Skip to main content

Full text of "Review of reviews and world's work"

See other formats 


This  is  a  digital  copy  of  a  book  that  was  preserved  for  generations  on  library  shelves  before  it  was  carefully  scanned  by  Google  as  part  of  a  project 
to  make  the  world's  books  discoverable  online. 

It  has  survived  long  enough  for  the  copyright  to  expire  and  the  book  to  enter  the  public  domain.  A  public  domain  book  is  one  that  was  never  subject 
to  copyright  or  whose  legal  copyright  term  has  expired.  Whether  a  book  is  in  the  public  domain  may  vary  country  to  country.  Public  domain  books 
are  our  gateways  to  the  past,  representing  a  wealth  of  history,  culture  and  knowledge  that's  often  difficult  to  discover. 

Marks,  notations  and  other  marginalia  present  in  the  original  volume  will  appear  in  this  file  -  a  reminder  of  this  book's  long  journey  from  the 
publisher  to  a  library  and  finally  to  you. 

Usage  guidelines 

Google  is  proud  to  partner  with  libraries  to  digitize  public  domain  materials  and  make  them  widely  accessible.  Public  domain  books  belong  to  the 
public  and  we  are  merely  their  custodians.  Nevertheless,  this  work  is  expensive,  so  in  order  to  keep  providing  this  resource,  we  have  taken  steps  to 
prevent  abuse  by  commercial  parties,  including  placing  technical  restrictions  on  automated  querying. 

We  also  ask  that  you: 

+  Make  non-commercial  use  of  the  files  We  designed  Google  Book  Search  for  use  by  individuals,  and  we  request  that  you  use  these  files  for 
personal,  non-commercial  purposes. 

+  Refrain  from  automated  querying  Do  not  send  automated  queries  of  any  sort  to  Google's  system:  If  you  are  conducting  research  on  machine 
translation,  optical  character  recognition  or  other  areas  where  access  to  a  large  amount  of  text  is  helpful,  please  contact  us.  We  encourage  the 
use  of  public  domain  materials  for  these  purposes  and  may  be  able  to  help. 

+  Maintain  attribution  The  Google  "watermark"  you  see  on  each  file  is  essential  for  informing  people  about  this  project  and  helping  them  find 
additional  materials  through  Google  Book  Search.  Please  do  not  remove  it. 

+  Keep  it  legal  Whatever  your  use,  remember  that  you  are  responsible  for  ensuring  that  what  you  are  doing  is  legal.  Do  not  assume  that  just 
because  we  believe  a  book  is  in  the  public  domain  for  users  in  the  United  States,  that  the  work  is  also  in  the  public  domain  for  users  in  other 
countries.  Whether  a  book  is  still  in  copyright  varies  from  country  to  country,  and  we  can't  offer  guidance  on  whether  any  specific  use  of 
any  specific  book  is  allowed.  Please  do  not  assume  that  a  book's  appearance  in  Google  Book  Search  means  it  can  be  used  in  any  manner 
anywhere  in  the  world.  Copyright  infringement  liability  can  be  quite  severe. 

About  Google  Book  Search 

Google's  mission  is  to  organize  the  world's  information  and  to  make  it  universally  accessible  and  useful.  Google  Book  Search  helps  readers 
discover  the  world's  books  while  helping  authors  and  publishers  reach  new  audiences.  You  can  search  through  the  full  text  of  this  book  on  the  web 


at|http  :  //books  .  google  .  com/ 


J3;7U 


The   American  Monthly 
Review  of  Reviews. 


AN   INTERNATIONAL   MAGAZINE. 


EDITED   BY    ALBERT   SHAW. 


Volume  XXII.  July-December,  1900. 


THE    REVIEW    OF    REVIEWS    COMPANY 


New   York  :    13   Astor   Place. 


LIBRARY  Oh  TriL 
LEUm  STANFORD  dH.  Ui^lVEROn'/. 


dsiysf 


ji,;%I    u^  ivo* 


Copyright,  1900,  by  The  Review  of  Reviews  Co 


^  ««72"2  ^,  005 
89  53  XL 


ifif  3879 


INDEX  TO  THE  TWENTYSECOND  VOLUME  OF 

THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY 
REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 

JULY-DECEMBER,  1900. 


Abbot,  Willis  J.    The  Management  of  the  Democratic 

Campaign,  556. 
Abbott,  Lyman.    Grovernor-elect  Odell,  of  New  York, 

687. 
Afghanistan,  Amir  of,  602. 
Africa: 

Africa  as  a  Game-Preserve,  788. 

Africa,  Sonth  :  see  Transvaal. 

Beira  Railway,  On  the,  601. 

Mid- Africa,  Our  Brothers  in,  477. 
Air-Ship,  Count  von  Zepi)elin*s,  481. 
Alabama,  State  Election  in.  272. 
Albee,  Helen  R.    A  Profitable  Philanthropy,  67. 
Alexander,  King  of  Servia,  Marriage  of,  279. 
Alsace  and  Lorraine,  100. 
American  Historical  Review  reviewed,  744. 
American  Journal  of  Sociology  reviewed,  494. 
American  Psychic  Atmosphere,  848. 
Annals  of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and 

Social  Science  reviewed,  494. 
Antarctic  Exploration,  479. 

Appellate  Court-House,  New,  in  New  York  City,  191. 
Arctic  and  Antarctic  Regions,  Life  in  the,  788. 
Arena  reviewed,  106,  248,  867.  492,  626,  748. 
Argentina.  Italian  Interests  in.  348. 
Aruona :  Should  She  Be  Admitted  as  a  State  ?  652. 
Art: 

Appellate  Court-House,  New,  in  New  York  City,  191. 

Books.  Holiday,  Art  in  the,  749. 

Embellishment  of  a  Michigan  Town,  195. 

National  Art  Exhibition,  198. 

Paintings,  Great,  Selected  by  English  Artists,  855. 

Paris  Exposition,  World^s  Art  as  Mirrored  at  the,  855. 
Asia  :  see  China,  Japan,  Philippines,  Russia. 
Asia,  Central,  Problem  of,  82. 
Asia  ?  Should  the  Monroe  Doctrine  Take  in,  79. 
Atlantic  Monthly  reviewed,  106,  241,  865,  489,  625. 
Australia : 

Australasians  Place  Among  the  Nations,  845. 

Constitution.  New  Australian,  H.  H.  Lusk,  72. 

Election,  Federal,  in  Australia,  406. 

Federation,  Australian,  75. 
Authors,  New  England,  Old  Age  of,  698. 

Bkhrkkds,  Rev.  Dr.  A.  J.  F.,  Death  of,  21. 

Belra  Railway,  On  the,  601. 

Belgian  Heir- Apparent,  Marriage  of  the,  586. 

Betiis,  Lillian  W.    A  Town  and  Country  Club,  718. 

Birds,  On  the  Language  of  89. 

Bonaal,  Stephen.    The  Chinese  Revolution,  166. 

Bookman  reviewed,  741. 

Books,  The  New.  115,  877,  501.  682,  749. 

Art  in  the  Holiday  Books,  749. 

Children  and  Young  People,  Books  for,  774. 

China,  New  Books  on,  87o. 

Editions,  Some  New,  769. 

Fiction,  Current,  Change  in.  755. 

Fiction,  Notes  on  the  New  Books  of.  759. 

History  and  Travel,  Some  New  Books  of,  771. 

Roosevelt  as  a  Man  of  Letters,  877. 
Brains  of  Women,  237. 
Brewster.  William  N.    America  and  the  Reconstruction 

of  China,  814. 
Bryan,  William  Jennings,  at  Home,  179. 
Bryan,  William  Jennings :  The  Democratic  Leader  in 
19001,41. 


Butterworth,  Hezekiah. 
Authors,  698. 


The  Old  Age  of  New  England 


Campos,  Gen.  Martinez,  Death  of,  586. 

Canadian  Elections.  406.  581,  592,  661. 

Carey,  Samuel  F.,  Death  of.  586. 

Caricature,  Current  History  in,  27.  158,  287,  411,  542,  668. 

Census,  Twelfth,  of  the  United  States,  275,  276,  650-653. 

Century  Magazine  reviewed,  103,  238,  862,  486,  620,  740. 

Century.  Nineteenth,  Review  of  the,  98. 

Century^s  Ending,  648. 

Character  Sketches : 

Brvan.  William  Jennings,  41, 179. 

Daly,  Marcus,  707. 

Humbert,  King  of  Italy,  816. 

Huntington.  Collis  P.,  828. 

McKinley,  President  William,  88,  678. 

Milller,  Max  Friedrich  Maximilian,  708. 

Odell,  Beniamin  B.,  Jr.,  687. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore,  181, 187. 

Russell,  Lord.  425. 

Stevenson,  Adlai  E.,  420. 
Children  and  Young  People,  Books  for,  774. 
Children,  Provision  for,  in  Public  Libraries,  48. 
China: 

America  and  the  Reconstruction  of  China,  314. 

America,  Chinese  Revolutionary  Junta  in,  210. 

Americans  in  China,  209. 

America's  Duty  in  Chin%^888. 

Armies  Heading  for  the  East,  150. 

Books,  New,  on  China,  378. 

Boxers,  The,  338,  476. 

China :  Can  It  Be  Saved  r  294. 

China's  Future  and  the  **  Yellow  PeriL"  14a 

China  Under  the  Dowager  Empress,  To. 

China,  What  to  Dojfvith,  473,  606. 

Chinese  Civilization,  212. 

Chinese  Crisis,  15-18,  147-152,  218. 

Chinese  Revolution,  166. 

Commercial  Future  of  China,  475. 

Defense  of  the  Chinese,  834. 

French  Russophobist.  613. 

Germany's  Foothold  in  China,  215. 

Hart,  Sir  Rober^  on  the  Chinese  Problem,  717. 

Imbroglio,  Far-Elastem,  662. 

International  Problem  in  China,  385. 

Ja|>an's  Present  Attitude  Towards  China,  308. 

Missionaries,  Chinese  Attitude  Towiurds,  211. 

Missions  in  China,  302,  721. 
*  Mother  Goose,"  Chinese,  722. 


Negotiations,  Progress  of  the,  534. 
"Open  Door*' :  Is  It  Guaranteed  ?  81. 


Partition  Is  the  European  Purpose,  404. 

Peace  Negotiators— Prince  Chingand  Li  Hong  Chang 

719. 
Peking  Relieved,  277. 
Powers,  China  and  the,  408. 
Punishment  of  China,  404,  605. 
Railways,  Building,  in  China,  77. 
Russia,  China  and,  333,  610. 
Russians  in  Manchuria,  611. 
Sectaries,  Chinese,  Russian  Amonff,  720. 
Societies,  Secret,  and  the  Chinese  Government,  889. 
Tientein  Captured  by  the  Allies,  151. 
y^'^nited  States,  Attitude  of  the,  T'owards  the  Chinese, 

0       oU. 


IV 


INDEX  TO  I^OLUME  XXII. 


United  States,  Leadership  of  the,  260. 

Wu  Ting  Fanjg»8  Plea  for  Justice,  316. 
Civil  Servants,  Training  of,  222. 
Civiltd  Cattolica  reviewed,  250. 
Coal,  World's,  480. 
Coal-Miners'  Strike,  809,  588,  534. 
Collier.  Price.    The  Rise  of  Golf  in  Amerioa,  450. 
Competition  :  What  It  Costs  Us,  T20. 
Confederate  Reunion  at  Louisville,  20. 
Congressional  Affairs : 

Army  Bill,  New,  646. 

Congress,  Questions  for.  650. 

House,  Representation  in  the,  658. 

Nicaragua  Canal,  660. 

Reapportionment  Problems,  658-455. 

Senate,  Ekjuilibrium  of  the,  653. 
Conservative  Review  reviewed,  627. 
Contemporary  Review  reviewed,  109,  245,  870,  628,  74i. 
Co5peration  in  Russia,  471. 
Comhill  reviewed,  118,  247,  871,  496. 
Cosmopolitan  reviewed,  104,  239,  868,  488,  622,  740. 
Cotton-Mills  in  Cotton-Fields,  61. 
Country  People,  Industries  for,  57. 
Cox,  Jacob  D.,  Death  of,  281. 
Crane,  Stephen,  98. 

Crusoe,  Robinson  :  Island  of  Juan  Femandes,  478. 
Cuba: 

Affairs  in  Cuba,  894. 

Beveridge.  Senator,  on  Cuba,  898. 

Constitutional  Convention,  269,  660. 

Cuban  Republic— Limited,  706. 

Election  Times  in  Cuba,  14. 

Teachei-s,  Cuban,  in  the  United  States,  18. 
Custer's  Last  Fight,  Indian  Account  of,  218. 

Daly,  Marcus,  Death  of,  663. 

Daly,  Marcus,  £m|)ire-Builder,  707. 

D'Annunzio,  Gabriele,  the  Herald  of  a  New  Italian 

Literature,  849. 
Delagoa  Bay  Arbitration.  Story  of  the,  472. 
Democratic  Campaign,  Management  of  the,  556. 
Democrats  :  see  Political  Affairs. 
Dennis.  James  S.    Missions  in  China,  302. 
Deutsche  Revue  reviewed^  261. 
Deutsche  Rundschau  reviewed,  251. 
Development,  Studies  in,  359. 
Disfranchisement  of  Negroes,  273-275. 
District  of  Columbia,  Hundred  Years  of  the,  675. 
,.i>unald^  Robert.    Trusts  in  England,  578. 
Du  Bois,  W.  £.  Burghardt.    The  American  Negro  at 

Paris,  575. 

Edinburgh  Review  reviewed,  378,  746. 
Education : 

France,  *' Popular  Universities"  in,  354, 

Hypnotism  in  Education,  90. 

Library,  Public,  and  the  Public  School,  56. 

Manila's  School  System,  857. 

Oxford  Undergraduate,  734. 

Textile  Schools,  New  Developments  in,  67. 
England  :  see  Great  Britain. 
English,  Growth  of  the  People  Who  Speak,  651. 
English  Town  and  Country  Ideals,  233. 
Europe  :  Why  It  Hates  England,  97. 
Ewing.  James  S.    Mr.  Stevenson,  the  Democratic  Can- 
didate for  Vice-President,  420. 
Eyes,  How  to  Care  for  One's,  361. 

Fiction,  Current,  Change  in,  755. 
Financial  Policy,  Bryan"s  :  A  Democratic  View,  449. 
Financial  Policy,  Bryan's  :  A  Republican  View,  447. 
Finley,  John.  The  Political  Beginnings  in  Porto  Rico,571. 
Flint,  Charles  R.    New  Light  on  the  Problem  of  Trusts, 

445. 
Forbes,  Archibald,  94. 

Fortnightly  Review  reviewed,  111,  246,  309,  628,  745. 
Fortune-Tel ler,  Modern,  734. 
Forum  reviewed,  106,  241,  366,  490,  624,  742. 
France : 

Affairs  in  France,  662. 

Fleet  and  Colonial  Army,  342. 

France  and  England— (1)  Population  —  (2)  Defense, 
646,  647. 


Naval  Power  of  France,  472. 

"  Universities,  Popular,"  in  France,  864. 
Frank  Leslie^s  Monthly  reviewed,  742. 
Fruit-Growing  in  America,  618. 

Galveston's  Calamity,  898 ;  Lessons  of,  616. 
Game-Preserve,  Africa  as  a,  788. 
Germany : 

Affairs  in  Germany,  662. 

Chancellorship,  Change  in  the,  584. 

China,  Germany's  Foothold  in,  215. 

England,  Germany's  Dependence  on,  851. 

German  Trade  Jealousy,  225. 
Gillmore,  Lieut.-Com'd'r  James  C,  Experiences  of,  in  , 

Luzon,  216. 
Gladstone,  Mrs.  William  Ewart,  as  Wife  and  Philan- 
thropist, 858. 
Golf.  Rise  of,  in  America,  459. 
Gk)odrich,   Joseph   King.     Japan's  Present  Attitude 

Towards  China.  808. 
Gk>Vemmental  Methods,  Our,  222. 
Great  Britain  :  see  also  Tremsvaal. 

Affairs  in  England,  662. 

Army  System,  England's,  649. 

Boers.  British  Policy  for  the,  527-^529. 

British  Czar  :  The  General  Elector,  585. 

Colonial  Problems,  279. 

Defense,  National,  Salisbury  and  Rosebery  on,  647. 

Election,  British  General,  402,  526-^30,  508. 

Europe  :  Why  it  Hates  England,  97. 

Financial  Burdens,  279. 

France  and  England— (1)  Population— (2)  Defense, 
646,  647. 

Germany's  Dependence  on  England,  851. 

Growth  of  the  British  Empire  in  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury, 596. 

Liberalism,  Future  of,  580. 

Military  Prestige  Abroad,  596. 

Municipal  Trading  in  England,  Limits  of,  728. 

Party  Principles,  Continuity  of,  595. 

Salisbury  Ministry,  Some  Assets  of  the,  580. 

Trusts  in  England,  578. 

War  Office,  Head  of  the,  648. 
Qunton's  Magazine  reviewed,  109,  244,  868,  483,  628,  74a 
Gutenberg  and  the  Yellow  Journalist,  484. 

Hadden,  Archibald.    The  Embellishment  of  a  Michi- 
gan Town,  195. 
Haeckel,  Ernst,  and  the  New  Zo()logy,  86. 
Hague  Peace  Conference,  Reminder  of  the,  644,  645. 
Han  of  Fame,  The,  563. 
Hamlin,  Rev.  Dr.  Cyrus,  Death  of,  281. 
Hanna,  Marcus  A.,  Truth  About,  590. 
Harper's  Magazine  reviewed,  103,  238,  862,  486,  621,  740. 
Hawaii,  Race  Lines  in,  661. 

Hovey,  Richard— A  Successor  to  Poe  and  Lanier,  785. 
Hull- Ottawa  Fire,  228. 
Humbert,  King,  Asisassination  of,  278. 
Humbert,  King,  of  Italy:  A  Character  Sketch,  816. 
Hunting  in  the  Indian  Ghauts,  86. 
Huntington,  CoUis  P.,  Death  of,  281. 
Huntmgton,  Collis  P.,  Sketch  of,  323. 
Hurricanes,  West-Indian,  617. 
Hygiene : 

Eyes,  How  to  Care  for  One's,  36L 

Infection,  Process  of,  736. 

Microbe  Infection,  Basis  of  Immunity  from,  483. 

Neurasthenia  in  Statesmen,  737 
Hypnotism  in  Education,  90. 

Ice-Breaker  as  Polar  Discoverer,  481. 
Immigration  as  a  Factor  of  Growth  in  Population,  27<6w 
Infantry,  Mounted,  Value  of,  723. 
Infection,  Process  of,  786. 
Ingalls,  John  J.,  Death  of,  281. 
International  Monthly  reviewed.  109,  498,  748. 
luveutioiis,  Some  Notable  New,  480. 
Ireland,  Remaking  of,  727. 
Irish  Immigration,  Century  of,  227. 
Iron  :  Demand  for  a  Pig-iron  Reserve,  852. 
Italian  Review  reviewed,  376. 
Italy : 
Argentina,  Italian  Interests  in,  348. 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  XXII. 


Humbert,  King,  A ssassf nation  of,  278. 
Humbert,  King,  Italian  Progress  Under,  470. 
Italian  Politics;  847. 
Pensions  for  Italian  Operatives,  726. 
Revival  of  Italy,  725. 

Jamaica  :  Does  It  Contain  a  Lesson  in  Colonial  Gov- 
ernment f  451. 

Japan  and  Korea,  82. 

Japan  :  Ito,  Marquis,  in  Authority  Again,  5S5. 

Japan^s  Modem  Navy,  840. 

Japan's  Present  Attitude  Towards  China,  808. 

Johnston,  Charles.  An  Estimate  of  Max  Mttller  (1823- 
1900),  703. 

Jordan  Kiver,  Sources  of  the,  782. 

Jourmxl  of  Political  Economy  reviewed,  405. 

Journalist,  Yellow,  Gutenberg  and  the,  484. 

Kansas  City  Convention,  175. 
Kansas  City,  the  Democratic  Convention  City,  84. 
Knauift,  Ernest.    Art  in  the  Holiday  Books,  749. 
Knaufft,  Ernest.    The  New  Appellate  Court-House  in 

New  York  City,  191. 
Korea,  Japan  and,  82. 

Ladies'  Home  Journal  reviewed,  240,  864,  488,  623. 
Langhlin,  J.   Laurence.    Trusts,  in  Case   of  Bryants 

Election,  443. 
Lawyer,  A  Great,  and  His  Career  (Lord  Russell),  425. 
Leading  Articles  of  the  Month.  75,  209,  333,  465,  590,  n7. 
Leonora  Beck  Ellis.    Cotton-Mills  in  Cotton-Fields,  61. 
Libraries,  Public,  Provision  for  Children  in,  48. 
Library,  Public,  and  the  Public  School,  56. 
Liebknecht,  Wilhelm,  Death  of,  281. 
Light,  New  Sources  of,  229. 
Lion,  Taming  of  a,  359. 

LippincoWs  Magazine  reviewed,  289,  864,  489,  622,  741. 
Literature ;  Change  in  Current  Fiction,  755. 
Literature,  New  Italian,  Herald  of  a,  349. 
Lusk,  Hugh  H.    The  New  Australian  Constitution,  72. 

McClure'8  Magazine  reviewed,  105, 288, 363, 487, 621, 740. 
MacCYacken,  Henry  MitcheU.    The  Hall  of  Fame,  563. 
McKinley,  PreHident  WUliam  :  The  Record  of  His  Ad- 
ministration, 33. 
McKinley,  William  :  A  Chronology,  673. 
Maine,  State  Election  in,  272,  895. 
Maps  and  Diagrams : 

African  Game-Preserve  as  Fixed  by  Treaty,  788. 

Australia,  Commonwealth  of,  24. 

Capitol  Building  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Plan  of  the 
Main  Floor  of  the,  681. 

Center  of  Population  in  the  United  States,  Diagram 
Showing  Westward  Movement  of  the,  652. 

China,  Blastem,  Scene  of  the  Boxer  Riots  in,  16. 

China :  Map  Showing  the  Various  Railway  Conces- 
sions, 77. 

China :  Route  from  Taku  to  Peking,  150. 

China :   Route  Taken  by  the  Allies  in  Marching  to 
Peking,  283. 

Election  Results  in  the  United  States  in  1896  and  1900, 
Diagrams  Showing,  654. 

Hall  of  Fame,  Ground  Plan  of  the,  564. 

Hurricane  of  1900,  Man  Showing  Track  of  the,  617. 

Luzon,  Island  of.  Northern  Portion  of,  218. 

Peking,  British  Legation  at,  285. 

War,  Rwous  Devastated  by,  1864-1900,  667. 
Michigan  Town,  Embellishment  of  a,  195. 
Microbe  Infection,  Basis  of  Immunity  from,  488. 
Missionaries,  Chinese  Attitude  Towards,  211. 
Mishionn  in  China,  802,  721. 
Moffett.  Samuel  E.,  707. 
Mottke,  Count  von,  724. 
Monnett.  Frank  S.    Mr.  Bryan  and  the  Trusts :  An 

Anti-Trust  View,  439. 
Monroe  Doctrine  :  Should  It  Take  in  Asia  ?  79. 
Monthly  Review  reviewed,  629,  746. 
MorKan,  J.  Pierpont,  the  Great  Financier,  738. 
3lorrtsen,  Julius.    Does  Jamaica  Contain  a  Lesson  in 

Colonial  Government  ?  451. 
"  Mother  Goose,"  Chinese,  723. 
Mailer,  Max,  An  Estimate  of,  708. 
Mtiller,  Max,  at  Home,  93. 


Mttller.  Max,  Death  of,  668. 

Municipal  Architecture,  Successful  Experiment  in,  19L 
Municipal  Trading  in  England,  Limits  of,  728. 
Munsejf's  Magazine  reviewed,  106,  240,  864^  028,  741. 
Muravieff,  Count,  Death  of,  18. 

National  Review  reviewed.  111,  247, 871,  494*  629. 

Naval  Strength  of  the  Seven  Sea  Powers,  225. 

Negro,  American,  at  the  Paris  Exposition,  575. 

Negroes.  Disfranchisement  of,  278-275. 

Neurasthenia  in  Statesmen,  787. 

New  England  Authors,  Old  Age  of,  698. 

New  England  Magazine  reviewed,  105,  865,  622. 

Newfoundland's  Remarkable  Contest,  532,  5^  661. 

New  Mexico  :  Should  She  Be  Admitted  as  a  State  ?  662. 

Newspaper,  Sunday,  Man  Who  Invented  the,  619. 

New  York,  State  of,  Political  Aflfairs  in  the,  270,  271, 886. 

Nietzsche,  Tolstoi  and,  614. 

Nineteenth  Century  reviewed,  110,  244,  869,  628,  744. 

North  American  Review  reviewed,  107,  242,  866,  489, 

625,  742. 
North  Carolina,  State  Election  in,  272-274. 
Northwest,  Volcanic  Scenery  of  the,  202. 
Norway,  Election  in,  406. 
Norway's  Independent  Course,  535. 
NovAyelle  Reime  reviewed,  114,  249,  876,  486,  681,  748. 
Nuova  Antologla  reviewed,  250. 

Obituary  Notes,  21,  281.  686,  587,  668. 
Odell,  Gk)vemor-elect,  of  New  York,  687. 
Oklahoma,  Living  in,  344. 
OtUinq  reviewed,  289,  365,  488,  623,  74L 
Oxford  Undergraduate,  784. 

Paris  Exposition : 

American  Negro  at  Paris,  575. 

Art,  World»8,  as  Mirrored  at  Paris,  855. 

Upshot  of  the  Paris  Exposition,  780. 
Pans  Slums,  A  Year*^  Plunge  into,  355. 
Park,  Prof.  Edwards  A.,  Death  of,  21. 
Parker.  John  H .    Pressing  Needs  of  the  Philippines,  812. 
Partridge,  William  Ordway.    A  National  Art  Exhibi- 
tion, 198. 
Pensions  for  Italian  Operatives,  726. 
Pension  Systems,  Old-Age.  95. 
Periodicals,  Index  to.  124,  25%  880,  508.  636,  780. 
Periodicals  Reviewed,  The,  108,  238,  862,  486,  620,  740. 
Philanthropy,  A  Profitable,  57. 
Philippines : 

Bryan's  Proposed  Solution  of  the  Philippine  Problem, 
262-268. 

Filipinos  and  Independence,  409. 

Gillmore,  Lieut.-Com'd'r  James  C;  His  Elxperiences 
in  Luzon,  216. 

McKinley  on  the  Philippine  Question,  388. 

Manila's  School  System,  857. 

Needs,  Pres^sing,  of  the  Philippines,  812. 

Philippine  Problem,  Practical  Solution  of  the,  267, 268. 

Philippines,  Practical  Bryan  Policy  for  the,  483. 

Progress  in  the  Philippine  15. 
Poetry  :    Work  of  Richard  Hovey,  785. 
Political  Affairs  in  the  United  States :  see  also  Congres- 
sional Affairs. 

Beveridge,  Senator,  on  Cuba.  893. 

Boer  Cause  in  American  Politics,  145. 

Bryan,  Mr.,  as  the  Paragon  of  Statesmanship,  523-524. 

Bryan,  Mr.,  at  Hom&  179. 

Bryan,  Mr.,  Heavy  Undertaking  of,  657. 

Bryan,  Mr.,  on  the  Issue  in  the  Campaign,  83. 

Bryan  Sujpporters,  Some,  893. 

Bryan,  \V  lUiam  Jennings  :  The  Democratic  Leader  in 
1900,  41. 

"  Bryanism  "  :    Is  It  Socialistic  f  466. 

Bryan's  Financial  Policy  :  A  Democratic  View,  449. 

Bryan's  Financial  Policy  :  A  Republican  View,  447. 

Bryan's  Indianapoli.s  Speech,  Analysis  of,  262-268. 

Bryan's  Letter  of  Acceptance,  890,  891. 

Cabinet,  President's,  659. 

Campaign.  Progress  of  the,  145,  259-278,  887-397,  615- 

Congressional  Elections,  658. 

Democratic  Campaign,  Management  of  the,  556. 

Democratic  Claims.  396. 


VI 


INDEX  TO  k'OLUME  XXII. 


Democratic  Convention.  Forecast  of  the,  11,  12. 

Democratic  Mistake  at  Kansas  City,  134-188. 

Democratic  Party  and  Its  Leaders,  139. 

Democratic  Platform,  Analysis  of  the,  141-148. 

Democratic  Vice-Presidential  Problem,  140. 

Democrats  and  Their  Fighting  Ground,  131. 

Election  Result,  Meaning  of  the,  655. 

Forecasts,  Republican,  for  November,  895. 

Crovemors,  New,  658. 

Hanna,  Marcus  A.,  Truth  About,  500. 

Kansas  City  Convention,  175. 

McKinley,  President :  Record  of  His  Administration, 
88. 

McKinley,  President,  Reflection  of,  656. 

McKinley,  President,  Renomination  of,  and  Its  Mean- 
ing, 5,  6. 

McKinley.  William  :  A  Chronology,  673. 

McKinley^s  Letter  of  Acceptance,  Analysis  of,  887-389. 

Money  in  the  Campaign,  897. 

New  York  State  Politics,  271,  270,  396. 

Odell,  Governoivelect,  of  New  York,  687. 

**  Paramount  Issues,*'  As  to,  181. 

Parties  and  Policies,  889. 

Philippines  and  the  Campaign.  260,  262-268. 

Philippines,  Practical  Bryan  Policy  for  the,  488. 

Populist  Nomination,  Bryan's  acceptance  of  the,  391. 

Populist  Vice-Presidential  Candidate,  391. 

Populists,  Non-Fusion,  892. 

Presidential  Campaign  of  1900,  788. 

Prohibition  Party,  ^iational2  and  Its  Candidates,  827. 

Republican  National  Committee,  Work  of  the,  549. 

Republican  National  Convention  at  Philadelphia,  8-10. 

Republican  Principles  in  1900,  3. 

Roosevelt,  Grovernor,  in  the  Field,  392. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore,  Nomination  of,  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent, 7-10. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore,  Sketch  of,  181. 

Roosevelt^s  View  of  the  Vice-Presidential  Office,  9. 

Roosevelt's  Work  as  Crovernor,  187. 

Shepard,  Edward  M.,  Views  and  Criticisms  of,  890. 
.  Silver  as  an  Abnormal  Issue,  188. 

Silver  Issue  in  the  Campaign,  515-518. 

State  Elections  in  North  Carolina,  Alabama,  Ver^ 
mont,  and  Maine,  272,  395. 

States,  Various,  Election  Results  in,  657. 

Southern  Sentiment  Regarding  Campaign  Issues,  515, 
519,  520,  655. 

Stevenson,  Adlai  E.,  the  Democratic  Candidate  for 
Vice-President,  420. 

Tammany  Hall,  Influence  of,  521,  522. 

Tammany  Turned  the  Scale  at  Kansas  City,  188. 

"Third-Ticket  Antis,"  394. 

Towne  Declines  in  Favor  of  Stevenson,  269. 

"  Trusts  "  as  a  Fresh  Issue,  523. 

Trusts,  in  Case  of  Bryan's  Election,  443. 

Trusts,  Mr.  Bryan  and  the  :  An  Anti-Trust  View,  489. 

Wisconsin,  Republican  Campaign  in,  278. 
Political  Discussion  :  How  It  Should  Be  Conducted,  467. 
Political  Science  Quarterly  reviewed,  494. 
Population,  Distribution  or  Our,  and  Evenness  of  Our 

Growth,  652. 
Population  of  the  United  States,  275.  276,  650-652. 
Porto  Rico,  Political  Beginnings  in,  571;  Election  In,  661. 
Portraits : 

Abbot,  Willis  J.,  557. 

Abruzzi,  Duke  of,  408. 

Adams,  John,  569. 

Afghanistan,  Amir  of,  608. 

Alcott,  A.  Bronson,  701. 

Allison,  William  B.,  8. 

Ashley,  Clarence  D.,  565. 

Atkinson,  Fred.  W.,  15. 

Audubon,  John  J.,  570. 

Aycock,  Charles  B.,  272. 

Bacheller,  Irving,  763. 

Baker,  Capt.  L.  D.,  453. 

Balfour^Arthur  J.,  527. 

Balzac,  Honors,  769. 

Barton,  Edmund,  75. 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward,  570. 

Bellamy,  Edward,  761. 

Binnie,  Sir  Alexander  R.,  409. 

Bliss,  Aaron  T.,  656. 


Bliss,  Cornelius  N.,  397. 

Bloch,  .lean  de.  475. 

Botha,  Gen.  Louis,  886. 

Boutwell,  George  S.  261. 

Bradbury,  James  W.,  699. 

Bristow,  J.  L.,  22. 

Brodrick.  St.  John,  649. 

Brooks,  Christopher  P.,  67. 

Bryan,  Grace  Dexter,  180. 

Bryan,  Ruth  Baird,  180. 

Bryan,  William  Jennings,  41,  180,  179,  268,  514,  559. 

Bryan,  Mrs.  William  Jennings,  179. 

Bryan,  William  Jennings,  Jr.,  180. 

Bttlow,  Count  von,  534. 

Campbell-Bannerman,  Sir  Henry,  527. 

Campos,  G^n.  Martinez,  586. 

Cartees.  Baron  de,  407. 

Cartwright,  Sir  R.  J.,  581. 

Chaffee,  Maj.-Gen.  Adna  R.,  ISa 

Chamberlain,  Joseph,  527. 

Channing,  William  E.,  569. 

Chinese  Empress,  258. 

Clay.  Henry,  568. 

Clark,  Francis  E.,  155. 

Clark,  John  Bates,  465. 

Coler,  Bird  S.,  271. 

Conger,  Edwin  H.,  16,  284. 

Conger,  Mrs.  Edwin  H.,  284. 

Connaught,  Duke  of,  281. 

Cooper,  Peter,  569. 

Corbin,  Henry  C,  588. 

Craigie,  Mai.  P.  G.,  409. 

Crane,  Stepnen,  93. 

Crane.  W.  Murray,  659. 

Crawford,  F.  Marion,  771. 

Croker,  Richard,  189,  514. 

Custer,  Gren.  George  A.,  219. 

Daly,  Marcus,  707. 

D'Annunzio,  Grabriele,  849. 

Davies,  Sir  L.  H.,  581. 

Davisy  Jefferson,  895. 

Depew,  Chauncey  M.,  10. 

De  Wet,  Gen.  Christian,  667. 

Dillingham,  William  P.,  588. 

Dockery,  A.  M.,  657. 

DoUiver,  Jonathan  P.,  7,  588. 

Doyle,  A.  Conan,  598. 

Du  Bois,  W.  E.  Burghardt,  575. 

Durand,  Sir  F.  M.,  410. 

Durbin.  Winfield  T.,  656. 

Edwards,  Jonathan,  568. 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo,  568. 

Farragut,  David  G.,  568. 

Fielding,  William  S.,  531. 

Flanders,  Prince  and  Princess  of,  686. 

Foster,  .Murphy  J.,  23. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  568. 

Frye,  Alexis  E.,  14. 

Fulton,  Robert,  570. 

Garland,  Hamlin,  768. 

Gear,  John  H.,  157. 

Gibbs,  Frederick  S.,  897. 

Gideon,  D.  S.,  458. 

Giers,  M.  de,  407. 

Gillmore,  Lieut. -Com'd'r  James  C,  317. 

Gladstone,  Mrs.  William  E.,  858. 

Gordon,  Gen.  John  B.,  20. 

Goscben,  George  J.,  528. 

Goss,  Charles  Frederic,  768. 

Grant,  Ulysses  S.,  567. 

Gray,  Asa,  569. 

Gray,  George,  644. 

Greene,  Gen.  Francis  V.,  270. 

Greene,  Sir  W.  Conynghame,  410. 

Hackley,  Charles  IL,  195. 

Haeckel.  Ernst,  87. 

Hale,  Edward  Everett,  698. 

Hamilton.  Rev.  J.  W.,  25. 

Hanna,  Marcus  A..  4,  154,  897,  549. 

Harris,  Joel  Chandler,  766. 

Hart,  Sir  Robert,  278. 

Hawthorne.  Nathaniel,  569. 

Hays,  Charles  M.,  666. 


INDEX  TO  yOLUME  XXIL 


vu 


Heant,  William  R.,  8M,  514. 

Heath,  Perry  S.,  550. 

H^ltoe.  Queen,  of  Italy,  822. 

Hemming,  Sir  AugUBtos,  452. 

Higginson,  Thomas  Wentworth,  701. 

HiuTDavidB.,  189. 

Hill,  John  F.,  278. 

HolU,  Frederick  W.,  644. 

Hopetoon,  Lord,  846. 

Howe,  Archibald  M.,  8»5. 

Howe,  Julia  Ward,  700. 

Humbert,  King,  of  Italy,  818,  820. 

Hunn,  John,  658. 

Huntington,  Collis  P.,  828,  825. 

Irving,  Wae^iugton,  568. 

Isaacs,  Meyer  S.,  689. 

Ito,  Marquis,  585. 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  568. 

Jenninffs,  W.  8.,  658. 

Jones,  James  K.,  12,  557. 

Jordan,  Chester  B.,  660. 

Kang-Yu-Wei,  17. 

Kempff,  Rear-Admiral  Louis,  16. 

Kent,  James,  570. 

Ketteler,  Baron  von,  407. 

KrOyer,  Peter  Sever  in,  236. 

La  Follette,  Robert  M.,  273,  656. 

Lamsdorff,  Count,  153. 

Lansdowne,  Lord,  649. 

Larmor,  Joseph.  409. 

Laurier,  Sir  Wilfrid,  581. 

Lee,  Robert  E.,  .569. 

U  Hung  Chang,  152,  404,  710. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  567. 

Liscum,  Col.  Emerson  H.,  151. 

Livermore,  Mrs.  Mary  A.,  608. 

Llorente,  Sefior.  660. 

Uovd,  John  Url,  762. 

Locige,  Henrv  Cabot,  5,  154. 

Long,  John  D.,  7. 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth,  568. 

Lopez,  Sixto,  540. 

Lord,  James  Brown,  198. 

Loubet,  President  Emile,  642. 

MacCracken,  Henry  M.,  565. 

Mftcdonald,  Hugh  J.,  581. 

Macdonald,  Sir  Claude,  151. 

McEnery,  Samuel  D.,  28. 

Macfarbind,  Henry  B.  F.,  685. 

Mackey,  William  F.,  897. 

McKinley,  President  WiUiam,  2,  88,  154,  678. 

McLean,  George  P.,  659. 

McMUlin,  Benton,  657. 

McSweeney,  M.  B.,  665. 

Manley.  Joseph  H.,  897. 

Manu;  Horace,  569. 

Blargherita,  Queen,  of  Italy,  320. 

Markle,  John,  540. 

Marshall,  John,  568. 

Martin,  Rev.  W.  A.  P.,  156. 

Metcalf,  Henry  B.,  829. 

Middleton.  R.  W.  E.,  528. 

Mitchell,  John,  400. 

Moltke,  Count  von,  724. 

Moore,  Rev.  D.  H.,  25. 

Morgan,  J.  Pierpont,  789. 

Morse,  Samuel  F.  B.,  568. 

Mailer.  Max,  92,  703,  704. 

Muravieff,  Count,  18. 

NeviilDering,  Sir  Henry,  410. 

NSetMche,  Fnedrich  W.,  614. 

Norton,  Charles  Eliot,  702. 

Odell,  Benjamin  B.,  Jr.,  10,  271,  687. 

Oldham,  W.  D.,  135. 

Orman,  J.  B.,  657. 

Park,  Edwards  A.,  700. 

Parker.  Gilbert,  767. 

Peabody,  George,  569. 

Perkin,  W.  H.,  409. 

Philip,  Rear- Admiral  John  W.,  157. 

Phipps,  E.  C,  410. 

Piatt,  Thomas  C,  5.  10. 

Plmiket,  Sir  Francis,  410. 


Pritchett,  Henry  S.»  541. 

Quay.  Matthew  S.,  4. 

Kaggi,  Marquis  Salvago,  407. 

Ramde,  Mile.  De  La,  m. 

Rassieur,  Leo,  408. 

Reid,  R.  G.,  532. 

Reltz,  F.  A.,  20. 

Remey,  Rear- Admiral  George  C,  148. 

Rhees,  Rush,  541. 

Rhys,  John,  409. 

Richardson,  James  D.,  188. 

Richthofen,  Freiherr  von,  668. 

Ridpath,  John  Clark,  281. 

Robertson,  Sir  G.  S^  409. 

Rockhlll,  William  W.,  278. 

Rodriguez,  G^n.  Alejandro,  14. 

Rogers,  John  B.,  657. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore,  9,  10.  146,  181,  187. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore,  Sr.,  186. 

Root.  Elihu,  259,  588. 

Rosebery,  Lord,  648. 

Russell.  Lord,  of  Killowen,  281,  425,  427,  431. 

Ryan,  Archbishop,  400. 

Sabsovich,  H.  L.,  689. 

Salisbury,  Lord,  526. 

Sanford,  William  J.,  272. 

Satow.  Sir  Ernest.  585. 

Saxe-Coburg,  Charles  Edward  of,  280. 

Saxe-Coburjg,  Late  Duke  of,  281. 

Say  re,  Lewis  A.,  541. 

Scott,  Nathan  B.,  897. 

Selborne,  Earl  of,  649. 

Seymour.  Vice-Admiral  Sir  Edward  H.,  148. 

Shaw,  Edward  R.,  565. 

Shepard,  Edward  M.,  261. 

Sherman,  John.  537. 

Sidgwick,  Henry,  410. 

SoUas,  W.  J.,  409. 

Stanchfleld,  John  B.,  897. 

Stanley,  W.  E.,  664. 

Stanton,  Elizabeth  Cady,  700. 

Stevenson,  Adlai  E.,  130,  140,  420,  422,  423,  514. 

Stickney,  W.  W.,  278. 

Stills,  Alfred,  541. 

Storrs,  Rev.  Richard  S.,  21. 

Story.  Joseph,  569. 

Strathoona,  Lord,  581. 

Strong,  William  L,  666. 

Stuart,  Gilbert,  569. 

Takahira,  Kogoro,  288. 

Tarte,  J.  Israel,  581. 

Tetuan,  Duke  of,  645. 

Thomas,  Charles  S.,  185. 

Thompson.  Maurice,  761. 

Tillman,  Benjamin  R.,  187. 

Tolstoi,  Count  Leo,  91. 

Toole,  J.  K.,  658. 

Towne,  Charles  A.,  140. 

Traquair.  R.  H.,  409. 

Trowbridge,  John  Townsend,  701. 

Tupper,  Sir  Charles,  581. 

Tupper,  Sir  Charles  H.,  531. 

Turner,  Sir  William,  409. 

Van  Sant,  Samuel  F.,  656. 

Van  Wyck,  Robert  A.,  514. 

Victor  Emmanuel  IIL,  King,  821.  823. 

Victoria.  Queen,  and  her  Great-Grandchildren,  589. 

Villuendas,  Sefior,  660. 

Vines,  Sydney  H.,  409. 

Waldersee,  Count  von,  277,  408. 

Waldersee,  Countess  von,  403. 

Wales,  Prince  of,  281. 

Ward.  Mrs.  Humphry,  759. 

Ward,  Leslie  D.,  10. 

Wardwell,  William  T.,  380. 

Warmaii,  Cy,  767. 

Warner,  Charles  Dudley,  587. 

Washington,  George,  566. 

Webster,  Daniel,  667. 

Webster,  Sir  Richard,  645. 

Wellington,  George  L.,  892. 

Wells,  Heber  M.,  664. 

White,  A.  B.,  665. 


▼Ill 


INDEX  TO  l^OLUME  XXI L 


White,  Frank,  658. 

Whitney,  Kli,  570. 

Wilcox,  Robert  W.,  661. 

Wilbelmina,  Queen,  and  her  Proepectiye  Ckmsort,  663. 

Wilson,  William  L..  539. 

Wilmep,  Rev.  Richard  Hooker,  2L 

Wolcott,  Edward  O.,  146. 

Wolcott,  R<^er,  282. 

Woolley,  John  G.,  828. 

WooUey,  Mrs.  John  G.,  82a 

Woolley,  Mary  R,  541. 

Wu  Ting  Fang,  79. 

Wyndham,  George,  649. 

Yate5s  Richard,  656. 

Young,  Lafayette,  11. 
Presidential  Campaijni :  see  Political  Affairs. 
Progress  of  the  World,  The.  8,  131,  259,  887.  515,  648. 
Prohibition  Party,  National,  and  Its  Candidates,  827. 
Putnam,  George  Haven.    Roosevelt  as  a  Man  of  Let- 
ters, 377. 

Quarterly  Review  reviewed,  873. 

Radioculture.  89. 

Rassegna  NazioTiale  reviewed,  250. 

Reapportionment  Problems,  27lS,  653-655. 

Record  of  Current  Events,  22,  158,  282,  407,  588,  664. 

Referendum,  Objections  to  the,  224. 

Relics  and  Their  Cult,  856. 

Republican  National  Committee :  How  It  Works  for 

Votes,  549. 
Republicans  :  see  Political  Affairs. 
Revue  de  PnrU  reviewed,  250,  874,  499,  680,  747. 
Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  reviewed,  114, 249, 497, 680, 747. 
Revue  des  Revues  reviewed,  875,  500. 
Ridpath,  John  Clark.  Death  of,  281. 
Riis,  Jacob  A.    Making  a  Way  Out  of  the  Slum,  680. 
Riis,  Jacob  A.    Theodore  Roosevelt,  181. 
Rivista  Politica  e  Letteraria  reviewed,  251. 
Rivista  Popolare  reviewed,  251. 

Roberts.  George  E.    Bryants  Financial  Po^cy  :  A  Re- 
publican view,  447. 
Roosevelt,  Theodore,  as  a  Man  of  Letters,  877. 
Roosevelt,  Theodore :  His  Work  as  Governor,  187. 
Roosevelt,  Theodore,  Sketch  of,  181. 
Rug-Making.  57. 

Russell,  Lord,  of  Killowen,  Death  of,  281;  Sketch  of,  425. 
Russia : 

China  and  Russia,  61U. 

China,  Russia's  Stake  in,  888. 

Co()peration  in  Russia^  471. 

Manchuria,  Russians  in,  611. 

St.  Locis  Strikes.  Politics  in  the,  18. 

Saxe-Coburg,  Duke  of,  280. 

Science : 
Development,  Studies  in.  850. 
Haeckel,  Ernst,  and  the  r^ew  Zoology,  86. 
Thyroid  Gland,  88. 

Scribbler's  Magazine  reviewed,  104,  288,  487,  621,  740. 

Sea  Powers,  Seven  Great,  226. 

Serpents.  Venom  of :  How  It  Is  Collected,  280. 

Shaw,  Albert.    A  Hundred  Years  of  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, 675. 

Shepard,  Edward  M.    The  Practical  Bryan  Policy  for 
the  Philippines,  488. 

Sherman,  Joun,  Death  of,  537. 

Sicily  as  a  Summer  Resort,  350. 

Slum,  Making  a  Way  Out  of  the,  689. 

Smith,  Katherine  Louise.    The  Provision  for  Children 
in  Public  Libraries,  48. 

Socialist  State.  Value  of  Brains  in  the,  858. 

Sovereignty,  New  Exposition  of,  223. 

Spahr,  Charles  B.    Bi-yan's  Financial  Policy :  A  Demo- 
cratic View,  449. 

Spahr,  Charles  B.  M  r.  Bryan,  the  Democratic  Leader,  41. 

Spain,  Separatism  in,  102. 

Spanish-American  Unity,  470. 

Spanish  Capital— Madrid,  287. 

Sports  of  Women  ;  A  Symposium,  231. 

Stead,  W.  T.    A  Great  Lawyer  and  His  Career,  425. 

Stead,  W.  T.    British  Czar  :  The  General  Elector,  585. 

Stevenson.   Adlai  E.,  the  Democratic   Candidate   for 
Vice-President,  420. 


Stewart,  Jane  A.  New  Developments  in  Textile  Schools, 
67. 

Storrs,  Rev.  Dr.  Richard  Salter,  Death  of,  21. 

Strahorn,  Robert  E.  Volcanic  Scenery  of  the  North- 
west, 202. 

Strike,  Coal-Miners',  890,  533,  534. 

Strong,  William  L,  Death  ot  663. 

Switzerland,  Military  Training  in,  65a 

Telephony,  Wireless,*  482. 

Textile  Schools,  New  Developmento  in,  67. 

Theater  for  the  People,  M. 

Thvroid  Gland,  88. 

Tolstoi  and  Nietzsche,  614. 

Tolstoi,  Count,  The  Quarterly  on,  91. 

Town  and  Country  Cluh,  713. 

Transvaal :  see  also  Great  Britain. 

American  Politics,  Boer  Cause  in,  145. 

Annexation  of  the  Transvaal  by  Great  Britain,  401. 

Boers,  French  Views  of  the,  220. 

Boers  in  Guerrilla  Warfare,  144. 

Doyle,  Dr.  Conan :  His  Lessons  from  the  Boer  War,  508. 

Fate  of  the  Boers,  527-529. 

KrtLger,  President,  Retreat  ot  400. 

Milnerism  in  South  Africa,  599. 

Pretoria,  Capture  of,  18. 

Settlement  in  South  Africa,  600. 

South  Africa,  Reconstruction  of,  219. 

War  Against  Women  and  Children,  507. 

War  Operations  in  South  Africa,  280. 
Travel,  Out  of  the  Way,  Glimpeea  of,  288. 
Tripoli,  Modem,  Notes  on,  101. 
Trusts: 

Bryan,  Mr^  and  the  Truste  :  An  Anti-Trust  View,  439. 

England,  Truste  in,  578. 

Trust  Problem,  Latest  Phase  of  the,  465. 

*•  Trust  Problem,  The,"  Review  of,  445. 

Trusts,  in  Case  of  Bryan's  Election,  443. 

United  States  :  see  also  Census,  Congressional  AfEairs, 
Cuba,  Hawaii,  Philippines,  Political  Affairs,  Porto 
Rico. 

Administration,  Preoccupied,  269. 

China,  America  and  the  Reconstruction  of,  814. 

China,  Americans  in,  209. 

China,  America's  Duty  in,  388. 

Chinese,  Our  Attitude  Towards  the,  80. 

German  Trade  Jealousy,  225. 

Nations,  Our  New  Place  Among  the,  348. 

Population  of  the  United  States,  65(M(52. 

Vermont,  State  Election  in,  272,  895. 
Villard.  Henry,  Death  of,  663. 
Volcanic  Scenery  of  the  Northwest,  202. 
Voting  by  Mail,  468. 
Voting,  Compulsory,  59L 

Waldebsee,  Field-Marshi^  Count,  604. 

Warfare  :  Value  of  Mounted  Infantry,  728. 

War,  How  Armies  May  Prevent,  645. 

War  in  South  Africa :  see  Transvaal. 

Warner,  Charles  Dudley,  Death  of,  587. 

Wars  as  Marking  Periods  of  Time,  648. 

Washington  :  Building  of  Our  National  Capital,  TBI. 

Washington,  D.  C. :  A  Hundred  Years  of  the  District  of 

Columbia.  675. 
Wellington.  Duke  of,  and  the  Irate  Painter,  485. 
Wellman,  Walter,    the  Cuban  Republic—Limited,  706. 
Wellman,  Walter.    The  Kansas  City  Convention,  175. 
Westminster  Review  reviewed,  112,  248,  870,  496. 
Wheat  Supply,  World's  :  Can  It  Be  Cornered  t  226. 
Wheeler,  Edward  J.    The  National  Prohibition  Party 

and  Its  Candidates,  327. 
Wilhelmina,  Queen,  Engagement  of,  535. 
Williams,  Talcott.    Can  China  Be  Saved  t  294. 
Williams,  Talcott.    The  Change  in  Current  Fiction,  765. 
Wilmer,  Kt.  Rev.  Richard  Hooker,  Death  of,  21. 
Wilson,  William  L.,  Death  of,  536. 
Wisconsin,  Republican  Campaign  in,  273. 
Women,  Brains  of,  237. 
Women's  Sports  :  A  Symposium,  231. 
World's  Work  reviewe<l,  620. 

ZoOlogy,  New,  Ernst  Haeckel  and  the,  86. 


The   American   Monthly   Review   of  Reviews, 

edited  by  albert  shaw. 

CONTENTS    FOR  JULY,   1900. 


President  William  McKinley Frontispiece 

The  Proj^ress  of  the  World— 

The  Philadelphia  Convention 8 

Republican  Principles  in  1900 3 

Hamnony  Unprecedented 8 

Behold,  How  These  Brethren  Love  One  Another !  4 

What  Is  the  True  Interpretation  f 5 

The  Question  of  a  Second  Term 5 

What  Is  Thought  of  the  President 6 

Two  Character  Sketches 6 

The  Second  Place  on  the  Ticket 6 

The  Movement  for  Roosevelt 7 

How  the  Movement  Was  Revi  ve<i 8 

How  It  Was  Developed 8 

His  Own  View  of  the  Office 9 

Governor  Roosevelt's  Future 10 

A  One- Man  Convention 11 

A  Platform  to  Match  the  Caudi<Uile 11 

The  Difficulties  of  Fusion 12 

Politics  in  the  St.  Louis  Strikes 13 

Cuban  Teachers  in  the  United  States 18 

Election  Times  in  Cuba. 14 

Progress  in  the  Philippines 15 

The  Chinese  Crisis 15 

The  Course  of  the  Powers 17 

The  R61e  of  the  United  States 17 

The  Death  of  Count  Muravieff 18 

The  Capture  of  Pretoria 18 

The  Remnant  of  Boer  Resistance 19 

The  Confederate  Reunion  at  Ix)ui8ville 20 

Obituary 21 

With  portraits  of  Matthew  8.  Quav,  Senator  Hanna, 
Senator  Piatt,  Senator  L«>dKe,  John  D.  Lons,  J.  P. 
Dolliver.  Senator  Allison,  Theodore  Roosevelt,  La- 
fayette Young,  Senator  Jones,  Alexis  E.  Frye,  Gen. 
Alejandro  RodriKUez.  Fred.  W.  Atkinson,  Edwin  H. 
Conger,  Rear-Admiral  Kempff,  Kang-Yu-Wei,  the 
late  Count  Muravieff.  Secretary  ReiiZ.  Gen.  John  B. 
Gt>rdon,  the  late  Richard  S.  Storrs,  and  the  late 
Bishop  Wllmer,  map  showing  scene  of  the  Boxer 
riots  In  Eastern  China,  cartoons,  and  other  Illus- 
trations. 

Record  of  Current  Events 22 

With  portraits  of  J.  L.  Bristow,  Douglass  McEnery, 

Murphy  J.  Foster,  Rev.  J.  W.  Hamilton,  and  Rev. 

D.  If.  Moore,  and  a  map  of  Australia  showing  the 

relative  importance  of  each  State. 

Political  Cartoons  of  the  Month 27 

The  Republican  Candidate 83 

With  portrait  of  President  William  McKinley. 
Mr.  Bryan,  the  Democratic  Leader,  in  1900. . .     41 

By  Charles  B.  Spahr. 
With  portrait  of  William  Jennings  Bryan. 

The  Provision  for  Children  in  Public  Libraries    48 

By  Katherlne  Louise  Smith. 

Wit ti  Illustrations. 


The  Public  Library  and  the  Public  School. 
A  Profitable  Philanthropy 


56 
57 


By  Helen  R.  Albee. 
With  illustrations. 


Cotton-Mills  in  Cotton-Fields 61 

By  Leonora  Beck  Ellis. 
With  Illustrations. 

New  Developments  in  Textile  Schools 67 

By  Jane  A.  Stewart. 

With  portrait  of  Christopher  P.  Brooks  and  other  Illus- 
trations. 

The  New  Australian  Constitution 72 

By  Hugh  H.  Lusk. 

Leading^  Articles  of  the  Month— 

Australian  Federation 75 

China  Under  the  Dowager  Empress 76 

^Building  Railways  in  China 77 

Should  the  Monroe  Doctrine  Take  in  Asia  ? 79 

Our  Attitude  Towards  the  Chinese 80 

Is  the  '*  Open  Door  "  Guaranteed  ? 81 

The  Problem  of  Central  Asia. 82 

Japan  and  Korea 82 

Mr.  Bryan  on  the  Issue  in  the  Campaign 83 

The  Democratic  Convention  City 84 

Hunting  in  the  Indian  Ghauts 86 

Ernst  Haeckel  and  the  New  Zoology 86 

The  Thyroid  Gland 88 

Hadioculture 8J» 

On  the  Laniy^ua^e  of  Birds 89 

Hypnotism  m  Education 90 

"  The  Quarterly  "  on  Tolstoi 91 

Prof.  Max  MlUler  at  Home 92 

The  Late  Stephen  Crane 93 

The  Late  Archibald  Forbes 94 

.  A  Theater  for  the  People 94 

Old- Age  Pension  Systems 95 

W^hy  Europe  Hates  England 97 

The  Dying  Century 98 

Alsace  and  Lorraine 100 

Notes  on  Modem  Tripoli 101 

Separatism  in  Spain 102 

With  portraits  of  Edmund  Barton,  Wu  Ting  Fang, 
Ernst  Haeckel,  Leo  Tolstoi,  Max  Mtlller,  and  the 
late  Stephen  Crane,  a  map  of  China  ubowing  the 
various  railway  concessions,  and  other  illustrations. 

The  Periodicals  Reviewed 103 

The  New  Books 115 

Index  to  Periodicals 124 


TERMS:  IS.50ayear  in  advance:  23 cents  a  number.  Foreign  postage  Sl.OOayear  additional.  Subscribers  may  remit  tons 
by  post-offlce  or  express  money  orders,  or  by  Imnk  checks,  drafts,  or  registered  letters.  Money  in  letters  Is  at  senderh' 
nuL  Renew  as  early  as  possible  in  order  t«  avoid  a  break  in  the  receipt  of  the  numbers.  Bookaealers.  Postmasters,  and 
Newiriealers  re<'elve  »ul)s<Tiptlon8.  ^Subscriptions  to  the  English  Kkview  of  Kevikuts,  which  iseditefl  and  published  by 
Mr.  W.  T.  Stead  In  London,  may  V>e  sent  to  this  office,  and  orders  for  single  copies  can  also  >>e  tilled,  at  the  price  of  $:*.."iU 
for  the  yearly  subscription,  including  posUge.or  25  cents  for  single  copies.)  THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS  CO., 
13  Astor  Place,  New  York  City. 


From  a  new  photoifraph.    Copyrighted  by  CUneduist,  Waihin^tun. 

PRESIDENT  WILLIAM  McKINLEY. 
(Unaniinously  Renominated  by  the  Republican  Convention,  at  Philadelphia,  Thursday,  June  21.) 


The  American  monthly 


Review  of  Reviews, 

Vol.  XXII.  NEW  YORK,  JULY,    1900. 


NO.  1. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


The 


If  Vice-President  Hobart  had  not 
PMiadetpkia  died  in  office,  the  National  Republican 
CtmotHtiM.  Convention  at  Philadelphia  last  montli 
would  have  been  by  far  the  most  unanimous  and 
most  uneventful  in  the  history  of  either  great 
party  since  the  Republicans  nominated  their  first 
President  at  Philadelphia  in  185G.  The  entire 
party  had  acquiesced  in  tlie  opinion  that  the  Mc- 
Kinley  administration  ought  to  be  given  another 
four  years'  lease  of  power.  If  Mr.  Hobart  had 
lived,  his  renomination  for  the  Vice -Presidency 
would  have  Ijecn  as  unquestioned  as  Mr.  McKin- 
ley*s  for  tlie  first  place  on  the  ticket.  As  for  the 
pktform.  It  was  not  really  necessary  to  go  through 
the  form  of  adopting  one.  This  we  say,  not  be- 
cause the  Republican  party  at  the  present  time 
has  no  princii)les  or  policies,  but  rather  because 
its  recent  record  has  made  its  principles  unmis- 
takable, while  its  policies  for  the  immediate 
future  are  of  necessity  fixed  inexorably  by  exist- 
ing conditions  and  by  its  committal  to  the  fur- 
therance of  programmes  already  initiated.  The 
platform,  as  mlopted,  does  not  attempt  to  be 
brilliant,  ringing,  or  incisive.  It  has  ^o  catch- 
phrases.  It  is  rather  a  review  and  a  statement 
that  —  somewhat  informally,  but  nevertheless 
guardedly — expresses  the  claims  and  general  in- 
tentions of  a  party  sobered  by  the  consciousness 
that  it  is  likely  to  remain  in  power  and  to  be  held 
n»sj>oasible  for  all  that  it  ventures  to  promise. 

Its  real  platform  as  to  money,  taxa- 
principU9  tion,  public  indebtedness,  and  those 
in  1900.  kindred  subjects  which  relate  to  the 
internal  business  welfare  of  the  country,  is  best 
found  in  the  record  of  its  recent  actions.  It  is 
now  a  gold-standard  party.  It  is  rather  vaguely 
committed  to  a  consideration  of  some  plan  for  a 
more  flexible  currency  ;  and  its  indirect  allusion 
to  bimetallism  by  concurrence  of  other  powers  is 
a  mere  touch  of  politeness,  and  nothing  else. 
Upon  no  new  topic  ha<l  the  Republican  party  any 
deliverance  to  make,  in    its   grand  quadrennial 


gathering,  that  involved  either  discussion  or  dif- 
ference of  opinion.  Not  a  voice  was  li  f ted  against 
the  Philippine  policy  of  the  administration.  No 
one  had  anything  to  say  in  advocacy  of  the  doc- 
trine that  the  Constitution,  of  its  own  force,  fol- 
lows the  flag  and  covers  all  territorial  acquisi- 
tions. If  any  one  of  the  more  than  two  thousand 
delegates,  alternates,  and  other  prominent  Re- 
publicans who  were  in  the  assembly  had  by 
chance  a  passing  word  to  say  about  the  Porto 
Rico  tariff,  there  was  certainly  not  even  the  hint 
of  two  opinions  on  that  subject. 

Four  years  ago,  at  St.   Louis,  there 
Unp"ecTAd.  ^'^   ^^^^  ^^^"^^st   intensity  of  feeling 

upon  great  public  questions,  as  well 
as  upon  candidates.  This  year,  at  Philadelphia, 
there"  was  a  pleasant  air  of  harmony  and  confi- 
dence that  was  disturbed  only  by  the  gentlest 
ripples  of  excitement  due  to  the  question  of  a 
choice  for  the  Vice-Presidential  nomination. 
The  placidity  of  the  whole  affair  seemed  to  par- 
take of  the  characteristics  of  Philadelphia  itself. 
The  prosperous  *<  City  of  Brotherly  Love,"  with 
its  population  of  contented  people  who  own  their  - 
own  homes,  its  manufacturing  industries,  its 
shipbuilding  and  it«  foreign  and  domestic  com- 
merce, has  always  been  the  most  Republican  of 
the  large  American  communities,  and  seems  in 
many  respects  to  embody  very  fairly  those  Re- 
publican ideals  with  which  Mr.  McKinley's  name 
is  especially  identified.  It  was  a  typical  gath- 
ering of  able  and  well-behaved  American  citi- 
zens. The  great  audiences  of  some  fifteen  thou- 
sand people  in  the  convention  hall  were  worth 
going  a  long  distance  to  see.  The  occasion,  from 
beginning  to  end,  was  altogether  a  model  of  its 
kind.  Since,  however,  men  had  not  come  there 
to  contend  about  anything,  neither  to  strive 
greatly  for  any  principle  that  they  thought  to  be 
in  danger,  nor  yet  to  press  with  fierce  zeal  the 
claims  of  any  idolized  leader  as  against  those 
of  his  rivals,  it  was  not  to  be  expected  that  the 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEWS. 


convention  would  show  much  excitement.  We 
have  never  before  had  so  calm  a  convention,,  and 
the  next  quarter- century  is  not  likely  to  see 
another.  It  was  a  repetition  of  the  * '  Era  of 
Good  Feeling."  Mr.  McKinley's  acceptability 
at  Philadelphia  reminded  one  of  the  historical 
accounts  of  the  atmosphere  in  which  James  Mon- 
roe received  his  nomination  in  1820.  Of  course, 
there  were  in  those  days  no  great  popular  con- 
ventions, and  the  comparison  may  only  apply  to 
the  prevalent  tone  of  the  political  community. 
What  this  unprecedented  harmony  within  the 
Republican  party  may  foreshadow,  as  to  the  com- 
ing contest  between  the  two  parties,  we  will  not 
at  this  moment  try  to  discuss. 

Behold,  How  Sometimes  there  has  been  found,  in 

These  Brethren  t-»         i  t  \ 

Loue  Republican  conventions,  a  more  or  less 
One  Another  I  ^[^^^j^^^  cleavage  between  the  higher 
and  the  lower  forces  of  politics.  But  no  such 
antagonism  was  in  any  manner  evident  this  year. 
Mr.  Quay,  in  spite  of  recent  strifes  in  which  he 
has  been  represented  as  the  embodiment  of  the 
woi*st  methods  in  politics,  did  not  fall  far  short 


Copyright  by  Gutekiinst.  Phlla. 

HON.  MATTHKW  8.  QUAY,  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

of  being  the  most  popular  personage  in  the  entire 
convention.  Tliis,  to  be  sure,  might  be  attrib- 
uted largely  to  the  immediate  environment ;  but 
his  applause  was  by  no  means  confined  to  the 
galleries  oV.to  tlie  Pennsylvania  delegation.      Mr. 


Addicks,  of  Delaware,  who  triumphantly  seated 
his  contesting  delegation,  seemed  to  be  in  every 
way  as  acceptable  and  popular  as  such  time- 
honored  and  distinguished  members  of  the  Re- 
publican party  as  Senator  Allison,  of  Iowa,  or  Sen- 
ator Depew,  of  New  York.  Senator  Hanna,  as 
chairman  of  the  national  committee,  opened  the 


SENATOR  BANNA,  OF  OHIO. 

(Chairman  of  the  Republican  National  Committee.) 

convention  with  a  brief  address  which  added  dis- 
tinctly to  the  new  reputation  he  is  making  as  an 
effective  public  speaker  ;  and  his  immense  pres- 
tige was  as  tangible  a  fact  as  the  very  bunting 
that  draped  the  convention  hall.  Mr.  Piatt,  of 
New  York,  who  has  not  infrequently  found  na- 
tional conventions  to  be  places  of  bitter  contro- 
versy, was  treated  by  every  one  with  marked 
consideration,  as  due  to  recognized  authority, 
power,  and  senatorial  dignity.  Everybody  com- 
plimented all  the  speeches  that  were  made,  and 
every  one  carefully  avoided  saying  anything  upon 
the  floor  or  the  platform  of  the  convention  that 
could  possibly  wound  the  feelings  of  any  Repub- 
lican who  was  present.  Senator  Wolcott,  of  Col- 
orado, was  temporary  chairman,  and  Senator 
Lodge,  of  Massachusetts,  was  permanent  chair- 
man. It  is  true  that  both  these  gentlemen,  in 
their  elaborate  orations — these  being  the  two 
principal  oratorical  efforts  of  the  convention — 
were  severe  enough  in  their  diatribes  against 
"anti -imperialists."  But  as  none  of  them 
seemed  to  be  present,  there  was  no  evidence  of 
any  offended  susceptibilities.  It  was  reported,  in 
the  early  stages  of  the  convention,  that  Mr.  Piatt 
and  Mr.  Hanna  were  not  in  entire  accord  as  tc 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD, 


the  selection  of  a  Vice-Presidential  candidate.  But 
if  any  differences  existed,  they  were  held  in  a  mild- 
ness and  good-fellowship  that  would  hardly  have 
been  found  in  the  preliminary  canvass  for  the  vice- 
moderatorship  of  a  Presbyterian  General  Assem- 
bly. The  politeness  of  this  convention  would  have 
done  credit  to  the  *'  National  Congress  of  Moth- 
ers. "  It  is  not  by  way  of  idle  or  trivial  comment 
that  we  allude  in  this  way  to  tlie  harmony  that 
marked  the  entire  proceedings  at  Philadelphia.  It 
is  the  one  important  thing  that  stands  out  for  men- 
tion and  comment,  as  one  looks  back  upon  the  con- 
vention. When  one  remembei-s  the  fierce  strife 
of  nearly  all  preceding  conventions,  whether  Re- 
publican or  Democratic,  for  half  a  century,  the 
gcKxl- humor  and  the  readiness  to  make  every- 
thing unanimous  that  marked  this  Philadelphia 
gathering  are  in  such  notable  contrast  as  to  merit 
bold  record  in  the  history  of  American  politics. 


SENATOR  PUkTT,  OF  NEW  YORK. 

/  fkm  What  was  the  meaning  of  all  this 
Tnit  appearance  of  acquiescence,  con  ten  t- 
imttrprmtatiim  ?j^^^^^  ^nd  good  -  will  ?  Whatever 
might  be  said  of  delegations  from  individual 
States,  it  is  certainly  true  that  the  convention  as 
a  whole  was  not  brought  into  its  mood  of  har- 
mony through  any  extraneous  pressure.  It  was 
not  boss- ridden;  it  was  not  cowed  by  the  so-called 
•* money  power"  or  the  great  corporate  influ- 
ences ;  nor  was  it  in  any  sense  under  the  pressure 
of  the  lash  of  President  McKinley's  administra- 
tion. The  condition  to  which  we  refer  was  due, 
undoubtedly,  in  the  main  to  a  clear  party  con- 
science ;    in   other  words,   to  a  genuine  convic- 


SXNATOR  liODOB,  OV  MASaAOHUBETTS. 

tion  that  the  past  four  years  had  made  history 
for  the  Republican  party  in  a  most  creditable 
manner.  The  so-called  Silver  Republicans  had 
either  entirely  left  the  party  or  else  had  acqui- 
esced in  the  achieved  policy  of  the  gold  standard. 
The  tariff  issue  had  lived  itself  down,  and  had 
for  the  time  being  disappeared  as  a  topic  of  politi- 
cal controversy.  Our  national  credit  had  been 
vindicated  in  those  vast  refunding  operations 
which  had  placed  our  public  debt  on  a  far  lower 
interest  basis  than  that  of  any  other  country, 
either  now  or  at  any  past  time.  Business  pros- 
perity had  come  upon  the  country  in  such  vol- 
ume and  with  such  wide  diffusion  as  at  no  pre- 
vious time  in  our  history.  The  enormous  agri- 
cultural prosperity  of  the  West  had  done  away 
with  the  sectional  feeling  toward  the  East  that 
was  so  marked  and  disturbing  a  factor  only  a 
few  years  ago,  while  the  war  with  Spain  had 
seemed  to  wipe  away  the  last  vestige  of  unpleas- 
ant feeling  between  the  North  and  the  South. 
Certainly  there  was  a  great  deal  in  these  circum- 
stances, and  others  that  might  be  recited,  to 
warrant  the  Republicans  in  self -congratulation  at 
Philadelphia. 

These  facts  lent  the  propriety  of  highly 
Question  of  a  exceptional  conditions  to  the  claim 
Second  Term.  ^^^^  President  McKinley  should  have 
a  second  term.  There  are  many  people,  indeed, 
who  believe  in  the  principle  that  no  President 
of  the  United  States  should  have  a  second 
consecutive  term.  Their  reasons  have  been  set 
forth  so  ably  and  frequently  that  all  intelligent 


6 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REt^/ElVS. 


citizens  are  familiar  with  them.  Not  a  few  of 
these  opponents  of  a  second  term  believe  that 
their  views  should  be  enforced  by  an  amendment 
of  the  Constitution.  The  matter  is  one,  however, 
that  the  people  themselves  are  able  to  meet  in 
their  own  discretion  from  time  to  time.  All 
Presidents,  if  we  mistake  not,  since  the  early 
period  of  the  Constitution,  have  desired  and  sought 
reelection  ;  President  Hayes  being,  perhaps,  the 
sole  exception.  It  is  a  fact,  however,  that  since 
the  reelection  of  Andrew  Jackson  in  1832,  the 
American  people  have  not  seen  fit  to  give  any 
man  two  consecutive  terms,  excepting  only 
Lincoln  and  Grant.  For  various  reasons,  it  is 
not  easy,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  to  re- 
elect a  President.  The  incumbent  who  .runs  for 
a  second  term  too  often  finds  arrayed  against 
him  not  only  the  consolidated  opposition  forces 
that  fly  the  banner  of  the  rival  party,  but  also 
the  indifference  or  the  veiled  hostility  of  many 
people  in  his  own  party,  including  hordes  of  dis- 
appointed office-seekers.  The  men  who  control 
national  conventions  have  learned  liow  to  esti- 
mate all  such  considerations.  It  is,  therefore, 
not  only  a  testimony  to  their  belief  that  the  con- 
ditions are  exceptional,  but  also  a  clear  evidence 
of  their  personal  confidence  in  Mr.  McKinley, 
and  their  warm  regard  for  him,  that  they  should 
have  agreed  with  such  freedom  from  doubt  or 
hesitation  that  it  was  both  safe  and  wise  to  make 
him  their  candidate  a  second  time. 

What  I  Whatever  might  have  been  known  to 
Thought  of  the  some  individuals,  it  had  certainly  not 
President.  ^^^^  apparent  to  the  public  that  Mr. 
McKinley  had  either  exerted  himself  to  secure  a 
renomination,  on  the  one  hand,  or  said  or  done 
anything,  on  the  other  liand,  in  pretense  that  lie 
did  not  wish  it.  So  far  as  the  public  knew  any- 
thing about  it,  Mr.  McKinley  had  left  the  ques- 
tion wholly  to  the  discretion  of  the  party  itself. 
His  dignity  in  the  matter  had  been  absolutely 
unimpaired.  It  is  not  only  since  he  came  into 
the  presidential  office  that  he  has  exhibited  tact 
and  the  ability  to  get  along  well  with  men. 
Through  a  long  Congressional  career,  in  which 
at  many  times  he  took  extreme  positions  on  pub- 
lic questions  that  were  involved  in  the  most  rag- 
ing controversy,  Mr.  McKinley  held  the  personal 
good-will  and  friendship,  not  only  of  his  Repub- 
lican colleagues,  but  also  of  the  Democratic 
members  of  the  House.  And  this  was  not  merely 
the  politician's  studied  art  of  making  friends  and 
avoiding  enmities,  but  rather  the  result  of  a  gen- 
tleness and  kindliness  entirely  compatible  with 
strong  convictions  and  firmness  of  purpose. 
Throughout  his  whole  career,  Mr.  McKinley  has 
been  much  more  free  than  most  successful  pub- 


lic men  from  self  -  consciousness  and  vanity  ; 
and  his  air  and  manner  have  always  been  of  a 
kind  to  be  characterized  not  so  much  by  the  word 
unselfishness  as  by  the  word  self-forgetfulness. 

^^^  In  short,  there  are  many  hundreds 
Character  of  men  who  know  Mr.  McKinley  well, 
Sketches.  Democrats  and  Republicans  alike,  who 
testify  that  he*  is  a  courteous  and  manJy  Christian 
gentleman,  whom  they  sincerely  esteem  for  his 
admirable  personal  qualities.  His  work  as  a 
statesman  and  administrator  is,  of  course,  a  mat- 
ter about  which  opinions  may  differ  widely.  "We 
publish  elsewhere  an  article  which  is  in  some 
sense  a  personal  character  sketch  of  him,  but  is 
more  particularly  devoted  to  a  review  of  his  pub- 
lic work  as  President  during  the  more  than  three 
years  tliat  have  elapsed  since  he  entered  the 
White  House,  on  March  4,  1897.  It  is  not 
an  article  that  purports  to  be  written  from  the 
impartial  and  critical  attitude  of  an  outside  ob- 
server. On  the  contrary,  it  comes  from  the  pen 
of  one  who  is  close  to  the  President  and  very 
loyally  and  heartily  devoted  to  him.  It  is  none 
the  less  the  honest  and  sincere  expression  of  its 
writer.  Incidentally,  it  may  be  said  here  that 
the  article  which  we  also  publish  this  month  re- 
garding Mr.  Bryan,  and  which  is  from  the  pen 
of  Dr.  Charles  B.  Spahr,  of  New  York,  is  also 
written  in  the  spirit  of  full  sympathy  with  its 
subject.  And  it  also  is  a  perfectly  honest  and 
sincere  estimate  set  forth  by  a  man  of  rare  men- 
tal acumen  and  entire  devotion  to  the  truth  as  he 
sees  it  in  all  things,  who  knows  Mr.  Bryan  inti- 
mately. We  shall  have  occasion  again,  doubt- 
less, to  refer  to  Dr.  Spahr's  article  about  the 
gentleman  who  will  in  a  few  days  receive  the 
Democratic  nomination  at  Kansas  City.  Let  all 
men,  of  whatever  party,  try  hard  to  believe,  this 
year,  that  as  private  individuals  and  fellow-citi- 
zens the  gentlemen  who  will  head  the  opposing 
tickets  are  far  above  the  reach  of  any  darts  of 
malice.  Let  each  side  vigorously  suppress  its 
cheap  slanderers  and  defamers,  and  let  the  cam- 
paign be  free  from  offensive  personalities  as  re- 
gards Mr.  McKinley  on  the  one  hand  and  Mr. 
Bryan  on  the  other. 

o     ^jf^o,       A.   convention    that   was   unanimous 

Second  Place     .  i      t^       .  i        •   ,  <» 

on  about  the  Presidential  nomination  and 
the  Ticket,  ^q^ally  unanimous  about  the  platform 
— while  wholly  free  from  differences  as  to  its 
choice  of  temporary  and  permanent  officers,  its 
rules  and  order  of  business,  and  practically  every- 
thing else — could  not  really  be  expected  to  re- 
solve itself  into  a  scramble  for  the  Vice-Presiden- 
tial nomination.  It  was  manifest,  from  the  be- 
ginning, that  the  convention  wished  to  be  unani- 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


moiis  about  that  matter  also.  Several  excellent 
candidates  were  named  outside  of  the  convention 
hall,  not  one  of  whom  was  fomenting  any  eager 
propaganda  on  his  own  behalf.  Many  Massa- 
chusetts and  other  New  England  delegates  were 
prepared  to  support  the  Hon,  John  D.  Long, 
Secretary  of  the  Navy.     The  Hon.  J.  P.  Dolli- 


HON.  JOHN  D.  LONG,  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 

(Secretary  of  the  Na\'y.) 

ver,  of  Iowa,  had  been  brought  forward  by  the 
delegation  from  his  own  State  at  the  urgent 
request  of  a  great  number  of  his  Republican  col- 
leagues in  the  House  of  Representatives  at 
Washington.  The  Minnesota  delegation  had  been 
instructed  to  present  the  name  of  ex-Senator  W. 
D.  Washburn,  if  it  should  seem  propitious  to  do 
so.  A  good  many  of  the  delegates  from  States 
still  further  northwest  were  favorable  to  the  Hon. 
Bartlett  Tripp,  of  South  Dakota.  The  lieutenant- 
governor  of  the  State  of  New  York,  the  Hon. 
Timothy  L.  Woodruff,  had  a  strong  support 
among  his  own  constituents,  and  the  great  dele- 
gation of  the  Empire  State  at  length  unanimous- 
ly agreed  at  Philadelphia  to  present  him.  The 
names  of  a  good  many  other  favorite  sons  were 
on  the  lips  of  the  members  of  various  State  dele- 
gations. But  there  was  no  name  found  among 
all  these  candidates  that  seemed  to  meet  the  de- 
mands of  a  convention  that  proposed  to  do  all 
things  on  the  principle  of  perfect  unanimity. 
With  nothing  else  for  delegates  to  discuss  in  the 
hotel  corridors,  the  topic  grew  absorbing. 


Soon  after  the  death  of  Vice-Presi- 
for  dent  Hobart,  last  November,  it  was 
fiooaeveit.  reported  that  the  Hon.  Elihu  Root, 
Secretary  of  War,  would  almost  undoubtedly  be 
the  nominee  this  year  for  the  Vice- Presidency. 
His  name  had  been  so  generally  agreed  upon  that 
it  was  admitted  on  all  hands  that  no  other  name 
would  be  offered  to  the  convention,  unless  Mr. 
Root  should  positively  decline  to  accept  a  place 
on  the  ticket.  The  wisdom  of  the  selection  was 
heartily  concurred  in  by  Republicans  in  all  parts 
of  the  country.  Mr.  Root,  however,  on  reflec- 
tion, came  to  the  conclusion  that  he  did  not  wish 
and  could  not  afford  to  take  so  inactive  a  posi- 
tion. He  made  this  decision  firmly  ;  his  wishes 
were  respected,  and  his  name  was  no  longer  used 
in  that  connection.  This  declaration  came,  as  we 
remember  it,  in  January.  Other  names  were 
then  freely  canvassed  among  Republicans,  and 
among  them  that  of  Governor  Roosevelt,  of  New 
York.  The  prospect  was  so  little  to  Mr.  Roose- 
velt's taste,  and  so  out  of  the  line  of  his  aspira- 
tions and  preferences,  that  he  decided  to  go  fur- 


HON.  J.   p.   liOLLIVBR,  OF  IOWA. 

ther  than  Mr.  Root  had  gone,  and  not  only  to 
inform  the  party  leaders  in  private  of  his  deci- 
sion, but  also  to  prepare  a  formal  statement  for 
the  public  and  give  it  to  the  press.  This  he  did 
on  February  12.      It  was  as  follows  : 

In  view  of  the  continued  statements  in  the  press  that 
I  may  be  urged  as  a  candidate  for  Vice-President,  and  in 
view  of  the  many  letters  that  reach  me  advising  for  and 


8 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


against  such  a  course,  it  is  proper  for  me  to  state  defi- 
nitely that  under  no  circumstances  could  I,  or  would  I, 
accept  the  nomination  for  the  Vice-Presidency.  It  is 
needless  to  say  how  deeply  I  appreciate  the  honor  con- 
ferred upon  me  by  the  mere  desire  to  place  me  in  so 
high  and  dignified  a  position.  But  it  seems  to  me  clear 
that  at  the  present  time  my  duty  is  here  In  the  State 
whose  people  chose  me  to  be  governor.  Great  problems 
have  been  faced  and  are  being  partly  solved  in  this 
State  at  this  time  ;  and,  if  the  people  so  desire,  1  hope 
that  the  work  thus  begun  I  may  help  to  carry  to  a  suc- 
cessful conclusion. 

The  governor's  position  was  appar- 
Movement  ently  understood  and  accepted  by 
Was  Reviued.  everybody.  Mr.  Hanna,  the  Admin- 
istration  leader,  ceased  to  consider  him  among 
the  possible  candidates  for  the  Vice- Presidency. 
A  governor  is  to  be  elected  this  year  in  the  State 
of  New  York,  and 'the  demand  among  Republi- 
cans that  Colonel  Roosevelt  should  be  accorded 
a  second  term  seemed  general  and  urgent.  It 
was  felt  that  he  was  as  admirably  fitted  for  the 
arduous  and  difficult  duties  of  the  chief  execu- 
tive of  the  great  commonwealth  of  New  York  as 
he  was,  in  every  way,  ill  adapted  to  the  passive 
and  functionless  rSle  of  the  Vice-Presidency. 
Moreover,  it  was  also  felt  that  in  no  other  way 
could  the  State  be  so  certainly  held  by  the  Re- 
publicans this  year  as  with  Roosevelt  renomi- 
nated for  his  present  office.  This  was  his  own 
attitude,  and  it  had  received  the  indorsement  of 
Senator  Piatt  and  all  the  party  leaders.  But  it 
so  happened  that  the  governor  had  supported 
and  signed  the  so-called  Ford  franchise- tax  bill, 
imder  which  street  railway  and  other  corpora- 
tions holding  valuable  and  lucrative  franchises 
are  required  to  pay  taxes  on  the  value  of  such 
franchises.  Such  corporations,  in  New  York  as 
elsewhere  in  the  United  States,  are  in  politics. 
And  it  is  a  leading  part  of  their  business  to  make 
it  desirable  for  political  managers  to  be  deferen- 
tial to  their  wishes.  Governor  Roosevelt  had 
not  been  deferential.  They  therefore  decided 
that  he  ought  to  be  put  out  of  New  York  poli- 
tics ;  and  they  are  said  to  have  made  practical 
representations  of  their  views.  The  Republican 
organization,  headed  by  Mr.  Piatt,  was  led  to 
the  conclusion  that  the  governor  would  be  a 
weak  candidate  for  another  term,  and  that  it 
would  be  altogether  desirable  for  him  to  take  the 
Vice -Presidency.  In  fairness,  it  should  be  added 
that  the  governor's  belief  in  very  radical  canal 
improvements  was  said  to  have  alienated ,  the 
farmers  in  certain  parts  of  the  State,  who  are 
greatly  opposed  to  this  colossal  enterprise.  The 
Republican  organization,  in  short,  took  the 
ground  that  Roosevelt  would  run  brilliantly  if 
named  for  Vice-President,  and  badly  if  named  for 
governor. 


The  governor  and  many  of  his  friends 

^Deoeil^S'  ^^^^  ^^®  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^®  ^®^y  thing 
which  might  have  made  him  unpopu- 
lar with  certain  corporations  was  sure  to  make 
him  strong  with  the  voters  ;  and  that  the  threat 
to  drive  him  out  of  New  York  politics  would  do 
as  much  as  anything  else  to  assure  him  a  great 
popular  victory.  This  revival  of  the  talk  of 
Governor  Roosevelt  as  a  Vice- Presidential  candi- 
date came  just  before  the  opening  of  the  conven- 
tion at  Philadelphia.  The  governor  adhered  to 
his  position,  however,  and  reiterated  his  decision. 
Mr.    Quay,    Pennsylvania's    unrivaled    political 


8ENATOB  AliLISON,  OF  IOWA. 

manager,  was  called  upon  to  aid  in  solving  the 
Vice- Presidential  problem,  and  in  a  few  hours 
Pennsylvania's  great  group  of  delegates  was 
added  to  that  under  Sir.  Piatt's  control  from 
New  York  in  active  promotion  of  the  plan  to 
confer  the  nomination  upon  the  unwilling  gov- 
ernor. The  programme  was  aided  not  a  little  by 
the  fact  that  the  administration  itself,  as  repre- 
sented by  Senator  Hanna,  had  not  selected  a 
candidate,  but  had  left  the  matter  to  take  its 
chances  in  the  convention.  It  is  true  that  Sen- 
ator Allison,  of  Iowa,  had  been  urgently  requested 
to  accept  the  position  ;  and,  if  he  had  been  will- 
ing, it  would  have  been  his  unanimously.  But 
Mr.  Allison  did  not  want  it,  and  had  said  so  in  a 
tone  that  was  entirely  conclusive .     Meanwhile, 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Governor     Roosevelt  3     un- 
bounded   popularity  in   the 
Far  West,  and  the  devotion 
to  hira    of   the   young    Re- 
publicans   of     the     Middle 
West,    began  to   crystallize 
about  the  nucleus  that  had 
hoeu  provided  in  the  definite 
action   of  the  Pennsylvania 
men.     The  two  movements 
taken    together    quickly 
reached     the     point    where 
unanimous  agreement  upon 
any  otlier  name  seemed  im- 
possible ;    and  it  was  fated 
that  all  things  in  this  con- 
vention should  be  done  with- 
out a  dissenting  voice.     A 
series  of  Western  States,  like 
Kansas  and  Colorado,  where 
Populism  and  Bryan  ism  are 
especially  strong,  demanded 
that   Roosevelt    should    ac- 
cept.      All    important   ele- 
ments    in     the    convention 
soon  reached  the  same  con- 
clusion.     His  terse  and  vig- 
orous speech   seconding 
Senator    Foraker,   who  had 
proposed  President  McKin- 
ley's    name    for    renomina- 
tion,  added  the  final  touch. 
His  name  was  presented  by 
the  Hon.  Lafayette  Young, 
secretary  of  the  Iowa  dele- 
gation,   in    a    speech    with- 
drawing   Mr.    Dolliver  and 
eulogizing    the   man    whom 
Mr.  Young  himself  had  ac- 
coropanied  in   the  Santiago 
campaign.   Governor  Roose- 
velt  received  every  vote  in 
the  convention — excepting, 
of  coui-se,  his  own. 

It  is  of  some  per- 
^'ifflUnmJL''  tinence  to  recall 

the  fact  that  four 
years  ago,  during  the  prog- 
ress of  the  Presidential  campaign,  the  editor 
o(  this  Magazine  asked  Mr.  Roosevelt,  who  was 
then  president  of  the  New  York  Police  Board 
under  Mayor  Strong,  to  write  an  article  on 
the  oflBce  of  the  Vice- Presidency,  together  with 
comments  upon  the  three  prominent  Vice-Presi- 
<iential  candidaies ;  namely,  Mr.  Hobart,  Mr. 
Sewall,  and  Mr.  Watson,  of  Georgia.  A  very 
interesting  article  was  forthwith  produced,  and 


Photo  copy righteU  by  ko<.k»oud.  N.  Y. 


GOV.  THEODORE  ROOSBVKLT,  OF  NEW  YORK. 


it  will  l)e  found  in  the  Review  of  Reviews  for 
September,  1896.  Among  other  things  in  that 
article  well  worthy  of  citation,  Mr.  Roosevelt 
made  the  following  remarks  : 

The  Vice-PreHident  should,  so  far  as  possible,  repre- 
sent the  same  views  and  principles  which  have  secured 
the  nomination  and  election  of  the  President,  and  he 
should  l^eaman  standing  well  in  the  councils  of  the 
party,  trusted  by  his  fellow  party-lea<lers,  and  able,  in 


10 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEH^S. 


on  the  other  hand, 
had  set  a  prece- 
dent, in  his  pub- 
lic and  private 
recognition  of 
Vice-  President 
Hobart,  that  he 
will,  be  ready  to 
maintain  in  bis 
relations  with 
Vice.  President 
Roosevelt  -in  case 
of  the  success  of 
the  ticket. 


Governor 

Roosevelt's 

Future. 


,  OOVKRNOR  ROOSEVELT  IN  THE  CONVENTION. 

(Senator  Depew  is  on  the  extreme  left,  and  the  other  three  standing  flRores  are  Gtovernor  Roor evelt. 
Dr.  Leslie  D.  Ward,  and  Hon.  B.  B.  Odell.  Jr.  Senator  Piatt's  face  is  partly  show^n  in  the  lower 
right-hand  corner.  The  illustration  is  from  one  of  the  remarkable  convention  photographs 
talLen  by  the  New  York  Tribune^  by  whose  courtesy  we  use  it.) 

the  event  of  any  accident  to  his  chief,  to  take  up  the 
work  of  the  latter  just  where  it  was  left.  .  .  .  One  sure 
way  to  secure  this  desired  result  would  undoubtedly 
be  to  increase  the  power  of  the  Vice-President.  He 
should  always  be  a  man  who  would  be  consulted  by  the 
President  on  every  great  party  question.  It  would  be 
very  well  if  he  were  given  a  seat  in  the  cabinet.  It 
might  be  well  if,  in  addition  to  his  vote  in  the  Senate 
in  the  event  of  a  tie»  he  should  l^e  given  a  vote  on  ordi- 
nary occasions,  and  perchance  on  occasions  a  voice  in 
the  debates.  A  man  of  the  character  of  Mr.  Hobart  is 
sure  to  make  his  weight  felt  in  an  administration,  but 
the  power  of  thus  exercising  influence  should  be  made 
official  rather  than  personal. 

These  suggestions  touching  the  official  status 
of  the  Vice-President  were,  of  course,  made  in 
connection  with  a  theoretical  and  historical  dis- 
cussion ratlier  than  as  a  matter  of  immediate 
urgency.  It  is  needless  to  add  that  Governor 
Roosevelt  would  not  for  a  moment  have  permitted 
himself  to  be  nominated  if  he  had  not  felt  that 
he  could  meet  his  own  tests  as  to  the  necessity 
of  harmonious  relations  between  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent and  the   Administration.      Mr.    McKinley, 


Gov- 
ernor 
Roose- 
velt, be    it    said, 
has  made  no  sac- 
rifice   of     princi- 
ple.    Through  all 
his  public  life  he 
has    shown    him- 
self willing  to  do 
hard  work  stead- 
fastly in  positions 
where     no    one 
could  accuse  him 
of    seeking    any- 
thing else  except 
the  service  of  his 
country    through 
his  party.       It  is 
exactly  in    that 
spirit   that   he   yielded  his   own  preferences   at 
Philadelphia  to  what  finally  came  to  him  as  a 
unanimous  party  demand.     We  do  not   believe 
the  sacrifice  ought  to  have  been  demanded  ;  but 
doing  what  he  believes  to  be  his  duty  has  be- 
come  a  fixed    habit  with   Theodore    Roosevelt. 
His  friends  will  not  for  a  moment  attribute  to 
him   any   reason  for  changing   his   decision    at 
Philadelphia  other  than  his  belief  that  it  was  his 
duty.     The  party  to  which  he  now  shows  such  loy- 
alty will  have  a  strong  sense  of  allegiance  to  him  in 
return.     He  will  be  forty-six  years  old  on  October 
27,  1904.      If  one  must  indulge  in  predictions,  it 
is  far  safer  to  prophesy  that  he  has  thirty- five  or 
forty  years  of  active  and  valuable  public  life  yet 
before  him  than  to  assume  that  the  Vice- Presi- 
dency would  necessarily  end  his  political  career. 
Four  years  of  constant  observation  and  study  of 
national  affairs  from   the  safe  vantage-point   of 
the  chair  of  the  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate, 
added  to  Governor  Roosevelt's  existing  qualifica- 
tions as  an  executive  officer,   would  make  hira 
unquestionably  the    best- equipped  man  for  the 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  H^ORLD. 


Teal  work  of  the  Presidency  that  the  Republican 
party  could  bring  forward  four  years  hence. 
Let  his  admirers,  therefore,  take  the  view  that 
tbey  have  now  the  opportunity  to  transfer  him 
from  the  sphere  of  New  York  State  politics,  and 
from  work  of  intense  activity,  to  a  place  that 
affords  the  best  conceivable  chance  for  the  delib- 
erate study  of  every  question  of  national  impor- 


HON.  l-AFAYETTB  TOUNO,  OF  IOWA, 

Who  presented  Governor  Roosevelt^s  name  to  the 
convention. 

tance,  and  of  every  phase  of  the  life  and  work  of 
the  Federal  Government. 

The  convention  about  to  meet  at  Kan- 

One-Hafi     sas  City  will  probably  be  dominated 

Conoention.   ^^  ^j^^  ^^^^j^       ^jj,   Bryau's  campaign 

of  1896  was  one  which  in  a  rare  degree  gained 
for  liim  the  hearts  of  his  supporters — the  votes  of 
many  of  them  expressing  their  feeling  for  the 
candidate  rather  than  a  definite  intellectual  be- 
lief in  his  programme.  When  a  candidate  has 
thus  gained  the  affection  of  his  party,  defeat  only 
intensifies  its  devotion.  Because  of  his  defeat, 
Mr.  Bryan  has  remained  the  idol  of  thousands  of 
voters  who  would  have  become  his  critics  in  the 
event  of  his  success.  At  no  time  since  1896  has 
lie  lost  his  ascendency.  In  1898  it  was  seriously 
threatened  by  the  almost  successful  effort  of  Mr. 
Croker  and  Mr.  Hill  to  elect  Judge  Van  Wyck 
governor  of  New  York  upon  a  conservative  Demo- 
cratic platform.  This  movement  was  defeated 
l»y  the  personal  popularity  of  Colonel  Roosevelt, 
which  prevented  Mr.  Croker's  becoming  able  to 


assert  that  New  York  might  again  turn  a  national 
election  over  to  the  Democrats  if  a  conservative 
platform  were  adopted.  Last  year  Tammany  Hall 
again  attempted  to  destroy  Mr.  Bryan's  leadership 
by  putting  forward  Judge  Van  Wyck  as  a  candi- 
date for  the  Presidency  upon  an  anti  trust  plat- 
form ;  but  the  *  *  boom "  it  launched  for  Van 
Wyck  at  the  **  ten-dollar"  Jefferson  dinner  was 
counteracted  even  in  New  York  by  Mr.  Bryan's 
defense  of  the  Chicago  platform  at  the  *' one- 
dollar  "  Jefferson  dinner  held  immediately  there- 
after ;  while,  throughout  the  South  and  West,  Mr. 
Bryan  became  all  the  stronger  because  of  the  enemy 
with  whom  he  refused  to  make  terms.  The  nation 
was  forced  to  realize  that  west  of  the  Alleghanies 
the  mass  of  Democrats  preferred  defeat  undei-  Mr. 
Bryan  to  success  obtained  through  concession  to 
his  Eastern  Democratic  opponents.  This  year 
even  Tammany  Hall  was  forced  to  accept  Mr. 
Bryan  as  its  candidate — the  ice- trust  revelations 
making  the  continued  candidacy  of  Judge  Van 
Wyck  on  his  anti- trust  platform  too  ridiculous 
for  even  Tammany's  sense  of  humor  to  bear  up 
under.  The  New  York  convention  held  last 
month  instructed  its  delegates  to  Kansas  City  to 
vote  for  Mr.  Bryan,  and  by  its  action  assured  his 
nomination  by  acclamation.  Few  Presidential 
candidates  have  entered  a  convention  so  absolutely 
under  their  control  as  that  which  Mr.  Bryan  will 
enter  at  Kansas  City. 

A  Platform  '^^  Candidate  being  thus  in  complete 

to  Match     control  of  the  convention,  and  stand - 

the  Candidate,  -^g  ^  y^^  ^^^g  f^^.  ^  definite  platform, 

the  resolutions  to  be  adopted  at  Kansas  City  are 
practically  written  in  advance.  No  question  can 
be  raised  as  to  the  general  indorsement  of  the 
platform  of  1896.  The  leading  plank  in  that 
platform,  however,  cannot  be  inserted  bodily 
into  the  new  creed  of  the  party.  Its  opening 
statement,  for  example,  is  as  obviously  false  now 
as  it  was  obviously  true  four  years  ago.  No  plat- 
form adopted  this  year  can  begin  with  the  asser- 
tion that  **  the  money  question  is  paramount  to 
all  others  at  this  time."  The  money  question, 
even  in  the  minds  of  those  most  devoted  to  the 
free  coinage  of  silver,  has  become  less  pressing 
by  reason  of  the  great  increase  of  our  currency 
through  the  doubling  of  the  output  of  the  gold 
mines  and  the  large  gold  imports  into  this  coun- 
try. The  Populists  at  Sioux  Falls  in  May  recog- 
nized this  change  in  condition  by  recommending 
that  the  silver  added  to  the  currency  shall  be 
used  to  retire  an  equal  amount  of  bank-notes,  in 
order  to  maintain  relative  stability  of  prices  ; 
and  the  Democratic  platform  is  likely  to  urge 
free  coinage  rather  as  a  means  to  prevent  a  fall 
in  prices  in  the  future  than  as  essential  to  imme- 


12 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI/IEH^S. 


diate  conditions  of  trade.  It  is  not  unlikely  that 
the  second  portion  of  the  currency  plank  of  1896 
— the  protest  against  the  control  of  the  currency 
by  private  corporations — may  this  year  be  given 
the  greater  emphasis.  But  the  currency  ques- 
tion, though  it  will  remain  first  in  position  in  the 
Democratic  platform,  is  not  likely  to  be  treated 
as  first  in  importance.  The  question  of  trusts, 
which  in  the  platform  of  1896  received  but  a  few 
lines,  will  this  year  be  given  capital  importance. 
It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  convention,  in  addi- 
tion to  demanding  the  repeal  of  the  tariff  wher- 
ever it  enables  a  combination  to  raise  prices,  will 
also  demand  Congressional  action  by  which  cor- 
porations combining  to  create  monopolies  shall 
be  denied  the  privilege  of  interstate  commerce. 
The  question,  however,  which  will  probably  be 
given  preeminence  is  the  policy  to  be  pursued 
toward  the  Philippines.  Mr.  Bryan's  programme 
respecting  this  issue  is  set  forth  in  an  article 
in  the  North  American  Review ^  from  which  we 
quote  at  length  on  page  83.  Its  three  essen- 
tial points  are  stated  in  these  words:  **  First, 
establish  a  stable  government ;  second,  give  the 
Philippines  their  independence  ;  third,  give  them 
protection  from  outside  interference  while  they 
work  out  their  destiny.'*  The  convention  seems 
certain  to  indorse  this  programme,  and  will  un- 
doubtedly add  to  it  a  warm  expression  of  sympa- 
thy with  the  struggles  of  the  South  African  re- 
publics to  maintain  their  independence.  The 
fact  that  the  Republican  platform  was  cautious  m 
its  expression  upon  this  issue  is  believed  by  many 
shrewd  observers  of  public  sentiment  to  afford 
the  Democratic  party  greater  hope  of  substantial 
gains  than  any  other  factor  entering  into  the 
contest.  The  knowledge  that  it  does  not  make 
the  smallest  material  difference  to  the  American 
people  what  the  result  in  South  Africa  shall  be 
— so  these  observers  assert — in  no  sense  lessens 
the  political  importance  of  the  issue  for  the 
American  people,  who,  far  from  being  the  most 
money-seeking  people  in  the  world,  are  the  most 
certain  to  be  influenced  by  moral  sentiment. 

With  its  Presidential  candidate  se- 
of  lected  in  advance  and  its  platform 
Fuiion.  practically  written,  the  Kansas  City 
convention  has  none  the  less  a  most  diflBcult  prac- 
tical problem  to  settle.  There  is  no  possibility 
of  J)emocratic  success  without  the  support  of  the 
Populists  and  Silver  Republicans  who  supported 
Mr.  Bryan  in  1896.  The  recent  Congressional 
election  in  Oregon,  where  an  Independent  Demo- 
cratic candidate  in  one  district  and  an  Independ- 
ent Populist  candidate  in  both  districts  polled 
together  upwards  of  four  thousand  votes,  shows 
that  even  in  the  West  it  is  diflBcult  to  get  parties 


once  opposed  to  each  other  to  add  their  votes  to- 
gether for  the  securing  of  common  ends.  If  this 
diflBculty  is  great  in  the  West,  it  is  much  greater 
in  the  East,  where  the  Democrats  and  Populists 
seek  relatively  few  ends  in  common.  Eastern 
Democratic  leaders  who  are  thoroughly  in  sym- 
pathy not  only  with  the  Chicago  platform,  but 
with   the   Populist   platform   adopted    at    Sioux 


BBNATOR  JONES,  OP  ARKANSAS. 

(Chairman  of  the  Democratic  National  Committee.) 

Falls,  report  that  they  find  it  almost  impossible 
to  get  the  active  workers  in  their  party  to  accept 
a  Vice-Presidential  candidate  as  well  as  a  Presi- 
dential candidate  first  named  at  a  Populist  con- 
vention. Had  the  Sioux  Falls  convention,  they 
tell  us,  left  the  selection  of  a  common  candidate 
to  a  committee  representing  the  three  parties,  Mr. 
Towne  would,  with  little  doubt,  have  been  selected 
as  the  most  available  man.  But  they  question 
whether  the  Democratic  convention  will  feel  that 
it  can  afford  to  accept  a  ready-made  ticket 
throughout.  Mr.  Bryan,  however,  can  probably 
dictate  who  shall  be  his  associate  ;  and  his  close 
friendship  with  Mr.  Towne  seems,  at  the  time  of 
our  writing,  to  assure  either  the  ultimate  agree- 
ment of  all  parties  upon  a  single  candidate  for 
Vice-President  or  the  agreement  of  their  State 
committees  upon  a  single  set  of  electors  in  each 
State,  who  shall  divide  their  votes  for  Vice- 
President  between  Mr.  Towne  and  the  Demo- 
cratic nominee  upon  some  definitely  arranged 
basis.  Among  the  leaders,  the  sentiment  for 
fusion  is  so  strong  that  fusion  is  likely  to  be 
effected  ;  but  the  diflBculty  may  be  that  many 
Democrats,  many  Silver  Republicans,  and  many 
Populists,  dissatisfied  with  the  basis  of  agree- 
ment, will  refuse  to  go  to  the  polls  to  support  it. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


13 


p9iiti » in    '^^®   Strike  of  the  employees  of  the 

tke  8t.  Loutt  sti*eet-car  lines  in    St.    Louis   began 

strike:      ^^  ^^^  g^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^^  22  there  was 

no  promise  of  an  early  termination  of  the  violence 
which  the  boycotting  methods  of  the  strikers 
had  precipitated.  St.  Louis  had  assumed  the 
appearance  of  a  beleaguered  town.  A  dozen 
people  had  been  killed  and  many  more  wounded 
by  the  strikers  or  by  the  police  and  deputies. 
Cars  and  track  had  been  blown  up  by  dynamite  ; 
and,  worst  of  all,  in  their  determination  to  wreak 
vengeance  on  any  citizens  daring  to  ride  in  the 
boycotted  cars,  the  strikers  had  maltreated  wom- 
en in  a  manner  scarcely  conceivable  in  a  civil- 
ized community.  Two  thousand  of  the  well-to- 
do  citizens  of  St.  Louis  had  been  made  deputy- 
sheriffs,  and  were  constantly  patroling  the  tracks. 
President  Gompers,  of  the  American  Federation 
of  Labor,  made  an  earnest  effort  to  put  an  end 
to  the  violence  which  was  so  discrediting  the 
cause  of  union  labor,  and  had  almost  effected  a 
settlement  between  the  workmen  and  their  em- 
ployers. But  a  question  arose  as  to  the  rapidity 
with  which  old  employees  were  to  be  reinstated, 
the  negotiations  fell  through,  and  it  now  looks  as 
if  the  strikers  would  lose  their  cause.  An  ugly 
aspect  has  been  given  to  the  management  of  the 
affair  by  the  open  accusations  on  all  sides  of  po- 
litical motives.  The  governor  of  Missouri  is,  as 
always,  a  Democrat ;  the  mayor  of  St.  Louis  is 
a  Republican  ;  four  of  the  five  police  commis- 
sioners are  Democrats  appointed  by  the  gover- 


AK  UNCERTAIN  WEAPON. 

It  does  not  always  stop  at  where  it  is  aimed. 
From  the  Fioneer-Pre^s  (St.  Paul). 


nor,  and  the  fifth  member  is  the  mayor,  who 
is  of  course  powerless  to  control  the  police  in 
case  of  a  division  of  interests  on  political  lines. 
Notwithstanding  the  shameful  outrages  which 
the  less  responsible  strikers  have  been  guilty  of, 
Governor  Stephens  has  refused  to  call  out  the 
militia — first,  on  the  ground  that  the  deputy- 
sheriffs  appointed  by  the  mayor  could  control 
the  disturbances  ;  and,  second,  on  the  ground  that 
these  disturbances  were  not  serious  enough  to 
justify  him  in  spending  the  State's  money  at  the 
rate  of  two  thousand  dollars  per  day  for  the 
maintenance  of  a  military  force.  The  Repub- 
licans assert  that  the  Democratic  members  of  the 
police  board,  as  well  as  the  governor,  are  really 
restrained  from  dealing  with  the  lawlessness  in 
an  effective  manner  by  a  fear  of  alienating  the 
labor  vote  at  this  critical  point  in  the  course 
of  the  political  campaign. 

in  the  of  vV ar  Root,  Governor-  General  Wood 
United  statee,^^  q^^^^  President  Eliot,  and  the  au- 
thorities  of  Harvard  University,  and  the  genei*al 
public  promise  to  make  the  pilgrimage  to  this 
country  this  summer  of  1,450  Cuban  teachers, 
led  by  Mr.  Alexis  E.  Frye,  Superintendent  of 
Education  in  Cuba,  a  marked  success.  It  has 
been  criticized  by  some  of  the  Cuban  journals  as 
a  shrewd  move  on  the  part  of  the  oflBcials  of  the 
United  States  to  *<  Americanize "  the  teachers, 
and  thus  Cuba ;  and  some  of  the  Harvard  stu- 
dents  at  first  were  not  eager  to  give  up  their 
rooms  in  the  dormitories  to  unknown  Cubans. 
But,  barring  these  incidents,  the  scheme  has  met 
with  enthusiastic  support.  Five  Government 
transports,  sailing  from  different  Cuban  ports, 
will  bring  the  teachers  to  Boston,  where  they  will 
arrive  about  July  1.  The  teachers  will  represent 
urban  and  rural  Cuba,  and  be  selected  by  Cuban 
school  oflBcials  on  the  basis  of  merit.  Five  army 
physicians  and  a  nitmber  of  Cuban  women  of 
distinction  will  accompany  the  party,  the  latter 
to  serve  as  chaperones.  Mrs.  Alice  Gordon 
Gulick,  head  of  the  noted  American  Board  mis- 
sion school  for  girls,  has  been  secured  to  act  as 
dean  of  the  women's  department.  For  six  and  a 
half  weeks  the  teachers  will  be  the  guests  of  Har- 
vard University,  which  will  furnish  not  only  in- 
struction, but  board  and  lodging — the  expense 
of  which  has  been  assumed  by  the  University,  re- 
lying on  the  hospitality  and  generosity  of  the 
people  of  New  England  to  make  good  the  ex- 
pense incurred,  which  it  is  estimated  will  be 
$70,000.  Systematic  instruction  in  English, 
physical  geography,  history  (American  and  Span- 
ish-American), botany,  and  kindergarten  methods 
will  be  given,  chiefly  in  Spanish,  by  the  regular 


14 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


teaching  staff  of  Harvard,  supplemented  by  thirty 
or  forty  extra  teachers  who  use  Spanish  freely. 
Excursions  to  points  of  historic  interest  and  to 
manufacturing  establishments  will  contribute  to 
the  enlightenment  of  the  visitors.   After  the  teach- 


MB.  ALEXIS  E.  FRYB. 

(Superintendent  of  Education  in  Cuba.) 

ers  leave  Cambridge,  they  are  to  visit  Niagara 
Falls,  Chicago,  Washington,  and  New  York, 
from  which  city  they  will  sail  home  on  the  Gov 
ernment  transports.  Nothing  that  Harvard  has 
done  in  her  long  career  has  been  more  creditable 
to  her  than  the  work  she  plans  to  do  this  summer 
for  the  men  and  women  on  whom  the  future  of 
Cuba  so  nmch  depends.  The  scheme  originated 
with  two  Harvard  alumni  in  Cuba,  Messrs.  Conant 
and  Frye.  "  It  met  with  the  hearty  approval  of 
another  Harvard  alumnus,  Governor  Wood;  and 
when  it  came  to  President  Eliot,  its  audacity  and 
romantic  aspects,  as  much  as  its  serious  worth, 
instantly  won  his  assent  and  cooperation.  With 
Frye  at  work  in  Cuba  laying  the  foundations  of 
a  school  system,  and  another  Harvard  graduate, 
F.  W.  Atkinson,  until  recently  head  of  the 
Springfield  High  School,  en  route  to  the  Philip- 
pines charged  with  responsibility  for  the  same 
serious  task,  Harvard  may  well  feel  that  she  is 
doing  her  full  share  in  shaping  the  history  of  the 
Larger  America.  As  most  of  these  teachers  will 
be  Roman  Catholics,  the  Catholics  of  Boston  and 
Cambridge  are  planning  to  make  the  visitors 
welcome  at  various  social  functions. 


On  June  16,  the  Cubans  held  their 
^'^fn^Cula!*^  elections   for    municipal   oflBces — the 

first  that  the  island  has  seen  since  the 
end  of  Spanish  domination.  The  voting  was 
done  by  the  Australian  system,  and  perfect  order 
was  maintained  throughout  the  day,  not  a  drunken 
man  being  seen  on  the  streets  of  Havana.  There 
are  three  political  parties  in  Cuba  :  the  National- 
ists, composed  of  the  soldiers  of  the  late  wars  and 
their  followers  ;  the  Republicans,  who  are  the 
radicals  most  bitterly  opposed  to  American  influ- 
ence, and  the  Democratic-Unionists,  who  muster 
a  handful  of  conservatives  born  of  the  old  Autono- 
mist party,  and  upholding  the  interests  of  the 
wealthy.  It  has  been  arranged  by  General  Wood, 
with  the  apparent  consent  of  the  Cubans,  that  the 
suffrage  qualification  shall  be  the  ability  to  read 
and  write,  or  tlie  possession  of  property  to  the 
value  of  $250,  or  a  record  of  service  in  the  Cuban 
Army.  About  140,000  Cubans  can  vote  under 
these  restrictions,  and  there  would  be  about  30,000 
added  to  this  number  if  all  the  Spaniards  residing 
in  Cuba  elected  to  be  Cuban  citizens.  With  60-, 
000  men  in  Havana  possessing  the  right  to  vote, 
only  24,000  registered, and  less  than  20,000  voted. 
The  Nationalist  candidate  for  mayor.  Gen.  Ale.- 
jandro  Rodriguez,  was  elected  over  his  Republican 
opponent,  Senor  Estrada  Mora,  by  a  majority  of 
two  to  one.  showing  tliat  the  influence  of  Gen- 
eral Gomez  and  his  ambitions  for  the  final  inde- 
pendence of  Cuba  have  continued  their  strong 


GEN.  ALEJANDRO  RODRIOUSZ. 

(Newly  elected  Mayor  of  Havana.) 

hold  on  the  people.  In  Santiago,  Senor  Grinan 
was  reelected  mayor.  Senor  Grinan  was  the 
'*  white"  candidate,  whose  followers  were  op- 
posed to  the  negro  vote.  In  Santiago,  too,  there 
was  an  apathy  which  goes  to  counteract  the  hope- 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


15 


PROr.  FRED.  W.  ATKINSON. 


fol  impression  of  the  quiet  conduct  of  the  cam- 
paign. Here  scarcely  20  per  cent,  of  the  legal 
electors  cast  a  vote. . 

Congress  adjourned  without  providing 
^PhiUpp/Jtes!^  ^^y  scheme  of  civil  government  for 
the  Philippines.     The  commissioners 
arrived  at  Manila  early  in  June,  and  announced 
that  no  attempt  would  be  made  at  present  to  super- 
sede the  mili- 
tary executive. 
General    Mac- 
Arthur  will 
continue  to 
perform  the 
duties  of  gov- 
ernor until  the 
country   is 
ready    to    re- 
ceive a  system 
of  civil  admin- 
istration. That 
Luzon,    at 
least,    is   not 
yet  prepared 
for    such    a 
change     is 
made  clear  by 
the    daily    re- 
ports of    brigandage    and   armed    resistance   to 
authority  in  many  parts  of  the  island.     As  we 
stated   last    month,    however,    organized    insur- 
rection   is    no   longer  a  fact.     Tlie   archives  of 
Aguinaldo's    government   were   discovered    and 
seized  by  General  Funston  in  May.      Last  month 
a  far  more   important  capture  was  made  in  the 
person  of  Gen.  Pio  del  Pilar,  long  regarded  as 
the  ablest  military  leader  the  Filipinos  had.     The 
work  of  our  army  in  Luzon  has  been  tersely  de- 
scribed by   General  Schwan,   who  was  General 
Otis'   chief   of   staff,   in   a   letter  recently  made 
public  by  the  War  Department.     The  garrisons 
of  both  the  interior  and  the  coast  towns  of  Luzon 
are  generally  commanded,  says  General  Schwan, 
by  '*  comparatively  young  and  remarkably  ener- 
getic majors,  holding  lesser  rank  in  the  regulars, 
who  are  leaving  nothing  undone  to  perform  with 
thoroughness  the  specified  task  set  them."     That 
task  includes,  of  course,  the  suppression  of  the 
guerrilla  bands,  but  it  does  not  end  there.      It  is 
also  the   duty   of  these  young  majors   to  open 
schools  and  establish  municipal  government ;  and 
these  things  are  in  couree   of   accomplishment. 
As  General  Schwan  points  out  in  his  letter,  the 
greatest  obstacle  in  the  way  of  pacification  lies  in 
the  lack  of  confidence  between  the  soldiers  and 
the  inhabitants  ;  but  his  belief  is  that  *'  this  dis- 
trust is  certain  to  pass  away  when  each  class  be- 


comes acquainted  with  the  customs,  the  aims,  and 
the  standards  of  the  other."  The  Philippine 
Commission  has  chosen  Prof.  Fred.  W.  Atkinson, 
principal  of  the  Springfield  (Mass.)  High  School, 
as  superintendent  of  instruction  in  the  islands. 
There  are  5,000  children  in  the  city  schools  of  Ma- 
nila, under  the  superintendency  of  Prof.  George 
P.  Andei-son,  a  Yale  graduate.  Of  the  teachers 
in  these  scliools  85  are  natives,  40  Spanish,  and 
22  Americans.  The  widow  of  Rizal,  the  Fili- 
pino patriot,  is  one  of  the  teachers. 


The 
Chinese 
Crisis. 


For  several  months  past,  there  have 
been  occasional  reports  from  the  Ori- 
ent of  the  turbulence  of  the  Chinese 
Boxers  and  their  violent  persecution  of  native 
Christians.  Toward  the  middle  of  May  the  ex- 
tent and  intensity  of  the  rioting  rapidly  in- 
creased, and  on  the  19th  the  Christian  village 
of  Lai- Shun,  seventy  miles  from  Peking,  was 
destroyed.  Seventy -three  native  converts  were 
massacred.  A  joint  note  was  addressed  by  the 
great  European  powers  to  the  Tsun-li-Yamen, 
the  foreign  office  of  the  Chinese  Government, 
and  the  reports  of  our  own  minister,  Mr.  Conger, 
of  the  operations  of  the  Boxers  within  a  few 
miles  of  *  Peking  led  the  State  Department',  at 
Washington  to  send  R^ar  Admiral  Kempff  with 
his  flagship  Newark  to  the  harbor  of  Taku,  where 
within  a  few  days  gathered  the  available  war- 
ships of  Great  Britain,  Russia,  France,  Germany, 
and  Italy.     Taku  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Peiho 

River,  and  is 
the  harbor  for 
Peking,  being 
connected 
with  the  me- 
tropolis by  a 
railroad  run- 
ning by  way  of 
the  treaty  port 
of  Tientsin. 
The  Newark 
landed  100 
men  under 
Captain  Mc- 
C  a  1 1  a ,  who 
proceeded  to 
Tientsin,  and 
in  c  o  n  s  e  - 
quence  of  the 
rapid  spread 
of  the  Boxers 
over  the  coun- 
try immediately  about  Peking,  on  the  last  day  of 
the  month  a  small  international  force,  including 
7  officers  and  56  men  of  the  American  detach- 
ment, went  by  a  special  train  from  Tientsin  to 


HON.  EDWIN  n.  GONOBR. 

(U.  S.  Minister  to  China.) 


16 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEIV  OF  REyiE[VS. 


''SHENKIWG 


HONAN     r.j-tr. 


THE  SCENE  OF  THE  BOXER  RIOTS  IN   EASTERN  CHINA. 

Peking  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  the  foreign 
legations  in  the  capital,  and  tlie  400  or  more 
Caucasians  living  there  in  commercial  and  mis- 
sionary occupations.  These  marine  gi!(ards  were 
admitted,  and  seem  to  have  effected  temporary 
quiet ;  but  on  June  2  an  English  missionary, 
Mr.  Norman,  was  murdered  by  the  Boxers  at 
Yung  Ching,  a  few  miles  northwest  of  Peking, 
and  the  rioting  broke  out  with  renewed  violence. 
The  imperial  decrees  against  the  Boxers  seemed 
to  be  half-hearted;  and 
though  the  Chinese  troops  re- 
ported determined  measures 
and  heavy  engagements  with 
the  Boxers,  it  is  reasonably 
clear  that  a  large  number  of 
the  imperial  troops  are  in 
sympathy  with  the  rioters, 
or  openly  fighting  with  them. 
Nearly  50  miles  of  the  Lu- 
han  Railway  was  destroyed 
by  the  anti- foreign  mob.  to- 
gether with  great  quantities 
of  the  railroad  supplies  for 
the  lines  projected  under  the 
new  concessions.  Chapels 
were  burned  everywhere  in 
the  provinces  of  Shantung 
and  Pechili,  and  hundreds 
of  native  Cliristians  were 
massacred.  Finally,  the 
railroad  from  Peking  to  Tien- 
tsin was  cut.  The  foreign 
powers  immediately  lodged 
large  claims  for  the  damage 


to  European  property,  the  Russian  claim  alone 
amounting  to  nearly  $5,000,000  ;  and,  on  June 
10,  it  was  deemed  expedient  to  send  the  British 
Admiral  Seymour  with  nearly  2,000  troops  of 
tlie  international  forces  to  repair  the  road  be- 
tween Tientsin  and  Peking.  This  force  found 
the  railway  so  badly  damaged  that  in  two  days 
it  had  advanced 
only  34  miles. 
Then  came  the 
startling  news 
that  its  com- 
munications 
had  been  cut, 
and  up  to  the 
time  of  our  go- 
ing to  press,  on 
June  22,  noth- 
i  n  g  authentic 
has  been  heard 
of  Admiral 
Seymour,  and 
only  wild  ru- 
mors of  the 
fate  of  the  dip- 
l  o  m  a  t  i  c  ser- 
vants and  other 
Europeans  i  n 
Peking.  The  isolation  of  Tientsin  and  of 
Taku  followed  rapidly.  On  June  17  the  Chi- 
nese forts  at  Taku  opened  fire  on  the  allied 
squadron.  The  warships  of  Germany,  Russia, 
Great  Britain,  France,  and  Japan  promptly  bom- 


KEAR-ADMIRAL  KEMPFF«  U.  8.  N. 


Couftesy  oiAinsttt's  MttgaMine. 

QUARTERS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  r<BOATION  AT  PEKING. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


IT 


barded  the  fortifications,  which  were  finally  cap- 
tured at  the  point  of  the  bayonet  by  soldiers 
landed  from  the  fleets  at  a  point  enabling  thera 
to  assault  in  the  rear.  It  is  reported  that  over 
100  Europeans  were  killed  and  wounded,  and  that 
the  Chinese  lost  700  men.  The  United  States 
ordered  from  the  Philippines  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Peiho  tlie  battleship  Oregon^  the  gunboats  York- 
town,  Xashville,  and  Monocacy^  and  Colonel  Lis- 
cuni  with  the  Ninth  Regiment,  mustering  1,400 
men,  and  held  other  forces  in  readiness. 

^  In  the  battle  between  the  allied  fleet 
of  th9  and  the  Taku  forts,  the  guns  of  the 
'**"^*''*'  fortifications  were  fought  by  the 
trained  artillerists  of  the  Chinese  regular  army — 
a  fact  which  would  seem  to  mean,  maugre  any 
interpretations  from  Pekin,  that  the  Chinese 
Empire  is  in  a  state  of  war  with  the  European 
powers.  The  world  is  asking  itself  if  the  long- 
talked-of  dismemljerment  of  China  is  at  hand. 
Russia  has  at  this  writing  landed  4,000  troops, 
Japan  3,000,  and  Great  Britain,  France,  and 
Germany  still  other  thousands ;  while  Great 
Britain  has.  in  addition,  draftetl  several  Indian 
regiments  for  service  in  China.  The  Chinese 
army  contains  nominally  nearly  1,000,000  men, 
one-third  of  them  in  the  *' Eight  Banners  'of 
the  Manchus,  and  two-thirds  in  the  national 
array.  The  actual  available  force  is  said  to  be 
scarcely  300,000  men,  and  their  equipment  is 
largely  obsolete.      For  a  war  emergency,  doubt- 


KANO-YU-WRI,  THU  KEFUUJdKU. 


WOMAN   IN  THK  TASK. 


Thh  Boz(h)er  movement  is  all  right,  if  It  is  carried  far 
€1ioqk1i.    From  the  Jowmal  (Minneapolis). 


less,  more  than  1,000,000  men  could  be  mustered^ 
who  might  make  a  stiff  defensive  fight  against 
invading  hosts,  though  useless  in  offensive  oper- 
ations. If  the  safety  of  Europeans  and  tlieir 
property  can  be  guaranteed  without  a  war  of  in- 
vasion, by  stripping  the  Dowager  Empress  of  the 
last  vestige  of  pow- 
er, it  will  be  un- 
doubtedly  the  wel- 
come course  to  the 
three  great  powers 
most  interested  in 
subsequent  events  in 
the  Orient.  Eng- 
land would  find  it 
a  bad  time  to  insist 
on  achieving  her 
ambition  to  own  the 
Yangtse  Kiang  Val- 
ley. Russia,  even 
with  her  100,000 
Cossacks  in  Man- 
c  h  u  r  i  a ,  would 
scarcely  wish  to 
bring  upon  her 
Eastern  interests  the 
fleets  of  England  and  Japan  while  there  are  still 
gaps  in  the  great  Trans-Siberian  Railway.  Yet, 
in  a  partition,  Russia  would  ex|)ect  at  least 
the  whole  of  North  China  right  down  to  the 
gates  of  Peking.  Japan  would  never  give  up  the 
idea  of  owning  Korea  as  an  outlet  for  her  teem- 
ing millions,  but  the  very  flower  of  her  new  fleet 
will  be  unfinished  before  1901.  Thus,  in  spite 
of  the  numberless  rumors  of  Russia's  secret 
machinations  in  fomenting  the  Bo.xer  troubles, 
and  in  spite  of  her  enormous  preponderance  of 
land  forces  (she  has  over  100,000  troops  at 
Port  Arthur,  with  90,000  coolies  working  on  the 
fortifications),  and  in  spite  of  Japanese  indigna- 
tion at  the  recent  acquisition  by  Russia  of  the 
Korean  harbor  of  Masampho,  it  seems  likely  that 
the  powers  will  confine  themselves  to  the  task  of 
setting  things  to  order. 

_.    .,       The  State  Department  at  Washington 

The  nole        .  .  •        i »  i    f.  • 

of  the  lias  shown  Itself  prompt  and  firm  m 
United  states,  instructing  its  oflBcers  in  the  East  to 
do  their  part  in  the  police  duty  of  protecting  for- 
eign residents  in  China.  The  increased  serious- 
ness of  the  situation  has  led  this  country  into  a 
more  concerted  action  w^th  the  Europc^an  powers 
than  was  at  first  tliought  to  be  necessary.  All  the 
influence  of  the  United  States  will,  of  course,  go 
to  limiting  tlie  operations  of  the  European  forces 
in  China  to  the  rescue  of  the  12,000  Caucasians  in 
the  empire,  the  assurance  of  imienmities  for  the 
destruction  of  life  and  property,  and  tlie  exaction 


18 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


of  guarantees'  against  a  recurrence  of  the  riots. 
It  is  peculiarly  the  interest  of  this  country  that 
no  present  partition  of  the  empire  should  be 
made  giving  North  China  to  Russia.  Almost  all 
of  our  rapidly  growing  export  trade  is  with 
North  China.  There  is  no  guarantee  whatever 
that  witli  the  extension  of  Muscovite  dominion 
south  of  Manchuria  the  door  of  trade  could  be 
kept  open.  In  a  thousand  ways  the  exclusive 
dominion  of  Russia  over  this  populous  district 
would  be  hurtful  to  us.  For  instance,  in  this 
number  of  the  Review  of  Reviews  Mrs.  Leonora 


THE  LATE  COUNT  MUHAVIEFF. 

(Rus8ian  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs). 

Beck  Ellis  tells  us  that  the  future  hope  of  the 
Southern  cotton-manufacturing  industry  is  largely 
dependent  on  the  use  of  the  coarser  grades  of 
cotton  goods  by  the  Chmese.  When  the  rioters 
are  put  down  and  the  question  of  the  future  is 
raised,  the  position  of  the  United  States  will  be 
exceptionally  strong  in  the  international  discus- 
sion winch  decides  the  fate  of  China,  for  we  shall 
have  contributed  our  men  and  ships  to  the  task 
of  stern  police  duty  ;  and,  on  the  other  liand, 
there  will  be  no  suspicion  of  our  longing  for  a 
certain  slice  of  tlie  moribund  empire. 

•.   «    ..  ^  The  sudden  death  of  Count  Muraviefl, 
The  Death  of  ,  o  i      i         •        i  u        •       i- 

Count        on  June  21,  deprived  Russia  ot  an  ex- 

Muravieff.     ceptioually  energetic  and  able  mem- 
ber of  her  diplomatic  corps  at  a  time  when  the 


critical  situation  in  the  Orient  gives  her  need  of 
all  the  strength  and  wisdom  to  be  had.  Count 
Muravieff  has  been  the  Russian  Minister  of  For- 
eign Affairs  since  the  death  of  Prince  Lobanoff. 
in  1897.  Immediately  on  his  appointment  to  the 
office,  liis  weight  was  felt  in  the  strengthening  of 
the  Franco- Russian  entente^  and  he  has  been 
credited  with  much  of  the  diploraa<;y  which  has 
aided  to  keep  France  at  peace  in  the  past  thi-ee 
years.  Russia's  great  work  in  Eastern  Asia, 
which  might  have  been  indefinitely  postponed  by 
a  European  vieUe^  made  this  a  task  well  worth 
while.  Count  Muravieff  was  born  in  1845,  was 
educated  at  Heidelberg,  and  entered  on  a  diplo- 
matic career  at  the  age  of  19,  his  first  post  being 
in  Berlin.  In  1874  he  was  appointed  secretary 
of  legation  at  The  Hague.  Thence  he  went  to 
Paris,  and  in  1893  he  was  promoted  to  be  minis- 
ter at  Denmark.  In  Copenhagen  he  was  a  great 
favorite  with  the  reigning  house  ;  and  doubtless 
tliis  aided  in  procuring  liim  the  special  favor  of 
the  Empress  Dowager  of  Russia,  who  was  a  Dan- 
ish princess,"  and  who  finally  brought  Count  Mu- 
ravieff into  his  ministerial  honors. 

Last  month  our  record  of  events  in 
If'pr^toffa.  ^^®  South  African  war  closed  with  the 

relief  of  Maf eking  and  preliminary  ex- 
cursions of  scouting  brigades  of  the  English 
Army  into  Transvaal  territory.  On  May  24,  the 
advance-guard  of  Lord  Roberts'  main  army 
crossed  the  Vaal  River  near  Parys,  the  Boers  be- 
ing outwitted  by  the  strategic  distribution  of  the 
British  front.  Scarcely  any  resistance  was  offered. 
Wliile  the  world  was  speculating  whether  Johan- 
nesburg would  be  destroyed  or  defended  by  the 
Boers,  and  how  long  Lord  Roberts  would  be  on 
the  journey  to  the  Golden  City,  that  redoubtable 
little  commander  arrived,  on  May  28.  His  cavalry 
and  mounted  infantry  under  General  French  and 
Colonel  Henry  had  outflanked  the  Boers  in  their 
chosen  positions  again  and  again,  and  their  strong- 
holds were  abandoned,  one  after  another,  before 
the  mighty  spread  of  the  British  advance.  The 
magnitude  of  Lord  Roberts'  operations  seems  to 
have  but  little  effect  on  the  rapidity  of  his  move- 
ments; the  army  marched  twenty  miles  in  one  day 
on  the  way  to  Johannesburg.  As  soon  as  the 
British  had  peaceably  occupied  Johannesburg,  on 
May  30,  '  *  Bobs ''  began  the  culminating  step  in  his 
South  African  mission — the  capture  of  Pretoria, 
The  Boers  were  by  this  time  much  impressed  with 
the  inevitability  of  the  British  commander's  of- 
fensive movements,  and  they  must  have  decided 
some  time  before  that  it  was  useless  to  stay  in 
Pretoria  simply  to  be  gobbled  up  by  General  Rob- 
erts. At  any  rate,  before  any  one  could  find  out 
wliether  the  Boers  wei-e  to  make  a  last  desperate 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


19 


staiui  at  Pretoria,  as  hnd  always  boon  antici- 
pated, or  not.  General  Roberts  was  there,  Presi- 
dent Kruger  had  fled,  and  the  commandos  of  the 
republic  had  taken  off  all  their  artillery  and  most 
of  the  rolling-stock  of  the  Netherlands  Railway. 
On  June  5,  Lord  Roberts  took  possession  of  Pre- 
toria, after  a  fight  at  Six  Miles  Spruit  on   the 


THS  rAMOUS  TUNIfBL  AT  ULINO*8  VSK. 

previous  day.  In  the  meantime.  General  Buller 
had  been  stubbornly  battering  his  way  tlirough 
the  Drakensberg  Mountains,  in  Natal.  On  June 
8  he  forced  Botha's  Pass,  and  three  days  later 
gaineil  possession  of  the  historic  ground  about 
Laing's  Nek  and  Majuba — a  most  significant 
advantacce,  which  fully  assured  his  communica- 
tions with  the  main  British  army  to  the  north- 
w?si.  It  was  found  that  the  Laing's  Nek  tun- 
nel could  be  repaired,  contrary  to  the  general 
n»|Mjrt,  which  had  it  that  the  Boers  completely 
wrecked  the  tunnel  by  starting  an  engine  at  full 
sjieed  at  each  end  loaded  with  dynamite.  The 
use  of  this  road  to  the  British  is  all-important,  as 
enabling  them  to  reach  a  point  on  the  coast  much 
nearer  the  Transvaal  than  any  they  have  been 
able  to  utilize  before. 

The  burghers  who  insist  on  fighting 
ofHoer"  to  the  end  have  betaken  themselves 
BruMtanct,  ^^  ^j^^  Lydonburg  district,  in  the  east 
of  die  Transvaal,  a  region  of  a  few  small  fertile 
valleys  amidst  numberless  mountain  fastnesses 
and  steep,  rocky  defiles.  Here  they  have  their 
Kuns,  ammunition,  and  supplies  saved  from  the 
British  atU'ance,  and  thev  have  even  established 


a  cartridge  factory.  It  is  reported  that  they  are 
still  receiving  new  importations  of  French-made 
artillery,  landed  at  some  unknown  point  on 
the  Portuguese  coast.  The  indomitable  Presi 
dent  Kriiger  is  living  in  a  parlor-car  on  the  rail 
road  where  it  comes  nearest  this  Lydenburg  dis 
trict,  and  he  says  fiercely  that  while  five^hun 
dred  burghers  are  left  to  bear  arms  the  fight  wil 
continue  against  British  usurpation.  As  the  moun 
tainous  country  of  the  northeast  of  the  Transvaal 
is  as  large  as  Switzerland,  and  scarcely  less  easy 
of  defense,  there  is  no  little  trouble  still  before 
the  British,  if  the  Boera  stick  to  this  programme. 
Mr.  Kriiger  calls  his  car  the  Capital  of  the  Trans- 
vaal, and  governs  his  remnant  of  faithful  burgh- 
ers with  the  same  iron  hand  that  held  the 
helm  in  the  council  chamber  at  Pretoria.  The 
most  authentic  accounts  go  to  show  that  the 
body  of  Boers  at  present  under  arms  can  scarcely 
amount  to  more  than  10,000  or  12,000  all 
told.  Yet  their  daring  sorties  on  the  British, 
whenever  a  weak  point  is  exposed  in  the  distri- 
bution of  Lord  Roberts'  force,  promise  to  make 
a  deal  of  trouble  until  they  are  finally  annihi- 
lated. Two  days  after  the  British  flag  had  been 
planted  in  Johannesburg,  the  Boers  captured  at 
Lindley,  in  the  Orange  River  Colony,  an  entire 
battalion  of  Imperial  Yeomanry.  A  still  more 
signal  evidence  of  the  vitality  of  the  fighting 
commandos  was  given  in  the  incident  at  Roodeval 
on  June  7,  when  the  Boers  attacked  the  British, 
killed  117  men,  took  possession  of  the  railroad 
at  that  point,  and  actually  cut  off  Lord  Roberts' 
communications  with  the  south  for  several  days. 
There  are  bands  of  fighting  Boers  still  operating, 
not  only  in  the  Transvaal  and  the  Orange  River 
Colony,  but  even  in  the  mountains  of  Natal,  in 
the  fastnesses  along  the  line  of  General  Buller's  re- 
cent advance.  The  hoj^es  of  the  Republican  ad- 
herents are  clearly  expressed  in  a  letter  published 
by  Mr.  Reitz,  the  Transvaal  Secretary  of  State  : 

The  British  Government  promised  the  British  nation 
that  the  cost  of  the  war  shall  be  defrayed  by  the  Boers. 


ARMOKED  TRACTION  KNGINK  RECENTLY  ORDERED  FOR 
BRITISH  USE  IN  SOUTH  AFRICA. 


20 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHL  Y  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


But  Hs  the  latter  will  not  be  in  a  position  to  pay,  Great 
Britain  must  obtain  the  money  from  the  gold-mines, 
which  will  thereby  be  mulcted  of  half  the  net  profits, 
whereas  the  Transvaal  never  levied  a  special  tax  on  gold. 
The  instigators  of  the  war— Rhodes,  Werner,  Beit,  and 
others— will  suffer  most.    In  addition,  the  British  will 


MR.   KKITZ. 

(The  Transvaal  Secretary  of  State.) 

have  to  maintain  a  garrison  of  50,000  men,  the  cost  of 
which  the  mines  will  also  have  to  pay.  As  soon  as  the 
British  troops  are  withdrawn,  wars  and  rebellions  will 
break  out,  not  for  years,  but  for  centuries.  For  Eng- 
land, this  means  a  constant  source  of  trouble,  annoy- 
ance, and  blofxlshed. 

In  Cape  Colony,  too,  there  is  no  abatement  of 
British  anxiety.  Mr.  Schreiner,  the  Premier, 
has  resigned  in  consequence  of  finding  himself 
entirely  out  of  sympathy  with  his  Afrikander 
colleagues,  and  a  new  ministry  has  been  formed 
with  Sir  (iordon  Sprigg  at  its  nead.  It  is  un- 
doubtedly an  unfortunate  incident  in  the  task  of 
pacifying  South  Africa  that  the  British  Govern- 
ment should  lose  the  services  of  Mr.  Schreiner — 
a  man  of  ability,  of  strong  sympathy  with  the 
Boer  cause;  and  withal  an  open  advocate  of  im- 
perial federal  i(m. 

Ti.   /»    X  w     From  May  30  to  June  6,  the  hospita- 

The  Confed-    ...  i  t        -      '^^  • 

erate  Reunion  ble  City  of  Louisville  was  given  over 
at  Louisville,  i^^^jjj^^  ^^^  ^^le    Confederate   Reunion. 

In  the  week  a  hundred  thousand  visitors  came  to 
the  city  ;  the  spirited  loyalty  to  its  own  leaders 
which  is  such  an  engaging  characteristic  of  the 
Southern  temperament  was  not  dulled  in  the 
ceremonies  of    this  second  generation   after  the 


war,  while  on  every  appropriate  occasion  there 
were  manly  expressions  of  good -will  for  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac.  The  United  Confederate 
Veterans  is  the  formal  oi-ganization  which  held 
the  reunion.  It  is  an  association  formed  in  1890 
to  further  literary,  social,  and  benevolent  aims 
among  the  survivors  of  the  Confederate  Army. 
There  are  still  living  about  40.000  Confederate 
veterans,  but  most  of  them  were  scarcely  mon» 
than  boys  when  they  fbught.  There  is  not  a 
single  general  living  of  those  that  fought  on  the 
Southern  side  in  the  Civil  War.  Of  the  nineteen 
Confederate  lieutenant  •  generals,  six  survive. 
The  United  Confederate  Veterans  is  divided  into 
1,300  different  camps,  distributed  homogeneously 
over  the  South  and  Southwest.  Gen.  Jolin  B. 
Gordon  was  reelected  commander-in-chief  at 
this  reunion,  for  his  tenth  year  of  service  in  that 
capacity.  In  the  course  of  the  reunion  it  was 
announced  that  the  sum  of  |5223,000  had  been 
raised  for  the  erection  of  a  Confederate  Memorial 
Building  at  Richmond,  Va.  The  plans  for  this 
structure  have  already  been  executed  and  ac- 
cepted. They  show  a  classic  building  of  fine 
simplicity  and  ti-emendous  mass — a  great  dome 
approached  through  heavy  doric  columns.  In 
the  edifice  will  be  gatliered  the  archives  and  his- 
torical treasures  of  the  South,  with  the  portraits 
and  statues  of  her  famous  soldiers.     Mr.  Charles 


GEN.  JOHN   B.  GORDON. 

(Reelected  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  United 
Confederate  Veterans.) 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


21 


THE  CONFBDERATB  MEMORIAL  BUILDING. 

(To  be  erected  at  Richmond,  Ya.) 

Broadway  Rouss,  who  came  from  Virginia  to 
build  up  a  fortune  in  New  York,  gave  $100,000 
to  this  purpose,  on  condition  that  a  like  sum 
should  >>e  added.  The  memorial  will  stand  as  a 
pleasant  evidence  of  the  success  with  which  South- 
erners worked  out  of  the  res  angusta  of  the  post- 


TBE  LATE  RET.  DR.  RICHARD  8.  STORRA. 


bellum  years,  and  of  their  readiness  to  devote  the 
first  fruits  of  their  prosperity  to  the  honor  of 
their  soldiers. 

In    the   necrology   of    the    past   six 
Obituary,     weeks  are  the  names  of  several  very 

eminent  American  clergymen  and 
theologians.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Richard  Salter  Storrs, 
who  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  on  June  5,  had 
long  been  regarded  as  our  greatest  master  of 
sacred  rhetoric.  For  more  than  half  a  century 
he  had  been  pastor  of  the  Brooklyn  Church  of 
the  Pilgrims,  and  his  was  the  distinction  of  rep- 
resenting, down  to  our  own  day,  the  traditions 
and  the  influ- 
ence of  the  New 
England  pulpit 
of  generations 
past.  His  meth- 
ods were  not 
the  methods  of 
to-day,  and  yet 
his  labors  for 
the  advance- 
ment of  religion 
in  our  time 
were  effective 
and  far-reach- 
ing. His  ten 
years'  service  as 
president  of  the 
American 
Board  of  Com- 
missioners for 
Foreign  M  i  s  • 
sions,  in  the 
most  critical  pe- 
riod of  the  board's  history,  will  never  be  forgotten 
by  the  friends  of  Christian  missions.  Dr.  Storrs* 
death  was  preceded  by  that  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  A.  J.  F. 
Behrends,  another  distinguished  Congregational- 
ist  of  Brooklyn.  Dr.  Behrends  had  thought  and 
written  much  on  current  theological  problems. 
That  patriarch  among  American  theologians', 
Prof.  Edwards  A.  Park,  of  Andover,  has  also 
passed  away,  at  the  age  of  ninety-one.  Pro- 
fessor Park  had  taught  in  Andover  Theological 
Seminary  from  IS.'iB  to  1881  ;  and  among  his 
students  were  hun<lreds  of  men  who  rose  to  emi- 
nence as  preachers,  including  Dr.  Storrs  himself. 
The  Rt.  Rev.  Richard  Hooker  Wilmer,  Episco- 
pal Bishop  of  Alabama,  died  on  June  14,  at  the 
age  of  eighty- four.  Bishop  Wilmer  was  an 
orator  of  rare  power  and  a  religious  leader  of 
great  influence  in  the  South. 


Photo  by  Anderson. 
THE  LATE  BISHOP  WILMER,  OF  ALA- 
BAMA. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


{From  May  21  to  June 21^  looo.) 


PROCEEDINGS  IN  CONGRESS. 

May  21.— The  Senate  passes  the  post-office  appropria- 
tion bill,  with  the  amendment  of  Mr.  Lodge  (Rep., 
Mass.)  appropriating  $225, 0(H)  for  the  continuance  of  the 
existing  pneumatic-tube  service.  A  motion  of  Mr. 
Morgan  (Dem.,  Ala.)  to  proceed  to  the  consideration  of 
the  House  Nicaragua  Canal  bill  is  defeated  by  a  vote  of  21 
to  28 The  House  passes  bills  providing  for  an  eight- 
hour  day  on  Government  work,  and  prohibiting  inter- 
state transportation  of  convict-made  goods. 

May  22.— In  the  Senate,  Mr.  Spooner  (Rep.,  Wis.)  de- 
fends President  McKinley's  Philippine  policy.... The 
House  considers  the  Alaskan  civil-code  bill. 

May  23.— In  the  Senate,  Mr.  Piatt  (Rep.,  Conn.)  speaks 

on  the  Cuban  postal  frauds The  House  passes  the 

Judiciary  Committee's  bill  to  amend  the  extradition 
laws,  so  as  to  cover  cases  like  that  of  C.  F.  W.  Neely. 

May  25.— The  Senate  begins  consideration  of  the  sun- 
dry civil  appropriation  bill.  Mr.  Morgan  (Dem.,  Ala.) 
speaks  in  opposition  to  the  Philippine  resolution  of  Mr. 
Spooner  (Rep.,  Wis.)...  The  House  considers  the  Alas- 
kan civil  code. 

May  26.— The  Senate  adopts  the  resolution  of  Mr. 
Bacon  (Dem.,  Ga.)  providing  for  an  investigation  into 
Cuban  financial  affairs The  House  adopts  resolu- 
tions calling  on  the  Postmaster-General  for  information 
as  to  Director  Rathbone's  reports,  and  on  the  Secretary 
of  War  for  reports  on  expenditures  iij  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico. 

May  28.— The  Senate  debates  the  sundry  civil  appro- 
priation bill The  House  passes  the  Alaskan  civil-code 

bill. 

May  29.— The  Senate  a<lopts  an  amendment  to  the 
sundry  civil  appropriation  bill  appropriating  $5,(XX),(X)0 

for  the  exposition  at  St.  Louis  in  1903 The  House 

adopts  the  conference  reix)rt  on  the  post-office  appro- 
priation bill,  including  the  provision  of  $225,000  for 
pneumatic-tul)e  service. 

May  30.— The  House  passes  190  private  pen.sion  bills. 

May31.— Tlie  Senate  passes  the  sundry  civil  appro- 
priation bill The  House  l^egins  consideration  of  the 

proposed  ant i- trust  constitutional  amendment. 

June  1.— The  Senate  jmsses  the  Military  Academy  ap- 
propriation bill,  with  amendn^ents  giving  the  senior 
major-general  commanding  the  Army  the  rank,  pay, 
and  allowances  of  a  lieutenant-general,  and  giving 
Adjutant-General  Corbin  the  rank,  pay,  and  allow- 
ances of  a  major-general  in  the  Army The  House  de- 
feats the  joint  re.solntion  providing  for  an  anti-trust 
constitutional  amendment  by  a  vote  of  154  to  131  (36 
votes  short  of  the  requisite  two-thirds). 

June  2.— The  Senate  passes  the  general  deficiency  and 
the  emergency  river  and  harbor  appropriation  bills,  and 
the  bill  to  provide  a  method  of  extradition  from  the 
United  States  to  Cuba  of  persons  who  have  committed 

certain  crimes  in  Cnl>a The  House,  by  a  vote  of  273 

to  1,  passes  the  anti-trust  bill  introduced  by  Mr.  Little- 
field  (Rep.,  Me.),  amending  the  Sherman  act. 

June  4.— Tiie  Senate,  in  e.xecutive  session,  ratifies  the 


new  extradition  treaty  with  Switzerland.  Mr.  Morgan 
(Dem.,  Ala.)  favorably  reports  a  resolution  declaring 
the  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty  abrogated. 

June  5.— The  Senate,  by  a  vote  of  43  to  23,  refers  the 
House  anti-trust  bill  to  the  Judiciary  Committee.  In 
executive  ses.sion,  the  nominations  of  John  R.  Hazel  to 
be  United  States  Judge  for  the  Western  District  of  New 
York,.  Gen.  Elwell  S.  Otis  to  be  a  major-general,  and 
Gen.  Joseph  Wheeler  to  be  a  brigadier-general  in  the 
Regular  Army  are  confirmed,  an<l  the  nomination  of 
William  D.  Bynum  to  be  General  Appraiser  at  the  Port 
of  New  York  is  rejected  by  a  tie  vote. 

.Tune  7. — After  a  bitter  contest  between  the  two 
branches  over  the  coast-survey  item  in  the  naval  ap- 
propriation bill,  the  House  finally  yields  to  the  Senate, 

and  all  the  remaining 
appropriation  bills  hav- 
ing been  passed,  the 
first  session  of  the  Fif- 
ty-sixth Congress  is  ad- 
journed. 

POLITICS  AND  GOV- 
ERNMENT —  AMERI- 
CAN. 

May  21.— E.  G.  Rath- 
bone,  director-general 
of  posts  in  Cuba,  is  sus- 
pende<l  from  office  by 
Postniaster  -General 
Smith....The  United 
Statics  Supreme  Court 
refusing  to  int-erfere  in 
the  Kentucky  govern- 
orship contest,  on  the 
ground  of  lack  of  juris- 
diction, the  office  goes 
to  Beckham  (Dem.); 

W.  S.  Taylor,  the  Republican  incumbent,  dismisses  the 

militia. 
May  22. — Tlie  T>ouisiana    Legislature    elects   United 

States  Senator  McEnery  (Dem.)  to  succee<l  himself,  ana 

ex-Gov.   Murphy  J.   Foster  (Dem.)  to  succeed  Senator 

Caffery  (Dem.). 
May  23.— Cuban  Roman  Catholics  petition  for  a  change 

in  the  marriage  law,  by  which  the  religious  ceremony 

may  be  legalized. 

May  24.— In  the  Virginia  State  election,  the  proposi- 
tion for  a  constitutional  convention  is  carried  ;  the 
Democrats  carry  all  the  municipal  elections. 

May  28.— Alaskan  Demt>crats  in  convention  at  Juneau 
declare  for  Bryan  for  President,  and  denounce  trusta, 
expansion,  and  favoritism  to  Canadian  shipping  and 
commercial  interests. 

May  31.— New  Jersey  Democrats  refuse  to  instruct 
for  Bryan. 

.Tune  2. — President  McKinley  nominat-es  Morris  M. 
P^stee,  of  California,  to  l)e  Unite«l  St^te^s  District  Judge 
for  Hawaii. 


MH.  J.  L.  BKI8TOW. 

(Fourth  Assistant  Postmaster 
General,  now  in  Cuba  investl 
gating  Cuban  postal  frauds.) 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


28 


June  4.— In  the  Oregon  elections,  the  RepublicanH 
carry  both  branches  of  the  legislature  and  elect  both 
members  of  Congress,  together  with  State  officers. 

June  5. — Maryland  Democrats  refuse  to  instruct  for 
BrysD,  but  recognize  his  strength  in  their  platform. 
Xew  York  Democrats  instruct  for  Bryan,  but  re- 
fuse to  reaffirm  the  Chicago  platform  of  1896 ;  Richard 
Croker,  David  B.  Hill.  Edward  Murphy,  Jr.,  and  Au- 
gustus Van  Wyck  are  chosen  delegates-at-large  to 
Kansas  City. 

June  6. — North  Dakota  and  South  Dakota  Democrats 

instruct  for  Bryan Indiana  Democrats  instruct  for 

Bryan,  and  nominate 
John  W.  Kern  for  gov- 
ernor  Missouri  Demo- 
crats nominate  A.  M. 
Dockery  for  governor,  re- 
affirm the  Chicago  plat- 
form, and  instruct  for 

Bryan West    Virgi  u  la 

Democrats  pledge  sup- 
port to  Bryan,  and  nom- 
inate  John  H.  Holt  for 
governor Idaho  Demo- 
crats   indorse    Bryan 

The  Socialist  Labor  party 
of  the  United  States  nomi- 
nates Joseph  F.  Maloney, 
of  Massachuserts,  for 
President,  and  Valentine 
Remmel,  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, for  Vice-President. 

June    7.  — Con  necticu t 
Democrats  instruct  their 

June  8. — Colorado  Democrats  instruct  for  Bryan. 

June  9. — Mayor  Van  Wyck,  of  New  York,  admits  in 
court  his  ownership  of  4,000  shares  of  stock  in  the 
American  Ice  Company. 

June  12. — Wisconsin  Democrats  instruct  for  Bryan, 

and  reaffirm  the  Chicago  platform The  Rhode  Island 

Legislature  reelects  United  States  Senator  Wetmore. 

June  13. — Ohio  Democnits  instruct   for   Hryan,  and 

Dominate  a  State  ticket Governor  Mount,  of  Indiana, 

refQ«<es  to  honor  the  requisition  of  (iovernor  Beckham, 
of  Kentucky,  for  the  return  to  that  State  of  ex-Gov. 
W.  S.  Taylor,  under  indictment  for  complicity  in  the 
alleged  plot  resulting  in  the  assa.ssi nation  of  William 
E.  Goeljel. 

June  14.— California    and   Kentucky   Democrats  in- 

Rlruct  for  Bryan Vermont  Democrats  nominate  a 

State  ticket,  headed  by  John  H.  Senter  for  governor, 
end  declare  for  Bryan. 

June  16. — Good  order  prevails  in  the  Cul)an  municipal 
elections ;  Gen,  Alejandro  Ro<lriguez,  Nationalist,  is 
elected  mayor  of  Havana,  receiving  13,073  votes,  against 
^^SK  cast  for  Sefior  Estrada  Mora,  the  Inde{)endent  can- 
didate. 

Jane  18. — A  bulletin  of  the  Porto  Rican  census,  issue<l 
by  the  War  Department  at  Washington,  gives  the  popu- 
lation of  the  island  as  953. 5443.... Governor  Roosevelt, 
of  New  York,  issues  a  statement  declining  the  Republi- 
can Domination  for  Vice-Presi<lent  at  Philadelphia. 

Jane  19.— The  Republican  National  Convention  meets 
at  Philadelphia. 


HON.  DOUGLASS  M'ENERY. 

(Reelected  U.  S.  Senator  from 
Louisiana.) 

delegates  to  supiwrt  Bryan. 


June  20. —The  Republican  National  Convention  adopts 

a  platform Minnesota   Democrats   declare    for  the 

nomination  of  Charles  A.  Towne  for  Vice  President  on 

the  Bryan  ticket  at  Kansas  City Florida  Democrats 

declare  for  Bryan. 

June  21.— President  McKinley  is  renominated  by 
unanimous  vote  in  the  Republican  National  Conven- 
tion at  Philadelphia,  and  Governor  Roosevelt,  of  New 
York,  is  nominated  for  Vice-President. 

POLITICS  AND  GOVBKNMENT-POREIGN. 

May  21.— The  Australian  federation  bill  passes  its 
second  reading  in  the  British  House  of  Commons. 

May  22.— The  French  Cham  Iter  of  Deputies  reassem- 
bles  The  Chinese  authorities  send  troops  to  put  down 

the  "Boxer"  movement. 

May  23.— The  German  Reichstag  pa.sses  the  meat  in- 
spection bill  by  a  vote  of  163  to  123. 

May  25.— The  three  men  charged  with  an  attempt  to 
olow  up  the  Welland  Canal  with  dynamite,  at  Thorold, 
Out.,  are  found  guilty  and  sentenced  to  life  imprison- 
ment. 

May  28.  By  a  vote  of  293  to  24^  the  French  Chaml)er 
of  Deputies  declares  confidence  in  the  government. 

May  29.— The  Marquis  de  Galliflfet  resigns  his  post 
as  French  Minister  of  War,  and  is  succeeded  by  General 
Andr4. 

June  2.— By  a  vote  of  283  to  34,  the  French  Senate 
passes  the  Dreyfus  case  amnesty  bill. 

June  3.— In  the  general  elections  for  the  Italian  Par- 
liament,   the     Constitu- 
tionalists secure   a    ma- 
jority of  the  seats. 

June  6. — The  resigna- 
tion of  the  Japanese  Cab- 
inet is  reported. 

June  7.— The  German 
Reichstag  passc*s  the  na- 
val bill  on  second  read- 
ing. 

.lune  8.— Emperor 
Francis  Joseph  orders 
the  session  of  the  Aus- 
trian Reich^rath  closed. 

June  9.— The  Chinese 
Government  orders  the 
withdrawal  of  the  im- 
perial troops  opposing 
the  "Boxers." 

June  12.— The  German 
Reichstag  piisses  the  na- 
val    bill Premier 

Schreiner,   of    Cape  Col- 
ony, resigns  office. 

June  10.— In  view  of  the  threatening  Chinese  situa- 
tion, the  .Marquis  Yamagata  consents  to  retain  the 
premiership  of  Japan. 

June  19.— A  convention  of  Irish  Nationalists  oi)ens  in 
Dublin. 

June  20.— Lieutenant-Governor  Mclnnes,  of  British 
Columbia,  is  dismissed  from  <»rhce  by  the  I>oniinion 
€rovernnient.  and  Sir  Henri  Joly  is  ap|M>inted  in  his 
place. 


HON.  MUKPHV  J.   FOSTER. 

(Newly  elected  U.  S.  Senator 
from  Louisiana.) 


24 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI/IEIV  OF  REl^/EU^S. 


INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS. 

May  21.— Secretary  Hay  informs  the  Boer  delegates 
that  the  United  States  cannot  interfere  in  the  South 
African  war. 

May  22.— The  Queen  Regent  of  Spain  signs  the  postal 
convention  with  the  United  States. 

May  28.— The  United  States  makes  a  more  peremptory 
demand  on  Turkey  for  the  prompt  settlement  of  the 
missionary  indemnity  claims. 

May  24.— The  European  powers  demand  of  the  Chi- 
nese Government  the  immediate  suppression  of  the 
"Boxers." 

May  25.— Secretary  Hay  instructs  Minister  Conger,  at 
Pekin,  to  infi>rm  the  Chinese  Government  that  the 
United  States  expects  it  to  suppress  the  *' Boxer  "  soci- 
ety without  delay,  and  to  provide  guarantees  for  the 
protection  of  the  lives  and  property  of  Americans  in 
China. 

May  30.  -American,  British,  German,  Italian,  French, 
Russian,  and  Japanese  troops  are  ordered  to  guard  the 
legations  at  Pekin. 

June  11.— The  Chinese  Emperor  appeals  to  the  powers 
for  the  deposition  of  the  Dowager  Empress  and  the 
establishment  of  a  protectorate. 


June  12.— President  McKinley  issues  a  proclamation 
of  a  reciprocal  commercial  agreement  between  the 
United  States  and  Portugal  under  the  Dingley  tariff 
law. 

June  16.— An  arrangement  for  the  arbitration  of 
claims  of  American  sealers  against  Russia  for  illegal 
seizures  off  the  Siberian  coast  is  announced. 

June  17.— The  Chinese  forts  at  Taku,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Peibo  River,  fire  on  the  foreign  warships,  which 
forthwith  bombard  the  forta  and  compel  their  sur- 
render. 

June  18. — United  States  troops  are  ordered  from 
Manila  to  China ;  Admiral  Kempff  is  directed  to 
cooperate  with  the  naval  commanders  of  other  powers 
in  the  protection  of  American  interests  in  China. 

June  19.— It  is  announced  the  French  Government 
will  dispatch  a  cruiser  and  4,200  troops  to  China. 

THE  WAR  IN  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

May  21.— A  squadron  of  Colonel  Bethune's  Horse  is 
surprised  on  its  way  to  Newcastle,  six  miles  southwes^ 
of  Vryheid  ;  total  casualties  about  66. 

May  22. — General  Hamilton  reaches  Heilbron,  after  a 
series  of  engagements  with  the  Boers  under  Comman- 
dant Ue  Wet. 


•»•  £*M«Mi(|,,  •»•«••; 


TASMANIA  ^  A*^  r  ad:  -  ^Ui 


THE  COMMONWEALTH  OF  AUSTRALIA. 

(Showing  the  contribution  of  each  State.) 

The  PopuUiHon  is  shown  by  a  man;  Revenue  by  the  obverse  side  of  a  sovereign;  Expenditure  by  the  reverse  side;  Raifway 
Mileage  by  a  train ;  Importn  by  a  black  ship;  ErturrtH  by  a  white  ship  (the  figures  within  brackets  denote  the  proportion 
of  tlie  imports  and  exports,  which  is  purely  intercolonial). 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


25 


RSV.  J.   W.   HAMILTON.  UBV.  D.  H.  1 

CNewly  elected  bishops  ot  the  M.  E.  Church. 

May  23. — General  French  reaches  Prospect,  about  five 
mi\e«  to  the  north  of  Rhenoster  River  ;  the  Boers  leave 
their  positions  south  of  the  Vaal  and  trek  north. 

May  24. — General  Hunter  reaches  Vryburg,  and  the 
railway  is  repaired  to  that  town. 

.May  25.— The  Boers  reoccupy  Heilbron  ;  General  Ham- 
ilton occupies  Vredeport ;  Tuungs  is  garrisoned  by  the 
British. 

May  26. — Lord  Roberts*  advance  foice  crosses  the  Vaal 
nearParys,  General  Hamilton's  column  being  at  Bosch- 
bank  ;  General  Bundle  occupies  Senekal  without  oppo- 
sition :  Ficksburg  is  occupied  by  Brabant ;  General 
French  crosses  the  Vaal  at  Lindigue's  Drift. 

May  27.— The  main  body  under  Lord  Roberts  crosses 
the  Vaal  at  Vereeniging  ;  lx)rd  Roberts  announces  the 
annexation  of  the  Orange  Free  State  :  British  positions 
at  Ingogo  shelled  by  the  Boers. 

May  28.— Lord  Roberts'  force  reaches  the  Klip  River, 
eighteen  miles  from  Johannesburg ;  General  French 
pushes  northward  toward  Johannesburg  ;  the  British 
occupy  Zeerust  (thirty-five  miles  northeast  of  Mafe 
king),  and  move  in  force  on  Lichtenburgh  ;  Orange 
Free  State  formally  annexed  ;  in  heavy  fighting  at 
Senekal,  in  the  Orange  River  Colony  (new  name  for  the 
Free  State),  General  Rundle  loses  32  men  killed  and  150 
wounded. 

May  29. — Lord  Roberts  arrives  at  Elandsfontein  Junc- 
tion, and  announces  the  capture  of  some  rolling-stock. 

May  30.— The  British  enter  Johannesburg  ;  President 
Kriiger  leaves  Pretoria ;  the  burgomaster  is  authorized 
to  receive  the  British. 

.May  31.— The  British  flag  is  raised  over  the  public 
buildings  at  Johannesburg The  Thirteenth  Battal- 
ion (Irish)  Imperial  Yeomanry  is  compelled  to  surrender 
to  a  superior  force  of  Boers  near  Lindley,  Orange  River 
Colony. 

Jane  4.— The  Boers  resist  Ijord  Roberts'  advance  on 
Pretoria  at  Six  Miles  Spruit,  but  are  finally  repuLsed. 

Tune  .5.— Lonl  Roberts  enters  Pretoria,  the  town  being 
formally  surrendered  by  the  Boers. 

June  6. — Greneral  Buller's  troops  capture  a  mountain 


west  of  Laing's  Nek — The  Boers  cut 
General  Roberts'  communications 
north  of  Kroonstad. 

June  7.— At"Roodeval  the  British  lose 
1 17  men  killed  and  60  wounded  of  the 
Derbyshire  and  Cape  Pioneer  Railway 
Regiments,  the  remaining  force  of  the 
Derbyshires  being  made  prisoners. 

June  8.— General  Buller's  troops  suc- 
ceed in  forcing  Botha's  Pass. 

June  11.— General  Buller  forces  Al- 
mond's Nek,  and  the  Boers  retire  from 
Laing's  Nek  and  Majuba  ;  British  cas- 
ualties about  100. 

June  12.— The  Boers  under  Botha  are 
defeated  15  miles  east  of  Pretoria ; 
Grenerals  Kitchener  and  Methuen  de- 
feat the  Boers  under  De  Wet  on  the 
Rhenoster  River;  communication  is 
restored  between  Pretoria  and  Bloem- 
fontein. 
'^**-  June  15.— President   Krtiger   trans- 

fers the  Transvaal  seat  of  government 
to  Alkmaar. 
June  18. — Gteneral  Hunter  occupies  Krtigersdorp. 
June  19. — General  Methuen  defeats  the  Boers  under 
De  Wet  at  Heilbron,  Orange  River  Colony. 

OTHER  OCCURRENCES  OF  THE  MONTH. 
May  22.— The  Methodist  General  Conference  at  Chi- 
cago elects  the  Rev.  Drs.  D.  H.  Moore  and  J.  W.  Hamil- 
ton bishops The  Boer  envoys  to  the  United  States  are 

unofficlHlly  received  by  President  McKinley,  and  in- 
formed that  this  government  cannot  intervene  in  the 
South  African  war Two  companies  of  Filipinos  sur- 
render to  the  American  troops  at  Tarlac. 

May  23.^The  Methodist  General  Conference,  by  a  vote 
of  433  to  238,  abolishes  the  pastoral  time  limit,  now  fixed 

at  five  years The  Presbyterian  Greneral  Assembly 

refers  the  question  of  creed  revision  to  a  committee  of 
fifteen. 

May  24.— Queen  Victoria's  birthday  is  celebrated  with 

unusual  enthusiasm  throughout  Great  Britain The 

brokerage  firm  of  Price,  McCormick  &  Co.,  New  York 
City,  fails  with  liabilities  estimated  at  $13,000,000. 

May  28.— The  total  eclipse  of  the  sun  is  observed  un- 
der extremely  favorable  conditions  along  the  whole  line 
of  totality  both  in  Europe  and  America. 

May  29.— Filipino  insurgents  rush  the  town  of  San 
Miguel  de  Mayamo,  north  of  Manila,  killing  5  of  the 
American  garri.son,  wounding  7,  and  taking  Capt. 
Charles  D.  Roberta  prisoner. 

May  30.— The  Confederate  reunion  is  begun  at  Louis- 
ville  President  McKinley  and  Secretary  Root  speak 

at  the  unveiling  of  the  monument  on  the  battlefield  of 
Antietam,  Md. 

June  8.— Gen.  Pio  del  Pilar,  the  Filipino  leader,  is 
captured  at  San  Pedro  Macati,  near  Manila. 

June  10.— In  a  St.  Ix>uis  street-car  strike  riot,  4  per- 
sons are  killed,  1  fatally  wounded,  and  several  others 
severely  injured. 

June  12.— General  Grant  reports  the  capture  of  a  Fill 
pino  insurgent  stronghold  in  the  mountains  east  of 
Samiguet,  Luzon. 


26 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


June  15.— A  parade  and  dinner  in  honor  of  (Jen 
Elwell  S.  Otis  take  place  at  Rocbenter,  N.  Y. 

June  21.— General  MacArthur  issues  a  proclamation 
of  amnesty  with  unconditional  pai*don  for  Filipino  reb- 
els who  renounce  insurrection  within  ninety  days. 

OBITUARY. 

May.  21.— Col.  Wickham  Hoffmann,  United  SUtes 
Minister  to  Denmark  in  President  Arthur's  adminis- 
tration, 79. 

May  22.— Ex-United  States  Senator  Nathaniel  Peter 
Hill,  of  Colorado,  68. . .  .Rev.  A.  J.  V.  Behrends,  D.D.,  of 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  60.... Rev.  Alexander  Burns  D.D.,. 
President  of  Wesleyan  Ladie.s'  College,  Hamilton, 
Ont.,  66. 

May  23.— Jonas  Gil  man  Clark,  founder  of  Clark  Uni- 
veisity,  Worcester,  Mass.,  85 Francis  Bicknell  Car- 
penter, the  portrait  painter,  70 Rev.  John  Scudder, 

D.I)  ,  of  the  Reformed  Church's  Arcot  Mission  in  In- 
dia, 64. 

May  24.— Dr.  Fessenden  Nott  Oti.s  surgeon  and  au- 
thor, 75. 

May  25.— Signor  Giuseppe  Puente,  the  famous  operatic 
>>arytone,  60. 

May  28.— Sir  George  Grove,  the  famous  English  musi- 
cian, 80 I^wis  W.  Clark,  late  chief  justice  of  the 

New  Hampshire  Supreme  Courts  72 Ex-Judge  John 

P.  Rea,  of  Minneapolis,  60. 

May  39. — William  Adams  Cobb,  a  well-known  jour- 
nalist of  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  58 David  Ward,  a  leading 

Michigan  capitalist,  78 Col.  C.  P.  Atmore.  general 

passenger  agent  of  the  Louisville  &  Na.sbville  Rail- 
road, 66. 


June  2.— Clarence  Cook,  art  critic  and  writer,  72. 

June  3.— Mrs.  Alzina  Parsons  Stevens,  an  active  par- 
ticipant in  social  reform  movements,  51. 

June  4.— Prof.  Edwards  A.  Park,  the  distinguished 
Andover  theologian,  91. 

June  5.— Rev.  Richard  Salter  Storrs,  D.D.,  the  emi- 
nent Brooklyn  clergyman,   79 Stephen  Crane,  the 

novelist  and  newspaper  correspondent,  80 Mif^s  Mary 

H.  Kingsley,  the  African  explorer  and  writer Mrs. 

John  Sherman,  wife  of  ex-Secretary  Sherman,  of  Ohio. 

June  8.— Henry  Wellesley,  third  Duke  of  Wellington. 
54. 

June  10.— Rev.  John  Braden,  D.D.,  president  of  the 
Central  Tennessee  College,  72. 

June  12.— Mme.  Augusta  Lehmann,  once  a  singer  of 

international  reputation,  80 Lucretia  Peabody  Hale, 

a  Boston  writer,  80. 

June  13.— Nicholas  Frederick  Peter,  Grand  Duke  of 
Oldenburg,  73 Dr.  Edward  .Maris,  a  well-known  col- 
lector of  coins  and  autographs,  69. 

June  14.— BLshop  Richard  Hooker  Wilmer,  of  Ala- 
bama, 84 Mrs.  Gladstone,  widow  of  the  late  William 

E.  Gladstone,  the  British  statesman. 

June  16.— Prince  de  Joinville,  son  of  King  Louis 
Philippe,  of  France,  82. 

June  18.— Henry  Walter  Webb,  for  many  years  iden- 
tified with  the  New  York  Central'  Railroml,  48. 

June  20.— Baron  Loch  (Henry  Brougham  Loch),  for- 
merly governor  of  Cape  Colony  and  British  High  Co!!i- 
missioner  for  South  Africa,  73, 

June  21.— Count  Muravieff,  Russian  Minister  of  For- 
eign Affairs,  55. 


FORTHCOMING  EVENTS. 


THE  following  conventions  have  been  announced  for 
the  coming  month  :  The  Democratic  National 
Convention,  at  Kansas  City,  on  July  4  ;  t)ie  National 
Silver  Republican  Convention,  at  Kansas  City,  on  July 
4  ;  the  Cnited  States  Monetary  Ijeague,  at  Kansas  City, 
on  July  4  ;  The  National  I^eague  of  Republican  Clubs, 
at  St.  Paul,  on  July  17  ;  the  American  Political  League, 
at  Boston,  on  July  4  ;  the  National  Educational  Associ- 
ation, at  CharlesUm,  S.  C,  on  July  7-13  ;  the  American 
Institut-e  of  Instruction,  at  Halifax,  N.  S.,  on  July  7-11  ; 
the  German  Music  Teachers'  Association,  at  Phila- 
delphia, on  July  5-9 ;  the  American  Fisheries  Society, 
at  Woods  HoU,  Mass.,  on  July  18-20 ;  the  American  A.s- 
sociation  for  the  Advancement  of  Osteopathy,  at  Chatta- 
nooga, Tenn.,  on  July  5-7 ;  the  American  Philological 
As.sociation,  at  Madison,  W^is.,  on  July  3-5;  the  Uniteti 
Society  of  Christian  Endeavor,  at  London,  on  July  14- 
18;  the  Baptist's  Young  People's  Union  of  America,  at 
Cincinnati,  on  July  12-15 ;  the  United  Society  of  Free 
Baptist  Young  People,  at  Lewiston,  Me.,  on  July  5-8 ; 
the  Young  People's  Christian  Union  of  the  United  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  North  America,  at  Denver,  on  July 
25-30  ;  the  Young  People's  Christian  Union  of  the  Uni- 
versalist  Church,  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  on  July  11-18;  the 
National  Association  of  Officials  of  Bureaus  of  I^bor 
Statistics,  at  Milwaukee,  on  July  10-14  ;  the  Pan-Ameri- 
can Conference,  at  Westminster  Town  Hall,  London, 
on  July  22;  the  National  Good-Roads  Convention, 
at  Port  Huron,  Mich.,  on  July  2-5;  the  National 
Farmers'  Convention,  at  Topeka,   Kan.,  on  July  2-3; 


the  Commercial  Law  League  of  America,  at  Milwau 
kee,  on  July  28-28  ;  the  United  States  League  of  Local 
Building  and  Loan  Associations,  at  Indianapolis,  on 
July  25 :  the  Sons  of  Temperance,  National  Division, 
at  Dalton,  Ma.Hs.,  on  July  10-14  ;  the  National  Dental 
Association,  at  Old  Point  Comfort,  Va.,  on  July  10-13  ; 
the  National  Dental  Examiners'  Association,  at  Old 
Point  Comfort,  on  July  10 ;  the  National  Association 
of  Photo-Engravers,  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  on  July  16-21  : 
the  Photographers'  Association  of  America,  at  Mil- 
waukee, on  July  23 ;  the  National  and  Unit^nl  Amateur 
Press  Association,  at  Boston,  on  July  2-4  ;  the  National 
Bookkeepers'  Association,  at  Put-in-Bay,  Ohio,  on  July 
20-23;  the  National  Brotherhood  of  Operative  Putt^jrs, 
at  Wheeling,  W.  Va,,  on  July  9;  the  National  Theat- 
rical St^ge  Employees'  Alliance,  at  New  York,  on 
July  9  ;  the  American  Association  of  General  Baggage 
Agent**,  at  Boston,  on  July  18 ;  the  National  Associa- 
tion of  I.<ocal  Freight  Agents'  Associations,  at  Boston, 
on  July  12  ;  the  Railway  Transportation  Association,  at 
Detroit,  on  July  18 ;  the  National  Railway  Agents'  Asso- 
ciation, at  Detroit^  on  July  24-27  ;  the  National  Union 
Senate,  at  Alexandria  Bay,  N.  Y.,  on  July  17 ;  the  In- 
ternational 'Ijongshoremen's  Convention,  at  Duluth, 
Minn.,  on  July  10 ;  Roosevelt's  Rough  Riders'  Reunion, 
at  Oklahoma  City,  on  July  1-4 ;  the  American  Whist 
l^agu^,  at  Niagara  Falls,  on  July  9 ;  the  League  of 
American  Wheelmen,  at  Milwaukee,  on  July  10-15; 
and  the  National  Amateur  Oarsmen's  Association,  at 
New  York,  on  July  19-21. 


POLITICAL  CARTOONS  OF  THE  MONTH. 


IS  BB  SBTTINO  THE  8W1TCH   FOR  THR   R008BVELT  FLYER  ? 

From  the  Tribwit  (New  York). 


iQ  advance  to  the  public  has 
made  the  Vice-Presi<lency  the 
important  theme  for  editors,  re- 
porters, and  cartoonists  on  the 
Democratic  side  as  well  a>»  on  the 
Republican,  so  far  as  the  jier- 
Bonal  side  of  the  present  |M>liti- 
cal  campaign  is  concerned.  A 
marked  change  in  the  direction 
of  mildness  is  seen  on  all  sides  in 
the  treatment  of  Mr.  Hryan, 
personally,  by  the  carttjonists, 
though  those  wearing  the  Re- 
publican colors  are  as  tierce  as 
ever  in  their  caricaturing  of  Bry- 
anism.  Indeed,  to  judge  from 
present  appearances,  the  princi- 
pals in  the  campaign  of  HmM)  will 
receive  in  the  i>ersonal  carica- 
tures of  the  struggle  but  little 
annoyance  from  really  vulgar 
and  bitter  flings,  a^  compared 
with  the  pictorial  denunciations 
of  Mr.  Blaine  and  Mr.  Cleveland, 
and  of  Mr.  Bryan  in  l^ytJ.  We 
may  hope  that  this  is  due  to  a 
growth  in  good  taste.  a>  well  as 
to  the  fact  that  President  Mc 
Kinley  and  Mr.  Bryan  are  men 
who  have  not  made  |>er>onal  ene- 
mies. 


1 1 


*HE  practice  of  using  car- 
toons in  the  daily  papers  has 
increa.Hed  enormously,  even  since 
the  last  Presidential  campaign. 
There  is  now  not  a  town  of  any 
size  in  the  country  that  has  not 
a  paper  utilizing  the  service  of  a 
cartoonist,  whose  best  efforts  are, 
of  course,  called  forth  by  the  op- 
portunities of  a  political  cam- 
paign. While  this  has,  of  course. 
greatly  augmented  the  number 
of  forceful  an<l  striking  cartoons, 
it  has  operated  to  do  away  with 
the  striking  prei^minence  of  any 
one  cartoonist  or  group  of  car- 
toonists, such  as  was  seen  in  the 
days  of  Keppler  and  Nast.  In 
the  pretient  campaign,  the  very 
striking  physical,  mental,  and 
moral  characteristics  of  Mr. 
RooMevelt,  together  with  the  pic- 
turesque situation  which  the  Re- 
poblicHD  Vice-Presidential  ques- 
tion created,  has  been  a  b<x>n  to 
the  political  caHcaturi-sts,  and 
they  have  made  the  most  of  the 
OGcaffion.  Indeed,  the  fact  that 
rbe  Presidential  nominees  were, 
for  all  practical  purposes,  known 


*^ "  1  *  "  -^r   ■*       ~  " 


HOUNDED  UP.-  From  the  JtmrnoX  (New  York). 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


S^y^ 


CHAIRMAN  HANNA  TAKES  A  STROLL  DOWN  POLITICAL  AVENUE. 

(From  sketches  on  the  spot  by  the  Philadelphia  Inquirer  cartoonist,  Mr.  McAnley.) 


mmi 


mrp 


m 


THE  MAN  ON  HORSEBACK. 

Prom  the  ITorW  (New  York). 


7  V''     '    /        ^ 


'  NAT,  NAY !  '—From  the  World  (New  York). 


THE  GREATEST  DANGER. 

From  the  Herald  (New  York). 


SAD  FATE  OP  THE  CALAMITY  HOWLER. 

Prom  the  TrUmm  (New  York). 


POLITICAL  CARTOONS  OF  THE  MONTH. 


29 


R008BVELT  CAJSNOT  OCT  AWAY  FROM  THIS  STAMPEDE,  LEO  BY  PENNSYLVANIA. 

From  the  Inquirer  (Philadelphia). 


OVER  THE  RIVER  18  OUT. 

From  the  Chronicle  (Chicago). 


TAMMANY  ttUPPOHTS  BKYAN. 

A  chilly  ride  to  Kansas  City.— From  the  Tribune  (Minneapolis). 


30 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REyiEii^S. 


'fei*> 


H18TOHY   REPEATS  ITSELF. 

The  bell  that  will  rins  oat  four  more  years  of  independ< 
ence  for  the  American  working-man. 

From  Judge  (New  York). 


FORECAST  FOR  NOVEMBER  4. 

From  the  Pionur-Prt»  (St.  Paol). 


THE  POLITICAL  CADDTE. 


Bryan  :  **  Well,  my  Iwy,  you  might  bring  them  along.    We 
may  need  them."— From  the  Jowrnfl/  (Minneapolis). 


'APRIL  FOOL  IS  PAST,  LITTLE  BOY;  TAKE  ^BM  AWAY.' 

From  the  Times  (Denver). 


POLITICAL  CARTOONS  OF  THE  MONTH. 

H 


81 


WBBN  DEMOORAT8  (7)  DiBAaRKB,  WRO  BHALL  DBOtOB ?— From  the  Bogle  (Rrookljm). 


BATE  A  CARB,  WILLIAM!  DAYID^B  OV  THE  WAB  PATB. 

From  theri»7Uirer  (Philadelphia.) 


8WALIX)WINO  THK  BRTAN  PILL. 

From  the  Herald  (New  York). 


."  3^— <^^-^^__  B088  CHOKER  AS  "  DR.  JEKYLL 

'^^-"^^"  AND  MR.  HYDE." 

'*  WB'KK  OKI"  . 

It  looki"  like  a  case  for  the  Cruelty  to  Animals  Society.-  From  the  Tiibunt  (New  York ).  From  the  Time9  (Denver). 


32 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REyiE]VS. 


ANOTHER  CHANCB  FOR  OUR  TENDBR-HEARTED  "AUNTY  "  TO 
SYMPATHIZE  WITH  TU08E  WHO  BAVE  TO  BE  GOYBRNEO 
WITHOUT  THEIR  CONSENT. 

From  the  Journal  (Minneapolis). 

Id  their  treatment  of  the  Democratic  coiiYention  at 
Kansas  City,  and  the  personalities  and  *^  planks'*  which 
will  come  to  it,  no  theme  has  appealed  to  the  cartoon- 
ists so  forcibly  as  the  exposure  of  the  connection  of 
Tammany  with  the  ice  trust.  The  sly  digs  at  the  friend 
of  the  people— the  enemy  of  trust**— have  been  innu- 
merable throughout  the  country,  in  Democratic  as  well 


SAID  BACH  TO  THE  OTHER. 

'*  Well,  well  I    Do  you  think  there  will  b«  a  resurrection  ?  '  *" 
From  the  EagU  ( Brooklyn). 

as  Republican  and  Independent  papers.  We  have  the 
Tammany  tiger  dragging  the  incubus  of  an  enormous 
cake  of  ice  to  Kansas  City,  Mr.  Croker  and  his  col- 
leagues driving  an  ice-wagon  to  the  convention,  etc 
Mr.  Hill's  fierce  fight  against  Tammany  in  New  York 
State  to  send  uniustructed  delegates  to  the  convention 
furnishes  another  fertile  subject ;  thousands  of  cartoons 
have  reflected  the  anomalous  pa^ition  of  Mr.  Towne  as 
Vice-President  under  the  Populist  nomination,  with  the 
Democratic  choice  still  undecided. 


KANSAS  CITY  HOTEL  ACCOMMODATIONS. 

Bkvan  :  •'  You  can  put  five  men  to  a  bed  any  placte  else, 
but  this  bed  is  full."— From  the  JoiArnol  (Minneapolis). 


DOWN  IN  CUBA. 

One  way  to  tell  a  good  watchman  is  from  the  amount  cf 
felons  he  captures.— From  the  TribMnt  (Minneapolis). 


THE  REPUBLICAN  CANDIDATE. 

THE  RECORD  OF  PRESIDENT  M'KINLEY'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


THE  Republican  National  Convention  at  Phil- 
adelphia, last  month,  renominated  for  Pres- 
ident of  the  United  States  William  McKinley, 
of  Ohio. 

At  such  a  time  as  this,  when  our  people  are 
approaching  a  political  contest  in  which  funda- 
mental issues,  in- 
volving both  do- 
mestic policy  and 
our  relations  to 
foreign  peoples, 
are  at  stoke,  his 
record  as  Presi- 
dent, and  bis  po- 
sition witb  re- 
gard to  t  b  e  8  e 
jK)licies,  are  legit- 
imately before 
the  people  for 
discussion.  For 
this  reason,  in 
this  brief  review, 
which  is  aimed 
to  be  partly  a 
character  sketch 
and  partly  a  sum- 
mary of  the  more 
important  of  his 
acts  as  President, 
we  will  not  dwell 
at  length  on  his 
well-known  life 
before  entering 
tlie  Presidency. 

The  story  of 
his  boyhood  and 
his  young  man- 
hood ;  how,  as  a 
private  soldier, 
at  the  age  of 
eighteen,  he  en- 
listed in  the  ar- 
my ;  how  he  re- 
ceived  merited 
promotion  and 
after  a  gallant  military  service  in  the  Civil  War 
^K»gan  the  practice  of  law  at  Canton  ;  how  he  en- 
*<*red  Congress,  and  by  dint  of  his  ability  and 
riudy  became  the  leader  of  his  party  ;  how  he 
^rfKawne  Governor  of  Ohio, — all  this  has  been 
'ally  tdd,  not  only  in  the  pages  of  this  Review, 
bat  in  all  the  American  press,  until  it  is  familiar 


Copyright,  1900,  Parker,  Wathingtoo. 


PBBBlDKirT  WILLIAM  M*KINLET. 

(From  a  recent  photograph.) 


to  every  one  who  keeps  in  touch  with  the  cur- 
rent history  of  leading  men  and  events. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1897,  he  assumed  the 
duties  of  the  exalted  office  of  President  of  the 
United  States.  It  was  a  time  of  marked  indus- 
trial depression.     Business  and  commerce  were 

lagging,    and 

large  numbers  of 
people  through- 
out the  country 
sought  employ- 
ment. The  plat- 
form upon  whicb 
he  had  been 
elected  declared 
for  a  change  in 
our  tariff  laws 
which  would  rec- 
ognize more  fully 
the  protective 
principle,  and  for 
the  enactment  of 
a  law  which 
would  firmly  es- 
tablish gold  as 
the  monetary 
standard  of  the 
nation.  The  new 
President  imme- 
diately assembled 
Congress  in  ex- 
traordinary ses- 
sion, and  ad- 
dressed to  it  a 
message  urging 
a  revision  of  the 
existing  tariff 
laws,  under 
which  business 
was  suffering  and 
deficient  reve- 
nues were  en- 
dangering  the  na> 
tion's  credit  and 
the  stability  of  its 
currency.  This  prompt  action  in  convening  Con- 
gress, and  the  resultant  passage  of  the  Dingley 
law,  unquestionably  hastened  the  return  of  na- 
tional prosperity. 

Under  that  law  revenues  revived,  and  witb 
stable  tariff  conditions  assured,  the  industries  of 
the  country  slowly  recovered   from  their  depres- 


34 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


sion.  The  intimate  relations  existing  under  the 
old  financial  laws  between  adequate  revenues  and 
the  credit  of  governmental  currency  soon  led  to 
a  restoration  of  public  confidence  ;  and  even  be- 
fore the  passage  of  the  gold-standard  law,  gold 
was  freely  offered  at  the  Treasury  in  exchange 
for  greenbacks. 

THE    PRESIDENT    AND    CURRENCY    REFORM. 

The  deficiency  in  revenues  under  the  Wilson 
law,  and  the  commercial  panic  of  1893,  with  the 
ensuing  business  depression,  had  exposed  the  in- 
herent weakness  of  our  currency  system.  This 
weakness  resulted  from  a  disproportion  between 
the  demand  currency  liabilities  of  the  Govern- 
ment and  the  gold  in  the  Treasury  to  redeem 
them,  and  the  further  fact  that  after  these  cur- 
rency liabilities  had  been  redeemed  in  gold  they 
could  again  be  paid  out  for  expenses,  thus  en- 
abling the  public  to  again  present  them  for  re- 
demption, causing  what  was  commonly  known 
as  the  *» endless  chain." 

After  the  success  of  the  Republican  party  upon 
its  platform  of  sound  money  in  a  campaign  in 
which  this  weakness  formed  one  of  the  chief  sub- 
jects of  discussion,  several  plans  of  currency  and 
banking  reform  were  presented  to  the  public  and 
discussed  generally  ini  the  press.  It  is  highly 
creditable  to  the  President's  discernment  and 
breadth  of  view  that  he  avoided  complicated  rec- 
ommendations, confining  himself  to  urging  .the 
enactment  of  a  provision  which  would  remedy  the 
weakness  of  our  financial  system  wilhoul  -involv- 
ing the  busmess  of  the  couhtry  in  the  dangers 
incident  to  radical  legislartve .  eixperiments  with 
currency  laws. 

His  recommendation,  made  in  his  first  annual 
message  and  repeated  in  his  second,  went  to  the 
very  gist  of  the  trouble ;  and  it  is  the  corner- 
stone of  the  financial  law  which  Congress  passed 
at  its  last  session. 

In  his  first  annual  message  to  Congress,  the 
President  said  : 

I  earnestly  recommend,  as  soon  as  the  receipts  of  the 
Government  are  quite  sufficient  to  pay  nil  the  expenses 
of  the  Government,  that  when  any  of  the  United  States 
notes  are  presented  for  redemption  in  gold  and  are  re- 
deemed in  gold,  such  notes  shall  be  kept  and  set  apart 
and  only  paid  out  in  exchange  for  gold. 

In  his  second  annual  message  to  Congress, 
after  renewing  his  recommendation  of  the  year 
before,  he  said  : 

In  my  judgment  the  condition  of  the  Treasury  amply 
justifies  the  immediate  enactment  of  the  legislation  rec- 
ommended one  year  ago,  under  which  a  portion  of  the 
gold  holdings  shall  be  placed  in  a  trust  fund  from 
which  greenbacks  should  be  redeemed  upon  presenta- 
tion, but  when  once  redeemed  should  not  thereafter  be 
paid  out  except  for  gold. 


To  the  President's  plain  and  simple  presenta- 
tion of  a  fundamental  remedy,  and  his  avoidance 
of  the  recommendation  of  extensive  and  experi- 
mental plans,  the  people  of  the  country  largely 
owe  the  present  stable  and  safe  condition  of  our 
entire  financial  system. 

THE    ANNEXATION    OF    HAWAII. 

Almost  as  if  foreseeing  by  intuition  the  neces- 
sity for  the  annexation  of  Hawaii,  as  later  re- 
vealed by  the  tremendous  events  of  the  following 
years,  the  President  early  in  his  administration 
recommended  to  Congress  the  annexation  of 
those  islands.  The  importance  of  this  step,  both 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  best  interests  of  the 
islanders  and  of  our  own  people,  now  seen  so 
clearly  by  all,  was  not  then  so  apparent ;  and,  but 
for  the  earnest  and  aggressive  attitude  of  the 
President,  annexation  would  have  failed.  Dur- 
ing the  pendency  of  the  Hawaiian  question, 
speaking  of  the  islands,  he  said  to  a  visitor  ;  *  *  We 
need  Hawaii  just  as  much  as,  and  a  good  deal 
more  than,  we  did  California. "  Although  greater 
questions  of  territory  have  since  come  to  us  as 
the  inevitable  incidents  of  unavoidable  war,  the 
annexation  of  these  beautiful  islands  was  the  first 
step  in  the  new  and  broader  life  upon  which  this 
republic  has  entered,  and  from  which  neither  duty 
nor  self-interest  will  allow  it  to  turn  back. 

MINOR  PROBLEMS  BEFORE  THE  EXECUTIVE. 

The  careful  attention  which,  notwithstanding 
the  absorbing  nature  of  extraordinary  questions 
arising  during  the  present  administration,  has 
been  given  to  less  prominent  duties  of  the  kind 
,  with  which  every  President  must  deal,  is  a  testi- 
monial to  the  thoroughness  that  has  directed  our 
national  affairs  for  the  last  three  years.  The 
pressing  questions  of  tariff  and  finance  liave  had 
the  attention  demanded  by  our  business  interests. 
The  delicate  problem  of  such  a  revision  of  the 
merit  system  of  civil  service  as  would  remove 
therefrom  the  dangers  to  its  permanence  arising 
from  too  rigid  application  of  theory  was  for 
many  months  a  subject  of  the  most  serious  con- 
sideration by  the  President  and  the  members  oi 
his  cabinet,  and  the  operation  of  the  amendments 
finally  adopted  is  daily  proving  their  wisdom. 
Provisions  for  Alaska's  growing  needs  have  been 
arranged,  and  the  necessary  legislation  has  been 
enacted.  The  disposition  of  Porto  Rican  affairs 
and  the  formation  of  a  government  for  that  isl- 
and have  had  no  less  careful  deliberation. 

The  country  sees  the  rise  and  disposition  of 
questions  of  great  moment  to  its  welfare,  but,  from 
want  of  knowledge  of  details,  gives  little  heed  to 
the  daily  round  of  a  President's  labors,  inclqding 
the  constant  direction  of  affairs  of  state,  the  con 


THE  REPUBLICAN  CANDIDATE. 


35 


8i<ieration  of  appointments,  the  liandling  of  such 
matters  as  the  Pacific  Railroad's  indebtedness, 
domestic  difficulties  requiring  federal  interven- 
tion, the  approval  of  the  countless  minor  acts  of 
Congress,  and  a  multitude  of  other  duties.  As 
evidence  of  President  McKinley's  tact  may  be 
cited  his  policy  in  regard  to  the  vetoing  of  bills 
which  come  before  him  for  action.  The  state- 
ment has  frequently  been  made  that  he  never 
vetoes  bills,  implying  either  that  he  gives  them 
but  slight  examination  or  leaves  it  for  others  to 
do  for  him.  Probably  no  incumbent  of  the  ex- 
ecutive office  has  given  more  thorough  examina- 
tion and  careful  thought  to  every  document  to 
which  he  appended  his  signature.  But  the  ob- 
ject of  the  veto  has  been  compassed  in  many 
instances  by  sending  for  the  authors  of  the  ob- 
jectionable bills  and  pointing  out  to  them  the 
evident  inaccuracies  or  inconsistencies.  The  re- 
sult has  usually  been  a  request  from  Congress 
for  the  return  of  the  bill.  Where  tlie  case  is 
meritorious,  a  new  bill  without  the  objections  of 
the  old  one  has  been  passed  and  approved  by  the 
President.  This  has  in  no  way  abridged  the 
prerogative  of  the  executive  ;  but  it  has  expedited 
legislation, and  tended  to  maintain  cordial  relations. 

THE    DISAPPEARANCE    OF    SECTIONALISM. 

The  complete  obliteration  of  sectional  lines,  of 
the  spirit  of  exultation  and  intolerance  on  the 
one  side,  defiance  and  intolerance  on  the  other, 
has  at  last  been  happily  achieved  :  and  William 
McKinley  may  well  look  back  with  satisfaction 
upon  the  part  he  has  borne  in  the  work  of  recon- 
ciliation. The  influence  of  his  example,  the 
power  of  his  position,  and  all  the  force  of  his 
ability  have  constantly  been  given  to  this  end  ; 
and  his  gratification  at  the  fulfillment  of  so  noble 
an  inspiration  found  voice  at  Atlanta  in  words 
deserving  of  perpetuation — **  Reunited  —  one 
country  again  and  one  country  forever !  Pro- 
claim it  from  the  press  and  pulpit ;  teach  it  in 
the  schools  ;  write  it  across  the  skies !  The 
world  sees  and  feels  it ;  it  cheers  every  heart 
North  and  South,  and  brightens  the  life  of  every 
American  home !  Let  nothing  ever  strain  it 
again  !  At  peace  with  all  the  world  and  with 
each  other,  what  can  stand  in  the  pathway  of 
our  progress  and  prosperity  ?  " 

Upon  the  field  of  Antietam,  the  President  re- 
cently spoke  again  upon  this  subject,  and  said  : 
**  Standing  here  to-day,  one  reflection  only  has 
crowded  my  mind — the  difference  between  this 
acene  and  that  of  thirty-eight  years  ago.  Then 
the  men  who  wore  the  blue  and  the  men  who 
wore  the  gray  greeted  each  other  with  shot  and 
•hell,  and  visited  death  upon  their  respective 
rank«^       We  meet,   after   all    these   intervening 


years,  with  but  one  sentiment — that  of  loyalty 
to  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  love  of 
our  flag  and  our  free  institutions,  and  deter- 
mined, men  of  the  North  and  men  of  the  South, 
to  make  any  sacrifice  for  the  honor  and  perpetu- 
ity of  the  American  nation." 

THE    SPANISH-AMERICAN    WAR. 

The  Spanish- American  War,  in  its  causes  and 
results,  will  go  into  history  as  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable and  distinctive  conflicts  of  modern 
times.  Standing  at  its  threshold,  one  saw  in 
retrospect  generations  of  oppression  and  cruelty, 
colonial  systems  that  were  either  corrupt  military 
despotisms  or  the  barest  shadows  of  representa- 
tive government ;  and,  permeating  all,  a  self- 
effacing,  soul-warping  denial  of  rights  dear  to 
the  great  heart  of  mankind.  Years  of  misrule 
had  left  an  accumulated  burden  of  bitterne^  and 
woe  that  found  expression  in  solemn  protest,  in 
threatening  outburst,  and  finally  in  open  rebellion 
against  the  mother- country. 

In  the  distant  Pacific  the  Philippine  Islands 
were  repeatedly  the  scene  of  such  outbreaks,  and 
from  time  to  time  warfare  in  the  Island  of  Cuba, 
at  our  own  doors,  brought  vividly  home  to  us  the 
trials  of  an  oppressed  people.  While  we  consist- 
ently pursued  for  years  the  course  which  inter- 
national courtesy  and  comity  then  required,  the 
situation  in  Cuba  assumed  more  and  more,  as  the 
years  went  by,  an  aspect  dangerous  to  our  peace 
and  material  welfare. 

Mr.  Cleveland  had  realized,  during  his  second 
administration,  the  gravity  of  the  Cuban  problem, 
but  had  been  obliged  to  hand  it  over  unsolved  to 
his  successor;  and  on  March  4,  1897,  William 
McKinley  assumed  it,  with  results  now  known  to 
the  world. 

The  successive  steps  in  the  war  have  been  told 
in  many  forms,  and  from  various  points  of  view. 
Every  schoolboy  and  schoolgirl  of  the  land  knows 
the  story  of  Manila  Bay,  of  El  Caney,  and  San 
Juan  Hill,  and  Santiago  ;  of  the  sinking  of  the 
Merrimac  ;  of  the  conquest  of  Porto  Rico'  with 
little  organized  resistance  ;  of  most  of  the  princi- 
pal incidents  from  the  rupture  of  friendly  rela- 
tions in  April,  1898,  to  the  overtures  for  peace 
made  to  this  country  in  July,  and  the  signing  of 
the  Peace  Protocol  on  August  12,  of  that  year. 

The  blockading,  by  our  fleet,  of  the  ports  of 
Porto  Rico  and  Cuba  ;  the  heroism  of  our  soldiers 
and  sailors;  the  wonderful  series  of  victories,  with- 
out the  loss  of  a  man  or  a  ship  or  a  gun  by  cap- 
ture,— have  been  told  again  and  again  ;  and  the 
country,  in  grateful  I'emembrance,  has  placed  upon 
its  roll  of  honor  the  names  of  heroes  whoso  achieve- 
ments for  American  arms  have  made  their  fame 
imperishable  in  our  annals. 


36 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


HOW    THE    ISSUE    WAS    MET. 

But  there  is  one  story  of  tlie  war  that  has  not 
yet  been  written,  and  can  even  now  be  but  im- 
perfectly outlined — that  of  the  sagacious,  far- 
seeing  man  who,  though  kindly  and  sympathetic 
in  all  the  relations  of  life,  was  ever  inflexible  of 
purpose  for  the  recognition  of  the  righteous  prin- 
ciples which  should  control  our  conduct  through, 
out  the  struggle,  and  masterful  in  the  vigor  and 
celerity  with  which  he  organized  and  directed 
the  land  and  naval  forces  of  the  United  States. 
And  when  the  defeated  and  humiliated  king- 
dom, recognizing  the  hopelessness  of  the  strife, 
sought  peace,  he  was  magnanimous  and  merciful. 

In  the  dark  days  preceding  the  opening  of 
hostilities,  amid •  increasing  excitement,  the  im- 
portunities of  well-wishing  friends  and  advisers, 
and  the  abuse  of  tlie  sensational  press,  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  "United  States  never  swerved  from 
the  line  of  duty  he  had  marked  out  for  himself 
and  the  Republic  he  had  sworn  faithfully  to 
serve.  His  long  legislative  experience,  his  knowl- 
edge of  men  and  events,  had  taught  him  that 
often  many  of  the  people  form  hasty  opinions,  at 
variance  with  the  greater  knowledge  and  wider 
sources  of  information  available  to  those  in  high 
executive  authority.  But  the  provocation  was 
great.  The  feelings  of  our  people  were  outraged 
by  scenes  enacted  in  the  island  near  our  shores, 
and  by  the  continuance  of  the  unhappy  condi- 
tions which  from  time  to  time  appeared  there, 
culminating  in  merciless  proclamations  and  de 
grading  requirements  that  shocked  the  moral 
sense  of  this  nation.  From  all  sections  came  the 
imperious  demand  that  k  stop  must  be  put  to 
these  things,  and  that  no  longer  should  there  be 
tolerated  upon  the  American  Continent  a  condi- 
tion so  menacing  to  our  tranquillity  and  security. 

THE    PRESIDENT   AS   HARMONIZER. 

The  President  knew  that  to  interfere  meant 
war.  He  had  faith  in  the  people,  and  believed 
that  with  a  fuller  knowledge  of  the  facts  on  their 
part,  and  with  still  greater  endeavor  upon  the 
part  of  the  United  States,  the  authorities  in 
Madrid  would  yet  find  a  way  to  meet  the  re- 
quirements of  civilization  and  evade  the  horrible 
alternative  of  hostilities. 

The  war  with  Spain  he  sought  by  every  honor- 
able means  to  avert,  hewing  steadfastly  to  his 
conception  of  the  American  ideal — peace  with 
honor,  war  rather  than  dishonor  ;  justice  to  other 
nations,  loyalty  to  his  own.  Foreseeing  the  con- 
flict, he  foresaw  its  certain  and  many  of  its  pos- 
sible evils.  The  one  class  could  not  be  escaped  ; 
to  the  avoidance  of  the  other  he  gave  his  full 
energy  and  intelligence.  That  we  entered  upon 
the  war  so  well  prepared,  so  little  hampered  by 


mortgages  on  the  future,  and  so  generally  united 
in  purpose,  was  the  result  of  long  weeks  of  self- 
sacrificing,  patriotic,  devoted  lalwr  on  the  part  of 
the  dominant  men  among  those  intrusted  at  the 
time  with  our  national  fortunes — a  labor  in  which 
the  President  led,  and  to  which  he^ve  the  best 
that  was  in  him. 

During  those  trying  days,  when  the  war  fever 
was  constantly  and  rapidly  increasing,  there  were 
frequent  illustrations  of  the  truth  -of  a  statement 
made  by  one  of  his  associates  in  public  life  that 
* '  McKinley  was  one  of  the  greatest  harmonizers 
America  had  ever  known.'*  Daily  and  nightly 
consultations  were  had  at  the  White  House  be- 
tween the  President  and  little  groups  of  Senators 
and  Representatives  whom  he  invited  to  be  pres- 
ent ;  these  meetings  were  utterly  non-partisan  in 
character,  composed  of  Republican  rivals  and  Re- 
publican followers,  and  of  Silver  as  well  as  Gold 
Democrats.  The  requests  to  attend  the  confer- 
ences were  invariably  acceded  to  with  respect 
and  cordiality  ;  and  the  results  which  followed  so 
broad-minded  a  course  were  of  incalculable  value 
in  the  preparation  for  and  conduct  of  the  war. 

Does  any  one  believe  that  with  a  less  concilia- 
tory policy,  with  less  of  the  courteous  consider- 
ateness  that  has  characterized  the  intercourse  of 
the  President  with  Congress  and  prominent  oflB- 
cials  throughout  the  country,  the  marvelous  re- 
sults would  have  been  achieved  as  quickly  and  as 
completely  as  they  were  ? 

The  destruction  of  the  i/a inc.  removed  almost 
the  last  doubt  of  approaching  conflict.  There 
remained  to  avert  it  only  the  possibility  of  show- 
ing the  awful  tragedy  to  have  been  an  accident, 
and,  failing  that,  prompt  and  full  reparation  by 
Spain.  The  suspicion  entertained  by  every  Ameri- 
can was  natural  under  the  circumstances — our 
strained  relations  with  Spain,  the  presence  of  our 
ship  in  one  of  her  ports  on  a  friendly  errand,  our 
faith  in  the  high  discipline  of  our  navy,  the  eager- 
ness with  which  Spanish  oflScials  sought  to  charge 
the  event  to  American  inefficiency.  Having  this 
suspicion,  based  on  such  circumstances,  what 
American  could  incline  very  strongly  to  the  be- 
lief that  reparation  would  be  made  ?  And  so  the 
logic  of  the  situation,  added  to  the  rage  of  the 
moment,  almost  involved  us  in  what  is  now  gen- 
erally conceded  would  have  been  a  grave  mistiCke 
— a  war  for  revenge. 

RESPONSIBILITY    OF    THE    EXECUTIVE. 

In  this  time  of  great  national  excitement,  a 
responsibility  was  suddenly  imposed  upon  the 
President  of  an  intensity  unknown  since  the  days 
of  Lincoln.  That  he  then  realized  that  war  was 
inevitable  cannot  be  doubted,  and  under  his  di- 
rection the  War  and  Navy  Departments   were 


THE  REPUBLICAN  CANDIDATE. 


37 


Btraining  every  resource  in  preparation  forjLhe 
coming  conflict. 

The  general  feeling  of  indignation  ran  high, 
and  the  halls  of  Congress  rang  with  th^  "Semands 
and  denunciations  of  the  impatient  ones  who 
ascribed  to  the  man  upon  whose  shoulders  the 
terrible  burden  of  decision  rested  unworthy 
and  unpatriotic  motives  for  his  refusal  to  take 
thoughtless,  hasty,  and  half- considered  steps. 
It  was  at  this  time  that  the  President,  from  a 
sense  of  duty,  took  his  position  against  the  recog- 
nition on  the  part  of  this  Government  of  the  so- 
called  Cuban  republic,  g^  h<^  superior  sources 
of  knowledge  of  the  actual  couditions  existing  in 
the  islands,  and  fully  comprehending  the  fact  that 
this  recognition  would  have  placed  the  oflBcers 
of  our  army  who  might  enter  Cuba  under  the 
command  of  Cuban  generals,  and  that  there 
existed  no  form  of  government  among  the  in- 
surgents such  as  could  be  properly  recognized 
under  international  law,  he  knew  that  such  rec- 
ognition would  be  fraught  with  the  gravest  con- 
sequences. Under  the  conditions  which  existed 
in  the  island,  a  recognition  of  the  so-called  re- 
public meant  helpless  confusion  and  conflict,  and 
humiliation  in  event  of  war.  A  false  step  then 
would  have  been  irremediable. 

During  the  time  the  President  was  preparing 
his  message  to  Congress,  he  was  called  upon  per- 
sonally by  the  gi*eat  majority  of  members  of  both 
houses,  and  the  executive  mansion  was  thronged 
each  day  with  excited  men  protesting  against  any. 
thing  short  of  complete  recognition  of  the  Cuban 
republic.  He  stated  his  reasons  calmly  and  firm- 
ly to  the  people  who  called  by  hundreds  to  de- 
mand that  his  position  be  altered. 

His  political  leadership  hung  in  the  balance, 
and  every  argument  of  expediency  which  politi- 
cal ingenuity  could  devise  was  urged  upon  him. 
But  he  was  adamant ;  and,  to  the  aid  of  that  posi- 
tion which  he  knew  to  be  right,  he  called  every 
legitimate  resource  of  his  great  power  as  chief 
executive,  and  every  proper  resource  of  his 
power  as  an  individual. 

A    PATRIOT    IN   THE    WHITE    HOUSE. 

Our  present  calm  retrospect  makes  the  course 
of  William  McKinley  at  this  juncture  seem  one 
of  courageous  patriotism.  We  recall  the  violent 
denunciation,  the  scathing  contumely,  heaped 
npon  him  for  his  refusal  to  take  the  precipitate 
action  which  was  widely  demanded  ;  the  delib- 
erate manner  in  which  be  directed  an  investiga- 
tion of  the  "Maine  explosion,  awaited  the  report, 
and  communicated  its  substance  to  the  Spanish 
Government.  With  wisdom  gained  by  the  lapse 
of  lime,  we  review  the  turbulent  scenes  in  Con- 
gress, and  remember  the  outcry  then  so  much 


in  accord  with  our  own  feelings.  We  see  the 
President  stubbornly  battling  against  the  hasty 
indignation  of  the  moment,  because  he  felt  that 
the  time  was  not  ripe  for  war,  yet  quietly  and 
skillfuUy  preparing  to  meet  the  crisis  when  it 
should  come  ;  and  we  see  him  not  long  after  the 
recipient  of  a  verdict  of  popular  approval  nearly 
as  enthusiastic  and  quite  as  general  as  the  de- 
nunciation of  a  few  months  before. 

When  in  his  message  to  Congress  of  April  1 1 , 
1898,  he  uttered  the  words  <*In  the  name  of 
humanity,  in  the  name  of  civilization,  in  behalf 
of  endangered  American  interest,  which  give  us 
the  right  and  the  duty  to  speak  and  to  act^  the 
war  in  Cuba  must  stop,"  he  realized  the  expec- 
tations of  those  who  had  followed  his  career 
through  all  its  activities,  and  those  who  had 
prophesied  for  him  a  weak  and  un-American  ad- 
ministration saw  how  erroneous  had  been  their 
estimate  of  the  man. 

Every  effort  put  forth  by  the  President  and 
his  cabinet  having  failed,  and  the  gage  of  battle 
having  been  accepted  in  obedience  to  the  dic- 
tates of  humanity  and  civilization,  and  in  accord- 
ance with  the  authority  given  the  executive  by 
Congress,  the  people  learned  that  they  had 
placed  in  the  White  House  one  who  was  Com- 
mander-in-Chief in  fact  as  well  as  in  name — a 
man  of  iron  will  in  the  prosecution  of  his  coun- 
try's battles  and  in  the  exaction  of  honor  and  re- 
spect for  its  flag. 

The  burdens  of  the  executive  oflBce  during 
those  weeks,  and  at  the  time  when  by  message 
the  Congress  was  made  to  share  them,  were  more 
severe  than  have  been  placed  upon  any  President 
since  the  Civil  War.  Out  of  the  rancor  and  ex- 
citement the  nation  emerged  prepared  for  con- 
flict ;  partisan  feeling  was  hushed  in  the  presence 
of  a  great  emergency,  a  vast  sum  was  appropri- 
ated for  national  defense,  and,  with  a  unanimity 
not  paralleled  in  our  history,  its  expenditure  in- 
trusted to  the  President  of  the  United  States. 
The  discordant  notes  of  sensationalism  died  away  ; 
the  tread  of  volunteere  responding  to  the  call  to 
arms  drowned  the  ill-natured  comments  of  fault- 
finders, and  carried  messages  of  cheer  and  en- 
couragement to  the  White  House. 

President  McKinley  rarely  left  his  office  until 
one  or  two  o'clock  at  night ;  frequently  he  was 
there  until  a  much  later  hour.  He  personally 
supervised  the  details  of  preparation.  He  gath- 
ered from  his  cabinet  advisers  the  latest  infor- 
mation upon  vital  points  of  equipment.  His 
orders  for  instant  and  thorough  preparation  and 
ceaseless  vigilance  reached  the  utmost  limits  of 
our  national  authority.  The  suggestions  and 
criticisms  that  came  to  him  from  ^  parts  of  the 
country  would  fill  volumes.     The  incessant  stream 


38 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REf/IElV  OF  REf^IElVS. 


of  callers,  always  great,  became  larger,  and  every 
houi  was  filled  with  vast  responsibilities. 

The  war  came  on  ;  the  President  led  in  its 
prosecution.  He  was  constantly  in  direct  tele- 
graphic communication  with  the  front,  and  the 
•*  war  room,'*  adjoining  his  office  in  the  execu- 
tive mansion,  was  his  first  resort  in  the  morning 
and  his  last  at  night.  Maps,  elaborate  in  detail, 
covered  the  walls  of  the  room  ;  and  by  means  of 
tiny  flags  with  pins  for  sticks  the  positions  and 
changes  of  position  of  the  ships  and  land  forces 
of  both  sides  were  always  before  his  eyes. 

Frequent  cabinet  meetings  and  less  formal 
conferences  with  his  immediate  advisers,  the  for- 
mulation and  consideration  of  plans,  the  organ- 
ization and  movement  of  the  army,  the  extension 
of  the  navy  and  its  manipulation — these  and  many 
kindred  duties  engaged  his  time. 

And  when  the  struggle  was  over,  how  prompt 
was  his  recognition  of  the  loyalty,  bravery,  and 
self-sacrifice  of  our  soldiers,  our  sailors,  and  our 
marines  I  And  how  ready  he  has  been  to  accord 
all  praise  to  the  defenders  of  the  national  honor 
in  the  .Philippines,  whose  duty  was  nobly  done, 
and  who  came  to  feel  that  their  Commander-in- 
Chief  Tit  "Washington  was  never  so  busy  as  to 
overlook  merit  or  so  exacting  as  to  ignore  their 
personality. 

With  the  cessation  of  hostilities  came  the  prob- 
lems of  peace.  The  Peace  Conference  at  Paris 
felt  the  guiding  hand  and  farseeing  Americanism 
of  the  President  at  every  stage  of  its  proceedings. 
With  no  uncharitableness,  he  yet  insisted  upon 
those  things  which  were  the  nation's  right,  and 
which  the  verdict  of  the  future  will  establish  as 
incalculable  blessings,  not  only  to  our  own  peo- 
ple, but  to  the  distant  peoples  who  have  come 
under  our  authority  and  within  the  beneficent 
influence  of  our  free  institutions. 

THE    PHILIPPINES. 

Among  the  opponents  of  the  President's  course 
in  the  Philippines,  none  has  yet  expressed  a  wish 
that  the  battle  of  Manila  Bay  had  not  been  fought. 
In  the  President's  view,  the  acquisition  of  the 
Philippines  was  the  only  result  of  that  battle  con- 
sistent with  the  American  ideal  of  duty,  and  with 
characteristic  sti'ength  he  has  done  his  share  in 
its  accomplishment.  Some  of  those  who  thought 
the  battle  could  be  fought  without  consequences 
have,  while  applauding  the  victory,  decried  the 
outcome  ;  but  he  has  steadfastly  pui-sued  the  pur- 
pose he  believed  to  be  right. 

It  was  a  magnificent  patience  that  withstood  the 
pressure  and  temptations  of  the  spring  of  1898. 
The  same  patient  mind  dominated  our  soldiers  at 
Manila  in  the  early  days  of  1899,  and  restrained 
them   from  resenting  the   insults   of   ambitious 


Tagals,  who  had  converted  themselves  into  foes. 
The  time  was  not  yet  ripe  for  retaliation  ;  for  our 
legal  title  extended  only  to  the  confines  of  Ma- 
nila, and  hostilities  might  require  the  invasion 
of  territory  which  we  were  in  honor  bound  to 
hold  inviolable  until  the  treaty  of  peace  should 
give  us  the  right  to  enter.  Under  orders  from 
President  McKinley  to  avoid  a  conflict  with  the 
Filipinos  pending  the  ratification  of  the  treaty, 
American  honor  was  sustained  ;  and  when  mili- 
tary operations  became  necessary,  they  were  car- 
ried on  upon  our  own  territory,  and  not  upon  that 
of  a  defeated  foe  with  whom,  under  an  armistice, 
we  were  treating  for  peace. 

The  Filipino  insurrection  is  at  an  end.  The 
work  of  pacification  that  remains  is  only  such 
as  during  our  entire  national  existence  has  re- 
quired the  presence  of  garrisons  of  soldiers  on 
our  frontiers  and  in  other  territory  acquired  in 
the  past.  Our  title  to  tbe  territory  of  the  Phil- 
ippine Islands  is  undisputed.  Shall  we  relin- 
quish them  ?  To  whom  ?  This  is  a  question  for 
Congress  ;  and  Congress,  fully  informed,  on  the 
subject,  has  calmly  gone  home,  leaving  to  the 
President,  for  still  many  months,  the  duty  of 
maintaining  American  sovereignty  in  the  Philip- 
pines and  providing  for  them  a  government. 
Tha>  he  will  do  both  of  these  things  unflinch- 
ingly, all  Americans  believe,  though  they  do  not 
all  agree  to  the  undertaking. 

STRENGTH    OF    THE    ADMINISTRATION. 

The  men  who  compose  the  cabinet  are  strong 
in  their  respective  departments ;  all  of  them 
strong  in  many  branches  of  the  public  service. 
To  the  mature  experience  they  brought  into  the 
cabinet  have  been  added  the  trial  and  the  test  of 
great  questions  and  new  problems  which  have 
come  before  them  for  solution.  To  sustain  with 
such  a  body  of  men  relations  of  perfect  confi- 
dence, so  to  guide  debate,  so  to  encourage  the 
expression  of  personal  opinion,  so  to  invite  vigor 
and  individuality,  as  to  make  their  discussions 
yield  the  largest  results,  is  an  acliievement  for 
any  man.  But  with  all  this,  to  dominate  their 
deliberations  tactfully,  considerately,  forcefully, 
is  leadership  of  the  highest  order.  This  has 
been  President  McKin ley's  relation  to  his  cabi- 
net. 

No  administration  of  recent  years  has  dealt 
with  such  grave  questions  as  have  confronted  the 
present  one.  The  problems  which  have  been 
crowded  into  any  one  of  its  three  years  would 
have  made  or  unmade  the  fortunes  of  any  admin- 
istration. But  during  these  busy  years  the  coun- 
try has  taken  note  of  things  done,  of  promises 
fulfilled,  of  good  faith  and  fair-dealing.  In  the 
excitement  of  debate,  in  the  fancied  necessitiee 


THE  REPUBLICAN  CANDIDATE. 


30 


of  political  strategy t  it  is  easy  to  state  fallacies 
and  natural  to  exaggerate  evils.  To  the  oppo- 
nent of  tlie  President  and  his  administration,  the 
conduct  of  the  War  with  Spain  appears  open  to 
severe  criticism  ;  to  the  impartial  student  of  his- 
tory, it  is  a  record  of  marvelous  preparation  and 
execution.  To  tliose  opposed  to  the  results  se- 
cured by  the  administration  in  the  fields  of  finance, 
they  presage  an  unstable  currency  and  disaster  to 
both  capital  and  labor.  To  the  practical,  hard- 
1  leaded,  far-sighted  business  man,  who  knows 
confidence  to  be  the  bulwark  of  the  financial 
world,  the  strengthening  of  the  gold  standard, 
and  the  enactment  into  law  of  the  platform  prom- 
ises of  the  Republican  party  mean  the  perma- 
nence of  public  credit,  the  assurance  of  increased 
employment  for  labor,  and  the  advancement  of 
the  country  in  its  material  interests.  To  many 
of  the  opponents  of  the  administration,  new  pos- 
sessions mean  a  weakening  of  tradition  and  a  de- 
parture from  right  principle.  To  its  adherents, 
who  believe  they  read  aright  the  nation's  destiny 
in  the  light  of  what  has  come  from  former  expan- 
sion, they  mean  the  quickening  of  national  spirit, 
the  extension  of  free  institutions  among  peoples 
who  have  hitherto  striven  in  darkness  and  doubt, 
the  advancement  of  the  Ref>ublic  ever  higher  and 
higher  in  its  mission  of  liberty  and  enlightenment. 

m'kinley  a  type. 

A  great  political  leader  is  almost  necessarily  a 
type  of  the  nation  he  leads — the  embodiment  of 
the  characteristics  of  his  time — the  manifest  prod- 
uct of  the  circumstances  and  conditions  of  the 
people  he  governs  and  directs.  This  is  more 
especially  true  in  the  critical  periods  of  a  nation's 
history.  W  hen  a  people  are  profound ly  absorbed 
in  events — when  it  is  necessary  for  them  to  come 
to  conclusions  upon  vital  matters — the  man  who 
most  nearly  represents  them  in  character,  rearing, 
and  environment,  as  well  as  in  thought,  is  most 
likely  to  reach  a  position  of  commanding  power. 

Washington  embodied,  as  did  no  other  of  the 
Revolutionary  heroes,  the  virtues  and  the  limita- 
tions of  the  colonial  community  to  whom  fell  the 
task  of  maintaining  for  Americans  their  rights 
and  of  constructing  a  new  nation.  Lincoln  was 
the  type  of  the  frontiersman — the  American  en- 
gaged in  conquering  the  wilderness — of  the  de- 
mocracy which  spread  over  the  continent  from 
East  to  West,  carrying  the  idea  of  God  and  an 
eternal  Justice,  and  which  struggled  too  hard  for 
its  own  life  and  happiness  to  be  willing  that  any 
others  should  be  denied  them. 

William  McKinley  is  just  as  much  the  inevi- 
table product  of  his  time  as  these  two  great 
predecessors  in  the  Presidency.  His  origin,  his 
profession,  his  career,  his  manners,  his  niotiiods. 


his  whole  personality,  and  all  his  achievements, 
evidence  this. 

The  end  of  the  Civil  War  marked  a  sharp 
change  in  American  life.  New  national  activi- 
ties, new  currents  of  public  thought,  new  condi 
tions,  have  been  creating  a  new  type  of  political 
leader.  President  McKinley's  unquestioned  lead' 
ership  in  economic  and  financial  policies  has  been 
followed  by  as  complete  and  successful  leadership 
in  international  and  diplomatic  questions.  Many 
of  those  who  differ  from  him  most  widely  do  not 
question  that  he  has  dealt  with  the  gravest  inter- 
national matters — those  involving  the  very  future 
of  the  nation — masterfully,  courageously,  and  con- 
sistently. Through  the  confused  conflicts  of  our 
political  life  of  the  last  twenty- five  years,  the  jeal- 
ousies of  eager  competition  in  Congress,  the  hurly . 
burly  of  conventions,  along  a  rough  path  full  of 
pitfalls,  over  the  obstacles  of  temporary  failure, 
of  inevitable  misunderstandings  of  his  purposes 
and  underratings  of  his  abilities,  in  spite  of  the 
alternations  of  party  success,  a  fit  man  has  sur- 
vived, and  is  the  President  of  this  nation  at  a 
time  fraught  with  grave  consequences  for  the 
future. 

The  thirty  years  from  1830  to  1860  witnessed 
a  conflict  for  domination  between  the  then  radi- 
cally differing  civilizations  and  ideals  of  the  South 
and  North.  The  struggle  for  material  well-being 
was  severe,  but  did  not  absorb  so  much  the  ener- 
gies and  attention  of  individuals  as  it  has  since. 

Since  the  Civil  War,  no  issues  with  the  moral 
importance  of  those  of  the  ante-bellum  period — 
slavery  and  the  preservation  of  the  Union — have 
until  recently  appeared.  Public  questions  have 
become  more  and  more  of  an  economic  nature. 
The  energies  and  brains  of  the  American  people 
have  been  increasingly  devoted  to  commercial  and 
industrial  development. 

PERSONAL    CHARACTERISTICS. 

For  the  past  twenty- five  years.  President  Mc- 
Kinley has  been  in  public  life,  and  has  probably 
met  more  of  his  fellow -citizens  in  that  time  than 
any  other  living  American. 

The  impression  of  him  which  a  casual  caller 
at  the  White  House  receives  is  that  of  a  sin- 
cere, patient,  and  kindly  man  of  great  natural 
dignity  and  tact.  In  his  personal  contact  with 
others,  he  is  geaerous  of  his  time  in  the  extreme, 
and  listens  to  the  stories  of  the  unfortunate  and 
complaining  with  a  patience  which  surprises  his 
associates,  when  he  himself  is  bearing  well-nigh 
crushing  burdens  of  administrative  responsibihty. 
He  IS  natii  ^lly  sympathetic,  obliging,  and  self- 
sacrificing.  i''^t  all  this  reflects  but  one  side 
of  his  character  .^lthough  it  is  the  side  which 
most  impresses  tlicce  who  meet  him  but  casiirJly. 


40 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  RE^IEVyS. 


His  most  predominant  characteristics,  which  bind 
great  bodies  of  men  to  him  with  rivets  of  steel ; 
which  have  lifted  him  from  the  position  of  a 
private  soldier  to  that  of  Chief  Magistrate  of  the 
nation,  which  have  sustained  him  and  carried 
him  through  the  many  great  crises  confronting 
him,  and  have  given  him  the  trust  and  confidence 
of  the  American  people, — are  his  moral  strength 
and  his  unflinching  courage  to  do  the  right  as  he 
sees  it,  irrespective  of  temporary  consequences. 
His  natural  gentleness  and  his  tendency  to  ig. 
nore  small  and  non-essential  differences,  his  wil- 
lingness to  oblige  even  his  enemies,  and  his  utter 
lack  of  vindictiveness, — all  these,  when  the  times 
of  crisis  have  come  and  the  eyes  of  the  people 
have  turned  to  him  alone,  have  given  him  added 
strength  to  achieve  great  results  in  public  affairs. 
At  such  times  he  has  found  that  behind  him  is  a 
multitude  of  men  who  believe  in  the  sincerity 
of  his  purpose  and  his  unselfishness,  and  are 
willing  to  trust  his  judgment.  These  character- 
istics of  moral  strength  and  courage  are  con- 
stantly apparent  to  those  whose  connection  with 
the  administration  of  national  affairs  gives  them 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  ti'ue  relation  of  the 
President  to  public  questions.  They  have  been 
manifest  to  the  people  of  the  United  States  when- 
ever great  issues  have  placed  responsibility  upon 
him.  In  1892,  when  the  temporary  reaction 
against  the  McKinley  law  brought  defeat  upon 
the  Republican  party,  and  the  law  was  assailed 
both  from  without  and  within  the  ranks  of  the 
party.  Major  McKinley  not  only  made  no  apology 
for  his  convictions,  but  took  occasion,  both  be- 
fore and  after  the  election  of  that  year,  espe- 
cially to  emphasize  his  advocacy  of  the  protective 
principles  embodied  in  that  law. 

His  words  uttered  at  Columbus,  on  February 
14,  1893,  may  well  be  repeated  here.     He  said  : 

The  Republican  party  values  its  principles  no  less 
in  defeat  than  in  victory.  It  holds  to  them  after  a 
reverse,  as  before,  because  it  believes  in  them  ;  and,  be- 
lieving in  them,  is  ready  to  battle  for  them.  They  are 
not  espoused  for  mere  policy,  nor  to  serve  in  a  single 
contest.  They  are  set  deep  and  strong  in  the  hearts  of 
the  party,  and  are  interwoven  with  its  struggles,  its 
life,  and  its  history.  Without  discouragement,  our 
great  party  reaffirms  its  allegiance  to  Republican  doc- 
trine, and  with  unshaken  confidence  seeks  again  the 
public  judgment  through  public  discussion.  The  de- 
feat of  1892  has  not  made  Republiean  principles  less 
true,  nor  our  faith  in  their  ultimate  triumph  less  firm. 

President  McKinley  is  a  lawyer — a  member  of 


the  profession  which  has  the  best  primary  equip- 
ment for  participation  in  government,  and  which 
necessarily  knows  the  fundamentals  of  state- 
craft. He  is  a  lawyer  from  a  small  town,  where 
the  pecuniary  rewards  of  legal  practice  are  small 
and  uncertain,  and  where  it  is  unlikely  that  tal- 
ent will  be  early  diverted  to  the  service  of  corpo 
rations.  He  is  from  a  community  both  agricul- 
tural and  manufacturing,  where  the  effect  of 
financial  policies  upon  industrial  development 
has  been  well  demonstrated.  He  is  from  a  close 
and  doubtful  State,  where  the  consequence  of  po- 
litical mistake  is  sudden  defeat  and  leaders  learn 
caution  and  wisdom  in  the  hard  school  of  immi- 
nent adversity.  In  a  career  open  to  all  on  an 
equal  footing,  among  surroundings  where  arro- 
gance is  as  fatal  as  incompetence,  he  has  risen 
inevitably  to  leadership  by  the  force  and  attrac- 
tiveness of  his  character  and  personality. 

THE    FAME    OP    PRESIDENTS. 

In  a  country  whose  social  and  political  systems 
offer  a  wide  range  of  opportunity  to  the  indi- 
vidual, some  of  the  greatest  possibilities  for  de- 
velopment and  for  fame  are  open  to  him  who  has 
seemingly  reached  the  end  of  American  ambition 
by  attaining  to  the  Chief  Magistracy  of  the  na- 
tion. The  fame  of  Presidents  has  been  perpetu- 
ated or  lost  according  as  they  have  grasped  or 
failed  to  grasp  the  American  ideal  of  nationality. 
It  seems  hardly  necessary  now,  after  the  many 
evidences  of  this  embodied  in  our  history,  to  as- 
sert that  this  ideal  is  not  always  contained  in  the 
popular  agitation  of  the  day — so  often  a  delu- 
sion that  by  the  morrow  has  vanished  from  the 
public  mind. 

The  clear  vision  to  see  through  an  effervescence 
of  feeling  to  the  enduring  principle  beneath  it, 
and  the  strength  and  integrity  to  act  in  accord- 
ance with  such  a  perception  of  the  real  aspira- 
tions of  the  people,  make  public  men  great.  The 
absence  of  these  traits  accounts  for  the  oblivion 
into  which  our  prominent  statesmen  so  often 
pass.  Whether  the  fame  of  William  McKinley 
shall  remain  a  part  of  our  national  glory  depends 
not  altogether  on  the  present  popular  estimate  of 
his  deeds,  which  even  his  contemporaries  accord 
high  rank.  Another  epoch,  another  generation, 
will  pronounce  the  final  verdict.  But  three  years 
ago  he  was  one  of  a  number  of  popular  leaders — 
an  untried  President.  To-day  his  place  is  fixed 
by  that  severest  of  all  tests,  the  faithful  perform- 
ance of  high  public  duties  in  a  great  crisis. 


I      MR.  BRYAN,  THE  DEMOCRATIC  LEADER,  IN  1900. 

BY  CHARLES  B.   SPAHR. 


1  FIRST  met  Mr.  Bryan  in  the  spring  of  1894, 
and  in  a  few  hours  I  knew  him  well.  It 
was  an  illustration  of  how  quickly  and  strongly 
men  are  bound  together  by  holding  in  common 
an  unpopular  belief. 

The  year  before,  when  writing  an  article  for  the 
Political  Science  Quarterly  upon  Giffen's  -'Case 
Against  Bimetallism,"  I  had  been  slowly  brought 
to  the  belief  that 
the  free  comage 
of  silver,  instead 
of  suddenly  in- 
flating our  cur- 
re  n  c  y  ,  would 
only  provide  for 
its  gradual  and 
steady  expan- 
sion. Having 
reached  this  be- 
lief, I  was  natu- 
rally drawn  into 
sympathy  with 
the  men  in  Con- 
gress w^ho  advo- 
cated it.  A  few 
months  later,  the 
issue  came  to  the 
front. 

In  June,  1893, 
the  English  Gov- 
ernment closed 
the  mints  of  In- 
dia to  the  coinage 
of  silver;  and 
when  the  pros- 
pective scarcity 
of  currency  occa- 
sioned by  this 
Act  caused  prices 
all  over  the 
world  to  fall, 
President  Cleve- 
land called  Con- 
gress together  to 
suspend  the  coinage  of  silver  here,  alleging  that 
the  fear  of  the  depreciation  of  our  currency 
had  been  the  cause  of  the  recent  rise  in  its 
value — for  the  fall  in  prices  meant  nothing  else. 
The  speeches  that  were  made  when  Congress 
assembled  were,  for  a  few  days,  disappoint- 
ing to  my  hopes.  Soon,  however,  one  speech 
was  delivered  the  ability  of  which  was  recognized 


Copyright,  1899,  by  Barron  Fredricks,  N.  Y. 


HON.  WILLIAM  JENNINGS  BRTAN, 


even  by  the  hostile  press,  though  the  quotations 
made  from  it  were  almost  entirely  from  the  perora- 
tion— which,  like  most  impassioned  perorations, 
seemed  eloquence  to  those  who  sympathized  with 
it  and  gush  to  those  who  did  not.  This  speech  I 
carefully  studied  as  soon  as  it  appeared  in  the 
Congressional  Record^  and  I  found  that  the  elo- 
quent passages  quoted  in    the  press  dispatches 

were  almost  the 
only  passages  in 
the  speech  that 
were  not  as  calm- 
ly and  closely 
reasoned  as  a 
court  decision. 
It  was  not  only 
the  best  Congres- 
sional speech  I 
had  read  on  the 
subject  of  bimet- 
allism, but  it  was 
a  stronger  argu- 
ment for  bimet- 
allism than  I  had 
read  in  any  of 
the  scientific 
works  upon  the 
subject.  From 
that  time  I  re- 
garded Mr.  Bry- 
an as  the  intel- 
lectual leader  of 
the  Silver  forces; 
and  no  amount  of 
abuse  poured  up- 
on him  as  a  mere 
popular  orator 
ever  made  me 
think  of  him  as 
distinctively  an 
orator,  except  in 
the  sense  in  which 
he  once  defined 
an  orator  in  a  con- 
versation with  me.  **  An  orator,"  he  remarked, 
<*is  a  man  who  says  what  he  thinks  and  feels 
what  he  says.'*  In  this  sense,  Mr.  Bryan  is  an 
orator ;  but  if  oratory  is  supposed  to  mean  ring- 
ing declamation  rather  than  earnest  conversation, 
Mr.  Bryan  is  not  an  orator  one  minute  in  ten. 

Holding  this  view  of  Mr.  Bryan  when  I  was 
called  to  Washington  in  the  spring  of  1894,  I 


42 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiEVI^'  OF  REf^IElVS. 


took  pleasure  in  sending  him  my  card  at  the 
door  of  the  House  of  Representatives.  It  was 
the  morning  that  the  Coxey  procession  was 
about  to  enter  the  Capitol  grounds,  and  Mr. 
Bryan  and  I  stood  togethelr  on  one  of  the  ter- 
races of  the  Capitol  to  watch  the  event.  That 
which  surprised  me  then  I  have  since  found  to 
be  a  fundamental  characteristic  of  the  man.  I 
had  expected  him,  as  the  representative  of  a 
Western  district,  where  Populists  were  a  major- 
ity among  his  constituents,  to  be  in  sympathy 
with  the  Coxey  propaganda.  But  I  found  that 
he  took  no  stock  in  it  whatever.  The  people  for 
whom  he  stood  were  the  men  who  were  trying 
to  work  at  their  homes,  and  not  the  adventurers 
called  together  for  a  theatrical  procession  ;  and 
the  method  of  increasing  the  currency  for  which 
he  stood  was  one  which  was  under  the  control  of 
ihe  Natioi^al  Government,  or  which  automatic- 
ally secured  a  constant  expansion  upon  which 
business  could  safely  be  conducted.  He  be- 
lieved in  bimetallism,  because  the  indestructibil- 
ity of  the  precious  metals  made  it  impossible  for 
changes  in  the  production  of  any  single  year  to 
greatly  affect  the  amount  or  value  of  the  accu- 
mulations of  the  past.  The  free  coinage  of  sil- 
ver and  gold  together,  he  urged,  never  had  in- 
flated the  currency  faster  than  the  increase  of 
business  demanded,  and  he  did  not  believe  they 
ever  would.  He  was  more  inclined  to  believe 
that  the  time  would  come  when,  in  addition  to 
gold  and  silver,  paper  money  also  must  be  used, 
in  order  to  make  the  currency  expand  as  fast  as 
the  volume  of  business,  and  thus  preserve  sub- 
stantial uniformity  of  prices.  His  whole  posi- 
tion towards  the  currency  was  not  that  of  a  radi- 
cal who  believed  in  the  dogma,  "the  more 
money  the  more  prosperity,*'  but  of  a  conserva- 
tive who  agreed  with  the  classic  economists,  that 
the  quantity  of  the  currency  should  be  regulated 
so  as  to  secure  business  stability  as  well  as  busi- 
ness activity. 

HOW    HE    BECAME    A    BIMETALLIST. 

That  evening,  Mr.  Bryan  dined  with  me  at  my 
hotel,  and  after  dinner  we  had  a  long  talk  to- 
gether. In  the  course  of  it  he  had  occasion  to 
tell  me  of  the  way  in  which  he  came  to  believe  in 
bimetallism.  When  he  was  first  elected  to  Con- 
gress, he  said,  he  knew  practically  nothing  about 
the  question;  but  as  his  Republican  opponent  be- 
lieved in  the  free  coinage  of  silver,  and  his  own 
sympathies  were  with  the  farmers  in  their  de- 
mand for  this  measure,  the  issue  was  never  re- 
ferred to  during  the  campaign.  When  he  reached 
Washington,  he  said,  he  told  his  wife  that  he  be- 
lieved the  silver  issue  was  going  to  grow  in  im. 
portance  ;  and  they  two,  who  had  been  in  college 


at  the  same  time,  who  both  had  studied  law,  the 
wife  that  she  might  be  with  her  husband  in  his 
work,  even  though  she  took  no  part  in  it, 
devoted  their  leisure  during  the  winter  in 
Washington  to  studying  the  silver  question  to- 
gether. In  speaking  of  the  books  which  had 
most  profoundly  influenced  them,  he  put  first 
and  foremost  De  Laveleye's  **  Bimetallism." 
This  book,  I  happened  to  know,  had  not  been 
translated  from  the  French,  and  the  chance  i-e- 
mark  showed  that  his  reading  had  not  been  con- 
fined to  the  English  works.  But  the  charm  of  his 
story  had  no  relation  to  the  thoroughness  of  the 
scholarship  which  it  evinced.  It  lay  entirely  in 
the  relation  which  it  showed  between  himself  and 
his  wife.  Heine  once  remarked  that  a  German, 
even  when  married,  continued  to  live  **  a  bache- 
lor life  of  the  intellect. "  Mr.  Bryan  seemed  to  me 
to  illustrate  that  in  America,  more  and  more  man 
and  wife  share  together  the  same  intellectual  life 
GS  well  as  the  same  social  life.  In  speaking  of 
one  of  his  colleagues  who  died  during  that  ses- 
sion of  Congress,  Mr.  Bryan  said  that  **he 
found  his  inspiration  at  his  fireside."  This 
seemed  to  me  to  be  equally  true  of  Mr.  Bryan 
himself ;  and  the  purity  of  the  moral  atmosphere 
about  him,  together  with  the  strength  of  his  re- 
ligious faith,  both  seemed  to  me  counterparts  of 
that  love  of  wife  and  home  which  were  the  most 
strongly  marked  features  of  his  private  character. 
It  is  not,  however,  of  Mr.  Bryan's  private 
character  that  I  wish  in  this  article  to  speak. 
That  has  been  frequently  enough  eulogized  ;  and 
private  character  and  private  devotion  to  religion 
have  too  often  been  used  to  turn  public  attention 
from  the  public  principles  for  which  statesmen 
stand.  My  personal  knowledge  of  the  man, 
however,  makes  complete  my  conviction  that 
his  whole  life  was  moored  in  what  is  best  in  the 
life  of  the  American  people,  and  that  from  in- 
stinct, more  than  from  deliberation,  he  was  likely 
to  voice  the  conscience   and   the  heart   of   the 


nation. 


THE    DEFEAT   OF    1894. 


I  next  met  Mr.  Bryan  in  New  York,  after  his 
party  had  been  so  overwhelmingly  defeated  in 
the  Congressional  elections  of  1894.  This  defeat 
he  bore  with  his  customary  good- nature.  Dur- 
ing the  campaign,  he  said,  he  had  been  in  the 
habit  of  telling  a  story  which  was  better  than  it 
was  now.  When  the  Republican  speakers  had 
claimed  that  thousands  of  discontented  Demo- 
crats were  going  to  vote  the  Republican  ticket, 
he  had  said  that  they  reminded  him  of  the  farmer 
who  had  asked  the  restaurant- keeper  how  much 
he  paid  for  frog's  legs,  and  when  the  restaurant- 
keeper   had    told   him,    had   asked  whether   he 


MR.  BRYAK  THE  DEMOCRATIC  LEADER,  IN  1900. 


43 


would  laice  two  caiioads  at  that  rate.  Wfa^i  the 
restaurant* keeper  assured  him  that  he  would  take 
all  that  the  farmer  could  bring,  the  farmer  re- 
turned to  his  home,  and  a  week  later  came  into 
the  restaurant  with  four  frog*s  legs.  When  the 
restaurant- keeper  asked  him  where  those  two 
carloads  were,  he  replied  :  *  *  When  I  heard  them 
croaking,  I  thought  they  were  two  carloads,  but 
when  I  came  to  catch  them  they  were  only  two. " 
The  story,  said  Mr.  Bryan,  had  lost  much  of  its 
point,  since  the  returns  had  showed  that  over 
1,000,000  Democrats  had  failed  to  come  to  the 
polls  to  vote  for  their  party.  He  was  not,  how- 
ever, at  all  discouraged  as  to  the  outlook  for  the 
cause  which  he  represented.  Tens  of  thousands 
of  men  who  believe  in  the  free  coinage  of  silver, 
lie  said,  had  voted  the  Republican  ticket,  and  he 
believed  that  the  Silver  men  in  the  Democratic 
party  were  strong  enough  to  control  its  final  atti- 
tude. This  faith  I  then  regarded  as  much  too 
optimistic,  but  when  I  met  him  next  his  hopes 
had  been  fulfilled.  It  was  at  St.  Louis,  during  the 
Republican  convention  of  1896.  While  we  were 
dining  together,  I  expressed  my  feeling  that  the 
all-important  thing  was  to  secure  at  Chicago  the 
nomination  of  a  candidate  whom  the  Populists 
could  indorse,  and  my  belief  that  he  was  by  all 
odds  the  most  available  man.  It  was  the  kind  of 
a  compliment  to  try  a  man's  soul,  and  his  stood 
the  trial.  Without  self- depreciation  or  self- 
assertion,  he  discussed  his  prospects  as  if  he  had 
oeen  a  third  person.  He  realized  to  the  full 
that,  in  ordinary  years,  a  man  with  his  sympa- 
thies could  not  possibly  secure  the  favor  of  the 
forces  which  dominate  national  conventions.  But 
he  also  realized  that  this  was  an  exceptional 
year  ;  that  the  common  people  were  thoroughly 
stirred  throughout  the  South  and  West ;  and  that 
men  with  bis  sympathies  were  likely  to  control 
the  approaching  convention.  Three  weeks  after- 
wards, the  convention  was  held  at  Chicago,  and 
Mr.  Bryan  received  the  nomination. 

The  campaign  which  followed  is  national  his- 
tory, and  no  word  need  be  said  here  as  to  its  char, 
icter.  For  those  who  live  in  the  East,  however, 
and  for  those  also  who  live  in  the  cities  of  the 
West,  the  extent  of  the  change  which  the  cam- 
paign of  1896  wrought  in  the  Democratic  party 
may  demand  a  few  words. 

THE    NEW    DEMOCRACY. 

In  1894,  in  the  section  west  of  the  Allegha- 
nies  and  north  of  the  Ohio,  the  Democratic  party 
had  been  crushingly  defeated.  In  many  States 
itavote  was  less  than  that  of  the  Populists.  Even 
IB  Ohio,  the  easternmost  of  these  States,  its  vote 
iiad  fallen  from  404,000  cast  for  President  Cleve- 
land m  1892  to  276,000  cast  for  the  Democratic 


State  ticket  in  1894.  In  1896  the  vote  for  Mr. 
Bryan  in  Ohio  rose  to  477,000,  or  70,000  more 
than  the  vote  by  which  President  Harrison  had 
carried  the  State  in  1892.  Nor  did  this  gain  of 
200,000  votes  mark  the  full  extent  of  the  change 
that  had  been  wrought.  Thousands  of  Demo- 
ci*at8  voted  against  Mr.  Bryan  in  1896  ;  and  tens 
of  thousands  of  Republicans — Quaker  Republi- 
cans, Abolition  Republicans — men  who  had  been 
with  the  Republican  party  since  1856 — voted  for 
the  first  time  in  their  lives  for  the  Democratic 
candidate.  Prior  to  1896  the  cities  had  been  the 
stronghold  of  the  Democratic  party,  and  the  rural 
districts  the  stronghold  of  the  Republicans.  In 
1896  the  situation  was  reversed.  Prior  to  1896 
the  immigrant  voters  had  been,  as  a  rule,  on  the 
jside  of  the  Democrats,  and  the  American -born 
voters  on  the  side  of  the  Repubhcans.  In  1896 
this,  too,  was  changed.  It  is  safe  to  say  that,  of 
the  3,000,000  votes  cast  for  Mr.  Bryan  in  1896 
west  of  the  Alleghanies  and  north  of  the  Ohio, 
much  less  than  one- half  had  voted  the  Demo- 
cratic ticket  in  1894.  It  was  a  new  party,  nu- 
merically stronger  than  the  old,  and  infinitely 
surpassing  it  in  the  moral  enthusiasm  which  came 
out  of  the  contest.  Eastern  Democrats  and  city 
Democrats,  who  demand  that  the  brilliant  Silver 
Republican  leader  who  has  been  nominated  by 
the  Populists  for  Vice-President  ought  to  be  ig- 
nored by  the  National  Democratic  Convention 
do  not  realize  how  new  a  party  was  brought  into 
being  by  that  conflict.  The  supreme  auty  of  the 
present  campaign  is  the  union  of  all  these  forces, 
and  the  action  of  the  Populists  in  nominating  the 
Democratic  leader  for  President  and  the  anti- 
imperialist  Silver  Republican  leader  for  Vice- 
President  ought  to  be  accepted  as  a  sufficient 
offering  for  union  on  the  part  of  the  elementa 
which  constitute  so  large  a  part  of  the  new 
Democracy  in  the  pivotal  States  of  the  West. 

THE    CHICAGO    PLATFORM. 

In  1896  Mr.  Bryan  was  represented  in  the 
cities,  and  even  on  the  farms,  in  the  East  as  the 
representative  of  destructive  radicalism.  Every 
plank  in  the  platform  was  caricatured,  and  its 
defenders  could  get  no  hearing,  because  the  daily 
press  was  almost  a  unit  against  them.  The  plank 
declaring  for  the  free  coinage  of  silver  was  repre- 
sented as  a  declaration  in  favor  of  a  50 -cent  dol- 
lar, though  the  whole  argument  for  free  coinage 
was  that  the  restoration  of  silver  to  the  currency 
would  certainly  double  the  demand  for  silver 
bullion  and  almost  certainly  double  its  price. 
Coined  silver  had  never  fallen  below  the  legal 
ratio.  In  1890,  when  a  single  house  of  Congress 
passed  a  bill  for  the  unlimited  purchase  of  silver 
at  a  price  not  exceeding   16  to  1,  the  value  of 


44 


THE  AMERICAN  [MONTHLY  RE^IEU^  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


silver  bullion  rose  all  over  the  world  to  17  lo  I. 
Rightly  or  wrongly,  the  bimetallist  forces  be- 
lieved that  free  coinage  would  restore  the  mar- 
ket value  of  silver  to  the  ratio  which  it  held  for 
two  hundred  years,  during  most  of  which  time 
silver  was  relatively  more  abundant  than  now. 
"Whether  this  belief  was  correct  or  not,  the  in- 
justice of  the  outcry  against  a  **  proposed  50-cent 
dollar "  is  none  the  less  apparent,  because  most 
of  the  men  who  supported  free  coinage  supported 
it  only  because  they  believed  that  it  would  in- 
crease the  currency  with  dollars  on  a  par  with 
gold — which  itself,  however,  would  be  less  in 
demand.  If  free  coinage  at  the  old  ratio  failed 
to  have  the  anticipated  effect,  the  very  men  who 
voted  for  it  would  vote  to  change  the  ratio,  or 
otherwise  provide  that  a  dollar's  worth  of  silver 
bullion  should  be  back  of  every  dollar  issued  by 
the  Government.  The  same  thing  holds  true  to- 
day. As  Mr.  B?yan  himself  has  said,  **  The  res- 
toration of  silver  to  the  currency  does  not  take 
away  from  Congress  the  power  to  enact  subse- 
quent legislation."  The  free  coinage  of  silver  is 
not  championed  by  Mr.  Bryan  or  his  supporters 
as  a  measure  of  reckless  radicalism.  They  sup- 
port it  because  they  know  that  for  centuries  past 
the  coinage  of  ooth  metals  has  hardly  increased 
the  currency  fast  enough  to  prevent  falling  prices 
and  business  stagnation  ;  and  they  believe  that 
the  acceptance  of  monometallism,  carrying  with 
it  the  inevitable  retirement  o^  all  legal- tender 
silver,  means  decades  of  recurring  depression, 
until  the  credit  of  the  world  is  adjusted  to  one- 
half  of  its  old  foundation.  The  partial  restric- 
tion of  the  coinage  of  silver  since  1873  has  not 
established  the  logical  gold  standard.  To  every 
clear-sighted  monometallist,  all  the  silver  cur- 
rency of  the  world  is  unsound  currency  ;  and  only 
when  it  is  replaced  by  promises  to  pay  gold,  and 
those  promises  are  redeemed  in  gold,  will  the 
world's  currency  rest  upon  a  sound  gold  basis. 
Those  who  contemplate  cutting  in  two  the  basis 
upon  which  the  credits  of  the  world  rest  are  the 
radicals,  and  not  those  who  would  keep  in  the 
world's  currency  the  four  billions  of  silver  already 
there,  and  add  to  it  year  by  year  the  new  silver 
bullion  not  used  in  the  arts. 

The  other  planks  in  the  Chicago  platform  met 
with  misrepresentation  hardly  more  justifiable. 
The  plank  condemning  government  by  injunction 
was  not  a  condemnation  of  equity  proceedings  ; 
and  the  demand  for  an  income  tax  was  only  a 
renewal  of  the  demand  made  by  the  Republican 
party  in  its  early  days,  and  made  to-day  by  every 
liberal  party  in  Western  Europe,  that  a  part  of 
the  burdens  of  taxation  should  rest  upon  what 
men  own  rather  than  on  what  they  need.  Just 
after  the  campaign  of  1896,  the  writer  had  the 


pleasure  of  meeting  Mr.  Leopold  Maxse,  the  edi- 
tor of  the  National  Review^  of  London.  Mr. 
Maxse,  I  soon  found,  was  heartily  in  sympathy 
with  the  renewed  coinage  of  silver.  The  action 
of  our  federal  courts  in  issuing  blanket  injunc- 
tions against  labor  organizations,  commanding 
them  to  refrain  from  acts  legal  and  illegal,  and 
punishing  them  without  trial  by  jury  for  alleged 
disobedience,  seemed  to  him  inconsistent  with  the 
precedents  of  English  jurisprudence.  The  demand 
of  the  Chicago  platform,  that  the  need  of  increased 
revenues  of  our  national  Government  should  be 
met  by  a  light  tax  on  the  incomes  of  the  rich, 
instead  of  a  still  heavier  tax  on  the  necessities  of 
the  poor,  seemed  to  him  one  that  all  parties  ought 
to  support.  Presently  a  chance  remark  of  his 
seemed  to  indicate  that  the  National  Review  was  a 
Conservative  magazine.  I  said  to  him,  in  some 
astonishment,  <*  Do  you  mean  to  say  that  you  are 
a  Conservative?  "  *  *  Yes, "  he  replied ;  <  *  in  Eng- 
land they  call  me  a  Tory; — but  here,  it  seems,  I 
am  an  anarchist.'' 

The  fierce  passions  which  marked  the  cam- 
paign of  1896  have  now  subsided.  Men  under- 
stand each  other  better  ;  and  the  raising  of  new 
issues,  upon  which  people  divide  differently,  has 
forced  men  in  all  parties  to  recognize  the  pa- 
triotism of  those  whom  they  fiercely  condemned 
as  anarchists  on  the  one  side  or  sycophants  on 
the  other  during  the  campaign  of  1896.  The 
new  issues  that  have  been  presented  have  lost 
Mr.  Bryan  the  support  of  many  voters  in  the 
West  who  supported  the  free  coinage  of  silver, 
not  as  a  measure  of  justice,  but  as  a  measure 
from  which  their  section  would  receive  pecuniary 
profit.  The  very  same  element,  in  fact,  has  been 
powerfully  appealed  to  by  the  promise  of  com- 
mercial gain  for  the  Pacific  Slope  held  out  by  the 
Republicans  as  a  result  of  the  subjugation  of 
the  Philippines.  Just  how  the  possession  of  the 
Philippines  is  to  effect  this  result,  they  do  not 
explain  ;  for  few  of  them  can  calmly  deny  the 
truth  of  Benjamin  Franklin's  statement,  that 
*  *  the  true  and  sure  means  of  extending  and  secur- 
ing commerce  are  the  goodness  and  cheapness  of 
commodities."  But  however  wrongly  held,  the 
belief  that  the  Pacific  Slope,  at  least,  will  get 
profit  from  the  conquest  of  the  Philippines,  is 
common  among  the  commercial  classes  in  the  far 
West.  One  intelligent  business  man  assured  the 
writer  that  Oriental  expansion  would  restore 
*' dollar  wheat,"  though  the  same  man  beheved 
that  it  would  injure  us  to  trade  freely  with 
Europe,  because  of  its  ill-paid  labor.  By  rea- 
son of  these  commercial  dreams,  Mr.  Bryan  is 
likely  to  lose  largely  from  his  vote  of  1896  in 
the  Mining  States,  and  also  on  the  Slope.  But 
what  he  loses  there   is  likely  to  be  offset,  and 


MR.  BRYAK   THE  DEMOCRATIC  LEADER,  IN  1900. 


45 


offset  several  times  over,  by  the  gains  which  he 
has  made  in  the  East  among  the  classes  which 
sympathize  with  his  devotion  to  the  interests  of 
the  common  people  and  the  ideals  of  American 
democracy,  but  who  differed  from  him  intel- 
lectually respecting  the  results  of  bimetallism. 

MB.   BRYAN    AN    INDIVIDUALIST. 

The  first  and  less  important  of  the  new  ques- 
tions  that  have  forced  their  way  to  the  front  dur- 
ing the  past  four  years  is  that  of  the  trusts. 
Upon  this  question  Mr.  Bryan's  attitude  is  con- 
spicuously that  of  a  conservative.  Because  it  is 
80,  he  has  lost  the  support  of  a  few  irreconcil- 
able radicals  who  voted  for  him  in  1896.  One 
of  the  best  thinkers  among  these  remarked  to 
the  writer  :  **  Why  should  I  support  Bryan  ?  He 
is  at  heart  an  individualist.*'  This  is  preemi- 
nently true.  Mr.  Bryan  is  at  heart  an  individu- 
alijit.  He  believes,  it  is  true,  in  the  municipal 
ownership  of  public  franchises  ;  but  that  is  be- 
cause these  municipal  franchises  are  inevitably 
monopolies,  and  he  agrees  with  the  principle  of 
oar  common  law  that  a  private  monopoly  is  es- 
sentially hostile  to  the  welfare  of  a  community. 
The  fact,  too,  that  these  municipal  monopolies 
roust  be  managed  under  the  oversight  of  the  or- 
dinary voters  intensifies  his  faith  that  this  is  a 
democratic  measure.  But  his  advocacy  of  mu- 
nicipal ownership  of  municipal  monopolies  does 
not  give  to  him  the  slightest  sympathy  with  the 
socialist  and  capitalist  programme,  that  all  sorts 
of  manufacturing  and  other  businesses  must  be 
allowed  to  pass  into  the  hands  of  private  monopo- 
lies. He  does  not  believe,  with  the  Socialists, 
that  for  the  citizens  to  permit  themselves  to 
come  nnder  the  control  of  private  monopolies  is 
a  promising  way  for  them  to  get  the  private 
monopolies  under  their  control ;  and  he  does  not 
beheve,  with  the  capitalists,  that  private  monop- 
oly secures  the  welfare  either  of  the  public  or 
the  employees  under  its  power.  Even  on  the 
economic  side,  he  knows  the  inertia  which  private 
monopoly  has  always  produced,  the  restriction  of 
production  which  monopoly  prices  have  always 
brought  to  the  industry  controlled,  and  the  slug- 
gishness in  making  improvements  which  lack  of 
competition  has  always  engendered.  But  even  did 
be  believe  the  absurd  economic  claims  put  forward 
in  every  age  by  the  partisans  of  monopoly,  it  would 
ttill  be  hateful  to  him  because  of  its  depressing 
influence  upon  the  independence,  the  self-reliance, 
tbe  manhood  of  its  employees.  A  nation  of  ir- 
xvsponsible  workmen  under  the  direction  of  pri- 
nto  monopolies  is  as  hateful  to  his  sentiments  as  a 
nation  of  irresponsible  subjects  under  the  control 
of  mlers.  Indeed,  it  would  be  more  hateful ;  for 
be  believes  that  our  republican  institutions  are,  in 


large  measure,  the  result  of  the  economic  inde- 
pendence  of  the  mass  of  our  people.  To  de- 
stroy this  independence  and  individual  responsi- 
bility would  be  to  destroy  the  best  element  in 
our  national  character.  He  is,  as  my  Socialist 
friend  said,  at  heart  an  individualist ;  and  he 
therefore  would  put  an  end  to  the  protection  of 
trusts  by  the  tariff,  and  would  use  all  the  power 
of  the  Government  to  prevent  the  contracts  by 
which  combinations  keep  their  patrons  from  buy- 
ing of  competitors,  and  the  secret  rebates  by 
which  they  secure  cheaper  access  to  markets. 

RAILWAY    BEOULATIOM. 

He  has  never,  to  my  knowledge,  declared  him- 
self in  favor  of  aggressive  action  regarding  the 
ownership  of  railroads  ;  but  not  long  ago  he  sent 
me,  with  evident  indorsement,  an  address  recent- 
ly made  by  Interstate  Commerce  Commissioner 
Prouty  regarding  the  proposed  amendment  of 
the  Interstate  Commerce  Act,  so  that  the  com- 
mission shall  not  only  have  its  present  power  to  de- 
clare certain  rates  unjust,  but  also  have  the  power 
originally  intended  to  specify  what  rates  are 
reasonable.  One  of  the  passages  in  the  Republi- 
can commissioner's  address  read  as  follows  : 

It  is  urged  by  the  railways  that  no  oommission  can 
deal  with  these  rate  situations.  The  idea  seems  to  be  that 
nobody  not  specially  ordained  can  deal  with  a  freight 
rate,  and  that  the  right  of  ordination  consists  in  put- 
ting a  party  on  the  pay-roU  of  a  railway  company.  .  .  . 
To-day  the  railway  is  the  sole  judge  between  itself  and 
the  public  of  the  rate  which  it  makes.  Some  tribunal 
should  be  devised  to  which  the  public  can  appeal,  and 
from  which  the  public  can  obtain  relief. 

The  CuUom  bill,  to  give  the  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission  the  power  to  give  the  public 
relief, — subject,  of  course,  to  an  appeal  to  the 
higher  courts, — Mr.  Bryan  would  undoubtedly 
support ;  and  with  the  support  of  the  President, 
this  bill,  already  demanded  by  many  boards  of 
trade  as  well  as  farm  organizations,  could  be 
made  law.  With  the  Interstate  Commerce  Com- 
mission authorized  to  fix  what  rates  are  reason- 
able, the  destruction  of  the  small  firms  in  the 
small  towns  by  reason  of  the  discriminations  in 
favor  of  their  competitors  in  the  cities  could  in  a 
large  measure  be  stopped,  and  by  requiring  com- 
plete publicity  for  the  transactions  of  railroads 
the  secret  concessions  granted  to  powerful  indi- 
viduals and  to  trusts  could  in  a  large  measure  be 
prevented.  These  are  not  the  remedies  of  a  radi- 
cal, but  the  remedies  of  a  conservative,  who 
would  restore  to  the  rural  districts  and  to  the 
industry  of  small  manufacturers  and  merchants 
the  rights  which  are  naturally  theirs.  If  the 
artificial  advantages  to  the  trusts  were  removed, 
and  if  the  combinations  of  manufacturers  in  dif- 


46 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


ferent  States  to  form  a  monopoly  were  as  effect- 
ively prohibited  as  the  combinations  of  national 
banks  in  different  towns  now  are,  the  menace  of 
the  trusts  would  be  largely  removed. 

THE    SUPREME    ISSUE. 

But  the  supreme  issue  in  the  approaching  cam- 
paign will  not  be  the  trusts.  It  will  not  be  an  eco- 
nomic issue  at  all.  Mr.  Bryan  typifies  the  Ameri- 
can people  in  the  fact  that  to  him  moral  issues  are 
of  supreme  importance,  and  that  the  principles  of 
liberty  for  which  this  country  has  always  stood 
are  the  supreme  expressions  of  the  national  con- 
science. He  warmly  supported  the  war  for  the 
emancipation  of  Cuba,  because  he  believed  that 
our  duty  as  a  neighbor,  and  our  principle  that  all 
men  have  the  right  of  self-government,  demanded 
that  we  should  put  an  end  to  the  slaughter  which 
was  going  on  at  our  doors.  But  when  the  war 
for  Cuban  independence  first  threatened  to  turn 
into  a  war  for  the  subjugation  of  the  Philippines, 
Mr.  Bryan  sounded  the  note  of  warning.  On 
June  14,  1898,  when  the  first  intimations  were 
received  that  our  government  did  not  sympathize 
with  the  independence  of  the  Philippines,  but  was 
negotiating  for  their  annexation,  Mr.  Bryan  spoke 
as  follows  at  the  trans- Mississippi  Exposition  at 
Omaha  : 

History  will  vindicate  the  position  taken  by  the 
United  States  in  the  war  with  Spain.  In  saying  this  I 
assume  that  the  principles  which  were  invoked  in  the 
inauguration  of  the  war  will  be  observed  in  its  prose- 
cution and  conclusion.  If,  however,  a  contest  under- 
taken for  the  sake  of  humanity  degenerates  into  a  war 
of  conquest,  we  shall  find  it  difficult  to  meet  the  charge 
of  having  added  hypocrisy  to  greed.  ...  If  others  turn 
to  thoughts  of  aggrandizement  and  yield  allegiance  to 
those  who  clothe  land-covetousness  in  the  garb  of  na- 
tional destiny,  the  people  of  Nebraska  will,  if  I  mistake 
not  their  sentiments,  plant  themselves  upon  the  dis- 
claimer entered  by  Congress,  and  insist  that  good  faith 
shall  characterize  the  making  of  peace,  as  it  did  the  be- 
ginning of  war. 

Four  months  later,  immediately  after  the  sign- 
ing  of  the  treaty  of  peace  with  Spain,  Mr.  Bryan 
resigned  his  commission  as  colonel  of  his  regi- 
ment. In  an  interview  then  published,  he  stated 
his  reasons  for  resigning,  as  follows  :  *  *  Now 
that  the  Treaty  of  Peace  has  been  concluded,  I 
believe  I  can  be  more  useful  to  my  country  as  a 
civilian  than  as  a  soldier.  I  may  be  in  error, 
but  in  my  judgment  our  nation  is  in  greater 
danger  just  now  than  Cuba.  Our  people  de- 
fended Cuba  against  foreign  arms  ;  now  they 
must  defend  themselves  and  their  country  against 
a  foreign  idea — the  colonial  idea  of  European  na- 
tions. Our  nation  must  give  up  any  idea  of  en- 
tering upon  a  colonial  policy  such  as  is  now  pur- 
sued by  European  powers,   or  it  must  abandon 


the  doctrine  that  governments  obtain  their  just 
powers  from  the  consent  of  the  governed. "  From 
that  time  to  the  present,  Mr.  Bryan  has  been  un- 
ceasing in  his  demand  that  the  nation  should  re- 
main true  to  the  principles  which  Jefferson  for- 
mulated in  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and 
which  Lincoln  reformulated  when  he  declared 
that  *  *  no  man  is  good  enough  to  govern  another 
without  that  other's  consent." 

MR.   Bryan's  choice  of  position. 

At  the  time  that  he  resigned  from  the  army, 
Mr.  Bryan  took  one  position  which  has  brouglit 
down  upon  him  unceasing  criticism  from  one 
New  England  an ti- imperialist  who  believed  that 
the  annexation  of  the  Philippines  should  be  pre- 
vented by  the  Senate's  refusal  to  ratify  the  Treaty 
of  Peace.  Mr.  Bryan's  reason  for  following 
Lincoln's  maxim,  that  '*  friends  can  make  laws  .  .  . 
easier  than  aliens  can  make  treaties,"  was  at  the 
time  clearly  stated  by  himself  ;  but  his  statement 
has  not  received  the  attention  which  it  deserves. 
**  It  will  be  easier,"  he  said,  *'  to  end  the  war  at 
once  by  ratifying  the  treaty,  and  then  deal  with 
the  subject  in  our  own  way.  The  issue  can  be 
presented  directly  by  a  resolution  of  Congress  de- 
claring the  policy  of  the  nation  upon  this  sub- 
ject. The  President,  in  his  message,  says  that  our 
only  purpose  in  taking  possession  of  Cuba  is  to 
establish  a  stable  government,  and  then  turn  that 
government  over  to  Cuba.  Congress  could  re- 
affirm this  purpose  in  regard  to  Cuba,  and  assert 
the  same  purpose  in  regard  to  the  Philippines  and 
Porto  Rico.  Such  a  resolution  would  make  a 
clear-cut  issue  between  the  doctrine  of  self-gov- 
ernment and  the  doctrine  of  imperialism."  Such 
a  resolution  was  offered  in  the  Senate,  and  was 
only  defeated  by  the  casting  vote  of  the  Vice- 
President.  The  defeat  of  this  resolution  laid 
upon  the  administration  the  responsibility  of  con- 
tinuing the  war. 

THE    COST    OF    THE    WAR. 

The  arguments  which  Mr.  Bryan  has  been  mak- 
ing in  all  parts  of  the  country  in  favor  of  treating 
the  Philippines  as  we  are  pledged  to  treat  Cuba 
have  been,  in  the  main,  arguments  addressed  to 
the  nation's  sense  of  honor  and  duty.  He  has, 
liowever,  shown  the  baselessness  of  the  claim  that 
we  should  continue  the  war  because  of  the  com- 
mercial advantages  to  be  secured.  The  Spanish 
islands,  he  has  pointed  out,  are  already  more 
densely  peopled  than  our  own  territory,  and  can- 
not, like  our  expansion  toward  the  West,  possibly 
furnish  a  field  of  opportunity  for  American  labor. 
The  plain  people  of  America,  who  demanded  the 
annexation  of  Louisiana  when  the  aristocratic 
class  opposed  it,  are  being  guided  by  the  same 


MR.  BRYAN.    THE  DEMOCRATIC  LEADER,  IN  1900. 


4T 


true  instinct  when  they  oppose  tlio  annexation  of 
the  Philippines,  which  the  capitalist  class  demands. 
American  labor  cannot  be  benefited  by  the  con- 
quest of  tropical  islands  more  densely  peopled  than 
our  own  Eastern  States.  It  cannot  go  there.  The 
only  opening  that  can  be  made  is  for  American 
capital ;  and  even  this  opening  can  be  better  se- 
cu!*ed  if  we  retain  the  friendship  of  the  people,  as 
we  have  that  of  the  Mexicans  and  Japanese,  by 
respecting  their  aspirations  for  independence.  It 
is  the  height  of  absurdity,  he  points  out,  for  the 
same  administration  to  insist  that  we  should 
'*have  an  English  financial  system  in  order  to 
bring  European  capital  into  the  States,  and  also 
an  English  colonial  policy  for  the  purpose  of  tak- 
ing American  capital  out.'^  Even  if-' the  war  in 
the  Orient  did  give  additional  profit  to  American 
capital  taken  from  our  own  country,  these  profits 
would  not  come  to  the  people  who  pay  the  taxes 
to  support  the  war.  To  the  plain  people  of  the 
country,  upon  whom  the  mass  of  these  taxes 
would  fall,  the  policy  of  militarism  means  nothing 
but  loss  ;  and  Mr.  Bryan  appeals  to  all  who  would 
keep  this  nation  free  from  militarism  to  resist 
the  colonial  policy,  whose  first  fruits  in  legislation 
was  the  administration's  ill-timed  advocacy  of  the 
bill  for  the  permanent  quadrupling  of  the  stand- 
ing army. 

America's  mission. 

But  Mr.  Bryan's  principal  arguments  have  never 
l»t»en  addressed  to  the  nation's  sense  of  its  own 
i-conomic  welfare — not  even  to  its  sense  of  the 
economic  welfare  of  its  poorer  classes.  The  ques- 
tion to  hira  has  been  one  of  the  nation's  duty  to 
remain  true  to  those  principles  of  liberty  which 
have  been  the  very  life  of  our  own  democracy 
and  of  the  century's  struggles  for  democracy  all 
over  the  globe.  He  believes,  more  profoundly 
than  any  of  the  imperialists,  in  the  greatness  of 
America's  mission  ;  for  he  believes  that  that  mis- 
sion has  been  of  transcendent  importance  during 
the  century  that  is  past.  In  an  address  delivered 
upon  Washington's  Birthday,  last  year,  when 
speaking  of  the  love  of  human  liberty  which  this 
nation  has  cherished,  Mr.  Bryan  said: 

This  seDtiment  was  well-nigh  universal  until  a 
Tear  ago.  It  wss  to  this  sentiment  that  the  Cuban 
insurgents  appealed.  It  was  this  sentiment  which  im- 
pelled oar  people  to  enter  into  the  war  with  Spain. 


Have  the  people  so  changed  in  a  few  short  months  that 
they  are  now  willing  to  apologize  for  the  War  of  the 
Revolution,  and  force  upon  the  Filipinos  the  same  sys- 
tem of  government  against  which  the  colonists  pro- 
tested with  fire  and  sword  ?  The  hour  of  temptation 
has  come,  but  temptations  do  not  destroy  :  they  merely 
test  the  strength  of  individuals  and  nations ;  they  are 
either  stumbling-blocks  or  stepping-stones;  they  lead 
to  infamy  or  fame,  according  to  the  use  made  of  them. 
If  I  mistake  not  the  sentiment  of  the  American  people, 
they  will  spurn  the  bribe  of  imperialism,  and  by  resist- 
ing temptation,  win  such  a  victory  as  has  not  been  won 
since  the  battle  of  Yorktown.  For  over  ten  decades  our 
nation  has  been  a  world-power.  During  its  brief  exist- 
ence it  has  exerted  upon  the  human  race  an  influence 
more  potent  for  good  than  all  the  other  nations  of  the 
earth  combined,  and  it  has  exerted  that  influence  with- 
out the  use  of  sword  or  Gatling  gun.  Mexico  and  the 
republics  of  South  and  Central  America  testify  to  the 
benign  influence  of  our  institutions,  while  Europe  and 
Asia  g^ve  evidence  of  the  working  of  the  leaven  of  self- 
government.  Standing  upon  the  vantage-ground  al- 
ready gained,  the  American  people  can  aspire  to  a 
grander  destiny  than  has  opened  before  any  other  race. 
Anglo-Saxon  civilization  has  taught  the  individual  to 
protect  his  own  rights.  American  civilization  will 
teach  him  to  respect  the  rights  of  others.  Anglo-Saxon 
civilization  has  taught  the  individual  to  take  care  of 
himself ;  American  civilization,  proclaiming  the  equal- 
ity of  all  before  the  law,  will  teach  him  that  his  own 
highest  good  requires  the  observance  of  the  command- 
ment^ **Thou  Shalt  love  thy  neighbor  as  thyself." 

Such  is  the  appeal  made  by  the  leader  of  the 
new  democracy  to  the  conscience  and  heart  of 
the  American  people.  He  goes  before  the  people 
appealing  to  their  profoundest  patriotic  and  re- 
ligious sentiments.  He  demands  that  we  shall 
stop  the  war  in  the  Philippines  by  treating  those 
islands  as  we  promised  to  treat  Cuba,  and  as 
m  the  past  we  have  treated  all  the  nations  of 
Spanish  America.  The  fundamental  principle  of 
our  democracy,  he  aflBrms,  demands  that  we  shall 
give  to  the  people  of  the  Philippines  the  govern- 
ment of  their  choice.  The  fundamental  law  of 
our  religion  demands  that  we  shall  treat  them  as 
we  ourselves  would  be  treated.  In  1900  under 
Mr.  Bryan,  as  in  1860  under  Mr.  Lincoln,  the 
pai-ty  which  would  lift  up  the  manhood  of  the 
poor  makes  the  foundations  of  the  platform  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  and  the  Golden 
Rule.  Dare  men  of  conscience  repudiate  these 
principles  ;  dare  they  refuse  to  apply  them  to  the 
supreme  issue  pressing  for  settlement  ? 


CHILDREIf*8  ROOM,  CARNBGIB  LIBRARY  OF  PrrTSBURG—W TLIB  AVBNUB  BUARGH. 

THE   PROVISION    FOR   CHILDREN   IN   PUBLIC 

LIBRARIES. 

BY  KATHERINE  LOUISE  SMITH. 


A  WELL- KNOWN  sociologist  has  said  that 
the  greatest  successes  of  social  reform  lie  in 
the  work  for  children.  If  the  children  of  the 
present  are  taught  aright,  the  coming  generations 
will  tend  in  the  same  direction,  and,  by  uncon- 
scious evolution,  good  will  be  wrought. 

The  children's  library  is  gradually  being  rec- 
ognized as  a  great  factor  in  sociological  questions 
for  the  young,  and  the  incompleteness  of  any 
educational  system  which  does  not  provide  this  is 
being  forced  upon  us.  What  more  influences 
the  character  of  a  child  than  the  ideal  he  strives 
to  iollow  ?  Nothing  creates  ideals  sooner  than 
books,  and  if  the  public  is  to  profit  greatly  by 
its  library  it  must  be  trained  from  childhood 
into  the  use  of  proper  reading. 

It  is  said  that  50  per  cent,  of  our  children 
leave  school  before  the  age  of  twelve.  How  to 
reach  these  children  with  good  ajid,  at  the  same 
time,  educational  influences  is  a  problem  that  is 
agitating  the  workers  in  cities.  It  is  quite  as 
serious  as  those  which  confront  earnest  thinkers 
in  regard  to  the  betterment  of  men  and  women. 

What  to  do  with  the  children  in  the  free  public 
libraries  has  been  one  of  the  unsettled  questions. 
For  the  comfort  of  the  elder  readers  it  is  desir- 
able that  the  children  should  not  come  in  large 
numbers  into  the  main  part  of  the  library,  and 
yet  it  is  of  vital  importance  that  they  should  feel 
at  home  in  some  part  of  the  building. 

The   separation    of    children    from    the   adult 


users  of  the  library,  by  means  of  a  room  of  their 
own,  originated  in  the  public  library  of  Brook - 
line,  Mass.,  which  in  1890  set  aside  an  unused 
room  as  a  children's  reading-room.  In  1893  the 
Minneapolis  Library  fitted  up  a  room  for  the 
young  people  which  has  the  largest  number  of 
children's  books  provided  by  any  public  library 
in  the  country.  The  Denver  Public  Library  also 
opened  a  circulating  library  for  children,  and  by 
1896  Boston,  Omaha,  Seattle,  San  Francisco, 
Detroit,  New  Haven,  Buffalo,  Pratt  Institute 
(Brooklyn),  Pittsburg,  and  Kalamazoo  had  fol- 
lowed suit.  The  Chicago  Library  has  no  speci|il 
room  for  children,  and  they  are  expected  to  use 
the  branch  libraries.  Out  of  125  libraries,  31 
have  some  sort  of  children's  reading-room. 

At  present  there  are  four  principal  kinds  of 
children's  libraries  : 

1.  That  represented  by  the  New  York  Free 
Circulating  Library,  in  which  children  are  served 
with  adults. 

2.  That  of  the  Ulica  Library,  in  which  ju- 
venile literature  is  given  a  special  set  of  shelves. 

3.  That  of  the  Pratt  Institute  Free  Library, 
m  which  the  children  have  a  separate  room  open- 
ing out  of  the  room  for  adults. 

4.  That  of  the  Minneapolis  Public  Library,  in 
which  the  children  have  a  room  on  the  ground 
floor  entirely  separate  from  the  part  of  the  build- 
ing devoted  to  adults,  and  need  not  enter  the 
main  part  of  the  building. 


THE  PROyiSION  FOR  CHILDREN  IN  PUBLIC  LIBRARIES. 


49 


One  of  the  signs  of  improvement  is  the  fact 
that  libraries  are  not  simply  interested  in  chil- 
dren, but  are  devising  ways  to  do  more  effectual 
work.  The  building  and  furniture  of  the  chil- 
dren's department  are  important  factors,  and  the 
children's  librarian  must  have  the  l>est  scholastic 
training.  Most  of  all,  she  must  be  in  sympathy 
with  the  little  ones  and  be  in  every  way  their 
'*  guide,  philosopher,  and  friend."  The  librarian 
in  this  department  in  the  Kalamazoo  Library  is 
a  kindergartner  of  many  years*  experience.  Be- 
sides the  books  and  periodicals  for  use  in  this 
library,  they  have  dissected  maps,  pictures,  and 
drawing- cards  ;  also  pictures  that  the  children 
can  cut  up  and  paint.  On  cold  and 'stormy  Sat- 
urdays the  room  is  crowded  to  its  utmost  capa- 
city, and  the  sight  of  two  boys  on  one  cliair  is 
not  an  uncommon  one. 

The  demands  of  children  are  almost  as  various 
as  the  children  themselves,  and  a  sympathy  with 
child  nature  is  needful  to  understand  their  wants. 
As  a  rule,  one  attendant  is  kept  in  the  room  to 
give  the  children  personal  attention.  Some  li- 
braries have  an  age-limit  for  borrowers,  and  the 
a<lmis8ion  of  children  under  twelve  to  member- 
ship is  of  recent  date.  Cases  of  mischief- making 
are  rare,  though  the  temptation  to  carry  off  an 
interesting  book  is  a  strong  one,  and  the  number 
reported  lost  in  a  year  is  surprisingly  small. 

The  children's  room  is  open  daily  and  in  some 
cases  evenings.  It  has  been  thought  desirable 
that  chihlren  be  allowed  to  have  access  to  the 
shelves  and  select  their  own  books.  The  disad- 
vantage of  the  use  of  the  general  catalogue  by 
children  is  illustrated  by  the  boy  who  wanted  to 
read  something  besides  fiction,  and  walked  off 
with  Mrs.  Oliphant's  **  Annals  of  a  Publishing 
House"  under  his  arm.  Happily,  he  was  dis- 
oovereil  in  time  ;  but  the  only  remedy  is  a  room 
where  the  children  can  examine  the  books  on 
the  shelves.  Other  requisites  for  a  children's 
room  are  plenty  of  sunshine,  plenty  of  books, 
and  plenty  of  assistants. 

One  of  the  successful  features  of  the  work  for 
children  in  the  past  six  months  in  the  Cleveland 
Public  Library  has  been  the  display,  in  the  open 
ffcck,  from  week  to  week,  of  books  upon  various 
subjects.  Among  the  subjects  thus  displayed 
have  been  Arbor  Day,  artistic  book -making, 
Christmas,  hot- weather  dishes,  humor,  Lenten 
reading,  music,  and  war.  Successful  exhibits 
have  also  been  given  of  original  drawings  for 
>K)ok  illustration  and  book -cover  design,  the  work 
o(  the  Cleveland  Art  Scliool. 

An  experiment  has  been  started  in  the  organ- 

uation  of  the  Children's  Library  League,  which 

-  originated  in  Cleveland.     Children  in  the  league 

are  pledged   to  the   loving   care   of   the   books 


and  brought  into  relationship  with  the  library. 
Badges  are  proudly  worn  by  meml)ers.  A  short 
time  ago  a  mass -meeting  was  held  in  the  Music 
Hall  of  Cleveland,  over  5,000  children  being 
present.  This  league  exists  in  Jamestown,  N.  Y. , 
Dayton,  Ohio,  Minneapolis,  and  other  places. 
Everything  possible  is  done  to  get  children  to 
join,  and  the  following  has  been  issued  in  the 
form  of  a  book-mark  by  the  Minneapolis  Library  : 


MINNEAPOLIS 

PUBUC  LBRARY 


Llbraro  League  Book  Mark 

Slo.  u 

!>•  j«a  beloat  to  tiM  Library  Lcagoe? 

Wc  want  every  boy  and  girl  in  the 
City  to  become  a  member.  You  know 
wc  have  one  of  the  largest  children's 
libraries  in  the  United  States,  and  it  is 
a  great  deal  of  work  to  keep  it  in  good 
condition.  There  are  about  12,000 
books,  all  for  your  use  and  under  your 
protection.  In  September  wc  are  go- 
ing to  ask  you  to  sign  the  League 
pledge,  if  you  have  not  already  done 
so,  and  we  want  you  to  be  thinking 
about  it.    Here  it  is: 


V WW www 
r  We,  tiM  «ikler«lgned,  aenWrs  off  the  \ 
I  MiaaeepolU  Library  Leotno*  asreo  to  do  4 
^  all  la  oar  power  to  help  In  keeplaf  the  Pub-  j 
{  lie  Ubrary  books  from  theftondlQlnry.  We  J 
I  will  not  oartelvee  handle  any  library  book 
\  ronghly  •  or  mark  It.  or  turn  down  Icnvee, 


00k  i 
•  or  J 


r  expose  It  to  dttnagct  ffrom  rain  or  snow.  Wo  J 
»  will  do  whet  we  can  to  Interest  othera  la  4 


\  tbo  proper  care  of  the  library  books;  we  1 
an  end  to  the  j 


S  will  do  what  we  can  to  pot 
I  destrnctlon  of  library  property,  whet  cr  j 
>  books,' periodicals  or  newspapers,  by  will*  € 
L  f  nl  tearing  or  catting.  \ 


The   League  has  now   about   10,000 
members. 

Leagftie  Mottot  Qean  lieartB»  dean 
han^  dean  books* 


A  new  nature  book  mark  is  in  preparation  by 
the  Minneapolis  Library  which  will  contain  a  list 
of  books  suitable  for  nature  work. 

V^arious  other  book  marks  have  b<*en  adopted. 


50 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REI/IEIVS. 


The  one  which  has  been  in  general  use  is  the 
children's  Maxson  book- mark.  This  was  written 
by  the  Rev.  H.  D.  Maxson,  of  Menoinonee,  Wis. , 
and  is  used  in  numerous  libraries.  Its  unique 
wording  attracts  a  child  instantly,  and  he  will 
mind  the  precepts  where  a  stupid,  moralizing 
leaflet  would  obtain  no  attention.     It  runs  thus  : 


MAXSON  BOOK  MARK. 


''Once  on  a  time"  a  Library  Boole  was 
overheard  talking  to  a  little  boy  who  had 
just  borrowed  it.    It  said: 

''Please  don't  handle  me  with  dirty  hands. 
I  should  feel  ashamed  to  be  seen  when  the 
next  little  boy  borrowed  me* 

Or  leave  me  out  in  the  rain.  Books  can 
catch  cold  as  well  as  children. 

Or  make  marks  on  me  with  your  pen  or 
pencil;  it  would  spoil  my  looks. 

Or  lean  on  me  with  your  elbows  when 
you  are  reading  me.    It  hurts. 

Or  open  me  and  lay  me  face  down  upon 
the  table.    You  wouldn't  like  to  be  treated  so. 

Or  put  in  between  my  leaves  a  piencll  or 
anything  thicker  than  a  single  sheet  of  thin 
paper.    It  would  strain  my  back. 

Whenever  you  are  through  reading  me, 
if  you  are  afraid  of  losing  your  place,  don't 
turn  down  the  comer  of  one  of  my  leaver 
but  have  a  neat  little  Book  Mark  to  put  in 
where  you  stopped,  and  then  close  me  and 
lay  me  down  on  my  side  so  that  1  can  have 
a  good,  comfortable  rest. 

Remember  that  I  want  to  visit  a  great  many 
other  little  boys  after  .you  are  through  with 
me.:  Besides,  I  may  meet  you  again  some 
day,  and  you  would  be  sorry  to  see  me-  look* 
ihg  old  and  torn  and  soiled.  Help  me  to 
keep  fresh  and  clean,  and  1  will  help  you  to 
be  happy." 


The  Pratt  Institute  has  a  register  pledge  as 
follows  :  "By  writing  my  name  in  this  register 
I  pledge  myself  to  take  good  care  of  all  the  books 
I  draw  from  the  library  and  pay  all  fines  and 
damages  rightly  charged  against  me."  In  new 
books  is  pasted:  '*This  is  a  new  book.  Take 
good  care  of  it.  If  you  keep  it  clean  and  fresh 
it  will  last  a  long  time  and  many  other  boys  and 
girls  will  be  able  to  use  it."  This  institute  has 
frequent  lectures  for  the  chihlren,  exhibits  of 
flowers  and  birds,  and  the  room  is  cheery  and 
homelike. 

St.  Louis  takes  great  interest  in  its  child ren*s 
room.      The  department  is  in  charge  of  a  fornior 


teacher,  and  free  access  is  allowed  to  the  shelves. 
Since  Christmas  they  have  had  a  collection  of 
Madonnas,  surmounted  by  a  fine  engraving  of 
the  Bodenhausen  Madonna,  a  collection  of  pic- 
tures calling  attention  to  some  of  the  best  story 
l)Ooks,  and  a  unique  card  calling  attention  to  se- 
lections from  famous  poems,  with  suitable  illus- 
trations. 

During  the  holidays  some  libraries  have  ad 
vertised  children's  week,  and  the  number  who 
accepted  the  invitation  to  visit  the  libraries  has 
been  astounding.  The  government  of  these  li- 
braries requires  tact  and  sympathy.  No  force 
is  needed,  and  as  a  rule  the  little  ones  are  well 
behaved.     Indeed,  a  boy  or  a  girl  likes  the  re- 


children's  department,  kaijlmazoo  library. 

sponsibility.  Much  can  be  done  in  the  way  of 
educating  children  by  the  use  of  illustrations, 
and  pictures  often  appeal  where  books  do  not. 
Boston  has  a  picture  club,  with  folios  of  plioto- 
graplis  for  circulation  among  the  children. 

The  Milw^aukee  Public  Library  has  one  of  the 
finest  children's  rooms.  A  large,,  cheerful  room 
on  the  third  floor  is  given  over  to  the  children. 
About  8,000  books  are  slielved  here,  among 
which  the  children  are  allowed  to  go  and  choose 
their  own  reading.  Tliere  are  a  few  good  pic- 
tures and  casts  in  the  room,  and  on  the  wall  di- 
rectly opposite  the  entrance  is  painted  tastefully 
the  following  :  '*This  room  is  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  boys  and  girls  of  Milwaukee  ;  "  and 
this  is  the  spirit  of  the  work.  The  children  feel 
a  proprietary  interest  in  the  room,  and  like  to  aid 
in  keeping  the  shelves  orderly  and  to  report  books 
that  need  repair.  To  encourage  familiarity  with 
authors  their  birthdays  are  celebrated    by   dis- 


THE  PROyiSION  FOR  CHILDREN  IN  PUBLIC  LIBRARIES, 


51 


UNIVERSITY  SETTLBMEKT  LIBRARY,  NEW  YORK. 

playing  tlieir  portraits  and  pictures  illustrative  of 
their  works  with  the  books  tliemselves.  At 
Christmas  time  they  had  an  exhibition  of  copies 
of  the  famous  Madonnas.  During  the  spring 
they  had  an  exhibition  of  seventy-five  pictures 
of  birds,  with  books,  stories,  and  poems  about 
hirds  j)laced  in  a  conspicuous  place  near  them. 
A  talk  about  birds  was  also  given. 

Cincinnati  has  seen  the  need  of  a  children's 
room,  and  has  just  opened  one  capable  of  shelv- 
injf  5,000    volumes.     They  plan   to   make   it  a 
children's  library  and  read- 
ing-room, witli  competent 
attendants   to  guide  their 
tastes. 

Children  as  a  rule  enter 
a  lil)rary,  and  after  receiv- 
ing a  card  are  directed  to 
the    children's    room.      If 
they  wish  for  any  reason 
to  go   to  the   main  room 
they    are    permitted,    but 
most  children  are  satisfied 
with  the  l)ooks  in  their  own 
room.     A  f ter  choosing  the 
hook  he  desires,  either  with 
or  without  the  librarian's 
assistance,   the   book  with 
card  is  handed  the  libra- 
rian,   the    proper   charge 
niade,  and  the  child  passes 
oat,  unless  he  desires  to  re- 
ro^  to  read.      The  young 
people,  from  little  tots  who 
oannot  read  to  young  men 
and  women,'  enjoy   these 
privileges. 


Hawthorne,  **  Tangle- 
wood  Tales,*'  and  **The 
Jungle  Stories  "  are  not  too 
diflBcult  for  children,  and 
there  is  educational  value 
in  many  of  the  stories  of 
St,  Nicholas  and  other  so- 
called  juvenile  magazines. 
In  many  libraries  large 
tables  are  loaded  with  maps 
and  pictures,  and  many  a 
book  which  otherwise 
might  le  dull  is  found  in- 
teresting when  prettily  il- 
lustrated. 

Detroit  has  been   inter- 
ested in  the  work  for  chil- 
dren   since     1887,     when 
books   were  first    sent   to 
the   high  school .  for   help 
in  class  work.      It  now  has 
a  children's  room  on  the  ground  floor.     All  of 
the  best  periodicals  for  children  are  kept  on  file, 
and    errand    boys,    newsboys,    bootblacks,    and 
street  boys  come  in  the  long  winter  evenings  to 
enjoy  them. 

Every  effort  is  made  in  these  libraries  to  at- 
tract children,  and  last  summer  the  Toledo  Pub- 
lic Library  sent  to  the  scholai-s  in  their  city,  just 
before  the  close  of  the  term,  lists  of  books  for 
boys  and  girls  of  different  ages,  with  an  invita- 
tion  to  make  free  use  of  the  children's  room. 


NEW  YORK  rRKE  CIRCULATINQ  LIBHAKY,  CHATHAM  ^UARB  BRANCH. 


62 


THE  AMERrCAN  MONTHLY  REI/IEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


The  aim  in  this  library,  as  in  the  others,  is  to 
mate  the  room  a  source  of  pleasure  to  the  chil- 
dren and  to  counteract  the  evil  influences  of  the 
street. 

Boston  has  had  a  separate  department  for  chil- 
dren since  May,  1895.  The  age  limit  is  ten 
years  for  pupils'  cards  and  twelve  years  for  ordi- 
nary cards.  Seventy- five  hundred  books  are 
shelved,  of  which  500  are  a  reference  library. 
The  average  circulation  is  about  300.  There  are 
four  attendants  for  the  room.  This  library,  like 
others,  does  organized  work  with  the  schools. 
There  is  no  library  league.  Solar  prints  repre- 
senting   architecture   and  statuary  are  hung  in 


the  quality  of  reading,  the  children  are  encour- 
aged to  ask  questions.  Underneath  a  picture  of 
mother  bird  with  nest  full  of  eggs  are  Mr. 
Cheney's  bird  songs  and  a  list  of  various  kinds 
of  birds.  The  children  love  their  librarian,  and 
come  to  her  with  all  their  joys  and  griefs,  with 
demands  for  from  *  *  something  to  cure  a  sore 
knee  "  to  a  **  good  book  for  a  widow  woman  to 
read." 

The  children's  department  in  the  Buffalo  Pub- 
lic Library  consists  of  two  rooms,  a  reading- 
room  and  a  book- room.  Every  book  is  a  recom- 
mended one.  The  collection  started  with  2,000 
volumes,  to  which  over  5,000  have  been  added. 


■ 

—           $ 

J  J.  -lA  ■  i 

•^}'     m^i 

w^KiKm^k 

^  ^'^^Hlfc^  !m^^/ 

W' 

ifli 

V     ■■*  '^ 

CHILDREN'S  ROOM,  MINNEAPOLIS  PUBLIC  LIBRARY. 


the  main  room.  Howard  Pyle's  illustrations  of 
Woodrow  Wilson's  life  of  Washington  are  in  the 
reference  library.  Exhibits  which  interest  chil- 
dren are  shown  in  the  fine  arts  department. 
Pictures  hang  in  the  children's  room,  and  copies 
of  St. '  Nicholas^  Youth's  Companioriy  Golden 
DaySy  Birds  and  All  Nature,  Young  Catholic, 
Journal  de  la  Jeunesse,  Magasin  JllustrSy  and 
Deutsche  Jugendbldtter  are  to  be  found  on  the 
tablos. 

Quite  as  attractive  is  the  room  furnished  by 
the  Minneaoolis  T^lblic  Library  for  the  children. 
Exhibits  are  held  from  time  to  time,  and  last 
spring  the  evolution  of  the  American  flag  was 
depicted  in  a  series  of  colored  drawings  from  its 
beginning  to  the  present.  As  one  of  the  chief 
developments  of  work  in  this  room  is  to  improve 


The  average  circulation  for  the  past  year  has 
been  425  daily.  The  books  are  on  open  shelves, 
so  that  the  cliildren  make  their  own  selections, 
but  there  is  constant  supervision  and  aid  to  those 
who  desire  it.  Six  regular  assistants  are  in  this 
department,  and  they  receive  aid  from  the  main 
library  at  very  busy  times.  The  circulation  has 
gone  as  high  as  1,325  in  a  single  day. 

During  the  past  year  they  have  had  a  number 
of  special  displays  of  pictures — notably  the  Cen- 
tury pictures  of  original  drawings  of  war  articles 
in  the  Century  and  Hobson's  book.  They  have 
also  exhibited  tlie  process  of  making  a  plate, 
showing  six  different  stages  :  the  artist's  draw- 
ing ;  the  screen  from  which  the  picture  is  taken  ; 
the  negative  ;  the  plate  l>efore  receiving  the  acid 
bath  :   the  plate  after  going  through  the  etching 


THE  PROyiSION  FOR  CHILDREN  IN  PUBLIC  LIBRARIES. 


53 


TBS  JUmnLS  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  8T.  LOUIS  PUBUC  LIBRARY. 


process ;  the  finishing  proof.  On  the  bulletin 
boards  are  constantly  displayed  pictures  taken 
from  magazines  on  special  topics — anniversary 
days,  great  events,  birthdays  of  famous  men, 
also  pictures  bearing  upon  special  studies  given 
by  the  teachers  in  the  public  schools.  The  room 
is  made  attractive  with  flowers,  growing  plants, 
pictures,  and  books.  A  room  is  especially  pro- 
vided for  the  tiiiiest  children  with  games  and 
scrap-books,  and  miniature  chairs  and  tables 
seem  adapted  to  the  little  ones.  This  same  idea 
is  being  carried  out  in  smaller  new  libraries,  that 
of  Providence  in  particular. 

The  two  old  libraries  of  Denver  have  recently 
been  consolidated,  and  they 
have  been  in  their  new 
t)uilding  but  a  few  months. 
The  accompanying  picture 
is  of  their  new  children's 
room.  It  has  wall  shelving 
for  4,000  volumes.  Their 
aim  is  to  come  in  contact 
with  the  children  and  to  di- 
rect their  reading  without 
their  knowing  it,  having  al- 
ways in  mind  the  adage  of 
the  twig.  The  average  cir- 
nilation  of  the  room  is  300 
Iwoks  a  day. 

( )ne  notable  feature  about 
all  these  libraries  is  the  lib- 
erty given  children  and  the 
free*iom  from  abuse  of  that 
privilt^ge. 

A  series  of  questions  was 
sent  to  the  boys  and  girls 
who  frequented  one  library. 
They  were    pleased    to   be 


consulted,  abd  the  answers 
were  naive  and  respectful. 

Boys  seemed  to  prefer 
history  and  books  of  travel, 
while  girls  grew  enthusiastic 
over  fairy  stories  and  po- 
etry. Strange  as  it  may 
seem,  the  tastes  of  the  l>oys 
were  more  wholesome  than 
those  of  the  girls.  *  *  The 
Swiss  Family  Robinson," 
*'John  Halifax,"  **  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin,"  all  seemed 
favorites. 

One  of  the  most  interest- 
ing children's  rooms  is  in 
the  Wylie  Avenue  Branch 
of  the  Carnegie  Library  of 
Pittsburg.  It  has  a  con- 
stituency which  consists  for 
the  most  part  of  colored  children  and  children  of 
foreign  parentage.  The  chances  for  work  with 
these  children  are  almost  unlimited.  The  chil- 
dren are  of  all  ages,  from  babies  who  look  at 
picture-books  to  boys  and  girls  of  fourteen  to 
fifteen  years  of  age.  In  the  Carnegie  Library 
they  have  introduced  kindergarten  principles  into 
the  home  library  work  by  appointing  a  supervis- 
ing visitor,  a  kindergartner  who  has  had  years  of 
experience  in  the  free  kindergarten  and  summer 
playgrounds  of  Pittsburg. 

Nor  is  this  laudable  work  for  the  little,  ones 
entirely  confined  to  the  large  libraries.  All  over 
the  country  work  in  this  direction  is  Ijeing  agi- 


0HTLDRBN*8  ROOM,  MTLWAVKEC  PUBLIC  LIBRARY. 


54 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


tated.  Michigan  City,  Ind. 
had  recently  an  Indian  Day 
at  the  public  library.  A 
screen  in  the  children's 
room  was  covered  with  In- 
dian pictures  in  black  and 
white.  On  the  blackboaid 
was  written  in  bright  chalk 
a  list  of  new  Indian  books, 
and  in  a  case  and  on  tables 
were  placed  the  Indian 
books  in  the  library  for  the 
inspection  of  tlie  children. 

At  Champaign,  111.,  the 
library  is  so  fortunate  as  to 
have  a  series  of  story  hours 
for  the  children,  conducted 
every  week  by  a  member 
of  the  library  school  of  that 
place. 

It  is  the  opinion  of  the 
people  of  Evanston,  111., 
that  much  has  been  done 
by  tlie  establishment  of  a 
children's  corner.  Finding  they  could  not  devote 
a  room,  they  set  aside  a  corner  of  the  general 
reading-room  for  the  children,  and  the  good  re- 
sults outweigh  any  matter  of  inconvenience.  So 
successful  have  they  been  that  the  attendants 
feel  it  is  certainly  worth  while,  even  at  the  risk 
of  crowding,  to  have  a  children's  corner  if  a  sep- 
arate room  cannot  be  provided. 


Q    fn.».n 


MhSk 


CH1LUREN*8  HOOM,  PMATT  INSTITUTK,  BROOKLYN,  N.  Y 


THE  TOUMO  rOULB  IN  THE  CLEVELAND  PUBLIC  LIBKART. 


Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  also  has  a  children's  cor- 
ner. An  innovation  is  the  children's  club,  di- 
vided into  chapters,  which  the  children  join  ac- 
cording to  age.  The  Eugene  Field  Chapter  is 
for  the  little  ones  from  six  to  eight  yeara  of  age, 
and  the  Lowell  Chapter  for  those  from  fourteen 
to  sixteen. 

A  unique  exhibition  was  given  a  short  time 
ago  at  Bloomington,  111. 
They  had  a  dog  show  in 
the  city,  in  which  the  chil- 
dren were  of  course  much 
interested.  Desiring  a  sim- 
ilar attraction  at  the  li- 
brary, they  secured  from 
the  manager  of  the  show 
some  of  his  colored  post- 
ers, and  with  a  list  of 
books  attached  tliey  made 
a  sensation  among  the 
boys. 

Jamestown,  N.  Y. ,  Ev- 
erett, Mass.,  and  Dayton, 
Ohio,  each  have  children's 
libraries,  and  Circleville, 
Ohio,  provides  the  Ohio 
pupils'  reading  course, 
which  was  introduced  into 
their  schools,  as  well  as 
the  best  books  in  the  ju- 
venile line. 

Cambridge.  Mass. ,  has  a 
room  with  an  outside  en- 
trance,   so    that    the    chil- 


THE  PROVISION  FOR  CHILDREN  IN  PUBLIC  LIBRARIES. 


65 


dren  do  not  disturb  people  in  the  other  parts  of 
the  Hbrary. 

An  interesting  method  of  librarian's  work 
among  children  originated  with  Mr.  Charles  W. 
Birtwell,  secretary  of  the  Boston  Children's  Aid 
Society.  •'  I  had  been  connected  with  the  Chil- 
dren's Aid  Society  but  a  short  time,"  says  Mr. 
Birtwell,  **when  many  avenues  of  work  opened 
up  before  me,  and  it  was  quite  perplexing  to  see 
how  to  make  my  relations  to  the  various  children 
I  became  acquainted  with  real  and  vital.  Among 
other  thin^,  the  children  ought  to  have  the  bene- 
fit of  good  reading  and  become  lovers  of  good 
l)ooks.  ...  A  little  bookcase  was  designed. 
It  was  made  of  white  wood,  stained  cherry,  with 
a  glass  door  and  Yale  lock.  It  contained  a  shelf 
for  fifteen  Iwoks,  and  above  that  another  for 
juvenile  periodicals.  The  whole  thing,  carefully 
designed  and  neatly  made,  was  simple  yet  pleasing 
to  the  eye.  I  asked  my  little  friends  Rosa  at  the 
North  End,  Barbara  over  in  South  Boston,  and 
Giovanni  at  the  South  End  if  they  would  like 
little  libraries  in  their  homes,  of  which  they 
should  be  the  librarians  and  from  which  their 
playmates  or  workmates  might  draw  books,  the 
supply  to  be  replenished  from  time  to  time. 
They  welcomed  the  idea  heartily,  and  with  me 
set  about  choosing  the  boys  and  girls  of  their 
respective  neighborhoods  who  were  to  form  the 
library  group." 

Thus  originated  what  is  known  as  the  home 
hbrary  system.      Twenty-five  dollare  purchases 


a  small  bookcase  of  white  wood,  stained  cherry, 
with  glass  doors  and  a  lock,  and  covers  the  price 
of  seventeen  books  and  a  year's  subscription  to 
St.  Nicholas,  Youth's  Companion^  and  a  child's 
newspaper.  This  scheme  has  been  tested  in  some 
libraries,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  it  has  not 
been  universally  adopted.  The  Carnegie  Library 
has  twenty  of  these  small  libraries  in  circulation, 
and  Brooklyn  and  Chicago  report  good  results 
along  this  line. 

In  its  work  with  schools  the  <  *  special  library 
system  "  is  sometimes  used.  In  some  towns  it 
is  the  custom  for  whole  classes  to  visit  the  library 
and  in  company  with  the  teacher  examine  books 
which  treat  of  the  subjects  being  studied.  This 
is  often  done  in  the  children's  room. 

A  glance  at  the  happy  faces  in  the  children's 
room  is  all  that  is  needed  to  show  that  such  a 
place  is  a  step  in  the  right  direction.  People 
are  gradually  beginning  to  realize  this — and  to 
provide  a  proper  room  for  the  young.  The  li- 
brarian must  be  a  person  of  tact  and  with  a  love 
for  children.  The  very  fact  that  the  child  vol- 
untarily opens  his  heart  demands  sympathy  and 
discrimination.  It  is  a  delicate  position,  and  one 
requiring  a  ready  knowledge  of  child  nature. 

The  library  that  does  not  recognize  this  work 
as  one  of  the  developments  of  the  future  will 
soon  find  itself  behind  the  times.  The  Pratt  In- 
stitute acknowledges  this  when  it  gives  in  the 
curriculum  for  a  librarian's  second  year  of  study 
**  visits  to  children's  libraries." 


THB  DENVEB  PUBUO  LIBRA RT*8  QUARTBH8  FOB  TOUNQ  PBOPLB. 


THE   PUBLIC  LIBRARY  AND  THE   PUBLIC 

SCHOOL. 


THE  foregoing  article  describes  the  work  now 
carried  on  in  many  American  public  libra- 
ries, with  a  view  to  encouraging  and  guiding  the 
reading  of  children.  The  methods  described  by 
Miss  Smith  have  been  adopted,  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent,  by  the  public  library  administration 
of  nearly  every  one  of  our  larger  cities,  and  of 
more  than  one  of  the  smaller  towns  and  villages. 
In  most  instances  the  initiative  has  been  taken 
by  the  libraries;  but  the  factor  of  active  coopera- 
tion between  the  public  library  and  the  public 
school  has  been  an  important  element  in  much  of 
this  work.  For  nearly  twenty  years,  Mr.  Samuel 
S.  Green,  librarian  of  the  Free  Public  Library  at 
Worcester,  Mass.,  has  been  an  untiring  advocate 
of  such  cooperation;  and  in  other  cities,  east  and 
west,  the  intelligent  effort  of  school  superintend- 
ents, principals,  and  teachers  to  direct  the  read- 
ing of  the  children  under  their  care  has  not  been 
lacking.  So  important  has  this  question  become, 
in  the  discussions  of  educators,  that  a  special 
committee  to  report  on  the  relations  of  public 
libraries  to  public  schools  was  appointe'd  at  the 
meeting  of  the  National  Educational  Association 
held  in  Washington  in  1898.  The  full  report  of 
this  committee  has  recently  been  published,*  and 
its  suggestions  are  worthy  of  the  closest  attention 
from  all  oflBcers  of  schools  and  libraries,  as  well 
as  from  others  concerned  in  any  way  with  the 
administration  of  these  important  educational 
agencies. 

From  that  portion  of  the  report  which  deals 
with  the  special  function  of  the  school  in  intro- 
ducing children  to  the  proper  use  of  books,  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  Charles  A.  McMurry,  we  gather 
that  a  great  advance  has  recently  been  made  in 
the  matter  of  intelligent  discrimination  as  to 
suitable  reading  for  young  children.  Mr.  Mc- 
Murry says  : 

To  teach  children  how  to  read  so  that  they  could 
make  use  of  books,  newspapers,  etc.,  was  once  looked 
upon  as  a  chief  object  of  school-work.  We  now  go  far 
Iwyond  this,  and  ask  that  teachers  lead  the  children 
into  the  fields  of  choice  reading  matter,  and  cultivate 
in  them  such  a  taste  and  appreciation  for  a  considerable 
number  of  the  best  books  ever  written  that  all  their 
lives  will  be  enriched  by  what  they  read.  This  is  one 
of  the  grand  but  simple  ideals  of  the  schocli*oom,  and 

•  Copies  of  this  report,  at  15  cents  each,  may  be  procured 
from  the  secretary  of  the  association.  Prof.  Irwin  Shcpard, 
Winona,  Minn. 


lends  great  dignity  to  every  teacher's  work  in  the  com- 
mon schools.  The  most  solid  and  satisfactory  reasons 
can  be  given  why  this  should  be  done  in  every  school- 
room. These  substantial  materials  of  culture  belong 
to  every  child  without  exception.  They  are  an  indis- 
pensable part  of  that  general  cultivation  which  is  the 
birthright  of  every  boy  and  girl.  The  child  that  by  the 
age  of  fourteen  has  not  read  "  Robinson  Crusoe,"  "  Hia- 
watha,'^  *' Pilgrim's  Progress,"  "The  Stories  of  Greek 
Heroes,"  by  Kingsley  and  Hawthorne,  **  The  Lays  of 
Ancient  Rome,"  **Paul  Revere's  Ride,"  "Gulliver's 
Travels,"  "The  Arabian  Nights,"  "Sleepy  Hollow," 
"Rip  Van  Winkle,"  "The  Tales  of  the  White  Hills," 
"  The  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,"  Scott's  "  Tales  of  a 
Grandfather,  "  Marmion,"  and  "  Lady  of  the  Lake,"  the 
story  of  Ulysses  and  the  Trojan  War,  of  Siegfried,  Wil- 
liam Tell,  Alfred,  and  John  Smith,  of  Columbus,  Wasli- 
ington,  and  Lincoln — the  boy  or  girl  who  has  grown  up 
to  the  age  of  fourteen  without  a  chance  to  read  and 
thoroughly  enjoy  these  books  has  been  robbed  of  a  great 
fundamental  right ;  a  right  which  can  never  be  made 
good  by  any  subsequent  privileges  or  grants.  It  is  not 
a  question  of  learning  how  to  read— all  children  who  go 
to  school  learn  that ;  it  is  the  vastly  greater  question  of 
appreciating  and  enjoying  the  best  things  which  are 
worth  reading. 

TRAVELING    LIBRARIES. 

An  application  of  the  traveling- library  system, 
in  connection  with  the  public  schools,  has  be<*n 
successfully  operated  in  several  cities.  In  Mil- 
waukee, for  example,  library- cards  are  issued  to 
pupils  of  the  public  schools  by  the  teachei-s, 
under  the  general  supervision  of  the  librarian 
and  his  assistants.  Teachers  go  to  the  library 
and  select  enough  books  for  their  pupils,  lists  of 
books  for  young  people  and  for  special  pur- 
poses having  been  published  by  the  library.  The 
books  thus  selected  are  placed  in  boxes  and  sent 
by  the  library  to  the  school.  They  are  changed 
after  eight  weeks.  In  the  year  1897  twenty- 
three  thousand  books  were  thus  issued  nearly 
ninety  thousand  times. 

The  Public  Library  of  St.  Louis  has  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty -five  sets  of  books,  carefully 
selected  with  a  view  to  the  needs  of  the  first 
four  grades  of  the  public  schools,  each  set  con- 
sisting of  thirty  copies  of  an  attractive  book,  so 
that  all  the  children  in  the  class  may  be  reading 
tlie  book  at  the  same  time  ;  thus  adding  to  the 
interest  of  it,  and  enabling  the  teacher  to  con- 
duct class  exercises.  The  librarian,  Mr.  Fred- 
erick   M.    Crunden,   to  whom    we   are  indebted 


A  PROFITABLE  PH/LANTHROPHY. 


67 


for  these  facts,  states  that  this  work  would  have 
been  quintupled  if  the  library  had  possessed 
the  means. 

Thus  far  we  have  been  unable  to  supply  even  the 
first  four  grades,  while  we  have  done  very  little  work 
in  the  higher  grades.  This  has  reversed  the  usual 
order,  but  I  believe  that  the  sooner  you  begin  in  at- 
tempts to  give  children  a  love  for  reading  the  better. 
In  the  public  schools  it  is  all  the  more  essential  to 
reach  the  lowest  grades  first,  because  so  many  children 
leave  without  going  beyond  the  fourth  or  fifth  grade. 
Moreover,  it  is  easier  to  inculcate  a  love  for  reading  in 
young  children  than  it  is  in  older  ones ;  and  the  sup- 
plementary reading  more  directly  aids  the  regular 
school-work  in  lower  grades.  Indeed,  since  the  chief 
thing  taught  in  the  earlier  grades  is  reading,  the  more 
practice  they  get  the  more  rapid  will  be  their  progress. 
The  way  to  learn  to  read  is  to  read  ;  and  if  reading  is 
made  interesting,  by  giving  children  attractive  books, 
the  teacher  will  be  relieved  of  all  further  care.  In  the 
school  In  this  city  where  the  greatest  amount  of  this 
reading  is  done,  the  principal  tells  me  that  they  do  not 
have  to  give  any  thought  to  discipline ;  that  the  school 


takes  care  of  itself ;  that  the  children  are  so  interested 
in  their  work  and  their  books  that  they  are  perfectly 
orderly.  He  tells  me,  also,  that  they  let  the  children 
do  all  the  reading  of  books  in  school  that  they  may 
want  to  do. 

This  striking  success  reported  from  the  St. 
Louis  schools  has  been  essentially  duplicated  in 
two  Philadelphia  schools  which  have  recently  htfd 
the  use  of  traveling  libraries  supplied  by  the 
efficient  free -library  system  of  that  city.  This 
lias  led  the  Public  Ledger,  in  its  issue  of  April  5, 
to  advocate  the  general  adoption  of  the  plan  by 
the  city -school  system. 

Experience  seems  to  have  shown  that  the  prac 
tical  cooperation  of  the  library  and  the  school  not 
only  adds  greatly  to  the  direct  value  of  the  former 
as  an  educational  agency, — the  only  function  of 
the  free  library  that  justifies  its  maintenance  by 
taxation, — but  at  the  same  time  it  actually  in- 
creases the  efficiency  of  the  school  itself.  The 
librarian  makes  the  teacher's  task  easier. 


A   PROFITABLE   PHILANTHROPY. 


BY  HELEN  R.    ALBEE. 


IT  seems  rather  strange,  when  one  considers  the 
broad  scope  of  American  philanthropy, — 
which  includes  the  founding  of  libraries,  mu- 
seums, and  art  galleries,  the  care  of  the  poor, 
the  sick,  and  the  fallen,  the  endowment  of  insti- 
tutions to  meet  every  conceivable  need,  the  mil- 
lions spent  annually  on  ineffectual  attempts  to 
save  the  souls  of  the  heathen, — that  it  has  almost 
wholly  ignored  a  most  promising  field  of  opera- 
tion. It  has  failed  to  respond  to  the  urgent 
needs  of  healthy,  able-bodied  youth  in  rural  dis- 
tricts. It  has  overlooked  the  undeveloped  and 
unused  labor  of  young  men  and  women  who,  for 
lack  of  steady  and  remunerative  employment, 
leave  their  homes  and  add  to  the  increasing 
throngs  that  seek  the  large  citiesi,  thereby  ren- 
dering tlie  problems  of  overpopulation  and  the 
unemployed  more  and  more  complicated. 

Without  this  increase  the  situation  is  difficult 
enough,  for  there  ever  arises  the  seemingly  un- 
answerable question,  Where  shall  those  already 
Uving  in  cities  find  employment  ?  Where,  for 
example,  shall  the  trained  art  student,  the  de- 
sifnier,  and  the  artist-artisan  find  a  suitable  and 
profitable  market  for  their  talents  ?  Few  open- 
ings for  them  are  to  be  found  in  the  great  cities, 
and  fewer  still  in  the  smaller  towns  ;  yet  what  is 


to  be  done  with  the  energies  of  multitudes  hav- 
ing talent,  skill,  -and  training  who  are  graduated 
yearly  from  the  various  schools  of  design  ? 

An  answer  to  this  lies  in  the  rural  districts. 
Once  emancipated  from  the  idea  that  he  is  de- 
pendent upon  the  city  manufacturer  and  uix)n 
satisfying  the  capricious  taste  of  the  general  pub- 
lic as  reflected  through  the  manufacturer,  the 
prospect  of  the  art-worker  is  infinitely  enlarged. 
He  sees  that  he  may  become  a  manufacturer  him- 
self, and  may  mold  public  taste  and  not  ser- 
vilely follow  it.  The  true  art  student  represents 
a  certain  bent  of  original  talent,  and  it  is  for  hiln 
to  ascertain  what  his  gift  is.  Presuming  that  it 
lies  in  the  direction  of  furniture,  he  may  find  in 
almost  any  country  community  in  America  men 
who,  under  careful  supervision,  could  be  trained 
to  do  fine  cabinet- work,  who  could  again  pro- 
duce the  beautiful  handmade  furniture  of  colo- 
nial and  later  periods.  Such  work  is  well-nigh 
impossible  in  cities,  where  living  is  high  and 
work  is  crowded  and  slighted  because  of  fierce 
competition  ;  but  in  country  districts  where  the 
laborer  owns  his  home  and  raises  his  fruit  and 
vegetables  on  his  own  bit  of  land  he  can  afford 
to  put  honest,  painstaking  handwork  into  a  table, 
a  chair,  or  a  chest  of  drawers.      For  lack  of  in- 


58 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


telligent  direction  in  this  single  craft  an  incal- 
culable amount  of  undeveloped  skill  has  been 
wasted  in  Anieri'ica,  and  this  waste  has  reacted 
more  disastiously  upon  the  general  public  than 
upon  the  uuhired  worker.     Tlie  latter,  for  want 


Courtesy  of  the /'ra//  jHstitute  Monthly.  - 

A  NORTH  CAROLINA  HOU8BWIFB  WEAVING  COVERLETS. 

of  regular  employment  even  as  a  common  car- 
penter, grows  accustomed  to  a  precarious  living, 
and  drifts  into  a  careless  indifference  whether  lie 
works  or  not.  He  lapses  into  the  negligent  im- 
providence so  characteristic  of  the  small  American 
farmer  when  he  is  not  urged  to  industry. 

But,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  public  has  grown  so 
used  to  machine-made 
goods  that  it  has  lost  near- 
ly all  sense  of  beauty  and 
even  of  utility  in  furni- 
ture. The  enormous  quan- 
tity ground  out  and  the 
cutting  of  prices  which 
inachiiiery  makes  possible 
have  resulted  in  cheapen- 
ing the  product,  which  has 
degenerated  into  little  else 
than  veneer  and  varnish, 
in  half  seasoned  wood  and 
^lued  joinings,  in  simu- 
lated carvings — in  every- 
tiling  which  vitiates  and 
debases  public  taste  and 
lowers  the  standard  of 
public  integrity.  The  ris- 
ing generation  has  no 
standard  of  value  save 
cheapness  and  show.  It 
buys  an  article  to-day  with 
the  confessed  intention  of 
throwing  it  away  to-mor- 
row.     This  begets  an  ex- 


travagance and  wastefulness  that  threaten  to  sap 
more  than  our  purses.  There  is  no  article  of 
household  furnishing  or  supplies  that  is  not  in- 
vaded by  the  tawdriness,  the  sham  and  adultera- 
tion of  unscrupulous  but  canny  manufacturers 
who  have  striven  to  meet  the  demand  for  cheap 
and  cheaper  imitations  of  beauty  and  luxury.  If 
any  one  questions  the  truth  of  this  statement,  let 
him  study  the  bargain  advertisements  in  the 
ilaily  papers. 

This  severe  indictment  cannot  be  universally 
applied,  for  there  are  multitudes  of  untainted 
Americans  who  value  honest  workmanship  and 
are  willing  to  pay  a  living  wage  for  it,  and  it  ia 
to  this  class  the  trained  designer  w^ith  his  rural 
workers  could  apj)eal  with  confidence  of  gaining 
patronage.  In  many  country  districts  where  se- 
lected wood  can  be  obtained  at  a  minimum  cost, 
and  in  a  scattered  population  of  only  a  few  liun- 
dred  inhabitants,  there  are  at  least  a  dozen  men 
of  average  intelligence  eking  out  a  niggardly 
living  at  semi- farming  and  odd  jobs,  who  if 
trained  would  be  capable  of  reproducing  Chip- 
pendale, Sheraton,  or  Hepplewhite  furniture. 
They  would  gladly  work  for  the  most  moderate 
wages  ;  and  this  is  but  a  pin's  point  on  the  in- 
dustrial field  of  America. 

Furniture  is  merely  one  department  that  in- 
vites the  art  worker.  Miss  Sibyl  Carter  has 
demonstrated    that    lace  can    be  manufactured 


Courtesy  of  the  Pratt  Institute  Mont, 


NORTH     CAROLINA     WEAVING. 

r*  Double  Bow-Knot"  Pattern.) 


COTTON-MILLS   IN   COTTON-FIELDS. 


BY  LEONORA  BECK  ELLIS. 


OF  the  three  natural  staples  on  which  the 
United  States  relies  for  her  chief  wealth, 
cotton  has  been  bringing  its  producers  the  small- 
est monetary  returns  in  proportion  to  the  ulti- 
mate value  of  the  product.  This  has  not  been  a 
normal  situation,  nor  one  in  whicli  any  section 
of  the  country  whose  interests  in  every  part  are  a 
unit  could  take  unqualified  satisfaction.  Rather 
it  has  been  among  the  industrial  problems  that 
have  fretted  large-minded  statesmen  North,  East, 
and  West,  as  well  as  South  ;  for,  in  every  land, 
questions  of  State  are  daily  becoming  more  en- 
tirely questions  of  economics. 

But  the  solution  of  the  difficulty  appears  clear 
at  last.  Let  the  South  do  with  her  staple  what 
France  does  with  the  product  of  her  silkworms, 
or  Ireland  with  her  flax — that  is,  get  the  utmost 
possible  value  out  of  it  before  letting  it  go. 
The  cotton  growing  belt  seems  to  have  waked 
up  lo  the  fact  that  its  only  salvation  lies  in  be- 
coming the  cotton -manufacturing  section  as  well. 

Before  the  war  between  the  States,  there  were 
but  few  cotton-mills  in  the  South — so  few,  in  fact, 
ibat  they  were  not  taken  into  account  when  the 
markets  of  the  world  were  weighed.  Indeed,  there 
were  -Southern  men  foolish  enough  to  look  upon 
these  manufacturing  efforts  as  exotic  in  their  na- 
ture— alien  and  out  of  place  in  a  region  whose 
vast  plantations  produced  sufficient  native  wealth 
to  need  no  supplementing.  To  them  it  seemed 
easy  and  natural  to  sell  the  fleecy  staple  at  the 
best  obtainable  prices,  which  averaged  very  high 
at  that  period,  and  let  others  spin  and  weave  it 
and  trade  in  the  output  of  the  money-making 
but  vulgar  factories  I  This  mental  attitude,  like 
the  industrial  situation  itself,  was  brought  about, 
it  is  plain  to  see,  by  the  conditions  accompany- 
ing  slavery.  The  growth  of  a  servile  popula- 
tion, closely  approximating  in  numbers  that  of 
tte  white  proprietors  had,  as  in  all  countries 
similarly  cursed,  prevented  the  development  of 
the  sturdy  middle  classes,  and  fostered  a  type 
of  intolerance  and  narrowness  of  view  among  the 
aristocratic  landholders. 

Changes  came,  swiftly  and  overwhelmingly; 
and  adjustment  to  the  new  conditions  was,  of 
necessity,  slow.  It  required  almost  the  space  of 
a  generation  for  us  of  tlie  South  Atlantic  and 
.^ulf  States  to  arouse  and  fully  grasp  the  truth 
that  unaided  agriculture,  with  an  all-cotton  pol- 
icy, was  leaving  us  poorer  and  poorer  each  year  ; 


that,  while  the  cost  of  raising  the  staple  had 
been  greatly  advanced,  under  our  altered  and 
still  unsettled  system  of  labor,  and  with  thou- 
sands of  acres  of  exhausted  land  an  incubus  on 
our  hands,  yet  the  status  of  the  world's  markets 
was  such  that,  by  their  manipulation,  the  cotton- 
grower  could  be  forced  to  sell  his  crops  at  un- 
reasonably low  figures,  while  on  the  other  hand 
foreign  manufacturers  could  compel  him  to  pay 
fictitious  prices  for  the  fabrics  made  from  his 
own  raw  material. 

An  industry  in  the  northeastern  part  of  our 
country  was  thriving  apace  with  its  kindred  in- 
dustry in  England  ;  but  that  upon  which  the  New 
England  mills  depended  wholly,  and  the  English 
ones  largely,  kept  declining  until  ruin  and  starva- 
tion stood  in  the  path  of  the  Southern  farmer. 
Yet  still  the  blindness  lasted  a  little  longer,  for 
light  conies  slowly  through  such  darkness  as 
ours.  **  Overproduction  of  cotton"  was  the  din 
in  our  ears,  even  when  it  was  easy  to  see  this 
disproved  by  the  continued  high  prices  of  the 
manufactured  goods.  But  **  overproduction  ' 
became  the  watchword  of  many  a  Southern 
economist  who  bitterly  accused  his  farming  neigh- 
bor of  stupidity,  when  he  continued  to  plant  in- 
creasing cotton  crops  from  year  to  year — always 
deluded,  it  seemed,  by  the  hope  that  the  prices 
of  the  raw  and  the  manufactured  products  were 
just  about  to  be  put  in  more  equitable  propor- 
tion. 

The  first  clear  light  upon  the  situation  came 
from  the  lesson  of  the  few  mills  that  were  work- 
ing and  prospering  at  our  very  doors.  These 
had  been  put  in  operation,  in  the  main,  in  ante- 
bellum days,  by  men  so  advanced  as  to  be  looked 
upon  as  something  freakish  among  our  conserva- 
tive and  easy-going  people.     The  Converse  and 


ORANITEVILLB  MILL,  WATKR-POWEB  DIRSCT,  AT 
ORANITEVILLR,  8.  C. 

(Erected  In  1S46.) 


62 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  JtEK/EW  ORkEVlElVS. 


Graniteville  mills  of  South  Carolina,  and  the 
Eagle  factory  of  Georgia,  are  representative  of 
that  pioneer  movement.  Had  the  forceful  preach • 
ing  and  example  of  William  Gregg  in  1840-46, 
of  Converse  about  the  same  time,  and  their  few 
far-sighted  compeei-s,  been  promptly  heeded  and 
followed,  the  South  would  not  have  missed  its 
manifest  destiny  all  that  long,  dark  half  a  cen- 
tury. 

Spartanburg,  Augusta,  Columbus,  were  looked 
to ;  the  lesson  was  drawn,  and  practical  applica- 
tion of  it  made.  Between  1880  and  1890  other 
mills  sprang  up  in  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia — a 
surprising  number,  it  appeared  to  the  slow-wit 
ted,  who  were  unprepared  for  any  progress  in 
this  normal  direction.  Yet  when  the  decade 
ended,  we  had  only  1,500,000  spindles  and 
something  less  than  39.000  looms — not  10  per 
cent. ,  in  aggregate,  of  New  England's  handsome 
showing  1  Besides,  we  were  manufacturing  only 
heavy  yarns  and  coarse  goods,  and  were  still 
without  the  textile  institutions  which  alone  can 
assure  endurance  and  advancement  in  a  move- 
ment like  tliis. 

But  once  let  such  a  tide  set  through  a  country 
inhabited  by  a  hardy,  intelligent,  and  progres- 
sive people,  there  are  always  vital  forces  to  carry  it 
onward.  The  few  Soutliern  factories  of  1880 
have  now  grown  to  be  many,  and  the  many  are 
fast  being  multiplied  into  a  host,  spreading  from 
the  tliree  States  that  felt  the  original  impulse,  un- 
til all  of  the  ten  are  reached  and  revivified  by  it. 

In  the  five  years  from  1890  to  189.5, — and  that 
they  were  difficult  years  for  the  country  at  large, 
no  one  can  have  forgotten, — the  Cotton  Belt 
doubled  its  number  of  spindles  and  looms  ;  in 
the  four  years  since  that  time,  the  maximum  of 
1895  has  been  fairly  doubled  again.  To  realize 
this,  take  Charlotte,  N.  C,  as  your  center  and 
travel  aliout  a  circle  whose  radius  is  only  100 
miles.  Within  this  limited  area  you  will  find 
to-day  over  300  mills,  operating,  in  round  num- 
bers, 2,500,000  spindles,  and  nearly  twice  as 
many  looms  as  the  entire  South  had  when  the 
last   census  was  taken.     The  major  portion  of 


^      1 

fiiTrff-itst^ 

41 

these  mills  have  been  running  bolh  day  and 
night  since  last  summer,  thus  doubling  their  es- 
timated capacity.  This  makes  it  easy  to  under- 
stand how  the  Old  North  State  will  be  able  to 
use  every  bale  of  her  own  cotton  crop  of  1899. 
Yet  it  is  her  sister,  South  Carolina,  that  holds 
the  present  supremacy  in  this  manufacture  in 
our  section,  and  is  pressing  Rhode  Island  close 
for  the  next  place  to  Massachusetts  out  of  the 
entire  Union. 


THE  VICTOR  STEAM-POWER  HILL,  CHARLOTTE,  N.  O. 


ATDERTON  KILL,  CHARLOTTE,  N.  O 

It  should  be  remarked,  also,  that  while  cotton 
factories  are  springing  up  as  if  by  magic  in  cot- 
ton-fields, there  is  no  growth  of  the  industry  in  . 
any  part  of  the  world  remote  from  the  fields — 
which  may  be  taken  to  mean  that,  when  so  plain 
a  law  of  fitness  once  begins  to  assert  itself,  it 
meets  no  challenge  of  right.  Another  point  to 
be  noted  in  this  connection  is  that  the  section 
which  makes  about  75  per  cent,  of  the  universal 
cotton  crop  has  at  last  claimed  the  prerogative  of 
setting  the  price  for  Lancashire  instead  of  fol- 
lowing the  reverse  but  unnatural  rule  which  has 
prevailed  from  our  first  harvest  until  the  pres- 
ent one. 

The  bare  fact  that  Southern  mill  men  paid  7^ 
cents  for  cotton  early  in  the  season,  when  Liver- 
pool and  New  York  were  offering  7,  speaks  very 
eloquently  of  a  triumph  that  has  the  essential 
elements  of  an  enduring  gain. 

The  situation  to-day  is  full  of  promise  for  the 
future  ;  the  long-established  paradox  has  been 
overthrown  ;  the  normal  is  asserting  its  sway. 
An  evolution  through  processes  so  natural  can 
but  proceed  to  happy  consummation.  It  is  esti- 
mated that,  with  American  labor  and  methods, 
something  less  than  eight  times  the  present  num- 
ber of  spindles  in  the  South  will  be  needed  to 
convert  our  annual  harvest  into  yarn.  At  the 
rate  of  progress  now  maintained,  the  next  cen- 
tury will  still  be  in  its  first  quarter  when  it  sees 
every  pound  of  cotton  grown  in  the  United 
States  transferred  direct  from  the  gins  to  mills 


COTTON-MILLS  IN  COTTON- FIELDS. 


63 


close  ai  hand.  This  cannot  fail  to  signify  that 
the  price  paid  the  producers  for  the  raw  material 
and  the  cost  imposed  upon  the  consumers  for  the 
woven  fabrics  will  be  more  equably  based  than 
under  the  preceding  abnormal  conditions. 

No  obstacle  stands  in  the  way  of  this  attain- 
ment. No  one  would  stretch  a  liand  to  prevent 
the  Cotton  States  from  manufacturing  all  of 
their  staple  and  selling  only  cotton  cloths  and 
garments  to  the  outside  world  ;  thus  increasing 
the  annual  8300,000,000,  which  the  harvest 
from  their  fields  has  l>een  bringing,  to  the 
♦  1,000,000,000  it  is  capable  of  commanding. 
The  sane  man  does  not  live  who  would  dispute 
the  right  of  any  section  to  the  richest  possible 
results  of  its  own  productive  industry. 

Casuists  ask  if  we  should  not  hesitate  in  our 
advance,  because  of  the  disasters  we  may  bring 
upon  manufacturers  in  distant  parts.  The  ques- 
tion scarcely  deserves  to  be  taken  seriously.  A 
return  to  the  natural  in  • 
volves  no  liurt  that  is 
difficult  of  cure.  As 
far  as  our  brethren  of 
the  Northeast  are  con- 
cerned, we  have  only 
to  point  to  the  inex- 
haustible ingenuity  and 
adaptability  of  the 
American  *  for  a  satisfy- 
ing answer.  He  always 
makes  the  best  of  a  bad 
situation  ;  and  this  he 
must  now  do  with  his 

New  England  cotton-mills,  all  out  of  place  as 
they  are. 

But  practical  men  are  asking  us  far  other 
questions.  When  we  assert  that  the  natural 
conditions  in  the  Cotton  Belt  cannot  be  met  by 
the  artificial  ones  elsewhere,  they  hasten  to  grant 
the  point  of  advantage  in  the  proximity  of  the 
mills  to  their  source  of  supply,  which  eliminates 


THE  PEC  DEE  MILLS,  UOCKINOHAM, 
DIKKCT. 


THE  ROBERDKL  MILLS,    ROCKINGHAM,  M.  C. 

the  burdensome  costs  of  transportation  to  dis- 
tant parts  ;  they  are  driven  also  to  concede  the 
superiority  of  our  climate  for  this  work,  since, 
even  with  the  use  of  direct  water-power,  the 
wheels  can  turn  every  day  in  the  year.  But 
they  tell  us  that  these  items,  together  with  those 
of  cheap  fuel,  cheap  building  materials  and 
ground  -  space,  and  a  20,000,000  horse -power 
lying  practically  idle, 
count  little  against  the 
facts  that  our  expensive 
machinery,  constantly 
to  be  renewed,  too,  is 
shipped  great  distances 
to  us  ;  that  we  have  not 
the  local  capital  which 
would  assure  perma- 
nence to  this  movement ; 
that  we  have  not  water 
of  the  peculiar  quality 
required  for  bleacher- 
ies  ;  and,  above  all,  that 
we  are  destitute  of  the  skilled  native  labor  needed 
for  operatives,  and  the  wide  experience  and  lib- 
eral trainmg  necessary  to  successful  managers  of 
great  factories. 

We  must,  for  the  present,  admit  their  first 
point,  interposing  only  the  fact  that  a  few  manu- 
factories of  very  fine  machinery  are  beginning  to 
operate  amon^  us — as  at  Charlotte,  N.   C,  and 


N.  C.     WATER-POWEB 


ELECTBIC-POWEB  HOUSE,  PELZER  MILLS,   PELZEH,  8.  C. 


64 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Atlanta,  Ga.  As  to  the  absence  of  capital  in 
the  South,  wJien  did  capital  ever  wait  very  long 
to  meet  favorable  combinations  of  circumstances  ? 
A  concrete  instance  will  best  serve  to  overthrow 
this  objection.  The  Pelzer  mills,  on  the  Saluda 
River,  S.  C,  were  begun  in  1882,  the  company 
being  organized  in  Charleston,  with  a  paid-up 
capital  of  $400,000.  Mill  No.  1  was  in  opera- 
tion the  following  year,  and  out  of  its  profits 
soon  grew  No.  2  ;  by  similar  evolution  came 
No.  3,  No.  4,  and  No.  5.  Nor  is  it  only  at 
Pelzer  that  three  and  four  mills  can  be  pointed 
out  as  offshoots  from  the  parent  stock,  not  a  dol- 
lar beyond  the  original  capital  having  been  in- 
vested except  the  annual  profits.  On  looking 
through  the  records  in  the  Departments  of  State, 
both  at  Columbia  and  Raleigh,  one  will  be 
amazed  at  the  number  of  similar  instances. 
The  charge   of   lack 


of  water  of  the  proper 
quality  for  perfect 
bleaching  has  been  dis- 
posed of  by  competent 
official  analyses  and  re- 
ports recently  pub- 
lished. For  instance, 
it  has  been  indisputably 
proved  that  at  Hunts- 
ville,  Ala.,  there  is  a 
practically  inexhausti- 
ble supply  of  water  a;s 
excellent  for  this  pur- 
pose as  the  finest  in 
Europe. 

The  argument  re- 
garding labor  bears,  on 
the  face  of  it,  a  certain 
value — yet  a  value  which  vanishes  on  closer 
inspection.  One  who  has  a  familiarity  with 
sociological  and  miiustrial  conditions  in  the 
South  recognizes  here  the  presence,  in  great 
abundance,  of  the  cheapest  labor  in  the  world 
in  comparison  with  the  industry  and  skill  of 
which  it  is  capable.  This  labor  is  clieap  be- 
cause living  is  cheap  at  the  South,  with  fuel  a 
small  item,  rents  low,  garden,  dairy,  and  farm 
produce    lavishly   plentiful    through    the    eight 


TBI  GABALBIOH  M1LL8,  RALBlOa,  N.    C. 

months  of  mild  weather,  and  less  expensive 
clothing  required  than  in  a  cold  climate.  The 
laborers  are  industrious,  because  they  come  mainly 
from  the  poorer  class  of  farmers — a  class  that 
have  managed  to  subsist,  during  the  hard  years 
since  1865,  only  by  dint 


MILL  NO.  4,  AT  PEI^ER,  8.  C. 


TBI  BRWIN  STEAM-POWER  MILLS,  DURHAM,  N.  G. 


of  indefatigable  indus- 
try. They  are  suscep- 
tible of  speedy  training 
to  the  necessary  degree 
of  skill,  because  they 
are  naturally  intelligent 
and  self-reliant  ;  free- 
born  Americans,  how- 
ever overwhelmed  they 
may  be  by  the  poverty 
and  illiteracy  that  has 
fallen  upon  this  section. 
The  managers  of 
Southern  mills  uniform- 
ly attest  the  excellent 
quality  of  the  native 
white  labor,  declaring 
that  they  desire  no  bet- 
ter. True,  in  the  departments  requiring  imme- 
diate application  of  the  highest  mechanical  skill, 
ability  in  design,  and  kindred  accomplishments, 
those  mills  have  thus  far  had  to  make  importa- 
tions from.  New  England,  Great  Britain,  and 
(lermany.  But  this  phase  will  soon  pass.  Tech- 
nological schools  are  growing  and  being  freshly 
endowed  in  every  Southern  State,  and  well- 
equipped  textile  institutions  or  textile  depart- 
ments in  other  institutions  may  now  be  found 
training  great  numbers  of  our  youth,  where,  but 
a  dozen  years  back,  not  one  such  school  was 
known  south  of  Mas(m  and  Dixon's  line.  The 
textile  schools  at  Clemson,  S.  C,  and  Atlanta, 
Ga. ,  are  doinpc  especially  excellent  work.  Through 
the  efforts  of  these  and  kindred  influences,  the 
"all  coarse-goods"  policy  of  Southern  mills 
must  shortly  be  a  thing  of  the  past. 

The  managers  of  our  factories  are  already 
found  to  he  nearly  invariably  Southern- born 
men,  often  college- bred  ;   sometimes  with  only  a. 


COTTON-MILLS  IN  COTTON- FIELDS. 


WINDING  THE  YARN  INTO  HANKS  BBFOUB  DTBING. 


good  business  training,  but  always  with  the  wide 
inteUigence  and  acumen  that  has  led  them  first 
to  study  closely  industrial  phases  in  other  parts 
of  the  world,  and  later  to  bring  home  and  put 
to  good  use  the  results  of  such  study. 

Allusion  has  been  made,  elsewhere  in  this  ar- 
ticle, to  the  great  profits  accruing  from  the  opera- 
tions of  the  newly  established  mills.  If  any  one 
has  good  reason  for  requesting  it,  conclusive 
proof  can  be  furnished  him  that  scores  of  these 
factories  earned  from  50  per  cent,  to  90  percent, 
daring  the  past  year.  While  many  of  the  mill- 
ovners  are  reticent  on  the  question  of  profits, 
Tel  all  admit  that  very  few 
Sonthern  mills  have  failed  to 
make  at  least  45  per  cent,  on 
their  capital  in  1899.  No 
"Be  expects  such  remarkable 
earnings  to  prove  a  perma- 
nent feature  of  this  industry  ; 
bat  even  when  dividends 
^ve  sunk  to  their  normal 
^♦^vel,  these  will  still  be  large 
enough  for  the  reasonable  in- 
vestor. 

It  may  be  asked,  Where 
vill  our  markets  be  found 
when  the  spindles  and  looms 
have  again  b«*en  multiplied 
f»y  eipht  ?  The  Soutli  Caro- 
•ina  mills  publish  the  fact 
^Hat  they  are  now  engaged 
*^f*t  exclusively  in  supply- 
ing the  ports  of  China.  Near- 
ly half  of  the  North  Carolina 
*od  a  ihinl  of  tlio  Alabama 


and  Georgia  goods  go  to  the 
same  country  ;  but  the  Chi- 
nese market,  with  400,000,- 
000  of  people  to  be  repre- 
sented by  it,  is  scarcely 
touched  yet.  Let  those  ports 
remain  open,  and  there  can 
be  no  overproduction  by 
American  mills.  The  parti- 
tion of  China  by  the  coun- 
tries of  ** closed  doors" 
would  undoubtedly  be  a  blow 
to  our  promising  industry  ; 
but  it  would  not  mean  ruin 
while  Japan,  Siam,  Korea; 
the  Eastern  Archipelago,  and 
the  immense  home  expanse 
are  to  be  supplied.  Besides, 
there  is  more  probability  of 
constantly  multiplying  chan- 
nels of  trade  in  China  than 
of  its  partition  ;  and  an  in- 
teroceanic  canal,  cheapening  transportation  from 
the  Cotton  States  to  that  great  purchaser  of  cot- 
ton fabrics,  appears  no  longer  so  vague  a  dream. 
American  economists  are  not  called  upon  to  fret 
over  the  future  adjustment  of  supply  and  de- 
mand ; — in  this  case  it  is  an  easy  question. 

One  who  has  found  interest  in  this  plain  expo- 
sition of  the  present  status  of  cotton -manufactur- 
ing in  the  Gulf  and  Lower  Atlantic  States  would 
probably  be  interested  also  in  the  practical  pro- 
cesses by  which  the  complicated  machinery  shut 
in  by  brick  walls  is  converting  the  fiber  grown 
in  the  fields  just  outside  into  fabrics  ready  for 


WBAVINO  ORKB8  OINOHA1I8. 


66 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI/IEiV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


J^'f 


%^'l^ 


STOIiBIiOOM.— WAITING  SHIPMENT. 

clothing.  If  it  is  autumn  when  lie  visits  us,  he 
will  first  walk  or  drive  down  a  road  stretching 
probably  through  a  wide  expanse  of  tlie  tall  hibis- 
cus-like plants,  loaded  with  their  snowy  fleece. 
At  the  factory  he  secures  his  passport  from  the 
manager,  or  perhaps  the  manager's  personal  es- 
cort, and  starts  at  the  starting-point,  the  vital 
center.  If  it  be  a  steam-power  mill,  this  will  be 
the  boiler-room — the  source  of  all  the  mighty 
power  where  the  centuried  sunshine  stored  in  the 
coal  is  transformed  into  an  active  energy  to  be 
applied  to  water,  which,  in  its  most  forceful 
form,  passes  on  to  pulsate  the  great  engine  Iieart. 
With  a  note  of  admiration  for  the  marvelous  ar- 


terial system,  where  belt,  shaft,  and  pulley  con- 
vey the  tremendous  force  to  the  members  l>e- 
yond,  the  visitor  moves  on  to  the  carding-room, 
where  the  lint  is  torn  to  pieces  by  a  series  of 
combs  and  cleaned  of  all  dust  and  other  forei^'n 
matter.  Next  he  follows  the  fiber  to  the  spin- 
ning-room, where  it  is  drawn  out  and  twisted 
into  a  coarse,  loose  thread,  and  then,  through  suc- 
cessive stages  of  twisting  and  combing,  into 
hnrder,  closer,  and  stronger  thread,  until  the 
*'yarn"  is  ready  for  the  dye- vats.  When  duly 
seasoned  into  color,  the  hanks  of  J^arn  are  passe<l 
around  heated  drums  until  they  are  dried.  The 
looms  are  then  ready  for  them,  and  the  visitor 
watches  in  dumb  fascination  the  play  of  the  life- 
like shuttle  through  the  web,  and  the  steady  evo- 
lution of  daintily  patterned  gingham  or  zephyr. 

From  the  weaving-room  he  still  follows  the 
cotton,  now  a  fabric,  and  the  finishing-room  is 
the  next  department.  Here  the  cloth  is  passed 
through  vats  of  **  sizing,"  whicli  is  in  brief  a 
sort  of  starch.  Drying  again  aroun<i  drums 
succeeds  the  starching,  and  finally  a  -process  of 
glazing  or  polishing,  before  it  is  automatically 
measured,  and  at  the  same  time  folded  into 
bolts. 

Last  stage  of  all,  the  warehouse  or  shipping- 
room,  whence  it  will  emerge,  perhaps  to  be  ma*ie 
into  neat  shirts  and  tidy  dresses  for  the  very 
farmer's  lads  and  lasses  who  cultivated  and 
gathered  the  cotton  or  wove  it  into  cloth  ;  per- 
haps, on  the  other  hand,  to  be  fashioned  into 
the  uncouth  garments  of  the  far-away  Celestial. 


T 

li 

jM 

tfi^ 

Lt 

A 

a 

i 

1 

h 

^^^H 

M 

^H^HHi 

ONE  OF  THE  LOOMS. 


FINIBUINO  MACHINE. 


NEW   DEVELOPMENTS   IN  TEXTILE  SCHOOLS. 

BY  JANE  A.   STEWART. 


IT  is  recognized  by  American  manufacturers 
that,  if  iliey  are  to  meet  the  manifold  de- 
mands made  upon  textile  art  in  the  creation  of 
novel,  beautiful,  and  attractive  fabrics,  it  nmst 
be  by  brains  educated  for  the  special  work. 
America  has  to  go  to  the  Old  World  for  her  dec- 
orative art.  Apropos  of  this,  President  Theo- 
dore Search,  of  the  Pennsylvania  Museum  and 
School  of  Industrial  Art,  says  :  *' With  consum- 
mate energy  and  skill  we  have  developed  the 
commercial  and  trading  side  of  our  industries; 
but  there  remains  a  tremendous  liiatus  between 
tlie  office  and  the  loom,  which  has  seldom  been 
successfully  bridged.  We  must  have  designers 
who  not  only  know  how  to  repeat  a  design  made 
by  somebody  else,  but  who  are  able  to  originate 
designs  that  are  artistic  in  the  highest  sense  of 
the  term."  To  which  Principal  E.  W.  France, 
of  the  same  school,  adds  the  weight  of  his  valu- 
able testimony  :  **  It  is  not,  after  all,  on  the  side 
of  science  that  our  industrial  needs  are  most  im- 
portant to-day  ;  it  is  upon  the  side  of  art.  It  is 
in  matters  of  taste  that  we  need  training  the 
most ;  it  is  the  artistic  element  tliat  constitutes 
the  charm  of  textile  productions  and  enables  the 
good  goods  to  hold  the  market.  No  amount  of 
cheapening  of  processes  can  compensate  for  the 
absence  of  this  quality,  and  no  amount  of  merely 
technical  education  or  mechanical  skill  can  supply 
this  want.  .  .  .  The  product  of  the  foreign  looms 
has  found  and  is  finding  a  market  in  our  midst, 
not  because  it  is  cheaper,  but  because  it  is  more 
beautiful ;  and  it  is  more  beautiful,  not  l>ecause 
of  the  jemployment  of  better  machinery  or  more 
economical  methods  of  production,  but  because 
its  chai-acter  is  determined  by  a  finer  taste." 

Systematic  textile  instruction,  consequently, 
is  now  considered  necessary  to  improve  the 
manufacture  and  encourage  the  production  of 
those  goods  on  which  there  is  the  greatest  margin 
of  profit,  because  of  the  artistic  skill  ne(!essary 
for  their  manufacture.  Furthermore,  the  textile 
school  is  now  looked  upon  as  essential  to  provide 
intelligent  management  for  textile  factories,  and 
to  apply  systematic  methods  and  precision  to  the 
textile  industrial  arts. 

Textile  education  is  just  at  the  initial  stage  in 
this  country.  Several  institutions  have  l)een 
started,  among  them  the  textile  schools  at  Phila- 
delphia and  at  Lowell,  Mass.  The  latest  is  tfiat 
opened  in  Noveml>er  lastat  Xew  Pedfoni,  Mass. — 


a  school  which,  in  its  plans  and  operations,  maybe 
taken  as  typical  of  the  American  institution  and 
as  emlx)dying  in  its  features  the  best  results  of 
European  experience  and  the  best  development 
that  the  textile  school  has  so  far  made  in  this 
country.     This  is  due  very  largely  to  its  man- 


CHKISTOPHKU  P.  BROOKS. 

(Managing  Director  New  Bedford  Textile  School.) 

aging  director,  Christopher  P.  Brooks,  a  member 
of  tlie  Permanent  Bureau  of  the  International 
Congress  on  Technical  Education,  of  which  the 
headquarters  are  at  Paris.  Professor  Brooks  had 
previously  planned  and  set  in  operation  the  textile 
school  at  Lowell.  Later  he  inaugurated  the 
American  Corresjx>ndence  School  of  Textiles,  • 
which  has  students  in  every  manufacturing  State 
of  the  I'nion,  in  Canada,  England,  and  India, 
and  which  he  conducts  conjointly  with  the  man- 
agement of  the  Xew  Bedford  scliool.  Professor 
Brooks'  high  professional  capacity  and  ripe  ex- 
perience in  the  superintendence  and  e(}ui[)ment 
of  mills  have  constitutcMl  )iim  a  forceful  factor  in 
the  development  of  textile  training  in  America. 
The  textile  world  and  the  varn  market  reco^- 


68 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


nize  New  Bedford  as  the  home  of  fine  cotton 
yarns.  With  but  one  exception  (Fall  River),  it 
is  the  largest  cotton- manufacturing  city  m  the 
country,  its  spindles  numbering  1,282,332  and 
its  looms  23,610.  Both  geographically  and  cli- 
matically the  natural  conditions  favor  the  in- 
dustry by  excelling  in  that  degree  of  humidity 
which  is  essential  to  fine  yarn  spinning.  Tiie 
foresight  and  wisdom  of  local  manufacturers  have 
given  textile  instruction  a  great  impetus  in  tliis 
fine  school.  The  Massachusetts  statute  of  1895 
provided  for  the  establishment  of  textile  schools 
under  State  patronage  in  any  city  of  the  common- 
wealth whose  mayor  would  certify,  before  July  1 
of  that  year,  that  there  were  450,000  spindles  in 
operation  within  its  boundaries.  Among  those 
who  took  an  active  part  in  securing  this  legisla- 
tion were  leading  New  Bedford  manufacturers. 
Immediately  upon  the  pas- 
sage of  the  bill  the  neces- 
sary corporation  of  citizens 
was  formed,  including 
Mayor  David  L.  Parker, 
Philip  T.  De  Normandie, 
N.  B.  Kerr,  Robert  Bur- 
gess, William  J.  Kent, 
Isaac  R.  Tompkins,  Wil- 
liam W.  Crapo,  George  R. 
Stetson,  Rufus  A.  Soule, 
Charles  O.  Brightraan, 
Samuel  J.  Smith,  Jonathan 
Rowland,  Jr. ,  Lemuel 
Holmes,  Samuel  Ross, 
George  W.  Hillman,  John 
Wilkinson,  and  Oliver 
Prescott,  Jr..  with  George 
E.  Briggs  president.  The 
school  now  stands  as  a  mon- 
ument to  the  enterprise  and 
energy  of  these  men.  Its 
highest  claim  at  the  present 
time  upon  the  attention  of 
the  American  people  is  that 
as  the  first  building  exclu- 
sively designed  an<i  erected 
for   a   textile    school   in 

America  it  stands  as  a  model,  and  that  as  rep- 
resentative of  an  educational  work  of  supreme 
value  it  is  highly  significant  and  suggestive. 

In  a  general  way  the  New  Bedford  institution 
has  been  well  characterized  as  a  cotton -mill  with 
a  schoolhouse  front.  Of  the  old  colonial  style 
of  architecture  carried  out  in  brick  and  stone,  it 
is  dignified,  symmetrical,  and  substantial.  Tiie 
front  of  the  big  building  for  thirty  feet  is,  on  all 
three  floors,  a  school  fully  equii)ped.  The  rear 
is  a  cot  ton -mill  on  a  small  but  complete  scah?. 
Appreciating  the  advantages  of  liaving  tlie  future 


mill  men  of  New  England  familiar  with  their 
machinery,  it  was  policy  on  the  part  of  manu- 
facturers to  donate  and  install  samples  of  their 
machines.  Consequently,  everything  that  was 
required  in  the  way  of  equipment  was  contrib- 
uted, bringing  the  cost  of  the  fine  structure, 
inclusive  of  land,  well  within  4;25,000,  though 
representing  a  value  of  fully  lj;75,000.  As  tlie 
corporation  had  an  appropriation  of  $25,000 
from  the  State  and  an  equal  sum  from  the  city, 
it  still  has  working  capital  for  future  expansion. 
The  textile  school  is  an  educational  institution 
where  instruction  is  given,  either  in  the  day  or 
evening,  in  the  spinning,  weaving,  dyeing, 
bleaching,  and  printing  of  textiles  or  textile 
fibers  and  in  the  designing  of  patterns.  In  its 
best  form  it  combines  theory  and  practice.  The 
teaching  of  a  thing  is  made  to  illustrate  the  prac- 


A   CLASS  IN   HAND-LOOM   WEAVING. 


tice,  and  the  teaching  of  the  practice  is  directed 
to  the  acquisition  of  the  theory.  For  such  teach- 
ing a  sufficient  supply  of  apparatus  is  a  first 
requisite  ;  but  the  machinery  in  the  textile  school, 
as  may  be  apprehended,  is  used  witli  different 
objects  and  intention  from  that  of  the  factory. 
Every  machine  of  ecnsequence  to  the  cotton - 
spinning  industry  is  to  be  found  here,  so  that 
the  New  Bedford  institution  stands  as  a  sort  of 
museum  of  appliances  ])ertaining  to  textile  art. 
The  problem  of  e(juipment  which  Professor 
Brooks  had  to  overcome  is  understood  when  it  is 


NEIV  DEl^'ELOPMENTS  IN  TEXTILE  SCHOOLS. 


69 


A  DE810NINQ  CLASS  IN  SESSION. 

known  that  in  a  space  about  one- twentieth  of  the 
area  of  a  regular  cotton-mill  is  given  opportunity 
for  practicing  every  process  and  studying  every 
type  of  machine  for  cotton  manufacturing  that 
the  student  is  apt  to  meet  in  after  life.  Every 
machine  had  to  be  made  especially  for  this  build- 
ing, that  it  might  contain  all  the  essential  fea- 
tures, yet  in  smaller  space  than  a  mill.  The 
completeness  and  compactness  of  the  plant  are 
noteworthy. 

The  New  Bedford  institution  carries  on  sys- 
tematic textile  training  in  six  courses.  It  offers 
two-year  courses  in  cotton  manufacturing,  in  de- 
signing, and  in  mill  engineering.  It  also  offers 
one-year  courses  for  weaving- mill  and  yarn-mill 
superintendents  and  for  dry-goods  commission 
men.  The  only  requirements  besides  good  char- 
acter are  the  equivalent  of 
a  grammar  or  high  school 
education,  and  that  the  can- 
didate be  not  less  than  four- 
teen years  of  age.  It  has 
lieen  found  necessary  to  ira- 
p^jse  a  fee  on  non-residents 
nf  the  State,  which  is  ma- 
terially decreased  for  resi- 
dents, in  the  day  classes. 
In  order  that  the  advan- 
tages of  the  school  may  be 
made  available  by  local  mill 
operatives,  evening  sessions, 
duplicating  the  day  courses, 
and  in  sections,  are  held 
four  evenings  each  week 
with  nominal  fees.  The 
evening  department  also 
provides  facilities  for  prac- 
t  i  c  a  1 1  y  frc^e  education  to 
those  who  cannot  \m  expect- 
ihI  to  defray  the  whole  cost 
of  their  textile  education. 


In  the  textile  school  the 
pupil,  having  qualified  in 
the  ordinary  school  branch- 
es, studies  everything  j)er- 
thining  to  the  manufacture 
of  woven  fabrics.  In  his 
first  year  he  devotes  his 
attention  to  mechanism  and 
machine  drawing,  warp 
preparation,  plain  and  fancy 
weaving,  and  hand -loom 
work.  The  second  year's 
study  embraces  cotton-pick- 
ing, carding,  combing  and 
spinning,  and  mill  engineer- 
ing. In  addition,  for  rea- 
sons already  made  clear, 
the  two-year  course  is  taken  up  largely  with  de- 
sign and  its  applications. 

A  visit  to  the  weaving- room  holds  most  fasci- 
nation to  the  art  lover  and  to  him  who  believes 
that  the  true  province  of  any  technical  school 
should  never  be  subordinated  to  the  teaching  of  a 
trade.  Apropos  of  this,  the  director  of  one  of 
the  most  famous  textile  schools  abroad  once  said 
to  visitors  :  **Pray  do  not  call  this  a  weaving- 
school  ;  it  is  a  school  of  art  applied  to  weaving." 
The  element  of  beauty  which  is  required  for  the 
finer  products  of  the  loom  means  training  in  art 
for  the  men  and  women  workers  in  the  textile 
industries  of  the  future. 

At  the  New  Bedford  school,  consequently, 
original  designing  is  given  every  possible  stimu- 
lus.    The  process  of  application  follows,  for  the 


THE  NEW  BEDFORD  6CHOOU     COTTON-SPINNINO  ROOM. 


70 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


designs  are  then  woven  by  their  inventors  at  in- 
dividual looms.  In  the  interesting  work  of 
producing  tlie  pattern  in  the  woven  fabric  the 
freehand  sketch  is  first  redrawn  on  squared  paper 
adjusted  to  tlie  possibilities  of  weaving,  each 
square  representing  a  thread.  A  skillful  work- 
man prepares  cards  according,  to  the  design  by 
punching  in  them  definite  sets  of  Iioles.  These 
perforated  cards  afterward  suppress  or  release 
the  individual  wires  of  the  Jacquard.loom,  very 
much  as  the  perforated  disk  in  a  music  box  pro- 
duces the  desired  air. 

Most  people  have  only  a  vague  idea  of  the 
workings  of  the  loom.  One  watches  with  fas- 
cination the  movement  of  the  •*  harnesses"  as 
they  dexterously  raise  one 
set  of  threads  and  lower  the 
alternate  set,  thus  opening 
a  V-shaped  shed  through 
which  the  shuttle  shoots. 
The  shuttle  in  its  passage 
pays  out  the  *•  filling/' 
which  with  the  threads  at 
right  angles  to  it  form  the 
warp  and  woof  of  the  fabric. 
The  harnesses  govern  the 
rise  and  fall  of  the  warp 
threads,  so  that  these  ap- 
pear on  the  surface  in  the 
prearranged  pattern.  In 
the  primitive  loom  the  warp 
threads  are  controlled  in 
gangs  by  their  harnesses, 
in  the  Jacquard  loom  each 
thread  is  lowered  or  raised 
individually  by  a  wire  cor- 
responding in  action  to  a 
harness,  the  possibilities  of 
the  loom  being  limited  only 
by  the  skill  of  the  weaver 
and  the  excellence  of  the  design.  About  fif- 
teen types  of  looms,  all  different,  but  arranged 
for  convenience  in  practice  to  use  warps  of 
the  same  width,  are  part  of  the  installation  of 
the  New  Bedford  school.  Among  them  are  the 
Whitin,  Mason,  Crompton  &  Knowles,  Kilburn 
&  Lincoln,  Draper,  English,  and  Jacquard  looms. 
They  are  hung  up  to  weave  sateens,  dimities, 
lawns,  plain  sheetings,  box  welt,  table-cloth, 
Bedford  cord,  satin  stripes,  ginghams,  j)rint 
cloths,  worsted  dress  goods,  and  toweling. 

The  earlier  processes  of  carding  and  spinning 
are  taught  the  second  year.  The  card- room 
has  a  section  for  spinning.  More  pro])erly  tliis 
af)artuient  might  be  ejille<l  a  yarn -mill  ;  lor  in 
this  one  room,  less  than  70  fe(?t  square,  the  cot- 
ton is  brouglit  from  its  raw  state  up  to  a  finished 
yarn,  ready   for  weaving.      A  knowledge  of  the 


delicate,  intricate,  and  fascinating  operation  of 
cotton  manufacturing  is  acquired  in  the  carding 
and  spinning  processes,  by  which  the  cotton 
fibers,  after  being  ''picked,"  are  laid  out  all  in 
one  direction,  absolutely  parallel,  into  a  thin 
film,  and  that  film  twisted  into  a  tiiread  ready 
to  l>e  woven — all  done  with  such  nicety  by  the 
varied  machinery  that  in  perfect  yarn  every  yard 
of  yarn,  or  roving,  or  thread  will  weigh  exactly 
the  same  number  of  grains  with  every  other 
yard  in  a  given  lot  and  number.  The  pupil  here 
learns  to  manipulate  three  processes  of  picking, 
three  types  of  cards  (all  English  style,  but  of 
American  manufacture),  three  kinds  of  drawing- 
frames,  the  ribbon  lapper,  the  comber,  the  rail- 


^ 

13 

p^P 

■_.. 

1? 

•A  ,    1 

■  M 

im 

1 

1 

^ 

h 

^ 

•I 

^ 

'^'' 

m 

1             f 

"^^^■^■^^1 

A  LKA80N  IN  POWER-LOOM  WKAVrNO. 

way  head,  four  processes  of  fly  frames,  the  spin- 
ning-mules, two  tyj'KJs  of  ring  spinning- frames, 
and  the  wet  and  dry  twister.  The  instruction  is 
directed  largely  to  an  elucidation  of  the  principles 
of  construction  and  operation  characteristic  of  each 
machine.  The  second  year's  course  also  includes 
the  science  of  mill  construction  and  management, 
with  every  practical  detail  of  textile  statistics, 
cost,  methods,  markets,  and  varieties  of  goods, 
and  advanced  mechanism,  or  machine  drawing, 
and  designing,  covering  the  art  of  color  as  applied 
to  fabrics,  the  contrast  and  harmony  of  colors, 
and  jacquard  designing.  Opportunity  is  afforded 
fur  advanced  academic  studies  concurrently  with 
those  in  the  textile  school  and  for  the  study  of 
chemistry  and  dyeing  at  a  neighboring  free  in- 
stitute. 

The  textile  school  is  reju-esentative  of  the  true 


NEIV  DEl^ELOPMENTS  IN  TEXTILE 


republican  ideal  in  that  it  affords  the  opportunity 
to  the  worthy  untrained  workman  to  make  the 
must  of  himself.  The  operative  in  the  mill  may 
here  have  the  privilege  of  acquiring  any  branch 
of  the  textile  industry  and  studying  any  particu- 
lar machine  in  which  he  is  interested  or  any 
8j)ecial  process  at  nominal  cost. 

Too  much,  however,  must  not  be  expected  of 
the  textile  school.  The  school  practice  is  not 
intended  to  give  that  complete  mastery  and  ra- 
pidity of  execution  which  can  only  l^e  acquired 
in  tlie  factory.  It  piust  be  held  in  mind  that  the 
textile  school  is  an  institution  for  trade-teaching, 
where  efficient  workers  of  intelligent  self- activity 
and  high  initiative  may  be  produced — workers 
who  can  at  once  find  employment  and  satisfac- 
torily fill  responsible  positions,  owing  to  the  skill 
and  knowledge  there  acquired.  The  time  may  be 
anticipated  when  every  important  manufacturing 
center  of  America  will  have  these  supplementary 
technical  schools  for  purposes  of  special  culture 
in  the  manual  professions. 

The  New  Bedford  Textile  School  is  the  out- 
come largely  of  the  development  of  the  cotton- 
manufacturing  interests  in  the  South,  as  well  as 
of  European  example  and  enterprise  in  textile 
eiiucation.  The  far-seeing  manufacturers  of  New 
England  foresee  the  time  when  the  manufacture 
of  the  cheaper  and  coarser  goods  must  from 
♦^conomic  advantages  be  preempted  by  the  South, 
an<i  have  seized  the  opportunity  to  take  an  ad- 
vance step.  The  whole  trend  of  the  textile  in- 
'iustry  in  New  England  to-day  is  toward  the  pro- 
•iuction  of  finer  and  more  artistic  material,  for 
which  is  required  skillful  and  intelligent  work- 
manship of  the  highest  grade,  such  as  special 
textile  training  in  a  well-equipped  institution 
wiay  be  ex|>ectecl  to  provide. 

Though  competition  with  the  South  in  cotton - 
manufacturing  is  a  comparatively  new  feature  in 
the  textile  industry,  it  is  not  feared,  but  rather 
hailed,  by  the  wise  manufacturer  for  its  bearing 
on  national  prosperity.  The  advance  of  the 
South  in  this  direction  involves  a  broadening  of 
the  whole  industry,  an  expansion  of  foreign 
•*ommerce,  and  a  growth  in  our  exports  of  manu- 
factured goods.  It  is  a  fact  that  only  one- third 
of  the  raw  cotton  now  produced  remains  in  this 
country ;  the  other  two- thirds  go  to  Great 
Britain  and  other  European  countries,  to  be  man- 
'ifactared  and  by  them  exported  in  various  di- 
r^^tions.  With  Southern  mills  for  coarser  prod- 
'icts  and  Northern  mills  for  finer  grades,  the 
Tnited  States  may  Ije  expected  to  take  its  place 
f<e»idf  the  larger  exporting  countries  of  the  world. 

Neither    is    there    any    serious    apprehension 


THE  NEW  BEDFORD  TEXTILE  SCHOOL. 

among  New  England  manufacturers  over  the 
prophecy  that  the  South  will  soon  be  using  all  its 
raw-cotton  product,  and  have  none  for  Northern 
mills.  This  is  on  a  par  with  the  dread  of  coal 
exhaustion.  When  there  is  a  demand  for  more 
cotton,  more  cotton  will  be  grown.  And  there 
is  no  doubt  in  the  North  that  the  South  could  as 
well  produce  20,000,000  bales  of  cotton  where  it 
now  produces  10,000,000  bales. 

Atmospheric  conditions  are  strong  and  gov- 
erning motives  in  the  textile  manufactures.  In 
this  regard  New  England  will  always  have  a 
peculiar  and  telling  advantage  over  the  South, 
where  artificial  apparatus  for  humidifying  must 
be  largely  employed.  New  Bedford  especially  is 
exceedingly  well  located  to  receive  the  influence 
of  the  Gulf  Stream. 

It  is  fully  realized  by  New  England  manufac- 
turers and  legislators  that  industrial  progress 
must  keep  pace  with  the  constantly  growing  call 
for  products  of  higher  excellence  in  design  and 
finish.  This  involves  a  trained  body  of  workers, 
and  more  especially  educated  superintendence. 
Native  ingenuity  is  not  sufficient.  Hence  the 
existence  of  the  textile  school,  out  of  wliich  is 
to  come  trained  craftsmen  and  educated  experts. 
Systematic  instruction  in  school  and  shop,  fur- 
nishing an  inspiration  for  original  and  inventive 
ideas,  is  a  necessity  to  the  modern  textile  in- 
dustry. 


THE   NEW   AUSTRALIAN   CONSTITUTION. 

HOW  IT  RESEMBLES  AND  IIOAV  IT  DIFFERS  FROM  OUR  OWN. 

BY  HUGH  H    LUSK. 
(Formerly  a  Member  of  the  New  Zealand  Legislature.) 


THE  constitution  of  the  new  commonwealth 
of  Australia  naturally  claims  attention  and 
challenges  criticism  as  the  latest  development  in 
federal  constitution  •  making  among  people  of 
Anglo-Saxon  race.  Its  authors  had  before  them 
the  experience  of  this  country  and  of  Canada  ; 
and  they  have  evidently  used  that  experience 
freely,  both  in  what  they  have  imitated  and  in 
what  they  have  rejected.  Their  task  was  not  an 
easy  one,  in  spite  of  this  wealth  of  material — partly, 
it  may  be,  from  something  of  an  embarrassment 
of  riches,  but  even  more  because  the  circum- 
stances of  Australia  made  agreement  between  its 
component  parts  unusually  diflBcult.  A  people 
for  the  most  part  of  strongly  democratic  instincts, 
they  had  freely  exercised  their  untrammeled 
powers  of  self-government,  and  were  generally 
reluctant  to  give  up  any  part  of  the  control  of 
their  own  affairs  which  could  be  retained  con- 
sistently with  any  scheme  of  federation  whatever. 
When  to  this  is  added  the  fact  that  in  the  case 
of  Australia  there  was  not  even  the  suspicion  of 
any  external  pressure  rendering  union  impera- 
tive, it  is  not  difficult  to  understand  why  tKe 
process  of  Australian  constitution  making  was 
the  slowest  on  record. 

THE    PROBLEM    OP    FEDERATION. 

In  approaching  the  examination  of  what  has 
been  done,  it  is  therefore  necessary  not  only  to  re- 
member the  experiences  of  other  countries  wliich 
the  authors  of  the  Australian  constitution  had 
before  them,  but  the  circumstances  of  the  island 
continent  itself,  which  in  some  respects  compli- 
cated the  undertaking.  It  is  necessary  to  re- 
member that  the  object  was  to  consolidate  into 
one  six  nearly  sovereign  states,  varying  in  popu- 
lation from  150,000,  to  nearly  1,500,000,  and 
occupying  territories  the  area  of  which  varied 
from  1,000,000  to  26,000  square  miles;  and, 
above  all,  that  there  was  no  very  pressing  reason 
to  be  alleged  why  they  must  federate  at  all.  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  the  constitution  as  it  exists  is 
very  largely  made  of  compromises.  It  repre 
sents,  not  the  conceivable  l)est,  but  only  the  best 
possible,  under  conditions  which  taxed  to  tlie 
utmost  the  mutual  forbearance  of  the  delegates 
to  the  federal  convention.  The  result  is  that 
the   constitution  of  the  new  commonwealth  has 


many  things  in  common  with  our  own  ;  others 
that  bear  more  resemblance  to  that  of  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada,  and  still  a  third  class  which 
very  materially  differs  from  both.  For  the  sake 
of  clearness,  it  may  be  well  to  consider  it  shortly 
under  three  heads  :  What  the  federal  govern- 
ment is  to  deal  with  ;  how  its  legislative  powers 
are  distributed  ;  and  in  what  way  the  executive 
force  of  the  commonwealth  is  to  be  exercised. 
It  may  be  ^aid  generally  that,  as  to  the  first 
head,  the  new  constitution  most  resembles  that  of 
the  United  States  ;  as  to  the  second,  that  it  de- 
parts largely  from  all  existing  precedents ;  and 
as  to  the  third,  that, — as  might  have  been  expected 
from  its  position  as  a  part  of  the  British  Em- 
pire, it  resembles  the  constitution  of  Canada. 

POWERS  OF  THE  FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT. 

The  federal  government  of  Australia  will  have 
large  powers.     In  its  hands  will  be  vested  ex- 
clusive control  of  customs  taxation,  together  with 
power  to  impose  all  such  other  taxes  as  may  be 
i-equired  for  the  public  service,  with  the  sole  lim- 
itation that  they  shall  be  so  imposed  as  in  no  case 
to  discriminate  between  states,  or  parts  of  states  ; 
the  sole  control  of  all  matters  of  defense  ;  the 
management  and  control  of  the  postal,  telegraph, 
and  telephone  services  of  the  country  ;  questions 
of    immigration,    naturalization,    and    interstate 
trade  and  commerce  ;    the  maintenance  of  light- 
houses, beacons,  and  buoys  ;  all  external  affairs, 
including  the  influx  and  extradition  of  criminals, 
and  all  questions  of  conciliation  and   arbitration 
extending  beyond  the  limits  of  any  single  state. 
Banking  and  insurance,  coinage  and   currency, 
weights  and  measures,  laws  relating  to  bills  of 
exchange    and    promissory    notes,    bankruptcy, 
patents,    copyrights,    and    companies,    are    also 
vested  solely  in  the  commonwealth.       In  addi- 
tion to  these  questions,  which  are,  for  the  most 
part,  familiar  to  Americans  as  subjects  of  federal 
legislation,  there  will  vest  in   the  federal  parlia- 
ment the  sole  right  to  deal  with  the  law  of   mar- 
riage, divorce,   and  matrimonial  causes,  and  all 
qu3stions  relating  to  parental  rights  and  the  cus- 
tody and  guardianship  of  infants,  and  also  all 
public  provisions   for  old  age  and  invalid  pen- 
sions.     To  the  commonwealth    is   reserved   the 
right  to  make  use  of  all  tlie  railroads    belong- 


THE  NEIV  AUSTRALIAN  CONSTITUTION. 


73 


I  ing  to  any  state  (in  Australia  practically  all 
[  railroads  do  belong  to  the  states)  for  defense 
^  purposes,  and  also,  with  the  consent  of  any  state, 
to  take  over  and  operate  the  state  railroad  or 
railroads  on  terms  to  be  arranged  ;  and,  with  the 
like  consent,  to  construct  other  railroads.  The 
{>ower  to  control  and  regulate  the  navigation  of 
rivers  flowing  through  more  than  one  state  is 
also  reserved  to  the  federal  parliament,  but  only 
so  far  as  interstate  interests  are  directly  affected. 
These  are  the  principal  powers  reserved  to  the 
commonwealth — so  far,  at  least,  as  its  internal 
affairs  are  concerne<l;  and  it  will  be  observed  that 
they  embrace  only  such  questions  as  are  necessarily 
important  to  the  commonwealth  and  its  citizens 
as  a  whole.  They  include,  therefore,  all  matters  of 
commerce  extending  beyond  the  states  ;  matters 
of  social  order,  such  as  the  entire  armed  force  of 
the  country,  with  the  legal  control  of  the  means 
of  its  removal  and  concentration  ;  of  social  morals, 
including  the  conservation  of  marriage  and  the 
protection  of  the  young ;  of  social  stability  and 
equality,  as  affected  by  trade  disputes,  and  by 
provisions  for  the  aged  and  infirm.  It  will  be 
seen  at  once  that  these  provisions  extend  the 
powers  of  the  federal  government  in  several 
respects  considerably  beyond  anything  yet  at- 
tempted by  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
though  it  may  be  questioned  whether  they  any 
where  go  beyond  the  limits  which  experience  in 
ibis  country  has  suggested  as  very  desirable  ex- 
tensions of  the  central  authority. 

THE    LIMITATION    OF    FEDERAL    POWERS. 

All  powers  of  borrowing  money  on  the  secu. 
rity  of  the  revenue  of  the  commonwealth  are,  of 
course,  reserved  exclusively  to  the  federal  gov- 
ernment, as  well  as  every  question  involving  the 
external  relations  of  the  country,  such  as  the 
laws  affecting  external  trade,  commerce,  and  navi- 
gation. On  the  other  hand,  the  management  of 
harbors,  and  of  internal  though  navigable  rivers 
and  waterways,  and  the  management  and  control 
of  the  lands  of  the  country,  at  present  by  far  the 
largest  and  most  important  asset  of  Australia, 
ire  left  to  the  states.  The  present  state  debts 
are  to  be  taken  over  by  the  commonwealth,  and 
the  interest  provided  for  out  of  the  customs  tax- 
ation, with  the  further  proviso  that  for  a  fixed 
period  of  five  years  the  balance  of  revenue  thus 

»  raised,  after  payment  of  the  expenses  of  the  federal 
establishment,  shall  be  repaid  to  the  states  in  pro. 
{»ortion  to  population.  These  latter  provisions,  it 
will  be  observed,  confine  the  federal  government 
'within  narrower  limits  in  some  material  respects 
than  those  of  our  own  Constitution,  and  repre- 
sent compromises  insisted  on  by  the  states  as 
the  sole  conditions  on  which  they  would  give  up 


their  present  complete  autonomy.  The  circum- 
stances of  the  country  are  accountable,  as  will 
readily  be  seen,  for  most  of  them.  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  very  few  Australian  rivers  run  through 
or  between  different  states  ;  and  the  question  of 
the  land  and  mining  laws  already  in  force  is  that 
on  which  more  diversity  prevails  than  any  other 
— a  diversity  which  is  held  by  the  people  to  be 
essentially  necessary,  owing  to  widely  different 
conditions. 

It  is  only  necessary  to  allude  to  the  essential 
difference  in  principle  which  pervades  this  con- 
stitution and  that  of  the  Canadian  Dominion. 
In  Australia,  as  in  the  United  States,  it  is  the 
contracting  colonies  that  are  the  substantial  basis 
of  the  scheme.  It  is  they  who  give  up  certain 
definite  rights  and  powers  for  the  sake  of  union  ; 
and  only  such  as  they  give  up  can  be  assumed 
by  the  commonwealth.  In  the  case  of  Canada 
it  is  the  provinces  that  are  limited  to  the  exer- 
cise of  such  powers  and  rights  as  are  specifically 
reserved  ;  and  therefore,  in  the  very  nature  of 
things,  the  march  of  events  must  tend  more  and 
more  to  the  consolidation  of  all  real  power  in  the 
hands  of  the  Dominion  government,  and  the 
gradual  degradation  of  the  provinces  to  the  level 
of  municipal  governments  on  a  large  scale.  No 
such  scheme  of  federation  would  ever  have  been 
listened  to  in  Australia,  where  the  widely  sepa- 
rated state  populations  have  always  been  strongly 
attached  to  the  independent  exercise  of  all  the 
functions  of  government  that  most  immediately 
affect  themselves. 

THE    LEGISLATURE. 

The  legislative  powers  of  the  Australian  Com- 
monwealth will  be  exercised  by  a  federal  parlia- 
ment, consisting,  like  our  own  Congress  and  the 
Dominion  Parliament  of  Canada,  of  two  cham- 
bers. At  this  point,  however,  any  close  imita- 
tion of  either  existing  constitution  may  be  said  to 
cease.  In  the  case  of  Australia,  it  was  at  this 
point  that  the  constitution  ran  its  greatest  risk  of 
rejection.  The  less  populous  colonies  insisted 
upon  the  security  which  a  senate  on  the  princi- 
ple of  equal  state  representation,  on  the  model 
of  this  countiy,  would  give  ;  the  more  populous 
states  insisted  upon  such  a  preponderating  influ- 
ence on  behalf  of  ])opulation  as  should  make  it 
impossible  for  a  conceivably  small  minority  of  the 
whole  people  to  dictate  legislation.  The  ultimate 
compromise  arrived  at  was  that  of  giving  equal 
state  representation  in  the  Senate,  and  providing 
that  the  House  of  Representatives  should  never 
contain  more  than  twice  as  many  members  as  the 
Senate;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  providing  that 
the  Senate  should  not  only  have  no  initiative 
power  in   respect  of   money  appropriations,    hut 


74 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEWS. 


should  not  be  at  liberty  to  amend  a  money  bill 
at  all.  With  respect  to  other  laws,  also,  it  is 
provided  that,  in  case  of  a  deadlock  between  the 
chambers  continuing  after  a  dissolution  and  re- 
election, held  expressly  to  ascertam  public  opinion 
on  the  subject,  both  chambers  shall  sit  together, 
and  the  vote  of  a  simple  majority  shall  prevail. 

SENATORS  CHOSEN  BY  POPULAR  VOTE. 

These  provisions  bring  into  strong  relief  the 
conditions  under  which  the  new  constitution  was 
arrived  at.  The  Senator — in  the  first  instance 
six  from  each  state — will  be  elected  by  the  vote 
of  the  electors  of  each  state,  and  not  through 
the  medium  of  state  legislatures — differing,  in 
this  respect,  both  from  the  United  States  and 
from  Canada.  Every  adult  male  will  have  the 
right  to  vote  for  Senators,  as  for  Representatives  ; 
and  in  states  where  the  women  already  have 
votes,  they  also  will  have  votes,  and  it  is  left  to 
the  state  legislatures  to  determine  whether  the 
stat«  shall  be  divided  or  vote  as  a  single  electo- 
i-ate.  This  arrangement  represents  the  strong 
democratic  feeling  of  the  Australian  people, 
which  would  consent  neither  to  a  senate  of  cabi- 
net nominees  nor  to  one  that  might  be  made 
the  subject  of  party  bargains  in  state  legisla- 
tures. The  House  of  Representatives  will  con- 
sist of  twice  as  many  members  as  the  Senate — the 
number  being,  from  time  to  time,  allotted  to  the 
various  states  in  proportion  to  population.  It 
will  have  supreme  control  of  the  finance  of  the 
federation,  and  the  confidence  and  support  of  a 
majority  of  its  members  will  be  the  essential  con- 
dition of  any  cabinet  remaining  in  power.  The 
members  of  the  representative  chamber  will  be 
elected  for  three  years  ;  those  of  the  Senate  for 
six,  with  the  condition  in  both  cases  that  their 
chamber  may  be  dissolved  by  proclamation  of 
the  governor- general,  on  the  advice  of  the  cabi- 
net, at  any  earlier  date.  The  divergence  be- 
tween this  provision  and  that  of  this  country  for 
keeping  the  Representatives  in  touch  with  public 
feeling  need  hardly  be  pointed  out ;  nor,  of  course, 
its  still  greater  contrast  with  that  of  Canada  in 
respect  of  the  Senate. 

AN    EXECUTIVE    WITHOUT    PATRONAGE. 

The  executive  of  the  Australian  Common- 
wealth will,  like  that  of  Canada,  vest  nominally 
in  a  governor-general,  appointed  by  the  British 


Government,  but  really — except  in  a  very  few 
exceptional  cases — in  the  hands  of  the  federal 
cabinet,  appointed,  like  that  of  Britain  herself, 
from  among  the  members  of  tbe  Parliament,  and 
possessing  the  confidence  and  support  of  a  major- 
ity of  its  members,  or  at  least  of  the  members  of 
the  representative  chamber.  A  certain  vague- 
ness exists  as  to  the  precise  powei-s  of  the  gov- 
ernor-general, exactly  as  in  the  case  of  the  Eng- 
lish sovereign  ;  but  custom,  now  well  established 
by  usage  in  the  Australian  colonies,  has  decided 
that  m  practice  the  governor  must  act  on  tlie 
advice  of  his  cabinet  in  every  case,  unless  the 
measure  which  he  is  called  upon  to  sanction  is 
one  which  manifestly  affects  the  interests  of 
other  parts  of  the  empire,  or  may  affect  the  treaty 
rights  of  foreign  nations.  In  either  of  these 
cases,  he  may  reserve  an  act  passed  by  the  legis- 
lature for  the  assent  of  the  crown— which  means, 
of  course,  of  the  imperial  cabinet.  The  gov- 
ernor-general will  enjoy  a  salary  of  #50,000,  but 
will  have  absolutely  no  patronage  in  Australia. 

A    SUPREME    COURT    LIKE    THAT    OF    THE    UNITED 
STATES. 

The  only  point  in  the  new  constitution  that 
has  met  with  opposition  from  the  British  cabinet 
is  that  which  provides  for  the  federal  court,  to 
which  is  assigned  the  position  of  a  practically 
final  court  of  appeal  on  all  questions  involving 
the  interpretation  of  the  constitution,  and  all 
questions  arising  between  different  states,  or  be- 
tween the  commonwealth  and  a  state,  or  between 
residents  of  different  states.  The  provisions  are 
such  as  to  render  so  difficult  as  to  be  nearly  im- 
possible tlie  exercise  of  the  long- established  right 
of  appeal  to  the  Judicial  Committee  of  the  Priv^y 
Council,  still  preserved  in  Canada.  After  long 
negotiation,  the  representatives  of  the  colonies  in 
London  have  prevailed,  in  fact,  by  consenting  to 
a  change  in  the  language  of  the  act,  which  leaves  it 
in  the  power  of  the  federal  legislature  so  to  cur- 
tail the  subjects  of  possible  appeal  to  the  crown 
as  to  make  the  High  Federal  Court's  decisions 
really  final.  It  is  hai-dly  likely  that,  for  the  pres- 
ent, full  effect  will  l)e  given  to  this  provision  ;  but 
there  can  be  little  doubt  that  there  will  be  an  in- 
creasing tendency  to  render  the  autonomy  of 
Australia  absolutely  complete  by  shutting  out  the 
idea  of  any  reference  to  an  external  authority  upon 
questions  that  are  specially  its  own. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


HON.   KDMUND  BARTON. 

(Federal  Delegate  from  New  South  Wales.) 

AUSTRALIAN  FEDERATION. 

IN  the  North  American  Review  for  June,  the 
Australian  statesman,  Edmund  Barton,  writes 
on  the  newly  established  federation  of  the  Austra- 
han  colonies.  In  the  course  of  his  article,  he 
hrings  out  some  interesting  points  of  comparison 
between  the  constitution  of  the  new  common- 
wealth and  that  of  the  United  States.  The  ar- 
rangement provided  for  a  federal  capital,  for 
example,  is  similar  to  that  which  located  our 
national  seat  of  government  in  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

THE    CAPITAL    OF    THE    NEW    COMMONWEALTH. 

**The  seat  of  government  of  the  common- 
wealth is  to  be  determined  by  the  Parliament. 
It  must  be  within  territory  granted  to  or  acquired 
by  the  commonwealth,  in  which  it  is  to  be  vest- 
ed. In  short,  it  will  be  federal  territory,  and 
the  federal  Parliament  will  have  the  exclusive 
power  to  make  laws  for  its  government,  and  to 
determine  the  extent  of  its  representation  in 
either  house  of  that  'Parliament.  It  is  to  be 
within  the  state  of  New  South  Wales  ;   and,  in 


return  for  that  concession,  it  is  to  be  distant  not 
less  than  one  hundred  miles  from  Sydney,  the 
state  capital.  The  area  is  not  to  be  less  than 
one  hundred  square  miles.  Any  crown  lands 
which  it  may  contain — probably  a  considerable 
area — are  to  be  granted  by  the  state  to  the  com- 
monwealth without  payment.  The  Parliament 
is  to  sit  at  Melbourne,  until  it  meets  at  the  seat 
of  government.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  law  as 
to  the  seat  of  government  will  follow  that  of 
the  United  States  rather  than  that  of  Canada, 
inasmuch  as  the  area  containing  the  capital  will 
be  exclusively  under  the  federation  and  not 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  any  state.  There  can 
be  very  little  doubt  that  the  representatives  of 
New  South  Wales  in  the  federation  will  lose  lit- 
tle time  in  urging  the  early  choice  of  this  terri- 
tory. As  the  legislatures  of  the  several  states 
sit  generally  in  the  winter,  and  as  a  member  of 
a  state  legislature  is  not  excluded  from  sitting  in 
the  federal  Parliament,  if  elected,  it  is  probable 
that  convenience  will  be  on  the  side  of  summer 
sessions.  In  that  prospect,  it  is  likely  that  the 
area  chosen  will  be  at  a  sufficient  altitude  to  give 
the  advantage  of  a  good  summer  climate  ;  and, 
happily,  several  such  areas  are  open  for  choice 
in  New  South  Wales." 

AMENDMENT    OP    THE    CONSTITUTION. 

The  constitution  may  be  altered  much  more 
easily  than  that  of  the  United  States. 

**  A  bill  for  the  purpose  must  first,  in  ordinary 
cases,  be  passed  by  an  absolute  majority  in  each 
house.  It  is  afterward  to  be  submitted  in  each 
state  to  the  electors  qualified  to  vote  for  the  elec- 
tion of  members  in  the  House  of  Representatives. 
This  is  to  be  done  not  less  than  two  nor  more  than 
six  months  after  the  passage  of  the  bill  through 
both  houses.  If,  however,  an  amendment  passed 
by  an  absolute  majority  of  one  house  fails  to  pass 
the  other,  or  is  passed  with  an  amendment  as  to 
which  the  two  houses  differ,  and  if,  after  an  in- 
terval of  three  months,  a  similar  difference  occurs, 
the  amendment  may  be  submitted  to  the  popular 
vote,  just  as  if  it  had  secured  an  absolute  major- 
ity in  both  houses.  In  order  to  become  law, 
the  amendment  must,  at  the  referendum,  secure  a 
majority  of  the  electors,  who  vote,  and  it  must 
also  secure  majorities  in  a  majority  of  the  states. 
The  difficulty  which  will  exist  because  in  South 
Australia  women  as  well  as  men  have  a  vote  is 
met  by  prescribing  that,  until  there  is  a  uniform 
suffrage  throughout  the  commonwealth,  only 
half  the  electors  voting  for  and  against  the 
amendment    may    Ik?    counted    in    any    state    in 


76 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REk'IElVS, 


which  adult  suffrage  prevails.  If  an  amendment 
would  lessen  the  proportionate  representation  of 
any  state  in  either  house,  or  would  alter  the 
limits  of  a  state  directly  or  indirectly,  it  is  not 
to  become  law  until  it  receives  the  approval  of 
a  majority  of  the  electors  voting  in  the  state 
affected." 

CHINA  UNDER  THE  DOWAGER  EMPRESS. 

MR.  R.  S.  GUNDRY  contributes  to  the  Fort- 
nightly Review  for  June  a  very  interesting 
and  elaborate  account  of  **The  Last  Palace  In- 
trigue at  Peking,"  which  culminated  in  the  seiz- 
ure of  power  by  the  Dowager  Empress  and  the 
virtual  deposition  of  the  Emperor. 

THE    TWO    PARTIES. 

The  struggle  between  the  Chinese  parties — the 
reactionary,  or,  more  accurately  speaking,  the 
stagnation,  and  reform  parties — was  really  a  con- 
test between  the  capital  and  the  provinces.  The 
Empress  was  supported  by  the  palace  and  the 
older  government  oflBcials,  who  saw  their  sine- 
cures in  danger;  the  Emperor  by  thousands  of 
the  younger  literati,  mandarins,  and  merchants  of 
the  provinces.  But  as  the  struggle  must  be  de- 
cided in  Peking,  the  reactionaries  held  the  field; 
and  the  actual  deposition  of  the  Emperor  would 
have  followed. 

PUBLIC    OPINION    AT   WORK. 

But  the  intervention  of  public  opinion,  gen- 
erally believed  not  to  exist  in  China,  prevented 
the  completion  of  the  scheme.  The  anticipation 
evoked  an  outburst  of  loyalty  to  Kwang  Su 
which  surprised  those  who  had  doubted  the  ex- 
istence of  any  public  opinion  among  the  Chinese. 
Kin  Lienshan,  district  manager  of  the  imperial 
telegraphs — whose  name  seems  destined  to  come 
into  notoriety  along  with  that  of  Kang  Yuwei 
— promptly  dispatched,  on  behalf  of  1,231  liter- 
ati and  gentry  of  Shanghai  and  the  neighbor- 
hood, a  telegram  to  the  princes  and  ministers  of 
the  Tsungli-Yamen,  imploring  the  Emperor  not 
to  abdicate.  Chinese  subjects  abroad  sent  peti- 
tions to  the  same  effect.  The  Empress  Dowager 
was  frightened,  and  instead  of  disposing  her  son, 
she  set  about  celebrating  his  birthday,  and  ac- 
quiesced in  the  demand  of  the  foreign  ministers 
to  pay  him  their  compliments.  Her  rage,  how- 
ever, turned  with  redoubled  force  against  the 
reformers,  who  were  executed  or  proscribed  and 
banished. 

china's    PRESENT    CONDITION. 

The  consequences  of  these  acts  are  defined  by 
Mr.  (jundry  as  follows  : 

'*The   reactionary   policy   of  the   clique   with 


which  she  is  identified  seems  rather  to  have  been 
accentuated,  and  the  spirit  of  enmity  towards  all 
who  were  associated  with  the  reform  movement 
embittered.  An  evident  consequence  has  been 
to  widen  the  rift  between  the  capital  and  the 
provinces  that  was  caused  by  the  Emperor's  su- 
persession. The  Empress  thinks,  evidently,  that 
she  can  crush  opposition  ;  but  experience  has 
shown  that  movements  of  the  kind  are  like  rivers 
— which  may  be  guided,  as  Yii  is  declared,  in 
Chinese  legend,  to  have  guided  the  great  rivers 
of  China,  by  removing  obstacles  and  deepening 
their  channels  *  till  the  waters  flowed  peacefully 
into  the  Eastern  Sea,'  but  which  are  apt  to  burst 
through  injudiciously  constructed  barriers  and 
overwhelm  everything  in  their  course.  The  pres- 
sure to  which  the  Imperial  Government  had  been 
subjected  from  without  is  somewhat  relaxed. 
Having  ear- marked  their  respective  spheres  of 
interest,  and  obtained  concessions  of  various  priv- 
ileges, the  great  European  powers  chiefly  inter- 
ested have  been  content  to  await  developments 
and  events.  But  the  autonomy  of  the  eighteen 
provinces  appears  to  be  in  less  danger  from  un- 
provoked aggression  than  from  the  ignorance, 
corruption,  and  incapacity  of  the  Chinese  Gov- 
ernment itself.  The  removal  of  the  Emperor 
from  power,  the  reversal  of  his  decrees,  and  the 
envenomed  persecution  of  his  advisers  liave 
caused  widespread  dissatisfaction,  which  is  only 
restrained  from  dangerous  expression  by  want  of 
cohesion  and  leadership.  There  is  unrest,  from 
Shantung  in  the  north  to  the  great  Kwang  Vice- 
royalty  in  the  south.  The  risk  that  some  new 
freak  of  the  reactionaries  may  consolidate  this 
fluent  matter  is,  at  least,  not  negligible  ;  nor  can 
the  risk  that  certain  foreign  powers  might  be  led 
to  step  in  to  maintain  order,  and  gradually,  i)er- 
haps,  to  assume  administrative  responsibility  in 
certain  districts^  in  given  contingencies,  be  ig- 
nored." 

A    POSSIBLE    REFORMER. 

The  Empress  is  not,  however,  hopelessly  op- 
posed to  reform.  Her  object  is  to  strengthen 
the  dynasty  ;  and  ''if  it  could  be  brought  home 
to  her  that  tlie  present  reactionary  policy  consti- 
tutes a  danger  for  the  dynasty  and  the  empire, 
she  might  be  induced  yet  to  change  her  course 
and  support  the  Em])eror  in  a  policy  of  reform. 
Her  halt  on  the  threshold  of  what  was  intended, 
clearly,  to  be  a  fresh  amp  (Vetat,  two  months  ago, 
goes  to  prove  that  she  is  not  impervious  to 
manifestations  of  popular  sentiment ;  but  many 
well  qualified  to  form  an  opinion  are  pei'suaded 
that  she  is  kept  in  ignorance  of  the  real  import 
and  magnitude  of  the  crisis  by  which  the  empire 
is  assailed." 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


77 


BUILDING  RAILWAYS  IN  CHINA. 

IN  the  July  McClure's,  Mr.  William  Barclay 
Parsons,  the  chief  engineer  of  the  American 
Cliina  Development  Company,  has  an  article*  on 
*' Railway  Development  in  China,"  in  which  he 
describes  the  readiness  of  the  country  for  devel- 
opment, the  lines  of  railway  that  are  already 
built  or  in  prospect,  and  the  rivalry  of  the  great 
powers.  The  empire  proper  of  China  alone  is 
half  as  large  as  the  United  States,  and  the  coun- 
try has  to-day  only  516  miles  of  railway  all  told. 
Japan,  about  as  large  as  one  Chinese  province, 
began  its  railway  building  as  late  as  1871,  and 
has  now  a  well-built  system  ramifying  all  over 
the  main  island,  aggregating  3,500  miles  in 
length,  and  almost  exclusively  under  the  man- 
agement of  native  officials. 

In  China  the  junk  and  the  coolie  are  still 
the  chief  means  of  transport.  The  waterways 
are  the  great  highways  of  traffic.  In  the  inte- 
rior, there  are  almost  no  roads  ;  for  people  do 
not  use  horses  where  they  can  get  men  at  five 
cenifi  a  day.  The  nearest  approach  to  roads  are 
paths  on  which  the  coolies  can  trudge,  carrying  a 
burden  suspended  in  two  packages  from  the  ends 
of  a  bamboo  stick  that  rests  over  either  one  or 
both  shoulders.  The 
higher  classes  go  about 
in  sedan-chairs*  the  low- 
er classes  walk,  and 
when  their  wives  go  with 
them,  they  wheel  the 
women  in  wheelbarrows. 

In  1881  the  first  tram- 
way was  begun  in  China 
to  transport  coal,  and 
since  that  time  has  been 
built  the  508.7  miles  of 
railway  in  the  north,  and 
^  miles  of  railway  in  the 
south,  for  a  country  con- 
taining 380,000,000  of 
people. 

EraOPEAN  CONCESSIONS. 

Recently  important 
concessions  have  been 
granted  to  foreigners. 
The  first  is  for  a  railway 
from  Peking  to  Hankow 
to  a  Belgian  syndicate, 
which  will  get  a  railway 
into  the  heart  of  the 
Vang-tze  Valley.  The 
next  concession  was  for 
a  continuation  of  this 
roa<l  from  Hankow  to 
Canton.     This  was  given 


to  the  American  syndicate.  Each  of  these 
concessions  is  for  about  700  miles  of  road, 
and  the  1,400  miles  of  the  two  will  connect  North 
and  South  China,  and  divide  the  country  into 
approximately  two  parts,  east  and  west.  A  third 
concession  is  for  a  line  from  Shanghai,  by  way  of 
Suchau,  to  Ching-kiang,  and  so  on  to  Nanking, 
with  an  extension  crossing  the  river  to  Sin-yang. 
This  is  an  English  concession,  and  has  a  great 
value  in  that  it  controls  the  approaches  to  Shanghai. 
An  Anglo-German  syndicate  ow^ns  a  concession 
for  a  line  from  Tientsin,  through  Shan-tung, 
along  the  line  of  the  old  Grand  Canal  to  the  Yang- 
tze River;  so  that  a  summary  of  the  present  rail- 
way situation  in  China  shows,  besides  the  516 
miles  built,  600  miles  of  the  Belgian  concession 
under  construction,  and  five  other  lines  either 
surveyed  or  under  survey — the  whole  amountmg 
to  about  3,000  miles. 

Besides  these  there  are  projects  emanating 
from  England  for  a  line  from  Hongkong  to  Can- 
ton (120  miles),  and  for  a  branch  from  Hang- 
chau  westward  into  Kiang-si  (about  200  miles); 
while  the  Japanese  are  planning  a  line  in  the 
province  of  Fu-kien,  opposite  the  Japanese  island 
of  Formosa. 


5i  ^#j^«/ii  /f.fi, 


Courtesy  of  AfcC/urt's  Afttgaxine. 

A  MAP  OF  CHINA,  SHOWING  THK  VARIOUS  RAILWAY  CONCERSTONS. 


78 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  REI^IEIVS, 


In  style  of  construction.  Chinese  railways  are 
a  compromise  between  European  and  American 
lines.  The  only  double-track  line  is  that  be- 
tween Tientsin  and  Peking.  The  track  is  of  I  he 
American  type  ;  the  locomotives  are  partly 
American  and  partly  English  ;  and  the  cars, 
both  passenger  and  freight,  are  an  adaptation  of 
both  American  and  English  patterns.  A  China- 
man hates  to  be  separated  from  his  baggage,  and 
so  the  second  -class  passengers  are  carried  in  open 
cars  resembling  an  American  coal  car,  with  all 
the  baggage  of  the  passengers  distributed  around 
them.  Mr.  Pai*sons  says  that  whatever  opposi- 
tion has  come  to  railway  construction  in  China 
has  been  largely  from  the  official  class,  who,  fear- 
ing that  the  new  order  of  things  might  reduce 
their  own  power,  have  either  been  apathetic  or 
have  prejudiced  the  ignorant  people  agamst  inno- 
vations. Mr.  Parsons  thinks  there  is  no  doubt 
that  when  the  Chinaman  gets  his  railroads  he  will 
use  them.  He  cites  the  statistics  of  travel  be- 
tween Hongkong  and  Canton  by  steamer  as 
nearly  1,000,000  passengers  annually,  besides 
the  large  travel  by  junk.  He  thinks  there  is  no 
doubt  that  the  (Jriental  will  patronize  liberally 
the  better  mode  of  conveyance. 

America's  Part  In  China's  Railroad  Develop- 
ment. 

The  building  of  the  Chinese  Eastern  Railway 
is  commonly   regarded    as   a   distinctively   Rus- 


FIRST  AMERICAN   LOCOMOTIVE  ON  THE  CHINESE  EASTERN   RAILWAY. 


sian  enterprise,  but  the  important  share  which 
American  and  British  engineers  and  manufac- 
turers have  had  in  the  work  should  not  be  over- 
looked. Mr.  Alexander  H.  Ford,  writing  in  the 
Engineering  Magazine  for  June  on  **  Anglo  Saxon 
Enterprise  in  Asia,'*  describes  the  operations  in 
Manchuria  incident  to  Russia's  acquisition  of  Port 
Arthur,  and  the  announcement  of  her  purpose  to 
extend  the  Trans-Siberian  Railway  to  that  harbor. 

AMERICAN    RAILROAD    EQUIPMENT. 

•'It  did  not  take  the  news  of  the  opening  of 
this  great  territory  long  to  reach  America.  Soon 
the  finest  business  house  in  Vladivostok  was 
erected  by  an  American,  the  most  spacious  Chi- 
nese structure  in  Port  Arthur  was  secured  as  an 
agency,  and  the  introduction  of  American  tools 
and  American  locomotives  was  begun.  Ameri- 
can activity  was  abroad  in  the  land,  and  while 
the  Russian  engineers  at  first  laughed  at  the  idea 
of  American  manufacturers  competing  with  Eu- 
rope, they  were  induced  to  give  a  few  orders. 
To  their  astonishment,  the  goods  arrived  in  less 
than  three  months,  and  proved  the  most  durable 
and  efficient  tools  up  to  that  time  imported  into 
Manchuria.  The  Russian  officials  suddenly  real- 
ized that  just  across  the  Pacific  pond,  not  five 
thousand  miles  away,  they  could  supply  all  the 
needs  of  the  new  railway,  and  all  hurry  orders 
were  promptly  cabled  to  America,  whose  mar- 
kets were  some  fifteen  thousand  miles  nearer 
Eastern  Siberia  than 
those  of  Europe.  Ameri- 
can engineers  who  could 
speak  tiie  Russian  lan- 
guage fluently  enough  to 
converse  in  technical  rail- 
way terms  with  the  Rus- 
sian officials  of  the  rail- 
way found  that  a  golden 
stream  flowed  through 
their  hands  to  the  man- 
ufacturers in  America, 
Last  summer  the  Chinese 
Eastern  Railway  went  so 
far  as  to  send  over  two 
of  its  engineers,  as  a 
committee,  to  visit  and 
report  on  the  outlook  in 
the  United  States  of  pro- 
curing every  kind  of 
railway  appliance.  They 
reported  that  more  than 
three- fourths  of  the  ma- 
terial and  equipment  still 
needed  for  the  comple- 
tion of  the  Trans-Sil)eri- 
an   Railroad,  as  well   as 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


79 


\ 


the  steel  bridges,  could  be  procured  in  America, 
(»f  a  better  quality  and  more  cheaply  than  in  any 
European  country." 

AN    AMERICAN-BUILT    CITY. 

"Since  then  Russia's  railway  projects  in  tlie 
far  East  have  b(?en  greatly  augmented,  and  re- 
cently cablegrams  were  sent  over  for  material  for 
a  brancli  line  on  to  Peking,  so  that  now  Russia 
is  building  with  all  speed  from  four  Pacific  Ocean 
ports  (Tientsin  [Peking],  New  Chwang,  Port 
Arthur,  and  Vladivostok)  toward  her  great 
Trans-Siberian  system,  and  tons  upon  tons  of 
machinery  from  the  United  States  lie  stacked 
upon  the  wharves  of  these  cities,  so  adjacent  to 
the  western  seaboard  of  the  United  States.  Al- 
ready the  railroads  extend  for  many  miles  into 
the  interior  from  these  ports  ;  and  in  fact,  before 
spring  navigation  is  opened,  it  i:3  expected  that 
tliey  will  all  be  connected  with  Harbin,  on  the 
Sungari  River,  which  is  the  ctmtral  point  of 
meeting  for  the  lines  in  Manchuria. 

'•This  city  is  not  yet  a  year  old,  but  it  con- 
tains many  thousands  of  inhabitants,  spacious 
office  buildings,  splendid  machine-shops,  as- 
phalted pavements  laid  down  by  American  steam- 
rollers, and  a  Yankee  electric- lighting  plant. 
Harbin  is  also  the  winter-quartera  and  general 
terminus  for  the  line  of  English  steamers  and 
iarges." 

SHOULD  THE  MONROE  DOCTRINE  TAKE  IN 
ASIA? 

A  SUGGESTION  that  it  may  be  time  for  the 
United  States  to  extend  tiie  Monroe  Doc- 
trine to  Asia  is  offered  by  Wu  Ting  Fang,  the 
Chinese  minister  at  Washington,  in  an  article  on 
'America  in  the  Orient,"  appearing  in  Ainslee's 
for  June.  The  arguments  for  such  a  course,  as 
they  appeal  to  this  astute  diplomat,  are  set  forth 
at  the  end  of  his  article,  as  follows  : 

*•  There  are  those  who  say  that  this  is  too 
rapid.  But  is  it  not  logical  ?  The  possession  of 
the  Phihppines  brings  the  United  States  within 
(ioo  miles  of  Asia — nearer  by  far  than  some  por- 
tiuus  of  South  America  to  which  the  Monroe 
Doctrine  is'  now  held  to  apply.  It  is  a  measure 
<»f  self- protection,  founded  on  justice  ;  and  if  the 
United  States  is  to  be  an  Asiatic  power,  1  cannot 
see  why  logically  it  will  not  find  itself  in  time 
curapelled  to  guard  against  the  encroachments  of 
European  powers  in  that  part  of  the  world.  It 
U  true  tliat  the  Monroe  Doctrine  was  intended 
originally  to  apply  to  the  American  Continent 
alone,  but  the  principle  is  the  same  wherever 
foreign  encroachments  might  interfere  with 
American  interests.  It  will  not  be  necessary  to 
interfere  with  existing  conditions.      When  Presi- 


dent  Monroe  issued  his  caveat,  he  intended  it  to 
apply  to  the  future,  not  to  that  which  already 
was.  He  did  not  go  so  far  as  to  undertake  to 
drive  from  the  American  Continent  those  Euro- 
pean nations  which  were  already  there. 

•♦KEEPING    THINGS    A8    THEY    ARE." 

"To  apply  the  same  doctrine  to  Asia  means 
simply  that  things  are  to  be  left  as  they  are  ;  and 
this  will  be  for  the  interest  of  the  United  States 
as  well  as  for  the  whole  Asiatic  Continent.  I 
may  be  a  little  ahead  of  time,  but  by  and  by  the 
United  States  will  come  to  this.  The  possession 
of  the  Philippines  is  a  new  thing ;  but  after  a 
while,  perhaps  in  ten  years,  it  will  be  seen  that,  for 


Photo  by  Ciinedinst. 


MR.  WU  TINO  FANG. 

(Chlnem  Minister  to  the  United  States.) 

self- protection  and  for  the  maintenance  of  peace, 
it  will  be  necessary  to  have  all  nations  under- 
stand that  no  further  encroachments  on  the 
Asiatic  Continent  will  be  allowed.  When  that 
time  comes,  there  will  be  no  more  war.  After 
the  United  States  gets  a  firm  hold  on  the  Phil- 
ippines, and  begins  to  establish  American  com- 
merce and- to  branch  out  in  every  direction,  they 
will  become  more  and  more  impressed  with  the 
necessity  of  keeping  things  as  they  are.  No  man 
can  tell  how  long  the  *  open  door '  can  be  main- 
tained  in  the  East,  unless  further  aggressions  are 
prevented." 


80 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


OUR  ATTITUDE  TOWARDS  THE  CHINESE. 

IN  the  June  Forum^  Mr.  Ho  Yow,  the  Cliinese 
consul  general  at  San  Francisco,  discusses 
the  attitude  of  the  United  States  towards  his 
countrymen,  as  shown  in  the  Chinese  exclusion 
laws  passed  by  Congress.     He  says  : 

**  The  laws  of  the  United  States  prohibiting 
Chinese  immigration  are  without  parallel  in  the 
codes  of  the  world,  and  cau  only  be  compared  to 
the  regulations  of  the  Chinese  nation  itself  in  a, 
period  of  its  history  to  which  we  would  under  no 
consideration  revert. 

»•  Moreover,  in  addition  to  its  inherent  injus- 
tice, the  statute  is  based  on  a  misconception  of 
conditions  and  a  mistake  in  facts.  It  had  its 
origin  with  the  rabble.  Its  promoters  were 
speakers  from  the  tops  of  soap-boxes  and  the  tail- 
skids  of  drays.  It  was  caught  up  by  politicians 
when  the  clamor  had  gathered  strength  with  the 
mob,  and  when  appearances  indicated  that  the 
latter  could  poll  votes  enough  to  elect  its  ring- 
leader to  office.  Whenever  a  calm  and  dispas- 
sionate inquiry  into  the  conditions  was  held,  the 
vei-dict  was  sure  to  be  in  favor  of  the  Chinese  ; 
and  it  was  on  this  account  that  the  friends  of  jus- 
tice in  Congress  held  out  so  long  against  the  de- 
mands upon  that  body  for  measures  of  exclusion. 

THE   CHINESE    AS    RA1LK0AD    BUILDEKS. 

*  *  Nevertheless,  the  situation  here  as  regards 
the  Chinese  was  remarkable,  and,  m  the  nature 
of  things,  could  not  occur  again.  The  Chinese 
were  brought  here  to  grade  and  build  the  Central 
Pacific  Railroad.  A  thousand  miles  of  railroad 
had  to  be  laid  across  deserts  and  over  mountains 
■ — perhaps  the  most  difficult  feat  of  railway  con- 
struction which,  up  to  that  time,  had  been  at- 
tempted in  the  United  States.  The  road  was  to 
be  built,  too,  in  a  part  of  the  continent  that  was 
practically  without  inhabitants,  and  therefore  in 
advance  of  settlement.  White  workmen  could 
not  be  had.  Three  thousand  miles  yawned  be- 
tween the  reservoirs  of  population,  and  the  jour-* 
ney  was  tedious  and  slow  ;  so  the  building  of  the 
railroad  had  to  l)e  pushed  at  once.  Ten  thousand 
men  were  needed,  and  rake  and  scrape  as  the 
builders  would,  only  800  whites  could  l)e  gathered 
to  engage  in  the  work. 

•'  In  this  exigency  the  experiment  with  Chi- 
nese laborers  was  tried.  At  first  it  was  thought 
that  they  would  prove  inefficient — that  they  were 
too  light  of  body  to  stand  the  heavy  work  ; 
that  they  could  not  endure  the  fatigues  of  the 
(K'cupation.  A  few  were  put  upon  the  lightest 
)>aris  of  the  work  ;  and  since  these  proved  their 
ability  to  perform  well  all  they  were  set  to  do, 
the  experiment  was  extended,  and  before  long 
Chinese  were  doing  all  the  unskilled  labor  which 


the  work  required.  They  received  but  thirty- 
one  dollars  per  month  and  boarded  themselves, 
while  the  whites  were  paid  forty-five  dollars  per 
month  and  found.  Yet,  according  to  the  testi- 
mony of  James  Strobridge,  superintendent  of 
construction,  and  Charles  Crocker,  one  of  the 
five  proprietors  of  the  road,  who  had  charge  of 
the  construction,  the  Chinese  were  more  reliable 
and  more  efficient  laborers  than  the  whites. 
They  could  excel  the  whites  in  any  branch  of 
the  work,  whether  light  shoveling  or  the  heavi- 
est rock-drilling  ;  and  a  body  of  Chinese  even 
excelled  in  results  an  equal  number  of  picked 
Cornish  miners  who  were  set  to  drill  one  end  of 
a  tunnel  through  a  mountain.  The  Chinese 
were  put  upon  the  other  end,  and  the  two  gangs 
started  from  a  shaft  at  the  center. 

*  *  In  order  to  supply  the  thousands  of  Chinese 
required  for  this  great  work,  the  coolie-ships  were 
kept  running  to  and  from  China,  bringing  their 
loads  of  immigrants  from  Kwangtung  Province. 
There  was  no  trouble  concerning  the  Chinese  so 
long  as  the  road  was  building.  Hittell's  *  His- 
tory of  California'  recites  how  the  white  labor- 
ers and  the  <  China  Boys '  marched  together  in 
parade,  and  how  the  former  made  speeches  to 
the  latter,  extending  their  hands  in  comradeship. 

*'  Suddenly,  however,  the  road  was  finished  ; 
and  this  army  of  15,000  laborers  was  idle  and  at 
large.  In  a  strange  land,  among  a  strange  peo- 
ple, with  no  capital  but  their  ability  and  willing- 
ness to  work,  they  flocked  to  San  Francisco. 
Here  they  swarmed  upon  the  streets,  and,  con- 
spicuous from  their  racial  characteristics,  gave 
the  impression  that  there  was  an  immensely 
larger  number  of  them  in  the  district. 

HOW  TRADE  RELATIONS  ARE  AFFECTED. 

♦»  But  with  all  the  harshness  of  the  exclusion 
laws,  they  were  never  designed  to  affect  any  but 
the  laboring  classes.  They  were  not  intended  to 
be  used  as  an  instrument  to  exclude  educated  men 
traveling  in  pursuit  of  knowledge,  merchants 
coming  from  China  to  this  country  to  buy  goods 
or  to  start  an  industry  here,  or  those  going  from 
this  country  to  China  and  returning.  Such  are 
the  men  on  whose  shoulders  trade  rests,  and  it 
was  never  for  an  instant  proposed  that  the  stat- 
ute should  act  as  a  sword  to  sever  the  trade  rela- 
tions of  the  countries.  Yet  w^e  recognize  that 
this  very  thing  is  now  being  done  ; — though,  1 
l>elieve,  unwittingly. 

*'  Since  the  law  denies  to  ('hinese  laborers  the 
right  to  enter  the  country,  there  should  be,  as  an 
offset,  a  liljeral  policy  regarding  the  classes  al- 
lowed to  enter.  Yet  this  is  not  thp  case.  The 
utmost  rigor  is  exercised  towards  the  merchants. 
and  travelers  coming  to  the  United  States  ;   and 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


81 


no  mechanism  which  ingenuity  can  devise  could 
more  effectuall}'  operate  to  keep  these  classes 
■  away.  Scarcely  two  months  have  elapsed  since 
sixty-three  merchants  from  Southern  China, 
coming  to  the  United  States  for  commercial  pur- 
poses, were  prevented  from  landing  at  San  Fran- 
cisco, because  their  certificates  disclosed  that  a 
word  had  not  been  translated  from  the  Chinese 
onginal  into  the  English — a  lack  which  may 
have  been  as  much  the  fault  of  the  American 
representative  in  China  who  visid  the  papers  as 
of  the  Chinese  oflScial  who  issued  them.  The 
English  version  recited  that  they  were  merchants, 
but  did  not  state  what  kind  of  merchants. 

**The  Chinese  official  representatives  in  the 
United  States  tried  hard  to  secure  the  landing  of 
these  people  upon  some  kind  of  an  arrangement 
whereby  they  would  not  be  put  to  the  loss  and 
inconvenience  of  returning  to  China  merely  to 
have  such  such  a  small  defect  corrected.  But 
the  department  was  inexorable,  ignoring  all  for- 
mer decisions  and  precedents.  No  regard  was 
I>aid  as  to  how  much  these  intending  purchasers 
in  American  markets  lost  by  the  delay,  nor  was 
there  any  doubt  expressed  as  to  whether  or  not 
they  had  come  to  this  country  to  buy  their  goods. 
They  were  compelled  to  return  to  Chma,  and  the 
reports  received  from  them  state  that  they  will 
make  their  purchases  in  England. 

**  Nor  is  this  harshness  confined  to  the  visitors 
from  China.  It  is  extended  with  even  more 
severity  to  resident  Chinese  merchants  who  go 
to  China  intending  to  return  to  their  business  in 
this  country.  Many  of  the  Chinese  merchants  of 
the  United  States  are  exporters  to  China,  and 
find  it  necessary  to  go  there  once  in  a  few  years 
to  lo*ik  after  their  affairs.  Under  a  recent  rul- 
iog  of  the  department  this  trade  promises  to  be 
entirely  broken  up  ;  for  it  cannot  be  imagined 
that  henceforth  any  merchant  will  attempt  to  go 
to  China  with  any  serious  hopes  of  ever  getting 
b«ck  to  his  business  in  this  country." 


IS  THE  '*OPEN  DOOR"  GUARANTEED? 

T  N  the  National  Review  for  June,  Mr.  R.  Yer- 
*^  burgh,  M.P.,  has  a  paper  entitled  *'  Count 
Muravieff*s  Triumph,"  in  which  he  quotes  from 
the  correspondence  of  our  State  Department  with 
the  European  powers  in  the  matter  of  the  **  open 
door"  in  China,  and  seems  to  show  that  Russia 
has  given  no  definite  assurance  as  to  equal  treat- 
ment at  all.  The  following  is  an  extract  from 
Count  Muravieff's  letter  of  December  18: 

*'  In  so  far  as  the  territory  leased  by  China  to 
Russia  is  concerned,  the  Imperial  Government 
hag  already  demonstrated  its  firm  intention  to 
follow  the  policy  of  the  *  oj)en  door  '  by  creating 


Dalny  (Talienwan)  a  free  port ;  and  if  at  some 
future  time  that  port,  although  remaining  free 
itself,  should  be  separated  by  a  customs  limit 
from  other  portions  of  the  territory  in  question, 
the  customs  duties  would  be  levied,  in  the  zone 
subject  to  the  tariff,  upon  all  foreign  merchants 
without  distinction  as  to  nationality." 

WHAT    THE    UNITED    STATES    PROPOSED. 

Mr.  Yerburgh  interprets  this  to  mean  that 
Russia  only  guarantees  that  foreign  merchants 
will  obtain  equal  treatment,  but  that  Russian 
merchants,  not  being  foreign,  may  obtain  pref- 
erential treatment.  The  exact  proposals  made 
by  the  United  States  were  that  each  power  should 
guarantee — 

**  1.  That  it  will  in  nowise  interfere  with  any 
treaty  port  or  any  vested  interest  within  any  so- 
called  *  sphere  of  interest '  or  leased  territory  it 
may  have  in  China. 

**  2.  That  the  Chinese  treaty  tariff  of  the  time 
being  shall  apply  to  all  merchandise  landed  or 
shipped  to  all  such  ports  as  ar^  within  such 
'  sphere  of  interest '  (unless  they  be  *  free  ports '), 
no  matter  to  what  nationality  it  may  belong,  and 
that  duties  so  leviable  shall  be  collected  by  the 
Chinese  Government. 

*♦  3.  That  it  will  levy  no  higher  harbor  dues 
on  vessels  of  another  nationality  frequenting  any 
port  in  such  *  sphere '  than  shall  be  levied  on 
vessels  of  its  own  nationality — and  no  higher 
railroad  charges  over  lines  built,  controlled,  or 
operated  within  its  *  sphere '  on  merchandise  be- 
longing to  citizens  or  subjects  of  other  nationali- 
ties transported  through  such  *  spheres '  than 
shall  be  levied  on  similar  merchandise  belonging 
to  its  own  nationality  transported  over  equal  dis- 
tances." 

WERE    THE    PROPOSALS    ACCEPTED  ? 

All  the  powers,  with  the  exception  of  Russia, 
agreed  to  make  the  declaration  asked  for  on  the 
condition  that  a  similar  declaration  was  made  by 
the  other  powers  concerned.  But  only  Great 
Britam  and  Italy  have  expressly  agreed  to  make 
it.  Mr.  White,  the  American  charge  d'affaires, 
sent  Lord  Salisbury  copies  of  the  replies  received 
from  the  powers,  adding  that,  as  all  the  powers 
had  complied  with  the  United  States'  proposals, 
he  would  consider  Lord  Salisbury's  consent  final 
and  definitive.  Lord  Salisbury  consented  to 
this  ;  and  Mr.  Yerburgh  naturally  wants  to 
know  how  Lord  Salisbury,  with  Russia's  reply 
before  him,  could  have  admitted  that  the  United 
States  was  justified  in  asserting  that  her  proposals 
had  been  accepted.  *'  It  is  another  triumph  of 
the  astute  Muscovite  over  the  confiding  Anglo- 
Saxon,"  says  Mr.  Yerburgh,  philosophically. 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  CENTRAL  ASIA. 

IN  the  Fortnightly  Review  for  June,  Mr.  De- 
metrius C.  Boulger  makes  a  plea  for  a  defi- 
nite agreement  on  England's  part  with  the 
Afghan  Ameer  as  to  the  defense  of  his  country, 
and  at  the  same  time  for  a  definite  declaration 
to  Russia  of  England^s  determination  to  uphold 
its  integrity.  The  article  is  a  very  reasonable 
one,  and  is  interesting  just  now  as  recalling  the 
fact  that  the  far  East  is  not  the  only  spot  over 
which  Great  Britain  may  at  any  moment  find 
herself  in  acute  antagonism  to  Russia. 

THE   TWO    POLICIES. 

•  Practically  there  are  only  two  policies  which 
England  can  adopt  with  regard  to  Afghanistan. 
The  first  is  the  maintenance  of  its  integrity,  and 
the  second  the  division  of  the  country  with  Rus- 
sia. It  is  the  former  policy  which  Mr.  Boulger 
advocates ;  and  the  further  purpose  of  his  arti- 
cle IS  to  show  how  to  make  this  policy  definite 
and  effective.  England  should,  he  says,  first 
give  a  definite  pledge  to  the  Ameer  to  uphold 
his  sovereignty  under  all  circumstances.  The 
present  pledge  is  merely  a  qualified  one.  She 
should  then  make  a  definite  statement  that  she 
should  regard  a  Russian  advance  as  a  casus  belli. 
She  should  pacify  the  Ameer  by  receiving  a 
diplomatic  agent  in  London. 

NO    DIVISION. 

The  advantage  of  this  policy  is  that  it  would 
conciliate  the  Ameer  and  remove  his  doubts  as 
to  England's  reliability  ;  thus  drawing  him  prob- 
ably to  England's  side,  and  making  him  her  ally. 
Russia  could  not  resent  this  step,  as  she  has  often 
declared  Afghanistan  to  be  outside  her  sphere  of 
interest. 

For  the  alternative  policy  of  dividing  the 
country  with  Russia  there  is  nothing  to  be  said. 
The  most  diflBcult  and  intractable  part  of  the 
population  would  fall  to  England's  share.  If  the 
Russians  were  to  seize  Herat,  the  Afghans  would 
not  regard  it  as  a  serious  blow  to  their  independ- 
ence ;  whereas  if  England,  acquiescing  in  the 
Russian  advance,  were  to  seize  Kabul  and  Kan- 
dahar as  compensation,  they  would  look  on  their 
independence  as  destroyed.  Such  a  step  would 
alienate  the  Afghans  and  assist  the  Russians. 
England's  prudent  course  would  be  to  keep 
within  her  present  frontiers  and  allow  Russia 
to  advance,  leaving  it  to  the  Ameer  to  decide 
when  the  Anglo-Indian  army  should  advance  to 
his  support.  Any  other  policy  might  result  in 
throwing  the  Afghans  into  Russia's  arms,  and 
there  would  be  no  reason  why  they  should  not 
act  as  Russia's  advance-guard  of  invasion,  as  they 
did  for  Asiatic  invaders  in  the  past. 


A    CLAIM    FOR    TELEGRAPHS. 

In  return  for  a  definite  guarantee  against  in- 
vasion, England  might  ask  the  Ameer  to  allow 
the  construction  of  telegraphs  and  the  establish- 
ment of  agents  along  the  frontiers  she  had  under- 
taken to  defend,  at  the  same  time  leaving  the 
defense  of  the  frontier  primarily  to  the  Afghans 
themselves. 


JAPAN  AND  KOREA. 

IN  the  United  Service  Magazine  for  June,  Capt. 
R.  J.  Byford  Mair,  of  the  Royal  Engineers, 
gives  a  brief  exposition  of  the  Korean  question  as 
it  appears  to  the  Japanese  **man  in  the  street." 
He  says  : 

*<The  independence  of  the  Korean  kingdom 
has  always  been  looked  upon  by  Japan,  before 
and  since  it  entered  the  arena  of  the  great  na- 
tions, as  essential  to  its  welfare,  if  not  to  its  very 
existence.  The  Japanese  have  fought  to  pre- 
serve it ;  and  in  1894,  when  they  entered  upon 
the  war  with  China,  they  fully  believed  that  they 
were  about  to  settle  the  question  one  way  or  the 
other — if  not  forever,  at  least  for  many  genera- 
tions to  come.  Unfortunately  for  them,  as  we 
now  know,  they  were  reckoning  without  all  their 
hosts.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  three  Eu- 
ropean powers,  at  the  instigation  of  one  of  them, 
stepped  in  to  deprive  them  of  the  fruits  of  vic- 
tory; and,  as  it  turned  out,  a  permanent  solution 
of  the  question  was  farther  off  than  ever,  owing 
to  the  *  come-to-stay  '  appearance  on  the  scene  of 
a  great  power  which  claimed  a  voice  in  any  set- 
tlement which  might  be  proposed.  Since  the 
Treaty  of  Shimonoseki  was  ratified,  there  has 
been  a  perpetual  struggle — checked  for  a  time, 
perhaps,  by  the  convention  of  April,  1898,  but 
since  renewed  with  redoubled  vigor  on  both  sides 
— between  Russia  and  Japan  to  obtain  a  pre- 
dominating influence  in  Korea.  The  pendulum 
swings  first  to  one  side  and  then  to  the  other  ; 
at  one  moment  Russia  seems  to  have  at  length 
obtained  the  firm  footing  in  the  peninsula  for 
which  she  is  incessantly  striving,  but  at  the  next 
it  becomes  evident  that  this  is  more  apparent 
than  real.  The  pendulum  then  swings  in  favor 
of  Japan,  who  ousts  her  rival  from  the  premier 
position  only  to  be  herself  ousted  in  turn.  This 
has  happened  so  often,  and  the  struggle  is  so 
persistent  and  continuous,  that  shrewd  observers 
on  the  spot  declare  that  there  can  be  only  one 
end  to  it  all,  and  that  hostilities  alone  can  settle 
the  question  as  to  who  is  to  permanently  obtain 
a  predominant  influence.  Japan,  with  her  for- 
midable fleet  and  highly  trained  army,  will  not 
lightly  consent  to  be  overridden  by  Russia  or 
anybody  else  on  a  question  which  she  considers 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


88 


of  vital  importance  to  her  future  welfare  ;  and 
Russia  has  apparently  made  up  her  mind  that  she 
is  destined  to  absorb  Korea,  as  she  has  absorbed 
so  much  other  territcwy.  Some  day,  therefore, 
one  side  will  have  to  give  way  to  the  other. 
Which  will  it  be  ?  It  will  be  then  that  the  peo- 
ple of  Japan,  as  Lord  Salisbury  has  told  us,  will 
step  in  and  decide  whether  they  are  prepared  to 
again  have  recourse  to  the  ultima  ratio^  the 
strength  of  their  own  right  arm,  to  decide  the 
question  at  issue." 

MR.  BRYAN  ON  THE  ISSUE  IN  THE  CAMPAIGN. 

MR.  BRYAN'S  article  in  the  North  American 
Review  for  June  is  a  notable  deliverance. 
Presidential  candidates  in  this  country  have  usu- 
ally preserved  a  discreet  silence  respecting  cam- 
paign issues  until  their  parties  have  made  formal 
declarations  of  principles.  Mr.  Bryan  has  cho- 
sen not  to  wait  for  the  Democratic  platform  of 
1900  to  be  adopted  and  promulgated,  but  has 
framed  and  announced  his  own  platform  through 
the  medium  of  this  North  American  article.  No 
letter  of  acceptance  of  a  nomination,  the  candi- 
date's time-honored  and  recognized  channel  of 
communication  with  the  members  of  his  party, 
could  give  a  more  explicit  statement  of  views  as 
to  the  questions  of  the  hour  in  American  poli- 
tics than  is  embodied  in  this  article,  published 
with  no  semblance  of  official  party  sanction. 

The  very  title  of  the  paper  is  significant — 
'*  7%e  Issue  in  the  Presidential  Campaign. "  Mr. 
Bryan  believes  that  the  various  questions  now 
agitating  the  public  mind  in  this  country  are  but 
different  aspects  of  the  one  dominant  issue — 
'*the  issue  between  plutocracy  and  democracy. 
All  the  questions  under  discussion  will,  in  their 
last  analysis,  disclose  the  conflict  between  the 
dollar  and  the  man — a  conflict  as  old  as  the  hu- 
man race,  and  one  which  will  continue  as  long  as 
the  human  race  endures." 

SIXTEEN   TO   ONE   AGAIN. 

Mr.  Bryan  leaves  no  doubt  as  to  his  position 
on  the  question  of  free  silver  versus  the  gold 
standard.  After  speaking  of  the  demonetiza- 
tion of  the  silver  dollar  in  1873,  he  declares  that 
for  23  years  after  that  action  the  dominant  party 
was  conlroUed  by  the  financiers  and  the  gold 
standard  maintained  in  spite  of  popular  protest, 
although  every  party  was  pledged  to  restore  the 
double  standard. 

**In  1896  the  Democrats  refused  to  be  any 
longer  parties  to  the  duplicity,  and  took  an  open 
and  unequivocal  position  in  favor  of  the  imme- 
diate restoration  of  bimetallism  by  the  independ- 
ent action  of  this  country  at  the  present  legal 


ratio.  This  positive  and  definite  platform  was 
necessary  because  of  the  cunningly  devised  eva- 
sions and  ambiguities  which  had  been  written 
into  the  platforms  of  the  two  leading  parties. 
The  Republican  leaders,  on  the  other  hand,  con- 
tinued their  policy  of  deception,  and  held  out  to 
the  Republican  bimetallists  of  the  West  the  de- 
lusive hope  of  an  international  agreement,  while 
they  openly  promised  the  Eastern  believers  in 
monometallism  that  the  gold  standard  would  be 
maintained  until  an  international  agreement  could 
be  secured^  and  secretly  assured  them  that  that 
meant  forever. 

*  *  After  the  election,  the  administration  adopted 
a  double -standard  method  of  dealing  with  the 
subject.  A  commission  was  sent  to  Europe  to 
plead  for  international  bimetallism,  while  a  gold- 
standard  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  was  openly 
at  work  in  this  country  defending  monometallism. 
In  1896  the  money  question  occupied  by  far  the 
greater  portion  of  public  attention.  Since  1896 
the  same  sordid  doctrine  that  manifested  itself 
in  the  gold  standard  has  manifested  itself  in  sev- 
eral new  ways,  and  to-day  three  questions  con- 
test for  primacy — the  money  question,  the  trust 
question,  and  imperialism.  There  are  several 
other  questions  of  scarcely  less  importance,  but 
the  lines  of  division  upon  these  run  practically 
parallel  with  the  lines  which  separate  the  people 
upon  the  three  greater  ones.  If  a  man  opposes 
the  gold  standard,  trusts,  and  imperialism, — all 
three, — the  chances  are  a  hundred  to  one  that  he 
is  in  favor  of  arbitration,  the  income  tax,  and  the 
election  of  United  States  Senators  by  a  direct 
vote  of  the  people,  and  is  opposed  to  govern- 
ment by  injunction  and  the  blacklist.  If  a  man 
favors  the  gold  standard,  the  trusts,  and  imperial- 
ism,— all  three, — the  chances  are  equally  great 
that  he  regards  the  demand  for  arbitration  as  an 
impertinence,  defends  government  by  injunction 
and  the  blacklist,  views  the  income  tax  as  a  dis- 
couragement to  thrift,  and  will  oppose  the  elec- 
tion of  Senators  by  the  people  as  soon  as  he 
learns  that  it  will  lessen  the  influence  of  corpo- 
rations in  the  Senate.  When  a  person  is  with 
the  Democrats  on  one  or  two  of  these  questions, 
but  not  on  all,  his  position  on  the  subordinate 
questions  is  not  so  easily  calculated.  The  human 
mind  is  consistent,  but  time  is  required  for  the 
application  of  fundamental  principles  to  all  these 
questions." 

In  Mr.  Bryan's  opinion  the  contest  between 
monometallism  and  bimetallism  is  a  world-wide 
contest,  and  must  go  on  until  silver  is  once  more 
a  money  metal  equal  with  gold,  or  until  the  gold 
standard  becomes  universal. 

Admitting  that  we  have  largely  increased  our 
supply  of  gold  in  the  last  three  years,  the  action 


84 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEWS. 


of  England  in  placing  India  upon  the  gold  stan- 
dard is  likely  to  cause  a  drain  on  that  supply. 
The  fall  of  prices  will  be  temporarily  retarded 
by  the  increased  production  of  gold,  but  silver 
will  still  be  required  as  a  standard  money  in  the 
long  run. 

*  *  It  is  needless  to  discuss  the  ratio,  since  there 
is  no  division  of  sentiment  among  those  who  are 
actually  trying  to  secure  bimetallism.  There  is 
a  positive,  earnest,  and  active  force  behind  the 
present  legal  ratio  of  sixteen  to  one  ;  there  is  no 
positive,  earnest,  or  active  force  behind  any 
other  ratio.  Neither  is  it  any  longer  necessary 
to  discuss  international  bimetallism.  The  con- 
test upon  this  question  must  be  between  those 
who  believe  in  the  gold  standard  on  the  one  side 
and,  on  the  other  side,  those  who  believe  in  a 
financial  policy  made  by  the  American  people  for 
themselves.'' 

THE    TRUST   QUESTION. 

On  the  trust,  as  on  the  money  question,  says 
Mr.  Bryan,  the  line  is  drawn  between  those  who 
believe  that  money  is  the  only  thing  to  be  con- 
sidered and  those  who  believe  that  the  people 
have  rights  that  should  be  respected. 

Mr.  Bryan  demands  legislation  against  private 
monopoly  in  every  form.  **The  power  to  con- 
trol the  price  of  anything  which  the  people  need 
cannot  safely  be  trusted  to  any  private  individual 
or  association  of  individuals,  because  selfishness 
is  universal,  and  the  temptation  to  use  such  a 
power  for  personal  advantage  is  too  great." 

<*  While  State  legislatures  can  do  much.  Con- 
gressional action  is  necessary  to  complete  the  de- 
struction of  the  trusts.  A  State  can  prevent  the 
creation  of  a  monopoly  within  its  borders,  and 
can  also  exclude  a  foreign  monopoly.  But  this 
remedy  is  not  suflBcient ;  for,  if  a  monopoly 
really  exists  and  is  prevented  from  doing  busi- 
ness in  any  State,  the  people  of  that  State  will 
be  deprived  of  the  use  of  that  particular  article 
until  it  can  be  produced  within  the  State.  In- 
stead of  shutting  a  monopoly  out  of  one  State 
and  leaving  it  forty- four  States  to  do  business  in, 
we  should  shut  it  up  in  the  State  of  its  origin 
and  take  the  other  forty -four  away  from  it. 
This  can  be  done  by  an  act  of  Congress  making 
it  necessary  for  a  corporation,  organized  in  any 
State,  to  take  out  a  license  from  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment before  doing  business  outside  of  that 
State  ;  the  license  not  to  interfere,  however,  with 
regulations  imposed  by  other  States.  Such  a 
license,  granted  only  upon  evidence  that  there  is 
no  water  in  the  stock  of  the  corporation,  and 
that  it  has  not  attempted  and  is  not  attempting 
to  monopolize  any  branch  of  business  or  the 
production  of  any  article  of  merchandise,  would 


compel  the  dissolution  of   existing  monopolies 
and  prevent  the  creation  of  now  ones." 

•*  IMPERIALISM." 

On  the  subject  of  our  policy  in  the  Philippines 
Mr.  Bryan  is  distinctly  and  unequivocally  * « agin 
the  Government."  The  following  paragraphs 
from  his  article  embody  some  of  his  more  strik- 
ing thoughts  regarding  the  **  imperialism "  of 
President  McKinley's  administration  : 

*  <  The  theory  that  our  race  is  divinely  appointed 
to  seize  by  force  or  purchase  at  auction  groups 
of  *  inferior  people,'  and  govern  them,  with 
benevolent  purposes  avowed  and  with  trade  ad- 
vantages on  the  side,  carries  us  back  to  the  creed 
of  kings  and  to  the  gospel  of  force." 

*  *  There  are  degrees  of  intelligence  ;  some  peo- 
ple can  and  do  govern  themselves  better  than 
others,  and  it  is  possible  that  the  people  living 
near  the  equator  will  never,  owing  to  climatic 
conditions,  reach  the  governmental  standards  of 
the  temperate  zone.  But  it  is  absurd  to  say  that 
God  would  create  the  Filipinos  and  then  leave 
them  for  thousands  of  years  helpless,  until  Spain 
found  them  and  threw  her  protecting  arms  around 
them  ;  and  it  is  equally  absurd  to  say  that  Spain 
could  sell  to  us  the  right  to  act  as  guardians  of  a 
people  whom  she  governed  by  force." 

*  *  One  of  the  great  objections  to  imperialism  is 
that  it  destroys  our  proud  preeminence  among 
the  nations.  When  the  doctrine  of  self-govern- 
ment is  abandoned,  the  United  States  will  cease 
to  be  a  moral  factor  in  the  world's  progress.  We 
cannot  preach  the  doctrine  that  goveniments 
come  up  from  the  people,  and  at  the  same  time 
practice  the  doctrine  that  governments  rest  upon 
brute  force.  We  cannot  set  a  high  and  honor- 
able example  for  the  emulation  of  mankind  while 
we  roam  the  world  like  beasts  of  prey  seeking 
whom  we  may  devour." 


THE  DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  CITY. 

IN  the  July  Cosmopolitan,  Mr.  Charles  S.  Gleed 
gives  an  account  of  Kansas  City,  the  town 
in  which  the  Democratic  National  Convention  is 
about  to  meet  as  this  magazine  appears.  Mr. 
Gleed  assures  his  readers  that  the  theaters  and 
hotels  of  Kansas  City  are  in  advance  of  those  of 
any  other  city  of  like  size  in  the  country,  and 
that  there  will  be  no  danger  of  failure  in  the  en- 
tertainment of  the  great  company  to  assemble 
July  4th  for  the  nomination  of  Democratic  candi- 
dates for  President  and  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States.  The  great  hall  in  which  the 
Democratic  National  Convention  will  be  held  has 
just  been  reconstructed.  It  was  originally  built 
less  than  two  years  ago  by  popular  subscription, 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


85 


Courtesy  of  the  Cosmo^litan, 


and  was  destroyed  by  fire  about  three  months  ago. 
Before  the  fire  liad  been  subdued,  a  new  subscrip- 
tion had  been  started  and  the  whole  structure 
built  anew.  It  will  hold  22,500  people,  and  is 
said  by  critics  to  be  the  most  perfect  building  of 
its  kind  in  the  United  States — if  not  in  the  world. 
The  new  building  has  been  made  almost  fireproof. 

THE    GREAT   BOOM    OF    1875. 

Kansas  City  has,  in  Mr.  Gleed's  words,  **  had 
to  work  for  a  living.'*  She  has  come  into  her 
present  vigor  and  prosperity 
by  the  sweat  of  her  brow. 
She  had  her  notable  *  *  boom, 
beginning  about  1875."  For 
ten  years  or  more,  it  was  dif- 
ficult to  make  any  real  estate 
investment  in  the  city  that 
did  not  yield  a  profit — or 
offer  to  yield  one.  It  is 
doubtful  if  any  such  carnival 
of  city  real-estate  speculation 
ever  occurred  anywhere  else 
in  this  country.  The  platted 
land  about  the  city  extended 
out  and  out  until,  if  the  lots 
had  been  well  occupied,  the 
city  would  have  been  almost 
as  large  as  London.  *  <  Prices 
went  up  and  up.  Every 
profit  made  the  speculators  bolder,  and  this 
boldness  stiffened  prices.  Year  after  year  this 
reciprocal  stimulation  of  the  real-estate  mar- 
ket was  kept  up,  and  the  ultimate  victims  mul- 
tiplied accordingly.  The  end  came,  and  values 
fell  with  a  crash.  Scarcely  a  man  escaped. 
Banks  broke,  and  thousands  who  thought  them- 
selves rich  were  proved  to  be  bankrupt  or  per- 
manently crippled.  .  .  .  But  the  bad  dream 
passed,  and  courage  returned  to  those  who  sur- 
vived the  wreck  ;  and  at  this  time  little  remains 
to  tell  the  tale  of  the  great  debauch,  except  an 
unusual  proportion  of  vacant  lots  in  the  business 
part  of  the  city.  In  the  long  run  this  may  be  a 
good  thing,  as  it  will  likely  influence  the  erec- 
tion of  ampler  buildings  with  larger  ground - 
s))ace,  and  not  so  much  invasion  of  the  upper 
air." 

THE    8TRATE0IG    POSITION   OP   THE   CITY. 

Kansas  City  is  surrounded  by  an  ocean  of  fat 
land  studded  with  mines  and  garnished  with  for- 
ests— ^both  of  fabulous  extent  and  value.  From 
the  wheat-loaded  plains  of  the  far  north  to  the 
cotton-covered  leagues  of  the  south,  there  is 
scarcely  an  acre  that  is  not  fruitful  beyond  any 
like  area  elsewhere  in  the  world. 

'  *  All  the  people  of  the  earth  could  be  fed  from 


the  land  within  a  circle  of  a  1,000-mile  radius 
around  Kansas  City.  Not  only  could  they  be 
fed,  but  all  their  other  necessities  could  be  sup- 
plied. Iron,  oil,  lumber,  gold,  silver,  coal,  salt 
— everything  which  men  must  use,  or  may  well 
use,  comes  out  of  this  magic  circle  of  which 
Kansas  City  is  the  center.  Thus  it  is  not  strange 
that  we  see  wonderful  figures  made  by  Kansas 
City's  business  institutions.  Last  year  in  her 
packing- houses  2,646,073  swine  ran  down  a 
steep   place  into  hot  water.     Nearly  a  million 


UNION  DEPOT  AND  WHOLBSALB  DISTRICT,  KANSAS  CITT. 


head  of  cattle  rendered  unto  the  packers  the 
things  that  are  the  packers'.  The  stockyards 
handled  over  6,000,000  head  of  live-stock,  worth 
$121,706,632.  Three  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand barrels  of  flour  were  turned  out  of  her 
mills.  The  horse  and  mule  merchants  handled 
31,677  horses  and  mules.  She  received  bushels 
of  grain  as  follows:  wheat,  20,341,100;  corn, 
8,682,750  ;  oats,  2,388,000  ;  rye,  183,300  ;  bar- 
ley, 17,600.  Kansas  City  sells  more  agricultural 
implements  than  any  other  town  ;  she  has  the 
largest  horse  and  mule  stables  in  the  world,  and 
the  largest  live- stock  market  in  the  Union  ex- 
cept Chicago.  She  is  second  to  Chicago  only 
as  a  railroad  center.  Last  year  her  bank- 
clearings  were  $648,270,711,  and  on  Decem- 
ber 2  of  last  year  her  bank  deposits  were  $49,- 
018,130.  Her  wholesale  business  amounted  to 
$225,000,000." 

THE    CITY    FROM    A    SCENIC    POINT    OP    VIEW. 

In  the  early  days,  Kansas  City  was  a  town  of 
unexampled  roughness  and  disorder.  **  The  day 
of  decoration  in  time  arrived.  Streets  were  well 
paved.  Unsightly  bluffs  were  dumped  into  hide- 
ous gulches.  Palaces  were  built.  Engineers  and 
gardeners  scattered  gentle  slopes  and  pleasing 
curves  in  liberal  profusion.     Trees  and  flowei*s 


88 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REyitWS. 


<*Thu8  I,  who  am  an  early  riser,  begin  work 
at  five  in  summer  and  six  in  winter,  after  the 
customary  light  breakfast  of  coffee  and  rolls.  I 
do  not  take  a  second  breakfast  at  ten  or  eleven, 
as  many  Germans  do,  but  work  continuously 
until  one  o'clock,  when  1  have  dinner.  "  This 
with  me,  as  with  all  Germans,  is  the  hearty  meal 
of  the  day.  After  dinner  I  take  a  half- hour's 
nap  ;  theft  read  the  newspaper  or  chat  with  my 
family  for  an  hour,  and  perhaps  go  for  a  long 
walk.  At  about  four,  like  all  Germans,  I  take 
my  cup  of  coffee,  but  without  cake  or  other  food. 
Then  at  four,  having  had  three  full  hours  of 
brain  rest  and  diversion,  I  am  ready  to  go  to 
work  again,  and  can  accomplish  four  hours  more 
of  work  without  undue  fatigue.  At  eight  I  have 
my  rather  light  supper,  and  after  that  I  attempt 
no  further  work,  giving  the  evening  to  reading, 
conversation,  or  other  recreation.  I  do  not  re- 
tire till  rather  late,  as  I  require  only  five  or  six 
hours'  sleep." 

In  consequence  of  these  regular  hours,  and  in 
spite  of  this  enormous  labor,  Haeckel  looks,  at 
sixty-five,  according  to  Dr.  Williams,  as  if  he 
were  good  for  at  least  a  score  of  years  of  further 
effort. 

THE  THYROID  GLAND. 

AMONG  the  recent  important  discoveries  in 
medicine  are  the  possibilities  the  doctors 
have  found  stored  up  in  the  thyroid  gland.  The 
Revue  de  Midccine  for  May  1 0  contains  the  fourth 
paper  in  a  series  on  "Fonctions  du  corps  thy- 
roide,"  in  which  Dr.  Gabriel  Gauthier  reports 
the  results  of  his  experiments. 

This  gland  lies  in  the  throat,  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  larynx.  As  a  gland,  it  would  natu- 
rally be  expected  to  secrete  something  to  be  used 
in  the  system,  yet  it  has  no  duct  as  an  outlet  for 
any  secretion.  Its  raison  d'etre,  if  it  really  had 
one,  was  a  puzzle  to  physicians  for  a  long  time,  and 
various  unimportant  functions  were  attributed  to 
it.  Within  a  few  years  a  relation  was  found 
to  exist  between  this  gland  and  the  disease  known 
as  goiter.  Patients  afflicted  with  the  disease  had 
abnormal  thyroids,  and  this  observation  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  unexpected  discovery  that  they 
could  be  successfully  treated  by  administering  a 
preparation  of  the  gland,  preferably  the  thyroid 
of  a  young  sheep.  We  are  familiar  with  the 
much-advertised  correcting  of  too  prominent 
noses,  the  treatment  of  eyelids  to  secure  any  de- 
sired expression,  and  other  triumphs  of  surgery 
in  the  cause  of  beauty  ;  but  it  was  a  surprise  to 
learn,  from  sources  beyond  question  of  reliabil- 
ity, that  thyroid  was  a  cure  for  arrested  develop- 
ment, and  that  persons  who,  from  some  cause, 
had  not  grown  to  their  natural  size  had    been 


successfully  treated  with  this  remedy,  even  when 
they  had  passed  the  period  of  growth  and  had 
reached  the  mature  age  of  twenty  or  twenty- 
seven  years.  In  contrast  to  this,  victims  of  ol)e- 
sity  might  find  surcease  from  their  trouble  by 
using  the  same  remedy,  which  is  the  best  one 
known,  except  for  cases  that  require  dieting. 
Gauthier  is  of  the  opinion  that  many  cases  of 
obesity  are  due  to  insufficient  development  of 
the  thyroid,  and  abnormal  thinness  to  a  too 
great  development  of  it. 

Further,  the  discovery  gave  a  new  ray  of  hope 
for  feeble-minded  children  ;  for  since  idiocy  in 
many  instances  is  due  to  the  arrested  growth  of 
the  brain,  it  follows  that  thyroid  may  often  be 
used  with  good  results  for  these  pitiably  afflicted 
members  of  our  communities.  Examination  of 
a  large  number  of  imbecile  and  half-witted  in- 
dividuals showed  more  or  less  degeneration  of  the 
gland.  Thyroid  administered  to  children  suffer- 
ing  from  myxodemic  idiocy  produced  growth  in 
the  whole  bony  system,  including  the  cranium. 

A  very  striking  case  cited  is  that  of  a  child 
showing  symptoms  of  mental  perversion,  includ. 
ing  kleptomania,  upon  whom  excellent  results 
were  produced  by  stimulation  of  the  thyroid. 
When  we  consider  that  all  of  our  activities  are 
controlled  by  the  nervous  system,  this  is  not  dif- 
ficult to  understand.  Thyroid  is  effective  in 
many  nervous  troubles,  and  in  general  may  be 
said  to  first  influence  the  nervous  system  in  its 
development,  and  later  to  affect  its  nutrition. 

THE    THYROID    TREATMENT    FOR    DISEASES. 

The  gland  apparently  plays  a  very  important 
r/J/e  in  all  nutritive  processes,  and  is  concerned 
in  a  number  of  diseases.  Several  skin  diseases, 
diseases  of  the  bone,  unstable  nerves,  cardiac  ex- 
citability, rachitis,  and  many  other  pathological 
conditions,  as  well  as  many  natural  develop- 
mental processes,  are  attended  with  changes  in 
this  gland.  Cases  of  fracture  that  did  not  heal 
properly  were  quickly  cured  by  the  thyroid  treat- 
ment. In  fact,  any  pathological  condition  that 
results  from  an  error  in  nutrition  may  be  traced 
to  a  disturbance  of  the  activity  of  this  gland,  and 
may  be  alleviated  by  treatment  with  it. 

The  disease  known  as  acromegaly,  or  giant- 
ism, in  which  the  bones  become  abnormally  en- 
larged and  a  giant  is  formed,  is  caused  by  disease 
in  the  pituitary  body — a  small  body  on  the  lower 
side  of  the  brain,  which  has  one  lobe  identical 
in  structure  with  the  thyroid. 

There  is  apparently  a  series  of  glands  that 
preside  over  growth  processes ;  the  thymus, 
which  regulates  pre -natal -growth  and  degener- 
ates early  in  life,  the  thyroid,  the  amygdalae 
and  the  pituitary  body. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


89 


RADIOCULTURE. 

THIS  is  the  name  which  the  astronomer,  M. 
C'amille  Flammarion,  has  given  to  the 
branch  of  physical  researcli  suggested  by  his  ex- 
periments with  plant-growing  in  colored  light. 
Mr.  G.  C.  Nuttall  furnishes  a  most  interesting  ac- 
count of  these  experiments  in  Pearson's  (London) 
for  June.  The  astronomer  erected  four  small 
greenhouses  in  the  grounds  of  the  Observatory 
of  Juvisy — ^glazed-red,  green,  blue,  white,  respec- 
tively. In  these  he  put  seedlings  of  uniform  age 
and  development  of  the  sensitive  plant  (mimosa), 
and  left  them  to  grow  for  three  months,  with 
these  results  : 

•♦The  plants  in  the  ordinary  conservatory  had 
grown  in  a  normal  manner,  and  had  attained  a 
height  of  nearly  four  inches. 

UNDER    BLUE   GLASS. 

'•Those  in  the  blue  glasshouse  had  not  made 
the  slightest  improvement ;  they  were  precisely 
as  they  had  been  planted  three  months  before  ; 
in  fact,  they  can  best  1^  described  as  plants  in  a 
trance.  They  were  alive  and  seemingly  quite 
healthy,  but  absolutely  undeveloped.  As  they 
liad  been  planted  so  they  remained  ;  to  all  ap- 
pearance they  might  have  fallen  asleep  on  the 
day  of  their  entry  into  blueness,  and  never  have 
awakened  to  set  about  growing. 

UNDER    GREEN. 

"  In  the  green  glasshouse,  the  plants  had  shown 
a  Urge  amount  of  energy,  and  had  pushed  up  to 
a  height  half  as  great  again  as  that  attained  by 
ihoee  in  the  ordinary  conservatory.  There  was  no 
tioubt  that  the  atmosphere  of  green  had  stimu- 
lated their  growth  upwards,  though,  on  the  other 
liand,  they  were  not  so  well  developed  or  so  bushy 
as  the  others. 

UNDER    RED. 

"  Bat  it  was  in  the  red  glasshouse  that  the  roost 
striking  results  were  apparent.  In  this  the  seed- 
lings had  simply  leaped  into  stature  ;  they  were 
four  times  as  tall  as  their  contemporaries  of  nor- 
mal growth,  and  they  were  actually  more  than 
fifteen  times  the  size  of  the  little  plants  which 
had  slept  in  the  blue  light.  Moreover,  they  alone 
*'f  all  the  seedlings  had  flowered." 

Their  sensitiveness  ha<i  under  the  red  rays  be- 
come hyper-sensitiveness,  while  under  the  blue 
rays  it  had  passed  into  complete  insensitiveness. 
These  differences  might,  it  was  thought,  be  due 
^  the  differences  in  luminosity  and  temperature: 
Ko  all  four  houses  were  made  identical  in  temper- 
ttare  and  intensity  of  light,  and  the  results  were 
practically  the  same.  Similar  experiments  with 
other  plants  produced  differences  as  remarkable. 


UTILITY    OP    RED    GLASSHOUSES. 

The  writer  naturally  concludes  that  radiocul- 
ture  has  a  future  before  it,  and  that  we  are  only 
on  the  threshold  of  the  transformations  which  it 
may  effect.     He  proceeds  : 

**  As  far  as  real  practical  use  is  concerned,  it 
is  early  yet  to  predict;  but  it  certainly  seems  as 
though  red  glasshouses  might,  with  great  advan- 
tage, become  part  of  the  stock-in-trade  of  the 
florist  and  gardener  as  an  additional  and.  most 
useful  adjunct  to  his  present  forcing  arrange- 
ments. Such  a  remarkable  stimulant  to  plant 
life  as  red  light  proves  to  be  cannot  be  over- 
looked long." 

EFFECT  OP  COLOR  ON  SILKWORMS. 

An  even  more  tempting  glimpse  into  further 
knowledge  is  offered  by  experiments  with  ani- 
mal organisms  : 

**  Silkworms  were  kept  under  variously  col- 
ored glasses,  and  their  development  carefully 
watched.  It  was  found  that  the  quantity  of  silk 
produced,  the  number  of  eggs,  even  the  actual 
proportion  of  the  sexes,  were  largely  affected  by 
the  color  of  the  light  in  which  they  lived." 


ON  THE  LANGUAGE  OF  BIRDS. 

IN  the  Revue  des  Revues,  there  is  a  curious  arti- 
cle on  **The  Language  of  Birds."  At  the 
end  of  last  century  a  distinguished  political  econ- 
omist, M.  Dupont  de  Nemours,  sallied  forth  into 
the  fields  to  learn  the  languages  of  the  crow  and 
the  nightingale.  After  two  winters'  shivering 
about  the  highways  and  hedges,  he  had  made 
out  twenty-five  words  of  crow -language.  It 
must  not  be  supposed,  however,  that  crow -lan- 
guage is  poor  because  its  words  number  but 
twenty- five.  *<The  crows  have  only  to  combine 
them  by  twos,  by  threes,  by  fours,  or  by  fives, 
and  they  will  get  a  number  of  combinations  sur- 
passing the  number  of  words  contained  by  the 
richest  language  in  the  universe."  M.  Nemours 
does  not  think,  however,  that  the  crows  do  act- 
ually make  so  many,  or  even  any,  combinations 
of  the  words  in  their  dictionary.  Their  twenty- 
five  words  are  quite  enough  to  express  **here," 
**  there,"  "hot,"  *»cold,"  **  take  care,"  **  armed 
man,"  **a  nest,"  and  a  score  or  more  of  expres- 
sions which  crows  might  naturally  be  supposed 
to  need.  **  After  which  crows  have  not  much 
left  to  say."  M.  Nemours*  dictionary  was  not 
a  crow- French  or  a  French -crow  dictionary  ; 
rather,  he  translated  his  crow  words  into  verse. 
M.  Nemours  made  many  other  discoveries  while 
with  the  birds.  The  goldfinch,  linnet,  and  gar- 
den warbler  he  found  sang  of  nothing  but  their 
loves  ;  but  the  chaflBnch  sang  also  of  its  amour- 


90 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  RE^IEiVS. 


projyre — conceited  bird  ;  while  the  male  lark 
pours  out  its  soul  in  a  hymn  on  the  beauties  of 
nature,  and  the  vigor  with  which  it  soars  aloft, 
rising  higher  and  higher  before  the  eyes  of  its 
admiring  mate.  The  nightmgale  was  very  com- 
municative ;  it  told  the  French  naturalist  threie 
of  its  songs. 

SPARROW- TALK. 

But  German  naturalists,  always  grundlich,  have 
pursued  their  researches  into  comparative  bird- 
philology  even  farther.  One  of  their  celebrated 
ornithologists  tells  us  that  the  language  of  the 
sparrow  may  be  used  as  a  standard  of  comparison 
for  that  of  several  species  : 

* '  *  Dieb  '  is  the  cry  which  they  utter  when  on 
the  wing,  <  schilp '  when  perching  ;  and  these 
are  their  two  cries  for  attracting  attention.  When 
they  are  eating  or  at  rest,  they  may  be  continually 
heard  repeating  *  dieb,  *  *  bilp, '  or  *  bioum. '  Their 
cries  of  tenderness  are  *  durr  and  die,  die  ;'  *  terr, ' 
pronounced  with  force  and  rolling  of  the  *  r,  * 
means  the  approach  of  danger  ; — it  is  a  signal  of 
warning.  Should  the  peril  increase,  or  an  enemy 
have  suddenly  appeared,  they  utter  another  cry, 
which  may  be  distinguished  :  <  tellerelltelltelltell.' 
If  the  sparrow  is  safe,  the  bird  of  prey  or  the 
cat  having  disappeared,  he  repeats  gently,  several 
times  over,  *durr.'  When  the  male  birds  are 
disputing  the  possession  of  a  female,  *  tell,  tell, 
silp,  den,  dell,  dieb,  schilk,'  etc.,  comes  from 
every  throat,  producing  the  deafening  noise 
heard  especially  in  spring " — all  simple  words 
enough,  except  one,  which  will  probably  be 
found  peculiar  to  sparrows  of  German  origin. 

Mr.  Barington,  vice-president  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  London,  also  an  acute  bird  observer, 
is  quoted  as  saying  that  hardly  two  birds  of  the 
same  kind  have  a  song  exactly  similar.  Locality 
also  influences  their  songs,  the  same  bird  singing 
differently  in  the  mountains  and  in  the  plains. 
Tracing  back  the  language  of  man  to  its  most 
primitive  beginnings,  is  it  so  very  different  in 
nature  or  in  origin  from  the  language  of  the 
crows  and  nightingales  ? 


HYPNOTISM  IN  EDUCATION. 

IN  the  July  Harper  s,  Dr.  John  D.  Quackenbos 
writes  on  *'The  Educational  Use  of  Hyp- 
notism," and  claims  some  very  important  uses  of 
the  hypnotic  power  in  quickening  the  mental  grasp 
of  various  subjects  of  study.  Dr.  Quackenbos  has 
applied  hypnotism  profitably  in  cases  of  backward 
and  erratic  children,  voice- culture,  development 
of  musical  talent,  and  the  inspiration  of  writers 
and  actresses,  and  he  believes  suggestion  is  a 
legitimate  and  thoroughly  scientific  tool  in  the 
hands  of  a  careful  and  well- trained  hypnotist. 


HYPNOTISM    IN    TRAINING   CHILDREN. 

**  A  troubled  mother  writes  to  inquire  whether 
a  child  of  six  years  can  be  satisfactorily  influ- 
enced by  hypnotic  suggestion — '  a  sensitive, 
nervous,  high-strung,  exceedingly  affectionate 
boy,  but  cursed  with  a  painful  lack  of  courage  in 
his  contact  with  other  boys.  This  leads  to  a  per- 
petual persecution  by  his  companions,  besides 
being  in  itself  deplorable,  inasmuch  as  it  is  a 
trait  indicating  lack  of  manliness.  By  nature  he 
is  exceptionally  truthful,  but  at  times  I  suspect 
this  supreme  timidity  may  lead  to  deception 
through  fear  of  consequences.  Do  you  think 
this  defect  can  be  successfully  overcome  by  hyp- 
notic suggestion  ?  * 

*  *  My  reply  to  such  an  inquiry  is  that  the  child 
as  pictured  is  a  perfect  subject  for  hypnotic 
treatment,  which  will  convert  the  cry-baby  into 
a  resolute,  manly  boy;  the  unhappy,  cringing 
coward  into  a  model  of  bravery  and  truth. 

*  *  There  are  children  who  are  unnaturally  stupid, 
of  sluggish  intellect,  born  without  the  ordinary 
ability  to  concentrate  thought  or  rivet  attention, 
with  defective  memories,  easily  confused,  em- 
barrassingly self-conscious,  so  that  the  mind  be- 
comes a  blank  under  the  pressure  of  a  necessity 
for  reflection  ;  or,  if  thoughts  are  there,  the  vo- 
cal mechanism  refuses  to  express  them.  For 
these  conditions,  as  well  as  for  habitual  indolence, 
disinclination  to  exertion  and  cowardice,  hypno- 
tism is  the  philosophical  treatment.  Where 
medication,  moral  influences,  institutional  disci- 
pline, change  of  scene  and  companionships,  are 
of  no  avail,  carefully  directed  suggestion  in  the 
hypnotic  state,  if  confidently  persevered  in,  is. 
humanly  speaking,  sure  to  awaken  intellectual 
perception,  impart  mental  alertness,  improve  the 
memory  conditions,  and  substitute  self-reliance 
for  diffidence  and  timidity.'* 

HYPNOTIC    AIDS    IN    MUSIC-TEACHINQ. 

Dr.  Quackenbos  describes  various  instances  of 
the  pathological  order,  and  then  a  class  of  cases 
which  differ  in  kind  from  these — such  as  the  use 
of  hypnotism  with  intelligent  people  who  under- 
stand the  philosophy  of  suggestion,  and  apply 
for  assistance  in  their  musical  work. 

» <  Here  the  suggestions  are  framed  to  meet 
the  special  needs  of  each  individual.  The  sub- 
ject is  hypnotized,  and  told  that  the  subliminal 
self  is  now  in  the  ascendency  ;  that  it  has  de- 
manded and  secured  an  outlet  of  expression 
through  the  physical  organism  and  the  mortal 
mind  ;  that  it  will  utter  itself  fearlessly,  without 
diffidence,  without  thought  of  extraneous  criti- 
cism, unerringly,  feelingly,  triumphantly  ;  that, 
in  order  to  do  this,  it  has  indued  the  objective 
self  with  power  to  read  music,  to  interpret  the 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


91 


contents,  and  to  render  the  thought  or  feeling 
through  the  medium  of  piano.tones  evoked  by 
dexterous  fingers.  An  improvement  is  at  once 
noticed,  marked  by  facility  in  interpreting  new 
and  difficult  music,  by  a  sureness  and  delicacy  of 
touch,  and,  above  all,  by  the  acquisition  of  per- 
fect confidence  before  an  audience.  Proficiency 
in  piano- playing  on  the  part  of  those  who  under- 
stand the  technic  is  assured  in  a  comparatively 
short  time  by  suggestive  instruction  of  this 
nature." 

HYPNOTISM    TO    BTBENGTHEN    NOVEL    WRITERS. 

Dr.  Quackenbos  has  had  under  his  own  treat- 
ment recently  a  number  of  persons  who  use  this 
aid  in  studying  music,  and  also  several  ladies 
who  are  making  a  profession  of  fiction. writing. 
To  the  latter  were  imparted,  under  hypnotic  in. 
fluences — first,  a  knowledge  of  the  canons  of  nar- 
ration ;  secondly,  of  the  laws  of  construction  in 
the  case  of  the  novel,  its  functions  and  technic, 
and  Its  legitimate  material.  This  philosophy  is 
readily  grasped,  assimilated,  and  utilized  in  post- 
hypnotic creation  ;  and  the  mode  of  instruction 
puts  out  of  countenance  the  conventional  wrest- 
ling with  the  precepts  of  a  text-book.  In  the 
light  of  instantaneous  apprehension,  barrenness 
pves  place  to  richness  of  association,  the  earnest 
thought  and  honest  toil  of  the  old  method  to  a 
surprising  facility,  disinclination  to  select  details 
to  zest  in  appropriating  whatever  is  available. 
Opportunity  and  mood  are  thus  made  to  coincide, 
and  the  subject  spontaneously  conforms  to  the 
eternal  principles  of  style.  Under  the  influence 
of  such  inspiration,  rapid  progress  has  been  made 
in  the  chosen  field  of  authorship. 


"THE  QUARTERLY"  ON  TOLSTOI. 

THE  article  in  the  Quarterly  Review  for  April 
on  Tolstoi's  view  of  art  is  chiefly  remark- 
able for  two  things — for  the  theory  of  art  ad- 
vanced in  opposition  to  Tolstoi,  and  for  the 
writer's  outspoken  approval  of  Tolstoi's  social 
criticism.  He  begins  with  a  fairly  comprehen- 
sive censure  of  the  great  Russian  : 

**  Destitute  of  all  historic  sense,  impervious  to 
any  form  of  science,  and  accepting  the  Gospel 
only  as  the  nominal  text  for  a  religion  of  his  own 
making,  he  has  become  incapable  of  admitting 
more  than  one  side  to  any  question,  more  than 
one  solution  to  any  difficulty,  more  than  one 
factor  in  any  phenomenon.  He  has  lost  all  sense 
of  caase  and  effect,  all  acquiescence  in  necessity, 
and  aU  real  trustfulness  in  the  ways  of  the  uni- 
verse. Most  things  are  wrong — wholly,  utterly 
WTt>ng  ;  their  wrongness  has  never  originated  in 
any  right,  and   never  will  be  transforme<i  into 


right  until — well,  until  mankind  be  converted 
to  Tolstoi's  theory  and  practice.  Economic  and 
domestic  arrangements,  laws,  politics,  religion, 
all  wrong  ;  and  now  art  also." 

**  THE    INSTINCT    FOR    BEAUTY." 

The  reviewer  meets  Tolstoi's  scornful  exposure 
of  the  endless  contradictions  apparent  in  the  his- 


COUNT  LBO  TOLSTOI. 

tory  of  the  philosophy  of  art  with  an  apology  for 
the  backward  state  of  esthetic  science — depend- 
ent, as  it  is,  on  the  as  yet  only  partially  devel- 
oped sciences  of  psychology,  sociology,  and  an- 
thropology. But,  he  argues,  the  modern  treat- 
ment of  esthetics  is  *  *  beginning  to  put  order  and 
lucidity  into  the  subject."  His  positive  theory 
is  put  forward  by  the  writer  in  these  sentences  : 
*■ '  The  quality  called  beauty,  recognized  in  the 
most  various  kinds  and  styles  of  art,  marks  the 
awakening  of  a  specific  sort  of  pleasure,  at  pres- 
ent neither  analyzable  nor  explicable,  but  which, 
like  all  the  other  varieties  of  pleasure,  can  be  in- 
stantly identified,  though  not  described  by  any 
one  who  has  experienced  it.  .  .  .  It  is  this 
quality  of  beauty y  this  specific  pleasurable  emo- 
tion connected  with  the  word  beautiful,^  which 
practically  decides  the  eventual  acceptance  or  re- 
jection of  a  work  of  art. 

A    CATEGORICAL    IMPERATIVE. 

*  <  The  instinct  for  beauty  is  not,  in  all  proba- 
bility, one  of  the  creative  faculties  of  man.     It 


02 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


does  not  set  people  working  ;  it  does  not  drive 
them  to  construct,  to  imitate,  or  to  express,  any 
more  than  the  moral  instinct  sets  people  wishing 
and  acting,  or  the  logical  instinct  sets  them  rea- 
soning. It  is,  even  more  typically  than  the 
moral  and  logical  instincts,  a  categorical  im- 
perative^  which  imperiously  decides  whether 
given  forms  are  to  be  tolerated,  cherished,  or 
avoided. 

**In  thus  recognizing  that  the  instinct  for 
beauty  is  not  a  creative,  but  a  regulative  impulse 
of  mankind,  modern  psychology,  so  far  from 
diminishing  its  importance,  increases  it  enor- 
mously, and  explains  it.  ...  In  a  world  of 
life  the  most  complex,  overflowing,  and  organic, 
not  merely  negative  moral  virtue,  hut  physical 
beauty,  as  mucli  as  intellectual  lucidity,  is  re- 
quired, and,  by  the  nature  of  things,  will  eter- 
nally be  required  and  produced.'' 

TOLSTOI    *<  HARDLY    KXA0GERATE8. " 

But  while  emphatically  at  variance  with  Tol- 
stoi in  asserting  the  independent  authority  of  the 
artistic  instincts,  the  reviewer  is  no  less  emphatic- 
ally at  one  with  his  author  in  admitting  the 
present  divorce  of  art  from  labor  and  life.  The 
following  paragraph  is  significant,  appearing  as 
it  does,  not  in  any  wild  socialistic  print,  but  in 
the  soberest  and  sedatest  organ  of  British  con- 
servatism : 

**  Nowadays  objects  of  utility,  machine-made, 
and  no  longer  expressive  of  any  preferences,  are 
either  totally  without  esthetic  quality,  or  em- 
body, in  a  perfunctory  and  imperfect  manner, 
the  superficial  and  changing  esthetic  fashions  of 
a  very  small  minority.  Nor  is  this  all.  The 
extreme  rapidity  of  scientific  discovery  and  me- 
chanical invention,  the  growing  desire  for  tech- 
nical education  and  hygienic  advantage,  the  race 
for  material  comfort,  and  the  struggles  for  intel- 
lectual and  social  equality — in  fact,  the  whole 
immense  movement  of  our  times,  both  for  good 
and  for  evil — have  steadily  tended  to  make  art 
less  and  less  a  reality  even  in  the  lives  of  the 
leisured  classes,  and  have  resulted  in  virtually 
effacing  all  vestige  of  it  from  the  lives  of  work- 
ing-men. Art,  therefore,  we  may  concede  to 
Tolstoi,  is  in  our  days  largely  artificial,  often  un- 
wholesome, always  difficult  of  appreciation,  and, 
above  all,  a  luxury.  Violent  and  even  fanatical 
as  are  Tolstoi's  words  on  this  subject,  they 
hardly ,  exaggerate  the  present  wrongness  of 
things." 

What  may  be  termed  the  social  conviction  of 
sin  is  certainly  ripening  when  a  Quarterly  re- 
viewer contritely  confesses  that  even  Tolstoi 
**  hardly  exaggerates  the  present  wrongness  of 
things." 


PROF.  MAX  MULLER  AT  HOME. 

IN  the  Temple  Magazine  for  June,  Mr.  Hugh 
W.  Strong  gives  us  a  little  picture  of  Prof. 
Max  Miiller  in  his  workshop.     He  writes: 

'*  Books  everywhere!  Not  a  square  foot  of 
wall  space  but  is  occupied  with  the  varieties 
among  the  writings  in  every  language,  and  out 
of  every  nation  and  people,  which  have  gone  to 
increase  Prof.  Max  Mdller's  mastery  of  that  pro- 
foundly interesting  subject,  *  The  Religions  of  the 
World.' 

*  *  Of  Max  Muller  it  is  peculiarly  true  that  the 
study  reveals  the  student.  This  *  German  Work- 
shop,' from  whence  the  'Chips'  were  wont  to 
come  with  a  regularity  and  sustained  interest  which 


PROr.  If  AX  mCixer. 

bespoke  the  concentration  and  enthusiasm  of  the 
worker,  is  distinguished  in  all  its  details  by  prac- 
ticality and  purposefulness.  Everything  in  its 
place  and  a  place  for  everything.  The  arrange- 
ment of  the  works  of  reference  with  which  the 
tall  bookcases  are  packed  and  piled  to  the  very 
ceiling  is  directly  designed  to  facilitate  methodi- 
cal writing." 

In  reply  to  various  questions,  Professor  Miiller 
told  his  interviewer  : 

**  My  work  is  done.  There  is  the  *  Rig- Veda' 
in  six  large  volumes,  and  the  *  Sacred  Books  of 
the  East'  in  fifty  volumes  of  translations — my 
commission  from  the  Oxford  University.  These 
really  form  my  life's  work.  Beyond  them  are 
numerous  other  books  and  translations,  my  *  His- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


98 


tory  of  Sanskrit  Literature,*  my  *  Science  of 
Language/  *  Science  of  Religion,'  *  Science  of 
Mythology,*  *  History  of  Indian  Philosophy,* 
etc.,  while  niost  of  ray  shorter  writings  are  col- 
lected in  *  Chips  from  a  German  Workshop.  * 
Now  I  feel  it  high  time  that  I  drew  in  my  sails. 

**  I  shall  probably  go  on  with  my  *  Recollections  * 
— *  Auid  Lang  Syne,*  you  know.  But  I  shall 
abstain  from  any  great  effort.  I  am  asked  to 
contribute  to  both  English  and  American  publi- 
cations, but  can  only  occasionally  comply. 

*  *  My  methods  of  work  are  very  simple.  *  Wlien 
I  have  nothing  to  do,  I  work.  *  Story  ?  I  have 
none  to  tell  you.  I  was  always  at  work.  Here 
were  my  pen  and  paper  and  books  daily,  hourly 
awaiting  me.  These  and  my  thoughts  were  suf- 
ficient inspiration  and  incentive.  I  didn*t  want 
recreations.  As  soon  as  I  felt  exhausted  I  gave 
up  and  rested.** 

HINDOO   PRATERS   FOR    PROFESSOR    MtJLLER*8 
#  RECOVERY. 

In  connection  with  the  professor's  recent  ill- 
ness, the  following  communication  from  an  old 
and  learned  Brahmin  at  Madras  has  a  special  in- 
terest.    The  Brahmin  writes  : 

**  When  I  saw  the  professor  was  seriously  ill, 
tears  trickled  down  my  cheeks  unconsciously. 
When  I  told  my  friends  who  are  spending  the 
Ust  days  of  their  life  with  me,  and  read  with  me 
the  '  Bhagavadgtta,*  and  similar  religious  books, 
tbey  were  all  very  much  overpowered  with  grief. 
Last  night,  when  we  were  all  going  to  our  tem- 
ple as  usual,  it  was  suggested  to  me  that  we 
should  have  some  special  service  performed  by 
the  temple  priest  for  his  complete  restoration. 
All  my  friends  followed  me  to  the  temple  ;  but 
when  we  told  the  priest  our  wish,  he  raised  va- 
rious objections.  He  could  not,  he  said,  offer 
prayers  and  chant  hymns  in  the  name  of  one  who 
is  not  a  Hindoo  by  birth  ;  and,  if  lie  did  so,  he 
would  be  dismissed  from  the  service  and  excom- 
municated by  his  caste. 

**  We  discussed  the  subject  with  him  at  length, 
and  told  him  that  Prof.  Max  Miiller,  though  a 
European  by  birth  and  in  garb,  was  virtually  more 
than  a  Hindoo.  When  some  of  my  friends  offered 
to  pay  him  ample  remuneration,  he  at  last  con- 
sented; and  when,  the  next  day,  at  11  o'clock  at 
night,  we  came  to  the  temple  with  cocoanuts, 
flowers,  betel-leaves,  nuts,  and  camphor,  which 
we  banded  to  the  priest,  he  began  to  chant  the 
Mantras,  and  offer  prayers  to  God  for  about  an 
hour  or  so.  After  everything  was  done,  the 
priest  returned  to  us  some  of  our  gifts,  and  re- 
quested that  we  should  send  them  to  Professor 
MuUer.'* 

To  this  Professor  Miiller  adds : 


**  It  is  perfectly  true  that  I  was  well  after  that 
prayer,  and,  what  is  more  to  be  remarked, — you 
may  say  it  is  mere  coincidence  if  you  will, — after 
^VQ  months  of  miserable  nausea  there  was  a  com- 
plete change  in  my  constitution  within  twenty- 
four  hours,  when  the  great  German  specialists 
had  unanimously  anticipated  a  fatal  termination 
to  my  illness.  I  hear  that  these  prayers  are  con- 
tinued even  now,  week  after  week.  ** 


THE  LATE  STEPHEN  CRANE. 

THE  July  Bookman  has  some  notes  on  the 
life  and  work  of  Stephen  Crane,  who  died 
last  month  at  Baden,  after  a  protracted  illness. 
Mr.  Crane  was  not  quite  thirty  years  of  age,  yet 


STEPHEN  CRANK. 


he  had  been  famous  as  a  writer  in  England  and 
America  for  some  yeai*s,  and  many  discriminat- 
ing people  thought  that  no  one  had  a  greater 
share  of  literary  prominence  among  the  writers 
of  America.  Crane  was  a  New  Jersey  boy,  born 
in  Newark  in  1870.  He  went  to  school  at  La- 
fayette College  and  Syracuse  University,  and 
had  already  in  his  undergraduate  days  developed 
a  yearning  for  the  atmosphere  of  printer's  ink. 
In  1892  he  came  to  New  York  and  went 
through  the  routine  discouragements  of  refusals 
from  newspaper  and  book  publishing  sanctums. 
He  had  already  written  a  book,  ''Maggie:  A 
Child  of  the  Streets,"  but  it  could  not  be  pub- 
lished except  at  the  author's  expense,  and  young 


94 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


Crane  lived  on  bread  and  water  to  make  the 
necessary  money.  Mr.  Howells  and  others  had, 
however,  remarked  a  note  of  genius  in  the  boy's 
writing.  In  1893,  at  the  age  of  twenty -three, 
Crane  wrote  **The  Red  Badge  of  Courage."  It 
was  published  very  modestly  first  in  a  Philadelphia 
paper,  and  was  afterward  issued  in  book  form  by 
the  Appletons,  and  made  the  youth  famous  in 
England  and  America.  The  whole  world  was 
astonished  that  probably  the  best  description  of 
war  written  in  this  generation  should  come  from 
a  young  man  born  five  years  after  the  termina- 
tion of  the  struggle  that  he  described.  The  uni- 
versal popularity  of  Mr.  Crane's  books  in  Eng- 
land led  him  to  take  up  a  residence  in  that  coun- 
try, and  he  was  petted  by  the  most  exclusive 
London  literary  circles.  In  the  last  few  years 
his  most  important  work  has  been  newspaper 
correspondence,  notably  in  his  reporting  of  the 
Greco-Turkish  war  in  1897,  and  the  Cuban  fili- 
busters. 

THE  LATE  ARCHIBALD  FORBES. 

MR.  H.  W.  MASSINGHAM  contributes  a 
sketch  of  Archibald  Forbes  to  the  Leisure 
Hour  for  June.  Thus  dramatically  he  describes 
Forbes'  entry  upon  London  daily  journalism  : 

**  'Archibald  Forbes  from  Metz.'  In  these 
words,  scribbled  on  a  bit  of  writing-paper,  Archi- 
bald Forbes  made  his  entry  into  the  great  world 
of  war  journalism.  Fortunately,  they  were  ad- 
dressed to  an  excellent  judge  of  men.  Sir  John 
Robinson,  the  manager  of  the  Daily  NewSy  was 
— in  common  with  the  rest  of  the  world — deeply 
concerned  to  know  what  was  happening  in  the 
great  Prussian  laager  round  the  French  strong- 
hold. So  the  traveler  was  promptly  shown  up 
to  the  managerial  room.  He  came  in  with  his 
dragoon's  swagger,  his  big  mustache,  his  rather 
fierce  gray  eyes  alight  with  anger  and  impatience, 
a  shabby,  travel -stained  figure.  He  had  been 
to  more  than  one  great  newspaper  oflSce,  and  had 
been  repulsed,  notwithstanding  the  obvious  value 
of  his  work.  *  Nice  place,  London — no  one  will 
see  you  !  '  he  grumbled.  Smoothing  down  the 
ruffled  man.  Sir  John  in  a  few  minutes  had  his 
story  in  plain,  abrupt  phrases.  It  was  a  windfall 
indeed.  Forbes  had  come  straight  from  the 
Prussian  lines.  Though  he  did  not  speak  Ger- 
man, and  represented  no  paper  of  first-rate  im- 
portance, he  appeared  to  have  the  complete  con- 
fidence of  the  authorities.  He  had  passed  right 
through  their  lines.  But  he  was  bothered  about 
a  little  paper  which  he  owned, — the  London  Scots- 
mauy — long  since  dead.  *  I'll  take  it  over, '  cried 
Sir  John,  and  he  did.  Forbes  was  fasting  ;  food 
and  tobacco  were  found  him,  and  he  was  set  to 
work  in  an  adjoining  room.  Sir  John  watching 


anxiously  over  his  new-found  treasure.  Hour 
after  hour,  he  wrote,  a  clear,  masterly  account  of 
the  entire  military  situation.  When  he  finished, 
he  proposed  another  task.  The  Germans  were 
being  wrongly  accused  of  ill-treatment  of  the 
French,  and,  full  of  his  subject,  he  wished  to 
convince  the  English  public  of  the  truth.  Sir 
John  shook  his  head,  and  Forbes  stared  fiercely 
at  the  refusal.  *  You  will  not  do  that, '  continued 
Sir  John  ;  *  you  will  do  something  much  better. 
You  will  go  straight  back  to  Metz  as  our  corre- 
spondent.' Forbes  asked  for  £100  in  five- franc 
pieces.  In  the  evening  they  were  found  for  him. 
Of  his  own  capacity,  he  made  one  modest  remark  : 
*  I've  one  pull  over  the  other  fellows, — no  com- 
pliments, please, — and  that  is  that  when  the  day's 
work  is  over  I  can  walk  forty  miles  without  tir- 
ing ;  and  when  your  horse  is  requisitioned  by 
the  military,  as  it  often  is,  that  is  always  a  help.' 
Thus  began  the  c^ireer  of  the  most  brilliant  of 
war  correspondents. " 

Mr.  Massingham  thus  estimates  Forbes'  gentus: 
**  Brilliancy  was  indeed  Forbes'  special  quality. 
His  work  had  the  fine  flash  and  go,  the  power  of 
instant  observation,  the  gift  of  easy,  adroit  ex- 
pression, the  spirit  and  feeling  both  of  the  battle 
and  of  the  larger  task  of  campaigning,  which 
make  the  ideal  correspondent.  Politics  troubled 
him  little.  He  had  the  soldier's  eye  for  the 
objective  fact ;  what  lay  behind  it  was  less  im- 
portant." 

A  THEATER  FOR  THE  PEOPLE. 

ONE  of  the  most  interesting  articles  in  the 
Contemporary  Review  for  June  is  that  in 
which  Miss  Edith  Sellers  describes  the  Schiller 
People's  Theater  in  Berlin,  which  was  founded 
by  Dr.  Lowenfeld  in  1893.  The  object  of  the 
founding  of  the  theater  was  to  remove  the  re- 
proach from  the  Berlinese  that  their  lives  were 
all  work  and  no  play,  and  to  give  them  at  the 
same  time  recreation  and  instruction  at  a  price 
within  the  means  of  all. 

ITS    FOUNDATION. 

About  nine  years  ago,  Dr.  Lowenfeld,  then  a 
young  journalist  and  biographer  of  Tolstoi, 
started  in  Berlin  a  propaganda  against  too  much 
work  and  too  4ittle  amusement.  At  that  time 
Berlin  was  occupied  with  a  plethora  of  schemes 
for  the  education  of  the  masses;  and  when  the 
doctor  organized  on  paper  his  scheme  for  a  peo- 
ple's theater,  he  met  at  first  with  little  sympa- 
thy. The  diflSculties  were  considerable.  The 
theater  had  to  be  self-supporting,  and  Dr. 
Lowenfeld  had  concluded  that  12^  cents  was  as 
much  as  the  average  working-man  could  pay. 
But  he  succeeded  in  obtaining  the  assistance  of 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


95 


some  influential  Berliners,  and  after  making  ap- 
plication to  some  thousands  of  people^  managed 
to  get  together  a  capital  of  $25,000.  A  com- 
pany was  formed  and  the  Schiller  Theater 
rented,  Sudermann,  the  dramatist^  being  among 
the  members  of  the  committee.  The  theater,  he 
found,  could  not  be  worked  for  less  than 
is  1,000  a  year,  and  to  get  such  a  revenue  from 
low-priced  seats  seemed  impossible.  To  get 
over  the  diflBculty,  Dr.  Lowenfeld  started  the 
Theater  Union,  every  member  of  which  pledged 
himself  to  go  the  Schiller  Theater  at  least  once  a 
fortnight,  or  else  to  pay  for  tickets. 

A    GREAT    SUCCESS. 

With  such  resources,  the  liighest  salary  the 
theater  could  pay  was  $2,000  a  year,  and  first- 
rate  artists  were  out  of  the  question.  The  first 
performance  was  given  in  1894,  all  Berlin  being 
interested  in  the  experiment — which,  however, 
it  was  believed  must  turn  out  a  failure.  The 
result  was  a  complete  triumph,  and  after  a  year's 
trial  the  Schiller  Theater  took  a  chief  place 
among  the  Berlin  theaters.  It  covered*  its  ex- 
penses from  the  first,  and  at  the  present  time 
pays  its  shareholders  5  per  cent.,  all  further 
profits  going  toward  improvements.  Its  finan- 
cial position  is  now  so  satisfactory  that  the  di- 
rectors are  able  to  give  entirely  free  entertain- 
ments from  time  to  time. 

ITS   REPERTOIRE. 

The  repertoire  of  the  theater  contains  at  the 
present  time  136  plays,  and  it  produces  dramas 
of  ail  classes,  from  Sophocles  and  Shakespeare 
to  the  lightest  modern  comedies.  Though  the 
scenery  is  less  elaborate  and  the  actors  less  known 
than  in  the  other  theaters.  Dr.  Lowenfeld  has 
succeeded  in  compensating  himself  by  training 
his  company  in  the  best  traditions.  The  cost  of 
producing  the  plays  has  varied  from  $3,000, 
which  was  the  costof  ♦*  Wallenstein,"  to $5,200, 
which  was  expended  on  bringing  out  **  Brand.'* 

A   THEATER    FOR    ALL. 

People  of  all  classes,  from  university  professors 
to  cab-drivers,  are  now  found  among  the  patrons 
of  the  People's  Theater.  Formerly  the  theater 
was  open  for  360  days  of  the  year.  It  is  now 
doeed  in  July  and  August;  but,  in  spite  of  this, 
it  continues  to  pay  its  way.  The  charge  for 
tickets  has  also  been  altered  since  the  first  sue- 
<5e«  of  the  experiment,  and  ranges  from  8  cents 
io62^  cents.  People  who  buy  six  tickets  at  a 
time  receive  them  about  a  f  jurtli  cheaper.  In 
view  of  the  success  of  the  Berlin  venture,  it  would 
he  interesting  to  see  if  a  similar  experiment 
would  not  succeed  in  London  or  New  York. 


OLD-AGE  PENSION  SYSTEMS. 

PROF.  LUIGI  RAVA,  of  the  University  of 
Bologna,  Italy,  makes,  in  Nuova  Antologia 
for  May  1,  a  summary  of  the  present  state  of 
legislation  for  providing  working  people  with  an 
income  in  their  old  age. 

Mirabeau  proposed,  in  the  French  National 
Assembly,  the  founding  of  a  national  savings- 
bank  for  receiving  and  investing  the  small  sav- 
ings of  working  people.  The  project  was  ap- 
proved by  the  Assembly,  and  a  national  savings- 
bank  was  founded.  But  there  was  too  little  ex- 
perience for  the  right  management  of  such  an 
institution,  and  too  much  political  meddling.  The 
bank  was  not  successful.  Meanwhile,  mutual- 
aid  societies  were  founding  in  France  and  Italy, 
and  trades-unions  in  England.  As  time  went  on, 
associations  for  mutual  cooperation  and  help,  un- 
der various  names  and  with  various  modifica- 
tions, became  numerous  in  Europe  and  America. 
Their  history  covers  a  wide  range  of  success  and 
failure. 

For  many  years  efforts  have  been  made  to  pro- 
vide by  national  legislation  for  working  people 
old-age  pensions,  which,  though  very  small,  shall 
be  more  certain  than  the  allowances  supplied  by 
mutual-aid  societies  and  similar  associations. 

FRENCH    AND    BELGIAN    SAVINGS    INSTITUTIONS. 

In  1850  there  was  founded,  by  the  French 
Government,  a  national  savings  institution  for 
providing  pensions  for  aged  operatives  and  others. 
One  of  the  questions  considered  was  whether  the 
deposits  should  be  free  or  obligatory.  After  long 
deliberation  and  debate,  it  was  decided  that  de- 
posits should  be  free,  not  less  than  five  francs 
each,  and  that  the  pensions  should  be  liquidated 
on  the  basis  of  the  laws  of  mortality, — different 
pensions  to  different  ages, — and  there  was  as- 
sured to  depositors  interest  at  the  rate  of  5  per 
cent,  on  deposits.  A  crop  of  disillusions  fol- 
lowed. The  bank  was  free  for  all.  Deposits  by 
people  in  comfortable  circumstances,  who  wanted 
to  get  the  5  per  cent,  interest,  poured  in  ;  but 
the  working  people,  for  whom  the  bank  was 
primarily  instituted,  did  not  avail  themselves  of 
Its  advantages.  A  deficit  grew  from  year  to 
year,  because  authorized  investments  brought 
only  4^,  4,  or  3i  per  cent,  interest.  The  minis- 
ter of  finance  was  obliged,  in  1853,  to  reduce  the 
interest  allowed  by  the  savings  institution  to  4^ 
per  cent.  In  1856  the  government  fixed  the 
maximum  pension  at  750  francs,  and  in  1872 
raised  the  interest  again  to  5  per  cent.  Fourteen 
years  later  (1886),  after  various  changes  of  rules, 
1,200  francs  as  the  maximum  pension  was  estab- 
lished by  law,  and  a  fixed  rate  of  interest  was 
abolished.     Authority  for  determining  the  rate 


96 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


of  interest  year  by  year  was  vested  in  the  presi- 
dent of  the  republic.  Availing  themselves  of  a 
favorable  law,  the  French  societies  deposited 
their  funds  in  the  national  institution.  The  ag- 
gregate of  funds  at  the  end  of  1895  was  125,- 
000,000  francs — the  larger  part  having  been 
turned  in  by  the  societies.  Thirty-one  thousand 
pensioners  at  the  age  of  64  received,  on  the  aver- 
age, less  than  100  francs  per  annum.  Since  1880 
the  government's  budget  has  contributed  1,000,- 
000  francs  a  year  to  the  institution  for  the  benefit 
of  the  societies  that  deposited  in  it  their  pension 
funds. 

Belgium  has  kept  close  to  France  in  efforts  to 
establish  savings  institutions  for  supplying  the 
aged  poor  with  pensions.  An  institution  of  this 
kind  was  founded  by  law  in  1850,  but  operatives 
did  not  use  it.  Since  then  a  national  savings- 
bank  and  an  institution  for  pensions  have  been 
combined  ;  but  this  establishment  also  lacks  the 
support  of  working  people. 

THE   GERMAN    PLAN. 

The  most  notable  feature  of  the  German  pro- 
ject organized  under  Prince  Bismarck  is  that 
registration  for  pensions  is  obligatory.  All  who 
receive  wages  or  stipends,  aggregating  for  each 
less  than  2,000  marks  a  year,  are  required  by  law 
to  subscribe  for  pensions.  Subsidies  for  disa- 
bility are  available  after  paying  the  assessments 
during  five  years  ;  age  pensions  are  available 
after  30  yeai-s  of  payments,  if  the  beneficiary  is 
70  years  old.  A  pension  consists  of  three  ele- 
ments :  50  marks  a  year  paid  by  the  empire,  60 
marks  a  year  paid  by  the  bank  of  the  district 
where  the  beneficiary's  weekly  assessments  were 
deposited,  and  a  percentage  of  the  aggregate  of 
the  assessments  that  he  has  paid.  The  minimum 
pension,  then,  cannot  be  less  than  110  marks  a 
year.  The  maximum  pension,  which  was  a  trifle 
above  230  marks,  and  the  intermediate  grades 
have  been  enlarged  somewhat  by  the  law  of  1899, 
which  introduced  some  changes  of  detail.  If  the 
severity  of  the  regulations,  especially  in  certain 
particulars,  is  considered,  there  will  not  be  much 
surprise  at  the  suspicion  that  one  of  the  purposes 
of  the  German  law  for  the  relief  of  disabled  and 
aged  operatives  was  surveillance — that,  in  part, 
the  law  was  a  device  for  keeping  track  of  opera- 
tives, and  knowing  what  they  were  doing  ;  a 
very  ingenious  device,  if  the  suspicion  was  well 
founded. 

THE    DANISH    LAW. 

Denmark,  in  1891,  adopted  a  law  for  the  pen- 
sioning of  the  old  and  destitute.  ' '  Denmark  has 
thought  that  a  man  who  has  labored  for  25  or  30 
years,  who  has  done  his  duty  as  a  citizen,  who 
has  kept  himself  honest,  .  .  .  merits  a  tranquil 


repose.  .  .  .  When  he  has  completed  his  sixtieth 
year  he  has  the  right  to  a  pension  of  240  francs 
if  he  cannot  provide  for  himself  and  his  own." 
It  will  be  noted  that  the  pension  does  not  come 
from  a  fund  of  accumulated  savings  paid  in  by 
working  people  and  guarded  by  the  state,  but  is 
a  public  disbursement.  The  expense  is  borne  by 
the  parish  or  district  where  the  pensioner  lives. 
If  a  pensioner  ceases  from  good  conduct,  he  is 
taken  to  an  asylum.  **The  system,"  says  Pro- 
fessor Rava,  *  *  is  evidently  a  perfecting  of  other 
principles  of  traditional  charity  ;  it  is  a  new  ten- 
dency that  introduces  a  subsidy  without  a  resort 
to  asylums,  and  juridically  destroys  the  character 
of  the  subsidy,  because  it  is  founded  on  a  public 
right.  And  the  new  right  is  based  o\\  the  neces- 
sity of  the  social  coexistence,  and  recognizes,  in 
the  worker  who  has  kept  himself  honest  during 
long  years  of  labor,  a  title  to  repose." 

THE    NEW    ZEALAND   SCHEME. 

On  January  1,  1900,  a  pension  system  like 
that  in  Denmark,  somewhat  modified,  went  into 
effect  in  New  Zealand.  The  pension  age  is  fixed 
at  sixty  five,  and  the  pension  is  £18.  The  pen- 
sioner must  be  a  citizen,  have  resided  25  years 
in  New  Zealand,  and  by  good  conduct  have 
'* shown  himself  worthy  of  it."  If  the  pen- 
sioner has  some  income  of  his  own,  the  pension 
is  reduced  proportionately.  Before  the  passage 
of  the  present  law,  it  was  proposed,  in  the  New 
Zealand  Parliament,  that  all  citizens  who  reached 
the  age  of  65  years  should  be  entitled  to  a  pen- 
sion. The  law  now  in  operation  was  published 
in  the  Annuaire  de  la  legislation  du  travail  publiSj 
par  V  Office  du  travail  de  BelgiquCy  Binixelles, 
1899. 

A  similar  law  is  under  consideration  in  Vic- 
toria. 

In  England,  as  far  back  as  1864,  Gladstone 
gave  attention  to  the  assurance  of  pensions  by 
state  aid,  and  under  his  administration  an  insti- 
tution for  pensions  was  founded.  It  still  exists, 
but  operatives  have  not  been  drawn  to  its  use. 
Pensions  for  working  people  have  lately  become 
again  a  subject  for  consideration  and  discussion. 

Italy's  system. 

The  Italian  law  of  July  18,  1898,  went  into 
effect  in  1900.  The  principle  adopted  is  the 
union  of  government  aid  with  the  savings  of  the 
beneficiaries.  Registry  is  not  compulsory.  Aid 
is  available  for  disability  at  any  time  apparently 
after  registration,  and  for  an  age  pension  at  ^0 
and  65  years.  It  is  supposed  that  the  aid  sup- 
plied by  the  state,  as  compared  with  the  pay- 
ments by  the  beneficiaries,  will  he  in  the  ratio  of 
about  8  to  6  or  7.     The  management  of  the  in- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


97 


stitution  through  which  the  law  operates  is  in- 
tended to  be  **  apart  from  the  state  and  parties," 
and  in  the  hands  of  skilled  financiers.  Summing 
up  the  anticipated  results,  Professor  Rava  says  : 
**In  general,  calculating  the  [yearly]  contribu- 
tion of  the  institution  at  only  8  lire  [francs],  and 
calculating  the  interest  at  only  3.75  per  cent., 
an  operative  enrolled  at  25  years  of  age  will 
have  [at  60  years  of  age  a  yearly]  pension  of  62 
lire  for  half  a  lira  a  month  paid  in,  and  will  have 
73  hre  for  the  quota  contributed  by  the  institu- 
tion.    [Total  yearly  pension,  135  lire.] 

"In  order  to  assure  a  pension  of  360  lire  at 
65  years  of  age,  there  must  be  the  following 
[monthly]  contributions  [by  the  beneficiary]  in 
the  mutual  register  :  At  20  years,  60  centesimi 
[11^  cents]  per  month  ;  at  25  years,  one  lira 
[one  franc  per  month]  ;  at  30  years,  1.55  lire  ; 
at  35  years,  2.30  lire  ;  at  40  years,  3  lire.  To 
assure  [the  same  pension]  at  60,  the  contributions 
are  greater.  .  .  .  The  institution  does  not  guar- 
antee a  priori  the  amount  of  the  pensions." 

If  the  future  proves  that  the  natural  incre- 
ment of  its  funds  has  not  been  overrated,  the 
National  Institution  of  Assurance  may  become 
an  instrument  of  wide  beneficence.  Its  pensions 
are  not  to  be  measured  by  the  needs  of  Ameri- 
can living  and  American  expenses.  In  frugal 
Italy,  an  Italian  with  a  franc  a  day  can  keep  the 
wolf  from  the  door  and  enjoy  himself. 


WHY  EUROPE  HATES  ENGLAND. 

THE  editor  of  the  Quarterly  Review  admits, 
in  his  April  issue,  **  that  our  neighbors  on 
the  Continent  see  us  at  present  in  an  extremely 
disagreeable  light.  In  no  previous  epoch  of  our 
history,  it  may  probably  be  said,  has  there  oc- 
curred so  general  an  outburet  of  animosity  against 
this  country."  In  order  to  supply  some  explana- 
tion of  this  unpleasant  fact,  he  has  adopted  the 
wise  course  of  securing  two  papers  by  eminent 
foreign  publicists. 

••Violent  Irritation"  In  Germany. 

The  first  is  by  Herr  Julius  Rodenberg,  editor 
of  the  Deutsche  Rundschau.  He  cannot,  he  says, 
conceal  •  *  the  fact  that  the  German  people,  as  a 
whole,  is  in  a  condition  of  violent  irritation 
against  England."  With  this  feeling  he  con- 
trasts the  **  Belle  Alliance"  between  the  English 
and  Prussian  peoples  signalized  at  Waterloo,  and 
the  admiration  for  England  which  in  subsequent 
'Wades  pervaded  German  professors  and  people. 

Britain's  unfriendly  acts. 

Yet,  in  the  days  before  the  Crimean  War,  Eng- 
land showed  the  coolest  ignorance  of  Germany 


judging  the  nation  by  the  specimens  resident  in 
Leicester  Square.  And  *  *  no  sooner  did  we  take 
the  first  step  toward  realizing  our  political  aspi- 
rations than  we  encountered  the  jealous  opposition 
of  Great  Britain."  The  first  unfriendly  act  spe- 
cified by  the  writer  was  the  humiliation  experi- 
enced by  Germany,  and  **  largely  due  to  the 
attitude  of  England,"  when.  Denmark  seized 
Schleswig-Holstein  in  1848.  The  movement 
toward  Italian  unity  won  enthusiastic  plaudits 
from  England,  which  yet  showed  little  liking  for 
German  unification.  »'  The  war  of  1866  was  the 
outcome  and  conclusion  of  the  war  of  1864  ;  it 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  new  German  empire. 
But  what  reproaches,  what  abuse,  had  we  to  bear, 
especially  from  England,  during  those  critical 
years  !  .  .  .  Again,  it  was  England  whose  veiled 
opposition  we  encountered,  a  year  later,  in  the 
Luxemburg  question."  So  early  as  1866,  **Mr. 
Gladstone  had  used  all  his  influence  to  hurl  Bis- 
marck, *  the  peace -destroyer,'  from  his  place." 
When  the  Franco-German  War  broke  out,  <*  the 
same  statesman  did  not  scruple  to  declare  the 
war  to  be  the  most  abominable  of  the  century." 
The  British  Government  refused  to  prohibit,  dur- 
ing that  war,  the  export  of  coal,  arms,  and  am- 
munition to  France,  and  thus  enabled  France  to 
prolong  the  war  at  the  expense  of  Germany. 
Public  opinion,  with  few  exceptions,  was  hostile 
to  Prussia.  After  1871,  when  German  and  Eng- 
lish commercial  interests  came  into  collision, 
British  contempt  was  transformed  into  dislike, 
jealousy,  and  hatred. 

THE  GERMAN  HEART  WITH  THE  BOERS  I 

On  this  soreness  came  the  resentment  roused 
by  the  present  war  : 

*  *  The  movement  in  Germany  against  the  policy 
which  England  has  followed  in  South  Africa 
arises  almost  exclusively  from  ethical  grounds, 
from  indignation  at  the  proceedings  of  a  great 
power  against  a  handful  of  men  fighting  for  their 
freedom  and  independence,  and  from  the  suspi- 
cions which  the  mixture  of  financial  with  political 
questions  has  aroused.  But  in  the  leading  circles 
of  Germany,  even  during  the  period  of  English 
defeats,  there  was  not  a  moment  when  it  was 
thought  possible  that  the  general  position  of  Eng- 
land could  be  endangered  by  the  struggle.  The 
heart  of  the  German  people — of  this  there  can  be 
no  kind  of  doubt — was,  and  is,  with  the  Boers. 
But  even  in  the  time  of  our  greatest  irritation 
...  in  our  own  interest  we  could  not  desire  the 
downfall  of  England.'* 

The  Antipathy  of  French-Speaklnff  Europe. 

M.  Brunetiere  declares  that  without  doubt  pub- 
lic opinion  in  France,  as  in  Swit^erlfind  and  as 


100 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


nearly  all  ;  but  with  religious  practices  there 
were  joined  without  diflBculty  scandals  and  pub- 
lic moral  disorders  of  every  kind,  and  the  moral 
sense  had  descended  so  low  that  no  account  at 
all  was  taken  of  the  manifest  contradiction  of 
professing  a  religion  which  condemned  so  strongly 
their  own  conduct.  Religion,  too  often,  was  a 
species  of  formality,  ...  a  decoration  which 
a  man  ornamented  himself  with  on  certain  occa- 
sions, and  laid  aside  when  he  felt  like  it." 

The  clergy,  too,  Monsignore  di  Cremona  de- 
clares, are  better  than  they  used  to  be, — more 
instructed,  more  active,  more  exemplary,  more 
attentive  to  their  duties,^ — and  recognized  as  be- 
ing so  even  by  their  adveraaries. 

Looking  into  the  future  where  the  present 
signs  point,  Monsignore  finds  reasons  for  antici- 
pating a  continuation  of  the  progress  already 
madQ,  and  with  more  rapid  advancement.  To 
some  it  may  seem  strange  ;  but  of  all  the  signs 
of  the  future,  the  one  which  the  Bishop  of  Cre- 
mona regards  as  disclosing  the  most  hopeful 
promise  for  humanity  is  the  growth  of  liberty 
and  its  correlative — toleration. 


ALSACE  AND  LORRAINE. 

IT  is  growing  more  and  more  likely  that  France 
will  become  reconciled,  before  long,  to  the 
loss  of  Alsace  and  Lorraine  as  something  irre- 
versible. One  of  the  most  noteworthy  evidences 
is  that  a  number  of  writers  of  late  have  dis- 
cussed in  the  French  press  the  separation  of 
Alsace  and  Lorraine  from  France  in  a  very  tem- 
perate and  reasonable  spirit,  as  if  secure  of  an 
audience  that  would  give  attention  to  the  discus- 
sion in  a  like  state  of  mind. 

M.  Maurice  Wolff  is  one  of  these  writers.  In 
moderation  of  view  and  temperance  of  expression, 
his  article  on  *'The  Alsace-Lorraine  Question," 
in  the  PVench  Revue  des  Revues  for  May  1,  is 
admirable.  But  one  may  doubt  whether  it  does 
not  mark  the  last  stage  in  the  gradual  relinquish- 
ment of  the  lost  provinces.  M.  Wolff  wrote  in 
the  Revue  des  Revues  for  October  15,  1899,  on 
the  same  subject  as  viewed  in  Germany. 

In  the  present  paper,  M.  Wolff,  while  disclaim- 
ing emphatically  *'the  pretension  of  resolving 
the  Alsace-Lorraine  question  by  a  stroke  of  the 
pen,"  sets  forth  what  he  believes  will  be  the  out- 
come of  the  situation.  All  tlie  evidences,  he 
tliinks,  point  toward  autonomy.  But  here  he  uses 
**  autonomy"  in  a  peculiar  sense — a  sense  that 
would  be  misleading,  did  he  not  carefully  advise 
the  reader  in  a  footnote.  M.  Wolff  has  in  mind, 
not  *'a  political  autonomy  and  the  recognition 
of  an  Alsatian  state;  to  which  public  sentiment 
in  Germany  (we  have  proved  it  last  year)  would 


not  be  disposed  to  consent,  but  the  autonomy, 
properly  so  called — autonomy  of  sentiments,  of 
thoughts,  of  domestic  life,  both  literary  and  so- 
cial." Various  things  suggest  this  view  to  M. 
Wolff.  There  are  tendencies  drawing  Alsace 
away  from  France  and  nearer  to  Germany,  especi- 
ally the  economic  advantages  which,  it  is  admit- 
ted, the  Alsatians  have  found  under  the  German 
Government — as  in  the  stimulation  of  trade  and 
production  by  the  lowering  of  railroad  rates  and 
the  shutting  out  of  competition  by  protective 
tariffs.  But  these  material  advantages,  while 
clearly  recognized  by  the  Alsatians,  will  not,  M. 
Wolff  thinks,  alienate  their  affections  from 
France.  Their  interests  draw  them  one  way, 
their  affections  another  ;  so  they  will  find,  and 
are  finding,  M.  Wolff's  autonomy  of  thought  and 
sentiment. 

ALSATIAN    LOVE    OF    FATHERLAND. 

Without  sharing  fully  M.  Wolff's  anticipa- 
tions, one  may  admit  that  his  reasons  point  in 
the  direction  of  his  views.  One  of  the  strongest 
is  that  a  noticeable  tendency  is  showing  itself 
among  the  well  to-do  Alsatians  toward  making 
the  Alsatian  dialect,  lieretofore  despised  as  bar- 
baric, a  literary  language  for  the  drama,  romance, 
and  poetry.  Certainly  there  is  no  more  emphatic 
way  of  asserting  social  and  domestic  separatism 
than  by  persistently  using  a  dialect  that  is  un- 
familiar to  one's  neighbors.  M.  Wolff  does  not 
attribute  such  a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  Al- 
satians to  suUenness,  but  to  love  of  the  native 
soil.  The  emigration  from  Alsace  to  France,  at 
first  so  large,  has  fallen  off  year  by  year,  so  th«U. 
it  is  doubtful  now  if  it  equals  the  return  cur- 
rent. Many  Alsatians  return  to  pass  the  rem- 
nant of  their  lives  near  the  ancestral  home,  so  as 
not  to  die  "in  a  land  quite  foreign."  Rather 
oddly,  but  i^rhaps  correctly,  M.  Wolff  refers  to 
this  return  current  as  showing  an  Alsatian  char- 
acteristic which  seems  **  to  contradict  the  famous 
ethnic  argument  so  often  invoked  by  the  Ger- 
mans," because  this  characteristic  "differentiates 
essentially  the  Alsatian  from  the  German,  always 
ready,  on  the  contrary,  to  go  to  seek  his  fortune 
far  from  his  country,  without  even  the  desire  to 
return  there  some  day  to  end  his  life." 

INCREASING    UNITY. 

The  Alsatians,  then,  in  M.  Wolff's  opinion, 
are  drawing  closer  together.  They  have  passed 
the  stage  where  they  wanted  to  emigrate  to 
France,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  are  not  disposed 
to  regard  themselves  as  Germans.  While  not 
daring  to  hope  for  political  independence,  they 
aspire  to  thoughts,  sentiments,  and  a  language 
of  their  own.      Almost  all  M.  Wolff's  paper  re- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


101 


lates  to  Alsace.  It  says  but  little  about  Lor- 
raine, except  that  it  must  be  distinguished  clearly 
from  Alsace.  What  the  state  of  feeling  is  in 
Lorraine  is  not  set  forth. 

HOW    SMALL    STATES    BECOME    KECONCILED    TO 
ABSORPTION. 

M.  Wolff's  discussion  of  the  Alsace-Lorraine 
question,  as  we  have  said  before,  is  excellent  in  its 
temper  ;  and  excellent  it  is,  too,  in  its  reasoning, 
so  far  as  the  reasoning  goes.  But  nevertheless, 
one  element  of  the  situation,  and  the  most  im- 
portant one  of  all,  is  ignored  or  forgotten.  If  a 
conquered  province  finds  that  it  is  not  worse  off 
than  before  the  conquest  as  regards  its  material 
condition  and  the  freedom  of  its  sentiments,  it 
easily  becomes  reconciled  to  absorption  by  a 
great  power.  Small  states,  when  they  have 
become  used  to  the  change,  find  a  reason  for 
pride  and  happiness  in  being  part  of  such  a 
power.  That  was  the  secret  of  the  Roman  Em- 
pire ;  that  was  the  secret  of  the  greatness  of 
France,  and  of  the  attachment  of  Alsace  itself 
to  France  ;  that  is  the  secret  of  the  United  States 
of  America  ;  and,  if  Germany  continues  to  be  a 
greater  power  than  France,  the  attachment  of 
Alsace  and  Lorraine  to  France  will  dissolve* away 
in  a  stronger  attachment  to  Germany. 


NOTES  ON  MODERN  TRIPOLI. 

A  CURSORY  glance  at  Deputy  Guicciardini's 
**  Impressions  of  Tripolitania,"  in  Nuova 
Antologia  for  April  1,  might  suggest  the  idea 
that  the  impressions  are  merely  the  hasty  jottings 
of  a  vacation  run  in  that  country.  So  far  as  the 
article  is  a  description  of  scenes  and  places,  this 
is  probably  the  case  ;  but  in  its  main  stuff  and 
body,  it  is  not  a  recital  of  a  flying  tourist's  im- 
pressions :  it  has  a  much  more  serious  purpose. 
The  deputy's  contribution  to  Nuova  Antologia 
i»  another  of  the  many  evidences  showing  how 
industriously  Italian  oflBcials  are  stimulating 
Itidian  commerce  and  colonization. 

In  September,  1899,  Deputy  Guicciardini 
Bailed  from  Valletta,  the  capital  of  Malta,  in  the 
steamship  Africa  for  Tripoli.  The  Africa  was 
making  the  initial  voyage  of  a  subsidized  line  of 
Italian  steamships  about  to  ply  between  Malta 
and  the  Barbary  coast.  The  details  of  the  jour, 
ney  may  be  passed  without  comment,  but  some 
of  Guicciardini's  statements  about  Tripolitania 
and  its  inhabitants  are  noteworthy.  The  deputy 
says  that  vast,  treeless  regions  there,  which  look 
hke  desert  and  are  so  called,  are  not  infertile  ; 
that  they  are  uncultivated  because  of  the  scant 
population  of  the  country.  For  proofs  of  this 
itatement   he  cites   a   report   made  by  Captain 


Camperio,  published  in  the  Esploratore,  of  Milan, 
in  1880  and  1881.  He  himself  saw  a  plantation 
of  the  Franciscan  Mission  in  *  <  land  neither  irri- 
gated nor  irrigable  there  in  the  desert,"  which 
now  is  **  a  magnificent  fruit-farm,  full  of  vigor- 
ous and  fruitful  vines,  of  magnificent  olives,  of 
palms,  and  other  fruits,  cultivated  by  the  estab- 
lishment for  making  wine  and  oil." 

A    CHRISTIAN    GOVERNMENT    WOULD    BE    WELCOMED. 

Quite  as  noteworthy  is  Deputy  Guicciardini's 
assertion  that  the  Arabs  and  other  Mohammedan 
inhabitants  of  the  country,  except  the  Turks,  ex- 
pect, and  will  welcome  when  it  comes,  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  government  by  some  Christian 
European  power.  **The  Arabs,"  Guicciardini 
tells  us,  *'have  a  very  lively  sense  of  justice; 
and  nothing  offends  them  so  much  as  acts  op- 
posed to  that  sentiment.  Now  the  Turkish  do- 
minion, which  is  manifested  almost  exclusively 
as  a  dominion  of  exaction  of  imposts  levied  in 
every  arbitrary  way,  and  destined  not  for  the 
benefit  of  the  country,  but  for  the  exclusive 
benefit  of  its  masters — the  Turkish  dominion  is 
for  them  the  personification  of  despotism,  a  con- 
tinual offense  to  that  sense  of  justice  which  in 
them  is  not  less  lively  than  the  religious  sense. 

*  <  Moreover^  the  Arabs  of  Tripolitania  are  not 
ignorant  of  the  benefits  which  the  French  have 
brought  to  their  brethren  of  Tunis,  and  those, 
even  more  obvious,  brought  by  the  English  to 
the  indigenes  of  Egypt ;  and  knowing  that  a  civil 
government,  while  it  does  not  offend  customs  and 
religion  at  all,  Assures  justice  as  to  person  and 
property,  they  have  come  almost  unconsciously 
into  a  state  of  mind  which  regards  the  cessation 
of  the  Turkish  government  and  the  substitution 
of  a  Christian  government  as  something  not  so 
much  for  resignation  as  desire." 

Italy's  commercial  advantage. 

Almost  all  the  spun  and  woven  fabrics  used  in 
Tripolitania  are  brought  from  England,  its  flour 
mostly  comes  from  France  ;  but  Deputy  Guicciar- 
dini thinks  that  these  trade  relations  need  not 
always  remain.  Two  things  especially  give  Italy 
an  advantage — (1)  nearness;  (2)  the  commerce 
with  Europe  is  almost  wholly  in  the  hands  of 
Israelites.  Why  the  latter  circumstance  is  an 
advantage  for  Italy  is  explained  by  the  fact  that 
most  of  the  Jews  in  Tripolitania  are  either  sub- 
jects of.  or  protected  by,  the  Italian  Government , 
furthermore,  the  Jews  there  avail  themselves  of 
the  Italian  schools  maintained  in  the  country, 
because  the  schools  are  not  confessional.  He 
attaches  great  importance  to  the  influence  of 
Italian  foreign  schools,  and  thinks  they  ought  to 
be  carefully  nurtured. 


102 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


SEPARATISM  IN  SPAIN. 

THE  separatist  movement  in  Spain  has  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  other  countries.  In 
Spain,  what  will  be  its  outcome  is  the  problem  of 
the  hour.  As  yet  separatism  masquerades  under 
an  advocacy  of  autonomy,  and  there  may  be  some 
sincerity  in  the  pretense  ;  for  those  who  engage 
in  a  revolutionary  political  movement  seldom 
foresee  where  they  will  be  carried  by  it.  But  in 
the  present  disaffection  in  Spain,  the  masses, 
*<the  plain  people,"  in  the  disaffected  provinces 
are  separatists  ;  it  is  their  leaders,  or  a  part  of 
them,  who  profess  to  aim  merely  at  autonomy. 
The  thinness  of  the  demarcation  between  auton- 
omy and  separation  is  shown  plainly  in  an  article 
in  Revista  Contempordnea  (Madrid,  April  15)  by 
the  Sr.  Juan  Ortega  Rubio,  lecturer  in  the  Cen- 
tral University.  The  article  is  called  <*  Changes 
and  Revolutions  in  Catalonia."  Catalonia  is  the 
very  important  department  of  which  the  pro- 
gressive city  of  Barcelona  is  the  capital.  Three 
insurrectionary  wars  waged  by  the  Catalans,  or  a 
part  of  them,  are  described  by  the  writer.  These 
recitals,  however,  are  merely  preliminary.  Evi- 
dently they  were  set  down  as  admonition. 
They  have  no  bearing  on  the  present  situation, 
except  in  showing  that  the  Catalans  have  had 
for  centuries  a  separatist  tendency,  and  that 
for  things  which  they  regard  as  important  they 
are  ready  to  fight  obstinately.  After  dispos- 
ing of  these  three  insurrectionary  wars,  two  of 
which  turned  out  favorably  for  the  Catalans, 
the  writer  comes  to  the  real  matter  in  hand, 
and  says : 

<*  We  have  come  to' the  most  important  point 
of  this  article;  that  is,  to  the  movement  in  Cata- 
lonia going  on  now.  In  the  year  1898,  there 
was  published  in  Paris,  in  the  French  language, 
by  the  *  Catalan  Nationalist  Committee,'  a  pam- 
phlefcalled  *  The  Catalan  Question.*  Contrast- 
ing a  son  of  Catalonia  and  of  Castile,  it  says  : 
*  The  one,  positivist  and  realist — the  other,  ca- 
pricious and  a  charlatan  ;  the  one,  full  of  pre- 
vision— the  other,  faithful  type  of  improvidence  ; 
the  one,  drawn  along  by  the  industrial  current 
of  modern  people — the  other,  nourished  by  the 
prejudices  of  the  hidalgo,  staggering  under  debt, 
and  full  of  pride  *  And  farther  on  :  <  The  uni- 
versities do  not  teach,  the  government  does  not 
govern,  the  officials  do  not  administer,  our  squad- 
rons go  to  the  bottom  of  their  own  accord  before 
our  adversaries  ;  and  our  armies  serve,  not  to 
conquer  our  outer  enemies,  but  to  impose  des- 
potism within.     Such  is  the  Spanish  state.'  " 

Other  quotations  from  the  pamphlet  cited  in 
Revista  Contempordnea  assert  that  the  outcome  of 


the  present  situation  must  be  either  a  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  state  *  *  on  the  basis  of  the  federation 
and  autonomy  of  the  different  regions  which 
possess  a  well-defined  personality,"  or  it  will  de- 
pend on  France  to  make  predominate  the  annex- 
ation party  or  that  of  independence.  In  1892 
the  Catalan  General  Assembly  adopted  a  resolu- 
tion recommending  autonomy  and  federation. 
But  no  doubt  the  feeling  which  such  resolutions 
voiced  at  the  time  has  become  much  more  in- 
tense since  the  war  with  the  United  States,  and 
it  is  reasonable  to  believe  that  now  separation 
would  be  better  liked  by  the  Catalans  than  fed- 
eration. To  the  great  majority  of  the  people  of 
the  United  States,  disruption  seems  a  poor  rem- 
edy for  national  faults  and  disagreements.  Com- 
promise and  government  by  the  majority  sum  up 
the  American  idea  of  national  politics.  But  in 
Spain  the  prevalent  feeling  has  always  been  far 
different.  Local  independence  suppressed  by  a 
national  army  is  the  Spanish  idea  of  national 
unity.  In  Spain,  separation  has  been  fostered 
in  all  periods  by  the  permanence  of  dialects. 
There  is  no  Spanish  language  in  the  sense  that 
there  is  an  English  language,  or  a  French  lan- 
guage, or  even  an  Italian  language.  In  Spain 
there  is  hardly  a  pretense  of  such  a  language. 
One  speaks  there  Castellano,  Andaluz,  Catal^, 
Gallego,  etc. ,  as  the  case  may  be.  Spanish  is  a 
figment  of  the  imagination.  The  discourse  of 
the  president  of  the  Catalan  League,  September, 
1898,  cited  by  the  Sr.  Rubio  in  the  present  ar- 
ticle, was  < Sprinted  in  CataUn,  Castilian,  and 
French."  Two  other  pamphlets  mentioned  by 
him  were  printed  in  Catalan,  and  we  have  seen 
that  the  propagandist  pamphlet  previously  quoted, 
issued  by  the  *^  Catalan  Nationalist  Committee," 
was  printed  in  French.  Communities  divided 
by  impassable  barriers  of  language  are  kept  in 
cooperation  only  by  external  pressure. 

The  sympathies  of  the  writer  of  the  article  in 
Revista  Contempordnea  are  plainly  with  the  Cata- 
lans ;  but  the  writer  does  not  confess  that  he  is 
a  separatist.  To  those  who  say  that  the  separa- 
tists are  few,  he  replies  :  *  *  But  the  people  of 
Barcelona  do  not  cease  chanting  revolutionary 
hymns."  His  nearest  approach  to  defining  his 
own  position  is  in  a  declaration  of  faith  in  the 
profound  knowledge  of  politics  and  of  life  that 
has  been  evinced  by  the  President  of  the  Council 
of  Ministers,  the  Sr.  Silvela.  *  *  I  believe  it  is 
difficult,  but  not  impossible,  to  unite  in  one  idea, 
in  one  sentiment,  and  in  one  aspiration  Vasco- 
Navarros  and  Castilians  ;  I  believe  it  is  difficult, 
but  not  impossible,  to  unite  in  the  same  manner 
these  and  the  Catalans." 


THE   PERIODICALS  REVIEWED. 


THE  CENTURY  MAGAZINE. 

IN  the  Century  for  July,  Prof.  William  M.  Sloane 
draws  a  fine  picture  of  Miss  Sarah  Porter  and  her 
unique  educational  work  in  her  private  school  at  Farm- 
ington,  Conn.  Miss  Porter  had  the  most  remarkable 
strength  and  charm  of  character,  a  physical  constitution 
scarcely  less  remarkable  than  Gladstone's,  and  a  capa- 
city  for  concentration  on  the  business  in  hand  which,  to- 
gether with  promptness  of  decision  and  execution,  made 
her  wonderfully  successful.  Yet  she  never  allowed  her 
school  to  grow  very  large.  For  a  long  time  not  more 
than  ttfty  pupils  were  received,  and  the  numbers  were 
never  allowed  much  to  exceed  a  hundred.  Professor 
Sloane  lays  stress  on  Miss  Porter's  deep  distrust  of 
mechanism  and  fixed  organization  in  educational  mat- 
ters, and  her  conviction  that  these  things  tend  to  be 
regarded  as  in  some  sort  a  substitute  for  the  essential. 

THE  ESTHETIC  SIDE  OF  PARADES. 

Id  Mr.  Barr  Ferree's  discussion  of  the'  '*  Elements  of  a 
Successful  Parade,"  he  takes  the  ground  that  a  proces- 
sion is,  properly  bpeaking,  a  work  of  art,  to  be  arranged 
with  as  much  beauty  in  itself  and  in  its  surroundings 
as  can  be  commanded.  The  effect  may  be  one  of  gran- 
deur, as  in  the  ceremonial  triumphs  of  previous  times ; 
or  solemnity,  as  in  the  great  ecclesiastical  function;  of 
gayety,  or  of  mass.  Mr.  Ferree  thinks  that  we  have 
somewhat  lost  the  true  conception  of  a  public  proces- 
sion :  that  they  were  better  understood  in  earlier  days. 
He  sajrs  the  Renaissance  period  seems  to  have  offered 
the  world  the  last  of  the  great  artistic  parades.  Now, 
however,  he  thinks  the  tide  has  turned,  and  that  the 
modem  spectator  is  beginning  to  demand  real  art  in  his 
public  festival  and  parade,  just  as  he  is  beginning  to 
demand  art  in  his  public  and  private  life.  He  cites  the 
great  popular  interest  in  the  peace  festivals  in  Phila- 
delphia and  Washington,  the  Dewey  receptions  in  New 
York  and  Boston,  and  the  Chicago  festival  of  1899  as 
proofs  that  the  public  is  becoming  educated  in  this 
matter. 

DR.  MASON'S  MUSICAL  MEMORIES. 

In  the  July  number  of  the  Century^  a  very  promising 
aeries  of  papers  begin  in  ^*  Memories  of  a  Musical  Life," 
by  William  Mason.  Dr.  Mason  has  lived  through  prac- 
tically the  entire  development  of  organized  musical  cul- 
ture in  America,  and  no  man  has  a  larger  acquaintance 
with  the  famous  members  of  his  profession  throughout 
the  world,  which  gives  him  a  very  entertaining  and 
valuable  fund  of  significant  anecdote. 

THE  PBBNCH  ACADEMY'S  DEADENING  INFLUENCE. 

In  an  essay  on  *•  Artistic  Paris,"  by  Richard  Whiteing, 
he  says  that  the  infiuence  of  the  Academy  has  brought 
a  solicitude  for  form  pure  and  simple  so  far  that  some 
who  live  by  its  laws  have  hardly  a  word  to  bless  them- 
selves with.  They  are  like  those  masters  of  fence  who 
ue  afflicted  with  a  sort  of  paralysis  of  the  power  to  at- 
tack. **  With  the  everla-sting  refinement  of  style,  the 
writing  of  Academic  French  has  become  the  labor  of  a 
lifetime.  You  had  better  say  nothing  than  say  anything 
leas  than  perfectly  well ;— hence  a  misunderstanding 
between  the  Academy  and  the  world  thbt  is  very  much 
like  tb«  misanderstanding  between  the  Church  and  the 
world." 


HARPER'S  MA6AZINK 

WE  quote,  in  another  department,  from  two  articles 
in  the  July  number  of  Harper's  Magazine :  Dr. 
Henry  Smith  Williams'  on  "  Prof.  Ernst  Haeckel  and 
the  New  Zoology,''  and  Dr.  John  D.  Qnackenbos'  on 
"The  Educational  Use  of  Hypnotism.." 

''INSIDE  THE  BOER  LINES." 

Mr.  E.  E.  Easton's  third  contribution  under  the  title, 
"  Inside  the  Boer  Lines,"  gives  an  exceptionally  clear  In- 
sight into  the  methods  of  the  Boer  soldiers.  Mr.  Easton 
says  the  older  Boers,  the  so-called  "  Doppers,"  although 
relatively  very  ignorant  of  the  resources  of  Great  Britain 
and  the  general  conditions  of  modem  warfare,  retain 
their  ascendency  over  the  younger  member»— their  col- 
lege-bred or  office-trained  sons.  Notwithstanding  the 
fuller  knowledge  of  the  younger  generation  of  Boers,  it 
was  they  who  were  most  hopeful  of  final  success  and  of 
establishing  a  United  States  of  South  Africa,  independ- 
ent of  any  foreign  controL 

WAR  CORRESPONDENTS  IN  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

Mr.  Frederick  A.  McKenzie  writes  on  "  English  War 
Correspondenta  in  South  Africa."  He  says  the  corre- 
spondent in  England  like  Mr.  Melton  Prior  has  two 
outfits  always  ready  at  home,  which  he  calls  his  "hot" 
and  his  "  cold  "  outfits.  If  his  editor  asks  him  to  take  the 
afternoon  boat  express  to  St.  Petersburg  and  go  from 
there  to  Nova  Zembla,  he  has  only  to  wire  for  his 
"cold"  bag,  while  if  Timbuctoo  is  his  destination  he 
simply  substitutes  "hot"  for  "cold."  Concerning  the 
salaries  paid  to  the  more  noted  war  correspondents,  Mr. 
McKenzie  says  one  of  the  beat-known  of  the  specials  re- 
ceives £1,000  a  year  in  times  of  peace,  and  £2,000  during 
war.  In  addition  to  this,  of  course,  enormous  expenses 
have  to  be  paid  for  the  active  correspondent.  Mr.  Mc- 
Kenzie says  one  newspaper's  bills  for  telegrams  alone, 
during  a  quiet  month  of  the  present  South  African 
campaign,  came  to  £3,000.  Mr.  McKenzie  has  a  great 
deal  of  complaint  of  the  censors— not  for  carrying  out 
their  orders  so  much  as  for  their  lack  of  order,  and 
their  passing  of  messages  without  respect  to  time  or 
precedence.  Many  messages  are  suppressed  altogether ; 
and,  of  those  that  were  passed,  he  gives  this  as  a  sample : 

The  correspondent  writes :  "  Heavy  Boer  attack. 
Guns  rain  shell-fire  on  position.  Severe  losses,  both 
yesterday  and  to-day." 

The  message  reaches  the  foreign  editor  in  London 
thus :  "Heavy  rain  yesterday  and  to-day." 

THE  KINO  OF  ABTS8INLA. 

Under  the  title  of  "  At  the  Court  of  the  King  of 
Kings,"  Capt.  M.  S.  Wellby  describes  a  visit  to  King 
Menelek,  of  Abyssinia,  Id  his  court.  Captain  Wellby  put 
on  evening  clothes,  and  then  rode  a  mule  at  7  o'clock 
in  the  morning  through  the  business  portions  of  the 
city,  through  an  outer  stockade  of  the  palace,  across  an 
untidy,  rough,  stony  court.  He  was  received  by  the 
King  in  a  squatting  position,  which  made  him  look  like 
a  very  small  man,  although  he  is  five  feet  ten  inches 
high.  He  says  that,  in  spite  of  Menelek's  faults,  he  has 
achieved  wonders  for  the  well-being  of  his  country. 
He  is  far  in  advance  of  any  previous  Abyssinian  mon- 
arch, and  under  his  peaceful  reign  the  population  and 
prosperity  of  the  Abyaiiniana  have  greatly  increased. 


104 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


SCRIBNER'S  MAGAZINE. 

IN  the  July  Scrihner^B,  Mr.  Richard  Harding  Davis 
maintains  his  reputation  as  a  capital  descriptive 
writer  in  his  pen-picture  of  "The  Relief  of  Ladysmith." 
Mr.  Davis  thinks  that  the  wonder  was  not  only  that 
Ladysmith  was  ever  relieved,  but  that  it  was  ever  de- 
fended. He  describes  the  strategic  position  of  the  gar- 
rison at  Ladysmith  as  not  unlike  that  of  a  bear  in  a 
bear-pit,  at  whfch  the  Boers  around  the  top  of  the  pit 
were  throwing  shells  instead  of  buns. 

THE  BOER  SOLDIER  INSUBORDINATE. 

Mr.  Thomas  F.  Millard,  writing  from  Pretoria,  March 
34,  describes  "The  Boer  as  a  Soldier,"  and  says  some 
very  striking  things  concerning  the  military  weaknesses 
of  the  Republican  armies.  A  special  weakness  which 
we  have  not  seen  emphasized  to  such  an  extent  any- 
where else  is  the  failure  to  obey  the  generals.  If  Mr. 
Millard  is  entirely  accurate,  it  would  seem  exceedingly 
astonishing  that  the  Boers  should  have  won  any  battles. 
He  says  that  in  all  the  terrible  fighting  around  Lady- 
smith and  the  Tugela,  not  more  than  one-third  of  the 
burghers  were  ever  at  any  time  engaged,  and  that  in 
none  of  the  assaults  was  the  whole  Boer  force  actively 
employed,  simply  because  when  the  Boer  private  sol- 
diers thought  that  the  position  which  they  were  ordered 
to  capture  was  too  dangerous,  they  simply  said  so  and 
sat  still.  Mr.  Millard  says:  "I  have  seen  General 
Botha  tear  his  hear  and  curse  the  day  when  he  ever  un- 
dertook to  defend  fifteen  miles  of  treacherous  riverfront 
against  an  enemy  ten  times  his  strength,  with  another 
powerful  foe  in  his  rear,  with  a  couple  of  thousand 
burghers,  who  could  not  be  induced  to  obey  orders." 
He  says  plainly  that  the  Boer  must  be  wheedled  into 
fighting,  and  he  shows  the  absurdity  of  the  theory  that 
it  has  been  the  foreign  officers  who  were  responsible  for 
the  Boer  successes  by  the  fact  that  none  but  native  offi- 
cers can  persuade  their  soldiers  to  fight.  Yet  notable 
Boer  commandants  have  attained  a  great  ascendency 
over  their  men— Kriiger,  Joubert,  Cronje,  and  more  re- 
cently Gen.  Louis  Botha. 

SUBJECTIVE  AIDS  TO  HEALTH. 

Mr.  Daniel  G.  Mason,  writing  on  "  The  Tendency  to 
Health,"  lays  great  stress  on  the  command  of  the  atten- 
tion in  attaining  health.  He  thinks  that  a  vast  deal 
might  be  done  in  aiding  nature's  trend  to  health  by  con- 
fining attention  to  more  pleasant  themes  than  one's 
unpleasant  symptoms,  by  dwelling  on  the  inevitable 
tendency  of  nature  to  become  normal,  and  by  making 
capital  of  one's  pleasures. 

EARLY  DAYS  OF  AMERICAN  SLAVE-TRADE. 

The  opening  article  in  the  number  is  a  finely  illus- 
trated account  by  John  R.  Spears  of  *'The  Slave-Trade 
in  America,"  from  the  first  American  descent  on  the 
coast  of  Guinea  by  a  Boston  ship  in  1645.  Previous  to 
1750,  Mr.  Spears  says,  the  harvesting  of  slaves  on  the 
coast  of  Africa  was  conducted  with  about  as  great  a  re- 
gard for  honesty  as  was  any  other  trade  with  uncivilized 
peoples.  The  old  slaver  embarked  a  cargo  of  rum,  and 
headed  for  the  African  coast.  After  two  or  three  months 
he  arrived  at  some  West  African  port,  and  invited  the 
chiefs  on  board  to  get  drunk  free  of  charge  and  receive 
presents.  Then  the  slave-ship  swung  at  anchor,  waiting 
for  the  natives  to  grow  thirsty  and  bring  slaves  to  ex- 
change for  more  rum.  With  the  growing  price  of  slaves, 
however,  the  methods  gradually  became  more  brutal. 


THE  COSMOPOLITAJf  MAGAZINE. 

IN  his  article  entitled  "Is  Russia  to  Control  All  of 
Asia?"  in  the  July  Cosmopolitan^  Mr.  Alexander 
Hume  Ford  seems  to  show  an  affirmative  answer.  He 
gives  a  bird's-eye  view  of  the  military  dispositions  and 
diplomatic  advantages  which  seem  to  favor  Russians 
control  of  the  entire  continent.  North  of  India  Russia 
has  now  in  camp,  within  forty  miles  of  Herat,  the  key 
to  India,  a  force  of  the  best  soldiers  larger  than  our 
entire  army  of  invasion  of  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  while 
800  miles  back  there  is  a  fighting  force  outnumbering 
our  entire  standing  army  at  home  and  abroad,  which 
can  be  mobilized  within  a  few  hours.  An  advance- 
guard  of  Cossacks  is  within  hailing  distance  of  the 
gates  of  Peking,  and  within  short  call  behind  them  is 
an  army  even  greater  than  that  on  the  borders  of  Af- 
ghanistan. Mr.  Ford  gives  credit  to  the  report  that  on 
the  British  frontier  are  now  stationed  more  than  100,- 
000  Cossacks,  while  in  Eastern  Siberia  and  Manchuria 
there  are  stationed  over  120,000  troops.  Altogether, 
along  the  line  of  her  Asiatic  frontier  Russia  has 
stretched  an  army  of  over  500,000,  with  fully  10,000,000 
horses  and  enamels  to  mount  them  and  supply  pack- 
trains  for  carrying  provisions  and  forage  across  the 
desert.  Mr.  Ford  thinks  that  even  if  plucky  little 
Japan  should  beg^in  war  on  Russia  with  the  aid  of  Eng- 
land's fieet  and  an  invading  army  of  169,000,  which  she 
is  ready  to  mobilize  within  a  week,  there  would  be  lit- 
tle hope  of  her  securing  permanent  possession  of  the 
soil  of  a  country  whose  army  on  a  war  footing  amount^i 
to  8,000,000  men.  Mr.  Ford  thinks  the  following  is  the 
significant  keynote  of  the  present  situation :  **  The 
*  open-door  *  policy  is  far  more  welcome  to  Russia  now 
than  the  *  sphere  of  influence,'  which  would  mean  her 
exclusion  from  parts  of  Asia.  Once  Russia  has  brought 
the  people  of  China  under  her  sway,  she  will  have  a 
standing  army  greater  than  all  the  other  combined 
forces  of  the  world,  and  with  but  one  vast  cohesive 
country,  without  a  single  detached  colony  to  defend.'* 

THE  TREND  OF  MODERN  COLLEGE*  EDUCATION. 

President  David  Starr  Jordan,  of  Leland  Stanford 
University,  writing  on  "Modern  College  Education,'* 
thinks  that  the  keynote  to  the  education  of  the  future 
must  be  "instructive  individualism,"  by  which  he 
means  that  the  teachers  must  come  close  to  the  students 
and  find  out  with  them  what  knowledge  each  of  them 
most  needs. 

A  FRENCH  PROFIT-SHARING  EXPERIMENT. 

Under  the  title  "Organized  Thrift,"  Mr.  Vance 
Thompson  gives  an  account  of  the  interesting  experi- 
ment of  a  Frenchman,  M.  Godin,  a  manufacturer  of 
stoves  and  cooking  utensils,  in  profit-sharing.  In  1880 
M.  Godin  turned  over  his  entire  large  plant,  of  the 
value  of  about  $1,000,000,  to  a  company,  reserving  for 
himself  5  per  cent,  per  year,  as  "  the  wage  of  the  capi- 
tal," the  second  charge  being  the  cost  of  running  the 
shop,  the  wages  of  employees,  the  expenses  of  the  com- 
munal school,  and  care  of  the  sick  and  young,  after 
these  expenditures  all  profits  being  distributed  p^ro  rata 
between  the  wage-earners  and  the  capital.  In  place, 
however,  of  distributing  the  surplus  each  year  to  the 
workers,  the  sum  due  each  man  was  given  him  in 
shares,  so  that  little  by  little  he  became  a  proprietor. 
To^iay,  after  twenty  years,  the  entire  capital  has  been 
repaid  to  M.  Godin's  heirs,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 


THE  PERIODICALS  RE^IEIVED. 


105 


thousand  francs,  and  the  working-men  are  the  proprie- 
tors of  the  shops  and  the  '*  Family  House/'  are  their 
own  masterH,  and  choose  by  election  their  chiefs  and 
directors.  

\rCLURKS  MAGAZINE. 

IX  the  July  McClurc's^  we  have  quoted  at  length  In 
another   department  from  Mr.   William  Barclay 
Parsons'  account  of  '*  Railway  Development  in  China." 

THE  BIRTH  OF  THE  ANGLO-AMERICAN  ENTENTE. 

Mr.  A.  Maurice  Low,  the  American  correspondent  of 
the  London  Chronicle^  in  his  **  Unwritten  Chapter  in 
American  Diplomacy,"  says  that,  contrary  to  the  gen- 
eral opinion  of  the  people  of  the  United  States,  the  pres- 
ent Anglo-American  entente  was  not  bom  in  the  stress 
of  the  Spanish  War.  He  says  it  came  into  being  three 
years  earlier,  in  the  travail  of  the  Venezuelan  aflfair.  Mr. 
Low  says  that  when  Mr.  Cleveland  and  Mr.  Olney  were 
sending  the  famous  message  which  made  such  a  critical 
moment  in  the  Anglo-American  situation  the  Cleveland 
Adminii^tration,  owing  to  the  humble  attitude  of  Secre- 
Ury  Gresham  and  of  Minister  Bayard,  made  John  Hay 
an  unofficial  ambassador  of  the  United  States  to  the 
Conrt  of  St.  James.  Mr.  Hay  had  an  immensely  deli- 
cate mission  in  this  position,  but  he  succeeded  in  urg- 
ing on  Lord  Salisbury's  Government  that  it  was  neces- 
nry  to  close  the  dispute.  The  success  of  the  diplomacy 
in  the  Venezuela  incident,  therefore,  Mr.  Low  thinks, 
sboald  go  largely  to  the  credit  of  John  Hay,  and  he 
calls  this  Incident  the  germ  of  the  entente  which  was 
continued  in  England's  attitude  during  the  negotiations 
which  led  to  the  Spanish  War. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  LIGHTHOUSE  SERVICE. 

The  number  opens  with  an  article  by  Mr.  Ray  Stan- 
naid  Baker,  **The  Sea-Builders,"  in  which  he  gives  typi- 
cal instances  of  the  boldness,  skill,  and  endurance  of  the 
men  who  erect  danger-signals  on  rocks  and  shoals.  He 
tells  us  that  the  United  States  Government  maintains 
more  than  1,100  lighthouses  and  lighted  beacons;  88 
light-vessels  and  lantern-buoys ;  nearly  1,800  post-lights, 
moKt  of  which  mark  the  shores  of  navigable  rivers ;  854 
siren-signals,  besides  other  hundreds  operated  in  con- 
nection with  the  regular  lighthouse  service,  blow  a  deep 
Us8  warning  at  the  rising  of  a  fog.  Whistling-buoys, 
btU-buoys,  and  shoal-buoys,  to  the  number  of  nearly 
5,000,  are  distributed  along  the  channels  of  a  hundred 
harbors.  In  the  daytime  dangerous  bits  of  coast  or  river 
are  indicated  by  484  day-beacons,  and  41  vessels  and 
more  than  4,200  men  are  required  to  attend,  repair,  and 
sQpply  these  aids  to  navigation,  the  cost  to  the  people 
of  the  country  being  between  $3,000,000  and  $4,000,000  a 
year. 

In  this  number  of  McClurc^s  comes  the  first  story 
from  Mr.  Kipling  inspired  by  the  Boer  War.  **  The  Out- 
sider "  is  a  story  of  the  South  African  battlefield,  written 
from  the  field. 

MUNSEY'S  MAGAZINE. 

IX  the  July  Munsey^s^  Mr.  Cy  Warman,  under  the 
heading  •*  Soldiers  of  the  Rail,**  tells  of  the  person- 
nel of  the  crews  who  run  the  great  Western  freighters, 
where  they  come  from,  and  what  kind  of  folk  they  are. 
Mr.  Warman,  as  an  ex-soldier  of  the  rail  himself,  and 
also  as  a  capital  writer,  naturally  makes  an  authentic 
and  readable  story  of  the  cult  of  brabemen  and  other 
trainmen.    He  says  that  the  time  was  when  a  brake- 


man  was  a  reckless  rough,  who  followed  his  occupation 
as  a  pleasure,  profoundly  disrespectable — ^*a  cross  be- 
tween a  highwayman  and  a  Hooligan.**  To-day  he  is  a 
good  citizen,  who  pays  taxes  directly  instead  of  through 
a  saloon,  as  formerly. 

SOCIETY  IN  CUBA. 

Miss  Mary  C.  Francis,  writing  on  *'  Society  in  Cuba,** 
says  that  up  to  the  time  of  the  Ten  Years*  War  there 
had  been  no  definite  social  gulf  between  the  Cuban  and 
the  Spaniard.  All  of  the  latter  were  wealthy,  and  many 
of  the  former  had  amassed  estates  which  enabled  them 
to  rival  their  political  masters  in  luxurious  living  ;  but 
when  this  war  was  over,  the  Cubans  were  beggared,  and 
after  that  an  impassable  gulf  yawned  between  Spaniard 
and  Cuban.  Miss  Francis  says  that  this  gulf  was  so 
deep  and  wide  that,  when  once  a  high-born  Cuban  wom- 
an dared  to  marry  a  Spanish  captain-general,  she  was 
immediately  cut  off  from  her  family  and  ostracised 
from  her  own  society.  While  hitherto  Cuba  has  known 
but  two  social  grades,  the  aristocracy  and  the  low  class, 
Biiss  Francis  thinks  that  now  there  will  be  the  growth 
of  a  great  middle  class,  untrammeled  by  rigid  etiquette. 
The  English  language  is  making  its  way  fast,  and 
American  newspapers  and  magazines  are  finding  their 
way  into  Cuban  homes. 

BADEN-POWELL  A  GREAT  SCOUT. 

In  a  sketch  of  ''  The  Man  of  Mafeking,**  Mr.  Franklin 
Chester  tells  of  the  eminence  that  General  Baden- 
Powell  has  attained  in  the  scientific  art  of  scouting — 
the  best  authority  of  Europe,  he  calls  him,  on  this 
branch  of  the  art  military.  He  says  that  General 
Baden-Powell  thinks  our  Buffalo  Bill  the  greatest  scout 
that  ever  lived.  "B.-P."  himself  is  frequently  referred 
to  as  the  Sherlock  Holmes  of  the  British  Army. 


THE  NEW  ENGLAND  MAGAZINE. 

IN  the  July  number  of  the  New  England  Magazine, 
Mr.  E^dmund  J.  Carpenter  contributes  a  very 
well-written  and  excellently  illustrated  description  of 
Provincetown,  Mass.,  the  sea-city  at  the  tip  of  the  long, 
curling  whiplash  of  land,  Cape  Cod,  where,  on  Novem- 
ber 11,  1620,  the  Mayflower  dropped  anchor.  Mr.  C.  N. 
Hall  pleasantly  de^ribes  **  Some  Features  of  Old  Con- 
necticut Farming.'*  He  tells  of  the  days  when  there 
was  no  widespread  degeneration  in  New  England  agri- 
culture—the days  of  sixty  years  ago,  when  the  hired 
laborers  were  all  of  native  birth  and  parentage  ;  when 
work  was  done  by  hand,  shoes  were  home- made,  and 
clothes  were  almost  entirely  home-made;  and  when  even 
the  lawyer,  the  doctor,  and  the  minister  were  inevitably 
at  the  same  time  farmers.  In  Mr.  Arthur  L.  Golder*s 
article  on  '*  The  Rangeley  Lakes,**  he  tells  why  Maine  is 
fast  becoming  the  most  popular  region  for  recreation 
east  of  the  Mis-^issippi.  The  State  has  more  lakes  and 
forest  than  all  the  rest  of  New  England  combined,  and 
she  has  as  well  a  sea-coast  of  unsurpassed  magnificence 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  tourist.  Of  all  the  resort 
regions,  the  Moosehead  and  Rangeley  Lake  districts  are 
chief.  Moosehead  is  the  largest  lake  in  the  State,  and 
is  of  comparatively  recent  popularity.  The  Rangeleys 
have  given  recreation  to  thousands  for  over  fifty  years. 
They  are  six  in  numl)er,  extending  over  a  length  of  fifty 
miles  in  Western  Maine  and  terminating  in  Flastem 
New  Hampshire. 


106 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


THE  ATLANTIC  MONTHLY. 

IN  the  July  Atlantic  is  printed  the  final  lectare  of 
ex-President  Grover  Cleveland  on  **  The  Independ- 
ence of  the  Executive,"  an  address  delivered  before  the 
students  of  Princeton  University  two  months  ago. 

Mr.  James  W.  Alexander  attempts  to  correct  "  Some 
Prejudices  About  Life  Assurance."  He  talks  in  a  very 
clear-headed  way  concerning  the  factors  which  should 
base  one^s  choice  of  an  insurance  company,  and  he  lays 
great  stress  on  a  mistake  people  are  apt  to  make  of  se- 
lecting a  company  which  offers  the  greatest  induce- 
ments. He  thinks  this  is  often  the  worst  company,  as 
it  will  probably  be  sacrificing  essential  principles  of 
safety  in  order  to  make  the  attractive  showing  which 
captures  the  new  client.  He  thinks  most  of  the  ambi- 
tion to  do  the  best  instead  of  the  largest  business.  Mr. 
Alexander  says  it  would  be  more  sensible  for  a  man  to 
select  a  company  charging  the  highest  premiums,  if 
that  was  the  only  basis  on  which  he  was  going  to  make 
a  choice,  the  one  granting  the  least  privileges  outside 
of  the  death  indemnity.  **It  is  better  for  a  mutual 
company,  and  therefore  for  its  members,  who  constitute 
the  company,  that  they  should  pay  too  high  rather  than 
too  low  premiums.  Too  low  premiums  will  certainly 
cramp  the  management,  lessen  the  profit,  and  may  even 
result  in  failure,  while  too  high  premiums  facilitat'e 
business  and  increase  profit,  and  the  excess  ultimately 
returns  with  interest  to  the  policy-holders." 

CUBAN    PROSPECTS. 

Mr.  J.  D.  Whelpley,  writing  on  **  Cuba  of  To^ay  and 
To-morrow,"  frankly  confesses  that  the  Cubans  do  not 
like  the  Americans.  He  says  the  intelligent  Cubans 
think  of  the  Americans  as  withholding  from  them  their 
birthright.  Mr.'  Whelpley  thinks  that  a  continuation 
of  the  present  conditions  in  Cuba  will,  however,  be  pos- 
sible for  some  time  without  serious  trouble.  *'  The  ex- 
periment of  a  free  Cuba  may  even  be  tried  in  time,  this 
depending  largely  upon  public  sentiment  and  the  dom- 
inant power  in  politics  in  the  United  States.  It  will 
inevitably  result  in  another  intervention  which  will 
need  no  apologies,  and  will  continue  so  long  as  the 
United  States  shall  remain  a  nation." 

JOURNALISM  IN  THE  MAGAZINES. 

Mr.  Arthur  Reed  Kimball  writes  on  *'  The  Invasion  of 
Journalism,"  not  only  its  inroads  in  the  magazines,  but 
the  increasing  number  of  reportorial  or  journalistic 
books.  He  thinks  this  growing  tendency  towards  jour- 
nalism involves  much  more  than  a  matter  of  colloquial- 
ism and  style  ;  he  thinks  it  concerns  point  of  view  and 
method  of  treatment  as  well,  and  that  this  is  seen  con- 
spicuously in  the  changed  relations  of  the  popular  mag- 
azine and  newspaper.  '*  Once  it  was  the  ambition  of  a 
newspaper  to  be  rated  as  high  as  the  magazine  ;  now  it 
often  seems  to  be  the  ambition  of  the  magazine  to  be 
ranked  as  a  monthly  newspaper." 


THE  FORUM. 

ELSEWHERE  we  have  quoted  from  Consul-Gen- 
eral  Ho  Yow's  paper  in  the  June  Forum  on 
''The  Attitude  of  the  United  States  Towards  the 
Chinese." 

Mr.  J.  B.  Redmond,  M.P.,  describes  the  present  po- 
sition of  the  Irish  question.    As  a  restilt  of  the  ap- 


proaching general  election  in  Great  Britain,  Mr.  Red- 
mond believes  that  the  reunited  Irish  members  of  Par- 
liament will  be  masters  of  the  situation  (thanks  to  the 
Boer  War).  He  regards  as  well  within  their  grasp  the 
further  reform  of  the  land  question,  the  redress  of 
financial  injustice,  educational  reform,  and  home  rule 
itself. 

Former  Minister  Charles  Denby  attempts  an  answer 
to  the  question,  "Do  We  Owe  Independence  to  the 
Filipinos  ?"  Mr.  Denby  replies  to  the  well- worn  argu- 
ment that  the  Filipinos  were  our  allies  against  Spain, 
and  that  therefore  honor  requires  us  to  acknowledge 
their  independence.  He  cites  abuhdant  testimony  in 
contradiction  of  these  statements  from  official  docu- 
ments. 

WOOL  AND  THE  TARIFF. 

Mr.  Jacob  Schoenhof  contributes  an  "Unwritten 
Chapter  in  Recent  Tariff  History,"  giving  tariff  esti- 
mates made  in  1897,  while  the  Dingley  bill  was  under 
consideration,  and  reviewing  in  detail  the  changes 
made  in  the  tariff  on  wool  and  woolens.  Mr.  Scboeo* 
hof  declares  that  materials  manufactured  in  our  coun- 
try at  the  present  time  to  take  the  place  of  woolen  goods 
are  a  discredit  to  a  civilized  country.  "  The  wage-earn- 
ing classes  are  asked  to  wear  soKsalled  woolen  goods, 
made  of  about  25  per  cent,  of  wool,  the  balance  cotton 
and  shoddy,  and  pay  higher  prices  for  these  compounds 
in  1900  than  they  paid  for  first-class  all-wool  articles  un- 
der the  Wilson  tariff."  Although  our  wool  stocks  are 
not  increased  by  importations,  they  still  satisfy  the  de- 
mand. *^  The  average  for  the  four  years  ending  with 
1900  even  shows  a  decided  step  backward,  and  brings 
our  status  to  the  one  occupied  by  Germany  in  1885.  In 
this  manner  the  trade,  with  unerring  scent,  chronicles 
the  protest  of  the  people  against  the  rise  of  prices  de- 
creed by  the  Dingley  tariff." 

HIOH-SCUOOL  TEACHINO  AS  A  LIFE  WORK. 

Pi*of.  Edward  E.  Hill  contributes  a  rather  pessimistic 
article  on  **  Teaching  in  High  Schools  as  a  Life  Occupsr 
tion  for  Men."  He  shows  that  while  the  work  in  its 
nature  is  worthy  of  the  highest  ambitions  and  best 
efforts  of  able  men,  it  is  hardly  probable  that  men  with 
such  qualifications  as  promise  success  in  other  profes- 
sions or  in  business  will  care  to  undertake  it  as  a  life 
vocation  under  present  conditions.  The  compensation 
is  much  less  than  they  would  be  able  to  command  in 
other  occupations,  and  they  sacrifice  that'public  esteem 
which  attaches  to  many  callings,  and  often  subject 
themselves  to  harassing  and  belittling  restrictions. 

THE  NICARAGUA  CANAL  FROM  A  BRITISH  POINT  OF  VIEW. 

Sir  Charles  W.  Dilke  contributes  a  paper  entitled 
»'U.  K.,  U.  S.,  and  the  Ship  Canal."  This  writer  dis- 
avows the  extreme  British  view  regarding  the  fortifica- 
tion of  the  canal;  and  while  he  regards  it  as  idle  to  sug- 
gest that  a  British  fleet  could  use  an  unfortified  canal 
in  the  event  of  war,  he  still  thinks  that  the  taking  of 
security  against  the  possibility  of  such  a  state  of  affairs 
is  prudent,  ^'  provided  that  it  may  be  made  clear  to  tbe 
whole  world  that  it  is  not  intended  by  reasonable  Ameri- 
cans, or  likely  to  be  intended  by  an  American  majority, 
to  subvert  in  the  canal  the  principle  of  the  *  open  door* 
which  the  United  States  demands  in  China,  and  by 
which,  throughout  the  world,  in  the  future,  she  will 
hare  much  to  gain." 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI^IEIVED. 


107 


OTHER  ARTICLES. 

In  a  study  of  organized  labor  in  France,  Dr.  Walter 
R  Scaife  describes  the  reunion  of  the  two  opposing 
wiDgB  of  the  French  Socialist  and  Labor  parties  at  the 
Socialist  congress  in  December  last. 

The  Hon.  John  Charlton,  a  member  of  the  Anglo- 
American  Joint  High  Commission,  writes  on  **  Ameri- 
can and  Canadian  Trade  RelatlonA.*'  The  concluding 
paragraph  of  his  article  contains  the  suggestion  of  a 
threat  He  intimates  that  the  fiscal  policy  of  the 
United  States  may  be  imitated  by  the  Canadian  Gov- 
ernment to  the  extent  of  raising  the  Canadian  standard 
of  26  per  cent,  on  dutiable  imports  to  the  American 
standard  of  49  per  cent.,  with  perhaps  an  increase  of  the 
differential  in  favor  of  Great  Britain. 

Pres.  G.  Stanley  Hall,  of  Clark  University,  writes  on 
*' College  Philosophy;''  Rev.  H.  A.  Stimson  on  *'The 
Preeminent  Profession  :"  Mr.  C.  A.  P.  Rohrbach  offers 
**A  Contribution  to  the  Armenian  Question;"  Mr. 
William  O.  Partridge  defines  **The  American  School 
of  Sculpture,"  and  Mr.  Benjamin  W.  Wells  reviews 
"Southern  Literature  of  the  Year." 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

WE  have  selected  Mr.  Bryan's  article  on  **  The  Is- 
sue in  the  Presidental  Campaign,"  in  the  June 
number  of  the  North  American  Review,  for  extended 
quotation  In  another  department. 

Mr.  Edmund  Barton,  a  well-known  Australian  states- 
man, writes  on  the  subject  of  *'  Australian  Federation 
and  Its  Basis,"  giving  a  summary  of  the  provisions  of 
the  new  Federal  constitution,  and  pointing  out  the  fea- 
tores  in  which  it  differs  from  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  and  that  of  Canada.  The  main  difference 
between  the  American  and  Australian  constitutions 
nems  to  lie  in  the  insistence  in  the  latter  to  the  princi- 
ple of  continuous  responsibility.  The  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives is  made  the  real  custodian  of  the  purse,  and 
it  is  provided  that  after  the  first  general  election  no 
member  of  the  ministry  is  to  hold  office  for  a  longer  pe- 
riod than  three  months,  unless  he  has  become  a  member 
of  one  or  the  other  of  the  hou8e& 

EDUCATION  AS  A  SOLVENT  OF  THE  RACE  PROBLEM. 

"Will  Education  Solve  the  Race  Problem?"  is  the 
subject  of  a  paper  by  Prof.  J.  R.  Straton.  Mr.  Straton 
does  not  undertake  to  state  what  the  final  solution  of 
the  problem  will  be,  although  in  his  opinion  Mr.  Wash- 
ington's plans  appear  to  be  the  best  tentative  policy, 
and  are  worthy  of  all  support.  Mr.  Straton  questions 
whether  even  industrial  education  goes  back  far  enough, 
and  whether  the  dangers  and  temptations  which  sur- 
ronnd  the  negro  here  will  not  prevail  over  his  weakness 
before  his  judgment  to  choose  and  his  strength  to  over- 
come have  developed.  On  the  question  of  colonization, 
Mr.  Straton  admits  that  no  plan  for  the  wholesale  de- 
portation of  the  race  from  the  country  is  practicable, 
fie  thinks,  however,  that  something  might  be  done  by 
ettabliahing  elsewhere  conditions  which  would  invite 
the  negro  there,  and  then  assisting  him  to  go.  He 
points  out  that  as  many  foreigners  as  there  are  mem- 
hers  in  the  colored  race  have  come  to  this  country 
within  the  past  few  decades  on  account  of  the  inviting 
eondltioiis  here.  He  thinks,  therefore,  that  if  condi- 
tions dsewhMe  inyited  them  the  negroes  might  go  for 


THE  REVIVED  OLYMPIAN  OAMB8. 

Baron  Pierre  de  Coubertin  writes  on  *^The  Meeting 
of  the  Olympian  Games,**  describing  the  arrangements 
made  for  the  athletic  festivals  at  Paris  during  the  pres- 
ent summer.  It  will  be  remembered  that  nearly  ten 
years  ago  Baron  de  Coubertin  conceived  the  plan  of 
reviving  the  Olympian  games  in  a  modem  form.  The 
International  Congress,  which  met  in  Paris  in  June, 
1894,  decided  at  his  request  that  each  of  the  new  Olym- 
piads should  be  celebrated  in  a  different  city  of  the 
world,  and  Athens  was  chosen  as  the  seat  of  the  first 
Olympian  meeting,  and  Paris  that  of  the  second,  four 
years  later.  It  is  Baron  de  Coubertin*s  personal  desire 
that  the  third  Olympian  games  of  the  series,  those  of 
1904,  shall  take  place  at  New  York.  The  distinctly  cos- 
mopolitan character  of  the  enterprise  would  thus  be 
clearly  shown. 

ENGLAND  AND  THE  B0EB8. 

The  question,  "How  England  Should  Treat  the  Van- 
quished Boers,'*  is  discussed  by  Sir  Sidney  Shippard. 
This  has  been  the  topic  of  innumerable  articles  in  the 
English  reviews ;  in  fact,  the  subject  of  dealing  with 
the  vanquished  Boers  was  soberly  and  ponderously  dis- 
cussed by  English  review  writers  long  before  the  Boers 
were  in  any  sense  "vanquished.**  The  North  Ameri- 
can writer  recognizes  EIngland's  duty  of  dealing  justly 
both  by  the  loyal  colonists  of  Cape  Colony  and  Natal, 
and  also  by  the  Boers  themselves,  and  also  the  ne- 
cessity of  rendering  impossible  any  repetition  of  at- 
tempts at  a  Boer  conquest  of  South  Africa  with  foreign 
aid,  and  the  desirability  of  conciliating  England's 
Dutch  fellow-subjects  by  all  fair  means  and  gradually 
reconciling  them  to  their  lot  as  British  citizens.  With 
regard  to  territorial  limits,  he  is  of  opinion  that  the 
best  plan  would  be  to  establish  in  Southeastern  Africa 
one  great  colony  comprising  Swaziland,  the  Transvaal, 
and  the  Orange  territory.  He  believes  that  no  effort 
should  be  made  to  force  on  a  federation  of  the  South 
African  colonies.  Such  a  federation,  if  it  comes  at  all, 
must  be  spontaneous.  For  a  capital  of  this  new  terri- 
tory, he  recommends  the  founding  of  a  new  city,  in  a 
high  and  healthy  situation,  as  near  the  western  side  of 
the  Drakensberg  as  possible.  Of  existing  sites,  he  prefers 
Johannesburg. 

THE  QUESTION  OF  FUTURE  PUNISHHENT. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Greorge  Wolfe  Shinn  attempts  an  answer 
to  the  pressing  question,  "What  Has  Become  of  Hell  ?** 
He  concludes  that  hell  has  not  been  obliterated.  "  Ret- 
ribution exists  as  an  awful  fact  back  of  all  figurative 
language.  Men  in  our  day  have  overlooked  retribution 
in  seeking  to  get  rid  of  materialistic  notions  concerning 
hell.  The  time  has  come  to  recall  the  awful  fact  of  ret- 
ribution. But  it  must  be  done  discreetly,  and  always 
with  those  exceptions  in  mind  which  so  greatly  modify 
it.**  In  considering  the  working  out  of  retribution  as 
it  pertains  to  the. future,  there  are  allowances  to  be 
made.  For  example,  we  cannot  include  children  in  its 
penalty,  inasmuch  as  not  inherited  sin,  but  willful  sin,  is 
punished,  and  children  are  irresponsible.  Dr.  Shinn 
would  also  except  the  multitude  of  heathen  who  have 
never  had  the  opportunity  to  hear  the  Grospel. 

THE  IDEAL  CITT  CHABTBB. 

Comptroller  Coler,  of  New  York  City,  writes  on  "Char- 
ter Needs  of  a  Great  City.**    He  re^aurds  brevity  and 


108 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


simplicity  as  the  two  chief  essentials  of  good  city  char- 
ters. Interference  with  purely  local  affairs  by  the  State 
legislatures  must  be  prohibited.  A  charter  should  not 
admit  the  possibility  of  a  private  or  corporate  interest 
going  beyond  the  local  authorities  for  special  privileges 
or  exemptions. 

ENGLAND  AND  RUSSIA  IN  THE  FAR  EAST. 

In  this  number  there  are  three  articles  on  the  rival 
imperial  interests  of  Great  Britain  and  Russia.  "A 
Diplomat,^  who  is  said  to  be  attached  in  an  official 
capacity  to  one  of  the  legations  in  the  capital  of  one  of 
the  great  powers,  writes  on  *'  British  and  Russian  Diplo- 
macy/* greatly  exalting  the  latter.  He  regards  the 
Russian  diplomatic  service  as  "one  of  the  most  formi- 
dable machines  in  existence,  comparable  in  many  re- 
spects to  the  Jesuit  organization.**  Demetrius  C.  Boul- 
ger  writes  on  "  Antagonism  of  England  and  Russia.** 
He  calls  on  England  to  "  end  the  insolent  pretensions 
and  aggressions  of  Russia,**  and  believes  that  the  pres- 
ent is  a  favorable  time,  from  every  point  of  view,  to 
establish  British  security  in  the  East.  The  Rt.  Hon. 
Sir  Richard  Temple  writes  on  "  Great  Britain  in  Asia.** 
He,  also,  cannot  refrain  from  the  boast  of  British  power, 
and  permits  it  to  be  inferred  from  his  paper  that  Gre4)t 
Britain  is  now  ready  to  try  conclusions  with  any  com- 
bination of  European  powers  that  may  be  formed  in  the 
far  East. 

Prof.  E.  Denison  Ross  writes  on  "Modern  Persian 
Literature,**  and  Princess  Radziwell  on  "Cecil  Rhodes* 
Future.'*  

THE  ARENA. 

THE  opening  article  in  the  Arena  for  June  is  a  dis- 
cussion of  imperialism  as  "The  Giant  Issue  of 
1900,**  by  Prof.  Frank  Parsons.  Prof.  Parsons  holds 
that  this  question  overshadows  even  those  of  the  trusts 
and  the  currency.  "  It  is  vastly  important  to  know 
whether  our  governments  and  industries  are  to  be 
managed  in  the  interest  of  a  few  or  in  the  interest  of 
all ;  but  it  is  still  more  important  to  know  whether  the 
people  approve  the  policy  of  abandoning  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence,  turning  the  Republic  into  an 
empire,  and  transforming  a  peaceful  democracy  into 
an  imperial  conqueror.'*  In  Professor  Parsons*  view, 
this  country  can  no  longer  claim  to  be  a  "bona-fide, 
whole-souled  republic.  We  are  an  empire— a  sort  of 
republic  at  home  and  a  despotism  abroad  ;  a  benevolent 
despotism,  perhaps  (though  that  remains  to  be  seen), 
but  none  the  less  a  despotism." 

On  the  subject  of  "Christianity  and  Imperialism," 
Mr.  Freeman  Stewart  remarks  that  such  isolation  as 
has  been  due  to  the  republican  institutions  of  the  United 
States  has  been  an  advantage  both  to  ourselves  and  to  the 
world  at  large.  The  United  States  has  been  the  great- 
est "  world  power  "  that  the  earth  has  ever  known,  if  by 
that  term  is  meant  power  to  exert  a  beneficent  influence 
upon  the  world.  "  History  may  Ihj  searched  in  vain  for 
another  nation  that  has  done  so 'much  to  inspire  man- 
kind with  hope  and  energy,  and  to  improve  the  condi- 
tion of  the  human  race."  Mr.  Stewart's  contention  is 
that  we  should  continue  in  the  same  good  work  rather 
than  yield  to  the  forces  of  "  militarism  and  despotism." 

CENTRALIZATION  IN  FINANCE. 

Mr.  Edward  G.  Johns  sets  forth  the  advantages  of 
modern  centralization  in  financial  affairs.  The  present 
tendency  to  centralize  power  and  to  prevent  a  needless 


sacrifice  of  capital  in  competitive  undertakings  can 
only  result,  in  Mr.  Johns*  opinion,  in  great  stabilty  of 
values  and  consequent  safety  for  investors.  The  poor 
man  reaps  benefits  from  this  centralizing  tendency  as 
well  as  the  rich  man.  His  savings  are  better  safe- 
guarded, while  the  cost  of  production  of  necessary  arti- 
cles has  been  reduced,  and  credit  is  less  disturbed. 

AN  ANGLO-AMERICAN  UNDERSTANDING. 

Prof.  Edward  A.  Ross,  of  Stanford  University,  writes 
on  "England  as  an  Ally."  Professor  Ross  holds  that 
while  the  identity  of  the  English  with  the  American 
people  in  language,  literature,  law,  religion,  and  per- 
sonal ideas  forms  a  firm  basis  for  a  national  friendship, 
the  economic  contrast  between  insular  England  and 
continental  America  forbids  an  alliance.  The  friend- 
ship, therefore,  should  be  cherished  without  compro- 
mising ourselves  in  an  alliance.  "  The  great  desideratum 
is,  therefore,  an  Anglo-American  good  understanding. 
We  should  uproot  the  old-time  hostility  inspired  by 
school  histories.  We  should  meet  the  English  half-way 
in  all  friendly  sentiment.  We  should  beware  of  stand- 
ing with  a  great  illiberal  despotism  like  Russia  at  a 
time  when  the  conflict  between  the  principle  of  author- 
ity and  the  principle  of  freedom  is  entering  upon  an 
acute  phase.  We  should  even  act  in  concert  with  Eng- 
land, Japan,  and  Germany  to  protect  stranded  China 
from  Russian  aggression  until,  like  Japan  or  Siam,  she 
can  get  into  the  current  of  progress." 

OUR  CONGRESS  AND  ENQLAND*8  PARLIAMENT. 

Another  article  which  emphasizes  certain  important 
differences  between  this  country  and  England  is  con- 
tributed by  Mr.  Ewing  Cockrell  on  the  subject  of  **  Con- 
gress or  Parliament?"  Mr.  Cockrell  has  made  a  close 
study  of  our  congressional  system  with  a  view  to  meet- 
ing diverse  criticisms  based  on  comparison  with  Great 
Britain*s  parliamentary  methods.  Mr.  Cockrell  makes 
it  clear  that  our  Congress  is  confronted  with  an  amount 
of  business  far  in  excess  of  that  presented  to  the  British 
Parliament.  The  question  then  arises:  Shall  Con- 
£n*ess  devote  as  much  time  to  deliberation  and  discus- 
sion as  is  customary  in  Parliament,  thereby  leaving 
undone  nine-tenths  of  its  business  ;  or  shall  it  endeavor 
to  enact  the  legislation  needed  by  the  country  in  the 
most  efficient  and  practical  way  possible?  As  Mr. 
Cockrell  views  the  matter,  the  great  fault  of  our  Con- 
gress is  that  it  attempts  too  much.  The  amount  of 
business  that  must  come  up  before  it  is  too  great  to 
allow  our  legislation  to  attain  the  most  perfect  charac- 
ter. This  fault,  however,  he  believes  can  be  corrected. 
Our  methods,  as  they  are,  enable  Congress  to  handle 
this  great  amount  of  business  admirably  and  efficiently. 
Mr.  Cockrell  does  not  find  serious  faults  in  the  separa- 
tion of  the  executive  and  the  legislature,  the  lack  of 
some  one  legislative  leader,  or  the  lack  of  much  deliber- 
ation and  discussion.  Those  who  criticise  these  fea- 
tures of  our  system  base  their  objections  on  incomplete 
theories  of  our  government,  and  not  on  facts. 

In  this  number  of  the  Arenay  several  of  the  questions 
before  the  session  of  Congress  which  closed  last  month 
are  discussed.  Among  these  are  the  ship-subsidy  ques- 
tion, the  trust  question,  and  Porto  Rican  legislation. 

OLD  AGE  PENSIONS  IN  NEW  ZEALAND.  ' 

The  Hon.  Hugh  H.  Lusk  contributes  an  interesting 
study  of  the  old-age  system  adopted  in  New  Zealand. 
Mr.  Lusk  states  that  the  number  of  applications  for 
pensions  in  the  first  year  of  the  operation  of  the  New 


THE  PERIODICALS  REyiElVED. 


100 


ZeiUftnd  law  will  not  reach  0,000.  This  number  he  re- 
gards as  a  small  one  out  of  a  total  population  of  800,000 
whites  and  50,000  natives,  as  the  provisions  of  the  act 
apply  equally  to  both  races.  That  is  to  say,  it  amounts 
to  less  than  three-quarters  of  one  per  cent,  of  the  popu- 
Jatioo;  and  this  percentage,  under  existing  conditions, 
may  be  expected  to  diminish  rather  than  increase.  In 
N>w  Zealand  the  cost  of  old-age  pensions  this  year  will, 
it  is  calculated,  amount  to  about  $500,000. 

OTHER   ARTICLES. 

There  are  articles  on  "  Jesuit  Educators  and  Modem 
Colleges,*'  by  Ruth  Everett;  "America  as  a  Field  for 
Fiction,"  by  Annie  Steger  Winston;  "Education  and 
Marriage,"  by  A.  L.  Mearkle,  and  "Woman  in  Journal- 
ism," by  Marian  Ainsworth-White. 

GUNTON'S  MAGAZINE. 

IN  OuniorCs  Magazine  for  June,  Mr.  William  EHeroy 
Curtis  writes  on  the  coming  Pan-American  Con- 
fcress  to  be  held  in  Mexico.  The  most  important  topics 
for  discussion  in  this  congress  will  be  a  plan  of  arbitra* 
tion  for  the  settlement  of  differences  between  the 
American  nations,  and  a  permanent  method  of  deter* 
miniog  claims  for  damages  brought  by  the  citizens  of 
ooe  country  against  another.  It  has  been  suggested, 
al^  that  uniform  quarantine  regulations  be  discussed 
by  this  conference  of  1901,  and  perhaps  the  recognition 
of  universal  diplomas  by  other  governments  than  those 
in  which  they  are  located  may  also  be  a  topic  of  discus- 
sion. 

In  an  unsigned  article,  the  editor  appeals  to  the  Re- 
publican party  to  broaden  public  policy  so  as  to  bring 
about  national  action  on  questions  of  the  health,  educa- 
tion, and  social  welfare  of  the  laboring  classes. 

In  a  paper  on  "  Working- Women*8  Clubs,"  Mrs.  Char- 
lotte Coffyn  Wilkinson  states  that  these  organizations 
have  from  the  first  been  self-governing,  all  the  members 
being  on  an  equal  footing ;  no  single  voice  has  been 
anthoritative,  and  no  one  vote  has  carried  undue  weight. 
The  dubs  have  been  conducted,  not  from  without,  by  a 
"  board  of  lady  managers,"  but  by  the  members  for  the 
members. 

Dr.  Edwin  Maxey  writes  on  "The  Egyptian  Ques- 
tion," and  Mr.  Moulton  Emery  on  the  question,  "  Are 
We  Gothic  or  a  Mixed  Race  ?"  An  editorial  article  dis- 
niflaeM  the  proposition  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor  to  establish  an  institution  for  the  education  of 
the  members  of  labor  unions,  and  outlines  some  of  the 
ponibilitie«  of  such  an  institution. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  MONTHLY. 

CONCLUDING  a  rather  elaborate  paper  on  "  Rela- 
tion Between  Early  Religion  and  Morality  "  in  the 
Imemaiional  Monthly  for  June,  Dr.  Edmund  Buckley, 
of  the  University  of  Chicago,  gives  it  as  his  opinion  that 
wbile  morality  and  religion  have  each  wrought  mischief 
on  the  other,  their  mutual  help  has  far  exceeded  this 
mLichief.  *' While  an  independent  growth  of  each  is 
conceivable,  it  certainly  never  happened,  and  if  it  had 
done  so,  muht  have  been  with  a  loss  to  both  sides.  Fi- 
nally, the  narrowness  of  our  thesis  needs  complementa- 
tion from  other  sides  of  human  culture.  If  religion  has 
promoted  morality,  it  has  also  promoted  industry, 
knowledge,  and  art — the  knowledge,  alasl  with  even 
more  offsetting  hinderances  than  in  the  case  of  mo- 
nOity," 


IMPBOVEMENT  IN  AMERICAN  CITT  OOVEBNMENT. 

In  a  paper  on  **  Political  Parties  and  City  Govern- 
ment," Prof.  Frank  J.  Goodnow,  of  Columbia  Univer- 
sity, remarks  on  the  great  progress  that  has  been  made 
in  city  government  in  this  country.  "  Fifty  years  ago, 
efficient  police  protection  was  almost  unknown.  Few, 
if  any,  of  our  cities  had  ample  supplies  of  potable  water. 
No  effective  provision  was  made  for  cleaning  the  streets 
or  for  taking  away  the  cUhris  occasioned  by  the  exigen- 
cies of  urban  life.  The  pavements  of  our  streets  were 
generally  wretched  in  character,  and  the  means  of  trans* 
portation  offered  to  the  urban  population  was  alto- 
gether inadequate.  Much  of  the  improvement  that  has 
been  made  in  these  respects  within  the  last  half-cen- 
tury has  been  due,  of  course,  to  the  development  of 
scientific  methods ;  but  the  improvement  which  has 
actually  taken  place  would  not  have  been  possible  had 
our  city  governments  been  as  bad  as  they  have  some- 
times been  represented."  Professor  Goodnow's  remedy 
for  the  interference  of  political  parties  with  municipal 
government  is  to  subject  municipalities,  when  acting 
as  agents  of  the  State  government,  to  an  effective  State 
control.  "If  the  State  government  has  such  a  control 
over  the  city  government  in  the  interest  of  the  enforce- 
ment of  general  State  laws,  the  desire  of  the  political 
party  to  secure  the  enforcement  of  the  law  will  not  of 
necessity  lead  it  to  endeavor  to  get  control  of  the  city 
government.  The  party  may  secure  the  enforcement  of 
State  law  through  its  control  of  State  government." 

HIGH  EXPLOSIVES  IN  WAR. 

In  a  paper  on  "  High  Explosives  :  Uses  in  Peace  and 
War,"  Capt.  E.  L.  Zalinski,  U.  S.  A.,  retired,  argues 
that  present  conditions  do  not  indicate  the  advisability 
of  using  high  explosives,  either  shell  or  shrapnel,  for 
military  operations  in  the  field.  New  developments 
must  be  made  before  it  is  likely  that  they  will  be  used 
extensively.  They  are,  however,  sure  to  be  used  in  har^ 
bor  defenses  and  in  atrial  torpedoes  projected  by  torpedo 
guns. 

Dr.  Reynold  W.  Wilcox,  of  New  York,  summarizes 
recent  advances  in  medical  science,  and  M.  Th.  Ribot 
writes  on  "  The  Nature  of  the  Creative  Imagination." 


THE  CONTEMPORARY  REVIEW. 

THE  Contemporary  Review  for  June  is  an  average 
number,  and  the  best  articles  it  contains  are 
hardly  of  a  nature  to  admit  of  adequate  summary.  We 
have  dealt  in  the  "Leading  Articles"  with  Edith 
Sellers'  description  of  "The  People's  Theater  in  Berlin.'* 

GERMANY  AND  ANQLO-SAXONDOM. 

Mr.  Poultney  Bigelow  contributes  a  rather  desultory 
article  entitled  "Germany,  England,  and  America,"  in 
which  he  gives  his  impressions  of  the  German  view 
of  England  and  things  English.  The  newspapers  in 
Berlin,  New  York,  and  London,  he  says,  are  guilty  of 
most  of  the  misunderstandings  which  exist  between  the 
three  countries,  and  at  the  present  time  a  feeling  prevails 
towards  England  which  would  make  a  war  lietween 
England  and  Germany  possible  at  any  moment.  On 
the  subject  of  the  Boer  war,  Mr.  Bigelow  says  : 

"  It  is  a  pet  idea  with  most  Germans  that  in  some  eth- 
nological manner  the  Transvaal  may  become  the  nucleus 
of  a  Teutonic  state,  which  in  time  may  be  absorbed  by  a 
combination  of  German  East  and  West  Africa.     The 


112 


FHE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REl^IEIVS. 


Noel,  in  which  the  training  of  seamen  in  masted  ships 
was  advocated.    He  says : 

^* Masted  ships  are  not  war-machines ;  every  one  ad- 
mits they  are  obsolete  as  snch,  and  I  submit  that  the 
special  art  of  working  them  is  also  obsolete  as  one  of 
the  arts  of  naval  warfare;  and  that  it  has  not  been 
proved  that  a  mere  smattering— almost  a  caricature — of 
the  sailor's  art,  such  as  can  be  picked  up  in  a  few  months 
in  a  rigged  steamer,  is  necessary  to  fit  officers  and  men 
to  work  successfully  our  modem  war-machines." 

The  modern  ship  is  nothing  but  a  mass  of  mechanism, 
and  the  first  duty  of  a  sailor  is  to  make  himself  a  good 
shot  and  a  good  mechanic. 

ENGLAND  AND  THE  COLONIES. 

Mr.  Arnold  White  has  an  article  entitled  "  Britannia 
and  the  Colonist,"  in  which  he  protests  against  the  cur- 
rent habit  of  looking  at  the  colonist  as  something  out- 
side and  inferior,  which  is  universal  in  government 
circles.    He  says : 

**  Colonists  on  a  visit  to  England  find  that  we  are  not 
only  defective  in  directing  ability  as  applied  to  war  and 
diplomacy,  but  that  there  is  a  general  slackness  apparent 
throughout  the  whole  structure  of  our  social  and  official 
administrative  life.  In  two  directions  is  this  .alleged 
deterioration  specially  perceptible  to  colonial  visitors — 
i.e.,  the  enormous  masses  of  ill-clad  and  half-fed  people 
in  the  great  cities,  and  the  sinister  growth  of  alien  and 
financial  influences  over  society  and  government.  To 
the  clear  vision  of  men  fresh  from  the  realities  of  life  it 
seems  as  though  official  England  before  the  war  was  in 
an  unhealthy  dream,  and  that  the  bureaucrats'  inability 
to  recognize  unpleasing  facts  suggested  paralysis  rather 
than  fortitude.  Businesslike  himself,  and  accustomed 
to  smart  business  methods,  the  colonist  finds  the  circum- 
locution and  fertility  of  obstructive  resources  character- 
istic of  English  bureaucracy  most  depressing." 

Mr.  White  suggests  the  word  *  Britannian'  as  a  name 
which  could  be  applied  to  all  the  subjects  of  the  empire 
without  giving  offense  to  any.  He  publishes  a  number 
of  letters  from  colonial  representatives  in  London  on 
the  subject,  but  most  of  them  do  not  seem  to  agree  with 
his  opinion  that  the  term  "  colonist "  is  offensive. 

LESSONS  FROM  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

Admiral  Maxse  gives  us  his  impressions  of  South 
Africa,  dealing  with  both  political  and  military  prob- 
lems. He  has  been  at  Kimberley,  and  thinks  that  the 
town  might  easily  have  been  captured  by  the  Boers  if 
they  had  made  a  general  attack  upon  it.  The  defense 
was  a  game  of  bluff,  and  the  garrison  of  only  4,000  men 
had  to  protect  a  circumference  of  twelve  miles.  Ad- 
miral Maxse  recommends  that  the  khaki  uniform 
should  now  be  worn  in  time  of  peace  as  well  as  during 
war.  The  moral  of  the  war,  he  says,  is  that  "  with 
modern  weapons,  courage  alone  is  insufficient  to  win 
battles."  The  constant  repetition  of  this  sapient  re- 
mark by  writers,  military  and  otherwise,  makes  it  very 
pertinent  to  know  at  what  periml  of  history  "courage 
alone  was  sufficient  to  win  battles." 

EDITORS  AND  PROPRIETORS. 

Mr.  Arthur  Shadwell  replies  to  Mr.  Massingham*s 
article  on  "The  Ethics  of  Editing."    He  says  : 

"As  to  the  outcry  about  the  liberty  of  the  press  and 
freedom  of  speech,  which  has  recently  been  raised  in 
connection  with  the  commercial  proprietor  and  his  in- 
terference with  editorial  discretion,  it  is  raised  in  anger 


r  and  confusion  of  mind.  Freedom  of  speech  and  the 
'  liberty  of  the  press  mean  the  right  to  speak  and  publish 
without  suppression  by  the  police  or  other  executive. 
They  do  not  mean  the  right  to  be  listened  to.  What  is 
really  demanded  of  the  newspaper  proprietor  by  the 
malcontents  is  not  merely  a  pulpit  or  a  platform,  but 
an  audience.  But  the  poor  man  cannot  give  it  them, 
nor  any  one  else.  The  press  is  free  enough.  Speeches 
arid  resolutions  in  favor  of  the  enemy  are  reported  ;  let- 
ters in  their  defense  by  Mr.  Massingham  and  others 
appear  from  day  to  day.  If  this  is  not  sufficient,  it  is 
open  to  any  one  to  start  a  newspaper  specially  devoted 
to  their  cause.  If  it  would  pay,  it  would  be  done,  even, 
and  on  that  very  account  by  the  unprincipled  and 
greedy  capitalist,  whose  only  guide  is  that  which  pays. 
And  it  would  pay  if  it  had  sufficient  readers.  What  is 
lacking  is  not  liberty,  but  a  sympathetic  audience." 

A  CONVERT  FROM  CATHOLICISM. 

Mr.  Arthur  Galton  continues  his  explanation  why  he 
left  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  His  confessions  are 
rather  natvCy  and  he  seems  to  have  been  the  victim  of  a 
rather  strange  self-deception.  The  Catholic  Church,  he 
says,  is  not  even  the  Latin  Church,  and  much  less  the 
Roman ;  and  the  Papacy,  as  we  understand  the  term, 
so  far  from  being  apostolic  or  primitive,  is  later  than 
Gregory  the  First.  Mr.  Galton  came  to  distrust  Cathol- 
icism politically  as  well  as  theologically,  and  felt  that 
every  convert  to  Rome  was  a  loss  to  England  as  well  as 
to  Christianity. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

The  Rev.  H.  Hensley  Henson  writes  on  "The  Mivart 
Episode ; "  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Beeching  has  a  paper  on 
"  Passion  and  Imagination  in  Poetry." 


THE  WESTMINSTER  REVIEW. 

THE  Westminster  Review  for  June  opens  with  a 
very  appreciative  sketch  of  the  character  of  the 
late  Mr.  Jacob  Bright.  The  article  is  anonymous,  and 
the  writer  pays  a  high  tribute  to  Mr.  Bright's  sincerity 
and  disinterestedness.  He  never  thought  of  aggran- 
dizement or  sought  any  personal  honors,  and  Lord  Rose- 
beryls  proposal  to  make  him  a  privy  councilor  came  to 
him  as  a  complete  surprise. 

THE  DANGER  OF  EMPIRE. 

Mr.  F.  A.  A.  Rowland  writes  on  this  subject.  The 
danger  of  England^s  great  imperial  schemes  lies  not  in 
themselves,  but  in  the  entire  neglect  of  domestic  reform 
which  they  are  the  cause  of.  Parliament  is  now  an  im- 
perial machine ;  domestic  legislation  is  regarded  as 
humdrum  and  treated  with  indifference,  and  while 
England  is  extending  her  dominion  all  over  the  globe 
she  is  taking  no  precaution  to  make  her  people  at  home 
fit  to  control  it.  In  countries  like  Switzerland,  where 
foreign  politics  do  not  vitiate  the  lagislative  taste,  do- 
mestic legislation  keeps  step  with  the  needs  of  the  peo- 
ple. The  only  remedy  is,  therefore,  decentralization. 
Let  Parliament  remain  the  imperial  machine,  and  let 
domestic  reforms  be  the  work  of  local  parliaments. 
Mr.  Rowland  says  that  if  the  American  empire  should 
ever  rival  the  British  the  system  of  State  government 
would  prove  invaluable.  Something  of  the  kind  seems 
to  be  wanted  in  England,  for  a  parliament  which  was 
fit  to  govern  fifteen  million  people  is  not  fit  to  control 
an  empire  twenty  times  as  populous, 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI/IEIVED, 


113 


MR.  CHAMBEKLAIN  AND  THE  RAID. 

Mr.  H.  H.  L.  Bellot  continues  his  series  of  articles  on 
^  "The  Problem  in  South  Africa."  He  deals  this  month 
f  at  some  length  with  the  question  of  the  raid,  and  says 
that  the  evidence  that  Mr.  Chamberlain  was  cognizant 
of  the  Jameson  plan  is  incontrovertible.  Referring  to 
Dr.  Harris'  "confidential"  talk  with  Mr.  Chamber- 
lain, be  says : 

"The  evidence  cuts  both  ways.  It  is  evidence  that 
Mr.  Chamberlain  was  innocent  of  complicity  in  the 
raid,  but  it  also  proves  that  he  had  cognizance  of  the 
plan.  Assuming  Mr.  Chamberlain  to  be  particeps 
criminis  in  the  Jameson  plan,  how  far  is  his  conduct 
justified  ?  From  the  point  of  view  of  international  law, 
of  course,  a  constitutional  minister  is  not  warranted  in 
conniving  at  a  revolutionary  conspiracy,  even  where  his 
own  countrymen  are  concerned.  If,  in  addition  to  this, 
he  was  also  the  author  of  the  British-flag  policy,  then 
he  committed  not  only  a  constitutional  but  a  political 
blunder  of  the  gravest  character.  So  far  as  the  Jame- 
son plan  is  concerned,  I  agree  with  Mr.  Stead  that  his 
conduct  does  not  call  for  any  severe  censure  from  the 
moralist.  Had  Mr.  Chamberlain  frankly  confessed  his 
share  in  the  Jameson  plan  and  invited  investigation,  he 
would  have  lost  little  in  public  estimation.  Instead, 
every  obstacle  to  prevent  the  elucidation  of  the  truth 
was  raised.  Cablegrams  which  were  vital  to  the  in- 
quiry were  allowed  to  be  destroyed,  the  production  of 
others  still  in  existence  was  refused,  witnesses  who 
came  prepared  with  important  evidence  were  dismissed 
unquestioned,  or  stopped  whenever  they  approached 
the  real  points — in  fact,  the  whole  inquiry  was  a  farce, 
and  intended  to  be  a  farce.  The  South  African  Com- 
mittee was  appointed,  not  to  elicit  the  truth,  but  to 
conceal  it.  One  or  two  questions  in  cross-examination 
of  Mr.  Chamberlain  would  quickly  have  revealed  how 
far  he  was  committed.  Nothing  of  this  kind  took  place. 
On  the  contrary,  Mr.  Rhodes  was  made  the  scapegoat; 
and  Mr.  Chamberlain  squared  accounts  by  presenting 
that  gentleman  with  a  certificate  of  honor  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  after  having  previously  signed  the  report 
accusing  Mr.  Rhodes  of  lying  and  of  acting  with  bad 
faith,  not  only  to  the  Imperial  Government,  but  to  his 
colleagues  and  subordinates,  by  inducing  the  latter  to 
believe  that  the  Colonial  Office  was  a  consenting  jwirty 
to  the  cotisplracy." 

THE  BOERS  AT  HOME. 

Mr.  Jenkin  Jenkins  has  a  short  paper  on  the  Boers. 
Hia  verdict,  which  is  written  from  personal  experience, 
i»  that  the  Boers  are  a  mixture  of  good  and  bad  ;  and, 
therefore,  in  no  way  diflferent  from  other  races.  No- 
where has  he  met  with  such  kind-hearted  hospitality 
as  among  them. 

"Good  and  bad  occur  in  all  races;  and  if  a  certain 
coarse  type  la  apt  to  occur  more  frequently  in  Africa 
than  elsewhere,  we  may  safely  attribute  it  to  the  rough, 
half-dvilixed  condition  of  the  country,  and  its  lack  of 
reiining  influences.  In  our  big  towns,  where  there  is 
far  lees  excuse  for  it,  we  find  a  type  of  brutality  infi- 
nitely worse  than  anything  Africa  can  bring  forth,  and 
a  man  might  walk  from  Btduwayo  to  Cape  Town  with 


far  less  chance  of  molestation  from  his  fellow-man  than 
would  be  the  case  if  he  went  by  night  through  the 
paved  and  lighted  streets  of  civilized  London.  The  one 
part  of  Africa  which  is  more  dangerous  than  an  Eng- 
lish slum,  and  which  our  traveler  would  do  well  to 
avoid,  would,  strange  to  say,  be  that  triumph  of  civil- 
ization, Johannesburg.  Whether  he  falls  into  the  hands 
of  an  Uitlander  robber  or  a  Transvaal  zarp,  he  is  to  be 
pitied  by  all  lovers  of  law  and  order.  Far  better  for 
him  to  avoid  the  towns  and  trust  himself  to  the  tender 
mercies  of  the  rough  men  of  the  veldt,  who,  in  nine 
cases  out  of  ten,  open  their  doors  to  the  dusty  wayfarer 
as  readily  as  they  will  shoot  him  who  comes  with  armed 
force  against  them.'* 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Elizabeth  S.  Diack  describes  the  position  of  *^  Women 
in  the  Ancient  World."  Mr.  James  Sykes  reviews  Mr. 
Kinlock  Cooke's  story  of  the  life  of  the  late  Duchess  of 
Teck,  which  he  describes  as  a  *'  MtUtum  in  Parvo  biog- 
raphy." There  is  an  article  on  Liberal  policy  by 
J.  M.  K.,  and  a  short  article  contending  against  con- 
scription on  the  principle  that,  as  England  has  done 
nothing  for  her  children,  she  cannot  expect  them  to  do 
anything  for  her.  

CORNHILL. 

THE  finest  paper  in  the  eminently  readable  June 
number  of  Comhtll  is  Mr.  Thomas  Seccombe's 
appreciation  of  M.  Anatole  France,  under  the  heading, 
**A  Literary  Nihilist."  "As  a  skeptic,"  he  says,  "M. 
France  doubts  everything,  and  in  all  things  discovers 
the  secret  defect.  .  .  .  But,  starting  from  the  pessimis- 
tic conviction  of  the  incurable  badness  and  weakness  of 
humanity,  he  is  finally  touched  by  the  wretchedness  and 
instability  of  human  destiny."  M.  France  exalts,  as 
the  two  good  counselors  of  human  life.  Irony  and  Pity 
—the  smile  of  the  one  making  life  agreeable  to  us,  the 
tears  of  the  other  making  it  sacred.  The  reviewer  con- 
siders that  "as  a  corrective  to  the  monotony  of  those 
rhapsodies  upon  our  noble  selves,  with  which  every 
paper  and  platform  in  the  land  is  for  ever  resounding, 
the  value  of  an  English  satirist  of  the  caliber  of  M. 
Anatole  France  could  hardly  be  overrated." 

"The  Warders  of  the  West,"  of  whom  Mr.  E.  B.  Os- 
born  writes  most  entertainingly,  and  from  personal 
experience,  are  the  Canadian  Northwest  Mounted  Po- 
lice. The  force  is  mostly  composed  of  English-bom 
men,  and  nine  times  out  of  ten  the  man  is  "  the  scion  of 
adecent  family."  The  English  gentleman  predominates. 

Karl  Blind's  story  of  his  life  in  "  Years  of  Storm  and 
Stress"  becomes  quite  thrilling  as  he  tells  of  his  trial  in 
Freiburg  in  1848,  which  ended  in  a  sentence  for  him  of 
five  years'  solitary  confinement,  and  then  of  his  sudden 
release  owing  to  a  revolution  in  the  army. 

"Georgian  Grossips"  is  the  title  of  a  paper  by  Miss 
A.  M.  Wilson,  in  which  she  reports  the  conversation  of 
certain  aged  parishioners  at  the  Queen's  Jubilee  in 
1887  ;  among  the  rest  of  a  parish  clerk,  over  ninety,  who 
"minded  right  well"  the  celebrations  which  greeted 
the  opening  century  in  1800,  when  he  dined  with  bis 
grandmother,  who  was  born  in  1706. 


114 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


THE  FRENCH   REVIEWS. 


REVUE  DES  DEUX  MONDES. 

MBENOIST,  continuing  his  interesting  papers  on 
.  the  Iron  Chancellor,  in  the  Revue  des  Deux 
Mondea  for  May,  deals  with  Bismarck  the  man.  Bis- 
marck*8  piety  was  Lutheran  and  Prussian — the  piety  of 
a  loyalist  and  a  royalist ;  a  soldier  and  an  official,  un- 
tainted by  any  conscious  hypocrisy.  He  rigorously 
divided  in  his  mind  the  functions  of  the  statesman  from 
the  functions  of  Grod.  The  safety  of  the  state  was  the 
work  of  the  statesman ;  the  salvation  of  man  was  the 
work  of  man  himself  and  of  Grod.  Thus  he  was  very 
intolerant  in  the  affairs  of  the  state,  but  in  religious 
matters  he  was  quite  the  reverse. 

IRON  AT  THE  PARIS  EXHIBITION. 

M.  de  La  Sizeranne  writes  an  interesting  and  thought- 
ful paper  on  the  employment  of  iron  in  the  Paris  Ex- 
hibition. He  thinks  that  the  use  of  iron  in  architecture 
in  the  construction  of  those  wonderfully  various  build- 
ings of  the  Exhibition — which  must  have  considerably 
astonished  the  migratory  birds  on  the  lookout  for  good 
nesting-places— will  remain  the  distinguishing  feature 
of  this  year's  show  ;  and  he  pleads  for  the  rise  of  a  really 
characteristic  order  of  architecture  out  of  the  benevo- 
lent neutrality  with  which  every  conceivable  style  has 
been  regarded.  It  is  necessary,  he  thinks,  to  realize 
that  iron  is  come  to  stay  ;  and  the  first  step  is  to  clear 
away  from  Iron  buildings  everything  that  is  useless,  so 
that  they  be  reduced  to  the  minimum  necessary  for 
fulfilling  the  object  for  which  they  are  built.  If  this  is 
done  the  buildings  cease  to  be  ugly,  but  are  not  yet 
beautiful ;  and  it  is  with  this  necessary  addition  of 
beauty  that  the  architecture  of  the  future  must  concern 
itself. 

THE  PAN-CELTIC  MOVEMENT. 

M.  Le  Groffic  writes  a  long  and  important  paper  on 
what  he  calls  the  Pan-Celtic  movement.  He  sees  in  the 
Celtic  fringes  all  the  germs  of  a  strong  agitation,  which 
may  have  important  political  consequences  in  the 
immediate  future.  At  present  the  Pan-Celtic  elements 
in  Ireland,  Wales  and  Scotland,  and  even  in  Brittany, 
are  isolated,  and  have  no  (iommon  programme ;  never- 
theless, there  have  been  tentative  movements  toward 
a  union  of  forces.  The  powerful  Welsh  organization 
called  "  Grorsedd  Beird  ynys  Prydian  "  was  represented 
in  1897  by  a  bard  at  the  Dublin  celebration  of  the  *'Feis^ 
Ceoil."  Not  long  afterwards  Ireland  was  represented 
at  the  Eisteddfod  ;  and,  later  on,  both  Irish  and  Welsh 
delegates  were  present  at  the  "Mx)d"of  Gaelic  Scot- 
land. At  the  Eisteddfod  in  1899  at  Cardiff  official  rep- 
resentatives of  Brittany,  as  well  as  of  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land, were  present,  together  with  delegates  represent- 
ing the  various  Celtic  groups  in  America,  Canada,  Aus- 
tralia, New  Zealand,  and  India.  Moreover,  Cornwall 
and  the  Isle  of  Man,  which  both  have  a  Celtic  origin,  de- 
cided to  join  also.  The  outcome  of  a  Celtic  Congress  in 
Dublin  which  followed  was  the  creation  of  the  Pan- 
Celtic  League,  the  object  of  which  is  to  preserve  the 
Celtic  nationality.  M.  Le  Gofflc  looks  forward  to  a 
time  when  Europe  may  have  to  reckon  with  Pan- 
Celticism,  just  as  she  has  to  reckon  now  with  Pan- 
Slavism  and  Pan-Germanism. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Among  other  articles  may  be  mentioned  the  begin- 
ning of  a  series  on  the  pacification  of  Madagascar,  by 


M.  Lebon,  the  ex-French  colonial  minister,  who  be- 
came notorious  in  connection  with  his  treatment  of 
Dreyfus  ;  M.  £mile  Ollivier  begins  a  series  of  papers  on 
the  inauguration  of  the  Third  Empire. 


NOUVELLE  REVUE. 

THE  Nouvelle  Revue  for  May  fully  maintains  its 
reputation  for  articles  of  importance  and  interest. 
In  the  second  May  number.  Captain  Gilbert  con- 
tinues his  series  of  papers  on  the  operations  in  South 
Africa.  He  deals  this  time  with  the  mobilization  and 
the  concentration  of  the  British  forces,  which  he  ar- 
ranges in  a  series  of  tables,  exhibiting  very  clearly  and 
intelligently  their  distribution  at  the  various  stages  of 
the  campaign.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  he  is  far 
from  joining  in  the  chorus  of  denunciation  of  the  War 
Office.  Captain  Gilbert  is  not  less  interesting  on  the 
subject  of  the  Boer  strategy.  He  says  that  it  must  be 
recognized  that  the  position  at  the  opening  of  the  war 
had  been  foreseen  and  prepared  for  by  the  Boers,  who 
also  had  the  advantage  of  the  diplomatic  initiative. 
Their  object  in  taking  the  offensive  against  Natal  was 
to  create  a  diversion  for  the  benefit  of  the  Orange  Free 
State.  Grenerally  speaking,  Captain  Gilbert  declares 
that  the  Boer  plan  of  operations  defies  criticism,  having 
regard  to  the  character  of  their  forces  and  to  the  geog- 
raphy of  the  war.  The  only  objection  that  he  has  to  urge 
against  them  is  that  they  did  not  know  how  to  change 
their  plan  in  time. 

In  her  letters  on  foreign  politics,  Madame  Adam 
naturally  comments  on  the  war.  She  notes  the  recent 
action  of  the  German  Emperor,  notably  his  journey  to 
Altona  to  greet  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  his  message  to 
the  English  people  contained  in  the  first  number  of  Mr. 
Pearson's  Daily  Express— an.  action  which  contrasts  so 
forcibly  with  his  Imperial  Majesty's  famous  telegram 
to  Mr.  Krliger.  She  looks  forward  to  a  new  series  of 
contradictions  emanating  from  the  mobile  mind  of  the 
German  Emperor.  Madame  Adam  pointa  out  that  the 
refusal  of  Russia  to  interfere  in  the  war  has  rendered 
her  diplomatic  victories  in  China,  Persia,  Korea,  and 
Turkey  more  decisive  than  ever  ;  while  she  emphasizes 
the  extreme  bitterness  of  the  feeling  in  Crermany 
against  England.  Madame  Adam  roundly  declares 
that  Mr.  Rhodes  has  shielded  Lord  Methuen,  and  has 
also  secured  benevolent  treatment  for  that  officer  from 
Lord  Roberts;  she  draws  an  analogy  between  Mr. 
Rhodes  and  Lord  Kitchener,  and  accuses  the  latter  of 
ordering  the  assassination  of  prisoners,  and  even  of 
abandoning  his  own  sick  and  wounded. 

A  FRENCHMAN  IN  NEW  YORK. 

M.  Reynaud  describes,  in  a  pleasant  little  article,  the 
impressions  which  New  York  produced  upon  him.  He 
was  troubled,  as  are  most  Europeans,  by  the  frightful 
noise,  which  contrasted  so  unfavorably  with  the  calm, 
restful  existence  one  leads  on  board  the  liner.  He  goes 
over  the  somewhat  familiar  ground  of  the  growth  of 
American  cities,  the  skyscrapers,  the  elevated  railroads, 
the  general  absorption  in  business,  the  Chinese  colony, 
and  the  great  servant  qnestion.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
that  M.  Reynaud  relies  upon  the  taste  of  the  American 
woman  to  transform  New  York  into  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  cities  of  the  world. 


THE   NEW   BOOKS. 

RECENT  AMERICAN  PtJBLICATroNS. 


HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY. 
A  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States.    By  John 

Bach  McMaster.     7  vols.     Vol.  V.;  8vo,  pp.  577. 

New  York  :  D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $2.60. 

The  fifth  Yolame  of  Professor  McMaster^s  aniqae  history 
covers  the  period  hetween  1821  and  1880  in  virtually  the 
same  manner  in  which  the  earlier  periods  of  our  national 
history  have  been  treated  by  this  author.  The  distinction 
of  Professor  McMaster^s  work  as  a  whole  lies  in  the  nature 
of  the  materials  ont  of  which  it  has  been  evolved.  As  is 
well  known,  great  use  has  been  made  by  Professor  McMas- 
ter of  newspaper  files  and  contemporary  accounts  of  events 
and  conditions.  In  this  particular  volume  special  attention 
has  been  paid  to  socialistic  and  labor  movements,  industrial 
development,  and  educational  progress,  as  well  as  to  the 
political  history  of  the  times,  to  which  other  authors  have 
contributed  to  a  greater  or  less  extent.  Such  matters  as 
the  Introduction  of  iias  and  anthracite  coal,  the  opening  of 
the  Erie  CanaU  and  the  beginnings  of  railroad  traffic  are 
described  with  great  fullness  and  attention  to  detail.  For 
purposes  of  reference  on  these  and  kindred  topics,  no  his- 
Cory  of  this  period  thus  far  published  approaches  McMas- 
ter*s  in  completeness. 

Cup  PresidentH,  and  How  We  Make  Them.    By  A.  K. 

McClure.     8vo,  pp.  4ia     New  York:   Harper  & 

Brothers.    $3. 

One  book  which  is  sure  of  a  kindly  reception,  in  this 
campaign  year,  is  Col.  A.  K.  McClure^s  *"  Our  Presidents, and 
How  We  Make  Them.**  Colonel  McClure  is  not  the  first 
writer  to  tell  the  story  of  American  Presidential  elections, 
but  no  predecessor  has  treated  the  subject  with  so  full  a 
knowledge  of  the  ground  covered.  In  not  less  than  fonrteen 
of  the  twenty-nine  Presidential  campaigns  through  which 
osr  country  has  passed.  Colonel  McClure  has  been  an  active 
pwtlcipant:  and  with  most  of  the  candidates  of  the  last 
hslf^sentury  he  has  been  personally  acquainted.  The  special 
Tihie  of  his  book,  therefore,  lies  in  the  entertaining  and  in- 
•tractive  comments  which  he  has  been  able  to  add  to  the 
record.  Colonel  McClure*s  account  of  the  *' Inside  move- 
ments** in  such  important  political  contests  as  the  national 
Republican  conventions  of  1860,  1870,  and  1880  throw  new 
ligfat  on  many  of  the  phases  of  those  gatherings.  The  title 
of  Colonel  McClure*s  book  is  exactly  descriptive  of  the  sub- 
ject-matter, which  has  to  do,  not  with  the  bare  facts  of 
Presidential  elections  as  they  appear  in  ordinary  histories, 
but  with  the  actual  making  of  Presidents,  including  the 
various  forces  at  work  in  the  nominating  conventions,  as 
well  as  in  the  formal  campaigns. 

The  United  States  Naval  Academy.  By  Park  Benja- 
min. 8vo,  pp.  486.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.    $3.50. 

Mr.  Park  Benjamin,  of  th^  class  of  *67  of  the  United 
States  Naval  Academy  has  honored  his  alma  mater  by  an 
sdmirable  history  of  cadet  life  at  that  institution.  The 
qoaint  sub-title  chosen  by  Mr.  Benjamin  describes  the  book 
•o  well,  and  is  so  flavored  with  the  interest  of  the  narrative, 
that  we  quote  it  in  full:  '*The  Yarn  of  the  American  Mid- 
ihipman  (Naval  Cadet)  showing  his  Life  in  the  old  Frigates 
and  Ships-of-the-Line,  and  then  at  the  Naval  School  at  An- 
napolis :  and  how  that  Institution  became  a  famous  Naval 
College,  meanwhile  making  him  into  the  most  accomplished 
end  Tersatile  young  Seaman  in  the  Wori<l ;  together  with 
some  Reference  to  the  Boys  best  suited  for  the  Navy,  and 
what  they  must  do  and  know  to  get  into  the  Naval  Acad- 
emy, and  what  they  have  to  expect  while  there :  and  also 


nuiny  Pictures,  all  properly  stopped  to  the  Yam  as  It  is 
handsomely  iiaid  out.**  In  Mr.  Benjamin*s  entertaining 
pages  are  recorded  the  doings  of  Cadets  Dewey,  Sampson, 
and  Schley,  not  to  mention  other  names  which  in  recent 
years  have  become  distinguished  in  the  annals  of  the  Ameri- 
can Navy.  An  appendix  to  the  work  contains  a  complete 
roll  of  the  graduates  of  the  academy.  The  volume  Is  pro- 
fusely illustrated. 

The  Diplomatic  Relations  of  the  United  States  and 
Spanish  America.  By  John  H.  Latan^.  12mo>  pp. 
204.  Baltimore  :  The  Johns  Hopkins  Press.  $1.50. 
This  volume  contains  the  Albert  Shaw  lectures  on  dip- 
lomatic history  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  in  1890,  by 
John  H.  Latan6,  Ph.D.  In  the  introductory  chapter  the 
writer  makes  a  concise  presentation  of  the  facts  of  the  revo- 
lutions of  Spanish-American  colonies  in  the  first  two  dec- 
ades of  the  nineteenth  century.  Then  follows  a  discussion 
of  the  part  played  by  the  United  States  and  England  in  the 
foundation  of  the  Spanish-American  republics.  The  suc- 
ceeding chapters  deal  with  '*  The  Diplomacy  of  the  United 
States  in  Regard  to  Cuba**;  ''The  Proposed  Central  Ameri- 
can Canal.** and** The  Present  Status  of  the  Monroe  Doc- 
trine.** It  is  needless  to  say  that  a  clear  understanding  of 
the  late  war  with  Spain  and  its  causes  would  be  impossible 
without  taking  into  account  the  whole  history  of  our  Cuban 
diplomacy.  This  has  been  very  fully  and  satisfactorily 
treated  by  Dr.  Latan6. 

The  Mississippi  Valley  in  the  Civil  War.  By  John 
Fiske.  12mo,  pp.  868.  Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin 
&Co.    $2. 

In  his  latest  volume,  Mr.  John  Fiske  adopts  the  rdle  of 
military  historian.  The  work.  Indeed,  forms  no  part  of  the 
general  plan  to  which  Mr.  Fiske*s  former  writings  on  the 
history  of  the  United  States  conform.  The  reader  is  asked 
to  dismiss  from  his  mind  the  contemporary  incidents  of  gen- 
eral history,  and  to  consider  only  the  military  operations  of 
which  the  Mississippi  Valley  formed  the  theater.  While 
Mr.  Fiske  frankly  admits  that  his  sympathies  have  always 
been  intensely  Northern,  **  as  befits  a  Connecticut  Yankee,** 
he  still  cherishes  a  sincere  admiration  for  the  character  of 
Qen,  Robert  E.  Lee,  whose  devotion  to  the  Confederate 
cause  he  likens  to  the  loyalty  of  Falkland  to  the  prerogative 
of  Charles  the  First.  Mr.  Fiske  has  sympathised  with  so 
many  rebellions  from  those  very  ancient  times  down  to  the 
uprising  of  the  Cubans  in  1806  that  the  term  **  rebel**  seems 
to  him  anything  but  a  term  of  reproach.  He  does  not  hesi- 
tate to  use  it  in  his  book  as  giving  expression  to  the  mere 
fact  that  the  South  was  trying  to  cast  off  an  established 
government.  Mr.  Fiske*s  narrative  is  illustrated  with  mape 
made  from  sketches  by  the  author. 

On  the  Trail  of  a  Spanish   Pioneer:   the  Diary  and 

Itinerary  of  Francisco  6arc4s  (Missionary  Priest). 

Translated   and  edited  by  Elliott  Cones.    2  vols. 

8vo,    pp.  xxx-312 ;   296.     New   York ;   Francis   P. 

Harper.    $6. 

The  last  work  of  the  late  Dr.  Coues  was  the  editing  of 
the  diary  and  itinerary  of  Francisco  Oarers,  a  Spanish  priest 
and  Franciscan  friar,  who  traveled  extensively  in  Sonora, 
Arizona,  and  California  in  the  years  1776-76  as  a  missionary 
to  various  Indian  tribes.  Dr.  Clones ha<l  a  8p<»cial  interest  in 
the  subject-matter  of  this  tliary,  as  he  himself  had  livotl  in 
Arizona  at  three  widely  separated  intervals,-  1H54  ft5,  IHHl^HI, 
and  1882.— and  had  traveled  over  nearly  all  of  the  route** 
taken  by  the  missionary  priest  both  in  Ariaona  and  Califor- 


116 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


nia.  Believing  as  he  did  that  Arizona,  though  the  longest- 
known  comer  of  the  United  States,  was  the  least  generally 
known  of  all.  Dr.  Ck>nes  thought  that  there  could  not  be  a 
better  introduction  to  the  history  of  our  great  Southwest 
than  such  a  knowledge  of  the  topography  of  the  country  as 
that  afforded  by  the  diary  of  Garo^s.  The  work  as  translated 
and  edited  by  Dr.  Coues  is  in  two  volumes,  with  maps,  views, 
and  facsimiles. 

English  Common  Law  in  the  Early  American  Colonies. 
By  Panl  Samuel  Reinsch.  (Economics,  Political 
Science,  and  History  Series.)  8vo,  pp.  64.  Madi- 
son, Wis.:  University  of  Wisconsin.  Paper,  50 
cents. 

In  this  thesis.  Dr.  Reinsch  presents  the  attitude  of  the 
colonists  during  the  seventeenth  century,  and  in  some  cases 
during  the  eighteenth,  toward  the  common  law  of  England. 
In  the  colonies  of  New  England  the  departure  from  the  com- 
mon law  is  most  clearly  marked,  while  some  of  the  Middle 
and  Southern  colonies  adhere  more  closely  to  the  Old  World 
model. 

The  Colonial  Executive  Prior  to  the  Restoration.  By 
Percy  Lewis  Kaye.  (Johns  Hopkins  University 
Studies  in  Historical  and  Political  Science.)  8vo, 
pp.  84.  Baltimore :  The  Johns  Hopkins  Press. 
Paper,  50  cents. 

In  his  study  of  the  colonial  executive  prior  to  IMO,  Dr. 
Kaye  has  approached  the  subject  from  three  points  of  view. 
He  has  considered  in  the  first  place  the  various  documents, 
such  as  charter  commissions  and  letters  of  instruction  to 
the  governors,  in  order  to  determine  the  scope  and  character 
of  the  power  conferred  on  the  executive  officers  in  the  sev- 
eral colonies:  the  means  by  which  they  were  limited  in  the 
use  of  the  executive  prerogative,  and  the  instruments  at 
hand  with  which  to  enforce  their  command.  He  has  fur- 
ther examined  the  connection  between  the  colonies  and  the 
mother-country,  by  what  means  the  English  administration 
was  carried  out,  and,  finally,  he  discusses  the  executive  in 
its  relations  to  popular  assemblies  and  legislatures. 

McLoughlin  and  Old  Oregon.    By  Eva  Emery  Dye. 

12mo,    pp.  881.    Chicago:   A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co. 

$1.50. 

This  is  a  graphic  and  entertaining  sketch  of  pioneer 
days  in  Oregon.  It  deals  with  the  important  part  played  by 
Dr.  McLoughlin  as  agent  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  dur- 
ing the  struggle  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States  for  this  valuable  territory.  The  story  of  the  Whit- 
man massacre  and  of  the  famous  winter's  Journey  which 
saved  Oregon  to  the  United  States  are  related  In  this  vol- 
ume, with  other  interesting  episodes. 

The  Klondike  Stampede.  By  Tappan  Adney.  8vo, 
pp.  471.  New  York  :  Harper  &  Brothers.  13. 
Mr.  Tappan  Adney  has  put  on  record  the  remarkable 
story  of  the  rush  to  the  Klondike  in  the  years  1807-98.  It  Is 
well  that  this  record  has  been  made  by  one  who  had  a  part 
in  the  events  described,  and  who  describes  so  graphically 
the  pioneers  in  that  strange  emigration.  Mr.  Adney  served 
as  special  correspondent  of  Harper^a  Weekly  In  the  Klon- 
dike for  several  years,  and  his  letters  to  that  journal  were 
among  the  most  widely  read  of  the  earlier  accounts  of  the 
development  of  the  Yukon  region.  The  work  is  profusely 
illustrated. 

Congressional  Grants  of  Land  in  Aid  of  Railways.  By 
John  Bell  Sanlwrn.  (Economics,  Political  Science, 
and  History  Series  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin.) 
8vo,  pp.  180.  Madison,  Wis.:  University  of  Wis- 
consin.   Paper,  50  cents. 

The  subject  of  Dr.  Sanborn's  Ptudy  has  been  strangely 
neglected  by  nn>st  historians.  Dr.  Sanborn  has  enileuv^retl 
to  trace  the  history  of  railroad  land-grants  from  their  incep- 
tlon  to  the  present  time.    He  gives  an  account  of  the  various 


land-grant  bills,  the  arguments  for  and  against  them,  and 
the  forces  which  caused  their  success  or  failure ;  connecting 
this  bare  legislative  history  with  the  other  features  of  our 
public-land  policy.  He  has  also  considered  the  influence  of 
land-grant  legislation  on  the  other  issues  of  the  time. 

London  to  Ladysmith,  via  Pretoria.  By  Winston  Spen- 
cer Churchill.  12mo,  pp.  496.  New  York  :  Long- 
mans, Green  &  Co.    $1.50. 

The  most  interesting  portion  of  Mr.  Churchiirs  narra- 
tive  is  the  account  of  his  imprisonment  at  Pretoria  and  his 
successful  escape.  Portions  of  this  story  have  already  ap> 
peared  in  the  press.  As  an  apology  for  the  brevity  of  this 
part  of  his  story,  Mr.  Churchill  remarks :  "  The  fact  that  a 
man*s  life  depends  upon  my  discretion  compels  me  to  omit 
an  essential  part  of  the  story  of  my  escape  from  the  Boers ; 
but  if  the  book  and  its  author  survive  the  war,  and  when  the 
British  flag  is  firmly  planted  at  Bloemfontein  and  Pretoria, 
I  shall  hasten  to  fill  the  gap  in  the  narrative.*'  Among  the 
illustrations  in  the  volume  is  a  plan  of  the  States  Model 
Schools  of  Pretoria,  where  the  British  officers  were  confined. 

Towards  Pretoria.  By  Julian  Ralph.  12mo,  pp.  328, 
Xew  York  :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Company.  $1.50. 
The  story  of  the  Boer  war,  down  to  the  relief  of  Kimber- 
ley,  is  told  in  a  few  graphic  chapters  by  Mr.  Julian  Ralph, 
special  war  correspondent  of  the  London  DaUy  MaU.  Mr. 
Ralph's  abilities  as  a  war  correspondent,  which  were  already 
well  known  in  America,  have  been  highly  commended  by 
the  English  press— London  lAUralure  ev*fn  going  so  far  as 
to  place  him  at  the  top  of  the  list.  Mr.  Ralph  accompanied 
Lord  Methuen's  troops,  and  his  account  of  the  operations 
of  that  division  of  the  British  army  has  been  regarded  as 
among  the  most  satisfactor}'  published. 

Besieged  by  the  Boers  :  A  Diary  of  Life  and  Events  in 

Kimberley  During  the  Siege.    By  E.  Oliver  Ashe. 

12mo,  pp.  175.    New  York :  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

$1.25. 

This  is  the  story  of  the  hospital  surgeon  at  Kimberley 
during  the  siege.  Because  it  was  not  intended  for  publica- 
tion, it  is  the  more  interesting  as  an  account  of  siege  life. 
Mr.  Julian  Ralph  says  of  it:  ''The  public  will  get,  as  it  got 
from  Pepys*  diary,  the  full  charm  of  a  free  and  easy,  human, 
wholly  frank  and  artless  story  of  an  active  and  manly  man's 
experience  at  a  great  crisis.  I  know  that  it  will  stand  alone 
and  will  last  as  long  as  men  care  to  read  of  life  under  queer, 
untoward,  and  extraordinary  conditions.  It  is  frank,  human, 
gossipy,  fair,  fearless,  and  true.  It  will  be  sure  to  have  a 
good  sale,  for  It  is  free  and  fearless  as  the  air  on  the  veldt.** 

The  Story  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  of  the  Christian 
Era.  By  Elbridge S.  Brooks.  8vo,  pp.409.  Boston: 
Lothrop  Publishing  Co.    $1.50. 

In  this  volume,  Mr.  Brooks  makes  an  interesting  sum- 
mary of  modern  progress  in  ten  periods,  beginning  with 
the  age  of  Napoleon  and  concluding  with  the  age  of  Edition. 

An  Outline  of  Political  Growth  in  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury.   By  Edmund  Hamilton  Sears.    12mo,  pp.  616- 
New  York  :  The  Macmillan  Company.    $3. 
In  this  work  the  author  has  endeavored  to  cover  the 
entire  political  field,  and  give  a  succinct  account  of  every  ^>^ 
nation  existing  under  popular  government.    Ho  has  traced,  ^^ 
in  detail,  the  course  of  political  events  throughout  the  world     y^ 
during  the  past  century.    At  the  end  of  the  volume  there  is  ^^ 
an  extensive  bibliography.  ^ 

A  History  of  Scotland  from  the  Roman  Occupation.      ^ 
By  Andrew  Lang.     2  vols.    Vol.  I.    8vo,  pp.  xxvi- 
509.    New  York  :  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.    $3.50. 
In  the  first  volume  of  his  '*  History  of  Scotland,"  Mr. 

Andrew  I^ang  l)eginswith  the  Roman  occupation, and  brings 

his  narrative  down  to  the  death  of  Cardinal  Beaton,  in  154H. 

In  this  volume,  Mr.  Lang  has  made  large  use  of  his  knowl* 


THE  NEii'  BOOKS. 


117 


edge  of  the  personal  peculiarities  of  many  historical  charac- 
ters drjiwn  from  contemporary  records.  He  has  also  In- 
rlmU-*!  Hketi'hes  of  social  life  and  manners  fnira  a  very  early 
period.  Mr.  Laui$  devotes  considerable  attention  to  the  so- 
called  miracles  of  the  seventh  and  eighth  centuries,  on  the 
ground  that  belief  in  such  occurrences  occupied  the  human 
intellitcence  in  those  times  as  much  as  science  does  among  us. 

Modem  Italy,  1748-1898.  ("Story  of  the  Nations"  Se- 
ries.) By  Pietro  Orsi.  Translated  by  Mary  Alice 
Vialls.  12mo,  pp.  404.  New  York  :  G.  P.  Putnam^s 
Sons.    $1.50. 

An  optimistic  work  on  "  Modern  Italy,  1748-1898,''  by  Pie- 
tro Orsi,  has  been  translated  for  the  *' Story  of  the  Nations'* 
aeries  by  Mary  Alice  Vialls.  While  admitting  that,  for  the 
time  being,  ^*  Italy  may  be  the  victim  of  a  crisis  in  the  area 
of  politics  that  is  produced  by  weariness,"  this  writer  holds 
that  it  is  not  an  exhaustion  that  affects  her  inmost  vital- 
ity, and  predicts  that  when  once  the  crisis  is  surmounted 
Italy  will  honorably  fill  the  place  to  which,  among  Euro- 
pean powers,  she  aspires. 

France  Since  1814.  By  Baron  Pierre  de  Ck)ubertin. 
12mo,  pp.  281.  New  York :  The  Macmillan  Com- 
pany.   $1.50. 

Very  timely,  for  more  reasons  than  one,  is  the  publica- 
tion of  the  Baron  Pierre  de  Coubertin's  ^*  France  Since 
1814  "—a  Frenchman's  patriotic  effort  to  help  foreigners  to  a 
better  opinion  of  his  fatherland.  Baron  de  Coubertin  has 
endeavored  to  emphasize  the  continuity  of  modern  French 
history  as  opposed  to  the  prevalent  error  of  historians  in  re- 
garding it  as  split  into  several  distinct  periods.  One  lesson 
that  this  Frenchman  draws  from  the  history  of  contempo- 
rary Prance  is  the  wholesome  one  that  revolutions  and  sud- 
den changes  are,  as  a  rule,  fruitless.  France  has  learned 
from  bitter  experience  that,  "  even  where  they  seemed  des- 
tined to  bring  about  improvements  and  confer  advantages, 
the  far-off  counter-blow  Is  ominous." 

The  Story  of  France  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the 

Ck>nsalate  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte.    By  Thomas  E. 

Watson.    2  vols.  Vol.  11.  8vo,pp.  1076.    New  York: 

Macmillan  Company.    $2.50. 

Notwithstanding  all  the  ponderous  volumes  that  have 
been  written  and  published  concerning  the  rise  and  fall  of 
French  absolutism,  it  is  a  matter  of  congratulation  to  Ameri- 
cans of  the  present  day  that  one  of  their  number  has  seen 
fit  to  retell  the  story  in  his  own  inimitable  way,  and  from  the 
modem  American  point  of  view.  On  the  appearance  of  the 
!lr«t  volume  of  Mr.  Thomas  E.  Watson's  '*  Story  of  France," 
that  writer's  journalistic  qualities  of  style  attracted  perhaps 
more  attention  than  any  other  feature  of  his  work.  The 
power  to  picture  events  vividly,  to  make  the  historical  nar- 
rative move  rapidly,  is  the  distinguishing  trait  of  Mr.  Wat- 
son as  an  historian ;  and  in  his  second  volume,  covering  the 
period  from  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XV .  to  the  consulate 
of  Napoleon,  this  trait  is  even  more  strikingly  exemplified 
than  in  the  earlier  volume.  The  1,800  pages  of  Mr.  Watson's 
two  volumes  represent  a  literary  labor  such  as  few  A  merican 
writers  of  this  generation  have  been  ready  to  undertake. 

The  Memoirs  of  the  Baroness  Cecile  de  Courtot.  By 
Moritz  von  Kaisenberg.  Translated  from  the  Ger- 
man by  Jessie  Haynes.  8vo,  pp.  296.  New  York  : 
Henry  Holt  &  Co.    $2. 

The  Baroness  Cecile  de  Courtot  was  a  lady-ln-waltlng  to 
the  French  Court  at  the  time  of  the  Revolution,  a  witness  of 
the  Reign  of  Terror,  and,  finally,  an  interested  observer  of 
Bonaparte's  Reign  as  First  Consul.  Her  "  Memoirs,"  com- 
piled from  letters  and  the  diary  of  a  friend  by  her  great- 
grandson,  Moritz  von  Kaisenberg,  have  been  translated  from 
the  German  by  Jessie  Haynes.  These  "  Memoirs  "  contain 
many  personal  reminiscences  of  the  scenes  through  which 
their  author  passed.  The  only  wonder  is  that  their  publica- 
tkm  has  been  so  long  delayed. 


Historical  Memoirs  of  the  Emperor  Alexander  I.  and 
the  Court  of  Russia.    By  Mdnie  la  Comtesse  de 
Choi.seul-Gouffier.    Translated    from    the   original 
French  by  Mary  Berenice  Patterson.     12mo,  pp.  xx- 
321.    Chicago  :  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.    $1.50. 
These  memoirs,  of  which  an  English  translation  is  now 
presented  for  the  first  time,  contain  details  concerning  the 
assassination  of  Paul  I.;  the  conduct  of  Alexander  during 
and  after  the  conspiracy  which  gave  him  the  empire;  what 
took  place  in  the  campaign  of  1812;  the  attitude  of  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna,  when  it  learned  that  in  the  month  of 
March,  1815,  Napoleon  had  escaped  from  the  island  of  Elba 
and  returned  to  France,  and  facts  connected  with  the  last 
illness  and  death  of  Alexander. 

The  Story  of  Moscow.    By  Wirt  GJerrare.    16mo,  pp. 

815.    New  York  :  The  Macmillan  Company.    $1.50. 

To  most  of  us,  who  think  of  Russia  itself  as  a  modem 
nation,  it  will  at  first  seem  strange  to  include  Moscow 
among  medieval  towns.  Yet  the  writer  of  this  little  hook 
has  succeeded  in  constructing  a  very  interesting  account  of 
the  town  and  its  vicissitudes  during  the  five  centuries  end* 
ing  at  the  reign  of  Peter  the  Oreat,  the  time  from  which 
most  historians  date  the  real  growth  of  the  Russian  empire. 
The  illustrations,  by  Helen  M.  James,  are  dainty  pieces  of 
drawing. 

Japan  :  Coimtry,  Courts  and  People.  By  J.  C.  Calhoan 
Newton.  12mo,  pp.  432.  Nashville:  Barbee  & 
Smith.    $1. 

The  writer  of  this  work,  long  a  missionary  in  Japan,  has 
attempted  to  give  a  comprehensive  view  of  the  Japanese 
country,  court,  and  people.  While  not  intended  to  supplant 
the  more  elaborate  works  dealing  with  the  same  subjects, 
this  book  is  designed  to  bring  information  on  these  topics, 
in  a  comparatively  small  compass,  within  reach  of  all  who 
take  interest  in  the  future  of  the  race  and  the  advancement 
of  Christianity.  Dr.  Newton  has  endeavored  to  develop  the 
story  of  the  Japanese  people,  including  political  move- 
ments, wars,  religious  customs,  and  arts,  along  the  line  of 
consecutive  historical  narrative.  He  shows  how  the  remark- 
able feudal  system  of  government  and  civilisation,  which  ex- 
isted for  more  than  eight  hundred  years,  grew  out  of  the 
tribal  and  patriarchal  forms.  This  will  suggest  to  the 
reader  many  parallels  and  contrasts  to  the  feudalisms  of 
Europe.  A  distinctive  feature  of  Dr.  Newton's  book  is  his 
discussion  of  Japanese  art.  The  honorable  part  played  by 
the  United  States  in  opening  the  country  in  1854-68,  through 
Commodore  Perry  and  the  Hon.  Townsend  Harris,  is  fully 
described.  The  author  believes  that  the  ever-increasing  in- 
tercourse and  trade  between  the  United  States  and  Japan, 
likely  to  be  brought  about  through  the  Nicaragua  Canal  and 
other  developments  in  the  near  future,  will  tend  to  make 
Japan  a  Christian  nation,  though  not  narrowly  sectarian. 

The  End  of  Villainage  in  England.  By  Thomas  Walker 
Page.  (Publications  of  the  American  Ek!onomic' 
Association.)  8vo,  pp.  99.  New  York :  The  Mac- 
millan Company.    Paper,  $1. 

This  paper  discusses  the  gradual  extension  of  the  rights 
of  the  "villains,"  or  serfs,  in  the  eastern,  midland,  and 
southern  counties  of  England,  and  the  abolition  of  their  dis- 
abilities until  they  were  on  an  equality  with  freemen.  This 
is  a  subject  on  which  there  is  certainly  no  lack  of  literature, 
but  perhaps  it  is  the  more  necessary  that  the  various  author- 
ities and  sources  of  information  should  be  analyzed  and  re- 
viewed in  a  brief  and  scholarly  monograph  of  this  nature. 

A  Short  History  of  Monks  and  Monasteries.  By  Alfred 
Wesley  Wishart.  8vo,  pp.  454.  Trenton,  N.  J.: 
Albert  Brandt.    $8.60. 

This  beautifully  printed  work,  by  Alfred  Wesley  Wish- 
art,  sometime  Fellow  in  Church  History  in  the  University 
of  Chicago,  comes  to  us  bearing  an  imprint  heretofore  un- 
known  in  the  publishing  world.    Beginning  with  the  rise  of 


118 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REy/EtV  OF  REyiElVS. 


monastlcism  in  the  East,  Mr.  Wishart  traces  its  spread 
westward,  and  reviews  the  origin  and  development  of  each 
ot  the  great  orders,  the  Benedictines,  the  Jesuits,  and  the 
Mendicant  Friars.  The  author  seems  to  have  made  a  sin- 
cere effort  to  provide  a  fair  and  judicial  account  of  matters 
concerning  which  much  has  heen  written  hy  partisana.  For 
the  general  reader,  desirous  of  obtaining  an  impartial  view 
of  a  most  important  phase  of  church  history,  Mr.  Wishart's 
book  is  admirably  adapted. 

The  Drama  of  Yesterday  and  To-day.  By  Clement 
Scott.  2  vols.  8vo,  pp.  607-681.  New  York :  The 
Macmillan  Company.    $8. 

Mr.  Clement  Scott*s  two-volume  work  will  be  read  less 
for  the  dramatic  criticism  that  it  contains  than  for  the  his- 
torical and  reminiscent  element.  For,  while  Judgments  will 
continue  to  differ  regarding  Mr.  ScotVs  authority  as  a  dra- 
matic critic,  there  can  be  no  question  as  to  his  intimate 
knowledge  of  many  of  the  most  interesting  personalities  of 
the  English  and  American  stage  for  the  past  half-century. 
His  volumes  are  well  stored  with  anecdote  and  with  ac- 
counts of  memorable  performances,  from  the  time  when  the 
old  Haynoarket  Theater  was  still  lighted  with  oil  and  can- 
dles down  to  the  most  recent  histrionic  triumphs  of  our  day. 
Many  portraits  of  actors  and  managers  accompany  Mr. 
Scot  t*s  text. 

The  Life  of  Dwight  L.  Moody.  By  William  R.  Moody. 
8vo,  pp.  590.  New  York  :  Fleming  H.  Kevell  Com- 
pany.   $2.50. 

•*  The  Life  of  Dwight  L.  Moody  '*  has  been  written  by 
his  son,  in  accordance  with  the  request  made  by  his  father, 
several  years  before  his  death.  Although  Mr.  William  R. 
Moody  was  without  extensive  literary  experience,  he  under- 
took the  preparation  of  this  biography  with  the  purpose  of 
correcting  such  inaccuracies  and  misstatementsas  may  have 
been  circulated  regarding  the  facts  of  his  father's  life.  He 
has  succeeded  in  telling  the  story  of  the  great  evangelist's 
career  in  a  straightforward,  honest  way,  which  leaves  noth- 
ing to  be  desired.  Mr.  Moody  himself  was  the  last  man  to 
seek  laudation  in  any  form ;  and  the  plain  story  of  his  life, 
which  his  son  has  written,  is  doubtless  all  that  he  would 
have  desired  to  have  published  concerning  him.  A  great 
deal  of  unpublished  material  relative  to  Mr.  Moody's  early 
life  has  been  incorporated  in  this  work,  while  the  aims  and 
purposes  of  the  institutions  which  he  built  up  in  later  years 
are  well  set  forth.  On  the  whole,  the  friends  of  Mr.  Moody 
will  find  in  this  volume  a  satisfactory  record  of  his  noble  life 
work. 

Dwight  L.  Moody  :  Impressions  and  Facts.  By  Henry 
Drummond.  With  an  Introduction  by  George 
Adam  Smith.  12mo,  pp.  125.  New  York:  Mc- 
Clare,  Phillips  &  Co.    $1. 

A  few  years  ago.  Professor  Drummond  was  induced  to 
write  an  account  of  his  intimate  association  with  Mr.  Moody 
for  more  than  twenty  years.  At  the  time  of  its  publication, 
this  study  of  Moody  by  his  associate  and  friend  was  re- 
garded as  the  best  exposition  of  the  secret  of  Moody's  power 
that  had  ever  been  written.  This  was  shortly  after  Profes- 
sor Drummond's  last  visit  to  the  United  States.  The ''Im- 
pressions and  Facts "  given  by  Professor  Drummond  have 
been  reprinted  in  this  little  volume,  together  with  a  personal 
tribute  by  Prof.  Qeorge  Adam  Smith,  who  knew  both  Mr. 
Moody  and  Professor  Drummond  intimately. 

Oliver  Cromwell  and  the  Rule  of  the  Puritans  in  Eng- 
land. ( *  *  Heroes  of  the  Nations  "  Series. )  By  Charles 
Firth.  12mo,  pp.  496.  New  York  :  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.    $1.50. 

Anticipating  the  completion  of  the  lives  of  Cromwell 
by  Mr.  John  Morley  and  Governor  Roosevelt,  a  volume  on 
"Oliver  Cromwell  and  the  Rule  of  the  Puritans  in  Eng- 
land," from  the  pen  of  Charles  Firth,  M.A.,  of  Balliol  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  has  been  published  by  the  Putnams.  In  this 
volume  the  author  has  included  the  results  of  researches 


since  the  publication  of  his  article  on  Cromwell  In  the 
*' Dictionary  of  National  Biography"  in  1888.  Readers  in- 
terested in  the  military  details  of  Cromwell's  life  will  find 
that  the  battle  plans  drawn  for  this  volume  differ  in  several 
particulars  from  those  generally  accepted  as  correct. 

Chopin  :  The  Man  and  His  Music.    By  James  Hnneker. 

12mo,    pp.   415.     New   York :    Charles    Scribner's 

Sons.    $2. 

An  entertaining  sketch  of  the  rather  tumultuous  life  of 
the  Polish  composer  Chopin  has  been  written  by  Mr.  James 
Huneker.  Mr.  Hunekor  has  divided  his  book  into  two  parts, 
the  first  treating  of  Chopin  the  man,  the  second  treating  of 
his  music.  Two  classes  of  readers  will  be  attracted  by  Mr. 
Huneker'sbook— those  to  whom  Chopin  is  little  more  than  a 
name,  and  who  wish  to  get  what  light  they  may  on  his  some- 
what elusive  personality,  and  those  music-lovers  whose  in- 
terest in  Chopin's  compositions  may  have  been  renewed  by 
listening  to  some  of  Paderewski's  programmes,  or  through 
other  manifestations  of  his  musical  genius.  We  are  sure  that 
both  classes  of  readers  will  find  Mr.  Huneker's  admirable 
biography  the  most  satisfactory  exposition  of  Chopin's  place 
among  composers  that  has  appeared  in  the  English  language. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

A  Woman's  Paris.    16mo,  pp.  219.    Boston :  Small,  May- 

nard  &  Co.    $1.25. 

This  attractive  little  volume  is  designed  to  meet  the 
wants  of ''  the  American  lady  coming  to  Paris  for  a  longer  or 
shorter  period  for  reasons  not  literary  nor  Bohemian,  nor 
demanding  wild  haste."  It  is  styled  *'  A  Handbook  of  Every- 
day Living  in  the  French  Capital."  In  other  words,  it  is 
meant  for  the  use  of  those  who  '*  take  their  delight  in  Just 
living  in  Paris  and  letting  sights  and  pleasures  come."  This 
American  woman  is  supposed  to  be  not  too  poor  to  enjoy 
herself  in  a  varied  and  even  in  a  moderately  luxurious  way 
in  Paris,  although  not  a  millionaire.  The  work  includes  a 
chapter  on  the  Exposition  of  1900,  with  the  customary  advice 
to  strangers.  It  contains  some  useful  hints,  and  is  appropri- 
ately illustrated  from  photographs. 

The  Anglo-American  Guide  to  the  Paris  Exhibition  of 
1900.  12mo,pp.432.  New  York:  Frederick  A.  Stokes 
Company.    Paper,  50  cents. 

Among  the  many  Paris  Exposition  guides  of  the  season, 
this  is  probably  one  of  the  most  useful,  since  a  special  effort 
has  been  made  to  include  full  information  as  to  all  the  places 
of  Interest  in  Paris,  thus  meeting  the  needs  of  visitors  who 
go  to  Paris  to  see  the  city  as  well  as  to  view  the  Exposition 
itself. 

Two  Gentlemen  in  Touraine.    By  Richard  Sudbury. 

8vo,  pp.  842.    New  York  :  H.  S.  Stone  &  Co.    $3.50. 

This  is  a  charming  travel  sketch,  embodsring  oiuch  valu- 
able material  on  the  architecture  of  Touraine.  The  illus- 
trations of  the  chateaux  in  Touraine  are  truly  impressive.  ^ 
The  unique  decorative  borders  in  green  which  accompany 
the  text  throughout  the  book  well  carry  out  the  character 
of  the  times  and  the  locality  described. 

Highways  and  Byways  in  Normandy.  By  Percy  Dear- 
mer.  12mo,  pp.  863.  New  York :  The  Macmillan 
Company.    $2. 

Normandy  is  the  subject  of  the  latest  volume  in  the 
"Highways  and  Bywasrs"  series.    On  some  accounts  it  is 
unfortunate  that  this  book  was  not  published  in  America 
earlier  in  the  year,  as  it  is  full  of  suggestions  to  travelers, 
and  especially  to  cyclists,  many  of  whom  will  visit  the  Paris 
Exposition  during  the  summer,  and  might  easily  accomplish 
a  portion,  at  least,  of  the  tour  described  so  delightfully  by  , 
Mr.  Dearmer.   The  roads  of  Normandy  are  famous,  making  * 
a  departure  from  the  main  railway  li^es  easy  for  all  cyclists.  > 
As  the  author  truly  remarks, "  Every  one  knows  Normandy, 
and  therefore  Normandy  is  hardly  known  at  all. "    It  suffers 
from  being  too  readily  accessible,  and  is  remembered  gener- 
ally for  its  fashionable  watering-places,  or  for  one  or  two  of 


THE  NEIV  BOOKS. 


119 


Its  historic  towns.  Yet  It  it)  a  fact  that  a  month^s  study  in 
any  of  the  villages  of  Normandy  will  hardly  exhanst  the 
oamber  of  excnrsionH  possible  to  a  cyclist.  Mr.  Dearmer's 
descrfptions  make  charming  reading,  and  the  drawings  by 
Joseph  Pennell  amply  illustrate  the  text. 

Travels  in  England.  By  Richard  Le  Gallienne.  ISino, 
pp.  291.  New  York  :  John  Lane.  $1.50. 
Mr.  Le  Oallienne  has  written  a  book  with  literary 
qoality,  as  might  have  been  expected  from  the  author  of 
**  Prose  Fancies/*  and  at  the  same  time  has  exhibited  a  de- 
scriptive talent  not  so  evident  in  his  earlier  writings. 
Among  the  most  interesting  papers  included  in  this  volume 
are  those  on"8elbome,'*  '* Stratford-on-Avon,**  "Books  as 
Traveling  Companions/*  and  **  Winchester  to  Salisbury.** 

ECONOMICS  AND  POLITICS. 

The  Distribution  of  Wealth :  A  Theory  of  Wages,  In- 
terest, and  Profits.  By  John  Bates  Clark.  Svo, 
pp.  xxviii-445.  New  York  :  The  Macmillan  Com- 
pany.   $3.  \ 

Professor  Clark*s  studies  of  more  than  twenty  years  in 
the  theory  of  wages,  interest,  and  profits  are  embodied  in 
the  present  exhaustive  and  well-rounded  treatise.  The  work 
is  avowedly  theoretical,  and  intended  for  the  student  rather 
than  the  man  of  affairs.  It  represents  the  extreme  advance 
of  American  scholarship  in  its  field. 

Proceedings  and  Papers  of  the  Twelfth  Annual  Meet- 
ing of  the  American  Economic  Association,  in 
December,  1809.  8vo,  pp.  288.  New  York:  The 
Macmillan  Company.    $1. 

A  list  of  members  of  the  American  Economic  Associa- 
tion printed  in  this  volume  shows  that  all  the  universities 
sod  most  of  the  prominent  colleges  of  the  country  are  repre- 
sented in  the  association  by  their  teachers  of  political  econ- 
omy  and  related  subjects.  A  large  number  of  members, 
alto,  are  business  men,  journalists,  lawyers,  or  politicians. 
Ia  future,  the  publications  of  the  asbociation  will  be  issued 
quarterly  with  monographic  supplements. 

Railway  Control  by  Commissions.    By  Frank  Hendrick. 

12mo,  pp.  161.    New  York ;  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $1. 

Mr.  Hendrick  describes  existing  systems  of  railway 
regulation  in  France,  Italy,  Austria,  Belgium,  Germany,  - 
England,  and  the  United  States.  The  concluding  chapter  is 
devoted  to  **  Switzerland  and  the  State  Purchase  of  Rail- 
vayt.**  The  author  suggests  the  railway  regulation  of  the 
Massachusetts  Commission  as  a  guide  to  American  railway 
cootrol. 

History  and  Functions  of  Central  Labor  Unions.  By 
William  Maxwell  Burke.  (Columbia  University 
Studies  in  History,  Economics,  and  Public  Law.) 
8vo,  pp.  125.  New  York :  The  Macmillan  Company. 
$1. 

This  investigation  of  central  labor  unions  was  suggested 
and  begun  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Thomas  N.  Carver,  of 
Oberlin  College,  and  was  completed  at  Columbia  University, 
where  original  sources  of  information  are  more  accessible. 
The  work  seems  to  have  been  done  with  great  thoroughness 
and  fairness. 

A  Country  Without  Strikes.  By  Henry  Demarest 
Lloyd.  12mo,  pp.  xiv-188.  New  York :  Double- 
day,  Page  &  Co.    $1. 

Last  year,  Mr.  Henry  D.  Lloyd  visited  New  Zealand,  and 
oiade  a  careful  investigation  of  the  workings  of  the  compul- 
sory arbitration  law  in  that  colony.  In  this  small  volume 
Mr.  Lloyd  presents  the  results  of  his  investigation.  The 
facts  which  he  discovered  seem  to  fully  justify  the  title 
chosen  for  his  book,  for  New  2«ealand  is  now  indeed  ''a 
country  without  strikes.**  Labor  disputes  there  are  still  in 
plenty,  but  they  are  settled  without  stoppage  of  work  and 
vtthoot  Tlolence  or  loss  of  any  kind  to  either  employers  or 


employees.  Indeed,  a  remarkable  development  of  the  New 
Zealand  situation  has  been  the  general  satisfaction  ex- 
pressed by  employers  with  the  results  of  the  experiment 
thus  far.  Mr.  Lloyd  also  finds,  in  tlie  success  of  this  method 
of  industrial  arbitration,  a  hint  as  to  how  international  arbi- 
tration may  be  inaugurated. 

America's  Working   People.     By  Charles   B.  Spahr. 

12mo,  pp.  261.    New  York :  Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

$1.25. 

In  this  account  of  conditions  among  American  working 
people  as  seen  by  the  people  themselves.  Dr.  Spahr  has  de- 
voted more  attention  to  farm  and  village  conditions  than  is 
customary  in  books  about  American  life.  He  is  justified  in 
this  course  by  the  fact  that  our  farms  and  villages  contain 
three-fifths  of  our  whole  people  and  three-quarters  of  our 
people  o f  American  parentage.  As  Dr.  Spahr  truly  remarks, 
it  is  in  our  rural  communities  that  immigrants  are  most 
thoroughly  assimilated  and  social  institutions  most  com- 
pletely dominated  by  the  American  spirit.  It  is  quite  im- 
possible to  read  one  of  Dr.  Spahr*s  chapters  without  being 
impressed  with  the  writer*s  eminent  fairness  and  desire  to 
get  at  the  facts.  In  more  than  one  of  his  studies  he  has  run 
counter  to  some  of  our  preconceived  opinions,  and  we  can- 
not readily  accept  all  his  conclusions;  nevertheless,  his  sin- 
cerity is  so  evident  that  we  feel  at  once  convinced  that  he  Is 
describing  things  as  he  saw  them  and  giving  argumeuVs  as 
they  were  presented  to  him.  The  book  as  a  whole  estab- 
lishes no  thesis;  it  merely  affords  material  which  may  form 
the  basis  of  independent  judgment. 

Rural  Wealth  and  Welfare.  By  Greorge  T.  Fairchild. 
12mo,  pp.  881.  New  York :  The  Macmillan  Com- 
pany.   $1.25. 

Professor  Fairchild*s  thirty  years'  experience  in  teach- 
ing economics  in  leading  agricultural  colleges  has  well  quali- 
fied him  for  the  task  of  preparing  such  a  work  as  this— an 
attempt  to  show  how  economic  principles  are  illustrated 
and  applied  in  farm  life.  From  Professor  Fairchild*s  point 
of  view,  economic  literature  has  usually  dealt  exclusively 
with  the  phenomena  of  manufactures  and  commerce,  and 
on  that  account  has  partially  failed  to  gain  the  sympathy  of 
rural  people.  He  has  endeavored  to  avoid  this  error,  and 
has  written  a  work  in  which  our  farming  population  can 
hardly  fail  to  be  interested.  His  account  in  the  concluding 
chapter,  of  the  development  of  a  typical  American  farmer*s 
home  and  family,  is  especially  opportune  and  interesting. 

The  Conquest  of  Arid  America.    By  William  E.  Smythe. 

12mo,  pp.  826.    New  York:   Harper  &  Brothers. 

$1.50. 

If  any  man  in  this  country  is  entitled  to  be  considered 
an  authority  on  irrigation,  it  certainly  is  Mr.  Smythe,  the 
author  of  this  work.  Mr.  Smythe*s  work  as  editor  of  the 
Irrigation  Age  and  an  officer  of  the  National  Irrigation  Con- 
gress took  him  repeatedly  to  all  the  States  and  Territories 
of  the  arid  region,  and  nearly  every  valley  or  settlement  of 
special  interest.  Mr.  Smythe*s  knowledge  of  the  facts 
is,  therefore,  at  first  hand.  His  familiarity  with  all  the  sec- 
tions of  our  land  and  the  people  who  live  in  them  qualifies 
him  to  write  wisely  and  convincingly  concerning  the  possi- 
bilities of  bringing  the  landless  man  to  the  region  of  *^  man- 
less  land,**  as  he  expresses  it.  Mr.  Smythe  is  himself  fully 
convinced  that  the  true  opportunity  of  the  American  people 
lies  not  in  the  tropical  islands  of  the  Pacific  and  the  Carib- 
bean, but  in  the  vast  unsettled  regions  of  their  own  coun- 
try, where  they  are  yet  to  work  out  the  highest  forms  of  civ- 
ilization for  their  own  race  and  nationality. 

Our  New  Prosperity.    By  Ray  Stannard  Baker.    12mo, 
pp.  272.    New  York :  Doubleday  &  McClure  Com- 
.    pany.    $1.25. 

Mr.  Baker*s  book  makes  exceedingly  pleasant  reading 
for  the  optimistic  American.  He  takes  up  in  detail  the 
various  industries  affected  by  the  recent  wave  of  national 
prosperity,  including  transportation,  the  iron  and  steel  In- 


120 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^EIV  OF  RE^/EIVS. 


doBtry*  the  cattle  trade,  wheat-raising,  stocks  and  bonds,  and 
various  exports.  Graphic  illostrations  accompany  much  of 
the  statistical  matter. 

Ck)in,  Currency,  and  Commerce.  By  Philip  A.  Robin- 
son. 12mo,  pp.  278.  Washington  :  The  Neale  Com- 
pany.   $1.25. 

Mr.  Robinson  has  aimed  in  this  volume  to  make  a  sug- 
gestive outline  study  of  the  general  subject  of  money.  Stu- 
dents interested  in  the  subject  may  safely  take  this  book  as  a 
primer,  using  it  as  an  introduction  to  more  elaborate  discus- 
sions of  financial  topics.  In  liis  arrangement  of  the  work, 
the  author  has  kept  in  view  the  importance  of  clearness 
rather  than  of  amplification  of  detail. 

Let  There  Be  Light.    By  David  Lubin.    12mo,  pp.  526. 

New  York  :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $1.60. 

Under  this  title,  Mr.  David  Lubin  relates  the  story  of  a 
working-men*s  club— its  search  for  the  causes  of  poverty  and 
social  inequality,  its  discussions,  and  its  plan  for  the  amelio- 
ration of  existing  evils.  The  inquirers  who  make  up  the 
membership  of  this  club,  finding  the  causes  of  inequality  in 
the  defects  of  religious  systems,  formulate  plans  for  a  new 
church  and  outline  a  new  social  order.  The  ideal  proposed  is 
original  and  bold. 

Politics  and  Administration  :  A  Study  in  Government. 

By  Frank  J.  Goodnow.    12mo,  pp.  270.    New  York  : 

The  Macmillan  Company.    $1.50. 

In  this  volume,  Professor  Goodnow  tries  to  show  not 
what  our  formal  and  legal  governmental  system  is,  but  what 
the  actual  system  is,  and  what  changes  in  the  formal  system 
must  be  made  in  order  to  make  the  actual  system  conform 
more  closely  than  it  does  at  present  to  the  political  ideas 
upon  which  the  formal  system  is  based.  In  pursuance  of  his 
theme,  Professor  Goodnow  has  approached  such  difficult  and 
disagreeable  topics  as  **  Party  Organisation  in  Our  Great 
Cities,'*  !'  The  Boss  in  Politics,'*  and  ''  The  General  System 
Under  Which  the  Boss  Thrives  "—topics  quite  foreign,  in- 
deed, to  most  of  the  learned  treatises  on  government  that 
have  heretofore  held  sway  in  the  colleges  and  universities, 
but  nevertheless  matters  which  cannot  be  ignored  by  any 
thoroughgoing  student  of  American  government.  Professor 
Goodnow's  conclusions  are  that  centralization  of  adminis- 
tration and  legal  recognition  of  party  are  both  necessary  to 
a  popular  government  and  an  efficient  administration. 

World  Politics  at  the  End  of  the  Nineteenth  Century, 
as  Influenced  by  the  Oriental  Situation.  By  Paul 
S.  Reinsch.  12mo,  pp.  366.  New  York  :  The  Mac- 
millan Company.    $1.25. 

The  first  part  of  this  work  is  an  introduction,  which  gives 
a  general  view  of  the  forces  at  work  covering  the  various 
elements  of  intellectual  and  economic  life  that  infiuence 
modem  politics.  The  second  part  treats  of  what  the  author 
considers  the  true  center  of  interest  in  present  international 
politics— viE.,  the  Chinese  question;  the  third  part  treats 
of  the  consequences  of  the  Chinese  situation  on  European 
politics;  the  fourth  part,  devoted  to  German  imperial  poli- 
tics, attempts  to  present  in  its  completeness  the  well-consid- 
ered policy  of  the  German  Empire,  while  in  the  fifth  part 
are  presented  considerations  upon  the  position  of  the  United 
States  as  a  world  power.  The  Chinese  problem  is  regarded 
by  the  author  as  the  crux  of  the  international  situation. 
This  work  appears  in  the  *'  Citizen*s  Library  of  Economics, 
PoUtics,  and  Sociology,**  edited  by  Prof.  Richard  T.  Ely. 

Problems  of  Expansion.  By  Whitelaw  Reid.  12mo, 
pp.  294.  New  York  :  The  Century  Company.  $1.50. 
The  scattered  papers  and  addresses  of  the  Hon.  White- 
law  Reid  relating  to  the  various  problems  of  American  ex- 
pansion have  been  brought  together  in  this  volume,  with  ap  - 
pendices  including  resolutions  of  Congress  as  to  Cuba,  the 
Washington  Protocol,  and  the  text  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris. 
"The  Territory  with  Which  We  Are  Threatened'*  is  the 
subject  of  the  first  of  these  papers,  which  appeared  in  the 


Century  for  September,  1896,  and  was  Mr.  Reid*s  first  explicit 
declaration  of  his  expansionist  views.  Among  the  topics 
discussed  by  Mr.  Reid  in  this  volume  are  ''The  Duties  of 
Peace,**  *' The  Open  Door,**  **Our  New  Duties,"  ''AContl- 
nental  Union,**  and  "Our  New  Interests.*'  It  is  probable 
that  Republican  writers  and  speakers  in  the  coming  Presi- 
dential campaign  will  make  large  use  of  this  volume  for 
facts  and  arguments  on  the  question  of  territorial  expansion. 

Colonial  Civil  Service.  By  A.  Lawrence  Lowell.  12mo, 
pp.  346.  New  York  :  The  Macmillan  Company. 
$1.50. 

Mr.  Lowell  has  made  a  serious  attempt  to  outline  a 
scheme  for  the  selection  and  training  of  our  colonial  offi- 
cials, based  on  the  methods  already  adopted  in  England. 
Holland,  and  France.  This  study  was  originally  made  at 
the  request  of  the  American  Historical  Association.  As  Mr. 
Loweirs  conclusion  is  that  the  only  practical  plan  for  the 
United  States  is  to  establish  a  college  for  the  training  of 
colonial  administrators,  it  is  especially  pertinent  to  his  dis- 
cussion to  include  an  account  of  the  famous  East  India  Col- 
lege at  Haileybury,  furnished  by  Prof.  H.  Morse  Stephens, 
now  of  Cornell  University. 

Imperialism  and  Liberty.  By  Morrison  I.  Switt.  12mo, 
pp.  491.  Los  Angeles  :  The  Ronbroke  Press.  $1.50. 
This  essay  is  chiefiy  a  vigorous  denunciation  of  the 
administration  at  Washington  for  its  course  in  the  Philip- 
pines, and  its  general  conduct  of  affairs  since  the  conclusion 
of  the  Spanish-American  war. 

Proceedings  of  the  Columbus  Conference  for  Good  City 
Government  and  the  Fifth  Annual  Meeting  of  the 
National  Municipal  League,  held  in  November. 
1809.  8vo,pp.280.  Edited  by  Clinton  Rogers  Wood- 
ruff. Philadelphia:  National  Municipal  League. 
$1. 

This  volume  contains  several  of  the  papers  published  In 
the  '^municipal  programme**  of  the  National  Municipal 
League  noticed  in  our  May  number,  together  with  several 
papers  read  at  the  Columbus  conference,  but  not  included 
in  the  *'  programme  **  volume. 

APPLIED  SCIENCE. 

Flame,  Electricity,  and  the  Camera.    By  George  lies. 

8vo,  pp.  898.    New  York:  Doubleday  &  McClure 

Company.    $2. 

In  an  extremely  interesting  book  entitled  ^*  Flame,  Elec- 
tricity, and  the  Camera,**  Mr.  George  lies  traces  *'  man's  prog- 
ress from  the  first  kindling  of  fire  to  the  wireless  telegraph 
and  the  photography  of  color.**  The  author  attempts  an 
answer  to  the  question.  Why  has  science  accomplished  more 
in  the  nineteenth  century  than  in  all  preceding  time ;  for  he 
marshals  a  wonderful  array  of  facts  to  explain  the  advance- 
ment of  our  race  from  the  cave-man  to  the  twentieth-century 
scientist.  All  the  specific  improvements  and  inventions  that 
have  had  part  in  this  remarkable  progress  are  described  in 
detail,  and  the  place  of  each  in  the  general  development  b 
accurately  assigned.    The  book  is  fully  illustrated. 

Electricity  and  Its  Applications.     By  Dr.  Foveau  de 
Courmeiles.    16mo,  pp.  185.    Paris,  15  Rue  des  Saints 
Pferes :  Schleicher  Fr^res.    Paper,  1  franc. 
In  the  excellent  little  encyclopeedia  published  at  Paris, 
under  the  title  of  ''The  Gk>lden  Books  of  Science,**  there  is  a 
volume  on  "  Electricity  and  Its  Applications,**  by  Dr.  Foveau 
de  Courmeiles.    This  little  book  gives  all  the  most  recent 
developments  in  the  field  of  electricity,  including  the  X-ra)*^ 
the  kinetoscope,  the  cinematograph,  and  the  wireless  tele- 
graph. 

The  Electric  Automobile :  Its  Construction,  Care,  and 
Operation.    By  C.  E.  Woods.    12mo,  pp.  177.    New 
York  :  H.  S.  Stone  &  Co.    $1.26. 
A  timely  little  work  has  been  prei>ared  by  Mr.  C.  E. 

Woods,  on  ''The  Electric  Automobile:   Its  Construction, 


THE  NEiV  BOOKS. 


121 


Care,  and  Operation.*'  The  book  has  been  written  with  a 
special  view  to  the  needs  of  people  who  are  neither  engineers 
nor  mechanics,  but  are  interested  in  the  purcliase  and  use 
of  automobiles.  Tlie  language  iH,  therefore,  as  free  as  pos- 
sible from  technical  nomenclature. 

Steam- Engine  Theory  and  Practice.  By  William  Rip- 
per. 8vo,  pp.  398.  New  York  :  Longmans,  Green 
&Co.    #2.50. 

An  elaborate  work  by  an  English  engineer,  Mr.  William 
Ripper,  on  •* Steam-Engine  Theory  and  Practice"  has  re- 
cently been  published  by  Messrs.  Longnmns,  Green  &  Co. 
This  book  is  a  sequel  to  the  author's  elementary  work  on 
**  Steam."    The  illustrations  are  clear  and  grapliic. 

NATURE   STUDY. 

Nature's  Calendar :  A  Guide  and  Record  for  Outdoor 
Observations  in  Natural  History.  By  Ernest  In- 
geraoU.  12mo.  pp.  270.  New  York:  Harper  & 
Brothers.    $1.50. 

Mr.  IngersoU  has  provided  in  this  volume  both  a  log- 
book and  a  guide  for  the  study  of  outdoor  nature.  The  am- 
ple margins  give  facilities  for  the  recording  of  facts  ob- 
served from  day  to  day  through  every  season  of  the  year. 
Mr.  IngersoU's  own  comments  on  the  changing  phases  of 
nature  from  January  to  December  are  most  Instructive. 
His  long  experience  in  this  kind  of  study  has  made  him  our 
second  Thoreau.  While  the  dates  given  in  this  book  refer 
to  an  ordinary  season  in  the  region  about  New  York,— since 
it  was  necessary  to  take  some  one  district  for  the  sake  of 
relative  uniformity,— the  limit  has  not  been  strictly  drawn, 
and  the  book  will  be  found  useful  throughout  the  eastern 
half  of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  student  will 
soon  find  how  to  mal^e  local  allowances  for  his  own  circum- 
stances of  latitude  and  climate. 

A  Guide  to  the  Trees.  By  Alice  I^unsberry.  12mo,  pp. 
xx-313.  New  York:  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Com- 
pany.   $3.50. 

Nearly  two  hundred  trees  and  some  shrubs  have  been  in- 
cluded in  this  excellent  nmnual.  All  the  species  prominent 
in  Northeastern  America  and  a  few  distinctive  and  rare 
species  from  the  South  and  the  West  are  described.  The 
trees  are  clabsifled  primarily  according  to  the  soil  in  which 
they  prefer  to  grow.  The  trees  that  prefer  to  grow  near  water 
are  placed  in  the  first  pection ;  then  follow  those  of  moist  soil, 
those  of  rich  soil,  those  of  sandy  and  rocky  soil,  and  those  of 
dry  »oil,  respectively.  Within  these  five  sections  the  order 
in  which  they  have  been  arranged  has  been  with  regard  to 
the  peculiarities  of  their  leaves.  The  simplest  forms— those 
with  entire  edges,  which  grow  alternately  on  the  branches- 
are  placed  first;  and  through  their  variations  such  leaves 
continue  to  follow  until  those  with  lobed  edges  are  reached. 
Simple,  opposite  leaves  are  arranged  in  the  same  order,  relat- 
ing to  the  character  of  their  margins.  These  are  followed 
by  compound,  alternate  leaves,  and  finally  compound  op- 
posite leaves.  Among  the  illustrations  are  many  colored 
plates.  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton,  director  of  the  New  York  Botani- 
cal Garden,  supplies  an  introduction  to  the  volume. 

Our  Native  Trees,  and  How  to  Identify  Them.  By 
Harriet  L.  Keeler.  12mo,  pp.  533.  New  York: 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $2. 

Miss  Keeler  describes  in  this  volume  trees  that  are  in- 
digenous to  the  region  extending  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  from  Canada  to  the  northern 
boundaries  of  the  Southern  States ;  together  with  a  few  well- 
known  and  naturalized  foreign  trees,  such  as  the  horse- 
chestnut.  Lombardy  poplar,  ailanthus,  and  sycamore  maple. 
The  author  addresses  her  work  to  amateur  b«)tani8ta  who  de- 
sire a  more  extended  and  accurate  description  of  trees  than 
is  given  by  the  ordinary  botanical  text-books,  to  such  of  the 
grneral  public  as  love  rural  life,  and  to  all  those  who  feel 
tliat  their  enjoyment  of  outdoor  life  would  be  increased  if 
they  were  able  to  determine  the  names  of  the  trees.    Special 


care  has  been  taken  in  preparing  the  illustrations  for  this 
volume,  which  have  been  made  from  photographs  and 
drawings. 

How  to  Know  the  Wild  Flowers.  By  Mrs.  W  ilUam  Starr 
Dana.  12mo,  pp.  xxxix-;^46.  New  York  :  Charles 
Scribner^s  Sons.    $2. 

This  new  edition  of  "  How  to  Know  the  Wild  Flowers" 
contains  colored  reproductions  from  the  sketches  in  water- 
color  of  Miss  Elsie  Louise  Shaw.  Some  new  drawings  by 
Miss  Marion  Satterlee  have  also  been  added,  and  several  of 
these  black  and  white  plates  are  of  fiowers  not  before  figured 
in  the  book.  Mrs.  Dana  describes  quite  a  large  number  of 
flowers  not  found  in  previous  editions,  and  advantage  has 
been  taken  of  the  opportunity  which  the^ntire  resetting  of 
the  book  afforded  for  a  careful  revision  of  the  text.  This 
work  has  already  met  with  a  generous  recognition  at  the 
hands  of  the  public. 

Cyclopedia  of  American  Horticulture.  In  four  vol- 
umes. By  L.  H.  Bailey.  Vol.  A-D,  4to,  pp.  xxii- 
509.  New  York  :  The  Macmillan  Company.  Sold 
by  subscription. 

It  is  intended  to  include  in  this  clycopedia  descriptions 
of  all  the  species  of  fruits,  fiowers,  and  garden  vegetables 
which  are  known  to  be  in  the  horticultural  trade ;  to  out- 
line the  horticultural  possibilities  of  the  various  States  and 
Territories;  to  present  biographies  of  those  persons  not  liv- 
ing who  have  contributed  most  to  the  horticultural  progress 
of  North  America,  and  to  indicate  the  leading  monographic 
works  relating  to  the  various  subjects— in  short,  to  make  a 
complete  record  of  the  status  of  North  American  horticul- 
ture as  it  exists  at  the  close  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
Professor  Bailey  has  long  made  a  practice  of  collecting 
notes,  books,  plants,  and  information  for  the  furtherance  of 
this  work;  and  before  the  active  preparation  of  the  manu- 
script was  begun  a  year  was  expended  in  making  indexes 
and  references  to  plants  and  literature.  For  this  purpose 
every  plant  and  seed  catalogue  published  in  the  United 
States  of  any  prominence  has  been  indexed,  and  the  horti- 
cultural periodicals  have  been  searched,  while  artists  have 
been  employed  in  various  places  to  draw  plants  as  they 
grow.  Each  of  the  important  articles  is  signed  by  the  con- 
tributor. In  this  work  plants  are  considered  as  domesti- 
cated and  cultivated  subjects.  As  Professor  Bailey  states 
in  the  preface,  ''  The  point  of  view  is  the  garden,  not  the 
herbarium."  The  illustrations,  which  are  numerous  and 
excellent,  have  been  made  under  the  personal  supervision 
of  the  editor  expressly  for  this  work. 

Bird  Studies  with  a  Camera.    By  Frank  M.  Chapman. 

12mo,    pp.    218.    New  York:    D.   Appleton  &  Co. 

$1.75. 

The  art  of  bird  photography  in  this  country  is  new. 
Mr.  Chapman  does  not  pretend  to  have  treated  it  exhaust- 
ively in  this  little  book,  but  the  suggestions  that  he  offers 
should  prove  extremely  helpful  to  all  amateurs  interested  In 
this  form  of  field  study.  The  results  of  Mr.  C.^hapman^s  ex- 
I)eriments  with  the  camera  are  of  importance  in  themselves 
as  contributions  to  natural  history.  All  of  the  illustra- 
tions, which  are  photographs  from  nature  by  the  autlior, 
are  interesting  and  suggestive. 

Bird  Homes  :  The  Nests,  Eggs,  and  Breeding  Habits  of 
the  Land  Birds  Breeding  in  the  Eastern  United 
States  ;  with  Hints  on  the  Rearing  and  Photograph- 
ing of  Young  Birds.  By  A.  Radclyffe  Dugmore. 
4to,  pp.  183.  New  York:  Doubleday  &  McClure 
Company.    $2. 

The  object  of  this  book  is  to  stimulate  the  love  of  birds. 
Descriptions  of  nests  and  eggs  are  given,  as  well  as  instruc- 
tions for  egg-collecting;  but  the  author  insists  that  it  is 
generally  neither  necessary  nor  advisable  that  collections  of 
eggs  be  made.  Much  more  knowledge  may  be  gained  by  ob- 
serving the  birds  themselves  than  by  taking  tho  eggs.    H* 


122 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REy/ElV  OF  REyiEH^S. 


recommends  that  egg-collecting  be  left  to  those  who  are  able 
through  scientific  study  to  make  use  of  such  collections. 
Considerable  use  has  been  made  of  the  color  process  in  re> 
producing  photographs  made  from  nature  by  the  author. 

LITERARY  CRITICISM. 

Makers  of  Literature.    By  George  ICdward  Woodberry. 

12mo,  pp.  440.    New  York  :  Macmillan  Company. 

$1.50. 

The  essays  of  Prof.  George  Edward  Woodberry,  of  Co- 
lumbia University,  on  Shelley,  Landor,  Browning,  Byron, 
Arnold,  Coleridge,  Lowell,  Whlttler,  and  others  have  been 
brought  together  in  a  single  volume  under  the  title  of 
''Makers  of  Literature."  Professor  Woodberry's  literary 
estimates  have  generally  been  regarded  as  singularly  sane 
and  Just.  Dealing  with  a  great  variety  of  themes  and  per- 
sonalities, he  has  been  remarkably  felicitous  In  saying  the 
right  thing  in  a  new  and  pleasing  way. 

Shakespeare  :  The  Man.  By  Goldwin  Smith.  16mo, 
pp.  60.  New  York  :  Doubleday  &  McClure  Com- 
pany.   75  cents. 

Prof.  Goldwin  Smith,  in  a  little  work  entitled  '*  Shake- 
speare :  The  Man,"  has  made  an  attempt  to  find  traces  of 
the  dramatist's  character  in  his  dramas. 

Notes  on  the  Bacon-Shakespeare  Question.  By  Charles 
Allen.  12mo,  pp.  806.  Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin 
&Co.    11.50. 

Mr.  Charles  Allen,  in  a  volume  which  he  has  modestly 
entitled  "Notes  on  the  Baron-Shakespeare  Question,"  de- 
duces evidence  from  the  plays  to  show  that  the  legal  knowl- 
edge which  the  Baconians  have  always  asserted  must  have 
been  possessed  by  the  poet  was  really  of  slight  importance, 
and  such  as  many  others  besides  Bacon  might  have  pos- 
sessed. 

Shaksper,  Not  Shakespeare.  By  William  H.  Edwards. 
12mo,  pp.  507.  Cincinnati :  The  Robert  Clarke  Com- 
pany.   $2. 

Mr.  Edwards,  who  is  a  scholarly  resident  of  West  Vir- 
ginia, has  challenged  the  Shakespearean  critics  to  prove  that 
William  Shaksper  was  the  author  of  the  dramas  issued  un- 
der the  name  of  Shakespeare  and  credited  to  a  native  of 
Stratford-on-Avon.  Mr.  Edwards  himself  brings  forward 
many  facts  and  arguments  to  show  that  the  author  of  the 
dramas  could  not  have  been  William  Shaksper  of  Stratford— 
his  own  theory  being,  not  that  Bacon  wrote  the  plays,  but  that 
several  associates  wrote  under  the  assumed  name  of  William 
Shakespeare.  In  Mr.  Edwards'  opinion  the  labors  of  the 
Shakespearean  scholars  of  the  Ualll  well-Phi  Hips  school 
all  go  to  show  that  William  Shaksper  accumulated  money 
during  his  lifetime,  and  did  little  else.  At  any  rate,  he  is 
convinced  from  careful  study  of  his  car^r  that  he  did  not 
write  the  plays.  He  thinks  that  in  time  the  real  authors 
may  be  discovered.  Whatever  maybe  our  preconceptions 
in  the  matter,— and  of  course  they  are  almost  all  against  the 
thesisof  Mr.  Edwards,— we  must  admit  that  his  accumulation 
of  evidence  Is  so  strong  as  to  require  more  than  mere  asser- 
tion or  ridicule  to  overthrow  It. 

Browning  Study  Programmes.  By  Charlotte  Porter 
and  Helen  A.  Clarke.  12mo,  pp»  xxxiv— 631.  New 
York  :  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.    $1.50. 

Those  two  enthusiastic  Browning  students.  Miss  Char- 
lotte Porter  and  Miss  Helen  A.  Clarke,  have  written  a  series 
of  "  Browning  Study  Programmes,"  dealing  with  such  topics 
as  poems  of  adventure  and  heroism,  folk-poems,  phases  of 
romantic  love,  a  group  of  love-lyrics,  portraits  of  husbands 
and  wives,  art  and  the  artist,  music  and  musicians,  the  poet, 
evolution  of  religion,  the  prelate«  single-poem  studies,  por- 
trayals of  national  life,  autobiographical  poems,  and  Brown- 
lng*s  philosophy.  Th»  authors  have  woven  Into  their  plans 
nearly  all  of  Browning's  poems,  and  on  the  gradual  unfold- 
ing of  matter  the  poems  contain  the  *' Programmes "  are 
based. 


A  History  of  Russian  Literature.    By  K.  Waliszewski. 

12mo,  pp.  451.    New  Y'ork  :    D.  Appleton   &  Co. 

$1.50. 

In  the  series  of  **  Short  Histories  of  the  Literatures  of 
the  World,"  edited  by  Edmund  Gosse,  Mr.  K.  Wallszewskl 
has  contributed  "  A  History  of  Russian  Literature."  As  he 
himself  expresses  It,  this  writer  serves  as  an  Interpreter  be- 
tween two  worlds,  and  while  admitting  that  he  Is  himself 
In  each  of  these  worlds  half  a  stranger,  Mr.  Wallszewskl 
claims  as  his  qualifications  for  the  task  assigned  him  a 
freshness  of  Impression  and  an  Independence  of  Judgment 
which  go  far  to  justify  his  selection  by  the  editor  of  the 
series. 

WORKS  OF  REFERENCE. 

The  International  Year-Book  :  A  Compendium  of  the 
World's  Progress  During  the  Year  1899.  Edited  by 
Frank  Moore  Colby  and  Harry  Thurston  Peck. 
8vo,  pp.  887.    New  York  :  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.    $8. 

The  editors  of  the  ** International  Year-Book"  for  18W 
could  not  complain  of  a  lack  of  material  on  which  to  work. 
During  this  year  a  great  number  of  important  international 
and  foreign  topics  came  to  the  front.  Besides  the  South 
African  War,  the  Hague  Conference,  the  Alaskan  boundary 
question,  the  Fashoda  affair,  the  Dreyfus  case,  the  new  in- 
ternational status  of  Japan,  the  Anglo-Russian  agreement 
respecting  China,  and  our  work  In  the  Philippines,  the  Year- 
Book  also  deals  with  the  Important  discoveries  In  the  depart- 
ments of  archiBology,  medicine,  anthropology,  experimental 
psychology,  engineering,  geology,  chemistry,  botany,  and 
physics.  There  are  several  important  biographies,  including 
such  nam^es  as  Roberts,  BuUer,  Rhodes,  and  KrQger.  This 
work  Is  deigned  to  supplement  or  continue  the  various  cy- 
clopa9d{as,  and  at  the  same  time  to  serve  Independently  as  an 
annual  work  of  reference.  The  single  alphabetical  arrange- 
ment has  been  adopted,  and  th«*  topics  have  generally  been 
placed  under  their  own  heads,  instead  of  under  groups  the 
titles  of  which  could  be  ascertained  only  by  reference  to  the 
table  of  contents. 

The  Bookman.  Volume  X.  September,  1899-February, 
1900.  8vo,  pp.  604.  New  York  :  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 
$1.50. 

Tlie  tenth  complete  volume  of  The  Bookman  contains  the 
usual  record  of  six  months*  literary  progress,  including  much 
'*  Chronicle  and  Comment,"  with  portraits  of  prominent 
writers;  important  book  reviews  under  the  head  of  "The 
Bookman*8  Table;"  "Novel  Notes,"  "Poetry,"  critical  es- 
says on  various  literary  topics,  and  the  concluding  chapters 
of  Paul  Leicester  Ford's  "Janice  Meredith."  The  monthly 
numbers  of  The  Bookman  are  always  bright  and  timely,  and 
when  assembled  In  a  bound  volume  they  form  a  most  inter- 
esting and  valuable  book  of  reference. 

RELIGION    AND    ETHICS. 

Addresses  on  Foreign  Missions.  By  Richard  S.  Storrs. 
8vo,  pp.  187.  Boston  :  American  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Missions.    $1. 

With  one  exception  these  addresses  were  delivered  by 
the  late  Dr.  Storrs  In  his  capacity  as  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  at  suc- 
cessive annual  meetings  of  the  board  from  1887  to  1897.  The 
last  address  was  delivered  by  him  at  the  concluding  session 
of  the  International  Congregational  Council  at  Boston,  In 
September,  1899.  None  of  the  addresses  had  been  written 
before  delivery,  and  they  were  preserved  only  by  means  of 
stenography.  They  were  recognized,  by  those  who  heard 
them,  as  among  the  finest  specimens  of  recent  sacred  ora- 
tory, and  repeated  requests  for  their  publication  have  led 
to  the  preparation  of  this  volume.  Dr.  Storrs'  great  gifts 
of  oratory  have  thus  been  made  to  contribute  In  a  twofold 
way  to  the  presentation  of  the  great  themes  of  the  duty  and 
privilege  of  foreign  missionary  work. 


THE  NEIV  BOOKS. 


123 


The  Redemption  of  Africa :  A  Story  of  Civilization. 

By  Frederick  Perry  Noble.    2  vols.     12mo,  pp.  xxv- 

474,  383.    New  York  :  Fleming  H.  Revell  Company. 

$4. 

Mr.  Nobl«  has  written  an  encyclopedic  account  of  for- 
eign missions,  treating  of  all  the  agencies,  Protestant  and 
Roman  Catholic,  which  have  aided  in  spreading  civilization 
over  the  Dark  Continent.  His  two  volumes,  indeed,  contain 
the  whole  history  of  nineteenth-centary  Africa.  The  maps, 
statistical  tables,  and  bibliographies  with  which  they  are 
equipped,  are  most  helpful  aids  to  an  understanding  of  pres- 
ent-day African  conditions.  In  view  of  the  international 
importance  of  this  theme  at  the  present  critical  moment, 
Mr.  Noble*s  work  is  most  timely. 

Self-Supporting  Churches,  and  How  to  Plant  Them. 

By  W.  H.  Wheeler.    12rao,  pp.  898.    Grinnell,  Iowa  : 

Better- Way  Publishing  Company.   $1.    (75  cents  to 

missionaries.) 

In  this  little  volume,  the  author  has  attempted  more 
than  a  mere  biography  of  his  eminent  father.  Dr.  Wheeler, 
of  Harpoot,  although  that  in  itself  would  have  been  a  dis- 
tinct service  to  the  cause  of  missions.  He  has  analyzed  the 
policy  of  missionary  activity,  which  his  father  so  ably  rep- 
resented for  forty  years.  The  chapters  on  self-supporting 
chorchee  form  a  distinctive  feature  of  the  volume;  and  in 
the  opinion  of  Dr.  Barton,  of  the  American  Board,  they  pre- 
sent many  unanswerable  arguments  for  the  application  of 
the  principle  to  all  mission-work  at  home  and  abroad. 
There  are  also  chapters  on  the  founding  of  colleges  and  on 
female  education.  The  author  presents  a  formidable  array 
of  (acts  gathered  from  missionary  experience. 

Tonng  People's  Societies.  By  Leonard  Woolsey  Bacon 
and  Charles  Addison  Northrop.  16mo,  pp.  265. 
New  York  :  Lentilhon  &  Co.    50  cents. 

This  is  a  complete  handbook  of  the  young  people^s  organ- 
listions  connected  with  the  different  churches.  Pi*obably 
nowhere  else,  in  so  convenient  a  form,  can  be  found  facts 
relating  to  the  growth  and  formation  of  these  various  socie- 
ties. Only  a  part  of  the  work,  however,  is  historical.  Most 
of  the  chapters  are  distinctly  practical  in  purpose,  embracing 
mch  matters  as  constitutions,  covenants,  forms  of  devotion, 
methods  of  conducting  meetings  and  conventions,  and  so 
forth. 
The  Religion  of  To-morrow.    By  Frank  Crane.    12mo, 

pp.  867.    New  York  :  H.  S.  Stone  &  Co.    $1.50. 

This  volume  contains  a  restatement  and  a  new  interpre- 
tation of  preeen  t-day  religious  thought.  The  author  declares 
himself  a  loyal  member  of  the  Church,  and  asserts  that  his 
rlews  as  such  c»n  be  held  by  a  member  of  any  of  the  princi- 
pal evangelical  denominations.  He  does  not  attempt  to  tell 
aen  something  they  do  not  know,  but  seeks  '*  to  give  voice 
to  what  the  common  people  d   already  think  and  believe." 

The  Divine  Pedigree  of  Man ;  or,  The  Testimony  of  Evo- 
lution and  Psychology  to  the  Fatherhood  of  God. 
By  Thomson  Jay  Hudson.  12mo,  pp.  xxviii-879.  Chi- 
cago :  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.    $1.50. 
In  this  volume.  Dr.  Hudson  has  undertaken  to  outline  a 
•cientiilc  basis  of  Christian  theism.    He  gives  special  atten- 
tion to  the  science  of  psychology,  not  only  with  reference  to 
its  bearing  on  Christiim  theism,  but  also  with  reference  to 
the  general  subject  of  organic  evolution. 

Bian  and  His  Divine  Father.    By  John  C.  C.  Clarke. 

12mo,  pp.  364.    Chicago  :  A.  C.  McClurg  Company. 

$1.50. 

In  this  work,  the  subject  of  divinity  is  treated  from  the 
point  of  view  of  the  conservative  theologian.  The  discus- 
don  Includea  the  philosophy  of  mind  and  spirit,  the  rights 
of  man,  and  human  hopes.  Much  light  on  New  Testament 
thought  and  times  Is  shed  by  the  chapters  entitled,  **  Philo, 
the  Alexandrian  Jew,**  and  '*  Syria  at  the  Christian  Era.** 


The  Life  of  Jesus  of  Nazareth :  A  Study.  By  Rush 
Khees.  12mo,  pp.  820.  New  York  :  Charles  Scril> 
ner's  Sons.    $1.25. 

This  volume  Is  avowedly  a  study  rather  than  a  story, 
and  as  a  companion  to  the  reading  of  the  Uotipels  it  neekn 
to  answer  some  of  the  questions  which  are  raised  by  a  sym- 
pathetic consideration  of  those  narratives. 

The  Carpenter.    By  Charles  A.  S.  Dwlght.    12mo,  pp. 

122.    New  York  :  E.  B.  Treat  &  Co.    50  cents. 

This  little  book  contains  brief  studies  of  the  life  and 
character  of  Jesus.  Among  the  chapter  headings  are: 
*'The  Early  Nazareth  Years;**  "Tlie  Wonder  for  Naza- 
reth ;  '*  "The  Wonder  for  the  World ;  ** "  What  the  Carpenter 
Said;**  **What  the  Carpenter  Did;**  **The  Carpent<»r  in 
Art;**  **The  Rejection  of  the  Nazarene;**  "The  Brother- 
hood of  the  Carpenter;**  **The  Carpenter's  Cross;'*  "The 
Call  of  the  Carpenter;  **  "The  Triumph  of  the  Nazarene.** 

IsraePs  Messianic  Hope  to  the  Time  of  Jesus.     By 
(jreorge  Stephen  Goodspeed.    12mo,  pp.  815.    New 
York  :  The  Macmillan  Company.    $1.50. 
Professor  Goodspeed,  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  has 
attempted  through  this  book  to  help  the  intelligent  reader 
of  the  English  Bible  to  a  better  understanding  of  "  the  fore- 
shado  wings  of  the  Christ  In  the  Old  Testament  and  beyond.** 
Minute  discussions  of  technical  questions  in  criticism  and 
exegesis,  as  well  as  the  use  of  Hebrew  and  Oreek  words, 
have  been  avoided.    For  the  benefit  of  the  more  advanced 
student,  topics  for  further  study,  with  bibliographical  ma- 
terial, are  provided. 

A  History  of  the  Jewish  People.  By  .Tames  Stevenson 
Riggs.  12mo,  pp.  820.  New  York  :  Charles  Scrib- 
ner*sSon*8.    $1.25. 

This  work  is  not  only  a  history  of  the  Jewish  people  for 
240  years  during  the  Maccabean  and  Roman  periods,  includ- 
ing the  New  Testament  times,  but  it  is  also  a  contribution 
toward  the  interpretation  of  the  Gospels, "  In  so  far  as  a 
knowledge  of  the  faiths,  conditions,  and  aims  of  Judaism 
can  be  interpretative  of  the  form  and  method  of  the  activity 
of  Jesus.**  This  is  the  fourth  volume  in  what  is  known  us 
the  "  Historical  Series  for  Bible  Students,'*  edited  by  Pro- 
fessors Charles  F.  Kent  and  Frank  K.  Sanders. 

About  My  Father's  Business.  By  Austin  Miles.  12mo, 
pp.265.  New  York:  The  Mershon  Company.  $1.50. 
The  author*s  purpose  in  this  volume  is  to  show  the 
actual  condition  of  the  Christian  Church  at  the  present  day. 
He  describes  incidents  and  conditions  which  have  come 
within  his  own  observation  in  the  course  of  his  extended 
travels  during  the  past  ten  years.  He  shows  the  abuses 
made  possible  by  the  power  and  influences  of  some  of  the 
rich  members  of  the  Church  who  are  able  to  advance  their 
own  selfish  ambitions  and  designs  at  the  expense  of  the  true 
ends  of  religion. 

Faith  and  Sight.  By  William  Pierson  Merrill.  12mo, 
pp.  175.  New  York  :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1. 
This  is  a  volume  of  essays  on  "  The  Relation  of  Agnos- 
ticism  to  Theology.'*  The  writer  makes  a  plea  for  a  better 
mutual  understanding  between  the  opposing  types  of  theol- 
ogy which  he  terms  the  objective  and  subjective.  He  recog- 
nizes and  states  with  fairness  the  elements  of  truth  in  the 
agnostic  philosophy,  while  his  own  point  of  view  is  distinctly 
Christian. 

The  Messages  of  Paul.     By  George  Barker  Stevens. 

16mo,  pp.  268.    New  York :  Charles  Scribner*8  Sons. 

$1.25. 

This  volume  comprises  a  paraphrase  of  the  first  ten 
epistles  of  Paul,  arranged  in  their  probable  chronological  or- 
der, with  brief  introductions  and  analyses.  Explanations 
are  given  of  the  time,  place,  and  occasion  of  each  letter,  and 
indications  respecting  the  contents  and  movement  of  thought 
in  each. 


INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS. 


Unless  otherwise  specilied,  all  reference}*  are  to  the  June  numbers  of  periodicals. 
For  table  of  abbreviations  see  last  page. 


AbydoB,  Recent  Excavations  at,  £.  Am^Uneau,  RDM.  June  1. 

Abyssinian  Capital,  Journey  to  the,  M.  S.  Wellby,  Harp. 

Adriatic  Equilibrium,  C.  Loiseau,  RPar,  June  1. 

Africa:  South  Africa,  Trade  Possibilities  in,  E.  Mels,  CasM. 

Africa :  South  Africa,  War  in :  see  Transvaal. 

Alamo,  Fall  of  the,  Nettie  Lewis,  Chaut. 

Allen.  James  Lane,  Worlts  of,  Ellen  B.  Sherman,  BB. 

American  History,  Most  Dramatic  Incident  in,  Chaut. 

Ape,  Sinsring  Gibbon,  A.  E.  Brown,  O. 

Archangel,  Summer  Holiday  in,  Isabel  D.  Harris,  WWM. 

Architecture.  American,  New  Movement  in,  E.  Grey,  BP. 

Architecture  and  Sanitation^aval,  J.  R.  Tryon,  CasM. 

Armenian  Question,  C.  A.  P.  Rohrbach,  Forum. 

Armenians,  Religious  Customs  Among  the,  P.  Terzian,Cath. 

Arnold,  Benedict,  Treason  of,  Dora  M.  Townsend,  Chaut. 

Art: 

Art  Anpreciation  in  France  and  the  United  States,  Geor- 
gia F.  Arkell,  AI. 

Arts  and  Crafts  Movement  at  Home  and  Abroad.  BP. 

Besnard*s  Decorative  Art,  C.  Mauclair,  Nou,  May  15. 

Cups,  Some  Old,  H.  A.  Heaton,  LeisH. 

De  Morgan,  Mrs.  William,  W.  S.  Sparrow,  IntS. 

Doulton  Pavilion  at  the  Paris  Exposition,  Art. 

Education,  Rational  Art,  J.  W.  Stimson.  CAge. 

France,  Art  Salons  in,  A.  Goffln,  RGen,  May. 

Glasgow  School  of  Art,  W.  R.  Watson,  IntS. 

Gurschner,  Gustav,  Art. 

Hamilton,  John  McLure,   Paintings   of,    H.   S.   Morris, 
Scrib. 

Hare,  St.  George,  A.  L.  Baldry,  MA. 

Illustration,  American,  New  Leaders  in— V.,  Regina  Arm- 
strong, Bkman.  _     , 

Illustrators,  American  Women,  Regina  Armstrong,  Crit. 

Jouett's  Kentucky  Children,  C.  H.  Hart,  Harp. 

Laing,  Frank:  His  Etchings  of  Edinburgh,  D.  S.  Meldrum, 
MA. 

Liebermann,  Max,  and  His  Art,  S.  C.  de  Soissons,  Art. 

Medals  Awarded  to  Artists,  W.  Roberts,  MA. 

Morin,  Louis,  A  French  Caricaturist,  II.  Boucher,  IntS. 

Mosaic  Fire  Fronts,  J.  W.  Pattison,  AI. 

Munkacsy— Greatest  of  Hungarian  Painters,  AI. 

Painting  Racial  Types,  C.  de  Kay,  Cent. 

Paris  Exposition,  Art  at  the— II.,  R.  dela  feizeranne,  RDM, 
Jnne  1.  ,  _  .  ,      ^.  . 

Paris  Exposition,  Mural  Decorations  at  the,  Crit. 

Partridge,  William  Ordway,  Sculptor,  W.  C.  Langdon, 
NEng. 

Porcelain,  Oriental,  Walters  Collection  of,  C.  Monkhouse, 

Porcelain-Painting,  Keramic  Colors  for.  Art. 

Portraits  of  Women,  N.  H.  Busey,  AI. 

Residence  of  W.  D.  Sloane,  Ada  Crisp,  AI. 

Royal  Academy,  19U0,  F.  Rinder,  AJ;   H.  H.  Statham, 
Fort;  Royal  Academy— I.,  MA. 

Scenic  Art,  Development  of,  W.  W.  Burridge,  CAge. 

Sculpture,  American  School  of,  W.  O.  Partri.lge,  1?  orum. 

Smith,  Pamela  Colman,  Work  of,  G.  Teall,  BP. 

Tanner,  Henry  O.,  Helen  Cole,  BP. 

Textiles,  Ornamentation  of,  O.  Maus,  IntS. 

Victoria,  Queen,  as  an  Etcher,  C.  Brlnton,  Crit. 
Asia :  see  also  China,  and  Russia. 

Afghan  Crisis,  Coming,  D.  C.  Boulger,  Fort. 

America  in  the  Orient,  W.  T.  Fang,  Ains. 

Anglo-Saxon  Enterprise  in,  A.  H.  Ford,  Eng. 

Asiatic  Shadows,  M.  von  Brandt,  Deut. 

Eastern  Question,  History  of  the— IV.  and  V.,  \\ .  Mauren- 
brecher,  Deut.  ^     ^^  ^  ^ 

Great  Britain  in  Asia,  R.  Temple,  NAR. 

Russia  in  Asia,  F.  Emory,  Annals,  May. 
Astronomy  in  the  Year  1900,  C.  Flammarion,  Cos.^ 
Australian  Federation  and  Its  Basis,  E.  Barton,  NAR. 
Automobiles  for  the  Average  Man,  C.  Moffett,  AMKR. 
Automobiles:  "  The  Modern  Chariot,"  J.  G.  Speed,  Cos. 
Balloon,  Night  in  a,  Dorothea  Klumpke,  Cent. 
Balloons  in  War,  A.  W.  Greely,  Harp. 
Banking,  Currency,  H.W.Yates,  BankNY. 
Banking  in   Great  BriUin  and  Ireland   During  1899- V., 
BankL. 


Banks,  Savings,  in  England,  Reforming  the,  BankL. 
Belgium,  Electoral  Question  in,  E.  Mahaim  Annals,  May. 
Belgium,  Labor  Colonies  in,  L.  Banneux,  RGen,  May. 


Bentley,  Richard,  H.  W.  Hay  ley,  MRNY. 

Boscawen,  Sir  Edward,  P.  C.  Standing,  l^SM. 

Bible,  Modern  Reading  of  the,  C.  D.  Wilson,  SelfC. 

Bible,  Poetical  Books  of  the,  I.  M.  Price,  Re<'ord. 

Bible,  Practical  Use  of  the,  P.  S.  Moxom,  Bib. 

Biblical  Criticism,  Developments  in,  W.  J.  Beecher,  Horn. 

Bird  Language,  M.  d'Aubusson,  RRP,  May  15. 

Birds,  Passing  of  the,  E.  S.  Rolfe,  NEng. 

Bird  Studies  with  the  Camera,  E.  IngersoU,  Out. 

Blackmore,  Mr., and  **The  Maid  of  Sker,"  E.  J.  Newell,  Mat, 

Blake,  William,  Poetry  of,  H.  J.  Smith,  Cent. 

Bolivia,  Road  to,  W.  E.  (Curtis,  NatGM. 

Botanical  Garden,  New  York,  D.  T.  Macdougal,  Pops. 

Bright,  Right  Hon.  Jacob,  West. 

Bunker  Hill,  Battle  of.  S.  Crane,  Llpp. 

Bushnell,  Dr.  Horace,  in  the  Woo<l8,  J.  H.  Twichell,  Out. 

Cape  Nome  Gold-Fields,  W.  J.  Lamnton,  Mi-rl. 

Camps,  Summer,  for  Boys,  L.  Rouillion,  AMRR. 

Canada :  Fimctions  of  a  Governor-General,  Can. 

Canada,  Robert  Barr  and  Literature  in,  W.  J.  Brown,  Can. 

Canada :  Warders  of  the  West,  E.  B.  Osborn,  Corn. 

Canadian  Fisheries,  W.  S.  Harwood,  PMM. 

Canadian  Trade  Relations,  American  and, J  .Charl  toi}, Forum. 

Cart,  Country,  of  To-day,  C.  Whitney,  O. 

Catholicism  of  France,  T.  J.  Shahan,  Cons. 

Catholic  Thought,  Liberty  and,  R.  Mazzei,  RasN,  May  16. 

Catherine  of  Siena,  Caterlna  P.  Beri,  NA,  May  1. 

Cemetery,  Most  Remarkable,  H.  B.  Vogel,  Pear. 

Census:  Counting  the  Nation  by  Electricity,  C.  S.  Wilbur, 

Home. 
Census  of  1900,  F.  H.  Wines,  Mun.      . 
Cervantes  and  His  Times,  R.  L.  Mainez,  EM,  May. 
Challenges  and  Duels,  Historical.  J.  P.  de  Guzman,  EM,  May. 
Charity,  Central  Bureau  of,  in  Paris,  RPI*,  May. 
Charity  Legislation  of  1899-1900,  Char. 

Chautauqua  Assembly  Programme.  G.  E.  Vincent,  Chaut. 
Chemistry  in  the  Service  ot  Man,  B.  Ahrens,  Deut, 
Children,  Royal,  of  Europe,  YW. 
China :  see  also  Asia. 

Chlno-Japanese  War,  Causes  of  the,  A.  Halot,  RGen,  May. 

Drama  in  China,  M.  Courant.  RPar,  May  15. 

Emperor,  Chinese,  Story  of  the,  R.  van  Bergen,  Home. 

Intellectual  Awakening  of  China,  R.  K.  Douglas,  NineC. 

Mouravieflf,  Count,  Triumph  of,  R.  Yerburgh,  NatR. 

Peking,  Last  Palace  Intrigue  at,  R.  S.  Gundry,  Fort. 

Travels  in  China,  A.  Pratesi,  NA,  May  16. 

United  States,  Attitude  of  the.  Towards  the  Chinese,  H. 
Yow,  Forum. 

Water-Life  in  China,  R.  Bache,  Pear. 
Chivalry,  The  Old  and  New,  E.  G.  Jones,  YM. 
Christian  Ideal.  C.  A.  Allen,  NW. 
Christianity  in  the  Occident  and  Orient,  G.  F.  Pentecost. 

CAge. 
Church  of  England:  Prospects  of  Anglicanism,  Dr.  Cobb, 

NineC. 
Church  of  England,  Ritualistic  Controversy  in  the,  K.  C. 

Anderson,  NW. 
Cinematograph,  Future  of  the,  Mrs.  J.  E.  Whitby,  Cham. 
Circassia,  Coast  of,  USM. 

Circus,  On  the  Road  with  the,  C.  T.  Murray,  Cos. 
Circus,  What  the  Public  Does  Not  See  at  a,  A.  T.  Ringling, 

NatM. 
City  Growth,  Political  Consequences  of,  L.  S.  Rowe,  Yale. 
City,  Prussian,  (Government  of  a,  E.  J.  JamcH.  Annals.  May. 
Clark,  Champ,  the  Man  and  His  District,  T.  Dreiser,  Ains. 
Columbia  River,  Sight-Seeing  on  the,  A.  P.  Silver,  WWM. 
Comedians,  War  of  the,  M.  Albert,  RPar,  June  1. 
Consular  Service,  Business  Man  and  the,  H.  A.  Garfield, 

Cent. 
Coleridge,  Religious  Element  in  the  Poetry  of,  W.  B.  Car- 
penter, Sun. 
Colonies  and  the  Mother  Country,  J.  Collier,  PopS. 
Colonization,  American,  AMouM. 
Concept,  Tlie,  E.  Mach,  OC. 

Congress  Fifty  Years  Ago,  In,  J.  M.  Rogers,  SelfC. 
Congress  or  Parliament?  E.  CockrelL  Arena. 
Cooper's  '*  Last  of  the  Mohicans,"  F.  L.  Pattee,  Chaut. 
Cotton :  Great  Round  Bale  Movement,  F.  C.  Barber,  Home, 

May. 
Courts,  Three,  Comparison  of,  S.  D.  Thompson,  ALR. 
Cricket  Captains,  English,  H.  Gordon.  Una. 
Cricket  Field,  Heroes  of  the,  A.  Porritt,  M. 
Cricket,  Old,  New  Light  on,  J.  Phillips,  Black. 
C'rime,  Scottish,  Calendar  of,  GBag. 


INDEX   TO  PERIODICALS. 


125 


Criminality,  Influence  of  Education  and  Heredity  on,  P. 
Escard- RefS,  May  10. 

tViticism,  Prolegomena  of— II.»  L.  A.  Sherman,  MRNY. 

Cromwell,  Oliver— VI.,  Personal  Rule,  T.  Roosevelt,  Scrlb. 

Cromwell,  Oliver— VIII.,  The  Death  of  the  King,  The  Com- 
monwealth,  Cromwell  in  Ireland,  J.  Morley,  Cent. 

Cuttles,  Mimicry  and  Other  Habits  of,  M.  Dunn,  Contem. 

Dana,  James  Dwight,  Inner  Life  of,  D.  C.  Oilman,  Chaut. 

Dante's  Measage,  C.  A.  Dinsmore,  Atlant. 

Daoghters  of  tne  American  Revolution,  National  Society  of 
tne:  Annual  Reports  of  State  Regents  Presented  at  the 
Ninth  Continental  Congress,  AMonM,  May. 

Daoghters  of  the  American  Revolution,  National  Society  of : 
Proceedings  of  the  Ninth  Continental  Congress,  AMonM, 
April. 

Delhi,  Past  and  Present,  G.  W.  Forrest,  PMM. 

Democracy  and  Peace,  8.  M.  Mac  vane,  Yale,  May. 

Dewey  Day  in  Chicago,  L.  M.  Scott,  Int. 

Diplomats^  Our  Literarj- :  From  the  Period  of  the  Revolu- 
tion to  the  "  Era  of  Good  Feeling,"  177*^-1830,  L.  Swift, 
BB. 

Dorchester,  England,  S.  J.  Barrows,  NEng. 

Donkhoborsti,  Russian,  L.  Bernard,  SelfC. 

DowHon,  Ernest,  A.  Symons,  Fort. 

Dmgon-Fly,  The,  A.  Ruckj  Str. 

Dramatic  Art,  E.  Lerou,  Nou,  May  1. 

Dufte,  Eleanora,  Helen  Zimmern,  Fort. 

Dyeing  of  Cloth,  W.  von  Sicherer,  Deut. 

Ei-onomic  Tendencies,  Recent,  C.  A.  Conant,  Atlant. 

Edmonton,  the  City  on  the  Saskatchewan,  H.  Cameron,  Can. 

Edncation : 

^Administration,  Better  City  School,  T.  A.  DeWeese,  EdR. 
Alcohol  Physiology  and  Superintendence,  \V.  O.  Atwater, 
EdR. 

^  CaUfomia  State  Text-Book  System,  R.  D.  Faulkner,  EdR. 
College  Philosophy,  (t.  S.  Hall,  Forum. 

•  Collt^es,  Problems  Which  Confront  Our,  VV.  J.  Tucker, 

A.  T.  Hadley,  C.  F.  Thwing,  F.  Carter,  and  J.  H.  Bar- 
rows, Ed. 
»  Elective  System  of  Studies,  J.  A.  Burns,  Cath. 
English  Education,  New  Authorities  in,  H.  W.  Withers, 

Contem. 
Ethics  of  Getting  Teachers  and  of  Getting  Positions,  A.  S. 

Draper,  Ed  H. 
<  Girl,  When  the  College  Is  Hurtful  to  a,  S.W.Mitchell, 

Llij. 
Greek,  Substitute  for,  W.  C.  Lawtou.  Atlant. 
Jesuit   Educators  and    Modern  Colleges,   Ruth  Everett, 

Arena. 
Milton  on  Education,  L.  W.  Spring.  Ed. 
Mflnsterberg,  Professor,  on  School  Reform,  W.  S.  Jagk- 

maa,EdH. 

*  Nature-Study.  Concerning,  Caroline  G.  Soule,  Ed. 
Normal  Schools,  Original  Investigation  in  J.  E.  Bolton,  Ed. 
Normal  Schools,  Report  on,  J.  M.  Green,  EdR. 
Offenders,    Youthful,    and    Parental    Responsibility,   T. 

Holmes,  Contem. 
Principle  In  Instruction,  Place  of,  F.  P.  Bachman,  Ed. 
Quincy  Movement,  N.  M.  Butler,  EdR. 

School-Room  Decoration,  W.  G.  Page,  C Age. 

Teaching  in  High  Schools  as  a  Life  Occupation  for  Men, 
E.E  Hill,  Forum. 

Theory  and  Practice,  Dial,  June  1. 

Truancy:  Causes  and  Remexlies,  E.  R.  Downing,  Char. 
Egyptian  Question,  E.  Maxey,  Gunt. 

Electrical  Equipment  of  Office  Buildings,  R.  P.  Bolton,  Eng. 
Elephants:  How  They  are  Captured  and  Trained  in  Bur- 

mah,  C.  J.  8.  Makin,  NIM. 
Elocution,  Study  of,  in  the  South,  W^ern. 
Kmmett,  Danlef  D.,  Crit. 

Energy,  Human,  Problem  of  Increasing,  N.  Tesla,  Cent. 
Engineering  Graduates  from  Universities,  G.  W.  Dickie, 
,    CasM. 

England:  see  Great  Britain. 
England,  Summer  In,  for  Two  Hundred  Dollars,  R.  L.  Hartt, 

Out. 
Epidemics,  Suppression  of,  W.  Wyman,  San. 
Europe  for  Light  Pocket-Books,  Dora  M.  Morrell,  SelfC. 
Eorope,  Unit«d  States  of,  A.  Leroy-Bcaulieu,  RRP,  June  1. 
Expansion    of    the  American    Peoplc^XXXllI.-XXXVI., 
„    E.  E.  Sparks,  Chaut. 

Exptosives,  High,  In  Peace  and  War,  E.  L.  Zalinski,  IntM. 
Exporters,  American,  Follies  of,  Eng. 
Expositiuns,  Coming  American,  W.  Fawcett.  SelfC. 
Expositions.  Conventions,  and  Meetings,  Out. 

Fiction,  America  as  a  Field  for,  Annie  S.  Winston,  Arena. 

Fiction,  Modem- VI.,  E.  Ridley,  AngA. 

Fiction,  Un realism  of,  H.  I.  Stern.  SelfC. 

Financial  Affairs,  American,  E.  G.  Johns,  Arena. 

FWi,  Undersized,  Trawlers  and,  G.  Shaw-Lefevre,  Fort. 

Hjliif,  Experiments^  in,  O.  Chanut«,  McCl. 

Forb«;  Archibald,  H.  W.  Mnssingham,  L»  isH. 

forert  Preserves,  N.  C.  Murphy,  lA. 

France: 
Affairs  in  France,  A.  F.  Sanborn,  Atlant. 
Army,  French,  D.  Hannay,  Mac. 


Army  Under  the  Bourbons,  F.  H.  Tyrrell,  U8M.  ^ 

Associations,  Law  Affecting,  J.  de  Crisenoy,  RefB,  May  1. 

Brittany,  Around,  I.  Prime-Stevenson,  Chaut. 

Catholicism  of  Fmnce,  T.  J.  Shahan,  Cons. 

Colonial  Expansion  of  France,  J.  C.  Braco,  NatGM. 

Empire- Liberal,  E.  Ollivier,  RDM,  May  15. 

Municipal  Elections  of  May  6, 1900,  M.  Fournier,  RPP,  May. 

Privateering  and  Naval  Defense,  RPar,  May  15. 

Secondary  Education  In  France,  E.  Bourgeois,  RPP,  May ; 
F.  Dol^ac,  RSoc,  May. 

South  African  War,  lessons  for  France  from  the,  L.  Che- 
vallier,  RRP,  June  L  ' 

Sports  in  Mediffival  France,  J.  J.  Jusserand,  RPar,  May  16 
and  June  1. 
France,  Anatole— A  Literary  Nihilist,  T.  Seccombe,  Com. 
Fruiting  of  the  Blue  Flag,  J.  G.  Needham,  ANat,  May. 
Gambetta,  Letters  to,  E.  Spuller,  RPar.  June  1. 
Games,  The  Greek,  W.  McK.  Bryant,  NW. 
Garden-Book,  Vogue  of  the,  Mrs.  S.  Batson.  NineC. 
Garibaldi,  Personal  Recollections  of,  O.  Baratierl,  Deut. 
Gas  and  Gas  Meters,  H.  S.  Wynkoop,  PopS. 
Genealogy :  Family  Trees,  R.  Wilberforce,  AMonM. 
Geography,  Physical,  of  the  Lands.  W.  M.  Davis,  PopS. 
Germany,  England,  and  America,  P.  Bigelow,  Contem. 
Germany:  So<5ial  Party  and  the  Elections  of  1898,  E.  Mil- 
hand,  RSoc,  May, 
Gettysburg,  Repulse  of  Pickett's  Charge  at,  E.  D.  Warfleld, 

Chaut. 
Goethe,  Youth  of,  J.  A.  Harrison,  Cons. 
Gold-Mining  in  Dutch  Guiana,  J.  E.  Florance,  Eng. 
Golf  ('ourse.  Laying  Out  and  Care  of  a,  W.  Tucker,  O. 
Golf,  Moral  Side  o^  S.  D.  McConnell,  Out. 
Golf  Rules,  Why  and  Wherefore  of,  C.  B.  Macdonald.  O. 
Gospel  Parallels  from  P&U  Texts— 111.,  OC. 
Gothic  or  a  Mixed  Race  ?    Are  We,  M.  Emery,  Gunt. 
Gould,  George,  Lakewood  Home  of,  Katherine  Hoffman. 

Mun. 
Government.  Forms  of,  and  Their  Social  Utility,  A.  des  Cll- 

leuis,  RerS,  May  1. 
Great  Britain:  see  also  Transvaal. 

Administration,  A  Topheavy,  H.  Paul,  Contem. 

Asia,  Great  Britain  in,  R.  Temple,  NAR. 

Austria-Hungary  and,  R.  Blennerhassett.  England,  NatR. 

Boers.  Vanouished,  How  England  Should  Treat  the,  S.  Ship- 
Britain  :  Why  Is  She  Hated  ?  T.  E.  S.  Scholes,  West. 

Britannia  and  the  Colonist,  A.  White,  NatR. 

British  and  Russian  Diplomacy,  NAR. 

Cavalry,  British,  Black. 

Election^ext  General,  Issues  for  the,  W.  T.  Stead,  RRL. 

Empire,  Danger  of,  F.  A.  A.  Rowland.  West. 

Engineers,  Corps  of  Royal,  Reorganization  of  the,  USM. 

Enigmas  of  Empire,  S.  Low.  NineC. 

Factory  Bill  of  1900,  Gertrude  M.  Tuckwell,  Fort. 

Germany,  England,  and  America,  P.  Bigelow,  Contem. 

Irish  Guards,  F.  Manners,  NineC. 

Liberalism,  Decline  of,  H.  W.  Massineham,  NatR. 

Liberal  Policy:  the  Land  Question,  West. 

Naval  Training.  S.  E.  Wilmot,  USM. 

Navy,  Royal,  Training  of  Seamen  in  the,  C.  C.  P.  Fitz- 
gerald, NatR. 

Navy :  What  It  Is  Doing.  D.  T.  Timins.  Cass. 

Party  Government,  Price  of,  W.  S.  Lilly,  Fort. 

Premium-Tax?  Whv  Not  a,  J.  D.  Holms,  West. 

Rosebery,  Lord,  ana  a  National  Cabinet,  Fort. 

Russia,  Antagonism  of  England  and,  D.  C.  Boulger,  NAR, 

Sohlier-Maklng  at  Sandhurst.  A.  F.  M.  Ferryman.  Bad. 

War  Office  and  the  War,  PMM. 
Greek  Games,  W.  McK.  Bryant,  NW. 
Green,  Mrs.  Hetty,  L.  M.  Hodges,  LH J. 
Green,  William  Henry,  J.  D.  Davis,  Bib. 
Gun-Carriages,  Disappearing,  G.  H.  Powell.  Eng. 
Haas,  Fried  rich-Joseph,  M.  Reader,  BU. 
Hague  Conference,  Work  of  the,  C.  Dupuis  and  A.  DesJar- 

dins,  RefS,  May  1«. 
Hailstorms,  Prevention  of,  by  the  Use  of  Cannon,  NatGM. 
Hairdressing,  Magic  of,  Florence  Burnley  and    Kathleen 

Schlesinger,  Str. 
Hamilton's  Estimate  of  Burr,  Cent. 
Handel,  Genius  of,  H.  H.  Stathnm,  NineC. 
Hawke,  Lord,  at  Home,  M.  R.  Roberts,  Cass. 
.  Hawthorne,  Nathaniel,  F.  B.  Erabree,  Int. 
Hebrew  Philosophers— II.,  N.  Schmidt.  ('Age. 
HellV  What  Has  Become  of.  G.  W.  Shinn,  NAR. 
Herbert,  Lord,  of  Cherbury,  L.  Stephen,  NatR. 
Mill,  James  J.,  Mary  H.  Severance,  AMRR. 
Holy  Spirit,  Devotion  to  the,  J.  McSorley,  Cath. 
Homeric  Poems,  Unity  in  the,  E.  Farquhar,  Cons. 
Hospital,  Fear  of  the,  J   Brandt,  Deut. 
House-Boat  in  America,  W.  Gillette,  Out. 
Hunter,  Sir  William.  J.  A.  R.  Marriott.  Fort. 
Hunt ing-G rounds.  Northwestern,  Dial,  May  IB. 
Hunting-Trinin  the  RcK-ky  Mountains.  F.  C.  Selous,  Bad. 
larochenko,  Nicolas,  A.  Ouspensky.  RRP,  June  1. 
Ibsen,  Kenrik,  Winifred  L.  Wendell,  SelfC. 
Imagination,  Creative,  Nature  of  the,  T,  Ribot,  IntM. 


126 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


Irnmltcritntii  at  ttu^  Bure^  OfDrp^  J^  Hontiif^ii^,  Home,  Ma^. 

lTlITM^^iftHrtm^  Ohrifitiitnity  jukU  ^^  Hf.ewi*rt,  Areuji^ 

1 1 irk'p*' II ( k' n s-i\  I ItH '  1  u ru ti un  i.i U  T*  J **ii k s.  t  '1  iiiu !., 

Inrilrt,  Fnmiru-  In.  B.  Kftriigeortjiivltclu  tiRl\  Muy  VK 

lni\\ivn^\  Hm|>1  Simkc-OnEi^^^e.  U.  VV,  JMrnHis.  t\ 

ludlimti:  Ti-iU-Wa-Hiit-The  Uwls  AtwrigiiifiK  II.  K.  Bur- 

Kff!>B^  An^A, 
Infant,  Hi'iKmiiliJcal  Sketch  ^f  ftn*  C  iJarvt'Iti,  pojkS. 
Iiir*cnliU!"Pi,  Prf^Vt'iitive,  W.  M.  Haffkinf^,  Po|)S. 
luM>itsi    \\i^\\   TUey  Rt^ooi^ni?;^  TtMr  FHend**   anf]    Warn 

Thrlr  Eiu-Jiik'J*^A.  S.  PH*^kar*i,  diam. 
IniMUvftfu^y^  Tfu-H  Funil^  in  ('um'k  of^  t.\  A.  DLcknon,  AI^H. 
luU^rniitloniil  Outlook.  W.  Mi  i..  H^^iiip,  SelfC. 
1 11  ven t i ij tf .  Prm-' 1 1 lu,! ,  W ,  H .  Sm )  t  h .  ( ' n -i  M . 
I n vo r f* brateft,  K ortli- Am (^ ricH 1 1     IX . .  N .  IIj* si k h.  A N ti t, May. 
In^lnnU:  Tory  Inland.  1).  A.  tiibtn-ti^,  lUv^.  Muy. 
Jriph  Qtieatkiii,  Tusitlrm  of  rh*%  .1.  t;.  lii.*<imoiifi,  F*irum* 
Iron,  Pig.  Tbrr-o  Systt^mft  uf  Si  llirttr.  *i^.  H,  Hull,  i'p^M. 
Iron  Work**  BrltlHli,  Sijfy  V*  iir-.  in^  (J.  Beartl,  ChmM. 
IiriKrtte,  How  to,  J.  U.  Kyli;,  lA. 
Irfi*ffrtkiri :  HI  virion  aiirl  CotUroi  of  Wiit^r,  G,  L.  Hwundsen, 

lA, 
Istorla,  F.  W.  Fitzpatrick,  SelfC. 

Italian  Workmen  Abroad,  Help  for,  G.  Prato,  RasN,  May  16. 
Italy: 
Hygiene,  Public,  in  Italy,  G.  Rizzozero,  NA,  May  1  and  16. 
Italy,  North  and  South,  A.  Morizili,  KPL,  May. 
Italy,  Parliamentary*  L.  Jadot,  Nou.  May  15. 
Liberal-Conservative  Party,  New  Duties  of  the,  I.  Bonzi, 

RasN,  May  1. 
Newspapers,  Italian,  F.  T.  Cooper,  Bkman. 
Tourists.  Foreign,  in  Italy,  M.  Ferraris,  NA,  May  16. 
Japan,  Bank  of.  Report  of,  for  the  Year  1899,  BankNY. 
Japanese-Chinese  War :  A  Cadet  at  the  Battle  of  the  Yalu, 

A.  Kinnosuk6,  McCl. 
Japan^s  Quarrel  with  Russia,  R.  van  Beraren,  A  ins. 
Jesus^  Conception  of  Nature,  W.  De war.  Bib. 
Jesus'  Teaching  Concerning  the  Rich,  F.  G.  Peabody,  NW. 
Johnston,  Col.  Richard  Msucolm,  Autobiography  of.  Cons. 
Judaism,  Decay  of,  MisR. 
Keats,  John,  Poetry  of,  T.  W.  Hunt.  MRNY. 
Kindergarten  Child  After  the  Kindergarten,  Phyllis  War- 
die,  KindR. 
Kindergarten  Idea  in  the   National   Life,  H.   W.  Mabie, 

KindR. 
Kindergartens,  Free,  Problems  in,  Edith  A.  Anning,  KindR. 
Koran,  Rhyme  and  Rhythm  in  the,  D.  J.  Rankin,  OC. 
ivorean  Question,  R.  J.  B.  Mair,  U8M. 
Kropotkin.  Prince,  M.  A.  Morrison,  LeisH. 
Krilger  African  us :  The  President  at  Home,  L.  Welnthal, 

RRL. 
Krttger,  Paul.  F.  E.  Garrett,  McCl. 
Labor,  Organized,  in  France,  W.  B.  Scaife,  Forum. 
Labor,  Tropical,  Experience  of  the  Dutch  with— II.,  C.  Day, 

YaVMay. 
Labor-Union  College,  Gunt. 

Lantern-Slide  Making  for  Beginners -VIII.,  PhoT. 
Lavroff,  Pierre.  C.  Rappoport,  RSoc,  May. 
Law,  Private  International,  in  England,  R.  C.  Henderson, 

ALR. 
Legislatures,  State,  Representation  in,  G.  H.  Haynes,  An- 
nals, May. 
Leipzig,  Retreat  from,  X.  de  Ricard,  Nou,  May  1. 
Libraries  of  Rhode  Island,  H.  R.  Palmer,  NEug. 
Life  After  Death,  J.  H.  Hyslop,  Harp. 

LlHcoln,  Abraham,  Springfield  Home  of,  P.  E.  Temple,  SelfC. 
Lincoln,  President,  Assassination  of,  L.  B.  Fletcher,  Chaut. 
Lincoln  Rail,  OriKin  of  the,  J.  McCan  Davis,  Cent. 
Literary  Clans,  Some  Famous— I.,  The  Rossettis,  Anna  B. 

McOill,  BB. 
Literature,  Southern,  of  the  Year,  B.  W.  Wells.  Forum. 
Literature:  What  Is  Historic  Atmosphere?  C.  Major, Scrib. 
Livingston,  Edward.  C.  H.  Peck,  Cons. 
Locomotives,  American,   Increasing  Size  of,  W.  Forsyth, 

CasM. 
Lowell,  James  Russell,  and  His  Spanish  Friends,  D.  E.  G.  de 

Riaflo,  Cent. 
Machine  Shop,  Commercial  Organization  of  the,  H.  Diemer, 

Eng. 
Machine  Shop,  Piece- Work  in  the,  J.  O'Connell.  Eng. 
Madagascar,  Pacification  of,  1896-98,  X.  Lebon,  RD>I,  May  16. 
Mafia,  The,  G.  C.  Sneranza,  GBag. 
Magic,  The  Old  and  the  New,  P.  Carus,  OC. 
Magic,  Thibet  the  Land  of,  H.  Llddeli,  Home. 
Mammoth  (,'avo  of  Kentucky,  R.  SherMtou,  WWM. 
Marine  Biology  at  Beaufort,  H.  V.  Wilson,  A  Nat,  May. 
Marine,  Our:  Should  It  Be  SubMidized  V    J.  C.  Watson  and 

R.  Runke,  Arena. 
Marni,  Jeanne,  F.  Loliee.  Bknian. 
Martinique,  (i.  Cagniard,  RRP.  June  I. 
Master,  LI  ft*  of  the    VI..  Jesus'  Sympathy  with  the  Outcasts, 

A  Typical  Day  in  His  Earthlv  Life,  J.  Walson,  xMrCl. 
Matterlmrn,  Ascent  of  the,  C.  \V  .  Hodell,  O. 
Maybrick,  Mrs.,  Case  of,  AngA. 
Maupassant,  Guy  de,  R.  d  Ulmfes,  RRP,  June  1. 
Medical  Science,  Recent  Advance  in,  R.  W.  Wilcox,  IntM. 


Methodist   Church,   Up-to-date   Constitution    for  the,  C. 

Sheard.MRNY. 
Methodist  Schools,  German,  Reasons  for,  V.  Wilker,  MRNY. 
Mexico,  Old,  Mine  Hunt  in,  D.  Furness,  Int. 
Mexico,  Trip  to.  Laura  M.  Boulton.  Can. 
Microbes  and  Microbe  Farming,  W.  G.  Bowdoin,  Home. 
Military  Law^.  A.  TavastsJerna,  EM,  May. 
Minister  and  His  Vacation,  J.  Watson,  LHJ 
Ministry:    The   Preeminent  Profeaaion,   H.    A.   Stlmson, 

Forum. 
Mirage,  The,  J.  Wells,  Sun. 
Missions : 

Aintob,  Central  Turkey  College  at,  J.  Smith,  MisH. 

Asia's  Great  Need,  Mrs.  I.  B.  Bishop,  MlsR. 

Bataks  of  Sumatra,  Work  Among  the,  A.  Schreiber,  MlsH. 

China,  Present  Situation  in^.  H.  Smith,  MisR. 

Ecumenical  Conference  on  Foreign  Missions  in  New  York 
City,  E.  M.  Camp,  Chaut;  MisH:  A.  T.  Pierson,  MisR. 

Greeks,  Awakening,  G.  E.  White,  MisR. 

Japanese  View  of  Japanese  Christianity,  T.  Mlyagawa^ 
MisR. 

Lepers,  Mission  Work  Among,  W.  C.  Bailey,  MlsR. 

Medical  Missions.  Value  of,  G.  E.  Post,  MisR. 

Mission  Comity,  Some  Aspects  of,  A.  Sutherland,  MisR. 

New  Hebrides,  J.  G.  Pa  ton,  Horn. 

Self -Support,  Object  Lesson  in,  H.  G.  Underwood,  MisR. 

West  Africa,  Unique  Aspects  of  Missions  to,  R.  H.  Nas- 
sau, MisR. 
Mivart,  Dr.,  Last  Utterance  of,  G.  M.  Searle,  Cath. 
Money,  Token,  of  the  Bank  of  England -I  I.,  M.  Phillips, 

BankL. 
Monroe  Doctrine,  Tlieory  of  the,  T.  de  Laguna,  SelfC. 
Montalembert,  and  His  Visit  to  O'Connell,  J.  G.  Daley^ 

Cath, 
Mnrm"tis,  Truth  About  i\n\  V.  V.  ti+Midwiii,  Muij.. 
Mi^v.iri  Kii-'MJtr,  H-  H.  Hi.'iison,  NatR. 
Mijh'>  iiriil  MnIu-HrttMllnji;.  1.  Malcolm.  Bud. 
Muiiii  iEi;i!  Viitrrrt'  Lt'.agUf  of  Chlr»ffO,  K.  B.i^^inUh,  AtUiit. 
Mn-ii  M  iHtory,  Studj"  of-  IL,  K.  DlcklniJon.  Mua. 
Mij-ii  .  I  i  niisMHrkJtjg  sJyftteTii  in,  T.  C  \Vliitmer»Mii«- 
Mv^ivru-,  Hi-torit-vl,.  A.  Upward.  Poar. 
m\  -?rrv.  K volution  iif,  M.  MiM?ttirlkjrk,  Fart. 
:Nh^M-  iMiL.  TlH*  Nuw,  E.  Khj-H,  Fort. 
Ni  Lirr,,  Kiiuin?  of  the.  Ill  tho  Sotitbern  8tat*»,  N,  S.  Shaler, 

Ni^jo,  Wt'at  I  ml  tail,  of  Tiwlay,  H.  G.  Da  Lesser,  C«B, 

N,  M',]iniPHr.  EtikHhIi,  F.  KlolnHchmidt,  SolfC 

N .  ^^  ^  pj .  I M  ^  rs,  \V .  Rciil ,  N I  iieC . 

Ni  \^r-P!i[i<rfl,  Itallaij,  F.  T.  Cooper,  Bkman. 

N 1 '  ^\  -J ) :  1 1 M^  rs '  I*roijr  I  e  to  r*  an  d  Edi  tors,  A .  iSliad  well,  Na.tll. 

Ni'w  Yi^k.  Day  hi.  C  lUnnaud,  N<m,  Muy  I. 

Nt  IV  York.  GrecLtt^r,  Chnrter  Needs  of,  H.  8.  Ooler,  NAH. 

Nioiriijiuii  Canal:  U.  K.,  l-.  S.,  titid  ttu-  Shiji  rjinal.  C.  W. 

Dilke,  Forum. 
North  Polar  Region,  Commercial  Possibilities  of  the,  T.  F. 

Vfln  Woifrnon,  Con^. 
Nursing  ki  VVobt  Afrkit.  Mary  H,  KkyisU^y.  Chntu. 
UluTiiiiimerynu,  PiL-^iiitt.trj  Ptn.y  iit,  AMliH  x   Dora  M.  Jooes, 

Tjiss.:  kill  R  Hoxiw,  LHJ  ■  Sophia  Bcitle,  Sun. 
( ^iH-i^ii  Klyi^r^  (Trowth  of  tlio,  R.  karl,  A  Ins. 
( ilvi[M>kin  fJanu*i(,  Meeting  of  the.  P.  iJe  Coubertln,  NAR. 
(IrLLltkoloj^joal  Hoi^ulU  of  the  Polar  EEpedltion  Und«r  Dr. 

NHus*jn,  H.  W.  i^hxifeldt,  A  Nat,  May. 
Piiiuittia  ('unaK  H.  H-  Lc^wis,  Mnn. 
PfiLi-Ann  p  [■  jai  *  'oil^resi?,  W,  E.  Curtis,  Gqnt, 
PjipEo  ^  ■!    .^  1  u.   U*attb  penalty,  P,  von  Uoeiisbft>ech,  DeUt. 
Paris  Exposition : 
American  Art  at  the  Exposition,  BP. 
Art  at  the  Exposition— 11.,  R.  de  laSizeranne,  RDM,  June  1. 
Boulevards,  Life  of  the,  R.  Whiteing,  Cent. 
Mechanical  Achievement,  Exposition  as  a,  E.  Mitchell, 

Eng. 
Mural  Decorations,  Crit. 
Olympian  Games,  P.  de  Coubertin,  NAR. 
Paris  and  the  Exposition  of  1900.  A.  Shaw,  AMRR. 
Paris  Exposition— II.,  H.  de  Varigny,  BU ;  M.  de  Nansouty, 

Nou,  May  1. 
Party  Policies  for  1900,  Gunt. 
"  Passionate  Pilgrim "  Affair,  A.  Morgan,  Cons. 
Passion  Play,  Swiss,  Christine  T.  Herrick,  Lipp. 
Patterson,  Elizabeth,  Virginia  T.  Peacock,  Lipp. 
Pausanias,  W.  B.  Wallace  JLJSM. 

Penn's  (William)  Woods,  Early  Days  in,  Elizabeth  T.  Ar- 
nold, AMonM. 
Penny,  English,  and  Its  Story,  W.  M.  Webb,  NIM. 
Pensions,  Old  Age,  H.  H.  Lusk,  Arena. 
Pensions,  Old  Age,  and  Foreign  Lbgislatlon,  L.  Rava,  NA, 

May  I. 
Penycuik  Experiments,  Professor  Ewart^s,  PopS. 
Persian  Literature,  Modern,  E.  D.  Ross,  NAR. 
Persia,  Russia  in,  RPar,  May  15. 

Philippines:  Are  They  Worth  Having?  G.  F.  Becker,  Scrib. 
PhiUppines:  Duty  of  the  United  StAtes,  G.  A.  Grow,  Home, 

Philippines:   Independence  to  the  Filipinos?  Do  We  Owe, 
C.  Den  by.  Forum. 


INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS. 


127 


Photoin^phF : 

Blue  Platfnotypes,  WPM. 

Carbon,  Elementary  WPM. 

Developers,  Old  and  New.  C.  H.  Bothamlev,  WPM. 

Enlargements  from  Small  Negatives,  WPM. 

Ferro-Prussiate  Linen,  H.  P.  Dawson,  PhoT. 

Frames,  Picture,  WPM. 

Groups,  Photographing,  WPM. 

Hiatory,  Early,  of  Photography,  PhoT. 

Interiors,  Phot<MHrraphing,  E.  C.  Middleton,  WPM. 

Lantern-Slides,  Intensiflcation  and  Redaction  of,  E.  Clif- 
ton, WPM. 

Lenses  for  Studio  Work,  C.  W.  Hewitt,  WPM. 

Natural  History  Photography,  R.  Kearton,  Pear. 

Phosphate  of  Silver  Paper,  J.  Meyer,  PhoT. 

Photographic  Clubs :  Their  Formation  and  Management, 
P.  Lund,  PhoT. 

Portraiture,  Artistic  Photography  in,  Maud  Burnside,  BP. 

Shells,  Scientific  Photography  of.  R.  W.  Shufeldt,  PhoT. 
Play-Bill,  Growth  and  Evolution  of  the,  P.  Fitzgerald,  Gent. 
PluUrch  and  His  Age,  R.  M.  Wenley,  l^W. 
Poetry  of  a  Machine  Age,  G.  8.  Lee,  Atlant. 
Poetry,  Passion  and  Imagination  in,  H.  C.  Beeching,  NatR. 
Polar  Seas,  Duke  of  Abruzzi  in  the,  A.  Rossi,  RaaN,  May  1. 
Political  Affairs: 

National  Party  Conventions,  G.  M.  Burnham,  NatM. 

Political  Parties  and  City  Government,  F.  J.  Goodnow, 
IntM. 

Populist  Movement,  Rise  of  the,  F.  E.  Hartigan,  Int. 

President,  Electing  a,  A.  M.  Low,  Scrib. 

President,  Forgotten  Candidates  for,  F.  N.  Thorpe,  Chaut. 

Presidential  Campaign,  The,  W.  J.  Bryan,  NAR. 

Presidential  Campaign,  Engineering  a,  L.  A.  Coolidge, 
Ains. 

Presidents,  Nomination  of,  J.  M.  Thurston,  Cos. 
Political  Economy  and  Social  Sciences,  E.  Fournifere,  RRP, 

June  1. 
Political  Science,  Crisis  in,  M.  Deslandres,  RDP,  April. 
Polo  Pony,  Educating  the,  O.  Wister,  O. 
Poor,  Private  Relief  of  the.  E.  T.  Devine,  Char. 
Population,  Our  Foreign,  J.  G.  Speed,  Ains. 
Popes,  Pastor's  History  of  the,  N.  Guarise,  RasN,  May  16. 
Porto  Ric^ns  and  the  Constitution,  G.  H.  Smith,  Arena. 
Poultry,  Prlae,  as  a  Hobby,  A.  H.  Blair,  Cham. 
Powers  and  Functions,  Separation  of,  E.  Artur,  RDP,  April. 
Preaching,  On,  W.  Kirkus,  NW. 
Press,  Liberty  of  the,  H.  B.  Brown,  ALR. 
Publishing,  Star  System  in.  Dial,  May  10. 
"  Punch,"  Queen  in,  1841-99,  J.  H.  Schooling,  Str. 
Qoaritch,  Bernard.  D.  Sage,  Atlant. 
Rsce  Problem?  Will  Education  Solve  the,  S.  R.  Straton. 

NAR. 
Race  Question  of  To^ay,  W.  A.  MacCorkle,  NatM. 
Racing:  Tales  of  the  Turf,  W.  P.  Pond,  Home. 
Railway  Discipline,  G.  H.  Paine,  Mun. 
Railway  Progress   and  Agricultural    Development,  H.  T. 

Newcomb,  Yale,  May. 
Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  Lost  Colony  of,  Mary  L.  Stringfleld, 

AMonM. 
Reformers,  Latitude  and  Longitude  Among,  T.  Roosevelt, 

C«nt.  - 

Refunding  Law  in  Operation,  C.  A.  Conant,  ifMRR. 
Reid.  Capt.  Samuel  Chester,  and  the  "  General  Armstrong,'* 

C.T.  Brady.  McCl. 
Religion  and  Morality,  Early,  Relation  Between,  E.  Buck- 
ley, IntM. 
Religion  and  the  Larger  Universe,  J.  T.  Bixby,  NW. 
ReUgious  Life  in  the  City,  Problem  of,  P.  H.  .Swift,  MRNY. 
Revolution.  American,  as  a  Crisis  in  the  Individual  Free- 
dom of  Man,  W.  P.  Tunstall,  AMonM. 
Rhodes,  C^ecil,  Future  of,  Catherine  Radziwill,  NAR. 
Rifle  Clubs,  Swiss,  J.  H.  Rivett-Camac,  NineC. 
Ritual  Murder  J^oncerning,  G.  Marcottl,  RPL,  April  15. 
Road-Driving,  Early,  and  Its  Patrons,  N.  A.  Cole,  O. 
Rockies,  In  the  Heart  of  the.  E.  Hpragge,  SolfC. 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  Convert  s  Experience  of  the,  Con- 

tem. 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  Why  I  Lelt  the,  A.  Galton,  NatR. 
Roman  Catholic  Church :  The  Mivart  Episode,  H.  H.  Uen- 

non,  NatR. 
Roman  Catholic  Defense  of  (vambling,  R.  F.  Horton,  YM. 
Roman  Catholic  Missions  in  Texas,  T*0'Hagan,  Cath. 
Rome.  Squalor  of,  Cham. 

Ronsard^s  Life,  Episode  in,  F.  Brunetlfere,  RDM,  May  15. 
Roosevelt,  Governor— As   an    Experiment,   J.  L.  Steffens, 

MiCl. 
Rothenburg  and  Its  Historic  Pageant,  C  F.  Dewey,  NIM. 
Roumanla,  Position  and  Importance  of,  H.  Kicfer,  Deut. 
Boos.  CapUin  John,  F.  A.  Roe,  AMonM. 
Royalty  la  Disguise,  6.  A.  Wade,  MM. 
Boakin.  John.  B.  O.  Flower,  CAge. 


RuBsfan  H&llroad  Oonqn^t  of  Gsmtral  Aflla,  T.  F,  Pulhird, 

XToM. 
JSt.  Pauh  Conversion  of,  U.  Elliott,  MRNY. 
Sareey.  Dramatic  Criticism  of,  R.  Doumic,  RDM,  May  IJi. 
Savonarola  and  Alexander  VL,  HnaN,  May  1. 
Schiimatin's  Struifgle  for  Clara  Wleck.  R.  AldHch,  Mus, 
Selence  and  Ecllgkin,  G»  DonAld^^on^  An^A. 
Solentlflc  Difl*^overie»  of  ih^  Nlnoteiintb  Conturv,  Practleat 

R  eau  I U  o  f .  fJ .  F.  W  rlKh  t.  Horn . 
Senttl**  flod  th^  Nome  Rush.  A.  G.  Kingsbury,  NatM. 
,S*>iiftttira,  Eloction  of  United  States,  E.  Mikxey.  6elfC* 
,'^rTra^e  LJlspoaa],  tmprovsd  Methods  of.  San. 
.Shak*'sj>«ar«i,  William -VL,  A rpronUcoship,  11.  W.  MAhl«. 

OElt, 

ShipbciUdlngon  the  Clyde,  F.  Dolmnn.  PMM. 

SltiE«ra.  Soma  Old.  J.  Tod  hunter,  Ti*mp. 

S^fKlaUaiu.  An  aad.  J.  JaQr^«.  H-Soc,  May. 

Socinl   <Jiii^BtionH    in    Literature.    P.    and  V*  Marrtierttte, 

RRP.,  May  16. 
Hlouth.  Moantiiin  Otitbiwa  of  tho,  J.  McGo^orn,  Int. 
8pantsh  Arthes  In  MeilcOn  Bariy.'A.  B'utt,  Cent. 
SpoliB  System.  Theory  and  Practloo  of  thfit  H.  T.  Kewc^mb, 

Tons. 
StasfP,  Fordgn,  In  New  ITork,  H.  Hapgood,  Bkman, 
SfAffw,  Utatstto*  Uenllam  cm  thi?,  H^  lfar)i|i>ud,  Atlant. 
StUlmrtn,  W.  J  ,  AutobUigraphy  c*f    vH.  Atlant, 
S forma  of  the  Rockieje^.  T.  G.  Knowlea.  Ains. 
S  t  r  ft  w  I  Hsrry    T  h  o  K 1  oe  n  f  B«  rri  en,  Le  no  ra  N .  H  obbo.  S«lf C. 
Stdngpr,  Arthur  J.,  If.  A.  Bruce,  Can. 
HubtnnHno  Boat,  Sucr^^^e  Of  tbp,  P.  Hlchbom,  Eng. 
Sumter,  rort^  Ft  ring  Upon,  J.  A.  B.  S<^©rer,  Ghaut. 
j^un'B  DtfltiCBtlon*  it.  Jji-eoby,  PopS, 
SymigofjueB  of  the  Dispersion,  W.  M,  Tippy,  MRN y. 
THrltt  liutory,  Unwritten  tlh&plcrin  Recent,  J.  ^choenhoft 

Fntum. 
Tflxntloti  of  Traniporlation  GompAiiieAt  R.  C.  McCt«»,  An- 


T«4^k,  Lftte  Uueheaa  of,  *l.  syfct 

Tt?lo^rsphy  .Up- to- Date,  J.  M.  Bcw^on,  L<^iflB. 


eheaa  of,  J.  St  tea,  We«t* 


British  and  Russian  Diplomacy,  NAR. 
England  and  Knssia,  Antagonism  of,  D.  C.  Bonlger,  NAR. 
Japan's  Qoarrel  with  Russia,  R.  yan  Bergen,  Ains. 
PWiia,  RnsslA  in,  RPar,  May  15. 


Tftntfmehu'i louse.  Gom mission.  New  York*  J.  A.  Riis,  AMRR, 
ToDnyson's  Relation  to  Oommoti  Life,  L.  E.  GaI^j^,  Orlt, 
Tbsatr*?,  People's,  in  Bavaria,  J,  G.    Prod*homme,    RRP, 

Jutio  L. 
TheAtro,  people's,  in  Berlin.  Edith  SelWs,  Contem. 
Tbi-flloey  :  Flaal  Scat  of  Authnrlty,  C.  P.  Gasquolne,  West. 
ThoTupfton,  Flic  bard  W,,  C.  G.  Howtrs.,  3  Hug. 
Tolstoy,  Lntor  Work  fif,  A.  Mniirle,  Hkmim. 
TramjTfl,  WJifttTbey  Read,  J,  Flynt,  CHt. 
Trarisraal;  ni^^  %\no  (ireAt  Britain, 

BeglrLnlrigs  of  ths  Bonth  African  Republics.  J,  Lecl^rt^, 
RDM.  .J tine  I. 

Boer  Lines,  Inalde  tlio~lI,.  E.  E.  Easton.  Harp, 

Bo*r  Mt^tboda  of  Attack  and  1  lefvns?,  T.  F.  Millard,  Fcrll). 

Hot^rs  and  Chrl^tliinUy  in  South  Africa,  MisR. 

Boer.  Tht\  J,  J*nkina,  West. 

Bo*?r  Trek,  f Treat.  S,  Uran*.  Cos. 

Mritl?^h'BiH*r  Rf^latlons  in  Sotith  Afrlra.,  J.  H.  Lane,  AngA. 

HrilJsti  M  Arc  1 1  to  Jiicobf*dHJiI,  J,  liftrnes.  Out. 

Hatler'H  Col  u mo.  Witli,  k.  IL  Davis,  ScrJb, 

England  I  :  ll^iw  Slie  8hoQld  Treat  the  Vaniioltboil  Bores, 
aShipikurd.  XAK. 

liitemiidoQal  Law,  War  from  the  i'tdnt  of,  T.  P.  Ion,  Coti8. 

Klinb^rlcy,  Caralry  Hush  to,  and  Id  PurstiU  of  Croaje, 
C.  LtoyK  NineC. 

Klmb^rli-y  Uuring  the  Siege,  In.  Cbatn. 

Kriiirer  AfrkanuS;  The  President  at  Home,  L.  Wetnihal. 
RRL 

KrUger,  Paul,  P.  E.  Garrett,  Fort;  McCL 

Ladysmith  Relief  Column,  USM. 

Natal,  Future  of,  F.  8.  Tatum,  NineO. 

Native  Races,  Future  of  ttie,  J.  8.  Moffat,  Nine€. 

Observations  on  South  Africa,  L.  Phillips,  Contem. 

Peace,  Honorable,  Plea  for  an,  R.  Balmforth,  West. 

Peace  Prospects,  E.  Tallichet,  BU. 

Problem  in  South  Africa— IV.,  H.  H.  L.  Bellot,  West. 

Psvchology  of  the  French  Boerophiles  and  Anglophobee, 
Y.  Guyot,  Contem. 

Reconstruction  of  South  Africa,  G.  F.  HolUs.  NatM. 

Rhodes,  Cecil,  Future  of,  Catherine  Radziwill,  NAR. 

Social  Life  in  Boer-Land.  Ethel  West,  Home.  May. 

South  Africa.  Glimpse  of,  F.  A.  Maxse,  NatB. 

Surprises  in  War,  F.  8.  Russell,  Black. 

Trek  from  the  Transvaal,  F.  von  Elf t.  Com. 

War  in  South  Africa  and  the  American  Civil  War,  8. 
Wilkinson,  Bkman ;  Contem. 

War  Operations  in  South  Africa,  Black  :  USM. 
Treaty,  Evolution  of  a,  in  Anglo-American  Diplomacy,  C.  C. 

Hyde,  ALR. 
Trout  and  Artlflcial  Fly,  Evolution  of  the,  H,  Gove,  O. 
Tuberculosis : 

Climate :  Is  a  Change  a  Necessity  for  Successful  Treat- 
ment? C.  Denison.  San. 

Colored  Rays  of  Light,  Use  of.  J.  M.  Bleyer.  San. 

Communicability  and  the  Restriction  of  Tuberculoois, 
H.  H.  Baker,  San. 

Fat  Food  as  a  Preventive  of,  A.  N.  Bell,  San. 


128 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REf^/ElV  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


Problem  of  TnberculoBis,  F.  Padala,  RPL,  April. 
TubercnloBis,  Modem  Treatment  of,  M.  J.  Brooks,  San. 
Trusts,  Evils  of,  and   Foolish    Remedies,  J.    D.   Miller, 
Arena. 

Truata  t  Ire  Truat  Outrage.  Gnat. 

Turk  or.  United  Stat»'  fUmtlons  wtth^  AtigA, 

United  States: 

AmerJiiAii  and  Canadian  Trade  Relations,  J.  CharUon, 
Fornizi. 

Chinese*  Attitnde  Tawards  tbe,  H.  Yow,  Forum. 

Congi^flaloniil  GoTrernment  of  TerrUtiriea,  J.  P.  Btt^ter, 
ALB, 

Engiand  aa  nu  Ally,  E  A.  Roaa»  Arena. 

EjtecBtlifo,  Indep^odent^e  o!  tbo,  G*  ClevelamU  AlUnt, 

ExpanjBlon  of   the   American  P^^ople— XXXII  L-X^XVL* 
E.  E.  HparkB.  Chaut. 

Gerninny,  Ka^lfind,  and  Aint^rlca,  P.  Blgelow,  Contem- 

Preaorvftt[on  of  tha  RtptiblLc,  F.  Parsons,  Arena, 

Tnrkt*r-  R«lat1on»  with,  Ad^A. 

U.  K.At.  S.,  and  the  Shii>  PHnitL  C,  W,  Dilkt?,  Fornm* 
VenetUn  Induitrk-s,  Old.  P.  Molmenti,  RaaN*  May  1, 
VIbfa,  Tomb  cff,  E,  MnAS,  DC. 
ViGtorifi.  Qiieen  i  What  Kiud  of  a  Sovereign  Is  Shu  ?  W,  T, 


Warfare: 

Balloons  In  War,  A,  W.  Grcelr,  Harp, 

i  ^aviilry,  HoU.-^  on  the  Evolution  of,  F.  M.  Maude,  USM> 

Horse  in  W^irCarP*  V.  D'O.  Noble,  P#^ar, 

Mounialri  Warfart^  In  the  Tyrol  in  imkT.  B.8aundera,USM, 

Roe  n  tee  11  Ray  a  in  Waff  a  re,  H.  C  Fyfc^  Str, 

STirpdSRfi  in  War,  F.  S.  Raflsell,  Black. 
Waahtncton,  r>ear!g<.\  at  Mot] mouth,  H,  RobertAon,  AMonM. 
WdftJiiniftnti,  ytntc  of,  Cham, 
Wiit^r  Sprlnk'8,  i*^.  Duclanst,  RPar,  Mav  l& 
Webster,  Daniel,  In  tiie  Haunt?  of ^  M,  L.  Osborne,  N&tM. 
WeddhiK  D<M';omtloii*H  Flm-aU  L.  O.  Stewart,  Mnn* 
West  Virfflnia,  Supreme  Court  of— 111.,  J.  W.  Vanderroft, 

WlUanl.  Prances,  Olara  C.  HofTman,  CA^e, 
WlBC'on«*in,  New  England  in,  E  B.  Usher,  NEng, 
Woman  in  Ji>tirtiii!i*m,  Marian  Ainsworth-WhUe,  Arena. 
Woman  in  the  Aneient  VVr*rlfl,  Elizabeth  S.  Dlack*  West. 
Women  :  Eiiih'atton  and  Marrlaffe.  A.  L,  Mearkle,  Arena, 
Wrimeu  Wnrkore  in  EntfU^h  SocTuty,  Casa. 
Working- Wcimeti'h  CIuuh,  Charlotte  C  Wi]kinsi>it,  Gnnt. 
Ytilu.  A  Cadet  at  the  Battle  of  the^A-  Kinnosuke.  McCl, 
Yelinwsione  National  Piipli,  E.  E.  TrefTrjr,  SeltC. 
Zurbrlggen,  MattLaa,  Exploits  of -II,,  A.  Gl&rdon,  BU, 


Abbreviations  of  Magazine  Titles  used  in  the  Index 
[All  the  articles  in  the  leading  reviews  are  indexed,  but  only  the  more  important  articles  in  the  other  magazines.] 


A  ins.       Ainslee's  Magazine.  N.  Y. 

ACQR.  American  Catliolic  Quarterly 
Review,  Phila. 

AHR.  American  Historical  Review, 
N.Y. 

AJS.  American  Journal  of  Soci- 
ology, Chicago. 

AJT.  American  Journal  of  The- 
ology, Chicago. 

ALR.  American  Law  Review,  St. 
Louis. 

AMonM.American  Monthly  Magazine, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

AMRR.  American  Monthly  Review  of 
Reviews,  N.  Y. 

AXat.     American  Naturalist,  Boston. 

AngA.     Anglo-American    Magazine, 

Annals.  Annals  of  the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Pol.  and  Soc.  Science, 
Phila. 

APB.  Anthony's  Photographic  Bul- 
letin, N.  Y. 

Arch.      Architectural  Record.  N.  Y. 

Arena.     Arena,  N.  Y. 

A  A.         Art  Amateur,  N.  Y. 

AE.  Art  Education,  N.  Y. 

A  I.  Art  Interchange,  N.  Y. 

AJ.  Art  Journal.  London. 

Art.         Artist,  London. 

Atlant.    Atlantic  Monthly,  Boston. 

Bad.        Badminton,  London. 

BankL.   Bankers'  Magazine,  London. 

BankNYBankers'  Magazine.  N.  Y. 


Bib. 

BSac. 

BU. 

Black. 

BB. 


Biblical  World,  Chicago. 

Blbliotlieca  Sacra,  Obcrlin,  O. 

Bibliothfeque  Univeraelle,  Lau- 
sanne. 

Blackwood's  Magazine,  Edin- 
burgh. 

Book  Buyer,  N.  Y. 


Bkman.  Br)okman,  N.  Y. 

BP.  Brush  and  Pencil.  Chicago. 

Can.         Canadian  Magazine,  Toronto. 

Cass.        Caswell's  Magazine,  Lon(\on. 

CiisM.      Cftssier's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Cath.       Catliolic  World,  N.  Y. 

Cent.       Century  Magazine,  X.  Y. 

Cham.  ChamlMjrs's  Journal,  Edin- 
burgh. 

Char.       Charities  Review,  N.  Y. 

Chaut.     Chuutauquan,  Cleveland,  O. 

CAge.      ( -oming  Age,  Boston. 

(>ons.  Conservative  Review,  Wash- 
ington. 

Contem.  Contemporary  Review,  lin- 
den. 

Corn.       ('ornhill,  London. 

Cos.  CosmoiKilitan,  N.  V. 

Crit.         Critic,  NY. 

Dent.        Deutselie  Revue,  Stuttgarr. 

Dial.        Dial,  Cliicago. 

Dub.        Dublin  Review,  Dublin. 

Edin.      Edinburgh  Review,  Loudon. 


Ed. 

EdR. 

Eng. 

KM. 

Fort. 

Forum. 

FrL. 

Gent. 

«Ba«. 
(*unt. 
Harp. 
Hart. 

Home. 

Hom. 

HumN. 

Int. 

IJE. 

IntM. 
IntS. 
lA. 
JMSI. 


JPEcon 
Kind. 


KindR. 


LHJ. 
LeisH. 


Li 


r 


Long. 
Luth. 

McCl. 
Mac. 

MA. 

MRN. 

MRNY. 

Mind. 

MisH. 

MisR. 

Mon. 

MunA. 

Mun. 

Mus. 

NattiM 

NatM. 
NutR. 
NC. 
NEng. 

NIM. 

NW. 

NineC. 


Education,  Boston. 

Educational  Review,  N.  Y. 

Engineering  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Espafia  Modema,  Madrid. 

Fortnightly  Review,  London. 

Forum,  N.  Y. 

Frank  Leslie's  Monthly,  N.  Y. 

Gentleman's  Magazine,  Lon- 
don. 

Green  Bag,  Boston. 

Guntx)n'8  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Harper's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Hartford  Seminary  Record, 
Hartford,  Conn. 

Home  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Homiletic  Review,  N.  Y. 

Humanity  Nouvelle,  Paris. 

International,  Chicago. 

International  Journal  of 
Ethics,  Phila. 

International  Monthly,  N.  Y. 

International  Studio,  N.  Y. 

Irrigation  Age,  Cliicago. 

Journal  of  the  Military  Serv- 
ice Institution,  Governor's 
Island,  N.  Y.  H. 

Journal  of  Political  Economy, 
Chicago. 

Kindergarten  Magazine,  Chi- 

Kindergart^n- Review,  Spring- 
field. Mass. 

Ladies'  Home  .Journal,  Phila. 

Leisure  Hour,  London. 

Lipplncott's  Magazine,  Phila. 

London  Quarterly  Review, 
London. 

Longman's  Magazine,  London. 

Lutheran  Quarterly,  Gettys- 
burg, Pa. 

McClure's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Macmillan's  Magazine,  Lon- 
don. 

Magazine  of  Art,  London. 

Methodist  Review,  Nashville. 

Methodist  Review,  N.  Y. 

Mind,  N.  Y. 

Missionary  Herald,  Boston. 

Missionary  Review,  N.  Y. 

Monist,  C^hicago. 

Municipal  Affairs,  N.  Y. 

Munsey's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Musi<',  ('hicago. 

National  (Geographic  Maga- 
zine, Wiusldngton,  D.  C. 

National  Magazine.  Boston. 

National  Review,  London. 

New-Church  Review,  Boston. 

New  England  Magazine,  Bos- 
ton. 

New  Illustrated  Magazine, 
London. 

New  World,  Boston. 

Nineteenth  Century,  London- 


NAR.      North  American  Review,  N.Y. 
Nou.        Nouvelle  Revue,  Paris. 
NA.  Nuova  Antologia,  Rome. 

OC.  Open  Court,  Chicago. 

O.  Outing,  N.  Y. 

Out.         Outlook,  N.  Y. 
Over.      Overland  Monthly,  San  Fran- 
cisco. 
P>rM.     Pall  Mall  Magazine,  London. 
Pear.       Pearson's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
Phil.        Philosophical  Review,  N.  Y. 
PhoT.      Photographic  Time*,  N.  Y. 
PL.  Poet-l7ore,  Boston. 

PSQ.       Political    Science   Quarterly, 

Boston. 
PopA.     Popular    Astronomy,   North- 

lleld,  Minn. 
PopS.      Popular     Science     Monthly, 

PRR.  Presbyterian  and  Reformed 
Review,  Phila. 

PQ.  Presbyterian  Quarterly, Char- 

lot  te,N.C. 

QJEcon.  Quarterly  Journal  of  Econom- 
ics, Boston. 

OR.  Quarterly  Review,  London. 

RasN.     Rassegna  Nazionale,  Florence. 

Record.  Record  of  C'hristian  Work, 
East  North  field,  Mass. 

RefS.       R^  forme  Sociale,  Paris. 

RRL.       Review  of  Reviews,  London. 

RRM.  Review  of  Reviews,  Mel- 
bourne. 

RDM.      Re  vuedes  Deux  Mondes,  Paris. 

RDP.       Revue  du  Droit  Public,  Paris. 

IKien.     Revue  G6n6rale,  Brussels. 

RPar.      Revue  de  Paris,  Pari«. 

RPP.  Revue  Politique  et  Parlemen- 
taire,  Paris. 

RRP.      Revue  des  Revues,  Paris. 

RSoc.       Revue  Socialiste,  Paris. 

RPL.  Rivista  Politica  e  Letteraria, 
Rome. 

Ros.        Rosary,  Somerset,  Ohio. 

San.         Sanitarian,  N.  Y. 

School.   School  Review,  Chicago. 

Scrib.      Scribner's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

SelfC.      Self  Culture,  Akron,  Ohio. 

SR.  Sewanee    Review,    Sewanee-, 

Tenn. 

Sir.  Strand  Magazine,  London. 

Stin.         Sun«lay  Magazine.  London 

Temp.     Temple  Bar,  I^ndon. 

l^S^l.  Unitetl  Service  Magazine, 
London. 

West.       Westminster  Review,London. 

Wern.      Werner's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

WWM.  Wiiie  World  Magazine,  Lon- 
don. 

WPM.  Wilson's  Photographic  Magiir 
zine,  N.  Y. 

Yale.       Yale  Review,  New  Haven. 

YM.         Young  Man,  Loudon. 

YW.        Young  Woman,  London. 


The   American    Monthly    Review   of   Reviews. 

edited  by  albert  shaw. 

CONTENTS    FOR   AUGUST,    1900. 


The  Democratic  Nominees FroDtispiece 

The  Progress  of  the  World— 

The  DemocraU  and  Their  Fighting-Ground 131 

Ah  to  '*  Paramount  Issues  " 131 

The  Natural  **  Pro**  and  **Ck)n ''  of  the  Situation  132 

Silver  as  an  Abnormal  Issue 138 

The  Mistake  at  Kansas  City 134 

War  Questions  Had  the  Right  of  Way 135 

But  the  Democrats  Have  Chosen  to  Stake  All 

on  Silver 135 

What  Might  Have  Been 136 

As  to  Statesmanship,  Consistency,  and  i<\ision..  137 

What  Could  Bryan  Do  if  Elected? 187 

The  Panic  Argument 187 

How  Tammany  Turned  the  Scale  at  Kansas 

City 138 

The  Party  and  Its  leaders 139 

As  to  the  Vice-Presidency 140 

The  Double  Candidacy  Problem 140 

The  Platform  in  General 141 

The  Cuban  Question 141 

The  Philippine  Question 141 

The  News  from  Manila 142 

The  "  Anti-Trust"  Planks 142 

The  Trusts  and  the  Public  Mind 143 

From  the  Political  Standpoint 143 

The  Boers  in  Guerrilla  Warfare 144 

Some  Points  in  the  African  News 144 

The  Boer  Cause  in  American  Politics 145 

Various  Campaign  Notes 145 

The  Situation  in  China 147  ^ 

As  to  the  Missionaries. 147  • 

The  American  Attitude 147 

Some  General  Remarks 148 

China  8  Future  and  the  "  Yellow  Peril." 148 

Armies  Heading  for  the  Elast 150 

Tientsin  Captured  by  the  Allies 151 

Wholesale  Slaughter  in  Peking 151 

With  portraits  of  J.  D.' Richardson.  C.  S.  Thomas,  W.  D. 
OWham,  B.  R.  Tlllraan,  David  B.  HIH,  Richard 
Croker,  Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  Charles  A.  Towne, 
Theodore  Roosevelt,  E.  O.  Wolcott,  Sir  Edward  H. 
Seymour  and  staff.  George  C.  Remey,  Adna  R. 
Chaffee,  Sir  Claude  Macdonald.  t4ie  late  Emerson 
H.  Li^um,  and  Li  Hung  Chang,  map  showing  the 
route  from  Taku  to  Peking,  cartoons,  and  other  Il- 
lustrations. 

Record  of  Current  Events 153 

With  portraits  of  Count  Lamsdorff,  President  McKlnley 
and  members  of  the  Notification  Committee,  Fran- 
cis E.  Clark.  W.  A.  P.  Martin,  the  late  Admiral 
Philip,  and  the  late  John  H.  Gear,  and  other  illiis- 
traticns. 

Current  History  in  Caricature 158 

With  reproductions  from  American  and  foreign  Jour- 
nal?. 

The  Chinese  Revolution 166 

By  Stephen  Bonsai. 

The  Kansas  City  Convention 175 

By  Walter  Wellman. 


Mr.  Bryan  at  Home 179 

with  portraits  of  William  Jennings  Bryan,  Mrs.  Wil- 
liam Jennings  Bryan,  William  Jennings  Bryan,  Jr., 
Rutli  Baird  Bryan,  and  Grace  Dexter  Bryan. 

Theodore  Roosevelt 181 

By  Jacob  A.  Rlis. 
With  portraits  of  Theodore  Roosevelt,  and  Theodore 
Roosevelt,  Sr.,  and  other  illustrations. 

Roosevelt's  Work  as  Governor 187 

With  portraits  of  Theodore  Roosevelt,  William  J. 
Youngs,  and  John  C.  Davies,  and  otlier  illustrations. 

The    New   Appellate   Court-house    in   New 

York  City 191 

By  Ernest  KnaufFt. 

With  portrait  of  James  Brown  Lord,  and  other  Illus- 
trations. 

The  Embellishment  of  a  Michigan  Town 195 

By  Archibald  Hadden. 
With  portrait  of  Charles  H.  Hackley,  r.nd  other  illus- 
trations. 

A  National  Art  Exhibition 198 

By  William  Ordway  Partridge. 

Volcanic  Scenery  of  the  Northwest 202 

By  Robert  E.  8trahom. 
With  illustrations. 

Leading  Articles  of  the  Month— 

Americans  In  China 209 

The  Chinese  Revolutionary  Junta  in  America. .  2l(» 

The  Chinese  Attitude  Towards  Missionaries 211 

Chinese  Civilization 212 

The  Crisis  in  China 213 

The  Chinese  Minister's  Plea  for  Justice 215 

Germany's  Foothold  in  China 215 

Lieutenant  Glllmore's  Experiences  in  Luzon. . .  216 

An  Indian  Account  of  Custer's  Last  Fight 218 

How  Shall  South  Africa  be  Reconstructed  * 219 

French  Views  of  the  Boers 220 

To  Train  Civil  Servants 222 

Our  Governmental  Methods 222 

A  New  Exposition  of  Sovereignty 223 

Objections  to  the  Referendum 224 

The  Seven  Great  Sea  Powers 225 

German  Trade  Jealousy 225 

Can  the  World's  W^heat  Supply  be  Cornered  ?. .  226 

A  Century  of  Irish  Immigration 227 

The  Hull-Ottawa  Fire 228 

New  Sources  of  Light 229 

How  the  Venom  of  Serpents  Is  Collecteti 230 

Women's  Sports  :    A  Symposium 231 

English  Town  and  Country  Ideals 233 

Glimpses  of  Out  of  the  Way  Travel 233 

The  Spanish  Capital 237 

The  Brains  of  Women 237 

With  portraits  of  J.  ('.  Glllraore,  George  A.  Custer,  and 
Peter  Severln  KrOyer,  man  of  the  northern  portion 
of  the  Island  of  Luzon,  ana  other  Illustrations. 

The  Periodicals  Reviewed 23b 

Index  to  Periodicals 2.">2 


TER3IB:  iSJiOa  year  In  a'lvance:  35  rents  a  numl>er.  Foreljcn  poatatre  SI.rr)a  year  nclditional.  Subscribers  may  remit  tou« 
by  pust-ofllce  or  express  money  orders,  or  by  bank  checks,  draftn,  or  reKintered  letters.  Monev  in  letters  is  at  heiider«»' 
lisK.  Renew  as  early  as  ptissible  in  order  to  avoid  a  break  in  the  receipt  of  the  numl>ers.  Bookdealers,  Postma^te^s,  hikI 
Ncw9«lealer»re<'elve  subscriptions.  (Subscriptions  to  the  En^jlish  Review  of  Hkviews.  which  is  edited  and  publislieil  )>y 
Mr.  W.  T.  Stead  in  I^ndon,  may  be  sent  to  tliis  otflce.  and  orders  for  single  copies  can  also  be  tilled,  at  the  price  of  $:;..")() 
for  the  yearly  subscription,  including  posUge,  or  25  cents  foe  single  copies.)  THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS  CO., 
13  Astor  Place,  New  York  City. 


H»*V,    AL*I,.\I    *■;*  tiTKVUNKOS 


THE   DEMOCRATIC  NOMINEES. 


(From  a  photograph  taken  at  Lincoln,  Neb.,  on  July  10,  especially  for  the  New  York  Herald, 
and  here  reproduced  by  that  paper's  courtesy). 


The  AMERICAN  MONTHLY 

Review  of  Reviews, 


Vol.  XXII. 


NEW  YORK,  AUGUST,    1900. 


No.  2. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Tk€  Demoeratt  During  Julv.  bar  silver  was  quoted 
HgiJung  ^^  London  at  about  28  pence  per 
eround!  ounce.  Mexican  silver  dollars,  whicli 
contain  a  little  more  silver  than  our  standard 
American  dollar,  were  worth  in  New  York  about 
48  cents  apiece.  The  Democratic  party,  meet- 
ing m  national  convention  at  Kansas  City  early 
last  month,  gave  its  real  and  thorough  attention 
to  only  one  question — namely,  the  attitude  the 
party  should  assume  in  the  present  electoral 
campaign  on  the  question  of  the  monetary  status 
of  silver.  It  was  not  by  any  accident  or  in- 
trigue, but  with  eyes  wide  open  and  with  delib- 
eration far  beyond  that  wliich  conventions 
usually  give  to  any  part  of  their  declarations  of 
belief  and  intention,  that  the  Democratic  party 
at  Kansas  City  explicitly  demanded  "■  the  imme- 
diate restoration  of  the  free  and  unlimited  coin- 
age of  silver  and  gold  at  the  present  legal  ratio 
of  16  to  1,  without  waiting  for  the  aid  and  con- 
sent of  any  other  nation."  The  Kansas  City 
platform  is,  as  a  whole,  an  exceedingly  spirited 


THE  OOIIVBNTIOII  HALL  AT  KANSAS    OITT. 

(Bvned  on  Ainril  4,  and  rebuilt,  practically  flre-proof,  in  time  for  the  Convention 

which  met  Jaly  4.) 


and  well- written  document.  Considered  merely 
as  an  exercise  in  rhetoric,  it  is  far  superior  to 
the  Republican  platform — so  much  so,  indeed, 
that  no  one  could  well  fail  to  note  the  contrast. 
But  the  country  is  not  engaged  in  a  mere  de- 
bating contest  ;  and  for  that  reason  oratory  and 
rhetoric,  which,  in  point  of  fact,  never  play  the 
principal  part  in  our  political  struggles,  will 
have  even  less  to  do  this  year  than  usual  with 
the  conduct  and  the  result  of  the  campaign.  An- 
other part  of  this  interesting  Kansas  City  plat- 
form discusses  what  it  calls  *<the  burning  issue 
of  imperialism  growing  out  of  the  Spanish  War." 
To  its  indictment  of  imperialism  there  was  finally 
added,  by  the  platform  committee,  the  following 
sentence:  **We  regard  it  [imperialism]  as  the 
paramount  issue  of  the  campaign." 

^^  ^^  The  Social  Democrats  of  Germany, 
"Paramount  who  are  growing  steadily  in  party 
htues.  strength,  hold  certain  views  of  an  in- 
teresting and  thoughtful  nature  regarding  com- 
pulsory military  service,  pro- 
tective tariffs,  colonial  poli- 
cies, naval  expenditure,  and 
numerous  other  subjects.  It 
is  understood,  however,  that 
their  most  distinctive  tenet 
relates  to  the  subject  of  pri- 
vate property — pointing  to  a 
policy  that  would  amount  to 
something  like  the  confisca- 
tion of  all  capital.  If,  tliere- 
fore,  the  Social  Democrats 
of  Germany  were  entering 
upon  a  campaign  which 
promised  to  bring  them  into 
full  authority,  let  us  suppose 
that  in  their  platform  of 
principles  they  should  de- 
clare that  they  were  (){)posed 
to  the  present  colonial  and 
imperial  policy  of  the  Ger- 
man Emperor,  and  reganle<^ 


132 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REyiElVS. 


^    -    *?^      'J  «i^        .      l^W    ■'■■■    ■':  .^ 


4  •  r  * 


aV- 


f/^F^^ 


From  a  drawing  by  E.  Frederick. 

Richard  Croker.  John  P.  Altgeld.  C.  A.  Towne. 

DBMOCRATIC  LEADERS  OI8CU8SINO  THE  16  TO  1  DECLARATION  IN  COATE8  HOUSE  CORRIDOR,  KANSAS  CITY 


Courtesy  of  the  New  York  y<mrital. 
Gov.  C.  S.  Thomas. 


it  as  the  paramount  issue.  It  is  clear  enough  to  us, 
looking  on  from  tlie  outside,  that  their  designating 
such  an  issue  as  paramount  would  not  necessarily 
make  it  so  in  the  actual  contest.  Their  oj)po- 
nents,  with  one  accord,  would  say  that  the  pros- 
pect of  a  confiscation  party  getting  into  power 
was  the  real  issue  ;  and  all  other  parties  would  be 
called  upon  to  forget  their  differences  of  opinion 
about  militarism,  naval  expansion,  and  land- 
grabbing  in  Asia  and  Africa,  in  the  face  of  the 
menace  of  revolutionary  socialism.  Let  us  sup- 
pose, again,  that  in  England  the  Liberal  party,  in 
anticipation  of  the  general  elections  that  are  to  be 
held  in  the  near  future,  should  declare  itself  in 
favor  of  tlie  immediate  abolition  of  the  House  of 
Lords,  tlie  immediate  disestablishment  of  the 
Church  of  England,  and  the  wiping  out  of  all 
vestiges  of  tlie  old  system  of  caste  and  privilege 
that  still  dominates  English  life  and  society — 
together  with  the  abolition  of  the  monarchy,  to 
take  effect  upon  the  death  of  Queen  Victoria. 
We  can  imagine  that  such  a  statement  of  Liberal 
principles  might  include  various  other  items  ;  and 
that  someljody  wlio  thought  thereby  to  take  the 
edge  off  the  iconoclasm  of  the  rest  of  the  plat- 
form siiould  succeed  in  getting  the  convention  to 
agree  that  tlie  Ijibei'al  o})position  to  tlie  policy  of 
Lord  Salisbury  and  Mr.  Chamberlain  in  South 
Africa  should  be  designated  as  ''the  paramount 
issue"  in  the  campaign.  But  everybo<ly  in  Eng- 
land who,  for  any  reason,  desiivd  to  pnn'ent 
the  overthrow  of  the  Established  Church,  or  who 


favored  the  maintenance  of  the  landed  aristocracy 
with  its  hereditary  privileges,  or  wlio  could  not 
endure  the  thought  of  an  England  without  a  royal 
family,  would  scoff  at  the  idea  that  the  conduct 
of  the  South  African  War  was  the  paramount 
issue.  From  their  point  of  view  there  could  be 
only  one  issue  ;  namely,  whether  or  not  the  Radi- 
cals should  be  allowed  to  get  control  of  the  gov- 
ernment. 

^'^p/^^^^and  ^^  J^uch  for  analogies.  We  shall 
"Con"  of  ask  our  readers  to  follow  with  some 
the  Situation,  patience  our  analysis  of  the  party 
situation,  because  it  has  to  do,  in  our  opinion, 
with  the  fundamental  bearings  of  a  campaign 
that  this  country  must  have  on  its  hands  for 
more  than  three  months.  When  a  party  is  in  full 
power,  like  the  Republican  party  in  the  United 
States, — that  is  to  say,  when  it  liolds  the  Presi- 
dency and  both  houses  of  Congress,  the  party 
being  as  it  is  to-day  in  marvelous  harmony  and 
concord,  its  measures  meeting  with  no  obstruc- 
tion at  the  liantls  of  the  federal  judiciary,  and 
most  of  the  leading  Static  governments  being  also 
in  tlie  hands  of  the  same  party, — it  is  almost  in- 
evitai>le  that  it  shouhl  come  before  the  country 
on  its  record  rather  than  upon  promises  or 
pledges.  The  Republicans  at  Philadelphia  saw 
this  clearly  enough,  and  realized  the  fact  that  in 
renominating  President  McKinley  they  were 
doing  that  which  made  it  almost  superfluous  to 
go   through   the   form   of  adoj>ting  a   platfonn. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


133 


Their  resolutions  necessarily  took  the  form  of 
a  somewhat  eulogistic  recital  and  memorandum. 
The  natural  issue  before  the  country  would  seem 
to  have  been  made  at  Philadelphia  ;  and  it  could 
have  been  summed  up  in  the  query  whether  or 
not  the  country  wanted  four  years  more  of 
McKinley  Republicanism  with  all  that  is  involved 
in  that  phrase.  Under  normal  conditions  it 
would  have  seemed  the  natural  task  of  an  oppo- 
sition party  to  condemn  the  administration  on  its 
record,  and  to  unite  by  all  possible  means  the 
people  who,  for  whatever  reason,  desired  to  vote 
against  it.  Normally,  the  Democratic  party  is 
an  opposition  body,  pure  and  simple.  This  year 
its  natural  policy  would  have  been  to  take  the 
view  expressed  in  the  cartoon  from  the  New  Or- 
leans Times-  Detitoci'at^  which  we  reproduce  here- 
with, and  which  appeared  a  few  days  after  the 
nomination  of  McKinley  and  Roosevelt  at  Phila- 
delphia. 


REPUBLICANISM  HAS  COME  TO  THIS. 

From  the  New  Orleans  TitMS-Democrat  of  June  23. 


Q./«-.  "^^^  Populist  movement,  on  the  other 

oiioer  as  an  .       *■  .  . 

Abnormal  nancl,  represents  positive  action  in 
Issue.  radical  directions.  In  1896  the  spirit 
of  Populism  wholly  captured  the  Democratic 
organization,  and  the  Republican  camp  became  the 
rallying- place  for  conservative  opposition.  The 
campaign  of  189B  was  fought,  not  upon  what  the 
Republicans  proposed  to  do  if  they  should  come 


HON.   J.    D.  RICHARDSON.    OF   TENNESSEE. 

(Permanent  Chairman  of  the  Democratic  National 
Convention.) 

into  power,  but  rather  upor  what  the  Democrats 
proposed  to  do  if  they  should  win.  The  Demo- 
crats had  determined  to  do  something  that  was,  to 
put  it  mildly,  a  highly  experimental  thing  of  a 
kind  not  paralleled  in  the  recent  history  of  any 
country.  It  was  a  proposal  which,  the  great  ma- 
jority of  the  experts  declared,  would  profoundly 
disturb  business  conditions.  Under  these  cir- 
cumstances, the  contest  was  not  one  of  a  normal 
party  or  political  character.  The  greater  part  of 
the  leaders  of  the  Democratic  party  whose  repu- 
tations were  national  declined  to  support  the 
Chicago  platform  and  ticket,  and  either  directly 
or  indirectly  helped  to  elect  McKinley  as  the 
only  means  by  which  to  defeat  Bryan.  8o  long 
as  a  great  party  seriously  proposed  to  open  the 
mints  of  the  United  States  to  the  free  coinage 
of  silver,  the  business  interests  of  the  country 
regarded  it  as  necessary  to  make  every  possible 
endeavor,  regardless  of  ordinary  party  divisions, 
to  ke^p  that  party  out  of  power.  The  free-sil- 
ver movement  had  begun  as  a  non- political  agi- 
tation on  the  part  of  silver- mine  owners  and 
the  communities  and  regions  interested  in  silver 
production.  It  had  been  taken  up  by  the  Popu- 
listic  element  in  certain  Western  farming  States, 
because  that  element  had  always  favored  cheap 
money  and  high  prices.  Ingenious  arguments 
had     been    made    to   spread  widely  through  the 


134 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


West  and  South  tlie  conviction  that  gold  had 
greatly  appreciated  relatively,  and  that  this  in- 
volved both  hardship  and  injustice  to  agricul- 
tural producers  and  debtoi-s — an  injustice  that 
would  be  evened  up  by  opening  the  mints  to 
the  free  coinage  of  silver.  There  is  no  inten- 
tion, on  our  part,  to  intimate  that  this  conviction 
was  not  held  honestly  and  in  good  faith.  If  it 
had  not  been  so  entertained,  there  would  have 
been  no  reason  to  take  it  seriously.  It  is  ridicu- 
lous to  suppose  that  there  is  not  just  as  much 
decency  and  common  honesty  in  one  great  party 
as  in  another.  The  danger  did  not  lie  in  the 
bad  intentions  of  a  large  fraction  of  the  American 
people  ;  for  their  intentions  were  above  reproach. 
The  danger  lay  rather  in  the  attempt  to  make  a 
political  and  a  sentimental  question  out  of  a  diffi- 
cult and  technical  subject  that  on  its  theoretical 
side  belongs  to  monetary  science,  and  on  its 
practical  side  to  experts  in  public  and  private 
finance  and  business.  The  silver  question,  in 
point  of  fact,  has  had  just  as  profound  and 
anxious  study  during  the  three  past  decades  in 
various  other  countries  as  in  the  United  States  ; 
but  ours,  as  it  happens,  is  the  only  country  that 
has  been  so  unfortunate  as  to  have  the  subject 
forced  upon  it  as  one  of  j)opular  party  contro- 
versy. Many  other  subjects  were  mentioned  in 
the  platforms  of  189G,  and  some  incidental  atten- 
tion was  paid  to  the  personality  of  candidates  and 
other  matters  of  detail  ;  but  the  contest,  as  a 
whole,  was  waged  purely  upon  the  one  piecise 
proposition  of  the  Democrats — viz.,  to  open  tlie 
mints  to  the  free  coinage  of  silver  dollars  at  the 
ratio  of  16  to  1.  That  proposition  the  country 
rejected  ;  and  business  interests,  which  above 
all  things  seek  stability  of  conditions,  felt  that 
they  were  justly  entitled  to  the  fruits  of  their 
victory. 

-  It  was    hoped    that   the    Democratic 

Mistake  at    party  would  see   the   matter  in   that 

Kansas  City,   j^^^,^^    -^    ^^jOQ.      It  was,    of    course, 

well  understood  that  the  Populists  would  reit- 
erate their  belief  in  free  silver,  although  this 
arbitrary  coinage  dogma  has  nothing  whatever 
to  do  with  the  essential  principles  of  Topulism. 
It  was  also  well  known  that  the  Silver  Republi- 
cans would  refuse  to  admit  that  their  cause  was 
lost  ;  but  it  was  hoped  in  many  quarters  that  the 
Democratic  party  would  not  this  year  allow  Popu- 
lists and  Silver  Republicans  to  write  its  platform 
and  determine  its  position — rather  that  it  would 
resume  its  old-time  normal  place  asa  true  opposi- 
tion party.  Hut  it  did  not  turn  out  in  that  way. 
Mr.  liryan's  renomination  carried  with  it,  against 
the  real  preferences  and  best  judgment  of  more 
tlian  half  of  the  convention,   the  platform  that 


he  insisted  upon  having  if  lie  was  to  be  the 
candidate.  In  politics,  times  and  seasons  need 
to  be  consulted  ;  and  some  order  of  exercises 
must  be  agreed  upon  if  a  party  means  to  achieve 
results.  The  silver  question  divides  American 
public  opinion  along  one  line  of  cleavage,  and 
the  so-called  question  of  imperialism  divides  it 
along  a  wholly  different  line.  Neither  Mr.  Bry- 
an nor  any  other  political  leader  can  successfully 
unite  those  two  wholly  unrelated  issues.  If,  in- 
deed, the  administration's  policy  of  expansion, 
militarism,  and  treatment  of  territories  as  outside 
the  pale  of  the  Constitution  properly  constitute  a 
paramount  issue  before  the  country  this  year,  that 
fact  of  itself  should  furnish  sufficient  reason  and 
excuse  for  frankly  postponing  the  silver  question. 
If,  as  is  probable,  the  English  Liberals  will  de- 
cide, a  few  weeks  or  a  few  months  hence,  to  go 
before  the  country  with  a  general  attack  upon 
the  South  African  policy  of  the  Salisbury  admin- 
istration, they  will  not  attempt  in  the  same  cam- 
paign to  contend  for  the  immediate  disestablish- 
ment of  the  Church  or  the  abrogation  of  the 
House  of  Lords.  Those  questions  are  of  such 
magnitude  that  in  due  season  they  must  be  faced 
squarely  and  fought  out  all  by  themselves.  But 
it  may  be  twenty  or  thirty  years  before  the  Lib- 
eral party  can  get  around  to  the  joining  of  issues 
on  either  the  one  or  tlie  other  of  these  subjects. 
In  like  manner,  if  the  Democrats  were  intending 
this  year  to  make  a  successful  assault  upon  the 
general  policies  of  the  McKinley  administration 
and  the  Republican  Congress  as  regards  Porto 
Rico,  Cuba,  Hawaii,  the  Philippines,  the  Isth- 
mian Canal  question,  and  the  undoubtedly  close 


^ih^/^  -l^^~^^^ 


"  DANCE.  OLi>  LADY,  DANrE."-Froni  the  Tl'm'/d  (New  York). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


135 


understanding  that  exists  between  our  State  De- 
partment and  the  English  Foreign  Office,  it  was 
a  fatal  mistake  to  mix  that  assault  up  with  the 
demand  for  an  immediate  return  to  the  free  coin- 
age of  silver  at  the  ratio  of  IG  to  1.  Most  of 
the  influential  men  of  tlie  United  States  who  are 
really  opposed  to  the  military  and  colonial  poli- 
cies of  the  Republican  party  are  even  more 
strongly  opposed  to  the  silver  plank  of  the 
Democrats. 

^    ^     ..      Tlie  problems  of  money,  banking,  and 

War  Questiofis  «        '  ,  /,*  ,? 

Had  the      finance  are  always  with  us.      But  at 
Right  of  Way.  g^^^|^  ^  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^j^^  present,  when  no 

financial  crisis  exists,  and  general  business  is 
going  on 
smoothly,  it  is 
perfectly  feasi- 
ble to  postpone 
these  problems 
in  order  to  deal 
with  the  excep- 
tional issues 
demanding  im- 
mediate atten- 
tion that  have 
grown  out  of  a 
foreign  war. 
We  had  not  had 
a  foreign  war 
for  more  than 
fifty  years  when 
w  e  t  o  o  k  up 
arms  against 
Spai  n ;  and 
nothing  could 
be  more  natu- 
ral and  proper 
than  that  the  Presidential  campaign  immediately 
following  such  a  war  should  be  devoted  to  the 
questions  of  profound  scope  and  importance  that 
have  grown  in  various  unexpected  ways  out  of 
the  conduct  and  results  of  the  armed  conflict. 
At  the  last  Presidential  election  there  were  not 
many  people  in  the  United  States  who  knew 
where  the  Philippine  Islands  are.  The  campaign 
this  year  finds  us  trying  to  govern  those  islands 
in  ihe^distant  tropics,  with  about  60,000  of  our 
young  American  soldiers  undergoing  hardship*^ 
there,  and  with  no  prospect  of  their  early  recall.  " 
Our  new  status  involves  vastly  increased  taxation  ? 
and  public  expenditure.  Surely  ail  this  extraor- 
dinary cliange  in  the  conditions  and  the  work 
of  our  federal  government  affords  appropriate 
issues  for  discussion  in  the  Presidential  year. 
There  ought  to  be  only  one  question  before  the 
American  people  ;  namely,  whether  or  not  enough 
confidence  is  felt  in  Mr.  McKinley  and  his  ad- 


GOV.  C.  8.  THOMAS,  OF  COLORADO. 

(Temporary  Chairman  of  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Convention.) 


HON.  W.  D.  OLOHAM,  OF  NEBRASKA. 

(Who  made  the  speech  nominating  Bryan.) 

visers,  and  in  the  Republican  majorities  that 
cooperate  with  him  in  both  houses  of  Congress, 
to  justify  giving  Mr.  McKinley  another  four 
years  in  the  White  House,  and  keeping  the 
Republicans  in  the  majority  in  Congress. 


Butthe  DemO'  This 

crata  Have        ,  , 

Chosen  to  Stake  themselves 


indeed,  is  what  the  Democrats 
say  in  their  platform. 
AiionSiiuer.  ^^^^i^  having  Said  it,  they  take  all  the 
force  out  of  the  statement  by  informing  the  coun- 
try that  if  they  are  put  in  power  to  deal  in  a  dif- 
ferent way  with  those  questions  of  militarism  and 
territorial  expansion,  they  will  not  confine  them- 
selves to  that  work,  but  will  immediately  set 
about  trying  to  put  the  private  business  of  the 
people  of  the  United  States  upon  the  basis  of  the 


Farmer  Bryan  :  **  Here's  a  little  formality  to  be  attended 
to  first,  gentlemen."— From  the  Broithlyn  Eaulc  (New  Yorlc). 


136 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


silver  dollar.  This  must,  of  necessity,  change 
the  fighting-ground  altogether..  The  country 
decided,  four  years  ago,  that  it  would  be  ex- 
tremely inconvenient  to  try  the  experiment  of 
free- silver  coinage;  and  the  business  history  of  the 
years  that  have  elapsed  since  1896  has  obviously 
rendered  it  still  more  inconvenient  to  have  such 


IB  SUICIDE   A  CKIMB? 

Those  in  the  Background:   "It's   sixteen  to  one  he 
doesn't  pull  througli  aUve  this  time.*' 

From  itie  Journal  (Minneapolis). 

an  experiment  put  into  immediate  operation.  To 
revert  to  our  analogy  :  If  the  Liberals  in  Eng- 
land should  declare  in  the  approaching  campaign 
that,  while  they  regard  the  South  African  ques- 
tion as  the  paramount  issue,  they  will,  if  put 
in  power,  proceed  immediately  to  disestablish 
the  Church  and  to  abolish  the  House  of  Lords, 
it  is  as  plain  as  the  noonday  sun  that  the  election 
would  not  turn  upon  the  South  African  question 
at  all.  In  like  manner,  as  matters  now  stand, 
there  is  no  reason  in  logic,  common  sense,  or 
practical  conditions  why  the  Presidential  election 
in  the  United  States  this  year  should  not  turn 
upon  what  the  people  of  the  country  must  con- 
sider to  be  the  really  vital  question  that  has  been 
brought  into  the  arena.  Mr.  Bryan  himself 
thought  the  immediate  free  coinage  of  silver  to 
be  so  important  that  he  distinctly  insisted  that  he 
would  refuse  the  nomination  if  that  subject  were 
postponed.  The  convention  decided  in  accord- 
ance with  Mr.  Bryan's  views. 


^  What  would  have  happened    if   the 

Might  Have  Kansas  (Mty  convention  had  acted 
^^'"'  otherwise  ?  One  man's  opinion  on 
that  question  is,  perhaps,  as  good  as  another's. 
Our  own  view  is  that  it  would  have  strengthened 
the  Democratic  party  enormously  if  it  had 
adopted  at  Kansas  City  a  resolution  reading 
somewhat  as  follow^ : 

We  do  not  in  any  way  abandon  or  disregard  our 
former  views  and  convictions  on  the  important  ques- 
tions of  the  coinage  and  the  currency.  But  we  believe 
that  patriotis^n  as  well  as  political  expediency  requires 
that  we  should  sul)ordinate  these  questions  at  the 
present  time,  in  onler  that  the  country  may  have  the 
opportunity  to  give  its  verdict  squarely  for  or  against 
the  Republican  jjolicies  that  have  grown  out  of  the 
results  of  the  war  with  Spain.  We  pledge  ourselves,  if 
put  in  power  by  the  votes  of  the  people,  not  to  disturb 
the  stattis  quo  as  respects  the  monetary  standard  until 
we  shall  have  had  another  opportunity  to  submit  the 
silver  question  directly  to  the  popular  verdict — either 
in  the  Congressional  elections  of  two  years  hence  or  in 
the  Presidential  campaign  of  1904,  as  may  hereafter 
seem  advisable. 

If  Mr.  Bryan  personally  had  been  willing  to 
take  this  view  of  the  situation,  and  had  asked 
the  Kansas  City  convention  to  adopt  such  a  reso- 
lution, it  would,  in  our  opinion,  have  been  adopted 
not  only  with  absolute  unanimity  and  with  great 
enthusiasm,  but  it  would  have  carried  with  it 
an  air  of  responsible  statesmanship  that  would 
strongly  have  impressed  the  country.  It  would 
have  reassured  Eastern  Democrats,  and  would 
have  brought  them  to  the  support  of  the  ticket  and 
platform  with  immense  animation.  It  would 
have  given  entire  consistency  to  the  plan  of 
nominating  an  Eastern  Democrat  for  the  Vice- 
Presidency.  Nor  would  it,  in  our  opinion,  have 
alienated  from  the  Democratic  ticket  anv   con- 


PRINCE  TUAN  BRYAN  FORCING  THE  DEiMOCRATIC  DOWAOBB- 
EMPRESS  TO  COMMIT  SUICIDE, 

From  the  Journal  (Detroit). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


137 


SKNATOR  TILLMAN,  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

(Who  presented  the  platform  to  the  convention.) 

siderable  percentage  of  the  pro  silver  voters  of 
the  West.  The  Republicans  are  now  definitely 
and  permanently  committed  to  the  single  gold 
standard.  The  Democrats  would  merely  have 
put  themselves  in  the  justifiable  position  of  deal- 
ing with  one  great  issue  at  a  time.  Such  a  post- 
ponement, far  from  being  a  dodging  of  the  silver 
question,  might  have  been  strongly  defended  as 
containing  the  only  possible  hope  for  the  ultimate 
•  success  of  the  silver  cause. 

A»  to  states'  If  this  is  the  year  for  defeating  im- 

manakip.  Con-  ...  „      ^    •    i      •  ^  ^\ 

Bistency,  and  perialism,  It  Certainly  is  not  the  year 
Fusion.  £qj,  (jef eating  the  gold  standard.  To 
try  defeating  both  at  once  can  only  mean  failure. 
Issues  of  such  magnitude  cannot  be  bunched. 
The  element  of  time  cannot  be  disregarded. 
Those  who  believe  implicitly  in  the  fundamental 
and  permanent  truth  of  the  16-to-l  doctrine  should 
liave  shown  some  breadth  of  view,  some  capacity 
for  patience  and  foresight,  and  some  talent  in  the 
direction  of  the  larger  sort  of  political  strategy. 
The  postponement  of  the  silver  question  in  this 
spirit,  at  Mr.  Bryan's  direct  proposal,  would 
have  shaken  nobody's  faith  in  the  sincerity  and 
firmness  of  his  views  on  the  money  question  ; 
but  would,  on  the  contrary,  have  added  im- 
mensely to  the  belief  of  the  country  that  Mr. 
Bryan  is  a  practical  statesman.  Statesmanship 
calls  for  the  ability  to  meet  large  situations  as 
they  arise.      The  war  created   e.xceptional  condi- 


tions, which  had  the  right  of  way.  And  if  a 
campaign  is  to  be  fought  on  war  issues,  it  cannot 
be  fought  on  the  tariff  question,  or  the  silver  ques- 
tion, or  the  trust  question,  or  the  income-tax  ques- 
tion, or  the  negro  question.  It  is  said  that  Mr. 
Bryan  held  a  certain  theory  as  to  what  was  required 
by  his  own  personal  consistency,  and  also  that  he 
saw  no  way  to  maintain  the  fusion  of  the  Silver 
Republican  group  and  the  majority  wing  of  the 
Populists  in  support  of  his  candidacy  except 
upon  the  pledge  of  immediate  free -silver  coin- 
age. But  his  consistency  would  not  have 
suffered  much  if  he  had  recognized  the  fact 
that  a  war  changes  everything,  and  that  it  may 
well  have  compelled  the  postponement  of  various 
questions.  The  Populists  and  Silver  Republi- 
cans, on  the  other  hand,  would  probably  have 
come  to  the  sane  and  reasonable  conclusion  that 
after  all  the  only  way  by  which  they  could  make 
their  votes  effective  would  be  to  support  Mr. 
Bryan,  and  hold  him  in  due  time  to  the  pledge 
that  the  silver  question  should  have  its  inning. 

What  Could  ^^  ^^  ^®®^  rather  feebly  suggested , 
Bryan  do     in  Certain  quarters,  that  Mr.  Bryan's 

/  Elected  ?  insistence  upon  the  silver  plank  was 
merely  for  the  sake  of  holding  the  votes  of  his 
pro-silver  friends  in  the  West  and  South,  and  to 
relieve  him  of  embarrassment  as  the  formal  pro- 
silver  candidate  of  two  other  parties  besides  the 
Democratic.  According  to  this  theory,  his  real 
intention  is  not  to  crowd  the  silver  question  to 
the  front  if  elected.  Those  who  have  put  for- 
ward this  view  go  farther  and  try  to  show  that  a 
fr6e -silver  President,  with  a  free-silver  secretary 
of  the  treasury  and  a  free-silver  majority  in  the 
House  of  Representives,  could  not  do  anything 
to  change  the  practical  monetary  policy  of  the 
country,  unless  there  were  also  a  clear  free -silver 
majority  in  the  Senate.  All  this  is  skating  upon 
very  thin  ice.  It  is  impertinent  in  the  highest 
degree  to  assume  that  Mr.  Bryan,  if  elected, 
would  not  immediately  do  everything  in  his 
power  by  practical  treasury  methods  to  break 
down  the  present  policy  of  treating  legal-tender 
silver  dollars  as  mere  token -money  redeemable 
in  gold.  It  is  only  reasonable  to  believe  that 
Mr.  Bryan  would  have  not  only  the  purpose,  but 
the  power,  if  elected,  to  change  very  materially 
the  existing  methods,  and  to  throw  very  great 
doubt  in  the  minds  of  the  commercial  world  at 
large  upon  the  continuance  of  a  gold  standard  in 
the  United  States. 

It  is  undoubtedly  the  general  opinion 
A^gfment.  '  ^^  Eastern    business  men  and  finan- 
ciers, as  it  is  also  the   opinion  of  a 
great    many    Western    business    men,   that    Mr. 


138 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^/EIVS. 


Bryan's  election  would  frighten  the  business 
world  into  the  most  violent  panic  ever  known  in 
the  history  of  our  country.  Panics  are  usually 
due  to  fear  and  distrust.  We  do  not  assert  that 
Mr.  Bryan's  election  ought  to  be  followed  by  a 
wild  and  riotous  stampede  in  Wall  Street  and  a 
series  of  commercial  collapses  throughout  the 
country.  We  have  merely  to  record  the  fact 
that  Eastern  business  men  themselves  confess 
that  Mr.  Bryan's  election  would  make  them 
either  active  participants  or  helpless  victims  in  a 
tremendous  panic.  If  the  silver  question  were 
to  >)e  definitely  postponed,  and  tlie  campaign 
fought  on  the  question  of  indorsing  or  condemn- 
ing the  McKinley  administration,  the  question  of 
private  business  prosperity  would  not  be  serious- 
ly involved  one  way  or  the  other.  It  happens 
that  we  have  had  several  years  of  good  crops, 
high  agricultural  prices,  and  extraordinary  in- 
dustrial activity.  A  reaction  is  bound  to  come 
sooner  or  later  ;  but  it  is  the  general  belief  of 
the  commercial  world  that  fairly  good  times  may 
continue  perhaps  two  or  three  years  longer,  if 
nothing  is  done  to  disturb  the  general  conditions 
unrlerlyiug  business  transactions.  And  so  there 
are  a  great  many  people  who  are  disposed  to 
agree  with  Mr.  Bryan  in  his  views  of  what  they 
choose  to  call  imperialism,  but  who  do  not  want 
to  run  the  risk  of  an  immediate  change  of  our 
monetary  standards.  To  put  it  bluntly,  they 
prefer  all  the  evils  of  the  McKinley  regime  of 
imperialism  to  the  sacrifice  of  the  gold  standard. 
They  favor  the  abandonment  of  the  Philippines 
and  the  other  island  acquisitions,  but  not  at  the 
expense  of  free-silver  coinage  or  a  financial  panic 
and  a  collapse  of  '*  prosperity." 


How  Tammany  On  the  face  of  things,  Mr.  Bryan's 
Scale  at  Kan-  Position  wouUl  seem  stronger  than 
aaa  City,  tliat  of  almost  any  other  man  in  the 
history  of  American  politics.  The  Populists 
had  taken  him  as  tlieir  candidate  in  anticipa- 
tion of  the  convention  of  his  own  party.  The 
Silver  Republicans  held  their  convention  at  Kan- 
sas City  in  the  same  week  with  the  Demo- 
crats, and  unanimously  indorsed  him  as  the 
nominee.  To  all  outward  seeming,  the  Demo- 
cratic party  was  completely  under  the  spell  of 
Mr.  Bryan's  influence.  Yet  it  was  evident 
enough  that  if  the  convention  had  acted  upon  its 
own  real  sentiments,  it  would  have  dropped  the 
silver  question.  There  was  a  protracted  contest 
in  the  C'ommittee  on  Resolutions,  and  the  States 
whose  committeemen  opposed  the  free  •  silver 
plank  had  a  majority  of  the  members  of  the  con- 
vention. As  on  many  a  previous  occasion  in 
political  controversies,  the  great  State  of  New 
York  held  a  pivotal  place.  If  the  delegation 
from  New  York  had  stood  firmly  against  silver, 
under  the  leadership  of  ex -Senator  David  B. 
Hill,  it  could  have  turned  the  scale  and  carried 
the  convention — at  least  to  the  extent  of  omitting 
a  specific  free  -  silver  plank.  But  Mr.  Richard 
Croker,  rather  than  ex -Senator  Hill,  controlled 
the  majority  of  the  New  York  delegation,  and 
refused  to  allow  Mr.  Hill  to  serve  on  the  resolu- 
tions committee,  while  making  it  plain  that  the 
Tammany  influence  was  for  Mr.  Bryan's  free- 
silver  plank.  Mr.  Croker's  recent  utterances 
have  shown  that  he  is  absolutely  without  any 
opinions  or  convictions  whatever  on  the  silver 
question,  the  expansion  question,  or  any  other 
national  issue.     Tammany  is  not  a  political  or- 


^■^r-^- 


From  a  drawiip^  l.y  F..  Fredericks. 


Courtesy  of  the  New  York  y^mrnml. 

Hon.  William  Sulxer. 


Hon.  Daxid  B.  Hill.  Richard  Croker. 

UNPRECKDENTED  DEMONSTRATION  FOB   HON.   DAVID   B.  HILL  AS  HE  ENTERED  THE  CONVENTION  HALL. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


139 


ganization  in  the  true  sense,  but  a  business  asso- 
ciation whose  object  is  to  profit  through  the 
influence  that  conies  from  exercising  municipal 
aiuliority  in  New  York  City.  There  is  no  rea- 
son to  suppose  that  Tammany  cares  much  to  see 
Mr.  Bryan  elected.  There  is  a  good  deal  of  rea- 
son to  think,  on  the  contrary,  that  Tammany 
tliis  year,  as  in  previous  Presidential  years,  will 
take  a  strictly  local  and  practical  view  of  the 
campaign. 

The  South,  for  peculiar  reasons  unre- 
Mdlta^  lated  to  the  questions  discussed  in  the 
Leaders,  party  platfomis,  will  this  yoar,  as 
usual,  support  the  Democratic  ticket.  There  is 
no  conclusive  reason,  however,  for  supposing 
that  Southern  Democrats  care  very  much  about 
the  issue  of  'imperialism,"  or  that  they  are 
clamorous  for  free  silver.  The  instinctive  feel- 
ing of  the  South,  like  that  of  the  Pacific  Slope,  is 


HON.  DAVID  B.  HILL. 

toward  commercial  expansion  and  the  finding  of 
foreign  markets.  The  present  make-up  of  the 
Democratic  party  is  thus  exceedingly  difficult  to 
•'stimate  and  understand.  The  old  leaders  have 
nearly  all  disappeared  from  the  stage.  Senator 
Jones,  of  Arkansas,  wlio  continues  at  the  head  of 
the  National  Committee,  occupies  the  leading 
place,  and  almost  as  conspicuous  is  ex- Governor 
Stone,  of  Missouri.  It  is  impossible  to  forecast 
intelligently  the  sort  of  cabinet  that  Mr.  Bryan 
would  appoint  if  he  should  be  elected.  As  Mr. 
Walter  Wellman  sets  forth  in  an  interesting  arti- 
cle contributed  to  this  number  of  tl:e  Revif.w, 
descriptive  of   the  Kansas  City   convention,  tlie 


Photo  hy  Prince. 

MR.  RICHARD  CROKEU. 

(Whose  influence  prevented  the  rejection  of  the 
free-silver  planlc.) 

very  men  most  strongly  identified  with  the  sup- 
port of  Mr.  Bryan's  candidacy  were  anxious  to 
have  the  silver  question  relegated  to  the  back- 
groimd  ;  and  it  was  they  who  succeeded  in 
having  the  convention  declare  **  imperialism  *' 
to  be  the  paramount  issue.  But  Mr.  Bryan  has 
made  it  unmistakable  that  for  him  the  silver 
question  now,  as  four  years  ago,  is  the  vital  one. 
And  so  all  other  questions  will  take  minor  rank 
in  comparison  with  the  supreme  question  whether 
or  not  the  country  is  willing  to  take  the  chances 
of  Mr.  Bryan  in  the  White  House.  This  focuses 
attention  upon  the  Democratic  candidate,  and 
leaves  McKinley,  Roosevelt,  imperialism,  mili- 
tarism, the  English  alliance,  and  all  kindred 
issues  rather  in  the  shadow.  If  the  silver 
question  were  postponed,  McKinleyism  would  be 
^  under  scrutiny,  and  the  Republicans  would  have 
to  take  the  defensive.  But  Mr.  Bryan  deliljer- 
ately  chose  to  take  a  position  that  wholly  shifts 
the  fighting-ground,  and  makes  Bryanism  the 
paramount  issue.  It  may  have  been  magnificent 
from  the  personal  standpoint :  but  it  was  not 
normal  politics,  and  it  seemed  to  foreshadow 
inevitable  defeat.  No  one  can,  at  least,  question 
the  will-power  of  tlie  Democratic  candidate.  To 
many  minds,  his  inflexibility  is  his  cliief  fault. 


140 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


Mr.  Bryan's  personal  preference  in 
Vice-  the  matter  of  a  candidate  for  the 
Presidency.  Vice- Presidency  was  well  known. 
The  Populists  had  nominated  for  that  office  Mr. 
Towne,  of  Minnesota,  a  Silver  Republican  who 
had  supported  Bryan  in  1896,  and  whose  only 
reason  at  that  time  for  not  enrolling  himself  as  a 


HON.  ADLAI  B.  STEVENSON,  OF  ILLINOIS. 

(Democratic  nominee  for  the  Vice-Presidency.) 

Democrat  was  found  in  the  advice  of  the  Demo- 
cratic leaders  that  he  could  help  the  Bryan  cause 
more  effectively  by  working  as  a  Silver  Republi- 
can. Mr.  Bryan  believed  that  several  advantages 
would  be  gained  by  the  nomination  of  Mr.  Towne 
at  Kansas  City.  He  chose,  however,  not  to  in- 
sist ;  and  the  convention  evidently  considered 
tliat  since  in  the  platform,  as  well  as  in  the  selec- 
tion of  the  head  of  the  ticket,  everything  had 
been  yielded  to  the  radical  element,  it  would  be 
well  to  give  the  second  place  on  the  ticket  to  the 
other  wing.  Ex- Senator  Hill,  of  New  York, 
who  was  the  most  striking  figure  in  the  conven- 
tion on  the  side  of  those  who  represented  old- 
fashioned  Democracy,  would  have  been  nomi- 
nated for  the  Vice- Presidency  by  an  overwhelm- 
ing majority  if  he  had  not  refused  to  take  the 
place.  Mr.  Stev^enson,  of  Illinois,  who  was 
elected  Vice-President  in  1892  on  the  ticket  with 
Mr.  Cleveland,  was  finally  selected  as  a  compro- 
mise candidate.  He  is  not,  however,  a  strict 
conservative.      For  a  number  of  years,  indeed,  he 


has  been  regarded  as  in  sympathy  with  the  views 
that  are  sumnied  up  in  the  word  *' Bryanism.'' 
It  was  as  a  pro-silver  Democrat  that  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  McKinley  in  1897  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  commission  of  whicli  Senator  Wolcott, 
of  Colorado,  was  chairman  to  visit  Europe  in  tlie 
interests  of  bimetallism.  Of  Mr.  Stevenson's  per- 
sonality and  career,  we  shall  present  a  more  ex- 
tended account  next  month. 


The  Double 
Candidacy 
Problem. 


Meanwliile,  Mr.  Bryan  finds  himself 
now,  as  four  years  ago,  in  association 
with  two  candidates  for  the  Vice- 
Presidency.  Our  readers  must  remember  that 
the  situation  is  complicated  by  the  fact  that  citi- 
zens do  not  vote  directly  for  Presidential  and 
Vice-Presidential  nominees,  but  for  groups  of 
electors.  In  order  to  make  their  votes  count  for 
the  common  end  of  promoting  the  election  of 
Bryan,  Democrats  and  Populists  must  in  each 
State  unite  on  a  common  electoral  ticket.     Tliis 


HON.  CHARLES  A.  TOWNE.  OF    MINNESOTA. 

(Populist  nominee  for  the  Vice-Presidency.) 

makes  it  difficult  in  the  extreme  to  have  two  can- 
didates for  the  Vice  •  Presidency.  Mr.  Bryan's 
programme  sliould  have  V)een  accepted  as  a  logi- 
cal whole  at  Kansas  City,  or  else  the  convention 
should  have  acted  on  its  own  initiative  from  be- 
ginning to  end.  If  the  convention  had  shown 
the  courage  of  its  real  convictions,  it  would  have 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


141 


carried  the  fight  on  the  silver  plank  from  the 
resolutions  conunittee  to  the  floor  of  the  conven- 
tion hall,  and  voted  to  postpone  the  coinage  ques- 
tion for  four  years.  Since,  however,  the  con- 
vention accepted  Mr.  Bryan's  silver  plank,  it 
ought,  in  consistency  and  good  policy,  to  have 
made  Mr.  Towne  the  Vice  Presidential  nominee. 
The  outcome  has  encouraged  the  so-called  Mid 
die  of  the  Road  Populists,  whose  nominees  are 
Mr.  Wharton  Barker,  of  Philadelphia,  and  Mr. 
Ignatius  Donnelly,  of  Minnesota.  This  organi- 
zation is  now  exerting  itself  to  the  utmost  to 
draw  away  Populistic  votes  from  the  support  of 
Bryan  and  Stevenson.  There  are  two  or  three 
other  less  important  Presidential  tickets  in  the 
field  ;  and  of  these  we  shall  make  more  extended 
note  in  a  subsequent  number  of  the  Review. 

The  silver  question,  to  resume  our 
^w  QenVraT  ^liscussion,    is   SO   intensely  practical 

that  the  many  other  issues  set  forth 
in  the  Democi-atic  platform  become,  in  compari- 
son, merely  academic  and  incidental.  The  con- 
vention was  enthusiastic  and  its  philippics  were 
fierce.  Xevertheless,  the  natural  feeling  of  the 
country  is  that  the  opinions  of  a  free-silver  party 
on  any  other  subject  than  the  currency  are  ir- 
relevant. If,  indeed,  the  Democrats  believe  that 
"  the  very  existence  of  the  republic  and  the  de- 
struction of  our  free  institutions''  are  involved 
in  •^the  burning  issue  of  imperialism  growing 
out  of  the  Spanish  War,'  why  should  they  have 
chosen  this  occasion  to  thrust  the  silver  issue 
u[)on  the  country  ?  They  will  not  find  it  easier, 
as  the  campaign  progresses,  to  answer  this  simple 
query.  Ti;e  platform  antagonizes,  in  the  most 
dii*ect  way,  the  Republican  doctrine  that  the  Con- 
stitution does  not  of  its  own  force  and  vigor  ex- 
tend to  the  territories.  Presi<ient  McKinley  and 
the  Republicans  in  general  emphatically  deny  the 
principle  that  '*  the  Constitution  follows  the  flag." 
The  issue  involved  in  this  question  alone  is  great 
enough,  in  view  of  our  existing  situation,  to  hold 
the  central  place  in  a  national  campaign. 

The  platform  demands  the  prompt 
Cuban  and  honest  fulfillment  of  our  pledge 
Question.  ^^  ^^^^  Cuban  people,  and  arraigns 
the  Republican  administration  for  maintaining 
**  carpet-bag  officials ''  in  that  island,  and  holding 
on  to  an  occupation  that  is  no  longer  necessary. 
This  plank  is  thoroughly  unfair.  It  is  not  true 
that  we  have  been  holding  on  in  Cuba  for  a  long 
time  after  the  restoration  of  order.  We  have 
been  preparing,  at  a  marvelously  rapid  rate,  for 
evacuation.  By  the  terms  of  the  peace  treaty, 
the  Spaniards  in  Cuba  were  accorded  a  year  in 
which  to  make  final  choice  of  allegiance.     That 


year  ended  only  about  three  months  ago.  Mean- 
while, we  had  taken  a  census  and  prepared  for  a 
voting- roll.  Already  almost  all  the  officials  in 
the  island  are  Cubans.  We  have  been  doing 
everything  humanly  possible  to  create  home  rule 
in  municipal  and  local  government,  and  to  pre- 
pare the  way  ♦for  Cuban  home  rule  on  the  larger 
plane.  Governor- General  Wood  and  those  as- 
sociated witli  him  are  carrying  on  their  work 
with  remarkable  skill  and  in  a  strictly  non- 
partisan way.  Should  we  be  able  to  withdraw 
from  Cuba  at  the  end  of  another  year,  we  shall 
have  completed  our  work  of  restoration  and 
guardianship  there  in  a  shorter  time  than  any 
reasonable  person  acquainted  with  the  situation 
could  ever  have  supposed  to  be  possible.  The 
Democratic  convention  was  guilty  of  a  ridiculous 
and  disgraceful  aspersion  upon  the  good  faith  of 
the  people  of  the  United  States  when  it  put  the 
following  statement  into  its  platform  : 

The  war  ended  nearly  two  years  ago,  profound  peace 
reigns  over  all  the  island,  and  still  the  administration 
keeps  the  government  of  the  island  from  its  people, 
while  Republican  carpet-bag  officials  plunder  its  reve- 
nues and  exploit  the  colonial  theory  to  the  disgrace  of 
the  American  people. 

The  only  real  danger  is  that  the  reluctance  of 
the  administration  to  endure  such  taunts  and 
unjust  criticisms  will  lead  to  our  premature  re- 
tirement from  an  island  which,  in  its  present 
state,  needs  exactly,  the  kind  of  steady  assistance 
that  its  institutional  life  is  now  receiving.  What 
our  people  are  doing,  for  example,  to  create  a 
common -school  system  in  Cuba  is  of  priceless 
value  to  the  people  of  the  island  ;  and  it  would 
be  disastrous  to  have  it  stopped  at  just  the  pres- 
ent stage.  We  have  been  unfortunate  in  a  few  of 
the  men  we  have  sent  there  ;  but  the  adminis- 
tration has  shown  no  disposition  to  shield  rascals. 
The  Cuban  postal  scandal  is  the  exception  that 
proves  the  rule.  The  fifteen  hundred  Cuban 
school  teachers  at  Cambridge,  Mass. ,  last  month  ; 
the  marvelously  improved  sanitary  condition  of 
Havana,  and  a  dozen  other  items  of  similar 
importance  that  are  to  the  credit  of  our  Cuban 
administrators,  sufficiently  answer  the  charges 
that  were  preferred  at  Kansas  City  last  month. 

The  Philippine  question  is  brilliantly 

Philippine    and  strongly  stated  in  the  Democratic 

Question,     platform.      The  following  paragraphs 

contain  by  far  the   ablest  and   most  convincing 

statement  that  has  l)een  made,  so  far  as  we  are 

aware,  in  opposilicm  to  our  present  policy  : 

We  condemn  and  denounce  the  Philippine  policy  of 
the  present  administration.  It  has  embroiled  the  re- 
public in  an  unnecessary  war.  sacriflceil  the  lives  of 
many  of  its  noblest  sons,  and  placed  the  United  States, 


142 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^lEiV  OF  REyiElVS. 


previously  known  and  applauded  throughout  the  world 
as  the  champion  of  freedom,  in  the  false  and  un-Ameri- 
can position  of  crushing  with  milit-ary  force  the  eflPorts 
of  our  former  allies  to  achieve  liberty  and  self-govern- 
ment. The  Filipinos  cannot  be  citizens  without  en- 
dangering our  civilization ;  they  cannot  be  subjects 
without  imperiling  our  form  of  government,  and  as  we 
are  not  willing  to  surrender  our  civilization  or  to  con- 
vert the  republic  into  an  empire,  we  favor  an  imme- 
diate declaration  of  the  nation's  purpose  to  give  to  the 
Filipinos  :  first,  a  stable  form  of  government ;  second, 
independence ;  and,  third,  protection  from  outside  in- 
terference, such  as  has  been  given  for  nearly  a  century 
to  the  republics  of  Central  and  South  America. 

The  greedy  commercialism  which  dictated  the  Philip- 
pine policy  of  the  Republican  administration  attempts 
to  justify  it  with  the  plea  that  it  will  pay ;  but  even 
this  sordid  and  unworthy  plea  fails  when  brought  to 
the  test  of  facts.  The  war  of  "criminal  aggression" 
against  the  Filipino!^  entailing  an  annual  expense  of 
many  millions,  has  already  cost  more  than  any  possible 
profit  that  could  accrue  from  the  entire  Philippine  trade 
for  years  to  come.  Furthermore,  when  trade  is  ex- 
tended at  the  expense  of  libertj^,  the  price  is  always 
too  high. 

We  are  not  opposed  to  territorial  expansion  when  it 
takes  in  desirable  territory  which  can  be  erected  into 
States  in  the  Union,  and  whose  people  are  willing  and 
fit  to  become  American  citizens.  We  favor  trade  ex- 
pansion by  every  peaceful  and  legitimate  means.  But 
we  are  unalterably  opposed  to  the  seizing  or  purchas- 
ing of  distant  islands  to  be  governed  outside  the  Con- 
stitution and  whose  people  can  never  become  citizens. 

The  platform  might  fairly  have  gone 
/  ^**/i?*"//     f^i't^i^r  ^^  pointing  out  the  great  force 

of  young  Americans  now  in  the  distant 
Philippines,  and  in  exploiting  the  opinion  of  our 
generals  that  we  will  hove  to  keep  at  least  40,000 
men  there  for  several  years  to  come.  The  Re- 
publican reply  to  all  this,  of  course,  must  be  that 
the  country  has  attempted  step  by  step  to  meet 
its  responsibilities  ;  and  that  wliile  it  does  not 
enjoy  warfare  and  bloodshed  in  the  Philippines 
or  anywhere  else,  there  could  be  nothing  but  dis- 
honor and  disgrace  in  the  withdrawal  from  a  task 
which  has  already  been  carried  tii rough  its  worst 
stages.  The  news  from  the  Philippines  is  not 
altogether  disheartening.  There  is  a  good  deal 
of  evidence  to  show  that  the  country  is  quieting 
down  and  reverting  to  normal  conditions.  On 
that  point  we  have  direct  private  advices  received 
late  in  July  which  lead  us  to  believe  that  with  a 
reasonable  amount  of  wisdom  the  problem  of 
complete  pacification  in  the  Philii^pines  ought  not 
henceforth  to  be  one  involving  extraordinary  dif- 
ficulty. On  June  LM,  General  MacArthur  pro- 
mulgated an  amnesty  proclamation  at  Manila,  un- 
der which  a  good  many  Filipino  lea<lers  have 
accepted  the  authority  of  the  United  States. 
Gen.  Pio  del  Pilar,  tor  example,  is  now  working 
harmoniously  witli  tlie  American  authorities,  and 
has  been   traveling  through   outlying  provinces 


persuading  the  armed  insurgents  to  accept  the 
amnesty  terms.  It  is  declared  at  Washington 
that  documents  have  been  captured  which  show 
conclusively  that  Aguinaldo's  plan  was  to  keep 
the  insurgent  movement  alive  during  the  pend- 
ing Presidential  campaign,  with  the  idea  that  a 
Democratic  victory  would  mean  the  full  triumph 
of  the  Filipino  cause.  The  insurgent  movement 
has  disintegrated  ;  and  if  American  administra- 
tors show  as  much  good  judgment  as  English - 


.     ^"^S 
/ 


^/ 


THE  AMNESTY  PllOCLAMATION. 

Columbia:    ** Come,  let's  be  friends." 
From  the  Times  (Minneapolis). 

men,  for  example,  would  be  likely  to  show  under 
the  same  circumstances,  another  three  yeare  ought 
to  see  the  Philippine  Islands  in  a  condition  of 
contentment  and  prosperity  unknown  in  the  pre- 
vious history  of  the  archipelago. 

In  their  platform  adopted  at   Phila- 
" >liif/- rrM*< "  delphia,  the  Republicans,  after  admit- 
Planks,      ^^^^   ,,^|^^   propriety   of   the    honest 
cooperation  of  capital  to  meet  new  business  con- 
ditions," proceeded  as  follows  : 

But  we  condemn  all  conspiracies  and  combinations 
intended  to  restrict  busineSvS,  to  create  monopolies,  to 
limit  production,  or  to  control  prices,  and  favor  such 
legislation  as  will  effectively  restrain  and  prevent  all 
such  abuses,  protect  and  promote  competition,  and  se- 
cure the  rights  of  producers,  laborers,  and  all  who  are 
engaged  in  industrj'  and  commerce. 

The  Democrats  at  Kansas  City  were  far  more 
explicit  and  detailed  in  their  condemnation  of 
monopolies  and  trusts  ;  but  they  also  took  pains 
to  say  that  **  corporations  should  be  protected  in 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


143 


all  their  rights,  and  tlieir  legitimate  interests 
should  be  respected."  A  considerable  part  of 
this  Democratic  plank  is  devoted  to  assertions 
that  the  Republican  administration  protects  trusts 
"in  return  for  campaign  subscriptions  and  po- 
litical support."  It  also  attacks  the  Dingley 
tariff  law  as  a  **  trust-breeding  measure."  But 
its  principal  claim  to  attention  lies  in  its  demand 
that  the  laws  should  provide  for  ♦*  publicity  as  to 
the  affairs  of  corporations  engaged  in  interstate 
commerce,"  and  should  require 

all  corporations  to  show  before  doing  business  outside 
of  the  State  of  their  origin  that  they  have  no  water  in 
their  stock,  and  that  they  have  not  attempted,  and  are 
not  attempting,  to  monopolize  any  branch  of  business 
or  the  production  of  any  articles  of  merchandise,  and 
the  whole  constitutional  power  of  Cong^ress  over  inter- 
state commerce,  the  mails,  and  ail  modes  of  interstate 
communication  shall  be  exercised  by  the  enactment  of 
comprehensive  laws  upon  the  subject  of  trusts. 

Apart  from  the  more  explicit  remedies  pointed 
out  by  the  Democrats,  the  two  platforms  show 
very  much  the  same  attitude  toward  the  trusts. 
The  question  will  have  some  part,  doubtless,  in 
the  campaign,  and  it  will  be  generally  thought 
that  the  Democratic  hostility  to  trusts  is  more 
genuine  and  deep-rooted  than  that  of  the  Re- 
publicans. Nevertheless,  the  subject  is  not  tak- 
ing on  decided  shape  as  a  party  issue,  and  does 
not  promise  to  become  very  conspicuous  in  the 
camp>aign,  unless  it  shall  appear  that  the  trusts 
are  themselves  taking  too  much  part  in  politics 
on  one  side  or  the  other. 

TruMt  Fortunately,  the  discussion  of  the 
and  the  trusts  is  taking  a  somewhat  cooler 
Pubtic  Mind,  ^qj^q  People  are  beginning  to  ex- 
press judgments  instead  of  fears  ;  and,  as  is  usual, 
the  knowledge  which  is  the  basis  of  judgment  is 
dispelling  fear.  It  is  not  that  knowledge  of  the 
trusts  shows  them  to  be  harmless  ; — quite  the  con- 
trary. But  it  shows  how  to  check  the  evil. 
Twelve  or  fifteen  years  ago,  investigations  by 
Congress  and  sev^eral  of  the  State  legislatures 
disclosed  the  criminal  relations  between  the  rail- 
roads and  some  of  the  great  trusts,  which  at  that 
time  were  technically  trusts  in  legal,  or,  as  it 
proved,  illegal  form.  The  interstate  commerce 
act,  and  a  plentiful  crop  of  statutes  aimed  at 
*•  trusts,"  whose  real  nature  the  legislators  did  not 
understand,  followed  as  a  first  result  of  the  peo- 
ple's fear.  The  trusts,  under  the  pressure  of 
statutes  and  courts,  changed  tlieir  form  ;  but  their 
methods  and  effects  remained  unchanged.  The 
financial  crisis  of  1893,  followed  by  the  period  of 
depression  of  the  three  or  four  years  following, 
naturally  led  business  men  to  seek  in  every  way 
possible  to  save  expense.     It  was  soon   learned 


that  much  could  be  saved  by  combination. 
The  flush  times  beginning  three  or  four  years 
ago,  with  the  large  stock  of  capital  lying  idle  for 
investment,  naturally  gave  a  great  impulse  to  the 
movement  toward  consolidation.  Speculation, 
which  always  is  one  product  of  prosperous  days, 
stimulated  the  movement  still  more.  The  pro- 
moter saw  his  opportunity,  the  private  bankei-s 
saw  theirs.  These  influences  acting  together 
gave  us  the  great  crop  of  combinations  of  a  year 
ago,  with  their  reckless  and  pernicious  stock- 
watering.  People  noted  that  companies  were 
formed  with  capital  stock  amounting  to  18550,000,  - 
000,  $100,000,000,  $200,000,000,  the  total  run- 
ning high  into  the  billions.  They  did  not  reflect 
that  a  large  part  of  this  capitalization  was  merely 
existing  capitalization  in  changed  form  ;  that  the 
birth  of  a  new  <<  trust "  meant,  usually,  the  death 
of  one  or  of  several  other  corporations.  Their 
ignorance,  in  consequence,  greatly  magnified  the 
facts.  But  the  facts  were  bad  enough.  The 
banks  soon  learned  them  ;  they  refused  to  float 
♦'industrials,"  unless  real  capital  was  back  of 
them;  and  before  the  •»  scare"  had  reached  its 
worst,  a  partial  remedy  for  the  real  evil  had 
begun  to  work. 

From  the  ^^^  *  Campaign  was  approaching.  A 
Political  scare  could  be  used  to  advantage. 
Standpoint.  Moreover,  there  was  a  real  foundation 
for  effort  to  correct  genuine  evil — great  good 
fortune  fcM*  the  politician.  The  result  has  been, 
first,  another  large  crop  of  statutes,  sprung  like 
the  earlier  ones  from  ignorance  and  fear,  and  a 
real  evil  that  needed  correction.  Meanwhile, 
there  was  accumulating  true  information  to  serve 
as  a  basis  for  judgment.  The  evils  had  attracted 
the  attention  of  scholars,  here  and  abroad  ;  for 
like  phenomena  appeared  all  over  the  civilized 
world.  Several  careful  studies  had  been  made 
pointing  out  causes,  savings,  the  real  sources  of 
evil.  The  United  States  Industrial  Commission 
began  its  hearings  at  Washington,  which  showed 
that  many  of  the  evils  were  imaginary,  but 
showed  where  many  of  tlie  serious  evils  lay.  In 
January,  Governor  Roosevelt,  in  his  annual  mes- 
sage, pointed  out  briefly  just  what  the  evils  are, 
so  far  as  they  have  yet  appeared  ;  just  how  much 
of  the  fear  was  groundless,  and  indicated  when* 
the  remedy  was  to  be  found.  Of  course,  all 
these  things  had  been  touched  here  and  there  be- 
fore. But  this  message  was  the  first  state  paper 
to  analyze  the  subject  intelligently,  and  to  ex- 
plain just  what  the  remedy  of  publicity  meant 
and  what  it  would  do.  Governor  Roosevelt 
indicated  also  the  limits  of  the  service  that  can 
be  rendered  by  present  laws,  and  suggested  what 
may  yet  be  done  by  taxation  or  other  means. 


144 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


The  report  of  the  Industrial  Commission,  based 
on  even  a  more  thorough  study,  was  to  the  same 
effect,  but  went  more  into  detail  in  some  lines, 
and  especially  called  up  again  the  evils  of  rail- 
road discriminations.  The  people  are  beginning 
to  understand  the  situation  better.  Few  people 
now  want  to  injure  legitimate  corporations,  or 
capital  honestly  invested  and  managed.  All 
really  puV)lic- spirited  men,  Republicans  and  Demo- 
crats alike,  wish  to  stop  the  many  real,  evils 
of  the  corporations.  Indeed,  the  essential  prin- 
ciples of  Governor  Roosevelt's  message  and  Mr. 
Bryan's  Chicago  address  run  much  along  the 
same  lines,  widely  variant  as  are  the  specific  reme- 
dies suggested.  The  people,  too,  will  learn  much 
this  summer.  There  is  ground  for  hope  that, 
after  the  election  fever  is  over,  we  shall  get  some 
sensible  legislation  next  winter.  The  chief  ob- 
stacles in  the  way  will  be — (1)  the  corporations 
whose  secret  powers  need  a  real  check  which  will 
not  be  welcome  to  such  as  are  not  run  on  the 
soundest  business  principles;  and  (2)  those  people 
wdio  will  still,  in  their  ignorance,  not  be  content 
with  destroying  evils,  but  who  will  try  to  curb 
corporations  in  some  foolish  way,  with  the  result 
that,  if  they  were  to  succeed,  no  honest,  law-abid- 
ing citizen  could  well  become  a  director  of  a 
corporation. 

Th  B  r  In  '^^^^  demands  of  the  Chinese  situa- 
Guerriiia  War-  tion  have  not  allowed  England  to  abate 
"^'"'*'  a  single  particle  of  the  effort  and 
energy  still  needed  in  the  South  African  War. 
The  Boers  are  using  with  fearful  effect  the  tac- 
tics so  skillfully  employed  by  General  Gomez  in 
C'uba.  The  two  situations  now  present  some- 
wiiat  curious  parallels.  The  Spaniards  had  about 
200,000  troops  in  Cuba,  and  Lord  Roberts  com- 
mands a  similar  number  in  South  Africa.  The 
Cubans  fought  no  pitched  battles,  but  used  guer- 
rilla methods  almost  entirely,  operating  from  the 
hills  and  liolding  no  towns  of  importance.  The 
Boers  no  longer  hold  the  towns  ;  they  fight 
no  regular  battles,  but  show  amazing  daring 
and  mobility  as  guerrillas.  Following  the  ex- 
ample of  Gomez,  they  also  are  allowing  the 
climate  to  play  havoc  with  their  adversaries. 
The  recent  reports  of  sickness  and  deaths  from 
fevers  among  the  British  troops  are  horrible. 
The  scandals  in  tiie  medical  and  hospital  service 
are  even  worse,  if  possible,  than  those  in  our 
own  army  which  so  shocked  the  American  people 
two  years  ago.  The  statistics  of  death  and  dis- 
ease in  the  South  African  army,  as  reported  by 
the  war  office  at  London,  are  confusmg  ;  but 
there  seems  at  least  nothing  ambiguous  in  the 
statement  of  Mr.  AVyndham,  untler  secretary  of 
war,  to  the  House  of  Commons,  on  July  19,  that 


30,758  officers  and  men  had  been  invalided  home 
from  South  Africa  since  the  beginning  of  the 
war.  The  number  of  deaths  from  all  causes, 
since  hostilities  began  last  October,  is  not  de- 
ducible  by  us  from  the  war  office  statistics. 

The  Boers,  in  spite  of  English  opinion 

In  the       that  the  war  is  practically  ended,  are 

African  News  g^j^  ^^  i^^^^  ^^^^^  artillery  now  than 

at  the  beginning  of  the  contest,  their  captures  of 
guns  having  been  more  numerous  than  their 
losses.  It  is  estimated  by  experts  that  the  Boers 
can  hold  out  for  from  one  to  two  years  longer, 
and  that  in  doing  so  they  can  subject  the  British 
not  only  to  a  continuance  of  the  present  heavy 
war  expenditures,  but  also  to  a  further  fearful 
loss  of  life.  About  the  middle  of  July,  the  Boers 
manifested  remarkable  activity  within  a  few  miles 
of  Pretoria.  Among  other  achievements  they 
surprised  the  British  garrison  at  Nitrals  Nek,  on 
the  11th,  and  captured  two  guns  and  about  200 
troops.  General  Botha's  movements  were  inces- 
sant, and  his  series  of  small  successes  gave  fresh 
hope  to  his  followers.  Meanwhile,  General  De 
Wet  had  continued  to  draw  attention  to  his  opera- 
tions in  the  mountainous  region  in  the  northeast- 
ern part  of  the  Orange  Free  State — or  perhaps 
we  must  now  say  the  Orange  River  Colony,  that 
being  the  new  name  the  British  have  given 
to  this  annexed  republic.  The  chief  object  of 
General  Roberts  last  month  was  the  capture  of 
General  De  AVet's  force  ;  and,  in  pursuance  of 
this  end,  converging  columns  were  sent  from  dif- 
ferent points.  At  the  beginning  of  July,  35,000 
British  troops  were  arranged  in  a  series  of  neigh- 
boring camps  in  that  region.  On  the  3d  of 
July,  the  Boers  were  driven  out  of  Vrede,  from 
which  Steyn's  government  officials  had  previously 
removed  to  Bethlehem. 


BOER  SHARPSHOOTERS  FrRIKO  ON  THE  ARTrLLEHT  AKD 
CONVOY  HORSES  AT  SANNA'S   POST. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


145 


INSTANCBB  OF  BOBB  METHODS  ALONG  LINES  OF  BRITISH  COMMUNICATION. 


Four  days  later  Bethlehem  was  captured  by  the 
British,  who  attacked  tlie  place  in  two  columns, 
General  Paget  being  in  command  of  the  Munster 
Fusiliers  and  the  Yorkshire  Regiment,  and  Gen- 
eral Clements  of  the  Royal  Irish  Regiment.  The 
possession  of  Bethlehem  is  of  much  importance 
to  the  British,  inasmuch  as  it  gives  them  control 
of  the  head  of  the  railway  to  Ladysmith  through 
the  Van  Reenan  Pass.  Before  the  capture  of 
the  town,  President  Steyn  had  fled  to  Fouries- 
burg,  fifteen  miles  northeast  of  Ficksburg.  Not- 
withstanding the  efforts  to  hem  in  the  Boers, 
1,500  of  them,  with  five  guns,  broke  through 
the  cordon  between  Bethlehem  and  Ficksburg 
on  July  17,  and  struck  out  in  the  direction  of 
Lindley.  Whether  or  not  General  De  Wet 
would  again  return  to  a  point  of  safety,  or  would 
meet  his  Paardeberg,  remained  to  be  seen.  In 
Cape  Colony,  where  Sir  Gordon  Sprigg  is  now 
at  the  head  of  a  new  cabinet  which  has  replaced 
the  Dutch  ministry  of  Mr.  Schreiner,  they  are 
beginning  to  get  ready  in  a  grim  fashion  to  try 
some  hundreds  of  thousands  of  burghers  for  the 
crime  of  treason.  There  are  several  valid  and 
practical  reasons  why  it  would  l^e  judicious  to 
postpone,  so  far  as  possible,  these  treason  trials 
until  the  Boers  have  been  more  completely  sub- 
jugated. It  is  more  important  to  consider  the 
future  harmony  of  races  in  South  Africa  than 
to  look  with  too  severe  scrutiny  into  the  past 
loyalty  of  the  Cape  Colony  burghers. 

The  Boer  The  Boer  delegates,  who  had  spent 
/«  American   some  weeks  in  the  United  States,  re- 

/»o//t/w.  turned  to  Europe  early  in  July.  They 
expressed  themselves  as  well  satisfied  with  their 
reception  in  this  country.  In  our  opinion,  they 
had  been  remarkably  successful  in  the  efforts 
they  made  to  secure  the  recognition  of  their 
cause  in  the  platforms  of  the  two  great  parties. 
Il  way  known  in  advance  that  the  Democrats 
would  express,  as  they  actually  did,  their  "  sym- 
pathies to  the  heroic  burgiiers  in  their  unequal 
struggle  to  maintain  their  liberty  and  independ- 


ence." While  viewing  "with  indignation  the 
purpose  of  England  to  overwhelm  with  force  the 
South  African  republics,"  the  Democrats  did  not 
intimate  that  there  was  anything  that  we  could 
do  about  it.  The  Republican  party  at  Philadel- 
phia really  went  a  great  deal  farther.  It  indorsed 
the  action  that  had  been  taken  *  *  when  President 
McKinley  tendered  his  friendly  offices  in  the  in- 
terests of  peace  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
South  African  republics."  Further  than  that,  it 
declared  thai  * '  the  American  people  earnestly 
liope  that  a  way  may  soon  be  found,  honorable 
alike  to  both  contending  parties,  to  terminate  the 
strife  between  them."  The  significance  of  this 
lies  in  the  fact  that,  although  this  plank  had  been 
inspected  by  high  official  authority  at  Washing- 
ton, it  pointedly  refers  to  the  conflict  as  one  be- 
tween sovereign  nations,  declines  to  recognize 
the  British  annexation  of  the  Orange  Free  State, 
and  declares  American  sentiment  to  demand  a 
solution  radically  opposite  to  that  which  Lord 
Salisbury  had  already  announced  as  the  only  one 
that  England  would  consider.  If  the  language 
of  party  platforms  means  anything,  Englishmen 
must  now  understand  that  American  public  opin- 
ion in  both  great  political  parties  alike  explicitly 
disapproves  of  England's  proposition  to  deprive 
the  two  Boer  republics  of  their  status  as  separate 
and  independent  nations. 


Various 


The  formal  notification  of  the  Demo- 
Campailin  cratic  Candidates  will  not  take  place 
f^otea.  ^^  their  respective  homes,  but  at 
Indianapolis,  on  August  8,  where  Mr.  Bryan  and 
Mr.  Stevenson  will  meet  the  notification  commit- 
tee, and  where  their  campaign  will  have  its 
formal  opening.  The  Republican  campaign  may 
he  said  to  have  had  its  initiation  with  the  vigor- 
ous and  aggressive  speech  of  Governor  Roose- 
velt at  tlie  meeting  of  the  National  League 
of  Republican  Clubs,  at  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  on 
July  17.  Mr.  Roosevelt  is  evidently  going  to  be 
the  chief  platform  figure  of  the  Republican  party 
this  year,  even  as  Mr.  Bryan  iiimself  will  be  the 


146 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


Copyriifhi.  1900.  l>y  Charlci  Culver  Johnson. 

GOVERNOR  ROOSBYELT  AND  SENATOR  WOLCOTT,  AT  OYSTER  BAY,  JULY  13. 


principal  speaker  on  the  Democratic  side.  It  is 
cliaracteristic  of  Roosevelt  that  he  develops  ex- 
traordinary talent  for  any  kind  of  work  upon 
which  he  concentrates  his  efforts.  We  venture  to 
say  that  the  secret  of  it  lies  not  so  much  in  his 
versatility  as  in  his  unimpaired  vigor  and  his  ac- 
quired power  of  complete  devotion  to  the  thing 
in  hand.  A  few  years  ago  it  was  thought  that 
he  could  not  speak  at  all.  Now  the  Republicans 
are  seriously  proposing  to  match  liim  as  a  plat- 
form orator  against  Sir.  Bryan.  We  publish 
elsewhere  an  article  about  Mr.  Roosevelt's  work 


as  governor,  written  from 
full  knowledge,  and  another 
article  (by  Mr.  Jacob  A. 
Riis)  throwing  much  inter- 
esting and  attractive  light 
upon  Roosevelt's  character- 
istics as  a  man  and  a  pub- 
lic servant.  President  Mc- 
Kinley  and  Mr.  Roosevelt 
had  received  the  customary 
formal  notification  of  their 
nominations  on  July  12  at 
Canton,  Ohio,  and  Oyster 
Bay,  New  York,  respec- 
tively. Mr.  McKinley's 
speech  on  that  occasion 
was,  in  our  opinion,  a  de- 
c  i  d  e  d  1  y  better  and  more 
symmetncal  statement  of 
•the  actual  Republican  posi- 
tion than  had  been  pre- 
pared by  the  platform- 
makers  at  Philadelphia. 
Few  men  in  public  life  are 
able  to  express  things  so 
pereuasively  as  William 
M  c  K  i  n  1  e  y .  He  availed 
himself  of  the  opportunity 
given  by  the  Democratic 
platform  to  bring  the  1 6-to- 
1  issue  into  its  due  promi- 
nence. While  most  of  the 
leaders  of  the  Gold  Democ- 
racy that  promoted  the  Pal- 
mer-Buckner  ticket  in  1896 
are  going  to  support  Mc- 
Kinley  and  Roosevelt  this 
year,  there  remain  some 
former  Democrats  who  can 
countenance  neither  Mr.  Mc- 
Kinley's  *' imperialism" 
nor  Mr.  Bryan's  money 
plank.  There  has  been 
called  for  August  15,  to 
meet  at  Indianapolis,  the 
so-called  Lil>erty  Congress, 
and  on  that  occasion  an  attempt  will  be  made  to 
put  a  third  ticket  in  the  field.  It  will  be  time 
next  month  for  us  to  make  some  note  of  the  as- 
pects of  the  various  State  campaigns.  Suffice  it 
to  say  that  it  now  seems  probable  that  Mr.  B  .B. 
Odell,  chairman  of  the  Republican  State  Commit- 
tee, will  be  nominated  by  the  Republicans  to  suc- 
ceed Roosevelt  as  governor  of  New  York.  Mr. 
Perry  S.  Heath  has  resigned  his  position  'as  first 
assistant  post  master -general  to  take  a  very  active 
part  in  the  Republican  campaign  as  secretary  of 
the  National  Committee. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


147 


_  Our   immediate   concern,   as  Ameri- 

Situation     cans,  with  the  situation  in  Cliina  has 
/«  China,     ^j^iy  ^Q  Jq  ^-j^j^  ^Yie  relief  of  such  of 

our  fellow-citizens  as  it  may  be  possible  to 
rescue.  It  is  no  part  of  our  business  to  help 
conquer  the  Chinese  ;  and  much  less  is  it  likely 
to  devolve  upon  us  to  help  govern  their  country, 
or  any  part  of  it,  in  the  future.  The  peril  of 
Europeans  in  China  has  been  brought  about  in 
great  part  by  the  outrageous  encroachments  of 
European  governments.  It  was  almost  inevitable 
that,  sooner  or  later,  there  must  be  a  revolution- 
ary reaction  in  Cliina  against  foreigners  and  their 
innovations.  Nothing  could  well  be  more  worthy 
of  stinging  rebuke  than  the  recent  insolence  of 
unscrupulous  politicians  —  Lord  Salisbury  him- 
self inchided  —  towards  missionaries  and  their 
work  in  (Jriental-countries.  There  are  two  classes 
of  people  who  criticise  missionaries — the  one  class 
being  made  up  of  people  who  know  nothing  about 
missionary  work,  an«l  the  other  of  those  who  are 
seeking  scapegoats  for  their  own  misdeeds.  It 
was  inevitable  that  China,  like  Japan,  should 
imbibe  modern  ideas.  The  Chinese,  though  pos- 
sesseil  of  an  ancient  and  elaborate  civilization, 
were  unprogressive.  They  were  destined,  by 
contact  with  the  energetic  and  inventive  men  of 
otlier  nations,  to  experience  an  awakening.  Of 
all  forerunners  of  Western  ideas  as  to  the  mean- 
ing and  value  of  life,  the  true  principles  of  edu- 
cation, and  the  nature  of  individual  and  racial 
progress,  the  missionaries  have  been  incompara- 
bly the  best. 

So  far  as  American  missionaries  are 
HissionarUt.  Concerned,  it  is  not  in  the  least  true 

to  say  that  they  have  been  merely 
trying  to  make  Anglo-Saxon  Presbyterians  or 
Methodists  out  of  men  of  Mongolian  blood  and 
instinct.  There  are  some  essentials  of  the  high- 
est  civilization   that  we   understand   better  than 


do  the  Orientals  ;  and  among  these  are  the 
proper  care  of  the  health  of  children,  the  honor 
and  respect  due  in  the  family  to  women,  the  so- 
cial value  of  truth  an<l  honesty.  And  there  are 
other  principles  at  the  root  of  our  civilization, 
quite  apart  from  dogmatic  theologies  on  the  one 
hand,  or  steam-power  and  industrial  organization 
on  the  other,  that  make  us  to  some  extent  supe- 
rior. It  was  not  English  missionaries  who  brought 
England's  infamous  opium  war  upon  China  ;  nor 
was  it  German  missionaries  who  persuaded  the 
Emperor  William  and  his  government  to  seize  a 
Chinese  seaport,  and  assume  control  of  a  great 
province  on  the  pretext  of  compensation  for  the 
death  of  one  or  two  missionaries  at  the  hands  of  a 
mob.  The  United  States  has,  for  more  than. half 
a  century,  been  honorably  represented  in  China  by 
men  engaged  in  the  missionary  service — men 
whose  admirable  methods  and  rare  tact  have 
done  more  than  anything  else  to  promote  good 
relations  between  this  country  and  the  great 
Chinese  empire.  If  henceforth,  however,  in 
view  of  their  deeply  aroused  bitterness  against 
all  foreigners,  the  Chinese  will  not  tolerate  mis- 
sionary work  from  any  outside  source,  it  will  not 
be  the  business  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment to  propagate  Christianity  at  the  point  of  the 
sword. 

The  '  ^^®  ^^*^®  ^®^  ^P  arbitrary  though 
American  needful  rules  to  prevent  the  Chinese 
Attitude,  flocking  to  this  country,  and  we  must 
not  be  too  greatly  surprised  at  the  temporary 
dominance  of  the  anti  -  foreign  movement  in 
China.  Our  government  has  in  most  respects 
shown  a  sense  of  fairness  and  consideration 
toward  China  that  has  distinguished  us  above  all 
other  great  nations.  We  must,  however,  suffer  in 
common  with  others  for  an  uprising  which  we 
have  done  nothing  to  provoke.  Unquestionably, 
our   government  will  do  what  it  can   to  rescue 


TBB  WAUrORD  BART  MEMORIAL  COLLEGE  AT  TIENTSIN. 


TBE  LONDON  MISSION  HOSPITAL,  TAKC  ROAD,  TIE.NTSIN. 


148 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Americans  who  are  in  peril.  In  doing  this  it 
will  not  stand  upon  technicalities  of  international 
law  that  do  not  apply  to  the  situation.  It  would 
be  senseless  to  endeavor  to  inflict  punishment,  in 
a  spirit  of  revenge,  upon  people  who  are  in  no 
way  guilty.  A  majority  of  the  Chinese  provinces 
have  had  no  concern  in  the  revolution  ;  and  the 
indiscriminate  slaughter  of  Chinamen  by  way  of 
reprisals  can  have  no  encouragement  either  from 
our  government  or  from  the  public  opinion  of 
our  country.  It  is  extremely  unfortunate  that 
European  jealousies  should  have  stood  in  the  way 
of  a  prompt  release  of  the  foreigners  in  Peking. 
The  Japanese,  but  for  Russia's  reluctance  to  con- 
sent, might  readily  have  sent  a  sufficient  army  to 
Peking  to  protect  the  diplomatic  representatives 
of  the  different  foreign  nations. 

We  publish  elsewhere  an  excellent 
Qenerai  review  of  the  Chinese  crisis  from  the 
Remarks,  ^^  ^f  ^[^  Stephen  Bonsai,  who  rep- 
resented us  some  years  ago  as  first  secretary  of 
legation  and  charge  d'affaires  at  Peking,  and 
who  has  exceptionally  good  knowledge  of  the 
problems  of  the  far  East.  The  international 
situation,  as  we  go  to  press,  is  too  complicated  as 
well  as  too  uncertain  to  justify  the  drawing  of 
conclusions  this  month.  Happenings  on  the  bor- 
der-line between  Siberia  and  China's  northern 
Province  of  Manchuria  are  shrouded  in  obscurity 
as  yet,  and  newspaper  rumors  must  be  discounted. 


VICE-ALMIUAIi  SIR  EDWARD  H.  SEYMOUR  AND  STAFF. 


England's  position,  like  that  of  the  United  States, 
up  to  the  present  time  has  been  that  of  a  nation 
by  no  means  disposed  to  enter  upon  formal  war- 
fare against  China,  but  merely  anxious  to  render 
a  due  and  proportionate  share  of  cooperation  in 
the  work  of 
rel  ie  ving 
foreigners 
and  aiding 
to  restore  or- 
der at  Pe- 
king. J  a  - 
pan,  by 
reason  of 
proximity 
and  other 
obvious  nat- 
ural advan- 
tages, agrees 
to  furnish 
the  greater 
part  of  the 
necessary 
soldiery. 
Our  own 
government 
will  embroil 
itself  just  as 
little  as  pos- 
sible in  this 

grave  and  difficult  business;  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
it  will  dare  to  do  its  duty.  Men  who  think  more 
highly  of  their  country  than  of  petty  politics  will 
be  careful  not  to  criticise  what  our  government  is 
doing  in  China — that  is,  from  a  party  standpoint, 
for  the  purposes  of  the  pending  campaign.  The 
situation  in  China  has  scarcely  anything  to  do 
with  our  being  in  the  Philippin€*s.  Incidentally, 
it  may  be  said  that  our  possession  of  Manila 
gives  us  a  base  of  our  own  from  which  we  c^m, 
more  conveniently  than  would  otherwise  have 
been  the  case,  manage  to  provide  our  quota  of 
warships  and  soldiery  for  the  international  police 
work  in  China  that  to  a  certain  extent  faJls  to 
our  lot.  It  is  to  be  noted,  furthermore,  that  our 
position  in  the  Philippines  must  add  something, 
in  the  minds  of  European  statesmen,  to  the  forct^ 
of  the  American  disapproval  of  the  plan  of  par- 
celing out  China  among  the  European  powers. 

China's  Future  ^^^  ^^^  present,  at  least,  it  will  con- 
tnd  the  '\y el- iinne  to  be  the  prevailing  opinion 
low  Ps^rii.  ^1  Americans  that  the  Chinese  ought 
to  have  an  independent  political  future^  of  their 
own,  and  that  they  ought  to  be  so  treated  by 
other  nations  as  to  make  it  unlikely  that  their 
awakening  and  progress  shall  be  a  menace  V> 
the  nations  of  Euro^ie.     We  hear  and   read  a 


REAR-ADMIRAL  OEOROB  C.  REMBY,  U.B.N. 

(In  command  of  our  naval  forces  in  Chi- 
nese waters.) 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD, 


140 


great   deal    about    the    so- 
called  **  yellow  peril  ;"  but 
400,000/000  Chinamen  are 
altogether  too  numerous  to 
hi^   killed   off.      And    noth- 
ing would    so   surely  make 
soldiers    of    them    all,    and 
make  them  a  deadly  danger 
to  Europe,  as  the  policy  of 
carrying  fire  and  sword  into 
their  country.     Theslaugh- 
ttM*   of  a  million   Chinamen 
would    not   perceptibly    di- 
minish the  population  ;   but 
it    would    quite    suffice    to 
aruuse  in   China  a  spirit  of 
militarism     which    might 
mean,  within  ten  or  fifteen 
years,  a  force  of  40,000,000 
<  'hinamen   armed   with   re- 
jH-ating- rifles,  machine-guns 
and  rifled  cannon,  and  able 
to  shoot  with  accuracy.    The  opinion  tliat  the  Chi- 
nese are  poor  stuff  out  of  w^hich  to  make  soldiers 
has  always  been  denied  by  the  best  experts,  and 
it  has  been  abandoned  by  everybody  within  the 
])ast    month,    which    has    brought  them  face   to 
face  with  the  seasoned  soldiers  of   Europe  and 
America,  well  equipped  with  modern  weapons. 
The    best  way,    m    short,    to   prevent   the    Chi- 
nese  from   becoming  a  terrible  menace  to  Eu- 
r<»{>e  is  to  interfere  with   them  just  as  little  as 
possible,   and  to  allow   them   to  adopt  Western 
-customs   and    inventions,  more  slo^dy  or  more 
rapidly,  as  they  may  choose.     Their  best  men- 
tors will  probably  be  the  progressive  Japanese. 
The  nucleus  of  progress,  meanwliile,  in  China 
must  be  the  great  and  growing  element  of  the 
Chinese  themselves  known  as  the  reform  party. 


THE  TAKU  PORTS  AT  THE  MOFTH  OP  THE  PEIHO. 

(Bombarded  and  captured  by  the  allies.)      * 

The  idea  of  checking  the  military  development 
of  China  by  an  international  agreement  not  to 
sell  modern  firearms  to  tlie  Chinsse  is  purely 
visionary.  The  only  way  to  stop  the  sale  of  fire- 
arms to  the  Chinese  will  be  for  all  countries  to 
make  a  strictly  governmental  monopoly  of  the 
business  of  manufacturing  and  selling  imple- 
ments of  warfare.  So  long  as  rifles  are  articles 
of  private  manufacture  and  of  ordinary  com- 
merce, there  is  no  way  by  which  their  ultimate 
destination  can  be  controlled.  Moreover,  the 
Chinese  are  highly  skilled  workmen,  who,  if 
necessary,  would  soon  learn  to  make  all  kinds  of 
improved  firearms  in  adequate  quantities  for 
themselves.  In  fact,  they  already  have  govern- 
mental gun  factories  that  can  do  first-rate  work. 
The  best  way  for  Europe  to  avert  the  *  *  yellow 


OW  THE  PEIHO,  TIENTSIN,  OPPOSITE  THE  BUND  IN  THE  BRITISH  CONCESSIONS. 

(Tientsin  is  the  port  for  Peking.) 


150 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^'IEIV  OF  REk^lE[VS. 


MA3.>GEN.  ADNA  R.  CHAFFEE. 

peril  "  is  to  treat  the  Cliinaman  as  a  man  and  a 
brother.  As  "to  the  immediate  crisis,  further- 
more, it  is  well  to  withhold  judgment  until 
authentic  news  can  be  had. 

Armies  ^^  ^^  fortuuate  for  the  sensibilities  of 
Heading/or  the  civilized  world  that  the  actual 
the  East,  qqi^y^q  q(  events  in  China  can  only  be 
guessed  from  the  bewildering  succession  of  con- 
tradictory reports  that  have  been  served  up  from 
Shanghai  daily  since  the  Review  of  Reviews 
went  to  press  last  month.  At  that  time  Admiral 
Seymour's  force  of  English,  Russian,  German, 
American,  French,  and  Japanese  troops  sent  out 
to  the  relief  of  the  legations  was  evidently  in 
trouble  somewhere  between  Tientsin  and  Pe- 
king. On  June  26,  the  expedition  returned  to 
Tientsin.  It  had  failed  to  come  within  twenty- 
five  miles  of  Peking,  had  lost  nearly  300  men  in 
battle  with  comparatively  enormous  masses  of 
Chinese  insurgents  and  soldiers,  and  thought 
itself  lucky  to  escape  annihilation.  Seymour's 
failure  brought  to  the  world  the  first  realization 
of  the  overwhelming  nature  of  the  trouble. 
Gen.  A.  R.  Chaffee  was  at  once  ordered  to  go 
from  Manila  to  China  to  take  command  of  the 
American  troops  tliere  ;  0,300  troops  destined 
for  the  Philippines  were  ordered  to  proceed  to 
China  instead,  in  addition  to  the  Ninth  Regi- 
ment, sent  from  Manila ;  and  preparations  are 
being  made  by  Secretary  Root  to  make  the 
United  States  force  in  China  number  15,000  as 
soon    as    the    remainder    can    be    recruited    and 


equipped.  Great  Britain  contributed  10,000 
troops  from  India,  Germany  prepared  to  send 
15,000,  Japan  and  Prance  provided  for  heavy 
reinforcements,  and  Italy  dispatched  three  war- 
ships and  3,200  men  to  the  East.  On  the 
28th  came  the  bad  news  that  our  famous  bat 
tleship,  the  Orefjon,  en  route  for  China,  had 
run  ashore  on  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Pechili ; 
but  a  week  later  she  was  saved  with  no  damages 
that  could  not  be  hastily  repaired  in  the  Japanese 
dry  dock  at  Kure.  Notwithstanding  the  rapidity 
of  the  conflagration,  by  the  middle  of  July  the 


'W- 


ScHtOfMiHS 


fUihufs  1 


Courtesy  (.f  the  Timt%.  New  York. 

A  MAP  8HOWING  THE  ROUTE  FUOM  TAKU  TO  PEKING. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


151 


1 

i 

1^1 

r '  'it 

1*1 

SIR  CLAUDE  MACDONALD. 

(British  Ambassador  at  Peking.) 

powers  had  assembled  at  Taku  and  Tientsin  a 
force  of  about  30,000  troops,  of  which  5,500 
were  Russians,  20,000  Japanese,  2,600  British, 
1,400  Americans,  1,000  Germans,  and  the  re- 
mainder Austrians  and  Italians,  while  more  than 
twice  this  number  of  European  soldiers  were  pre- 
paring for  Chinese  service. 

In  the  meantime,  Chinese  troops, 
\tirJti  by  consisting  of  soldiers  in  the  regular 
tktAiitms,  army  as  well  as  Boxers,  attacked  the 
allies  in  Tientsin.  On  July  2,  the  women  and 
children  were  sent  away,  and  for  the  following 
ten  days  the  Chinese  bombarded  the  foreign  set- 
tlement. On  July  9,  11,  and  13,  there  were 
heavy  engagements.  On  the  last  date,  Colonel 
Liscum,  of  the  Ninth  U.  S.  Regiment,  was  killed 
in  an  unsuccessful  attempt  of  the  allied  forces  to 
storm  the  native  city  of  Tientsin.  Next  day  the 
native  forts  were  finally  captured  by  the  allies, 
with  a  total  loss  of  about  875  men,  of  whom  215 
were  Americans.  Doubtless  the  successful  oppo- 
sition to  Admiral  Seymour's  relief  force  and  the 
heavy  loss  inflicted  on  the  allies  at  Tientsin  oper- 
ated to  encourage  the  further  spread  of  the  anti- 
foreign  movement.  The  insurrection  appeared  in 
Southern  Manchuria,  and  the  Catholic  missions 
in  Shantung  were  destroyed,  with  wholesale  mas- 
sacres of  foreigrners  and  native  converts.  Even 
more  ominous  were  reports  of  the  killing  of  mis- 


sionaries in  the  populous  Yangtse  Valley,  far  to 
the  south.  To  the  north,  even  Korea  was  infected 
with  the  Boxer  craze  ;  and  finally  there  came 
word,  on  July  15,  that  a  Chinese  force  had  in- 
vaded Russian  territory  and  bombarded  Blago- 
ventschensk,  the  capital  of  the  Russian  Province 
of  Amur.  Two  days  later  Russia  declared  thar 
a  state  of  war  existed  in  certain  districts  of  this 
province,  where  the  rioters  had  destroyed  the 
railroads  and  murdered  Russian  officials  and 
workmen. 


TBS  LATE  COL.  SMBR80N  H.  LlftCUM.  U.S.A. 

(Killed  in  the  assault  on  Tient»in.) 
^^  ,     ,     As  late  as  July  21  there  Was  no  really 

Wholesale  ,        ,.  "^      -  i.    ^       ,  "^ 

Slaughter  authentic  ucws  of  any  of  the  happen- 
in Peking.  |^^g  ^^  ^^le  past  month  in  Peking; 
—  not  even  of  the  fate  of  the  legations  and 
their  guards.  The  world's  capacity  for  horror 
will  scarcely  suffice  to  do  justice  to  a  final  con- 
firmation of  the  numberless  rumors  of  the  tor- 
ture and  massacre — after  they  had  shot  their 
women  and  children — of  all  the  Europeans  in 
the  capital.  The  United  States  Consul-General 
at  Shanghai  reported,  on  July  3,  that  two  lega- 
tions were  still  standing  in  Peking;  but  he  added 
that  the  Emperor  and  Em  press- Dowager  were 
prisoners  in  the  palace,  and  that  Prince  Tuan 
and  his  Boxer  soldiers  were  in  control  of  every- 
thing. Prince  Tuan,  the  father  of  the  heir- 
a{)parent  to  the  Chinese  throne,  is  consistently 
descril>ed  in  all  the  reports  from  China  as  the 
relentless  and  savage  enemy  of  the  foreigners, 
who  have,  according  to  the  same  report,  found  a 
friend  in  Prince  Ching.    Accord  in  tjf  to  the  reports 


152 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REk'lEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


from  Shanghai,  on  July  6  the  Boxers,  includ- 
ing their  members  among  the  Imperial  troops, 
opened  fire  with  artillery  on  the  British  Lega- 
tion, to  which  the  foreign  residents  of  Peking 
and  the  legation  guards  had  betaken  themselves. 
The  Shanghai  story  says  that  on  the  following 
day  Prince  Tuan's  forces,  aided  by  the  Chinese 
(General  Tung  Fuh  Siang,  overcame  the  defense 
of  Prince  Ching  and  his  followers,  battered  down 
the  legation  walls  with  cannon,  and  put  every 
foreigner  to  the  sword  in  a  debauch  of  unspeak- 
able atrocities.  At  this  writing  there  exists  little 
ground  for  hope  that  this,  or  something  like  it, 
has  not  occurred.  As  early  as  June  24,  Sir 
Robert  Hart,  the  veteran  conmiissioner  of  mari- 
time customs,  a  man  of  iron  nerve,  possessing 
an  unparalled  influence  with  the  Chinese,  sent 
out  a  note  by  a  trusted  runner,  saying  that  the 
situation  was  desperate,  and  begging  for  imme- 
diate aid.  On  July  11  an  Impei-ial  decree  pur- 
porting to  come  from  Peking  was  given  to  the 
world  by  the  Chinese  foreign  ministers.  It 
admitted  the  earlier  assassination  of  Baron  von 
Ketteler,  the  German  minister.  This  Peking 
decree,  the  only  official  statement  of  the  Chinese 
(xovernment's  position  that  has  been  made,  ac- 
cuses the  allied  fleets  of  beginning  the  fight  that 
ended  with  the  capture  of  Taku,  and  promises  to 
make  every  effort  to  protect  the  lives  and  prop- 
erty of  foreigners  from  the  so-called  insurgents. 
The  United  States  and  France  gave  the  Chinese 
ministers  in  Washington  and  Paris,  respectively, 
cipher  messages  to  be  transmitted  to  their  en- 
voys in  Peking  ;  and  on  July  20,  a  week  after 


THE  ENGLISH   LEGATION   AT   PEKING. 


(It  was  in  this  structure  that  aU  the'forelKners  in  Peking  took  refuge  from  Prince 

Tuan*s  forces.) 


LI  HUNG  CHANG. 

(From  his  latest  photograph.) 

these  inquiries  were  sent,  a  cipher  message  was 
received  by  Secretary  Hay  from  Minister  Conger, 
as  follows  :  **  In  British  Legation.  Under  con- 
tinued shot  and  shell  from  Chinese  troops.  Quick 
relief  only  can  prevent  general  massacre."  Un- 
fortunately, this  message  was  itself  undated;  and 
though  in  the  firet  flush  of  relief  at  an  evidently 
genuine  communication  from  Mr.  Conger,  there 
was  a  general  acceptance  of 
the  theory  that  it  was  an  an- 
swer to  Secretary  Hay's  in- 
quiry, all  the  evidence  made 
public  at  the  time  of  our  go- 
ing to  press  went  to  show  that 
the  cablegram  was  a  long- 
delayed  message,  which  was 
probably  sent  in  the  last 
days  of  June.  Whoever  was 
in  power  at  Peking  sum- 
moned Viceroy  Li  H  ung 
Chang  to  the  capital,  and  the 
old  earl  proceeded  thence 
from  Canton  by  way  of  Hong- 
kong— in  all  probability  for 
the  purpose  of  giving  his 
astute  mind  to  the  task  of 
devising  means  for  lighten- 
ing the  retribution  to  fall  on 
Peking.  The  English  pai<l 
him  official  honor  at  Hong- 
kong, and  gave  him  a  naval 
escort  on  his  way  northward. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


{From  June  SI  to  July  :o,  1900.) 


POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT-AMERICAN. 

June  22. — Porto  Rico  is  created  a  customs-collection 
district  by  the  Treasury  Department. 

June  25. — The  Navy  Department  decides  to  put  super- 
posed turrets  on  three  of  the  new  battleships. 

June  26.— Illinois  Democrats  nominate  Samuel  Al- 
schuler  for  governor — Arkansas  Democrats  nominate 
Jefferson  Davis  for  governor. 

June  27.— Maine  Republicans  nominate  Dr.  John  F. 

Hill  for  governor Vermont  Republicans  nominate 

"W.  W.  Stickney  for  governor. 

June  28. — The  Prohibitionists,  in  national  convention 
at  Chicago,  nominate  John  G.  Woolley,  of  Illinois,  for 
President,  ami  Henry  B.  Met<^lf,  of  Rhode  Island,  for 

Vice-President Michigan  Republicans  nominate  Col. 

A.  T.   Bliss  for    governor Minnesota    Republicans 

nominate  Capt.  S.  R.  Van  Sant  for  governor. 

June  30. — The  United  States  Treasury  ends  the  fiscal 
year  with  a  surplus  of  receipts  above  expenditures  of 
180,000,000. 

July  4. — The  Democratic  National  Convention  assem- 
bles at  Kansas  City. 

July  5. — The  Democratic  National  Convention  adopts 
a  platform  and    unanimously  nominates  William  J. 

Bryan,  of   Nebraska,  for  President Gen.  Francis  V. 

Greene  is  elected  president  of  the  New  York  County 
Republican  Committee. 

July  6. — The  Democratic  National  Convention  nomi- 
nates Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  of  Illinois,  for  Vice-President 
— The  Silver  Republican  convention  at  Kansas  City 
nonunat«s  William  J.  Bryan  for  President. 

July  7. — The  Silver  Republicans  nominate  Adlai  E. 
Stevenson  for  Vice-President. 

July  11.— West  Virginia  Republicans  nominate  Albert 

B.White  for  governor Maine  Democrats  nominate 

Samuel  L.  Lord  for  governor. 

July  12. — President  McKinley  and  Governor  Roo.se- 
velt  are  formally  notified  of  their  nominations  for  Presi- 
dent and  Vice-President,  respectively,  by  committees  of 

the  Republican  National  Convention Nebraska  Fu- 

»ionists  renominate  Governor  Poynter. 

July  13. — Chairman  Hanna  announces  the  names  of 
the  members  of  the  Republican  executive  campaign 
committee. 

July  17.— Governor  Roosevelt  speaks  at  St.  Paul  on 
the  issues  of  the  campaign,  under  the  auspices  of  the 

League  of  Republican  Clubs Kentucky  Republicans 

nominate  John  W.  Yerkes  for  governor. 

July  19.— Kentucky  Democrats  nominate  J.  C.  W. 
Beckham  for  governor Florida  Republicans  nomi- 
nate J.  N.  Coombs  for  governor. 

July  20.— Nebraska  Middle  of  the  Road  Populists 
name  a  State  ticket. 

POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT-FOREIGN. 

Jane  22. —The  German  Bundesrath  passes  the  meat^ 
inspection  bill. 


June  24. — New  Italian  and  Portugfuese  ministries  are 
completed. 

June  26.— The  British  forces  for  the  relief  of  Coomas- 

sie  suffers  a  reverse  at  the  hands  of  the  rebellious  Ash- 

antees. 
June  28. — After  a  delmte  in  the  French  Chamber  on 

army  discipline, 
the  Nationalists 
are  defeated  on  a 
resolution  by  M. 
Sembat  by  a  vote 
of  828  to  129.... 
Signor  Villa  is 
elected  president 
of  the  Italian 
Parliament. 

July  3.  — The 
British  House  of 
Lords  passes  the 
Australian  Com- 
monwealth bill. 

An  imperial 

ukase  is  pub- 
lished in  Russia 
providing  for  the 
partial  abolition 
of  the  Siberian 
exile  system. 

July  4.  —  Gen- 
eral Jamont,  in- 
spector -  general 
of  the  French 
army,   resigns 

from  the  general  staff,  owing  to  differences  with  the 

new  minister  of  war. 

July  6.— In  the  British  House  of  Ix>rds,  a  motion  to 
appoint  a  commission  to  consider  the  claims  of  Irish 
landlords  is  defeated. 

July  9. — General  Porfirio  Diaz  is  reelected  President 
of  Mexico. 

July  10.— The  French  Parliament  is  prorogued. 

July  13. — Queen  Victoria  approves  the  selection  of 
the  Earl  of  Hoj>etoun  as  Governor  General  of  the  Aus- 
tralian Commonwealth. 

July  17.— The  Roumanian  ministry  resigns  office. 

July  18. — The  Canadian  Parliament  is  prorogued. 

July  20.— The  Cape  Colony  Parliament  is  opened. 

INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS. 

June  24. — The  United  States  Government  makes  an- 
other demand  on  the  Porte  for  the  indemnity  due  for 
losses  to  American  subjects  during  the  Armenian  mas- 
sacres. 

June  26.— Reports  are  received  of  the  increase  of  im- 
port duties  from  15  to  20  per  cent,  by  the  republic  of 
Colombia. 


COUNT  LAMSDOIIPF. 

(Mentione4  as  the  probable  successor 
to  Count  Muravieff  as  Russian  foreign 
minister.) 


^^ 

Courtesy  of  the  New  York  Tribune. 

PRESIDENT  M*KTNLKY  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THE  NOTIFICATION  COMMITTEE  WHO  WAITED  ON  HIM   AT  HIS  HOME  IN  CANTON. 

President  McKinley  will  be  readily  recognized  in  the  picture.  At  his  left  is  Senator  Lodge,  of  Massachusetts.  Imme- 
diately behind  the  President  is  Frank  Witherbee,  of  New  York ;  4,  Senator  Fairbanks, of  Indiana :  5,  Colonel  Dick. of  Ohio; 
6,  Senator  Hanna;  7,  George  B.  Cortelyou.  tlie  President's  Secretary;  8,  Charles  G.  Dawes,  Comptroller  of  the  Currency: 
9,  R.  C.  Kerens,  of  Missouri;  10,  W.  B.  Heyburn,  of  Idaho;  11,  Charles  Emory  Smith;  12,  Cornelius  N.  Bliss,  of  New 
York ;  13,  Colonel  Parker,  of  Hawaii ;  U,Dr.  Leslie  B.  Ward,  of  New  Jersey :  16,  L.  B.  Plimpton,  of  Connecticut. 


June  29.— A  convention  is  signed  between  France  and 
Spain  fixing  the  limits  of  their  respective  possessions 
in  northwest  Africa. 

July  10. — A  reciprocity  agreement  between  the  United 
States  and  Germany  is  concluded. 

July  12.— The  Italian  Chamber  of  Deputies  ratifies 
the  commercial  treaty  with  the  United  States. 

July  14.— President  McKinley  issues  a  proclamation 
putting  the  new  reciprocity  arrangement  with  Germany 
into  effect. 

July  18.— The  reciprocity  agreement  between  the 
United  States  and  Italy  is  signed  at  Washington. 

THE  CRISIS  IN  CHINA. 

May  21.— The  members  of  the  diplomatic  corps  in 
Peking  make  a  formal  demand  upon  the  Chinese  Gov- 
ernment to  suppress  the  Boxer  movement. 

May  29.— In  response  to  a  request  for  aid  from  the 
United  States  Comsul  at  Tientsin,  Admiral  Kempff 
sends  100  American  marines  and  sailors  from  Taku, 
these  being  the  first  Caucasian  troops  to  arrive  at  Tien- 
tsin. 

June  10.— Vice-Admiral  Sir  Edward  Seymour,  com- 
mander-in-chief on  the  British  China  Station,  starts 
from  Tientsin  for  Peking  with  a  relief  force,  num- 
bering 2,000,  comfjosed  of  detachments  from  the  allied 
ships. 

June  12.— Telegraphic  communication  between  Pe- 
king and  the  coast  suspended. 

June  13.— It  is  reported  that  the  American  Methodist 
mission  at  Tientsin  has  lx4?n  burned,  and  that  about 
160  persons  have  been  killed. 

June  16.— The  murder  of  Haron  von  Ketteler,  the  Ger- 


man minister  at   Peking,   is  report^ Telegraphic 

communication  with  Tientsin  is  cut  off. 

June  17.— The  Boxers  begin  a  siege  of  Tientsin 

The  Chinese  forts  at  Taku  fire  on  the  foreign  warships, 
which  l)ombard  and  capture  the  fortifications. 

June  18. — The  British  Government  orders  two  regi- 
ments to  proceed  from  India  to  Hongkong,  Brig.-Gen. 
Sir  Alfreci  Ga-selee  being  appointed  commander. 

June  19.— The  first  attack  upon  the  British  Legation 

in  Peking  occurs The  foreign  ministers  in  Peking 

are  ^ven  twenty-four  hours  in  which  to  leave  the  city, 
but  they  refuse  to  go. 

June  20.— The  naval  officers  of  the  allied  powers  in 
China  issue  a  proclamation,  stating  that  they  intend  to 
use  armed  force -only  against  the  Boxers  and  those  peo- 
ple who  oppose  them  in  the  march  to  Peking  for  the 
rescue  of  their  fellow  countrymen. 

June  21.— The  destruction  of  the  American  Consulate 
and  much  of  the  foreign  concessions  at  Tientsin  is 
reported. 

June  23. — The  foreigners  in  Tientsin  are  relieved  by 
the  allied  force  from  Taku  with  small  losses. 

June  24. —  Hear- Admiral  George  C.  Remej-,  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  Asiatic  Station  of  the  United 
States  Navy,  is  ordered  to  go  with  the  Brooklyn  from 
Manila  to  Taku,  and  to  assume  command  of  the  Ameri- 
can squadron  there,  Rear-Admiral  KempfT  remaining 

at  Taku  as  second  in  command Admiral  Seymour 

is  surrounded  ten  miles  from  Tientsin,  and  a  force  is 

sent  from  Tient.sin  U)  relieve  him Sir  Robert  HarU 

the  Imperial  commi.ssioner  of  maritime  customs,  sends 
message  from  Peking  saying,  *' Situation  desperate; 
make  haste.'' 

June  25.— The  Czar  orders  that  the  Russian  troops  in 
the  Siberian  Amur  district  be  raised  to  a  war  footing. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  El^ENTS. 


155 


DK.   FRANCIS  B.  CLARK. 

(Head  of  the  Christian  Endeavor  move- 
ment. From  a  recent  photograph  taken 
in  China.) 


June  26.— The 
Peking  relief 
expedi  tion, 
commanded  by 
Admiral  Sey- 
mour, returns 
to  Tientsin, 
having  encoun- 
tered  such 
strong  and  con- 
tinued opposi- 
tion that  it  is 
impossible  to 
reach  Peking 
by  rail;  the 
losses  incurred 
in  the  expedi- 
tion are  stated 
as  62  killed  and 
230     wounded. 

Brig.  -  Gen. 

Adna  R.  Chaf- 
fee is  ordered 
from  the  Unit- 
ed States  to 
China  to  take 
command  of 
the  American 
troops  there. 

June  27.— The 
Chinese  arsenal 
northeast  of 
Tientsin  is  tak- 
en by  the  allies. 

June  28. — The  United  States  battleship  Oregon  runs 
ashore  on  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Pechili,  35  miles  north- 
east of  Chefoo It  is  reported  that  the  Presbyterian 

mission  at  Wei  Hein,  the  largest  one  in  China,  has 
been  burned. 

June  80.— The  British  and  Russian  admirals  at  Taku 
decide  that  it  is  impossible  to  relieve  Peking  without 
a  much  larger  force. 

July  2.— Admiral  Kempff  reports  the  burning  of  the 
American,  Italian,  and  Dutch  legations  at  Peking. 

July  3.— The  foreign  settlements  at  Tientsin  are 
bombarded,  and  heavy  shelling  continues  for  the  next 
ten  days At  the  departure  of  a  German  naval  de- 
tachment lor  China,  Emperor  William  declares  that  the 
powers  do  not  desire  the  partition  of  China,  but  that 
the  murder  of  the  Grerman  minister  must  he  avenged. 
It  is  decided  to  send  15,000  German  troops  to  China. . . . 
The  BritLsh  Parliamentary  Secretary  of  State  for  For- 
eign Affairs  announces  that  Great  Britain  has  ordered 

10.000  men  from  India  to  China The  French  Minister 

of  Foreign  Affairs  declares  that  France  does  not  wish 
the  disintegration  of  China,  and  does  not  desire  war. 

July  4. — The  Chinese,  numbering  10,000,  under  com- 
mand of  General  Ma,  and  witli  much  artillery,  reoccupy 

the  Tientsin  arsenal The  French  Minister  of  Marine 

orders  two  more  cruisers  to  proceed  to  China. 

July  5.— The  Oregon  is  successfully  floated  off  the 

rocks,  and  starts  for  the  Japanese  dry-dock  at  Kure 

The  Italian  Ministry  decides  to  order  three  more  war- 
ships to  China,  and  sanctions  an  appropriation  of 
3,000,000  lire  for  the  expedition. 

July  6.— The  Boxers,  under  the  leadership  of  Prince 


Tuan,  open  Are  with  artillery  upon  the  British  Lega- 
tion in  Peking,  where  the  allies  are  concentrated 

Emperor  William,  of  Germany,  promises  to  pay  1,000 
taels  (about  I?i0)  to  any  one  accomplishing  the  deliver- 
ance of  any  foreigner  of  any  nationality  who  is  still 
shut  up  in  Peking. 

July  7.— After  an  all-night  bombardment,  the  Boxers 
force  an  entrance  into  the  British  Legation  at  Peking, 
and,  according  to  report,  all  the  foreigners  are  massa- 
cred. Prince  Tuan  is  aided  by  rebels  commanded  by 
Gen.  Tung  Fuh  Siaug,  and  they  are  opposed  by  Impe- 
rial troops  under  Prince  Ching  and  Gen.  Wang  Weng 
Shao Italy  decides  to  send  3,200  soldiers  to  China. 

July  8.— The  United  States  decides  to  send  directly  to 
China,  instead  of  the  Philippines,  6,200  troops  which 
had  been  under  orders  for  the  East. 

July  9.— A  force  of  the  allies,  led  by  Colonel  Dorward, 
commander  of  the  British  troops  at  Tientsin,  attack 
the  Chinese  troops,  capture  four  guns,  and  inflict  a  loss 
of  350  killed The  Ninth  United  States  Infantry  Regi- 
ment arrives  at  Taku  from  Manila.  The  American 
warship  Brooklyn  also  arrives  at  Taku,  and  lands  350 

marines It  is  reported  that  the  German  Catholic  and 

American  mission  stations  in  Shantung,  and  in  Mukden, 
Manchuria,  have  been  destroyed.  The  massacre  of  40 
foreigners  and  100  native  converts  at  Tai-Yuen-Fu,  capi- 
tal of  the  Province  of  Shansi,  is  reported The  Japa- 
nese Government  decides  to  increase  its  force  in  China 
to  23,000  men  and  5,000  horses. 


REV.  DR.  W.  A.  P.  MARTIN,  PRESIDENT   OF  THE  CHINESE 
IMPERIAL  UNIVERSITY. 

(Reported  killed  at  Peking  on  July  12.) 

July  10.— The  allies  at  Taku  and  Tientsin  on  this 
date  are  as  follows  :  Russians,  8,349  ;  Japanese,  5,224 ; 
British.  2,575 ;  Americans,  1,400 ;  Germans,  1,036,  and 
small  detachments  of  Austrians  and  Italians,  bringing 
the  total  up  to  21,304.  ...The  United  States  Govern- 
ment makes  public  a  statement  of  its  position  regard- 
ing China,  which  declares  that  no  partition  of  China  is 


156 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


desired,  and  that  the  purpose  of 
the  United  States  is  to  res*cue 
Americans  in  peril,  protect 
American  interests,  and  bring 
about  permanent  peace  in 
China. 

July  11.— The  Chinese  troops 
make  an  attack  on  the  railway 
station  at  Tientsin,  but  are 
n^pulsed    with    a    loss    of    500 

killed An   Imperial  edict, 

dated  June  29,  and  giving  a 
statement  of  the  Chinese  Gov- 
ernment's position,  is  made  pul)- 

li«^ It  is  announced  that  Dr. 

Mumm  von  Sch warzenstein  will 
be  appointe<l  German  minister 
to  China  to  succeed  Baron  von 
Ketteler. 

July  13.— The  allies  storm  the 
native  city  of  Tientsin  in  two 
columns,  but  the  attacks  are 
repulsed  with  heavy  losses. 

Among  the  Americans  killed  are  Col.  Emerson  H. 
Liscum,  of  the  Ninth  Infantry,  and  Capt.  Austin  R. 
Davis,  of  the  Marine  Corps — It  is  reported  that  mis- 
sionaries are  killed  and  m*is.sion  .stations  are  destroyed 
at  Honan  and  Hong-Chow  in  the  Yangtse  district. 

July  14.— The  allies  resume  the  attack  on  the  native 
city  of  Tientsin,  and  succeed  in  making  a  breach  in 
the  walls  and  capturing  all  the  forts,  including 62  guns. 
The  Americans  lost  about  215  in  killed  and  wounded, 
and  the  rest  of  the  allies  about  560 The  Boxers  be- 
come active  in  Korea  and  destroy  a  Catholic  mission. 

July  15. — A  Chinese  force  invades  Russian  territory, 
and  bomlmrds  Blagovestchensk,  the  capital  of  Amur 
Province. 

July  17.— Certain  parts  of  the  Amur  territory  are  de- 
clared by  Russia  as  in  a  state  of  war  from  July  17 Li 

Hung  Chang,  having  been  appointed  Viceroy  of  the 
Province  of  Chili,  in  which  Peking  is  situated,  leaves 

Canton  for  Hongkong,  on  his  way  to  the  capital A 

statement  is  issued  by  the  United  States  War  Depart- 
ment, showing  that  the  number  of  American  troops  in 
China,  or  on  the  way,  or  available,  is  11,114. 

July  18. — It  is  announced  that  the  French  Govern- 


THE  STEAMSHIP  "BREMKN." 

(One  of  the  three  vessels  wrecked  by  Are  at  the 
Hoboken  piers  on  June  30.) 


UNITED  STATES  CONSULATE  AT  CHEFOO,  CHINA. 

ment  has  sent  a  circular  to  the  powers,  proposing  that 

the  shipment  of  arms  to  China  be  prohibited The 

appointment  of  William  W.  Rockhill  as  special  envoy 
of  the  United  States  to  China  is  announced. 

July  19. — The  Chinese  are  defeated  at  Blagovestchensk, 
and  Ru.ssian  troops  are  isolated  at  Harbin,  in  Man- 
churia. 

July  20.— A  measage  purporting  to  have  been  sent 
from  Peking  by  United  States  Minister  Conger  about 
July  18  is  received  at  Washington The  French  Gov- 
ernment receives  a  telegram  from  the  Emperor  of 
China,  asking  France  to  mediate  between  China  and 
the  powers. 

OTHER  OCCURRENCES  OF  THE   MONTH. 

June  24.— Thirty-flve  persons  are  killed  in  a  train- 
wreck  caused  by  a  washout  on  the  Southern  Railway  in 

Georgia As  the  result  of  a  collision  on  the  Chicago 

&  Xorthwestern  Railway  near  Depere,  Wis.,  six  per- 
sons are  killed. 

June  25.— The  International  Miners'  Congress  begins 
its  sessions  in  Paris— 73  delegates,  representing  1,13a,- 
500  European  miners  being  present. 

June  26.— Twenty- five  new  cases  of  bubonic  plague 
are  reporte<l  in  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

June  28.— The  Yale- Harvard  'varsity  boat-race  at  New 
London,  Conn.,  is  won  by  Yale,  Harvard  winning  the 
four-oar  and  freshman  contests. 

June  29.— A  non-sectarian  college  of  primary  and  sec- 
ondary education  is  formally  opened  at  Manila,  with  an 
enrollment  of  500  pupils. 

June  30.— The  intercollegiate  boat-race  at  Poughkeep- 
sie,  X.  Y.,  is  won  by  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin  beiuK  second,  Cornell  third,  and  Columbia 

fourth A  fire  at  H()lx>ken,  X.  J.,  destroys  the  piers  uf 

the  North  German  Lloy<l  Steamship  Company,  and 
wrecks  the  steamships  Snnlc.  Bremen,  and  Main, 
causing  the  loss  of  alx>ut  175  lives  and  property  amount- 
ing to  ^T.  000, 000. 

July  2.— The  water-works  reservoir  at  Grand  Rapids, 
Mich.,  bursts,  flooding  a  portion  of  the  city  and  destroy- 
ing about  100  houses. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


157 


July  3.— Governor  Roosevelt  is  enthusiastically  re- 
ceived at  the  Rough  Riders'  reunion  at  Oklahoma  City 
—  A  statue  of  Washington,  the  gift  of  American  wom- 
en is  unveiled  in  Paris. 

July  4.— A  statue  of  Lafayette,  the  gift  of  American 
school  children,  is  presented  to  the  Republic  of  France 

A  trolley-car  accident  in  Tacoma,  Wash.,  results  iu 

the  death  of  35  persons  and  serious  injuries  to  60 others. 

July  5,— Fire  caused  by  lightning  results  in  the  loss 
of  property  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company  at  Bayonne, 
N.  J.,  to  the  amount  of  1:2,500,000. 

July  16.— In  the  international  athletic  games  at  Paris, 
Americans  win  16  out  of  the  21  contests  during  three 
days.  ...Christian  Endeavor  meetings  are  held  in  Lon- 
don. 

July  17. — Mount  Azuma,  in  Japan,  is  in  eruption ; 
20O  persons  are  killed  or  injure<l. 

July  19.— Tjord  Roberts  cables  the  occupation  of  Heck- 
poort  by  General  Methuen. 

OBITUARY.  • 

June  22.— Judge  L.  H.  Thompson,  of  the  Vermont 
Supreme  Court,  52 Jasper  F.  Cropsey,  the  artist,  77. 

June  23. — Carl  Sontag,  the  German  comedian,  72. 

June  24.— Martin  J.  RusselK  editor  of  the  Chicago 
Chronicle,  55. 


THK  STATL'E  OF  LAFAYETTE. 

(Presented  to  France  by  American  school  children. 
Unveiled  July  4,  1900.) 


June  25.— Ex-Judge  Mellen  Chamberlain,  of  Chelsea, 
Mafes..  79. 

June  26.— Admiral  Frederick  A.  Maxse,  of  the  British 
Xavy,  67. 

June  30.- Rear-Admirdl  John  W.  Philip,  U.S.X.,  60. 

July  4. — Sir  Thomas  Farrell,  the  sculptor,  president 
of  the  Koyal  Hibernian  Academy,  72. 


July  5.— Justice  Job  H.  Lippincott,  of  the  New  Jersey 

Supreme  Court,  58 Dr.   Henry  Barnard,  formerly  a 

well-known  writer  on  education,  90. 

July  7.— Dr.  John    Ashhurst,  Jr.,  a  well-known  au- 
thority in  surgery,  61. 

July  8.— Dr.  Frederick 
Humphreys,  an  eminent 
homeopathic  physician,  S'>. 
July  9.— John  I,.  Pen- 
nington, governor  of  Da- 
kota Territory  from  1874 
to  1878,  75. 

July  10.— Rear-Admiral 
GeorgeCochran,  U.S.  X.,61 . 
July  12.— Col.  James  Al- 
fred Dennison,  an  Ameri- 
can who  le<l  two  invasions 
into  Aby.sslnia  for  the 
Khedive  of  Egypt,  54. 

July  14.— I'nitetl  States 
Senator  John  Henry  (iear, 

of  Iowa,  75 Col.  Henry 

McCormick,  a   prominent  Pennsylvania   iron    manu- 
facturer, 69. 

July  15. — George  Chance,  a  well-known  labor  leader, 
57. 

July   20.— Col.  William    Mason    Grosvenor,  a  well- 
known  financial  writer  of  New  York  City,  65. 


THR  LATE  ADMIRAL  PHILTP. 


THE  LATE  SENATOR  JOHN  H.  GEAR,  OF  TOWA. 

(Senator  Gear  had  been  prominent  in  Iowa  public  life  for 
more  than  thirty-five  years.  He  had  served  as  a  mem»>er 
of  the  State  Legislature,  as  Governor.  aH  Reprefw^uUitive 
in  Congress,  and.  Anally,  as  United  States  Senator.  HIh 
sterling  qualities  had  ma<le  him  a  power  in  the  rounclls  of 
State  and  nation.) 


CURRENT  HISTORY  IN  CARICATURE. 


BRYAN  8   ULTIMATUM. 

Bryan  :  "'If  you  take  me,  youUl  have  to  take  my  platform.' 
From  the  Herald  (New  York). 


Uncle  Sam  :  *'  Say,  boys,  why  don't  you  ride  an  up-to-datt 
wheel?"— From  the  Herald  (New  York). 


CURRENT  HISTORY  IN  CARICATURE. 


159 


^^^^i 


^-^'/.^ 


»rOOK8TED  CHANOBS  IN  THE  AMERICAN   FLAG  TO  FIT 
ALTERED  CONDITIONS. 

The  .stars  of  Old  Ulory  will  fade  and  give  place  to  a  single 
imperial  »tar,  if  McKinley*8  views  prevail. 

From  the  Timoi'Dtmoeml  (New  Orleans). 


163,000    I 

&UTY  *N 


Uncle  Sam  :  **^  A  man  after  my  own  heart!    Equal  rights 
for  all,  special  privileges  to  none.*^ 

From  the  TimohDemocrat  (New  Orleans). 


TOO  LATE.— From  the  CVinmide  (Chicago). 


Uncle  Sam :  ** The  candidates  are  my  plHtfutm  ' 
From  the  Pio»€^r.Pr«w  (St.  Paul). 


160 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEU^  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


WITHOUT-MALIOfS  CARICATURE. 

Mark  Hanna. 
From  the  Chronicle  (Chicago). 


.-^ 


^^.^ 


THE  NOTIFICATION  AS  IT  REALLY  WAS. 

Mr.  McKiDley*8  friends  enjoy  a  pleasant  event  on  the  Canton  veranda. 
From  the  Journal  (New  York). 


'Pj^A^**^- 


mMS''^'^ 


y-^^:x^^  ^'J^^-^i-  'vTrJ^'^^i"^^ 


DAVID  B.  HILL  IN  HIS  NEW  k6lE  AS  '*  THE  ROUGHEST 

RIDER."-  From  the  Times  (Denver). 


THE  TAIL  NOW  THREATENS  TO  WAGGLE  THE  DOG. 

From  the  Times- Detnocr at  (New  Orleans). 


CURRENT  HISTORY  IN  CARICATURE. 


161 


^'  \_  To  AMPUTATB  OR  NOT  TO  AMPUTATB,  TBAT  18  THE  QUK8- 

^^•^i^. .       TION.    (Shakespeare  as  he  would  write  it  in  1900.) 
From  the  BrixMy/n  EagU  (New  York). 


Bbtan  :   ^^  Two  tails  are  better  than  one/ 
From  the  Journal  (Minneapolis). 

Mr.  Bryan's  Vice-Presidential  partnerships  are  afford- 
ing the  cartoonists  the  same  kind  of  amusement  this 
year  as  in  1896,  when  the  gentleman  from  Nebraska  was 
associated  with  Mr.  Sewall,  of  Maine,  on  one  ticket, 
and  with  Mr.  Watson,  of  Georgia,  on  another.  This 
year,  it  is  Mr.  Stevenson,  of  Illinois,  and  Mr.  Towne,  of 
Minnesota.  Possibly  before  this  issue  of  the  Review 
appears  it  will  have  been  decided  to  have  Mr.  Towne 
retire.  Mr.  Stevenson  is  represented  by  some  of  the 
cartoonists  as  in  the  process  of  transformation  from  an 
old-fashioned  Democrat  to  one  of  the  modern  Populistic 
sort.  Mr.  Hill,  who  escaped  the  Vice-Presidential  nomi- 
nation, is  represented  in  the  ,last  drawing  on  this  page, 
AS  sitting  in  an  astrologer's  anteroom,  with  Governor 
Roosevelt,  eager  to  ask  questions  about  1904. 


"  I  roriTD.  nt  trb  course  of  poiiiricAL  events,  it  bb- 

CAME     NECBSSART     TO     POPULIZE     MY     PARTNER."  —  W.    J, 

BBTAW.-From  the  Trihuw  (Minneapolis). 


AT  THE  ASTROLOGER'S. 

From  the  BrwMuu  Eo/fjiU  (New  York). 


162 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEU^  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


THE  BARDE8T  ONE  YET.— From  the  Journol  (Minneapolis). 

The  American,  as  well  as  the  European  cartoonists, 
have  found  ample  scope  for  all  their  ingenuity  in  the 
contradictory  but  alarming  news  that  has  come  from 
China.  The  cartoonists  have,  for  the  most  part,  dealt 
more  effectively  with  the  situation  than  the  editorial 
writers.  There  is  a  fateful  chapter  of  history  summed 
up  in  the  little  cartoon  from  the  Brooklyn  Eagle  on 
this  page,  showing  Japan  fettered,  while  the  jealous 
powers  were  wrangling  and  China  was  in  conflagration. 


FACE  TO  FACE.— From  the  Warld  (New  York). 


^r<^'^ 


SHAMEFUL !— From  the  BrooMyn  EagU  (New  York). 


IT'S  UP  TO  TIIK  CHINESE  MINISTER. 

The  Powers  :  "  If  a  lonif-winded  proc-lamation  can  reach 
TIB  from  Pekiiii?,  why  not  information  about  the  safety  of  the 
foreigners?"— From  Ibe  Timeit  (Minneapolis). 


China  :  "  It  was  real  kind  of  you,  gentlemen,  to  show  me 
bow  to  use  thebe  things.''— From  the  PUmecr-Prcw  (St.  Paol). 


CURRENT  HISTORY  IN  CARICATURE. 

4fi  .  ^ 


163 


EtTROPA  (to  the  Chinese):  ''I  am  afraid  I  shall  have  to 
teach  you  manners,— even  as  I  taught  the  Sultan,— anless 
you  behave  yourself/'— From  Moorwhint  (London). 


THV  CHINB8E  RETALIATB  I 

Cborus  of  THV  Powers  :  ''  How  disgraceful  I  when  we 
attack  him,  he  defends  himself!  '* 

From  La  SOhouetU  (Paris). 


THE  GREAT  CHINESE  BOXING  MATCH. 

From  Jtigerul  (Munich). 


SAD  FOB  THE  DRAGON !— From  News  of  the  WffTlfl  (London). 


I/>OK  OUT,  IT  18  FALL!  NO  1 

While  the  ixjwers  are  support! nd;  the  lower  part,  the  upper 
stories  seem  likely  to  fall  upon  them. 

From  the  Kladdcradabich  (Berlin). 


THE   CHINESE   REVOLUTION. 


BY  STEPHEN  BONSAL. 


THREE  years  ago,  one  of  the  few  men  wlio 
can  claim  to  know  something  about  China 
stood  with  me  on  the  Anting  gate  of  Peking — 
the  gate  from  which  Admiral  Seymour  has  re- 
cently been  driven  back  with  his  relief  column. 
We  were  discussing  the  situation  created  for 
China  by  the  results,  or  rather  by  the  conse- 
quences, of  the  war  with  Japan.  Incidentally, 
we  were  amusing  ourselves  by  watching  the  an- 
tics of  the  Manchu  Bannermen,  who,  as. is  their 
custom,  were  going  through  a  monthly  drill  on 
the  plain  outside.  As  these  tatterdemalions 
charged  toward  the  gate,  the  battalions  of  the 
* '  infuriated  tigers  "  and  the  <  •  enraged  elephants  '* 
in  advance,  my  companion  said  : 

'  *  What  a  hollow  humbug  of  a  nut  the  Chinese 
question  is  !  We  handle  it  very  gingerly,  and 
with  right.  No  one  can  tell  what  will  come  out 
of  it,  but  some  day  the  brittle  nut  will  be  shat- 
tered by  a  sharp,  decisive  blow.  It  will  fall  into 
a  thousand  pieces,  and  there  will  be  much  dust, 
as  there  should  be  ;  for,  with  China  falls  the 
oldest  kingdom  in  the  world." 

The  blow  has  been  delivered,  and  the  prophecy 
of  my  friend  brilliantly  verified  ;  yet  I  can  take 
but  little  satisfaction  in  his  successful  exercise  of 
a  rare  gift,  because  he  is  one  of  the  devoted 
band  of  Europeans  and  Americans  who  are,  at 
the  present  writing,  still  besieged  in  the  Lega- 
tion Quarter  at  Peking — once  the  imperial  city 
of  the  great  Khan,  but  to-day  at  the  mercy  of 
an  ignorant  mob. 

So  swift  has  been  the  march  of  events,  so 
headlong  the  advance  on  the  capital  of  the  revo- 
lutionists, that  only  two  or  three  days  elapsed 
between  the  first  announcement  that  a  band  of 
Boxers  had  burned  a  village  twenty  miles  from 
Peking  and  the  news  that  the  Peking  Govern- 
ment had  gone  over  to  the  insurgents,  and  that 
the  imperial  troops  as  well  as  the  revolutionists 
were  besieging  the  foreign  legations.  When  the 
curtain  lifts,  wo  can  only  hope  that  it  will  disclose 
to  view  a  gallant  band  of  survivors  who  have 
triumphed  over  the  numbers  of  their  lawless  as- 
sailants ;  though  at  the  present  writing,  July  1 6,  it 
must  be  confessed,  there  is  little  news  upon  which 
to  base  this  comforting  hope.  As  the  miserable 
incompetency  of  the  Emperor  and  his  advisers 
becomes  apparent,  as  I  read  again  the  Emperor's 
pitiful  edict  of  abdication,  wliich  I  shall  repro- 
duce on  another  page,  1  cannot  but  tliink  that 


if  one  hair  of  ^e  head  of  a  single  foreign  am- 
bassador, or  of  a  member  of  his  family,  of  the 
many  who  are  besieged  to-day  in  Legation  Street, 
is  hurt,  Kwang  Su  will  never  have  a  Manchu 
successor,  and  that  perhaps  the  immemorial 
words  with  which,  since  the  time  of  Solomon, 
the  Emperor  of  China  has  been  proclaimed  the 
Son  of  Heaven  in  the  coronation -hall  have  been 
heard  for  the  last  time  in  the  mysterious  precincts 
of  the  Purple  Forbidden  City. 

From  June  24  to  this  writing,  we  have  received 
no  news  of  undisputed  authenticity  from  Peking. 
The  situation  was  then  considered  desperate  by 
those  besieged  in  the  legations.  Their  only 
hope  was  in  an  immediate  rescue  by  the  relief 
column  from  Tientsin.  Since  then  Admiral  Sey- 
mour has  been  compelled  to  retreat,  and  the 
stories  of  the  final  massacre  of  the  besieged  re- 
ceived in  Shanghai  and  Canton  are  becoming 
more  circumstantial.  The  consuls  in  the  treaty 
port  seem  to  have  given  up  all  hope,  and  agree 
that  we  shall  never  know  more  than  we  do  at 
present  of  the  last  moments  of  Mr.  Conger,  Sir 
Robert  Hart,  Sir  Claude  Macdonald,  and  all  the 
foreign  ministers,  their  official  families,  the 
guards,  and  other  refugees  who  when  least  heard 
of  were  fighting  their  hopeless  fight  against  over- 
whelming odds  in  the  British  Legation.  If  this 
news  should  in  the  main  prove  true,  the  Chi- 
nese Government,  by  the  connivance  of  its  oflB- 
cials  in  the  acts  of  the  Imperial  troops  and  the 
Boxers,  has  placed  itself  beyond  the  pale  of  civil- 
ization. In  the  annals  of  history  throughout  the 
darkest  ages,  there  is  no  record  comparable  to 
this  as  an  outrage  upon  humanity  and  interna- 
tional usage.  In  modern  times  the  tragedy  of 
Cawnpore  was,  after  all,  the  uprising  of  a  half-sub- 
dued race  against  hated  masters.  The  murder  of 
Sir  Louis  Cavagnari,  the  British  ag^nt  in  Kabul, 
was  the  act  of  the  savage  Afghans,  who  merely 
acted  as  they  had  been  taught  to  act — to  strike 
when  tiiey  had  the  power.  But,  so  far  as 
we  know  at  present,  there  is  nothing  to  be 
offered  in  extenuation  of  the  tragedy  at  Peking. 
The  murder  of  Baron  von  Ketteler  in  front  of  the 
foreign  office  and  on  the  public  street  may  have 
been  an  accidental  explosion  of  anti-foreign  feel- 
ing on  the  part  of  an  assassin,  which  perhaps 
could  not  have  been  foreseen  and  prevented  by 
tlie  government  to  which  he  was  accredited,  but 
tlie  subsequent  tragedy  at  the  British  Legation  is 


THE  CHINESE  RESOLUTION. 


167 


lacking  in  all  the  elements  of  a  deed  done  in  hot 
blood.  It  was  coolly  and  deliberately  planned 
and  persisted  in  with  diabolical  steadfastness  of 
purpose  for  many  days.  Owing  to  the  heroic  re- 
sistance of  our  people,  the  invaders  of  the  extra- 
territorial soil — as  much  a  part  of  England  as 
Westminster — were  repeatedly  driven  back,  and 
there  was  much  time  for  wiser  counsels,  if  any 
were  offered,  to  be  heeded.  The  delay,  how- 
ever, was  utilized  in  a  different  manner,  and  the 
?  destruction  of  the  legation  and  the  massacre  of 
its  gallant  defenders  was  only  nnally  accom- 
plished by  utilizing  the  resources  of  the  Peking 
arsenal.  The  walls  of  the  legation  were  battered 
down  by  the  Imperial  siege  trains,  manned  by 
Imperial  uniformed  troops. 

It  should  ever  be  present  in  our  minds  that 
this  massacre  was  not  the  act  of  Redskins  or 
Congo  savages.  It  was  accomplished  under  the 
leaderehip  of  some  of  the  highest  officials  of  the 
Chinese  Government.  And  the  act  is  approved 
by  a  people  who  for  four  thousand  years  have 
observed  in  some  measure  the  usages  of  public 
law,  the  sacred ness  of  the  person  of  the  ambas- 
sador, and  the  inviolability  of  the  precincts  of 
a  legation.  The  people  who  stormed  the  lega- 
tions in  Peking  and  put  their  occupants  to  death 
knew  that  they  were  not  engaged  in  simple  man- 
slaughter; and,  when  the  time  comes,  their  pun- 
ishment should  be  measured  out  to  them  ac- 
cordingly. 

THE    LESSON   OF   THE    REVOLUTION. 

Before  endeavoring  to  trace  the  course  of 
recent  events  in  China  with  the  purpose  of 
throwing  some  light  on  the  present  situation,  I 
must  point  out  what,  to  my  mind,  is  the  most 
dangerous  feature  of  the  revolution  with  which 
we  are  now  brought  face  to  face.  Two  years  ago, 
any  naval  or  army  oflBcer  would  have  staked  his 
life  and  reputation  upon  getting  into  Peking 
from  Tientsin  with  but  five  hundred  Europeans 
or  Americans  behind  him,  all  the  military  forces 
of  the  Chinese  Empire  notwithstanding.  To-day 
we  l^ow  that  Admiral  Seymour,  a  gallant  and 
resolute  oflBcer,  has,  with  a  column  of  nearly 
three  thousand  picked  men,  not  only  failed  to 
reach  the  capital,  but  been  driven  back  with  con- 
siderable loss  to  his  base,  after  having  been  cut 
off  from  all  communication  with  it  for  nearly  ten 
days.  The  relief  column  was  composed  of  the 
best  material  ;  and  in  Captain  McCalla,  of  our 
Navy,  Admiral  Seymour  had  a  lieutenant  second 
to  none.  These  gallant  sailors  and  marines  car- 
ried with  them  a  number  of  field-guns  and  Gat- 
Ungs,  and  they  were  spurred  on  to  the  most 
determined  effort  by  the  news  of  the  desperate 
straits  to  which  the  occupants  of  th3  legations  in 


Peking  had  been  reduced  by  the  besieging  revo- 
lutionists ;  and  yet,  after  narrowly  escaping  a 
dlsasttM*.  the  relief  column  retivatod  upon  Tien- 
tsin. The  conclusion  is  forced  upon  us  that  they 
failed  because  they  met  Chinese  soldiery  of  very 
different  caliber  from  what  they  had  expected, 
with  every  reason,  to  meet  ;  and  it  is  this  fea- 
ture of  the  situation  which  I  must  dwell  upon 
as  being,  in  my  opinion,  more  alarming  than  the 
actual  news  from  Peking,  unpleasant  to  read  as 
that  is.  Travelers  from  the  West  generally  dis- 
agree upon  every  Chinese  question  save  one. 
They  have  been  unanimous  in  pronouncing  the 
Chinese  Army,  as  worthless,  and  holding  its  or- 
ganization up  to  contempt.  It  is  true  that  some 
of  the  foreign  officers  who,  from  time  to  time,  of 
recent  years,  have  been  intrusted  with  the  edu- 
cation of  Chinese  recruits,  have  in  some  measure 
dissented  from  this  sweeping  opinion.  In  the 
fall  of  1896,  I  met  in  Nanking  half  a  dozen  Ger- 
man officers  who  had,  at  the  close  of  the  war 
with  Japan,  been  lent  to  the  Viceroy  of  Nanking 
for  the  purpose  of  drilling  his  troops.  I  was 
surprised  to  find  how  enthusiastic  they  were,  and 
with  what  sincere  admiration  they  spoke  of  their 
pupils.  The  ranking  officer  of  this  military  mis- 
sion said  to  me  :  *  *  The  Viceroy  seems  to  prefer 
to  send  us  rickety  old  men  or  half -grown  boys  ; 
but  when  we  do  succeed  in  getting  recruits  such 
as  should  only  be  called  to  the  colors, — namely, 
the  physical  ilite  of  men  between  the  ages  of  20 
and  35, — it  is  surprising  what  excellent  material 
they  are.** 

However,  as  all  *  China  hands"  will  admit, 
this  is  an  exceptional  view  of  Chinese  military 
efficiency  ;  and,  after  all,  it  does  not  go  very 
far.  All  Europeans  and  Americans  who  have 
been  in  China  recently  will  be  more  inclined  to 
indorse  the  following  opinion  of  her  defensive 
conditions  and  the  efficiency  of  her  soldiers, 
which  has  lately  appeared  in  the  Wissenschaft- 
Uche  Mtttheilungen^  of  Germany,  from  the  pen  of 
Baron  von  Reitzingen,  a  major  on  the  German 
General  Staff,  who  has  studied  the  military  con- 
ditions of  China  very  exhaustively. 

**  In  some  Provinces,"  he  says,  **  the  soldiers 
are  armed  with  ancient  halberds,  or  antiquated 
lances  and  pikes.  In  some  with  Martini  rifles, 
which,  owing  to  neglect,  in  a  very  few  months 
are  little  more  effective  than  the  pikes.  One 
year  Krupp  guns  are  ordered,  tlie  next  Arm- 
strongs, and  the  year  after  Norden felts.  The 
guns  are  brought  out,  remain  lying  alx)ut  some- 
where, and  in  a  short  while  it  is  quite  impossible 
to  use  them.  .  .  .  Judged  by  our  conceptions, 
the  Chinese  troops  are,  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
poses, quite  untrained,  badly  armed,  and  conse- 
quently uttfi'ly  useless.'^ 


168 


THE  AMEklCAN  MOhfTHLY  REyiElV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


These  conclusions  refer  to  the  Manchu  troops 
as  well  as  to  the  **  Green  Banners  ^ — Chinese 
troops  recruited  and  supported  by  the  Provincial 
viceroys.  A  month  ago  I  should  have  agreed 
with  Baron  von  Reitzingen,  as  has  every  other 
traveler  in  China  who  has  put  the  results  of  his 
observations  on  paper,  and  with  Lord  Charles 
Beresford,  whose  witty  if  somewhat  inopportune 
stories  as  to  the  efiBciency  of  the  Chinese  soldier 
are  just  getting  into  circulation.  No  one,  how- 
ever, can  read  Admiral  Seymour's  soldierly  ac- 
count of  his  defeat,  which  so  nearly  ended  in  dis- 
aster, without  understanding  that  his  column  was 
not  confronted  by  the  miserable  Bannermen,  but 
by  soldiers  who  fought  well  and  intelligently. 
Indeed,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  one  can  b^t 
obtain  an  idea  of  the  extent  and  strength  of  the 
Boxer  Revolution,  and  see  how  fraught  it  is  with 
danger  to  Western  interests  in  the  Eistst,  by  com- 
paring Baron  von  Reitzingen's  academic  conclu- 
sions of  three  months  ago  with  Admiral  Sey- 
mour's account  of  actual  experiences. 

THE   BULK   OF   THE    EMPBE88   OOWAOEB. 

In  the  midst  of  the  confused  avalanche  of  ru- 
mors that  come  to  the  Western  papers  from 
Hongkong  and  Shanghai,  there  are  several  which 
have  been  substantiated  by  ofiBcial  dispatches, 
and  which  show,  even  could  we  completely  dis- 
card all  the  others  as  being  without  foundation, 
how  serious  is  the  problem  which  the  chaotic 
state  of  China  presents  to  the  civilized  world. 
If  it  should  be  true  (and  at  the  present  writing 
there  is  little  reason  to  doubt  the  report)  that 
Baron  von  Ketteler,  the  German  Ambassador, 
has  been  murdered  in  the  streets  of  Peking  by 
Imperial  troops,  while  on  his  way  to  the  foreign 
office  on  official  business,  it  is  certain  that  the 
satisfaction  to  be  demanded  by  the  Berlin  Gov- 
ernment for  this  outrage  will  not  stop  short  of 
the  overthrow  and  expulsion  of  the  Manchu 
dynasty  and  the  dismissal  of  the  authorities 
through  whose  connivance  or  weakness  this  at- 
tack upon  the  sacred  person  of  a  public  minister 
has  been  made  possible.  The  action  which  Ger- 
many will  have  to  take  brings  the  whole  question 
of  the  settlement  of  China  on  the  carpet.  Op- 
timists have  held,  for  some  time  past,  that  such 
a  settlement  could  be  effected  by  the  exercise  of 
great  caution  and  deliberation  without  provoking 
a  conflict  between  the  powers  interested  ;  but 
under  the  present  circumstances,  and  in  view  of 
the  drastic  measures  which  Germany  will  now  be 
forced  to  take,  there  is  little  or  no  hope  of  such 
a  peaceful  issue.  Today,  China  has  in  fact,  if 
not  at  law,  declared  war  upon  the  civilized 
world.  The  capital  has  fallen  into  the  hands  of 
the  insurgents,  and  the  leading  dignitaries  of  the 


empire  are  making  common  cause  with  the  Box- 
ers. Many  of  our  legations  have  been  burned, 
and  the  lives  of  some,  if  not  all,  of  the  representa- 
tives of  the  Western  powers  have  been  taken. 
When  Peking  is  relieved  by  the  allied  forces, 
even  if, — the  whole  truth  being  known, — there 
shall  be  found  to  be  no  further  additions  to  the 
chapter  of  crime,  the  radically  antagonistic  views 
of  the  powers  as  to  the  way  in  which  the  ex- 
traordinary situation  should  be  dealt  with  will 
become  glaringly  apparent.  After  the  govern- 
ment which  is  so  thoroughly  discredited  both  in 
China  and  abroad  has  been  removed,  what  then  ? 
It  would  be  a  daring  prophet,  indeed,  who  would 
venture  to  answer  that  query.  One  thing  only 
is  certain.  The  Imperial  Government  of  Peking, 
if  it  is  still  there,  stands  convicted  of  bad  faith 
and  of  an  almost  incredible  weakness  ;  and  the 
situation  must  be  faced  without  placing  the  least 
reliance  upon  its  promises  and  protestations. 

At  this  juncture,  it  seems  to  me  advisable  to 
look  back  over  the  last  few  years  in  China  to  see 
whether  some  light  may  not  be  cast  upon  the 
present  situation  by  an  examination  of  the  events 
which  have  led  up  to  it. 

The  history  of  China,  for  the  past  thirty  or 
forty  years,  is  but  the  story  of  the  eventful  life 
of  the  Empress  Dowager,  Tze-Hsi-Tuan-Yu.  It 
cannot  but  strike  the  observer  as  curious  that  in 
the  far  East  of  Asia,  where  the  social  position  of 
women  is  one  of  such  distinct  inferiority,  that 
many  strong  characters  who  have  at  times  dom- 
inated the  situation  should  have  been  members 
of  the  slighted  if  not  despised  sex.  The  high- 
class  Chinese,  who  would  never  think  of  refer- 
ring in  the  most  indirect  way  to  his  wife  ;  who 
would  lose  caste  should  he  wear  mourning  for 
her,  or  appear  at  her  funeral,  or  allow  her  taking 
off  in  any  way  to  disturb  the  even  tenor  of  his  way, 
— would  seem  hardly  more  successful  than  his 
more  courteous  Western  brother  in  escaping  a  pet- 
ticoat government.  I  refer,  of  course,  particularly 
to  the  Empress  Dowager  and  the  late  Queen  of 
Korea,  who,  in  the  eyes  of  at  least  one  admiring 
Western  statesman,  are  the  only  two  men  that  the 
far  East  of  Asia  has  produced  in  our  generation. 
In  1861  the  Senior  Dowager  Empress,  as  she 
was  then  and  is  now  (which  would  go  to  show 
that  her  almost  undisturbed  supremacy  in  Chi 
nese  affairs  is  not  due  to  charms  of  person),  made 
her  first  state-stroke,  and  gave  the  Peking  court 
a  taste  of  her  mettle.  With  the  assistance  of 
Prince  Kung  and  the  other  Dowager  Empress, 
Tze-An,  she  seized  upon  the  reins  of  state  after 
the  death  of  her  husband,  the  Emperor  Hien 
Fung.  The  Empress  Dowagere  ruled  very  hap- 
pily and  to  their  own  satisfaction — at  least,  until 
1873,  when  Tung  Che,  the  son  of  Hien  Fung, 


THE  CHINESE  RESOLUTION. 


169 


came  of  age.  He  died  in  1875,  and  there  were 
those  in  Peking  who  said  that  the  Empress  Dow- 
agers assisted  him  '*to  ascend  upon  a  dragon 
and  become  a  guest  on  high."  Tung  Che  left  no 
heirs  ;  but  shortly  after  his  death,  his  widow, 
Ah-Lu-Te,  announced  that  she  had  hopes  of 
presenting  her  spouse  with  a  posthumous  child. 
Soon  after  this  the  Em  press,  widow  disappeared. 
It  was  announced  that  she  had  committed  sui- 
cide, and  so  the  posthumous  heir  never  came 
into  the  world.  The  choice  of  Emperor  then 
falling  to  the  family  council,  the  present  Em- 
peror, Kwang  Su,  was  selected.  As  he  was  only 
three  years  old  at  the  time,  his  choice  assured  to 
the  Empress  Dowagers  another  long  lease  of  un- 
restricted power  under  the  form  of  a  regency. 
It  is  a  very  difiBcult  task  to  explain  the  Chinese 
ideas  of  succession  ;  but  it  will  suffice  to  state 
here,  that  the  designation  of  Kwang  Su,  which 
fitted  in  so  admirably  with  the  views  of  the  Em- 
press Dowagers  in  regard  to  a  perpetual  regency, 
was  not  a  popular  one.  It  ran  counter  to  the 
dynastic  traditions  and  pious  prejudices  of  the 
Chinese ;  and  many  of  the  court  astrologers, 
when  consulted  as  to  the  promise  of  the  new 
reign,  are  reported  to  have  shaken  their  heads 
dubiously — though,  like  wise  men,  they  held 
their  peiice,  it  being  known  that  the  Empress 
liad  very  practical  views  on  the  duty  of  sooth - 
sayere.  The  objection  seems  to  have  been  that 
Kwang  Su,  being  of  the  same  generation  as  his 
ill-starred  predecessor,  Tung  Che,  the  * '  blessed 
continuity'*  of  the  dynasty  was  interrupted;  it 
was  held  by  many  that  the  father  of  Prince 
Tuan,  the  leader  of  the  revolutionists  of  to-day, 
should  have  been  raised  to  the  throne,  and  in  this 
disappointraent  may  be  found  the  inspiration  of 
Prince  Tuan*s  pi<3sent  attitude  and  some  expla- 
nation of  the  present  dynastic  situation.  In  the 
eyes  of  many  Chinese,  then.  Prince  Tuan  is 
noC  only  popular  because  the  enemy  of  the 
*'  foreign  devils,"  but  because  he  is  thought 
to  have  a  more  divine  right  to  the  throne  than 
any  other  member  of  the  Imperial  Clan  ;  but 
the  Empress  bad  the  situation  well  in  hand,  and 
the  matter  ended  with  ominous  whisperings. 
Her  gentle  colleague,  Tze-An,  died  in  1881,  and 
the  Empress  Dowager  Tze-Hsi  ruled  the  empire 
alone  until  1889,  when  Kwang  Su  came  of  age. 
Tlie  Emperor  soon  showed  himself  mentally  and 
physically  a  weakling.  Most  of  his  edicts  were 
written  by  the  Dowager,  and  no  important  meas- 
ure was  promulgated  without  the  announcement 
being  publicly  made  by  the  young  Emperor  that 
he  had  consulted  the  Princess- Parent,  and  that 
his  decree  was  her  will ;  and  it  soon  became 
apparent  that,  while  Kwang  Su  occupied  the 
throne,  the  Empress  Dowager  ruled  as  before. 


CONSEQUENCES  OF  THE  JAPANESE  WAR. 

The  Empress  Tze-Hsi  is  admitted  to  be,  even 
by  her  most  bitter  enemies,  an  able  woman. 
The  court  of  the  Emperor  was  deserted,  while 
the  palace  quarters  of  the  Empress  Dowager  were 
crowded.  It  was  recognized  by  every  one  that 
the  nomination  of  her  gatekeeper,  or  the  good 
offices  of  her  band  of  eunuchs,  was  the  only  path 
to  appointment  and  official  promotion.  The  out- 
break of  the  Japanese  War  found  the  Empress 
Dowager  at  the  zenith  of  her  power,  and  the 
Emperor  in  the  greatest  obscurity.  It  was  said, 
indeed,  that  the  sum  of  money  allotted  Kwang 
Su  by  this  female  usurper  was  so  small  that  at 
times  he  experienced  the  greatest  difficulty  in 
meeting  the  expenses  of  his  shabby  court.  At 
this  time,  perhaps  merely  out  of  avarice,  which 
is  said  to  be  her  besetting  sin,  the  Empress  cele- 
brated a  jubilee  of  some  kind  ;  that  is,  an  oppor- 
tunity was  given  the  officers  of  the  empire  to 
send  her  presents,  something  additional  and  over 
and  above  the  regular  percentages  they  were 
paying  on  the  perquisites  of  their  offices.  The 
Japanese  War  rather  interfered  with  the  bril- 
liancy of  the  jubilee  pageant ;  but  the  Empress 
was  not  to  be  diverted  from  enjoying  to  the 
full  the  solid  business  advantages  of  the  occa- 
sion. While  many  of  the  fetes  were  dispensed 
with,  in  view  of  the  invasion  *of  the  »*  despised 
dwarfs,"  it  was  noticed  that  such  viceroys  and 
other  high  officials  who  were  so  careless  as  not  to 
send  handsome  presents  to  Peking  very  shortly 
afterwards  lost  their  places.  The  war  was  pre- 
cipitated by  the  Dowager  Empress  herself,  who 
sent  more  troops  to  Korea  when  her  representa- 
tive there  and  the  Grand  Secretary  Li  had  given 
the  most  solemn  assurances  to  Japan  that  no 
more  should  be  sent.  It  is  well  known  by  what 
energetic  measures  the  Japanese  met  this  breach 
of  faith — how  the  transport  Kowshing  was  sunk, 
and  war  declared. 

By  many  travelers  in  China  it  has  been  main- 
tained that  the  humiliating  disasters  of  the  war 
with  the  Rising  Sun  Empire  passed  almost  un- 
noticed in  Peking,  and  were  never  heard  of  at 
all  in  the  more  remote  Provincial  capitals.  Such 
is  not  my  opinion  ;  and  the  best  proof  that  such 
was  not  the  case  is  shown  by  the  fever  of  re- 
form and  of  new  methods  which,  immediately  after 
the  conclusion  of  hostilities,  overspread  China. 
For  a  time  the  throne  was  bombarded  with  re- 
scripts and  prayers  from  the  Provincial  officials, 
calling  upon  the  Peking  authorities  to  modernize 
their  methods  and  place  the  empire  in  a  better 
state  of  defense.  Even  that  champion  ot  con- 
servatism, Chan-Chih-Tung,  the  Viceroy  of  Nan- 
king, respectfully  addressed  the  throne,  asking 


170 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REk'IEiV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


that  gun-foundries  be  built  and  powder-mills 
en'ctod  and  railways  constructed  between  the 
various  Provinces.  *' Unless  these  reforms  are 
carried  out  with  great  dispatch,"  admonished  the 
Viceroy,  **  we  shall  be  undone  '*  Other  power- 
ful agencies  were  at  work  on  the  regeneration  of 
China,  the  least  potent  of  which  was  probably 
the  friendly  advice  of  those  of  the  powers  who 
wished  for  the  maintenance  of  the  status  quo  rath- 
er than  a  partition  of  the  vast  empire.  Up  to 
this  time  almost  the  only  source  of  information 
in  regard  to  current  events  open  to  the  Chinese  was 
the  Peking  Gazette,  the  oldest  newspaper  in  the 
world  by  several  centuries.  Unfortunately  for 
China,  the  Peking  Gazette  has  never  deigned  to 
publish  a  *' foreign"  page,  and  very  rarely  any 
reference  ;  and  this,  always  couched  in  the  most 
contemptuous  terms,  is  made  in  its  columns  to 
the  **  despised  outsiders.*'  After  the  war  with 
Japan,  however,  newspapers  printed  in  Chinese 
were  smuggled  into  the  country  from  Hongkong 
and  Shanghai,  and  they  soon  obtained  a  very 
large  circulation.  Despite  the  very  severe  edicts 
issued  by  the  Empress  Dowager,  and  the  fact 
that  many  coolies  caught  circulating  the  papers 
were  put  to  death,  the  innovation  could  not  be 
checked.  Further,  modern  books  and  scientific 
treatises  were  translated  from  the  French,  Eng- 
lish, and  German  into  literary  Chinese,  and  were 
eagerly  bought  hf  the  literati  and.  the  '« budding 
students"  whose  mental  pabulum  had  hitherto 
consisted  in  the  **  Analects"  and  the  *<Book  of 
Kings."  A  translation  was  made,  by  a  clever 
Hongkong  Chinaman,  of  the  views  expressed  by 
prominent  Western  writers  on  the  situation  in 
China  ;  and  300,000  copies  of  this  volume  were 
sold  in  three  months.  News  of  the  proposed 
partition  of  China  was,  in  this  way,  widely  dif- 
fused. The  strenuous  efforts  made  by  the  Im- 
perial Government  to  suppress  this,  as  well  as  all 
other  publications  of  an  enlightening  nature, 
met  with  no  success.  Many  of  the  quaint  wood- 
en presses  of  the  kind  upon  which  the  Peking 
Gazette  has  been  printed  for  centuries  were 
burned,  it  is  true  ;  but  new  types  were  quickly 
secured,  and  there  being  no  law  of  copyright, 
every  printer  who  secured  a  copy  of  a  salable 
book  did  not  hesitate  to  print  another  edition 
of  it. 

REFORM    AND    REOENERATION. 

It  was  not  long  before  tliese  changes  and  the 
spirit  of  unrest  that  was  abroad  in  the  Provinces 
found  an  echo  even  in  Peking.  OflBcials,  at  first 
of  but  petty  rank,  but  gradually  of  greater 
prominence,  made  it  known  that  tiiey  were  not 
averse  to  a  change  of  methods  in  all  branches  of 
administration  ;   and,  U)V  a  wonder,  these  hardy 


reformers,  who  were  encouraged  by  many  of  the 
missionaries  and  supplied  with  funds  by  Chinese 
who  had  found  wealth,  and  security,  and  knowl- 
edge, Ijeyond  the  seas — in.  Hongkong,  the  Malay 
Peninsula,  Java,  and  the  Straits — were  not  sum- 
marily dealt  with.  In  the  popular  unrest  and 
dissatisfaction,  the  Emperor  saw  an  opportunitv 
of  emancipating  himself  from  the  petticoat  gov- 
ernment of  the  Empress  Dowager,  under  which 
he  had  suffered  in  silence  so  long  ;  and  accord- 
ingly, he  allowed  it  to  be  known  that  he  was  not 
at  all  unfriendly  to  the  new  ideas  or  the  Western 
learning.  In  response  to  this  invitation,  efforts 
— under  the  circumstances,  very  daring  efforts — 
'  were  made  by  the  leading  reformers  to  get  into 
communication  with  the  nominal  Emperor,  but 
with  little  success  ;  for  it  is  said  that,  on  the  few 
occasions  when  the  desired  audience  was  obtained, 
the  reformers  could  see  upon  the  audience-curtain 
the  shadow  of  the  Empress  Dowager,  who  was  there 
to  listen,  and  consequently  few  or  none  were  bold 
enough  to  unburden  themselves  of  the  matters 
so  near  their  hearts.  OflBcial  China  soon  fell  into 
two  camps.  The  reactionary  Empress  Dowager 
was  supported  by  nearly  all  the  office-holders, 
who  saw  their  sinecures  threatened  and  the  ri- 
ginie  under  which  they  had  prospered  in  danger 
of  being  swept  away.  Those  who  wanted  office, 
and  quite  a  number  of  the  younger  mandarins 
and  literati,  who  were  far-sighted  enough  to  see 
that  China  was  fast  approaching  anarchy  or  a 
partition  by  the  powers,  rallied  round  the  Em- 
peror. When  the  moment  was  ripe  for  action, 
the  Dowager  Empress  set  about  her  task  with 
characteristic  energy.  For  some  years  past,  she 
had  not  concealed  her  growing  opinion  that  the 
Emperor  was  unworthy  to  rule.  His  health  left 
much  to  be  desired,  and  no  heirs  were  bom  to 
him.  This  latter  misfortune  so  weighed  upon 
the  mind  of  his  real  mother  that  in  1896,  when 
she  suddenly  died,  it  was  pretty  generally  l)e- 
lieved  in  Peking  that  the  unfortunate  woman  had 
committed  suicide  to  avoid  the  contemplation  of 
the  neglected  tombs  (for  who,  in  default  of  chil- 
dren, would  burn  incense  or  prayer- papers  l>e- 
fore  her  ancestral  tablets  ?),  and  to  escape  the 
bitter  reproaches  of  tlie  Empress  Dowager. 

THE    DETHRONEMENT  OP    THE    EMPEROR. 

Tze  Hsi  was  probably  honestly  disapp>ointed  at 
the  non- appearance  of  an  heir  ;  for  it  is  said 
that  her  preferred  plan  for  regaining  complete 
and  uncontested  control  of  affairs  was  to  ad- 
minister poiscn  to  the  Emperor  as  soon  as  a 
child  was  born  to  him,  and  then  take  his  heir 
under  her  wing  ;  in  other  words,  to  enter  upon 
another  regency,  the  third  in  her  lifetime.  The 
Emperor*s  failure  to  have  issue,  and   his  leaning 


THE  CHINESE  REyOLUTION. 


173 


of  France  on  the  south,  and  of  Germany  in 
Shantung,  liave  so  weakened  and  discredited 
the  Peking  Government  that  to-day  its  easy  over- 
throw by  the  Boxers  should  cause  little  surprise. 
Several  of  the  foreign  ministers — notably,  it 
is  said,  Sir  Claude  Macdonald — represented  to 
the  ministers  of  the  Yamun  for  foreign  affairs 
the  unhappy  effect  the  agitation,  if  not  sup- 
pressed, would  exert  on  the  relations  of  China 
with  other  countries  ;  b\it  their  words  of  warn- 
ing were  without  effect.  Such  representations 
were  listened  to  with  studied  courtesy,  and  that 
was  all.  It  is  evident  now  that  many  of  the 
most  influential  leaders  of  the  Peking  court  have 
taken  means  to  ingratiate  themselves  with  the 
leaders  of  the  Boxer  movement.  Among  those 
who  have  cast  anchors  to  windward,  first  and 
foremost  are  undoubtedly  the  Empress  Dowager, 
Prince  Tuan  (the  father  of  the  heir-apparent), 
and  possibly  even  Prince  Ching.  But  with  the 
exception  of  Prince  Tuan,  there  is  no  reason  to 
believe  that  any  prominent  oflBcial  in  Peking  in- 
stigated the  rebellion.  The  Dowager  Empress 
naturally  tried  to  keep  on  good  terms  with  such 
a  formidable  body  of  her  subjects.  At  the  same 
time  it  is  probable  that  she  tried  to  keep  the 
agitation  within  legal  bounds,  and  protect  the 
foreigners  from  their  ferocity  until  by  doing  so 
she  endangered  her  own  position. 

THE   DOWAGER    EMPRESS    AND    THE    ANTI -FOREIGN 
MOVEMENT. 

A  few  days  ago,  I  received  a  letter  from  Pe- 
king that  was  mailed  before  the  outbreak — upon 
which,  however,  it  sheds  some  light.  It  was 
written  by  a  member  of  one  of  the  foreign  lega- 
tions, and  consequently  echoes  the  opinion  of  the 
best-informed  diplomatic  circles  in  Peking  ;  but, 
as  my  correspondent  was  aware  that  I  am  ac- 
quainted with  the  tortuous,  undignified,  and  most 
unreliable  channels  through  which  the  foreign 
legations  receive  the  greater  part  of  their  infor- 
mation of  what  is  occurring  in  the  Purple  For- 
bidden City  of  the  Palace,  he  adds  :  <*  Of  course, 
it  may  be  a  yarn  ;  and  yet,  there  is  much  con- 
firmation of  the  story  to  be  found,  if  you  exam- 
ine closely  the  events  of  the  last  three  months." 
The  yarn  that  has  wandered  into  Legation  Street 
is  to  the  effect  that  the  Dowager  Empress  has 
joined  the  Boxers.  Certain  it  is  she  has  re- 
cently received  many  members  of  the  organiza- 
tion with  every  appearance  of  marked  favor. 
When  a  high  official,  a  censor  from  the  Prov- 
ince of  Chili,  was  enjoying  an  audience  lately, 
^he  is  reported  to  have  inquired: 

"What  is  your  opinion  of  the  Hoxers?  Do 
you  think  they  would  join  my  troops  to  expel 
the  foreign  devils  ?  " 


<*I  am  certain  of  it,"  replied  the  censor. 
*'  Our  high  purpose  is  set  forth  in  the  tenets  of 
the  society  :  '  Protect,  to  the  death,  the  members 
of  the  Heavenly  dynasty  ;  and  torture  for  the 
intruding  foreign  devils.'  We  are  organizing 
and  arming  ;  we  will  be  prepared." 

*  *  I  am  afraid  you  will  get  us  into  serious 
trouble  before  the  country  is  ripe  for  an  upris. 
ing.  You  Boxers  of  Shantung  and  Chili  need 
conservative  leaders,"  she  added. 

But  the  Empress  was  none  the  less  pleased  ; 
for  the  next  day  she  promoted  the  censor  to  be 
Governor  of  Peking. 

After  the  burning  of  Tung  Chow  (the  Peiho 
River  port,  about  eight  miles  from  Peking),  and 
the  sacking  of  the  large  town  of  Paoting-Fu, 
with  which  the  revolution  began,  the  Empress 
Dowager  is  reported  to  have  still  praised  the 
Boxers,  and  to  have  condemned  the  Chinese 
troops  who  had  opposed  them.  In  deference  to 
the  unanimous  representations  made  by  the  mem- 
bers of  the  diplomatic  corps  in  Peking,  the  Em- 
press ** edited"  her  edict.  She  described  the 
Boxers  as  honest,  well-meaning  men,  but  re- 
gretted that  they  had  been  *  *  misguided. "  Then 
the  wires  were  broken ;  the  Russian  wire  over 
Manchuria,  curiously  enough,  being  kept  intact 
many  days  after  all  communication  between  Pe- 
king and  the  Yellow  Sea  ports  had  been  inter- 
rupted. Admiral  Seymour,  in  his  attempt  to  res- 
cue the  legations  and  the  foreign  residents  of 
Peking,  was  driven  back  ;  and,  up  to  the  present 
writing,  we  have  only  the  wildest  and  most  un- 
reliable rumors  as  to  what  has  happened  in  Pe- 
king since  the  outbreak.  To  my  mind,  the  facts 
of  the  situation  are  sufficiently  alarming  without 
allowing  one's  self  to  be  depressed  by  the  rumors. 
Peking  is  in  the  hands  of  the  insurgents.'  Per- 
haps even  now  the  representatives  of  the  West, 
as  were  their  predecessors — Sir  Harry  Parkes 
and  Captain  Loch — in  1859,  are  being  exposed 
to  the  mockery  of  the  Peking  populace  from  the 
places  of  torture  in  the  old  bell- tower.  There  is 
no  one  who,  knowing  the  cool  and  unemotion- 
able  fiber  of  Sir  Robert  Hart's  courage,  and  read- 
ing the  dispatch  with  his  countersign  containing 
the  last  reliable  news  that  reached  the  naval  com- 
manders in  Tientsin  on  July  2,  nine  days  in 
transmission  from  Peking  :  **  Situation  here  des- 
perate. Hasten  !  "  would  not  in  his  heart  be 
gla<i  if  the  first  news  we  learn  from  the  be- 
leaguered inhabitants  of  Legation  Street  is  that 
they  have  suffered  no  woi-se  fate  than  an  ig- 
nominious imprisonment.  In  the  meantime,  the 
world  will  await  with  impatience  the  assembling 
of  the  troops  that  are  coming  together  from  the 
four  corners  of  the  globe,  without  which  it  would 
be  folly  to  attempt  to  reach  Peking. 


174 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


THE    SECRET    SOCIETIES. 

We  shall  hear  more  alx)iit  tlie  Boxers.  At 
the  present  writing,  we  could  not  possibly  know 
less.  Until  a  few  months  ago,  when^  these  wild 
sectaries  swept  down  upon  the  capital  over  the 
bleak  plains  of  Northern  China,  not  a  word  had 
been  printed  in  the  empire  in  regard  to  a  move- 
ment which  was  spreading  over  the  Provinces 
like  wildfire.  It  is,  perhaps,  not  an  exaggera- 
tion to  say  that  witliin  a  month  as  many  as 
4,000,000  active  members  were  enrolled.  Right 
here  it  should  be  remembered  that  the  Chinese 
have  the  specialty  of  secret  societies.  To  con- 
spire in  secret  comes  as  naturally  to  them  as  to 
ventilate  his  grievances  in  a  town -meeting  to  the 
Anglo-Saxon.  The  Triad  Society,  which  was 
founded  many  hundred  years  ago  to  bring  about 
the  overthrow  of  the  Manchu  invaders  and  re- 
store the  Mings,  still  exists,  and  is  probably 
more  widespread  through  China  than  even  the 
Boxers  as  yet ;  and  there  are  hundreds  and 
thousands  of  other  societies,  more  or  less  secret, 
which  have  millions  and  millions  of  membei's, 
who  do  not  seem  to  lose  interest  in  the  propa- 
ganda which  they  are  engaged  upon  even  when, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  Triad,  nothing  active  is  at- 
tempted in  hundreds  of  years.  Every  China- 
man belongs  to  a  number  of  these  societies,  some 
of  which  are  criminal,  like  the  High-Binders,  of 
whom  the  San  Francisco  police  know  something  ; 
but  generally  they  are  benevolent,  and  exist  for 
the  purpose  of  mutual  assistance  in  sickness  and 
in  death.  In  a  society  honeycombed  in  this  wise, 
it  is  not  difficult  to  understand  the  rapidity  with 
which  the  Boxer  movement  has  spread.  Lodges 
of  the  old  societies  often  joined  the  new  one  as 
a  unit,  and  adherents  were  recruited  by  tens 
of  thousands  in  a  day. 

THE    SETTLEMENT    OF    THE    QUESTION. 

While  the  powers,  as  yet,  are  very  far  from 
being  in  a  position  to  impose  terms  upon  the 
Chinese,  speculation  is  rife  as  to  the  basis  upon 
which  the  settlement  will  be  made.  There  can 
be  but  two  solutions  of  the  question — the  parti- 
tion of  China  among  the  powers,  or  the  main- 
tenance of  the  integrity  of  the  empire  with  some 
up  to  the  present  uncompromised  member  of  the 
Imperial  Clan  upon  the  throne. 

THE    ACTION    OF    THE    POWERS. 

Up  to  the  present  it  is  impossible  to  define 
even  the  probable  action  of  the  powers.  They 
seem  to  ])e  acting  in  harmony,  as  yet,  thou^li 
with  great  slowness.  It  setMus  to  be  I'^i^norally 
recoijnized  that  the  question  of  the  punishment 
for   the    Peking   massacres    should    be    treated 


independently  of  the  question  as  to  how  the  far 
Eastern  nuisance  is  once  for  all  to  be  abolished, 
and  a  stable  government  capable  of  keeping 
treaty  obligations  and  maintaining  law  and  order 
established. 

It  would  be  childish  to  deny  that  the  position 
of  the  powers  who  are  desirous  of  maintaining 
the  integrity  of  China  has  not  been  greatly  weak- 
ened by  the  events  of  the  last  two  months. 
Many  members  of  the  Imperial  Clan  undoubtedly, 
when  the  truth  is  known,  will  be  found  to  share 
with  Prince  Tuan  the  responsibility  of  the  mas- 
sacre. By  whom,  then,  can  the  powers  who  wish 
to  maintain  the  status  quo  replace  the  present 
Emperor,  who  is  admitted  to  be  physically  and 
mentally  unfit  to  rule  ?  If  it  be  true  that  Prince 
Ching,  a  member  of  the  Imperial  house,  and  a 
^  minister  of  the  Tsungli-Yamen,  was  wounded  in 
an  attempt  to  relieve  the  legations,  here  is  a 
brave  man  who  could  be  placed  on  the  throne. 
I  met  him  several  times  when  in  China.  He  is 
about  sixty  years  of  age,  and  was  regarded  as  an 
amiable  and  conservative  official,  with  whom 
the  relations  of  the  foreign  ministers  were  in- 
variably satisfactory.  But  in  the  existing  reign 
of  anarchy  at  Peking,  it  is  more  than  likely  that 
for  these  very  qualities  his  life  will  be  taken. 

While  awaiting  further  news  of  the  fate  of 
Minister  Conger,  it  is  interesting  to  watch  the 
preparations  of  the  German  Government  for 
armed  intervention  in  China.  The  Berlin  au- 
thorities, it  should  be  remembered,  were  in  re- 
ceipt of  a  circumstantial  account  of  Baron  von 
Ketteler's  death  three  weeks  ago.  When  the 
first  detachment  of  marines  left  Wilhelmshafen, 
the  Emperor,  addressing  his  men,  said  :  *<  Yon 
must  place  the  German  flag  upon  the  walls  of 
Peking.  There  we  will  dictate  peace.*'  When 
the  East  Asian  squadron  sailed  from  Kiel  on 
July  9,  he  said  :  *'  You  are  sent  to  avenge  the 
German  blood  which  has  been  spilt.  1  shall  not 
rest  until  I  have  forced  China  upon  her  knees, 
until  her  power  is  subdued."  If  these  words 
mean  anything  at  all,  they  mean  that  Germany 
has  i-enounced  the  policy  of  the  statits  quo,  and 
that  for  the  future  she  will  avowedly  work  for 
the  partition  of  China  as  secretly  and  unofficially 
as  she  always  has  done. 

We  must,  in  this  question  of  the  future 
of  China,  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  im- 
portant commercial  and  political  interests  of  the 
United  States  demand  the  maintenance  of  the 
empire.  Russian  (^hina,  French  China,  German 
( 'hina,  spell  so  many  markets  closed  to  us.  The 
attempt  which  has  recently  been  made  by  the 
State  Department  to  secure  assurances  frora  the 
powers  that,  in  case  they  should  take  over,  each 
its  sphere  of  influence, — Russia  Manchuria,  Ger 


THE  KANSAS  CITY  CONl^ENTION. 


175 


many  Shantung,  and  France  Yunnan  and  the 
South, — the  present  rate  of  import  duties  upon 
our  trade  shall  not  be  increased,  is  laudable  but 
not  at  all  practical.  No  great  power  is  likely  to 
enter  upon  the  government  of  any  part  of  China 
by  abdicating  in  advance  the  most  important 
attribute  of  sovereignty  ;  and  even  if  such  an 
assurance  were  given,  it  would  not  be  regarded  as 
having  binding  force.  When  France  assumed 
a  protectorate  over  Algiers,  and  later  Tunis,  she 
entered  into  all  manner  of  promises  as  to  the 
maximum  of  duties  to  be  levied,  and  made  the 
most  solemn  protestations  that  foreign  shipping 
should  not  be  discriminated  against ;  but  to-day, 
these  promises  and  protestations  are  in  the  waste- 
paper  basket.  Not  a  foreign  ship  can  trade  in 
Algiers  or  in  Tunis  ;  and  to-morrow,  even  were 
the  answers  to  Mr.  Hay's  circular  letter  as  pre- 
cise as  they  are  vague,  such  would  be  our  expe- 
rience with  a  Russian.  China,  a  French  China, 
and  a  German  China. 

Even  if  we  had  the  antecedents  of  a  country 
which  always  consulted  the  best  interests  of 
its  neighbors  in  formulating  a  tariff — which  we 
have  not — how  long  would  Germany  let  our 
goods  into  Shantung  at  5  per  cent,  ad  valorem^ 
when,  across  the  Yellow  Sea  at  Manila,  German 
products  might  be  paying  40  per  cent.  We  have 
no  more  right  to  demand  that  Germany,  France, 
and  Russia  should,  when  they  enter  upon  actual 


possession  of  their  Chinese  spheres  of  influence, 
not  raise  the  custom  duties  than  they  would  have 
to  say  that  we  have  not  the  right  to  abrogate 
whatever  treaty  rights  they  may  have  enjoyed  in 
Porto  Rico  or  in  the  Philippines  under  the  Span- 
ish regime. 

If  Great  Britain,  Japan,  and  the  United  States 
unite  in  maintaining  the  integrity  of  China,  the 
scheme  of  partition  will  not  succeed.  It  is  true 
that  Japan  would  like,  for  many  reasons,  such  a 
lodgment  on  the  mainland  as  a  slice  from  the 
corpus  of  her  traditional  enemy  would  give  her. 
But  what  Japan  most  wants  is  to  block  the  game 
of  Russia,  France,  and  Germany,  the  unholy 
alliance,  as  it  is  called  in  Tokio,  which  robbed 
her  of  the  fruits  of  her  successful  war.  The  es- 
pecial grievance  of  Germany,  the  murder  of  her 
ambassador  by,  it  is  still  said,  Chinese  troops, 
complicates  the  situation  a  great  deal.  As  it  re- 
quired quite  a  chunk  of  Shantung  to  satisfy 
Germany  for  the  murder  of  a  missionary  by  rob- 
bers, it  may  be  thought  in  Berlin  that  all  China 
is  not  large  enough  to  repay  for  the  outrage  com- 
mitted upon  the  sacred  person  of  her  representa- 
tive. The  situation  is  certainly  grave  ;  but  there 
is  no  reason  to  doubt  that,  if  England,  Japan, 
and  the  United  States  only  stand  together,  they 
can  preserve  China  from  the  avowedly  predatory 
powers,  and  keep  open  to  trade,  under  civilized 
conditions,  the  last  great  market  of  the  world. 


THE   KANSAS   CITY   CONVENTION. 


BY  WALTER  WELLMAN. 


TPHE  two  great  national  political  conventions 
^  of  1900  afforded  interesting  contrasts, 
coincidences,  and  studies.  At  Philadelphia,  the 
Republican  convention  was  businesslike.  One 
did  not  need  personal  acquaintance  with  many 
of  the  delegates  to  become  convinced  that,  it  was 
to  a  great,  perhaps  an  unusual,  extent  an  as- 
semblage of  business  men.  Most  of  them  ap- 
peared to  be  successful  men — practical  men  ; 
men  not  much  given  to  emotionalism,  and  not  at 
*11  to  that  form  of  demonstration  known  as  con- 
vention hysterics.  The  result  was  that  at  Phila- 
delphia the  Republicans  did  not  make  much  of  a 
display  of  what  we  press  writers  call  onthnsiasm 
— not  nearly  so  much  as  was  made  at  Kansas 
<-'ity.  In  truth,  the  Republican  gatherinfc  was 
rather  col<i  an<i  not  easily  roused,  liy  obviously 
organized  effort,  something  akin  to  an  old -time 
demongtration  was  made  over   the   mention  of 


President  McKinley's  name  ;  but  there  was  not 
much  heart  in  it.  It  was  a  mattei  of  form  as 
much  as  anything  else,  and  men  cheered  and 
paraded,  and  lifted  on  high  the  standards  of  the 
States,  because  that  is  quite  the  proper  thing  to 
do  at  a  national  convention,  and  most  people 
feel  that  they  have  not  gotten  their  money's 
worth  without  it.  On  the  whole,  the  Philadel- 
phia convention  passed  off  in  quite  a  businesslike 
fashion.  There  were  not  many  speeches — only 
such  as  the  managers  wished  to  have  made. 
Everything  was  in  good  running  order.  The 
discipline  was  well-nigh  perfect.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  a  little  hitch  over  the  platform,  every 
one  appeared  to  be  thoroughly  satisfied  with  the 
outcome. 

At  Kansjks  City,  \vt*  saw  quite  a  different  sort 
uf  affair.  That  convention  was  not  Ui'arly  so 
well  in  hand.     It  was  an  assemblage  of  earnest 


176 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^lEU/  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


and  enthusiastic  m^n,  prone  to  much  speech 
making,  and  not  so  much  addicted  to  running 
with  the  political  machine  and  submitting  to  the 
dictation  of  leaders  as  are  their  rivals  of  the 
other  party.  Excepting  the  great  delegations 
from  New  York,  Illinois,  and  perhaps  one  or  two 
other  States,  where  the  Democrats  imitate  the 
Republican  style  of  politics,  much  individualism 
was  apparent.  It  struck  me  that  there  were  at 
■Kansas  City  many  more  lawyers  than  at  Phila- 
delphia— young  country  lawyers,  who  love  to 
make  speeches  and  dabble  in  the  game  of  politics. 
At  Kansas  City,  the  lawyer  appeared  to  take  the 
place  which  the  successful  business  man  had  oc- 
cupied at  Philadelphia.  On  the  whole,  thejper- 
sonnel  of  the  Democratic  convention  was  seem- 
ingly of  a  slightly  higher  grade  than  that  of  the 
Republican  assemblage.  The  advantage  was  on 
the  other  side  as  to  the  Northern  States  ;  but  the 
Southern  representation  at  Philadelphia  was,  as 
usual,  more  or  less  of  the  rotten -borough  order. 

At  Washington  we  have  an  axiom,  trite  but 
true,  that  responsibility  always  exerts  a  sobering 
effect  upon  men  chosen  to  public  station.  The 
sense  of  responsibility  may  have  sobered  the  con- 
vention representatives  of  the  party  in  power. 
As  a  rule,  a  party  that  is  out  and  trying  to  get 
in  displays  more  enthusiasm  than  the  one  that  is 
in  and  trying  to  stay  there  ;  and  this  principle  ex- 
tends in  a  most  important  sense  to  the  elections, 
and  sometimes  dictates  the  result.  But  beyond 
this  I  am  satisfied,  from  close  observation,  that 
the  Democrats  have  within  them  more  genuine 
feeling  and  a  greater  tendency  to  display  it  in 
effective  fashion.  This  is  a  temperamental  fact. 
It  is  due  largely  to  the  greater  amount  of  indi- 
vidualism within  the  Democratic  ranks.  It  is 
due,  in  part,  to  the  fact  that  the  Democratic 
party  is  essentially  a  party  of  protest,  of  dissent, 
of  close  adherence  to  the  old  principles,  the  max- 
ims and  axioms  of  the  fathers  and  of  the  Consti- 
tution ;  and  this  implies  more  sentimentality, 
more  emotionalism,  freer  utterance.  Add  to  this 
that  fighting  or  unyielding  quality  of  the  Ameri- 
can character  which  nerves  men  after  a  defeat, 
and  makes  them  desperate,  defiant,  and  shoutful, 
and  we  can  readily  understand  why  the  delegates 
at  Kansas  City  expressed  themselves  in  a  way 
which  by  comparison  caused  their  rivals  at  Phila- 
delphia to  appear  like  a  stage  army. 

Nor  must  we  forget  the  audience.  At  Pliila- 
«ielphia  most  of  the  spectators  were  from  the 
staid  City  of  Brotherly  Love.  Beyond  a  few 
hundred  of  Mr.  Quay's  personal  and  political  fol- 
lowers, most  of  the  people  in  the  acres  of  seats 
appeared  to  be  society  folk.  What  could  you  ex- 
pect in  the  way  of  enthusiasm  from  such  a  source, 
contrasted  with  the  lusty-lunged  farmers  from 


about  Kansas  City,  the  sun -browned  men  of  the 
wind-swept  prairies  ?  All  these  things  combined 
to  make  the  anti- imperialism  demonstration  at 
Kansas  City  notable  and  memorable  in  the  his- 
tory of  such  scenes  in  American  conventions.  I 
have  never  seen  a  more  magnificent  spectacle 
than  that  presented  when  20,000  spectators  joined 
2,000  delegates  and  alternates  in  synchronously 
swinging  more  than  a  score  thousands. of  little 
starry  flags,  and  in  singing,  after  the  swelling 
strains  of  the  horns,  *  *  My  Country,  'Tis  of  Thee." 

Politically,  it  seemed  most  significant  that  it 
was  in  aid  of  this  demonstration  over  *  *  the  para- 
mount issue  of  the  campaign  "  that  the  mana- 
gers of  the  convention  let  loose  all  their  wealth 
of  spectacular  effect,  such  as  the  20,000  lit- 
tle flags  and  the  great-lettered  banner  which 
hung  from  the  roof  directly  over  the  heads  of  the 
distinguished  people  upon  the  platform,  and 
which  was  unfurled  like  a  giant  curtain  at  the 
critical  moment.  According  to  programme,  all 
this  was  to  have  come  at  the  nomination  of  Mr. 
Bryan  ;  but  the  men  who  had  the  convention  in 
hand,  though  Bryan  men  fairly  and  honestly 
enough,  were  not  in  favor  of  Bryan's  silver 
plank,  and  naturally  improved  this  opportunity 
to  emphasize  their  hope  for  the  passing  of  silver 
to  the  rear  in  the  coming  campaign. 

Psychologically,  the  two  conventions  were  in 
striking  contrast,  and  their  spiritual  attitudes 
were  wholly  typical  of  the  temperament  and  tra- 
ditions of  the  parties  behind  them.  The  Repub- 
licans were  content  with  what  is,  and  deterrnined 
to  hold  fast  to  well  enough.  The  Democrats  were 
seeking  something  to  deplore.  At  Philadelphia 
the  keynote  was  business  prosperity.  There  was 
nothing  selfish  or  sordid  in  the  spirit  shown.  No 
one  appeared  to  be  glad  simply  because  he  had 
thrived  during  the  last  few  years.  On  the  con- 
trary, there  was  what  might  well  be  termed  a 
combination  of  political  self-assurance  and  gen- 
eral altruism — an  easy  assumption  that  all  this 
prosperity  had  been  brought  about  by  Republican 
rule  and  Republican  legislation,  and  a  joyful 
celebration  of  the  good  times  that  had  come  to 
the  masses  of  their  countrymen.  Business  is  cer- 
tainly the  dominant  note  in  America  this  day, 
and,  far  from  being  ashamed,  these  Republicans 
gloried  in  it.  Their  President  they  looked  upon 
as  the  incarnation  of  commercial  growth  and 
prosperity,  and  their  greatest  enthusiasm  was 
shown  at  mention  of  the  gigantic  figures  which 
sumniarizetl  the  beneficence  of  his  reign.  The 
proV)lem  of  the  future  of  the  Philippines  they 
looked  at  like  business  men.  That  was  a  re- 
sponsibility which  they  had  not  sought,  but  which 
circumstances  had  thrust  upon  them.  Now  that 
they  were  m  the  trouble,  they  proposed  to  see  it 


THE  KANSAS  CITY  CONTENTION. 


177 


through — to  do  their  full  duty  by  their  new 
wards,  and  at  the  same  time,  if  possible,  make  a 
good  thing  of  it  for  themselves.  At  Philadel- 
phia, too,  there  was  a  calm  note  of  confidence 
in  American  character,  in  American  institutions, 
and  American  executive  ability — the  optimism 
of  success. 

It  was  wholly  different  at  Kansas  City.  Thei-e 
ap{>eared  a  distinct  reaction  against  the  commer- 
cialism of  the  age.  Tlie  man  who  managed  and 
voted  in  that  convention  represented,  consciously 
or  unconsciously,  the  underdog  elements  of  soci- 
ety— the  elements  which  are  in  a  state  of  dis- 
content. Democracy  is  distinctively  tlie  party  of 
protest,  and  it  was  easy  to  see  that  it  must  have 
something  to  protest  against.  Of  course,  it  could 
not  protest  against  general  prosperity.  It  dare 
not  protest  against  commercial  expansion,  which 
is  one  of  prosperity's  agencies.  But  as  the  rep- 
resentative of  elements  whose  strongest  instincts 
are  not  commercial,  whose  usual  spiritual  state 
is  one  of  discontent  because  some  part  of  the 
people  are  too  prosperous  and  growing  rich  too 
rapidly,  it  must  protest  against  something.  It 
must  sound  some  sort  of  an  alarm.  It  must 
strike  some  keynote  that  should  serve  to  hold 
the  men  and  women  who,  as  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  friends  of  Mr.  Bryan  said  to  me, 
"  are  the  people  who  turn  from  the  commercial- 
ism of  the  day  and  make  popular  the  romantic 
or  historical  novel — the  people  who  are  weary  of 
the  everlasting  jingle  of  the  dollar  and  the  pride 
of  power,  and  who  instinctively  take  noble  deeds 
and  lofty  sentiments  for  their  ideals."  Hence 
the  sweeping  denunciation  of  commercialism  and 
its  twin  agencies,  militarism  and  imperialism  ; 
and  hence  the  wave  of  enthusiasm,  amounting 
almost  to  frenzy,  which  swept  through  the  con- 
vention hall  when  the  plat  form -makers  harked 
l^ack  to  that  good  old  phrase,  **  consent  of  the 
governed,"  and  ^e  little  flags  and  the  great  ban- 
ner and  the  band  were  turned  loose  to  fill  space 
with  flying  things,  and  produce  the  extraordinary 
spectacle  of  a  score  of  thousand  of  people  all 
thinking  the  same  thing  at  the  same  instant,  and 
each  in  his  way  trying  to  outdo  his  neighbor  in 
giving  frantic  vent  to  his  emotions. 

Three  distinct  and  powerful  factors  were  at 
work  underneath  the  surface  in  the  Democratic 
convention.  One  was  this  reaction  against  the 
commercial  and  materialistic  spirit  of  the  age, 
and  a  desire  to  return  to  the  simple  faith  of  the 
fathers.  Another  was  a  recoil  of  the  old-time 
Democracy  from  the  wild  excess  which  it  entered 
upon  at  Chicago  four  years  before.  In  1896 
Democracy  had  left  its  ancient  moorings  and 
jomed  hands  with  the  Populistic,  paper- money, 
inflation,  free-silver,  semi -socialistic  third  party. 


It  had  staked  upon  that  and  lost.  It  appeared 
at  Kansas  City  eager  to  retrace  its  steps.  It 
wanted  no  more  Populite  alliance.  It  wanted  no 
more  free  silver,  except  in  the  mild  way  of  a 
reaffirmation  of  the  old  platform  for  consist- 
ency's sake.  Anti-imperialism,  anti -militarism, 
anti-commercialism,  and  anti-materialism  gener- 
ally were  all  joyfully  welcomed.  I'hey  fitted  its 
mood.  They  restored  the  party  to  its  natural 
and  most  effective  posture,  with  its  right  hand 
resting  upon  the  sacred  book  and  with  its  left 
wildly  gesticulating  its  opposition  to  the  dreadful 
tendencies  of  the  foe. 

But  the  third  factor  in  the  situation  would  not 
let  these  two  reactions  run  together  and  wholly 
have  their  way.  Mr.  Bryan  was  that  third  fac- 
tor, and  he  proved  stubborn  and  powerful. 
When  the  convention  assembled,  more  than 
three-fourths  of  its  delegates  were  found  in  favor 
of  dropping  silver  by  means  of  a  simple  reaffir- 
mation. Among  those  who  took  this  stand  were 
Mr.  Bryan's  convention  managers.  Chairman 
Jones  and  former  Governor  Stone,  of  Mis- 
souri. Mr.  Bryan  commanded  these  men  to 
turn  about  face  and  put  silver  in  ;  he  made  com- 
pliance with  his  will  a  test  of  loyalty.  They 
obeyed.  Through  them  others  were  worked 
upon  with  the  same  pressure.  Mr.  Bryan  threat- 
ened to  refuse  to  be  the  candidate  unless  his 
wishes  were  complied  with.  He  threatened, 
moreover,  that  if  the  managers  failed  to  obey, 
he  would  proceed  to  Kansas  City  by  special 
train  and  appear  before  the  convention  in  person, 
and  appeal  from  leaders  to  delegates  with  his 
eloquent  voice.  Mr.  Bryan  won  the  remarkable 
victory  of  forcing  a  great  convention  to  do  his 
bidding — even  though,  in  the  opinion  of  a  ma- 
jority of  the  delegates,  hope  of  success  in  Novem- 
ber was  sacrificed  to  obedience  to  Mr.  Bryan  in 
July. 

1  have  talked  with  Mr.  Bryan  since  the  con- 
vention, and  I  know  he  is  well  content  with  his 
work.  He  not  only  believes  that  he  did  the 
right  thing,  but  that  he  is  entitled  to  the  incre- 
ment of  a  good  action,  and  will  get  it.  Not  the 
least  part  of  his  motive  was  a  desire  to  place 
himself  in  vivid  contrast  with  a  conception  which 
many  people  have  formed  of  his  rival  for  the 
Presidency.  To  all  who  look  upon  Mr.  McKinley 
as  deficient  in  moral  backbone,  Mr.  Bryan  tried 
to  say,  by  his  heroic  mastery  of  the  elements  of 
reaction  and  silver  conservatism  at  Kansas  City  : 
*  *  Behold  me  !  I  am  strong  enough  to  keep  the 
faith  ;*  I  am  not  an  opportunist ;  I  stand  by  my 
principles  at  any  cost."  Mr.  Bryan  thinks  he 
has  gained  immeasurably  in  public  esteem  by 
this  attitude.  He  believes  he  has  made  a  moral 
hero  of  himself. 


178 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


Mr.  Bryan  is  in  earnest.  If  his  party  thinks 
it  has  sidetracked  silver,  and  if  successful  at  the 
polls  will  be  able  to  bury  it  in  some  dusty  legis- 
lative pigeon-hole,  it  is  reckoning  without  Mr. 
Bryan  ;  for  he  tells  his  friends  that,  after  he  is 
inaugurated,  he  will  insist  that  Congress  repeal 
the  gold -standard  law  and  enact  a  free-coinage 
16-to-l  statute.  Unless  his  friends  induce  hira 
to  desist,  he  will  say  so  in  his  speech  of  accept- 
ance ;  and  at  the  same  time  he  will  renew  his 
allegiance  to  the  income-tax  proposal,  which  was 
omitted  from  the  platform,  greatly  to  his  regret 
and  surprise. 

Putting  in  silver  again  was  Mr.  Byran's  only 
triumph  at  Kansas  City.  There  were  several 
other  things  he  wanted  which  he  did  not  get,  and 
to  secure  what  he  did  he  was  compelled  to  show 
his  hand  in  a  manner  which  even  Mr.  McKinley 
would  not  have  dared  to  do  at  Philadelphia. 
Bryan  coerced  his  managers  and  his  followers  as 
to  16  to  1,  but  he  failed  to  receive  the  nomina- 
tioii  on  the  Fourth  of  July,  as  be  had  hoped  ;  he 
failed  to  receive  an  expected  and  desired  invita- 
tion from  the  convention  to  appear  before  it,  and 
he  failed  to  bring  about  the  nomination  of  his 
favorite  candidate  for  the  Vice -Presidency,  Mr. 
Towne,  the  former  Republican. 

It  is  a  remarkable  coincidence  that  in  neither 
convention  of  this  year  did  the  unanimously 
named  nominee  for  President  secure  the  running 
mate  of  his  choice.  Mr.  Bryan  had  agreed  to 
go  to  Kansas  City  and  speak  to  the  convention, 
if  a  resolution  of  invitation  were  passed  by  the 
delegates.  He  was  warmly  favorable  to  the  ' 
nomination  of  Mr.  Towne,  his  personal  friend  ; 
and  it  was  believed  that  Mr.  Bryan's  presence 
in  Kansas  City  previous  to  the  nomination  of 
the  second -place  candidate  would  result  in  the 
selection  of  Towne.  The  night  Bryan  was  nom- 
inated, the  friends  of  Towne  had  ready  a  reso- 
lution invitmg  Mr.  Bryan  to  speak  to  the  con- 
vention the  next  day^  This  resolution  was 
intrusted  to  ex -Governor  Stoiue,  who  quietly 
kept  it  in  his  pocket.  Another  Towne  delegate 
attempted  to  offer  a  similar  resolution,  but 
Messrs.  Jones  and  Stone  instructed  the  chair- 
man not  to  recognize  him,  and  to  declare  the 
convention  adjourned.  All  this  time  Mr  .Bryan, 
at  Lincoln,  was  prepared  to  take  special  train  for 
Kansas  City,  and  was  much  chagrined  when  he 
learned  the  convention  had  adjourned  over  with- 
out inviting  him  to  appear  before  it. 

Next  day,  Mr.  Stevenson  was  named  for  Vice- 
President.  He  had  from  the  first  had  the  sup- 
port of  Mr.  Bryan's  own  managers — Messrs. 
Jones,  Stone,  Johnson,  and  others.  In  this  we 
see  evidence  of  the  strong  individualism  and 
sturdy  independence  which  prevailed  among  the 


Democrats.  These  managers  could  not  defeat 
Bryan's  silver  plank  without  disloyalty  to  their 
chief  ;  but,  sharing  in  the  reaction  of  their  party 
against  ultraism  and  Populism,  they  did  feel  free 
to  defeat  Towne,  the  nominee  of  the  third  party. 
They  felt  at  liberty,  also,  after  whipping  Mr. 
Bryan's  silver  plank  through  the  committee  on 
resolutions  by  two  votes  out  of  more  than  fifty — 
these  two  furnished  by  such  outlying  bailiwicks 
as  Hawaii  and  Alaska — to  bury  that  plank  in  the 
body  of  the  platform  ;  to  declare  imperialism  the 
paramount  issue,  And  to  set  in  motion  all  the 
stage  effects  at  their  command  to  give  empha- 
sis to  the  declaration.  Mr.  Bryan,  as  a  candidate 
for  the  Presidency  who  hopes  to  win,  has  much 
to  thank  his  managers  for. 

It  is  another  interesting  coincidence  that  in 
neither  of  the  great  conventions  of  1900  did  the 
nominee  for  President  secure  adoption  of  the 
platform  which  had  previously  received  his  ap- 
proval. It  is  well  known  that  a  member  of 
President  McKinley's  cabinet,  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral Smith,  drew  after  much  consultation  a  plat- 
form which  was  submitted  to  the  President, 
revised  and  approved  by  him,  and  carried  to 
Philadelphia  and  placed  before  the  committee 
on  resolutions.  It  is  also  known  that  the  plat 
form  which  was  reported  to  and  adopted  by  the 
convention  was  quite  another  document  in  text, 
and  that  important  and  significant  omissions  ha^J 
been  made  from  the  declarations  contained  in  the 
approved  original — notably  an  expression  con- 
cerning the  constitutional  question  raised  by  the 
Porto  Rico  legislation,  an  omission  which  Presi- 
dent McKinley  bravely  supplied  in  his  speech  of 
acceptance. 

The  original  text  of  the  Democratic  platform 
was  written  by  another  journalist — Col.  Charles 
H.  Jones,  of  St.  Louis.  He  sent  his  draft  to 
Chairman  Jones,  who  in  turn  sent  it  on  to  Mr. 
Bryan  two  months  or  more  b#fore  the  conven- 
tion. Mr.  Bryan  made  some  changes  and  sev- 
eral important  additions.  He  reiterated  those 
planks  of  the  Chicago  platform  dealing  with  sil- 
ver, with  the  income  tax,  and  with  government 
by  injunction.  Only  the  silver  plank  was  left  in 
by  the  committee. 

This  year's  national  conventions  have  been 
singularly  unfruitful  of  men.  At  Kansas  City 
the  reaction  toward  old-line  Democracy  which 
modified  the  platform  and  nominated  Stevenson 
gave  David  Bennett  Hill  a  temporary  conspicuity 
far  beyond  his  relative  importance.  There  was 
admiration  for  him  because  of  his  well-remem- 
bered slogan,  **I  am  a  Democrat,''  and  because 
also  he  was  ready  to  make  a  square  and  manly 
fight  for  averting  the  silver  mistake  which  Bryan 
insisted  upon. 


MR.    BRYAN   AT   HOME, 


THERE  is  one  feature  of  tlie  present  Presi- 
dential campaign  which  is  matter  for  uni- 
versal gratification.  No  member  of  any  party 
needs  to  suppress  his  conscience  in  order  to  de- 
fend the  private  life  of  his  candidates.  All  the 
candidates  on  the  Presidential  tickets  are  men 
whose  private  lives  realize  the  high  ideals  of 
the  great  mass  of  the  American  people.  Mr. 
McKinley's  devotion  to  his  invalid  wife  has  won 
for  hnn  the  warm  affection  of  political  opponents  ; 
and  Mr.  Bryan's  devotion  to  his  liome  has  en- 
deared him  to  his  Republican  neighbors. 

Mr.  Bryan  was  married  in  1884,  three  years 
after  his  graduation  from  college,  and  one  year 
after  his  admission  to  the  bar.  His  wife,  Mary 
Baird  Bryan,  is  one  year  younger  than  himself, 
and  attended  the  Presbyterian  Seminary  in  Jack, 
eonville.  III.,  durmg  the  same  years  that  her 
husband  was  attending  the  Illinois  College  in  the 
same  city.  Mrs.  Bryan  was  the  daughter  of  a 
merchant  in  the  village  of  Perry,  111. — her 
family,  like  that  of  Mr.  Bryan,   belonging  dis- 


MR8.  WILLIAM  JENNINGS  BRYAN.. 

(The  portndte  in  this  article  are  from  new  photographs 
by  To«ni««nd,  Lincoln,  Neb.,  and  are  reproduced  through 
the  coartmy  ot  Mrs.  Bryan,  who  furnished  them  at  the 
ivqncst  of  the  Reyibw  or  Reviews.) 


BON.  WILLIAM  JENNINGS  BRTAN. 

tinctively  to  what  are  called  the  middle  classes, 
no  member  thereof  having  attained  great  wealth, 
and  none  having  been  reduced  to  abject  poverty. 
Even  since  their  marriage  they  have  continued 
their  student  life  together — Mrs.  Bryan,  during 
the  years  immediately  following,  studying  law 
with  her  husband  as  instructor,  pursuing  the 
course  prescribed  in  the  Union  College  of  Law, 
Chicago,  and  being  admitted  to  practise  before 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Nebraska  in  1888.  She 
did  not,  however,  study  with  any  idea  of  prac- 
tising law,  but  merely  to  keep  in  touch  with  her 
husband's  work. 

Three  children  have  been  lx)rn  to  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bryan,  all  of  whom  are  still  living.  The 
oldest,  Ruth  Baird,  is  now  nearly  fifteen  ;  the 
second,  William  Jennings,  Jr.,  is  eleven  ;  and 
the  youngest,  Grace  Dexter,  is  nine.  ' '  The 
older  girl,"  Mi*s.  Bryan  has  justly  observed,  ^*is 
very  much  like  her  mother  ;  the  younger  strongly 
resembles  her  father,  and  the  son  seems  to  be  a 


180 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^/EH^  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


William  Jennings  Bryan,  Jr. 


Rath  Baird  Bryan. 

MR.  AND  MR8.  BRYAN'S  THRBR  CHILDREN. 


Grace  Dexter  Bryan. 


composite  photograph  of  both  parents."  Mrs. 
Bryan  is  one  of  many  thousand  refutations  of 
the  old  fear  that  the  higher  education  of  women 
would  lessen  their  interest  in  the  affairs  of  home. 
She  illustrates  the  truth  that  the  stronger  a 
woman's  interest  in  the  sgrious  things  of  life,  the 
greater  will  be  her  devotion  to  the  supreme  interest 
of  every  serious  woman. 
Mrs.  Bryan  has  been  to  her 
children  their  constant  com- 
panion, and  her  unity  of 
interest  with  them  has 
been  as  marked  as  her 
unity  of  interest  with  her 
husband. 

The  Bryan  home  at  Lin- 
coln was  built  by  Mr.  Bry- 
an soon  after  he  entered  the 
practice  of  law  at  that  place. 
It  is  a  comfortable  dwel- 
ling, but  not  in  any  way 
a  pretentious  one  The 
large  library  in'  winch  Mr. 
Bryan  spends  most  of  his 
time  has,  as  its  most  not- 
able feature,  three  large 
portraits  of  Washington, 
Jefferson,  and  Lincoln — 
Jef  ferson,  significantly 
enough,  occupying  the  cen- 


tral place.  The  books  that  fill  the  shelves  are, 
in  the  main,  devoted  to  political  economy  and 
American  history,  though  some  of  the  standard 
novelists  are  also  represented.  It  is,  however, 
distinctively  the  library  of  a  serious  man,  with 
whom  the  political  life  of  his  own  country  is  the 
absorbing  passion. 


f  -   ^ 

1 

^ 

^ 

wfffBff 

1 

w^ 

WW^ 

"T-   '  - 

^^n 

^ 

r%'  ■ 

'      ,                ■  Vi."'-     • 

•••^ 

> 

^       r        "  ^  r     '-^ 

-  iV»^  ^- 

.1 

|,.Hl, 

h.km 

1?^ 

1 

<  1 

BBBIDENGE  OF  THE  BRYAN  FAMILY,  AT  LINCOLN,  NEBRASKA. 


THEODORE   ROOSEVELT. 

BY   JACOB    A.    RIIS. 


I  AM  asked  to  tell  what  I  know  of  TheoJore 
Roosevelt,  being  his  frieml,  and  why  he 
should  be  elected  to  the  high  office  his  country- 
men have  thrust  upon  him.  But  before  I  do 
that,  let  nie,  as  a  citizen  of  his  State,  record  my 
protest  against  his  being  taken  from  us  before  he 
was  half  done  with  his  work  as  governor  of  New 
York*  and  get  my  mind  freed  on  the  subject. 
We  cannot  spare  liim  at  all.  Whatever  we 
shall  do  with  the  factory  law.  which  was  just  from 
a  dead-letter  becoming  an  active  force  ;  with  the 
tenement- house  problem,  which  means  life,  liber- 
ty, and  the  pursuit  of  happiness  to  a  million  wage- 
earners  ;  with  the  franchises  and  the  trusts,  whom 
he  gave  the  cold  shivers  by  proposing  to  deal 
ju.^tly  by  them — whatever  the  bosses  will  do  with 
us  when  he  is  gone  who  dealt  justly  by  them 
also,  I  don't  know.  I  know  what  happened  in 
the  police  department  when  he  was  gone.  May 
it  help  us  to  understand  that  the  Roosevelts  and 
the  Warings  of  our  day  are  sent  to  set  the  rest 
of  us  to  work,  and  that  for  us  to  stand  by  and  see 
thf^m  do  it,  merely  applauding  and  calling  them 


HON.  THEODORE  K008EVKLT,  IN  1886. 

(At  hla  desk  at  police  headquarters.  New  York  City.) 


good  fellows,  is  not  the  meaning  of  it  and  not 
sense.  Only  when  we  grasp  that^  is  their  real 
work  done,  and  we  need  have  no  further  fear  of. 
the  bosses.  There  !  I  have  said  it  ;  and,  hav- 
ing said  it,  shall  do  what  it  is  the  business  of 
every  good  New  Yorker  and  every  good  citizen 
anywhere  to  do  :  take  off  my  coat  and  help  put 
Theodore  Roosevelt  where  the  mass  of  his  coun- 
trymen want  him,  even  though  I  have  to  give 
him  up.  As  I  understand  it,  that  is  the  Ameri- 
can plan. 

I  remember  well  when  we  first  ran  across 
each  other.  Seen  him  I  had  before,  heading  an 
investigation  committee  that  came  down  from 
Albany  with  true  instinct  to  poke  up  the  police 
department.  I  had  followed  his  trail  in  the 
legislature,  always  exposing  jobbery,  fighting 
boss  rule,  much  to  the  amazement  of  the  poli- 
ticians who  beheld  this  silk-stocking  youngster, 
barely  out  of  college,  rattling  dry  bones  they  had 
thought  safely  buried  out  of  the  reach  of  even 
old  hands  at  that  business.  They  comforted 
themselves  with  the  belief  that  it  was  a  fad  and 
would  blow  over.  It  did 
not  blow  over.  They  lived 
to  rue  the  day,  some  of 
tliem,  when  they  **  picked 
him  up  "  as  a  handy  man  in 
a  faction  fight.  They  got 
rather  more  fight  out  of  him 
than  they  bargained  for. 
But  they  might  have  spared 
themselves  their  s  e  1  f  -  r  e  - 
proaches.  They  were  not  to 
blame.  Having  come  of 
age,  he  went  to  the  primary 
to  do  his  duty  as  a  citizen, 
and  "got  in"  through  tiie 
first  door  that  offered. 
They  could  not  have  kept 
him  out  had  they  tried.  He 
would  have  battered  down 
the  door.  They  know  that 
now. 

But  alx)ut  that  meeting. 
It  was  soon  after  I  had  pub- 
lished **  How  the  Other  Half 
Lives."  I  had  been  reading 
some  magazine  articles  of 
his  that  kept  growing  upon 
me  the  of tener   I   turned 


182 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


them  over,  wlien  be  came  to  the  Evening  Sun 
office  one  day  looking  for  rae.  I  was  out,  but  he 
left  his  card  with  the  simple  message  that  he  had 
read  my  book,  and  **had  come  to  help."  That 
was  the  introduction.  It'  seems  only  a  little 
while  ago,  and  measured  by  years  it  is  not  long  ; 
but  what  has  he  not  helped  with  in  New  York 
since?  We  needed  to  have  the  police  made 
decent,  and  he  pulled  it  out  of  the  slough  of 
blackmail  it  was  in.  It  did  not  stay  out,  but 
that  was  not  his  fault.  He  showed  that  it  could 
be  done  with  honest  purpose.  While  he  was 
there  it  was  decent ;  and,  by  the  way,  let  me 
say  right  here  that  there  is  a  much  larger  per- 
centage of  policemen  than  many  imagine  who 
look  back  to  that  time  as  the  golden  age  of  the 
department,  wlien  every  man  had  a  show  on  his 
merits,  and  whose  votes  are  quietly  cast  on  elec- 
tion day  for  the  things  **  Teddy"  stands  for.  I 
doubt  if  there  is  a  man  with  a  clean  record  in 
the  whole  eight  thousand  who  would  not  welcome 
him  back.  The  crooks  are  to  be  excused  for 
hating  him.     They  have  cause. 

We  had  been  trying  for  forty  years  to  achieve 
a  system  of  dealing  decently  with  our  homeless 
poor.  Twoscore  years  before  the  surgeons  of  the 
police  department  had  pointed  out  that  herding 
them  in  the  cellars  or  over  the  prisons  of  police 
stations  in  festering  heaps,  and  turning  them  oui; 
hungry  at  daybreak  to  beg  their  way  from  door 
to  door,  was  indecent  and  inhuman.  Since  then 
grand  juries,  academJes  of  medicine,  committees 
of  philanthropic  citizens,  had  attacked  the  foul 
disgrace,  but  to  no  purpose.  Pestilence  ravaged 
the  prison  lodgings,  but  still  they  stayed.  I 
know  what  that  fight  meant  ;  for  I  was  one  of 
a  committee  that  waged  it  year  after  year,  and 
suffered  defeat  every  time,  until  Theodore  Roose- 
velt came  and  destroyed  the  nuisance  in  a  night. 
J  remember  the  caricatures  of  tramps  shivering 
in  the  cold  with  which  the  yellow  newspapers 
pursued  him  at  the  time,  labeling  him  the  *'  poor 
man's  foe."  And  I  remember  being  just  a  little 
uneasy  lest  they  wound  him,  and  perhaps  make 
him  think  he  had  been  hasty.  But  not  he.  Lt 
was  only  those  who  did  not  know  him  who 
charged  him  with  being  hasty.  He  thought  a 
thing  out  quickly — yes,  that  is  his  way  ;  but  he 
thought  it  out,  and  having  thought  it  out,  suited 
action  to  his  judgment.  Of  the  consequences  he 
didn't  think  at  all.  He  made  sure  he  was  right, 
and  then  went  ahead  with  perfect  confidence 
that  things  would  come  out  right. 

The  poor  man's  foe  !  Why,  the  poor  man 
never  had  a  better  friend  than  Theodore  Roose- 
velt. We  had  gone  tlirough  a  season  of  excite- 
ment over  our  tenement- houses.  The  awful  ex- 
hibits   of    the    Gilder    Committee    had    crowded 


remedial  laws  through  the  legislature — laws  that 
permitted  the  destruction  of  tenement-house  prop- 
erty on  the  showing  that  it  was  bad.  Bad  meant 
murderous.  The  death  records  showed  that  the 
worst  rear  tenements  killed  one  in  five  of  the  l»a- 
bies  born  in  them.  The  Tenement- House  Com- 
mittee called  them  **  infant  slaughter-houses.*' 
They  stood  condemned,  but  still  they  stood.  A 
whole  year  was  the  law  a  dead-letter,  until,  as 
president  of  the  police  board,  Roosevelt  became 
also  a  member  of  the  health  board  that  was 
charged  with  the  enforcement  of  the  statute. 
Then  they  went,  and  quickly.  A  hundred  of 
them  were  seized,  and  most  of  them  destroyed. 
In  the  June  number  of  the  Review  of  Reviews 
I  gave  the  result  in  the  case  of  a  single  row,  the 
Barracks  in  Mott  Street,  which  Mr.  Roosevelt 
and  I  personally  inspected  and  marked  for  seiz- 
ure.* The  death-rate  came  down  from  39.56  in 
the  thousand  of  the  living  to  16.28 — less  than 
the  general  death-rate  of  the  whole  city  ! 

That  work  stopped  too.  Thejj  are  seizing  no 
more  rear  tenements  since  Tammany  came  back. 
It  has  been  too  busy  putting  up  the  price  of  ice, 
that  means  life  m  these  hot  summer  months  to 
the  poor  man's  babies,  whether  in  front  or  rear 
tenement.  1  should  have  liked  to  see  Theodore 
Roosevelt  run  on  his  record  in  our  State  this  fall 
against  the  ice- trust  conspiracy — the  man  who 
saved  the  poor  man's  babies  against  the  villains 
who  would  see  them  perish  with  indifference,  so 
long  as  it  paid  them  a  profit.  It  would  have 
been  instructive — mightily  I 

I  had  watched  police  administration  in  Mulberry 
Street  for  nearly  twenty  years,  and  I  had  seen 
many  sparring  matches  between  working  men  and 
the  police  board.  Generally,  there  was  bad  faith 
on  one  side  ;  not  infrequently  on  both.  It  was 
human  that  some  of  the  labor  men  should  misin- 
terpret Mr.  Roosevelt's  motives  when,  as  presi- 
dent of  the  board,  he  sent  word  that  he  wanted 
to  meet  them  and  talk  strike  troubles  over  with 
them.  They  got  it  into  their  heads,  I  suppose, 
that  he  had  come  to  crawl  ;  but  they  were  speed- 
ily undeceived.  I  can  see  his  face  now,  as  he 
checked  the  first  one  who  hinted  at  trouble.  I 
fancy  that  man  can  see  it,  too — in  his  dreams. 

*' Gentlemen,"  said  Mr.  Roosevelt,  *♦  I  have 
come  to  get  your  point  of  view,  and  see  if  we 
can't  agree  to  help  each  other  out.  But  we  want 
to  make  it  clear  to  ourselves  at  the  start  that  the 
greatest  damage  any  working  man  can  do  to  his 
cause  is  to  counsel  violence.  Order  must  be 
maintained  ;  and,  make  no  mistake,  I  will  main- 
tain it." 


*  I  was.  at  tljc  time,  executive  officer  of  the  Good-GoT- 
ernment  Clubs. 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT. 


183 


MR.  K008EVBLT*8  BUlUfKR  BOMB,  OY8TKR  BAT,  IX>NO  ISLAND. 


I  tingled  with  pride  when  tliey  cheered  him  to 
the  echo.  They  had  come  to  meet  a  politician. 
They  met  a  man,  and  they  knew  him  at  sight. 

It  was  after  midnight  when  we  plodded  home 
from  that  meeting  through  snow  two  feet  deep. 
Mr.  Roosevelt  was  pleased  and  proud — proud  of 
his  fellow -citizens.  **They  are  all  right,"  he 
said.  » *  We  understand  each  other,  and  we 
shall  get  along."  And  they  did  get  along,  with 
perfect  confidence  on  both  sides.  The  scoundrels 
in  and  out  of  the  newspaper  business  who  sat 
in  the  chimney-corner  that  night  took  it  out  in 
declaring  that  Roosevelt  had  gone  to  a  dive — a 
**Seeley  dinner  show."  It  happened  that  there 
was  a  music  hall  on  the  ground  floor  of  the 
building  in  which  the  labor  men  met.  Roosevelt 
never  took  any  notice  of  their  attacks.  He  had 
other  things — real  things,  to  do  ;  and  for  the 
man  who  didn't  fight  fair,  he  had  only  contempt. 
He  never  struck  a  foul  blow  in  his  life,  no  mat- 
ter how  hot  the  fight. 

I  read  a  story  when  I  was  a  boy  about  a  man 
who,  pursued  by  a  relentless  enemy,  dwelt  in  se- 
curity because  of  his  belief  that  his  plotting  could 
not  hurt  an  honest  man.  Mr.  Roosevelt  con- 
stantly made  me  think  of  him.  He  spoke  of  it 
only  once,  but  1  saw  him  act  out  that  belief  a 
hundred  times.  Mulberry  Street  could  never 
have  been  made  to  take  any  stock  in  it.  When 
It  failed  to  awe  Roosevelt,  it  tried  to  catch  him. 
Jobs  innumerable  were  put  up  to  discredit  the 
president  of  the  board  and  inveigle  him  into 
awkward  positions.  Probably  he  never  knew 
of  one -tenth    of    them.      I    often    made   them 


out  long  after  they  were 
scattered  to  the  winds. 
Mr.  Roosevelt  walked 
through  them  with  perfect 
unconcern,  kicking  aside 
the  snares  that  were  set 
so  elaborately  to  catch  him. 
The  politicians  who  saw 
him  walk  apparently  blind- 
ly into  a  trap  and  beheld 
him  emerge  with  damage 
to  the  trap  only  could  not 
understand  it.  They  con- 
cluded it  was  his  luck  It 
was  not.  It  was  his  sense. 
He  told  me  once  after  such 
a  time  that  it  was  a  mat- 
ter of  conviction  with  him 
that  no  frank  and  honest 
man  could  be  in  the  long 
run  entangled  by  the 
snares  of  plotters,  what- 
ever appearances  might 
for  the  moment  indicate. 
So  he  walked  unharmed  in  it  all.  Bismarck 
confounded  the  councils  of  Europe  at  times  by 
practising  Roosevelt's  plan  as  a  trick.  He  spoke 
the  truth  bluntly  when  the  plotters  expected  him 
to  lie,  and  rounded  them  up  easily. 

One  charge  his  enemies  made  against  him  in 
which  there  was  truth.  It  summed  itself  all  up 
in  that  with  a  heat  that  was  virtual  acknowledg- 
ment of  its  being  the  whole  arraignment :  that 
there  was  always  a  fight  where  he  was.  •  *  Always 
trouble,"  said  the  peace -at- any -price  men,  who 
counseled  surrender  when  Roosevelt  was  fighting 
for  a  decent  Sunday  through  the  enforcement  of 
the  law  compelling  the  saloons  to  close.  * '  Never 
any  rest."  No  !  There  was  never  any  rest  for 
the  lawbreakers  when  he  was  around,   nor  for 


&wi.^ri7r.g 


A  FIREPLACE  IN  THE  LIBRARY  AT  OYSTER  RAT. 


184 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


those  who  would  avoid  **  trouble''  by  weakly 
surrendering  to  them.  Roosevelt  gauged  New 
York  exactly  right  when  he  set  alx)ut  his  turbu- 
lent programme  of  enforcement  of  law.  The 
scandal  was  not  that  we  were  being  robbed 
by  political  cutthroats,  but  that  we  submitted 
tamely.  The  formula  we  heard  so  often  from 
his  lips  in  the  years  that  followed — honesty, 
manhood,  courage — was  the  exact  prescription 
we  needed.  We  in  the  metropolis  are  abun- 
dantly able  to  run  the  robbers  out  of  town  and 
keep  them  out  by  just  following  the  road  he 
made  for  us  when  he  ran  them  out  of  the  polico 
department.  But  he  made  it,  fighting.  It  was 
true  that  there  was  never  any  rest  while  he  was 
at  it,  night  or  day.  When  he  had  battled  all 
day  in  Mulberry  Street,  he  would  sometimes  get 
up  at  two  o'clock  in  the  morning  and  go  out  on 
patrol  to  find  out  the  policemen  who  were  steal- 
ing the  city's  time.  1  loved  to  go  out  with  him 
on  these  trips,  not  merely  because  I  loved  to  be 
with  him  wherever  he  was,  but  because  of  the 
keen  enjoyment  he  took  in  his  work  and  in  every 
faithful  policeman  he  found  on  his  post.  Some 
well-fed  citizens  who  hated  to  have  their  rest 
disturbed  sneered  at  these  nocturnal  excui*sions  ; 
but  they  slept  more  securely  in  their  beds  be- 
cause of  them.  It  became  suddenly  possible  to 
find  a  policeman  anywhere  at  any  hour  of  the 
night  in  New  York.  Within  a  year  after  the 
old  Tammany  regime  had  come  back,  an  epidemic 
of  night  fires  that  cost  many  lives  brought  from 
the  firemen  the  loud  protest  that  policemen  were 
not  awake,  and  the  chief  found  it  necessary  to 
transfer  half  the  force  of  a  [)recinct  for  sleeping 
on  post. 

No  ; — there  was  never  any  rest  when  Roose- 
velt was  around.  There  was  none  in  C>ongress 
during  the  six  years  he  was  a  civil-service  com- 
missioner under  Harrison  and  Cleveland  ;  and  as 
a  result,  where  there  had  been  14,000  places 
under  the  merit  and  capacity  rules  of  the  com- 
mission when  he  came  in,  there  were  40,000 
when  he  went  out.  To  that  extent  spoils  politics 
had  been  robbed  of  its  sting.  There  was  even 
less  repose  in  the  navy  department  when  he  went 
there  as  assistant  secretary,  fresh  from  the  fight 
in  Mulberry  Street,  to  sharpen  the  tools  of  war. 
It  had  a  familiar  sound  to  us  in  New  York, 
when  we  heard  the  cry  go  up  that  Roosevelt 
wanted  a  row,  and  didn't  care  what  it  cost.  lie 
was  asking,  if  I  remember  rightly,  for  some- 
thing less  than  $1,000,000  for  target  practice  on 
the  big  ships.  The  only  notice  he  took  of  it 
was  to  demand  another  S?500,000  about  the  time 
he  got  Dewey  sent  to  the  East.  I  was  in  Wash- 
ington at  the  time,  and  I  rememl)er  asking  him 
about  that.      Commodore  Dewey  was  sometimes 


spoken  of  in  those  days  as  if  he  were  a  kind  of 
fashion  plate.  And  I  remember  his  answer,  as 
we  were  walking  up  Connecticut  Avenue : 

''Dewey  is  all  right,"  he  said.  **He  has  a 
lion  heart.      He  is  the  man  for  that  place/' 

Not  many  of  us  will  quarrel  with  him  about 
that  now,  or  alx)ut  the  wisdom  of  shooting  away 
that  million  in  target  practice.  It  made  » *  the  maii 
behind  the  gun,"  of  whom  we  are  all  so  proud. 
The  fact  is  that  Roosevelt,  so  far  from  being  a 
hasty  man  given  to  snap  judgments,  is  one  of 
the  most  far-sighted  statesmen  of  any  day.  He 
has  shown  it  in  everything  he  has  taken  hold  of. 
It  was  in  Washington  as  it  was  in  New  York. 
The  thing  that  beclouds  the  judgment  of  his 
critics  is  the  man's  amazing  capacity  for  work. 
He  can  weigh  the  pros  and  cons  of  a  case  and  get 
at  the  meat  of  it  in  less  time  than  it  takes  most  of 
us  to  state  the  mere  proposition.  And  he  is  sur- 
prisingly thorough.  Nothing  escapes  him.  His 
judgment  comes  sometimes  as  a  shock  to  the 
man  of  slower  ways.  He  does  not  stop  at  con- 
ventionalities. If  a  thing  is  right,  it  is  to  be 
done — and  right  away.  It  was  notably  so  with 
the  round- robin  in  Cuba  asking  the  Government 
to  recall  the  perishing  army  when  it  had  won  the 
fight.  ■  People  shook  their  heads,  and  talked  of 
precedents.  Precedents  !  It  has  been  Roose^ 
velt's  business  to  make  them  most  of  his  time. 
But  is  there  any  one  to-day  who  thinks  he  set 
that  one  wrong  ?  (^ertainly  no  one  who  with  me 
saw  the  army  come  home.  It  did  not  come  a 
day  too  soon. 

Roosevelt  is  no  more  infallfble  than  the  rest  of 
us.  Over  and  over  again  I  have  seen  him  pause 
when  he  had  decided  upon  his  line  of  action,  and 
review  it  to  see  where  there  was  a  chance  for 
mistake.  Finding  none,  he  would  issue  his  or- 
der with  the  sober  comment :  "  There,  we  have 
done  the  best  we  could.  If  there  is  any  mistake 
we  will  make  it  right.  The  fear  of  it  shall  not 
deter  us  from  doing  our  duty.  The  only  man 
who  never  makes  a  mistake  is  the  man  who  never 
does  anything." 

When  he  had  done  his  work  for  the  ships  and 
resigned  his  oflSce  to  take  the  field,  the  croakers 
shouted  that  at  last  he  had  made  the  mistake  of 
his  life  ; — all  to  get  into  a  scrap.  His  men  <lidn't 
think  so  when  he  lay  with  them  in  the  trenches 
before  Santiago,  sharing  his  last  biscuit  with 
them.  They  got  to  know  him  there,  and  to  love 
him.  I  know  what  it  cost  him  to  leave  his  sick 
wife  and  his  babies.  I  wanted  to  keep  him  at 
home,  but  I  saw  him  go  with  pride,  because  I 
knew  he  went  at  the  call  of  duty.  He  thought 
the  war  just  and  right.  He  had  done  what  he 
could  to  bring  it  on  as  the  only  means  of  stopping 
the  murder  in  C'uba,  and  he  went  to  do  his  share 


THEODORE  ROOSEVELT 


185 


MR.  ROOSEVELT'S  RANCH  ON  THR  LTTTLB  MISSOURI,  IN  THE  BAD  ULNDS. 


iA  the  fighting  as  a  matter  of  right  and  of  example 
to  the  young  men  to  whom  he  was  a  type  of  tlie 
citizen  and  the  patriot.  As  that  type,  when  he 
came  home,  we  made  him  our  governor  in  New 
York  State.  We  ran  him  on  the  pledge  of  liis 
record — the  pledge  of  honesty,  manhood,  and 
coui*age  ;  and  he  kept  the  pledge.  1  shall  let 
some  one  else  tell  the  story  of  that.  Just  let  me 
recall  the  last  trip  we  took  together,*  because  it 
was  so  much  like  the  old  days  in  Mulberry 
^itreet.  There  had  arisen  a  contention  as  to 
wliether  the  factory  inspector  did  his  duty  by  the 
sweat-shops  or  not,  and  from  the  testimony  he 
was  unable  to  decide.  So  he  came  down  from 
Albany  to  see  for  himself.  It  was  a  sweltering 
hot  day  when  we  made  a  tour  of  the  stewing  tene- 
ments on  the  down-town  east  side.  1  doubt  if 
any  other  governor  that  ever  was  would  attempt  it. 
1  know  that  none  ever  did.  But  he  never  shirked 
one  of  the  twenty  houses  we  had  marked  out  for 
exploration.  He  examined  the  evidence  in  each, 
while  the  tenants  wondered  who  the  stranger  was 
wlio  to<jk  so  much  interest  in  their  affairs  ;  and 
as  the  result  he  was  able  to  mark  out  a  course  for 
the  factory  inspector  that  ought  to  double  and 
treble  the  efficiency  of  his  office  and  bring  untold 
relief  to  a  hundred  thousand  tenement-house 
workers — if  it  is  followed  when  Roosevelt  is  no 
longer  in  Albany.  That  will  l)e  our  end  of  it  :  to 
see  to  it  that  he  did  not  labor  in  vain. 

That  is  Roosevelt  as  I  saw  him  daily  during 
those  good  years  when  things  we  had  hoped  for 
were  done.  There  stands  upon  my  shelves  a 
row  of  books,  more  than  a  dozen  in  number, 
beginning  with  the  **  Naval  War  of  1812,"  written 


when  he  was  scarcely  out  of  college,  and  yet 
ranking  as  an  authority,  both  here  and  abroad, 
including  the  four  stout  volumes  of  ''The  Win- 
ning of  the  West."  .nnd  ending  with  his  "  Rough- 
riders,"  the  picturesque  account  of  that  pictur- 
esque regiment  in  the  last  war,  which  testify  to 
his  untiring  energy  as  a  recorder  as  well  as  a 
maker  of  history.  The  secret  of  that  is  the  story 
of  the  police  force  and  the  sweat-shops  over  again: 
his  enjoyment  of  the  work.  If  I  were  to  sum 
the  man  and  his  achievements  up  in  a  sentence,  I 
think  I  should  put  it  that  way.  But  that  would 
not  mean  an  accident  of  the  Dutch  and  Hugue- 
not and  Irish  blood  that  go  to  make  up  his 
heredity.  It  would  mean  of  itself  an  achieve- 
ment. Theodore  Roosevelt  was  born  a  puny 
child.  He  could  not  keep  up  with  the  play  of 
other  children,  or  learn  so  easily  as  they.  He 
had  to  make  himself  what  he  is,  and  with  the 
indomitable  will  that  characterized  the  boy  as  it 
does  the  man,  he  set  about  it.  He  became  at 
once  an  athlete  and  a  student.  When  he  joins 
the  two,  he  is  at  his  best.  His  accounts  of  life  on 
the  Western  plains,  of  hunting  in  the  Bad  Lands 
of  Dakota,  where  he  built  his  ranch  on  the  banks 
of  the  Little  Missouri,  are  written  out  of  the  man's 
heai't. 

Mr.  Roosevelt's  recent  protest  against  the  im- 
pertinent intrusion  of  the  camera  tiend  upon  the 
seclusion  of  his  home  life  at  Oyster  Bay  was  per- 
fectly characteristic  of  him,  and  of  his  way  of 
saying  the  right  thing  at  the  right  time.  The 
whole  country  applauded  it.  In  his  home  Mr. 
Roosevelt  ceases  to  be  governor  of  the  Empire 
State,  and  becomes  husban<l  and  father,  the  com- 


J 


186 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REyiElVS. 


panion  of  his  children,  who  treat  him  like  their 
big,  overgrown  brother.  His  love  for  children, 
especially  for  those  who  have  not  so  good  a  time 
as  some  others,  is  as  instinctive  as  his  champion- 
sliip  of  all  that  needs  a  lift.  I  doubt  if  he  is 
aware  of  it  himself.  He  does  not  recognize  as 
real  sympathy  what  he  feels  rather  as  a  sense  of 
duty.  Yet  1  have  seen  him,  when  school  chil- 
dren crowded  around  the  rear  platform  of  the 


THB  LATE  THEODORE  ROOSEVELT,  ESQ. 

(Father  of  Governor  Roosevelt.) 

train  from  which  he  had  been  making  campaign 
speeches,  to  shake  hands,  catch  the  eye.  of  a  poor 
little  crippled  girl  in  a  patched  frock,  who  was 
making  frantic  but  hopeless  efforts  to  reach  him 
in  the  outskirts  of  the  crowd,  and,  pushing  aside 
all  the  rest,  make  a  way  for  her  to  the  great 
amazement  of  the  curled  darlings  in  the  front 
row.  And  on  the  trip  home,  on  the  last  night 
of  the  canvass  of  18i)8,  when  we  were  at  dinner 
in  his  private  car,  busy  reckoning  up  majorities, 
I  saw  him  get  up  to  greet  the  engineer  of  the 
train,  who  came  in  his  overalls  and  blouse  to 
shake  hands,  with  such  pleasure  as  1  had  not 
seen  him  show  in  the  biggest  meeting  we  had 
liad.  It  was  a  coincidence  and  an  omen  that  the 
name  of  the  ei^gineer  of  that  victorious  trip  was 
Dewey. 

That  bent  of  his  is  easily  enough  explained. 
There  hangs  in  his  study  at  Oyster  Bay.  apart 
from  the  many  trophies  of  the  chase,  the  picture 
of  a  man  with  a  strong,  bearded  face. 

"That    is    my    father,"    said    Mr.    Roosevelt. 


"  He  was  the  finest  man  I  ever  knew.  He  was 
a  merchant,  well-to-do,  drove  liis  four-in-hand 
through  the  park,  and  enjoyed  life  immensely. 
He  had  such  a  good  time,  and  with  cause,  for  he 
was  a  good  man.  I  remember  seeing  him  going 
down  Broadway,  staid  and  respectable  business 
man  that  he  was,  with  a  poor  little  sick  kitten  in  his 
coat-pocket,  which  he  had  })icked  up  in  the  street.'* 

The  elder  Theodore  Roosevelt  was  a  man  with 
the  same  sane  and  practical  interest  in  his  fel- 
low-man that  his  son  has  shown.  He  was  the 
backer  of  Charles  Loring  Brace  in  his  work  of 
gathering  the  forgotten  waifs  from  the  city's 
streets,  and  of  every  other  sensible  charity  in 
his  day.  Dr.  Henry  Field  told  me  once  that  he 
always,  occupied  as  he  was  w^ith  the  management 
of  a  successful  business,  on  principle  gave  one 
day  of  the  six  to  visiting  the  poor  in  their  home^. 
Apparently  the  analogy  between  father  and  son 
might  be  carried  farther,  to  include  even  the 
famous  round-robin  ;  for,  upon  the  same  author- 
ity, it  was  the  elder  Theodore  Roosevelt  who 
went  to  Washington  after  the  first  Bull  Run  and 
warned  President  Lincoln  that  he  must  get  rid 
of  Simon  Cameron  as  secretary  of  war,  with  tlie 
result  that  Mr.  Stanton,  the  '*  Organizer  <»f 
Victory,''  took  his  place.  When  the  war  was 
fairly  under  way,  it  was  Theodore  Roosevelt  who 
organized  the  allotment  plan,  which  saved  to  the 
families  of  80,000  soldiers  of  New  York  Stale 
more  than  $5,000,000  of  their  pay  ;  and  when 
the  war  was* over  he  protected  the  soldiers  against 
the  sharks  that  lay  in  wait  for  them,  and  saw  to 
it  that  they  got  employment. 

That  was  the  father.  1  have  told  you  what  the 
son  is  like.  A  man  with  red  blood  in  his  veins  ;  a 
healthy  patriot,  with  no  clap-trap  jingoism  about 
him,  but  a  rugged  belief  in  America  and  its  mis- 
sion ;  an  intense  lover  of  country  and  flag  ;  a  vig- 
orous optimist,  a  believer  in  men,  who  looks  for 
the  good  in  them  and  finds  it.  Practical  in  parti- 
sanship ;  loyal,  trusting,  and  gentle  as  a  frien<l  ; 
unselfish,  modest  as  a  woman,  clean-handed  and 
clean -hearted,  and  honest  to  the  core.  In  the 
splendid  vigor  of  his  young  manhood  he  is  the 
knightliest  figure  in  American  politics  to-day, 
the  fittest  exponent  of  his  country's  idea,  and  the 
model  for  its  young  sons  who  are  coming  to  take 
up  the  task  he  set  them.  For  their  sake  I  am 
willing  to  give  him  up  and  set  him  where  they 
can  all  see  and  strive  to  be  like  him.  So  we 
shall  have  little  need  of  bothering  about  boss  rule 
and  misrule  hereafter.  We  shall  farm  out  the 
job  of  running  the  machine  no  longer  ;  we  shall 
be  able  to  run  it  ourselves. 

When  it  comes  to  that,  the  Vice- Presidency  is 
not  going  to  kill  Theodore  Roosevelt.  It  will 
take  a  good  deal  more  than  that  to  do  it. 


ROOSEVELT'S  WORK   AS  GOVERNOR. 


Copsrrisht.  1898.  by  Rockwood. 

HON.  THEODORE  ROOSEVELT. 

A  WRITER  in  a  recent  number  of  McClure's 
speaks  of  Governor  Roosevelt  as  a  practi- 
cal exp>erinient  in  politics.  It  seems  almost  ab- 
surd to  one  who  has  watched  the  governor's  ca- 
reer, wlio  lias  seen  liim  figlit  tlie  political  battle 
for  practical  irood  government  from  the  time  that 
he  was  a  meml)er  of  the  Assembly  up  to  the  time 
that  he  took  the  gubernatorial  chair, — to  speak  of 
him  as  an  experiment.  There  was  no  doubt  as 
to  the  attitude  that  the  governor  would  take 
on  all  important  measures  which  were  brouglit  to 
his  attention.  His  whole  life  was  an  earnest 
that  he  would  be  not  only  honest  and  efficient, 
but  that  he  would  be  creative.  He  would  not  be 
content  merely  to  approve  or  disapprove  such 
measures  as  were  brought  before  him,  but  would 
have  policies  and  ideas  of  his  own.  It  was  known 
that  he  would  consult  with  the  regular  organiza- 
tion, for  he  himself  had  said  so.  For  the  same 
reason  it  was  known  that  he  would  consult  with 
independents,  good  -  government  clubs,  mug 
wumps,  and  Democrats.  In  fact,  it  was  well 
known  that,  from  whomsoever  the  governor 
thoogbt  that  he  could  derive  intelligent  informa- 
tion, be  would  unhesitatingly  avail  himself,  no 
matter  what  the  political  affiliation  of  the  indi- 


vidual might  heretofore  have  been.  His  advent 
into  the  gubernatorial  chair  with  his  positive 
character,  with  his  broad  intellectuality,  and, 
when  he  gets  down  to  business,  his  entirely  self- 
con  tainedness,  was  no  experiment  either  in  prac- 
tical politics  or,  in  what  is  still  more  important, 
practical  statesmanship.  We  are  accustomed  to 
speak  of  the  periods  of  time  occupied  by  the 
executive  as  **  Ihe  years  of  his  administration  ;" 
and  it  is  the  administrative  work  which  in  the 
long  run  tells.  This  may  not  be  seen  at  first ; 
but  as  the  years  go  by  it  is  more  plainly  discerni- 
ble, and  the  good  or  bad  administration  will 
show  its  fruition  long  after  the  individual  has 
ceased  to  occupy  the  executive  chair.  The  ad- 
ministrative work  of  Governor  Roosevelt  and  his 
colleagues  in  the  several  departments  will  bear 
the  closest  criticism,  and  when  they  shall  have 
been  judged  by  their  works  will  be  found  to  have 
measured  up  to  a  very  high  standard  of  honest 
and  efficient  government.  In  no  other  adminis- 
tration has  the  work  of  the  attorney-general  s 
department  been  so  magnified  and  brought  into 
public  notice.  The  board  of  claims,  of  which 
the  public  has  little  knowledge,  has  been  over- 
burdened with  thousands  of  claim-cases  ;  and  yet, 
notwithstanding  the  work  that  department  has 
been  called  upon  to  do,  it  is  due  to  the  efficiency 
of  the  attorney -general's  department  to  be  able 
to  say  that  less  than  one -tenth  of  the  claims 
which  have  been  adjudicated  have  been  found 
against  the  State.  The  attorney -general  has  been 
called  upon  to  act  as  special  counsel  in  numerous 
instances — in  the  Gardiner  investigation  ;  in  the 
matter  of  the  grand  jury  of  New  York  City  ;  in 
the  matter  of  the  Syracuse  investigation,  and 
other  similar  investigations  which  have  been 
necessitated  during  the  past  two  years,  and  which 
have  been  carefully  supervised.  And  not  one 
dollar's  worth  of  money  has  been  expended  for 
which  vouchers  have  not  been  received  and  hon- 
est money  paid.  The  comptroller's  office  has 
most  carefully  safeguarded  all  the  State's  finan- 
cial interests,  and  has  performed  the  maximum 
result  with  the  minimum  of  expenditure. 

In  the  department  of  the  secretary  of  state, 
the  work  of  indexing  old  patents  and  papers  of 
the  State,  which  for  a  hundred  years  have  lain 
in  the  archives  of  that  department  unindexed,  is 
being  accomplished,  and  when  completed  will  be 
the  most  valuable  historical  work  that  the  State 
affords.  This  work  has  been  done  under  the 
direct  supervision  of  the  secretary  of  state.     The 


188 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEU^'  OF  REVIEWS, 


receipts  of  this  office  have  l)oen  largely  in  excess 
of  the  amount  in  any  previous  administration, 
and  have  been  more  than  suflBcient  to  pay  all  tlie 
salaries  and  expenses  of  the  department.  This 
could  not  have  been  done  had  it  not  been  for  the 
very  careful  and  conscientious  manner  in  which 
Mr.  McDonough  has  carried  on  the  work. 

The  State  engineer  and  surveyor  has  entirely 
ignored  politics  in  his  choice  and  selection  of 
subordinates,  and  has  completely  overturned  es- 
tablished methods  and  reformed  his  department 
in  a  manner  of  which  any  State  might  well  be 
proud. 

The  faithful,  eflBcient,  and  honest  administra- 
^tion  of  the  canals  has  been  a  matter  of  public 
comment.  The  most  competent  authorities, 
without  regard  to  party,  have  united  to  commend 
the  department  as  by  far  the  most  conservatively 
and  efficiently  managed  of  any  for  many  years. 

The  same  can  be  said,  to  a  smaller  degree,  of 
the  department  of  public  buildings. 

Early  in  his  administration.  Governor  Roose- 
velt adopted  the  holding  of  cabinet  meetings 
once  a  week,  at  which  all  the  heads  of  depart- 
ments were  present.  The  governor  was  thus 
brought  into  contact  with  those  officers  elected 
with  him,  and  was  able  to  keep  in  touch  with 
those  who  were  responsible  for  tlie  various  State 
departments. 

In  the  matter  of  im{i<essing  his  ideas  upon 
legislation,  there  are  some  peculiar  instances — 
matters  of  public  importance,  which  were  little 
noticed  at  the  time  in  the  public  prints.  One  of 
the  first  of  these  was  the 
bill  for  the  prevention  of  the 
desecration  of  the  Ameri- 
can flag.  In  this  the  gov- 
ernor took  a  peculiar  inter- 
est. 

Although  not  a  profes- 
sional agriculturist,  either 
in  a  political  or  actual  sense, 
the  governor  has  recognized 
the  a  1 1  -  i  m  p  o  r  t  a  n  t  part 
w  h  1  c  h  the  agriculturists 
play  in  State  polity,  and 
whenever  occasion  has  oc- 
curred he  has  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  farmer  and  the 
market  gardener.  Amend- 
ments to  the  agricultural 
law  are  frequently  seen  in 
the  session  laws  of  1899 
and  1900.  The  governor 
hiis  been  particularly  inter- 
ested in  the  beet -sugar  cul- 
ture and  the  products  of 
the  dairy,  while  in  season 


and  out  of  season  he  pressed  laws  prevent- 
ing tlie  adulteration  of  food  products,  the 
danger  of  fertilizers  which  were  below  standard, 
improper  feeding  •  stuffs,  and  other  fraudulent 
products,  whereby  farmers  and  market  gardeners 
in  the  past  have  suffered  at  the  hands  of  unscni- 
pulous  and  designing  men.  The  betterment,  by 
proper  and  legitimate  means,  of  the  life  conditions 
of  the  wage- workers  who  reside  in  tenement  dis- 
tricts has  been  his  peculiar  care. 

The  amendments  to  the  labor  law,  which  the 
governor  initiated  and  urged  to  a  successful  ter- 
mination, will  be  of  the  greatest  benefit,  and 
will  right,  and  are  now  righting,  grave  wrongs. 
He  makes  it  his  business  to  see  that  these  laws 
are  properly  enforced,  and  is  holding  the  factory 
inspector  to  strict  accountability  for  the  same. 
More  recently,  he  secured  the  passage  and  signed 
the  Tenement  -  House  Commission  bill,  which 
commission  is  now  thoroughly  investigating  that 
subject  ;  and  when  its  labors  are  completed  there, 
the  tenement  population  of  New  York  and  other 
cities  will  find  themselves  in  a  much  better  f)osi- 
tion  than  they  have  ever  l>een  before.  Particu- 
larly have  the  beneficent  results  of  this  legislation 
been  found  in  the  sweat-shops  of  Xew  York 
City  ;  and  hundreds  and  thousands  who  have 
been  suffering  in  those  polluted  holes  are  reaping 
the  benefit  of  the  governor's  wise  foresight  and 
sturdy  action. 

The  enactment  of  the  code  of  game-laws  is 
very  largely  the  result  of  the  governor's  own 
work  ;   not  the  least  item  of  which  was  the  pas- 


OOVERNOR  ROOSEVELT  AT  HI8  DESK. 


ROOSEVELT S  IVORK  AS  GOyERNOR, 


189 


COL.   W.  J.    V0CN08,  THB  OOVERNOR'8  8BCRETARY,  EXAMINING  A   BILL, 

sage  of  the  law  that  prevents  the  taking  of 
game  out  of  the  State,  tliereby  preventing  evil- 
disposed  persons  from  shooting  and  taking  game 
out  of  season,  and  taking  it  out  of  the  State  to 
avoid  detection.  "When  these  game-laws  sliall 
have  been  understood  by  the  people,  tliey  will 
realize  the  immense  amount  of  labor  which  has 
been  expended  upon  them,  and  which  must  result 
in  l)etter  care  of  all  kinds  of  fish  and  game,  some 
varieties  of  which  were  being  very  rapidly  de- 
pleted. Those  who  are  unacquainted  with  the  vast 
area  of  the  tract  of  land  known  in  New  York  ^tate 
as  the  forest- preserve  can  little  dream  of  the 
hours  of  patient  toil  which  the  governor  has 
spent  wrestling  with  this  subject.  Thousands  of 
acres  of  land  are  now  being  cared  for,  and  cared 
for  in  reality — not  by  implication  only,  but  ac- 
tually cared  for  as  the  result  of  the  forestry  laws 
which  he  has  placed  upon  the  statute-books, 
with  the  cooperation  of  those  who  have  the  pres- 
ervation of  the  forests  at  heart. 

When  entering  his  office,  the  governor  found, 
on  making  an  examination  of  the  various  appro- 
priation bills  which  had  previously  been  passed, 
that  lump  sums  were  given  to  the  heads  of  de- 
partments, thereby  permitting  careless  expendi- 
ture of  money  unless  very  carefully  safeguarded. 
The  appropriation  bills  of  1899  and  1900  show 
in  this  respect  a  very  marked  improvement,  inas- 
much as  the  items  in  the  appropriations  for  the 
various  departments  show  upon  their  face  the  in- 
dividual expenditure — a  record  which  is  open  to 
inspection  and  the  light  of  day. 

Another  very  important  bill  which  will  work 
much  benefit  to  the  various  State  departments  is 
the  bill  relating  to  the  classification  of  expenses 
and  salaries  in  the  various  departments.      When 


this  bill  shall  be  put  into  active  opera- 
tion, a  much  more  methodical  system 
of  exi^enditures  and  salaries  will  be 
adopted,  and  there  will  be  far  less 
friction  than  formerly  in  the  several 
departments. 

Another  very  important  financial 
bill,  which  has  not  been  spoken  of  l»y 
the  press,  but  which  is  of  far-reach- 
ing importance  to  the  people,  is  the 
itemized  monthly  account  of  public 
officers — a  law  that  has  resulted  in 
a  very  large  saving  to  the  State. 

In  no  special  department  has  the 
governor  shown   a  more  active  in- 
terest than  in  the  volunteer  fire  de- 
partments.    The  several  laws  passed 
in  1899  and  1900  show  conclusively 
that  he  has  had  a  high  regard  for 
those  guardians  of  the  lives  of  the 
people  and  their  property. 
The  franchise- tax  law,  by  which  j;200,000,000 
was  added  to  the  taxable  property  of  the  State, 
has  been   so  frequently  commented   on    that  it 
would  seem  needless  to  say  anything  about  it ;  it 
is  the  most  important  law  that  has  been  put  upon 
the  statute-books  for  years. 

The  civil -service  law,   by  which   a  consistent 
and  practical  form  of  civil  service  has  at   last 


ATTORNEY-OENERAL  JOHN  C.  DAVIES  IN  HI8  OFFICE. 

been  enacted,   commends  itself  to    all    thinking 
people  of  both  parties. 

For  New  York  City,  the  governor  has  had  a 
special  care.  It  was  the  city  of  his  birth,  and  it 
would  be  unnatural  if  he  did  not  watch,  with 
jealous  interest,  anything  that  affected  it.  When 
the  Ramapo  Water  Company  undertook  —  by 
means  which  were,  to  say  the  least,  doubtful — a 
discreditable  business,  a  message  was  sent  to  the 
legislature  providing  that  a  bill  should  be  passed 


^ 


190 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


to  prevent  any  such  outrage  to  be  foisted  upon 
the  public  ;  and  it  was  the  governor's  individual- 
ity and  strength  of  character  that  passed  the 
Ramapo  bill  through  both  branches  of  the  legis- 
lature. The  comptroller  of  New  York  City  com- 
plained that  large  sums  were  taken  from  the  city 
treasury  by  confessions  of  judgment  which  he 
was  powerless  to  prevent,  and  the  strong  hand  of 
the  governor  stretched  itself  forth,  and  what  was 
known  as  the  "Confessions  of  Judgment"  bill 
was  passed  by  both  branches  of  the  legislature 
and  became  a  law. 

The  complaint  of  stenches  which  arose  from 
Barren  Island,  sickening  and  discomforting  thou- 
sands of  people  m  the  boroughs  of  Brooklyn  and 
Queens,  and  even  permeating  the  borough  of 
Manhattan,  received  his  most  careful  attention, 
and  through  his  instrumentality  a  law  was  passed 
to  abate  those  obnoxious  gases  and  stenches. 
^  For  a  long  time  it  has  been  the  policy  of  the 
land  board  to  make  grants  of  land  under  water 
to  riparian  owners  in  fee.  It  was  found  that 
very  large  tracts  were  thus  being  ceded  by  the 
State  from  which  neither  the  State  nor  its  people 
received  very  much  benefit.  Under  Governor 
Roosevelt's  active  operation,  all  this  has  been 
changed  ;  and  such  grants  are  now  made  to  the 
holders  thereof  as  leases,  which  are  to  revert  to 
the  State  after  a  certain  number  of  years.  It  can 
readily  be  seen  the  very  great  benefit  which  this 
will  be  to  the  State  at  large. 

Applications  for  pardons,  executive  clemency, 
and  requisitions  for  extraditions  have  taken  hours 
and  hours  of  his  time  and  attention.  He  holds 
the  employees  of  his  department  to  strict  ac 
countability,  but  allows  them  wide  latitude  of 
judgment.  When  directing  anything  to  be 
done,  he*  simply  tells  the  official  to  do  it,  leav- 
ing him  to  his  own  resources  as  to  the  most 
methodical  and  practical  means  of  accomplish- 
ment. 

These  are  but  a  few  of  the  meritorious  meas- 
ures that  the  governor  has  aided  and  abetted  ; 
but  if  he  has  done  much  for  the  people  in  the 


laws  that  have  been  enacted,  he  has  also  done 
much  to  prevent  unjust  bills  from  becoming 
laws.  There  is  no  person  or  municipality,  how- 
ever  small,  that  has  not  felt  his  protecting  care  ; 
and  there  is  no  corporation,  however  large, 
which  he  has  not  treated  with  fairness,  with 
courtesy,  and  with  consideration,  and  from  which 
he  does  not  exact  the  same  treatment  in  return. 
It  is  apparent,  therefore,  that  all  the  governor 
asks  is  to  be  met  half  way.  Equity  and  justice 
to  him  are  synonymous  terms.  He  has  seen  to  it 
that  all  persons  and  all  aggregations  of  individ- 
uals receive  courteous  treatment  and  strict  equity 
and  justice  in  their  ordinary  pursuits  :  and  this 
he  has  not  done  negatively  or  underhandedly,  but 
positively,  openly,  and  uprightly.  Pages  might 
be  written  of  the  untiring  hours  of  labor  that 
he  has  spent  in  the  executive  department — in 
many  instances  long  after  other  State  officials 
have  gone  to  their  nomes,  planning  and  tliinking 
as  to  methods  to  be  performed,  policies  to  be 
enacted,  and  lines  of  conduct  to  be  followed  out. 
The  matter  of  appointments  to  the  various  boards 
and  to  various  official  positions  he  has  given  his 
most  earnest  and  intelligent  care.  He  lias  coun- 
seled alike  with  political  Jew  and  political  Gen- 
tile, and  those  who  had  no  political  religion  at 
all.  He  has  done  nothing  hastily  ;  to  all  matters 
he  has  given  the  most  patient  thought  and  care- 
ful examination.  He  has  examined  into  every 
detail  of  the  executive  department ;  nothing  has 
been  too  small  for  his  personal  attention. 

Always  courteous  to  those  about  him,  he 
brooks  no  unnecessary  delay  in  the  transaction  of 
the  public  business  ;  but,  grasping  a  situation 
quickly,  he  disposes  of  the  matter  in  hand,  and 
quickly  changes  the  conversation  to  other  topics. 
He  demands  of  all  his  subordinates  full  value  of 
labor  for  money  received,  but  is  ever  ready  to 
recompense  the  laborer  for  the  full  value  of  his 
work.  He  has  not  striven  to  make  the  public  ser- 
vice perfect,  but  he  has  striven  to  make  it  better  ; 
and  he  will  leave  the  gubernatorial  cliair  having 
raised  to  a  great  degree  the  tone  of  official  life. 


A  BABKIT  or  BILU  FROM  THE  LEOIBLATURB. 


THK  BXBOUnVB  FILM. 


C..plff>-  Print,  Copyright,  1899. 1»y  Curtis  &  Cameron. 

"COMMON  LAW/*  PANEL  IN  THE  FRIEZE  BY  KENYON  COX. 


Copyright,  1899,  by  Kenyoa  Cox. 


THE  NEW  APPELLATE   COURT-HOUSE 
IN    NEW  YORK   CITY. 

A   SUCCESSFUL    EXPERIMENT    IN    MUNICIPAL    ARCHITECTURE. 
BY   ERNEST    KNAUFFT,    EDITOR   OF   THE    "ART    STUDENT." 


M' 


ADISON  SQUARE, 
New  York,  bids 
fair  to  become  a  marked 
art  center,  for  across  from 
the  Dewey  Arch, — whicli, 
it  18  to  be  hoped,  may  be 
made  permanent, — and  a 
stone's  throw  from  St. 
Gaudens'  *'Farragiit,"and 
under  the  shadow  of  his 
«'  Diana,"  is  the  just  com- 
pleted Appellate  Court- 
house, one  of  tlie  most  at- 
tractive buildings  in  the 
city  of  New  York. 

It  was  built  under  con- 
ditions more  favorable 
than  usual  for  public 
buildings.  There  was  no 
competition.  Tlie  archi- 
tect, James  Brown  Lord, 
was  chosen  by  the  judges 
because  of  his  previous 
work  ;  an  appropriation  of 
^700.000  was  put  through  the  legislature  after 
Mr.  Lord's  plan  had  been  approved  by  the  judges. 
Even  in  the  contracts,  the  city  was  not  obliged 
to  accept  the  lowest  bid,  but  was  free  to  decide 
upon  the  competency  of  the  bidders. 

Mr.  Lord  chose  some  twenty -five  artists  and 
sculptors  whom  he  thought  best  fitted  to  execute 
given  portions  of  the  work,  and  to  their  sympa- 
thetic cooperation  with  him  is  due  the  harmoni- 


Copyrlfht.  1900,  by  A.  Bofrart. 

HINDOO  LAWGIVBH  — 
**THB  LEOENDART 
MANU."  BY  AUGUSTUS 
LUKCMAN. 


ou8  ensemble.  In  the  courtroom  one  sees  what 
is  apparently  the  work  of  one  man  ;  we  never 
dream  that  the  work  of  six  painters  compose  tlie 
decorations.  So,  t6o,  in  every  part  of  the  build- 
ing all  is  unity  ;  there  are  no  hiatuses  of  monoto- 
nous blank  spaces. 

The  architectural  embellishments  are,  like  the 
sculptures  on  the  Dewey  Arch,  connected  with 
recognized  basal  architectural  forms.  The  major 
effect  of  Mr.  Charles  R.  Lamb's  design  lay  in 
his  taking  the  Arch  of  Titus  as  a  model  for  his 
framework,  and  seeing  to 
it  that  our  best  sculptors 
adorned  it;  and  Mr.  Lord's 
success  is  due  to  his  se- 
lection of  a  standard  Co- 
rinthian model  and  choice 
of  appropriate  ornament. 
The  facade  of  the  building 
is  of  New  England  marble. 

When  we  stand  below 
and  look  aloft  at  the  stat- 
ues, the  sky  seems  by 
contrast  to  be  equal  to  the 
intense  lazuli  of  the  Italian 
sky ;  and  we  picture  to  our- 
selves how  delectable  our 
city  might  be  made  if  her 
sky  lines  were  improved 
by  the  buildings  shedding 
their  pressed  metal  cop- 
ings  and    replacing   them     ^^olo^axon  lawgiver 

P.^  i   I         .,  —*  ALFRED  THE  GREAT.*' 

With  figures  like  these.  by  j.  s.  hartley. 


194 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


by  Edwin  H.  Blashfield. 
It  shows  saliently  Ids  love 
of  tlie  Renaissance  detail, 
and  no  familiar  modernity 
of  type  disturbs  its  ideal 
sentiment. 

On  tlie  left,  E.  II.  Sim- 
mons' **  Justice"  stands 
with  her  arms  round  the 
shoulders  of  ' '  Peace  "and 
"Plenty."  '^Plenty " 
holds  fruit,  and  to  her 
right  are  a  laborer  and  his 
wife  with  a  baby  in  her 
arms,  and  at  her  feet  a 
child  is  playing  w^itii  a 
rabbit,  with  its  pink  eyes 
particularly  well  painted, 
and  a  fox.  In  the  brocade 
draperies  of  *' Peace"  and  "Plenty"  Mr.  Smi- 
mons  has  done  his  best  pamting  ;  the  color  is  of 
a  russet  tint,  in  perfect  harmony  with  the  marble 
of   the  walls.      In  Mr.    Walker's  central   panel, 


JEWISH  LAWGIVER- "MO- 
SES.'* BY  WILLIAM 
COUPER. 


"Justice"  stands 
in  the  middle,  as  in 
the  others  ;  but  in 
place  of  the  float- 
ing figures  above 
is  the  inscription, 
"Doth  Wisdom  not 
cry  and  Under- 
standing put  forth 
her  voice  ?  By  me 
princes  rule,  and 
nobles,  even  all  the 
judges  of  the 
earth." 

The  judges'  dais 
is  of   dark    carved 
oak.     The  ceilings 
of  both   courtroom 
and    the   entrance- 
hall  are  embossed  gold,  in  perfect  keeping  with  the 
dark  saifron  Siena  marble,  of  which  all  the  walls 
are  constructed.     Though  the  sumptuousness  of 
the  gold  decoration   perhaps  pleases  the  average 


ENTRANCE  FIGURE— **  WISDOM.'* 
BY  H.  W.  RUCK8TUUL. 


I'liutuby  H.  H.  Sicli 


JUDGES*  DAIS,  COURTROOM,  APPELLATE  COURT-HOUSE. 


THE  EMBELLISHMENT  OF  A  MICHIGAN  TOWN. 


195 


visitor  most,  it  is  a  less  intellectual  kind  of  orna- 
ment than  tlie  paintings.  Now  our  painters  have 
only  arrived  at  success  in  giving  intellectual 
pleasure  through  their  study  Of  nature.  Had 
theV  been  content  to  mechanically  repeat  stock 
forms  of  their  predecessors,  no  matter  how  beau- 
tiful their  color,  their  work  would  be  tame  in 
comparison  with  the  present  result.  And  it  is  to 
he  hoped  that  subsequent  American  architects 
may  approach  an  American  form  of  architecture 
— retaining,  perhaps,  the  proportions  of  the  clas- 
sical, Init  adding  American  motives  in  detail  and 
ornament — and  enrich  tr.e  interiors,  not  with  the 
classical  egg  and  dart  and  acanthus,  but  with  apple 
and  pine  and  oak  motives  modeled  by  American 
artist-artisans  from  nature,  so  that  every  detail 
may  bear  the  earmarks  of  a  **  temperament." 

It  has  been  remarked  that  Mr.  Lord  is  not,  like 
most  of  his  contemporaries,  a  Parisian -trained 
architect.  A  Princeton  graduate,  he  received  his 
architectural  training  in  New  York  ;   but  it  must 


be  recorded  that  he  has  made  use  of  foreign 
travel — going,  when  the  Court-house  was  under 
consideration,  to  inspect  French  municipal  build- 
ings, and  reconsidering  his  design  in  consequence. 

In  the  details  of  the  interior,  Mr.  Lord  has 
with  great  acuteness  given  us  a  full  measure  of 
ornament,  without  letting  the  ornamentation  en- 
croach upon  utility.  The  elevator  does  not  seem 
like  a  packing-box  in  a  parlor,  but  harmonizes 
with  the  rectilineal  features  of  the  hall  that  are 
accented  by  the  use  of  pilastered  piers.   . 

In  the  list  of  examples  of  imposing  archi- 
tecture that  have  been  erected  in  New  York  in 
recent  years,  the  Columbia  College  Library,  by 
McKim,  Mead,  and  White  ;  St.  Luke's  Hospi- 
tal, by  Ernest  Flagg  ;  Manhattan  Hotel,  by  J. 
H.  Harden  berg,  and  the  new  wing  of  the  Metro- 
politan Museum,  by  Richard  M.  and  R.  H. 
Hunt,  belongs  the  Appellate  Court-house,  by 
this  young  architect,  who  promises  to  become 
the  American  Palladio. 


THE   EMBELLISHMENT  OF  A  MICHIGAN  TOWN, 

WHAT  CHAELES  H.   HACKLEY  HAS  DONE  FOR  MUSKEGON. 

BY  ARCHIBALD  HADDEN. 


MR.  CHABLES  B.  OACKLEY. 


WHERE,  fifty  years  ago,  in  the  dense  pine 
forests  of  western  Michigan,  there  was  a 
pioneer  village  of  a  few  hundred  people  ;  where, 
twenty  years  ago,  was  a  bustling  lumbering 
town,  with  forty-five  sawmills,  a  population  of 
11,000,  and,  for  a  few  brief  years,  the  fame  of 
cutting  700,000,000  feet  of  lumber  annually, 
making  it  the  largest  primary  lumber  market  in 
the  world, — standc  to-day,  on  a  bay  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Muskegon  River,  the  city  of  Muskegon, 
with  a  fine  harbor  and  a  population  of  25,000. 
In  most  respects,  it  differs  little  from  many  other 
lake  and  lumber  towns. 

Since  the  decadence  of  the  lumber  industry,  it 
has  been  built  up  by  general  manufacturing  and 
trade.  During  the  earlier  days  many  fortunes 
were  made  here,  and  taken  away  by  their  pos- 
sessors to  other  and  larger  cities  to  be  invested 
and  enjoVed.  A  few,  however,  of  the  older 
generation  have  remained  and  help  make  the 
new  Muskegon.  Foremost  of  these  is  Charles 
H.  Hackley,  whose  gifts  to  the  city  give  Musile- 
gon  its  unique  chai'acter. 

Mr.  Hackley  came  to  this  place  in  185G,  at 
the  age  of  19  yeare,  and  began  to  work  in  a  saw- 
mill  as  a  day-laborer.      His   energy,    integrity. 


196 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


STATUE  OF  ADMIRAL  FAKKAOUT.      BY  CHAKLEM  MEHAIS. 


STATUE  OF  GENERAL  8HEHMAN.      BY  J.   MABSEY   KHIND. 


tact,  shrewdness,  and  tlie  wise  use  of  great  op- 
p<^rt unities  have  enahled  him  to  reach  a  liigh 
place  as  a  man  of  business  and  capitalist.  Hut 
it  is  not  in  his  accuinulations,  but  in  his  distribu- 
tions, that  Mr.  Hackley  is  notable.  Within  the 
past  twelve  years,  outside  of  Ids  private  charities, 
he  has  used  over  |?500,000  in  promoting  the 
higher  life  of  tlie  city — by  beautifying  it,  add- 
ing to  its  intellectual  and  educational  facilities, 
and  stimulating  the  patriotism  of  the  people  by 
great  works  of  art. 


His  first  gift  to  the  city,  made  in  1888,  was  n 
free  ])ublic  library,  in  which  are  now  over  30,000 
volumes  and  10,000  pamphlets,  costing  |5 125, 000. 
In  18:S9  he  bought  up  a  block  in  the  center  of 
the  city  and  transformed  it  into  a  park,  with  a 
soldier's  monument  in  the  center.  Two  y?ai-s 
ago,  he  authorized  a  committee  to  erect  bronze 
statues  of  Lincoln,  Grant,  Farragut,  and  Sher- 
man in  this  park.  These  figures — the  Lincoln 
and  Farragut,  by  Charles  Niehaus  ;  the  Grant  and 
Sherman,   by    J.    Massey    Hhind,   both    eminent 


THE  HACKLEY   PUBLIC  LIBKAKY. 


THE  HACKLEY  MAMUAI^TKAINIXG  SCHOOL. 


THE  EMBELUSMENT  OF  A  MICHIGAN  TOIVN. 


197 


MTATUE  or  ABUAHAM  LINCOLN.     BY  CHAULES  NIEUAU8. 


STATUS  OF  GEMEHAL  OKANT.     BY  J.  MASSE Y  RHIXD. 


sculptors  of  New  York — are  now  in  place,  and 
were  both  unveiled  with  appropriate  ceremonies 
on  May  30,  ex -Senator  Jolm  Patton,  of  Michi- 
jyran,  delivering  the  oration.  As  works  of  art 
these  compare  favorably  with  anything  in  tliis 
country.  The  park  is  endowed,  and  the  total 
expenditure  upon  it  has  been  $110,000. 

In  1891  he  presented  the  board  of  education 
of  the  city  with  $75,000,  to  be  used  as  an  en- 
dowment fund  for  the  library.  This  fund  was 
used  by  the  board  to  erect  two  handsome  school 
buildings,  one  of  whicli  bears  Mr.  Hackley's 
name. 

In  1895  he  announced  his  intention  to  erect  a 
manual-training  school,  ♦*  wherein  the  boys  and 
girls  of  the  city  of  Muskegon  may  receive,  free 
of  charge,    such  instruction  and  training  as  is 


afforded  in  manual. training  schools  of  the  best 
class  in  this  country." 

This  building,  completely  equipped,  cost  $70,- 
000,  and  $30,000  more  will  be  spent  in  enlarg- 
ing it  in  the  immediate  future.  Mr.  Ilackley 
has  paid  the  entire  cost  of  maintaining  this 
school,  and  has  provided  an  ample  endowment. 

In  the  library,  the  schools,  and  the  park,  with 
their  endowments,  considerably  over  $500,000 
has  been  expended. 

Only  the  first-fruits  of  this  wise  and  generous 
outlay  have  been  seen  as  yet,  but  these  are  pro- 
plietic  of  a  great  return  in  future  years.  Mean- 
while, in  the  gratitude  and  esteem  of  his  fellow- 
citizens,  and  tlie  satisfaction  of  seeing  his  money 
do  its  l)eneficent  work,  Mr.  Hackley  is  enjoying 
his  later  years  as  few  miUionaires  do. 


A   NATIONAL  ART  EXHIBITION. 


BY  WILLIAM  ORDWAY  PARTRIDGE. 


SOME  time  ago,  as  a  delegate  from  the  Sculp- 
ture Society  to  the  Architectural  League, 
and  as  a  guest  at  the  dinner,  it  was  my  privilege 
and  pleasure  to  speak  briefly  upon  the  advisabil- 
ity of  instituting  an  annual  national  exhibition 
on  much  tlie  same  lines  as  the  Paris  Salon  or  the 
English  Royal  Academy,  but  comprehending  and 
exploiting  allied  branches  of  art.  By  the  courtesy 
of  the  editor  of  this  magazine,  I  am  now  en- 
abled to  set  forth  more  fully  the  call  for  such  an 
exhibition,  the  advantages  that  must  accrue  to 
our  land  through  its  institution,  and  the  folly  of 
remaining  dependent  on  the  Old  World  in  art 
matters. 

Before  going  on  to  discuss  the  point  which  is 
the  raison  d'^crt're  of  this  paper,  let  us  look  at  the 
different  art  societies  that  are  now  existent  in 
New  York  and  the  objects  for  which  they  stand. 
We  have,  roughly  speaking,  in  the  Empire  City 
about  sixteen  societies  devoted  to  the  advance- 
ment of  art  in  its  various  forms.  Not  all  hold 
exhibitions,  but  many  of  them  are  constantly 
turning  out  graduates,  a  certain  percentage  of 
whom  earn  their  livelihood  m  some  field  of  pure 
or  applied  art.  The  chief  of  these  societies  are 
the  National  Academy  or  Academy  of  Design, 
the  Art  Students'  League,  the  Society  of  Ameri- 
can Artists,  two  societies  of  water  colorists,  one 
of  mural  painters,  the  National  Sculpture  Soci- 
ety, and  three  or  four  architectural  societies. 

The  two  first  named  are  concerned  mostly  with 
teaching  ;  and  they  are  ably  seconded  by  the 
Artist  Artisan  Institute,  the  Cooper  Union,  the 
Chase  Schools,  and  the  school  carried  on  by 
teachers  who  formerly  belonged  to  the  Metropoli- 
tan Museum  of  Art.  The  others  are  societies 
manned  and  officered  by  artists,  and  appeal  for 
encouragement  through  their  exhibitions  to  the 
art-loving  public.  Clubs  like  the  Salmagundi 
and  Kit-Kat,  which  are  composed  largely  of 
artists,  also  hold  mixed  exhibitions,  and  the  Na- 
tional Arts  Club  devotes  itself  especially  to  the 
needs  of  industrial  and  applied  art. 

The  National  Academy  of  Design  is  the  oldest 
of  our  art  societies,  and  held  its  first  exhibition 
in  a  small  room  in  1826.  Afte«*  a  checkered  ca- 
reer, it  is  now  on  the  eve  of  securing  a  perma- 
nent and  worthy  habitation  for  its  treasures  and 
its  schools.  It  has  recently  thrown  open  its  gal- 
leries to  the  public  on  Sunday  afternoons,  and 
the  wisdom  of  this  step  has  been  evidenced  by 
the  numbers  who  throng  to  the  doors.     It  holds 


annual  exhibitions  in  the  spring,  and  awards  vari- 
ous valuable  prizes  to  the  productions  of  Ameri- 
can artists.  Valuable  features  governing  the 
awarding  of  these  prizes  are,  that  no  competitor 
may  take  the  same  prize  twice  or  more  than  one 
prize  in  the  same  year,  and  the  exclusion  of 
academicians  from  competition. 

The  Society  of  American  Artists  is  compara- 
tively young,  having  but  recently  passed  its 
majority.  It  has  a  vigorous  memljership  of 
about  one  hundred  and  twenty,  and  its  whole 
energy  is  thrown  into  its  yearly  exhibitions  in 
the  spring.  At  this  exhibition;  or  just  prior 
to  its  opening,  two  valuable  prizes  are  awarded — 
one  for  pure  landscape  and  one  for  con) position 
containing  one  or  more  figures,  both  to  \je  the 
work  of  an  American  artist,  and  an  age-limit  of 
forty  is  placed  on  the  landscape  award. 

The  Architectural  League  of  New  York  was 
organized,  in  1881,  for  the  purpose  of  promoting 
architecture  and  the  allied  fine  arts.  It  insists  that 
sculpture  and  mural  painting  shall  be  represented 
by  its  two  vice-presidents,  and  it  holds  monthly 
meetings  for  the  discussion  of  subjects  connected 
with  the  public  art  of  New  York  City.  It  holds 
annual  exhibitions,  generally  in  the  latter  part 
of  winter,  and  the  wide  range  of  its  interest  is 
exemplified  by  the  numerous  branches  of  pure 
and  applied  art  represented,  embracing  even 
wall-paper  and  studies  in  burned  wood.  The 
league  awards  two  medals  and  two  prizes  every 
year,  the  subjects  for  competition  being  annually 
announced. 

In  1893  the  National  Sculpture  Society  was 
formed  to  promote  the  art  which  its  name  indicates, 
but  in  a  sense  that  may  truly  be  termed  national, 
since  it  seeks  lay  as  well  as  professional  mera- 
bei*3.  It  depends  chiefly  on  its  annual  exhibi- 
tions to  create  a  wider  interest  in  the  art  of  pure 
form,  and  in  arranging  its  exhibits  has  carried 
the  skill  of  the  landscape  gardener  into  play, 
thus  giving  to  sculpture  its  true  artistic  setting. 
While  it  awards  no  prizes  as  yet.  it  has  brought 
within  reach  of  the  art-lover  many  delightful 
examples  of  art- work,  and  its  advice  is  always 
at  the  service  of  committees  in  search  of  suitable 
liesigns  for  statuary,  monuments,  or.street  dec- 
oration. 

The  National  Society  of  Mural  Painters  is  of 
comparatively  late  origin.  Its  object  is  **to 
promote  the  delineation  of  the  human  figure  in 
its  relation  to  architecture,  whether  rendered  in 


A  NATIONAL  ART  EXHIBITION 


199 


pigment,  stained  glass,  mosaic,  tapestry,  or  other 
metliums."  There  are  three  grades  of  member- 
ship,— professional,  lay,  and  lionorary, — but  the 
society  aims  to  be  more  strictly  professional  than 
its  brotlier  organizations.  It  does  not  hold  an 
annual  exhibition,  but  it  awards  a  valuable 
scholarship,  which  enables  the  successful  com- 
petitor to  study  abroad  for  three  years.  It  aims 
at  the  rational  decoratior  of  public  buildings,  and 
stands  for  the  beautifying  of  the  architectural 
works  of  the  country  at  large. 

Let  no  one  say  that,  in  literature  and  com- 
merce, we  have  any  reason  to  hang  our  heads 
wheji  contrasted  with  other  nations.  Emerson, 
Longfellow,  Poe,  Whittier,  Lowell,  are  but  a 
few  stars  from  the  galaxy  of  American  writ- 
ers, and  Edison,  Whitney,  Fulton,  Beil,  Morse, 
Agassiz,  need  fear  no  comparison  with  the  com- 
mercial and  scientific  benefactors  of  other  races. 
In  the  grapliic  and  plastic  arts  I  could  cite  many 
names  that  have  won  international  eminence, 
but  have  never  yet  been  able  to  point  to  honors 
won  in  tlieir  own  land — the  land  that  should  be 
the  first  to  honor  them.  We  are  not  acknowl- 
edged to  l>e  great  in  art,  because  we  have  not 
dareti  to  assert  our  greatness. 

In  seeking  to  crystallize  the  art  and  art  feel- 
ing of  our  land  into  permanency  of  form  and 
cr>lor,  we  naturally  look  npon  the  process  from 
three  pK>ints  of  view — the  ideal,  the  practical  or 
commercial,  and  the  educational.  It  would  be 
possible  to  write  a  })ook  upon  the  ideal  aspect  of 
a  nationalized  art.  Here  we  can  only  briefly 
touch  upon  the  vital  points.  We  can  never  and 
sliall  never  have  a  national  art  until  our  painters 
and  sculptors  realize  that  ail  national  art  is 
racial,  and  that  it  is  born  of  the  soil  and  environ- 
ment. This  is  not  to  say  that  our  artists  must 
paint  notliing  but  American  subjects,  altiiough 
there  is  a  superabundance  of  material  in  our 
lan*l.  It  is  to  say  that,  before  we  can  have  a 
national  school,  we  must  have  a  racial  view  of 
things  ;  in  other  words,  we  must  have  an  Ameri- 
can method  of  viewing  and  treating  the  things 
we  depict,  whether  in  stone  or  in  color — be  the 
subject  a  Venus  or  a  Zeus,  a  Venetian  scene  or 
an  English  landscape,  a  Dutch  interior  or  a 
French  idealism.  And  before  our  artists  can 
acquire  a  racial  way  of  treating  their  themes, 
lief  ore  they  can  establish  a  national  viewpoint  or 
ftchcol.  they  must  live  and  learn  in  their  own 
land,  and  instead  of  imbibing  the  spirit  of  the 
French  or  .Italian  school,  must  be  imbued  with 
the  American  genius  loci  and  be  governed  by  it. 
Not  till  then  shall  we  have  a  school  that  can  prop- 
erly be  termed  American.  The  faith  that  brought 
our  Puritan  ancestors  to  these  shores  and  gave 
them  strength  to  endure  climatic  rigor  and  native 


hostility  ;  the  purity  of  aim  and  life  that  char- 
acterized the  beginning  of  this  Republic  ;  the 
broad  sympathy  and  keen  intellect  that  have 
been  the  distinguishing  traits  of  Americans, — all 
these  things  will  manifest  themselves  in  our  art 
methods,  and  should  result  in  a  spirit  at  once 
pure,  severe,  and  idealistic. 

The  men  who  say  that  this  land  of  ours  is  ex- 
hausted in  subjects  simply  reflect  their  own  spirit- 
nal  exhaustion.  There  never  was,  and  never  can 
be,  a  land  richer  in  material  for  painter  and 
sculptor.  From  the  Aztec  down  through  the  North 
American  Indian  to  the  present  time  the  accumu- 
lated matter  has  grown  and  swelled  till  the  efforts 
of  a  century  would  but  discover  the  abundance. 
Yet.  as  we  have  said,  it  is  not  necessary,  to  the 
founding  of  a  national  school,  that  our  artists 
shall  depict  only  American  subjects,  though  it 
is  absolutely  certain  that  with  the  founding  of 
that  school  will  come  the  apocalypse  of  America 
in  art.  We  need  an  American  point  of  view  ; 
and  until  American  artists  are  encouraged  to 
study  and  live  in  their  own  land  by  the  certainty 
of  being  able  to  exhibit  and  sell  their  work,  we 
shall  never  attain  that  raciality  which  is  tlie  first 
cause. 

So  much  for  the  ideal  aspect.  Now  as  to 
the  commercial.  It^  is  a  conservative  estimate 
when  we  reckon  the  average  floating  number  of 
American  art  students  in  France,  Italy,  and  Ger- 
many at  5,000.  Five  thousand  American  men 
and  women  spending  their  time  and  money  abroad 
to  the  imbibing  of  French,  Italian,  or  Dutch 
ideals  ;  many  thousands  of  dollars  lost  to  our 
land  commercially  and  no  compensating  national 
artistic  gain  I  It  can  be  said,  without  fear  of  con- 
futation, that  part  of  Paris  lives  off  the  American 
art  colony.  And  the  same  in  degree  is  true  of 
Milan,  Florence,  Munich,  Rome,  and  the  Midi. 
To  a  great  degree  this  is  unnecessary.  We  have 
in  this  land  artists  who  are  fully  competent  to 
teach  the  artistic  youth  of  America  those  funda- 
mental principles  of  drawing  and  coloring,  of 
line  and  of  form,  which  animate  all  art  worthy 
of  the  name.  The  Paris  Salon,  the  London 
Academy,  are  the  channels  through  which  small 
fortunes  flow  into  the  coffers  of  French  and  Eng- 
lish tratlesmen.  A  yearly  American  salon,  held 
in  New  York,  would  mean  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  dollars  to  the  business  men  of  America  ;  it 
would  enable  the  latter  through  the  accretion  of 
wealth  to  indulge  more  largely  in  the  purchase 
of  works  of  art,  which  in  its  turn  would  stimu- 
late painters  and  sculptors  to  larger  and  more 
abundant  work,  since  the  demand  was  increasing 
— in  fact,  the  inevitable  law  of  commerce  would 
act  and  react  on  the  commercial  side  of  art  as  it 
do(*s  on  everything  which  is  bought  and  sold. 


m>i*^r  lAirtt&H    hvl  rAO>MAi. 


'.orxAxrc  scenery  of  the  northwest. 


BY    ROB^':<r    E.    <VK\Hi^t^S. 

^  V ''.'''  *^»i    rnnLT.np  .mvliiiiir  ^'  '».--■,»    ^i  ^      "i^-uic'i    -'lisreri    ^^rt^jrt^n    an«i   Wasl 
V  V        j,>a    ,*    iaiuf*  -ir.t'fi'iiiTiL:  .r"u  '•'**  '.'  i  ^^n       v*'^-*    n  !«iu.i«'  .rro  s*Mi^hem  British  < 


».  '.f  •^'^^    ,','.  .ill- 1  .':"  M'.  ".:♦*  '  •  •'■-^:  .  .i.x  »^ '*   "  ^ 

If.. I   •.•^f  n'_r   ''  .♦*"'*  'V-    -.    '!.:"^' •ii\<"-  :  u:'^  .    '«'< 

.>;n-*  I  ^  .*r  wr  :T^eL:'  '«-  'iiikn-  vvu  it  :;5  <  ^"  ♦.* 
v.rh^^ma"  r«^^'ir..  :*/  m  >!•;.•'::  .i  •-  r:'::i»-a  al  i  —  ao* 
V  .»i,.i  •.'•  •  fi.  !'•  le;i'-»»  III  r  .::it;  a..v«*  ^"■•V"fM  '  '«» 
M»>\'.<'^M  <r..:'  an.;  *..»*  ^r.  L-i'T:vn»v.  W  ••  *.  ^«* 
:.;*v»>  iia.j  <*  -  .«•  >*^^:«  m  :'  ;;.-'  -'u-ii  visr  ••  \\  :.i;;-n 
'.'■n^  :  3n<s.  *.  •:.'•'  i.  '.•»  :.•  '••  '-i-  -  ^^  '  <  :i  •  : 
.,!*    v..'!.;**"-*    -     a.:*  -it.  n   \\'.*^"'.\^  .i^  ''.:»*  '..i:''*'::a- v> 

-•-f  '•ca-:'.  »*  '.:'  .'-«  .-v.-.a  -.n  '"-t^  ■^-  •.•••:.  •<.  "  -a  :  y 
'•>••♦-<  ./.  '  ♦•'  v.•^••\  '.  ••  li.  <':<'."  M  ';':m  '.-i  •  :  ^\  y  - 
.  ',1  ^  .<.  M  '  'a'  a  r.  '..^  --.i.-r  a*. 'I  '  •'  •  a^ra  :e 
A',*\    \',    .♦•^    .f.  '.    'a     -    ■  i;    '  .»-  "v.-^r.       1'   '^    iv  «    t-- 

•  \  ^  i'...  -••  .<  /A'     •    ..  •:  :"     w  '  .*'  n  •-''  .  ar  :  r   o 

•  ♦■  •  M.--  'it*    N"'  f.a   .\    ■:  '    t  .:'   -:.  a   !i.a'<  '.'-i   _;•••. 

•  ••«,  J'.'.'    ^' '.,  .     .  'J        I''    •■    .  •"-.    'A  ..  •'  :!i     i     a:l 

•••    .'.-"^'.a*.     .^    '•  ar       !    a    j^ar.-i    '.a."  v**.:-i-.«\ 
*V">'       /   ''••  ,      Y".."V'',\e   F'a  •.<   -i*   r    'Vr^<%  :•',) 

•  .*  '•./  .  v.--%-"r.  \\  •  •  '•■  j:  a*.  I  r-a.-'r--::  I  la/.  \ 
r.',.-*    ♦'-:.  N" -a-,!,  a:.  .  '  ai.:..rr..a  :    i.^^-u  n'-rt.ir^r  v 


ifcsreri    ^^rt^jrt^n    and   Washington  and 

olumbijL 

\\  ":  t'  -"^--^  _:'>»a:er  mountain  ran^r^.  with 
>.;•!•  'ii  M  '  »Mi  \v  "'i  iiv  an«l  snow,  proved  ei- 
•  •  lal  'ar'*'»*'*s  '»>  'he  sweep  of  flame,  their 
■  /•  a  ■••.ar»>*'i  an«i  ^ha^'kene^i  slopes  plainly  tell 
'  ♦•  <ur\  .-:  va'  H<  ..f  tire  wliich  n.>Ued  literally 
!ih  .in'a.ri  'iic'i.  F"i['»win:r  tiiese  shores  of  the 
.Mi»-v  .n  »-rM«'.  r  ;s  easv  ti'  see  Low  the  molten 
M.a>s  ^^•:  in  <*'eiv-nir  a  ".Hvel  flowed  in  and  out, 
I.,  hix  '••»?  ''av-i  a:i«i  ;»r"niontories  of  the  moun- 
•a  •!  M»';  »*.  as  a  ^tty  .•:  water  w«.n;Id  have  done. 
'  i  •"lar*^  v'lfr-t*  'i't^  risn  oi  lava  eddied  or  re- 
ovt"  i.vvri  'iH  <>.ie  ranyons.  as  the  water  flows 
'•-••a-. .  :r  -s  '"iin-i  ci:ni::n:r  in  large  masses  to  the 
. ..  -..r  ".  r-M'a:  -ti  <.>t  tire  «'anynn  wails.  With  its 
^••••a-'^i  ..,;'»-rt.p  an-l  finest  plieuomena  found 
•  -  •;>4'i\'  <*'ar:"r>.'d  aloriij:  the  course  of  Snake 
r.  '"-  •'•  1  '»"•»  i!>;.^s.  it  is  p«>t>ularly  known  as 
:  '•'  ^'-a-v''  iv'»T  Lava  F.a'n. 

{•      a>   ■  »'«-"i   •:»•'•:« -n^rrared   that  there  were  a 

' •  t'    »••••:•  r:.ri.<    at   intervals  of  centuries. 

V  .i  -^  ^  AM  'a-'i'-'iar'y  r.y  I'ossil  forests  sand- 
W'-  .'i  I-  vt*'.".  V  H  layers  :n  s*>me  of  the  can- 
\  --i — n«  ra  y  ai-r'^:  Mie  Yellowstone,  where 
'  .•  •>  ar»'  -i-a:  :":i  :*.  -e^'s  of  tiiese  petrified  trees, 
i^'>^  •"  '«  y  ••:  a::<  r.  ♦.p.  and  riie  lowest  a  mile 
«it'*  I  tT  :.  aii  tli'^se  near  :Le  surface.    Thus,  finally, 


yOLCANIC  SCENERY  OF  THE  NORTHIVEST. 


203 


came  these  lava  -  beds  of  a  thickness  of  from 
1,000  to  4,000  feet  as  they  now  exist.  In  places 
they  are  so  little  eroded  as  to  suggest  very  recent 
origin.  Yet  there  has  been  time  for  Snake  River 
to  cut  them  to  a  depth  of  1,000  feet,  and  much 
of  this  lava-rock  is  as  hard  as  flint .•  Miners  have 
demonstrated  the  occupation  of  the  region  prior 
to  these  eruptions  by  finding  skeletons,  stone  im- 
plements, and  other  evidences  of  a  people  who 
were  probably  overwhelmed  by  this  series  of  ap- 
palhng  holocausts.  What  volumes  of  history  may 
be  revealed  here,  where  ancient  rivers,  lakes, 
and  valleys  alike  are  scaled  up  beneath  sheets  of 
solid  stone  !  Certain  it  is,  tliat  these  more  re- 
cent lava-flows  are  affording  clews  for  the  read- 
ing of  those  famous  ancient  beds  between  the 
mountains  of  Donegal  and  the  Outer  Hebrides, 
where  the  original  surface  has  been  buried  3,000 
feet  under  volcanic  ejections.  For  an  idea  of 
the  appalling  roughness  of  some  of  these  lava 
plains,  imagine  a  furiously  lashed  sea,  frozen  at 
the  instant  old  Neptune's  orgies  were  at  their 
wildest.  It  was  among  such  practically  impene- 
trahle  fastnesses  that  the  Noz  Perce  Indians,  ir^ 
a  recent  war,  so  long  defied  our  military.  The 
color  is  usually  black,  the  texture  flinty,  and  no 
material  of  Mother  Earth  more  effectually  resists 
all  efforts  at  road-building  or  fashioning  for  any 
purpose.      At  places  we  find  yawning  fissures  ap- 


TBJB 


•  OIAXT*S  CAC8BWAY,"  ON  THE  COLUMBIA  KIVER, 
WA8HINOTON. 


THE  TETON8,  FROM  JACKSON'S  LAKE. 

parently  bottomless  ;  at  others  smaller  crevices, 
from  which  we  are  fanned  by  cold  currents  from 
the  rush  of  underground  rivers.  One  of  these 
streams  breaks  in  a  magnificent  cataract  from 
the  face  of  a  great  black  lava  palisade  in  Snake 
River  Canyon. 

'*  A  wide  waste  of  gray  and  black  desolation  '* 
would  best  describe  these  lava-beds  as  seen  from 
the  crests  of  any  one  of  the  myriad  waves,  hum- 
mocks, or  ridges  which  everywhere  project  in 
the  wildest  confusion.  Here  the  formation  will 
take  the  texture  of  slag  or  volcanic  glass  ;  there 
it  will  be  wrinkled,  ropy,  in  folds,  and  rolls  or 
giant  coils.  Its  prevailing  black  is  often  varied 
by  grayish,  yellowish,  or  greenish  tints.  Its 
consistency  can  be  anything  from  the  pocket  of 
ashes  or  cinders  that  look  as  though  the  fire  had 
burned  itself  out  but  yesterday  to  the  rough, 
jagged  clinkers,  cubes,  and  masses  hard  as  flint. 
In  cases,  notably  in  some  of  the  Snake  River 
canyons,  the  walls  are  very  regular,  conical,  and 
cubelike.  Along  the  Columbia,  and  in  full  view 
of  the  Great  Northern  Railway  in  eastern  Wash- 
ington, we  find  the  Giant's  Causeway  quite  faith- 
fully reproduced.  Elsewhere  many  of  the  crests 
of  ridges  have  cracked  open,  and  the  fissures 
present  along  their  walls  quite  symmetrical  col- 
umns. Their  cavernous  depths  not  infrequently 
reveal  formations  unique  and  fantastic,  well  worth 
hours  of  study. 

Scientists  tell  us  these  eruptions  must  have 
come  from  a  depth  of  from  20  to  22  miles.  As 
they  boiled  and  crackled  over  these  thousands  of 
square  miles  of  surface,  the  temperature  of  the 
mass  was  about  2,000°  F.,  90  per  cent,  of  the 
ejecta  consisting  of  water  in  tlie  shape  of  steam. 
Think  of  the  commotion  when  lakes,  as  large  as 
Superior,  which  formerly  existed  in  this  region, 
were  probably  in  a  day  replaced  by  these  burn- 
ing, roaring  lava  floods  !  If  accompanied  by 
the  emissions  of  flame  usual  to  our  puny  modern 
volcanoes,  the  glow  would  be  visible  at  a  dis- 


204 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS, 


tance  as  great  as  from  Hudson's  Bay  to  New 
Orleans.  The  human  mind  can  hardly  conceive 
the  grandeur  and  terror  of  such  catastroplies  as 
incidentally  reared  to  heights  of  two  to  three 
miles  tliat  magnificent  chain  of  furnaces — Las- 
sen's Peak  and  Mount  Shasta,  in  northern  (Cali- 
fornia ;  the  Three  wSisters, — Mount  Pitt,  Mount 
Jefferson,  and  Mount  Hood, — in  Oregon,  and 
Mount  Adains,  St.  Helena,  Rainier,  and  Baker, 
in  Washington.  We  know  that  when,  a  few 
years  ago,  Krakatoa's  craters  rose  out  of  the 
Straits  of  Sunda,  and  built  in  a  night  a  moun- 
tain two  miles  high  and  25  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, smoke  and  steam  rose  neaily  20  miles  into 
the  skies,  and  tlie  terrific  explosions  were  mis- 
taken at  a  distance  of  1 ,500  miles  for  a  great  bat- 
tle at  sea.  But  our  imagination  is  invoked  to 
appreciate  in  our  lava- beds  something  infinitely 
more  stupendous  in  the  way  of  volcanic  action 
than  any  so-called  volcano  of  ancient  or  modern 
times.  With  all  the  gigantic  volcanic  phenomena 
suggested  by  the  magnificent  chain  of  craters 
(above  named)  along  the  western  edge  of  our 
lava  plain,  such  noted  authorities  as  Richthofen 
record  them  as  merely  *•  parasitic  excrescences 
on  the  subteri-anean  lava  reservoirs,  whoso  grand 
fundamental  character  of  volcanism  is  represented 
by  the  real  massive  eruptions  of  our  lava  plains.'' 
They  say  these  great  volcanic  peaks  compare  in 
importance  with  the  lava  plains  about  as  minor 
cinder-cones  on  the  peaks  compare  with  the  peaks 
themselves.  Thus,  while  a  few  geologists  in- 
<;line  to  attribute  our  vast  lava-flows  to  the  above 


crater-peaks  on  the  west  or  the  Giant  Tlin^e  Te- 
tons  on  the  east,  the  weight  of  scientific  opinion 
is  very  positive  in  attributing  them  to  subaerial 
eruptions  through  many  great  fissures  scatterwl 
over  the  present  area  of  lava- beds.  They  insist 
that  no  cones^or  craters  exist  of  sufficient  magni- 
'tude  to  have  ejected  this  enormous  flood.  They 
instance,  among  the  largest  known  flows  from 
individual  volcanoes  streams  of  lava,  only  40  to 


MOUNT  SHASTA.. 


MOUNT  HOOD. 

50  miles  in  length — mere  rivulets,  when  com- 
pared with  the  once  burning  seas  of  the  Snake 
River  Plain. 

Nevertheless,  the  glory  of  all  our  mountain 
ranges  are  these  kings  of  volcanic  giants  which 
dwell  up  and  down  the  Pacific  Coast.  Lassen's 
Peak,  Mount  Hood,  Mount  Rainier,  and  others 
are  not  wholly  dead  but  sleeping,  as  is  sbown  by 
their  hot  springs  and  the  sulphurous  gases  and 
steam  emitted  from  their 
craters.  Around  the  former 
are  many  little  volcanoes 
which  often  throw  forth 
showers  of  mud,  and  give 
warnings  of  something  pos- 
sibly more  dangerous  in  their 
rumblmg  sounds.  Mount 
Shasta,  with  its  14,442  feet 
of  height,  has  a  crater  one- 
third  as  broad  and  1,000  feet 
deep,  with  a  rim  so  siiarp  as 
to  hardly  afford  room  for  a 
night's  bivouac.  On  its  slopes 
are  remains  of  hundreds  of 
smaller  cones  and  craters. 

Less  massive,  but  far  more 
chaste  and  beautiful,  than 
Shasta,  Mount  Hood  is  the 
very  embodiment  of  sublim- 
ity and  grace — if  such  a 
word  can  apply  to  a  sky- 
piercing  cone  of  almost  per- 
fect proportions  from  bas^' 
to    summit.      The    view    of 


VOLCANIC  SCENERY  OF  THE  NORTHIVEST. 


205 


SNOgUALMIB  FALLS. 

(At  base  of  Mount  Rainier.) 

Mount  Hood,  from  Portland  and  various  points 
along  the  Columbia,  is  well  wortli  a  journey 
across  tlie  continent.  It  is  not  easy  to  recon- 
cile this  wondrous  shaft  ;  more  brilliantly  re- 
splendent, in  its  glittering  garb  of  snow,  than  if 
fashioned  out  of  the  wliitest  marble,  with  a  tower 
of  phitonian  energy  belching  forth  lire  and  smoke 
and  unclean  lava.  How- 
ever, those  who  ascend  it 
find  almndant  evidences  of 
smoldering  fires  in  the 
scaMing  steam  which  es- 
cajjes  from  numerous  fis- 
sures. 

The  constantly  increas- 
ing grandeur  of  this  vol- 
canic region  culminates  in 
Mount  Rainier,  the  crowned 
monarch  of  all  our  peaks. 
Its  upjwr  half,  clad  with 
snow  and  living  glaciers, 
and  with  its  va.st,  isolated 
bulk  planted  on  the  very 
shores  of  Puget  Sound. 
Mount  Rainier  impresses 
the  beholder  far  more  than 
mountains  of  almost  equal 
lieight  in  the  interior,  be- 
cause the  general  elevation 


usually  makes  up  more  than  half  the  height 
of  the  latter.  Rainier  is  14,525  feet  high — 
the  highest  mountain  in  the  United  States. 
Some  seventeen  glaciers  run  down  its  sides  to 
within  about  5,000  feet  of  sea- level.  Noted 
travelers  agree  that  no  more  superb  spectacle  is 
presented  in  the  world  than  the  views  of  Mount 
Rainier  from  Seattle,  Tacoma,  and  other  points 
'  along  Puget  Sound  ;  and  a  German  scientist  de- 
clares that  it  carries  more  snow  and  ice  than  ex- 
ists in  all  the  Swiss  Alps  combined.  Here,  with- 
in a  few  hours  of  modern  hotels,  can  be  studied 
•some  of  the  most  interesting  volcanic  and  glacial 
phenomena  to  be  found  anywhere.  One  of  the 
glaciers  is  at  places  500  feet  thick,  and  half  a 
dozen  large  rivers  are  formed  by  the  steady  melt- 
ing of  them  combined.  Here  and  there  cascades 
leap  thousands  of  feet  down  precipitous  walls. 
Snoqualmie  Falls,  at  its  base,  ranks  among  the 
most  beautiful  in  the  world.  At  its  summit  the 
crater  is  found  to  be  nearly  half  a  mile  in  diam- 
eter, and  the  heat  and  steam  emitted  from  great 
fissures  su.i^gest  a  bursting  of  glacial  barriers  at 
any  time.  The  ascent  from  the  south  side  is  not 
especially  difficult,  and  the  lower  half  of  tlie  way 
lies  through  beautiful  meadows,  alternating  witli 
some  of  tlie  grandest  forests  on  earth. 

Mount  Baker,  the  last  of  this  chain  in  Wash- 
ington, is  more  difficult  of  access  than  any  of 
the  others.  In  fact,  it  would  be  hard  to  imagine 
scenery  more  wild  and  savage  than  surrounds 
this  once  burning  mountain  on  every  side.  Its 
summit,  as  will  l)e  noted  by  the  accompanying 
illustration,  which  is  made  from  a  photo  taken  in 
August,  gives  little  sign  of  the  gigantic  eruptions 
which  reared  its  cone  to  an  elevation  of  over  two 


CRATEH   LAKE,   AND  CONB. 


206 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


miles  above  the  sea,  and  filled  the  region  for 
miles  around  with  eruptive  debris.  A  magnifi- 
cent view  of  Mount  Baker,  and  a  singularly 
beautiful  view  of  the  Cascade  Range,  is  had  from 
the  vicinity  of  Fairhaven,  where  parties  who 
make  the  ascent  usually  rendezvous. 

One  of  the  most  marvelous  and  unique  legacies 
of  volcanic  action  in  this  region  is  Crater  Lake, 
in  southern  Oregon.  It  is  perched  up  among 
the  peaks  of  the  Cascade  Range,  about  20  miles 
from  Fort  Klamath,  at  an  elevation  of  6,351 
feet  above  sea-level.  Long  believed  to  be  fathom- 
less, it  was  finally  found,  by  the  measurements 
of  the  geological  survey,  to  be  about  4,000  feet 
deep.  It  is  the  crater  of  what  was  one  of  the 
largest  of  our  American 
volcanoes,  being  seven 
miles  long  and  six  miles 
wide.  1  believe  only  Lake 
Baif^al,  Siberia,  is  deeper 
— only  80  feet  deeper  ;  but 
tliat  is  a  sea  in  compari- 
son, Ijeing  about  55  by  400 
miles  in  extent.  From  the 
abysmal  depths  are  thrust 
several  almost  precipitous 
shafts  of  lava  to  the  enor- 
mous height  of  2,000  to 
2, 100  feet  above  the  water. 
Its  rim  walls,  blackened 
and  burned  by  floods  of  fire 
and  lava,  rise  almost  per- 
pendicularly to  the  same 
dizzy  altitude.  The  view 
over    the    brink    into  the 

apparently  coal-black  waters,  so  far  below  in  the 
very  bowels  of  the  mountain,  is  terrifically  awe- 
inspiring  and  peculiar  unto  itself.  It  cannot  be 
du[)licated  anywhere.  Geologists  say  that  the 
mountain  once  rose  10,000  to  20,000  feet  higher, 
and  was  gradually  eroded  by  the  violence  of 
many  eruptions.  Vast  quantities  of  lava,  scoria, 
cinders,  and  pumice-stone  cover  the  region  round 
about  ;  but  tlie  vent  of  the  final  eruption  is  be- 
lieved to  be  one  of  the  islands — a  conical  moun- 
tain of  cinder,  with  a  cup-shaped  top,  which  is 
usually  filled  with  snow.  The  lake  is  the  central 
attraction  of  the  Oregon  National  Park,  w^hich 
the  Government  lias  created  to  include  the  many 
interesting  features  in  the  vicinity.  It  is  easy  of 
acctjsa  by  wagon -road,  and  one  may  now  get 
down  to  the  water  and  enjoy  the  sensations  of  a 
sail  over  the  scenes  of  once  fearful  convulsions 
and  belching  floods  of  lava  and  flame  beside 
which  the  volcanoes  of  our  day  are  mere  bonfires. 
Among    the    theories    of   causes    of  volcanic 

,on   is  one  quite  strenuously  adhered  to — that 
,ys  exists  along  or  comparatively  near  the 


ocean  or  great  bodies  of  water — until  it  has  be- 
come an  axiom,  **  without  water,  no  eruption." 
This  is  on  the  further  theory  that  steam  is,  after 
all,  at  the  bottom  of  the  disturbance  ;  that  the 
action  of  the  water  on  salts  and  other  chemicals 
produces  the  steam.  Scattered  all  through  tliis 
region  in  question,  from  the  active  geysers  of 
the  Yellowstone  to  the  ordinary  soda  and  sul- 
•phur  springs,  are  traces  of  volcanic  activity,  sug- 
gesting another  opinion,  sometimes  advanced, 
that  the  chief  fissures  or  vents  of  emission  may 
still  be  found  beneath  the  lava  that  escaped  from 
them.  Geologists  say  these  may  become  erup- 
tive again.  Near  soda  springs  in  eastern  Idaho 
we  find  fissures  from  which  are  expelled   fumes 


f  ifitoon  IS 


SUMMIT  or  MOUNT  BAKER,  WASHINGTON. 

of  ammonia  so  strong  as  to  quickly  stifle  any  one 
who  will  breathe  them.  Near  by  are  the  medici- 
nal springs  whose  gases  are  so  strong  as  to  kill 
birds  and  small  animals  which  attempt  to  drink 
from  them.  But  a  few  miles  away  are  large 
beds  of  almost  chemically  pure  sulphur,  and  in 
the  same  region  salt  springs,  whose  wat^re  are 
one-fifth  salt.  All  these  deposits  are  of  com- 
mercial value.  In  tliis  line  might  be  mentioned 
a  recent  discovery  of  a  mountain  of  sulphur  near 
Mount  Rainier  ;  opals  of  real  gem  value  near 
Caldwell,  Idaho  ;  rare  onyx  in  caves  in  northern 
Idaho,  and  probably  the  greatest  gold  mine  in 
the  world,  stretching  along  Snake  River  for 
1,000  miles.  This  gold  is  found  everywhere  in 
the  gravel -T)ars  and  river-bed  in  flakes  so  thin 
and  light  that  it  flows  easily  with  the  curre-nt, 
and  ordinary  i)lacer- mining  methods  fail  to  catch 
it.  Its  origin  th^is  far  baflfles  all  human  knowl- 
edge. But  its  existence  in  vast  quantities  is 
demonstrated  by  hundreds  of  miners  scattered 
along  the  most  easily  worked  bai-s,  whose  proil- 
uct,    in  spite  of  the  drawbacks  above  referred 


yOLCANIC  SCENERY  OF  THE  NORTHWEST. 


207 


to,  runs  into  the  thousands  of  ounces  annually. 
The  usual  theory  of  placer  gold  originating  in 
quartz  and  flowing  down  the  streams  will  hardly 
answer  here.  Grains  and  nuggets  of  placer  gold 
are  always  more  or  less  rounded  and  polished, 
according  to  the  distance  they  have  traveled. 
This  peculiar  **  flour  gold"  of  the  lava-beds  is 
in  scales  as  flne  and  sharp  as  the  smallest  atom 
of  mica.  New  processes  for  saving  it  are  con- 
stantly tried  with  more  or  less  success,  and 
doubtless  within  a  few  years  we  shall  see  an 
activity  in  gold-mining  along  Snake  River  that 
will  reach  the  proportions  of  the  early  California 
or  South  African  developments. 

While  touching  the  more  practical  side  of  this 
subject,  I  must  remove  the  impression  which 
might  be  gained  that  this  region  is  all  rough  and 
uninhabitable.  The  centuries'  wear  and  tear  of 
the  elements,  glacial  action,  or  other  causes,  has 
disintegrated  and  ground  into  the  finest  soils 
wide   areas    of   what  were   formerly  forbidding 


BI^AOK  LAVA  CI«irr8  AT  8H08HONB  FALLS. 


TWIN  FALLS,  SNAKE  RIVER. 

beds  of  lava.  Fertile  valleys  and  plateaux  are 
scattered  all  about,  whose  soil  is  mainly  volcanic 
ash  and  practically  inexhaustible — the  soil  upon 
which  the  Sicilians  have  been  growing  wheat  for 
2,000  years.  Nowhere  in  our  country  is  there 
a  region  so  extensive  possessing  so  many  admir- 
able qualities  of  climate  as  this  vast  volcanic 
zone.  Even  as  far  north  as  the  British  line,  in 
the  lower  valleys,  it  ripens  the  peach,  the  almond, 
the  tig,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  an  unusual  diversity 
of  cereals,  fruits,  and  vegetables.  The  uplands 
of  eastern  Washington  and  northern  Idaho  con- 
stitute one  of  the  largest  and  most  reliable  wheat- 
fields  of  the  continent.  Wherever  an  ounce  of 
soil  has  resulted  from  the  slow  process  of  disin- 
tegration of  the  lava-reefs,  you  will  find  a  luxu- 
riant growth  of  bunch-grass.  Thus,  the  rough- 
est sections  of  the  lava- beds  afford  superb  grazing 
and  splendid  shelter  for  cattle  and  horses. 

And  yet  it  is  a  region  of  strange  contradic- 
tions in  climate.  In  the  course  of  a  summer's 
outing,  I  have  in  a  few  hours  exchanged  the 
shady  camp,  the  deliciously  cool  atmosphere  and 
the  icy  trout-brook  of  the  uplands  for  a  very 
Sahara  in  clime  and  appearance  down  in  the  bot- 
toms of  the  Columbia.  Fancy  cannot  picture  a 
scene  so  arid  on  the  very  banks  of  a  great  river. 
Here  the  curiously  eroded  bluffs  of  black  or  red- 
dish brown  had  a  charred,  ashy,  inhospitable 
look,  and  the  stunted  sage,  cactus,  and  shriveled 
vegetation  were  added  emblems  of  sterility.  The 
blistering  palisades  were  giant  radiators,  whose 
intense  midday  heat  rendered  the  occasional 
willow  copse  a  grateful  retreat,  and  languorous 
siestas  in  the  hammock  soon  displaced  the  morn- 
ing's buoyancy  with  rod  and  gun.  A  more  ex- 
tended observation,  however,  disclosed  hei-e  and 
there  real  oases,  whose  opulent  coloring  of  lus- 
cious peaches,  cherries,  apples,  and  other  fruits 
bore  testimony  to  the  wonderful  fertility  of  vol- 
canic soil,  the  mildness  of  the  climate,  and  the 
virtues  of  irrigation.  At  one  place  a  few  hours 
from  snowbanks,  and  on  the  latitude  of  Quebec, 
I  was  regaled  with  peaches  measuring  ten  inches 


208 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEU^  OF  REI/IEIVS. 


around,  potatoes  weighing  three  pounds,  and 
saw  peanuts,  tobacco,  cotton,  and  sweet  potatoes 
growing  on  the  same  ranch. 

This  region  has  not  only  suffered  its  oft- 
repeated  deluge  of  fire,  but  was  in  ancient  times 
congealed  by  vast  glaciers.  One  of  these  swept 
90  miles  down  the  valley  now  occupied  by  Lake 
C'helan,  damming  the  Columbia  River,  wiiich 
finally  escaped  through  tliat  giant  causeway,  the 
Grand  Coulee.  Tiiis  Lake  Chelan  glacier  left  a 
sheet  of  water  wliose  prototype  probably  exists 
nowhere  else.  With  its  foot  embowered  among 
the  peach  and  apple  blossoms  of  the  lowlands  of 
the  Columbia,  only  a  few  hundred  feet  above 
sea-level,  Lake  Chelan  stretches  away  up  70 
miles  into  the  very  heart  ot  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, abruptly  ending  in  a  glacier-crowned 
moraine  among  the  loftiest  peaks  of  tiiat  rugged 
range.  It  occupies  a  fissure  not  yet  fathomed 
in  its  deepest  parts,  but  known  to  e.\tend  1,000 
feet  or  more  below  sea- level.  Its  waters  are 
pure  and  cold,  as  are  all  of  these  mountain 
sheets,  and  they  are  alive  with  several  varieties 
of  trout.  The  scenery  about  the  upper  part 
ranks  with  the  finest  features  of  Yosemite,  while 
possessing  the  added  charms  of  vast  snowfields 
and  living  glaciers  always  in  sight.  Foamy  cas- 
cades, hundreds  of  feet  high,  pour  down  from 
near-by  summits,  and  there  is  one  magnificent 
fall  of  1,()00  feet.  It  is  a  unique  and  wonderful 
region,  with  a  crisp,  invigorating  air,  and  un- 
usual attractions  for  sportsmen  who  are  after 
large  game.  Many  rich  silver  and  gold  mines 
are  being  opened  up  in  the  mountains  surround- 
ing Lake  Chelan.  A  line  of  steamers  connecting 
with  those  on  the  Columbia — whicii  in  turn  con- 
nect with  the  Great  Northern  Railway  at  Wenat- 
chee,  50  miles  below — affords  easy  access. 

I  have  only  alluded  to  a  few  of  the  leading 
feature's  of  this  intensely  interesting  region.  As 
suggested,  there  is  literally  no  end  to  them  ;  and 
they  are  so  easy  of  access  to  the  transcontinental 
tourist,  that  he  should  at  least  devote  a  few  days 
to  them  en  route.  If  he  goes  to  the  Northwest 
over  the  Union  Pacific  he  will  find  a  stop  of  a 
couple  of  days  at  Shoshone,  Idaho  (whence  he 
can  easily  reach  all  the  volcanic  wonders  grouped 
about  Shoshone  Falls),  the  ex{)erience  of  a  life- 
time. Then  debarking  at  The  Dalles  of  the  Co- 
lumbia, and  descending  to  Portland  by  steamer 


instead  of  rail,  he  will  find  in  one  entrancing  day 
such  glories  revealed  as  no  palace-car  tourist  ever 
dreamed  of.  If  his  trip  is  by  more  northerly 
routes,  and  he  will  keep  his  eyes  open  while 
passing  through  the  city  of  Spokane,  and  where 
the  upper  Columbia  River  is  crossed  by  the  (ireat 
Northern,  he  can  study  many  of  the  best  exam- 
ples of  lava  eruptions  from  his  car- windows. 
The  road  just  mentioned  has  blasted  a  tunnel 
through  one  of  the  blackest  of  black  lava-cliffs, 
and  passes  in  close  review  along  the   Columbia 


LAVA  TUNNEL— GREAT  NORTHERN    RAILWAY,   NEAR 
WENATCIIEC,   WASHINGTON. 

some  of  the  finest  palisades,  which  are  referred  to 
in  this  article  as  so  much  resembling  the  forma- 
tion of  the  Giant's  Causeway. 

I  have  only  outlined  this  fiehi  as  one  ap|>ealing 
particularly  to  the  lover  of  all  that  is  strangely 
unique  and  inspiring  in  nature.  It  certainly 
possesses  far  more  interest  for  the  scientist.  I 
cannot  imagine  a  more  fascinating  field  for  a 
summer's  study  for  the  iDteiligent  student. 


^  ^  ^  ^  ^  ^ 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


AMERICANS  IN  CHINA. 

PROP.  MARK  B.  BUNNELL'S  article  on 
**  Our  Rights  in  China,"  in  the  August 
Atlantic  Monthly,  has  a  tragic  timeliness.  He 
explains  how  the  rights  of  all  American  citizens 
in  China  are  entirely  different  from  those  en- 
joyed in  most  foreign  countries,  being  derived 
entirely  from  traditions.  The  American  citizen 
in  China  can  be  prosecuted  only  in  the  United 
States  Consular  Court  of  the  district ;  if  he 
wishes  to  prosecute  an  Englishman,  he  must  in- 
stitute proceedings  in  the  English  court.  China- 
men within  the  foreign  settlements  are  prosecuted 
by  foreigners  in  a  mixed  court,  presided  over  by 
a  mandarin,  who  has  a  foreign  associate  as  an 
adviser. 

* '  At  most  of  the  important  treaty  ports  the 
foreigners  reside  in  what  is  termed  a  foreign  set- 
tlement. At  Shanghai,  for  example,  a  tract  of 
a  few  square  miles  just  outside  the  walls  of  the 
native  city  is  set  apart  for  the  residence  and  con- 
trol of  the  foreigners  of  all  nationalities.  Within 
this  tract  the  foreigner  may  lease  land  from  the 
native  owners ;  build  his  residences,  oflBces, 
warehouses,  factories,  and  wharves ;  establish 
roads,  parks,  and  recreation-grounds  ;  do  busi- 
ness with  the  native  merchants,  and  live  free  of 
any  control  by  the  Chinese  Government.  Con- 
trary to  the  original  design,  the  natives  have 
come  into  the  settlement,  until  now  there  are 
over  200,000  of  them  who  have  voluntarily  sub- 
mitted themselves  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
municipal  government.  The  foreign  city  of 
Shanghai  is  divided  into  the  French^  English, 
and  American  settlements,  or  concessions.  Tlie 
French  maintain  a  separate  municipal  organiza- 
tion, which  is  not  very  successful.  Most  French- 
men at  Shanghai  live  and  do  business  in  the 
English  settlement.  The  English  and  American 
settlements  are  under  one  municipal  organiza- 
tion. The  American  settlement,  or  concession, 
is  so  called  simply  because  the  first  settlers  in 
that  part  of  the  foreign  city  happened  to  be 
Americans.  It  has  no  separate  legal  existence, 
and  onr  government  has  never  claimed  any 
special  jurisdiction  over  it.  The  American  Con- 
sulate is  in  the  English  settlement,  which,  in  a 
legal  sense,  is  no  more  English  than  American. 
The  government  of  the  settlement  is  vested  in  the 
consular  representatives  of  the  foreign  powers,  in 
a  municipal  council  elected  by  the  land- renters, 
and  in  the  land- renters  assembled  in  town- 
meeting.** 


FOREIGX    INFLUENCE. 

Professor  Bunnell  explains  the  details  of  the 
open-door  policy  and  the  negotiations  which  led 
to  Secretary  Hay's  famous  diplomatic  triumph, 
and  then  goes  on  to  discuss  the  general  subject 
of  foreign  influence  in  China  from  a  point  of 
view,  of  course,  antecedent  to  the  frightful 
tragedies  of  July.  He  assumes  that  any  promise 
of  administrative  reform  made  by  the  govern- 
ment at  Peking  will  be  nullified  by  the  obstruc- 
tion of  the  local  officials,  from  whom  there  is 
no  practical  appeal  for  the  foreigner.  * '  The 
requisite  security  for  foreign  life  and  enterprise 
in  China  can  be  attained  only  by  means  of  drastic 
administrative  reforms  initiated  from  without. 
The  government  at  Peking  does  not  desire  re- 
forms, and  its  tenure  is  so  insecure  that  it  could 
not  introduce  them  if  it  desired.  The  mandarins 
cannot  be  expected  to  destroy  a  system  upon 
which  they  thrive;  and  the  people  at  large  are 
ignorant,  indifferent,  unpatriotic,  and  without 
any  inherited  capacity  for  concerted  political 
action.  The  extreme  decentralization  of  the  po- 
litical system  has  destroyed  all  national  feeling. 

*'  The  attitude  of  our  government  in  any  con- 
ference that  may  be  called  is  foreshadowed  by 
the  open-door  correspondence.  The  general 
policy  of  the  administration  was  admirably  ex- 
pressed in  the  note  of  Ambassador  Choate  to 
Lord  Salisbury  : 

'<  '  It  is  the  sincere  desire  of  my  government 
that  the  interests  of  its  citizens  may  not  be  preju- 
diced through  exclusive  treatment  by  any  of  the 
controlling  powers  within  their  respective  spheres 
of  interest  in  China,  and  it  hopes  to  retain  there 
an  open  market  for  all  the  world's  commerce,  re- 
move dangerous  sources  of  international  irrita- 
tion, and  thereby  hasten  united  action  of  the 
powers  at  Peking  to  promote  administrative  re- 
forms, so  greatly  needed  for  strengthening  the 
Imperial  Government  and  maintaining  the  integ- 
rity  of  China,  in  which  it  believes  the  whole 
Western  world  is  alike  concerned.' 

NEEDED  REFORMS. 

'*  Here  is  the  key  to  the  whole  situation.  The 
fundamental  need  of  China  is  administrative  re- 
form, and  this  can  be  accomplished  only  under 
foreign  compulsion  and  supervision.  Without  it 
the  political  integrity  of  China  cannot  be  main- 
tained, nor  can  foreign  trade  largely  increase. 
The  difficulty  lies  in  determining  the  extent  and 
mode  of  such  foreign  control.      For  many  years 


210 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REt^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


the  customs  service  has  been  managed  by  foreign- 
ers with  the  cordial  approval  of  the  Chinese  Gov 
ernment.  Recently  the  postal  service  was  vol- 
untarily placed  under  the  same  management. 
Here  is  a  precedent  which  might  well  be  followed 
by  the  powers  in  compelling  China  to  place  her 
military  and  internal  revenue  systems  under  the 
general  management  of  foreigners.  The  army 
must  be  reorganized  so  that  it  may  be  an  effect- 
ive police  force  for  the  protection  of  foreign  life 
and  property.  The  internal- revenue  system  must 
be  reorganized  in  order  to  free  foreign  trade 
from  unlawful  exactions.  The  powers  will  be 
inclined  to  demand  these  reforms  unconditionally. 
To  the  mind  of  the  present  writer,  it  would  be 
far  wiser  to  secure  the  consent  of  the  Chinese 
Government  by  offering  adequate  compensation 
in  the  form  of  an  international  guarantee,  for  a 
term  of  years,  of  the  neutrality  of  Chinese  terri- 
tory. This  would  save  the  face  of  the  Chinese 
Government,  and  secure  its  consent  and  co6pera- 
tion.  It  would  do  far  more.  It  would  preserve 
the  balance  of  power  in  the  far  East,  avert  war, 
and  open  up  China  to  the  vivifying  influences  of 
Western  civilization  without  violating  the  integ- 
rity of  her  territory  or  destroying  the  ancient 
fabric  of  her  civilization. 

'  *  The  United  States  is  admirably  qualified  to 
take  the  lead  in  such  a  movement.  We  are 
on  friendly  terms  with  all  the  powers  concerned, 
and  the  disinterestedness  of  our  motives  would 
be  universally  conceded.  The  present  adminis- 
tration has  won  the  approval  of  the  American 
people,  the  gratitude  of  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment, and  the  respect  of  the  European  powers, 
by  its  bold  championship  of  equal  commercial 
rights  in  China.  We  have  assumed  a  leader- 
ship in  the  solution  of  the  Chinese  problem 
which  it  is  fitting  we  should  not  willingly  resign 
without  a  final  success.  The  note  of  Ambassa- 
dor Choate  quoted  above  shows  that  our  govern- 
ment is  already  committed  to  the  policy  of  joint 
action.  It  would  be  exceedingly  gratifying  if 
such  action  should  be  agreed  upon  in  a  congress 
of  the  powers  sitting  at  Washington.'' 

THE  CHINESE  REVOLUTIONARY  JUNTA  IN 
AMERICA. 

A  WRITER  in  Ainslee's  for  July  describes  the 
rise  and  growth  of  the  Chinese  reform  or- 
ganization headed  by  Kang  Yu  Wei,  the  deposed 
a<lviser  of  the  Emperor.  This  society  is  espe- 
cially active  and  vigorous  in  those  cities  of  the 
United  States  where  C-hinamen  have  established 
themselves  in  business.  According  to  the  ar- 
ticle in  Ainslee's,  the  society  lias  a  large  mem- 
bership in  this  country. 


'*The  growth  of  the  revolutionary  junta  in 
the  United  States  and  Canada  dates  from  the 
time  of  Kang  Yu  Wei's  mysterious  journey  to 
London,  after  Kwang  Hsu  was  deposed.  What 
its  membership  is  cannot  be  ascertained,  but  it  is 
estimated  to  be  more  than  one- third  of  the  entire 
Chinese  population  of  the  two  countries.  In  San 
Francisco  alone,  where  there  are  supposed  to  be 
between  30,000  and  40,000  Chinese  residents, 
the  adherents  of  the  junta  are  said  to  number 
20,000.  Five  hundred  out  of  the  600  in  Seattle 
claim  allegiance  to  Kwang  Hsu  as  against  the 
Empress  Dowager,  and  even  a  larger  proportion 
is  claimed  in  Vancouver.  Small  juntas  are  re- 
ported in  Salt  Lake  City,  Denver,  Omaha, 
Chicago,  St.  Louis,  and  other  large  cities.  Also 
still  smaller  bodies  are  listed  in  such  Western 
towns  as  Walla  Walla,  Butte,  Helena,  Billings, 
Bozeman,  Livingston,  and  other  places  where 
the  Chinese  laundryman  hangs  out  his  shingle, 
or  the  Chinese  cook  or  laborer  works  in  the 
mines  or  on  the  railroads. 

**  New  impulses  are  constantly  being  added  to 
the  American  branches  by  the  arrival  and  de- 
parture of  important  members  of  the  junta  from 
its  Oriental  headquartere.  These  members  ap- 
pear and  disappear  upon  missions  the  nature  of 
which  is  not  made  known,  but  which  take  them 
to  foreign  countries  and  bring  them  back  with  a 
confidence  extremely  suggestive  of  important  po- 
litical negotiations.  One  of  the  reasons  for  be- 
lieving, although  the  facts  cannot  be  entirely 
substantiated,  that  the  reformers  are  not  without 
assurances  of  support  from  some  of  the  greater 
world  powers  is  the  fact  that  Kang  Yu  Wei,  the 
founder  of  the  party,  was  carried  from  Peking 
by  a  British  warship  at  the  time  of  the  Emperor's 
deposition,  and  almost  immediately  afterward  he 
made  his  mysterious  journey  to  London.  Upon 
his  return  the  rumor  was  broadly  published,  and 
has  not  since  been  strenuously  contradicted,  that 
he  was  backed  by  important  political  influences 
in  Great  Britain.  Prior  to  the  assumption  of 
power  by  the  Empress  Dowager,  Japan  was  doing 
all  that  a  friendly  nation  could  do  to  aid  the 
Celestial  Empire  into  such  an  army,  navy,  and 
social  reform  as  would  strengthen  it  against 
foreign  aggressions.  When  the  Empress  Dow- 
ager went  to  the  throne,  these  efforts  were  almost 
entirely  checked.  It  is  presumed,  therefore,  that 
Japan's  sympathy  at  least  lies  with  the  reformers. " 

FINANCIAL    SUPPORT. 

The  members  of  the  junta  contribute  gener- 
ously to  its  support.  Rich  and  poor  alike  give 
according  to  their  respective  incomes.  Early  m 
April  of  this  year,  a  meeting  at  Vancouver  re- 
sulted in  subscriptions  of  $10,000.      One  of  the 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


211 


wealthy  San  Francisco  members  gave  115,000  in 
gold,  agreed  to  pay  |10  a  month  in  dues,  and 
gave  the  use  of  his  theater  as  a  meeting-place. 

**0f  course,  the  promoters  of  the  junta  are 
shrewd  enough  to  realize  the  necessity  of  money 
when  actions  of  such  great  scope  as  the  deposi- 
tion of  an  empress  and  the  substitution  of  a  new 
dynasty  is  proposed.  But  extravagance  above 
all  things  is  to  be  avoided.  Nothing  in  the  re- 
forms inaugurated  by  Kang  Yu  Wei  during  his 
brief  incumbency  in  office  was  so  determined  as 
his  financial  economies.  He  swept  away  hun- 
dreds of  useless  emoluments  that  had  been  allowed 
to  the  Manchu  families,  and  by  this,  more  than 
by  any  otlier  single  line  of  action,  stirred  up  the 
hostility  which  led  to  his  downfall.  Now,  when 
he  is  at  the  head  of  a  reform  movement,  he  joins 
with  his  associates  in  determining  to  devote  the 
funds  of  their  order  to  the  most  strictly  patriotic 
uses.  It  is  even  said  that  when  the  government 
is  formed  the  receipts  are  to  be  exchangeable  for 
government  bonds.  This,  of  course,  is  not  gen- 
erally credited,  and  the  donors  do  not  give  with 
this  in  view.  Not  one  Chinaman  in  a  hundred 
ever  expects  to  see  his  money  again.  They  give 
out  of  pure  love  for  the  aims  of  the  association. 
There  are  said  to  be  throe  treasuries  to  which 
this  money  is  sent.  These  are  the  Chinese  news- 
papers Chee  Siin  Po,  at  Hongkong,  Ching  Yee 
Po,  at  Yokohama,  and  Tim  Nam  Po,  at  Singa- 
pore. The  main  purpose  for  which  the  subscrip- 
tions are  taken  is  to  save  the  empire  from  dis- 
memberment, and,  in  the  event  of  invasion,  to 
build  and  •  buy  ships  and  pay  the  expenses  of  an 
army  for  protection.  If  Kwang  Hsu  should  die, 
— a  happening  said  to  be  one  of  the  signals  for 
revolt  against  the  Empress  Dowager  and  the 
Manchus, — the  money  will  be  devoted  to  foster- 
ing the  aims  of  the  progressivists.  After  the 
war  is  over,  such  funds  as  remain  will  be  applied 
to  the  commercial  enlargement  of  the  country.'* 

THE  CHINESE  ATTITUDE  TOWARDS 
MISSIONARIES. 

IX  the  North  American  Review  for  July,  Mr. 
Pouitney  Bigelow  writes  on  '<  Missions  and 
Missionaries  in  China.*'  In  the  course  of  his 
article,  Mr.  Bigelow  sets  forth  very  clearly  tlie 
f'lemenis  of  conflict  between  the  official  classes 
and  the  Christian  missionaries  in  ('hina  which 
hare  at  last  resulted  in  the  recent  horrible  mas- 
nem.     He  says  : 

«*  Chineso  officialdom  is  at  war  with  the  white 
man*s  civilization,  and  it  tights  with  the  weap- 
ons it  deems  most  effective,  (lun boats  and  bat- 
talions are  not  to  its  taste.  So  it  makes  a  treaty, 
every  paragraph  of  which  it  proceeds  to  nullify 


the  moment  the  ink  is  dry.  It  instigates  mur- 
der, and  then  explains  officially  that  it  was  the 
mob  that  was  responsible.** 

Mr.  Bigelow  cites  the  Treaty  of  Tientsin, 
signed  in  1858,  the  eighth  article  of  which  reads 
as  follows  : 

The  Christian  religion,  as  professed  by  Protestants 
or  Roman  Catholics,  inculcates  the  practice  of  virtue, 
and  teaches  man  to  do  as  he  would  be  done  by.  Persons 
teaching  it,  or  professing  it,  therefore,  shall  alike  be 
entitled  to  the  protection  of  the  Chinese  authorities; 
nor  shall  any  such,  peaceably  pursuing  their  calling, 
and  not  offending  against  the  laws,  be  persecuted  or  in- 
terfered with. 

Notwithstanding  the  treaty  concessions  of 
which  the  above  is  a  sample,  Mr.  Bigelow  shows 
that  the  government  has  continually  permitted 
the  incitement  of  the  mob  against  the  mission- 
aries. In  1754  foreign  residents  made  com- 
plaint that  <*  injurious  posters  were  annually  put 
up  by  the  government,  accusing  foreigners  of 
horrible  crimes,  and  intended  to  expose  them  to 
the  contempt  of  the  populace." 

ABUSKS    OF   THE    CHRISTIANS. 

<  <  Even  then,  the  accusations  were  made  that 
missionaries  gouged  out  the  eyes  of  foundlings 
and  mutilated  women  in  a  vile  manner — charges 
which  have  been  persisted  in  to  our  day.  When 
vigorously  addressed  by  a  combination  of  foreign 
powers,  tlie  Peking  Government  has  always  offi- 
cially repudiated  the  authors  of  these  posters  ;  but 
at  the  same  time  it  has  given  private  intimation 
that  this  propaganda  was  pleasing  to  the  Em- 
peror. Indeed,  those  who  publish  the  filthy 
posters  invoke  official  sanction  by  printing,  as 
preface,  the  **  Sacred  Edict" — a  sort  of  paternal 
address  from  the  throne  promulgated  by  the  joint 
efforts  of  two  canonized  emperors  some  two 
centuries  ago.  Dr.  Williams,  in  his  **  Middle 
Kingdom,"  says  that  this  document  is  regarded 
as  a  most  sacred  command,  which  is  proclaimed 
throughout  the  empire  by  the  local  officers  on 
the  first  and  fifteenth  days  of  every  month. 

**  As  a  pendant  of  the  Tientsin  Treaty,  it  is 
worth  preserving.     It  reads  thus  : 

With  respect  to  heterodox  books  not  in  accordance 
with  the  teachings  of  the  sages,  and  those  tending  to 
excite  and  disturb  the  people,  to  give  rise  to  differences 
and  irregularities,  and  to  undermine  the  foundations  of 
all  things— all  such  teach  corrupt  and  dangerous  doc- 
trines, which  must  be  suppressed  and  exterminated. 
.  .  .  From  ancient  times,  the  three  religions  have  been 
propagated  together.  Besides  Confucianism,  which 
holds  the  preeminence,  we  have  Buddhism  and  Taoinm. 
.  .  .  There  is,  however,  a  class  of  vagalwnd  adveu- 
turfi-s  (Christian)  who  under  the  pretext  of  teacniiiK 
these  systems  (Buddhism,  etc.)  bring  them  into  the 
greatest  disrepute,  making  false  parade  of  what  is 
propitious  and  unpropitious,  and  of    future  rewards 


212 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REI^IEWS. 


and  panishments,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  currency  to 
their  foolish  and  unfoundcKl  stories.  Their  object  in  the 
beginning  is  to  make  a  living.  By  degrees  they  collect 
men  and  women  into  promiscuous  gatherings  for  the 
purpose  of  burning  incense.  .  .  .  The  worst  of  all  is 
that  there  lurk  within  these  assemblies  treacherous, 
depraved,  and  designing  persons,  who  form  dangerous 
combinations  and  pledge  themselves  to  each  other  by 
oaths.  They  meet  in  darkness  and  disperse  at  dawn. 
They  imperil  their  lives,  sin  against  righteousness,  and 
deceive  and  entrap  the  people.  .  .  .  Such  is  the 
religion  of  the  West,  which  reveres  the  Lord  of 
Heaven.  It  also  is  not  to  be  regarded  as  orthodox. 
Because  its  teachers  (the  early  Jesuits)  were  well  versed 
in  mathematics,  our  government  made  use  of  them. 
Of  this  you  must  not  be  ignorant.  As  to  unauthorized 
doctrines  which  deceive  the  people,  our  laws  cannot 
tolerate  them.  For  false  and  corrupt  teachers  our 
government  has  fixed  punishments. 

**  Thus  with  one  hand  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment promises  the  white  man  legal  protection, 
and  with  the  other  pledges  its  favor  to  the  mob 
when  it  guts  the  missionary  compound  and  mur- 
ders the  unorthodox  inmates.*^ 

Mr.  Bigelow  states  that  the  public  misrepre- 
sentations of  the  spirit  and  aims  of  the  Christian 
religion  and  of  the  objects  animating  Christian 
missionaries  in  their  work  are  almost  incredible. 
Indecent  posters  containing  attacks  on  the 
Christians  are  distributed  *<with  official  conniv- 
ance" throughout  China.  In  more  than  one 
instance  mobs  have  been  incited  to  viplence  by 
such  posters. 

CHINESE  CIVILIZATION. 

IN  the  Forum  for  July,  Dr.  D.  Z.  Sheffield, 
late  president  of  the  North  China  College, 
and  a  resident  of  the  country  for  thirty  years, 
writes  on  ^ '  Chinese  Civilization  :  The  Ideal  and 
the  Actual." 

The  surprise  sometimes  expressed  by  Western 
students  of  Chinese  life  and  letters  at  the  lofty 
ideals  of  government,  of  the  family,  and  of  soci- 
ety set  forth  in  the  ancient  classical  literature  is 
only  equaled  by  their  surprise  that  these  ideals 
have  been  realized  so  imperfectly  in  the  life  of 
the  people. 

<*  Ancient  Chinese  literature  is  a  witness  to 
the  nobility  of  human  nature  in  its  best  thoughts 
and  aspirations.  The  sages  taught  that  man  is 
made  for  virtue  :  To  be  benevolent  is  to  be  a 
man.  They  taught  that  vii'tue  distinguishes 
men  from  animals,  and  that  when  men  fail  to  be 
virtuous  they  cease  to  be  men.  The  heart  of 
man  tends  toward  goodness  as  water  tends  to 
flow  downward.  Water  may  be  forced  upward, 
but  that  is  not  its  tendency  ;  in  like  manner  men 
may  be  driven  to  evil,  but  it  is  not  according  to 
their  nature.  The  mountain  clothes  itself  with 
forests  and  verdure,  but  axmen  come  from  the 


neighboring  city  and  cut  down  the  trees  ;  freeh 
shoots  spring  up  from  the  living  roots,  but  the 
cattle  browse  them  down  until  the  mountain  is 
bald  and  desolate,  and  men  say  it  is  the  nature 
of  the  mountain  to  be  bald  and  desolate.  Not 
so  ;  its  condition  is  the  result  of  violence  to  its 
nature.  Thus  man's  nature  seeks  to  clothe  itself 
with  virtue,  but  it  is  assailed  by  external  evils, 
till  finally  the  recuperative  powers  of  the  heart 
become  paralyzed,  and  we  look  upon  the  evil 
man  and  say  it  is  his  nature  to  be  evil.  Not  so  ; 
his  true  nature  has  been  overcome  by  the  evil 
that  is  alien  to  it.  The  end  of  learning  is  to 
recover  the  lost  heart,  which  is  the  child-heart, 
that  all  men  have  in  common. 

**  Confucius  tersely  describes  the  ideal  condi- 
tion in  human  relations  as  realized  when  the 
prince  acquits  himself  as  prince,  the  minister  as 
minister,  the  father  as  father,  and  the  son  as 
son  ;  that  is,  when  men  in  every  rank  in  society 
discharge  faithfully  the  duties  belonging  to  their 
place.  The  law  of  Heaven  is  the  law  of  right. 
the  law  of  duty  ;  and  wisdom  consists  in  cor- 
rectly appl)dng  this  law  in  the  relations  of  life. 
Confucius  taught  that  the  end  of  learning  was  to 
develop,  and  make  manifest  the  innate  virtue,  to 
renovate  the  people,  and  to  rest  in  the  highest 
goodness. 

IDEALS   UNREALIZED. 

**  Chinese  history  has  not  been  without  examples 
of  upright  rulers  and  faithful  citizens,  of  com 
passionate  fathers  and  filial  sons:  but  the  ideal 
state,  the  ideal  family,  have  been,  for  the  most 
part,  themes  to  be  talked  about,  to  be  written  of 
in  elegant  essays,  but  not  to  be  striven  after,  or 
experienced.  The  Son  of  Heaven  has  usually 
proved  to  be  a  son  of  earth  in  his  bondage  to  its 
passions  and  allurements.  Ministers  have  been 
eyes  and  ears  and  hands,  not  for  the  service  of 
their  princes,  but  for  the  service  of  their  own 
ignoble  appetites  and  ambitions.  Society  has 
not  been  ruled  by  the  law  of  benevolence,  but 
by  the  law  of  selfishness.  The  operation  of  this 
law  is  also  seen  in  family  life.  Parents  regard 
children  as  given  to  them  to  command;  children 
in  turn  have  few  rights  in  the  presence  of  their 
parents.  There  is  a  popular  saying  that  parents 
are  the  family  gods,  and  too  often  they  rule  in 
their  households  with  the  authority  of  gods. 
The  disciple  of  Confucius  learned  through  ob- 
serving the  relations  between  the  sage  and  his 
son  that  the  superior  man  is  not  intimate  with^ 
his  children.  In  general,  the  hard  and  selfish 
rule  of  parents  begets  a  formal  and  selfish  service 
in  children.  Falsehood  and  duplicity  take  the 
place  of  truthfulness  and  candor,  and  unloving 
authority  is  met  by  unloving  obedience." 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


213 


Dr.  ShefiQeld  sums  up  China's  case  as  follows: 
•  *  China  was  secluded  from  the  outside  world  ; 
the  sages  were  the  oracles  of  Heaven  ;  their 
teachings  were  the  final  statement  of  truth. 
Confucian  learning  perpetuated  and  strengthened' 
this  system  of  thought ;  and  ancestor- worship 
added  its  power  to  fasten  the  system  upon  the 
religious  convictions  of  men,  until  their  capacity 
for  progress  was  weakened,  and  the  very  thought 
of  progress  was  well-nigh  lost. 

"The  hope  of  China  is  not  jn  itself.  The 
realization  of  its  best  thought  must  come  from 
without.  Christian  civilization  will  bring  to 
China  a  truer  conception  of  the  nature  of  man,  a 
better  understanding  of  his  relations  and  duties, 
of  his  dignity  and  destiny.  It  will  turn  the 
faces  of  the  people  from  the  past  toward  the 
future,  and  will  enrich  their  lives  with  a  quality 
of  love  and  fellowship  and  hope  that  Confucian 
civilization  has  been  powerless  to  bestow." 

THE  CRISIS  IN  CHINA. 

THE  first  article  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  for 
July  is  by  Mr.  Henry  Norman,  and  is  en- 
titled **Our  Vacillation  in  China  and  Its  Conse- 
quences." The  consequences,  Mr.  Norman  points 
out,  have  been  a  long  string  of  humiliations. 
Owing  to  the  vacillation  of  her  government,  Eng- 
land has  failed  in  China  wherever  she  has  taken 
a  band,  and  has  got  nothing  from  all  her  schem- 
ing except  Wei  Hai  Wei,  which  is  entirely  use- 
less, and  which,  indeed,  she  has  never  attempted 
to  turn  to  any  use. 

Mr.  Norman  lays  down  four  axioms  which 
should  govern  England's  future  relations  with 
China.  The  first  is  that  there  is  no  such  thing 
as  China  as  a  distinct  entity  : 

<  <  It  is  because  there  is  no  such  thing  as  China 
that  the  military  caste  of  the  Manchne,  compara- 
tively infinitesimal  in  numbers,  have  been  able 
to  impose  their  rule  upon  the  enormous  masses 
of  Chinese.  Thus  it  is  unwise  to  predicate  any- 
thing of  China  as  a  whole,  or  to  believe  that 
what  suits  one  part  will  necessarily  suit  another. 
To  this  extent  the  partition  of  China  would  rest 
upon  a  scientific  and  practical  basis." 

The  second  axiom  is  that  China  will  never 
reform  itself : 

**  There  is  not  the  slightest  possibility  of  the 
establishment  by  Chinese  authority  of  a  national 
army,  or  navy,  or  civil  service.  And  the  cor- 
ruption which  is  the  fatal  curse  of  China  is  di- 
rectly due  to  the  fact  that  th€u*e  is  not  and  can- 
not be  any  central  authority  to  exercise  control 
over  local  officials  ;  or,  m  the  absence  of  this,  to 
pay  them.  The  Chinese  people,  in  the  language 
of  physics,  is  a  mechanical  mixture  and  not  a 


chemical  compound  ;  and  therefore,  it  is  irre- 
sponsive to  the  action  of  any  single  reagent,  and 
incapable  of  exhibiting  any  common  property." 

Thirdly,  Mr.  Norman  postulates  that  **  Rus- 
sian ambition  has  no  limits  "  : 

*' Russia  will  take  all  she  can  possibly  get, 
and,  like  the  rest  of  us,  what  she  cannot  get  she 
will  do  without.  Instead  of  abusing  her,  it 
would  be  wiser  to  emulate  her  qualities,  and  so 
seek  to  put  a  barrier  in  her  way  at  the  points 
where  the  interests  of  our  own  country  become 
imperative.  It  is  easy  for  a  strong  nation  to 
come  to  a  durable  understanding  with  her  (wit- 
ness Germany  and  Austria).  But  we  shall  never 
do  it  by  writing  sarcastic  dispatches  and  making 
rude  speeches,  and  then  meekly  accepting  her  fact 
accomplished  to  our  injury.  That  is  the  policy 
of  the  boy  who  puts  his  finger  to  his  nose  and 
runs  away — and  it  has  been  ours  for  too  long." 

And  the  fourth  is  that  **  Japan  is  face  to  face 
with  a  life  and  death  issue  in  the  far  East."  If 
Japan  fights,  it  must  be  not  later  than  six  months 
hence. 

Mr.  Norman  recommends  that  the  Empress 
should  be  deported,  and  the  Emperor  replaced 
under  the  control  of  representatives  of  the 
powers.  The  open-door  policy  being  dead,  each 
power  should  keep  order  in  its  sphere. 

**  Every  power  would  enter  into  a  formal  en- 
gagement with  all  the  others  that  no  duties 
beyond  those  agreed  upon  by  all  should  be  levied  ; 
that  no  preferential  or  differential  railway  rates 
should  be  imposed  in  its  sphere  ;  that  no  force 
should  be  raised  beyond  that  necessary  to  keep 
order  ;  and  that  all  matters  of  intercommuni- 
cation should  be  decided  by  the  council  of  for- 
eign representatives." 

An  advisory  committee  of  Chinese  experts 
should  be  formed  in  London,  and  Mr.  Norman 
suggests  Professor  Douglas  as  a  member. 

What  "  DIplomatlcus  "  Thinks. 

In  the  Fortnightly^  **  Diplomaticus  "  finds  grave 
fault  with  the  apathy  and  inattention  of  the  pow- 
ers while  the  present  storm  was  brewing.  They 
have  been  surprised,  he  says  ;  but  there  is  abso- 
lutely no  excuse  for  their  surprise.  The  coup 
cPitat  of  the  Empress,  the  decrees  she  issued,  the 
growth  of  the  Boxer  movement,  had  been  the 
chief  topic  of  discussion  in  the  far  Eastern  press, 
and  their  gravity  proclaimed  on  the  housetops  of 
the  treaty  ports.  And  yet  the  powers  took  no 
notice  and  no  precautions.  **The  reforming 
efforts  of  the  Emperor  should  have  had  all  our 
sympathy,  and,  as  far  as  possible,  our  active  sup- 
port." For  the  future,  the  writer  urges  that 
England  should  cultivate  the  friendship  of  Japan 
rather  than  that  of  Russia.     He  proceeds  : 


214 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEiV  OF  REVIEWS. 


*  ^  Our  wisest  policy  is  to  keep  our  hands  abso- 
lutely free,  and  to  be  prepared  to  defend  our  in- 
terests and  the  status  quo  ante  with  adequate 
strength,  both  in  the  north  and  the  west  of 
China,  should  the  occasion  arise.  We  should 
hold  the  balance  fairly  between  all  the  powers. 
For  the  moment  there  is  no  necessity  to  take 
sides,  as  in  the  work  of  pacification  all  the  powers 
are  equally  interested.  Japan  is  not  a  whit  less 
interested  than  Russia  ;  and  I  can  see  no  reason 
why  she  should  not  participate  in  the  restoration 
of  order  on  an  equality  with  her  great  rival. 
When  the  pacification  is  accomplished,  our  policy 
is  clear.  We  have  to  take  our  stand  by  the  integ- 
rity of  China  and  the  open  door,  and  we  have  to 
insist  on  the  restoration  of  the  legitimate  Em- 
peror, with  a  guarantee  of  his  absolute  independ- 
ence." 

A  "Scramble  for  China." 

Mr.  Demetrius  Boulger  puts  no  faith  in  the 
policy  of  the  open  door  as  a  means  of  holding 
China  together.  In  an  article  in  the  Contempo- 
rary Review^  he  denounces  the  open  door  as  a 
sham,  and  prophesies  that  we  are  about  to  wit- 
ness a  scramble  for  China.  Russia,  he  asserts, 
is  at  the  back  of  the  Dowager- Empress  ;  and  Rus- 
sia will  not  consent  to  her  punishment  or  re- 
moval. 

*  *  As  I  have  several  times  pointed  out  in  these 
pages,  our  diplomacy  has  no  chance  of  success  in 
a  game  of  fence  with  Russia  at  Peking,  because 
the  trumps  are  in  her  hand.  Her  base  of  opera- 
tion is  near  the  scene,  and  drawing  closer  and 
closer  ;  the  high  oflScials  in  the  capital  are  under 
the  spell  of  her  power,  and  in  many  cases  have 
been  suborned  from  their  allegiance  by  the  effect 
of  her  money.  At  the  utmost  we  can  only  avert 
the  inevitable  for  a  few  years,  unless  the  country 
can  be  brought  to  face  what  would  be  a  colossal 
struggle  with  Russia.  There  is  no  middle  course 
between  opposing  Russia  tooth  and  nail  on  be- 
half of  a  worthless  and  condemned  administra- 
tion and  leaving  her  undisturbed  to  realize  her 
objects  at  Peking  so  far  as  she  can,  and  in  accord- 
ance with  general  requirements.'* 

WHAT    BRITAIN    MUST   TAKE. 

China  is  to  be  divided  into  spheres,  and  what 
Great  Britain  must  do  is  '  *  to  acquire  a  base  for 
operations  in  the  Yangtse  Valley  similar  to  that 
Russia  possesses  in  the  north  with  regard  to 
Peking.  There  cannot  be  two  opinions  as  to  what 
that  base  is.  The  island  of  Chusan,  with  its  un- 
equaled  har'oor  of  Tinghai,  represents  exactly  the 
position  of  which  we  have  need.  We  occupied 
it  during  both  of  our  China  wars,  and  by  the 


Davis  Convention  we  retain  the  right  to  prevent 
any  other  power  occupying  it.'* 

Using  Chusan  as  a  base,  England  could  raise 
any  number  of  local  troops  ;  and  *  *  in  a  few 
years  we  should  have  created  the  best  force  for 
controlling  our  sphere  by  the  successive  occupa- 
tion of  Chinkiang-fu,  Nanking,  Ganking,  and 
Hankow.  Our  occupation  would  be  given  a 
Chinese  color,  and  without  direct  annexation  we 
could  organize  dependent  governments  ;  or,  bet- 
ter still,  revive  in  Central  China  a  kingdom  of 
Nanking.*' 

The  Real  Origin  of  "  Boxers.'* 

Another  article  in  the  Contemporary  on  China 
is  that  of  Mr.  Arthur  Sowerby,  a  twenty  years' 
resident  in  China.  Mr.  Sowerby  has  nothing 
very  new  to  say,  but  he  believes  in  the  capacity 
of  the  Chinese  people.  In  the  Emperor,  how- 
ever, there  is  no  hope.  He  is  not  an  able  man, 
and  his  health  is  bad.  The  following  is  Mr. 
Sowerby's  explanation  of  the  origin  of  the 
Boxers : 

**The  Boxer  movement  is  the  work  of  Yu 
Hsien,  ex-governor  of  Shantung.  He  took  ad- 
vantage of  a  spirit  of  discontent  that  had  arisen 
from  two  or  three  causes  in  Chili  and  Shantung. 
The  occupation  of  Kiaochau  by  the  Germans, 
the  scarcity  of  rain  last  autumn, — for  which  the 
Buddhist  priests  blamed  the  Christians, — and 
some  differences  between  the  Catholics  and  their 
neighbors  in  Chili,  were  the  chief  sources  of  the 
trouble.  No  serious  difficulty  would  have  arisen 
had  not  Yu  Hsien  given  the  malcontents  his 
protection,  and  assisted  them  to  organize  them- 
selves into  the  Great  Sword  Sect.  The  move- 
ment increased  under  this  patronage;  and  the  win- 
ter days,  when  the  villagers  and  canal  population 
can  afford  to  be  idle,  were  spent  by  them  in 
drilling,  combined  with  a  good  deal  of  rodo- 
montade. Yii  Hsien,  through  the  pressure  of 
the  German  Government,  was  removed  from 
Shantung  ;  but  he  was  received  at  Peking  with 
great  favor  and  high  rewards,  and  has  been 
appointed  governor  of  Shansi.  He  should  be 
marked  for  severe  and  condign  punishment 
The  Boxers  assumed  the  name  I  Ho  Chiian, 
which  means  Righteousness  conjoined  with 
Protection,  and  by  a  pun  it  becomes  1  Ho  Ch'u- 
an.  Righteousness  and  the  Fist  *  hence  the  nick- 
name *  Boxers.'  " 

The  ranks  of  the  Boxers  are  composed  of  the 
scum  population  on  the  banks  of  the  Grand 
Canal  and  the  peasant  farmers  in  Chili  and 
Shantung.  They  could  be  easily  subdued  by  a 
few  disciplined  troops.  Mr.  Sowerby  recom- 
mends the  removal  of  the  Empress  and  the 
extinction  of  the  Manchu  dynasty. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


215 


THE  CHINESE  MINISTER'S  PLEA  FOR  JUSTICE. 

HIS  EXCELLENCY,  WU  TING  FANG, 
the  Chinese  minister  to  the  United  States, 
writes  in  the  North  American  Review  for  July  on 
**  Mutual  Helpfulness  Between  China  and  the 
United  States."  His  article  was  prepared  before 
the  recent  Boxer  outbreak  had  become  serious, 
and  is  mainly  devoted  to  a  consideration  of  the 
natural  economic  relations  between  the  two  coun- 
tries, presupposing  the  continuance  of  peaceful 
intercourse. 

After  dwelling  on  the  economic  interdepend- 
ence of  China  and  the  United  States,  the  minister 
proceeds  to  analyze  the  policy  of  the  *  *  open  door. " 
He  says  : 

*  *  China  long  ago  adopted  that  policy  in  her 
foreign  intercourse.  She  has  treaty  relations 
with  all  the  European  powers,  together  with  the 
United  States,  Brazil,  Peru,  Mexico,  Japan,  and 
Korea.  All  these  are  equally  *  favored  nations ' 
in  every  sense  of  the  term.  The  Swede  and  the 
Dane  enjoy  the  same  rights,  privileges,  immu- 
nities, and  exemptions  with  respect  to  commerce, 
navigation,  travel,  and  residence  throughout  the 
length  and  breadth  of  the  empire  as  are  accorded 
to  the  Russian  or  the  Englishman.  Any  favor 
that  may  be  granted  to  Japan,  for  instance,  at 
once  inures  to  the  benefit  of  the  United  States. 
Indeed,  China  in  her  treatment  of  strangers 
within  her  gates  has  in  a  great  many  respects 
gone  even  beyond  what  is  required  by  interna- 
tional usage.  According  to  the  usual  practice  of 
nations,  no  country  is  expected  to  accord  to  for- 
eigners rights  which  are  not  enjoyed  by  its  own 
subjects  or  citizens.  But  China  has  been  so  long 
accustomed  to  indemnify  foreigners  who  have 
fallen  victims  to  mob  violence  that  she  is  looked 
up>on  in  a  sense  as  an  insurer  of  the  lives  and 
property  of  all  foreigners  residing  within  her 
borders.  To  such  an  extent  is  this  idea  current 
among  foreigners  in  China  that  some  years  ago 
an  American  missionary  in  the  Province  of  Shan- 
tung, who  happened  to  have  some  articles  stolen 
from  his  house  in  the  night,  estimated  his  loss  at 
$60,  and  actually  sent  the  bill  through  the 
American  minister  at  Peking  to  the  foreign  office 
for  payment.  The  Chinese  tariff  also  favors 
foreigners  resident  in  China  much  more  than  it 
does  the  Chinese  themselves.  Most  articles  im- 
ported for  the  use  of  foreigners  are  on  the  free 
list.  Such  is  the  treatment  which  Americans,  in 
common  with  the  subjects  and  citizens  of  other 
foreign  powers,  receive  in  China. 

CHINESE    IMMIGRATION. 

*♦  Justice  would  seem  to  demand  equal  consid- 
eration for  the  Chinese  on  the  part  of  the  United 
States.     China  does  not  ask  for  special  favors. 


All  she  wants  is  enjoyment  of  the  same  privileges 
accorded  other  nationalities.  Instead,  she  is 
singled  out  for  discrimination  and  made  the  sub- 
ject of  hostile  legislation.  Her  door  is  wide  open 
to  the  people  of  the  United  States,  but  their  door 
is  slammed  in  the  face  of  her  people.  I  am  not 
so  biased  as  to  advocate  any  policy  that  might  be 
detrimental  to  the  best  interests  of  the  people  of 
the  United  States.  If  they  think  it  desirable  to 
keep  out  the  objectionable  class  of  Chinese,  by 
all  means  let  them  do  so.  Let  them  make  their 
immigration  laws  as  strict  as  possible,  but  let 
them  be  applicable  to  all  foreigners.  Would  it 
not  be  fairer  to  exclude  the  illiterate  and  degen- 
erate classes  of  all  nations  rather  than  to  make 
an  arbitrary  ruling  against  the  Chinese  alone  ? 
Would  it  not  be  wiser  to  set  up  some  specific  test 
of  fitness,  such  as  ability  to  read  intelligently  the 
American  Constitution  ?  That  would  give  the 
Chinese  a  chance  along  with  the  rest  of  the 
world,  and  yet  effectually  restrict  their  immigra- 
tion. Such  a  law  would  be  practically  prohibitory, 
as  far  as  all  except  the  best-educated  Chinese  are 
concerned,  for  the  reason  that  the  written  lan- 
guage of  the  Chinese  is  so  entirely  different 
from  the  spoken  tongue  that  few  of  the  immi- 
grants would  be  able  to  read  with  intelligence 
such  a  work  as  the  American  Constitution. 
Nevertheless,  a  law  of  that  kind  would  be  just 
in  spirit,  and  could  not  rouse  resentment  in  the 
Chinese  breast." 


GERMANY'S  FOOTHOLD  IN  CHINA. 

IN  the  Forum  for  July,  Mr.  Charles  Den  by,  Jr., 
describes  *  *  Kiaochou  :  A  German  Colonial 
Experiment."  The  seizure  of  Chinese  territory 
by  Germany,  which  is  a  matter  of  quite  recent 
history,  is  thus  narrated  by  Mr.  Den  by  : 

*<The  immediate  prelude  to  Germany's  colo- 
nial career  in  Asia  was  the  murder,  by  a  Chinese 
mob,  of  two  German  missionaries,  at  the  village 
of  Yen  Chou-fu,  in  southern  Shantung,  on  No- 
vember, 1897.  The  murder  was  a  cowardly 
deed,  worthy  of  the  severest  punishment ;  and 
the  promptness  with  which  the  avenging  Kaiser 
struck  gained  the  approval  of  the  foreign  com- 
munities in  China  and  of  the  press  abroad.  The 
German  minister  demanded  from  the  Peking 
Government  an  apology  for  the  attack,  indemnity 
for  the  families  of  the  victims,  compensation  for 
the  expense  his  government  had  incurred,  and 
the  lease  of  a  naval  station  upon  the  coast  of 
China. 

**  The  Chinese  agreed  readily  to  the  first  three 
demands,  and  Germany  did  not  wait  for  their 
formal  consent  to  the  fourth — which,  in  fact, 
seems  to  have  little  connection  with  the  others  ; 
but,    on   November  14   of  the  same  year,  she 


216 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REk'/EU^  OF  REVIEWS. 


landed  a  force  at  Tsingtau,  in  Kiaochou  Bay,  in 
Shantung,  and  took  possession  of  the  forts  and 
adjacent  territory.  This  occupation  was  sup- 
posed to  be  temporary  only  ;  but  two  years  have 
passed  since  then,  and  the  Grerman  flag  still  flies 
over  Tsingtau,  which  is  now  as  much  German 
territory  as  are  the  Provinces  of  Alsace  and 
Lorraine. 

"The  seizure  of  Chinese  territory  was  de- 
liberately planned.  It  was  foreshadowed  in  the 
speech  of  Baron  Marshal  von  Biebei*stein  in  the 
Reichstag,  in  November,  1896.  He  stated  on 
that  occasion  that  the  interests  of  Russia  and 
Germany  would  give  them  an  opportunity  of 
acting  in  harmony  in  the  far  East.  In  the 
Kiaochou  incident  this  opportunity  came  ;  and 
Russia's  acquiescence  in  Germany's  aggression, 
in  spite  of  her  promise  in  the  Cassini  Convention 
to  protect  China,  indicates  a  prior  understanding 
between  the  two  powers.  The  German  legation 
was  probably  instructed  to  seize  on  the  first  op- 
portunity to  make  demands  for  territory  ;  and 
the  German  minister  at  Peking  is  reported  as 
having  said  that  the  attack  by  the  Chinese  upon 
some  German  oflBcers  in  the  boat  of  the  Cormoran^ 
at  Wuchang, — an  incident  which  shortly  fol- 
lowed the  murder  of  the  missionaries, — would 
have  served  his  purpose  quite  as  well." 

ADVANTAGES    OF   KIAOCHOU. 

Mr.  Denby  shows  that  both  physical  and  politi- 
cal considerations  were  involved  in  the  selection 
of  this  particular  region  as  Germany's  base  of 
operations  in  China. 

'*  Except  Shantung,  there  was  scarcely  a  prov- 
ince in  which  she  could  have  planted  herself 
without  encroaching  on  the  alleged  rights  of 
others.  It  is  a  sad  commentary  on  the  decadence 
of  China  that  there  is  scarcely  any  desirable  ter- 
ritory along  the  coast  which  does  not  fall  within 
some  foreign  government's  sphere  of  influence. 
To  have  gone  north  of  Shantung  would  have  been 
to  enter  a  field  where  the  White  Czar  is  self- pre- 
destined master.  South  of  Shantung,  in  the  Prov- 
inces of  Kiangsu  and  Chekiang,  we  come  upon 
the  Yangtse  Valley,  which  has  been  staked  out 
by  England  In  a  shadowy  agreement  with  China 
that  no  part  thereof  shall  be  alienated  to  any 
other  power.  The  coast  of  Fukien,  further 
south,  has  been  preempted  by  Japan,  by  virtue 
of  her  annexation  of  Formosa — a  preemption 
which  has  been  recognized  by  the  Chinese  Gov- 
ernment in  an  agreement,  made  in  April,  1898, 
that  no  part  of  this  province  shall  be  alienated  to 
any  nation  but  Japan.  In  the  next  two  prov- 
inces, Kuangtung  and  Kuansi,  any  German 
establishment  would  have  been  regarded  with 
more  than  disfavor  by  England  and  France. 


*' Shantung,  therefore,  was  almost  the  only 
place  left,  and  in  Shantung  the  only  available 
place  was  Kiaochou  Bay.  This  bay  is  a  great 
sheet  of  water  20  miles  in  width,  with  an  out- 
let to  the  Yellow  Sea  only  one  mile  and  three- 
quarters  wide.  This  outlet  is  commanded  by 
headlands,  about  600  feet  in  altitude,  admirably 
suited  for  fortifications.  There  are  11  or  12 
fathoms  of  water  in  the  entrance,  and  in  the  bay 
itself  the  depth  varies  from  12  to  30  fathoms. 
The  wide  area  of  the  bay  makes  it  unsuitable  for 
riding  at  anchor  ;  the  sea  becoming  very  rough 
in  storms,  and  sometimes  positively  dangerous 
for  small  boats.  Accordingly,  ships  at  present 
anchor  under  shelter  of  the  promontory,  near  the 
little  island  of  Tsingtau  (Green  Island),  which 
has  given  its  name  to  the  young  German  city  on 
the  adjoining  mainland.  The  island  itself  has 
been  renamed  Arcona,  in  reference  to  Germany's 
naval  victory  over  the  Danes.  Further  inside 
the  bay,  just  behind  the  peninsula  which  forms 
the  northern  shore  of  the  entrance,  a  great  break- 
water is  under  construction,  which  will  afford 
the  finest  harbor  on  the  coast  from  Hongkong  to 
Port  Arthur.  Hongkong  is  British,  Port  Arthur 
is  Russian,  Kiaochou  is  German,  and  China  has 
not  a  single  deep-water  harbor  for  herself  except 
that  of  Amoy." 

LIEUTENANT  GILLMORE'S  EXPERIENCES  IN 
LUZON. 

IN  the  August  i/cC/wre'*,  Lieutenant-Command- 
er James  C.  Gillmore,  U.  S.  N. ,  gives  a  very 
graphic  story  of  his  famous  boat  battle  with  the 
Filipinos  on  the  east  coast  of  Luzon,  of  his  capture, 
and  narrow  escape  from  execution  ;  his  extraordi- 
nary experiences  during  eight  months'  captivity  ; 
his  journeys  for  hundreds  of  miles  through  the 
interior  of  Luzon  ;  and  in  a  succeeding  number 
will  be  described  his  rescue  by  American  troops, 
after  he  and  his  six  comrades  had  been  aban- 
doned by  their  guards  in  the  mountains  to  the 
mercy  of  the  savage  tribes.  Lieutenant  Gillmore 
was  on  a  rescuing  expedition  on  the  Yorktown  to 
free  a  band  of  fifty  Spanish  oflficers  and  men  who 
were  besieged  by  Filipinos  in  a  church  at  a  coast 
town  called  Baler.  Lieutenant  Gillmore  and  a 
boat's  crew  were  sent  from  the  Yorktown  to  make 
a  reconnaissance  early  in  the  morning ;  there 
were  seventeen  men  in  all.  The  party  saw  that 
the  Filipino  sentry  had  discovered  them  when 
they  pulled  into  the  river  which  was  to  see  their 
capture  ;  but  as  a  Colt  repeating -gun  was  in  the 
bow  of  their  boat,  and  most  of  the  crew,  were 
armed  with  rifles,  they  did  not  fear  a  brush. 
But  the  trouble  came  quicker  and  heavier  than 
they  had  expected.  In  a  short  time  the  boat  was 
a  shambles.     The  man  who  held  up  a  white  flag 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


219 


among  the  soldiers.  One  company  was  chased 
along  the  ridge  to  the  south,  out  of  which  a  man 
got  away.  A  mighty  yell  went  up  from  the 
Indians  as  he  cleared  the  attacking  forces,  as  if 
they  were  glad  that  he  succeeded.  Away  he 
went  toward  Reno*s  position.  The  rest  of  the 
company  were  now  falling  fast,  and  the  ridge  was 
covered  with  the  slain. 

BRAVERY    OF   THE    SOLDIERS. 

**  *Hay-ay  !  hay-ay  !  Woo  I  woo  I  The  sol- 
dier who  escaped  is  coming  back  !  '  The  man 
now  appeared  again  upon  the  ridge  where  he  had 
just  escaped  death,  closely  pursued  by  fifteen 
warriors.  He  was  more  than  half-way  down  to 
Reno's  stand  when  the  party  set  upon  him. 
They  were  coming  up  from  the  other  battle. 
Some  say  that  this  soldier  took  his  own  life  when 
he  was  driven  back  to  the  main  body  of  the 
Indians. 

» *  The  soldiers  found  near  the  spot  where  the 
big  monument  now  stands  fought  best  and  long- 
est. The  Indians  used  many  arrows  and  war- 
clube  when  the  two  forces  came  closer  together. 
There  was  one  officer  and  his  attendant  who 
foaght  their  way  almost  through,  but  they  were 
killed  at  last.  They  fell  farthermost  toward  the 
east,  at  the  head  of  the  ravine.  It  is  said  that 
the  private  stood  over  the  wounded  officer,  and 
when  two  warriors  attacked  him  he  killed  one  of 
them,  but  the  other  lassoed  him  and  dragged 
him  away. 

*  *  Thus  ended  the  last  battle  and  the  career  of 
a  daring  American  officer.  It  was  a  surprise  to 
the  Sioux  that  he  held  his  men  together  so  well." 


OKH.  GROROB  A.  CUBTBR. 


DID    THE    INDIANS    OUTGENERAL    CUSTER  ? 

'  *  The  battle  of  the  Little  Big  Horn  was  a 
Waterloo  for  (leneral  Custer,  and  the  last  effect- 
ive defense  of  the  Black  Hills  by  the  Sioux.  It 
was  a  fair  fight.  Custer  offered  battle  and  was 
defeated.  He  was  clearly  outgeneraled  at  his 
own  stratagem.  Had  he  gone  down  just  half  a 
mile  farther  and  crossed  the  stream  where  Crazy 
Horse  did  a  few  minutes  later,  he  might  have 
carried  out  his  plan  of  surprising  the  Indian  vil- 
lage and  taking  the  Indian  warriors  at  a  disad- 
vantage in  the  midst  of  their  women  and  children. 

< '  Was  it  a  massacre  ?  Were  Custer  and  his 
men  sitting  by  their  camp-fires  when  attacked  by 
the  Sioux  ?  Was  he  disarmed  and  then  fired 
upon?  No.  Custer  had  followed  the  trail  of 
these  Indians  for  two  days,  and  finally  overtook 
them.  He  found  and  met  just  the  Indians  he 
was  looking  for.  He  had  a  fair  chance  to  defeat 
the  Sioux,  had  his  support  materialized  and 
brought  their  entire  force  to  bear  upon  the  enemy 
in  the  first  instance. 

**I  reiterate  that  there  were  not  12,000  to 
15,000  Indians  at  that  camp,  as  has  been  repre- 
sented ;  nor  were  there  over  1,000  warriors  in 
the  fight.  It  is  not  necessary  to  exaggerate  the 
number  of  the  Indians  engaged  in  this  notable 
battle.  The  simple  truth  is  that  Custer  met  the 
combined  forces  of  the  hostiles,  which  were 
greater  than  his  own,  and  that  he  had  not  so 
much  underestimated  their  numbers  as  their 
ability."  

HOW  SHALL  SOUTH  AFRICA  BE 
RECONSTRUCTED? 

MR.  EDWARD  DICEY,  writing  in  the  Fort- 
nightly on  the  <*  Policy  of  Peace,"  recog- 
nizes that  British  supremacy  in  a  self -governed 
South  Africa  can  best  be  secured  by  an  increase 
in  the  British  resident  population.  Government 
irrigation  works  might  make  it  worth  while  for 
younger  sons  of  good  family,  now  serving  under 
Lord  Roberts,  to  settle  on  the  land.  But  his 
chief  hope  is  that  the  staffing  of  the  railroads, 
the  building  and  mine-sinking  which  will  follow 
the  war,  will  retain  a  large  number  of  skilled  ar- 
tisans among  the  reservists,  militia,  and  yeoman- 
ry. He  especially  urges  the  development  of  the 
mining  industry,  and  pays  this  tribute  to  its 
present  chiefs  : 

**  I  know  of  no  mining  community  where  the 
capitalists  have  done  so  much  to  provide  for  the 
comfort  and  convenience  of  the  workers  in  their 
service,  have  lavished  money  so  freely  on  all 
works  of  public  utility,  or  have  so  identified 
themselves  with  the  interests  of  the  industry  by 
which  they  have  made  their  fortunes. " 


220 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


He  also  insists  : 

*  *  The  tune  has  come  to  put  aside  the  preju- 
dices caused  by  the  raid,  and  to  avail  ourselves 
freely  of  the  services  of  the  British  party — of 
which,  in  fact,  if  not  in  name,  Mr.  Cecil  Rhodes 
still  remains  the  leader.  We  have  a  hafd  task 
before  us,  and  we  need  the  help  of  all  South 
African  statesmen  who,  whatever  errors  they 
may  be  deemed  to  have  committed,  have  always 
been  loyal  in  their  allegiance  to  the  mother 
countiy." 

Settle  Soldiers  as  Farmers? 

Col.  J.  G.  B.  Stopford  has  an  article  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century  dealing  with  the  proposals  for 
settling  time-expired  soldiers  in  South  Africa. 
The  bulk  of  his  article  is  devoted  to  recapitula- 
tion of  the  diflBculties  which  settlers  would  meet 
with,  but  he  does  not  think  the  project  by  any 
means  impossible.     He  says  : 

<*  If  the  force  which  it  is  necessary  to  main- 
tain in  Africa  be  composed  of  men  chosen  be- 
cause of  their  wish  to  settle  permanently  in  the 
country,  they  might  be  divided  into  regiments 
of  1,000  or  500,  or  a  less  number  of  men,  as  the 
facilities  for  accumulating  water  might  render 
advisable,  and  be  settled  in  communities,  whose 
houses  might  extend  for  some  miles  along  a 
course,  the  center  part  of  which  would  be  sup- 
plied with  water  from  a  dam  made  by  blocking 
a  valley  or  depression  in  the  ground. 

<*  For  a  year,  or  two  years,  or  as  long  as  it 
was  necessary  to  complete  the  works,  these  men 
might  receive  pay  and  be  under  military  disci- 
pline, and  would  work  under  the  direction  of  offi- 
cers. During  this  time  they  would  construct  a 
dam,  and  build  themselves  houses  and  fences 
and  prepare  the  land  for  sowing. 

*  *  As  the  force,  after  their  recent  experiences, 
would  not  require  much  military  training,  the 
whole  of  their  time  would  be  available  to  make 
the  farm,  and  when  they  were  released  from  ser- 
vice they  should  be  able  to  continue  in  their 
houses  and  on  their  holdings  at  such  terms  as 
might  be  arranged." 

••The  Unmakers  of  England.'* 

Karl  Blind,  writing  in  the  July  Fortnightly  on 
France,  Russia,  and  the  peace  of  the  world,  con- 
cludes that  * '  there  are  great  perils  ahead  for 
England."     He  says  : 

*  *  For  the  calm  observer  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  conscience  of  the  civilized  world  has,  in 
this  South  African  war,  been  as  much  shocked 
as  if  some  Continental  power  were  to  destroy  by 
force  of  arms  the  independence  and  the  republi- 
can institutions  of  Switzerland,  or  the  independ- 
ence and  the  somewhat  conservative  institutions 


of  the  Netherlands.  An  outcry  of  indignation 
at  such  a  deed  would  ring  all  over  the  world. 
Such  an  outcry  has  rung,  in  the  present  instance, 
from  Europe  to  America,  and  it  is  being  taken 
up  even  by  cultured  Indians  of  the  most  loyal 
character.  The  friends  of  England  abroad  are 
angered  and  sad  at  heart.  Her  enemies  are  reck- 
oning upon  what  may  befall  her  some  day,  when 
she  will  be  assailed  by  a  variety  of  complications. 
More  than  one  storm  cloud  is  already  in  course 
of  formation.  The  time  may  not  be  too  far  when 
those  answerable  for  what  is  done  now  will  ap- 
pear before  history,  not  as  the  makers  of  new 
imperial  glories,  but  as  the  thoughtless  onmak 
ers  of  England." 

FRENCH  VIEWS  OF  THE  BOERS. 

IN  the  first  June  number  of  the  Revue  des  Deux 
Mondes,  M.  Leclercq  writes  an  interesting 
paper  on  <  *  The  Origins  of  the  South  African 
Republics."  Of  these  he  says  that,  while  it 
is  well  known  how  England  seized  the  Cape 
Colony  in  1806,  where  the  Dutch  had  been 
established  towards  the  middle  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  it  is  not  so  well  known  how  the 
descendants  of  those  same  Dutchmen,  unable  to 
bear  the  foreign  yoke,  expatriated  themselves  in 
that  famous  exodus  which  the  Boers  call  the 
Great  Trek.  James  Anthony  Froude  describes 
it  in  *<  Oceana."  The  desire  to  change  one's 
abode  is,  with  the  Boers,  a  kind  of  sixth  sense. 
They  are,  unlike  other  peasants,  fond  of  leading 
a  sedentary  life  at  certain  times,  and  at  other 
times  they  are  nomads.  That  is  why  every  Boer 
possesses,  or  desires  to  possess,  several  farms 
separated  by  considerable  distances.  If  his  pas- 
toral occupations  are  not  successful  at  one  farm, 
the  Boer  will  trek  with  his  live-stock  and  his 
family  to  another,  perhaps  more  favorably  situ- 
ated.^ M.  Leclercq  compares  the  Boers  with  the 
Irish',  who  were,  he  says,  similarly  expatriated 
at  the  same  time,  and  also  with  the  Israelites, 
who  had  a  similar  absolute  confidence  in  Qod. 
He  assures  us  that  the  Voortrekkers  always  led 
a  pure  life,  free  from  drunkenness,  luxury,  and 
quarrels,  although  they  had  no  law  courts  and 
no  police ;  and  he  says  that  the  fact  that  the 
people  could  remain  for  so  many  years  outside 
all  contact  with  civilization  without  falling  into 
gross  barbarism  would  be  inexplicable  if  the 
cause  were  sought  for  elsewhere  than  in  the  fear 
of  God  and  the  principles  of  the  Decalogue,  with 
which  the  Boers  were  inspired. 

BRITISH   CALUMNIES. 

The  moving  spirit  of  the  Great  Trek  was 
Prinsloo — the  Protector  of  the  People,  as  the 
Boers  called  him.     The  colonial  government  at- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH, 


221 


tempted  to  repress  the  rebellion  with  ruthless 
severity ;  and  there  is  a  story  of  the  execution 
of  five  rebels,  who  had  to  be  hanged  twice, 
because  the  first  time  they  broke  the  rope  with 
their  weight,  which  is  still  remembered  in  South 
Africa.  The  language  question  caused  great 
bitterness,  for  Dutch  was  not  taught  in  the 
schools  ;  all  legal  proceedings  were  conducted  in 
finglish,  and  no  one  could  serve  on  a  jury  unless 
he  understood  English.  All  this  wounded  the 
pride  of  the  Boers.  On  the  other  side,  the 
worst  accusations  were  launched  against  the 
Boers  by  the  natives,  which,  being  credited  by 
the  English,  caused  the  name  of  Boer  to  become 
an  object  of  execration  throughout  Europe.  The 
Boers  were  accused  of  assassinating  the  natives 
with  the  most  horrible  refinements  of  cruelty  ; 
and  M.  Leclercq  tells  us  that,  under  the  pretext 
of  philanthropy  and  religious  propaganda,  these 
calumnies  were  spread  by  the  English  mission- 
ariee.  The  accusations  were  so  precise  that  the 
government  instituted  an  inquiry  which  lasted 
for  several  months,  and  ended,  according  to  M. 
Leclercq,  in  no  single  one  of  the  horrible  accusa- 
tions being  proved. 

THE    KAFFIR    QUESTION. 

M.  Leclercq  also  defends  the  Boers  from  the 
charge  of  subjecting  the  natives  to  degrading 
slavery.  Their  condition  he  represents  rather 
as  that  of  the  manservants  and  maidservants 
who  formed  the  household  of  the  old  Biblical 
patriarchs.  Moreover,  the  Boers  as  a  whole 
desired  to  abolish  the  titular  institution  of 
slavery.  In  a  meeting  which  was  held  at  Graaf 
Reinet,  in  1826,  it  was  expressly  declared  that 
*  *  all  the  members  of  the  assembly  wished  for  the 
complete  suppression  of  slavery,  provided  that 
this  desire  could  be  realized  on  reasonable  condi- 
tions. The  only  diflBculty  was  the  mode  of 
carrying  it  out.*'  The  objection  which  the  Boers 
entertained  to  the  freeing  of  the  slaves  appears,, 
therefore,  to  have  been  not  one  of  principle,  but 
directed  to  the  suddenness  of  the  measure. 
Emancipation  was  decreed  in  1834,  and  the 
British  Parliament  voted  the  sum  of  £20,000,000 
sterling  as  compensation  for  securing  the  liberty 
of  the  slaves  in  all  the  British  colonies.  At  the 
Cape  there  were  39,000  slaves,  who  were  valued 
at  over  £3,000,000  sterling;  nevertheless,  the 
share  which  South  Africa  obtained  of  the  com- 
pensation was  reduced  to  £1,200,000.  This 
aroused  absolute  consternation  in  the  colony,  for 
many  of  the  Boers  had  pledged  their  slaves  as 
«<?curity  for  loans  ;  and,  moreover,  the  compen- 
««ation  was  only  payable  in  Ijondon,  so  that  the 
slaveowners  were  obliged  to  employ  agents,  who 
took  care  to  secure  an  enormous  profit.     The 


result  was  widespread  misery  at  the  Cape,  and 
many  hundreds  of  families  who  had  been  well-to- 
do  were  reduced  to  poverty. 

Another  cause  had  previously  contributed  to 
the  ruin  of  the  Boers  ;  namely,  the  action  of  the 
London  Government  in  the  year  1824  in  with- 
drawing certain  small  bank-notes  which  had 
been  issued  at  4s. ,  and  were  withdrawn  at  a  re- 
duction of  more  than  50  per  cent.  But  the 
principal  cause  of  the  Great  Trek  was  the  Kaflfir 
question.  The  Boers,  M.  Leclercq  explains, 
had  bitter  experience  of  the  falseness,  *  *  slim- 
ness,"  and  rapacity  of  the  KaflBrs,  who  were 
always  pillaging  and  robbing  them  ;  whereas  the 
English  viewed  the  KaflBrs  through  the  rosy 
spectacles  of  the  Protestant  missionaries.  It  is 
needless  to  follow  M.  Leclercq  through  the  rest 
of  his  extremely  interesting  article,  in  which  he 
shows  how  mu6h  the  Boers  had  to  contend  with, 
and  what  astonishing  blunders  were  made  by 
the  English. 

Social  Psycholosry  of  the  Boers. 

To  the  second  June  number  of  the  Revue  de 
Paris^  M.  Mille  contributes  a  study  of  the  Boers 
from  the  point  of  view  of  social  psychology.  M. 
Mille  notes  with  astonishment  that  the  English 
have  practically  not  studied  at  all  the  nature  of 
the  Boers  themselves.  The  books  written  about 
South  Africa — at  any  rate,  before  the  war  broke 
out — dealt  with  gold  min^  or  big-game  shoot- 
ing, and  M.  Mille  could  only  find  two  exceptions  : 
those  of  Livingston  and  Mr.  Bryce.  The  in- 
quirer who  sought  to  understand  the  Boer  nature 
was  obliged  to  have  recourse  to  Dutch  or  German 
books,  or  to  the  notes  made  by  the  French  Prot- 
estant missionaries  in  Basutoland.  M.  Mille  re- 
lates various  stories  which  go  to  show  the  igno- 
rance of  the  Boer  of  everything  outside  South 
Africa,  and  even  of  some  things  that  are  inside. 
He  brings  out  clearly  the  patriarchal  cohesion  of 
the  Boer  families,  and  he  goes  on  to  explain  the 
efforts  which  the  Pretoria  Government  made  in 
the  cause  of  education.  In  1886  there  were  159 
rural  schools  and  20  urban  schools,  and  these 
had  risen  in  1896  to  330  and  to  34,  respectively  ; 
while  the  total  number  of  pupils  had  risen  from 
4,016  to  7,738.  Secondary  education,  too,  had 
received  a  great  impetus  ;  but  M.  Mille  does  not 
disguise  the  fact  that  this  interest  in  education  is 
comparatively  modern,  and  came  from  Europe  : 
indeed,  the  majority  of  the  teaching  staff  was 
composed  of  Hollanders  and  Germans.  Never- 
theless, the  Boer  is  a  great  reader,  and  not  of  the 
Bible  alone,  but  also  of  newspapc^rs  ;  in  fact,  as 
one  shrewd  observer  has  said  of  him,  he  is  a 
politician  to  the  marrow  of  his  bones. 

M.  Mille  then  goes  on  to  show  that  the  theory 


222 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  R^yiEU^  OF  REVIEWS. 


diligently  propagated  in  England — ^that  the 
Dutch  element  in  South  Africa  had  formed  an 
old  and  long -elaborated  plot  for  the  destruction 
of  British  supremacy  is  not  in  accordance  with 
the  facts,  but  is  rather  contrary  to  them.  As  to 
the  future,  M.  Mille  declares  that  the  gulf  be- 
tween the  Afrikanders  and  the  English  is  now 
perhaps  impassable.  He  prophesies  that  Eng- 
land will  attempt  to  submerge  the  Boers  beneath 
a  flood  of  emigrants  from  Scotland,  Australia, 
and  Canada,  which  he  thinks  will  be  a  pity,  be- 
cause Australia  and  Canada  are  richer  countries 
than  South  Africa,  where  the  mines  alone  will 
continue  to  excite  men's  covetousness.  M.  Mille 
does  not  go  so  far  as  to  say  that  reconciliation  is 
impossible  ;  the  future  is  made  up  of  so  many 
elements  that  they  cannot  all  be  distinguished. 
But  it  is,  he  thinks,  permissible  to  declare  that 
no  such  difficult  task  has  ever  been  imposed  upon 
a  conqueror.  The  economic  antagonism  between 
the  two  races  will  not  disappear  because  the 
Pretoria  forts  are  razed.  The  language,  the 
family,  the  religious  and  social  conceptions  of 
the  Boers  will  survive,  and  he  thinks  it  will 
take  many  years  to  kill  them. 

TO  TRAIN  CIVIL  SERVANTS. 

MR.  P.  LYTTELTON  GELL'S  article  on 
**  Administrative  Reform  in  the  Public 
Service  "  comes  appropriately  in  the  same  num- 
ber of  the  Nineteenth  Century  as  Mr.  Knowles' 
**  Business  Method  Association."  Mr.  Gell's  is 
a  very  interesting  article,  but  his  criticism  is 
mainly  devoted  to  the  higher  grades  of  the 
British  civil  service.  There  has  not  been  suffi- 
cient expansion  in  the  service  to  meet  Imperial 
development,  and  the  first  step  must  therefore 
be  to  enlarge  the  number  of  well-paid  and  re- 
sponsible posts.  The  second  is  no  less  impor- 
tant ;  for  it  is  to  <  *  break  up  the  system  of  water- 
tight compartments  and  stereotyped  positions  in 
the  public  service.  I  would  urge  that  the  whole 
higher  division  should  be  regarded  as  a  single 
service.  It  should  not  be  merely  permissible  and 
exceptional,  but  an  absolute  rule,  that  men, 
especially  young  men,  should  be  shifted  from 
office  to  office  in  order  to  widen  their  experience,  to 
freshen  their  views,  and  to  elicit  their  abilities  by 
contact  with  new  questions  and  new  conditions." 

Mr.  Gell  points  out  that  a  large  number  of  the 
most  successful  officials  have  had  experience  of  a 
variety  of  services,  civil  and  military.  What  is 
required  to  effect  these  and  other  reforms  is  a 
small  hut  strong  board  of  administrative  control : 

"This  board  would  l>e  as  independent  of  all 
departments  (the  treasury  not  excepted)  as  the 
Audit  office  is  in  regard  to  accounts  ;  and,  like 


the  audit  office,  it  would  present  an  independent 
report  to  Parliament ;  or,  where  expedient,  a 
confidential  report  to  a  Parliamentary  committee. 
It  might  consist  of  three  paid  commissioners,  of 
whom  not  more  than  one  should  be  a  civil  ser- 
vant, two  being  men  of  experience  in  the  indus- 
trial or  commercial  world.  To  these  may  be 
added  four  or  six  unpaid  commissioners,  who 
would  be  members  of  the  upper  or  lower  house, 
chosen  for  their  business  reputation — great  ship- 
owners, railroad  managers,  or  provincial  manu- 
facturers. It  would  be  essential  that  there  should 
be  no  ez- officio  members,  except  perhaps  the  first 
civil -service  commissioner.  Above  all,  its  pohti- 
cal  independence  must  be  absolute.*' 

OUR  GOVERNMENTAL  METHODS. 

MR.  CLINTON  ROGERS  WOODRUFF 
contributes,  to  the  Political  Science  Quar- 
terly for  June,  a  timely  paper  on  *  *  The  Com- 
plexity of  American  Governmental  Methods." 
Mr.  Woodruff  directs  our  attention  especially  to 
the  rigidity  of  our  written  constitutions,  with 
their  elaborate  systems  of  checks  and  balanoee, 
and  to  the  difficulties  of  our  electoral  machinery. 
He  says  : 

**The  American,  in  ordinary  matters,  hkes 
directness.  In  business,  industrial,  and  social 
affairs  he  comes  straight  to  the  point ;  and  so  he 
does,  for  that  matter,  in  political  affairs,  except 
in  his  written  constitutions.  In  these  he  still 
worships  at  the  shrine  of  complexity  and  indi- 
rection. He  has  found  a  way  out  of  the  maze  of 
his  own  theories,  however,  and  through  the  me- 
dium of  political  parties  carries  out  his  intent 
and  purposes  with  little  loss  of  personal  energy. 
Yet  to  secure  his  immediate  ends  quickly  he 
pays  a  great  price,  which  is  exacted  to  the  last 
farthing.  Practically  he  surrenders  govern- 
mental functions  to  the  political  party  organiza- 
tion, in  exchange  for  direct  action  on  a  few  sub- 
jects of  commanding  importance.  This  practice 
has  been  so  persisted  in,  that  party  success  and 
supremacy  have  come  to  be  considered  as  the 
ends  rather  than  as  the  means  to  an  end. 

**We  rail  against  bosses,  and  we  denounce 
party  organization,  as  if  that  would  avail ;  while 
we  overlook  the  direct  cause  of  the  whole  trouble 
— the  complexity  of  our  methods.  How  is  a 
voter  who  is  called  upon  to  vote  for  candidates 
for  twenty -two  offices  at  a  single  election  to 
exercise  that  care  and  caution  which  a  conscien- 
tious citizen  should  exercise  ?  ' 

WHY    THK    BOSS    EXISTS. 

Mr.  Woodruff  shows  that  the  party  boss  is  the 
logical  outgrowth  of  these  conditions  : 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


223 


* '  ODce  agree,  however,  to  surrender  your 
judgment  to  the  party,  and  you  make  the  boss 
poGsible  ;  for,  by  a  further  refinement  of  com- 
plexities, he  possesses  himself  of  the  party  or- 
ganization, and  then  he  is  in  a  position  to  dic- 
tate his  own  terms  and  defy  successful  competi- 
tion for  years,  if  he  does  not  overreach  himself. 
Should  he  become  too  arrogant  or  ostentatious  in 
the  exercise  of  his  power,  which  is  likely  to  hap- 
pen in  time,  he  will  in  all  likelihood  bow  his 
head  to  the  storm  and  allow  it  to  pass  over. 
Then  he,  or  another  like  him,  is  ready  to  pur- 
sue his  old  practices  of  giving  to  the  politically 
lazy  and  negligent  an  opportunity  to  secure  what 
they  feel  at  the  time  they  need  the  most,  while 
he  takes  all  the  rest — and  that  is  no  small 
amount. 

**We  still  maintain,  however,  that  we  must 
afford  no  opportunity  for  the  creation  of  a  dic- 
tator ;  that  there  must  be  frequent  change  in  of- 
fice and  a  multiplicity  of  oflBces,  to  prevent  the 
formation  of  an  aristocracy  of  oflBce-holders  ;  and 
that  we  must  surround  our  legislatures  with 
abundant  safeguards,  lest  our  liberties  be  filched 
away.  Consequently,  we  play  directly  into  the 
hands  of  the  worst  sort  of  a  dictator — an  unof- 
ficial one.  Let  us,  if  necessary,  officialize  our 
dictator.  Let  us  recognize  that  concentration  is 
the  order  of  the  day  and  essential  to  efficiency. 
Let  us  recognize  that  direct  action  is  better  than 
indirection,  and  then  change  our  laws  and  con- 
stitutions accordingly." 

ENOLAND^S    EXAMPLE. 

Mr.  Woodruff  cites  the  case  of  England  to 
show  that  the  checks  and  balances  of  our  written 
constitutions  are  by  no  means  essential  to  the 
preservation  or  extension  of  political  liberty. 

**  The  case  of  England  also  proves  that,  where 
directness  of  action  is  substituted  for  indirect- 
ness and  simplicity  for  complexity,  the  party  ma- 
chine and  the  party  boss  in  the  American  sense 
have  no  chance  for  growth  or  development.  The 
legitimate  political  leader  has  ample  field  for 
activity  ;  but  the  party  boss  has  little  or  none, 
because  there  is  little  or  nothing  concerning  the 
government  and  its  general  conduct  which  the 
voter,  with  the  exercise  of  average  intelligence 
and  ordinary  prudence,  cannot  himself  deter- 
mine. The  English  voter  expresses  his  views  on 
national  questions  when  he  votes  for  a  member 
of  Parliament,  and  on  local  matters  when  he 
votes  for  aldermen.  He  is  not  called  upon  to 
exercise  his  judgment  in  the  selection  of  clerks 
of  the  court  and  secretaries  of  internal  affairs 
and  recorders  of  deeds."  In  fact,  tlie  English 
voter  never  lx>thers  his  head  about  clerical  posi- 
ions  under  the  government. 


A  NEW  EXPOSITION  OF  SOVEREIGNTY. 

PROF.  JOHN  R.  COMMONS  contributes,  to 
the  American  Journal  of  Sociology  for  July, 
the  seventh  and  concluding  article  of  a  series 
on  •*  A  Sociological  View  of  Sovereignty."  The 
general  argument  running  through  the  series  is 
that  each  social  institution — family,  church,  the 
state,  industry,  political  party — begins  as  private 
property  and  develops  toward  monopoly.  The 
family  begins  as  private  property  in  women  and 
children ;  the  church  as  private  property  in 
relics,  sacred  places,  and  sacrifices  ;  industry  as 
private  property  in  men,  land,  and  capital ;  the 
political  party  as  private  property  in  the  ballot. 
Private  property  applies  only  to  those  requisites 
of  survival  in  the  struggle  for  existence  which 
are  scarce,  and  therefore  valuable.  Scarcity  is 
relative.-  Women,  children,  and  men  are  scarce 
in  early  times,  and  therefore  private  property 
develops  into  polygamy  and  slavery  as  a  means 
of  direct  dommation.  In  later  times  land  is 
scarce  and  men  are  superfluous,  and  private 
property  develops  into  corporations,  trusts,  and 
political  parties — a  means  of  indirect  domination 
through  control  of  the  means  of  subsistence. 
Survival  of  the  fittest  is  the  survival  of  the  fittest 
institution, — i.e.,  of  the  strongest  form  of  dom- 
ination,— and  depends  upon  size,  unity,  and  gen- 
eralship. This  ends  in  centralization  and  mo- 
nopoly of  private  property,  and  we  have  patriarch, 
pope,  emperor,  trust,  and  boss. 

When  this  monopoly  stage  is  reached,  there 
are  two  alternative  lines  of  further  movement — 
the  Asiatic  and  the  Anglo- European.  In  the 
Asiatic  line  the  monopoly  is  handed  down  to 
successors,  and  becomes  hereditary  despotism. 
In  the  Anglo- European  line  the  subordinate 
classes  are  admitted  as  partners  in  the  ownership 
of  the  institution,  and  they  secure  what  are  called 
*<  rights."  Here  is  where  the  state  emerges 
as  the  institution  which  extracts  coercion, — 
i.e.,  private  property  from  each  of  the  other 
institutions, — and  constitutes  itself  the  frame- 
work of  each,  in  order  to  regulate  the  rights  of 
subordinates.  The  wife  secures  the  right  to 
refuse  marriage  and  to  obtain  divorce,  enforced 
in  court;  the  state  takes  children  away  from 
parents  who  treat  them  as  mere  animal  property; 
the  state  confiscated  the  property  of  the  church 
and  legalized  heresy — the  right  to  be  one's  own 
high  -  priest ;  the  American  state  is  taking  the 
ballot  and  the  party  primary  out  of  the  hands  of 
the  party  managers  and  giving  the  rank  and  file 
the  right  to  elect  the  boss;  the  state  itself  has 
led  th(i  way  by  giving  to  subordinate  classes  a 
veto  on  the  king  in  the  form  of  parliament,  or 
even  by  electing  the  king.  If  the  trust  follows 
the  Anglo -European   precedents,  it  will  end  in 


224 


%    THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REI^/EIVS.    ^ 


the  right  of  employees  and  the  public  to  elect 
the  trustees. 

The  state  having  been  differentiated  as  the 
coercive  institution  of  society  on  the  basis  of  self- 
government,  the  other  institutions  are  left  to 
stand  each  on  its  own  peculiarly  persuasive  basis  : 
the  family  on  sexual  and  parental  love,  and  the 
patriarch  becomes  the  husband  ;  the  church  on 
faith,  and  the  priest  becomes  the  minister  ;  the 
party  on  its  principles,  and  the  boss  becomes  the 
statesman  ;  the  trust  on  love  of  work,  and  the 
corporation  becomes  the  cooperation. 

OBJECTIONS  TO  THE  REFERENDUM. 

SOME  objections  to  the  proposed  adoption  of 
the  Swiss  plan  of  an  optional  referendum 
in  the  United  States  are  stated  in  the  July  Arena^ 
by  Dr.  Edwin  Maxey,  who  nevertheless  declares 
himself  in  favor  of  a  trial  of  the  experiment. 
The  objections  to  the  plan,  as  they  present  them- 
selves to  Dr.  Maxey,  are  as  follows: 

**  In  the  first  place,  it  is  cumbersome,  requir- 
ing machinery  of  the  State  to  be  brought  into 
action  for  purposes  for  which  it  is  not  well 
adapted.  It  is  also  expensive.  Nor  is  this  a 
trifling  matter,  when  we  consider  the  necessary 
outlay  for  printing  in  the  various  newspapers  and 
ii.  holding  the  elections,  which  includes  costs  of 
ballots,  rent  of  polling- rooms,  pay  of  judges, 
inspectors,  and  clerks,  and  a  reasonable  estimate 
for  time  spent  by  voters.  It  would  necessitate 
either  that  a  great  number  of  elections  be  held, 
which  in  itself  would  lead  to  turmoil  and  confu- 
sion, or  that  a  number  of  bills  be  voted  upon  at 
the  same  election — in  which  case  the  voter  could 
know  very  little  of  the  merits  of  the  bills  upon 
which  he  was  voting;  hence,  his  judgment  could 
have  but  little  value. 

<*  The  impossibility  of  the  voter  familiarizing 
himself  with  the  bills  upon  which  he  is  to  pass 
will  appear  immediately  from  an  inspection  of 
the  records  of  legislatures  in  such  States  as  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  Massachusetts,  Ohio,  and 
Illinois  ;  for,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  diligent  legis- 
lators (for  there  are  some  diligent  legislators), 
whose  entire  time  and  energy  are  spent  in  study- 
ing bills,  are  unfamiliar  with  many  bills  that  are 
passed  by  their  State  legislatures. 

*  *  It  is  hardly  fair  to  legislation  ;  for  when 
submission  of  a  bill  is  secured  by  petition  it  is 
prima-facie  evidence  that  it  is  objectionable,  and 
to  overcome  this  presumption  would  require  a 
careful  study  of  tlu*  bill,  which  the  average  voter 
has  not  the  time  to  give.  The  above  theory  has 
proved  to  be  the  fact  in  Switzerland,  where  we 
find  that  nearly  every  bill  submitted  to  the  elec- 
torate is  killed  because  of  prejudged  notions  ;  and 


a  large  portion  of  bills  thus  rejected  are  found  by 
careful,  candid  investigation  to  be  wise  measures. 
This  is  particularly  true  of  appropriation  bills, 
the  majority  of  which  were  in  nowise  extrava- 
gant; but  somehow  most  men  have  a  constitu- 
tional aversion  to  paying  taxes,  and  hence  to 
ratify  measures  that  will  necessitate  any  increase 
in  taxes.  It  might  not  lessen  the  amount  of 
partisan  legislation,  but  on  the  other  hand  it 
might  increase  it;  for  the  demagogue  would 
have  a  wider  field  and  more  occasions  to  manifest 
that  concern  for  the  welfare  of  his  fellow-men 
which  is  consuming  in  its  intensity. 

VOTERS    STUDY    MEN    RATHER    THAN    MEASURES. 

*  *  Men  are,  as  a  rule,  better  fitted  and  have 
greater  confidence  in  their  ability  to  pass  upon 
the  qualifications  of  legislators  about  whom  they 
know  considerable  than  upon  measures  about 
which  they  know  very  little.  In  other  words, 
average  men  study  biography  much  more  care- 
fully than  they  study  political  science  ;  therefore, 
men  more  readily  yield  to  the  judgment  of  others 
as  to  the  wisdom  of  a  measure  than  as  to  the 
qualifications  of  a'  man.  Thus  it  might  infuse 
into  our  civic  system  more  <  peanut '  politics, 
of  which  we  are  already  suffering  from  an  over- 
dose. In  fact,  it  is  easily  conceivable  that  the 
petition  for  submission  might  emanate  from 
partisan  motives  rather  than  from  a  sense  of  the 
injustice  or  the  inexpediency  of  the  measure. 

*  *  It  would  essentially  change  the  character  of 
the  legislature,  by  removing  in  large  part  its 
responsibility  for  legislation,  until  it  would  soon 
become  little  more  than  a  drafting  committee. 

OTHER    OBJECTIONS. 

*  *  In  its  present  state  of  development,  the  plan 
is  defective  in  that  it  makes  no  provision  for 
amending  a  bill  or  for  striking  out  a  mischievous 
clause  from  a  bill  otherwise  unobjectionable. 
This  defect  could,  however,  be  remedied  in  part 
by  making  such  changes  in  it  as  we  have  made 
in  the  veto  power  of  governors  and  mayors — ^by 
enabling  them  to  veto  specific  clauses  and  thus 
cut  off  riders  to  appropriation  bills,  etc." 

Dr.  Maxey  thinks  that  the  power  of  the  courts 
in  controlling  legislation  would  be  weakened,  but 
this  would  be  hailed  as  a  distinct  advantage  in 
some  States.  He  also  thinks  that  State  constitu- 
tions would  be  cheapened  by  the  adoption  of 
legislation  having  an  equal  sanction  with  the 
constitution. 

He  admits,  however,  that  the  plan  is  »*  consist- 
ent with  the  gonius  of  our  political  system  and 
would  be  politically  educative,  with  at  least  noth- 
ing explosive  about  it. "  Hence,  he  thinks  that  the 
referendum  should  have  the  benefit  of  a  fair  trial 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


225 


THE  SEVEN  GREAT  SEA  POWERS. 

MR.  J.  HOLT  SCHOOLING  contributes  to 
the  July  Fortnightly  an  ingenious  paper 
u  the  '*  Naval  Strength  of  the  Seven  Sea 
lowers."  He  takes  the  figures  of  fighting  ton- 
nage given  in  government  returns,  and  discounts 
rhem  according  to  the  age  of  the  men-of-war. 
His  estimate  is  : 

The  18B5-1800  ships  are  worth  100  per  cent. 
"    1880-1804  "  80       " 

**    1885-1889  "  00       " 

"    1880-1884  '*  40       " 

"    Before  1880  **  20       " 

He  then  sets  side  by  side  figures  gross  and  net : 


BATTLESHIPS. 


As  compiled  from  Admiralty  return. 


Percentage 
of  Total 
Tons.  Tonnage. 

Oniat  Britain 831,005        89.4 

France 330,680        16.8 

iinaaU 888,91)8        12.6 

lUIy 198,004  9.3 

6«niumy 191,268         9.2 

United  Sutee 184,144         8.8 

JApan 92,420         4.4 

Total 2,064,948      100.0 

GRUISEBS. 


As  compUed  from  Admiralty  return. 


Percentage 
of  Total 
Tons.  Tonnage. 

Great  Britain 827,430       47.9 

France 287,486        17.8 

Rasda 144,678         8.4 

TnitedSUtes 140,274         8.1 

Japan 114,479         6.6 

Germany 107344         6.3 

Italy 98,678         5.4 

TotaL 1,725,868      100.0 

TOTAL. 


I  After  tonnage  has 
'     been   depreciated 
I     on  account  of  the 
age  of  ships. 

'  Percentage 

of  Total 
Tons.    Tonnage. 


604,141 
220.635 
221,988 
112,899 
152,929 
176,708 


88.8 
14.0 
14.1 
7.1 
9.7 
11.2 
5.6 


1,577,388      100.0 


After  tonnage  has 
been  depreciated 
on  account  of  the 
age  of  ships. 

Percentage 
of  Total 
Tons.  Tonnage. 
660,779        46.5 


255,351 
111,063 
120,879 
103,141 
81,626 
76,968 


18.2 
7.9 
8.6 

7.4 
5.8 
5.5 


1,399,297   100.0 


After  dealing  similarly  with  other  classes  of 
ships,  the  writer  offers  this  summary  of  the  total 
strength  of  the  powers  : 


I.  Great  Britain  . . . . 

II.  Prance 

IIL  Russia 

Tons  of 

«5 

000  omitted 
1,847 
648 
897   • 

IV.  United  SUtes.... 

V.  Germany 

VL  Italy  . . . : 

218 

VII.  Japan 

211 

Taking  the  Navy 

of  Japan  as  the 

Unit  of  Strength, 

the  Degrees  of 

Strength  are: 

6.38 

2.57 

1.88 

1.65 

1.34 

1.08 

1.00 


3,347 


The  writer  is  especially  glad  to  point  out  that 
(J real  Britain  possesses  100  tons  of  good  fight- 
ing weight  to  every  70  tons  possessed  by  France 


and  Russia  combined.  Even  the  navies  of 
France,  Russia,  and  Germany  in  combination 
furnish  only  1,222,000,  as  against  England's 
1,347,000  of  adjusted  fighting  tonnage. 


GERMAN  TRADE  JEALOUSY. 

< '  /^UR  Relations  with  Germany  "  is  the  sub- 
v-^  ject  of  an  article  in  the  July  Forum,  by 
Mr.  Williams  C.  Fox.  The  hostile  attitude  of 
German  statesmen  to  the  United  States  is  at- 
tributed, by  this  writer,  to  commercial  jealousies. 
He  says  : 

**The  more  recent  reports  of  our  consuls  in 
Germany  point  to  the  great  irritation  there  on 
account  of  the  thorough  manner  in  which  the 
administrative  features  of  the  United  States 
tariff  law  successfully  circumvent  all  efforts  at 
undervaluation.  A  cause  of  great  anxiety  is 
said  to  be  the  claim  that  the  balance  of  trade  has 
turned  in  favor  of  the  United  States,  and, 
furthermore,  that  we  are  proving  an  ardent  com- 
petitor in  the  foreign  markets.  The  export  of 
textiles  to  this  country — ^just  that  branch  of  in- 
dustry wherein  Germany  has  worked  so  hard  and 
accomplished  so  much  through  the  technical  edu- 
cation of  her  workmen — has  fallen  off.  The 
French  reciprocity  treaty  is  regarded  as  a  menace. 
In  view  of  these  facts,  the  meat-inspection  bill 
has,  at  first  glance,  a  suspicion  of  effort  at  retali- 
ation ;  but  an  analysis  of  the  vote  on  the  bill 
shows  that  it  was  opposed  by  the  Radical  and 
Social  Democratic  parties,  because  of  the  fear 
that  the  absolute  prohibition  of  the  importation 
of  sausages  and  tinned  meats,  and  the  restrictions 
which  are  placed  on  other  kinds  of  meat,  would 
seriously  raise  the  cost  of  living  among  the 
poorer  classes.  If  this  be  so,  the  measure  has 
a  marked  element  of  weakness  ;  and  any  interest 
which  it  is  possibly  intended  to  injure  may  rest 
easy  in  the  firm  belief  that  the  burden  which  it 
carries  will  eventually  break  it  down.  The  bill 
was  opposed  also  by  the  Agrarians,  their  reason 
being,  however,  that  it  was  not  stringent  enough. 
**  In  America  we  do  not  understand  how  the 
jealousies  of  commercial  interests  could  have  so 
poisoned  the  minds  of  statesmen  as  to  prompt 
such  actions  in  international  affairs  as  have  been 
those  of  Germany  toward  the  United  States. 
The  exclusion  of  the  American  life  insurance 
companies  was  unprecedented,  and  all  the  phases 
of  it  were  simply  exasperating.  The  statement 
that  the  balance  of  trade  is  largely  against  Ger- 
many and  in  favor  of  the  United  States  must  be 
taken  cum  grano  salt's.  Tht?  question  of  trans- 
shipment of  goods  arriving  at  German  \K>rts  and 
destined  for  other  countries  is  an  important  equa- 
tion, and  one  which  should  be  carefully  consid- 


226 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


ered.  The  large  difference  apparent  between 
our  imports  from  Switzerland  and  our  direct  ex- 
ports to  that  country  is  a  case  in  point.  In 
reality,  the  balance  of  trade,  if  we  include  the 
indirect  shipments  to  Switzerland  via  Hamburg, 
Bremen,  Antwerp,  and  Havre,  is  far  less  than 
the  statistics  would  lead  us  to  infer. 

* » The  enforcement  of  our  tariff  laws  should 
not  cause  irritation  ;  and  honest  exportei-s  should 
not  complain  of,  but  rather  be  grateful  for,  the 
safeguards  which  have  been  adopted  to  prevent 
undervaluation.  And  what  reasonable  cause  for 
ill  feeling  between  two  great  countries  can  there 
be  at  the  efforts  of  the  one  to  compete  in  foreign 
markets  with  the  other  ?  Germany  has  success- 
fully rivaled  Great  Britain  ;  and  there  are  many 
fields  in  which  it  will  take  the  United  States 
years  even  to  rival  let  alone  supplant  her.  We 
consider  that  the  South  American  markets  should 
be  ours,  and  we  intend  to  do  our  best  to  secure 
the  lion's  share  of  them  ;  not  by  the  adoption  of 
extraneous  methods,  but  by  earnest  efforts  to 
comply  with  the  conditions,  and  to  smooth  the 
way  by  reciprocal  advantages." 


CAN  THE  WORLD'S  WHEAT  SUPPLY  BE 
CORNERED? 

IN  the  August  McClure's,  Mr.  J.  D.  Whelpley 
gives  an  account  of  a  curious  diplomatic  in- 
cident four  years  ago,  the  details  of  which  have 
not,  according  to  the  editor  of  McClure'sj  been 
before  publiehed.  On  November  4,  1896,  just 
on  the  eve  of  the  Presidential  election  in  the 
United  States,  the  Russian  minister  to  the  United 
States,  Mr.  Kotzebue,  acting  under  instructions 
from  his  government,  proposed  to  the  Hon. 
Richard  Olney,  then  the  American  Secretary 
of  State,  that  Russia  and  the  United  States  should 
enter  into  a  combine  to  corner  the  surplus  wheat 
of  the  world  for  the  purpose  of  raising  the  price 
of  that  cereal  100  per  cent.  As  explained  by 
the  Russian  minister,  this  government  trust  was 
to  be  created  primarily  for  the  benefit  of  the 
farmers  of  Russia  and  the  United  States  ;  but  it 
was  believed  that  it  would  result,  in  time,  to  be 
of  equal  benefit  to  the  wheat  producers  of  the 
entire  world. 

This  Russian  scheme  had  been  formulated  after 
a  twenty-five  years'  study  of  the  wheat  market 
by  the  Russian  department  of  finance,  which 
had  led  to  the  belief  tha^/  the  price  of  wheat  was 
manipulated  by  speculators,  and  that  nearly  every 
year  the  farmer  was  the  victim  of  their  opera- 
tions. As  Russia  and  the  United  States  together 
produced  about  90  per  cent,  of  the  breadstuflfs 
entering  into  international  trade,  it  was  believed 
that  by  effecting  this  combination  the  two  coun- 


tries could  fix  the  price  of  wheat  in  all  the  mtr* 
kets  of  the  world.  Secretary  Olney  referred 
the  proposition  to  the  Hon.  J.  Sterling  Morton, 
then  Secretary  of  Agriculture.  The  reply  of  the 
United  States  to  the  first  overtures  made  by  Rus- 
sia was  so  conclusive,  even  to  brusqueness,  that 
it  left  no  opening  for  more  discussion  ;  hence, 
the  diplomatic  record  goes  no  farther.  The  plan 
favored  by  Russia  would  have  applied  to  the  two 
countries  first  entering  into  the  agreement,  and 
subsequently  to  all  of  the  other  wheat- exporting 
countries,  which  in  self-defense  would  soon  have 
been  forced  to  join  the  great  international  wheat 
trust. 

HOW    THE    WHEAT    WAS    TO    BE   CORNERED. 

However,  Mr.  Whelpley  has  obtained  from 
Russian  sources  what  he  considers  the  main  pro 
visions  of  the  scheme,  which  are  very  striking 
in  their  simplicity  and  boldness  :  The  two  gov 
ernments  were  to  enter  the  market  as  buyers  of 
wheat  at  the  stated  price  of  $1.00  per  bushel 
They  were  also  to  agree  to  sell  this  wheat  at  i 
price  which  would  cover  the  original  outlay,  in 
terest  on  the  money  invested,  and  the  cost  of 
doing  the  business.  From  the  Russian  point  of 
view,  this  would  have  been  included  in  a  charge 
of  $1.08  a  bushel  for  all  wheat  sold.  If  the 
supply  of  wheat  was  such  that  foreign  buyers 
could  not  pay  the  price,  the  two  governments 
were  to  absorb  the  surplus  grain  through  banks 
or  other  agencies,  and  store  it  against  a  time 
when  it  might  be  needed  to  supply  a  deficiencr 
in  the  crop. 

<*The  theory  underlying  the  scheme  was  that 
all  the  wheat  of  the  world  is  now  needed  for 
food.  With  a  guaranteed  market  at  $1.00  a 
bushel,  no  one  could  buy  it  anywhere  for  less, 
and  all  the  wheat  would  still  be  sold  to  the  con 
sumers  as  now,  except  that  the  price  could  never 
go  below  the  standing  offer  of  the  United  States 
and  Russian  governments.  It  is  not  believed  bj 
Russia  that  dollar-wheat  would  mean  any  de 
crease  in  consumption  anywhere,  as  the  differ 
ence  in  price  for  the  small  quantity  used  by  the 
individual  consumer  would  not  be  appreciable, 
and  wheat  has  many  times  before  reached  ano 
exceeded  the  dollar-point  without  decreasing  the 
amount  consumed.  It  is  not  believed,  therefore, 
that  under  this  plan  either  government  woul'i 
ever  need  to  become  an  actual  purchaser,  t»^ 
maintain  the  price  agreed  upon;  and  on  th*' 
theory  that  the  higher  the  price  of  wheat  U'*- 
better  it  is  for  the  wheat-producing  countries,  i" 
concern  would  be  felt  for  any  fluctuations  al»<vr 
the  dollar- mark. 

**As  Russia  and  the  United  States  product 
such  a  large  percentage  of  the  wheat  of  the  world, 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


227 


the  export  wheat  of  all  other  countries  would  also 
keep  the  same  level,  varying  only  according  to 
differences  in  cost  of  transportation  to  competi- 
tive markets.  With  the  export  price  at  least 
11.00,  domestic  prices  would  be  the  same,  and 
thus  the  action  of  Russia  and  the  United  States 
would  raise  the  price  of  all  the  wheat  in  every 
wheat-growing  country  on  the  face  of  the  earth. 
Mr.  Morton  has  admitted  that  such  a  course 
might  temporarily  increase  the  price  of  wheat, 
but  that  in  the  end  production  would  be  so  stimu- 
lated as  to  cause  a  vast  overproduction  and  conse- 
quent inability  of  the  wheat-producing  countries 
to  control  the  product.  The  Russians  answer  this 
by  saying  that  even  if  such  overproduction  were 
possible,  which  they  do  not  admit,  it  would  be 
some  time  before  it  would  be  felt,  and  that  if  the 
time  arrived  when  it  was  actually  imminent,  the 
government  price  could  be  lowered  so  as  to  dis- 
courage further  expansion  of  the  wheat  area. 
They  also  agree  with  those  economists  who  con- 
tend that  the  possible  wheat  area  of  the  world 
has  nearly  reached  its  final  limits,  and  that  at  the 
most  the  expansion  of  this  area  is  a  slow  process, 
producing  hardly  perceptible  effect  upon  the  sup- 
ply in  relation  to  the  demand,  owing  to  the  steady 
increase  in  population  and  the  consuming  power 
of  the  people  of  the  earth.  The  Russians  also 
instance  the  control  of  the  oil  supply  of  the  world 
by  a  private  trust  as  an  example  of  what  could 
be  done  with  wheat  by  two  great  countries  fur- 
nishing nearly  all  of  the  product  and  with  unlim- 
ited financial  and  other  resources. 

THE    EFFECT    ON    PRICES. 

<*  It  is  unlikely  that  the  United  States,  within 
the  life  of  the  present  generation  at  least,  will 
seriously  consider  such  a  plan.  It"  is  contrary  to 
the  recognized  principles  of  a  republic  which, 
theoretically  at  least,  does  not  interfere  with  the 
business  of  the  individual,  fights  shy  of  pater- 
nalism, and  as  a  government  of  j.he  people  by  all 
the  people,  denies  that  any  one  industry  can 
hope  for  such  'specialized  effort  on  its  behalf. 
The  possibilities  of  such  a  government  wheat 
trust  as  is  proposed  by  Russia  are  startling.  The 
wheat  crop  of  the  world  in  1898  was  2,879,- 
000, 000  bushels.  The  price  realized  by  the  farm- 
er is  about  fifty  cents  a  bushel  under  ordinary 
conditions.  Russia  proposes  to  add  nearly  $1,  • 
500,000,000  to  the  value  of  this  wheat  crop  of 
the  world.  To  the  United  States,  producing 
nearly  700,000,000  bushels,  this  would  mean  a 
gain  of  about  $.350,000,000  to  the  agricultural 
districts.  To  the  Russian  farmers,  producing 
about  400,000,000  bushels,  it  would  mean  a 
yearly  gain  of  $200,000,000,  which  would  be 
nearly  sdl  net  profit,  as  the  consumption  of  wheat 


by  the  farmer  bears  small  proportion  to  his  pro- 
duction. On  the  other  hand,  to  England,  im- 
porting 125,000,000  bushels  of  wheat,  it  would 
mean  an  increase  of  over  $60,000,000  a  year  in 
her  bread  bill.  The  farmers  of  the  United 
Kingdom  would  be  benefited  to  the  extent  of 
$30,000,000  by  the  increased  price  for  their 
wheat ;  but  the  Russian -American  wheat  trust 
would  deal  tlie  English  people  the  hardest  blow 
of  all."  

A  CENTURY  OF  IRISH  IMMIGRATION. 

IN  the  American  Catholic  Quarterly  Review  for 
July,  Mr.  H.  J.  Desmond  presents  interest- 
ing statistics  of  the  Irish  element  in  the  popula- 
tion of  the  United  States.     He  says  : 

**  During  the  present  century  4,500,000  peo- 
ple of  Irish  birth  emigrated  to  the  United  States, 
and  at  the  close  of  the  century  there  are  more 
than  5,000,000  Americans  of  Irish  parentage — 
a  number  greater  than  the  whole  white  popula- 
tion of  the  United  States  at  the  beginning  of  the 
century. 

»*The  close  of  the  century,  too,  finds  more 
people  of  Irish  parentage  in  the  United  States 
than  in  Ireland.  Ireland  has  sent  more  colonists 
to  North  America  during  the  nineteenth  century 
than  all  Europe  sent  in  300  years.  As  com- 
pared in  numbers,  all  the  previous  great  mi- 
grations of  history  dwindle  into  insignificance 
when  placed  side  by  side  with  the  Irish  migration. 
The  successive  migrations  which  overturned  the 
Roman  Empire  did  not  aggregate  within  1,000,- 
000  of  nineteenth -century  Irish  immigration. 

**From  1840  to  1860,  2,000,000  Irish  immi- 
grants settled  in  the  United  States;  from  1860  to 
1880,  1,000,000,  and  another  1,000,000  from 
1880  to  the  present  time.  The  tide  of  immigra- 
tion, which  was  accelerated  *  by  the  famine  of 
1847  to  1,000,000  a  decade,  has  averaged  a 
little  over  500,000  a  decade  since  1860. 

TERRITORIAL   DISTRIBUTION. 

*  *  Had  Irish  migration  been  directed  to  the 
virgin  forests  of  the  Northwest,  it  might  have 
founded  here  a  dozen  great  Irish- American 
States  of  the  Union.  Economic  conditions  and 
divers  other  causes  decreed  that  it  should  end 
its  journey  among  the  New  England  and  Middle 
States.  Here,  at  the  close  of  the  century,  reside 
three-fifths  of  the  Irish  immigrants  and  their 
descendants.  Something  over  a  fourth  of  this 
immigration  found  its  way  to  the  twelve  agri- 
cultural States  called  the  North  Central  States  : 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Illinois,  Wisconsin, 
Missouri,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  Kansas,  Nebraska, 
North  and  South  Dakota. 

*  *  This  circumstance  of  territorial  distiibution 


228 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REyiEU^S. 


has  decidedly  influenced  the  occupation  and 
social  condition  of  the  .Irish  immigrants.  The 
p)eople  of  the  North  Atlantic  States  are  more  of 
an  urban  than  an  agricultural  people,  but  one- 
fifth  of  their  number  living  on  farms.  On  the 
other  hand,  nearly  half  of  the  people  of  the 
twelve  North  Central  States,  the  West  of  other 
days,  are  farmers. 

'  *  But  as  the  Irish  immigrants  are  most  largely 
settled  in  the  non  agricultural  States,  it  happens 
that  they  are  to-day  less  of  an  agricultural  peo- 
ple than  any  other  considerable  element  of  our 
population,  but  15  per  cent,  of  their  whole  num- 
ber residing  on  the  farms  of  the  country. 

**In  the  twelve  North  Central  States  above 
mentioned,  nearly  a  third  of  the  Irish-born  peo- 
ple are  engaged  in  agriculture — a  percentage  not 
greatly  below  that  of  their  neighbors  of  other 
racial  extractions.  In  Iowa,  for  instance,  ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  1890,  there  were  over 
50,000  people  of  Irish  maternity  pursuing  gain- 
ful occupations,  25,000  of  whom  were  engaged 
in  agriculture.  In  the  Dakotas,  of  14,000  per- 
sons of  Irish  maternity  pursuing  gainful  occupa- 
tions, nearly  8, 000  were  farmers.  In  Wisconsin, 
of  50,000  persons  of  Irish  maternity  pursuing 
gainful  occupations,  22,000  were  engaged  in 
farming  ;  these  statistics  going  to  show  that  oc- 
cupation is  largely  determined  by  the  matter  of 
a  people's  territorial  distribution." 

AN    URBAN    RATHER    THAN    A    RURAL    POPULATION. 

From  his  study   of   the  census   figures,   Mr. 
Desmond   d  e  - 
rives    the   fol- 
lowing conclu- 
sions : 

<a.  Had  the 
Irish  immigra- 
tion been  set- 
tled  on  the 
farms  of  the 
country  rather 
than  in  the  cit- 
ies, its  numeri- 
cal strength 
in  the  several 
census  enumer- 
ations would 
l)e  greater. 

*ai.  It  has 
been  distanced 
numerically  by 
the  German 
clement  (1)  be- 
cause German 
immigration 
was  larger  ;  (2) 


because  the  conditions  for  natural  increase  are 
better  among  the  Germans — they  being  more 
largely  settled  on  the  farms. 

*  <  III.  Compared  with  the  native  population,  in 
the  Eastern  States  especially,  the  Irish  element  (in 
common  with  other  immigrant  elements)  is  in- 
creasing and  will  increase  relatively  much  more 
rapidly.  In  many  New  England  cities,  and  in 
three  of  the  New  England  States,  the  Irish  ele- 
ment will  ultimately  constitute  an  actual  majority 
of  the  population.  This  would  also  be  the  case 
with  New  York  and  Chicago,  except  for  the 
larger  German  element,  which  keeps  pace  with  or 
passes  the  Irish  element  in  natural  increase.*' 


THE  HULL-OTTAWA  FIRE. 

IN  the  Canadian  Magazine  for  July,  Mr.  Frank- 
lin Gadsby  gives  an  interesting  account  of 
the  great  fire  that  swept  over  large  portions  of 
the  cities  of  Hull  and  Ottawa  on  April  26  last. 

The  fire  originated  in  the  upsetting  of  a  lamp 
in  the  humble  dwelling  of  Antoine  Kirouac,  in 
Hull.  This  was  at  half-past  ten  o^clock  iu  the 
morning.  The  big  gale  blowing  from  the  north- 
east made  quick  work  of  the  inflammable  houses 
in  Hull,  and  by  twelve  o'clock  the  flames  had 
reached  the  river- bank  and  leaped  across  to  the 
Ottawa  side.  The  fire  then  retraced  its  steps  in 
Hull,  and  destroyed  a  group  of  factories.  All 
the  afternoon  and  evening  it  continued  to  make 
fearful  headway  in  both  cities.  The  results  are 
best  summarized  in  Mr.  Gadsby's  own  words  : 


Courtesy  of  the  Canadian  Magazine. 


OTTAWA— THB  BVKNED  OISTBICT. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


*  <  The  bare  facts  of  the  matter  are  that  the  fir^ 
blazed  a  crescent-shaped  path  five  miles  long  and 
a  mile  wide,  destroying  in  its  journey  the  public 
buildings  and  the  residential  part  of  Hull,  the 
industrial  ai*ea  of  the  Chaudiere,  an,d  the  sub- 
urbs of  the  Ottawa  laboring  classes  at  Mechan- 
icsburg,  Rochesterville.  and  Hintonburg.  Fully 
15,000  people  were  rendered  homeless,  and 
$15,000,000  worth  of  property  was  annihilated. 
The  relief  fund  for  the  homeless,  most  of  whom 
have  already  left  the  public  shelters,  now  ap- 
proximates tl, 000,000.  Insurance  to  the 
amount  of  $4,000,000  has  been  paid." 

THE    CALAMITY    0»    ITS    PICTURESQUE    SIDE. 

Mr.  Gads  by  made  several  patrols  of  the  two 
cities  while  the  fire  was  in  progress,  and  in  this 
article  he  records  his  impressions  : 

*»  The  most  vivid  picture  of  the  fire  that  lin- 
gers with  me  is  one  seen  at  half- past  seven  in 
the  evening  from  Parliament  Hill.  The  shades 
of  night  are  falling,  and  a  glorious  sunset  flames 
behind  the  purple  Laurentians.  But  Nature's 
splendor  is  eclipsed  by  the  red  hell  that  flares 
and  flickers  in  the  valley  of  the  Ottawa.  The 
erstwhile  flourishing  city  of  Hull  seems  to  be  ut- 
terly doomed.  The  fierce  gale  has  swept  the  fire 
w^tward  to  the  limits,  of  the  town.  Now  the 
fire  of  its  own  force  and  volition  shoulders  back 
against  the  wind  and  eats  up  massive  buildings 
like  so  much  paper.  I  note  one  roof  after  an- 
other twinkle,  glow,  and  burst  out  in  garish  efful- 
gence. The  millions  of  feet  of  lumber  all  along 
the  river- banks  are  alight.  The  lurid,  enfoul- 
dred  smoke  floats  in  dense  plumes  over  Parlia- 
ment Hill  and  the  towers  of  the  national  build- 
ings. Half  the  population  of  Ottawa  is  lined 
along  the  escarpment  of  the  cliff,  watching  the 
spectacle.  It  is  not  often  you  have  a  chance  to 
see  a  city  burning  at  your  feet.  Nero  is  notori- 
ous, but  Nero  had  not  a  vantage-point  like  Par- 
liament Hill.  There  are  young  girls  in  this 
throng  who  have  watched  all  afternoon,  and  will 
watch  far  int6  the  night ;  for  the  scene  is  terri- 
bly compelling  in  its  fascination.  Also  there  is 
a  spice  of  danger.  At  any  moment  the  fire  may 
leap  across  the  Ottawa  to  Lower  Town,  and  once 
thoee  tinder-dry  dwellings  feel  the  caress  of  the 
fire,  there  will  be,  as  somebody  at  my  side  says, 
bell  to  pay. 

**  So  much  for  Hull.  The  red  glow  in  the 
southwest  tells  us  that  the  cordon  of  fire  is*  clos- 
ing in  on  Ottawa.  The  firemen  have  been  work- 
ing like  heroes.  Only  a  bite  and  a  sup  since  1 1 
o'clock  in  the  morning.  They  have  fought  stub- 
bornly, yielding  inch  by  inch,  never  retreating 
until  the  flames  scorched  their  heads  or  burned 
their  hoee-Unes.    The  police  are  doing  their  duty 


manfully,  but  the  fire- line  is  hard  to  maintain 
against  ^  distracted  men  and  women  who  see 
their  little  all  going  up  in  sparks  and  cracklings. 
* '  Darkness  hovers  over  the  whole  city,  for  the 
electric- light  works  have  been  destroyed.  There 
is  nothing  to  divert  the  attention  from  the  men- 
acing grandeur  of  the  conflagration.  The  river 
flows  along  black  and  sullen,  save  where  it  is 
traversed  by  broad  red  shafts  of  light  from 
burning  deals  or  mill-flumes.  Only  one  building 
stands  unsinged  on  Chaudiere  Island — the  iron- 
sheeted  structure  of  the  Ottawa  carbide  works. 
It  looms  up  like  a  great  unwieldy  ghost.  Over 
in  Hull  to-day,  the  humble  but  devout  people,  as 
ihey  saw  the  fire  drawing  ever  nearer,  hung 
sacred  pictures  on  the  door- jambs  to  avert  the 
wrath  of  h  bon  Dieu,  or  else  they  fled  to  the 
cathedral  and  prayed  wildly  for  the  flames  to  abate. 
Alas  I  that  prayers  are  not  always  answered  ! 
An  hour  later  these  suppliants  were  fleeing  bare- 
footed to  the  river.     Oh,  the  pity  of  it !  " 


NEW  SOURCES  OF  LIGHT. 

UNDER  the  title  *'New  Sources  of  Light 
and  of  Rontgen  Rays,"  Dr.  Henry  Car- 
rington  Bolton  contributes  an  article  to  the  July 
number  of  the  Popular  Science  Monthly  which 
suggests  the  fulfillment  of  an  alchemist's  dream. 
There  are  many  animal  forms,  and  some  plants 
that  generate  light  not  associated  with  heat — as, 
for  example,  the  common  firefly.  This  form  of 
light-production  has  been  looked  upon  as  ideal 
from  the  standpoint  of  effectiveness  and  econ- 
omy ;  but  although  the  light  has  been  tested  by 
the  spectroscope,  and  although  we  know  it  results 
from  the  oxidation  of  substances  secreted  by  the 
firefly  itself,  no  one  has  ever  succeeded  in  imitat- 
ing the  process  and  applying  it  to  practical  pur- 
poses. Inanimate  sources  of  light,  such  as  cal- 
cium and  barium  sulphides,  are  known  ;  but  their 
activity  is  only  temporary  and  is  dependent  upon 
previous  excitation.  The  prop)erties  of  the  sub- 
stances described  by  Dr.  Bolton  are  innate,  and 
their  radiations,  apparently,  can  be  continued 
indefinitely. 

THE    BECQUEREL    RAYS. 

The  discoveries  began  with  the  uranium  com- 
pounds. Soon  after  the  discovery  of  the  Ront- 
gen rays,  Becquerel  found  that  uranium  salts 
emit  invisible  radiations,  capable  of  discharging 
electrified  bodies  and  of  producing  skiagraphic 
images  on  electric  plates.  These  rays  were  given 
off  by  the  non- fluorescent  salts  as  well  as  the 
brilliantly  fluorescent  ones,  by  crystalline  com- 
pounds, by  solutions  of  the  metal,  and  by  tne 
metal  itself.     They  are  called  Becquerel  rays. 


230 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEU^S. 


THREE   NEW    ELEMENTS. 

Later,  it  was  learned  that  calcium  ami  zinc 
sulphides  and  compounds  of  thorium  gave  similar 
radiations.  The  examination  of  pitchblende  or 
uranitite  showed  that  it  was  more  active  than 
uranium  itself,  and  this  led  to  tests  for  some  ele- 
ment contained  in  the  compounds  that  was  the 
true  source  of  the  emanations.  The  substance 
found  was  named  polonium.  It  is  analogous  to 
bismutli,  and  is  estimated  as  being  four  thousand 
times  as  strong  as  the  metal  uranium. 

This  discovery  resulted  from  the  joint  work  of 
Mme.  Curie  and  her  husband,  and  it  is  gratifying 
to  know  that  it  was  rewarded  by  the  Gegner  prize 
of  4,000  francs. 

Directly  afterward,  it  was  found  that  pitch- 
blende contained  a  second  substance  (radium), 
which  is  spontaneously  luminous,  and  a  third  in- 
vestigator under  the  direction  of  Mme.  Curie 
discovered  actinium. 

Polonium,  radium,  and  actinium  appear  to  be 
elements.  They  have  different  chemical  rela- 
tionships and  different*  properties  —  polonium 
sending  out  invisible  rays,  radium  having  visible 
rays  and  being  radioactive  and  belonging  to  the 
titanium  series.  Their  radiations  are  apparently 
kept  up  without  loss  of  energy  ;  a  specimen  kept 
in  a  double-leaden  box  for  three  years  was  still 
active. 

From  a  still  later  experiment  performed  by 
Bela  von  Lengyel,  of  Budapest,  it  appeal's  that 
radium  may  be  made  synthetically.  He  fused 
uranium  nitrate  with  a  small  amount  of  barium 
nitrate,  and  treated  the  mass  with  acids,  produc- 
ing a  compound  that  gave  out  actinic  rays  and 
X-rays,  excited  a  platino- cyanide  screen,  and 
caused  air  to  conduct  electricity. 

The  compounds  giving  such  unexpected  re- 
sults have  long  been  experimented  upon  in  the 
laboratories  without  these  properties  becoming 
evident  before  ;  and  this  suggests  the  proba- 
bility of  there  being  other  compounds  with  simi- 
lar properties  which  have  been  overlooked,  but 
may  become  apparent  if  experiments  are  carried 
on  in  the  dark,  and  with  attention  specially  di- 
rected to  these  activities. 

UTILIZATION    IN    THE    ARTS. 

Practical  application  of  the  discoveries  remains 
to  be  worked  out.  At  present,  preparation  of  the 
substances  is  diflBcult  and  expensive,  but  new  and 
readily  available  means  may  be  found. 

Marvelous  possibilities  are  suggested.  Munici- 
pal street- lighting  may  be  reduced  to  the  mere 
elevation  of  a  block  of  this  material  to  a  suitable 
position,  where  it  will  shine  for  years,  just  as  a 
piece  of  myrrh  will  radiate  perfume  indefinitely 
without  becoming  appreciably  lessened.     Or,  the 


future  manufacturer  of  bicycle- lamps  may  adver- 
tise the  superiority  of  a  piece  of  radiant  mineral 
over  the  present  clumsy  contrivance,  that  is  liable 
to  burn  out  at  the  most  inauspicious  moment ; 
and  the  radiation  of  so  many  X-rays  about  our 
cities  may  make  a  reality  of  the  transparencies 
which  the  caricaturist  has  shown  us. 


HOW  THE  VENOM  OF  SERPENTS  IS  COL- 
LECTED. 

THE  East  is,  of  a  truth,  strangely  jumbled 
with  the  West  to-day.  when  we  find  snake- 
charmers  in  India  regularly  employed  by  the 
Pasteur  Institute  in  Paris  to  furnish  a  supply  of 
snake -poison  for  inoculation  purposes.  It  is  this 
fact  which  lends  an  added  flavor  of  interest  to 
the  paper  in  the  July  Cornhill  on  *  *  Venomous 
Snakes  :  How  They  Are  Caught  and  Handled." 
It  appears  that  during  the  last  ten  years  an 
annual  average  of  21,000  deaths  have  occurred 
in  India  from  snake- bites.  The  British  Gov- 
ernment has  offered  for  many  years  a  reward  of 
fourpence  for  every  cobra  killed,  and  twopence 
for  each  viper  or  kerait.  The  undiminished 
number  of  venomous  reptiles  makes  one  hope  for 
a  better  remedy  from  the  methods  of  preventive 
medicine.     The  writer  says  : 

*  *  Much  interest  has  been  aroused  lately  among 
medical  men  in  India  and  other  countries  where 
venomous  snakes  abound  by  a  discovery  which 
Professor  Calmette,  of  the  Pasteur  Institute  at 
Lille,  claims  to  have  made,  of  an  antitoxic 
serum,  the  hypodermic  or  intravenous  injection 
of  which,  if  made  before  the  graver  symptoms 
have  advanced  very  far,  is  an  almost  certain 
antidote  to  snake -bite.  This  serum,  which  the 
professor  terms  'antivenene,'  is  taken  from  the 
blood  of  horses  rendered  immune  by  repeated 
minute  injections  of  snake  venom.  In  the  year 
1897,  Professor  Calmette  applied  to  the  govern- 
ment of  India  for  help  in  collecting  venom  for 
his  experiments.'* 

THE    SNAKE- CHARMER. 

The  writer  tells  how  large  quantities  were 
secured,  and  forwarded  by  Major  Dennys,  at 
Delhi.  For  a  pound  a  month  *<the  master 
snake-catcher  of  the  district,  a  low-bred  Moham- 
medan of  the  name  of  Kullan,**  undertook  to 
supply  one  hundred  living  venomous  snakes 
weekly,  and  to  extract  their  venom.  The  man 
disclaimed  all  pretense  of  magic.  He  pulled 
vipers  and  cobras  from  their  holes  by  means  of  a 
stick,  and  then  flung  them  into  his  bag. 

*  ^  He  used  no  reed  instruments  or  music  of 
any  kind  to  propitiate  the  reptiles.  He  would 
simply  squat  on  his  haunches  in  front  of  them, 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


281 


and  after  they  had  been  hissing  and  swaying 
their  uplifted  heads  backwards  and  forwards  for 
a  few  minutes,  he  raised  his  hands  above  their 
heads  and  slowly  made  them  descend  till  they 
rested  on  the  snakes*  heads.  He  then  stroked 
them  gently  on  the  back  of  their  necks,  speaking 
all  the  time  in  the  most  endearing  of  Hindoo- 
stani  terms.  The  serpents  appeared  spellbound. 
They  made  no  effort  to  resent  the  liberty,  but 
remained  quite  still  with  heads  uplifted,  and 
seemed  to  rather  enjoy  it.'* 

Then  he  let  them  twine  about  his  neck  and 
arms.  He  even  allowed  a  large  black  cobra  to 
crawl  into  his  mouth,  and  then  shut  his  teeth  on 
its  bead.  Its  violent  resentment  was  unavailing  ; 
the  bead  was  later  released  without  injury  to 
snake  or  man. 

AN    liJPURIATED    r.OBRA. 

*«  A  cobra  when  thoroughly  roused  to  anger  is 
by  DO  means  the  same  gentle  creature  as  those  I 
have  just  described,  which  allowed  the  man  to 
handle  them  with  impunity.  He  is  now  a  most 
formidable  beast  to  approach,  striking  out  des- 
perately at  every  moving  thing  within  and  even 
oat  of  his  reach  ;  but  even  in  this  condition 
Kullan  had  no  difficulty  in  seizing  the  largest  of 
cobras. 

'<  He  would  hold  up  and  shake  a  rag  in  his 
left  band.  On  this  the  infuriated  reptile  would 
rivet  its  gaze.  With  his  right  hand,  from  be- 
hind, the  man  would  then  suddenly  seize  it  round 
the  neck  about  three  inches  below  the  head,  and 
an  assistant  would  fasten  firmly  on  to  its  tail,  to 
prevent  it  winding  round  Kullan's  arm.  His 
right  hand  would  then  slide  forward  till  he  had 
fastened  his  fingers  round  the  neck,  just  behind 
the  jaw.  He  would  then  insert  the  rim  of  a 
watch-glass  between  the  jaws,  the  grip  on  the 
neck  would  be  slightly  relaxed,  and  the  serpent 
would  viciously  close  its  jaws  on  the  watch-glass, 
and  in  doing  so  squirt  the  whole  of  its  venom 
through  the  tiny  holes  of  its  fangs  into  the  con- 
cavity of  the  glass.  In  this  manner  snake  after 
snake  was  made  to  part  with  its  venom  into  a 
watch-glass.  Often  between  60  and  100  snakes 
were  so  dealt  with  in  the  course  of  a  morning. 

THE    DESICCATED    VENOM. 

«*The  watch-glasses  were  then  placed  on  small 
^ian  stands  in  a  plate  swimming  with  melted 
beeswax.  Large  glass  bell- jars  were  then  heated, 
so  as  to  drive  out  most  of  the  air  in  them,  and 
these  were  inverted  over  the  plate  on  to  the  wax. 
The  entire  plate  was  then  placed  on  a  shelf,  and 
the  venom  allowed  to  dry  in  vacuo  for  seven 
days.  At  the  end  of  that  time  the  dried  venom 
<M  flftky,  yellow  powder)  was  scraped  ofL  the  glass 


with  a  sterilized  knife,  the  powder  was  hermeti- 
cally sealed  up  in  small  glass  tul>es,  the  tubes  la 
beled  showing  the  species  of  snake  and  date  on 
which  the  venom  was  extracted,  and  the  whole 
supply  forwarded  weekly  to  Professor  Calmette. 
In  this  condition  the  desiccated  venom  maintains 
its  virulence  for  months." 


WOMEN'S  SPORTS :  A  SYMPOSIUM. 

OUR  enterprising  contemporary,  the  Revue 
des  Revues  of  Paris,  henceforth  to  be 
known  as  La  Revue  et  Revue  des  Revues^  pub- 
lished in  its  July  number  a  most  interesting 
symposium  upon  *<  Women  and  Modem  Sports." 
The  questions  submitted  to  a  great  number  of 
eminent  persons  were  these  : 

*  <  1.  Are  women  ceasing  to  be  women  through 
their  devotion  to  the  physical  exercises  known 
under  the  general  head  of  *  Sports '  ? 

■  **2.  Are  these  outdoor  recreations  a  healthy 
diversion,  or  are  they  to  be  considered  as  a  kind 
of  infatuation  prejudicial  to  her  future?" 

The  balance  of  opinion  in  the  replies  received 
was  undoubtedly  in  favor  of  women  enjoying 
themselves  in  outdoor  sports.  Although  few 
are  quite  so  enthusiastic  as  M.  Berenger.  who 
sees  in  the  movement  a  possible  reconciliation  of 
Minerva  and  Aphrodite,  most  of  the  women  and- 
many  of  the  men  are  strongly  opposed  to  exclud- 
ing women  from.the  healthful  recreation  supplied 
by  outdoor  sports. 

M.  zola's  views. 

The  most  elaborate  reply  is  that  of  M.  Emile 
Zola  : 

^  ^  I  am  a  partisan  of  all  physical  exercises 
which  can  assist  in  the  development  of  woman, 
always  providing  that  she  does  not  abuse  it.  I 
am  not  speaking  simply  of  physical  beauty,  but 
chiefly  of  moral  development — the  manifesta- 
tions of  individuality  which  the  practice  of  sports 
brings  more  rapidly  to  young  girls. 

'  *  The  bicycle,  which  one  can  take  as  a  type 
par  excellence  of  modern  sport,  seems  to  me  to  be 
capable  of  contributing  in  a  large  measure  to  this 
individual  development. 

*  *  As  for  the  comradeship  which  sport  quickly 
establishes  between  young  men  and  young  women, 
I  think  that  it  cannot  but  aid  to  better  knowledge 
in  view  of  marriage.  I  have  always  contended 
for  mixed  education,  which  as  you  know  has  had 
such  splendid  results  in  England  and  America. 
The  bringing  together  of  both  sexes  in  youth 
gives  excellent  results. 

**  As  regards  the  costume  of  sportswomen,  I 
do  not  find  it  so  disgraceful  as  some  pretend.  It 
is  comfortable  practical ;  and  a  well*built  woman 


232 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  REk'lElVS. 


would  always  know  how  to  show  off  her  figure, 
even  if  the  costume  in  which  she  was  dressed 
resembled  somewhat  that  of  a  man.  At  bottom 
it  is  a  question  of  fashion,  which  a  clever  cos- 
tumier can  change  from  day  to  day.  I  must 
confess  that  English  women  have  reconciled  me 
to  the  skirt.  The  provision  centers  of  London 
are  sufficiently  far  removed  from  the  smiling  cot- 
tages of  the  outskirts  to  cause  young  ladies  to 
go  awheel  for  provisions  in  the  morning  ;  and, 
however  uninteresting  they  may  be  on  foot,  I 
always  watched  them  pedaling  to  market  with 
the  greatest  pleasure.  Turn  over  the  leaves  in 
some  drawing-room  of  an  old  album  containing 
the  portraits  of  the  ancestors  of  the  family,  or 
better  still,  before  the  time  when  photography 
was  discovered,  pass  round  the  fashion  plates  of 
the  time  of  the  restoriation,  or  of  Louis  Philippe, 
and  you  will  hear  the  young  ladies  of  to-day  ask 
how  people  dared  go  out  dressed  in  that  way. 

*  *  You  fear  that  the  introduction  of  sports 
among  women  will  make  them  so  virile  that 
their  companions  will  not  show  them  that  re- 
spectful deference,  that  particular  courtesy  tow- 
ard all  women,  which  is  called  gallantry.  Re- 
assure yourself.  While  retaining  the  observation 
of  that  politeness  which  is  due  her,  I  do  not 
think  that  one  should  see  in  woman  an  idol  whom 
one  should  only  address  with  timid  respect. 
That  familiarity  which  shocks  you  among  sports- 
men is  a  manifestation  of  audacity,  and  audacity 
pleases  women  better  than  timidity.'* 

THE    QUGEN    OP    BOUMANIA. 

**  Carmen  Sylva,"  the  Queen  of  Roumania, 
says  : 

*  *  I  would  allow  all  modern  sports  to  woman, 
if  she  remains  gracious  and  sympathetic,  like 
Sakountala  ;  if  she  succors  the  unhappy,  like 
St.  Genevieve  ;  if  she  composes  music,  like  St. 
Cecilia  ;  if  she  spins,  like  Queen  Bertha  ;  if  she 
weaves,  like  Penelope  ;  if  she  embroiders,  like 
the  ancient  Roumanian  princesses  ;  if  she  paints 
books  of  hours,  like  Ann  of  Brittany  ;  if  she 
cares  for  the  wounded,  like  Florence  Nightin- 
gale ;  if  she  makes  verses,  like  Margaret  of  Na- 
varre, and  like  the  Empress  Elizabetli  of  Austria. 

**As  for  courage  in  women,  1  do  not  think 
there  is  need  to  recall  Joan  of  Arc,  or  the  daugh- 
ter of  the  Dacian  king,  who  used  her  arm  in 
place  of  a  bolt  across  the  door  which  barred  the 
last  retreat  of  hor  Father  Decebal,  or  the  mar- 
tyrs, or  the  mothers.  The  courage  of  woman  is 
proved  ;  she  has  no  need  of  sport  to  convince  the 
world  of  it. 

**  If  sport  gives  rise  to  any  disquietude  withm 
me,  it  is  because  1  fear  to  see  the  chivalrous  man 
slain  bv  the  modem  Amazon." 


THE    DU0HE88E    D*UZ68. 

**  Certainly  I  approve.  All  sports  are  hy- 
gienic up  to  the  moment  when  they  cause  too 
much  fatigue. 

* '  I  think  that  this  style  is  not  the  result  of  & 
simple  fashion  or  chic,  but  is  the  necessary  en- 
vironment of  new  manners.  Everything  changes. 
The  time  has  passed  for  the  womanlets  of  the 
lounge -chair,  who  are  not  women,  but  mere 
articles  of  furniture. 

**  I  am  a  feminist,  but  I  trust  in  a  good  way. 
Because  woman  is  the  guardian  of  the  cradle, 
the  more  you  elevate  women  the  more  you  ele- 
vate the  family.  That  is  why  I  am  not  afraid 
when  the  mother,  the  wife,  the  sister,  the  daugh- 
ter follows  more  or  less  her  sons,  husband, 
brother,  or  father  in  sport. 

*  *  Could  the  woman  who  knbws  how  to  con- 
front every  danger  bear  a  son  who  knows  fear?" 

BARONESS    BERTHA    VON    SUTTNER. 

*  *  Everywhere  there  is  evolution,  everywhere 
change.  Take  care,  my  contemporaries,  my 
brothers,  to  change  your  ideal  also. 

**  Do  not  think  that  the  type  of  woman  whom 
you  prefer,  either  by  conviction  or  by  habit, 
represents  *  woman,'  and  that  every  woman  who 
wishes  to  introduce  a  new  trait  into  her  hfe 
ought  so  to  modify  it  that  she  may  always  re- 
main the  *  lady  of  your  dreams.' 

**  Modify  your  dreams,  rather,  gentlemen  I 

' '  Sport  is  health  ;  therefore,  it  is  an  element 
of  happiness  for  the  individual  and  for  the  race. 

**  Thus  riding,  swimming,  cycling,  gymnastics, 
all  these  should  form  part  of  a  young  girl's 
education.  I  should  like  to  see  hunting  ex- 
cluded from  sports  ;  for  while  I  admit  that  it 
strengthens  the  muscles,  I  fear  that  it  hardens 
the  heart." 

DR.   MAX    NORDAU. 

< '  Whatever  she  does,  I  believe  that  psychically 
a  woman  remains  a  woman.  In  sports,  even  of 
the  roost  masculine  character,  she  has  other  am- 
bitions and  other  aspirations  than  man.  The 
question  of  dress  preoccupies  her.  She  tries  to 
please  by  her  prowess. 

*  *  It  is  another  form  of  coquetry  ;  it  is  always 
coquetry.  I  have  often  thought  that  Diana,  \i 
she  had  worn  a  pretty  hunting  costume,  would 
have  been  happy  to  have  excited  the  admiratioD 
of  ActaBon.  She  had  him  slain  simply  because 
he  had  the  indelicacy  to  look  at  her  before  the 
seamstress  had  done  her  work. 

*  *  The  adventures  of  Penthesilea  prove,  it 
seems  to  me,  how  much  even  the  belli^^erent 
Amazon  remains  a  woman." 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


283 


EN6USH  TOWN  AND  COUNTRY  IDEALS. 

ONE  of  the  most  interesting  articles  in  the 
Ninet€€7ith  Century  for  July  is  that  of  Mrs. 
S.  A.  Barnett,  entitled  »*Town  Children  in  the 
Country."  It  is  an  account  of  an  attempt  made 
to  get  from  English  city  bred  children  their  im- 
pressions of  country  life.  Various  questions  were 
put  to  the  children,  and  many  of  the  answers 
are  well  worth  quoting. 

In  reply  to  a  question  as  to  the  names  of  the 
young  of  various  animals,  the  following  answers 
were  given  : 

**  A  baby  horse  is  a  ponny." 

**  A  baby  fox  is  an  ox — a  thorn.'* 

**  A  baby  deer  is  a  reindeer — a  oxen." 

**  A  baby  frog  is  a  tertpol — a  fresher — a  toad.  ' 

**  A  baby  sheep  is  a  bar  lamb." 

<<  A  baby  rabbit  is  a  mammal." 

ASTRONOMY    PROM    THE    SLUMS. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  replies  of  chil- 
dren to  the  question,  ♦*  What  causes  the  moon  to 
shine  ?  " 

•*  Electricity  causes  the  moon  to  shine." 

*-The  moon  revolving  round  the  sun,  which 
gives  light  by  unknown  planets." 

»*  It  is  the  darkness  which  shows  it  up." 

» *  The  moon  is  the  shadow  of  the  earth  on  the 
clouds." 

«*  The  eclipse  of  the  sun." 

•*  The  clouds." 

RABBITS    AND    BOARHOUXDS. 

In  reply  to  the  question  '*  Why  does  a  rabbit 
wabble  its  head  ? "  some  strange  answers  were 
given  : 

**To  make  holes  in  the  ground,"  wrote  one 
child. 

**  To  account  for  the  formation  of  its  head," 
was  the  philosophy  of  another. 

**  It  does  it  when  it  does  what  a  cow  does  di- 
gests it  food,"  is  a  profound  but  an  unsatisfactory 
explanation. 

«•  It's  washing  its  face,"  shows  more  credulity 
than  observation  ;  while  another  discarded  rea- 
son§  and  declared,  in  large,  round  text-hand,  re- 
gardless of  grammar  :  *  *  I  have  seen  a  number 
of  rabbits  wabblings  its  nose  !  " 

Seven  only  answered  the  question  rightly ; 
but  one  child,  although  no  information  was  put 
concerning  dogs,  volunteered  the  information 
that  **  French  puddles  are  kept  for  fancy,  Irish 
terriers  as  ratters,  but  the  boarhounds  are  kept 
for  banting  the  Boers.'' 

THE    JOYS   OP    THE    COUNTRY. 

In  reply  to  the  question  what  they  most  en- 
joyed in  the  country,  the  children  replied  : 


<*  The  country  boys  taught  me  to  swim." 

»*  The  head  lady  who  was  Mrs.  MacHosee  what 
paid  for  me  at  the  sports." 

**The  drive  a  gentleman  gave  us  in  his  car- 
riage." 

*^ The  food  I  had." 

* '  A  game  called  *  Sister,  come  to  Quakers' 
meeting.'  " 

*  <  A  laddie  where  I  stayed.  She  was  a  kind 
and  gentle  laddie." 

**  The  party  which  Mrs.  Cartwright  gave  us." 

<<  Paddling  at  a  place  called  flood-gates." 

**  Watching  a  woman  milking  a  cow.  She 
held  the  can  between  her  knees  and  pulled  the 
milk  out  of  the  cow. "  <  <  I  should  like, "  adds  this 
observer,  **  to  be  a  farmer." 

'<  I  also  liked  the  way  in  witch  I  was  treated, 
and  also  liked  the  respectability  of  Mrs.  By  field, 
my  charge,"  writes  one  young  prig  ;  but  many, 
both  boys  and  girls,  wrote  the  same  sentiment  in 
simpler  language — a  delightful  tribute  to  our 
working- class  homes. 


GLIMPSES  OF  OUT  OF  THE  WAT  TRAVEL 

THE  English  magazines  for  July  contain  sev- 
eral entertaining  travel  articles,  well  suited 
for  hot- weather  reading.  Such  papers  meet  the 
vacation  needs  of  many  readers,  because  they 
serve  to  direct  the  idler's  thoughts  farther  and 
farther  away  from  the  dull  routine  of  his  ordi- 
nary occupations. 

Amonar  the  Junarle-Folk. 
About  as  far  away  as  could  well  be  from  our 
crowded  civilization  are  the  jungle-folk  whom 
Mr.  Edward  A.  Irving,  writing  from  Perak, 
introduces  to  the  readers  of  Blackwood  as  **  primi- 
tive socialists. "  They  call  themselves  the  Upland 
people,  and  inhabit  the  highlands  of  the  Malay 
Peninsula.  Mr.  Irving  got  to  know  them 
through  an  Italian  whom  the  British  Government 
employs  to  keep  a  bridle-path  clear  of  obstruc 
tion,  and  who  in  his  turn  employs  the  Upland 
people  to  do  the  work.  They  are  of  small  stat- 
ure, very  few  of  the  men  over  five  feet ;  far 
from  muscular  ;  of  brown  skin  and  curly  black 
hair  ;  and  not  ill -looking.  They  live  in  one- 
roomed  huts  about  15  feet  by  12,  with  walls 
about  two  feet  high.  Their  livelihood  was  won 
by  snaring  and  killing  game,  including  rats  ;  but 
the  Italian  oflBcial  has  brought  them  some  of  the 
rudiments  of  civilization.  **  He  has  given  them 
clothes,  he  has  made  them  plant  corn."  The 
harvest  supplies  them  with  a  mighty  orgy  of 
feasting.  Every  month  he  replenishes  their 
stock  of  farinaceous  food,  tobacco,  and  betel  nut. 
He  sees  in  them  the  archetype  of  what  Italy 
.ought  to  be — no  political  superiority  ;   no  use  of 


234 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REk'lEWS. 


service,  of  riches,  or  of  poverty  ;  no  soldiery,  no 
police,  no  pope.  Mr.  Irving  is  first  impressed 
with  their  inoffensiveness  : 

**  Pugnacity  seems  to  be  an  idea  foreign  to 
them.  They  possess  a  deadly  weapon,  the  blow- 
pipe ;  but  I  never  heard  of  its  being  turned 
against  a  fellow- man.  It  may  be  that  the  sever- 
ity of  their  life  has  been  sufficient  to  keep  down 
their  numbers ;  the  jungle  being  wide  enough 
for  all,  competition  has  never  enforced  the  lesson 
that  the  fighter  alone  is  fit  to  survive.  The  same 
gentleness  governs  their  household  relationships. 
...  But  that  which  most  strikes  an  Englishman 
on  coming  into  contact  with  these  little  crea- 
tures, and  which  draws  him  at  once  towards 
them,  is  the  remarkable  openness  and  candor  of 
their  expression.  They  look  at  a  stranger  neither 
defiantly  nor  in  any  way  cringing,  but  carefully 
and  steadily,  as  if  ready  for  unforeseen  action  on 
his  part ;  but  when  they  are  reassured,  with  an 
expression  that  is  dignified  in  its  simplicity." 

On  the  Trail  of  the  Moose. 

Another  writer  in  Blackwood  describes  his  ad- 
ventures *  *  *mid  the  haunts  of  the  Moose  *'  on  the 
line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway.  This  is 
his  opening  picture  : 

*<  No  camera  can  ever  produce  the  still  beauty 
of  that  morning  scene  when  we  left  the  train  at 
5  A.M.  and  made  ready  to  leave  the  little  out- 
posts of  civilization.  The  cool  autumn  air,  fra- 
grant with  a  hundred  scents  from  the  surround- 
ing woods,  was  still  hazy  with  the  smoke  of 
forest  fires  that  had  been  smoldering  all  the  sum- 
mer. Through  this  gauzelike  veil  the  maples 
and  birches,  already  turned  to  gold  and  crimson 
beneath  the  touch  of  early  frosts,  shone  with  a 
strange  luminous  beauty  that  for  miles  in  every 
direction  lit  up  the  ocean  of  trees  with  flaming 
patches  of  glory.  And  all  was  still  and  silent. 
There  was  no  wind  astir,  and  the  air  only  trem- 
bled very  faintly  to  the  musical  roar  of  the  wa- 
terfalls and  tumbling  rapids  of  the  Ottawa  be- 
low. "  The  party  pushed  on  to  Lake  Cogawanna, 
the  favorite  resort  of  the  moose,  on  the  northern 
shore  of  which  they  pitched  their  camp  : 

**  When  the  sun  finally  disappeared,  the  shad- 
ows of  the  night  fell  over  a  camp  as  cozy  as  any 
hunter  could  desire,  and  perhaps  a  little  more 
comfortable,  because  one  of  the  party  happened 
to  be  a  young  lady.  The  stillness  was  almost 
unearthly  when  the  moon  rose  over  the  lake,  sil- 
vering untold  distances,  and  throwing  impene- 
trable shadows  under  the  trees." 

The  writer  sighted  and  shot  his  game,  a  huge 
beast,  with  horns  measuring  52  inches  across  and 
numbering  28  points.  The  horns  and  pelt  were 
about  all  that  two  men  could  manage. 


Amid  the  Vines  of  Bursrundy. 

Blackwood  is  strong  on  travels.  Mrs.  P.  G. 
Hamerton  sketches  village  life  in  the  Val  d'Or, 
amid  the  vine- growers  and  vine- dressers  of  Bur- 
gundy. It  is  a  laud  not  of  grapes  alone,  but  of 
peaches,  apricots,  and  all  manner  of  fruit.  The 
people,  she  says,  generally  live  in  their  own  in 
herited  houses.  Even  the  vine-dressers  are  in- 
dependent. 

*  *  Girls  of  the  working  class  enjoy  a  great  deal 
of  liberty.  They  are  constantly  out-of-doors, 
know  everybody,  and  laugh  and  joke  with  every 
passer-by.  They  often  dance  all  night,  for  it  is 
a  custom  of  the  place  to  grant  free  entrance  to 
all  the  balls  which  take  place  at  the  hotel — even 
to  private  ones,  such  as  those  given  at  a  wed- 
ding-feast." 

The  population  is  poor,  but  impressed  the 
writer  with  its  general  expi'ession  of  satisfaction, 
which  she  regards  as  a  survival  of  the  old  pros- 
perous days,  before  the  deadly  phylloxera  ap- 
peared. 

**They  are  cheerful,  light-hearted,  sociable, 
and  obliging,  though  they  lack  the  pleasant  po- 
liteness of  the  peasantry.  They  are  proud  and 
democratic,  and  assume  toward  every  one  a  tone 
of  familiarity  which  it  is  not  always  easy  to  re- 
press without  appearing  harsh  or  self-asserting. 
A  little  incident  which  I  witnessed  may  be  given 
as  an  illustration.  A  lady  of  rank,  who  was 
driving  in  her  carriage  on  the  main  road,  stopped 
her  coachman,  and  addressing  a  vigneron  at  work 
close  by,  said,  *  Mon  brave  homme '  (My  good 
man),  '  what  is  the  name  of  the  village  on  the 
top  of  this  hill  ?  *  *  Ma  brave  femmcy  c'est  Alluze, 
pour  vous  strvirj'  he  rejoined  with  a  chuckle." 

*<  No  occasion  for  conviviality  is  neglected  ;  " 
but  the  writer  regrets  the  excessive  consumption 
of  wine,  which,  though  rarely  producing  outward 
signs  of  drunkenness,  impairs  the  physique  of 
the  people. 

In  a  Moorish  Garden. 

**  Moorish  Memories"  is  a  vivid  sketch  in 
Cornhill  of  the  experience  of  a  concession  hun- 
ter.    He  declares  : 

* '  Morocco  is  the  true  land  of  rest,  the  country 
of  to-morrow,  whence  are  banished,  by  Sheree- 
fian  decree  and  national  inclination,  all  the  dis- 
comforts attending  ambition,  progress,  and  punc- 
tuality. Here,  disgusted  with  the  haste  of  a 
hurrying  world,  sick  of  the  obligations  and  exac- 
tions of  a  pretentious  civilization  more  tyrannous 
than  the  slavery  of  the  East,  the  pilgrim  on  life's 
toilsome  journey  may  rest  as  a  storm -tossed  ves- 
sel in  a  mangrove  swamp — rest  and  'rust  and 
be  thankful  for  the  chance.  ...  In  his  Moor- 
*i8h  garden,  hammocked  between  two  overladen 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


285 


orange  trees,  inhaling  the  fragrance  of  lime  and 
lilac,  shaded  from  the  fiery  enemy  overhead  by 
the  cool  verdure  of  mulberry,  fig,  and  pome- 
granate, the  wanderer  may  here  realize  the  true 
art  of  living,  with  no  regret  for  the  past,  no 
unrest  about  the  future.  .  .  .  What  on  earth  do 
all  these  episodes  of  the  civilized  life  signify  to 
one  breathing  the  atmosphere  of  Bible  days,  bat- 
tling with  mosquitoes  and  sun  rays,  lost  in  a 
white  crowd  of  worshipers  of  a  creed  that  scorns 
innovation  as  it  scorns  women  ?  Having,  with  a 
wet  towel  in  lieu  of  white  flag,  patched  up  a 
truce  with  the  sand- flies  and  mosquitoes,  he 
muses  peacefully  on  the  beauties  of  the  Moorish 
life,  and  the  music  of  water  plashing  from  a 
marble  basin  on  the  cool,  mosaic  pavement  below 
is  soothing  to  him  in  this  mood." 

The  exquisite  beauty  of  a  moonlit  evening,  the 
writer  olwerves,  is  felt  only  vaguely  by  the 
Syrian,  not  at  all  by  the  Moor  ;  * '  it  is  the  imper- 
turable  Englishman,  the  shopkeeper,  the  unro- 
mantic  slave  of  Shaitan  and  fluss,^^  who  is 
impressed  by  it. 

By  Norwearfan  Fjords. 

H.  Schutz- Wilson,  in  Gentleman  s^  gives  a 
pleasing  account  of  a  tour  along  the  Norwegian 
coast.      Here  is  one  picture  : 

**The  body  supine  but  the  mind  active,  we 
saunter  down  the  great  Hardanger  Fjord.  It  is, 
perhaps,  a  quarter  to  half  a  mile  in  breadth. 
On  the  left,  islands,  and  beyond  them  the  sea ; 
on  the  right,  hills,  which  grow  grander  and 
wilder  as  we  swim  along.  In  a  day  long,  long 
past,  all  these  romantic  fjords  were  filled  with 
ice.  On  our  day  the  sun  shone  softly  on  the 
Hardanger,  and  the  placid  sky  was  studded  with 
cirro-stratus  and  with  cumulus  clouds.  These 
fjords  are  often  very  deep.  We  hear  of  600  to 
MOO  fathoms,  and  the  ship  cannot  sometimes 
anchor.  Nowhere  is  water  purer,  clearer,  or 
more  lovely  in  tender  color.  The  reflections  of 
the  shore  are  most  vivid  in  the  mirror  of  the 
calm  fjord  ;  and  the  green  of  grass,  the  dark 
gray  of  rocks,  are  reflected  in  colors  which  sur- 
pass in  quality  the  hues  of  the  actual  objects. 
From  the  Hardanger  we  pass  into  the  S6r  Fjord. 
The  trees  chiefly  seen  are  pines,  alders,  birches  ; 
and,  now  and  then,  there  is  a  patch  of  coast 
which  looks  as  desolate  as  a  bit  of  Greenland 
shore.      At  last  our  ship  stops  at  Odde." 

With  the  Klrsrhiz  Tartars. 

A  single  instance  of  the  way  in  which  West- 
em  culture  is  flowing  through  Russian  universi- 
ties to  the  innermost  recesses  of  Asia  is  furnished 
by  Dr.  H.  Turner's  paper  in  the  July  Humanita- 
rian,    The  son  of  a  Kirghiz  Sultan,  studying  at 


Moscow  University,  invited  the  writer  to  go 
home  with  him.  By  rail,  by  steamer,  and  by 
hoi*se,  they  traveled  into  the  land  of  the  Kir- 
ghizes, and  the  English  guest  was  entertained  in 
their  tent,  or  tourta.     He  says  : 

**  Viewed  ffom  the  outside,  a  tourta^  except 
when  it  is  quite  new,  looks  rather  like  a  large 
marquee- tent  that  is  very  dirty.  It  is,  however, 
constructed  differently.  A  circular  trelis-work 
of  wood  in  three  or  four  parts  forms  the  frame 
of  the  tourta.  From  this  trelis,  which  is  about 
four  and  a  half  feet  high,  branch  out  the  sup- 
ports for  the  roof.  These  supports  are  fastened 
to  a  wooden  hoop,  which  is  kept  in  position  by 
two  cross-pieces,  which  meet  at  right  angles  in 
the  center  of  the  circle.  This  frame  is  covered 
with  large  pieces  of  thick  felt,  which  overlap 
each  other,  and  reach  down  to  the  ground.  The 
felt,  which  covers  the  wooden  hoop  in  the  center, 
is  not  fastened  like  the  rest,  but  is  drawn  back- 
wards and  forwards,  as  occasion  requires,  by 
ropes  which  hang  down  the  sides  of  the  tourta. 
This  hole  admits  light  and  lets  out  smoke  when 
there  is  a  fire.  There  is  a  door  which  is  left 
open  during  the  day,  its  place  being  supplied  by 
a  piece  of  felt  or  mat.  At  night  the  door  is  fas- 
tened by  ropes  on  the  inside,  and  when  all  the 
inhabitants  are  out  during  the  day,  it  is  fastened 
with  a  padlock.  The  only  furniture  usually  is  a 
bedstead,  which  stands  opposite  the  door.  It  is 
generally  of  wood,  and  is  overlaid  with  bone, 
more  or  less  elaborately  carved." 

A  Nest  of  Rose  and  Palm  In  Slsrht  of  Alps. 

**  Bordighera,  Past  and  Present,"  is  the  theme 
of  a  pleasing  paper  in  the  Westminster  Review, 
by  W.  Miller,  who  describes  himself  as  one  of 
the  most  devoted  lovers  of  the  place."  Lying 
on  the  Riviera,  just  three  miles  beyond  the 
French  frontier,  it  has  one  of  the  worse  railroad 
services  to  be  found  in  Italy.  It  is  consequently 
isolated,  unspoiled,  and  unspotted  from  the  world. 
'  *  It  is  the  most  celebrated  place  in  Europe  for 
its  palms."  It  supplies  Rome  with  the  palms  re- 
quired  for  Church  festivals.  It  has  a  great  trade 
in  roses  and  carnations.  George  Macdonald  is 
the  uncrowned  king  of  the  British  colony,  of 
which  Mr.  Clarence  Bickhell  and  Lord  Strath- 
more  are  distinguished  members.  Mr.  Miller 
says  : 

**The  peculiar  charm  of  Bordighera  is  the 
great  number  and  variety  of  its  walks  and  drives. 
Each  of  the  valleys  near  it  abounds  in  picturesque 
sites,  where  villages  rise  on  the  side  of  olive- clad 
hills,  and  streams  meander  over  beds  of  stone 
between  vineyards  and  olive  yards.  These  vil- 
lages have  each  some  special  feature.  .  .  .  But 
one  need  not  stir  from  Bordighera  itself  to  find 


236 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


picturesque  houses  and  charming  views.  While 
the  new  town  that  has  grown  up  down  in  the 
plain  near  the  sea  is  not  strikingly  interesting, 
the  old  town  on  the  cape  is  a  model  of  a  medieval 
city  on  a  small  scale,  with  its  higii  walls,  its 
steep  and  narrow  streets,  its  tall  houses,  and  its 
quaint  gateways,  one  of  them  still  bearing  the 
cross  of  St.  George,  emblem  of  the  Genoese 
Republic.  .  .  .  From  the  old  town  the  prospect 
is  splendid.  ...  On  a  clear  day,  after  snow  has 
fallen  on  tiie  high  peaks  of  the  Maritime  Alps, 
one  has  the  additional  charm  of  a  glimpse  of 
Alpine  scenery  under  a  southern  sky. " 

With  the  Heroes  of  the  Lifeboat. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Fletcher,  in  the  Windsor^  sketches 
what  he  calls  *<  A  Danish  Newlyn,"  tiie  fishing 
township  Skagen,  the  northern  tip  of  Denmark. 
Although  it  is  now  accessible  by  rail,  Mr.  Fletcher 
does  not  anticipate  it  will  lose  its  unconventional 
character.  *  *  The  Skagen  folk  rather  pride  them- 
selves" on  being  said  to  be  "beyond  the  con- 
fines of  civilization."  He  tells  how  the  shifting 
sand-dunes  have  been  secured  by  a  grass  called 
**marchalm,"  which  holds  the  grains  together, 
and  in  a  few  years  forms  a  soil  on  which  firs  can 
grow.  So  "thousands  of  acres  of  barren  sand 
have  been  converted  into  forest."     He  says  : 

*  *  For  the  artist  and  man  of  letters  this  quaint 
seaboard  parish  is  never  likely  to  lose  its  charm. 
Not  only  has  Nature  here  as  a  colorist  done  some 
of  her  best  work,  producing  atmospheric  effects 


**TWO  riSHEUMEN,*'     BY  MICHAEL  ANCIIEK. 

of  rare  richness  and  variety,  but  she  has  peo- 
pled the  place  with  as  sturdy  a  race  of  men 
as  ever  braved  the  hurricane  or  gave  inspiration 
to  bards  of  heroic  song.  ...  As  some  300 
vessels  pass  the  lightship  off  Skagen  Point  every 
day,  and  as  near  that  lightship  there  is  a  very 


dangerous  reef,  the  services  of  the  Skagen  life- 
l)oatmen  are  more  often  needed  here  thAn  else- 
where on  the  Danish  coast. 

"Like  our  own  delightful  fishing  village  of 
New lyn,  on  tiie  Cornish  coast,  .  .  .  Skagen  and 
its  wild  surroundings  have  given  inspiration  to  & 


PETEK  8BVERIN  KROYER.— PORTRAIT  OF  HIM8KLF. 

school  of  painters.  Three  of  Denmark's  most 
famous  artists,  Peter  Severin  Kroyer,  Michael 
Peter  Anchor,  and  his  wife,  have  made  Skagen 
their  home  ;  and  other  artists,  not  only  from 
Denmark,  but  from  Norway  and  Sweden,  have 
ciiosen  it  from  time  to  time  as  their  headquarters. 
Kroyer  is  the  most  famous  of  this  group.  .  .  . 
Kroyer  is  now  generally  regarded  as  the  head  of 
the  new  school  of  Danish  painters  ;  that  is  to 
say,  tiie  school  which  has  broken  with  the  Eck- 
(Msberg  tradition  whicli  dominated  Danish  art." 

Of  Kroyer  and  Anchor,  Mr.  Fletcher  says : 
*  *  Both  are  strong  and  inspiring  personalities,  pos- 
sessing the  modesty  of  genius  and  the  kindly  char- 
acteristics wliich  make  tiiem  honored  and  beloved 
by  the  humble  fisherfolk  among  whom  they  live." 

Mr.  Fletcher,  whose  paper  is  adorned  by  re- 
productions of  the  works  of  Kroyer  and  Ancher, 
closes  with  this  fine  remark  : 

"  The  more  I  study  the  works  of  Kroyer  and 
Ancher, — the  more  I  gaze  upon  the  sturdy  forms 
and  look  into  the  calm,  beautiful,  heroic  faces 
tliey  have  grouped  and  painted, — the  less  I  won- 
der why  Christ  should  have  chosen  fishermen  for 
His  companions." 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


237 


THE  SPANISH  CAPITAL. 

UNDER  the  title  '^  Migrations  of  the  Court/ 
the  reasons  that  induced  Philip  II.  to  se 
lect  Madrid  for  the  capital  city  of  Spain  are  con 
sidered  in  a  short  historical  paper  by  the  Sr. 
Carlos    Cambronero,  in    Revista    Contempordnea. 
Madrid,    March   30.     The   opinion   usually   ac 
cepted  has  been  that  the  choice  of  Madrid  was 
made  by  the  king,  as  his  settled  judgment,  after 
a  careful  examination  of  the  suitableness  of  other 
places — Valladolid,    Barcelona,   Toledo,   Sevilla, 
Burgos.     That  is  not  the  view  of  the  Sr.  Cam- 
bronero.     In  his  opinion,  the  removal  of  the  court 
to  Madrid  was  temporary  in  its  purpose  ;  and  the 
king  then,  and  for  years  afterwards,  had  not  de- 
cided, or  even   considered  much,  the  question 
whether  Madrid  should  be  his  permanent  capital. 

WHY    MADRID    WAS   CHOSEN. 

The  reasons  influencing  Philip  seem  to  have 
been  of  a  personal  character.  His  father,  the 
Emperor  Charles  V.,  and  Philip,  too,  liked 
Madrid.  Both  spent  a  considerable  part  of  their 
lives  there.  A  document  in  the  municipal  ar- 
chives, in  sixteenth -century  writing,  gives  the 
years  and  parts  of  years  during  which  Madrid  was 
the  royal  residence  between  1529  and  1547.  The 
visits  were  numerous,  and  on  four  occasions  the 
court  remained  an  entire  year.  Perhaps  there  is 
a  touch  of  satire  in  the  Sr.  Cambronero's  remark, 
that  father  and  son  *  <  needed  to  have  very  favor- 
able inclinations  toward  it  to  remain  in  Madrid  a 
whole  year."  Even  so  late  as  1597. — the  year 
before  the  death  of  Philip  II., — the  question 
whether  the  city  should  be  the  king's  permanent 
official  residence  seems  to  have  been  undecided. 

The  reason  that  had  most  to  do  with  Philip's 
residence  in  Madrid  is  probably  the  one  to  which 
Cambronero  gives  the  most  weight.  **One  of 
the  causes  that  undoubtedly  contributed  to  the 
permanence  of  the  court  in  Madrid  was,  with- 
out doubt,  the  purpose  which  Philip  II.  had  of 
building  the  monastery  of  San  Lorenzo  in  the 
Escorial  ;  and  it  is  understood  that  he  had  to  re- 
side in  a  neighboring  place  in  order  to  inspect 
the  work  often — a  thing  that  presented  difficulties 
if  the  monarch  were  in  Toledo,  which  was  the  city 
where  he  had  at  the  time  his  official  residence. 

After  the  accession  of  Philip  III.,  the  court 
migrated  to  Valladolid.  But  that  made  trouble. 
In  Madrid  there  were  buildings  and  lodgings  for 
officialdom,  and  the  business  of  tradesmen  iiad 
grown  proportionately.  In  Valladolid,  though 
the  king  and  his  immediate  retinue  had  accom- 
modation in  the  palace  of  tlie  Duke  of  Lerma, 
there  was  not  adequate  lodging  for  the  rest  of  the 
court  and  its  followers.  The  king  said  they  were 
barling  curses  in  Madrid  because  the  court  was 


going  away,  and  in  Valladolid  because  it  was 
quartering  itself  there.  But  Madrid  wanted  the 
return  of  the  court  at  any  cost,  and  the  gracious 
consent  of  his  majesty  was  obtained  when  the 
corregidor  of  the  city  offered,  in  the  name  of  the 
citizens,  250,000  ducats,  payable  in  ten  years, 
with  a  sixth  part  of  the  city  rentals. 


THE  BRAINS  OF  WOMEN. 

MR. ALEXANDER  SUTHERLAND  writes, 
in  the  Nineteenth  Century j  upon  **  Woman's 
*  Brain."  Mr.  Sutherland  points  out  that,  as  the 
result  of  recent  investigations,  it  is  proved  that 
the  average  man  has  from  10  to  12  per  cent, 
more  brain -weight  than  the  average  woman  ; 
but,  in  proportion  to  the  weight  of  her  body, 
woman  has  6  per  cent,  more  brain  than  man  has. 
Her  average  runs  about  .50  oz.  of  brain  for  every 
pound  of  weight  in  her  body,  while  man,  in  pro- 
portion to  his  body,  has  only  .47  oz.  But 
smaller  animals  always  have  bigger  brains  in  pro- 
portion than  larger  animals.  A  terrier  has  six 
times  as  much  brain,  in  proportion  to  his  weight, 
as  a  Newfoundland  dog ;  and  a  baby  has,  in  pro- 
portion to  its  weight,  five  times  as  much  brain  as 
its  father.  Mr.  Sutherland  mentions  many  curi- 
ous methods  of  comparison,  one  of  the  oldest  of 
which  is  to  compare  the  weight  of  the  brain  to 
that  of  the  thigh-bone.  He  himself  has  been 
making  many  experiments  on  the  brains  of  fishes 
and  birds,  and  he  finds  that  in  the  case  of  fish 
the  surface  of  the  brain  is  in  proportion  to  the 
length  of  the  individual. 

As  we  rise  in  the  scale,  the  size  of  the  brain 
grows  less  and  less,  depending  on  the  size  of  the 
animal.  But,  on  the  whole,  he  says  that  **  how- 
ever or  wherever  we  make  the  inquiry,  it  is  al- 
ways seen  that  when  men  and  women  are  of 
equal  height  and  equal  weight,  the  men  have 
something  like  10  per  cent,  more  brain  than  the 
women.'!  The  average  brain  of  a  man  of  genius 
is  only  9.3  per  cent,  more  than  that  of  the  ordi- 
nary individual ;  that  is  to  say,  the  average 
woman  is  to  the  average  man  as  the  average  man 
is  to  the  man  of  genius,  if  the  weight  of  brains 
were  to  settle  it.  Lest  the  average  male  should 
be  inclined  to  vaunt  himself  unduly  over  his  sis- 
ters, Mr.  Sutherland  tells  him  that  **even  if  it 
should  be  demonstrated  that  the  average  woman, 
because  she  had  10  per  cent,  less  brain- weight, 
had  therefore  10  per  cent,  less  intellectual  capac- 
ity than  the  av^erage  man,  it  still  has  to  l)e  re- 
membered that  even  then  90  per  cent,  of  the 
women  are  the  equals  of  90  per  cent,  of  the  men  ; 
and  this  \vt>ul<l  seem  to  imply  that  the  average 
man  has  to  recognize  about  40  per  cent,  of  the 
women  as  being  his  superiors  in  intellect." 


THE   PERIODICALS  REVIEWED. 


THE  CENTURY. 

MRS.  AMELIA  GERE  MASON  writes,  in  the  Au- 
gust  Century,  of  "  The  Decadence  of  Manners,  *» 
and  she  is  especially  hard  on  the  modern  girl.  With 
an  apology  to  the  many  exceptions,  she  says : 

"  This  typical  girl  of  the  day  puts  on  mannish  airs  with 
mannish  clothes,  spices  her  talk  with  slang,  not  always 
of  the  choicest— tosses  her  pretty  head  in  proud  defi- 
ance as  she  puts  down  her  parents,  her  elders,  and  her 
superiors ;  indeed,  she  admits  no  superiors,  though  this 
scion  of  equality  does  admit  inferiors  and  snubs  them 
without  mercy,— pronounces  a  final  opinion  on  subjects 
of  which  she  does  not  know  even  the  alphabet ;  shows 
neither  respect  for  white  hairs  nor  consideration  for 
favors  which  she  claims  as  a  right,  and  calls  all  this 
*  swell,*  or  'smart,'  and  a  proper  expression  of  her 
fashionable,  or  unfashionable,  independence." 

Mr.  John  Burroughs,  the  naturalist-poet,  who  was  a 
member  of  the  Harriman  Ebcpedition  to  the  Northwest, 
describes  his  experiences  in  that  party  under  the  title 
**  Summer  Holidays  in  Alaskan  Waters."  A  large  part 
of  his  story  is  taken  up  with  the  island  of  Kadiak  and 
the  region  thereabouts.  The  village  of  Kadiak  is  a 
place  of  700  or  800  people,  with  only  a  sprinkling  of 
Americans,  and  is,  according  to  Mr.  Burroughs,  a  most 
peaceful,  rural,  and  Arcadia-like  place.  The  winters 
are  not  very  cold,  seldom  below  zero,  and  the  summers 
are  not  hot,  rarely  up  to  80.  Mr.  Booker  T.  Washing- 
ton, principal  of  the  Tuskegee  Normal  and  Industrial 
Institute,  and  one  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  the 
negro  race  in  America  to^ay,  writes  on  "The  Mont- 
gomery Race  Conference,"  recently  held  in  Alabama. 
Mr.  Washington  thinks  that  this  conference  helps  in 
large  measure  the  "  Silent  South ; "  and  he  gives  the 
conference  much  importance,  because  the  white  man  of 
the  South  must,  of  course,  be  a  very  important  factor  in 
any  settlement  of  the  race  problem.  Idr.  Washington 
feels  that  the  Montgomery  Conference  has  served  a  very 
useful  purpose,  and  that  it  will  lead  to  a  very  useful 
first-hand  investigation  of  the  negro's  real  condition. 

HARPER'S  MAGAZINE. 

HARPER'S  MAGAZINE  for  August  is,  like  most 
of  the  popular  illustrated  magazines,  very 
largely  given  over  to  fiction  and  lighter  features  ap- 
propriate to  the  midsummer  season.  In  an  essay  on 
"English  and  American  Elections,"  Mr.  Sydney  Brooks 
calls  America  the  paradise  of  the  political  speaker. 
**  The  people  in  front  of  him  are  all  of  his  way  of  think- 
ing, and  whatever  he  says  *goes.'  He  is  never  inter- 
rupted, or  howled  down,  or  forced  to  explain  things,  or 
dragged  into  an  argument.  He  would  Ije  as  surprise<l 
as  the  parson  in  his  pulpit  to  have  any  of  his  state- 
ments questioned.  In  England  things  are  far  other- 
wise. If  an  KngUsh  audience  does  not  like  a  si>eaker  or 
the  manner  of  his  speech,  it  tells  him  so  at  once  ;  that 
saves  a  lot  of  time,  and  teaches  a  public  man  to  respect 
his  listeners." 

AX  AFRICAN  .lorUNKY. 

Capt.  M.  S.  Well  by  contributes  to  the  number  an 
excellent  travel  sketch,  "Among  Central  African  Sav- 
ages," descriptive  of  his  experiences  last  year  in  the 


vast  expanse  of  unknown  country  lying  between  tbe 
Abyssinian  capital  and  the  White  Nile.  One  of  the 
strange  sights  he  tells  of  is  the  giant  tribe  of  Turkanas. 
After  traveling  through  the  wilderness,  his  party 
reached  the  edge  of  a  forest,  and  found  traces  of  camels 
and  human  beings.  A  little  way  in  the  wood  they 
came  across  men  of  this  tribe,  who  showed  fear  and 
curiosity  rather  than  hostility.  He  describes  them  as 
men  of  prodigious  size,  many  of  them  actually  giants, 
with  a  mass  of  thick,  carefully  woven  hair  banging 
over  their  broad  shoulders,  right  down  to  the  waist 
They  carried  extraordinarily  long  spears,  and  were 
magnificent  specimens  of  savage  strength. 


SCRIBNER'S  MAGAZINE. 

THE  August  ScrUmer'a  is  the  fiction  number  of  that 
periodical,  which  comes  annually  in  that  month. 
There  are  short  stories  by  Albert  Bigelow  Paine,  James 
Raymond  Perry,  George  Hibbard,  and  a  very  striking 
series  of  illustrations  in  color,  giving  midsummer  sen- 
timents, drawn  by  Henry  McCarter.  Mr.  Emes^t  Seton- 
Thompson  begins  the  number  with  his  story  of  a  coyot«, 
"  Tito ; "  and  besides  this  the  only  imaginative  article 
of  the  number  is  Mr.  Richard  Harding  Davis'  "  Preto- 
ria in  War  Time."  Mr.  Davis  writes  of  Pretoria  as  he 
saw  it  before  its  evacuation  by  the  Boers,  but  after 
most  of  the  important  actions  of  the  war.  Mr.  Davis' 
interest  was,  of  course,  challenged  chiefly  by  the  per- 
sonality of  Paul  Krttger,  whom  he  interviewed.  He 
says  that  the  Boer  President  is  to-day  the  man  of  the 
greatest  interest  to  all  the  world — "  a  man  who,  while 
he  will  probably  rank  as  a  statesman  with  Lincoln,  Bis- 
marck, and  Gladstone,  lives  in  the  capital  of  his  repub- 
lic as  simply  as  a  village  lawyer."  Of  President  KrOger 
personally,  Mr.  Davis  says  :  "  The  thing  that  impressed 
me  first  was  that,  in  spite  of  his  many  years,  his  gratt 
frame  and  height  gave  you  an  impression  of  strength 
and  power  which  was  increased  by  the  force  he  was  able 
to  put  into  his  gestures.  He  gesticulated  awkwardly, 
but  with  the  vigor  of  a  young  man,  throwing  out  his 
hand  as  if  he  were  pitching  a  quoit,  and  opening  his 
great  fingers  and  clinching  them  again  in  a  menacing 
fist  with  which  he  struck  upon  his  knee.  When  he  spoke 
he  looked  neither  at  the  state  secretary  nor  at  me,  bnt 
out  into  the  street ;  and  when  he  did  look  at  one,  hin 
eyes  held  no  expression,  but  were  like  those  in  a  jade- 
idol.  His  whole  face — chiefiy,  I  think,  because  of  the 
eyes— was  like  a  heavy  waxen  mask.  In  speaking,  hin 
lips  moved,  and  most  violently,  but  every  other  feature 
of  his  face  remained  absolutely  set.  In  his  ears  he  wore 
little  gold  rings ;  and  his  eyes,  which  were  red  and 
seared  with  some  disease,  were  protected  from  the  light 
by  great  gold-rimmed  spectacles  of  dark  glass  with 
wire  screens. 

M'CLURE'S  MAGAZINE. 

IN  the  August  MeClnre's,  there  are  articles  by  Lien- 
tenant-Commander  Gillmore,  describing  his  expe- 
riences as  a  captive  among  the  Filipinos,  and  by  J.  I>. 
Whelpley,  telling  of  Russia's  proposition  to  the  United 
States  to  make  an  international  wheat  comer,  which  we 
have  quoted  in  another  department.  A  series  of  8torie» 
begins,  "  True  Stories  from  the  Under- World,"  by  Josiah 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI^IEWED. 


289 


Flynt  and  Francis  Walton— men  who  have  spent  many 
years  in  studying  the  criminal  classes  by  living  among 
them.  The  first  story  is  called  "  In  the  Matter  of  *  His 
Nibs,'  **  and  gives  a  graphic  conception  of  the  way  jus- 
tice is  meted  out  to  criminals  in  New  York  when  the 
criminaPs  victim  has  a  pull.  An  unusual  magazine 
feature  is  contributed  by  Mr.  William  D.  HuTbert,  in 
his  **  Pointers  from  a  Porcupine  Quill,"  and  Mr.  Dug- 
more,  in  illustrations  from  photographs  of  wild  porcu- 
pines he  has  taken  to  explain  Mr.  Hulbert'S  text.  The 
present  prevailing  taste  for  nature  study  will  have  no 
better  food  than  such  animal  character  sketches  as  Mr. 
Hulbert's.  The  remainder  of  the  magazine  is  taken  up 
with  short  stories,  and  with  the  Rev.  John  Watson's 
**  The  Life  of  the  Master,"  which  has  reached  the  period 
in  Christ's  life  of  the  warning  to  the  rich  and  the  home 
at  Bethany. 

THE  COSMOPOLITAN. 

IN  the  August  CoB^Mypolitan^  Mr.  John  Brisben 
Walker  heads  his  arraignment  of  England  with 
the  title,  •*  The  Republic  of  the  United  States  of  Great 
Britain."  He  quotes  Victor  Hugo's  prophecy  that "  Eng- 
land, the  oligarchy,  will  perish  by  violence  as  Venice 
died;  England,  the  people,  is  immortal."  He  says  that 
the  thinkers  of  the  world  who  most  admire  the  English 
people  have  watched  eagerly  the  fight  in  South  Africa, 
in  the  hope  that  the  beginning  of  Victor  Hugo's  predic- 
tion was  at  hand.  Mr.  Walker  thinks  it  is  only  a  ques- 
tion of  time  when  England  will  take  a  republican  form 
of  government,  and  that  it  will  probably  be  a  great 
shock,  arising,  perhaps,  from  some  international  compli- 
cation, which  will  bring  about  the  change.  Mr.  Walker 
contends  that  Great  Britain  has  no  more  right  to  be  in 
power  in  India  than  she  has  to  be  in  power  in  Japan, 
and  that  if  she  were  not  in  India  that  country  would 
work  out  its  salvation  as  Japan  is  doing.  He  believes 
that  the  fight  of  the  Boers  was,  perhaps  unconsciously, 
for  two  great  republics  that  are  certain  to  come — the 
republic  of  the  United  South  African  States  and  the 
republic  of  the  United  States  of  Great  Britain. 

IS  THIS  THE  LAST  PARIS  EXPOSITION  ? 

The  August  number  of  the  CosTnopolitan  opens  with 
an  article  by  Mr.  Stea^  on  the  Paris  Exposition,  in 
which  he  says  that,  strange  as  it  may  seem,  the  exposi- 
tion is  much  more  popular  with  visitors  than  with  Pari- 
sians. It  is  now  quite  possible  that  this  may  be  the 
lafft  world's  show  held  in  Paris.  England  began  the 
series  of  international  expositions  in  1851  ;  but  since 
then  Paris,  as  the  world  capital,  has  been  regarded  as 
the  natural  site  of  all  such  world's  fairs.  Now,  how- 
ever, in  the  opinion  of  many  Parisians,  it  is  time  for 
other  countries  to  undertake  the  duty.  So  general  is 
this  feeling,  that  there  are  some  who  attribute  the  defeat 
of  the  Republicans  by  the  Nationalists  at  the  recent 
municipal  elections  in  no  small  measure  to  the  unpopu- 
larity of  the  Exposition.  A  very  shrewd  and  dispas- 
sionate observer,  whose  position  as  the  conductor  of  a 
widely  circulated  review  brinscs  him  into  close  touch 
with  every  shade  of  political  and  social  opinion,  has 
given  it  as  his  opinion  that  there  will  be  no  more  expo- 
sitions in  Paris.  This  writer,  whom  Mr.  Stead  quotes 
at  length,  thinks  that  the  effect  of  the  exhibitions  on 
Paris  are  by  no  means  wholesome.  The  expasitinn  time 
is  nothing  more  than  a  prolonged  fite^  in  which  every 
one  is  morv  or  less  given  up  to  pleasure-seeking ;  and 


this  is  not  conducive  to  health,  by  any  means,  when 
taken  in  such  large  doses. 

WHAT  THE  WAR  HAS  DONE  FOR  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

Mr.  Frank  R.  Roberson,  in  his  article  *'With  Boer 
and  Briton,'*  gives  an  inside  view  of  the  fighting  camps 
and  the  fighting  leaders  of  both  sides  in  South  Africa. 
He  says  the  conclusion  of  the  war  will  be  the  starting- 
point  of  new  enterprises  and  enormous  developments 
of  trade  and  commerce  all  over  the  world  with  South 
Africa,  from  the  Zambesi  to  the  Cape.  "It  behooves 
the  United  States  not  to  be  left  behind  in  the  general 
competition  for  the  good  things  which  this  country  has 
to  offer.  The  prevailing  feeling  in  South  Africa  is  that 
the  war  has  ))een  a  godsend.  It  has  given  the  British 
army  an  experience  it  could  not  otherwise  have  at- 
tained. It  has  taught  the  Boer  much,  enlarged  his 
horizon,  and  will  eventually  lessen  his  hatred  of  the 
individual  Englishman  and  increase  his  own  comforts 
and  liberties."  

LIPPINCOTrS  MAGAZINE. 

THE  August  LippincotVs  begins,  as  usual,  with  a 
complete  novel—'*  The  Sign  of  the  Seven  Sins," 
by  Mr.  William  Le  Queux.  A  chapter  from  Virginia 
T.  Peacock's  forthcoming  volume,  "Belles  of  America," 
is  printed,  giving  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  Theodosia  Burr, 
the  daughter  of  Aaron  Burr,  and  the  great  favorite  of 
that  curious  man.  From  the  time  Theodosia  Burr 
reached  her  fourteenth  year  she  had  her  place  at  the 
head  of  her  father's  household,  and  was  his  inseparable 
companion,  "her  playful  wit  illuminating  his  powers 
of  relaxation  ;  her  steadfast  courage  and  strength,  her 
very  presence,  constituting  the  most  powerful  bulwark 
of  his  defense  in  the  darkest  hours  of  his  life." 

One  of  the  last  pieces  of  work  of  the  late  Stephen 
Crane  is  printed  in  this  number  of  Lippincott's,  in  the 
series  which  that  writer  was  contributing  on  "  Great 
Battles  of  the  World."  Crane  calls  this  "A  Swede's 
Campaign  in  Grermany  "  —the  invasion  of  the  Teutonic 
territory  by  Gustavus  Adolphus  in  1680.  There  is  a 
short  story  by  E.  F.  Benson,  the  author  of  "Dodo,"  and 
other  contributions  of  fiction  and  verse. 


OUTING. 

IN  the  August  Otttin^f,  Mr.  Duffleld  Osborne  under- 
takes a  serious  task  in  attempting  to  give  a  pre- 
scription for  "A  Common-Sense  Swimming  Lesson" 
that  will  be  appropriate  for  a  timid,  nervous  woman 
or  a  delicate  child.  Mr.  Osborne  boldly  says  that  the 
accepted  methods  of  teaching  swimming,*  by  taking  the 
pupil  into  water  three  feet  or  more  deep  and  explain- 
ing the  motions  of  the  breast-stroke,  are  entirely  wrong. 
He  assumes  that  the  desirable  thing  is  to  get  the  pupil 
to  attain  the  instinctive,  natural  mode  of  swimming, 
which  nearly  all  animals  have.  He  argues  that  this 
instinctive  motion  of  animals  in  water  is  to  kick  out 
the  legs  alternately  and  paddle  with  the  arms  ;  in  other 
words,  the  *' dog-fashion"  swimming,  which  one  can 
%ee  practised  wherever  boys  get  a  holiday  near  the 
water  in  the  summer-time.  "  Take  your  pupil,  then," 
he  says,  "in  about  three  and  a  half  or  four  feet  of  wa- 
ter ;  impress  upon  her  the  fact  that  almost  any  motion 
of  hands  and  feet  will  keep  her  mouth  above  water ; 
then  show  her  the  *  dog-fashion'  movement,  and  see 
that  she  understands  it  as  far  as  the  action  of  her  hands 
is  concerned.    Tell  her  all  she  needs  to  do  with  h«r  feet 


240 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^JEIVS. 


is  to  kick  them  out  slowly  and  alternately.  Yon  will 
be  surprised  to  find  how  readily  she  takes  to  it.  Now, 
promise  her  that  you  will  not  let  her  go  under,  and  hook 
one  finger  in  her  belt  behind  ;  then  tell  her  to  strike  out 
slowly,  as  directed."  Mr.  Osborne  contends  that  €very 
one  ought  to  know  how  to  swim,  and  that  it  is  easy  to 
teach  any  one  by  this  method. 

THE  HOUSE-BOAT  FOR  AMERICANS. 

Mr.  Charles  Ledyard  Norton  writes  on  "  The  Prac- 
tical House-boat,"  and  advocates  that  method  of  recrea- 
tion as  highly  appropriate  to  American  uses  as  well  as 
,to  the  English.  He  says  it  is  possible  to  build  a  one- 
storied  structure  twelve  feet  by  thirty,  and,  say,  seven 
or  eight  feet  high,  for  about  1300.  This  may  be  floated 
on  anything  from  pine  logs,  at  $2.50  apiece,  or  empty 
oil-barrels,  up  to  a  handsome  vessel.  With  such  an 
aquatic  edifice  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  Shrewsbury 
rivers  in  summer,  and  the  narrow  bays  and  inlets  of 
Florida  in  winter,  can  be  navigated  with  great  safety 
and  pleasure ;  and  Mr.  Norton  highly  commends  this 
way  of  taking  a  vacation  for  those  who  care  for  the 
w'ater,  and  who  do  not  wish  to  spend  a  great  deal  of 
money.  He  says  that  no  less  than  eighteen  persons  can 
live  comfortably  on  a  house-boat  of  moderate  propor- 
tions. There  are  many  features  in  this  number  of 
Outing  appealing  especially  to  sportsmen,  and  nearly 
all  of  them  are  very  handsomely  illustrated.  One  of 
the  most  striking  contributions  is  Mr.  A.  Henry  Savage 
■  Landor's  description  of  **  Racing  for  the  Kata,"  in  which 
he  describes  the  sports  of  the  Tibetans. 


MUNSEY'S  MAGAZINE. 

MUNSEyS  for  August  opens  with  a  very  compre- 
hensive and  beautifully  illustrated  article,  "His 
Majesty  the  Thoroughbred,"  by  Harry  P.  Mawson,  in 
which  the  story  of  the  racing  horse  is  told  from  the  time 
he  is  foaled  until  he  is  a  champion.  The  American  thor- 
oughbred horse  has  been  in  development  about  four  hun- 
dred years,  since  his  remote  ancestor  was  brought  to  the 
New  World  by  the  early  settlers  in  Virginia.  The  South 
has,  indeed,  always  been  the  real  home  of  the  race-horse, 
though  it  was  in  the  North  that  racing  first  became  a 
business.  Mr.  Mawson  warns  us  against  the  error  of 
calling  the  American  trotter  a  thoroughbred.  That 
title  applies  properly  only  to  the  running  horse.  The 
trotter  can  be  "  standard  bred,"  but  no  more.  The  best 
trotters  have,  however,  a  strong  infusion  of  thorough- 
bred blood  in  their  veins.  Mr.  Mawson  says  that  on  the 
stock-farms  of  California,  Montana,  Virginia,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Connecticut,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey,  where 
the  champion  race- horses  are  produced,  it  is  necessary 
to  spend  $125  for  the  actual  expenses  of  a  colt's  first 
year.  This  does  not  take  into  consideration  interest  on 
the  investment,  insurance,  and  the  many  serious  losses. 
The  stock-raiser  has  to  sell  his  colt  at  a  year  old  for 
$500  in  order  to  make  a  profit.  About  one  in  ten  of 
the  well-bred  yearlings  develops  into  a  race-horse,  so 
that  the  people  who  pay  the  $500  do  not  average  up 
very  well.  Mr.  Mawson  tells  us  that  the  famous  racing 
men  of  America,  August  Belmont,  William  C.  Whitney, 
the  Messrs.  Keene,  and  Pierre  Lorillard,  spend  from 
$50,000  to  $75,000  each  per  year  to  gratify  their  love  for 
thoroughbreds,  and  that  their  compensation  comes 
chiefly  in  satisfying  their  ambition  to  win  races  with 
thoroughbreds  raised  on  their  o^vn  stock-farms,  and  to 
maintain  a  high  standard  of  the  sport  in  this  country. 


HOW  TRAIN  SCHEDULES  ARE  MADE. 

Mr.  Herbert  E.  Hamblen,  the  railway  engineer-nov- 
elist, explains  the  complicated  mysteries  of  ^'  Running 
a  Train."  He  says  that  days  and  weeks  before  a  new 
train  is  put  on  the  schedule  the  general  and  division 
superintendents  strain  their  minds  in  devising  ways 
and  means  to  get  the  new  train  over  the  road  in  the 
time  demanded  without  disrupting  the  existing  har- 
mony. It  is  absolutely  impossible  for  the  human 
brain  to  successfully  cope  with  the  tangled  mess  of 
trains,  stations,  and  times,  and  the  general  superintend- 
ent and  his  people  have  recourse  to  mechanical  aid. 

**  A  board  is  prepared  with  a  set  of  parallel  lines 
drawn  vertically  across  it.  Each  line  represents  a  sta- 
tion on  the  road.  Another  .set  of  lines  cross  the  first  at 
right  angles.  Each  of  these  represents  a  minute  in  the 
twenty-four-hour  day ;  therefore,  there  are  1,440  of 
them.  At  the  intersection  of  the  lines,  holes  are  made 
to  receive  pins  with  colored  heads,  each  color  represent- 
ing a  certain  train. 

"Now,  let  us  suppose  that  train  No.  1  leaves 
New  York  at  1.05  A.M.  The  pin  whose  color  represents 
that  train  is  inserted  in  the  hole  where  the  1.05  a.m. 
line  crosses  the  New  York  line,  and  a  thread  of  the 
same  color  is  hitched  to  it.  It  is  now  a  very  simple 
matter  to  go  on  putting  pins  in  the  station-holes  where 
the  train's  time-line  intersects  the  station-line.  By  car- 
rying the  thread  along  with  the  pins,  the  train's  diago- 
nal course  across  the  board  is  easily  followed." 

THE  JEWISH  COLONY  IN  NEW  YORK. 

Katherine  Hoffman,  in  her  descriptive  article  on  the 
New  York  Ghetto,  gives  a  good  picture  of  "  Little  Rus- 
sia," on  the  lower  east  side  of  New  York,  where  most  of 
the  immigrant  Hebrews  have  settled.  This  community 
leads  the  orthodox  Jewish  life,  their  domestic  affairs 
being  almost  as  largely  determined  by  the  Hebraic  law 
as  are  their  public  ceremonials.  The  writer  says  that 
it  is  only  among  the  first  generation  that  the  peculiarly 
Jewish  customs  prevail.  Children  bom  in  this  country 
generally  adopt  its  conventional  ways;  the  youths 
shave,  girls  wear  hats,  and  year  by  year  there  is  less  to 
mark  the  children  of  the  Ghetto  from  the  sons  and 
daughters  of  the  world  beyond  the  Ghetto. 

THE  PORTO  RICAN  AS  A  CITIZEN. 

Gen.  Roy  Stone,  in  his  article  on  "Porto  Rico  and  Its 
Future,"  attempts  to  do  away  with  the  idea  in  America 
that  the  Porto  Rican  is  almost  savage.  He  believes 
that  while  inferior  to  the  average  American  in  energy 
and  education,  the  islander  is  our  superior  in  courtesy 
and  hospitality;  that  he  makes  an  excellent  soldier  and 
a  good  laborer,  and  that  he  will  in  time  be  a  very  cred- 
itable American  citizen. 


THE  LADIES'  HOME  JOURNAL. 

THE  Ladies'  Horns  Journal  is  more  than  usually 
varied,  ingenious,  and  striking  in  its  illustration 
of  the  lighter  features  appropriate  for  vacation  time. 
An  excellent  piece  of  nature  study  is  Alaric  Stone's 
"  My  Summer  with  Some  Chipmunks."  *'  A  Girl  College 
Graduate"  collects  some  very  amu.sing  stories  of  "Col- 
lege (iirls'  Larks  and  Pranks,"  which  show  that  in  in- 
genuity and  daring  the  softer  sex  is  \nit  little  l)ebittd 
the  college  lM>y  when  it  comes  to  having  fun.  Mr. 
Samuel  S.  Kingdon  tells  of  "The  Haunted  Houses  of 
New  England,"  and  Mrs.  Hermann  Kotzscbmar  give^, 


THE  PERIODICALS  REVIEWED. 


241 


i^ith  very  pretty  sentiment,  *'The  Story  of  a  Song"— 
iSchubert^s  "  My  Lady  Sleeps."  In  his  series  of  articles 
**A  Missionary  in  the  Great  West,**  Mr.  Cyrus  Town- 
send  Brady  gives  an  impressive  idea  of  the  hardships 
that  the  Western  bishops  have  to  endure.  He  says 
the  Western  dioceses  are  bishop-killers  at  best.  "  No, 
that  is  unjust ;  it  is  the  Church  herself  which  kills  her 
bishops.  She  puts  them  in  positions  where  their  facili- 
ties are  taxed  to  the  utmost.  Naturally,  she  gives  them 
rank,  position,  a  bare  living  ;  and  then  loads  upon  their 
shoulders,  if  they  be  men,  as  they  always  are,  who  see 
the  opportunities,  grasp  the  responsibilities,  and  en- 
deavor to  fulfill  the  obligations  of  their  positions,  bur- 
dens too  heavy  for  any  mortal  man  to  bear.  She  pro- 
vides them  with  little  money— a  mere  pittance,  indeed, 
in  comparison  with  their  needs;  gives  them  a  few 
men,  not  always  those  that  are  best  .suited  to  effectually 
advance  the  work,  and  expects  them  to  go  forward." 

HOW  CJOLLEGE  GIRLS  EARN  THEIR  EXPENSES. 

A  graduate  of  Cornell  University  tells  many  ways  by 
which  a  girl  can  work  her  way  through  college.  Some 
of  the^e  waj's  are  by  teaching  dancing  and  piano- 
playing,  working  for  the  university  in  the  general  and 
department  libraries  or  the  telephone  office,  playing 
the  gymnasium  piano,  singing  in  the  university  choir, 
caring  for  laboratory  apparatus,  doing  clerical  work 
for  professors  and  the  university  authorities,  and  an- 
liwering  the  night-bells  in  the  dormitories.  There  are 
free  scholarships  and  valuable  prizes  for  apt  pupils ; 
and  among  many  other  forms  of  employment  this 
writer  cites  hair-dressing,  conducting  an  agency  for 
ladieift'  clothes,  selling  letter-paper,  gloves,  etc.,  and 
cleaning  and  mending.  Then  some  clever  verse-makers 
make  part  of  their  expenses  by  writing  advertisements; 
others,  w'ith  the  artistic  sense,  sell  cover  designs ;  and, 
in  short,  it  seems  that  there  is  scarcely  a  thing  a  woman 
can  do  which  is  not  now  considered  appropriate  and 
effective  in  helping  a  girl  to  go  through  college. 


THE  ATLANTIC  MONTHLY. 

PRESIDENT  ARTHUR  T.  HADLEY,  of  Yale,  opens 
the  Atlantic  Monthly  for  August  with  an  article 
on  **  Political  Education."  He  notes  the  growing  demand 
on  our  schools  and  colleges  for  a  fuller  political  educa- 
tion, in  consequence  of  the  danger  of  the  constant  pres- 
aare  toward  specialized  training  in  its  sacrifice  of  the 
general  basis  of  higher  education.  He  recognizes  the 
high  importance  of  training  for  citizenship,  but  he  calls 
special  attention  to  the  danger  of  mistakes  as  to  the 
particular  kind  of  training  which  will  really  secure  the 
result  we  desire.  In  the  first  place,  he  contends  that 
true  political  education  is  not  by  any  means  a  study  of 
facttt  about  civil  government.  **  A  man  might  possess  a 
vast  knowledge  with  regard  to  the  workings  of  our 
social  and  political  machinery  and  yet  be  absolutely 
untrained  in  those  things  which  make  a  good  citizen." 
In  short,  President  Hadley  contends  that  it  is  character 
and  an  enlightened  public  opinion  which  make  good 
government  possible,  and  not  by  any  means  a  special 
knowledge  of  the  science  of  civics. 

SUBMARINE  TRIANOIJLATIOX. 

Mr.  Sylvester  Baxter  gives  a  very  interesting  expla- 
nation of  a  new  system  of  submarine  signaling— «  mod- 
em method  by  which  a  vessel  entering  a  harbor  in  driv- 
int;  Htorms  or  puzzling  fogs  is  able  to  determine  her 


position  by  acoustic  triangulation.  The  system  has 
been  elaborated  by  Mr.  Arthur  J.  Mundy,  of  Boston. 
By  this  system  a  bell  is  rung  by  electrical  communicar 
tions  under  water,  from  the  vessel  which  desiree  to  de- 
termine its  exact  position.  By  a  formula  easy  of  appli- 
cation for  even  the  most  unlettered  mariners,  the  ves- 
sels position  is  reckoned  by  observing  sound-signals 
transmitted  from  stations  erected  off  the  entrance  of 
the  harbor,  on  just  the  same  principle  that  surveyors 
are  enabled  to  fix  very  definitely  the  location  of  any 
point  where  they  may  chance  to  be  by  determining  its 
relation  to  the  position  of  three  other  points  in  sight 
whose  location  is  known  with  exactness. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Mr.  Rollin  L.  Hartt  describes  "The  lowans,"  the 
agriculturist  inhabitants  of  a  State  without  cities— a 
State  that  will  build  a  $8,000,000  SUte  capital  and 
not  steal  a "  penny  ;  a  State  absolutely  free  of  debt ; 
a  State  which  Mr.  Hartt  puts  in  three  words :  corn, 
coyr,  and  hog  ;'just  as  Scotland  was  put  in  five  words  : 
Scott,  Bums,  heather,  whiskey,  and  religion.  Mr. 
Frederic  Bancroft,  the  historian,  writing  on  "Some 
Radicals  as  Statesmen,"  estimates  in  historical  perspec- 
tive the  figures  of  Chase,  Sumner,  Adams,  and  Stevens. 
We  have  reviewed  in  another  department  Prof.  Mark 
B.  Dunneirs  article  on  "  Our  Rights  in  China.'* 


THE  FORUM. 

IN  our  department  of  "Leading  Articles  of  the 
Month,"  we  have  dealt  with  Mr.  Williams  C.  Fox's 
paper  on  "  Our  Relations  with  Germany,"  and  with  the 
articles  on  "  Kiaochou  :  A  German  Colonial  Experi- 
ment/'and  "Chinese  Civilization:  The  Ideal  and  the 
Actual,"  by  Mr.  Charles  Deuby,  .fr.,  and  Dr.  D.  Z.  Shef- 
field, respectively,  appearing  in  the  July  number  of 
the  Forum. 

THE  SINGLE  TAX  IN  ENGLISH  POLITICS. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  articles  in  this  number  is 
contributed  by  Mr.  Thomas  Burke,  a  member  of  the 
Liverpool  Municipal  Council,  on  the  subject  of  "  Social 
Reform  and  the  Greneral  Election. "  In  Mr.  Burke's  opi  n- 
ion,  the  approaching  general  election  in  England,  but  for 
the  outbreak  of  hostilities  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  South  African  republics^  would  have  been  fought 
on  the  question  of  the  taxation  of  land  values.  The 
prominence  of  this  question  in  British  politics  at  the 
present  time  is  rather  difficult  to  explain,  but  Mr.  Burke 
shows  that  the  single  tax  is  regarded  by  large  numbers 
of  the  British  working  classes  as  the  root  of  the  whole 
movement  for  social  reform.  As  Mr.  Burke  puts  it : 
"The  strength  of  the  movement  so  far  has  laid  in 
the  growing  needs  of  the  large  towns,  the  growth  of 
taxation,  the  serious  problem  of  housing  the  working 
classes,  the  provision  of  open  spaces,  etc.— matters  to 
which  it  is  very  difficult  to  give  a  partisan  twist.  At 
the  same  time  it  is  beyond  dispute  that  the  Lil>eral  party 
is  much  more  advanced  on  this  question  than  its  oppo- 
nents, who  are  hampered  by  the  great  landowners — 
Tories  for  the  most  part ;  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  the 
Liberals  would  have  made  it  their  battle-cry  but  for  tlie 
turn  events  have  taken  in  South  Africa."  Mr.  Burke 
states  the  main  causes  for  the  interest  taken  in  the  land 
question,  which  has  come  to  be  regarded  as  a  great 
moral  movement  rather  than  a  political  one,  as  "(I)  the 
gradual  decrease  in  the  acreage  under  cultivation  ;  (2) 


242 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


the  crowding  of  the  great  cities,  with  the  inevitable 
casual  labor  and  the  concomitant  evil  of  drink  ;  and  (3) 
the  bad  housing  of  the  poor,  which  is  the  certain  result 
of  our  present  unsatisfactory  land  system." 

AMERICAN  SHIPPING  SUBSIDIES. 

The  Hon.  Eugene  T.  Chamberlain,  United  States 
Commissioner  of  Navigation,  writes  an  able  defense  of 
the  shipping  subsidy  bill,  concluding  as  follows  :  **The 
probability  of  the  enactment  of  the  shipping  subsidy 
bill  lies  in  these  facts :  (1)  that  the  growth  of  nianufac- 
tures  and  agriculture  have  given  to  ocean  transportation 
a  position  in  the  minds  of  the  i)eople  hitherto  held 
almost  exclusively  by  railroad  problems  ;  (2)  that  indus- 
trial conditions  insure  its  success ;  and  (3)  that  the  bill 
itself  is  the  result  of  more  thorough  investigation  than 
the  subject  has  ever  before  demanded  and  received." 

HISTORY  OF  THE  PASSION  PLAY. 

Dr.  Hans  Devrient  contributes  an  interesting  histori- 
cal study  of  the  Passion  Play  at  Oberammergau.  It 
seems  that  the  Passion  Play  was  furnished  to  the  peo- 
ple of  Oberammergau  by  the  clergy  of  the  Imperial 
monastery  of  Ettal.  'llie  play  originated  at  Augsburg, 
from  which  city  an  old  commercial  highway  led  over 
the  mountains  to  Innsbrtick  and  Venice.  Ol)erammer- 
gau  acquired  the  text  of  the  present  play,  preserved  in 
a  manuscript  of  16(J2.  Dr.  Devrient  thinks  that  the 
Oberammergau  play  may  be  accepted  as  a  type  embody- 
ing the  salient  features  of  all  the  sacred  dramas  of 
medieval  times.  In  Dr.  Devrient's  opinion,  the  perform- 
ances at  Oberammergau  are  chiefly  notable  for  their 
simplicity  and  sincerity  of  purpose.  *'  Indeed,  wherever 
an  effort  has  been  made  to  instruct  these  good  people  in 
the  technique  of  acting  the  charm  has  been  broken, 
and  the  insufficiency  of  the  achievement  has  become 
painfully  evident." 

A  SUGGESTION  TOWARD  FIEE  PROTECTION. 

"Lessons  of  the  $175,000,000  Ash  Heap"  is  the  subject 
of  an  article  by  Mr.  William  J.  Boies,  who  undertaken 
to  show  that  a  stand-pipe  system  of  forcing  water  to  the 
top  of  tall  buildings  would  save  millions  of  dollars  every 
year,  now  lost  through  destruction  by  fire  in  our  great 
cities.  Mr.  Boies  describes  the  proposed  system  as  fol- 
lows :  **  The  stand-pipe  service  is  very  simple,  consisting 
of  little  liiore  than  two  fair-sized  iron  pipes  connected 
with  the  water  system  and  extending  from  the  cellar  to 
the  roof  of  a  tall  building.  The  pipes  are  penetrated  at 
the  curb  by  two  openings  affording  nozzle  connection 
with  a  lire-engine  in  the  street ;  so  that,  when  the  fire- 
men arrive,  they  have  merely  to  run  the  hose  a  distance 
of  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  from  the  engine  to  the  stand- 
pipe,  send  a  few  men  to  the  roof  to  handle  the  equip- 
ment there,  turn  on  the  pressure,  and  begin  the  work 
of  extinguishing.  This  service  might  be  supplemented, 
in  the  case  of  very  large  buildings,  by  stationary  en- 
gines and  independent  pumping  plants,  which  could  be 
utilized  in  emergencies." 

THE  ALLEGED  INCREASE  IN  CRIME. 

Prof.  Roland  P.  Falkner,  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania, attempts  an  answer  to  the  question,  "Is 
Crime  Increasing?"  After  a  careful  study  of  the 
figures  on  which  are  based  most  of  the  current  state- 
ments to  the  effect  that  crime  in  the  United  States  is 
on  the  increase.  Professor  Falkner  has  reached  the  con- 
clusion that  "crime  in  t>he  broadest  sense,  including  aU 


offenses  puni-shed  by  law,  has  probably  increaf>ed  slightly 
in  the  last  twenty-five  years.  On  the  other  hand, crime 
in  its  deeper  moral  sense,  as  we  are  apt  to  picture  it,  has 
decreased.  Changes  in  our  environment,  not  changes 
in  our  moral  standards,  have  multiplied  minor  offenses. 
The  increase  of  crime  which  our  modern  life  reveals  is 
thus  a  social  and  not  a  moral  phenomenon." 

OUR  NATIONAL  EXPANSION. 

In  the  first  of  a  series  of  papers  on  "  The  United  States 
as  a  World  Power,"  Mr.  Charles  A.  Conant  states  the 
economic  and  political  problem  before  this  country  as 
**  to  attain  the  greatest  producing  capacity  by  the  effi> 
ciency  of  competitive  machinery  and  labor,  while  on  the 
political  side  it  is  to  keep  open  the  opportunity  for  the  free 
play  of  this  competitive  power  in  the  world's  markets.^ 
The  controlling  element  of  the  economic  problem  Mr. 
Conant  finds  to  be  the  increased  severity  of  competition* 
due  to  a  combination  of  such  factors  as  the  division  of 
labor,  the  development  of  machinery,  the  growth  of  capi- 
tal, and  the  revolution  in  the  means  of  transportation. 

Capt.  FerdinAnd  L.  Clarke,  under  the  title  of 
**  Hawaii's  Real  Story,"  relates  the  history  of  the  islands 
from  the  landing  of  American  missionaries  to  the  proA- 
ent  time. 

UNCLE  SAM  AS  A  PAYMASTER. 

To  the  question,  "Does  Grovemment  Service  Pay?** 
Mr.  A.  Maurice  Low  gives  a  twofold  answer.  He 
says  :  "It  pays  the  beginner  very  well,  and  the  mnii  of 
experience  indifferently.  Curiously  enough,  it  is  the 
only  business  or  profession  offering  no  incentive  to 
excel.  In  fact,  the  clerk  of  mediocre  abilities,  who  is 
just  able  to  perform  his  duty,  is  better  off  than  the  one 
who  exhibits  talents  of  a  marked  order  and  is  eager  to 
gain  promotion."  Thus  a  clerk  who  receives  an  appoint- 
ment worth  11,000  a  year  gets  about  twice  as  macb  as  he 
would  receive  in  other  employment,  while  a  bureau 
chief  may  be  a  man  of  various  abilities,  receiving  a  sal- 
ary of  $2,500  to  $3,000,  very  much  less  than  he  would  get 
in  other  employment. 

Mr.  Henry  Litchfield  West  reviews  "  Americsan  Outr 
door  Literature"  from  the  critical  point  of  view. 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

ELSEWHERE  we  have  quoted  at  some  length  from 
Mr.  Poultney  Bigelow's  paper  on  "  Missions  and 
Missionaries  in  China,"  in  the  July  number  of  tlie  North 
American.  We  have  also  quoted  from  the  article  en- 
titled "Mutual  Helpfulness  Between  China  and  the 
United  States,"  contributed  by  his  Excellency,  Wu 
Ting-Fang,  the  Chinese  minister  to  this  country. 

In  a  paper  on  "  The  Struggle  for  Reform,"  Mr.  Charles 
Johnston,  who  for  many  years  has  made  a  special  study 
of  affairs  in  the  far  East,  describes  the  various  internal 
forces  that  have  recently  worked  in  the  direction  of 
revolution  in  China. 

"IMPERIALISM"  IN  THE  PRESENT  CAMPAIGN. 

Gen.  C.  H.  Grosvenor  gives  "A  Republican  View  of 
the  Presidential  Campaign."  General  Grosvenor  replies 
to  Mr.  Bryan's  charges  of  imperialism  brought  a^^ainst 
the  McKinley  Administration  by  recalling  the  fact  that 
when  the  Paris  Treaty  was  before  the  United  States 
Senate  for  ratification  Mr.  Bryan  used  his  personal 
influence  with  Democratic  Senators  to  secure  its  ratifi- 
cation.   "  At  the  door  of  the  present  Populist  candidate 


THE  PERIODICALS  RE^IEIVED. 


243 


for  President,  William  J.  Bryan,  lies  more  of  the  sin,  if 
it  be  a  sin;  more  of  the  honor,  if  it  be  an  honor;  more  of 
the  glory,  if  it  be  a  glory,— of  having  secured  the  ratifi- 
cation of  the  Treaty  of  Paris  and  the  assimilation  of 
the  Philippines  and  Porto  Rico  into  the  property  and 
territory  of  the  United  States  than  lies  at  the  door  of 
any  other  one  living  man." 

OUR  SHIPPING  ON  THE  PACIFIC. 

In  an  article  on  *' Ocean  Transportation  to  Eastern 
Asia,"  the  Hon.  Eugene  T.  Chamberlain,  United  States 
Commissioner  of  Navigation,  states  that  during  1899 
there  were  only  185  clearances  of  merchant  steamships 
for  all  of  Asia,  of  which  only  24  were  American.  For 
more  than  a  year  complaint  has  been  made  all  along  the 
Pacific  Ck)ast  that  there  is  a  lack  of  tonnage  to  carry 
cargoes  of  cotton,  flour,  and  lumber  to  China  and  Japan, 
and  that  in  consequence  our  exports  have  been  handi- 
capped by  heavy  freight  charges.  Our  exports  and  im- 
ports to  and  from  China  and  Japan  alone  were  valued 
at  $70,000,000.  The  carrying  of  this  trade,  as  indicated 
by  the  report  of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company, 
was  valued  at  about  $8,000,000. 

PLAGUE  PRECAUTIONS. 

Dr.  Albert  Calmette,  writing  on  "The  Plague  at 
Oporto,"  names  as  a  result  of  his  experiences  there  cer- 
tAin  precautions  which  should  be  taken  if  a  case  of 
plague  should  appear  in  an  infected  country.  "  First 
of  all,  we  know  that  the  disease  is  principally  propa- 
gated by  rats  and  mice ;  we  also  know,  thanks  to  the 
labors  of  Dr.  Simond  and  Dr.  Hankin,  that  the  trans^ 
mission  of  the  plague  from  rats  to  human  beings  is  most 
often  effected  by  the  agency  of  fleas.  These  little  insects 
abandon  rats  after  death,  to  go  either  on  other  rats  or 
(m  human  beings;  and  they  equally  transport  the 
infectious  agent  from  animal  to  animal,  and  from  per- 
son to  person.  One  must,  therefore,  prevent,  as  far  as 
possible,  the  importation  of  contaminated  rats  and 
mice;  and  this  is  the  first  condition  to  fulfill."  Dr. 
Calmette  also  recommends  that  the  Government  should 
enforce  the  destruction  by  the  navigation  companies  of 
rats  in  their  vessels,  and  should  require  the  owners  of 
large  storehouses,  especially  those  in  which  grain  and 
cotton  are  deposited,  to  make  every  effort  to  free  their 
buildings  from  these  vermin,  if  a  case  of  plague  should 
appcAr,  in  spite  of  all  these  precautions,  a  be^muing 
should  be  made  by  isolating  the  patient  in  someplace 
where  mosquitoes,  flies,  and  other  human  parasites  have 
no  access.  All  persons  who,  by  their  present  or  past 
relations  with  the  patient,  have  been  exposed  to  the 
plague  should  be  vaccinated  by  the  anti-plague  serum. 
Dr.  Calmette  is  confident  that  these  measures  would 
immediately  arrest  the  disease. 

THE  SOUTH  AFRICAN  PROBLEM. 

Writing  on  "The  Settlement  in  South  Africa  After 
the  War,"  Mr.  S.  C.  Cronwright^hreiner  suggests 
three  lines  of  action  for  Great  Britain,  following  the 
conclusion  of  peace:  *'  (1)  Take  complete  control  of  the 
external  relations  of  the  republics.  (2)  Fix  a  clear  five 
yeant*  retrospective  franchise  for  both  states,  and  place 
the  Dutch  and  English  languages  on  an  equality.  (3) 
Insist  upon  disarmament  as  to  big  guns  and  fort«. 
Rifles  should  not  be  touched,  and  sufficient  cannon  (of 
siw?  and  number  to  be  fixed)  should  l>e  allowed  to  quell 
the  native  risings.**  Mr.  Cronwright-Schreiner  believes 
that  the  South  Africans  are  capable  of  managing  their 


own  affairs,  and  that  Great  Britain  should  attempt  no 
more  than  to  place  a  British  resident  at  each  capital. 
The  native  question  he  puts  aside  for  the  moment  as 
too  large  and  important  to  be  cursorily  treated  of  now. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Some  notes  on  Spencer,  Buckle,  and  Comte,  by  L6on 
Gambetta,  are  published,  with  an  introductory  essay 
on  "  Gambetta^s  Methods  of  Study,"  by  Joseph  Reinach, 
his  former  private  secretary.  Mr.  Mayo  W.  Hazeltine 
.  contributes  an  appreciative  study  of  Lord  Playfair. 
Mr.  Chandler  Hale  describes  the  various  routes  pro- 
jected for  cable  lines  to  the  Philippines.  Mr.  M.  J. 
Mulhall,  the  expert  statistician,  gives  a  forecast  of  the 
twelfth  census ;  Miss  Henrietta  C.  Wright  contributes 
a  paper  on  **  State  Care  of  Dependent  Children,"  and 
Prof.  Cesare  Lombroso  writes  on  "The  Ultimate  Tri- 
umph of  the  Boers." 

THE  ARENA. 

IN  another  department  we  have  quoted  from  Dr. 
E^win  Maxey's  article  on  '*The  Referendum  in 
America,"  in  the  July  Arena. 

In  the  same  number  are  two  articles  on  **  The  Concen- 
tration of  Commerce"— Mr.  Edward  Grodwin  Johns 
dealing  with  *' Overcapitalized  Industrial  Corpora- 
tions," and  Mr.  Duncan  MacArthur  with  **  Cooperative 
Business  versus  Trusts."  Mr.  Johns  discusses  some  of 
the  evils  resulting  from  the  craze  for  fictitious  capital- 
ization which  swept  through  Wall  Street  about  a  year 
ago.  He  says  :  *'  It  is,  of  course,  not  beyond  the  range 
of  possibility  that  some  of  these  new  corporations  will 
be  successful.  There  may,  in  fact,  be  at  least  one  of 
them  that  will  prove  to  be  a  second  edition  of  the  Stand- 
ard Oil  Company.  There  are,  however,  no  indications 
at  the  moment  of  such  long-sustained  financial  pros- 
perity. At  any  event,  the  originators  of  the  companies 
will  have  to  be  replaced  by  more  conservative  persons 
before  such  a  result  can  be  accomplished."  Mr.  Johns 
makes  the  sweeping  statement  that  '^no  new  wealth 
was  created,  no  new  enterprises  started,  that  might 
benefit  the  country  at  large."  He  admits  the  possibility 
that  there  may  be  economies  in  operating  that  may  tend 
ultimately  to  reduce  the  cost  of  production  of  certain 
commodities,  but  he  shows  that  even  this  result  will 
not  prove  beneficial  to  the  holders  of  the  unnecessary 
issues  of  common  stock.  Mr.  MacArthur,  in  consider- 
ing the  question  of  what  is  to  become  of  the  people  who 
sooner  or  later  will  be  thrown  out  of  employment  by 
the  present  tendency  toward  concentration  of  indus- 
tries, answers  that  these  people  must  betake  themselves 
to  agriculture—"  man's  original  and  most  natural  oc- 
cupation." 

POPULAR  ELECTION  OF  SENATORS. 

Mr.  Boyd  Winchester,  writing  on  **The  House  and 
the  Election  of  Senators,"  while  he  admits  that  in  many 
States  the  election  of  Senators  has  become  a  popular 
election,  since  the  legislature  merely  registers  and  for- 
mally completes  the  choice  already  made  by  the  people, 
still  insists  that  the  form  of  election  by  the  State  Legis- 
lature should  lie  preserved.  "  To  take  from  the  legis- 
latures the  choice  of  Senators  would  at  once  alter  funda- 
mentally the  relation  of  tiie  States  to  the  federal  Union; 
it  would  deprive  the  States  as  such,  in  their  political 
capacity,  of  their  legal  representation  in  the  Senate,  and 
it  would  destroy  the  check  a  majority  of  the  States  have 


246 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


municipalities  more  than  can  be  helpe<l  in  labor  ques- 
tions ; 

**5.  The  fact  that  the  interference  with  natural  laws 
in  some  important  ca>;es  has  the  effect  of  defeating  the 
very  object  aimed  at ; 

*'6.  The  risk,  not  to  say  certainty,  of  loss." 

THE  HAUNTED  CRIMEA. 

Mrs.  M^nie  Muriel  Norman  has  a  very  brilliant 
paper  describing  her  travels  in  southern  Russia  last 
November.  She  has  been  over  the  battle-fields  of  the 
Crimea,  and  here  are  some  of  her  reflections  : 

"We  are  not  enemies  now,  ourselves  and  Russia. 
There  was  a  treaty  of  Paris,  after  Sebastopol  fell,  after 
death  and  victory  had  reduced  us  to  the  kernel  of  an 
army  and — the  other  results— benefits  forgot  (or  were 
they  ever  received  ?)  are  difficult  to  specify.  Many 
times  since  then  the  regret  has  been  general  and  open 
that  we  did  not  let  Russia  sweep  the  Turk  before  her 
as  with  a  flail,  and  scatter  him  over  the  less  choice  parts 
of  Asia,  even  as  chaff  at  a  winnowing.  Ah,  but  if  we 
had,  Russia  would  have  got  to  Batum,  to  Merv,  to  the 
frontier  of  India:  she  would  have  established  her 
armies,  her  Cossacks,  and  her  outposts— Jitst  where  she 
has  established  them!"^ 

ATHLETICISM  IN  SCHOOLS. 

Dr.  H.  J.  Spenser  has  a  severelv  critical  article  on 
"The  Athletic  Master  in  Public  Schools."  He  traces 
the  career  of  the  athletic  master  from  his  entry  of  the 
public  school  as  pupil  to  his  reentry  as  teacher.  The 
athletic  master  seldom  or  never  takes  any  interest  in 
scholastic  affairs,  and  as  a  result  he  impresses  the 
minds  of  his  charges  at  their  most  impressionable  age 
with  a  false  idea  of  the  relative  importance  of  study 
and  sport. 

"Of  all  men,  he  is  least  capable  of  inspiring  a  right 
attitude  toward  work,  or  of  ^forcing  the  incidents  of 
a  routine.  Of  professional  zeal  he  is  entirely  destitute  ; 
he  has  no  sense  of  the  dignity  of  his  profession,  and  his 
work  is  characterized  by  a  loud  voice  and  perfunctory 
manner." 

RUSKIN  AND  CARLYLE. 

Mr.  R.  Warwick  Bond  has  an  interesting  article  on 
"  Ruskin  :  Man  and  Prophet,"  in  which  he  makes  the 
following  comparison  between  Ruskiifs  style  and  Car- 
lyle*s : 

*•  To  read  Carlyle  is  like  leaping  from  crag  to  crag  be- 
neath a  stormy  sky,  amid  the  roar  of  swollen  torrents 
and  the  frequent  burst  of  thunder,  with  rarely  a  bit  of 
heather  or  moss  or  the  slender  grace  of  a  harebell  to  re- 
deem the  wildness  of  the  place.  The  smooth,  beautiful, 
almost  euphuistic  style  of  Ruskin  leads  us  along  more 
level  ground,  refreshed  by  springing  fountains,  shaded 
by  graceful  trees,  and  not  uncbeered  by  the  light  of 
laughing  flowers ;  but  near  us  still  rise  the  steep,  strong 
mountains  that  are  like  God's  righteousness ;  and  in 
our  ears  resounds,  distant  perhaps  but  ever  present, 
the  moan  of  the  laboring,  the  uncomforted  sea." 

MUSIC  HALLS. 

Mr.  Andrew  Wilson  writes  pleasantly  about  music 
halls  and  their  attractions.  He  thinks  their  popularity 
is  largely  due  to  the  allowance  of  smoking,  and  to  the 
variety  of  the  entertainment. 

*'To  the  masses,  the  night  spent  there  is  a  form  of 
agreeable  siesta.  They  can  smoke,  and,  what  is  more, 
they  may  have  their  beer  or  oth^r  Uquors,  although  in 


certain  cases,  in  which  licenses  have  been  refused,  the 
music  halls  are  apparently  just  as  successful  as  wheiv 
drink  is  sold.  A  second  reason  for  the  i>opularity  of 
the  halls  is  found  in  the  fact  that  there  is  a  very  large 
proportion  of  the  population  that  will  not  sit  out  a 
play.  The  theater  does  not  appeal  to  them  in  the  way 
in  which  the  free  and  easy  atmosphere  of  the  music 
halls  attracts.  In  the  music  hall  '  the  man  in  the  street' 
can  enjoy  himself  without  in  the  least  taxing  his 
brain.  He  is,  moreover,  provided  with  what  is  a  highly 
important  feature  in  the  success  of  the  hall ;  namely, 
constant  change  and  variety  of  performances.  When 
he  is  tired  of  comic  songs,  the  next  turn  gives  him  a 
display  of  horizontal  bar  exercises  ;  when  he  is  satiated 
with  the  performing  dogs  or  cockatoos,  he  is  at  once 
relieved  by  a  display  of  magic  and  a  disappearing  lady ; 
when  he  has  had  enough  of  ballads,  bis  interest  is  re- 
newed by  a  ballet  or  the  biograph." 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW. 

THE  July  number  of  the  Fortnightly  has  in  it 
plenty  of  solid  fare  for  robust  political  appetites. 
As  indicated  elsewhere.  Dr.  Karl  Blind  warns  Britain 
of  the  perils  involved  in  affronting  the  conscience  of 
the  civilized  world.  Mr.  Edward  Dicey  sketches  his 
•'Policy  of  Peace  for  South  Africa,"  "  Diplomaticus" 
pleads  for  the  status  quo  and  the  open  door  in  China, 
plus  the  reforming  Emperor,  and  Mr.  Holt  Schooling 
estimates  and  compares  the  naval  strength  of  the  seven 
sea  powers. 

"SMART  SOCIETtY  "— WHAT  AND  WHENCE  IT  IS. 

Mr.  T.  H.  Escott  writes  "Concerning  Hosts  and 
Hostesses."  He  comments  on  the  disappearance  of  the 
political  hostess,  on  the  fusion  between  old  acres  and 
new  wealth,  and  on  the  growing  costliness  of  fashion- 
able Ixindon.  This  last  factor  practically  excludes 
from  the  "Liondon  season  *' whole  orders"  once  seldom 
absent.  But  while  more  national,  cosmopolitan,  nnd 
plutocratic,  Ijondon  society  is  marked  by  an  amount  of 
philanthropic  work  of  perennial  as  well  as  practical 
interest  in  the  welfare  of  all  classes,  and  in  all  efforts 
for  national  improvement,  which  is  **but  thinly  veiled 
by  the  surface  frivolity." 

"The  very  smartest  set  of  smart  society,  thanks  to 
such  influences  as  those  of  the  late  Duchess  of  Teck  and 
of  our  whole  royal  family,  while  on  one  side  it  is  boimd- 
ed  by  the  ladies'  lawn  or  the  race-course,  on  the  other 
stretches  into  the  province  of  philanthropic  reform. 
Smart  society,  to  use  the  phrase  to-day  on  so  many  lips, 
may  perhaps  be  said  to  consist  of  good-looking  and 
well-dressed  young  women  and  their  friends.  Beauty, 
whether  in  music,  art,  decoration,  or  dress  and  general 
appearance,  is  one  of  the  notes  by  which  these  coteries 
may  be  recognized  ;  so,  too,  are  a  systematic  restlessness 
and  absence  of  all  conventionalism.  Neither  the  thing 
itself  nor  the  expression  would  have  been  so  much  heard 
of,  but  for  the  fashionable  ascendency  of  late  acquired 
by  the  Transatlantic  element  in  polite  life  " 

CHICAGO  versus  paris  world-fairs. 

Mr.  Heathcote  Statham  pronounces  the  Paris  Exhibi- 
tion a  great  achievement  in  a  spectacular  sense,  and  in 
the  proof  it  affords  of  the  vigor  and  vitality  of  French 
art.     He  says : 

*'The  French  edifices  are  all  pure  invention,  the  off- 
spring of  the  alert  and  vivacious  artistic  genius  of  the 


THE  PERIODICALS  RE^IEIVED. 


247 


country.  The  buildings  of  the  Chicajro  Exhibition,  with 
which  the  Paris  Kxhibitiou  is  inevitably  compared,  were 
more  classic  and  more  dignified  in  style^  but  they  were 
mo(«tly  formed  on  antique  models,  whereas  the  French 
buildings  of  the  Paris  Exhibition  are  an  outbreak  of 
hheer  originality.  This  spirit  of  artistic  invention  crops 
out  in  all  the  minor  details  as  well  as  in  the  more 
prominent  features  of  the  exhibition.'* 

He  vilifies  the  Eiffel  Tower  as  a  piece  of  ironmaster's 
brag,  but  glorifies  the  new  bridge,  the  joint  product 
of  the  first  engineers,  architects,  and  sculptors.  He 
deplores  the  frequency  of  these  exhibitions,  as  tending 
to  cut  up  Paris  too  much. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Mr.  Wilfrid  Ward  selects,  as  text  for  his  appreciation 
of  John  Henry  Newman's  philosophy,  two  motUies  of 
the  Cardinal's  :  One  chosen  when  he  became  Cardinal, 
Cor  ad  cor  loquitur  (Heart  speaketh  to  heart);  and  the 
other,  chosen  for  his  epitaph,  Ex  umbris  et  imaginlbns 
in  verltatem  (From  shadows  and  images  unto  truth). 

Professor  Lewis  Campbell,  writing  on  "Climax  in 
Tragedy,"  divides  the  normal  construction  of  an  Attic 
tragedy  into  five  stages:  the  opening,  the  climax  (i.e., 
the  gradual  ascent),  the  acme  (or  chief  crisis),  the  sequel, 
and  the  close.  He  fears  that  the  importance  of  the 
sequel  is  overlooked  by  modern  impatience. 

Albert  Vandam  illustrates  his  thesis  that  poets  should 
not  be  legislators  by  the  failures  of  Chateaubriand, 
B^ranger,  Lamartine,  Hugo,  Dumas,  D6roul6de,  and 
Copp6e. 

Mr.  L.  D.  Cooper  gives  interesting  extracts  from  the 
letters  of  a  young  medical  man  who  went  "with  lancet 
and  rifle"  on  the  Beira  Railway  and  was  killed  in  the 
Johannesburg  railway  accident. 


CORNHILL. 

THERE  is  plenty  of  excellent  reading  in  the  July 
number.  As  noticed  elsewhere,  **  Antivenene " 
roaches  for  extraordinary  scenes  with  snake-catchers 
iu  India. 

It  is  an  amusing  paper  which  Max  Beerbohm  con- 
tributes under  the  title  of  "  Ermine  and  Motley."  He 
propounds  the  question.  Why  are  our  judges  jocular  ? 
and  answers.  Because  the  crowd  in  court  always  laugh 
at  their  jokes.  He  then  pushes  the  question  one  stjige 
farther  back  and  asks.  Why  do  people  always  laugh  at 
jokes  from  the  bench  ?  The  bar  may  laugh  to  win  favor 
with  the  bench.  But,  the  writer  holds,  the  laughter  is, 
as  a  rule,  genuine  and  spontaneous.  He  finds  the  de- 
sired explanation  in  the  fact  that  "laughter  in  court  is 
nooAtly  a  kind  of  nervous  reaction."  The  solemnity  and 
awe  suggested  by  judicial  proceedings  make  us  abnor 
mally  susceptible  to  a  joke  from  the  august  creature  who 
pTeside&  The  writer  proposes  that  the  judge  be  re- 
lieTed  of  his  functions  as  jester,  and  that  a  first-class 
htunorist  should  be  employed  as  jester-assessor. 

An  unsigned  paper,  entitled  "Moorish  Memories," 
gives  a  vivid  picture  of  the  attractiveness  of  Moorish 
life,  and  of  the  difl9culties  British  merchants  have  in 
obtaining  concessions  from  powerful  residents  in  that 
imgoTemed  land.  We  have  quoted  from  this  paper  in 
oar  department  of  "  Leading  Articles  of  the  Mouth.'' 

Mr.  Andrew  Lang  revives  recollections  of  Mrs.  Rad- 
cliffe's  novels,  which  enjoyed  an  immense  vogue  a  hun- 
d  red  years  ago. 


THE  NATIONAL  REVIEW. 

IN  the  NatioiKil  Review  for  July,  Mr.  F.  C.  Cony- 
lieare  describes  at  length  the  intrigues  of  the  great 
Assumptionist  organization  against  the  French  Re- 
public. No  election  is  beyond  the  scope  of  this  organ- 
ization. 

"  Municipal,  cantonal,  legislative,  presidential,  and 
even  elections  of  chambers  of  commerce  and  of  agri- 
culture— all  alike  are  to  be  watched  and  provided  for. 
*  Without  such  organization,'  says  M.  Laya,— and  he  is 
right, — *  nine-tenths  of  the  electors  might  at  the  bottom 
be  on  our  side,  and  yet  we  should  continue  to  be  beaten 
at  elections.' 

"The  duties  of  the  Assumptionist  caucus  are  thus 
defined  :  It  shall  occupy  itself  with  revisions  of  the  reg- 
ister of  voters,  shall  study  diligently  the  body  of  elec- 
tors, their  wants,  and  the  currents  of  opinion  which  stir 
them.  With  every  elector  its  members  must  be  per- 
sonally acquainted,  so  as  to  set  him  in  one  of  three 
classes— viz.,  good,  bad,  or  doubtful.  The  '  good '  elec- 
tors must  be  reinforced,  marshaled  in  battalions,  en- 
couraged to  become  apostles  of  the  good  cause.  The 
doubtful  ones  and  waverers  must  be  won  over ;  the  bad 
ones  had  better  be  left  alone — at  least,  to  begin  with." 

Of  the  means,  literary,  political,  and  domestic,  by 
which  the  conspirators  attain  their  ends  Mr.  Cony- 
beare  gives  a  detailed  and  very  interesting  account. 
Even  a  female  league  exists  for  th^  purpose  of  infiu- 
encing  voters  through  the  agency  of  their  wives. 

A  PLKA  FOR  THE  STUDY  OF  MILITARY  HISTORY. 

Mr.  C.  Oman  contributes  a  "Pl^a  for  Military  His- 
tory." He  thinks  that  the  disasters  of  the  South  Afri- 
can War  were  due  to  the  entire  ignorance  of  elementary 
military  history  among  British  politicians. 

"  The  most  discomposing  incident  of  the  last  autumn 
was  not  Nicholson's  Nek  or  Majersfontein,  but  that 
astounding  message  sent  from  London  to  Australia, 
which  told  our  willing  colonists  that,  if  they  wished  to 
supply  men  for  the  war,  infantry  would  be  preferable. 
That  one  sentence  showed  with  a  fatal  clearness  that 
the  responsible  persons  at  headquarters  had  not  real- 
ized that  the  chapter  in  the  art  of  war  which  they 
should  be  studying  was  the  great  American  struggle  of 
1861-65.  Any  one  who  has  carefully  read  through  the 
records  of  that  contest  can  see  that  it  alone  among 
modern  wars  offers  really  useful  lessons  and  analogies 
for  application  in  the  present  campaign  in  Africa." 

CUTTING  THROUGH  THE  SUDD. 

Capt.  M.  F.  Gage  gives  a  very  interesting  account  of 
a  recent  voyage  made  by  him  from  Uganda  to  Khar- 
tum with  the  object  of  examining  the  Sudd  region  of 
the  White  Nile.  The  passage  by  bi>at  through  the 
Sudd  was  only  accomplished  after  extraordinary  diffi- 
culties, and  took  several  months.  Of  the  manner  in 
which  the  obstruction  is  formed.  Captain  Gage  says  : 

"  From  Shambe  to  9  deg.  N.  Lat.,  the  river  is  l)or- 
dered  at  intervals  on  either  bank  by  extensive  lagoons, 
filled  with  fioating  islands  of  papyrus  grass,  termed 
Sudd,  which  sail  about  at  the  will  of  the  wind.  These, 
during  the  rainy  season,  are  blown  in  large  masses  by 
the  frequent  squalls  which  are  prevalent  at  that  period 
into  the  river,  and  are  carried  down  by  the  current, 
often  wrenching  fresh  pieces  of  papyrus  from  that  lx)r- 
dering  the  river  during  their  course.  The.se  formidable 
floating  islands  of  papyrus  grass,  with  roots  sometimes 


248 


WE  AmmCAhi  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REyiEiVS. 


as  much  as  ten  feet  in  length  and  one  foot  diameter, 
continue  their  course  until,  either  at  the  bend  of  the 
river  or  when  the  latter  suddenly  narrows,  they  become 
jam  med.  Fresh  islands  constantly  arriring  from  behind 
with  the  current  tend  still  more  to  compress  the  block 
thus  formed,  until  in  course  of  time  a  formidable  bar- 
rage completely  blocks  the  course  of  the  river.  There 
))eing  no  solid  banks  in  these  latitudes,  the  huge  vol- 
ume of  water  descending  from  the  south  then  swerves 
from  its  true  course  and  flows  over  the  surrounding 
marshland,  thereby  forming  a  vast  expanse  of  inunda- 
tions." 

THE  SWISS  ARMY. 

Mr.  G.  G.  Ck)ulton  contributes  a  description  of  the 
Swiss  army.  The  Swiss  army  is  probably  by  far  the 
cheapest  in  the  world,  taking  into  consideration  the 
three  points  of  money,  length  of  service,  and  efficiency. 
In  1900  it  will  cost  far  less  than  the  imperfect  British 
volunteer  system.  Every  adult  Swiss  is  liable  to  serve, 
but  the  physical  test  is  so  strict  that  nearly  50  per  cent, 
are  rejected.  The  rejected  pay  a  tax  of  $1.25  per  head, 
with  an  income  tax  of  about  \%  per  cent.  For  the  first 
thirteen  years  of  his  service  the  recruit  belongs  to  the 
HitCy  and  is  called  out  every  other  year  for  exercise. 
The  cavalry  alone  is  called  out  every  year.  In  the  in- 
termediate years  the  soldier  shoots  40  rounds  per  an- 
num. In  his  thirty-third  year  he  passes  into  the  Land- 
wehr,  and  in  his  forty-fifth  year  into  the  Landsturm. 
In  1899  the  Swiss  army  with  reserves  numbered  284,000 
fighting  men.  Captain  Gage  made  inquiries  from  a 
number  of  authorities  as  to  the  physical  and  moral 
effect  of  the  Swiss  military  system,  and  the  conclusion 
lie  came  to  was  that  in  every  respect  it  was  beneficial. 

JUDGMENTS  ON  THE  BOEB  WAR. 

"  The  Greater  Britain  "  section  is  exclusively  devoted 
to  the  war.    The  following  is  the  writer's  judgment : 

**  It  will  not  be  surprising  to  find,  at  a  very  early  date, 
a  strong  recrudescence  of  the  agitation  against  the  war- 
office  methods  in  the  conduct  of  the  campaign  in  South 
Africa.  Officers,  correspondents,  and  private  observers 
of  reliability  are  returning  from  the  front ;  and  the 
criticisms  which  they  are  likely  to  make,  after  peace 
has  been  concluded,  will  neither  be  consoling  to  our 
national  pride  nor  reassuring  to  those  who  have  the 
welfare  of  the  country  at  heart.  There  is  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  one  day,  sooner  or  later,  it  will  be  established 
that  the  fighting  force  of  the  Boers  has  never  exceeded 
35,000  to  40,000  men ;  that  our  commissariat  has  been 
conducted  with  scandalous  ignorance  and  waste ;  that 
the  transport  system,  from  start  to  finish,  has  been 
badly  mismanaged.  Finally,  those  who  have  been 
through  the  campaign  or  have  watched  it  in  any 
capacity  have  been  obliged  to  regretfully  come  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  proportion  of  British  officers  who 
have  achieved  any  notable  success  or  given  any  signal 
proof  of  good  military  qualities  is  surprisingly  small." 

A  *' Special  Supplement"  of  36  pages  is  devoted  to  a 
complete  history  of  the  war,  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Wilson. 
Mr.  Wilson  thinks  that  the  Boers  never  had  at  the  ut- 
most more  than  40,000  men  in  the  field.  His  conclu- 
sions are  as  follows  : 

**In  tactics  the  Boers  all  through  proved  themselves 
ahead  of  the  British  army,  and  man  for  man,  superior 
to  our  soldiers.  It  was  said  before  the  war  that  they 
would  never  attack,  though  Majuba  wias  even  then  an 
instance  to  the  contrary.     But  when  well  led,  they 


could,  and  did,  attack  witli  complete  success— «s,  for 
example,  at  Spion  Kop.  There  can  now  be  no  doabt 
that  the  force  opposed  to  us  in  that  battle  was  not  one- 
third  the  strength  of  Buller's  army." 

TIIK  RIGHTS  OF  THE  WEAK. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Mallock  writes  a  somewhat  casuistical 
article  upon  '*  The  Rights  of  the  Weak,"  in  which  he 
concludes,  to  his  own  satisfaction,  that  the  weak  have 
no  rights  at  all. 

'*  The  right  of  the  great  state  is  guaranteed  by  some- 
thing which  is  internal  to  itself.  The  right  of  the  weak 
state  is  guaranteed  by  something  which  is  external  to 
itself.  It  is  guaranteed  by  the  forbearance  of  the  great 
state,  which  guarantee  rests  on  the  dictates  of  the  great 
state's  conscience  as  to  what,  under  the  circumstances, 
is  equitable.  If,  therefore,  owing  to  a  change  in  cir- 
cumstances, the  great  state  comes  to  feel  that  the  weak 
state  uses  its  rights  in  any  unjustifiable  manner,  the 
weak  state's  guarantee  of  its  Independence  necessarily 
disappears  at  once." 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Mr.  Alfred  Austin  reprints  a  paper  on  ^*  Dante*s 
Realistic  Treatment  of  the  Ideal,''  which  was  read 
before  the  Dante  Society  on  June  13.  Mr.  Arthur  Galton 
gives  his  "  Final  Impressions  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church." 

"  The  House  of  Usna"  is  the  title  of  a  drama  by  Miss 
Fiona  MacLeod.  It  deals  with  the  reign  of  Connor 
MacNessa,  who  was  king  of  Ulster,  and  high  king  of 
Ireland  at  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  Era. 


THE  WESTMINSTER  REVIEW. 

THE  paper  on  Bonlighera,  in  the  July  number  of  the 
Westminster,  has  already  been  noticed. 

Mr.  Hugh  H.  L.  Bellot  brings  his  review  of  the  prob- 
lem in  South  Africa  to  a  close  by  urging  that  aft«r  an- 
nexation a  military  dictatorship  must  continue  until  it 
is  considered  safe  to  introduce  a  fair  measure  of  respon- 
sible self-government.  The  interval  might  be  used  to 
redress  economic  grievances,  abolish  monopolies,  ascer- 
tain the  respective  numbers  of  Boers  and  Uitlanders, 
and  so  forth.  He  insists  that  England  must  trust  the 
Boers  as  she  has  trusted  the  once  disloyal  Canadians, 
and  must  aim  at  the  fusion  of  the  two  races. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Maddock  laments  the  popular  f reuay  which 
brands  opposition  to  the  war  as  disloyalty.  This  leadj> 
him,  relying  on  etymology,  to  declare  that  *  Royalty 
simply  means  legality,— i.  e.,  justice,"— and  to  hope  that 
rational  oritioism  will  in  time  supersede  the  race  ha- 
treds left  behind  them  by  the  old  monarchies.  Nora 
Twycross  deplores  the  support  given  to  militarism  by 
women,  who  ought  to  be  the  greatest  advocates  of 
peace. 

Art  is  nearly  as  prominent  as  war  in  this  number. 
Henry  Bishop  discusses  the  distinctive  qualities  of 
Rembrandt,  and  H.  M.  Strong  contributes  a  eulogy  of 
Aubrey  Beardsley's  achievements.  Mr.  Strong  declares 
Beardsley  initiated,  developed,  and  brought  to  matu- 
rity an  art  astoundingly  new. 

The  single-tax  panacea,  which  rarely  escapes  advo- 
cacy in  the  Westminster^  appears  now  in  the  novel 
guise  of  a  court  trial.  We  are  given  a  verbatim  report 
of  the  case  of  Labor  versus  Landlordism,  in  the  Court 
of  Common-sense,  the  opposing  counsel  being  Mr.  Sin- 


THE  PERIODICALS  RE^IEIVED. 


249 


gle  Tax,  Q.C.,  and  Mr.  Laiasezfair,  Q.C.  The  plaiutitT 
is  John  Hodge,  the  defendant  is  Lord  Broadacres  ;  and 
among  the  witnesses  called  are  Charles  I.,  William  the 
Conqueror,  and  Adam  ! 


Mr.  Oliphant  Smeaton  considers  that  Hector  Mac- 
pherson  has  succeeded  remarkably  well  in  his  endeavor 
to  cram  the  results  of  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer's  life  and 
philosophy  into  a  book  of  227  pages. 


IHE  CONTINENTAL   REVIEWS. 


w 


REVUE  DES  DEUX  MONDES. 

E  have  noticed  elsewhere  M.  Leclercq's  article  on 
"  The  Origins  of  the  South  African  Republics." 
As  regards  the  rest  of  the  Revxie  des  Deux  Mondes  for 
June,  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  usual  high  standard 
has  not,  for  once,  been  altogether  maintained. 

ARTIFICIAL  COLORING  MATTER. 

M.  Dastre  contributes  to  the  first  June  number  an 
extremely  learned  and  technical  article  on  the  chemical 
industry  of  artificial  coloring  matters.  The  general 
character  of  the  changes  which  this  industry  has  under- 
gone may  be  briefly  explained  :  It  has  been  the  substi- 
tution, sometimes  slow  and  gradual,  at  other  times 
sudden,  of  artificial  products  for  natural  ones.  This 
process  has  been  effected,  in  most  cases,  at  the  cost  of  the 
agricultural  industry.  Colors  borrowed  from  vegetable 
or  animal  sources  are  suddenly,  one  fine  day,  produced 
artificially  in  the  laboratory,  and  lo  I  all  of  a  sudden  a 
flourishing  industry  is  menaced,  declines,  and  disap- 
pears. A  remarkable  example  is  to  be  found  in  the 
fact  that,  at  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century,  Spain 
used  to  supply  France  with  large  quantities  of  soda, 
derived  from  seaweed  of  various  kinds  ;  but  this  indus- 
try was  destroyed  in  a  moment  by  the  discovery  and 
adoption  of  the  Leblanc  process,  which  rendered  France 
independent  of  Spain  in  this  respect.  So,  too,  with  the 
discovery  of  aniline  dyes,  which  wrought  an  absolute 
revolution  in  the  dyeing  trade.  But  it  is  mainly  on  the 
future  that  M.  Dastre  fixes  his  eyes  ;  he  sees  in  this  in- 
dustry an  unlimited  field  for  discoveries  of  importance, 
and  he  attributes  the  supremacy  of  Germany  in  this 
field  to  the  fact  that  she  has  known  how  to  enlist  the 
bi^iest  science  in  the  service  of  industry. 

THE  OLD  EMPEROR  WILLIAM. 

To  the  second  June  number  M.  Emile  Ollivier  con- 
tributes a  long  and  historically  interesting  paper  on  the 
old  Emperor,  King  William  of  Prussia.  No  prince,  he 
says,  better  understood  and  fulfilled  the  duties  of  roy- 
alty. His  education  was  entirely  military,  and  he  was 
44  years  old  before  he  was  initiated  into  state  affairs. 
But  he  was  too  conscientious  to  remain  a  simple  figure- 
head, and  with  infinite  labor  he  acquainted  himself 
with  the  details  of  government,  and  even  with  the  prin- 
ciples of  jurisprudence.  He  worked  from  morning  till 
night  without  any  recreation  except  the  theater,  and 
eren  there  he  was  always  accessible  to  deal  with  im- 
portant business.  *'I  have  not  the  time  to  be  tired,**  he 
fwid  to  those  who  were  astonished  at  his  enormous 
labors.  He  had  the  royal  gift  of  choosing  his  assistants 
well,  and  of  attaching  them  to  him  by  delicate  atten- 
tions. In  his  private  life  he  was  kind,  polite  to  ladies, 
devoid  of  vindictiveness,  of  a  placid,  gentle  humor,  fond 
of  obliging  people,  and,  while  strikingly  economical, 
yet  ready  if  occasion  demanded  to  dispense  royal  splen- 
dor. In  his  youth  he  was  of  a  romantic  disposition, 
and  if  it  had  not  been  for  the  formal  veto  of  his  father, 
be  wonld  have  married  to  please  himself.  As  it  was, 
he  married,  by  order,  the  Princess  Augusta  of  Saxe- 


Weimar,  the  bent  of  whose  mind  rendered  her  scarcely 
a  suitable  wife  for  him.  Her  poetic,  literary,  and  ar- 
tistic culture  was  too  exceptional ;  and,  though  she 
was  not  without  influence  over  him,  yet  their  relations 
were  often  strained.  He  was  first  and  foremost  a  King 
of  Prussia— a  man  of  conquest,  ready  to  take  what  he 
could  get  without  scruple,  and  believing  what  was 
profitable  to  be  lawful.  War  was  ever  in  his  thoughts, 
and  it  seemed  to  him  a  necessary  refreshment  for  na- 
tions. His  mission  seemed  to  him  less  that  of  making 
some  millions  of  men  happy  than  that  of  conquering 
Germany ;  in  fact,  he  found  quite  natural,  and  even 
holy,  forms  of  deceit  from  which  his  soul  would  have 
shrunk  if  they  had  been  concerned  merely  with  his 
own  private  affairs. 

MADAGASCAR. 

M.  Lebon  continues  his  series  of  papers  on  Madagas- 
car by  dealing  this  time  with  the  process  of  pacification 
after  annexation.  M.  Lebon  considers  that  Mada- 
gascar has  been  badly  treated  in  regard  to  finance,  the 
home  government  being  unwilling  as  a  rule  to  spend 
enough.  As  regards  the  economic  development  of  the 
island,  for  which  means  of  communication  are  the  most 
essential  requirement-,  he  considers  that  France  has  re- 
peated in  Madagascar  the  same  error  which  has  affected 
the  whole  of  her  colonial  history.  She  has  not  known 
how  to  follow  up  rapidly  great  military  sacrifices  with 
corresponding  expenditure  on  public  works.  M.  Lebon 
contrasts  the  energy  displayed  by  England  in  construct- 
ing the  Uganda  Railway,  as  well  as  the  military  line 
which  owed  its  origin  to  Lord  Kitchener  In  the  Soudan 
campaign.  ,  

NOUVELLE  REVUE. 

THERE  is  no  lack  of  interesting  papers  in  the  Nou- 
velle  J?eime,  although  it  no  longer  has  the  ad- 
vantage of  the  editorial  direction  of  Mme.  Juliette 
Adam. 

pfeRE  DIDON. 

An  article  signed  only  by  the  initials  "  E.  M."  gives 
an  interesting  picture  of  P6re  Didon.  Obituary  notices 
have  sufficiently  expressed  the  grief  which  the  news  of 
P^re  Didon's  death  aroused  among  his  numerous  friends 
in 'England.  There  is,  therefore,  no  need  to  follow  the 
writer  in  his  sketch  of  P6re  Didon^s  life.  The  part  of 
educator,  which  filled  the  last  portion  of  his  life  after 
his  reconciliation  with  the  Vatican,  is  probably  what 
P6re  Didon  will  be  remembered  for  by  posterity.  At 
the  school  of  Arcueil  he  showed  his  great  powers  of  or^ 
ganization,  as  well  as  the  sweetness  and  charm  of  his 
personal  nature ;  he  Ixslieved  in  spreading  sunshine  and 
light  around  him,  and  all  sadness  was  banished.  He 
had  a  splendid  appetite,  and  a  great  love  of  manly 
sports,  in  which  he  brought  up  his  pupils.  At  table 
P6re  Didon's  gayety  was  irresistible.  Never  did  mod- 
ern monk  penetrate  more  intelligently  the  spirit  and 
manners  of  our  time  :  he  set  his  watch  by  tlie  hour  of 
the  century.  Essentially  a  Liberal  and  a  Democrat,  he 
seemed  to  bring  to  the  solution  of  modem  problems 


250 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


that  sympathy  and  forgetfulness  of  self  which  distin- 
gui.she4l  some  of  tlie  greatest  names  in  the  history  of 
moiiasticism.  He  was  once  foolishly  called  the  Cocjue- 
lin  of  the  Church,  but  P6re  Didon  was  anything  but  an 
actor  ;  and  if  he  was  not  exactly  a  monk  to  the  very 
marrow  of  his  bones,  he  was  certainly  a  believer. 

THE  BOEK  WAR. 

Captain  Gilbert  continues  in  the  second  June  number 
a  description  of  the  military  operations  in  South  Af- 
rica, in  which  he  takes  us  down  to  November  15,  1899. 
Captain  Gilbert's  papers  are  worthy  of  attention  as 
being  the  work  of  a  professional  soldier,  who  seems  to 
be  on  the  whole  uninfluenced  by  political  or  national 
prejudice  on  either  side,  and  is  therefore  able  to  discuss 
the  military  problems  involved  in  the  war  in  the  dry 
light  of  reason.  

REVUE  DE  PARIS. 

WE  have  already  had  occasion  to  note  the  consider- 
able improvement  which  had  been  effected  in 
the  Revue  de  PariSj  and  this  improvement  is  fully 
maintained  in  the  June  number. 

SPORTS  IN  OLD  FRANCE. 

Modern  France,  in  spite  of  P6re  Didon,  is  not  sup- 
posed to  be  much  addicted  to  athletics  ;  and  perhaps  it 
is  with  a  view  of  remedying  this  that  M.  Jusserand 
writes  on  the  subject  of  sports  in  old  France  in  the  first 
June  number,  in  continuation  of  the  series  which  he 
began  in  May.  He  begins  with  the  jousts  and  tourneys 
in  the  time  of  Ren6  of  Anjou.  In  the  joust  there  were 
different  prizes  given  to  the  man  who  should  make  the 
finest  lance-thrust,  to  the  man  who  broke  most  lances, 
and  so  on — curiously  parallel  to  the  methods  of  an  ath- 
letic meeting  of  to-day.  The  joust  was  an  imitation  of 
the  single  combat,  or  duel  to  the  death,  just  as  the  tour- 
ney was  an  imitation  of  a  regular  battle.  The  sixteenth 
century  was  the  golden  age  of  individual  prowess  in 
arms ;  distance  and  difference  of  ntftionality  were  no 
bar,  but  the  chivalry  of  every  country  of  Europe  met  at 
great  trials  of  strength  and  skill. 

"L'AIGLON"  AND  THE  COUNTESS  CAMERATA. 

The  recent  production  of  M.  Rostand's  play,  "L'Al- 
glon,"  lends  interest  to  a  short  paper  by  M.  Fr6d6ric 
Masson  on  the  part  played  by  the  Countess  Camera*a 
at  Vienna.  Last  April,  M.  Masson  had  said  in  the 
Rcmie  de  Paris  that  the  countess  could  not  come  to 
Vienna  in  1830  to  be  near  the  Duke  of  Reichstadt.  M. 
Masson,  however,  has  been  furnished  with  letters  by  a 
very  high  authority  which  tend  to  modify,  if  not  to  dis- 
prove, his  previous  statement. 

M.  SPULLER  AND  M.  GAMBETTA. 

M.  Depasse  presents  five  interesting  letters  from  M. 
8piiU*.*T  t-o  GaiiiliCtUi,  written  on  the  morrow  of  the  war 
uf  It^lU  tluriuiu:  cind  after  the  Commune.  M.  SpuUer  was 
thf  uiii«t  faithful  find  most  disinterested  of  Gambetta's 
fHii'nds,  and  hi^  moral  and  political  influence  has  been 
too  li  rth^  f  ecc*gtUKed  by  historians  of  the  French  Republi- 
f**n^  purty.  The  letters  show,  for  the  first  time,  the 
^rtnit  fmrt  which  M.  SpuUer  plaj-ed  in  the  Gambettist- 
O  p  |io  rt  u  u  l«l  ]  n>l  i  t  i  t  '^, 

<)THER  ARTICLES. 

\V<5  have  uotiotHl  ulsewhere  M.  Mille's  article  on  the 
Ji{i<tL%  imd  anioujj;  others  which  should  be  mentioned 
aPK  an  anonymou!^  bistorical  paper  on  the  a.ssassination 


of  two  plenipotentiaries  of  France  at  the  gates  of 
Rastatt  in  17119;  a  description  of  the  picturesque  cus- 
toms of  the  Amsterdam  Stock  Exchange  in  the  seven- 
teenth century;  a  selection  of  letters  written  to  Gen. 
Mathieu  Dumas  during  the  campaign  of  Marengo  by 
General  Dampierre;  and  a  lively  description,  in  the 
form  of  extnicts  from  letters,  of  the  Cape  Nome  gold 
fields,  to  which  is  added  an  excellent  map  showing  the 
position  of  the  fields  in  relation  to  the  Klondike  district 
on  the  one  side  and  Siberia  on  the  other. 


THE  ITALIAN  REVIEWS. 

THE  political  situation  in  Italy  and  the  recent  elec- 
tions naturally  excite  the  attention  of  all  the 
serious  reviews,  and  pessimistic  views  concerning  the 
future  appear  to  prevail  in  most  quarters.  The  Ra9- 
segna  Nazionale  (Liberal  Catholic)  tries  to  make  the 
best  of  what  it  clearly  regards  as  a  bad  business,  and 
blames  the  Osservatore  CattoUco  for  indirectly,  at 
least,  supporting  the  extreme  Left  in  opposition  to  the 
Ministerial  candidates.  The  Civiltd  Cattolica  (Jesuit) 
congratulates  the  Church  on  the  continued  abstention 
of  Catholics  from  the  polls,  while  complacently  noting 
the  increasing  corruption  and  disorder  of  political  life 
in  Italy.  The  weighty  Nuova  Antologia  devotes  no 
less  than  three  articles,  two  by  Senators  and  one  by  a 
Deputy,  to  various  aspects  of  the  situation.  The  most 
noteworthy  contribution  is  that  of  F.  Nobili-Vitelleschi, 
who,  in  an  article  entitled  '*  A  New  Cry  of  Pain,"  de 
Clares  roundly  that  it  would  not  be  easy  to  find  any 
country  that  had  been  so  badly  governed  as  Italy  dur- 
ing the  last  twenty-five  years.  **  The  confusion  of  par- 
ties, their  self-seeking,  the  mutability  of  policy,  the 
turbulent  proceedings  in  Parliament,  the  frequent 
changes  of  ministries  and  prorogations  of  the  Chamber, 
the  constant  dissolutions,  the  method  of  nominating  to 
the  Upper  Chamber,  are  very  far  from  being  proofs  of 
good  government." 

Apart  from  home  politics,  the  most  topical  articles  in 
the  Nuova  Antologia  are  two  which  form  part  of  a 
series  describing  the  travels  of  an  Italian  engineer 
through  the  interior  of  China,  and  illustrated  by  a 
number  of  excellent  kodak  views.  Tlie  journey,  which 
was  undertaken  in  connection  with  the  laying  down  of 
a  new  railway,  only  dates  from  last  year  ;  and  in  the 
light  of  current  events,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  it 
was  accomplished  without  any  difficulties,  although 
here  and  there  the  author  refers  to  the  antagonistic  hu- 
mor of  the  Chinese  lower  classes. 

The  CivilUl  Cattolica  (June  16)  points  out  that  the 
assumption  universally  adopted  by  the  Italian  non- 
Catholic  press  earlier  in  the  year,  that  the  Anno  Santo 
would  prove  a  failure,  is  fast  giving  way  before  the  un- 
deniable facts  of  the  case.  As  a  proof  of  the  crowds  of 
foreigners  who  have  thronged  the  Eternal  City,  the 
writer  asserts  tha^  the  receipts  of  the  Roman  Tram- 
way Company  during  the  eight  weeks  from  mid-March 
to  mid-May  equaled  in  amount  the  whole  of  the  re- 
ceipts for  the  year  1899.  There  is  an  article  condemn- 
ing the  moral  tone  of  Sienkiewicz's  two  novels,  "(Juo 
Vadis"  and  *'  Without  Dogma,"  which  are  enjoying  an 
enormous  popularity  in  Italy  just  now.  Apparently, 
*' Quo  Vadis"  is  only  ecclesiastically  sanctioned  in  an 
expurgated  edition. 

The  Rnssegna  Nazionale  publishes  a  lecture  on 
'*  The  Delineation  of  Sorrow  in   Art,"  by  the  veteran 


THE  PERIODICALS  RE l^ IE IV ED. 


251 


norelist  A.  Fogazzaro,  which  has  attracted  considerable 
Htt«Dtiou  of  iat-e  among  Italian  critics. 

The  Rlvhta  PoUtica  c  LctiernrUt  publishes  an 
eothnsiaMtic  review  of  (-assandra  Vivaria's  novel, 
"V'iaLucis,"  which  is  to  appear  in  translated  form  ius 
a  serial  in  its  pages. 

The  Rivlsta  Popolare^  a  small  fortnightly  publica- 
tion»  edited  for  the  people  by  the  well-known  deputy, 
X.  Colajanui,  prints  (June  15)  a  very  bitter  letter  by 
Ouida  against  England,  in  which  she  prophesies  that 
when  England  shall  have  swallowed  the  Transvaal  she 
will  turn  ber  attention  to  Mozambique. 


THE  GERMAN  MAGAZINES. 

]X  the  June  number  of  the  Deutsche  Hevuc,  M.  von 
Brandt  contributes  a  paper  on  *'  Asiatic  Shadows.*' 
The  '*  shadows  "in  question  are  those  thrown  upon  Eng- 
lish prestige  and  English  influence  in  every  part  of  the 
lavat  Eastern  Continent.  The  writer  points  to  the 
progress  in  colonization,  in  conquest,  and  in  influence 
made  by  Russia,  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  stationary  or 
rven  retrograde  movement  of  Great  Britain  on  the 
other.  In  order  to  make  this  more  marked,  M.  von 
Brandt  has  ignored  any  advance  that  has  been  made  by 
Flngland  in  China  and  elsewhere,  and  only  mentions 
Kanjnt  and  Chitral.  He  says  that  Russian  enterprise 
has  been  everywhere  triumphant— in  Persia,  in  China, 
ou  the  Indian  frontier,  in  Afghanistan.  Only  in  Korea 
it  has  not  achieve<l  that  success  wished  for  by  the 
statesmen  at  St.  Petersburg.  The  result  of  this  is  that 
the  Chinese  and  Japanese,  seeing  the  English  policy, 
which  has  been  unfolded  before  their  eyes  since  1895, 
can  only  come  to  one  conclusion— namely,  that  England 
is  afraid  of  Russia ;  that  her  policy  is  but  a  broken 
reed,  and  that  her  hand  can  give  no  support  to  any  who 
niay  wish  to  lean  on  her. 

M.  von  Brandt  mentions  the  anti-English  feeling  in 
America,  and  even  foresees  the  probability  of  a  war  be- 
tween the  two  great  English-speaking  nations.  In  his 
opinion,  all  that  England  has  left  is  the  command  of  the 
f*^ ;  and  upon  that  even  now  shadows  are  being  thrown 
—shadows  which  have  real  forms  behind  them,  which 
KTow  slowly  yet  surely.  He  quotes  the  trade  returns  of 
the  various  nations  with  China  and  Japan  to  show  that 
Kngland  is  falling  behind  in  the  race,  having  tq  take 
MMjond  place  to  America  and  Russia.  Were  it  not  that 
the  French  have  demonstrated  their  incapacity  for  col- 
onization, their  presence  in  southern  China  would  be  a 
Kreat  menace  to  England.  In  his  closing  paragraph, 
however,  the  writer  sets  forth  the  fact  that  the  wealth 
of  England  is  still  the  great  source  of  her  strength  ;  but 
eren  more  than  this  the  great  element  of  her  power  is 
foand  in  the  remark  made  by  Graf  von  Schwerin  when 
he  visited  England— namely,  that  in  England  the  great 
families  always  stood  forth  in  the  cause  of  freedom, 
while  in  Germany  the  old  families  only  tried  to  see 
whether  it  were  possible  to  get  more  privileges  for 
themselves. 

ROUMANIA. 

Dr.  Hans  Kleser  writes  a  very  long  historical  article 
apon  the  position  and  significance  of  Roumauia  among 
European  statea.  He  opens  hLs  article  with  a  descrip. 
tion  of  the  journey  of  King  Karl  of  Rou mania  through 
KosBia  to  St.  Petersburg  last  year.    The  significance  of 


this  visit  is  much  greater  than  has  been  generally  rec- 
ognized. It  really  marks  the  recognition  of  Rounmnia 
jis  an  independent  sovereign  state  whose  future  is 
assured.  The  chief  dangers  that  the  little  kingdom  has 
now  to  fear  will  arise  from  internal  troubles.  Dr. 
Kleser  goes  minut-ely  into  the  details  of  Roumanian 
history,  and  touches  upon  the  march  of  Russian  enter- 
prise towards  the  West  in  much  the  same  way  as  M. 
von  Brandt  refers  to  her  Eastern  advance. 

A  GERMAN'S  IMPRESSIONS  OF  MOROCCO. 

The  widespread  feeling  in  Germany  that  it  would  be 
a  good  thing  to  acquire  a  few  more  colonies  and  greatly 
develop  those  they  already  have  finds  expression  in 
many  articles  in  the  magazines  upon  the  present  Ger- 
man possessions  and  those  states  in  which  there  is  a 
strong  Grerman  influence.  Among  the  latter  is  Mo- 
rocco, and  in  the  June  number  of  the  Deutnche  Riind- 
schan  we  find  a  most  interesting  article  called  *' Im- 
pressions of  Journeys  in  Morocco,"  by  Theobald 
Fischer.  Mr.  Fischer  has  traveled  a  great  deal  in 
Morocco,  a  country  in  which  he  says  there  are  impor- 
tant German  interests.  He  describes  some  of  his  jour- 
neys, from  which  it  would  appear  that  he  had  to  rough 
it  pretty  considerably.  The  difficulties  of  travel  in  this 
part  of  Africa  are  many.  He  says  that  at  present  there 
is  no  artificially  built  road  in  the  whole  of  Morocco, 
and  that  bridges  are  almost  unknown.  All  the  larger 
streams  are  crossed  by  means  of  ferries,  a  method 
which  causes  great  delays,  especially  when  the  ferry- 
men refuse  to  perform  their  duty.  He  also  seems  to 
have  suffered  great  inconvenience  owing  to-the  gates  of 
all  towns  being  shut  at  sunset,  in  which  case  the  cara- 
van has  to  camp  without  the  walls.  Not  only  are  the 
gates  of  the  town  closed,  but  the  gates  of  the  different 
divisions  of  the  town  are  also  kept  shut  after  dark,  a 
custom  which  renders  visiting  after  simset  practically 
impossible. 

Mr.  Fischer's  general  impression  of  Morocco  is  that  it 
is  a  land  which  has  been  richly  endowed  by  Nature,  and 
with  a  position  which  gives  it  great  superiority,  but 
which  at  the  same  time  is  devastated  and  depopulated 
by  a  horrible  arbitrary  power.  No  man  can  be  sure  of 
his  life  or  his  property.  The  village  sheik  skins  his 
peasants  in  order  to  enrich  himself.  He  in  turn  loses 
his  position,  his  wealth,  and  possibly  his  life,  if  he  fails 
to  give  the  Sultan  and  his  entourage  the  customary 
yearly  presents,  or  if  another  man  offers  more  for  his 
place.  The  Sultans  themselves  generally  end  by  means 
of  poison.  Only  the  man  who  has  absolutely  nothing  is 
moderately  safe.  Speaking  of  the  crushing  out  of  a  re- 
l>ellion  which  took  place  some  time  ago,  he  says  that  at 
first  every  soldier  in  the  Sultan's  army  was  paid  five 
francs  for  each  head  that  he  brought  in.  The  natural 
result  was  that  the  soldiers  killed  everybody  that  they 
could — camel-drivers  and  the  like.  So  many  heads 
came  in  that  this  bonus  was  taken  ofT,  in  ctmsequence 
of  which  innumerable  desertions  took  place,  as  the 
soldiers  found  it  quite  impossible  to  live  upon  their 
pay,  which  amounted  to  10  cents  a  day.  He  tells  some 
grewsome  stories  of  the  tortures  employed,  and  con- 
clude«  :  "  Rotten  through  and  through  as  it  is,  this 
stat-e,  whose  existence  is  a  disgrace  to  Christian  Europe, 
would  succumb  to  the  first  blow  from  outside.  The 
jealousy  of  the  powers  is  responsible  for  the  fact  that 
this  blow  has  not  already  been  delivered." 


254 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHL  Y  REVIEW  OF  REl^IEWS. 


Trtfi  niu  «\  rnitHii  ,il  PnM  i  -Inn'  im,  J,  O,  Tini>H.n,  Phil. 
Inrn  iihitli>ii,  Provi'uHvt  -  IJ.,  W.  M,  HiilYkiii''.  PripS. 
Ift»i>inuiiin,  UliJ  Tif&Tjiiiit^iir  anil,  \L  Coovt-r.  Uuth. 
lueurmu'e  :  LceAOtiftOf  tht  |r7S.tWi,<JSi(J  ABK-lieaii,  \V.  J.  Hoies, 

Forum.  ^  , 

fnvulid.  How  lo  Cheer  (nu  Anna  S.  Rct^*],  f^i4f(\ 
IflvoTitlon  ii«  «L  Fjictor  uf  KaHoriiU  Wtalih,  W.  C.  Dtnlge, 

Invertvlimtos,    North- Amefican  —  X..   ^Marj    J.  Rathbun, 
ANftU  Jiine^ 

IiNslantl,  Rurn],  In  the  Bywajre  of,  M,  MAcDi>npigb,  NineC. 

IH*U  Qrp*?Dfc4.  On.  Mac, 

IH^li  Niiliourtl  EdiuHlirin*  J.  J.  O^Shtii.  ArQR, 

ln>u»  "  Bc*??E  V'iprkr>,liirr,'*  MnkUi^,  E.  Mri  Uiehuh,  OasM. 

Iron  TriMie,  BHhHij  VU>w  nf  llie.  ,f.  H.  ,K'iuin  Krif. 

Italy:  AitiimJe  i>f  thu  Iiitniusiyiiitii  IhidUK  Uio  Election, 
Rji^N,  Jtin*- 16. 

lUly  :  On  tlic  E\  o  of  the  New  Pin  irnnn^nt,  TfasN,  June  16. 

lUly,  PuUt.it  Hi  SjtiHr.  of,  I\  Urami,  HPL,  Jiiin'  lA, 

Jiipiiiu  CliHsiiHTi  Mii-si(jnh  Ihh  F.  PenmiLU,  Cmh, 

J II  PA  u.  MoiWrii.  IJ,  (ilii*«,  AiikA. 

Jtilhin,  Knilroftd  L'ntitrnl  In,  K*  Al^s  ArMm. 

JeHUit,  Period  of  Doubt  Auloiii;  tlje  Frit'iuls  nf,  E.  I.  Bos- 
worthy  BSHjC\ 

JoHtm.  Pcrsonulity  of.  P.  Carutf»  Mon. 

J€wli*h  Syiiui^oifiiv.  Jfiiu^  nmi  )hu,  E.  K.  Mitfboll,  Bib. 

Joirivllli^,  Frincp  «l*>.  A.  Li*Utft.4,  HPur,  Jnly  U 

Jiiunxitliftiu,  liiva**lun  ^>i\  A.  H.  Kiinlmll.  At  Inn t. 

Jadas;  DJii  Ho  Rewlly  CouimM  Suir  Uk  V,  J.  U.  Harris,  AJT. 

Jmlieiory  Af  t  of  iwil,  M.  FhitiithI,  A  Hit. 

KunAiisiii  FrtvpSuie,  Mukidtf*  H.  Jh  HiiitoD,^  Chrtiit. 

Kiinaas  City.  .Mltir^^juri,  t\  S.  iTlt-od,  Coa. 

KfMiturky,  rourt  ol  ApiH^tiiBof.  J.  (%  noolfto.  UBae. 

Kindergitrt^Mi,  liidtjiiis  m  th*-,  Dnifly  <*  l^oir«L  Kind,  June. 

KlmleTKart^u  limUtuw,  ChJi  ago,  Btirtliu  JolmBtou,  Kind, 
J  UUf . 

Kjtiderjjftrtcri  Union,  Jr.t<*rniitioiJiiI,  t^pvi^Lth  Annual  Con- 
vi'^ntion  of  tho.  Kind.  J  urn'. 

Uut-Mokint;  in  BLd^^iuin,  E.  F.  J ohn hO (i - B niwnc.  Cat h. 

Laii^btt^r.  ProletfomonJL  tn  ft  Tht^ory  of,  J,  ^\i\\y\  i*liil. 

Ijftvroff,  PU^rrt",  IluiuN' ;  <-■■  lifiiijuiiMirr,  tlSfn\  Jnne. 

Li  litany  Jiiid  Govern  intent.  H*  E»  i?*.  Frvninnll^s  IJE. 

LJbrurlte,  FuIjHc,  Provislun  for  UtilltJrf  n  hi,  KAtherine  L. 
.^miih.  AMEli, 

Tdhrsiry.  Public,  urul  the  Ptlblir-  f^rbtjol,  AMRR. 

Lk%  .lunas,  lind  UfOrt^i;    Brnaub:*,    Wiriin'<t    L.  Wendell, 
tieltC. 

Life  Assurance,  Prejudices  About,  J.  W.  Alexander,  Atlant. 

Light,  New  Sources  of,  H.  C  Bolton,  PopS. 

Literary  Criticism,  American,  W.  M.  Payne,  IntM. 

Literature,  American,  Beginnings  of,  A.  S.  de  la  Faverie, 
HumN,  June.  ^^        „ 

Literature,  American  Outdoor,  H.  L.  West,  Forum. 

Literature:  Certain  Characteristics  of  the  I-Kovel,  Kath- 
arine, Dial,  July  1. 

Literature,  Plots  in,  B.  Capes,  Com. 

Little  Big  Horn,  Story  of  the,  C.  A.  Eastman,  Chaut. 

Loan  Associations,  Benevolent,  Katherine  L.  Smith.  Arena. 

London,  Military  Traditions  of  the  City  of,  Kathleen  Schles- 
inger.  PMM. 

London  Railway,  Central,  A.  J.  Knowles,  Cass. 

London  Railways,  Future  of,  U.  F.  Millin,  Contem. 

London:  St.  Stephen's  Church,  Walbrook,  H.  C.  Shelley, 
Can;  NEng. 

London:  Victoria  Tower,  Story  of  the,  S.  Fisher,  AJ. 

Loring,  Commodore,  Charles  H.,  W.  M.  McFarland,  CasM. 

Lourdes,  a  Town  of  Modern  Miracles,  ('.  Johnson,  Out. 

Luther  and  the  Augsburg  Confession,  J.  W.  Richard,  Luth. 

Machine  Sliop,  Commercial   Organization  of   the— II.,  H. 
Dlemer,  Eng. 

Machine-ShoD  Work,  Economies  in.  O.  Smith,  CasM. 

Machinists*  Strike,  Settlement  of  the.  Eng. 

McKinley,  President  William,  Administration  of.  AMRR. 

Macklem,  Rev.  T.  C.  S.,  A.  H.  Young,  Can. 

Madagascar,  Pacification  of,  A.  Leljon,  RDM,  June  15. 

Madison,  James,  Episode  in  the  Career  of,  Maria  M.  Mar- 
shall, OBag. 

Magic,  Old  and  the  New,  P.  Carus,  OC. 

Malaria  and  the  Malarial  Parasite,  P.  Manson,  PopS. 

Mammalsof  Prince  Edward  Island,  R.  T.  Young,  ANat,  June. 

Marengo  Campaign,  Letters  on  the.  Adj. -Gen.  Dampierrc, 
RPar,  JunelS. 

Marlowe's  **  Faustus,'*  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Sun. 

Marxism,  F.  D.  Nieuwenhuis,  HumN,  June. 

Master,  Life  of  the-  VII.,  Jesus  in  His  Relations  witli  Chil- 
dren and  in  His  Dealings  with  Men,  J.  Watson,  McCl. 

Materialism,  C.  Thomas,  Luth. 

Melanchthon's  Greek  Letter  to  Camarlus,  W.  A.  Lambert, 
Luth. 

Mining,  Bridge  of  Opportunity  in,  W.  H.  Lynch,  AngA. 

Mining  in  British  C^olunibiu,  11.  M.  Lamb,  Eng. 

Ministerial  Failure,  Intellectual  I'ause  of,  D.  S.  Gregory, 
Uom. 

Missions : 
Caledonia,  Indians  of.  Bishop  Ridley,  MisR. 
China,  Missions  and  Missionaries  in,  P.  Bigelow,  NAR. 


C^hristian  Endeavor  in  the  Orient,  F.  E.  Clark,  MisH. 

Ecumenical  Missionary  Conference  of  1900,  F.  F.  EUin^ 
wood,  Horn. 

Eromanga,  New  Hebrides  Islands,  H.  A.  Robertson,  MisB. 

Gospel  for  a  Witness,  F.  L.  Chapell,  MisR. 

Opportunity  and  Obligation,  Present,  M.  D.Babcock,  MisR. 

South  Africa,  Mission  Work  in,  W.  Searle,  MIsR. 
Mississippi,  "  The  River  People  "  of  the,  D.  Marshall,  Scrib. 
Missouri.  C.  M.  Harvey,  Atlant. 

Mohammedanism,  Failure  of,  D.  S.  Margoliouth,  MisR. 
Monetary  Legislation,  Recent,  J.  L.  Laugiilin,  JPEcon,  Jane. 
Money  and  Prices,  R.  Mayo-Smith,  PSQ,  June. 
Money  and  Prices,  Value  of,  G.  J.  F.  Grant,  West. 
Montenegro,  Prince  of,  Visit  with  the,  E.  A-  Steiner,  Out. 
Moore,  Alfred,  J.  Davis,  GBug. 
Moose,  'Mid  the  Haunts  of  the.  Black. 
Moral  Obligation,  Source  of,  J.  S.  Mackenzie,  IJE. 
More,  Sir  Thomas,  H.  G.  Ganss,  ACQR. 
Morocco,  Memories  of,  C-orn. 
Morocco  Sc^re,  W.  B.  Harris,  Black. 
Mothers,  National  Congress  of,  ITourth  Annual  Meeting  of 

the.  Kind,  June. 
Mouravieflf,  Count,  The  Late,  W.  T.  Stead,  RRL. 
Municipal  Socialism,  J.  Bourdeau,  RDM,  July  i. 
Municipal  Trading,  Lord  Avebury,  Contem. 
Musical  Life,  Memories  of  a,  W.  Mason,  Cent. 
Music  and  Human  Life,  M.  Emmanuel,  RPar,  June  15. 
Music  Halls.  A.  Wilson,  Contem. 

Music,  Intellectual  Value  of.  Carina  C.  Eaglesfield,  SelfC. 
Muskoka,  Ontario,  W.  R.  Bradshaw,  AngA. 
Mystery-Plays.  So-Called,  E.  F.  L.  Gauss,  OC. 
Mythology,  Indian,  Twelve  Sisters  in,  RRP,  Juno  15. 
Naval  Strength  of  the  Sea  Powers,  J.  H.  Schooling,  Fort. 
Navy,  Historic  Old  Ships  of  Our,  Minnia  Irving,  .HelfC. 
Natural  Man,  Ethics  of  the,  N.  M.  Steffens,  PRR. 
Nature's  Perennial  Youth,  D.  Batchellor.  CAge. 
New  Church,  Distinctive  Work  of  the,  J  Reed.  NC. 
New-CMiurch  Truth  and  Clear  Thinking,  J.  A.  Hayes,  NC. 
New-Church  Truth  and  Right  Living,  F.  A.  Dewson,  NC. 
Newman,  Cardinal,  Two  Mottoes  of,  W.  Ward,  Fort. 
Newport,  Magnificent,  H.  Davis,  Mun. 
Newspapers,  Eighteenth- Century.  Gleanings  front,  LeisH. 
Neurone  Theory,  G.  H.  Parker,  ANat,  June. 
Newspapers,  Scandinavian,  D.  K.  Dodge,  Bkman. 
New  York  City,  Bradford  Map  of,  W.  L.  Andrews,  Bkman. 
New  York,  Transformation  of,  E.  W.  Mayo,  Ains. 
Norway,  the  Land  of  the  Midnight  Sun,  M.  L.  Harger, SelfC. 
Oberammergau,  Passion  Play  at,  H.  Devrient,  Forum. 
Oberlln's  Contribution  to  Etfilcs,  W.  E.  C.  Wright,  BSac 
Ocean  Traveling,  C.  G.  Calkins,  Ains. 
O'Connell,  Daniel,  as  Counselor,  M.  MacDonagh,  Temp. 
"  Old  Ironsides"  as  Sailors  Saw  Her,  J.  R.  Spears,  Chaut. 
Old  Testament  Theology,  Present,  G.  S.  Burroughs,  BSac 
Ontario,  Wheel  Highways  of,  R.  Bruce,  O. 
Paris,  Artistic,  R.  Whiteing,  Cent. 
Paris  Exposition : 

Amusements  at  the  Exposition,  Josephine  Tozier,  Over, 
June, 

Architecture  of  the  Exposition,  L.  H.  Gibson,  BP ;  HamK. 

First  VMew  of  the  Exposition,  F.  A.Kidder.  Cos. 

Glories  and  Shortcomings  of   the  Fair,  Zoe  A.  Norrfe. 
Home. 

Paris    Exposition,  H.  de  Varlgny,  BU;    H.  H.  Stathaxn. 
Fort;  F.  Bourmand,  RGen,  June. 

Power  Features  of  the  Exposition,  W.  H.  Donner,  Eng. 

Sculpture,  American,  at  the  Exposition,  L.  Taf  t,  BP. 

Telescope,  (ireat,  Building  of  the,  A.  Anderson,  Str. 
Parkman,  Francis,  the  Historian,  W.  W.  Hudson,  SelfC 
Pascal,  Visit  to,  A.  Suarfes,  RDM,  July  I. 
Paul,  Saint,  and  Apostolic  Succession,  W.  Weber,  Mon. 
Perception,  J.  Hyde,  NC. 

I'hilanthropy,  A  Profitable.  Helen  R.  Albee^  AMRR. 
Philippines,  Projected  Cable-Line  to  the,  C.  Hale,  NAR. 
Photography : 

Clouds,  Photographing,  R.  Melville,  WPM. 

Enlarging  by  Sunlight  and  by  the  Electric  Light,  W.  Ab- 
ney,  WPM. 

Ferrocyanides,  Toning  with,  L.  P.  Clerc,  APB. 

Flash-Llglit  Photography,  H.  McB.  Johnstone,  PhoT. 

History,  Early,  of  Photography,  PhoT. 

Lantern  Slide  Making  for  Beginners— IX.,  PhoT. 

Neck  in  Portraiture,  F.  M.  SutclifTe,  PhoT. 

Negative-Making,  F.  J.  Clute,  PhoT. 

Photography  as  a  Sport,  W.  Nutting,  FrL. 

Photography  in  Warm  Climates,  WPM. 

Photography,  Unconventional,  Piotorially  Considered,  II. 
McB.  Johnstone,  APB. 

Plates  rei-stw  Films,  A.  T.  Newton,  WPM. 

Platinotype  Pai)er.  WPM. 

Silver  Prints,  Production  of.  Without  Toning,  M.  WiLson. 
APB. 

Stereoijraphs,  Inferiority  of  Single  Pictures  to,  C.  Hinit^. 

Telephotography,  F.  S.  Dobbins,  WPM. 
Washing  of  Prints,  WPM. 
l*hysical  Training  in  Women's  Colleges,  Wem. 


INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS. 


255 


Pig,  The  Sanitary,  J.  B.  Learned,  San. 

Pine,  Torrey,  Belle  8.  Anfder,  Over,  June. 

Plague  at  Oporto,  A.  Calmette,  NAR. 

Plague,  Bubonic,  C.  Edson,  IntM. 

Playfair,  Lyon,  LelaH ;  M.  W.  Hazeltine,  NAR. 

Plays,  Uistorical  American,  A.  £.  Lancaster,  Chaut. 

Poetry  and  the  Ordinary  Man,  S.  R.  Tarr,  SelfC. 

Poeta  as  Legislators,  A.  D.  Vandam,  Fort. 

Political  Affairs:   Republican  View  of  the  Presidential 

Cninpnipn,  C.  H.  Oroevpnor,  NAR. 
PoliUcaf  Atfmrfc:  Hrynn.  Mr.,  Pri  jo  la  motion  of,  Gutit. 
Fola,  the  Kkh  Man  s  Uttiiif.  H.  Pmtt,  Pear. 
Poor,  Roiic^f  rtiirl  Cure  of  tLo,  at.  Home,  E*  T,  Devine,  I'hiir. 
P^irtBT,  Samh.  VV.  M.  SlfMinr-,  Out. 
Porto  Alfo.  ¥,  W.  Mausrtthl,  JMHI. 
Porto  EU  i>3_P«**^lbintifiJtif,  J.  C.  Hiimep.  Houii^ 
P^Ufyiit^t,  Why  I  Am  Not  a,  E-fk-  KrjVnrr>,  HumN. 
PriMM^htr:  VVlmt  ^hunUl  He  I  French  r  F.  S.  Forbee,  MltitU 
Preachers,  EfTi  f  tiv*-,  J.  Parker,  Horn, 
Ppovi  f J  c  ott:*  vv  II .  M 1 1  ^  sj  1 1  i  n  i«e  tt  »♦  E.  J .  C*irp*?ti  i^v^  NEnit* 
Pnycholoi^y.  A|i1'3jk>1  -  IV.,  H.  G.  PctenwTi,  tlAgts 
Payeboloio\  iMiytrUsio^-irtiK  KsMuy  in,  ,h  ,f .  WuUb,  At -QB, 
I%fvJiolojOf  Tli^  Nuw.ami  Mm-al  Trainlnu,  IL  UavlcH,  IJBl. 
Pyrenet-M.  LU» niturti  of  i  lit.%  U.  C'<nniJ«yrt^  Nou,  Junt*  15. 
Queb«*.  KhII  i*f,  V.  T.  Braily.  McL'L 
Bat  Oii.  iiiilnMt't,  Treni  merit,  of,  Mnry  A*  M.  Marka,  IJE. 
R&rlclifTc,  Slni*^  NovL'ltiof,  A.  Lf^n^?,  t'orn. 
[ifiilroail.  Koldif-rs  r*f  t\\t\  t '.  Wjiriuiiii.  Mun. 
Kallwuy  Fi^^J^ht  C'ar*.  Puolintf  of,  J.  R.  CHVanftffb,  JPEoon. 
Ha.ll way  Notes  fnfina  the  UrulllftUKf.  L.  Loillaii,  UaEil^l. 
Randolpb.  Mm.  Thoinm»  Muun^  A3tojiM. 
Banffeley  Li^kes,  Mabii*,  A,  L-  iToldc^r.  NEn^, 
Referentlutu  Iti  Amtriciv,  E.  Mitiey,  Art^tiu. 
Beli^lim  aaa  Pcrs^inal  Egimtkm.  fl.  V.  King,  BSiie. 
&eliffions«  First  Inii^rmnloiiB-l  CoiigreHs  ot*^  Hlatbry  of,  M. 

Aatrow,  Jr.,  I.TE. 
RoUgioiis:  How  Tlmy  AfT*^  t  t/ommf-nrs  C.  L\  AiUiivs  A  ins. 
Berolntlon.  AmeHi^AU,  Alt-moriulB^  or  tlu,  LLuda  dt>  K.Ful- 
ton, Chant. 
Rlttmt  Ifi  the  RelKTi  of  MiLiimin,  J.  Ri€kiil>y,  ACyli^ 
Roftdfl.  Hett^r.  Pt-nr. 

Romitn  C^iitlioUc  C'hiirrh.  Bi>4i?  in  th*?,  H.  V.  Dtv  Tiwtn^  t'ath. 
Eom&n  Cutlioliij  Cburcb,  tkima  Fbiiil  Inn>ri^!ss1i>rii*  of  the, 

A.  tijiltori.NatH, 
Boman  guosllori  in  1W3.  L*  Thouvinel,  RPiir,  July  L 
fioBK^Wn  ,  Lord.  pAfit,  P^L■i^l■Mt,  iukI  FutUK  ,  A.Ml«  ,  YM. 
Ho^liQ  CUhfwI,  &  otlaud.  H.  M.  Bm  khuau  S.  ifC, 
Ktir^l  Di»trlot8,  Iiidu?trit*!j  for,  iluku  K.  AlU'e^  AMUIi. 
ftoakin,  Johtu  Mho  uml  PtmibeL,  R.  W.  IkTnd.  t\MiLt5m. 
"  kaCiitljiKlii   NHitinti?  Lfi,  B,  do  rEplni-,  Htirn,  Joou. 
..  iB.Sbir  tiM'oianjl  AUof  AfliiiV  A.  H.  F'Fnl.  lor*, 
ji  Opprt^H-km  ill  Litbuanln,  A«  Li7<uv1h,  HuthN.  June. 

&n  Ttjrki'stnti,  Ftttwof*  11.  Kmfft.  UPtjr.  July  I. 

SAeraments,  Concern  111  IS  tbo  l.'^i^nf  the.  W.  1^.  1 'urie^n«  Lnth. 

•^Sacrifices  of  MtiHite«/^  J.  F.  Besimt,  ArtJJt. 

St.  Helenit.  Run  Thr«ugh,  J .  Witlk^^r*  L^ifsH. 

i^al  in;  f>r5 ,  ^ v ,  ,1  f f n  H  rn  i ,  J  a'  !  s  H  , 

^l      ■      '^    '■        T^   --./.  .o. 

8fcki..!i  !'•  ri  r..,^^  ,  J .-  ih  i  r  liiy.  J.  N,  (^roflS.  B^a*;. 

Salt  in  Early  American  History,  E.  E.  Sparks.  Chaut. 

Samoa :  The  Island  of  Tutuila,  A.  de  Lautreppe,  FrL. 

Sampson,  Deborah.  Mabel  P.  Haskell.  LHJ. 

San  Francisco's  First  Post-Office,  H.  A.  Benedict,  Over, 

June. 
Sanity,  How  to  Safegruard  One's,  J.  M.  Buckley,  Cent. 
San  Marino,  Republic  of,  Italy.  M.  P.  Heffernan.  Cath. 
Santa  Catalina,  California,  C.  F.  Holder,  WWM. 
Scandinavian  Newspapers,  D.  K.  Dodge,  Bkman. 
Schanmburg,  Emilie,  VirKinia  T.  Peacock,  Lipp. 
BcheffeL  Joseph  Victor,  H.  Francotte,  RGen. 
Science  in  Europe  To-Day— II.,  H.  S.  Williams,  Harp. 
Science  in  Religious  Instruction,  F.  W.  Very,  NC. 
Scientific  Law,  Nature  of,  T.  J.  McCormack,  Mon. 
Scottish  Reformation— II.,  D.  M.  Barrett,  ACQR. 
Scouts,  Western,  £.  B.  Osbom,  Mac. 
Sea-Bnilders,  R.  S.  Baker,  McCl. 
Sedan  Chair,  A.  M.  Stevens,  Gent. 
Senators,  The  House  and  the  Election  of,  B.  Winchester, 

Arena. 
Sermon,  Illumination  of  the,  D.  J.  Burrell,  Hom. 
i^hakespeare.  Dr.  Fumess'  Variorum  Edition  of,  H.  A.  Clapp, 

Atlant. 
Shakespeare,  Staging  of,  H.  B.  Tree,  Fort. 
Shakespeare,  William— VII.,  The  First  Fruits,  H.  W.  Mabie, 

Ont. 
Ship-Building  Yards  of  the  United  States,  W.  Fawcett,  Eng. 
Shipping  Subsidy  Bill,  E.  T.  Chamberlain,  Forum. 
Sicily,  Summer  in,  A.  E.  P.  R.  Dowling,  ACQR. 
Silken  Trade,  Gallant,  Alice  M.  Earle,  NEng. 
Sing  Sing,  Newspaper  at,  H.  Hapgood,  Ains. 
Slave-Trade  in  America- 1.,  J.  R.  Si>ears,  Scrib. 
Sleep,  Mystery  of.  Mind. 
Snaaes,  Venomoua^Corn. 
Social  Control— XvIL,  Maintenance  of  Ethical  Elements, 

£.  A.  Ross,  A  JS. 
Socialiam  and  Agricnlture,  E.  Vandervelde,  RSoc,  June. 


Society :  Wliat  Shall  It  Do  to  Be  Saved  ?  B.  B.  Payne,  J.  P. 

Irish,  S.  P.  Mead,  and  A.  B.  Nye,  Qvef,  June. 
Sociology,  Naturalistic  Tendency  In,  D.  E.  Jenkins,  BSac. 
Sociology,  Scone  of— IV.,  A.  W.  Small,  AJS. 
Sousa,  John  Pnilip,  H.  T.  Gardner,  Ains. 
Southern  States,  Social  and  Economic  Revolution  in  the, 

P.  A.  Bruce,  Con  tern. 
Spain :  The  Crisis  of  a  Nation,  R.  Mella,  HumN. 
Speech,  American  Educated,  S.  D.  McCormIck,  Bkman. 
Spencer,  Buckle,  and  Comte,  Notes  on,  L.  Gambetta,  NAR. 
Spencer,  Herbert,  Hector  Macphersonon,  O.  Smeaton,  West. 
Sport,  Psychology  of,  P.  de  Coubertin,  RDM,  July  1. 
Stage,  Teaching  Function  of  the,  G.  W.  Shinn,  CAge. 
Stars,  Chapters  on  the,  S.  Newcomb,  PopS. 
Steevens,  George  W.^lack. 

Stein,  Heinrich  von,  H.  S.  Chamberlain,  RDM,  June  15. 
Stellar  Spectra,  Representative,  W.  W.  Payne,  PopA. 
^5ti  .        ■    I.  liobtsit  Louis,  iu  San  Fninilsco,  \V.  il.  Ck'nii^tiK 

StriitiU  DnvJd  Ffleilikh,  f*.  Krttjjer,  AJT. 

Stnjkvstifid  Oai*Bmitiishlp  at  American  Utilvc  rait  left,  O.MuU 

len,  O. 
Stimiupr  Rowirteof  tht^  Centttry,  W.  Pcrrltic*  LHJ. 
Biinarty-S<?liool  Hynum,  Inslnir.Uon  l>y\,  FreilL^rli-ji  Beiiid,  BUt. 
Hupfrstltion,  Trriadty  ot^  D.  F.  B ami i Hun,  WVhI. 
Kwodrh^s  QuL^en;  A  DeirnKTiii  hi  it  pjilact',  YVV^ 
8whihurm\  Ale*'rrn>ti  Chivrk-*.  J.  Dniighie*  likman. 
yw|!?w  PnsBe#,  rrte-Whet'lintj  Over,  Bud. 
■^^Syml^olo-Fldebnir.'^  A.  V.  Ztmm,  PKli, 
SytitlieHl-ittt,  Four— Comte,  i^riciicur,  LHlenfeld,  aodSchjioftlts 
^     B.H.M*^)er,AJW. 

Tax.  liihi^titaiiee.  Decision,  W.  C,  MUt^heU.  JPE*^on,  Jum-. 
TniLB.  Direct,  UnrtL^r  th«  ConwtUnt.ion,  C.  J.  Bullock.  PhQ. 
TiLx,  i!ier\ice,  Pliice  of  the,  J.  H.  Hamilton.  JPKt  on,  Junr. 
Tclptfrsms,  SUpeuriy :  Why  They  Do  Not  l*ny,  J,  H.  Unutoii. 

NIneC. 
TeniiysiMi  in  Tw^vof  Hla  Fortrift,  Treoe  C  Byrne,  Keif C. 
Tt"Xtih'  S<  huols  Develoikuients  in,  JiUitJ  A,  i^lewart.,  AMRK. 
Thentre,  rtmoiin.  In  Kt^xv  Vnrk.  N.  Utii»Booi1,  Hkmun. 
Theatre,  tniiU«TjJtim  iiml  Ih*.,  W.  An  her.  Cdt. 
Tht?rupeutlcflof  tlie  iTnture,  L.  (  !i/r,  lUiP,  July  L 
Thlus,  \Vhi>t  ConMttUiLcsft,  H.  M,  ^tiiMry,  Phil. 
Thoreuu,  Henry  Uiivld,  F,  M.  Smith,  Udt^ 
Thrift..  OrtEaniKpfh  V.  TbotnpM>tt,  Go&. 
Toli^toiisin  ulid  AriJit*.hv,  HuniK. 

TooK  .\lnrhlm',  In  the  Mi^eliiiule  Arta,  C,  Solleni,  CaaJI. 
TorntiUocM,  Ki>*ttk,  \\\  A.  Vn^f?,  Hfihu'. 
Torrlnglon,  t'onntcHiul,  tii  i\w  RiVntuthnntpy  Wjir.  B.  A. 

Hinyclnle,AMnnM. 
Town  II nd  Uountn,  Warftiri5  Het^iH^u,  L.  WUftHh,  HUM, 

JutkHfk 
Tragedy,  On  Climax  in,  L.  Campbell,  Fort. 
Trance,  Voluntary,  of  Indian  Fakirs,  R.  Garbe,  Mon. 
Transit,  Rapid,  in  Great  Cities,  G.  H.  Johnson,  FrL. 
Transvaal :  see  also  Great  Britain. 

Artillery  in  South  Africa,  C.  H.  Owen,  USM. 

Boer  Ambulance  in  NataL  With  a,  G.  O.  Moorhead,  Corn. 

Boer  as  a  Soldier,  T.  F.  Millard,  Scrib. 

Boer  at  Home,  Anna  Howarth,  Corn. 

Boer  Lines,  Inside  the -ill.,  E.  E.  Easton,  Harp. 

Boer  Prisoners  of  War,  C^ass. 

Boers  and  '*  Poor  Whites,"  Cham. 

Boers  in  Hist-ory,  R.  McCann,  Gunt. 

Boers,  Ultimate  Triumph  of  the,  C.  Lombroso,  NAR. 

Dutch  East  India  Company  at  the  Cape  of  Good  HorK\ 
J.  Villarais,  BU. 

England's  Right  to  Interfere  in  the  Internal  Affairs  of  the 
Transvaal,  J.  S.  Bucban,  Aug  A. 

Frere,  Sir  Bartle,  South  African  Policy  of,  W.  B.  Wors- 
fold.  Com. 

Ladysmith,  Relief  of,  R.  H.  Davis,  Scrib. 

Lessons  of  the  War,  NlneC. 

Magersfonteln  Battlefield,  Visit  to,  W.S.  Fletcher,  Cham. 

Problem  in  South  Africa- V.,  H.  H.  L.  Bellot,  West. 

Settlement  in  South  Africa  After  the  War,  8.  C.  Cron- 
wright-Schrelner.NAR. 

Soldier  Settlers  in  South  Africa,  J.  G.  B.  Stopford,  NineC. 

Story  of  the  Boer  War,  H.  W.  Wilson,  NatR. 

Transvaal  War  and  Modern  TacticH,  J.  BUrde,  Contem. 

War  Correspondents,  English,  F.  A.  McKenzie,  Harp. 

War  Operations  in  South  Africa,  Black ;  Fort. 
Trees,  F.  French,  Scrib. 

Tropical  Diseases  and  Cures,  T.  P.  Porter,  Cham. 
Trout  Culture  in  Mendocino,  E.  D.  Ward,  Over,  Jime. 
Trusts,  J.  B.  Clark,  PSQ,  June. 
Trusts  and  the  End,  J.  B.  Walker,  Cos. 
Trusts:  Cooperative  Business  iTcmM  Trusts,  D.Mac  Arthur, 

Arena. 
Trusts:   Over-Capitalized  Industrial  Corporations,   E.  G. 

Johns,  Arena. 
TshaikovHki,  I'eter  llyitch,  A.  E.  Ket^ton,  Contem. 
Tulwrculosis.  Extermination  of    the  Human  Race  by,  F. 

('rotte,  San. 
Tuberculosis,  Study  as  to  the  Causes  of,  B.  F.  Lyle,  San. 
Tuberculous,  Suuitariums  and  Climatic  Conditions  for  the, 
W.  S.  Watson,  San. 


256 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^/EIV  OF  REVIEIVS. 


Turkey  and  the  Uriiled  SUte*,  J.  W.  Klrrdi*  APf-na. 

Ttirker*  Lit*?rBr>-  Brformfi  in,  IL  Uanlttrh,  HiimN. 

Turkey,  Women  tn,  Hlgbu  and  Wrone»  **f*  Lucy  M.  J.  Gar- 

iiett.  Cos* 
United  SUtes; 

AiiKlo-Ain*;ricAii  KaUtiU,  A.  3H.  Low,  McCl. 

Cmaa  and   thn    United  ^StiitcH,  MatUJil  Hf'lpfalness  Be- 
txteen.  Wu  Tiutf-Fitng.  NAR- 

Comm^rclAl    Aftcendency    of   the    United    States,  C.    D. 
Wright,  Cent. 

Ei4fciitivi\  Indeiieml^Tice  of  tho—II..  O.  Cli'voland,  Atlant. 

Gi^rttiiiny,  The  Unlteil  St^ntea  ftnd»  W.  (.',  Ffijc,  Forum. 

Territory  wild  Dltttrki.  M,  Fftrrand,  AliR. 

Turkey  nnd  the  UiiiUMi  fetfltea.  J,  B.  Klrreb.  Arena. 

UnlK'd  SUvtPs  »«  II  Wnt-M  PuvirtYr,  C.  A.  Ooiiunt,  Fomm. 
Viiifrant  and  the  Law,  G.  11.  We«tley,  (iBurg. 
Venic*^*  BcuutifuU  LUlie  P.  Robinwui,  SelfC. 
Vice,  One  Aspect  of,  E,  C:  MtJore.  A  J  8. 
Vlttoriii^  BaLtle  of .  H,  t>iinw.  Li  pp. 

Voice  Physiol otflcally  Considered,  C  W.  Empraon,  Wern. 
WiildPiiiMfS,  Origin  and  Early  TeackiuKS  ol  the.  H.  C.  Ved- 
den  A  JT* 


Warfare :  Bearer  Company  In  the  Fighting  Line,  H.  Staple- 
ton,  USM. 
Warfare :  Bullet  Wounds,  N.  S.  Jarvis,  JMSI. 
War  Lessons  for  Laymen,  A.  P.  Blocksom,  JMSL 
Warren,  William,  Reminiscences  of,  J.  H.  Wiggin,  CAge. 
War.  The  Coming,  H.  Maxim,  Home. 
Weak,  Rights  of  the,  W.  H.  Mallock,  NatR. 
Weather  Bureau,  Work  of  the,T.  Waters,  Alns. 
White,  Oilbert^nd  His  Recent  Editors^.  Newton,  Mac. 
Wilkins,  Mary  E..  at  Home,  Katharine  Hali,  FrL. 
Williams^udge  George  H.^.  A.  Watrous,  NatM. 
William.  King,  of  Prussia,  E.  Ollivler,  RDM,  June  15. 
Woman  in  Modem  Sports :  A  Bymposium,  RRP,  July  1. 
Women  in  Philanthropy,  May  w.  Mount,  FrL. 
Women's  Clubland  in  Paris,  Mrs.  S.  A.  Tooley,  YW. 
Workmen  in  Paris,  Lodgings  for,  RefS,  June  1. 
World :  How  Will  It  End  ?    H.  C.  Fyfe,  Pear. 
Worship  of  Relics,  A.  Luchaire,  RPar,  July  1. 
Yachting :  The  New  Seventy-Footers,  O. 
Yellowstone  National  Park— IL,  E.  B.  Treflry,  SelfC. 
Youth,  Personifying  Passion  in,  J.  H.  Leuba,  Mon. 


Abbreviations  of  Magazine  Titles  used  in  the  Index. 
[All  the  articles  in  the  leading  reviews  are  indexed,  but  only  the  more  important  articles  in  the  other  magazines.l 


Ains.       Ainslee*s  Magazine.  N.  Y. 
ACQR.  American  Catholic  Quarterly 
Review,  Phila. 
American  Historical  Review, 

N.Y. 
American    Journal   of    Soci- 
ology, Chicago. 
American    Journal    of    The- 
ology, Chicago. 
American    Law   Review,   St. 
Louis. 
AMonM. American  Monthly  Magazine, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
AMRR.  American  Monthly  Review  of 
Reviews,  N.  Y. 
American  Naturalist,  Boston. 
Anglo  •  American    Magazine, 

Annals.  Annals  of  the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Pol.  and  Soc.  Science, 
Phila. 
Anthony's  Photographic  Bul- 
letin, N.Y. 
Architectural  Record,  N.  Y. 
Arena,  N.  Y. 
Art  Amateur,  N.  Y. 
Art  Education,  N.  Y. 
Art  Interchange,  N.  Y. 
Art  Journal,  London. 
Artist,  London. 
Atlantic  Monthly,  Boston. 
Badminton,  London. 
BankL.   Bankers'  Magazine,  London. 
BankNYBankers'  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
Bib.         Biblical  World,  Chicago. 
BSac.      Bibliotheca  Sacra,  Oberlin,  O. 
Biblioth^ue  Universelle,  Lau- 
sanne. 
Blackwood's  Magazine,  Edin- 


AHR. 
AJ8. 
AJT. 
ALR. 


ANat. 

AngA. 


APB. 

Arch. 

Arena. 

AA. 

AE. 

AL 

AJ. 

Art. 

Atlant. 

Bad. 


BU. 
BUck. 


burgh. 
Book  Buyer,  N.  Y. 


BB.  ±j\r\j^  Mj\*gvL.  x-,  . 

Bkman.  Bookman,  N.  Y. 


BP.  Brush  and  Pencil,  Chicago. 

Can.        Canadian  Magazine,  Toronto. 
Cass.       Cassell's  Magazine,  London. 
(7asM.      Cassier's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
Cath.      Catholic  World,  N.  Y. 
Cent.       Century  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
Cham.    Chambers's     Journal,     Edin- 
burgh. 

Charities  Review,  N.  Y. 

Chautauquan.  Cleveland,  O. 

Coming  Age,  BoHton. 

Conservative  Review,  Wash- 
ington. 

Con  tern.  Contemporary  Review,    Lon- 
don. 

Comhill.  London. 

Cosmopolitan,  N.  Y. 

Critic,  N.  Y. 

Deutsche  Revue,  Stuttgart. 

Dial,  Chicago. 

Dublin  Review,  Dublin. 

Edinburgh  Review,  London. 


Char. 
Chaut. 
CAge. 
Cons. 


Com. 

Cos. 

(Yit. 

Dent. 

Dial. 

Dub. 

Edin. 


Ed. 
EdR. 

EUK. 

EAI. 

Fort. 

Forum. 

FrL. 

Gent, 

GBag. 
Gunt. 
Harp. 
Hart. 

Home. 

Horn. 

HumN. 

Int. 

IJE. 

IntM. 
IntS. 
lA. 
JMSI. 


JPEcon 

Kind. 

KindR. 

LHJ. 
Lcl8H. 

Long. 
Luth. 

McCl. 
Mac. 

MA. 

MHN. 

MRNY. 

Mind. 

MiHH. 

Misll. 

Mon. 

MunA. 

Mun. 

MUR. 

NatGM. 

NatM. 
NatR. 
N(\ 
NEng. 

NIM. 

NW. 
NineC, 


Education,  Boston. 

Educational  Review,  N.  Y. 

Engineering  Magazine,  N.Y. 

Espafia  Modema,  Madrid. 

Fortnightly  Review,  London. 

Forum,  N.Y. 

Frank  Leslie's  Monthly,  N.  Y. 

Gentleman's  Magazine,  Lon- 
don. 

Green  Bas.  Boston. 

Gunton's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Harper's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Hartford  Seminary  Record, 
Hartford,  Conn. 

Home  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Homiletic  Review.  N.  Y. 

Humanity  Nouvelle,  Paris. 

International,  Chicago. 

International  Journal  of 
Ethics,  Phila. 

International  Monthly,  N.  Y. 

International  Studio,  N.  Y. 

Irrigation  Age,  Chicago. 

Journal  of  the  Military  Serv- 
ice Institution,  Governor's 
Island,  N.  Y.  H. 

Journal  of  Political  Economy, 
Chicjigo. 

Kindergarten  Magazine,  Chi- 

Kindergarten  Review,  Spring- 
field. Mass. 

Ladies'  Home  Journal,  Phila. 

Leisure  Hour,  London. 

Lippincott's  Magazine,  Phila. 

London  Quarterly  Review, 
London. 

Longman's  Magazine,  London. 

Lutheran  Quarterly,  Gettys- 
burg, Pa. 

McOlure's  Magazine.  N.  Y. 

Macmi Han's  Magazine,  Lon- 
don. 

Magazine  of  Art,  London. 

Methodist  Review,  Nashville. 

Methodist  Review,  N.  Y. 

Mind,  N.  Y. 

Mi8»ionar>'  Herald,  l^oston. 

Missionary  Reviev/,  N.  Y. 

Monist,  ChicaKo. 

Municipal  Aflfairs,  N.  Y. 

Munsey's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Music,  Chicago. 

National  Geographic  Maga- 
zine, Washington,  D.  C 

National  Magazine,  Boston. 

National  Review,  London. 

New-Church  Review,  Boston. 

New  England  Magazine,  Bos- 
ton. 

New  Illustrated  Magazine, 
London. 

New  World,  Boston. 

Nin^twnth  Century,  London. 


NAR. 

Nou. 

NA. 

OC. 

O. 

Out. 

Over. 

PMM. 

Pear. 

Phil. 

PhoT. 

PL. 

PSQ. 

Pop  A. 

Pops. 

PRR. 

PQ. 

QJEcon, 

QR. 

RasN. 

Record. 

RefS. 
RHL. 
RRM. 

RDM. 
RDP. 
IKien. 
RPar. 
RPP. 

RRP. 

RSoc. 
RPL. 

Ros. 

Han. 

Scliool. 

Scrib. 

SelfC. 

SR. 

Str. 
Sun. 
Temp. 
USM. 

West. 
Wern. 
WWM. 

WPM. 

Yale. 

YM. 

YW. 


North  American  Review, X.Y. 

Nouvelle  Revue,  Paris. 

Nuova  Antologia,  Rome. 

Open  Court,  Chicago. 

Outing,  N.  Y. 

Outlook.  N.  Y. 

Overland  Monthly,  San  Fran- 

Cisco. 
Pall  Mall  Magazine,  London. 
Pearson's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
Philosophical  Review,  N.  Y. 
Photographic  Time^  N.  Y. 
Poet-Lore,  Boston. 
Political    Science   Quarterly, 

Boston. 
Popular   Astronomy,   North- 
field,  Minn. 
Popular    Science     Monthl). 

Presbyterian  and    Reformed 
Review,  Phila. 

Presbyterian  Quarterly,  Char- 
lotte, N.  C. 
.  Quarterly  Journal  of  Econom- 
ics, Boston. 

Quarterly  Review,  London. 

KassegnaNazionale,  Florence. 

Record    of    ChHstian   Work. 
East  Northfleld,  Mass. 

R^forme  Sociale,  Paris, 

Review  of  Re\iewK,  London. 

Review    of     Reviews,     Mel- 
bourne. 

Revue  des  DeuxMondea,Pariii. 

Revue  du  Droit  Public,  Paris. 

Revue  G^n6rale,  Brussels. 

Revue  de  Paris,  Pari«. 

Revue  Politique  et  Parlemen- 
taire,  Paris. 

Revue  des  Revues,  Paris. 

Revue  Socialiste,  Paris, 

Ri  vista  Politica  e  Letteraria, 
Rome. 

Rosary,  Somerset,  Ohio. 

Sanitarian,  N.  Y. 

School  Review,  Chicago. 

Scribner's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Self  Culture,  Cleveland.  Ohio. 

Sewanee    Review,    Sewanec, 
Tenn. 

Strand  Magazine,  London. 

Sunday  Magazine,  Loadon. 

Temple  Bar,  London. 

United      Service     Magazine, 
London. 

Westminster  Review, London. 

Werner's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Wide  World  Magazine,  Lon- 
don. 

Wilson's  Photographic  Maga^ 
zine,  N.  Y. 

Yale  Review,  New  Haven. 

Young  Man,  London. 

Young  Woman,  London. 


The   American    Monthly    Review   of  Reviews. 

edited  by  albert  shaw. 

CONTENTS   FOR   SEPTEMBER,   1900. 


The  Chinese  Empress Frontispiece 

The  Progfress  of  the  World— 

A  Calm  Political  Summer 359 

A  Preoccupied  Administration 259 

Our  Moral  Leadernhip  in  the  Chinese  Expedition  260 

No  Politics  in  the  Chinese  Question 260 

China  and  the  Philippines 260 

The  Philippines  ancf  the  Campaign 260 

Some  Notaole  Points  of  View 261 

The  Bryanism  That  Is  at  Stake 262 

Bryan's  Indianapolis  Speech 262 

A  Matter  of  Definitions 262 

A  Useless  Comparison 263 

A  Doctrine  Pxished  to  Elxtremes 263  - 

As  to  Getting  a  Philippine  Harbor 264 

Mr.  Bryan's  Solution 264 

Framing  a  Stable  Government 265 

What  Does  Philippine  Independence  Mean  ? —  265 

Some  Logical  Conclusions 265 

ijorae  Close  Distinctions 266 

The  Philippines  Necessarily  Dependent 266 

A  Condition,  Not  a  Theory 267 

The  Commander-in-Chief  Next  March 267 

The  Only  Practical  Way  to  Grant  Independence.  267 

The  Proprieties  of  the  Case 268 

The  Other  Alternative 268 

Cuba's  Constitutional  Convention 269 

Towne  Declines  in  Favor  of  St<»venson 269 

The  Anti-Imperialistjj 270 

New  York  Republican  Politics 270 

New  York  Democratic  Politics 271 

Two  Southern  State  Elections 272 

This  Month's  Elections  in  Two  Eastern  States..  272 

Wisconsin's  Reform  Methods 273 

North  Carolina's  Suffrage  Amendment 273 

The  Movement  to  Disfranchise  Negroes 274 

The  Census  and  Reapportionment 275 

Suffrage,  Restriction,  and  the  XlVth  Amend- 
ment    275 

The  Southern  Position 275 

How  Many  Millions  Are  We  ? 275 

Factors  of  Growth.    (1)  Immigration 276 

Factors  of  Growth.    (2)  Natural  Increase 276 

Peking  Relieved 277 

The  Massing  of  the  Occupation  Force 277 

Wanted  :  A  Court  of  Inquiry 277 

-^  AssaAsination  of  King  Humbert 278 

King  Alexander's  Marriage 279 

John  Bull's  Burdens 279 

Military  Events  in  South  Africa 280 

The  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg 280 

Some  Obituary  Notes 281 

"With  portraits  of  Elihu  Root,  OeorRe  8.  Boutwell,  Ed- 
ward M.  Shepard,  Francis  V.  Greene,  Benjamin  B. 
Odell.  Jr..  Bird  S.  Coler.  Charles  B.  Ayctx-k,  William 
J.  Sauford,  Robert  M.  La  FoUette,  W.  W.  Stickney, 
Jolin  F.  Hill,  Count  von  Waldersee,  William  W. 
RockhllU  Sir  Robert  Hart,  Charles  Edward  of  Saxe- 
Coburg,  the  late  Duke  of  Saxe-CobnrK,  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  the  Duke  of  ConnaBe}'t,  the  late  Baron 
Humell.  and  the  late  John  Clark  Ridpath,  cartoons, 
and  other  illustrations. 

Record  of  Current  Events 282 

Wlih  portraits  of  Roger  Wolcott,  Kogoro  Takahira, 
Mrs,  E.  H.C^nirer,  and  E.  H.Conger,  map  showing  ad- 
vance of  the  allies  to  Peking,  and  other  illustrations. 


Home  and  Foreig^n  Politics  in  Caricature 287 

Can  China  Be  Saved  ? .^ 294 

By  Talcott  Wilif^ms. 

Missions  in  China 302 

By  James  S.  Dennis. 

Japan's  Present  Attitude  Towards  China ...  308 

By  Joseph  King  Goodrich. 

Pressing^  Needs  of  the  Philippines 312 

By  John  H.  Parker. 
America  and  the  Reconstruction  of  China. . .  314 
By  William  N.  Brewster. 
— King^  Humbert,  of  Italy :  A  Character  Sketch.  316 
With  portraits  of  the  late  King  Humbert,  Queen  Mar- 
gherita.  King  Victor  Emmanuel  III.,  and  Princess 
H616ne. 

Collis  P.  Huntington 333 

With  portraits  of  Mr.  Huntington^ 
The  National  Prohibition  Party  and  Its  Can- 
didates    327 

By  Edward  J.  Wheeler. 
With  portraits  of  John  G.  Woollev.  Mrs.  John  G.  Wool- 
ley,  Henry  B.  Metcalf,  and  William  T.  Ward  well. 

Leading  Articles  of  the  Month — 

America's  Duty  in  China.. 888 

^^iissia's  Stake  in  China 383 

A  Defense  of  the  Chinese ' 884 

The  International  Problem  iu  China 33.5 

The  Boxers 838 

y       Secret  Societies  and  the  Chinese  Government. . .  339 

Japan's  Modern  Navv 340 

France's  Fleet  and  Her  Colonial  Aruiy 342 

Our  New  Place  Among  the  Nations. 348 

The  American  Psychic  Atmosphere — 343 

Living  in  Oklahoma , 344 

Australasia's  Place  Among  the  Nations 34,5 

-     ^Italian  Politics ' 347 

Italian  Interests  in  Argentina^t « 348 

The  Herald  of  a  New  Italian  Literature 849 

Sicily  as  a  Summer  Resort a50 

Germany's  Dependence  on  England 351 

The  Demand  for  a  Pig-iron  Reserve 352 

The  Value  of  Brains  m  the  Socialist  State 358 

*' Popular  Universities"  in  France 354 

A  Year's  Plunge  into  Paris  Slums a55 

Great  Paintings  Selected  by  Knglish  Artists. . .  355 

The  W^orld's  Art  as  Mirrored  at  Paris 3.55 

Relics  and  Their  Cult .'.' 356 

Manila's  School  System 357 

Mrs.  Gladstone  as  Wife  and  Philanthropist ....  358 

Studies  in  Development 3.59 

How  a  Lion  Is  Tamed 359 

How  to  Care  for  One's  Eyes , .  361 

With  portraits  of  Lord  Hopetoun.  Gabrieled'Annunzio, 
and  the  late  Mrs.  Gladstone,  and  other  illustrations. 

The  Periodicals  Reviewed 862 

The  New  Books- 
Roosevelt  as  a  Man  of  Letters 377 

By  George  Haven  Putnam. 
New  Books  on  China 378 

Index  to  Periodicals m) 


^TKRMH:  12.30  a  year  in  advance:  35  cents  a  number.    Foreign  postage  $1.00  a  year  additional.    Subscribers  may  remit  toua 
by  post-office  or  express  money  orders,  or  by  bank  checks,  drafts,  or  registered  letters.    Money  in  letters  is  at  senders' 

rwk.    Refievr  as  early  as  possible  in  order  to  avoid  a  break  in  the  receipt  of  the  numl>er8.  Bo«>kdealers,  Postmaj»ters,  and 

Newsdealers  receive  subscriptions.  (Subscriptions  to  the  English  Review  or  Reviews,  which  Is  edited  and  published  by 
Mr.  W.  T.  Stead  In  London,  may  be  sent  to  this  office,  and  orders  for  single  copies  can  also  be  filled,  at  the  brice  of  l5J..iO 
for  the  yearly  subscription.  Including  posUge.or  25  cents  for  single  copies.)  THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS  CO.. 
13  Astor  Place,  New  York  City, 


THE   CHINESE   EMPRESS, 
(From  a  Draw  lug  by  a  Native  Art  lift  I 


The  American  monthly 

Review  of  Reviews. 


Vol.  XXII. 


NEW  YORK,  SEPTEMBER,   1900. 


No.  3. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


With  the  beginning  of  September,  we 
Hiiticai  Sum-  shall  See  some  signs  of  activity  in  the 
'"*'^*  Presidential  campaign.  It  lias  been 
customary,  in  Presidential  years,  to  keep  the  can- 
vass hot  for  almost  four  months.  This  year, 
however,  as  if  by  common  consent,  July  and 
August  have  been  comparatively  quiet,  so  far  as 
public  speaking,  torch-light  parades,  and  the  out- 
ward demonstrations  of  campaigning  are  con- 
cerned. Never  before  in  a  Presidential  year  has 
the  country  seen  so  much  evidence  ot  the  growth 
of  the  sunimer- vacation  habit.  In  that  respect 
even  the  past  four  years  have  shown  notable 
^ains.      The  political  leaders  have  done  no  little 


MR.  ROOT  TS  THE  WAR  DEPARTMENT. 

<The  Secretary  of  War  was  the  busy  member  of  the  Cabinet 
last  month.) 


conferring  and  planning ;  but  they  have  managed 
to  do  it  for  the  most  part  in  a  leisurely  way,  with 
rest  and  recreation  as  the  ostensible  pursuits. 
Doubtless  we  shall  see  a  better  and  wiser  manage- 
ment of  the  campaign  in  the  coming  eight  weeks, 
by  reason  of  the  comparatively  calm  and  deliber- 
ate manner  in  which  the  contesting  parties  have 
prepared  themselves  for  the  ordeal.   * 

J  D.M^^,.^i^^  Meanwhile,  the  administration  at 
Adminiatra-  vV  ashmgton,  which  the  Republicans 
^^^"'  ask  the  country  to  approve  and  to 
continue  in  power  for  another  four  years,  has 
had  little  time  to  devote  either  to  electioneering 
or  to  political  dress  parade.'  It  has  had  its  hands 
too  full  of  important  business  to  give  itself  pri- 
mary concern  over  the  political  situation.  Presi- 
dent McKinley  endeavored  to  obtain  some  rest 
by  going  to  his  much-beloved  home  at  Canton, 
Ohio.  The  critical  nature  of  some  of  our  pub- 
lic business,  however,  especially  our  relation  to 
the  troubles  in  China,  has  kept  the  President 
much  of  the  time  at  the  long-distance  telephone 
in  communication  with  the  White  House  and 
the  State  and  War  departments  at  Washington  ; 
and  it  also  necessitated  his  brief  return  to  the 
capital  to  attend  Cabinet  conferences  on  July  16 
and  August  15.  Mr.  Hay,  who  holds  the  port 
folio  of  State  at  a  time  when  our  foreign  affairs 
have  been  of  more  than  usual  complexity  and 
importance,  went  to  his  summer  home  in  New 
Hampshire  on  August  3,  from  which  somewhat 
alarming  reports  were  circulated  throughout  the 
country  that  he  was  nervously  broken  down  from 
overwork.  He  himself,  however,  declared  that 
his  indisposition  was  only  temporary.  The  Sec- 
retary of  War,  Mr.  Root,  wlio  has  found  himself 
in  administrative  charge  simultaneously  of  an 
expedition  in  China,  an  extensive  and  difficult 
guerrilla  war  in  the  Philippines,  and  the  military 
occupation  and  government  of  Cuba,  has  stuck 
to  his  post  with  no  sign  of  any  abatement  of  en- 
ergy or  vigor.  In  the  affairs  of  tlie  Treasury  De- 
partment, there    has    been   nothing  to  give  Mr. 


260 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^JEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Gage  anxiety.  Expenditures  have  been  heavy, 
but  the  revenue  has  been  large,  and  the  current 
season  presents  no  peculiar  or  diflBcult  problems 
in  public  finance.  The  other  departments,  also, 
have  been  running  on  a  steady  keel. 

Our  Moral  When  the  trouble  began  in  China 
^thi%Mnese  several  months  ago,  although  we,  like 
Expedition,  other  powers.  had  great  interests  at 
stake,  it  did  not  seem  likely  that  we  should  play 
a  very  conspicuous  part  in  the  events  that  were 
impending.  It  turns  out,  however,  that  in  the 
moral  sense  we  seem  to  have  come  into  the  very 
forefront  of  the  situation.  The  territorial  pre- 
tensions or  desires  of  the  European  powers  made 
it  difficult  for  th6m  to  trust  one  another,  while 
also  rendering  it  almost  impossible  for  them  to 
exhibit  a  frank  and  open  policy  in  thei  existing 
crisis.  The  United  States,  however,  had  nothing 
to  conceal,  and  was  in  a  position  to  express  its 
views-witlr perfect  openness.  The  correspondence 
of  our  State  Department  with  the  Chinese  Gov- 
ernment, while  on  its  face  so  obvious  and  sensi- 
ble that.it  would  seem  the  merely  natural  thing, 
was,  in  point  of  fact,  a  very  remarkable  and 
unusual  chapter  in  modern  diplomatic  methods. 
If  the  United  States  could  have  entered  upon 
tliis  phase  of  diplomatic  activity  before  the  need- 
less and  exasperating  attack  of  the  Europeans 
upon  the  Taku  forts,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  much 
trouble  could  have  been  averted. 

u   «  1/^/        It  is  fortunate  for  the  country  that 

No  Politics  in  .         1  .  *         1  •  •      1 

the  Chinese  no  one  m  this  year  of  political  ex- 
Queation.  citement  can  make  a  party  issue  out 
of  the  share  we  have  taken 
in  the  attempt  to  rescue  the 
envoys  and  foreigners  at  Pe- 
king, and  to  restore  normal 
conditions  in  China.  We 
have  neither  now  nor  at  any 
previous  time  been  guilty  of 
aggression  toward  China, 
and  we  have  now  no  ulterior 
ends  to  gain.  Having  as- 
certained that  our  minister, 
Mr.  Conger,  and  numerous 
other  Americans,  together 
with  a  still  larger  company 
of  Europeans,  were  yet  alive 
at  Peking,  while  in  great 
danger, — the  Chinese  Gov- 
ernment being  confessedly 
in  control  of  the  situation, — 
there  was  nothing  we  could 
possibly  do  except  to  make 
our  demands  upon  China, 
and  then  to  do  all  that   we 


reasonably  could  without  delay  to  enforce  them. 
Surely  no  speaker  in  this  year's  campaign,  what- 
ever his  political  preferences,  will  venture  to 
criticise  the  administration  for  taking  this  course. 


China 
and  the 


It  is  likely,  however,  that  some  speak- 
ei*s  will  affirm  that  if  we  had  taken  a 
Philippines,  different  course  in  the  Philippines  we 
should  have  been  free  to  act  with  greater  prompt- 
ness and  on  a  larger  scale  in  China.  Such  speak- 
ers will  take  the  position  that  we  might,  by  pur- 
suing a  different  method,  have  made  friends 
instead  of  enemies  of  the  followers  of  Aguinaldo, 
while  at  the  same  time  keeping  a  considerable 
force  of  soldiery  at  Manila,  which  could  have 
been  spared  for  use  in  China.  However  ingen- 
ious such  a  statement  may  seem,  it  involves  too 
many  assumptions  to  be  taken  seriously.  If  we 
had  turned  the  Philippines  over  to  Aguinaldo 
two  years  ago,  how  should  it  have  occurred  that 
there  would  have  lingered  at  Manila  a  large 
American  army,  free  to  be  dispatched  to  China 
on  the  outbreak  of  a  wholly  unexpected  cam- 
paign ?  For  purposes  of  argument,  the  safer 
position  would  seem  to  be  that  the  Chinese  em- 
broglio  has  no  important  bearing  upon  the  posi- 
tion we  hold  in  the  Philippines. 

The  Philip-  As  to  the  Philippine  question  itself, 
pines  and     |^j..  Bryan  and  the  Democratic  leaders 

tne  Lam--  •'  •■%%•%  •        ■% 

paign.  have  unquestionaoly  determined  to 
keep  it  at  the  front  in  all  their  talking  and  writ- 
ing as,  to  use  their  constantly  reiterated  expres- 
sion, the  ** paramount  issue"  of  the  campaign. 
It  would  certainly  be  the  logical  thing  that  Mr. 


AMKRTCAN  80L.DTER8  IN  CHINA. 

(A  detachment  of  United  States  marines  from  Manila.) 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  TflE  WORLD. 


261 


McKinley,  in  rnnning  for  a  second  term,  should 
stand  or  fall  upon  his  record  ;  and,  doubtless, 
the  most  important  part  of  that  record  is  com- 
prised in  the  conduct  and  results  of  the  war  with 
Spain.  But  the  party  that  should  normally  have 
taken  the  opposition  attitude  has  altered  the  sit- 
uation by  bringing  forward  the  free-silver  ques- 
tion as  a  positive  tenet  of  its  own.  On  this  mat  • 
ter  we  have  found  no  reason  to  modify  the  views 
expressed  in  these  pages  last  month.  If,  for 
example,  one  of  the  parties  in  Utah  should  in  its 
State  platform  deglare  imperialism  to  be  the 
j)araraount  issue  this  year,  but  should  in  the 
same  platform  insert  a  plank  advocating  the  en- 
actment of  laws  permitting  and  protecting  Mor- 
mon polygamy,  the  real  issue  when  election  time 
came  around  would  not,  in  fact,  be  imperialism, 
but  polygamy,  for  the  simple  reason  that  the 
people  themselves  would  regard  the  domestic 
and  local  question  as  of  far  more  vital  interest. 

It  is  true  that  the  venerable  Mr. 
Points  Boutwell,  of  Massachusetts,  and  some 
of  View,  other  men  who  will  support  Mr.  Bryan 
this  year,  have  said  that, — while  they  are  as  much 
opposed  to  free  silver  as  they  were  four  years  ago, 
wlien  so  strenuously  demanding  the  defeat  of 
Mr.  Bryan, — tliey  now  consider  imperialism  so  tre- 
mendous a  question  that  they  would  much  rather 


HOy.  GEOROE  8.  BOUTWELL,  OF  MASSACHUSETTS. 

(Preiiident  of  the  Liberty  Congress  held  at  Indianapolis  by 
the  Anti-Imperialist  Leagae,  August  15.) 


HON.  EDWARD  M.  SHEPARD,  OF  NEW  YORK. 

(Who  has  declared  for  Mr.  Bryan  and  is  mentioned  for  the 
governorship.) 

have  free  silver,  financial  panics,  and  industrial 
paralysis  than  to  give  Mr.  McKinley  another  term 
in  the  White  House.  Tliis  is  a  frank  and  coura- 
geous opinion,  and  is  entitled  to  high  respect 
for  the  honesty  of  its  admissions.  Not  so  much 
can  be  said  for  some  others  who  opposed  Mr. 
Bryan  four  years  ago  on  the  money  question, 
and  are  now  taking  the  ground  that  the  mone- 
tary standard  is  not  really  at  stake  in  this  cam- 
paign. When  one  remembers  the  first  week  in 
July,  and  the  things  that  were  said  and  done 
in  Kansas  City,  and  Lincoln,  Neb., — where  the 
silver  question  was  the  only  one  under  real  dis- 
cussion, with  the  result  that  the  immediate  res- 
toration of  free  coinage  at  the  ratio  of  16  to  1 
was  demanded  in  the  Democratic  platform, — it 
is  hard  indeed  to  follow  the  reasoning  of  such 
advocates  of  the  gold  standard  as  Bourke 
Cockran  and  Edward  M.  Shepard,  both  of 
whom  published  long  letters  in  the  middle  of 
August  in  announcement  of  their  support  of  Mr. 
Bryan,  on  the  ground  that  his  election  would  be 
a  deadly  blow  to  imj>erialism,  while  entirely  with- 
out menace  to  the  gold  standard.  These  gentle- 
men attempt  to  prove  too  much.  OMer  men, 
like  Mr.  Boutwell  and  Mr.  Carl  Schurz,  carry 
more  weight,  because  they  face  the  trutli  without 
flinching.  They  hold  that  our  most  fundamental 
institutions  are  at  stake  in  the  new  departure  we 


264 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


tween  Republicans  and  Democrats  on  the  theo- 
retical question  of  the  desirability  of  intelligent 
self-government  everywhere.  It  just  happens, 
however,  that  at  the  present  moment  Mr.  Bryan's 
Democratic  friends  throughout  tlie  South  are  en- 
gaged in  the  practical  task  of  depriving  of  self- 
government  nearly  half  of  the  entire  Southern 
popula^n,  on  the  ground  that  participation  in 
government  is  not^' in  fact,  an  inherent  human 
right,  but  that  the  object  of  government  is  the 
high  and  true  welfare  of  the  community,  and 
that  only  those  people  should  participate  in  the 
tasks  o£  government  who  are  sufficiently  intelli- 


A  QUESTION  OF  IliPERIALI8M. 

Is  this  the  **  Imperialism,''  the  Kovernment-withoat'-the- 
conBent-of'the-governed,  that  we  hear  so  much  about  ? 

Oh,  no;  this  is  only  the  new  scheme  In  the  Democratic 
South  for  depriving  the  colored  native-born  citizen  of  any 
part  in  the  government.- From  the  Journal  (Minneapolis). 

gent  and  responsible.  It  does  not  seem  to  us 
that  the  real  question  at  stake  in  the  Philippines 
is  met,  or  even  approached,  by  eloquent  exposi- 
tions based  upon  glittering  generalities  about  the 
inalienable  rights  of  man. 

As  to  Oetting  ^\^^  ^^*^  ^^"^  practical  question  is, 
a  Philippine  What  is  best  to  do,  for  everybody 
concerned,  in  a  serious  and  critical 
situation  ?  Mr.  Bryan  devotes  many  columns  to 
abstract  and  lofty  argument,  with  impressive 
quotations  from  American  statesmen  of  an  ear- 
lier day  and  from  the  Holy  Scriptures.  He 
gives  only  a  few  lines  to  telling  us  what  he  would 
really  have  done  in  the  Pliilii)pine  matter  if  he 
had  been  in  authority.  In  tlie  first  place,  he 
says:  '-A  harbor  and  coaling- statiq^  in  the 
Philippines  would  answer  every  trade  and  mili- 


tary necessity  ;  and  such  a  concession  conid  have 
been  secured,  at  any  time,  without  difficulty." 
This  could  hardly  mean  anything  else  except  the 
harbor  of  Manila,  the  one  important  center  of 
Philippine  trade.  If  we  could,  *' without  diff- 
culty,"  have  secured  this  from  the  FilipiDos, 
it  surely  would  not  have  been  because  the  Fili- 
pinos were  at  heart  willing  to  give  away  their 
best  possession.  If  they  were  to  be  allowed  a 
real  freedom  of  action  as  an  independent  gov- 
ernment, who  is  there  that  supposes  for  a  j;no- 
ment  that  they  would  have  given  us  the  hirijor 
of  Manila?  Mr.  Bryan  in  this  speech,  as  well 
as  in  others,  constantly  likens  the  attitude  of  the 
American  people  toward  the  Filipinos  to  that 
of  a  highwayman  committing  robl>ery  with  vio- 
lence. But  his  descent  from  the  ideal  to  the 
practical  is  not  altogether  felicitous.  His  sug- 
gestion is,  to  quote  his  exact  words,  that  **a  war 
of  conquest  is  as  unwise  as  it  is  unrighteous." 
The  unwisdom  lies  in  the  fact  that  we  do  not 
need  the  whole  thing,  and  we  might  have  got  the 
valuable  harbor,  which  is  all  we  need  for  com- 
mercial and  naval  purposes,  without  entering 
upon  a  war  of  conquest.  In  other  words,  the 
wise  highwayman  would  make  a  gentlemanly 
compromise  with  his  grateful  victim  by  accept- 
ing his  gold  watch  as  a  present,  and  would  allow 
the  traveler  to  pass  on  with  his  hoi-se,  his  pocket- 
book,  and  his  loose  change.  If  Mr.  Bryan's  sug 
gestion  means  anything  at  all,  it  would  seem  to 
mean  this  and  nothing  else. 

Toward  the  end  of  his  spoecli,  Mr. 

^Sofu^ion.'   Bryan  comes  to  what  he   calls   »'an 

easy,   honest,   lionorable   solution  of 

the     Philippine    question."      It   involves   three 

points : 

* '  First,  to  establish  a  stable  form  of  govern- 
ment in  the  Philippine  Islands. 

*  *  Second,  to  give   independence  to   the  Fili- 
pinos. 

''Third,  to  protect  the  Filipinos  from  outside 
interference  while  they  work  out  their  destiny." 

The  first  of  these  propositions  goes  flatly  counter 
to  the  elaborate  theoretical  argument  which  oc 
cupitis  nearly  all  the  space  of  Mr.  Bryan's  speech. 
If»  indeed,  the  Filipinos  possess,  as  he  affirms,  the 
absolute  right  to  govern  themselves,  then  we  can 
have  no  business  to  establish  a  stable  govern 
ment,  or  any  other  kind  of  government,  among 
them.  Aguinaldo  and  his  supporters  have  as- 
serted all  along  that  they  are  eminently  capable 
of  establishing  their  own  government,  and  that 
our  business  is  simply  to  clear  out.  The  ad- 
ministration at  Washington,  and  Judge  Taft's 
commission  now  in  the  Philippines,  made  up  of 
Democrats  and   Republicans   alike,    are   at  this 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


265 


moment  doing  everything  in  their  power  to  es- 
tablish a  stable  government  in  the  archipelago. 
Human  motives  can  never  be  wholly  free  from 
some  taint  or  alloy  of  earthly  imperfection  ;  but 
it  does  not  seem  to  us  that  anybody  can  very 
well  question  the  uprightness  and  sincerity  of 
the  motives  of  the  Philippine  Commission  in  at- 
temptmg  to  frame  and  establish  a  government 
that  shall  be  the  best  possible  for  the  natives, 
and  that  shall  train  and  develop  them  in  the 
practice  of  self-government. 

Instead  of  too  much  arbitrary  rule 
'^stabie  on  the  part  of  the  Americans  in  those 
Government,  jsjands,  it  is  our  opinion,  from  all 
we  can  learn,  that  there  has  been  even  a  little 
too  much  eagerness  to  thrust  local  home  rule 
upon  the  Filipino  communities  in  advance  of 
their  preparation  to  govern  themselves  eflBciently. 
After  all,  government  is  as  much  a  means  as  it 
is  an  end  in  itself.  Safety,  good  order,  justice 
between  man  and  man  ;  the  opportunity  to  wor- 
ship in  one's  own  way  ;  the  right  and  the  chance 
to  give  suitable  education  to  one*s  children  ; 
freedom  to  work  and  to  enjoy,  without  fear  or 
danger,  the  fruits  of  one's  toil, — these  are  the 
things  that  government  ought  to  accomplish. 
Where  races  of  men  have  capacity  for  progress, 
there  must  come  a  time  in  their  evolution  when 
the  best  government  for  them  is  essentially  popu- 
lar and  democratic.  But  where  communities, 
for  reasons  either  temporary  or  of  a  more  per- 
manent nature,  could  not  possibly  manage  suc- 
cessfully to  gain  for  themselves  the  true  ends  of 
government  by  democratic  means,  it  would  be 
both  stupid  and  cruel  to  turn  them  loose  upon 
themselves.  Thus,  Mr.  Bryan  is  right  enough 
in  his  first  proposition  tlmt  it  is  somebody  else's 
business,  and  notHhat  of  the  Filipinos,  at  the 
outset,  to  establislcjin  the  Philippine  Islands  a 
stable  fonn  of  government.  This  is  exactly  what 
every  practical  statesman,  if  in  power,  would 
feel  that  he  was  compelled  to  attempt ;  and  Mr. 
Bryan,  in  power,  would  doubtless  act  like  a 
practical  statesman.  But  all  his  preambles  as  to 
the  right  of  the  Filipinos  to  establish  their  own 
kind  of  government,  stable  or  unstable,  good, 
batl,  or  indifferent,  would  have  gone  glimmering. 

Wkat  Doee  Mr.  Bryan's  second  proposition  is  to 
MetleSllence  ^*^®  independence  to  tiie  Filipinos. 
Meun?  But  this  does  not  really  mean  any- 
thing, because  it  is  sandwiched  in  between  two 
other  propositions,  both  of  which  are  of  the  na- 
ture of  radical  limitations  upon  independence. 
To  l>egin  with,  Mr.  Bryan's  independence  is  not 
to  be  accorded  until  a  stable  government  has 
been  created.      He  prescribes  no  time  for  the  ac- 


complishment of  this  task,  and  there  is  no  reason 
to  suppose  that  he  could  possibly  acMeve  it  in  a 
four  years'  term.  He  would,  therefore,  have  to 
turn  it  over  to  his  successor  in  office  ;  and  thus, 
the  realization  of  Philippine  independence  might 
be  indefinitely  postponed,  like  the  English  evacua- 
tion of  Egypt.  The  second  and  greatest  limita- 
tion upon  Philippine  independence,  however,  lies 
in  Mr.  Bryan's  third  practical  proposal ;  namely, 
**to  protect  the  Filipinos  from  outside  interfer- 
ence while  they  work  out  their  destiny."  This, 
of  course,  means  a  perpetual  protectorate,  and  it 
means  the  assumption  by  us  of  entire  responsi- 
bility for  good  government  in  the  Philippine 
Islands  toward  all  the  nations  of  the  world. 
For  the  Philippines  are  open  to  international 
commerce,  and  to  the  residence  of  all  well-be- 
haved foreigners  ;  and  we  should,  by  Mr. 
Bryan's  programme,  be  held  accouti table  under 
all  circumstances  for  the  conduct  of  a  people 
whom,  paradoxically,  we  ourselves  had  recog- 
nized as  an  independent  and  sovereign  member 
of  the  family  of  nations.  Mr.  Bryan's  pro- 
gramme, then,  would  have  us  take  a  coaling- 
station  to  keep  for  our  own,  with  the  understand- 
ing that  a  stable  government  which  we  ourselves 
had  •  established  there — presumably  by  force,  for 
in  no  other  way  could  an  outside  nation  establish 
a  stable  government  in  those*,  islands — would, 
under  moral  duress,  consent,  to  the  permanent 
loss  of  an  important  harbor.  a 

If  we  have  the  right  to  establish  a 
Some  Loaicai  permanent  government  in  the   Phil- 

ippmes.  It  obviously  devolves  upon 
us  to  decide  what  constitutes  such  a  gov- 
ernment ;  and  the  right  to  establish  it  un- 
questionably would  involve  the  right  of  sub- 
sequent interference  for  its  maintenance.  This 
right  of  subsequent  interference,  moreover,  is 
unquestionably  involved  in  the  duty  we  should 
assume  to  protect  the  Philippines  against  all 
outside  interference ;  for  if  protracted  misgov- 
ernment  or  anarchical  conditions  should  pre- 
vail in  the  islands, — than  which  nothing  could 
be  more  likely  under  Mr.  Bryan's  programme, 
— the  moral  sentiment  of  the  whole  civilized 
world  would  compel  us  to  interfere  and  restore 
order,  or  else  to  abandon  our  pretense  of  pro- 
tecting the  Philippines  from  the  interference  of 
others.  In  short,  by  Mr.  Bryan's  programme, 
our  policy  in  the  Philippines  is  the  maintenance 
on  our  part  of  perpetual  responsibility  toward 
the  world  at  large.  The  Republicans,  on  the 
other  hand,  would  say  that  we  have  to  deal  only 
with  the  present  and  early  future.  In  the  pres- 
ent they  are  doing  just  wliat  Mr.  Bryan  advo- 
cates ;   namely,   trying  their  best  to  establip^' 


266 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^/EIV  OF  RE^/EIVS. 


stable  government.  As  for  the  second  proposi- 
tion, which  Mr.  Bryan  calls  the  granting  of  , 
independence,  the  Republicans  would  claim  that 
they  are  aiming  to  give  the  Filipinos  local  autono- 
my, or  self-government,  in  their  own  affairs  with- 
out endeavoring  to  set  the  islands  adrift  without 
chart  or  compass  as  a  new  ship  of  state. 

It  is  hard  to  see  what  difference  there 
DUtincthnl  ^^'  ^^-  ^'^^^^7  practical  purposes,  be- 
tween that  higher  authority  over  the 
Philippines  that  Mr.  Bryan  would  exercise  under 
the  guise  of  a  protectorate  and  that  responsibility 
wliich  we  should  more  openly  and  directly  assume 
under  the  theory  that,  for  purposes  of  interna- 
tional recognition,  the  sovereignty  of  the  Philip- 
pines and  adjacent  waters  was  under  the  Stars 
and  Stripes.  Is  it  not  true  that,  doing  away 
with  mere  rhetoric  and  forms  of  words,  the 
Filipinos  are  just  as  independent  under  one 
method  as  they  are  under  the  other?  Stable 
government  in  the  Philippine  Islands  under 
American  auspices  is  what  Mr.  Bryan  demands, 
and  he  asserts  the  demand  without  the  slightest 
reference  to  the  question  whether  or  not  the 
Filipinos  themselves  want  us  to  establish  a  stable 
government  or  take  them  in  the  future  under  our 
care  and  protection.  There  is  no  need  to  be  minc- 
ing of  language.  Mr.  Bryan's  programme,  re- 
duced to  practice,  makes  the  Filipino  people  the 
wards  of  this  nation  irrespective  of  their  will, 
presumably  for  their  good.  And  in  our  capacity 
as  guardian,  Mr.  Bryan  would  have  us  thriftily 
obtain  a  transfer  of  title  from  our  comparatively 
helpless  ward  to  an  extremely  valuable  possession, 
— which  in  his  opinion  is  all  that  we  happen  to 
need  of  our  ward's  property, — and  whicli  in  the 
international  market  is  by  all  odds  the  ward's 
most  important  asset.  And  yet  Mr.  Bryan  quotes 
Senator  Lodge's  Philadelphia  speech  with  deep 
moral  disapproval,  because  Senator  liodge  was 
frank  enough  to  say  that  he  believed  that  the 
promotion  of  our  commercial  interests  in  the 
Philippines  and  the  far  East  was  entirely  com- 
patible with  our  treating  the  Filipino  people  both 
honorably  and  l>eneficially,  and  tliat  it  was  a  dis- 
tinctly proper  object  of  the  work  of  our  govern- 
ment in  its  diplomacy  and  external  relations  to 
promote  the  expansion  of  our  trade. 

Tj.  oi.n-    !      The  people  of  the  Philippine  Islands 

The  Philippines  ,    '       ^  .  */    . 

Necessarily  could  not  possibly  take  their  place  as 
Dependent,  ^  member  of  the  family  of  nations 
with  no  responsible  backer  ;  because,  if  for  no 
other  reason,  they  would  not  be  admitted  into 
the  family  fellowship.  The  American  flag  as  the 
symbol  of  the  larger  and  external  status  of  the 
Philippine   Islands  does  not  mean  anything  in 


any  sense  humiliating  to  the  Filipinos.  Their 
objection  to  the  Spanish  flag  arose  solely  from 
the  most  protracted  and  colossal  misgovernment 
on  Spain's  part,  and  not  from  any  instinctive  de- 
velopment, among  the  Filipinos,  of  the  spirit  of 
national  unity  and  independence.  There  has 
never  been  any  evidence  of  the  existence  of  such 
a  spirit.  Dr.  Rizal,  who  was  the  real  head  and 
inspiration  of  the  revolt  that  produced  Aguinaldo 
as  one  of  its  military  chiefs,  was  merely  contend- 
ing for  the  carrying  out  of  certain  promised  re- 
forms in  the  Spanish  colonial  administration. 
As  a  matter  of  recent  liistory,  Mr.  Bryan  him- 
self stoutly  defended  the  treaty  agreed  upon  at 
Paris  under  which  Spain  was  eliminated  from 
the  Philippines  by  the  process  of  transferring 
such  title  as  she  had  to  us.  Nothing  could  be 
more  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  sincere  criticism 
than  the  flippant  assertion  that  we  went  into  a 
slave-market  and  bought  the  Filipinos  at  |2.50  a 
head,  when,  in  point  of  fact,  as  the  easiest  way 
to  settle  certain  property  questions, — the  owner- 
ship of  various  public  buildings,  and  other  valu- 
able property  unquestionably  belonging  to  Spain, 
— we  paid  the  sum  of  i>20, 000,000.  The  trans- 
action was  perfectly  honorable  on  both  sides,  and 
did  not  in  any  way  affect  the  future  political 
status  of  the  Filipino  people.  If  that  treaty  of 
peace  had  been  promptly  ratified,  as  it  ought  to 
have  been,  the  war  between  our  troops  and  those 


WHAT  REPUBLICAN  MILITARISM  MEANS. 

*'  I  don't  want  to  see  the  day  when  the  American  cltl»n 
will  be  like  his  fellows  in  Earope,  every  man  as  h«*  goe«  to 
his  work  carrying  one  soldier  on  his  back.*'— Carl  Schur*- 
From  the  Journal  (New  York). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


267 


of  Aguinaido  which  began  a  year  and  a  half  ago 
would,  in  all  human  probability,  never  have  oc- 
curred. We  should  have  proceeded  to  establish 
good  government  just  as  rapidly  as  possible,  and 
it  would  have  been  both  easy  and  safe  to  have 
conceded  to  the  Filipinos  incomparably  more 
than  they  had  ever  asked  from  the  Spaniards. 

There  is  not  a  human  being  in  the 
Mot^ayiieoru.  United   States  who  has  ever  wanted 

to  hold  the  Filipinos  in  subjection  or 
vassalage.  But  the  events  of  the  p)ast  eighteen 
months  have  at  once  illustrated  and  brought  about 
a  condition  of  things  under  which  it  is  clear  that 
Filipino  independence  would  be  impossible  for  a 
long  time  to  come.  As  a  matter  of  mere  prefer- 
ence, most  of  us  want  neither  colonies,  posses- 
sions, nor  protectorates  in  the  Orient ;  and  least 
of  all  do  we  want  military  campaigns,  whether  in 
the  Philippines  or  in  China.  But  in  the  Philip- 
pines, as  well  as  in  China,  no  less  than  in  Cuba 
two  years  ago,  we  are  merely  doing  a  part  of  the 
ugly  but  needful  police  duty  of  civilization.  Our 
8oldiei*s  are  suffering  in  the  Philippines  because 
Filipino  guerrillas  decline  to  accept  the  American 
amnesty  proposals  ;  and  their  refusal  is  said  to  be 
based  largely  upon  tlie  theory  that  their  posi- 
tion is  the  football  of  American  politics,  and  that 
the  election  of  Mr.  Bryan  would  mean  the  tri- 
umph of  their  cause.  If,  then,  Mr.  Bryan  should 
be  elected  in  November,  it  is  to  be  inferred  that 
the  flames  of  the  insurgent  cause  would  be  rekin- 
dled everywhere.  But  Mr.  Bryan  would  remain 
a  private  citizen  until  the  4th  of  next  March  ; 
and  Mr.  McKinley's  administration  would,  for 
four  months,  be  in  a  most  difficult  predicament. 
Our  army  would  either  have  to  give  up  what  it 
now  holds  in  the  Philippines  or  else  face  re- 
doubled insurgent  activity  with  increased  effort 
on  our  own  part.  This  would  mean  a  very  fierce 
and  bloody  campaign,  with  the  loss  of  many  brave 
American  officers  and  men. 

TMtCom-  Under  those  circumstances,  what 
cJ^*V#jrt  w^"^^  Mr.  Bryan,  as  Commander-in- 
MarcM.  Chief  of  the  American  Army,  do  on 
the  day  after  his  inauguration,  early  in  March  ? 
Would  he  discredit  the  work  of  our  troops,  and 
order  them  to  their  barracks  to  await  their  turn 
to  embark  for  America  on  the  transport  ships  ? 
Would  he  recall  Judge  Taft  and  his  fellow -com- 
missioners, and  authorize  Aguinaido  to  assume 
the  temporary  reins  of  government,  military  and 
civil  ?  He  would  certainly  have  to  do  some- 
thing. It  is  true  that  Mr.  McKinley,  as  Presi- 
dent and  in  his  capacity  as  Commander-in-Chief, 
is  at  present  the  final  authority  in  Philippine  af- 
fairs ;    but    if  Mr.    Bryan  were  President,   how 


could  he  avoid  occupying  exactly  the  same  posi- 
tion until  Congress  had  ordained  otherwise  ? 
But  let  us  suppose,  in  the  event  of  Mr.  Bryan's 
election  in  November,  that  Mr.  McKinley  should 
decline  to  take  the  responsibility  of  sending  re- 
inforcements to  the  Philippines  and  pushing  the 
campaign.  Would  he  be  justified  in  withdraw- 
ing our  troops,  and  leaving  the  islands  in  the 
hands  of  armed  insurgents,  who  deny  the  sove- 
reignty that  we  officially  assumed  in  the  eyes 
of  the  whole  world  when  we  ratified  the  peace 
treaty  that  Mr.  Bryan  himself  declared  we 
ought  to  ratify  ?  If  Mr.  McKinley  should  take 
this  alternative  course,  and  give  up  the  cam- 
paign early  in  November, — thus  in  the  only 
practical  way  conceding  independence  to  the 
Filipinos, — by  what  means  would  Mr.  Bryan 
break  his  way  again  into  those  islands  in  order 
to  establish  the  ♦*  stable  government  '*  which  he 
says  it  would  be  his  first  task  to  set  up  ? 

TAtf  Oif/f  Prae-  Is  it  not  time  to  come  down  out  of 
%1ranthSie'  ^^®  clouds  of  theoretical  reasoning 
pen^enee.  about  the  inalienable  rights  of  man, 
in  order  to  look  plainly  at  the  actual  situation  ? 
We  have  been  fighting  in  the  Philippines  for  a 
year  and  a  half  ;  and  we  must  deal  with  the 
situation  as  we  find  it  at  the  end  rather  than  at 
the  beginning  of  that  period.  In  contests  of 
this  kind,  it  is  customary  for  one  side  or  the 
other  to  win.  We  can  admit  ourselves  worn  out, 
and  therefore  pmctically  defeated  by  the  Filipino 
insurgents,  and  m  pursuance  of  such  confession 
we  can  acknowledge  their  independence  and 
withdraw  exactly  as  the  British  withdrew  from 
this  country  in  1783.  In  that  case,  nothing 
could  be  more  absurd  than  to  make  the  condi- 
tion that  we  should  stay  by,  establish  a  stable 
form  of  government,  withdraw  when  we  saw  fit, 
keep  permanent  possession  of  the  principal  har- 
bor, and  then  maintain  a  permanent  protectorate. 
George  Washington  did  not  deal  with  the  British 
on  any  such  basis  as  that.  If,  indeed,  we  have 
made  a  huge  mistake  in  the  Philippines,  and  if 
we  have  no  right  or  business  to  be  there,  and  if 
Aguinaido  is  another  George  Washington,  and 
if  the  Filipinos  are  eminently  capable  of  self- 
government,  then  Mr.  Bryan  reasons  to  a  most 
unsuitable  conclusion.  We  should  acknowledge 
our  position  in  the  Philippines  to  be  morally  and 
physically  incapable  of  maintenance,  and  should 
make  a  treaty  of  peace  under  which  we  should 
withdraw  completely,  acknowledging  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  Filipinos,  giving  them  as  their 
due  and  proper  right  the  public  property  that 
we  took  over  from  Spain,  and  claiming  nothing 
whatever  from  them  in  return.  We  should  leave 
the  Philippines  as  Spain  has  left  the  West  Indies. 


268 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


Under  those  circumstances,  to  ask 
Proprieties  them  to  give  US  a  harbor  and  coaling- 
0/  the  Case,  gt^tion  would  be  as  impertinent  as  it 
would  be  for  them  to  ask  us  to  give  them  Hono- 
lulu. And  it  would  be  still  more  impertinent 
for  us,  after  our  behavior  to  them  and  our  inglo- 
rious attempt  to  defeat  them  on  their  own  soil, 
to  offer  to  be  their  sponsor  and  protector  in  the 
face  of  the  world  at  large.  The  English  fought 
us.  in  the  Revolutionary  War  until  they  thought 
the  game  was  no  longer  worth  the  candle,  and 
then  they  acknowledged  our  independence.  They 
had  their  grave  doubts  about  our  ability  to  form 
a  stable  government ;  and  they  looked  on  while 
we  floundered  through  our  wretched  experiment 
with  the  Articles  of  Confederation  before  we 
established  our  sound  and  stable  framework  of 
government  under  the  Constitution  in  1789. 
But  they  did  not  propose  to  establish  our  govern- 
ment for  us  while  acknowledging  our  independ- 
ence, nor  yet  to  exercise  a  protectorate  over  us  in 
perpetuity.  Let  us  have  the  manliness  to  do  the 
one  thing  or  the  other  in  the  Philippines.  If  the 
Filipinos  have  won  their  independence  and  de- 
serve it,  let  us  eschew  metaphysics,  recognize 
facts,  and  come  home.  If  they  have  a  moral  title 
to  their  independence,  backed  up  by  military 
prowess  and  the  evidence  of  political  capacity, 
then  it  follows  that  we  are  the  last  people  in  the 
whole  world  to  have  a  right  to  take  from  them 
a  port  or  a  coaling-station.  And  it  would  be 
ridiculous  in  the  extreme  for  us  to  introduce  the 
new  sister  into  the  international  family. 

That  is  one  straightforward  altema- 

AiternatiVe.  ^^^^  *'  ^^^  ^®  ^^^  ^"^  ^^^^  should  ad- 
vocate it  with  all  our  might  if  we 
thought  the  facts  justified  it.  But  we  do  not 
believe  that  Aguinaldo  is  a  George  Washington, 
or  that  there  exists  any  such  thing  as  a  great 
and  promising  Filipino  nation  moved  by  the 
spirit  of  political  progress  and  fighting  intelli- 
gently for  independence  and  a  place  in  the  fam- 
ily of  nations.  What  we  do  believe  is  that  there 
is  a  large  population  in  the  Philippine  Islands 
that  needs  peace  and  order  ;  and  that,  as  matters 
now  stand,  the  only  outlook  they  can  possibly 
have  for  those  ordinary  conditions  that  make  life 
worth  living  lies  in  the  suppression  of  the  war- 
fare maintained  by  guerrilla  bands  of  Tagals, 
and  a  chance  for  American  administration  to 
show  what  it  can  do  We  have  gone  so  far  in 
tliis  matter  that  true  economy  of  liuman  blood, 
effort,  and  treasure  lies  in  our  going  a  little 
farther  and  completing  our  work.  The  best 
way  out  of  the  woods  is  to  press  straight  on  to  the 
other  border,  which  does  not  now  seem  so  very 
far  distant.     If  there  ever  is  to  be  an  independ- 


ent and  sovereign  Philippine  nation,  it  can  rest 
only  upon  the  basis  of  a  considerable  historical 
period  of  experience  in  self-government  with  lim- 
ited sovereignty  under  strict  American  auspices. 
Two  or  three  centuries  of  Spanish  colonial 
methods  have  not  fitted  the  Philippine  Islands 
for  immediate  emergence  as  a  sovereign  pohtical 
entity.  Perhaps  50  or  100  years  of  American 
tutelage  may  complete  the  work  of  evolution  :— 
and,  in  that  case,  it  will  be  entirely  safe  to  trust 
the  Americans  who  will  be  on  hand  50  or  100 
years  hence  to  deal*  with  the  question  of  Philip-  | 
pine  independence  as  the  facts  and  circumstances 
may  justify.  Mr.  Bryan's  programme  does  not 
seem  to  us  to  point  to  any  real  solution.  We 
cannot  undo  what  has  l>een  done  since  the  early 
days  of  May,  1898.  We  must  deal  with  the 
Philippine  question  as  it  is  in  the  latter  half  of 
the  year  1900.  As  matters  now  are,  we  can  ac- 
knowledge defeat,  withdraw  from  the  Phihp- 
pines,  and  disclaim  responsibility.  This  is  the 
scuttle  policy  that  President  Jordan,  of  the 
Leland  Stanford  University,  has  advocated,  and 
that  Mr.  McKinley  declares  he  cannot  adopt. 
The  only  other  practical  alternative  is  to  stay  in 
the  Philippines,  and  seek,  by  all  possible  means, 
to  bring  hostilities  to  an  end  ;  to  establish  firm 
and  orderly  government  ;  to  train  the  natives 
by  degrees  to  the  exercise  of  self-government  in 
villages,  towns,  districts,  provinces,  islands,  and 
eventually,  in  a  confederated  archipelago  as  free 
and  democratic  as  the  Dominion  of  Canada. 
When  that  time  comes,  the  Philippines  will  h^ 
ready  to  decide  whether  they  prefer  to  remain 
under  the  auspices  of  the  American  flag  or  to 
enter  upon  the  more  ambitious  and  dangerous 
experiment  of  complete  independence  in  their 
external  relations.  This  freedom  of  choice  is 
always  open  to  our  Canadian  neighbors. 


The  Boxer:  ** Don't  I  come  in  for  a  little  sympftthy. 
too?  "—From  the  JmirnaX  (Detroit). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD, 


269 


^  .  ,  ^     ..  Events  of  far-reachinff  importance  are 

Cn^s  Const!' .  J.  .       ^T_®/^^c.i.      J 

tutionai      impending  in  Cuba.     On   Saturday, 
Canoentioa.    ^j^^   j^^,^  ^^^  ^f  ^^ie  present  month, 

on  promulgation  of  an  order  from  General  Wood, 
— himself  acting  by  instruction  of  the  War  De- 
partment at  Washington, — the  citizens  of  Cuba 
are  to  elect  members  of  a  constitutional  conven- 
tion. This  will  not  be  a  large  body,  but  will 
contain  thirty -one  members,  divided  into  six 
groups,  each  group  to  be  elected  on  a  general 
ticket  by  the  voters  of  a  province.  Thus  the 
people  of  the  Province  of  Pinar  del  Rio  will  elect 
three  delegates,  those  of  the  Province  of  Havana 
eight,  those  of  the  Province  of  Matanzas  four, 
those  of  the  Province  of  Santa  Clara  seven,  those 
of  the  Province  of  Puerto  Principe  two,  and 
those  of  the  Province  of  Santiago  seven.  The 
delegates,  though  elected  on  the  15th  of  this 
month,  will  not  assemble  until  the  first  Monday 
in  November ;  that  is  to  say,  the  day  before  the 
Presidential  election  in  the  United  States.  Thus 
their  deliberations,  which  are  likely  to  occupy  a 
considerable  time,  will  not  be  in  any  way  in- 
fluenced by  campaign  considerations  in  this  coun- 
try ;  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  will  the  future  rela- 
tions of  Cuba  to  our  government  be  likely,  under 
these  circumstances,  to  form  a  party  issue  here. 

.  ,.  The  order  expressly  states  that  the  con - 
Scope  vention  is  to  *  *  frame  and  adopt  a  con- 
Assigned,  gtitution  for  the  people  of  Cuba,  and, 
as  a  p^rt  thereof,  to  provide  for  and  agree  with  the 
Oovernment  of  the  United  States  upon  the  rela- 
tions to  exist  between  that  government  and  the 
government  of  Cuba,  and  to  provide  for  the  elec- 
tions by  the  people  of  officers  under  such  constitu- 
tion and  the  transfer  of  government  to  officers  so 
selected. "  The  order  evidently  assumes  that  while 
ih*  people  of  Cuba  are  to  begin  at  once  to  govern 
themselves  as  regards  all  matters  that  belong  to 
home  rule  or  domestic  administration,  they  are, 
for  the  immediate  future  at  least,  to  have  close  re- 
lations with  this  country.  It  would  be  far  better 
for  Cuba  if  there  should  be  no  false  sentiment 
blinding  the  people  to  the  danger  of  getting  rid 
too  soon  of  the  American  connection.  The  gov- 
ernment now  maintained  there  under  General 
Wood  is  one  of  the  most  honest  and  efficient  in 
the  whole  world.  Whether  tacit  or  avowed, 
Cuba  will  l)e  under  something  like  a  protectorate. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  good  sense  will  prevail  on 
both  sides  in  the  working  out  of  the  details  of 
the  new  relationship.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  no 
provision  is  made  for  the  submission  of  the  con- 
stitution to  popular  vote.  Criticism  begins  to  be 
Aimed  sharply  against  the  plan  of  having  the  con- 
vention anticipate  the  new  government  in  nego- 
tiations with  the  United  States. 


_       -   ,,      As    our   readers   are  well   aware,  it 

Towns  Declines  .      ,  .  ,,  >,     ,  , 

In  Favor  of  had  been  generally  expected  that  the 
steoenson.  Democratic  convention  at  Kansas 
City  would  accept  the  Populist  candidate  for 
the  Vice- Presidency,  the  Hon.  Charles  A. 
Towne,  of  Minnesota,  in  view  of  the  Populist 
indorsement,  in  advance,  of  the  Democratic  can- 
didate for  the  Presidency.  Mr.  Bryan  wished 
it  and  expected  it ;  but  it  did  not  so  turn 
out.  Mr.  Towne  has  since  withdrawn  from  the 
candidacy  he  had  accepted,  and  he  is  to  be  one 
of  the  most  prominent  of  the  Bryan  and  Steven- 
son orators  of  the  campaign.  It  is  not  worth 
while  to  attach  present  importance  to  the  report 
that  he  is  to  be  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  case 
of  Mr.  Bryan's  election,  because  no  such  report 
could  possibly  be  authorized.  But  undoubtedly 
Mr.  Towne  will  be  among  those  closest  to  the 
President,  if  the  Democrats  should  prevail  in  No- 
vember. It  is  reported  that  in  his  campaign 
speeches  he  is  to  be  assigned  particularly  to  the 
task  of  answering  the  speeches  of  Governor 
Roosevelt,  for  whose  platform  efforts  there  is  an 
unprecedented  demand  among  the  Republicans 
of  the  West.  As  head  of  the  Silver  Republican 
organization  for  some  years  past,  Mr.  Towne  has 
been,  above  all  things,  identified  with  the  16-to-l 
movement.  He  is  henceforth  to  be  regarded  as 
a  Bryan  Democrat.     A  character  sketch  of  Mr. 


▲  CROWDED  BALLOON. 

Mr.  Bryan  to  Mr.  Towne:  "  Courage,  Charles— courage  1 
We're  a  bit  crowded  here.  Keep  a  firm  hold  and  youUl  land 
all  right."— From  the  Post  (Washington). 


272 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REFIEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


HON.  CHARLES  B.  ATCOCK, 

(Governor^lect  of  North  Carolina.) 

candidate  the  Democrats  could  nominate  would 
be  Mr.  Edward  M.  Shepard,  provided  tlie  two 
factions  of  the  party  could  accept  liim  as  a  com- 
promise and  agree  to  support  him  in  good  faith. 
Mr.  Shepard  has  come  out  in  a  letter  strongly- 
indorsing  Mr.  Bryan  on  the  issue  of  imperialism, 
although  he  opposed  the  Chicago  ticket  four  years 
ago  on  tlie  money  question. 

The  election  in  North  Carolina  on 
state  August  2  (to  One  aspect  of  which 
Elections.  ^^  s\ia\\  make  reference  on  a  later 
page)  resulted  in  an  enormous  Democratic  ma- 
jority, and  in  the  election  for  governor  of  the 
Hon.  Charles  B.  Aycock.  Although  only  forty- 
two  years  old,  Mr.  Aycock  has  been  conspicuous 
in  North  Carolina  politics  for  many  years,  and 
he  is  praised  as  a  man  of  a  very  high  personal 
type.  He  is  a  Baptist,  a  promoter  of  education, 
and  was  the  foremost  student  orator  of  his  day 
in  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  The  State 
election  in  Alabama  was  held  on  August  5.  The 
new  legislature  will  have  120  Democratic  mem- 
bers as  against  13  of  all  other  parties.  The  gov- 
ernor-elect is  the  Hon.  William  J.  Sanford.  It  is 
reported  that  the  new  legislature  will  reelect  that 
distinguished  member  of  the  Committee  on  For- 
eign Relations,  Senator  John  T.  Morgan.  No 
great  importance,  as  respects  party  forecasts,  is 
to  be  attached  to  these  two  Southern  elections. 


HON.  WILLIAM  J.  SANFORD. 

(Governor-elect  ot  Alabama.) 
This  Month's  Very  keen  interest,  however,  is  felt 

Election  in      .         f  ,.  '  , 

two  Eastern  in  the  pending  State  campaigns  of 
States.  Vermont  and  Maine.  These  two  are 
about  the  only  Northern  States  whose  local  elec- 
tions are  not  held  in  November.  It  is,  of 
course,  confidently  expected  that  the  Republicans 
will  carry  both  States  ;  but  great  significance  is 
attached  to  the  size  of  the  majority.  In  the 
Presidential  election  of  four  years  ago,  Vermont 
cast  five  times  as  many  votes  for  Mc  Kin  ley  as  for 
Bryan  ;  while  Maine  cast  about  two  times  and  a 
half  as  many.  This  was  very  exceptional,  how- 
ever, as  compared  with  the  two  or  three  previous 
Presidential  elections.  A  decided  shrinkage  in 
the  Republican  majorities  of  these  two  New 
England  States  would  be  taken  as  indicating  a 
corresponding  relative  Democratic  gain  through- 
out the  Nortii.  The  Vermont  election  occurs 
on  September  4,  and  tliat  of  Maine  on  Septem- 
ber 1 0.  The  Hon.  W.  W.  Stickney  will  un- 
doubtedly be  elected  governor  of.  tlie  Green 
Mountain  State,  and  the  Hon.  John  F.  Hill,  the 
Republican  nominee,  will  be  elected  governor 
of  Maine.  A  number  of  the  most  prorament 
Republicans  in  the  country  have  been  sent  to 
Maine  to  make  speeches.  A  great  deal  of  news 
paper  comment  was  occasioned  by  the  reported 
refusal  of  the  Hon.  Thomas  B.  Reed,  Maine's 
most  conspicuous  public  man,  to  take  a  part  m 
the  speaking.      It  was  said  that  his  refusal  was 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


278 


BOK.  BOBBKT  M.  LA  FOLLBTTB. 

(Repabllcan  nominee  for  Governor  of 
Wisconsin.) 


HON.  W.  W.  BTTGKNBY. 

(Repablican  nominee  for  Governor  of 
Vermont.) 


BON.  JOHN  r.  HiLIi, 

(Repablican  nominee  for  Governor  of 
Maine). 


based  on  the  ground  that  he  was  out  of  public 
life  for  the  present,  and  was  too  busy  with  his 
law  practice.  The  newspaper  cartoonists  found 
the  topic  congenial,  and  Mr.  Reed  might  fill  a 
large  scrapbook  with  August  caricatures  in 
which  he  was  a  central  figure. 

^,  ,  ,  The  Republican  party  of  Wisconsin 
/teform  has  adopted  a  relorm  that  we  com- 
Httkoda.  jy^eiK^  iQ  tlie  attention  of  Republicans 
in  the  States  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  York. 
The  voters  have  been  allowed  in  primary  elec- 
tion to  express  their  preference  as  respects  the 
nominee  for  governor.  The  result  has  been  the 
nomination  of  the  Hon.  Robert  M.  La  Follette. 
Mr.  La  Follette  has  stood  for  this  principle  for 
several  years.  He  is  an  excellent  nominee,  and 
he  has  won  in  a  square  fight  against  the  so- 
called  machine.  The  following  plank  has  been 
inserted  in  the  Republican  platform  : 

The  great  reformation  effected  in  our  general  elec- 
tions through  the  Australian  ballot  inspired  us  with 
oonfidence  to  apply  the  same  method  in  making  nomi- 
nations, so  that  every  voter  may  exercise  his  sovereign 
right  of  choice  by  direct  vote  without  the  intervention 
or  interference  of  any  political  agency.  We  therefore 
demand  that  caucuses  and  conventions  for  the  nomina- 
tions of  candidates  for  offices  be  al)olished  by  legi.sla- 
tive  enactment,  and  that  all  candidates  for  State,  Leg- 
islative, Congressional,  and  count}'  offices  l)e  nominated 
at  primary  election,  upon  the  same  day,  by  direct  vote, 
nnder  the  Australian  ballot. 

If  this  method  had  been  in  use  in  the  State  of 
New  York,  and  the  primary  election  could  have 
been  held  early  in  June,  the  Republicans  of  the 
State,  by  an  overwhelming  majority,  would  have 
demanded  the  renomination  of  Theodore  Roose- 


velt. If  wisdom  were  widely  enough  diffused, 
Roosevelt  miglit  he  nominated  yet  for  governor, 
on  demand  of  the  Republican  voters,  and  the 
National  Repul)lican  Committee  would  be  re- 
quested to  select  another  candidate  for  the  Vice- 
Presidency.  This  is  what  ought  to  be  done  ; 
but,  of  course,  nothing  of  this  kind  could  possi- 
bly happen  under  our  present  political  system. 

North       North    Carolina   takes    rank    as    the 

Carolina  a      ,  ,    ^,  -1^1  , 

Suffrage  fourth  State  of  the  South  to  adopt  a 
Amendment,  constitutional  amendment  virtually  de- 
priving the  great  bulk  of  the  negro  citizens  of 
their  right  to  vote.  In  discussing  this  move- 
ment in  the  South,  it  is  well  to  take  broad  views 
and  to  lay  aside  all  prejudices.  We  do  not  be- 
lieve that  the  average  negro  of  the  South  is,  at 
the  present  time,  in  any  way  benefited  by  his 
nominal  right  to  take  part  in  the  business  of  poli- 
tics and  government.  It  is  to  his  present  advan- 
tage to  cultivate  friendly  relations  with  the  best 
people  of  both  races  in  his  neighborhood,  and  to 
use  every  means  to  improve  his  mental,  moral, 
and  material  status.  As  regards  politics,  he 
should  be  contented  if  he  sees  ahead  of  him  a 
reasonable  chance  for  his  children.  Tlie  negro 
race  was  precipitated  into  politics  under  circum- 
stances which  made  it  impossible  for  it  to  bring 
credit  upon  itself.  Tlie  l>est  thing  for  the  race 
in  the  long  run  is  to  be  put  where  it  can  come 
gradually  into  its  fair  share  of  political  power 
under  strict  tests  of  fitness.  The  new  North 
Carolina  constitutional  amendment  establishes 
the  reading  and  writing  test.  All  negroes,  as 
well  as  all  white  men,  otherwise  qualified  as  citi- 
zens of  North  Carolina,  may  under  this  provision 


074 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


continue  to  vote  at  elections  if  *  <  able  to  read  and 
write  any  section  of  the  constitution  in  the  Eng- 
lish language.'*  After  December,  1908,  no  new 
voters  will  be  allowed  to  register  excepting  only 
those  who  possess  the  reading  and  writing  quali- 
fication. But  between  now  and  that  date  those 
who  were  voters  anywhere  in  the  United  States 
on  January  1,  1867,  or  at  any  previous  time, 
and  those  who  are  lineally  descended  from  such 
voters,  may  register  and  vote,  irrespective  of  the 
restrictions  as  to  reading  and  writing.  The  in- 
tention of  this  peculiar  arrangement  is  to  avoid 
the  general  disfranchisement  of  the  white  illiter- 
ates of  old  North  (/arolina  stock,  of  whom  there 
are  a  great  many  in  the  State,  while  disfranchis- 
ing the  illiterate  negroes  who  became  voters  in 
accordance  with  the  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth 
Amendments  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States.  As  the  matter  stands  under  the  new  ar- 
rangement, all  white  citizens  of  North  Carolina 
will  be  allowed  to  vote,  excepting  illiterate  im- 
migrants or  their  illiterate  descendants  not  natu- 
ralized so  long  ago  as  thirty-three  years  ;  and  all 
negro  citizens  who  are  able  to  read  and  write 
will  keep  the  franchise.  Or,  to  put  it  the  other 
way  about,  those  now  excluded  from  the  polls 
are  negro  illiterates  and  such  white  illiterates  as 
have  been  naturalized  since  1867,  or  are  the  de- 
scendants of  those  who  were  not  American  vot- 
ers in  or  prior  to  that  year.  This  arrangement, 
on  the  face  of  it,  ought  not  to  be  disheartening 
to  the  negro  race.  It  should  simply  give  them 
a  new  incentive  to  overcome  obstacles  and  meet 
the  new  constitutional  test.  In  a  few  year's  the 
discrimination   will    have    been   outlived.     The 


Southern  dread  of  the  illiterate  negro  vote  has 
heretofore  tempted  a  resort  to  methods  both  de- 
plorable and  vicious.  It  is  better  to  have  a  re- 
stricted suffrage  than  a  nominally  universal  one 
where  elections  are  a  farce.  All  this  is  not  said 
by  way  of  apology  for  the  way  in  which  this  re- 
cent North  Carolina  campaign  was  conducted. 
It  is  to  be  assumed  that  no  community  will  cheer- 
fully and  deliberately  vote  to  disfranchise  itself 
to  a  considerable  extent  for  its  own  highest  gooil; 
and  the  narrowing  of  the  political  fabric  at  its 
base  is  always  essentially  a  revolutionary  pro- 
ceeding. And  so  this  North  Carolina  electoral 
contest  was  unquestionably  accompanied  by  vio- 
lence, intimidation,  and  fraud — to  what  extent 
we  do  not  know — in  the  securing  of  a  majority 
of  60,000  for  the  new  arrangement. 


kj^m^^'^ '' 


_.    „         ^  It  is  said  that  this  North  Carolina 

The  mouement  ,  •  1 1     -i  •    »  i  • 

to  Disfran-  amendment  will  disfranchise 

chiae  Negi 


Negroet. 


A  TRIUMPH   rOR  WHITE  SUPREMACY. 

Ninety  per  cent,  of  the  colored  vote  of  North  Carolina  will 
be  disfranchised  to^lay. 

From  the  Ti^une  (New  York),  August  3. 


75,000 
negro  voters.  Mississippi,  Louisiana, 
and  South  Carolina  are  the  three  other  States  that 
have  taken  a  similar  action  ;  and  it  is  alleged  that 
the  aggregate  result  in  these  four  States  is  the  ex 
elusion  of  from  400,000  to  500,000  colored  voters. 
The  Stata  of  V^irginia  has  voted  in  favor  of  a  con- 
stitutional convention  with  the  well-known  pur- 
pose of  taking  a  like  action.  The  movement  is 
under  such  headway  in  Alabama  that  no  one 
doubts  its  early  success  there  also.  The  matter 
has  been  much  discussed  in  Georgia,  where  ap 
parent  setbacks  do  not  seem  to  us  to  indicate  auv 
likelihood  that  this  State  will  not  also  in  the  early 
future  follow  the  example  of  its  neighbors.  The 
movement  began  under  the  apostleship  of  the 
late  Senator  James  Z.  George,  of  Mississippi, 
some  ten  years  ago.  The  South  Carolina  enact- 
ment following  that  of  Mississippi  bears  the  date 
of  1896  ;  that  of  Louisiana  comes  a  little  later 
In  so  far  as  franchise  restrictions  on  their  face 
apply  equally  to  the  entire  citizenship,  and  do  not 
set  up  class  or  race  distinctions,  they  are  not 
likely  to  be  annulled  by  an  appeal  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States.  But  they  have  one 
very  practical  bearing  that  interests  the  people  of 
the  whole  country.  Under  the  amended  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States,  representation  in 
Congress  is  not  based  essentially  upon  the  relative 
number  of  people  living  in  the  various  States,  but 
rather  upon  the  number  of  legal  male  voters. 
This  distinction  was  not  of  sufficient  practical 
importance  to  be  o]:>served  by  Congress  in  making 
the  reapportionments  that  followed  the  enumera 
tions  of  18S0  and  1890.  But  tlie  reapportion- 
ment which  must  take  place  by  virtue  of  the  cen- 
sus of  the  present  year  cannot  be  properly  made 
in  disregard  of  the  profound  changes  that  four 
States  have  now  enacted  in  their  suffrage  laws. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


275 


TheCensui  The  original  reason,  as  our  readers 
Reapportion'  *''®  ^^^  a  ware,  for  the  taking  of 
ment.  the  census  every  ten  years,  is  the 
necessity  of  a  reapportionment  among  the  States 
of  reprejsentation  in  Congress,  upon  the  basis  of 
their  relative  changes  in  population.  The  funda- 
mental principles  of  the  apportionment  are  pre- 
scribed by  the  Constitution  and  are  mandatory 
upon  Congress.  The  fourteenth  amendment  to 
the  Constitution  declares  that  *'all  persons  born 
or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and  subject 
to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the 
United  States  and  of  the  State  wherein  they  re- 
side." The  fifteenth  amendment  declares  that 
*  *  the  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to 
vote  shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the 
United  States,  or  by  any  State,  on  account  of 
race,  color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude. '' 
It  does  not,  however,  follow  that  the  States  may 
not  exclude  citizens  from  voting  by  reason  of 
their  lack  of  certain  specified  educational  or 
property  qualifications.  The  fourteenth  amend- 
ment, second  section,  declares  that  *<when  the 
right  to  vote  at  any  election  for  the  choice  of 
electors  for  President  and  Vice-President  of  the 
United  States,  representatives  in  Congress,  the 
executive  and  judicial  officers  of  a  State,  or  the 
members  of  the  legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to 
any  of  the  male  inhabitants  of  such  State,  being 
twenty -one  years  of  age  and  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except 
for  participation  in  rebellion  or  other  crime,  the 
basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced 
in  the  proportion  which  the  number  of  such 
male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the  whole  number 
of  male  citizens  twenty- one  years  of  age  in  such 
State." 

Sujfrage  Re-  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  for  a 
*^ih€'x?¥th^  good  while  have  placed  educational  re- 
Amendment,  strictions  upon  the  right  of  the  citizen 
to  vote,  and  some  other  States  have  placed  tax 
restrictions.  Under  a  literal  compliance  with 
the  apportionment  clause  of  the  fourteenth  amend- 
ment, Massachusetts  would  have  her  representa- 
tion in  Congress  assigned  only  after  due  calcula- 
tion of  the  effects  of  her  laws  that  restrict  the 
voting  right.  It  is  not  likely,  of  course,  that 
there  are  enough  illiterates  excluded  in  Massa- 
chusetts to  diminish  the  State's  quota  of  Con- 
gressmen. But  it  is  entirely  possible,  under  the 
somewhat  complicated  arithmetical  methods  by 
which  the  distribution  is  made,  that  a  very  few 
votes  more  or  less  might  decide  whether  Massa- 
chusetts should  be  given  twelve  seats  or  thirteen. 
The  ratio  of  illiteracy  being  very  light  in  States 
like  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  no  attempt 
seems  ever  to  have  been  made  in  apportionments. 


since  the  adoption  of  the  fourteenth  amendment 
to  raise  the  question  of  the  exclusion  of  citizens 
of  the  United  States  from  the  right  to  vote. 

y.^  The  people  of  the  South  have  never, 
Soutkern  SO  far  as  we  are  aware,  denied  for  a 
Position,  moment  that  their  new  franchise  sys- 
tems, intended  to  keep  illiterate  and  ill- qualified 
negroes  from  voting,  would  manifestly,  under  the 
Constitution,  subject  their  States  to  a  reduced 
representation  in  Congress.  They  have  merely 
taken  the  ground  that  if  their  restrictive  laws 
were  not  expressly  directed  against  the  colored 
race,  but  on  their  face  applied  alike  to  all  races, 
the  new  arrangements  would  be  permissible 
under  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  pro- 
vided they  were  willing  to  accept  the  penalty 
of  a  reduced  Congressional  representation.  The 
question  will  present  many  practical  difficulties. 
The  restrictive  laws  of  the  different  States  are 
by  np  means  uniform  in  their  provisions,  and  it 
will  not  be  easy  to  devise  a  way  to  secure 
the  necessary  evidence  as  to  the  number  of  peo- 
ple actually  excluded.  The  constitutional  prin- 
ciple is  clear  ;  but  th^  application  of  the  principle 
is  very  far  from  being  a  simple  matter.  What- 
ever may  be  the  outcome,  the  question  is  almost 
certain  to  be  quite  thoroughly  discussed.  It  had 
been  said  that  an  attempt  would  be  made  in  the 
taking  of  the  census  to  secure  the  information 
needful  in  order  to  ascertain  the  facts.  Inas- 
much as  the  principal  original  purpose  of  the 
census  was  the  collection  of  the  information 
necessary  in  order  to  make  constitutional  reap- 
portionments, it  is  presumable  that  the  census- 
takers  ought  to  be  instructed  to  supply  the 
information  necessary  to  enforce  the  second  sec- 
tion of  the  fourteenth  amendment — ^just  as 
in  slavery  times  it  was  the  constitutional  duty 
of  the  census-takers  to  find  out  the  number  of 
slaves  in  the  different  slave  States,  in  order  that 
those  States  might  be  allotted  the  representation 
that  they  were  entitled  to  on  the  computation  of 
a  certain  percentage  of  their  bondsmen. 

How  Man  ^here  has  naturally  been  a  great  in- 
Miiiiona  terest  in  the  population  aggregates 
Are  We?  ^^^^  ^j^^  census  results  will  show.  In 
the  summer  of  1890  the  population  was  slightly 
more  than  62,620,000  ;  in  1880  it  was  a  little 
more  than  50,150,000  ;  in  1870  it  was,  in  round 
figures,  38,550,000.  Thus  in  the  decade  from 
1870  to  1880  the  average  yearly  net  increase  of 
population  was  about  1,160,000  ;  in  the  decade 
front  1880  to  1890  the  yearly  gain  was  almost 
1,250,000.  In  some  quarters  it  had  been  pre- 
dicted that  the  census  of  1900  would  show  a  total 
of  80,000,000.     The  new  census  directors  them- 


276 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


selves  encouraged  that  expectation,  and  even 
more,  when,  in  their  oflBcial  statement  of  March 
11,  1899,  they  got  at  certain  other  mattera  by 
**  assuming  the  population  of  the  United  States 
at  this  time  to  be,  in  round  numbers,  80,000,000 
people."  Such  a  result  would  have  required  an 
increase  from  1,250,000  to  1,750,000  average 
yearly  increase.  The  estimated  population  of 
the  United  States  on  January  1,  1899,  as  given 
by  the  **  World  Almanac"  on  the  authority  of 
the  governors  of  the  States  and  Territories,  was 
77,800,000.  If  these  estimates  were  correct, 
the  rate  of  gain  for  eight  years  and  a  half  since 
midsummer,  1890,  had  been  1,786,000  per  year. 
Assuming  a  continued  increase  at  the  same  rate 
for  the  remainder  of  the  census  period  of  ten 
years,  the  total  gain  for  the  decade  would  be 
17,860,000,  and  the  aggregate  population  of  the 
United  States  in  the  month  of  June,  1900,  would 
be  80,430,000.  Between  1880  and  1890  our 
gain  was  approximately  25  per  cent.,  an  average 
of  2^  per  cent,  per  year.  But  if  the  guberna- 
torial estimates  were  correct,  we  should  have  been 
gaining  in  the  present  decade  at  the  rate  of  a 
little  over  2.8  per  cent,  each  year,  or  approxi- 
mately 28.5  per  cent,  for  the  decade.  If  it 
should  be  shown  by  the  census  that  we  had 
merely  gained  at  the  ratq  per  cent,  of  the  last 
census,  our  aggregate  increase  would  be  nearly 
15,^00,000,  and  our  total  population  in  1900 
would  be  somewhat  in  excess  of  78,000,000. 
But  it,  is  certain  that  we  have  not  maintained 
the  percentage  fate  of  the  last  decade. 

Factors  of  The  growth  of  population  is  due, 
{i)]mmigra'  o^viously,  to  two  factors — first,  the 
tton,  increase  due  to  the  excess  of  the  birth- 
rate over  the  death-rate  ;  and,  second,  immigra- 
tion. If  there  had  not  been  a  little  drop  in  the 
movement  of  population  from  Europe  to  America 
after  the  opening  of  1885,  we  should  have  been 
indebted  to  that  source  for  more  than  half  of  our 
population -increase  in  the  decade  from  1880  to 
1890.  We  have  no  accurate  statistics  of  the  im- 
migration— whether  European  or  Canadian — 
that  came  into  the  United  States  by  way  of  our 
northern  boundary -line.  We  certainly  gained 
considerably  more  than  5,000,000  people  in  the 
last  census  decade  by  immigration  ;  and  if  the 
whole  number  could  have  been  counted,  it  is 
probable  that  we  should  have  been  obliged  to  as- 
sign to  that  factor  at  least  5,500,000  out  of  a 
total  gain  of  12,500,000.  Thus  the  ordinary  in- 
crease by  the  excess  of  births  over  deaths  would 
account  for  approximately  7,000.000,  and  immi- 
gration for  5,500,000,  in  the  gain  from  1880  to 
1890.  But  it  is  now  certain  that  the  aggregate 
number  of  immigrants  to  the  United  States  for 


the  decade  just  ended  will  fall  a  good  deal  short 
of  the  number  for  the  preceding  decade.  The 
immigration  statistics  for  the  first  nine  years  of 
the  ten  are  accessible,  and  they  show  an  aggre- 
gate of  a  little  over  3,300,000.  The  tenth  year 
has  brought  an  estimated  half- million  of  Euro- 
pean working  people  to  our  shores.  But  if  we 
should  also  make  a  very  liberal  allowance  for  un- 
recorded accessions  byway  of  the  Canadian  fron- 
tier, it  would  still  remain  true  that  we  could 
scarcely  look  to  immigration  as  a  source  from 
which  to  derive  more  than  4,000,000  of  our  ex- 
pected census  increase  of  population. 

Factors  of    Is  it  true,  then,  that  there  has  been 
(2)^ Natural  ^^y  ^ppreciable  increase  during  the 

ineroase.  present  decade  in  the  birth-rate,  or, 
on  the  other  hand,  any  marked  decrease  in  the 
death-rate,  which  would  favorably  affect  the 
average  annual  increase  of  our  tolal  numbers  ? 
Doubtless  the  continued  improvement  of  sanitary 
conditions  in  the  large  towns  and  the  general 
progress  in  the  conditions  of  living  and  in  the 
treatment  of  disease  are  adding  steadily  if  not 
rapidly  to  the  average  longevity  of  our  people. 
But  all  indications  would  tend  to  confirm  the 
impression  that  the  average  annual  birth-rate 
is  declining  rather  than  gaining  in  the  United 
States.  In  France,  for  example,  although  tlie 
modem  improvements  in  sanitation,  treatment 
of  disease,  and  care  of  children  are  diminishing 
the  death-rate,  there  has  at  the  same  time  been 
such  a  falling  off  in  the  birth-rate  that  the  total 
population  figures  are  approximately  maintained 
solely  by  reason  of  a  moderate  stream  of  immigra- 
tion from  Italy  and  other  neighboring  countries. 
It  is  perhaps  true  that  there  are  now  some  locali- 
ties of  considerable  extent  in  the  United  States 
where,  if  it  were  not  for  the  fact  that  there  is 
some  immigration,  and  also  that  there  is  a  com- 
paratively high  birth-rate  among  the  immigrants, 
the  total  population  would  by  no  means  hold  its 
own,  on  account  of  the  lower  birth-rate  among  the 
native  American  element.  An  analytical  study 
of  the  facts  that  the  new  census  will  gather 
must  throw  much  light  upon  interesting  questions 
touching  the  present  tendencies  of  population  in 
this  country.  If  the  statistics  are  to  be  relied 
upon,  the  increase  in  population  that  was  due 
to  the  excess  of  births  over  deaths  was  about 
14  per  cent,  for  the  ten  years  1880-90  ;  but — 
further  assuming  the  correctness  of  the  immi- 
gration statistics  for  the  past  decade — if  we 
accept  the  estimates  which  call  for  a  population 
of  80,000,000  this  year,  we  shall  have  to  look 
to  the  excess  of  births  over  deaths  for  a  gain  of 
almost  22  per  cent.  To  any  one  at  all  familiar 
with  vital  statistics,  it  is  evident  without  further 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


277 


discussion  that  such  a  radical  change  in  the 
conditions  of  population-increase  in  the  United 
States  could  not  possibly  have  taken  place.  Even 
if  one  were  to  be  content  with  estimating  that 
we  should  liave  gained  population  at  the  same 
average  rate  in  the  current  decade  as  in  the  one 
preceding,  it  would  still  be  necessary,  on  account 
of  the  falling-off  in  immigration,  to  rely  upon  a 
considerably  higher  rate  of  gain  in  the  excess  of 
births  over  deaths  in  order  to  bring  up  the  total. 
And  there  is  no  sufficient  reason  to  l:)elieve  that 
the  actual  census  work  will  show  any  such  gain. 
If  the  decade  should  have  resulted,  not  in  the 
maintenance  of  the  same  rat«  per  cent,  of  gain  as 
that  of  the  preceding  ten  yeai-s,  but  simply  in  the 
^ain  of  a  like  number  of  people — namely,  about  12- 
500,000 — our  total  population  would  be,  in  round 
figures,  73,000,000.  Those  who  exj)ect  a  greater 
aggregate  than  75,000,000  will  be  disappointed. 

The  relief  of  the  envoys  and  other 
/ulleved  foreigners  at  Peking  was  accom- 
plished by  ine  successful  entrance  of 
the  allied  troops  on  August  14.  About  16,000 
men  participated  in  this  difficult  military  enter- 
prise, of  whom  about  two- thirds  were  Japanese 
and  Russians,  and  the  remainder  British  and 
Americans.  Although  the  Germans,  French, 
and  Italians  are  contributing  to  the  interna- 
tional army,  they  did  not  happen  to  have  many 
men  at  the  front  when  this  expedition  was  started 
from  Tientsin  on  August  2.  The  railroad  had 
been  rendered  unavailable  for  use  by  the  Chinese, 
and  the  movement  of  troops  was  on  foot,  while 
supplies  were  transported  by  water,  the  course  of 
the  river  Peiho  being  closely  followed.  The 
hardest  fight  on  the  line  \v'as  at  Peitsang,  a  few 
miles  out  from  the  starting-point,  which  was 
captured  on  August  5,  with  a  loss  to  the  allies 
of  1,200  in  killed  and  wounded,  and  a  much 
larger  loss  to  the  Chinese.  More  fighting  oc- 
curred on  the  way,  the  earlier  accounts  of  which 
were  meager,  although  the  Japanese  seem  to 
have  sliown  great  spirit  and  to  have  taken  the 
brunt  most  of  the  time.  The  small  force  of 
Americans,  under  the  leadership  of  General  Chaf- 
fee, won  universal  praise.  Li  Hung  Chang,  on 
l>t-lialf  of  the  Chinese  Government,  had  ap{)ealed 
to  the  United  States  for  peace,  and  had  begged 
that  the  foreign  troops  should  not  enter  Peking  ; 
but  our  government  had  insisted  that,  as  a  pre- 
liminary to  negotiations,  the  troops  must  enter 
Peking  and  rescue  the  imperiled  Europeans  and 
Americans.  Mr.  Conger  is  reported  as  declar- 
ing that  the  Chinese  Government,  and  not  the 
Boxers,  will  be  shown  to  have  maintained  the 
artillery  attack  of  weeks  upon  the  envoys  and 
their  companions  in  the  British  Legation. 


T^   «     ,      Foreign  troops  have  been  steadily  ar- 

The  Massing      .    .     ^ .     ^,  A  ,  ^        .     .  ■'  . 

of  the  Occu'  riviug  in  China,  and  Russia  is  massing 
pation  Force.  ^^  enormous  army  in  Siberia  and 
Manchuria  for  the  purpose  of  teaching  a  memor- 
able lesson  to  the  Chinese  who  have  been  carry- 
ing border  warfare  across  the  long  boundary-line 
that  separates  the  Slav  from  the  Mongol  em- 
pire. No  one  knows  exactly  how  many  troops 
the  Japanese  are  sending  ;  but,  apart  from  Rus- 
sia's large  force  in  the  north,  there  is  some  rea- 
son to  suppose  that  the  end  of  September  will 
find  from  75,000  to  100,000  men  forming  the 
army  that  by  common  agreement  is  to  be  under 


OOUNT  VON  WALOBB8EE. 

the  chief  command  of  the  German  Field  Mar- 
shal Count  von  Waldersee.  Tli(s  distinguished 
officer  left  Germany  on  August-. 20,  and  is  ex- 
pected to  arrive  at  Shanghai  about  September 
22.  It  is  greatly  to  be  hoped  that  there  will  not 
be  more  fighting.  It  will  be  some  time  be- 
fore the  record  can  be  made  up  of  massacre  and 
destruction  ;  but  there  is  full  reason  to  believe 
that  many  missionaries  and  other  foreigners  have 
been  put  to  death,  not  to  mentfon  hundreds,  or 
even  thousands,  of  native  converts  to  Christianity. 

^    ^  ^       The   position    of  the    United    States 

Wanted :  '^^    ^        />  ,1  ^ 

A  Court  of    Will  be  favorable  to  the  maintenance 

Inquiry.      ^^    ^.j^^    Chinese  empire,  rather  than 

to  the  partition  of  China  among  other  powers. 


278 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


But  there  will  have  to  be  much  investigation  and 
discussion  before  wise  and  intelligent  action  can 
be  decided  upon.  We  call  the  attention  of  our 
readers  to  several  very  valuable  and  timely  arti- 
cles upon  the  Chinese  problem  contributed  to 
the  present  number  of  the  Review.  It  seems  to 
us  that  the  situation  affords  a  most  excellent  op- 
portunity to  set  in  motion  that  part  of  the  ma- 
chinery of  the  recent  Hague  Treaty  framed  at  the 
peace  conference  which  provides  for  international 
courts  of  inquiry  as  preliminary  to  the  settle- 
ment of  a  dispute  or  difficulty.  What  the  world 
most  needs  now,  in  the  Chinese  situation,  is  a  cor- 
rect understanding  of  all  the  facts.  We  know 
that  the  Chinese  Government  has  been  guilty  of 
serious  duplicity  ;  but  how  far  that  duplicity  has 
gone,  and  to  what  extent  the  government  has 
been  responsible  for  the  outrages  committed  by 
the  Boxers,  can  be  known  only  after  considerable 
inquiry.  Such  investigation,  of  course,  can  be 
greatly  aided  by  Peking  survivors  like  Sir  Rob- 
ert Hart  and  the  members  of  the  various  lega- 
tions ;  but  it  would  be  well  if  a  formal  court 
of  inquiry  were  established.  For  this  purpose 
America  w6uld  be  well  represented  by  Mr.  W.  W. 
Rockhill,  who  has  already  been  sent  to  China  as 
a  special  commissioner.  Germany  shows  a  dis- 
position to  be  very  severe  toward  China,  with 
the  assassination  of  her  minister  as  the  principal 
excuse.  The  United  States,  as  the  most  disin- 
terested of  all  the  powers,  will  be  able  to  exer- 


ps 

jss=r\ 

^jmi 

» VeMi  I 

I^J 
W^    ^ 

Mk 

\ 

1      j^      *                   Sk 

ir^ 

-1 

fi 

WILLIAM  W.  ROCKHILL. 

(Appointed  by  the  President  as  a  special  Gomraissioner  to 
investigate  the  Chinese  troubles.) 


SIR  ROBERT  HART. 

(British  Inspector-General  of  the  Chinese  Imperial  Maritime 
Customs,  at  his  office  in  Peking.) 

cise  great  influence  in  the  solution  of  some  of 
the  difficult  international  problems  that  must  now 
be  considered. 

,  ^,  Anarchist  activity  has  again  mani- 
of  King  tested  itself  in  the  assassination  of  a 
Humbert.  European  crowned  head.  King  Hum- 
bert, of  Italy,  whose  life  had  been  attempted  on 
two  or  three  occasions,  was  shot  on  July  29.  The 
assassin,  Bresci,  l)elonged  to  a  group  of  Italian 
anarchists  at  Paterson,  N.  J.  The  plot  seems  to 
have  had  ramifications,  and  to  have  included  a 
more  or  less  definite  plan  to  kill  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  as  well  as  several  kings,  queens, 
or  heirs  apparent.  An  unsuccessful  attack  was 
reported  upon  the  Shah  of  Persia,  who  has  been 
visiting  in  Europe,  shortly  after  the  murder  of 
Humbert.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  life 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales  was  attempted  in  Belgium 
some  months  ago.  None  of  these  assaults  had  a 
personal  motive,  but  all  of  them,  like  that  which 
destroyed  the  life  of  the  Empress  of  Austria,  are 
the  expression  of  the  fanatical  anarchists  against 
the   existing   institutions   of   government.      We 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


279 


THE  MURDERED  KINO  OF  ITALY  LYING  IN  STATE. 

(Ylctor  Emmanuel,  his  son  and  successor,  stands  at  the  left.) 

publish  elsewliere  a  character  sketch  of  the  late 
King  of  Italy.  His  son  and  successor,  who  mar- 
ried a  Montenegrin  princess,  lacks  the  kingly  per- 
sonality of  his  father,  but  bids  fair  to  show  a 
keener  interest  in  public  affairs  and  a  better 
intellectual  training  for  his  duties. 


King 


The  Princess  Helene,  of  Montenegro, 
Aiex'tuimr'a  who  becouies  Queen  of  Italy,  is  not 
Marriage,  ^^iq  only  lady  of  the  Balkan  regions 
who  has  had  a  prominent  place  in  the  world's  news 
within  the  past  few  weeks.  The  little  kingdom 
of  Servia  was  thrown  into  an  uproar  over  the 
marriage  of  the  young  King  Alexander  to  Mine. 
Draga  Maschin,  who  was  formerly  one  of  the 
ladies-in-waiting  to  the  King's  mother,  Queen 
Nathalie,  and  who  was  a  widow  of  the  compara- 
tively mature  age  of  thirty -six,  whereas  the 
young  king  was  not  twenty-four  until  the  14th 
day  of  August.  The  king's  father,  ex-King 
Milan,  showed  his  displeasure  by  resigning  his 
post  as  commander-in-chief  of  the  army,  and  the 
cabinet  refused  to  serve  any  longer  on  the  news 
of  the  announcement  of  the  forthcoming  event. 
Young  Alexander  was  not  deterred,  however, 
and  the  marriage  was  solemnized  with  great 
ceremony  on  Sunday,  August  5.  A  new  cabi- 
net is  installed  ;  and  here,  for  the  present,  the 
incident  ends.      Its  remoter  consequences   may 


be  serious,  however  ;  for  the  Obrenovich  dynasty 
is  always  in  need  of  outside  support,  and  cannot 
well  afford  to  displease  the  authorities  at  Vienna 
and  Budapest. 

The   talk   in    England  is  of  an   ap- 
'^^Burfenl'    proaching  dissolution  of  Parliament, 

with  an  election  to  occur,  perhaps,  at 
about  the  time  of  our  Presidential  contest.  The 
burdens  of  empire  continue  to  rest  very  heavily 
upon  the  shoulders  of  John  Bull.  He  is  particu- 
larly sensitive  to  the  financial  aspects  of  his  mili- 
tary adventures,  and  the  war  in  South  Africa 
begins  to  roll  up  a  huge  bill.  There  are  now 
practically  250,000  soldiers  in  that  distant  coun- 
try, who  must  be  maintained  on  a  fighting  basis 
by  the  British  taxpayers  ;  and  this  means  several 
hundred  million  dollars  a  year.  A  new  war  loan 
has  been  floated,  more  than  one-half  of  which — 
namely,  |;28,000,000 — was  awarded  to  American 
subscribers,  who  had  made  application  for  bonds 
in  excess  of  the  whole  amount  of  the  loan.  Tliere 
was  much  irritation  in  England  over  what  was 
called  an  appeal  to  outside  financial  aid.  The 
loan  could  all  have  been  taken  in  London,  and  it 
is  not  quite  clear  what  motive  the  British  Gov- 
ernment had  in  giving  more  than  one-half  of  it 
to  American  investors,  irrespective  of  the  home 
demand.  This  financial  incident  by  no  means 
proves  that  the  United  States  has  now  become, 
like  England,  a  creditor  nation.  We  continue 
to  send  abroad  vast  quantities  of  our  products 
every  year,  in  order  to  pay  the*  interest  upon 
American  national.  State,  and  municipal  bonds, 
railway  securities,  and  industrial  shares  to  Euro 
pean  capitalists,  whose  money  by  the  hundreds  of 
millions  of  dollars  is  invested  in  this  country. 

England's  situation  in  India  presents 
Probiltmi.  *  variety  of  difficulties  —  famine, 
cholera, .  and  the  plague  having  of 
late  resulted  in  unprecedented  suffering  and 
death,  with  a  recurrence  of  suspicious  uneasiness 
among  the  warlike  tribes  of  the  Northwest  fron- 
tier. India's  financial  troubles  are  still- further 
aggravated  by  the  diminution  of  revenue  from 
the  opium  trade,  following  the  crisis  in  China. 
The  campaign  for  the  relief  of  Koumassi  in 
Ashanti,  which  resulted  in  the  rescuing  of  the 
small  and  starving  English  garrison  in  July,  by 
no  means  settles  the  trouble  in  that  quarter  ; 
and  a  new  expedition  is  preparing  to  begin  over 
again  the  conquest  of  the  country  in  October. 
In  our  hemisphere,  the  Alaskan  boundary  ques- 
tion has  been  reopened  by  the  publication  of  the 
exact  terms  of  a  modus  v ive ndi  ih&im&ny  Ameri- 
cans fear  may  lead  to  the  permanent  cession  cf  a 
part  of  our  coastline.    Canada  will  have  involved 


280 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


the  mother-country  in  a  dispute  of  unwelcome 
magnitude  if  she  continues  to  insist  upon  her 
new  interpretation  of  the  old  Russian  treaty  that 
prescribed  the  line  Ijetween  Alaska  and  British 
North  America. 

^,,,^  Great   numbers   of   English   soldiers 

Military  ,  i  /.  ^i        i 

Events  In  contmue  to  be  sent  liome  from  South 
South  Africa.  xiv\Q2i,  as  invalids,  and  fresh  troops 
are  going  out  to  take  their  places.  The  war  is 
approaching  its  end,  but  its  last  phases  are  pain- 
ful and  diflBcult  in  the  extreme  to  Lord  Roberts 
and  his  generals.  The  surrender  of  General 
Prinsloo  to  General  Hunter,  at  the  end  of  July, 
was  an  event  of  importance,  since  it  meant  the 
yielding  up  of  3,350  fighting  men  of  the  Orange 
YvQQ  State,  most  of  whom  were  mounted.  Soon 
afterward  a  force  of  nearly  700  surrendered  to 
General  Rundle  in  the  Harrismith  district,  near 
the  border-line  to  the  west  of  Ladysmith.  Gen. 
Christian  De  Wet  has  been  winning  great  renown 
as  a  daring  and  swift  raider,  infinitely  superior  to 
any  of  the  liritish  leaders  who  have  been  trying 
to  capture  him,  including  the  much- praised  Baden- 
Powell  himself.  President  Kriiger  is  reported  to 
have  been  at  Barberton,  in  the  moutainous  coun- 
try near  to  the  Swaziland  frontier  ;  and  there,  it 
is  said,  the  Boers  will  make  their  last  stand, 
rather  than  at  Lydenburg,  the  place  formerly 
selected.  General  Roberts,  in.  the  middle  of  Au- 
gust, adopted  new  measures  of  greatly  increased 
severity  toward  the  Boer  population  as  a  whole, 
giving  up  his  previous  plan  of  accepting  oaths  of 
neutrality  and  issuing  passes. 


The  Duke 
of  Saxe- 
Cotfurg. 


A  minor  crxjwn  has  been  transferred 
through  the  death  of  the  Duke  of 
SaxeCoburg-Gotha,  better  known  as 
the  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  who  was  the  second  son 
of  Queen  Victoria,  an  I  tlie  most  popular  in  Eng- 
land of  all  the  Queen  children.  Prince  Alfred, 
though  jovial  and  ol  ^isy  manners,  was  not  an 
idle  prince,  but  a  real  \  orker.  He  went  to  sea 
at  fourteen,  and  by  geauine  merit  rose  in  the 
British  navy  to  be  tlie  admiral  in  command  of 
the  Mediterranean  squadron.  The  English,  seven 
years  ago,  were  very  sorry  to  have  him  go  to 
Germany  to  take  the  throne  of  the  little  duchy 
of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  which  had  come  hi^way 
by  virtue  of  a  chain  of  family  relationsliips  that 
it  is  not  necessary  here  to  recall.  He  was  almost 
fifty -six  years  old  at  the  time  of  his  death.  His 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  the  Emperor  Alexander 
II. ,  of  Russia.  It  will  be  remembered  that  at  the 
time  he  chose  to  accept  the  throne  of  a  (xerman 
principality,  and  took  the  oath  of  loyalty  to  the 
constitution  of  the  German  Empire  in  the  pres- 
ence   of  Emperor  William,    there   was    a   great 


deal  of  discussion  in  England  as  to  his  status 
there,  particularly  with  reference  to  the  annuities 
he  was  receiving  from  the  British  treasury,  to  the 
extent  of  not  less  than  $125,000  a  year.  There 
also  arose  a  question  as  to  his  right  to  sit  in  the 
Hous<?  of  Lords.  His  son  and  heir,  Prince 
Alfre(},  died  early  last  year  ;  and  the  Queen's 
next  son,  the  Duke  of  Connaught,  who  became 
the  heir  -  presumptive,  preferred  England  for 
himself  and  liis  children,  and  resigned  in  favor 
of  the  young  Duke  of  Albany,  who,  being  recog- 
nized as  the  heir,  went  to  Coburg  to  receive  a 
Gertnan  education  only  a  few  months  ago.  This 
young  gentleman,  now  just  sixteen  years  of  age, 
is  the  son  of  the  late  Prince  Leopold,  of  Eng- 
land, Duke  of  Albany,  Queen  Victoria's  fourtli 
son,  who  died  suddenly  in  March,  1884,  nearly 
four  months  ]>efore  the  birth  of  his  son  on  July 
19.      Leopold  had  married    the    daughter   of  a 


THE  NEW  DUKE. 

(Charles  Edward  of  Saxe-CoborK.) 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


281 


THREE  SONS  OF  QUEEN  YICTORIA. 

(The  late  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg  Ib  at  the  right,  the  Prince  of 
Wales  at  the  left,  the  Duke  of  Connaught  in  the  center.) 

local  German  prince,  and  it  was,  therefore,  nat- 
ural enough  that  she  and  her  son  should  be 
ready  last  year  to  go  back  to  Germany  to  a  quiet 
and  lucrative  dukedom.  The  very  easy  duties 
of  the  regency  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  will  be  per- 
formed by  a  modern-looking  young  man  known  as 
♦*  H.  S.  H.  the  Hereditary  Prince  of  Hohenlohe- 
Langenburg,"  who  is  the  new  Duke's  guardian. 

Many   distinguished    names   will    be 
^a!y  Notes'   ^^^"^  ^^  ^'^®  obituary  list  of  the  past 
month    besides    the     reigning    sove- 
reigns of  Italy  and  Saxe-Coburg.      For  real  pow- 
er among  men  of  our  generation,  the  late  CoUis 

P.  Huntington 
(an  account  of 
whose  career 
is  published  in 
this  number  of 
the  Review) 
outranked 
most  kings  and 
dukes.  Amer- 
ica since  the 
Civil  War  has 
afforded  great 
financial  and 
industrial  op- 
portunities, 
and  Mr.  Hunt- 
i  n  g  t  o  n  was 
foremost 
among  the  men 
whom  those 
opportunities 

THE  LATE  BARON  RU88EI.L.  brOUght     i  n  t  O 

(Lord  Chief-Justice  of  England.)  great  power. 


The  most  eminent  of  English-speaking  law- 
yers was  Charles  Russell,  who  had  become  Chief- 
Justice  of  England  and  a  peer  under  the  title  of 
Baron  Russell  of  Killowen.  He  was  almost  as  well 
known,  at  least  by  reputation,  among  American 
lawyers  as  among  those  ot  Great  Britain.  Gen. 
Jacob  D.  Cox,  of  Ohio,  distinguished  in  the  Civil 
War,  afterwards  governor  of  Ohio,  and  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  under  President  Grant,  was  an 
eminent  Cincinnati  lawyer,  the  author  of  impor- 
tant books  on  the  Civil  War,  and  esteemed  in 
all  parts  of  the  country.  Ex- Senator  Ingalls,  of 
Kansas,  during  the  eighteen  years  of  his  member- 
ship in  the  United  States  Senate,  was  one  of  the 
most  notable  members  of  that  body.  He  was 
a  man  of  brilliant  intellect,  but  in  his  later  years 
to  some  extent  misunderstood  and  misjudged. 
Dr.  John  Clark  Ridpath  was  not  merely  the  pop- 
ular historian 
whose  one-vol- 
ume work  has 
been  more 
widely  read  by 
far  than  any 
other  history 
of  this  coun- 
try, but  he 
was  also  a  pro- 
found thinker, 
a  man  of  deep 
convictions, 
and  a  political 
and  social  re- 
former of  ab- 
solute  cour- 
age. He  was 
born  in  Indi- 
ana sixty  years 
ago,  and  had 
m  u  c  h  to    do 

with  the  development  of  De  Pauw  University, 
of  which  he  was  for  some  years  a  professor 
and  officer.  For  some  time  he  edited  the  Arena, 
and  he  wrote  various  books.  He  was  one  of  the 
ablest  of  the  advocates  of  the  Chicago  platform 
of  1896.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Cyrus  Hamlin  was  an 
American  missionary  in  Turkey  for  many  years, 
and  afterwards  president  of  Robert  College,  at 
Constantinople.  From  1877  to  1885  he  was  a 
professor  of  the  Bangor  Theological  Seminary, 
and  president  of  Middlebury  College,  Vermont. 
Wilhelm  Liebknecht  was  a  Socialist  member 
of  the  Reichstag  from  Berlin,  as  well  as  the 
editor  of  Vorwdrts,  the  Socialist  organ.  He  had 
suffered  many  years  of  banishment  and  served 
some  terms  of  imprisonment  for  the  sake  of  his 
political  convictions.  No  one  will  deny  his  great 
intellectual  force  and  his  thorough  sinceritv. 


THE  LATE  DB.  JOHN  CLARK  HIOPATH. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


{Ftoni  July  SI  if)  Atigtutt  *0,  J900.) 


POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT— AMERICAN. 

July  23.— First  Assistant  Postmastep-General  Perry 
S.  Heath  tenders  his  resignation. 

July  25.— Kansas  Fusionists  (Democrats,  Free-Silver 
Republicans,  and  Populists)  nominate  John  W.  Bried- 
enthal  for  governor Fourth  Assi8t<int  Postmaster- 
General  Bristow's  reix)rt  on  the  Havana  postal  frauds 

is  made  public The  national  committee  of  the  Gold 

Democratic  party,  in  session  at  Indianapolis,  decides 
not  to  put  a  Presidential  ticket  in  the  field. 

July  31. — New  Hampshire  Democrats  nominate  Dr. 

Frederick  E.  Potter  for  governor **  Red-shirts  "  break 

up  a  Populi-st-Republican  meeting  at  Smithfield,  N.  C; 
the  State  Legislature  ad  journs  8i7ic  die Superintend- 
ent Z.  R.  Brock  way,  of  the  Elmira  Reformatory,  El- 

mira,  N.  Y.,  resigns,  to  take  effect  on  December  31 

The  United  States  War  Department  orders  an  election 
in  Cuba  on  the  third  Saturday  in  September  for  the 
purpose  of  choosing  delegates  to  a  constitutional  con- 
vention. 

August  1.— Iowa  Republicans  nominate  candidates 
for  minor  State  offices. 

August  2.— In  North  Carolina,  Charles  Brantley  Ay- 
cock  (Dem.)  is  elected  governor,  and  the  constitutional 
amendment  disfranchising  illiterate  negroes  is  carried 
by  a  large  majority. 

August  6.— In  Alabama,  William  J.  Sanford  (Dem.)  is 
elected  governor  by  about  75,000  plurality;  a  legislature 
is  chosen  favorable  to  the  reflection  of  United  States 
Senator  John  T.  Morgan. 

August  7.— Hon.  Charles  A.  Towne,  of  Minnesota, 
formally  declines  the  Populist  nomination  for  the  Vice- 
Presidency. 

August  8.— W.  J.  Bryan  and  A.  E.  Stevenson  are 
formally  notified  at  Indianapolis  of  their  nomination 
for  President  and  Vice-President  by  the  Democratic 
National  Convention Wisconsin  Republicans  nomi- 
nate Robert  M.  La  Follette  for  governor,  on  a  platform 
advocating  the  abolishmc^nt  of  caucuses  and  party  con- 
ventions and  nomination  by  direct  popular  vote. 

August  14.— The  Havana  Municipal  Council,  by  a 
vote  of  20  to  1,  rejects  the  new  city  charter The  ex- 
ecutive committee  of  the  National  party  (third-ticket) 
meets  at  Indianapolis. 

August  15.— The  Liberty  Congress  (anti-Imperial ist«) 
meet«  at  Indianapolis — Washington  (State)  Republi- 
cans nominate  J.  M.  Frink  for  governor Governor 

Beckham  convenes  the  Kentucky  Legislature  in  extra 
session,  on  August  28,  to  amend  the  Goebel  election  law. 

August  16.— The  Liberty  Congress  of  the  Anti-Im- 
perialist League,  in  session  at  Indianapolis,  declares 
for  the  election  of  Bryan. 

August  20.— William  M.  Johnson,  of  New  Jersey,  is 
appointed  First  Assistant  Postmaster- General. 

POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT-FOREIGN. 
July  33.— The  Nationalists  of  France  experience  a 
signal  defeat  at  a  by-election  at  Nort,  M.  Thi^baud,  the 


Copyright,  1900,  by  Elmer  Chickering,  Bostoo. 

HON.  KOOER  WOLCOTT,  OF  MASSACHUSBTTS. 

(Appointed  Ambassador  to  Italy,  to  succeed  Qen,  W.  F. 
Draper.) 

Nationalist  candidate,  receiving  only  2,236  votes,  while 
M.  Gentil,  Radical  Republican,  receives  5,979. 

July  35.— President  Zelaya,  of  Nicaragua,  is  renomi- 
nated. 

July  36.— In  the  British  House  of  Commons,  the 
Secretary  of  State  for  India,  Lord  George  Hamilton, 
stat-es  that  the  Indian  Government  has  disbursed  over 
$65,(X)0,(X)0  to  famine  sufferers. 

July  28.— The  Peruvian  Congress  is  opened. 

July  39.— King  Humbert,  of  Italy,  is  assassinated  at 
Monza  by  one  Bre.sci,  an  anarchist. 

August  1.— President  Zelaya,  of  Nicaragua,  announces 
the  termination  of  the  concession  to  the  Maritime  Canal 
Company,  and  formally  proclaims  the  £yre-Cragin  canal 

concession In  the  British  House  of  Commons,  Sir 

William  Vernon  Harcourt  criticises  the  management 
of  the  war  in  South  Africa. 

August  3. — The  British  House  of  Commons  suspends 
Dr.  Charles  Tanner,  Nationalist  member  for  the  Middle 
Division  of  Cork,  for  insulting  a  member  of  the  major- 
ity—  An  anarchist  makes  an  unsuccessful  attempt  on 
the  life  of  the  Shah  of  Persia  in  Paris. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


283 


AagtLBt  6.— The  Italian  Chamber  of  Deputies  is  re- 
opened. 

August  8. — The  British  Parliament   adjourns A 

new  Peruvian  cabinet  is  announced. 

August  9.— The  new  cabinet  of  the  Republic  of  Colom- 
bia is  announced. 

August  II.— King  Victor  Emmanuel  HI.,  of  Italy, 
takes  the  oath  of  office,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate 
and  Chamber  of  Deputies. 

INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS. 

July  21. — Notice  is  given  that  Portugal  has  deposited 
|3,500,0Ul  at  Paris  in  payment  of  the  Delagoa  Bay  award 
to  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain. 

July  23.— The  new  Japanese  Minister  to  the  United 
States,  Kogoro  Takahira,  arrives  in  this  country. 

July  24. — The  agreement  relating  to  the  boundary- 
line  between  Nicaragua  and  Co«ta  Rica  is  signed  at 
Managua. 

July  25. — The  United  States  protests  against  the  bom- 
bardment of  Panama  by  Colombian  insurgents. 

July  80. — Ex-Gov.  Roger  Wolcott,  of  Massachusetts, 
is  appointed  Ambassador  to  Italy,  to  succeed  Gen. 
William  F.  Draper,  resigned. 

August  4.-»The  text  of  the  new  reciprocity  agreement 
between  the  United  States  and  Germany  is  made  public 
at  Was&ington. 

August  5.— The  demands  of  the  United  States  on  the 
Turkish  Government  for  the  Armenian  indemnity  are 
renewed. 

August  7.— It  is  announced  that  Sir  Francis  Richard 
Plunkett  has  been  appointed  British  Ambassador  to 
Austria,  and  Sir  Henry  Mortimer  Durand  British  Am- 
baseador  to  Spain. 

August  17. — Announcement  is  made  that  the  Czar  of 
Russia  will  visit  Paris,  arriving  at  Cherbourg  on  Sep- 
tember 14. 

August  20.— It  is  announced  that  Schekib  Bey  has 
been  appointed  Turkish  Minister  to  the  United  States. 


THE  CRISIS  IN  CHINA. 

July  22. — An  imperial  edict,  purporting  to  be  sent  by 
the  Emperor  of  China  to  the  southern  viceroys  and 
governors,  is  promulgated ;  it  is  dated  from  Peking, 
July  18 ;  the  edict  states  that  the  fullest  protection  has 
been  afforded,  and  that  the  foreign  ministers,  with  the 
exception  of  Baron  von  Ketteler,  are  safe Tientsin 


THB  MARCH  OF  THE  ALLIES  TO  PEKING. 

(From  the  New  York  Sun.) 


MK.  KOOORO  TAKAHIRA. 

(The  new  Japanese  Minister  to  the  United  States.) 

and  neighborhood  evacuated  by  the  Chinese  troops. . . . 
Li  Hung  Chang  arrives  at  Shanghai. 

July  23.— In  reply  to  the  appeal  of  the  Chinese  Gov- 
ernment asking  his  good  offices  in  the  trouble  with  the 
European  powers,  President  McKinley  calls  on  the  Im- 
perial government  to  make  known  to  the  world  whether 
the  representatives  of  the  powers  at  Peking  are  alive, 
and  to  co5perate  with  the  relief  expedition. 

July  26.— At  a  meeting  of  the  admirals  at  Taku  it  is 
decided,  by  the  vote  of  the  majority,  that  the  railway 
from  Tangku  to  Tientsin  shall  lie  handed  over  to  the 
control  of  the  Russians,  the  British  and  American 
admirals  recording  their  dissent A  conimiHsion.  con- 
sisting of  Colonels  Bower,  Wogak,  and  Aoki,  is  ap- 
pointed to  govern  Tientsin. 

July  26.— RuKsian  troops  capture  the  forts  at  Xew- 
chwang. 

July  31. — The  message  from  Minister  Conger  states  the 
losses  at  the  British  I^egation  in  Peking,  up  to  July  21,  as 
follows:  Germans,  10;  Japanese,  10 ;  French  11;  Brit^ 
ish,  5  ;  Russians,  4  ;  Americans,  7  ;  Italians,  7 ;  native 
Christians,  9. 

August  2.— The  Peking  relief  column,  16, (HX)  strong, 
starts  from  Tientsin. 

August  5.— The  Chinese  are  defeated  by  the  allies  at 
Peitsang,  eight  miles  from  Tientsin,  in  a  battle  lasting 
seven  hours  ;  the  total  casualties  of  the  allies  are  about 
1,200, 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


284 

I 

August  7. — The  allies  again  rout  the  Chinese  at 
Yangtsun,  losing  between  200  and  300  men. 

August  9. — The  United  States,  in  a  memorandum  ad- 
dressed to  the  Chinese  Government,  demands  that  firing 
on  the  ministers  in  Peking  he  stopped. 

August  10. — The  nomination  of  Field  Marshal  Count 
von  Waldersee,  by  the  Emperor  of  Grermany,  as  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  allied  forces,  is  accepted  as  satis- 
factory by  the  United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  the 

other  i)owers  interested It  is  announced    that    Li 

Hung  Chang  has  been  appointed  a  minister,  with 
powers  to  make  peace. 

August  12.— Tung  Chow  is  occupied  by  the  allied 
troops  the  Chinese  having  fled  to  Peking. 

August  14.— The  international  relief  column  enters 
Peking — the  Japanese  and  Russians  by  two  eastern 
gates,  north  of  the  canal,  and  the  Americans  and  British 
by  the  gates  south  of  the  canal ;  the  Japane^  lose  more 
than  100  killed. 

August  20.— The  allied  forces  at  Peking  are  reported 
to  have  surrounded  the  Chinese  troops  within  the  inner 
city ;  fighting  in  the  streets  continues. 

OTHER  OCCURRENCES  OP  THE   MONTH. 

July  28.— General  Carrington  and  bis  Rhodesian 
Field  Force  attack  the  Boer  position  at  the  Selous  River 
and  carry  it  by  assault. 


MRS.  B.  H.  CONOER. 

July  27.— After  killing  three  policemen  and  a  boy, 
and  wounding  several  other  person.s,  a  negro  desperado 
is  shot  to  death  in  New  Orleans  and  order  restored  in 
the  city. 

July  29.— (General  Priusloo  and  3,348  Boers  surrender 
at  Xaauwpoort. 

August  3. — Four  cases  of  plague  and  two  deaths  are 

reported  from  Loudon,  Eug The  summit  of  Mount 

Marcy,  in  the  Adirondacks,  is  covered  with  snow 

Fire  starts  in  the  forests  of  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park. 


August  4.— Fire  in  the  lumber  district  of  Ashland, 
Wis.,  destroys  property  valued  at  $1,000,000. ..  .The 
Boers  attack  the  British  garrison  at  Elands  River: 
Harrismit.h  is  surrendered  to  General  Macdonald. 

August  5,— Four  thousand  cab-drivers  in  Paris  go  on 
strike,  demanding  a  lower  rate  for  vehicles  rented. 

August  7.— Preliminary  steps  toward  the  formation 
of  a  farmers^  trust  to  control  the  agricultural  output  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley  are  taken  at  Topeka,  Kan.,  by  a 


UNITED  STATES  MIIflSTBR  CONOBR. 

(From  a  photograph  of  Mr.  Conger  taken  in  his  private 
office  in  the  American  Legation  building,  at  Peking,  oo 
May  15  last.) 

conference  of  farmers  representing  eight  States  and 
Oklahoma  Territory. 

August  11.— In  the  French  naval  maneuvers  off  Cape 
St.  Vincent,  Portugal,  a  collision  between  the  battle- 
ship Brcnmut  and  the  torpedo-boat  destroyer  FramH 
results  in  the  loss  of  46  lives,  including  3  officers. 

August  12.— In  a  grade-cros.sing  accident  near  SUt- 
ington,  Penn.,  15  persons  are  killed  and  7  seriously  in- 
jured—  In  the  telescoping  of  two  sections  of  a  train 
near  Rome,  Italy,  12  persons  are  killed  and  40  injured. 

August  14.— Rain  falls  generally  in  the  famine  dis- 
tricts  of   India The    Hamburg- American    steamer 

DeutHchJnnd  completes  the  run  from  New  York  to 
Plymouth  in  5  days,  11  hours,  and  45  minutes. 

August  17.— General  Kitchener  relieves  the  British 
garrison  at  Elands  River,  in  the  Transvaal  ;  conspira- 
tors accused  of  a  plot  to  capture  Lord  Roberts  are 
put  on  trial  at  Pretoria. 

August  18. — Lord  Roberts  issues  a  proclamation  de- 
claring that  all  Boers  who  do  not  take  the  oath  will  be 
treated  as  prisoners  of  war Ex-Secretary  of  State 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


285 


S7i/£?£//rS  HOt/Sf 

2}  S  TORUS 


T0RI€S 


ComtMy  of  the  New  York  Smh. 

TBB  BRITISH  LEGATION  AT  PEKING,  WHERE  THE  rOREION  MINISTERS  WERE  BESIEGED   FROM  JUNE  20  TO  AUGCST  15. 


Caleb  Powers,  of  Kentucky,  is  found  guilty  of  com- 
plicity in  the  murder  of  William  Goebel  and  sentenced 
to  imprisonment  for  life. . .  .The  official  announcement 
of  the  awards  to  exhibitors  is  made  at  the  Paris  Expo- 
sition. 

August  19.— Nearly  700  Boers  surrender  in  the  Har- 
rismith  district  to  General  Ruudle. 

OBITUARY. 

July  21. — Dr.  Ellas  S.  Peabody,  a  pioneer  physician 
of  niinois,  87. 

Jnly  22.— Lucius  E.  Chittenden,  Register  of  the 
Treasury  under  President  Lincoln,  76. 

July  23. — Baron  von  Manteuffel,  German  Conserva- 
tive statesman. . .  .M.  Henri  Lasseri,  editor  of  Contem- 
porain^  72. 

July  24. — Mrs.  Mary   L,  Bonney-Rambaut,  a  well- 


known  worker  and  educator  among  the  American  In- 
dians, 84. 

July  25.— M.  M.  Jewett-,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Kansas,  72. . .  .Franklin  Piatt,  a  widely  known  geologist, 
of  Philadelphia,  56. 

July  26.— Henry  G.  Blasdel,  Nevada's  flrat  elected  gov- 
ernor, 75 Capt.  James  S.  Biddle,  of  Philadelphia,  82. 

July  27.— R.  D.  Yelland,  a  well-known  California  ar- 
tist, 52. 

July  29.— Edwai*d  E.  Poor,  former  president  of  the 

National  Park  Bank  of  New  York  City,  63 Rev.  Dr. 

Heman  Dyer,  a  well-known  clergyman  of  the  Protest- 
ant Episcopal  Church,  90 Ex-Judge  Fitzwilliam  H. 

Chambers,  of  the  Detroit  bar,  67. 

July  30.— Rev.  Pr.  William  Dexter  Wilson,  head  of 

St.  Andrew's  Divinity  School,  Syracuse,  X.  Y.,  84 

Charles  Wehle,  a  staff  officer  of  Kossuth  in  the  Hun- 
garian revolution  of  1848,  73. 


A  COMPANY  OF  CHINESE  REGULAR  SOLDIERS. 


286 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^^/EIV  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


THE  PBIHO  piVBK  AT  TIENTSIN   (IN  THE  EUROPEAN  CITY). 


July  31.— The  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  and  Duke 
of  Edinburgh,  the  second  Hon  of  Queen  Victoria,  5&- 

John  Clark  Kidpath,   the  historian,  60 Father 

A.  B.  Langlois,  the  Ijouisiana  botanist,  69 Represent- 
ative Willi/im  IX  Daly,  of  New  Jersey,  49. 

August  1.— Judge  W.  H.  Brooker,  of  Texas,  60. 

August  2.— Col.  John  Mason  Loomis,  a  prominent 
Chicago  lumber  merchant,  75 iSamuel  Job,  a  well- 
known  Welshman  of  Cleveland,  58. 

August  4.— Ex-Go V.  Jacob  Dolson  Cox,  of  Ohio,  72. . . . 
Prof.  Joseph  Emerson,  of  Beloit  College^  Wisconsin,  79 
Rev.  Dr.  Henry  A.  Hazen,  statistician  of  the  Con- 
gregational Church,  68. 

August  5.— Ex-United  States  Senator  Luke  Prior,  of 
Alabama,  81  —  Rt.  Rev.  James  A.  Healy,  bishop  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Diocese  of  Maine,  70. ...Gen.  Zebulon 
York,  one  of  the  Confederate  military  leaders,  81. 

August  6.— William  Clark,  the  thread  manufactu- 
rer, 81 Wilhelm  Liebknecbt,  the  Grerman  Socialist 

leader,  74.  ^ 

August  7.— Dr.  Elias  B.  Harris,  a  pioneer  physician 
of  California  and  Nevada,  75. 

August  8.— Rev.  Dr.  Cyrus  Hamlin,  founder  of  Rob- 
ert College,  Constantinople,  89. 


August  10.— Baron  Russell,  of  Killowen,  Lord  Chief 
Justice  of  England,  68 — Djetad  Pasha,  former  Grand 
Vizier  of  Turkey. 

August  11.— Santiago  Perez,  former  President  of  the 
Republic  of  Colombia,  70.... Prof.  Charles  Scott  Vena- 

ble,   of  the  University  of  Virginia,  78 Samuel  M. 

Clark,  editor  of  the  Keokuk  (la.)  Oate  City^  and  form- 
erly a  member  of  Congress,  58. 

August  12.— William  Steinitz,  Ihe  chess-player,  63. . . . 
Maj.  Frederick  E.  Prime,  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  TI. 

August  13.— Collis  P.  Huntington,  president  of  the 

Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  79 Prof.  JaIne^ 

E.  Keeler,  director  of  the  Lick  Observatory,  43.... 
C.  Morton  Stewart,  a  prominent  Baltimore  merchant,  71. 

August  15.— Ex-Congressman  Henry  Gordon  Bur- 
leigh, of  Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  67.... Louis  Menand,  a 
widely-known  horticulturist,  98. 

August  16.— Ex-United  States  Senator  John  J.  In- 
galls,  of  Kansas,  67.... Chief  Justice  Henry  W.  Greeo, 
of  the  Penn.sylvania  Supreme  Court,  72. 

August  18. — Justice  Frederick  Smyth,  of  the  New 
York  Supreme  Court,  68. 

August  19.— Sir  William  Stokes,  surgeon  in  ordinarr 
to  the  Queen  in  Ireland,  61 . 


FOREIGN  CONCESSION,   SHANGHAI. 

(The  foreign  concessions  front  the  river,  and  are  under  the  control  of  the  nations  to  which  they  belong.) 


HOME  AND 

FOREIGN 

POLITICS  IN 

CARICATURE. 

OUR  cartoons  this  month  are 
selected  almost  entirely 
with  reference  to  the  American 
campaign  at  home  and  American 
adventures  beyond  the  sea.  As 
the  three  drawings  on  this  page 
will  indicate,  the  Democratic  op- 
ponents of  President  McKinley  are 
dwelling  with  much  reiteration 
upon  the  alleged  subserviency  of 
oar  State  Department  at  Wash- 
ington to  the  British  foreign  of- 
fice. Last  month  this  reproach  of 
an  aljiatfce  with  England  took  the 
form  of  an  acute  attack  upon  Sec- 
retary Hay  for  the  compromise  ar- 
rangement he  is  declared  to  have 
made,  by  which — until  the  final 
boundary  is  fixed — we  yield  some- 
thing of  our  long-established 
claims  on  the  Alaskan  coast-line. 
The  New  Orleans  Timea-DemO' 
craV8  cartoonist  accuses  Mr.  Mc- 
Kinley of  trying  to  teach  Uncle 
Sam  the  gluttonous  manners  of 
John  Bull. 


WHKRE  M*KINLET  IS  POPULAR. 

No  wonder  England  wants  to  see  more  of  McKinley  I 
From  the  Journal  (New  York). 


WELL-TRAINED  SERVANTS. 

JoRN  Hat  :    *•  Any  further  orders,  my  lord  ?  " 
Pacscepote:    "Not  at  present,  my  man.    If  I  see  any- 
thing else  I  want,  I'll  ring  for  yon."— From  the  JourncU  (New 
York). 


Uncle  Sam:  "Those  are  the  manners  McKinley  wishes  me 
to  imitate."— From  the  Times-Democrat  (New  Orleans). 


288 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REi^lElVS. 


PRESIDENT  M'KINLET  HAS  KEPT  BIS  WORD. 

McKiNLET  TO  Governor  Wood  :  "  Deliver  this  packaKe 
to  Cuba  by  September  1."— From  the  TriJbunt  (Minneapolis). 

Mr.  Bowman,  the  cartoonist  of  the  Minneapolis  TrUy- 
U7ie,  presents  current  affairs  from  the  out-and-out  Re- 
publican standpoint.  We  reproduce  four  of  his  draw- 
ings on  this  page,  three  of  which  certainly  have  the 


A  KICK  WITHOUT  CONSENT  OF  THE  KICKED. 

The  Filipino:  ** That's  worse  than  government  without 
the  consent  of  the  governed.** 

From  the  Tribune  (Minneapolis;. 

merit  of  genuine  humor.  The  one  at  the  bottom,  reprt?- 
senting  Bryan  in  the  endeavor  to  catch  the  (iernian- 
American  bird  in  the  16-to-l  trap  with  the  chaff  of  ^*  im- 
perialism," is  as  clever  a  bit  of  cartoon  work  as  we  have 
seen  this  year.  Even  the  North  Carolina  Democrats 
themselves  must  smile  at  the  keen  satire  of  the  drawlni^ 
In  the  upper  right-hand  corner. 


Bryan:  "You  better  run  on  home,  now,  Charley;  me  and 
Adlai  will  take  care  of  your  little  dolly  baby."— From  the 
TriJbunc  (Minneapolis). 


*TOO  OLD  A  chick  TO  BE  CAUGHT  BY  CHAFF.*' 

From  the  Tribune  (Minneapolis). 


HOME  AND  FOREIGN  POLITICS  IN  CARICATURE, 


289 


^  NY 

VSf  1^  ^^  M^nA/ 


r ' 


^ 


/,  r^'-^^' 


^^fe 


THB  WIIJ>  BA8TEBN  TERROR  IN  THE  MILD  WEST. 

From  the  Chronicle  (Chicago). 

This  Democratic  caricature  of  Governor  Roosevelt  is 
one  of  the  mildest  we  could  select  from  a  hundred, 
more  or  less,  that  have  come  to  our  notice  within  the 
past  two  or  three  weeks.  The  drawing  of  Mr.  Rehse,  of 
the  Pioneer-PresSy  is  another  that  indicates  the  keen 
attention  the  Republican  papers  of  the  Northwest  are 
giving  to  the  Democratic  attempt  to  capture  the  Grer- 
man  vote  on  the  imperialism  issue. 


jPROrBRYAWS 

NArRIMDNlAL 
BUREAU 


DEMOCRATIC  **  CONSTITUTIONAL  LIBERTY." 

"It  is  only  the  Filipino  who  is  entitled  to  liberty  and  free 
speech."— From  the  Tribune  (New  York). 


HOW   VON   WALDBR8BB   MAY    BE    EXPBOTBD   TO    LEAD   THE 

POWERS.— From  the  Journal  (Detroit). 


Bbtaji  :  -  Ton'U  And  the  young  lady  easy  to  ™ppc.rt."  3„^^„  ^,„,  PRE8iD.irr. 
Thb  Obrmajt    Democrat:    "And  take  that  ld-to-1  ice- 
wagon  for  a  mother-in-law  ?    Not  much !  "  Croker  :  "  That's  proper,  William :  don't  forget  to  feed 
From  the  Pio7iecr-Prc«j  (St.  Paul).  the  tiger."-From  the  Inquirer  (Philadelphia). 


290 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI/IEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


tn  pri>vi?  that  a  et^rtaiu  cottr^e  oiigbt 
tfi  lie  takou  ill  the  PhiltpiiincB  bc^ 
cHU/^e  Lt  i^  being  t.akcD  m  Citfa«^ 
Eatjh  situation  should  \m  juclgedtm 
ItN  merits. 

iSome  one  remarked,  rather  %viu|l|'i 
the  other  ilay^  thnt:  tbi*  iMUPnnmatit 
isBiie  of  the  campitlgix  had  ^riine  Ti> 
be  tilt  quei^tion,  **  Wbiit  U  th»  jMitWr 
mount  iiimier^  The  Ilppitlili«Slfl'& 
ai^  evideaUf  det^M-mfu^  U>  bokl 
Mr.  Brj^juj  to  the  16-l«*l  <|U«ti£tjciu 
Ah  \\i^  Fionv.€r*Pri\»n  putf*  it,  Ihv 
free  silver  Uo^  pKiaitiTeiy  ivfuuM  ti' 
Ix*  lost^  Mr,  Nelan*  of  th*t  ^^\^ 
York  /ffndd,  t*%ideiitly  winhim  tu 
nmke  it  plaiii^  uWx.  thnt  the  frnr- 
ftilver  baby  >«  quitt?  ttw  vocitcrou-! 
t«  be  succ?e8sfullj-  dt^z^rt^d,  K%*pr} 
iiidSvifhml  voter  mubt,  of  <x»fit%iL'. 
inuke  up  his  mind  a£  to  tli«  f«]Jltli\i 
cirgency  of  the  que^^^tloti 
GiWou  iQ  the  tMtupfklg^, 


lit  PERI  A  L  HRYAlff'S  HRABT  BLI^DO  rriR  THE  rnjPlVa. 

Tlie'^oonftMtu+JinniiP*  rl^ht  nf  thf>  Flliiimo  to  Miixit  holes 
through  tltK^  lliii^  appoals  hh  i4trf>ng;iy  tn  Hrytm  (hat  lit;  cUk^ 
not  wiiut  In  hocir  Miu  Appeal  of  buEidr(<d««  of  thouMmids  of 
negrcHsf*  ill  the  fcioiitbern  J^^Utli'S  w  hn  urn  Ixdnji  diMjit^l,  by 
vfoU^nce  and  frauti,  their  conjstiluttoiial  right  to  vote  by  hit* 
Bed-ahirt  foUowerst. 

Fnvm  the  JYlfeurte  (New  York  J- 

The  nrgnment  by  ftnnlogy  is  a  favoritt^one  in  political 
coutrovpr^y^  Thus  the  HepubUcanH  an*  trjiug  to  cou- 
fotiud  the  Bryiioitt!H  who  iirc  sw>  i^Hrialtive  for  liberty  imd 
the  riy;ht  of  self-go vertiment  iu  the  PhiiippitieK  by  points 
ing  t-o  the  nemocvatic  rlisifrauehiHeioeiit  of  uegro  voterB 
in  North  Carolina  aod  other  Sijutiii'm  St^teh.  ThU 
cciiiiimrifson,  of  course,  proves  nothing  at  alL  But  it  is 
ju*»t  as  pertinent  :va  the  attempt  of  the  unti-ImperiaU^ts 


oo  ii^  uoheI— Frein  the  PintiffrPrem  (St»  fbaf^. 


DE8EKTED  !-From  the  Herald  (New  York). 


THR  AWAKKNtXO  or  |tt|P  iTftlV 

WT  J"  %"  F  V  n:  i  » V 

From  Harper'8  WeeMy  (New  York). 


HOME  AND  FOREIGN  POLITICS  IN  CARICATURE. 


291 


What*8  the  use  of  grabbing  land,  when  we  are  giving  away 
what  we  already  have  ?— From  The  Verdict  (New  York). 


IB  THB  GAME  WORTH  THE  CANDLE? 

From  the  Timet-Democrat  (New  Orleans). 


The  Emperor:  **Go  away!" 
From  the  Chronicle  (Chicago). 


TALKING    THROUGH    HIS    CROWN. 

From  The  Verdict  (New  York). 


CAN    CHINA   BE  SAVED? 


BY  TALCOTT  WILLIAMS. 


CHINESE  history  for  six  months  past,  cul- 
minating in  tlie  occupation  of  Peking,  and 
the  proposition  by  the  United  States  of  a  con- 
gress of  the  powers,  witii  power  to  solve  the 
Cliinese  problem,  while  maintaining  its  territorial 
integrity,  its  administrative  autonomy,  its  free- 
dom of  trade,  and  its  independence  from  the  con- 
trol of  anyone  nation,  have  raised  three  questions 
that  demand  an  answer  after  the  flood  of  detail 
and  the  roll  of  battle — first,  what  has  brought  the 
current  collapse  ;  second,  is  there  any  path  open 
but  the  division  of  China  after  this  headlong  vio- 
lation of  international  obligation  by  those  in 
control  of  the  Chinese  Government ;  and,  third, 
has  any  such  path  a  practical  basis  and  working 
precedent,  or  is  the  choice  restricted  either  to  the 
rotten  administration  of  the  past,  now  in  collapse, 
or  to  some  new,  raw  experiment,  as  yet  untried  ? 
To  put  the  question  differently.  Has  the  smash  of 
the  Chinese  Government  left  any  basis  on  which 
to  reconstruct  a  government ;  was  this  smash  due 
to  causes  that  affect  all  or  only  a  part  of  Chi- 
nese administration  ;  and,  if  any  part  is  sound, 
wliat  prospect  exists  that  it  will  not  travel  the 
same  path  ? 

The  answer  to  these  questions  is  that  the  col- 
lapse is  of  the  Manchu,  not  of  the  Chinese,  half 
of  China — the  administration  of  the  empire  ;  that 
tlie  Chinese  administration  can  continue  the  prog- 
ress and  development  of  the  empire,  if  the  plan 
on  which  the  imperial  customs  revenue  is  now 
collected  be  extended,  and  that  this  service  hav- 
ing succeeded  for  forty-six  years  gives  a  good 
working  precedent  for  the  future. 

THE    GEOGRAPHICAL    AND    RACIAL    BASIS. 

To  the  eye,  China  on  the  map  is  uniform  ;  but 
it  is  uniform  without  being  united — of  one  land 
without  being  of  one  tongue,  though  of  one 
written  word  ;  and  its  differences  and  divisions 
are  at  least  as  great  as  those  of  Europe,  though 
less  perceptible,  less  definite,  and  less  defined. 
To  the  Chinaman  all  Europeans  seem  alike,  and 
to  the  European  all  Chinamen.  Nor  is  the  com- 
mon stock  and  common  origin  more  completely 
one  in  China.  Yet  the  area  of  China  proper — 
half  the  size  of  the  United  States  between  the 
oceans — has  larger  tracts  that  can  support  life 
with  a  rude  cultivation  and  a  smaller  extent  of 
waste  land  than  any  other  stretch  in  a  tempera- 
ture as  favorable.      With  its  broad  alluvial  plain, 


crossed  by  two  great  nvers  and  two  lesser,  the 
low  mountain  ranges  which  divide  these  river 
valleys  without  separating  them,  and  its  complete 
and  easy  communication,  east  and  west  by  its 
rivers,  and  north  and  south  by  its  plains  and 
plateaus,  the  eighteen  Provinces  of  China  offer 
the  largest  extent  on  the  earth*s  surface  in  which 
one  even  fertility,  a  continuous  cultivation,  and 
a  relative  absence  of  physical  conditions  which 
diversify  and  divide  a  region,  furnish  a  vast 
mixing-board  on  which  men  of  a  common  type 
are  produced — the  Chinese  type.  It  would  be 
idle  to  speculate  as  to  the  origin  of  this  type. 
What  is  clear  is  that,  if  one  start  in  the  Malayan 
Archipelago  on  the  one  side  and  on  the  Tartar 
steppes  on  the  other,  and  approach  from  the 
south  and  the  north  the  Yangtse  Valley,  one 
passes  through  successive  changes  whose  mean 
and  average  constitute  the  millions  of  China. 
South  China  inclines  toward  the  Malayan  type  ; 
North  China  inclines  toward  the  Mongol  type. 

A    CASE    OP   STRATIFICATION. 

The  great  center  of  China  is  to  be  found  in 
the  vast  indigenous  population  which  fills  the 
Yangtse  Valley,  and  lies  to  its  north  and  south. 
Great  as  are  the  two  rivers  of  China,  they  run 
from  east  to  west,  and  produce  no  diflferences 
of  climate  or  of  population.  There  are,  instead, 
in  China  three  distinct  masses  extending  east 
and  west  on  three  zones — the  northern  third 
with  its  Mandarin  dialect,  the  central  of  more 
ancient  stock,  and  the  southern  of  the  Canton 
and  Foukien  dialect.  Each  of  these  dialects 
when  spoken  is  incomprehensible  to  the  others. 
Each  when  written  can  be  read  by  all  the  others. 
Where  other  nations  are  organized,  China  is 
stratified.  Where  other  nations  have  developed 
the  individual  peculiarities  of  a  region,  there 
are  in  China,  instead,  vast  strata  of  humanity, 
separated  by  language,  by  dialect,  and  united  by 
a  guild  of  educated  men  versed  in  the  same  lit- 
erature, using  the  same  literary  language,  know 
ing  the  same  characters,  and  furnishing  recruits 
to  the  same  oflScial  hierarchy.  It  is,  therefore, 
equally  easy  to  assert  that  China  is  a  mere  hei^ 
of  sand  and  that  it  is  the  most  completely  organ- 
ized of  any  portion  of  the  human  race.  It  is 
possible  to  speak  of  its  millions  as  possessing  an 
amazing  community  of  intellectual  and  social 
life,  and  as  of  being  so  separated  by  language, 


CAN  CHINA  BE  SA^ED'i 


295 


by  tradition,  and  by  mutual  antipathy  as  to  be 
divided  beyond  the  divisions  of  the  Continent  of 
Europe.  Both  are  true.  The  vast  population 
lies  separate,  apart,  and  alien — village  by  vil- 
lage, city  by  city,  province  by  province,  and  dia- 
lectical region  by  region.  The  small,  minute, 
educated  portion  which  is  perpetually  rising, 
often  from  the  lowest  station  to  the  highest  ranks, 
consists  of  a  continuous,  organized,  associated 
body  of  men,  such  as  few  countries  possess,  even 
of  the  highest  civilization,  and  which  moves 
with  the  same  impulses  for  all. 

THE    MANCHU    DYNASTY. 

No   theory   of   China   is   complete   that  does 
not   consider   both   these   conditions  :   first,   the 
existence  of  a  population  docile,  obedient,  with- 
out ambition  beyond  that  of  the  village  or  town 
in  which  they  live,  which  has  furnished  by  edu- 
cation and  selection  another  organized  popula- 
tion, whose  members  have  for  centuries  shown  a 
capacity  for  carrying  on  the  civil  affairs  of  a 
great   empire,  and   with   equal   corruption   and 
skill.      When  Europe  impinges   iipon    the   first 
population,  it  marches   through    China  without 
resistance.      When  it  meets   the   other  class  in 
statecraft,  it  finds  itself  baffled  as  it  has  been  by 
no  other  Asiatic  force.     The  elemental  fact  in 
the  history  of  China  for  a  thousand  years,  after 
other   thousands   in    which   existing   conditions 
were  created,  has  been  a  perpetual  irruption  of 
Tartar,    Mongol,   and   Manchu  conquerors,  who 
furnished  to  this  great  double  organism,  with  its 
dumb  millions  and  its  small  group  of  articulate 
oflScials,  the  military  power  and  initiative  in  for- 
eign and  domestic  affairs  which  appears  to  be 
lacking  in  the  Chinese  character.     The  capacity 
for  an  extended  rule  has  long  been  furnished  in 
China  by  some  foreign  power  bred  on  that  great 
tableland  which  incloses  China  landward,  where 
f»opulation  is  sparse  and  hardship  constant.     For 
250   years — since  1644 — this  impulse  has  been 
given  by  a  Manchu  dynasty,  which  rudely  repre- 
sents, by  popular  ascription  rather  than  election, 
the  fighting  force  of  a  group  of  Manchu  tribes 
whose  chiefs  were  first  settled  in  Moukden  and 
then   in  Peking.     This  Manchu  dynasty  found 
China  in   full  communication  with   Europe.     It 
expelled  the  European,  closed  Chinese  ports,  and 
found  its  ready  ally  in  the  guild  of  educated 
Chinamen  who  filled  the  civil  posts  of  the  em- 
pire.     The  crux  of  Chinese  history  for  the  past 
century  has  been  whether  this  exclusion  should 
end    peaceably    with   the    retention   of   Chinese 
autonomy,    or  whether  it  should  end   in   some 
catastrophe  which  would  bnng  about  the  con- 
quest   of  China  by  Europe.     What  has  really 
taken  place,  during  the  past  fifty  years,  has  been 


the  gradual  substitution  of  European  ascendency 
and  initiative  for  Manchu  ascendency  and  initia- 
tive ;  while  the  great  civil  machine  of  China  has 
ground  on  in  its  corrupt  and  remorseless  way,  fed 
always  by  men  who  were  rising  from  the  ranks 
through  examinations — by  men  who  buy  their 
way  into  office  after  success  in  commercial  life, 
and  by  those  who  belong  to  the  great  families, 
which  have  preserved  in  China,  as  in  all  coun- 
tries, their  position  and  influence  through  many 
generations. 

CHINA   A    VILLAGE    POPULATION. 

This  dual,  one  might  say  triple,  organization 
runs  through  the  entire  framework  and  struc- 
ture of  the  Chinese  Government.  There  is 
stretched  out  over  China  a  great,  dumb,  inert 
mass,  for  the  most  part  a  village  population. 
The  highly  organized  European  state  has  50  per 
cent,  of  its  population  in  its  cities.  The  less 
highly  organized  American  Union  has  from  25 
to  30  per  cent,  of  its  population  distributed  in 
its  urban  centers.  A  century  ago,  only  4  per 
cent,  were  gathered  in  the  small  cities  and  set- 
tlements that  constituted  such  urban  popula- 
tion as  America  had.  With  each  decade  the 
proportion  has  grown,  and,  in  its  growth,  has 
marked  a  higher  and  more  complex  condition  of 
society.  In  China  no  one  knows  to-day,  within 
himdred  millions,  what  its  population  is,  or 
within  a  wide  and  varying  fraction  what  share 
of  it  is  gathered  in  cities.  In  India  not  10  per 
cent,  is  thus  associated  in  urban  life.  It  is  alto- 
gether  probable  that  in  China  not  5  per  cent,  is 
thus  gathered.  As  every  Oriental  resident  is 
well  aware,  the  tendency  is  to  exaggerate  the 
population  of  a  city,  and  to  underestimate  the 
population  of  the  village  communities.  There 
are  great  tracts  in  China,  such  as  Dr.  A.  H. 
Smith  describes,  in  Shantung,  and  such  as  other 
observers  have  noted  in  South  and  in  Central 
China,  where,  for  an  area  as  large  as  the  Middle 
States,  the  population  runs,  league  by  league,  at 
the  rate  of  1,000  to  the  square  mile.  Yet 
through  all  this  vast  section  there  will  bo,  for 
miles,  nothing  but  a  succession  of  villages. 
These  villages,  small  creatures  of  accident,  prey 
of  internecine  feuds,  perpetually  fighting  for 
well,  for  cattle,  and  self-protection  from  robber 
bands,  themselves  tyrannized  by  headmen  and 
bully,  yet  preserving  a  rude  self-government ; 
their  horizon  bounded  by  their  own  fields,  their 
trade  the  passing  commerce  of  the  peddler,  their 
schooling  the  strolling  teacher,  their  knowledge 
of  the  empire  mere  rumor,  their  contact  with  it 
limited  to  tax-gatherers  and  magistrates,  stretch 
with  unvarying  monotony  over  all  the  vast  ex- 
tent of  China.     They  constitute  the  vast  back- 


296 


THB  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^lElV  OF  RE^JEU^S. 


ground,  that  appalling  reservoir  of  humanity 
which  perpetually  moves  the  imaginations  of 
men  with  thought  of  the  yellow  terror.  Taken 
individually  and  collectively,  they  are,  perhaps, 
the  most  docile,  the  least  harmful,  the  most  pa- 
tient, and,  80  far  as  the  full  results  of  their  indus- 
try go,  the  most  wastefully  industrious  beings 
on  the  planet.  The  real  final  task  that  lies  be- 
fore the  twentieth  century  is  to  give  this  great 
mass  of  villages,  in  which  even  the  great  cities 
of  China  constitute  so  small  and  insignificant  a 
fraction  of  the  whole  population,  order,  honest 
taxation,  the  opportunities  of  industry,  the  dif- 
ferentiation of  manufacture,  the  development  of 
resource,  and  the  creation  of  those  conditions 
under  which  man  can  become  more  than  a  mere 
drudge,  a  hind  of  the  fields. 

THE    TWO    POWERS   THAT    RULE. 

The  dual  forces  that  rule  this  human  ocean 
are,  first,  the  ♦*  literary"  class — the  product  of 
endless  examinations  in  the  verbiage  of  Chinese 
classics — the  official  hierarchy  of  China.  It  is  for 
the  most  part  Chinese  ;  though  now  that  the  Chi- 
nese education  has  extended  to  the  Manchus, 
there  are  those  also  from  the  extreme  north  of 
China  who  share  in  these  examinations,  who  rise 
through  the  appointed  grades,  and  who  reach  the 
higher  places  of  the  empire.  This  body,  great  in 
its  absolute  number,  small  in  relation  to  the  Chi- 
nese millions  who  constitute  organized  China,  of 
which  almost  every  village  has  one  or  two,  of 
which  larger  places  have  a  constantly  increasing 
number,  who  form  the  rank  and  order  from 
which  all  places,  all  posts  and  offices,  are  selected, 
and  to  which  any  man  of  ability,  whatever  be  his 
birth  or  station,  may  rise,  supplies  and  officers 
not  only  the  civil  government  of  China,  but  fur- 
nishes whatever  public  opinion  it  has  ;  writes  its 
books,  prepares  its  pamphlets,  draws  its  carica- 
tures, conducts  its  ceremonies,  its  business,  and 
most  of  its  worship.  It  can,  when  it  chooses, 
stir  the  dumb,  inert  mass  about  it  to  riot  and 
massacre  ;  and  it  can  also  direct  its  energies,  its 
aspirations  and  ambitions  along  any  channel  that 
Chinese  conservatism  has  not  clogged  by  the  slow 
deposit  of  centul'ies.  Confronting  this  civil  or- 
ganization, whose  members  regard  the  profession 
of  arms  as  vulgar,  and  courage  as  the  least  of 
human  virtues, — with  the  possible  exception  of 
truth  and  personal  honesty, — are  the  Manchu 
clans,  of  which  the  Emperor's  is  the  chief,  and  he 
the  chief  of  his  clan  and  his  nation.  The  dual 
structure,  to  which  allusion  has  already  been  made, 
runs  through  the  Chinese  administration  from  the 
Emperor  down.  There  are,  at  the  summit  in 
Peking,  four  grand  secretaries,  two  of  whom  are 
Manchus  and  two  Chinese.     The  senior  post  was 


always  reserved  for  a  Manchu,  and  Li  Hung 
Chang  possesses  the  distinction  of  being  the  first 
Chinese  filling  this  office.  To  assist  these  four 
principal  secretaries  are  two  under- secretaries,— 
one  Manchu  and  the  other  Chinese, — and  a  l)oard 
of  ten  assistants. 

Together,  these  sixteen  secretaries,  divided  be- 
tween the  two  races,  constitute  a  grand  secre- 
tariat, which  acts  as  nearly  as  possible  as  the 
cabinet  of  the  Emperor.  Less  old,  but  often 
with  as  large  a  share  of  practical  executive  pow- 
er, is  the  Grand  Council,  again  divided  between 
Manchu  and  Chinese,  with  a  Manchu  as  its  presi- 
dent. Six  administrative  boards  report  to  these 
two  executive  councils;  and  here,  again,  each 
board  has  two  presidents  and  four  vice-presidents, 
divided  between  Manchu  and  Chinese.  In  all 
these  boards  have  in  Peking  alone  a  stafif  num- 
bering 20,000,  and  throughout  their  organiza- 
tion runs  the  same  dual  machinery  that  gives 
the  members  of  the  small  Manchu  military  castes 
and  clans  a  voice  in  the  higher  administration  of 
the  empire  equ^l  to  that  of  the  selected  class  and 
personal  caste  which  has  risen  by  way  of  exami- 
nations, plus  favoritism  and  personal  appoint- 
ment, from  among  the  millions  of  Chinese.  The 
provincial  civil  service  is  drawn  chiefly  from  this 
Chinese  class.  It  is  much  less  strongly  manned 
than  the  higher  grades,  and  there  are  not  more 
than  2,000  persons  employed  in  it  above  the  rank 
of  assistant  district  magistrate.  Chinese  village 
and  town  communities  are,  after  the  Oriental 
fashion,  self-directing.  This  civil  organization, 
which  plays  a  part  in  the  administration  of  China 
not  unlike  that  of  the  commissioners  and  col- 
lectors of  the  Anglo-Indian  service,  is  recruited 
by  appointment  from  the  literati  class  ;  and  an 
immemorial  custom,  which  not  even  despotic 
power  dares  to  break,  selects  in  a  crude  order  of 
promotion  by  order  of  service  and  priority  of 
commission. 

WHAT    *<  china"    may    MEAN. 

When  one,  therefore,  says  **  China,"  the 
meaning  in  mind  may  be  this  great  mass  of 
300,000,000  to  400,000,000  human  beings, 
spread  in  helpless  and  disorganized  villages  over 
1,300,000  square  miles,  capable  doubtless  of  or- 
ganization, if  the  machinery  existed,  but  in  their 
present  condition  and  for  a  thousand  years  past 
the  easy  prey  of  any  armed  conquest.  ' '  China  " 
may  again  mean  the  Manchu  organization  which 
centers  about  the  Emperor,  which  has  as  its 
heads  and  chiefs  the  great  men  of  the  Manchu 
families,  about  the  greater  imperial  family. 
**  China"  may  again  mean  the  official  hierarchy 
of  China  which  furnishes  education,  council 
boards  and  staff,  and,  in  the  provinces,  viceroys 


CAN  CHINA  BE  SAILED? 


297 


and  taotats,  and  that  entire  framework  of  edu- 
cated men  which  binds  the  amorphous  mass  of 
China  together.  When  one  speaks  again  of  the 
government  of  China,  the  historian  or  diplomat 
may  have  his  attention  directed  exchisively  to 
the  imperial  group  and  its  agencies  or  to  the 
official  hierarchy  whose  greater  figures  at  the 
iiead  of  their  viceroyalties  occupy  a  semi-inde- 
I>endent  position,  with  their  own  revenues,  their 
own  army,  and  their  own  navy,  or  he  may  be 
considered  a  blend  of  both.  For  the  past  four 
months  the  allied  powers  have  been  practically 
at  war  with  the  Manchu  half  of  the  Chinese  Gov- 
ernment, supplemented  by  some  of  the  conserva- 
tive Chinese  of  the  Manchu  way  of  thinking, 
while  the  great  civil  body  of  the  empire,  headed 
by  Li  Hung  Chang,  has  maintained  a  wise  and 
honorable  truce. 

Desj>otic  as  is  the  Empei^or,  he  is  powerless 
against  the  group  of  Manchu  nobles  who  surround 
the  throne.  Powerful  as  are  these  nobles  and  the 
Emperor  together,  and  capable  of  ruthlessly  deal- 
ing with  the  ablest  of  Chinese  statesmen,  as  they 
have  more  than  once  dealt  with  Li  Hung  Chang, 
they  hesitate  at  meeting  any  organized  opposition 
from  the  viceroys  of  the  empire  and,  as  in  the 
present  instance,  have  finally  yielded  so  far  as 
proclamations  and  official  action  went,  following 
the  policy  which  Li  and  the  viceroys  urged. 
Lastly,  the  official  force  of  a  province,  omnipo- 
tent under  ordinary  circumstances  in  the  loose 
organization  of  an  Oriental  country,  with  its  un- 
disciplined soldiers,  its  unpaid  police,  its  scattered 
constabulary,  and  an  historic  habit  of  leaving  to 
its  villages  rude  self-rule,  finds  itself  powerless 
when  any  local  superstition  or  the  prejudices, 
purposes,  or  policy  of  the  literati  of  the  province 
stir  the  millions  beneath,  and  start  some  tide  run- 
ning whose  waves  and  current  will  wreck  any 
Oriental  administration  which  opposes  it.  For 
an  Oriental  government,  imperial,  provincial,  or 
local,  while  strong  and  despotic  against  the  indi- 
vidual, is  weak  against  the  mob  and  the  mass. 
The  individual  has  no  rights.  He  can  be  seized, 
arrested,  plundered,  ** squeezed,"  punished,  or 
beheaded  at  will. 

CHINESE    AND    MANCHU    FUNCTIONS. 

The  vast  quicksand  and  quagmire  of  humanity 
which  is  the  ruled  base  of  China  has,  therefore, 
resting  on  its  uncertain  but  docile  depths  these 
two  machines  of  rule,  the  Manchu  military  caste 
and  the  Chinese  official  and  literati  order.  One 
is  at  the  capital,  furnishes  the  military  power 
and  guards  there,  and  fills  tlie  chief  Manchu 
posts  of  the  empire  by  birth  and  family  or  tribal 
connection.  The  other  has  its  share  of  posts 
and  places  at  the  capital,  dividing  them  with  the 


Manchu  nobles,  and  holds  most  of  the  higher 
provincial  posts.  Of  the  eight  viceroys,  five  are 
to-day  Chinese  and  three  Manchu  ;  and  of  these 
two  hold  the  semi-military  commands  of  Chili 
and  ^z'chuen  Provinces.  Of  the  fifteen  provin- 
cial governors,  ten  are  now  Chinese  and  five  are 
Manchus,  and  of  the  Manchus  three  have  been 
appointed  to  provinces  near  the  capital  as  a  part 
of  the  Manchu  preparation  for  the  events  of  the 
past  six  months.  The  broad  difference  between 
the  Manchu  and  the  Chinese  elements  of  the 
Chinese  Government  is  that  the  first  are  of 
family  and  military- caste  origin,  while  the  latter 
reach  their  posts  by  the  tests  of  competitive 
examinations,  foolish  in  their  questions,  anti- 
quated in  their  conception,  and  narrowing  in 
their  training,  but  still  tests  of  ability  and  char- 
acter, such  as  they  are.  The  Manchus  hold,  for 
the  most  part,  by  no  means  exclusively,  tribal, 
military  posts — their  entire  public  life,  it  may  be, 
passed  in  this  way.  The  Chinese  hold  civil 
posts  with  which  are  associated  military  offices, 
authority,  and  duties.  Lastly,  the  Manchus 
represent  a  conquest,  now  near  the  inevitable 
term  and  collapse  of  all  Oriental  conquests  ;  and 
the  Chinese  officials,  corrupt,  venal,  possessing 
every  vice  of  the  Oriental  official,  represent  the 
normal  working  of  the  presence  of  competition, 
selection,  and  examination,  which  has  survived 
the  barbarian  conquests  of  centuries,  and  may 
easily  outlast  any  contemporary  form  of  govern- 
ment, as  it  has  outlived  all  that  were  once  its 
contemporaries. 

THE    OPPOSING    MANCHU    AND    CHINESE    POLICY. 

It  is  due  to  all  these  combined  causes  that  a 
deeper  division  has  for  a  century  past  separated 
these  two  distinct  and  opposing  elements  in  Chi- 
nese polity,  government,  'and  administration, 
which  to  the  outer  world  seems  so  uniform,  and 
which  are  so  little  united,  cleft  by  this  great 
division,  born  of  differences  of  land,  of  race, 
of  origin,  of  history,  and  of  daily  training. 
The  Manchu  has  always  represented  the  exclu- 
sion of  the  foreigner.  The  Chinese  official  has 
always  represented  compromise  with  him.  Such 
a  compromise  had  already  been  reached  on  both 
sides  when  the  present  dynasty  appeared  and 
closed  the  door  of  China,  as  the  gates  of  the  pal- 
ace city  remained  closed  until  they  were  battered 
open  by  the  guns  of  the  relief  expedition.  The 
Chinaman  of  the  official  class  has  no  love  for  the 
foreigner,  and  no  respect  but  that  born  of  force. 
He  despises  his  learning,  he  loathes  his  man- 
ners; he  abhors  his  reform,  his  administration, 
his  commerce,  his  education,  and  his  residence  : 
but  he  sees  the  value  of  European  progress  ;  lie 
knows  its  power,  he  appreciates  the  force  belli nd 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI/IEIV  OF  REP'IEIVS. 


its  knowledge  and  the  knowledge  which  gives  it 
force  ;  and  for  two  generations,  the  wives  of  the 
official  class  have  sought  some  adjustment  by 
which  they  can  secure  the  advantages  Europe  of- 
fers and  still  retain  their  own  ideals,  aspirations, 
and  standards — their  view  of  life,  their  method 
and  manner  of  existence,  and  the  official,  social, 
and  family  system  to  which  they  are  bred,  and  in 
which  they  firmly  believe. 

THE    MUTUAL    STRUGGLE    FOR    FIFTY    YEARS. 

The  history  of  the  half  century  past  in  China 
has  been  the  ebb  and  flow  of  these  opposing  views 
of  foreign  relations.  Forty  years  ago  the  Man- 
chu,  by  his  tyranny,  precipitated  the  Taiping  Re- 
bellion, and  by  his  intolerable  insolence  brought 
on  the  occupation  of  Peking.  The  empire  was 
saved,  not  by  the  Manchu,  but  by  the  able  group 
of  Chinese  statesmen  and  administrators,  of  whom 
Li  Hung  Chang,  Tso  Tsung  Tang,  and  Tsang 
Kwoh-  fan  were  chiefs.  All  three,  with  their 
associates,  came  from  those  great  central  prov- 
inces on  either  side  of  the  Yangtse  Kiang, 
which  are  the  central  core  of  China.  The  North- 
ern Provinces  feel  the  influence  and  admixture  of 
the  Tartar,  Mongol,  and  Manchu  on  their  borders, 
and  represent  a  more  turbulent  population,  as 
the  Boxer  outbreak  has  shown  now,  and  the 
Nienfei  rising  earlier,  and  the  long  struggle  over 
Kansuh.  The  Southern  Provinces  are  hated  and 
despised  by  North  and  Central  China.  The  men 
are  undersized  ;  they  show  Malay  characteristics, 
and  the  solitary  recompense  is  the  fighting  quali- 
ties of  the  extreme  frontier,  which  the  Black  Flags 
showed  in  meeting  the  French.  iThe  r^al  China 
is  the  China  of  the  great  valley  and  plain*-  There 
begins  its  earliest  history.  Thence  caine  Con- 
fucius, and  his  travels  were  confined  to  the  space 
between  the  Hwang  Ho  and  the  Yangtse  Kiang. 
Out  of  this  central  core  came  the  best  of  China 
in  its  early  and  later  development.  There  its 
architecture  reached  its  chief  triumph.  Whence, 
in  this  generation,  come  its  statesmen  and  com- 
manders ;  and  out  of  this  region,  if  from  any- 
where, will  come  those  who  will  reorganize  the 
empire  in  its  present  crisis. 

No  Oriental  country  has  enjoyed  such  a  renais- 
sance as  came  to  China  in  the  thirty  years  from 
the  time  the  two  Chinese,  Li  Hung  Chang  and 
Tso  Tsung  Tang,  began  the  suppression  of  revolt, 
central,  north,  and  south,  to  the  Japanese  War. 
Two  great  insurrections  were  suppressed.  Kan- 
suh and  Yunnan  were  recovered,  Kashgar  was 
destroyed.  The  Russian  frontier  was  moved 
back  at  Eli.  The  convention  with  France  con- 
ceded Chinese  demands.  For  the  first  time  in 
centuries,  a  Chinese  was  at  the  head  of  the 
Grand  Secretariat.   •  The  array  and   navy  of  Li 


was  believed  to  be  equal  to  the  ejection  of  Japan 
from  Korea.  A  navy  as  strong  had  been  re- 
bought  in  South  Ciiiiia  to  replace  the  one  de- 
stroyed by  the  French.  The  great  Chinese  vice- 
roys had  provided  themselves  with  troops  and 
arsenals,  with  guns  and  forts,  which  were  believed 
to  render  China  a  formidable  foe  to  any  civilized 
power.  The  Japanese  War  dissipated  all.  It  left 
the  military  and  civil  administration  of  the  Chi- 
nese half  of  the  dual  structure  of  the  imperial 
government  hopelessly  discredited.  Into  the 
reasons  is  not  necessary  to  enter.  Part  were 
temperamental  and  part  due  to  the  utter  corrup- 
tion of  Chinese  administration.  The  experience 
left  no  one  in  doubt  that  commissions  organized 
on  the  lines  and  the  basis  of  the  customs  service 
was  the  only  method  by  which  the  undeniable 
ability  of  Chinese  administration  could  be  given 
permanent  success.    * 

THE    MANCHU    REACTION. 

A  Manchu  reaction,  after  this  helpless  and 
hopeless  Chinese  collapse,  was  inevitable.  The 
only  thing  that  could  save  the  liberal  and  re- 
form Chinese  party  was  a  Manchu  Emperor,  who 
espoused  their  cause.  Kwangsii  for  a  brief  sea- 
son gave  this.  Two  courses  were  before  the 
duplex  composite  which  constitutes  the  Chinese 
administrative  machine,  based,  as  it  is,  on  ex- 
aminations. It  could  accept  the  lesson  of  defeat 
and  learn  more  of  the  European,  or  it  could  re- 
turn to  ancient  ways.  The  younger  members  of 
the  Chinese  official  class  demanded  the  former. 
Even  to-day,  after  two  years  of  Manchu  re- 
action, eight  out  of  ten  Chinese  governors  are 
reckoned  as  liberal  and  pro-foreign,  and  five  (one 
a  Manchu)  out  of  0ight  viceroys. 

The  practical  result  of  this  was  that,  when  the 
Manchu  reaction  came,  the  great  provincial  gov- 
ernments were  in  Chinese  and  pro- foreign  hands. 
What  took  place  in  Peking  was  a  palace  revolu- 
tion at  Manchu  hands,  with  the  Empress  leading. 
It  swept  with  it  only  those  provinces  most  under 
Manchu  influence  and  about  the  capital.  Through- 
out, the  allied  powers  have  wisely  recognized 
the  real  China  of  the  provincial  administratore, 
all  with  one  exception  Chinese,  and  he  the  Man- 
chu, Tuan  Fang,  sent  to  Canton  to  watch  Li 
Hung  Chang  in  this  viceroyalty.  If,  as  has 
been  said  before,  the  Manchu  part  be  accepted 
as  the  •*  government,"  then  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment is  responsible  for  mob,  massacre,  the  attack 
on  the  legations,  and  resistance  to  their  rescue. 
If  one  look  beyond  the  Peking  palace  to  the 
provincial  administration  on  which  Chinese  af- 
fairs finally  rest,  the  past  three  months  are  full 
of  a  Manchu  palace  conspiracy,  of  which  the  Em- 
press is  the  head  and  l*rince  Tuan  the  effective 


C/iN  CHINA  BE  SAILED  f^ 


299 


agent.  He  was  chamberlain  and  commander 
of  the  palace  guard,  Husheng,  or  <*  glorified 
tigers,"  a  corps  made  up  of  Manchu  reaction- 
aries, wiien  the  Emperor  was  de[)osed  September 
28,  1898,  by  the  Empress,  the  ablest  ruler  of 
China  in  the  past  century,  with  all  the  virtues 
of  the  Oriental  despot  and  all  the  vices  of  the 
Oriental  harem.  For  a  year  after,  the  Peking 
Gazette  was  crowded  with  the  orders  preparing 
for  action,  to  which  foreign  ministers  blindly 
closed  their  eyes.  Two  armies,  Chinese  and 
Manchu,  each  75,000  strong,  were  organized  at 
the  capital.  A  Manchu  was  placed  in  command 
of  the  Taku  forts,  Tientsm,  and  the  province  of 
Chili.  Hu  Ping  Chih,  a  friend  of  the  English 
and  Russian  ambassador  in  1895,  was  removed 
from  Shansi,  the  future  retreat  of  the  Empress, 
and  Yu  Hsien,  a  Manchu  reactionary,  made  gov- 
ernor. Kansuh  was  placed  in  charge  of  an 
anti- foreign  Chinaman,  Tung  Fu  Hsiang,  whose 
troops,  fresh  from  the  suppression  of  Moliamme- 
dan  rebellion,  were  brought  to  Peking.  The 
results  of  this  policy  through  1899  met  the  fond- 
est expectations  of  the  Manchu  party.  For  three 
years, — from  1895  to  1898, — Russia,  Germany, 
and  England  had  seized  the  territory  of  unre- 
sisting China.  Under  the  Manchu  reaction, 
Italy  was  rebuffed,  English  railroad  and  banking 
concessions  annulled,  and  one  power  played  off 
against  another.  The  diplomatic  correspondence 
published  six  weeks  ago  by  the  British  Gov- 
ernment is  a  record  of  the  pitiable  weakness  to 
which  the  ministers  at  Peking  had  been  reduced 
by  this  policy.  One  must  have  lived  in  the 
East,  and  have  seen  Europeans  and  Orientals  in 
contact,  to  know  how  blind  one  may  be  at  what 
every  bazaar  knows,  and  how  far  the  latter  will 
go  in  the  mingled  game  of  fraud  and  force  when 
no  strong  hand  and  keen  eye  is  near. 

THE    GREAT    TARTAR    EBB. 

To  the  palace  conspiracy  of  the  Manchu  reac- 
tion, with  such  Chinese  allies  as  it  had,  was  at 
length  added  the  **  Boxer"  secret  society  and 
the  famine  which  a  want  of  rain  swept  over  North- 
em  C'hina.  All  the  elements  of  an  Oriental  revo- 
lution and  uprising  were  now  in  full  play — famine, 
a  popular  and  fanatical  superstition;  a  cause  which 
appealed  to  the  soldiery,  and  a  palace  conspiracy 
made  up  of  the  Empress  behind  the  purdah,  and 
the  chamberlain  who  commanded  the  palace  guard, 
and  held  its  gates.  Half  the  overturning  in  the 
history  of  the  East  rests  on  these  conditions.  No 
one  of  them  accomplishes  alone  more  than  some 
personal  change  of  rulers.  United,  they  change 
the  character  of  a  population,  alter  the  policy  of 
a  dynasty,  and  affect  the  fate  of  a  race,  as  this 
great   movement   promises   to    do.      Its   history 


from  January  24,  when  Pu  Chun,  the  son  of 
Prince  Tuan,  was  practically  proclaimed  Emperor, 
until  August  15,  when  Peking  was  stormed  by 
the  allied  troops,  needs  no  recapitulation  ;  but  the 
supremely  able  woman,  Tsz  Hi,  whose  ability  is 
her  own,  and  whose  shortcomings  are  common  to 
Eastern  women,  is  more  than  the  apparent  head 
of  a  Manchu  reaction.  The  tenacious  defense 
from  Taku  to  the  *'  Bidden  City  "  is  but  a  part  of 
the  ebb  of  that  Mongol  power  which,  six  hundred 
years  ago,  held  all  Asia.  In  all  their  various 
forms,  Tartar,  Turk,  Mongol,  and  Manchu,  the 
great  interior  races  of  Asia  have  ruled  at  every 
capital  within  its  coasts.  A  Turk  reigns  in  Con- 
stantinople. A  Kajar  Tartar  at  Teheran.  A 
century  ago  the  descendants  of  the  Great  Mogul 
were  still  at  Delhi,  and  the  Central  Asian  Kleo- 
nater  a  half-century  longer  owned  the  sway  of 
the  descendants  of  Timur.  In  China,  Ming  suc- 
ceeded Mongol,  and  was  succeeded  by  Manchu  ; 
but,  through  all,  the  dominant  element  has  been 
the  warlike  races  of  the  north.  These  dynasties, 
sprung  from  the  Central  Asian  steppes,  have  all 
used  massacre  as  a  familiar  insti-ument  of  rule. 
One  by  one,  in  this  century,  they  have  lost  their 
power  and  seen  the  ebb  of  their  fortunes. 
Whether  the  Manchu  disappears  from  Chinese  af- 
faii-s  or  retains  under  some  weak  and  titular  Em- 
peror, like  Kwang-su  the  shadowy  signs  of  power, 
the  struggle  closing  in  North  China  and  subject 
to  the  adjustment  of  the  allied  powers  is  but  a 
part  of  the  ebb  of  that  great  tide  which  rose  and 
drowned  the  Asian  world  in  blood  ten  centuries 
ago,  and  now  recedes  in  massacre  in  Turkey  and 
in  China  alike. 

AFTER    PEKING. 

Whatever  be  the  fate  of  the  Manchu  dynasty, 
Manchuria  is  plainly  lost  to  Russia.  Whether 
a  titular  occupation  only  take  place  or  a  titular 
annexation,  this  great  realm  passes  inevitably  into 
the  hands  of  the  power  which  controls  its  rail- 
road system.  The  base  of  the  Manchu  dynasty, 
the  source  from  which  come  the  supplies  of  men, 
its  ancient  capital,  Moukden,  and  the  tombs  of  its 
ancestors,  pass  into  alien  hands.  There  remains, 
whether  under  the  rule  of  the  present  dynasty 
or  a  new  organization,  the  broad,  unbroken 
reform  of  China,  with  its  provincial  administra- 
tion, still  intact.  A  campaign  against  the  re- 
treating imperial  forces,  even  though  confined  to 
the  northern  tier  of  provinces  from  Chili  to 
Kansuh,  may  precipitate  resistance  through  in- 
terior and  Central  China,  of  which  Honan  is  the 
powder  magazine — the  most  Chinese  of  the  prov- 
inces of  China.  But  if  the  council  of  the 
powers  which  the  United  States  invokes  meets, 
it  must  be  powerfully  influenced  and  affected  by 


300 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REP^IEIVS. 


the  precedent  and  practice  of  the  past  lialf- cen- 
tury in  the  Chinese  customs  service,  collected 
for  forty-six  years  by  Europeans.  For  the  meet- 
ing of  such  a  council  itself,  auspicious  precedent 
exists.  The  division  of  North  America  cost 
the  civilized  world  thirty  years  of  desolating 
war  in  the  last  century.  Tlie  fate  of  India  and 
the  dubious  and  undecided  fortunes  of  the  Turk- 
ish empire  have  cost  armed  conflict  almost  every 
decade  in  a  century  and  a  half. 

The  Congo  International  Conference  met  fifteen 
years  ago  in  Berlin,  preceded  by  the  agreement 
on  Egypt  eight  years  before,  and  succeeded  by 
pacific  agreements,  to  which  every  European 
state  has  been  a  party.  It  has  been  the  chief 
fruit  of  that  conference,  in  which  the  United 
States  was  for  the  first  time  represented  in  a 
body  dealing  with  territory  outside  of  the  Ameri- 
cas, that  Africa  has  been  partitioned  without  war 
between  any  two  European  powers.  As  much 
may  be  reasonably  expected  if  a  like  policy  and 
practice  is  applied  to  the  mfinitely  more  diflBcult 
problem  presented  by  China. 

THE    FOREIGN    IMPERIAL    CUSTOMS    SERVICE. 

'  In  its  solution,  the  great  fact  is  apparent  that 
the  Manchu  Imperial  power  has  committed  sui- 
cide ;  that  the  Chinese  provincial  administration 
offers  a  government  fitted  for  the  people,  and 
familiar  with  the  collection  of  customs  duties 
under  foreign  supervision.  In  May,  1854, 
when  the  Triad  rebels  (the  Boxers  of  their  day) 
entered  the  native  city  of  Shanghai,  the  provin- 
cial authorities  found  themselves  unable  to  col- 
lect the  imperial  customs  revenue,  and  the  con- 
suls of  the  United  States,  England,  and  France 
joined  in  the  appointment  of  an  inspector — an  act 
approved  by  our  government,  so  that  our  share 
in  this  work  dates  back  to  the  Democratic  ad- 
ministration of  Pierce  and  Marcy.  By  1860 
the  Taiping  Rebellion  threatened  the  existence 
of  the  empire,  and  Prince  Kung,  head  of  the 
Tsung-li- Yamen,  placed  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  H.  N. 
Lay,  the  Englishman  appointed  to  this  work, 
the  collection  of  customs  at  the  five  treaty  ports, 
and  proposed  that  the  salt- taxes  of  southern 
('hina  should  also  be  administered  by  him — a 
precedent  to-day  of  an  obvious  value.  Mr.  Lay 
was  succeeded  in  1863  by  Sir  Robert  Hart,  then 
a  young  man  of  twenty-six.  Customs  were  tlien 
collected  at  13  ports  by  a  foreign  staff  of  200 
members,  and  the  revenue  was  8,500,000  taels 
— then  about  $12,000,000.  The  service  in  1899 
had  875  members,  of  whom  85  were  American — 
England,  France,  and  Germany  alone  having  a 
larger  number  on  the  force  ;  tlie  ports  number 
.'](),  and  the  revenue  collected  amounts  to  22- 
300,000    tiieh — about    $15,000,000    at    the  cur- 


rent price  of  silver.  Large  as  is  this  service 
and  important  the  work,  it  rests  on  prescription 
and  precedent.  It  has  had  only  the  implied 
regulation  and  guarantee  of  treaty  ;  and  when  Sir 
Robert  Hart,  in  1885,  was  appointed  British  min- 
ister, he  found  himself  unable  to  name  his  suc- 
cessor, at  once  resigned  his  place  as  her  Maj- 
esty's representative,  and  returned  to  his  post 
at  the  head  of  the  customs  service.  Nothing 
could  then  have  seemed  more  improbable  to  Sir 
Robert  than  his  presence  as  a  fugitive  in  the  le- 
gation of  which  he  was  for  a  brief  period  the 
head,  after  thirty-seven  years'  service  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  Imperial  Government. 

THE    FISCAL    NEEDS    OF    CHINA. 

The  customs  service  has  charge  of  a  revenue 
marine  service,  including  revenue  cutters  and 
cruisera,  and  of  the  light  and  harbor  service  of 
China,  and  of  the  Imperial  college.  In  1893  an 
Imperial  postal  service  was  established  under  its 
care  whose  plan,  as  elaborated  by  Sir  Robert 
Hart,  proposed  a  foreign  postal  superintendent 
at  the  capital  of  each  province,  and  a  European 
postmaster  in  each.  This  was  at  first  organized 
only  on  the  coast.  In  1 896  regulations  were  issued 
for  acquiring  private  postal  agencies  ;  and  while 
fche  work  of  reorganization  has  been  much  inter- 
rupted and  the  government  keeps  -up  its  courier 
system  (Pao  Wenkiuh),  the  principle  of  intrust- 
ing its  postal  service  to  foreign  hands  has  been 
fully  recognized  by  the  Imperial  administration. 
An  Englishman  has  always  been  at  the  head  of 
this  customs  service.  An  Englishman,  Mr.  R.  E. 
Bredon,  was  in  1898  appointed  deputy  inspector- 
general,  with  a  view  to  Sir  Robert's  succession, 
and  over  half  the  force — 479  out  of  875 — is 
British.  While  there  are  appointments  from 
other  nations,  this  has  occasioned  a  constant 
jealousy  among  the  other  powers  ;  but  the  exist- 
ence of  this  service,  its  successful  working  for 
nearly  half  a  century,  and  the  steady  extension 
of  its  field,  shows  how  easily  it  could  be  made 
the  model  of  an  international  regulation  of  Chi- 
nese affairs. 

If  an  international  council,  in  accordance  with 
the  policy  of  the  United  States,  were  therefore 
to  seek  to  establish  a  stable  government,  capable 
of  maintaining  order,  protecting  foreigners,  and 
paying  the  indemnity  bonds  which  must  be  is- 
sued,— not  unlikely  to  double  the  present  debt 
before  all  costs  are  met, — the  first  need  must  be 
to  establish  an  adequate  revenue  and  provide  an 
Imperial  gend' armerie  as  efficient  as  the  revenue 
marine  service  which  has  cleared  the  coasts  and 
rivers  of  China  of  both  smugglers  and  pirates. 
No  better  way  can  be  proposed  to  secure  all  this 
than  the  plan  already  in  full  operation  for  the 


CAN  CHINA  BE  SA^ED? 


301 


collection  of  maritime  revenues  and  the  main- 
tenance of  a  maritime  police — a  Chinese  service 
oflScered  by  foreigners.  This  plan  has  been 
tried,  has  been  in  operation  for  over  twoscore 
years,  and  it  has  worked  with  efficiency  and 
without  friction.  Of  the  present  revenue — esti- 
mates in  regard  to  which  are,  in  the  absence  of 
any  budget,  most  vague — about  one-fourth,  25,- 
088,000  taels,  come  from  a  land-tax,  12,952,000 
taehlrom  **  likin,**  an  inland  and  octroi,  salt- tax, 
13,659,000,  and  produce  taxes,  6,562,000  taels. 
The  remainder  of  the  receipts  comes  from  native 
opium  duty,  2,229,006  taels,  interior  customs, 
1,000,000  taeh,  and  various  licenses,  etc.,  5,500,- 
000  taels.  Land-tax  and  Itkin  are  now  shared 
by  the  provincial  authorities.  For  every  tael  re- 
ceived by  the  government,  three  are  believed  to 
be  collected.  The  Itktn,  an  octroi  levied  on  en- 
trance to  provinces,  cities,  and  towns,  at  ferries 
and  bridges,  and  often  at  districts,  is  a  most  bur- 
densome and  uncertain  tax  on  foreign  goods — 
a  sore  subject  in  Chinese  internal  trade  for  a 
generation.  Endless  protests  have  been  made 
against  its  imposition.  Its  present  unregulated 
levy  on  foreign  goods  will  never  survive  any 
readjustment  of  Chinese  taxes. 

The  slightest  examination  of  the  situation  shows 
the  evident  necessity  of  such  a  reorganization  of 
the  collection  of  revenue  in  general,  and  land  and 
likin  taxes  in  particular,  as  will  place  both  these 
and  the  maintenance  of  order  in  a  service  offi- 
cered by  foreigners.  If  this  were  accompanied 
by  a  joint  international  guarantee  of  the  territorial 
integrity  of  the  eighteen  Provinces,  China  would 
receive  more  than  it  parted  with.  The  boun- 
daries of  territory  and  of  race,  which  nature  has 
established,  which  have  lasted  through  two  mil- 
lenniums, and  which  no  conquest  has  changed, 
and  none  is  likely  permanently  to  alter,  would 
remain  untouched,  as  they  were  when  they  and 
the  termini  of  the  Roman  empire  inclosed  the 
only  two  great  powers  in  existence.  Within  these 
ancient  metes  and  bounds  a  swarming  village 
population,  whose  consumption  is  to  day  insig- 
nificant, the  annual  merchandise  imports  of  China 
being  about  50  cents  per  capita,  where  those  of 
civilized  countries  range  from  $12  for  the 
United  States  to  |66  in  Belgium,  would  be  re- 
lieved of  the  pressure  of  the  worst  of  all  taxes, 
disorder  and  irregular  and  corrupt  levies,  and  be- 
gin consumption  on  a  scale  commensurate  with 
their  vast  population. 

THE    EVOLUTION    OF    THE    PROBLEM. 

If  China  could  be  dealt  with,  tlien,  on  a  large, 
broad  scale,  with  a  free  hand,  what  would  un- 
doubtedly be  done  would  be  to  end  the  Manchu 
dynasty,  to   fill   the  Supreme  Council  and  the 


board  of  control,  which  is  now  composed  half 
of  Manchus  and  half  of  Chinese,  with  Chinese 
alone  ;  have  these  bodies  elect  their  presidents, 
giving  what  has  been  the  executive  for  years  for 
administration,  and  then  organize  the  Chinese 
government,  instead  of,  as  now,  half  Chinese  and 
half  Manchu,  all  Chinese,  placing  the  care  of 
internal  police  and  the  collection  of  internal  rev- 
enue in  the  hands  of  commissions  under  Chinese 
control,  but  officered  by  Europeans  upon  the  same 
plan  and  precedent  already  in  operation  in  the 
Imperial  customs  and  postal  collection  of  China. 
An  army  and  navy  would  only  be  needed  for 
disorder.  The  present  Chinese  machine  of  ad- 
ministration, with  its  system  of  examinations, 
promotion,  selection,  and  mingled  authority, 
civil  and  military,  material  and  scholastic,  is  pre- 
cisely suited  to  the  temper  and  needs  of  the  peo- 
ple which  has  developed  it  during  the  last  twenty 
centuries.  What  is  needed  is  to  place  at  its  head, 
under  the  joint  control  of  the  civilized  powers, 
commissions  which  will  give  it  just  the  execu- 
tive initiative  that  Tartar  conquerors  have  fur- 
nished for  centuries. 

This  is  pure  theory,  but  it  is  theory  which 
runs  directly  in  line  with  the  history  of  the  last 
fifty  years.  During  that  time,  bit  by  bit,  China 
has  lost  no  territory  in  the  eighteen  Provinces, 
except  the  very  small  area  now  occupied  on  the 
Liaotung  Peninsula,  Wei-hei-Wei,  Kiaochau,  and 
the  hinterland  of  Hongkong,  to  which  ought,  per- 
haps, to  be  added  the  various  foreign  settlements 
at  Shanghai  and  elsewhere.  Russia  has  made 
vast  acquisitions  ;  but  these  are  altogether  out- 
side of  China  proper,  and  for  the  most  part  cover 
territory  whose  allegiance  to  China  was  but  slight. 
What  has  really  been  taking  place  has  been  the 
gradual  substitution  of  European  influence  and 
control  for  Manchu  rule.  This  began  when  the 
allies  secured  the  free  entrance  of  their  subjects 
over  the  entire  Chinese  empire.  It  was  con- 
tinued by  the  organization  of  the  customs  service 
under  European  and  American  protection.  It 
has  been  carried  a  step  farther  in  the  post-office. 
The  principle  exists  in  Chinese  commercial  life  in 
the  great  steamship  lines,  which  do  one- fourth  of 
the  trade  on  the  Yangtse  Kiang  and  are  owned 
by  Chinese,  but  are  officered  by  Europeans,  for 
the  most  part  English.  It  has  been  carried  out, 
wherever  the  Chinese  had  an  efficient  army,  by 
the  presence  of  Europeans  in  command,  beginning 
with  Gordon  and  the  American  Ward  ;  and  the 
same  principle  only  needs  to  be  carried  out  to 
leave  China  to  develop  its  own  form  of  civiliza- 
tion, its  own  type  of  life,  and  its  own  ideals, 
gradually  assimilating  and  appropriating  the  moral 
principles  which  underlie  European  and  Christian 
civilization. 


MISSIONS   IN   CHINA. 


A   DEFENSE   AND    AN   APPRECIATION, 


BY  JAMES  S.   DENNIS,   D.D. 
(Author  of  "  Christian  Missions  and  Social  Progress.") 


THE  missionary  in  China  has  suddenly  ar- 
rested the  vision  of  Christendom,  and  is 
engaging  public  attention  with  an  interest  which 
is  almost  tragic.  He  has  become  the  center  of 
a  group  of  questions  and  problems  concerning 
which  the  average  man  has  little  information, 
and  upon  which  he  is  looking  for  clear  and  sat- 
isfying light.  What  is  the  legal  status  of  the 
missionary  ;  why  is  he  in  such  dire  peril ;  what 
responsibility  rests  upon  him  in  connection  with 
the  present  amazing  upheaval  in  the  empire  ; 
why  did  he  go  to  (^hina  ;  what  has  he  accom- 
plished,— has  he  any  right  to  live  there,  and 
what  is  to  be  done  with  him  in  the  future  ?  To 
the  ordinary  observer  of  events  in  the  far  East, 
the  whole  question  of  missions  has  become  one 
of  much  perplexity.  In  the  lurid  light  of  such 
an  unprecedented  spectacle  as  the  present  condi- 
tion of  China,  and  under  the  influence  of  mis- 
apprehension, men  say  to  themselves  :  If  mis- 
sions lead  to  this,  is  it  worth  while  to  prosecute 
them  ? 

To  the  statesman  and  diplomat,  in  their  wor- 
ried hours,  unless  they  are  gifted  with  remarkable 
poise,  insight,  self-restraint,  and  breadth  of  his- 
toric vision,  the  temptation  is  strong  to  hastily 
place  a  burden  of  responsibility  upon  the  mis- 
sionary enterprise  that  does  not  properly  belong 
to  it.  Many  good  people  who  feel  sure  that 
missions  in  the  name  of  Christ  have  had,  and 
will  continue  to  have,  a  defensible  and  even  in- 
disputable function  in  human  history,  are  yet,  in 
the  face  of  the  present  startling  developments, 
not  able  to  formulate  definitely  the  grounds  of 
their  convictions  in  a  way  to  convince  an  ob- 
jector, even  if  satisfactory  to  themselves.  Mean- 
while, the  irrepressible  critics  of  the  enterprise 
are  seizing  the  opportunity  to  depreciate  the 
work  of  missions  in  general,  and  in  particular  to 
administer  a  volume  of  patronizing  scolding  to 
the  missionary  in  China.  The  state  of  the  pub- 
lic mind  in  the  present  crisis  is  so  alert  and  im- 
pressionable that  confident  and  plausible  mis- 
statements gain  a  hearing  which  otherwise  would 
not  be  given  them. 

There  is  much  similarity  in  the  subject-matter 
and  general  trend  of  these  critical  thrusts  ;   and 


it  will  answer  our  purpose  if  we  select  a  few  of 
the  more  prominent  arguments  and  deal  with 
them  seriatim. 

COUNTS    IN    THE    ANTI-MISSIONAKY    INDICTMENT. 

It  is  usually  intimated,  in  the  form  of  an  in- 
vidious comparison,  that  the  consul,  the  trader, 
and  the  diplomat,  having  won  their  way  and 
established  their  position,  are  acquiesced  in  by 
the  Chinese  with  a  measure  of  tolerance,  but 
that  the  missionary,  on  the  contrary,  is  a  hope- 
less outcast,  who  has  *  *  not  even  reached  the 
rank  of  a  necessary  evil."  This  is  an  amazing 
assertion,  indeed,  when  we  note  the  fact  that 
missionaries  were  in  China  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church  over  ^we  hundred 
years  ago.  There  was  an  Archbishop  of  Peking 
in  Marco  Polo's  day,  and  he  speaks  of  Chris- 
tians as  occupying  no  mean  position  in  the  thir- 
teenth century.  As  for  the  date  of  the  entrance 
of  the  Nestorian  Christians,  it  seems  more  than 
likely  that  it  was  as  early  as  the  beginning  of 
the  sixth  century.  Modern  evangelical  missions 
began  in  the  first  decade  of  the  present  century. 
If  any  foreign  residents,  therefore,  have  '*won 
their  positions  "  in  China,  they  are  the  mission- 
aries themselves. 

The  preaching  of  the  missionary  is  another 
grievance  which  is  apt  to  be  dwelt  upon  at  some 
length  in  these  adverse  comments.  It  is  usually 
represented  that  it  is  calculated  to  overthrow 
Chinese  morality,  and  liable  to  prove  the  de- 
struction of  the  state  and  the  ruin  of  society. 
Chinese  morality  sounds  well ;  but  it  may  safely 
be  said  that,  in  all  respects  where  their  moral 
standards  are  not  in  direct  conflict  with  the  com- 
mandments of  God,  they  are  fostered  and  sus 
tained  by  missions.  It  must  be  confessed,  not 
specially,  moreover,  to  the  discredit  of  mission- 
aries, that  they  do  teach  that  lying,  stealing,  h- 
centiousness,  adultery,  and  murder  are  wrong. 
They  do  not  patronize  and  condone  infanticide, 
and  they  deprecate  slicing,  quartering,  and  tor- 
turing living  victims  ;  nor  are  they  in  favor  of 
extortion,  bribery,  mob  violence,  and  looting. 
They  know  a  better  way  to  treat  innocent  litUo 
girls  than  to  inflict  upon   them   the  agonies  of 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


303 


foot-binding,  and  thus  maim  them  for  life.  Yes, 
in  these  and  sundry  other  matters,  they  venture 
to  suggest  that  Chinese  practice,  at  least,  will 
bear  revision.  It  may  be  said  that  these  things 
do  not  fairly  represent  Chinese  morality.  Is  it 
not  clear,  however,  that  what  a  people  practise 
for  centuries,  regard  with  more  or  less  compla- 
cency, and  in  some  instances  with  popular  ap- 
proval, offers  a  fair  sample  of  their  practical 
morals,  although  it  may  not  have  been  sanctioned 
by  the  authority  of  Confucius  ? 

THB  REAL  EXPLANATION  OF  THE  CHINESE  ATTITUDE. 

In  some  instances  the  critic  seems  to  give 
away  his  case  and  yield  the  main  point  of  his 
contention  by  an  acknowledgment  that  the 
Chinese  care  little  for  Christianity.  The  * '  fine 
certificate  of  religious  tolerance"  which  Lord 
Salisbury  recently  gave  to  the  Chinese  is  quoted 
approvingly  in  a  recent  anti-missionary  article, 
and  the  writer  himself  argues  that  their  objec- 
tions to  Christianity  are  not  due  to  religious  mo- 
tives. This  is  true,  since  the  Chinese  are  not, 
strictly  speaking,  a  religious  race.  They  do  not 
possess  devout  natures,  or  cherish  strenuous  and 
definite  religious  convictions.  They  are  a  law  unto 
themselves  in  morals,  and  look  to  their  Emperor 
oflBcially,  at  stated  times,  to  go  through  the  rit- 
ual of  intercession  in  their  behalf.  So  far  as 
they  have  a  controlling  religious  cult,  it  consists* 
in  the  worship  of  their  ancestors.  Idolatry  is 
common,  gods  abound,  and  superstitions  — 
strange,  pervasive,  dominant — control  their  out- 
ward life  and  inner  experience  to  an  almost  in- 
credible extent.  It  would  not  be  improper, 
using  a  stronger  word  than  tolerance,  to  say 
that  the  average  Chinese  is  indifferent  to  Chris- 
tianity per  se.  It  is  to  him  one  more  supersti- 
tion, which  he  can  regard  with  unconcern.  The 
contention,  therefore,  that  the  missionary, /)er  se, 
is  an  object  of  loathing  simply  because  of  his  re- 
ligious teaching,  or  as  a  representative  of  Chris- 
tianity, must  be  made  in  the  face  of  acknowl- 
edged evidence  to  the  contrary. 

Moreover,  China  has  already  assimilated  at 
least  three  strange  religions — Buddhism  and  Mo- 
hammedanism, both  the  result  of  missionary 
propagandism,  and  Taoism,  a  philosophical  in- 
truder. Christianity,  it  must  be  remembered 
also,  has  been  handicapped  both  by  malignant 
slander  and  by  its  association  with  the  foreigner. 
The  campaign  of  venomous  literature  has  been 
constant  and  indescribably  virulent.  Government 
documents,  or  what  are  known  as  the  *'  Blue- 
Itooks**  of  China,  teem  with  vile  charges;  pri- 
vate tracts  and  placards  of  the  most  fiendish  im- 
port have  been  allowed  free  circulation  by  the 
authorities  ;   Chinese  gossip  has  reveled    in  the 


exploitation  of  the  horrible  customs  and  the  dan- 
gerous ideas  of  both  foreign  and  native  Christians. 
It  is,  then,  the  missionary,  not  as  a  religious 
teacher,  but  as  a  maligned  and  accessible  for- 
eigner, who  allures  the  Chinese  mob.  His 
church,  his  school,  his  converts,  are  all  regarded 
as  parts  of  his  entourage;  and,  unfortunately,  the 
converts  are  especially  attractive  as  objects  of 
attack,  because  it  is  generally  quite  safe  to  smite, 
and  slay,  and  loot  them  in  the  absence  of  any 
efiBcient  protection.  The  causes  of  this  hatred  of 
foreigners  are  not  only  immemorial  antipathy, 
intensified,  in  the  present  instance,  by  the  excit- 
ing clangor  of  lies  resounding  throughout  the 
empire.  More  specifically  and  directly,  they  are 
found  in  the  increasing  aggressiveness  of  the 
foreigner  himself,  in  pushing  trade  ;  in  develop- 
ing new  facilities  of  communication  ;  in  launch- 
ing industrial  enterprises  ;  in  intrusive  prospect- 
ing of  the  natural  wealth  of  the  country  ;  in 
supplanting  native  resources  and  economic  meth- 
ods, and  in  an  all-round  hustling  scramble  after 
the  spoils  of  China, — in  all  of  which  he  shows 
scant  respect  for  native  predilections  and  super- 
stitions. The  unbearable  climax  of  the  whole 
business,  alarming  and  humiliating  to  the  gov- 
ernment and  irritating  to  the  people,  was  the  re- 
cent political  encroachments  of  European  nations 
upon  Chinese  territory.  The  missionary,  through 
no  fault  of  his  own,  has  been  compromised  even 
in  this,  since  it  has  not  safeguarded  the  living 
to  have  the  dead  appropriated  as  a  stock-in-trade 
for  purposes  of  political  aggrandizement. 

THE    CHINESE    CRUSADE    ANTI  FOREIGN    RATHER 
THAN    ANTI-CHRISTIAN. 

It  is  the  foreigner,  then,  in  his  increasingly 
menacing  r61e,  as  the  despoiler  of  the  empire, 
who  looms  up  before  the  Chinese  imagination 
and  becomes  the  true  and  quite  sufficient  ex- 
planation of  the  extreme  virulence  of  the  present 
outburst.  The  fact  that  the  authorities,  instead 
of  sternly  suppressing,  have  encouraged  these 
turbulent  movements,  is  an  additional  cause  of 
their  violence.  There  is  abundant  evidence,  in 
the  records  of  diplomatic  intercourse  with  China, 
that  duplicity,  mingled  with  the  same  unquench- 
able antipathy  as  is  so  jauntily  alleged  to  pertain 
almost  exclusively  to  missionaries,  has  been  long 
characteristic  of  Chinese  relations  with  the  offi- 
cial representatives  of  foreign  powers.  The 
whole  diplomatic  body,  in  fact,  is  at  the  present 
moment  the  supreme  object  of  Chinese  insult  and 
outrage.  The  attempt,  therefore,  on  the  part  of 
those  who  are  offended  by  missions  to  seize  the 
occasion  and  make  a  scapegoat  of  the  missionary 
is  clearly  indefensible  and  unfair  ;  although  not 
in  all  instances  with  a  deliberate  animus. 


304 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


THE  CHARGE  OF  COERCION  UNDULY  EMPHASIZED. 

Much  is  made,  in  many  of  these  articles  under 
review,  of  the  alleged  thrusting  of  missionaries 
into  the  empire  under  the  shelter  of  coercive  trea- 
ties, while  at  the  same  time  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment ms  browbeaten  into  protecting  them  from 
mob  violence.  The  idea  of  coercion  in  this  con- 
nection is  usually  emphasized  by  mission  critics 
in  a  sinister  sense,  as  if  the  tolerance  of  Chris- 
tianity were  forced  upon  the  protesting  Chinese 
authorities.  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  the 
clause  of  toleration  was  one  of  the  least  objection- 
able features  of  modern  treaties.  It  is  stated,  in 
the  *^  Records  of  the  Shanghai  Missionary  Con. 
ference"  of  1877  (p.  407),  but  without  suflBcient 
oflBcial  verification,  that  the  Chinese  Commission- 
ers themselves  favored  the  toleration  clauses. 
None  of  these  treaties,  of  course,  was  liked  by 
the  Chinese  ;  and  every  clause,  especially  those 
referring  to  open  ports  and  trade  concessions,  was 
the  result  of  a  measure  of  diplomatic  pressure. 
To  ignore  this,  and  make  it  seem  that  the  civil- 
ized governments  have,  in  any  exceptional  sense, 
introduced  Christianity  and  Christian  missionaries 
into  China  by  compulsion,  is  to  give  a  misleading 
impression.  They  simply  safeguarded  interests 
which  it  was  not  wise  to  neglect.  It  is  now,  and 
has  long  been,  an  indisputable  fact  that  Chris- 
tianity is  an  officially  recognized  and  tolerated 
religion  in  China — as  much  so  as  Buddhism,  Mo- 
hammedanism, and  Taoism. 

The  allegation  that  China  was  coerced  into  re- 
ceiving missionaries  is  not, •  therefore,  sustained, 
since,  as  before  stated,  they  were  in  China 
more  than  a  thousand  years  before  the  modern 
treaties  were  made.  Protestant  missions,  to  be 
sure,  date  from  early  in  the  present  century  ; 
but  even  they  had  established  themselves  as  a 
fixture  at  prominent  centers  before  the  treaties  to 
which  reference  is  made  were  executed.  It  is 
because  missionaries  were  already  there,  and 
were  American,  British,  French,  German,  and 
other  European  citizens,  having  legal  rights 
which  any  honorable  and  considerate  civilized 
government  would  be  anxious  to  protect,  that 
the  clauses  guaranteeing  religious  liberty  and  im- 
munity from  persecution  were  inserted  in  all  the 
treaties  with  China.  Such  clauses  have,  in  fact, 
been  introduced  into  other  treaties  with  almost 
every  prominent  Asiatic  government. 

To  the  credit  and  humanity  of  the  American 
Government,  the  clause  in  its  treaty  securing 
religious  freedom  extends  its  guarantee  not  only 
to  American  citizens,  but  to  the  Chinese  converts 
as  welL  The  toleration  clause  in  the  British 
treaty  also  includes,  by  undoubted  implication, 
liberty  of  conscience  to  Chinese  converts,  although 
they  are  not  specifically  named,  as  in  the  Ameri- 


can. Substantially  the  same  clause  exists  in 
treaties  with  ten  Christian  nations,  and  its  estab- 
lished interpretation  has  been  understood  to  se- 
cure liberty  to  Chinese  subjects  to  profess  Chris- 
tianity. This  may  all  be  true,  and  yet  it  must 
be  noted  that  any  government  is  entitled  to  exer- 
cise its  discretion  as  to  whether  it  is  ever  diplo- 
matically wise  or  possible  to  exert  more  than  a 
friendly  influence  on  their  behalf. 

THE   GENESIS   AND    IMPORT   OF   THE    TOLERATION 
CLAUSES. 

The  clause  under  consideration,  which  is  made 
to  pose  as  such  an  unwarranted  exaction  from 
China,  is  found  in  Art.  29  of  the  Tientsin  Treaty 
of  1858,  and  reads  as  follows  : 

The  principles  of  the  Christian  religion,  as  professed 
by  the  Protestant  and  Roman  Catholic  churches,  are 
recognized  as  teaching  men  to  do  good,  and  to  do  to 
others  as  they  would  have  others  do  to  them.  Here- 
after those  who  quietly  profess  and  teach  these  doctrines 
shall  not  be  harassed  or  persecuted  on  account  of  theu- 
faith.  Any  person,  whether  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  or  Chinese  convert,  who,  according  to  these 
tenets,  peaceably  teaches  and  practises  the  principles 
of  Christianity,  shall  in  no  case  be  interfered  with  or 
molested. 

In  another  form,  and  under  a  somewhat  differ- 
ent aspect,  similar  privileges  are  inserted  in  the 
subsequent  Treaty  of  1 869,  Art.  8  of  which  reads : 

The  United  States  freely  agree  that  Chinese  suhjects 
shall,  without  hindrance  on  account  of  their  national- 
ity or  religion,  be  admitted  to  all  schools,  colleges,  and 
other  public  educational  institutions,  without  being 
subject  to  any  religious  or  political  test ;  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  his  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  China  agrees 
that  citizens  of  the  United  States  may  freely  establish 
and  maintain  schools  in  that  empire  in  those  places 
where  foreigners  are  permitted  by  treaty  to  reside. 

What  is  there,  in  these  simple  guarantees  of 
liberty  of  conscience  and  security  against  perse- 
cuting violence,  to  excite  such  excoriating  com- 
ments as  we  find  in  some  of  the  current  arraign- 
ments of  missionaries  ?  Are  the  privileges 
accorded  so  offensive,  and  the  protection  from 
outrage  promised  so  humiliating,  that  it  is  not 
seemly  for  our  government  to  demand  them? 
They  are  simply  what  every  self-respecting  gov- 
ernment expects  from  every  other  civilised 
power  ;  and  why  should  they  be  sneered  at  as 
an  indefensible  exaction  from  China?  What 
basis  do  they  afford  for  the  insinuation  which  is 
freely  advanced,  that  the  missionary — ^being  also 
a  citizen — goes  into  a  kind  of  moral  eclipse  when 
he  claims  the  immunity  that  is  here  guaran- 
teed to  him  ?  Moreover,  is  it  not  beside  the 
mark  to  hold  up  the  missionary  exclusively  to 
contumely  in  this  connection  ?  Is  not  the  gov- 
eriiDient    that    has    secured    these    guarantees 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


305 


attacked  by  the  condemnatory  scorn  of  the 
critic  as  much,  if  not  more,  than  the  citizen 
who  enjoys  or  claims  their  benefit  ?  Do  not  the 
churches  of  Christendom  sending  and  supporting 
their  missionary  representatives,  and  the  Chris- 
tian public  sentiment  that  sustains  the  enter- 
prise, assume  also  a  measure  of  the  responsi- 
bility ?  Who  can  doubt,  however,  that  civilized 
governments,  which  have  almost  unanimously 
insisted  upon  these  guarantees,  have  acted  with 
wisdom  and  decision,  and  with  statesmanlike 
insight  into  the  necessity  of  such  specific  guar- 
antees, if  their  citizens  are  to  live  at  all  in 
Asiatic  countries  ? 

THE   MISSIONARY    OCCUPATION     OF    CHINA    MORALLY 
DEFENSIBLE. 

It  has  been  coolly  asserted,  in  some  of  these 
arraignments,  that  *'his  (the  missionary's)  pres- 
ence in  the  interior  of  China  is,  in  itself,  a  vio- 
lation of  a  solemn  compact.*'  Upon  what  is  this 
bold  charge  founded,  and  is  it  true  in  view  of 
existing  edicts  and  treaties  ?  There  can  be  no 
question  that  the  missionary  is  entitled  to  a  resi- 
dence in  all  **  treaty  ports  " — a  phrase  which  now 
includes  cities  far  removed  from  the  sea- coast. 
The  question,  then,  concerns  those  interior  places, 
not  mentioned  as  the  open  ports.  In  the  Treaty 
of  1860,  between  China  and  France,  Art.  8  reads  : 

It  shall  be  promolgated  throughout  the  length  and 
breadth  of  the  land,  in  the  terms  of  the  Imperial  edict 
of  February  20, 184d,  that  it  is  permitted  to  all*  people  in 
all  parts  of  China  to  propagate  and  practise  the  **  things 
of  the  Ix)rd  of  Heaven,"  to  meet  together  for  preaching 
of  the  doctrine,  to  build  churches,  and  to  worship  : 
farther,  all  such  as  indiscriminately  arrest  (Christians) 
shall  be  duly  punished ;  and  such  churches,  schools, 
cemeteries,  lands,  and  buildings  as  were  owned  on  for- 
mer occasions  by  persecuted  Christians  shall  be  paid  for, 
and  the  money  handed  to  the  French  representative  at 
Peking,  for  transmission  to  the  Christians  in  the  locali- 
ties concerned.  It  is,  in  addition,  permitted  to  French 
missionaries  to  rent  and  purchase  land  in  all  the  Prov- 
ince8»  and  erect  buildings  thereon  at  pleasure. 

It  is  claimed  that  the  last  sentence  of  this 
article,  beginning,  '*  It  is,  in  addition,  permitted 
to  French  missionaries,"  etc.,  was  surreptitiously 
inserted  in  the  Chinese  text  of  the  treaty  by  a 
French  interpreter.  This  may  be  true  ;  but  it 
is  also  true  that  the  Chinese  accepted  it,  and  it 
has  been  in  practical  operation  ever  since.  If 
?o,  then  the  favored -nation  clause  of  the  British, 
German,  American,  and  other  treaties  secures  to 
the  citizens  of  those  countries  the  same  conces- 
sion. It  has  been  so  understood  and  interpreted 
for  a  generation,  Jiaving  the  sanction  of  usage, 
as  well  as  the  oflScial  assent  and  practical  confir- 
mation of  the  Chinese  authorities,  who  have, 
upon    different    occasions,     acknowledged     and 


acted  upon  it.  Jesuits  and  Roman  Catholic 
missionaries  have  resided  in  the  interior  for  a 
generation.  To  hold  up  the  British,  American, 
or  European  missionary  to  contempt  because, 
under  these  conditions,  he  takes  up  his  residence 
in  interior  towns,  with  the  consent  of  the  Chinese 
authorities,  and,  in  peaceable,  law-abidmg  fash- 
ion, teaches  his  religion,  conducts  his  school, 
establishes  his  hospital,  and  ministers  in  otlier 
kindly  ways  to  the  welfare  of  those  who  accept 
his  teaching  and  love  his  person,  is  manifestly 
indefensible  and  gratuitous. 

These  clauses,  let  it  be  noted,  have  never  been 
interpreted  by  foreign  governments  in  any  dena- 
tionalizing sense.  Chinese  Christians  are  con- 
sidered subjects  of  the  Chinese  Government. 
They  (the  clauses)  have  not  been  appealed  to  by 
missionaries  except  to  parry  what  is  regarded  as 
injustice  and  oppression,  and  even  then  only 
with  the  sanction  of  the  consul.  They  have 
never  been  invoked  by  Protestant  missionaries 
simply  to  favor  the  interests  of  the  Christian 
propaganda.  They  have  been  supplemented, 
moreover,  by  Imperial  edicts  and  by  numerous 
provincial  or  local  proclamations,  granting  the 
same  rights  in  explicit  terms.  Let  there  be  no 
more  sneering,  then,  at  these  clauses  ;  they  have 
served  a  useful  and  humane  purpose.  They 
have  faced  the  tiger  spirit  of  Chinese  fanaticism 
for  more  than  a  generation.  The  suffering  they 
have  saved,  and  the  awful  horrors  they  have 
averted,  it  is  impossible  to  estimate.  The  mis- 
sionary, then,  transgresses  no  formally  acknowl- 
edged or  openly  promulgated  Chinese  law  in 
teaching  Christianity.  No  oflBcially  recognized 
statute  of  the  empire,  at  present  in  force,  for- 
bids it ;  on  the  contrary,  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment has  repeatedly  permitted  and  sanctioned  it. 
Is  it  not  clear,  then,  that  this  question  of  mis- 
sionary residence  and  propagation  of  Christianity 
in  China  is  neither  legally  nor  morally  under  a 
ban? 

While  this  may  be  granted,  it  should  also  be 
frankly  recognized  that  the  situation  is  one  of 
extreme  delicacy  and  diflBculty  ;  and  it  behooves 
the  missionary  to  exercise  the  greatest  circum- 
spection, tact,  and  wisdom  in  availing  himself  of 
his  privileges.  He  can  easily  transgress  in  spirit, 
if  not  in  practice,  the  limits  of  his  legal  rights, 
and  misuse,  if  not  abuse,  the  courtesy  extended 
to  him.  Christian  expediency  requires  rather 
that  he  should  avoid,  as  far  as  possible,  giving 
offense  by  claiming  his  rights  in  a  way  needlessly 
to  occasion  irritation. 

ROMAN    CATHOLIC    METHODS. 

No  one  can  deal  candidly  with  this  aspect  of 
tlio  subject  without  referring  to  the  openly  ac- 


306 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


knowledged  and  deliberately  chosen  methods  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  priesthood  in  China,  in  se- 
curing for  themselves,  through  the  agency  of  tlie 
French  (lovernment,  an  official  standing  in  Chi- 
nese courts,  and  thereupon  exercising  a  measure 
of  civil  authority  on  behalf  of  their  Chinese  ad- 
hei-ents.  Tliey  are  able,  no  doubt,  to  advance  a 
natural  explanation  of  this  comparatively  recent 
arrangement,  in  view  of  the  fiendish  injustice 
and  outrage  to  which  their  defenseless  flocks  are 
so  often  subject.  It  cannot  be  doubted,  how- 
ever, that  this  assumption  of  secular  preroga- 
tives is  most  unacceptable  to  the  (Chinese  officials, 
an<l  is  a  frequent  cause  of  burning  irritations. 
It  is  viewe<l  by  the  entire  body  of  Protestant 
missionaries  as  a  grave  mistake  in  missionary 
policy.  None  of  them,  from  considerations  both 
of  expediency  and  principle,  would  desire  to  ex- 
ercise this  power  of  magistracy.  This  exceptional 
concession  to  the  Roman  Catholic  ecclesiastics, 
however,  has  been  obtained  only  within  a  brief 
period,  and  cannot  be  regarded  as  a  sufficient 
explanation  of  the  universal  and  perennial  an- 
tipathy of  the  Chinese  to  the  foreigner.  It  can, 
moreover,  be  overaccentuated  and  exploited  as 
an  anti- missionary  argument,  as  is  the  case  with 
the  previous  history  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
status  in  China  in  the  elaborate  condemnatory 
essays  of  such  writers  as  Michie,  Gundry,  and 
others,  from  whom  current  newspaper  critics 
usually  draw  their  inspiration. 

TUE    MISSIONARY    AND    THE    CONSUL. 

The  fact  that  Protestant  missionaries,  when 
occasion  nHpiires,  appeal  to  their  consul  is  some- 
times spoken  of  to  their  disparagement.  But  it 
sliould  not  be  forgotten  that  the  position  of  the 
foreigner  in  China  under  the  provisions  of  the 
exterritoriality  laws  is  a  peculiar  one.  The  con- 
sul, by  official  appointment,  exercises  the  func- 
tion of  iihMliator,  lawyer,  protector,  judge,  and, 
in  a  certain  sense,  lawgiver  on  his  behalf.  The 
foreign  citizen  is  explicitly  directed  in  the  trea- 
ties to  invariably  appeal  to  the  consul  when  it  is 
necessary  that  he  should  have  official  relations 
with  tlie  authorities.  He  is  not  allowed  to  ad- 
dress officially  the  representatives  of  the  govern- 
ment without  first  submitting  his  case  and  his 
communication  to  his  consul.  He  can  be  tried, 
in  case  of  misdemeanor,  only  by  his  consul ;  and 
all  matttM's  subject  to  regulation  and  jurisdiction, 
as  l)etween  the  foreign  citizen  and  the  C'hinese 
authorities,  must,  in  order  to  be  legal,  be  under 
the  supervision  of  the  consul  or  higher  foreign 
official.  Unless  this  fact  is  taken  into  considera- 
tion, the  appeal  to  consular  intervention  may  be 
misunderstood  and  misinterpreted  by  an  outside 
observer. 


Here,  too,  is  a  call  for  wisdom,  consideration, 
and  tact.  It  is  claimed  that  this  matter  of  con- 
sular appeal  is  abused.  A  careful  study  of  the 
subject  has  not  yielded  any  convincing  evidence 
of  this — so  far,  at  least,  as  Protestant  missionaries 
are  concerned.  It  is  the  custom  of  many  mis- 
sionaries to  approach  the  Chinese  officials,  by 
permission,  in  a  friendly  and  informal  way,  and 
ask  directly  as  a  personal  favor  any  service  they 
may  need.  This  is  often  done  with  excellent  re- 
sults, and  without  the  least  offense. 

There  are  other  objections  of  lighter  weight 
and  more  vituperative  animus  usually  aimed  at 
the  personality  of  the  missionary,  or  the  quality 
and  purpose  of  his  work.  He  is  sneered  at 
as  an  ignoramus,  or  a  boor — as  not  in  the  same 
class  even  with  the  literati ;  he  brutally  offends 
Chinese  susceptibilities,  and  is  quite  incapable  of 
living  in  respectable,  decent,  and  dignified  form 
in  a  Chinese  community.  His  very  mission  as  a 
messenger  of  truth — one  of  the  noblest  gifts  of 
Heaven  to  earth — is  pronounced  to  be  an  insult 
to  Chinese  manhood.  It  is  not  worth  while  to 
occupy  space  in  any  serious  attempt  to  refute 
or  to  characterize  these  statements.  Not  all 
mi.ssionaries  are  built  upon  the  same  lines  :  some 
may  err  in  judgment ;  some,  perhaps,  may  fail 
in  usefulness  ;  but  of  the  great  body  of  the  mis- 
sion staff  in  China,  these  cynical  cliarges  are 
ungraciously  and  unqualifiedly  false. 

THE    SPIRIT    AND    PURPOSE    OF    MISSIONS    IN   CHINA- 

The  spirit  in  which  Christian  missionaries  have 
entered  China  is  beyond  criticism.  They  ol»ey 
the  command  of  One  whom  they  love  and  serve, 
and  Who  has  the  right  to  send  tliem  there.  They 
seek  the  good  of  the  Chinese  ;  they  enter  upon  a 
life  of  toil,  sacrifice,  and  danger,  with  the  un- 
selfish purpose  of  giving  priceless  gifts  to  an 
alien  race.  They  offend  no  law  of  courtesy,  kind- 
ness, manliness,  or  honor  in  talking  up  their  resi- 
dence among  the  Chinese  to  teach  them  the  trutlis 
of  Christianity,  to  introduce  facilities  of  educa- 
tion, to  bring  the  blessing  of  healing,  and  min- 
ister to  them  in  other  helpful  and  humane  ways. 
There  is  no  need  to  apologize  for  this  attitude 
towards  humanity  ;  would  that  it  were  more  com- 
mon in  the  world  !  When  Christ  sees  fit  to  ask  the 
pardon  of  tiie  human  race  for  His  ministry  in  the 
Incarnation,  then  His  missionaries  may  ask  for- 
giveness for  entering  China.  Until  then,  let 
them  go  bravely  on  with  their  high  mission. 
Their  attitude  is  not  one  of  intrusion  and  offensive 
coercion  ;  on  the  contrary,  it  is  one  of  deferenc*^ 
and  respect  for  the  personal  freedom  and  dignity 
of  the  C'hinese.  They  are  willing  to  toil  on  un- 
noticed and  unhonored  ;  they  bide  their  time,  and 
wait  for  converts  during  years  of  apparently  fruil- 


MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 


307 


less  effort,  as  did  many  of  China's  first  mission- 
aries. Tliey  ask  the  simple  boon  of  access  to  the 
intelligence  and  the  higher  moral  natures  of  the 
people.  They  do  not  seek  to  browbeat,  intimidate, 
deceive,  or  betray  a  single  Chinese  ;  but  rather 
to  reach  him  by  gentle  persuasion,  and  a  manly 
and  tender  appeal  to  the  untrammeled  conscience 
and  the  unfettered  will.  The  very  atmosphere  of 
their  approach  is  liberty  to  both  parties— to  the 
teacher  and  the  taught.  No  Chinese  ever  has 
been  or  ever  will,  by  any  legitimate  missionary 
method,  be  compelled  to  embrace  Christianity. 

THE   BOON    OF    RELIGIOUS    LIBERTY    IN    CHINA. 

This  lil)erty  is  an  indisputable  human  right, 
and  is,  by  common  consent,  one  of  the  chief  in- 
signia of  civilization.  There  is  no  source  of  au- 
thority, human  or  divine,  which  assigns  to  any 
government  the  right  to  suppress  or  withhold 
liberty  of  conscience  in  religious  worship,  so  long 
as  the  laws  of  universal  morality  and  justice  are 
not  violated  in  the  use  of  that  liberty.  These 
rights  of  conscience  must  be  forever  undisturbed 
so  long  as  they  are  not  abused.  The  formal  rec- 
ognition by  Western  governments  of  any  claim 
on  tlie  part  of  the  Chinese  authorities  to  the  legal 
right  to  prohibit  Christianity  in  the  empire,  either 
in  the  case  of  foreign  residents  or  Chinese  sub- 
jiTts,  would  be  an  historical  and  moral  reversion 
of  dismal  and  portentous  import.  The  present- 
day  8{>onsors  of  the  higher  liberties  of  mankind 
will  never,  let  us  be  assured,  play  so  cowardly 
and  effeminate  a  r61e  upon  the  stage  of  modern 
histor\'. 

There  is  nothing  in  this  statement  which  inti- 
niates  that  it  is  in  any  sense  the  proper  function 
of  Christian  statesmanship  to  propagate  Chris- 
tianity by  force.  This  would  be,  at  once,  a  re- 
ga*ttable  and  dangerous  error.  It  suits  the  pres- 
ent temi»erof  the  Chinese  Government,  under  the 
spell  of  a  fiendish  reactionary  delirium,  to  assert 
unparalleled  prerogatives ;  but  this  is  only  a 
s{>asni  of  barbarism  ;  it  is  not  tlie  real  China. 
Theiv  are  millions  of  the  best  people  in  the  em- 
pii-e  wiio  view  the  present  chaos  of  horrors  with 
sorrow,  4iespair,  and  lamentation.  A  demented 
i'hina  means  tragedy,  as  we  now  well  know  ; 
hut  a  sane  China  is  capable  of  international 
amenities.  China,  restored  to  her  senses,  would 
Ik?  i-egarded  as  a  triumph  of  diplouiacy  and  civil- 
ization, if  it  proves  to  be  the  issue  of  present 
events.  There  is  a  noble  reform  element  in  the 
enj[)ire,  which  two  years  ago  had  tlie  leadership 
of  the  Emperor  himself.  It  will  no  doubt  be 
utilized  by  Western  powers  in  the  coming  adjust- 
ment of  the  new  political  China  to  an  era  of  en- 
lightenment and  progress.  The  partition  of 
China,  as  sober  statesmen,  no  doubt,  fully  realize, 


would  involve  the  greatest  peril  of  modern  his- 
tory, and  is  outside  the  pale  of  practical  politics, 
without  endless  vexations  and  -an  eventual  out- 
lay so  stupendous  that  it  would  threaten  to  im- 
poverish Christendom.  The  empire,  whether  as 
a  whole  or  in  part,  must  be  reorganized  as  China. 
The  government  should  be  left  in  Chinese  hands, 
chastened  and  restrained  by  a  wholesome  respect 
for  international  obligations,  pledged  to  a  ittodus 
Vivendi  with  civilization,  and  reconciled  to  an 
**  open  door"  of  political,  social,  commercial,  and 
religious  access  on  the  part  of  Western  nations. 
This  is,  in  the  end,  best  for  China. 

THE    RECORD    OF    MISSION    ACHIEVEMENTS. 

The  Christian  missionary  can  then  do  a  be- 
neficent and  increasingly  effective  service  to  the 
Chinese  people  by  imparting  to  their  social  evolu- 
tion the  invaluable  tonic  of  modern  education, 
combined  with  higher  ethical  guidance  and 
Christian  faith,  so  far  as  they  are  inclined  to 
cherish  it.  Notable  results  are  already  apparent 
in  spite  of  exceptionable  difficulties. 

The  evangelical  church  membership  of  China 
is  now  about  100,000,  indicating  that  the  Chris- 
tian community  of  all  ages,  without  restriction  to 
communicants,  is  not  far  from  400.000.  Roman 
Catholics  number,  probably,  1,000,000  ;  so  that, 
in  round  numbers,  there  is  a  population  of  nearly 
1,500,000  Christians  in  the  empire.  There  are 
slightly  over  2,500  Protestant  foreign  mission- 
aries, including  married  and  unmarried  women, 
and  the  native  evangelical  associates  of  the  mis- 
sionary in  religious  work  number  5,000.  The 
total  of  all  foreigners  in  China,  including  mis- 
sionaries, merchants,  and  all  classes  of  non- 
Chinese  residents,  is  probably  about  20.000. 

The  total  of  higher  educational  institutions 
under  Protestant  auspices  is  281 — distributed  as 
follows  :  Universities  and  colleges,  12  ;  theo- 
logical and  training  schools,  66  ;  boarding- 
schools,  seminaries,  and  high-schools,  166  ;  in- 
dustrial training  institutions,  7  ;  schools  or 
classes  for  teaching  medicine  and  nursing,  30. 
Besides  these,  there  are  numerous  village  common 
schools  and  kindergartens.  There  are  gathered, 
in  these  higher  institutions,  9.964  pupils — mak- 
ing, with  the  addition  of  an  estimated  attendance 
of  30,000  in  the  common  schools,  a  total  of 
about  40,000  pupils  under  instruction.  We  are 
not  able,  at  the  present  writing,  to  include  any 
of  the  statistics  of  Roman  Catholic  effort. 

There  are  23  mission  publishing-houses  and 
printing-presses,  issuing  annually,  according  to 
latest  reports,  2,640,000  volumes.  The  fine 
Shanghai  Press  of  tlie  American  Presbyterian 
Mission  is,  easily,  the  most  prominent  of  these 
literarv  atjencies.      The  call,  in  recent  vears,  for 


308 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Western  literature  in  Chinese  dress  has  taxed  to 
the  utmost  the  resources  of  these  presses.  The 
issues  of  the  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Chris- 
tian and  General  Knowledge,  and  the  five  other 
tract  societies,  have  been  unprecedented.  The 
Religious  Tract  Society  of  London  makes  an  ex- 
tensive contribution  of  valuable  literature  to  the 
Chinese  vernaculars.  The  Bible  is  translated  into 
24  distinct  languages  or  dialects  of  the  empire, 
and  is  widely  distributed. 

In  124  Protestant  mission  hospitals  and  240 
dispensaries  from  which  recent  reports  have  been 
received  are  treated  annually  1,700,500  patients. 
There  are  still  20  hospitals  and  31  dispensaries 
concerning  which  no  record  has  come  to  hand. 
Orphanages  and  foundling  asylums  under  Protes- 
tant care  number  9  ;  leper  asylums,  1 1  ;  schools 
for  the  blind,  10  ;  opium  refuges,  61  ;  Young 
Men's  Christian  Associations,  47  ;  and  similar 
organizations  for  young  women,  7.  There  are 
efforts  also  in  the  interest  of  temperance,  purity, 
and  the  abolishing  of  foot-binding  ;  the  latter 
movement  not  being  exclusively  missionary,  but 
favored  and  supported  by  an  influential  group  of 
ladies  belonging  to  the  families  of  merchants, 
diplomats,  and  other  foreign  residents.  The  total 
value  of  mission  property  is  not  at  hand  as  I 
write,  but  it  must  be  many  millions  of  dollars. 

These  are  some  of  the  illuminating  and  benefi- 
cent  results   of    the   missionary   occupation    of 


China.  They  are  forces  to  conjure  with  in  the 
social,  intellectual,  and  moral  transformation  of 
the  empire.  To  them,  as  much  as  to  any  other 
agency,  let  us  frankly  acknowledge  it.  was  due 
the  reform  movement  that  so  lately  startled 
the  conservative  reactionists.  Christianity,  if 
true  to  itself,  cannot  enter  China  without  re- 
forming it  in  many  radical  ways.  These  throb- 
bings  of  a  higher  life,  these  half- conscious  thrills 
of  destiny,  are  pulsing  in  some  of  the  best  blood 
of  China  ;  and,  as  is  alreatiy  true  in  Japan,  they 
will  contribute  a  measure  of  capacity  and  solid 
worth  to  the  public  service  of  the  state  which  in 
time  will  act  a  decisive  part  in  molding  the  na- 
tional destiny  of  one-fourth  of  the  human  race. 
Let  us  not  be  dismayed  by  the  present  phenom- 
enal international  experience  in  the  far  East !  It 
means,  clearly :  Hands  off  China  merely  for 
purposes  of  conquest,  partition,  or  political 
aggrandizement ;  hands  on  China  to  secure  at 
least  the  decencies  and  necessities  of  orderly 
government,  the  observance  of  treaty  obliga- 
tions, the  <*open  door"  to  trade,  civilization, 
human  intercourse,  and  religious  liberty.  This 
will  insure,  at  the  same  time,  the  highest  wel- 
fare of  the  Chinese,  and  unveil  to  them  the 
hidden  import  of  their  long- neglected  and 
scorned  opportunity  to  fulfill  their  mission  in  the 
sisterhood  of  nations,  to  which  they  rightfully 
belong. 


JAPAN'S  PRESENT  ATTITUDE  TOWARDS  CHINA/ 

BY    JOSEPH    KING   GOODRICH. 


THERE  is  but  little  in  the  deportment  of  the 
people  to  indicate  that  Japan  is  again  en- 
gaged in  something  very  like  a  war  with  China, 
and  conditions  are  very  different  from  what  they 
were  in  1894.  Then,  the  excitement  reached  to 
the  remotest  corner  of  the  land  ;  to-day,  there  is 
nothing  to  be  noticed  outside  of  the  ordinary 
routine  of  life  in  such  a  place  as  this  ;  and  even 
in  Tokyo  and  at  the  ports,  one  would  have  to 
look  closely  to  detect  the  fact  that  something  un- 
usual was  occurring.  It  seems  as  if  the  people 
realize  that  they  are  now  cooperating  with  other 
civilized  powers  in  a  deed  of  common  humanity, 
and  it  lends  a  dignity  to  their  demeanor  which 
was  conspicuously  absent  in  the  whirl  of  excite- 
ment that  marked  every  step  six  years  ago.      At 

♦This  article,  from  the  pen  of  an  experienced  observer  of 
Japanese  politicis,  was  written  at  Kyoto,  Japan,  on  July  24 
last,  and  receired  at  the  office  of  the  Revikw  of  Reviews 
on  August  13. 


that  tune  there  was  a  disagreeable  an ti- foreign 
spirit  apparent,  which  led  to  sundry  unpleasant 
encounters  ;  it  has  not  entirely  disappeared,  but 
to-day  the  people  are  reasonably  considerate  of 
all — even  the  Chinese  are  not  molested.  There 
is  little  reason  for  the  Japanese  feeling  unkindly 
toward  the  Chinese  who  remain  here,  for  most  of 
them  are  far  from  being  in  sympathy  with  the 
Boxers,  and  most  of  them  are  j>erfectly  out- 
spoken in  their  adverse  comments  upon  the  un- 
friendly acts  of  their  government.  I  can  but 
think  that  when  peace  is  restored  in  China,  and 
the  other  powers  acknowledge  Japan's  part  in  the 
war, — as,  surely,  tliey  must  do, — the  result  will 
be  of  pleasing  benefit  to  foreigners  in  Japan. 

Too  much  importance  can  hardly  be  attached 
to  the  telegraphic  communications  which  have 
recently  passed  between  the  Emperor  of  China 
and  the  Emperor  of  Japan.  On  July  1 1  his  Ex- 
cellency Li  Shengtoh,  the  Chinese  Minister  to 


JAPAN'S  PRESENT  ATTITUDE  TOIVARDS  CHINA. 


309 


Japan,  called  at  the  foreign  oflSce  in  Tokyo  and 
submitted  the  following  telegraphic  message  ad« 
dressed  to  the  Emperor  of  Japan  : 

HIS  IMPERIAL  CHINESE  MAJESTY'S  TELEGRAM. 

We,  the  £tnperor  of  China,  to  His  Majesty  the  Em- 
peror of  Japan,  Greeting  ! 

Our  country  being  on  terms  of  intimate  friendship 
and  mutual  reliance  with  Your  Majesty *s  country,  it 
was  a  great  shock  to  Us  that  the  chancellor  of  Your 
Majesty's  Legation  was  about  a  month  ago  attacked 
and  put  to  death.  Profoundly  touched  by  this  sad 
event,  We  caused  steps  to  be  taken  for  the  arrest  and 
punishment  of  the  perpetrators  of  the  crime.  But  the 
Powers,  suspecting  that  in  the  prevailing  conflict  be- 
tween Our  Christian  and  non-Christian  subjects  Our 
Government  was  supporting  the  non-Christians  against 
the  Christians,  attacked  and  occupied  the  forts  at  Taku. 
Thus  hostilities  were  commenced,  and  the  situation  has 
become  more  and  more  complicated. 

From  the  general  trend  of  events  in  the  world,  We 
are  persuaded  that  the  East  and  the  West  confront  each 
other ;  and  that  Your  Majesty's  country  and  Ours  are 
the  only  Powers  that  maintain  their  ground  in  the  Elast. 
It  is  not  China  alone  which  is  made  the  object  of  the 
ambitious  longings  of  the  Powers  that  assert  their 
strength  in  the  West.  Should  China  fail  to  hold  her 
own,  W^e  are  afraid  that  Your  Majesty's  country  might 
also  find  the  situation  untenable.  The  interests  of  the 
two  countries  are  therefore  linked  together,  and  We 
venture  to  hope  that  Your  Majesty  may  And  it  possible 
to  set  aside  for  the  present  questions  of  minor  impor- 
tance and  make  common  cause  with  Us  in  the  main- 
tenance of  Our  general  interests.  China  is  at  the  pres- 
ent moment  so  completely  occupied  in  conducting 
military  wperations  for  the  suppression  of  the  insur- 
gents, that  it  is  impossible  for  her  to  take  proper  meas- 
nres  for  averting  the  dangers  from  outside  and  for 
bringing  the  complication  to  a  successful  termination. 
We  are  therefore  constrained  to  rely  on  the  support  of 
that  country  which  like  Our  own  dominions  forms  part 
of  Asia. 

Under  these  circumstances.  We  present  this  message 
to  Your  Majesty  in  the  spirit  of  absolute  frankness  and 
tnithfulnesH.  and  beg  that  Your  Majesty  will  take  such 
action  as  may  be  deemed  adequate  in  Your  judgment 
to  restore  order  and  peace  under  Your  powerful  guid- 
ance. We  also  most  earnestly  beg  Your  Majesty  to 
favor  Us  with  a  reply. 

The  7th  day  of  the  sixth  month  of  the  26th  year  of 
Koang  Hsft  (July  3,  1900). 

In  answer  to  the  above  the  following  reply 
from  the  Emperor  was  handed  to  the  Chinese 
Minister,  who  tioubtless  at  once  transmitted  it  by 
wire  : 

HIS  IMPERIAL  JAPANESE  MAJESTY'S  REPLY. 

We,  the  Emperor  of  Japan,  to  His  Majesty  the  Em- 
peror of  China,  Greeting ! 

The  report  that  We  received  some  time  ago  an- 
nouncing the  murder  of  Sugiyama,  Chancellor  of  Our 
/negation  at  Peking,  has  so  far  lacked  all  positive  con- 
firmation^ and  it  has  therefore  been  a  cause  of  profound 
jfrief  and  regret  to  Us  to  be  assured  of  the  correctness 
of  that  report  by  the  telegram  just  received  from  Your 
3iUjeety. 


Since  that  sad  event  took  place,  the  insurgents  in  the 
northern  parts  of  Your  Majesty's  dominion  have  be- 
come more  and  more  violent  and  their  lawlessness  has 
been  unbounded.  They  have,  We  are  informed,  not 
only  surrounded  and  attacked  the  foreign  diplomatic 
Representatives,  the  members  of  their  suites,  and  other 
foreigners,  but  have  even  massacred  the  Minister  of  a 
certain  Power.  We  are  further  informed  that  Your 
Majesty^s  troops  fail  not  only  to  afford  any  relief  to  the 
foreign  Ministers,  but  to  suppress  the  insurgents.  We 
need  not  remind  Your  Majesty  of  the  fact  that  under 
International  Law  diplomatic  agents  are  entitled  to 
the  highest  respect  and  that  their  person  is  inviolable. 
Any  offense  against  their  person  is  therefore  a  direct 
contravention  of  International  Law,  and  it  is  not  necea- 
sary  to  point  out  the  extreme  gravity  of  the  responsi- 
bility that  would  be  Incurred  when  the  offense  consists 
in  their  murder. 

If  Your  Majesty's  Government  earnestly  suppresses 
the  insurgents  and  rescues  the  foreign  Representatives, 
their  suites,  and  other  foreigners,  We  trust  the  difficul- 
ties of  the  situation  might  not  prove  insurmountable. 
We  wish  Your  Majesty  to  understand  that  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  insurgents  and  the  rescue  of  the  foreign 
Representatives  are  duties  which  Your  Majesty  owes 
no'  less  to  Your  Own  country  than  to  the  other  nations 
of  the  world,  a  duty  the  fulfillment  of  which  does  not 
admit  of  the  least  delay  or  hesitation.  Since  last  month 
the  Powers  have  dispatched  large  forces  to  Tientsin,  and 
Japan  has  likewise  found  it  necessary  to  send  her  troops. 
In  taking  this  step  the  object  kept  in  view  has  been  to 
suppress  the  insurgents  and  to  rescue  the  diplomatic 
Representatives  and  other  foreigners.  Beyond  that 
the  Powers  have  no  ulterior  motive.  If  Your  Majesty's 
Grovemment  should  lose  no  time  in  rescuing  the  Minis- 
ters of  foreign  nations  from  their  dangerous  position, 
such  action  on  Your  Majesty's  part  would.  We  trust,  be 
recognized  as  an  indication  of  Your  Majesty's  sincere 
wish  to  avoid  rupture  with  foreign  nations,  and  it 
would  lead  to  the  mitigation  of  the  dangers  impending 
over  Your  Majesty's  country. 

Our  Grovemment,  as  is  known  to  Your  Majesty,  en- 
tertains feelings  of  cordial  friendship  for  Your  Majes- 
ty's country,  so  that  should  circumstances  make  it 
necessary  Japan  will  not  decline  to  use  her  good  offices 
on  behalf  of  China.  If  Your  Majesty's  Government, 
therefore,  at  once  suppress  the  insurrection  and  actual- 
ly  rescue  the  foreign  Representatives,  Japan  will  be 
prepared  to  use  her  influence,  in  eventual  negotiations 
between  Your  country  and  foreign  nations,  with  a  view 
to  conserve  the  interests  of  Your  Empire. 

It  is  Our  earnest  wish  that  this  telegraphic  reply  to 
Your  Majesty's  message  will  receive  the  serious  con- 
sideration of  Your  Majesty. 

The  18th  day  of  the  7th  month  of  the  38d  year  of 
Meiji  (July  18,  1900). 

The  contrast  between  the  spirit  shown  by  the 
two  monarchs  is  most  marked  :  that  of  the  Chi- 
nese Emperor,  in  spite  of  the  fact  of  his  being 
supposed  to  be  imbued  with  a  spint  of  progress, 
evincing  a  desire  to  establish  a  common  cause 
between  China  and  Japan  against  '  ^  the  ambi- 
tious longings  of  the  powers  that  assert  their 
strength  in  the  West."  The  reply  of  the  Jap- 
anese Emj)eror  gives  us  much  encouragement  to 


810 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEU^'  OF  REVIEWS. 


believe  that  he  and  liis  advisers  appreciate  fully 
the  responsibility  which  they  took  upon  them- 
selves just  one  year  ago,  and  the  comments  of  the 
native  press  upon  this  telegraphic  correspondence 
augur  well  for  the  spirit  of  the  people  of  Japan. 
The  Japan  Times^  printed  in  English,  but  under 
Japanese  editorship,  says  : 

Whether  or  not  such  help  will  be  forthcoming  from 
this  country,  entirely  depends  upon  whether  or  not 
China  will  yet  disown  the  barbarous  and  suicidal  ac- 
tions of  the  group  of  statesmen  now  dominant  in 
Peking.  It  should  be  distinctly  understood  that  her 
fandamental  national  policy  of  enlightened  progress 
absolutely  precludes  Japan  from  associating  her  inter- 
ests with  those  of  any  country,  however  closely  allied 
to  her  by  ties  of  history  or  race,  that  blindly  and  will- 
fully refuses  to  identify  itself  with  the  higher  interests 
of  humanity  and  civilization.  That  the  statesmen  at 
Peking  painfully  fail  to  grasp  this  evident  truth,  is 
unfortunately  made  too  plain  by  the  silly  proposal 
made  by  them  that  Japan  should  *^  make  common  cause 
with  China ^'  against  the  ambitious  designs  of  the 
Western  nations !  The  proposal  is,  indeed,  so  absurd 
that  it  has  deservedly  been  ignored  altogether  in  his 
Majesty^ft  reply.  There  will  be  no  hope  for  China  unless 
and  until  her  leaders  awake  to  the  truth  that  the  real 
danger  to  China  or  any  other  Asiatic  nation  lies  in  its 
obstinate  refusal  or  its  innate  incapacity  to  take  its 
place  in  that  march  of  general  progress  which  is  irre- 
sistibly sweeping  away  all  that  is  opposed  to  its  course. 
Had  China  recognized  this  truth  and  acted  upon  it  in 
the  same  whole-hearted  manner  as  we  have  done,  she 
could  not  possibly  have  been  overtaken  by  a  disaster 
like  that  which  now  hangs  over  her. 

There  is  only  one  diplomatic  journal  in  Japan, 
the  Gatko  Jihoy  and  its  opinion  as  to  Japan's  atti- 
tude in  the  present  crisis  is  that  it  is  important 
for  the  country  to  choose  one  of  the  three  follow- 
ing-named courses  : 

(1)  To  take  a  similar  stand  with  the  powers  in 
their  concert,  and  to  execute  their  resolution  pas- 
sively. 

(2)  To  propose  to  undertake,  voluntarily,  a 
greater  share  of  work  than  the  other  powers, 
provided  that  they  do  not  object  to  it. 

(3)  To  consent  to  undertake  a  greater  share 
after  the  other  powers,  in  consequence  of  their 
inability,  begin  to  depend  upon  Japan. 

The  first  is  entirely  opposed  to  the  spirit  of 
this  people,  and  may  be  set  aside  without  com- 
ment. Of  the  second,  it  may  be  said  that  it 
seems  to  be  the  course  which  the  powers  would 
thrust  ui)on  Japan  ;  and,  in  this  connection,  ref- 
erence may  be  made  lo  the  dispatch  from  the 
foreign  community  at  Shanghai,  saying  that  it 
is  the  universal  opinion  there  that  sliould  Japan 
fail  to  rescue  the  foreigners  in  Peking,  she 
would  be  guilty  of  an  unpardonable  crime 
against  humanity.  The  Japanese  press  strongly, 
and  it  must  be  admitted,  naturally,  protests 
against  this  cliarge.      Japan  has  already  shown 


her  willingness  to  do  more  than  her  share  ;  but 
the  question  of  rescuing  the  foreignei*s  in  Pe- 
king cannot  be  solved  by  sentiment  alone — the 
physical  obstacles  are  serious  ;  and  it  is  not  yet 
made  patent  that  Japan  is  bound  to  incur  the 
enormous  pecuniary  expense  and  to  make  the 
necessary  sacrifice  of  human  life  in  accomplish- 
ing that  which  is  as  much  the  duty  of  others  to 
do  as  it  is  that  of  Japan.  Indeed,  we  of  the 
United  States  are  the  last  to  take  this  position 
against  Japan  ;  and  there  is  a  growing  disposi- 
tion in  Japan,  and  in  China,  too,  to  hold  us 
partly  responsible  for  the  present  distressing 
state  of  affairs.  Posing  as  the  champion  of  free- 
dom, liberty,  and  advancmg  civilization,  it  was 
our  duty  to  have  aided  the  efforts  made  by  the 
young  Chinese  Emperor,  almost  three  years  ago, 
to  start  his  great  nation  along  the  path  of  prog- 
ress. We  did  nothing  then,  perhaps  because 
we  could  not.  But  he  must  liave  \yeen  blind 
indeed  who  did  not  see,  three  months  ago,  the 
grave  menace  that  threatened  the  foreigners  in 
China  ;  and  then  was  the  time  for  us  to  have 
sent  a  few  regiments  to  Taku  and  some  men-of- 
war,  to  be  ready  for  an  emergency.  AVe  could 
have  done  it  without  arousing  the  jealousy  of 
other  powers  ;  Japan  could  not  have  done  so. 

The  consensus  of  opinion  seems  to  be  in  favor 
of  the  tliird  line  of  action,  and  encouragement  in 
this  direction  is  found  in  the  assurances  that 
Russia  has  ceased  to  view  Japan's  activity  with 
jealousy.  In  the  early  days  of  the  present  trou- 
ble, Russia  was  inclined  to  view  with  consider- 
able suspicion  Japan's  attitude  ;  but,  seeing  the 
Japanese  forces  cooperating  with  those  of  other 
nations  and  showing  themselves  especially  valiant 
in  the  Taku  engagement,  Russia  seems  to  have 
come  to  understand  the  Japanese  better,  and  the 
firm  policy  of  the  Japanese  Government,  which 
has  made  it  possible  for  its  contingent  to  occupy 
an  important  position  among  the  allies,  is  being 
welcomed  by  Russia.  It  is  further  reported  thai 
Russia  is  very  anxious  that  Japan  keep  on  in- 
creasing her  strength  in  the  field,  and  declares 
that  Japan  will  be  the  only  power  able  to  ma- 
neuver a  large  army  in  China  under  the  existing 
circumstances.  Some  idea  of  the  expense*  which 
Japan  is  assuming  in  this  campaign  may  l* 
gathered  from  the  fact  that  it  is  estimated  that, 
for  maintaining  one  army  division  in  Northern 
China  for  the  period  of  one  month,  a  sum  of 
about  4,000,000  yen  (say,  two  million  gold  dol- 
lars) will  be  required  ;  and  if,  as  is  more  than 
probable,  another  division  has  to  be  sent,  the  ex- 
pense by  the  end  of  November — and  hostilities 
can  hardly  be  brought  to  a  close  before  that  time 
— will  be  in  the  neighborhood  of  twenty  million 
gold   dollars.      Surely,   but  little  complaint  can 


JAPAN'S  PRESENT  ATTITUDE  TOIVARDS  CHINA. 


311 


fairly  be  made  of  Japan's  promptness  !  With 
the  landing  of  the  last  sections  of  the  Hiroshima 
army  division, — which,  by  the  way,  is  organized 
as  a  complete  army  corps  m  every  branch  of  the 
service, — the  Japanese  force  in  China  will  be 
alx)ut  22,000  strong,  which  will  be  sufficient  to 
hold  the  situation  at  Tientsin,  but  hardly  enough 
to  effect  the  much-desired  relief  of  the  foreigners 
in  Peking  ;  and  it  is  pleasing  to  note  that  the 
Japanese  Government  has  shown  unmistakable 
evidence  of  its  willingness  to  respond  to  the  man- 
date of  civilization,  with  the  approval  of  the 
world,  in  such  a  manner  as  shall  enable  her  to  do 
the  work  promptly,  thoroughly,  and  efficiently. 

Military  affairs  in  Japan  are  not  more  active 
than  was  to  be  expected.  The  prompt  mobiliza- 
tion of  the  army  division  at  Hiroshima,  and  its 
dispatch  to  China  with  something  of  the  same 
expedition  that  marked  the  action  of  the  authori- 
ties six  years  ago,  is  not  more  than  was  looked 
for  ;  and  it  was  all  done  without  any  of  the  for- 
mer cry  of  <  *  making  the  glory  of  Japan's  arms 
shine  beyond  the  sea."  In  view  of  the  proba- 
bility of  there  being  further  calls  for  troops  for 
China,  it  has  been  decided  to  omit  the  usual  au- 
tumn army  maneuvers.  General  staff  duty  is 
now  active  in  barrack  and  armory  inspection, 
and  it  is  likely  that  at  least  one  more  division 
will  soon  find  itself  receiving  that  practice  in  its 
profession  which  comes  from  an  actual  campaign. 

For  home  defense  nothing  in  the  least  unusual 
is  taking  place,  and  it  is  impossible  for  one  here 
to  ascertain  the  source  of,  or  to  verify,  those 
absurd  rumors  that  appear  in  the  home  papers 
as  to  Japan's  placing  live  torpedoes  in  any  (not 
to  say  all)  of  her  harbors.  The  agents  of  mail 
steamers  have  not  been  notified  of  this,  and  wo 
have  yet  to  learn  of  a  <^  torpedo  pilot'*  having 
been  placed  upon  any  vessel  entering  Nagasaki, 
Kobe,  or  Yokohama  harbors.  There  is  consid- 
erable activity  at  the  navy- yards,  but  it  is  of  the 
open  kind  that  is  to  be  expected  when  Japan  is 
working  harmoniously  with  other  powers  in  a 
common  cause.  There  must  always  be  a  certain 
amount  of  uncertainty  as  to  what  Russia  will  do 
next ;  yet  while  Japan  has  not  diminished  aught 
of  her  watchfulness,  it  does  appear  as  if  there 
were  less  danger  of  friction  between  Russia  and 
Japan  now  than  there  has  been  for  many  months, 
although  the  imminence  of  an  outbreak  of  hos- 
tilities between  those  two  nations  which  has  been 
such  a  constant  theme  with  the  American  and 
Europ)ean  papers  has  never  been  evident  to  a 
careful  observer  who  is  right  on  the  spot. 

The  authorities  are  urging  upon  the  people 
the  importance  of  showing  hospitality  and  af- 
fording all  possible  assistance  to  the  refugees 
who  are  arriving  from  China  in  increasing  num- 


bers. Many  of  the  unfortunates  have  been  la- 
boring hard  in  the  cause  of  their  religion,  while 
others  deserve  no  less  sympathy  for  the  cruel  loss 
inflicted  upon  them  by  the  present  disturbances. 
Some — indeed,  a  goodly  number — were  barely 
able  to  make  their  escape  with  what  they  wore 
on  their  backs  and  carried  in  their  hands,  and 
have  landed  here  in  a  state  of  absolute  distress. 
The  Japanese  press  voices  the  hope  that  the 
government  and  people  will  see  that  these  unfor- 
tunate persons  have  no  cause  to  regret  their 
fleeing  to  these  shores  from  tlie  scenes  of  blood- 
shed and  pillage  which  are  to  be  met  with  in 
some  parts  of  the  neigliboring  empire.  Unfor- 
tunately, this  humanitarian  spirit  is  more  than 
offset  by  the  heartless  spirit  of  pecuniary  greed 
that  possesses  the  hotel- keepers  ;  and  prices  at 
places  to  which  the  refugees  from  China  would 
naturally  go  are  being  advanced  to  rates  which 
must  deplete  the  slender  purses  of  those  who 
would  pay  if  they  could  ;  the  impecunious  are 
being  cared  for  by  the  charitable  as  well  as  is 
possible. 

The  gist  of  local  politics  is  given  by  the  Japan 
7\'meSy  in  the  following  : 

While  the  public  attention  Is  absorbed  by  the  Chinese 
problem,  an  important  political  development  is  silently 
and  slowly  taking  place  among  ns,  which,  wheD  con- 
summated, will  signalize  the  opening  of  a  new  epoch  in 
the  constitutional  history  of  Japan.  We  mean  the  or- 
ganization of  a  new  political  party  by  Marquis  Ito.  The 
idea  of  forming  a  party  such  as  will  command  the  con- 
fidence of  the  people  and  be  able  to  undertake  the  or- 
ganization of  a  strong  and  efficient  cabinet  has  been  in 
the  mind  of  the  veteran  statesman  ever  since  he  left 
office  just  two  years  ago.  That  he  has  been  steadily 
directing  his  efforts  to  the  realization  of  his  object  must 
have  been  patent  to  anybody  who  has  followed  his  re- 
markable lecturing  tours  throughout  the  country  dur- 
ing the  past  twelve  months — one  of  the  themes  which  he 
dwelt  upon  with  most  emphasis  in  his  speeches  being 
the  necessity  of  a  well-disciplined  and  responsible  party. 

The  offer  of  the  leadership  of  the  Liberal  party 
last  May  was  somewhat  embarrassing  to  the  mar- 
quis; but  he  put  it  aside,  and  now  he  is  about  ready 
to  launch  his  new  party.  The  platform  has  not 
been  published,  but  it  must  not  be  supposed  that 
even  Marquis  Ito  can  lead  the  Japanese  people 
by  the  nose,  and  strong  opposition  to  his  scheme 
is  heard  in  certain  quarters.  It  would  seem  as  if 
the  present  were  an  inopportune  moment  for  mak- 
ing such  a  radical  change  as  this  new  party  con- 
templates ;  but  many  of  the  leading  statesmen 
contend  that  the  necessity  for  party  reformation 
is  so  urgent  as  to  brook  of  no  delay,  even  if  the 
country  be  engaged  in  war,  for  the  attitude  of 
the  new  cabinet  will  be  in  entire  harmony  with 
the  present  plan  of  campaign,  and  its  capacity 
for  handling  matters  of  wide  importance  will  \je 
greater  than  that  of  the  present  one. 


314 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


(ioes  not  tap  the  richest  part  of  the  island.  The 
most  paying  thing  I  know  of  in  the  way  of  an 
investment  at  the  present  time  would  be  a  rail- 
road from  Manila  to  Batangas,  all  easy  country, 
with  few  grades  and  few  bridges,  and  tapping 
the  garden -spot  of  the  island  of  Luzon.  Mili- 
tary telegraplis  are  going  up,  but  commercial 
lines  will  have  to  keep  pace  with  the  develop- 
ment of  the  country.  There  are  along  this  line 
great  forests,  rich  mines,  flourishing  towns,  and 
vast  fertile  fields,  in  a  high  though  crude  state 
of  cultivation.  The  products  are  sugar,  syrup, 
copra,  oranges,  bananas,  tobacco,  lumber,  and 
various  manufactured  articles.  Coal  and  copper 
can  be  found  in  abundance.  The  northern  prov- 
inces are  said  to  present  similar  conditions. 
Such  things  as   electric   and   gas   light   plants, 


street  railroads,  etc.,  must  follow  in  their  turn. 
Water-power  is  frequent,  but  not  utilized. 

V.  Readjustment  of  the  tariff  relations  with  the 
United  States,  so  as  to  draw  these  people  into  more 
intimate  business  relations  with  our  country. 

This  was  illustrated  so  recently  in  the  case  of 
Porto  Rico  that  no  discussion  is  necessary. 

There  are  many  other  much -needed  things ; 
but  the  above  are  the  most  pressing  needs  of 
these  islands.  Only  one  of  these  can  be  even 
begun  by  the  military  government — the  school 
problem.  This  has  been  begun  ;  locally,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  municipio  cited,  and  in  a  more 
general  manner  by  the  appointment  of  a  suitable 
oflBcer  to  take  charge  of  this  department  and 
elaborate  a  system.  What  can  be  done  by  the 
military  is  being  done  promptly  and  intelligently. 


AMERICA  AND  THE   RECONSTRUCTION    OF 

CHINA. 

BY  THE  REV.  WILLIAM  N.  BREWSTER. 
(Of  the  HiDghua  Mission,  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.) 


IT  is  plain  to  every  man  in  the  street  that  the 
form  of  the  future  government  of  China 
must  be  settled  largely  by  the  powers  that  are 
now  sending  armies  and  fleets  to  save,  if  possi- 
ble, the  lives  of  their  ministers  and  citizens  in 
North  China.  It  is  equally  axiomatic  that  the 
monstrous  abortion  miscalled  a  government  that 
caused  or  permitted  the  present  situation  to  be- 
come possible  will  not  be  continued.  The  Em- 
press Dowager  and  all  her  crowd  of  reactionary, 
learned,  and  venerable  fools  have  numbered  and 
finished  their  own  days.  They  opened  the  cave 
of  ^Eolus,  and  the  storm  that  burst  forth  will 
sweep  them  off  the  earth. 

But    what   next  ?     There   are   three  possible 
methods  of  procedure  : 

1.  Restore  the  rightful  Emperor,  Kuang  Hsu, 
to  the  throne. 

2.  Establish  a  new  dynasty  under  a  protecto- 
rate. 

3.  Partition  the  empire  among  the  powers. 
Of  these  three  plans,  the  first  is  by  far  the  best. 

But  at  present  it  is  not  known  whether  his  Majesty 
is  still  living  or  not.  He  is  in  the  hands  of  his 
bitter  enemies.  We  know  that  these  villains  are 
desperate  and  without  conscience.  There  is  but 
faint  hope  that  he  has  been  spared.  A  large 
number  of  influential  Chinese  and  Manclius  have 
recently  sent  a  joint  petition  to  the  governments 
at  Washington,  London,  and  Tokyo  asking  them 
to  unite  in  an  effort  to  restore  Kuang  Hsii  to  his 


throne.  If  he  is  alive  and  able  to  assume  the  re- 
sponsibility, it  seems  in  every  degree  probable 
that  upon  the  entrance  of  the  allied  armies  into 
Peking  this  rightful  ruler  will  be  at  once  restored 
to  power.  Under  such  circumstances,  it  is  prac- 
tically certain  that  his  government  would  be,  for 
a  time  at  least,  largely  dominated  by  foreigners. 
His  ministers  of  state  would  be,  in  part,  carefully 
selected  Western  statesmen.  His  army  and  nary 
would  be  under  foreign  oflBcers.  The  finances  of 
the  empire  especially  would  be  in  charge  of 
Western  men.  The  friendly  attitude  of  America 
toward  China  will  tend  to  give  her  citizens  a 
large  proportion  of  these  foreign  officials.  The 
other  nations  will  be  less  jealous  of  Americana 
than  of  Europeans  in  these  places  of  responsibil- 
ity and  trust.  So  it  is  probable  that  America 
will,  if  the  Emperor  is  reinstated,  have  a  large 
share  in  the  reconstruction  of  China. 

When  the  shackles  of  this  medieval  system  of 
civil-service  examinations  are  broken,  and  ra 
tional  methods  of  modern  education  are  substi- 
tuted, the  Chinese  will  very  rapidly  learn  to  adapt 
themselves  to  the  new  regime.  Within  a  genera- 
tion they  may  be  able  to  manage  their  own  in- 
ternal affairs  with  little  or  no  foreign  aid. 

The  restoration  of  the  Emperor  would  l>e  hailed 
with  delight  by  the  great  mass  of  the  Chinese 
nation.  There  would  be  no  delicate  international 
difficulties  to  adjust.  A  lawful  government 
would    at    once   assume    control.      The  country 


KING  HUMBERT.  OF  ITALY:    A  CHARACTER  SKETCH 


321 


But  if  this  was  true  in  home  affairs,  it  did  not 
characterize  his  foreign  policy.  The  Triple  Al- 
liance entered  into  shortly  after  liis  accession  to 
the  throne  was  his  policy  as  much  as  that  of 
Crisju,  and  he  has  adhered  to  it  with  unswerving 
resolution  through  good  and  ill  report.  With 
.  equal  tenacity  he  has  maintained  a  policy  of  arma- 
ments which  was  a  corollary  of  the  policy  of  the 
Triplice.  It  was  in  his  reign  also  that  Italy  em- 
barked upon  her  ill-fated  policy  of  colonial  ad- 
venture in  the  Red  Sea,  the  collapse  of  which,  at 
the  fatal  battle  of  Adowa,  will  be  remembered  as 
one  of  the  catfistrophes  of  his  reign.  That  it  did 
not  convince  him  that  a  policy  of  expansion  was 
a  mistake  for  Italy,  may  be  assumed  from  the 
fact  that  when  the  scramble  for  China  was  ini- 
tiated by  his  ally,  the  Kaiser,  the  Italian  Gov- 
ernment showed  a  strong  disposition  to  press  for 
the  cession  of  Chinese  territory  ;  and  even  in  the 
last  days  of  his  reign,  his  government  showed  a 
disposition  to  take  part  in  the  international  cru- 
sade against  Cliina. 

In  Italian  politics  the  question  of  Rome 
dominates  everything.  It  was  the  Roman  ques- 
tion and  the  need  for  safeguarding  Italy  against 
an  attack  from  France  for  the  purpose  of  reestab- 
lisiiing  the  temporal  power  which  forced  Italy 
into  the  Tri{)le  Alliance.  Nothing  has  been 
done  to  effect  an  arrangement  between  the  Vati- 
can and  the  Quirinal  ;  but  the  healing  influence 
of  time  has  told  in  favor  of  Italy,  and  Victor 
Emmanuel  III.  succeeds  to  relations  witii  the  Pope 
much  less  strained  than  tliose  which  prevailed  at 
the  death  of  his  grandfather.  On  the  whole. 
King  Humbert  has  not  conferred  any  great  and 
signal  advantage  to  the  kingdom  over  which  he 
had  l)een  called  to  reign.  •  Neither,  on  the  other 
hand,  with  the  exception  of  the  misfortune  in 
Abyssinia  and  the  continual  drain  upon  her 
economic  resources  entailed  by  the  armaments 
necessary  to  a  member  of  the  Triple  Alliance, 
will  his  name  be  associated  with  any  national 
misfortune.  As  a  soldier  he  did  his  duty  brave- 
ly and  well.  Asa  sovereign  he  carried  out  his 
idea  of  duty  without  enthusiasm,  but  with  the 
same  steady  adhesion  to  his  obligations  and  re- 
sponsibilities which  characterized  him  in  all  the 
other  departments  of  life. 

He  is  succeeded  by  his  only  son,  the  Prince  of 
Naples,  now  reigning  under  the  title  of  Victor 
Emmanuel  III.,  who  at  tlie  time  when  he  was 
called  to  the  throne  was  yachting  in  the  Levant. 
The  Prince  of  Naples  is  a  man  small  of  stature, 
who  has  never  given  any  indication  of  excep- 
tional ability  or  statecraft.  At  the  tinie  when 
the  King  was  pressed  to  exercise  his  royal  pre- 
rogative and  assert  himself  more  in  the  govern- 
ment of  bis  kingdom,  it  was  reported  in  Pif)ine 


that  the  King  had  said  :  **  If  you  wart  anything 
like  that  to  be  done,  let  me  abdicate  and  my  suc- 
cessor will  have  less  scruples  than  myself." 

The  Prince  was  reported,  not  unnaturally,  per- 
haps, to  have  expressed  very  strong  opinions 
against  Crispi  at  the  time  of  the  disaster  in 
Abyssinia.  But  for  the*  most  part  he  has  kept 
himself  out  of  politics,  and  the  world  waits  with 
interest  not  unmixed  with  curiosity  to  see  the 
note  of  the  first  words  which  he  will  address  to 
his  subjects.  He  has  one  sj)eciahy  which  does 
not  shed  much  light  upon  the  line  of  his  future 
policy.  He  is  a  devoted  student  of  numismat- 
ics, and  his  collection  of  coins  is  said  to  be  one 
of  the  finest  in  Europe. 

He  married,   four  years  ago,  the  Princess  of 


VICTOR  EMMANUEL  ITT.,  ITALY'S  NEW  KTNO. 


322 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


Montenegro,  a  beautiful  wo- 
man, simple  and  unostenta- 
tious, who  was  little  qualified 
by  her  training  in  the  moun- 
tain hamlet  of  Cettinge  to 
play  the  r61e  of  a  great  Eu- 
ropean queen.  The  mar- 
riage, unfortunately,  has  not 
been  blessed  by  offspring,  so 
that  in  case  of  the  demise  of 
.Victor  Emmanuel  111.  the 
crown  would  pass  to  his 
cousin,  the  Duke  d'Aosta, 
the  son  of  King  Amadeus  of 
Spain,  who  married  a  sister 
of  tiie  Duke  of  Orleans.  The 
Duke  d'Aosta  is  an  artillery 
officer  of  commanding  pres- 
ence and  of  considerable 
oratorical  ability.  He  has  a 
family, — both  sons  and 
daughters, — so  that,  even  in 
the  case  of  another  catas- 
trophe, the  succession  is  secured, 
brother  of  the  Duke  d'Aosta, 
Abruzzi,  is  in  the  arctic  regions 
the  north  pole. 

King  Humbert's  assassin  was  an  Italian,  as 
was  also  the  assassin  of  the  Empress  of  Austria. 
His  crime,  whether  prompted  by  the  frenzy  of 
an  individual  or  by  a  criminal  conspiracy,  will 
be  inevitably  attributed  to  political  motives,  and 
will  tend  naturally,  although  illogically,  to 
strengthen  the  reaction  against  the  Republican 
and  Socialist  parties  in  Italy.  The  Conservatives, 
who  lost  ground  badly  at  the  last  election,  will 
exploit  the  crime  of  Monza  to  the  uttermost,  de- 
claring that  it  is  the  natural  outcome  of  the 
teachings  of  their  political  opponents.  This 
may  be  true  or  it  may  be  false,  but  it  will  be 
used  unsparingly  by  the  Conservatives  of  Italy. 
Tlu»  crime  of  the  assassin  will  probably  tend  to 
defeat  its  own  ends  by  strengthening  the  hold  of 
the  dynasty  upon  the  population,  which,  whether 
it  be  republican  or  monarchist,  has  little  sym- 
pathy with  political  murder. 

Although  the  sad  event  cast  a  gloom  over  Eu- 


I^^S 

^^^^Bf 

^^ 

1 

K 

U«j 

^^»^  ■] 

L^  "^ 

wv 

■^^BHU 

iH 

%^W 

■V 

Princess  H^lfene,  of  Montenegro,  Victor 
EnimaunerH  Queen. 

ITALY'S  NEW  RULERS. 


Victor  Emmanuel  III.,  King  Humbert  s 
son  and  successor. 


The  younger 
the  Duke  of 
on  his  way  to 


rope,  and  led  to  the  canceling  of  xX\e  fetes  and 
popular  entertainments  which  were  arranged  in 
Paris  in  honor  of  the  Shah  and  the  Inter-Parlia- 
raentary  Conference,  it  was  not  expected  to  have 
any  immediate  political  results.  It  may  increase 
the  clamor  for  repressive  legislation  :  and  some 
French  journalists  are  already  using  it  in  order 
to  upbraid  the  Italian  Government  for  refusing' 
to  support  the  demand  for  exceptional  measures 
of  international  repression  against  the  modern 
Thugs.  Wliat  is  too  probable  is  that  the  crime 
is  only  the  latest  illustration  of  the  lawless  spirit 
of  violence  which  is  abroad  in  the  earth  at  the 
present  time.  The  attack  uj)on  the  Dutch  re- 
publics is  one  illustration  of  this  spirit ;  the  assas- 
sination of  the  King  is  another.  We  are  far  from 
seeing  the  end*  of  the  unchaining  of  the  spirit 
which  makes  the  will  of  the  individual  or  of  the 
nation  the  sole  law  of  right  or  wrong,  and  justi- 
fies an  attack  upon  the  government  of  a  state  or 
the  life  of  a  sovereign  on  the  ground  that  either 
one  or  the  other  stands  in  the  way  of  the  imme- 
diate realization  of  ambitions  or  of  aspirations 
which  cannot  be  gratified  within  the  limits  of  law. 


COLLIS   P.   HUNTINGTON. 


COLLIS  P.  HUNTINGTON,  who  died  at 
Raquette  Lake  on  August*  13,  probably 
did  greater  things  and  more  of  them  in  the  stren- 
uous work  of  exploiting  the  material  resources 
of  America  tlian  any  other  man.  When  the  end 
suddenly  came,  he  was  still  in  harness  and  about 
to  undertake  enterprises  of  even  greater  magni-. 
tnde  ;  but  he  was  already  tlie  absolute  master 
of    the   greatest    transportation   system   in   the 


fotLesi44strteJk(i^. 

MR.  C.  P.  HUNTINOTON. 

world — the  Southern  Pacific,  with  9, 604  miles  of 
track  and  about  5,000  miles  of  steamship  lines, 
earning  $60,000,000  annually.  He  and  his  as- 
sociates had  reduced  the  time  from  New  York 
to  San  Francisco  from  six  months  to  six  days, 
and  opened  to  civilization  a  region  producing 
most  of  the  wheat  and  corn  in  America,  and 
more  gold  and  silver  than  any  other  fields,  save 
possibly  in  South  Africa,  in  the  world  ;  he  had 
lirought  a  hamlet  of  five  houses  at  Newport 
News,  Va.,  to  a  city  of  25,000  inhabitants,  with 
the  largest  shipyards  in  the  country,  and  with  an 
exjjort  trade  threatening  the  commercial  inter- 
ests of  New  York  City. 

In  1835,  at  fourteen  yeai*8  of  age,  Huntington 
made  a  bargain  with  his  fathor.  a  small  farmer 


in  Connecticut,  allowing  the  boy  to  work  for  his 
own  living,  and  freeing  him  from  the  legal  farm 
apprenticeship,  which  lasted  to  manhood.  There 
were  nine  children  in  the  Huntington  household, 
CoUis  being  the  fiftn;-  and  though  the  family 
was  a  good  one,  descendeii  from  a  signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  of  tliat  name,  the 
utmost  prudence  on  the  part  of  the  elder  Hunt- 
ington could  not  more  than  make  ends  meet. 
In  the  first  year  of  his  freedom,  the  enterprising 
youngster  made  a  gross  sum  of  $84  in  addition 
to  his  board  and  his  clothing  ;  and  he  saved 
every  cent  of  the  $84,  and  embarked  in  trade 
with  this  capital.  First,  he  bought  a  stock  of 
cheap  clocks,  and  peddled  them  of!  in  the  Con- 
necticut towns.  Then  he  extended  his  itinerant 
trading  to  New  York,  and  purchased  stock  there 
which  he  disposed  of  in  journeys  through  the 
Southern  States.  The  Yankee  boy  had  a  fine 
taste  for  a  bargain,  and  with  it  the  imagination 
which  enabled  him  to  create  the  situation  for 
many  bargains. 

He  was  successful  enough  in  his  peddling  to 
provide  means  for  stocking  a  general  store,  in 
partnership  with  his  brother,  and  this  concern 
wa«  established  in  Oneonta,  N.  Y.,  in  1844.  In 
September  of  the  same  year  Coll  is  Huntington 
paid  a  visit  to  his  old  Connecticut  home  and 
married  a  former  schoolmate.  Miss  Elizabeth  T. 
Stoddard.  This  lady  had  the  thorouglibred 
traits  of  good  ancestry,  and  seems  to  have  been  a 
proper  mate  for  such  an  eager,  vigorous  spirit ; 
Mr.  Huntington,  in  paying  a  tribute  to  her  devo- 
tion and  helpfulness  in  the  days  of  the  early 
struggles,  tells  how  she  got  ready  to  make  the 
overland  journey  to  California — a  six  months' 
affair  then — on  two  hours'  notice. 

Soon  there  began  to  come  to  the  <*  general 
store  "  at  Oneonta  rumors  of  the  great  thingc 
doing  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  Huntington 
quickly  decided  to  become  an  Argonaut.  In  1 848 
he  sent  a  quantity  of  trading  supplies  to  Cali- 
fornia by  way  of  the  Horn,  and  the  following 
year  himself  went  westward  by  way  of  the  Isth- 
mus of  Panama.  So  many  pros{K?fctors  suddenly 
accumulated  at  the  isthmus  that  the  shipping 
facilities  of  tin*  Pacific  were  inadequate  to  keep 
the  relay  staticm  clear,  and  Huntington's  party 
was  forced  to  wait  three  months.  The  Oneonta 
man  had  brought  along  his  cash  capital  of  $1 ,200, 
however,  and  he  imme<iiately  In^gan  a  business 
of  transporting  men  and  supplies  across  the  isth- 
mus,  with  the  result  of  increasing   this  fund  to 


324 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


$5,000  by  the  time  he  found  a  California- bound 
ship  with  room  on  it.  Working  his  way  before 
the  mast,  he  voyaged  to  San  Francisco.  Not 
liking  the  looks  of  tilings  here,  he  proceeded  to 
Sacramento,  and  after  a  brief  fit  of  the  mining 
fever,  set  up  his  tent,  literally,  as  a  tradesman. 
The  presence  of  much  gold  and  of  imperative 
needs  for  supplies  were  ideal  conditions  for  a  man 
of  Huntington's  genius.  He  prospered  exceed- 
ingly ;  his  tent  establishment  cljanged  into  an 
important  hardware  busmess,  in  which  he  was 
soon  joined  by  Mark  Hopkins,  an  Argonaut  from 
Massachusetts,  and  a  successful  merchant  of  Sac- 
ramento. Huntington  and  Hopkins  built  up  a 
business  which,  by  1860,  was  estimated  to  be 
worth  *200,000. 

At  this  time  tlic  universal  theme  of  conversa- 
tion in  the  dimly  lit  cabins  of  California  pros- 
pectore  was  the  possibility  of  connecting  the  Pa- 
cific Slope  with  civilized  America — that  is,  Amer- 
ica east  of  the  Missouri  River — by  rail.  The  vast 
region  of  the  great  plains  lay  west  of  the  Missouri 
River  ;  but  the  magnificent  distances  of  the  re- 
gion did  not  form  the  obstacle  that  led  most  people 
to  regard  the  idea  of  a  transcontinental  railroad 
route  as  entirely  chimerical.  It  was  the  problem  of 
traversing  tlie  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  that  made 
people  regard  Civil  Engineer  Judah,  a  man  who 
said  it  could  be  done,  as  insane.  CoUis  P.  Hunt- 
ington was  one  of  those  who  believed  the  thing 
could  be  done,  and  must  be  done  ;  and  he  finally 
made  the 'definite  proposition  to  the  solid  men  of 
Sacramento  that  he  would  be  one  of  seven  or 
eight  to  put  up  the  actual'  cash  for  a  definite 
survey.  Six  men  came  forward,  including  Mr. 
Huntington's  partner,  and  Judah,  the  engineer 
The  last  named  died  in  the  midst  of  the  negotia- 
tions ;  another  member  of  the  syndicate  was  dis- 
heartened by  tlie  obstacles  ;  and  wlien,  in  1861, 
the  Central  Pacific  Company  was  organized,  there 
we^e  five  memljers.  Leland  Stanford  was  presi- 
dent, Huntington  vice-president,  Mark  Hopkins 
treasurer,  and  Charles  and  E.  B.  Crocker  made 
up  the  directorate.  This  was  the  turning-point 
of  Mr.  Huntington's  career — when  he  was  trans- 
fonne<l  from  a  successful  tradesman  to  a  man  of 
gigantic  affair's.  Tlie  Central  Pacific  Company 
of  18(U  hadacapital  stock  of  |58, 000, 000.  Hunt- 
ington saw  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  com- 
plete ail  undeiPtaking  of  sucli  magnitude  without 
aid  from  tlie  National  Government,  and  he  was 
deputed  by  his  associates  to  visit  Washington  to 
convince  the  authorities  of  the  feasibility  and 
vast  advantages  of  tlie  project.- 

In  a  way,  no  time  could  be  less  propitious  for 
the  success  of  tlie  adventurous  merchant's  er- 
rand ;  for  in  1862  the  government  was  con- 
frontcHl  with  the  overwhelming  problems  of  the 


Civil  War,  and  there  seemed  to  be  a  reasonable 
doubt  whether  there  would  continue  to  be  any 
United  States  to  be  pledged  for  such  a  great 
undertaking  as  this.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
argument  was  used  that  foreign  troops  might  be 
landed  on  the  Pacific,  in  the  event  of  interna- 
tional complications  which  threatened,  and  a 
transcontinental  road  would,  of  course,  be  the 
only  means  by  wliich  the  government  could 
make  any  effective  attempt  to  repel  an  invasion. 

At  any  rate,  Huntington,  with  liis  powerful 
arguments,  his  magnetic  pei'sonality,  and  his 
mastery  of  the  details  of  the  plan,  carried  the 
day.  The  government  furnished  bonds  to  the 
amount  of  $27,000,000  to  finance  the  construc- 
tion of  the  road,  these  bonds  not  to  be  sold  until 
fifty  miles  were  equipped.  In  addition,  it  gave 
to  the  Central  Pacific  Company  a  land -grant 
of  every  alternate  section  on  each  side  of  the 
line.  So  far  so  good  ;  but  there  was  still  want- 
ing the  cash  to  build  the  first  section  of  the  road. 
Huntington's  Sacramento  firm  had  l)een  a  large 
purchaser  of  supplies  in  the  wholesale  market  of 
New  York,  and  had  paid  its  bills  with  prompt- 
ness and  regularity.  The  entire  assets  of  the 
firm  were  mortgaged  to  guarantee  the  safety  of 
the  funds  Huntington  raised  for  immediate  use, 
and  the  road  was  begun  in  1862,  at  a  time  when 
the  Union  Pacific  was  slowly  creeping  westward 
to  eventually  meet  the  new  road  on  the  shores  of 
the  Great  Salt  Lake  in  Utah. 

When  the  first  fifty  miles  were  completed  and 
the  government  bon<l8  became  available,  Mr. 
Huntington  and  his  associates  organized  the 
Credit  and  Finance  Company,  and  as  directors  of 
the  Central  Pacific  Company  made  a  contract  wiih 
themselves,  in  their  capacity  of  Credit  and  Finance 
Company,  to  construct  the  road.  Thus,  as  the 
Central  Pacific  Company,  they  paid  to  them- 
selves as  the  Credit  and  Finance  Company  tlie 
following  sums  ior  the  work  :  The  $27,000,000 
of  government  bonds  secured  by  the  second  mort- 
gage on  the  road,  $27,000,000  of  the  companyti 
first- mortgage  l:>onds,  and  about  $8,000,000  of 
bonds  issued  on  the  land -grant  from  the  govern- 
ment. The  last  spike  in  the  Central  Pacific  was 
driven  on  May  10,  1869. 

Huntington  had  been  intensely  active  in  W 
work  on  tlie  enterprise  throughout  its  entire  con- 
struction. He  acted  as  its  purchasing  agent,  and 
conducted  his  operations  on  a  scale  unheard  of 
in  those  days.  For  instance,  it  was  said  he  pur 
chased  65,000  tons  of  rails  in  one  day,  while  on 
a  visit  to  New  York. 

The  thing  was  done,  and  for  practical  purposes 
the  United  States  was  twice  as  large  as  it  was 
before  these  Sacramento  storekeepers  busied 
their  brains  with  the  scheme  and  sent  their  reso- 


COLLIS  P.  HUNTINGTON. 


325 


lute  envoy  to  Washington.  Owing  to  Mr.  Hunt- 
in^on*s  canny  method  of  paying  for  the  road  he 
and  his  associates  came  out  of  the  transactions 
wealthy  men — even  wealthier  in  financial  credit 
and  general  business  prestige  than  in  cold  cash. 
All  of  these  they  began  to  use  with  the  greatest 
daring  and  perspicacity  to  absorb  the  transpor- 
tation properties  of  tlie  Pacific  Slope.  It  was 
said  that  within  a  very  short  time  Huntington 
and  his  associates  had  control,  literally,  of  all  the 
railroad,  street-car,  and  steamship  facilities  west 
of  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

The  Central  Pacific  was  from  the  day  of  its 
completion  enormously  useful  to  the  country, 
and  very  advantageous  to  C.  P.  Huntington. 
Tiie  stock  went  up  to  par,  and  was  quoted  on  all 
the  exchanges  of  Europe  and  America.  Early 
in   tlie  eighties,  Mr.  Huntington  and  his  associ- 


ers  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  continued  the 
line  from  Richmond  to  Newport  News,  and  put 
the  whole  on  a  substantial  basis.  At  Newport 
News,  his  investments  created  a  city  and  gave 
employment  to  10,000  men.  The  town  is  ex- 
porting goods  to  the  amount  of  $35,000,000  a 
year,  and  has  a  real  estate  valuation  of  Jl  1,000, - 
000.  Mr.  Huntington  built  homes  for  his  em- 
ployees and  a  school  to  give  free  education  to  their 
children.  At  the  present  time  a  mammoth  dry. 
dock  is  being  built  there,  at  a  cost  of  $1,000,000  ; 
and  Mr.  Huntington  had  in  mind  a  great  steel- 
mill  and  still  further  extensions  for  the  shipyards. 
In  person  Mr.  Huntington  w^as  an  imposing 
figure.  More  than  six  feet  high  and  massively 
built,  with  an  exceptionally  powerful  chin  partly 
hidden  by  his  beard,  he  was  the  personification 
of  momentous  force  and  resolution.     His  physi- 


ates  began  to  dispose  of  their  holdings — chiefly   .  cal   strength  was  a  matter  of  great  pride  with 


to  foreign  buyers  ;   but  Mr.  Huntington  retained 
the  management. 

About  this  time  he  was  much  occupied  m  his 
efforts  to  block  the  project  of  John  C.  Fremont 
and  Thomas  A.  Scott  for  a  transcontinental  rail- 
road throught  Texas.  Out  of  this  struggle  came 
the  magnificent  project  of  the  Southern  Pacific, 
in  absolute  terms  the  largest  achievement  of  Mr. 
Huntington's  career.  While  retaining  the  man- 
agement of  the  Central  Pacific,  he  and  his  asso- 
ciates completed  the  South- 
ern Pacific  from  New  Or- 
leans west  and  north  to  San 
Francisco.  In  its  present 
condition  the  Southern  Pa- 
ci6c  covers  26  subsidiary 
companies,  with  over  9,000 
miles  of  track  and  5,000 
miles  of  steamship  lines.  Its 
rails  extend  south  into  Mex- 
ico and  north  to  Portland, 
Ore.  It  has  steamship  lines 
to  Central  America  and 
South  America,  and  coast- 
wise lines  on  the  Atlantic 
and  in  the  Qulf  of  Mexico. 

Mr.  Huntington's  com- 
mercial and  financial  activi- 
ties embraced  many  other 
projects  only  less  vast  than 
those  which  have  been  out- 
lined. He  was  the  first  man 
to  build  a  railroad  in  Mexico 
without  a  subsidy  from  the 
Mexican  Government.  He 
took  hold  of  the  Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  road  when  it 
had  ruined  sevei-al  sets  of 
owners,  developed  the  feed- 


him,  and  he  delighted  in  the  fact  that  at  school  he 
was  unconquerable  in  exercises  of  the  *<  manly 
art. "  Intellectually  he  was  no  less  robust.  He 
gloried  in  the  very  struggle  of  the  stormy  course 
of  his  business  career.  His  only  happiness  was 
its  strenuous  endeavor.  Opposition,  calumny, 
setbacks  only  whetted  his  appetite  for  the  game 
of  business.  He  never  lost  his  temper  when  at- 
tacked, but  persisted  with  coolness  and  certainty. 
The  fierce  competition  of  trade  was  the  breath  of 


Copyrighted  by  Van  der  Weyde,  New  York. 
MR.  COLM8  P.  HUNTTNOTON  AT  HIS  DESK  IN  HIS  BROAD  BTRBET  OFFICE,  NEW  YORK. 


826 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEWS. 


life  to  him.  To  show  how  he  sometimes  fairly 
spoiled  for  a  fight,  people  tell  how  in  the  sixties 
he  purchased  a  newspaper  in  California  which 
had  been  run  on  abolition  principles,  but  had 
languished,  largely  owing  to  the  fact  that  sympa- 
thizers on  the  other  side  announced  that  no  editor 
of  the  sheet  would  be  allowed  to  live.  Mr.  Hunt- 
ington found  an  Irishman  willing  to  do  the  work, 
with  the  public  understanding  that  it  was  Collis 
P.  Huntington  who  was  responsible.  The  pro- 
prietor was  not  disturbed. 

So  entirely  was  his  heart  bound  up  in  his  work, 
that  Mr.  Huntington  really  knew  nothing  of  a 
vacation.  If  he  ran  off  to  the  Adirondacks  for 
a  few  days,  his  secretary  was  with  him  and  was 
kept  at  work.  No  sooner  did  he  take  a  fancy  to 
his  camp  at  Raquette  Lake,  where  his  death 
came,  than  his  alert  brain  seized  on  the  project 
of  improving  the  facilities  of  communication  in 
the  mountains,  and  he  built  a  railroad  and  spent 
great  sums  on  the  improvements  of  his  camp. 
That  a  man  should  have  lived  so  long  under  such 
pressure,  should  be  working  as  hard  at  seventy - 
nine  as  at  twenty-nine,  is  little  short  of  marvel- 
ous. It  is  to  be  accounted  for  by  the  great  rail- 
road man's  habits,  as  well  as  by  his  magnificent 
constitution.  He  lived  in  strikingly  simple  style, 
rising  early  and  retiring  early  ;  eating  lightly 
and  with  great  regularity,  and  abstaining  almost 
entirely  from  any  stimulants  stronger  than  tea. 
He  never  used  tobacco,  and  said  he  scarcely  knew 
the  taste  of  wine  until  after  he  was  fifty. 

The  Huntington  residence  at  Knob  Hill,  San 
Francisco,  is  a  magnificent  structure,  though  it 
is  entirely  eclipsed  by  the  New  York  house  on 
the  corner  of  Fifty -seventh  Street  and  Fifth 
Avenue.  It  is  said  Mr.  Huntington  expended 
$2,500,000  on  this  building  ;  the  magnificence  of 
its  interior  finishings  are  certainly  not  surpassed  in 
America.  The  i*ailroad  bulkier  took  a  deal  of  in- 
terest in  its  construction,  studying  architecture 
and  superintending  every  detail.  There  is  some 
pathetic  quality  in  the  fact  that,  having  erected 
this  palace,  Mr.  Huntington  never  cared  to  live 
in  it,  and  finally  offered  it  for  sale.  It  is  easy 
to  imagine  how  his  eager  constructive  genius 
exhausted  its  satisfaction  in  the  process  of  build- 
ing, and  that  such  a  nature  had  saved  no  re- 
sources for  leisurely  enjoyment  of  the  splendors. 
Yet,  with  all  his  imperfect  education,  Mr.  Hunt- 
ington developed  a  great  taste  for  art.  His  gal- 
lery in  the  San  Francisco  house  contains  many 
magnificent  paintings  which  he  was  able  to  enjoy 


thoroughly  ;  another  hobby  he  indulged  with  a 
lavish  hand  was  his  fondness  for  rich  bindings 
and  rare  books.  His  busy  mind  was  able,  too, 
to  respond  to  the  rhythm  of  verse  ;  it  was  said 
that  he  kept  a  volume  of  Crabbe's  poems  on  his 
office -desk.  One  can  easily  fancy  seeing  a  sug- 
gestion of  the  great  railroad  builder's  theory  of 
his  own  significance  in  the  recent  episode  of  the 
New  York  Sun's  prize  offer  for  the  best  poems 
challenging  Mr.  Markham's  '*The  Man  With 
the  Hoe.  '*  The  Sun  announced  editorially  that  a 
reader  of  Mr.  Markham's  verses,  who  preferred 
to  remain  unknown  to  the  public,  offered  a  large 
sum  for  the  best  treatment  in  verse  of  **The 
Man  Without  a  Hoe" — the  man  who  had  no 
drudgAry  and  could  not  get  any.  It  was  re- 
vealed, after  Mr.  Huntington's  death,  that  he 
was  the  anonymous  **  Responsibility  "  who  made 
.the  offer  and  defined  the  terms  of  the  poetical 
competition.  The  incident  strikes  the  keynote 
in  Mr.  Huntington's  idea  of  helping  others — ^to 
give  them  work.  That  his  imagination,  daring, 
and  pertinacity  did  give  work  to  hundreds  of 
thousands  who  would  not  have  had  it  if  some 
one  had  not  created  those  great  channels  of 
trade,  is  undeniable.  Mr.  Huntington  was  not 
ready  nor  lavish  with  cliarities,  though  now  and 
then  his  hand  would  be  quietly  outstretched  to 
give  help  where  it  was  needed.  His  most  nota- 
ble gift  of  money  was  $50,000  for  the  trade- 
school  features  of  the  Hampton  Institute.  His  ac- 
quaintances have  often  remarked  a  manly  impulse 
in  him  to  take  the  part  of  the  **  under  dog." 
This  trait  led  to  his  strong  abolitionist  sympa- 
thies and  to  his  championing  the  cause  of  the 
Chinese  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Mr.  Huntington  was  twice  married — the  second 
time  to  Mrs.  A.  D.  Worshan,  a  few  months  after 
his  first  wife's  death  in  1884.  He  died  childless, 
however.  He  adopted  his  niece  Clara,  and  made 
much  of  his  stepson.  Archer  M.  Huntington  ;  he 
is  a  student,  with  no  companionship  in  his  father's 
strenuous  life. 

I'hough  an  approachable  man,  Mr.  Huntington 
was  by  no  means  popular.  His  manner  in  busi- 
ness was  often  brusque,  and  the  fierce  Btrngg^ 
of  his  life  brought  him  many  bitter  enemies.  He 
was  a  good  friend  and  a  good  hater  ;  stronger 
than  other  men  about  him,  he  was  determined  to 
use  his  strength,  and  fought  his  way  on  to  sur- 
mounting any  obstacles,  mountains  or  legisla- 
tures, that  might  be  in  the  path  of  a  sturdy  Yan- 
kee with  many  difficult  railroads  to  build. 


THE   NATIONAL   PROHIBITION    PARTY   AND    ITS 

CANDIDATES. 


BY  EDWARD  J.  WHEELER. 


'<  OTUBBORN  minorities,"  said  De  Tocque- 
O  ville,  *' are  the  hope  of  republics."  Of 
the  eight  minor  parties  that  are  taking  part  in 
the  campaign  this  year,*  the  Prohibitionists  are 
entitled  to  special  mention  ai  the  most  **  stub- 
born "  minority  American  politics  has  yet  pro- 
duced. This  is  the  eighth  Presidential  campaign 
in  which  they  have  presented  a  ticket  of  their 
own,  despite  the  fact  that  the  party  has  never 
elected  a  Presidential  elector,  a  governor,  or  a 
Congressman,  and  probably  not  more  than  half  a 
dozen  State  legislators.  In  the  Presidential  elec- 
tion four  years  ago,  the  Prohibition  party  vote 
was  not  quite  1  per  cent,  of  the  aggregate  vote, 
and  this  after  twenty- five  years  of  activity.  The 
Abolitionists  had  a  pretty  severe  test  of  their 
staying  powers,  but  they  never  had  to  face  such 
discouragement  as  this.  Yet  the  national  Pro- 
hibition convention,  held  in  Chicago  a  few  weeks 
ago,  had  delegates  to  the  number  of  750  from 
37  States,  who  showed  unlimited  enthusiasm,  and 
contended  as  earnestly  over  the  nomination  for 
President  as  though  they  considered  their  nom- 
ination equivalent  to  an  election.  The  leaders 
are  boldly  predicting  500,000  votes  for  their' 
ticket  this  year,  and  their  national  chairman  has 
even  Ulked  of  1,000,000  in  hopeful  strain.  If 
the  estimate  which  the  (Democratic)  controller  of 
New  York  City  is  said  to  have  hazarded,  of 
100,000  Prohibition  votes  in  New  York  State 
alone,  is  anywhere  within  bounds,  then  500.000 
votes  in  the  nation  is  a  very  moderate  figure. 
That  **if,"  however,  is  an  if  of  considerable 
magnitude.  A  vote  of  100,000  in  New  York 
State  would  mean  nearly  six  votes  this  year  for 
every  one  cast  four  years  ago,  and  there  are  no 
indications  that  any  such  tide  has  set  in. 

The  high -water  mark  of  the  cold-water  party 
(for  a  Presidential  election)  was  reached  in  1892, 
when  270,367  votes  were  cast  for  Bidwell.  Four 
years  later  the  party  lost  more  than  one -half  of 
that  vote,  polling  for  Levering  131,757.  That 
year  was  marked  by  a  bolt  in  the  national  con- 
vention, and  the  organization  of  another  Prohi- 
bition party  ;  for  your  *<  stubborn  minority"  is 
very  apt  to  indulge  in  bolts  and  splits  in  evi- 
dence of  the  stubbornness  of  the  units  of  which 


•Two  Socialist  parties,  two  Populist,  the  Sliver  Republi- 
cans, the  United  ChriBtian  Party,  the  anti-Imperialists,  and 
the  ProhibltionistA. 


it  is  composed.  Every  one  will  recall  the  divi- 
sion in  the  Abolition  ranks  between  the  Boston 
and  the  New  York  wings  ;  the  Populists  are  to- 
day marching  under  two  distinct  banners,  and 
may  possibly,  by  Towne's  withdrawal,  be  split 
into  three  camps  ;  and  the  Socialists,  though  their 
vote  four  years  ago  was  but  36,000,  have  two 
Presidential  tickets  in  the  field,  and  did  have 
three  until  a  few  days  ago. 

The  split  in  the  Prohibition  ranks  was  caused 
by  two  radically  different  conceptions  of  the 
movement  and  its  aims,  the  factions  dividing 
under  the  designations  of  *♦  broad-gauge "  and 
*  *  narrow-gauge.  '*  While  both  wings  were  agreed 
on  a  radical  stand  for  Prohibition,  there  was  an 
irreconcilable  difference  as  to  the  attitude  on 
other  issues.  Tlie  line  of  cleavage  was  not  free 
silver,  as  is  generally  supposed,  though  most  of 
the  broad-gauge  wing  were  for,  and  most  of  the 
narrow-gauge  wing  were  apparently  against,  the 
16-to-l  remedy  for  our  financial  ills.  The  real 
question,  however,  was  whether  the  party  should 
take  any  attitude  whatever  on  any  question  other 
than  Prohibition.  Up  to  1896  every  national 
platform  had  expressed  positive  views  on  various 
other  questions,  with  the  single  exception  of  that 
adopted  in  1880,  and  in  that  year  a  small  set- 
back in  the  vote  occurred,  though  the  candidate 
was  Neal  Dow,  the  most  famous  of  Prohibition- 
ists. The  intensity  of  the  feeling  developed  in 
1896  on  the  free-silver  question,  as  well  as  the 
continued  opposition  on  the  part  of  Southern 
delegates  to  woman  suffrage,  frightened  the  ma- 
jority into  a  return  to  the  single-issue  policy,  and 
the  **  broad -gangers,"  disappointed  and  angered, 
left  the  party,  led  by  ex-Governor  St.  John,  and 
organized  a  new  party,  which  they  called  the 
Liberty  party.  The  split  was  a  deep  one.  Of 
the  three  ex -candidates  for  President  then  liv- 
ing, Dow.  St.  John,  and  Bidwell,  each  expressed 
himself  during  the  campaign  in  favor  of  the  new 
Liberty  party  ;  and  of  the  six  living  ex -candi- 
dates for  Vice-President,  but  two,  Russell  and 
Cranfill,  supported  the  old  party,  though  two 
others,  Stewart  and  Daniel,  finally  voted  with  it. 

This  year  a  similar  contest  was  seen,  though 
in  a  much  milder  form.  The  two  most  promi- 
nent candidates  for  the  Presidential  nomination 
were  John  G.  Woolley,  of  Illinois,  and  Rev. 
Dr.  Silas  C.  Swallow,  of  Pennsylvania,  who,  as 
gubernatorial  candidate  in   that  State  in   1898, 


828 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REf^/ElV  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


had  polled  125,746  votes,  largely  won  by  his 
fight  for  **  honest  government"  and  against 
Qnay.  Mr.  Woolley  stood  for  the  most  rigid 
adherence  to  the  single-issue  policy.  Dr.  Swal- 
low stood  for  a  platform  that  would  include,  be- 
sides Prohibition,  planks  against  **  imperialism  " 
as    distinguished     from    "  expansion,'*     against 


MR.  JOHN  G.   WOOLLEY,  Or  ILLINOIS. 

(Prohibitionist  nominee  for  President.) 

monopolies,  in  favor  of  civil-service  reform,  bal- 
lot reform,  arbitration  between  capital  and  labor, 
international  arbitration,  and  a  Congressional 
enactment  submitting  tlie  question  of  woman 
suffrage  to  the  State  legislatures  in  the  form  of 
a  Constitutional  amendment.  The  vote  was 
close,  and  the  result  could  not  be  told  until 
nearly  the  last  State  delegation  had  been  polled. 
John  Granville  Woolley,  the  eighth  Presiden- 
tial candidate  of  the  Prohibition  party,  is  better 
known  in  church  gatherings  than  in  political  cir- 
cles. He  is  an  **  Ohio  man,"  having  l)een  bom 
half  a  century  ago  in  the  little  town  of  Collins- 
ville,  near  Cincinnati,  of  pioneer  parents,  and 
having  received  his  college  education  in  the 
Ohio  Wesleyan  University.  He  hae  never  held 
public  office*,  except  that  of  city  attorney  in 
Paris,  111.  (1S7G-77),  and  tliat  of  state-attorney 
in  Minneapolis  (18S4-SG).  Like  John  B.  Gough 
and  Francis  Murphy,  he  has  passed  through  the 
fiery  furnace  which  drink  kindles  for  its  slaves. 
Of  those  experiences  he  has  had  little  to  say,  and 
the  little  he  has  said  relates  to  his  struggle  for 
reformation.  Here  is  part  of  liis  story  as  he  re- 
lates it  : 


I  walked  the  streets  of  New  York  City,  one  Aognst 
day— starving,  but  I  was  sober.  It  is  sometimes  an 
awful  thing  to  be  sober.  The  play  of  my  life  was  over ; 
the  liffbt  was  burned  out.  I  was  a  ruined  man,  Crod- 
less  and  hopeless ;  and  that  is  hell,  whether  it  happens 
to  a  man  in  this  world  or  another.  I  saw  the  three 
witches.  Starvation,  Beggary,  and  Crime,  stirring  a 
black  broth  for  nie  on  the  bleakest  moor  of  life  that 
ever  the  fanged  hounds  of  appetite  and  remorse  hunted 
a  man  over.    But  I  was  sober  ! 

**  And  as  a  man  witli  difficult,  short  breath,    * 
Forespent  with  toiling,  ^scaped  from  sea  to  shore. 
Turns  to  the  desolate,  wide  waste  and  stands  at  gaze,'' 

so  I  looked  back  upon  the  wreck  of  my  life  that  day. 
All  was  lost.  Father  had  died,  CiiUing  upon  me  to  stay 
out  of  the  saloon  to  see  him  die.  Mother  had  died, 
calling  upon  me  to  stay  out  of  the  saloon  and  see  her 
die.  Wife  was  worse  than  widowed ;  children  worse 
t  han  orphans — shelterless,  but  for  the  grace  of  creditors 
and  God's  canopy  that  shelters  all  ;  and  the  future  was 
an  infinity  of  pitch.  But  I  was  sober  1  If  I  had  said  1 
had  left  off  drink  forever,  no  man  who  knew  me  would 
have  believed  me.  I  had  not  been  to  bed,  for  I  had  no 
bed.  I  remember  nothing  of  the  night  before  or  the 
morning,  but  I  was  sober.  I  thought  I  was  going  mad. 
I  washed  my  face  at  the  fountain  in  Union  Square,  and 


MRS.  JOHN  O.  WOOLLBT. 

crossed  over  to  Eighth  Avenue.  At  the  corner  of 
Tvventy-flrst  Street  I  saw  the  sign  of  Stephen  Merritt- 
you  know  him,  some  of  you;  all  the  angels  know  him 
well.  I  had  never  seen  him,  but  had  heard  of  him.  It 
wjis  not  focKl  I  thought  of,  but  an  overwhelming  desire 
filled  me  to  touch  the  hand  of  a  good  man.  I  entered. 
A  man  with  the  joy  of  the  Lord  in  his  face  came  to 
meet  me,  with  his  hand  extended,  and  as  he  grasped 


THE  NATIONAL  PROHIBITION  PARTY  AND  ITS  CANDIDATES' 


829 


mine,  I  said  :  "  1  don't  know  why  I  came "  The  sen- 
tence was  never  finished,  for  I  burst  into  tears,  and 
then  I  told  him  who  and  what  I  was. 

That  was  in  1888.     The  climb  back  to  man- 
liood  and  self-respect  took  a  year  or  more,  and 
fhere  were  several   lapses.      His  friends,  for  lie 
!iiakes  friends  rapidly,  stood  by  him.      He  took 
:!ie  first  work   that   came   to   his  hand,   and  it 
clianced  to  bo   the   addressing   of   wrappers   at 
*1.00  \\QV  thousand,  for  the  paper  of  which  he  is 
now  editor  and  part  proprietor  !    There  is  a  little 
stone  house  on   Staten  Island  which  was  twelve 
y<*ars  ago  the  only  building  in  what  soon  became 
Prohibition  Park,  and  has  since  expanded  into 
Westerleigli.      In    that    little   house,   a  relic  of 
Revolutionary  times,  the  late  Rev.   Dr.  W.   H. 
Roole,  with  Ins  wife  <now  the  president  of  the 
Xew    York    State  Women's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union),  was  then  residing,  superintending 
rhe  l)ejrinning  of  the  park.      The  house  is  now 
|)ointed  out  as  the  one  in  which  John  G.  WooUey 
was  converted.      Residing  here  with  Dr.  Boole's 
family,  he  kept  the  pay-roll  of  tlie  day-laborers, 
and  at  the  end  of  the  week  figured  up  the  earn- 
ings of   each.      He    was   soon    found,  however, 
upon  tlie  temperance  platform,    and   from  that 
day  to  this  his  life  has  been  devoted  to  the-  fight 
against    John    Barleycorn.      He    has   never   re- 
turned to  the  practice  of  law.     In  twelve  years 
of  speech- making,  he  has  allowed  hardly  a  word 
to  escape  his  lips  on  any  but  the  one  topic  ;  and 
he  refused  outright  to  be  a  candidate  on  the  Pro- 
hibition ticket  this  year  if  any  other  issue  were 
mentioned  in  the  platform.     What  is  more  strik- 
mg,  there  is  but  one  phase — the  moral  phase — 
of  the  drink  question  to  which  he  will  give  much 
heed.      The  economic,  political,  and  sociological 
phases  are  not  for  him.      His  one  constant  appeal 
is  to  the  churches,  and  he  presses  it  with  all  the 
intensity  and   much   of  the  political  imagery  of 
the  old  Hebrew  prophets.      And  yet,  neither  by 
temperament  nor  by  education  is  the  man  narrow 
or  intolerant.      He  has  a  winning  personality  that 
IS  above    all   **  cranky"   affectations.      He  does 
not  **  talk  shop"  when  off  duty.      He  is  a  liberal 
in  his  tlieology.      His  reading  is- on  many  lines, 
and  bis  sense  of  humor  is  well  developed. 

A  few  years  ago  he  was  the  favorite  orator  in 
'l.f'  great  Christian  Endeavor  conventions  ;  but 
lie  attempt  of  the  oflBcers  to  keep  him  clear  of 
f»arty  |x>litics  on  such  occasions  caused  a  rupture 
tiiat  has  never  been  healed.  He  must,  as  he 
saysf  follow  his  '*  vision,"  and  he  has  followed  it. 
These  are  strange  words  coming  from  a  Presi- 
dential candidate  seeking  votes:  **For  nearly 
thirteen  years  my  single  theme  has  been  that  the 
Prohibition  party  wanted  nothing  but  PROHIBI- 
TION   votes,  and  wanted   them  only   upon   the 


stiffest,  hardest,  highest,  RELIGIOUS  basis." 
(The  capitals  are  Mr.  Woolley's.) 

His  domestic  life,  so  much  of  it  as  he  finds 
time  for,  is  a  happy  one.  His  home  is  in  Hyde 
Park,  Chicago,  and  whenever  he  has  occasion  to 
speak  of  his  wife  and  her  devotion  to  him  during 
the  dark  days,  or  of  his  Lliree  boys  and  their  suc- 
cesses in  college,  his  face  glows  and  his  voice 
grows  unconsciously  tender. 

Mr.    Woolley's  colleague  on   the  Prohibition 


HON.  HVNRT  B.  MBTOALT,  OF  RHOD«  TBLAKD. 

(Prohibitionist  nominee  for  Vice-President.) 

ticket,  Henry  B.  Metcalf,  of  Pawtucket,  R.  I,, 
is  a  man  of  widely  different  traits.  He  is  de- 
liberate and  conservative,  with  the  instincts  of  a 
responsible  business  man  rather  than  the  intensity 
and  passion  of  the  orator. 

Mr.  Metcalf  has  passed  the  Psalmist's  limit  of 
threescore  years  and  ten,  and  his  care  and  toil 
have  not  been  witliout  a  tangible  harvest.  He  is 
a  manufacturer  of  some  means,  the  president  of 
a  savings-bank  in  Pawtucket,  a  trustee  of  Tufts 
(^ollege,  and  for  years  has  been  (and  perhaps  is 
yet)  the  president  of  the  national  organization  of 
the  Universalists.  He  lias  l)een  a  (Republican) 
State  Senator  in  Rhode  Island,  and  not  many 
years  ago  was  an  active  meuiber  of  the  American 
Protective  League — the  Tariff,  not  the  anti- Cath- 
olic, organization.  His  principal  prominence  in 
politics  hitherto  has  come  from  his  attempt  to 
organize  the  anti-saloon  Republicans,  and,  later, 
a  new  State  party,  which  was  called  tlie  Union 
party^  and  which  participated  in  one  or  two  State 
elections. 


330 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RByiEWS. 


MR.  WILLIAM  T.  WARDWBLL. 

(Secretary  of  the  National  Proliibition  Committee  and 
candidate  for  Governor  of  New  York.) 

Other  men  who  figure  conspicuously  in  the  Pro- 
hibition campaign  this  year  are  the  Rev.  Oliver 
W.  Stewart,  the  national  chairman,  and  William 
T.  Ward  well,  the  national  secretary  and  candi- 
date for  governor  of  the  Empire  State.  Mr. 
Stewart  is  a. minister  of  the  Christian  Church, 
a  vigorous  speaker,  and  one  of  the  finest  presid- 
ing officers  in  America.  He  is  now  developing 
a  plan  for  the  lease  of  a  special  railroad  train  to 
carry  the  national  candidates  and  a  corps  of  cold- 
water  spellbinders  from  city  to  city  and  State  to 
State  on  a  campaigning  tour — the  design  being 
to  make  ten  or  twelve  stops  each  day,  and  hold 
a  rally  at  each  stopping- place. 

William  T.  Ward  well  was,  until  about  one 
year  ago,  treasurer  of  the  Standard  Oil  Com- 
pany, and  his  connection  with  the  <  <  octopus  '* 
had  no  little  to  do  in  engendering  the  discontent 
that  led  to  the  split  in  the  party  in  1896.  He,  as 
well  as  Mr.  Woolley  and  Mr.  Metcalf,  has  joined 
the  party  since  the  St.  John  campaign  in  1884. 
He  has  been  since  then,  more  than  any  other  one 
man,  the  financial  mainstay  of  the  party. 

The  question  that  is,  or  used  to  be,  often 
asked  as  to  whence  come  the  sinews  of  war  for 
the  Prohibition  party's  campaigns,  needs  no  an- 
swer to  any  one  who  has  attended  one  of  the 
party  conventions.  Next  to  making  the  nomi- 
nations, the  important  work  of  each  and  every 
convention  is  the  raising  of  funds  in  a  regular 
Methodist  camp- meeting  style.  In  fact,  a  Pro- 
hibition convention  has  a  very  religious  cast  to 


it  throughout.  It  is  a  custom  to  hold  a  prayer 
and  praise  meeting  for  several  hours  preceding 
the  convention  proper  ;  and  it  is  not  unusual,  in 
New  York  State,  at  least,  for  the  delegates,  on 
the  various  railroad  trains  that  take  them  back 
to  their  homes,  to  hold  enthusiastic  prayer- 
meetings  in  the  coaches,  much  to  the  surprise  of 
other  passengers.  Every  mass -meeting  and  near- 
ly every  committee -meeting  must  open  with 
prayer,  and  the  usual  methods  of  manifesting 
approval  of  a  speaker  or  the  points  of  his  speech 
are  the  Chautauqua  salute  of  waving  handker- 
chiefs and  shouts  of  **  Amen  !  "  Mr.  Woolley 
probably  owes  much  of  his  popularity  as  a 
speaker  to  the  fact  that  he  generally  takes  a  teit 
from  the  Bible,  and  his  speeches  are  less  political 
addresses  than  sermons  faintly  flavored  with 
politics. 

This  year,  as  has  been  already  said,  the  Pro- 
hibitionists are  counting  on  a  large  increase  in 
their  vote.  Their  hopes  are  based  chiefly  on  the 
obvious  discontent  of  a  number  of  voters  in  each 
of  the  major  parties,  and  on  the  **  canteen  issue." 
This  issue  has  for  them  this  peculiar  advantage : 
that  it  is.  obviously,  what  there  is  of  it,  a  na- 
tional, not  a  State,  issue.  For  one  of  the  weak- 
nesses-of  the  Prohibition  party  in  the  past,  in  all 
national  elections,  has  been  that  the  issue  on 
which  alone  it  now  rests  is  primarily  a  State  is- 
sue, and  only  secondarily  a  national  issue.  The 
connection  between  the  White  House  and  the 
closing  of  the  saloons  in,  say,  Schenectady,  N.  Y., 
or  Lorain  County,  Ohio,  is  too  obscure  not  to 
require  considerable  explanation  and  argument 
Congress  has  no  Constitutional  power  to  legislate 
the  saloons  out  of  existence  in  a  single  county  or 
borough  of  any  State  of  the  Union  ;  much  less 
has  the  President  any  such  power.  That  calls 
for  the  exercise  of  the  **  police  powers,"  and 
these  are  distinctly  reserved  to  the  several  States. 
Congress  can  deal  as  it  wishes  with  the  saloons 
in  the  Territories,  and  it  can  forbid  importations 
and  exportations  of  liquor ;  but  it  can  touch  the 
traffic  in  the  States  only  indirectly,  through  its 
power  to  regulate  interstate  commerce  and  its 
taxing  power.  But  Congress  and  the  President 
have  complete  power  in  the  army  posts  and  naval 
stations  ;  and  out  of  these  posts  has  come  the 
canteen  issue,  which  Prohibitionists  are  pressing 
with  all  their  power  upon  the  churches. 

The  '^canteen"  is  a  name  used  for  that  fea- 
ture of  tlie  army  post  exchange  that  provides 
for  the  sale  of  wine,  beer,  and  tobacco  to- the 
members  of  the  post.  The  post  exchange  is 
maintained  under  special  regulations  prepared  by 
the  War  Department  under  the  general  powers 
conferred  by  act  of  Congress  March  1,  1875,  to 
' '  make  and  publish  regulations  for  the  govern- 


THE  NATIONAL  PROHIBITION  PARTY  AND  ITS  CANDIDATES. 


831 


ment  of  the  army."     The   power   and  the   re- 
sponsibility, therefore,  rest  upon  the  War  De- 
partment and  the  President.     Availing  himself 
of  this  authority,  President  Hayes  issued  an  or- 
der February  22,  1881,  directing  the  Secretary 
of  War  to  take  suitable  steps  **  to  prevent  the 
sale   of   intoxicating   liquors   as   a   beverage  at 
the  camps,  forts,  and  other  posts  of  the  army." 
This  order  was  revoked  under  President  Cleve- 
land's administration,  and  when  Mr.   McKiniey 
assumed  the  reins  of  government   the   canteen 
was  already  flourishing.     The  reasons  assigned 
for  its  establishment  were  the  abuses  of  the  old 
post- trader    system.     It  was  thought   that    the 
sale  of  beer  and  wine  in  the  army  post,  under 
army  regulations,  would  be  more  conducive  to 
**  temperance  and  discipline"   than  the  sale  of 
all   kinds  of   drinks  carried  on  outside  of   the 
post   by  civilians.      The  soldier  will  drink,   so 
the  defenders  of  the  canteen  argue,  and,  if  he 
cannot  get  anything  to  drink  inside  the  post,  he 
will  resort  to  saloons  outside,  where  he  will  be 
more  apt  to  indulge  without  restraint,   and  be 
more  subject  to  abuse.     That  is  the  theory  of  the 
canteen  ;  and  that,  its  upholders  contend,  is  also 
the   practical  result.     On  the  other  hand,  it  is 
argued  that  the  sale  of  beer  and  wine  by  the  di- 
rect autliority  of  the  War  Department  gives  the 
moral  support  of  the  government  to  the  drinking 
habit,  and  increases  the  temptations  of  the  sol- 
dier   by  placing  the  means  of  indulgence  con- 
stantly before  him.     The  actual  results  flowing 
from  the  canteen  are  a  subject  on  which  officers 
of  the  army  radically  differ.     Among  those  who 
have    openly   condemned    it   as    prejudicial    to 
morals  and  discipline  are  Generals  Corbin,  Shaf- 
ter,  O.  O.  Howard  (now  retired),  Wheeler,  and 
Guy    V.    Henry.     General   Miles,    on   July    2, 
1898,    issued   a   general   order,    saying    among 
other  things  :   •  *  The  history  of  other  armies  has 
demonstrated  that,  in  a  hot  climate,  abstinence 
from  the  use  of  intoxicating  drink  is  essential  to 
continued  health  and  efficiency." 

Secretary  Root,  however,  has  recently  pub- 
lished a  document  of  over  250  pages,  containing 
the  views  of  a  large  number  of  army  officers, 
and  an  **  overwhelming  majority  "  express  opin- 
ions in  favor  of  the  canteen  as  tending  to  greater 
sobriety  and  better  discipline. 

The  present  agitation  against  the  canteen  was 
he^un  eight  or  ten  years  ago  ;  but  the  Spanish - 
American  War  brought  the  canteen  into  greater 
prominence,  especially  in  the  camps  of  the  vol- 
unteers at  Chickamauga,  Tampa,  and  elsewhere. 
Petitions  for  its  abolition  were  sent  in  large 
numbers  to  the  President  and  to  members  of 
Congress  ;  and,  as  a  result,  Congress,  in  enact- 
ing:   a   general   army   bill   (approved    March   2, 


1899),  included  a  section  (No.  17)  drafted  by 
the  opponents  of  the  canteen,  and  designed, 
without  question,  for  the  purpose  of  ending 
entirely  all  sales  of  intoxicating  drinks  at  army 
posts.     Section  1 7  reads  as  follows  : 

That  no  officer  or  private  soldier  shall  be  detailed 
to  sell  intoxicating  drinks,  as  a  bartender  or  otherwise, 
in  any  post  exchange  or  canteen ;  nor  shall  any  other 
person  be  required  or  allowed  to  sell  suoh  liqaors  in 
any  encampment  or  fort  or  on  any  premises  used  for 
military  purposes  by  the  United  States  ;  and  the  Secre- 
tary of  War  is  hereby  directed  to  issue  such  general 
order  as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  the  provisions  of 
this  section  into  full  force  and  effect. 

Before  acting  on  this  order,  the  Secretary  of 
War,  then  General  Alger,  submitted  the  section 
to  Attorney -General  Griggs,  requesting  ah  opin- 
ion on  its  scope  and  meaning.  The  Attorney - 
General's  interpretation  came  upoh  the  temper- 
ance people  like  a  bolt  from  a  clear  sky,  and 
caused  feelings  of  astonishment  in  the  minds  of 
a  good  many  others.  The  Attorney -General 
declared  that  the  law  must  be  interpreted — (1) 
to  forbid  the  detail  of  any  officer  or  soldier  to 
sell  intoxicating  drinks  :  (2)  to  forbid  the  cus- 
tom, sometimes  observed,  of  allowing  civilians 
to  come  into  the  post  for  the  purpose  of  selling 
such  drinks  on  their  own  account ;  but  (3)  did 
not  forbid  post  commanders  from  employing 
civilians  to  sell  drinks  for  the  canteen,  since 
•  *  employment  is  a  matter  of  contract,  and  not 
of  requirement  or  permission. " 

After  the  temperance  folk  had  recovered  their 
breath,  a  delegation  representing  nearly  all  the 
temperance  organizations  of  the  country  called 
upon  the  President  to  expostulate  and  to  request 
that  the  case  be  reopened  and  reconsidered.  Mr. 
Alger  had,  in  the  meantime,  resigned,  and  Mr. 
Root  had  been  appointed  his  successor.  The 
President  gave  a  hearing  to  the  delegation,  and 
stated  that  Secretary  Alger's  application  to  the 
Attorney- General  had  been  made  without  his 
(the  President's)  knowledge  ;  nor  did  he  know 
of  the  Attorney -General's  interpretation  until 
several  days  after  it  had  been  delivered.  He 
promised  to  have  the  subject  reconsidered  by  the 
Attorney- General,  and  the  delegation  withdrew. 
The  reconsideration  resulted  in  a  reaflBrmation  of 
the  previous  interpretation,  and  the  status  of  the 
canteen  to-day  is  tliis  :  Any  commander  of  a 
post  **  may"  establish  a  canteen,  but  he  can  no 
longer  detail  a  soldier  to  act  as  bartender.  He 
must  employ  a  civilian. 

Such  are  the  main  facts  in  regard  to  the  can- 
teen issue.  In  holding  the  administration  to  ac- 
count for  failure  to  abolish  the  sale  of  drinks  in 
the  army  posts,  it  is  but  fair  to  note  that  the 
sales  in  the  navy  have  been  discontinued  under 


332 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


the  present  administration.  On  February  3, 
1899,  the  Secretary  of  tlie  Navy  issued  General 
Order  No.  508.  as  follows  : 

After  mature  deliberation,  the  department  has  de- 
cided that  it  is  for  the  best  interest  of  the  service  that 
the  sale  or  issue  to  enlisted  men  of  m»lt  or  other  alco- 
holic liquors  on  board  ships  of  the  navy,  or  within  the 
limits  of  naval  st-ations,  be  prohibited. 

Therefore,  after  the  receipt  of  this  order,  command- 
ing officers  and  commandants  are  forbidden  to  allow 
auy  malt  or  .othei:  alcoholic  liquor  to  be  sold  to,  or  issued 
to,  enlisted  men,  either  on  board  ship,  or  within  the 
limits  of  navy-yards,  navy-stations,  or  marine  barracks, 
except  in  the  medical  department. 

John  D.  Long,  Secretary, 

In  close  connection  with  the  canteen  issue  is 
the  *' expansion"  of  the  liquor  traflSc  into  our 
new  possessions,  and  especially  into  the  Philip- 
pines. As  the  islands  have  hitherto,  since  our 
advent,  been  under  military  rule,  the  War  De- 
partment is  also  held  responsible  for  this  expan- 
sion. The  national  organ  of  the  Prohibition 
party,  Mr.  Woolley's  paper,  sent  a  special  com- 
missioner,-Mr.  William  E.  Johnson,  to  the  archi- 
pelago several  months  ago,  and  is  now  publish- 
ing his  reports  week  by  week.  Among  other 
facts,  he  gives  figures  showing  that  there  were 
11,902  cases  of  summary  court-martial  (nearly 
all  for  drunkenness  and  disorder)  among  the 
soldiers  in  Manila,  averaging  21,078  in  number, 
in  a  period  of  ten  and  one-half  months,  ending 
June  30,  1899. 

On  this  subject,  it  will  be  remembered.  Presi- 
dent Schurman,  of  Cornell  University,  the  chair- 
man of  the  first  Philippine  Commission,  wrote  as 
follows  : 

I  regret  that  the  Americans  allowed  the  saloon  to 
get  a  foothold  on  the  islands.  That  has  hurt  the 
Americans  more  than  anything  else,  and  the  spectacle 
of  Americans  drunk  awakens  disgust  among  the  Fili- 
pinos. We  suppressed  the  cock-fight  there  and  per- 
mitted the  taverns  to  flourish.  One  emphasized  the 
Filipino  frailty,  and  the  other  the  American  vice.  I 
have  never  seen  a  Filipino  drunkard. 

A  clear  distinction  is  not,  but  always  should 
be,  made  between  the  Prohibition  party  and  the 
prohibitory  movements,  usually  called  ''amend- 
ment campaigns,"  which  have  made  <'  dry  "  States 
of  Maine,  Vermont,  Kansas,  Iowa  (until  recently), 
and  the  two  Dakotas  ;  and  which,  prior  to  the 
Civil  War,  swept  a  dozen  or  more  States,  includ- 
ing New  York,  Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut, 
into  the  dry  column.  None  of  these  States  (no 
State,  in  fact)  has  ever  been  carried  by  the  Pro- 
hibition party.  In  none  of  them  is  the  party 
vote  proportionally  any  larger  than  in  non- pro- 


hibitory States  ;  it  is  usually  even  smaller.  The 
amendment  campaign  is  carried  out  on  non-par- 
tisan lines,  and  does  not  require  that  the  Republi- 
can or  Democratic  voter  who  sustains  it  shall 
leave  his  party  to  do  so.  To  support  the  Pro- 
hibition party,  the  voter  is  expected  to  sever  all 
other  party  ties.  State  and  national.  The  non- 
partisan plan  is  obviously  the  quickest  way  to 
obtain  a  prohibitory  law  ;  but  the  champions  of 
the  party  plan  insist  that  the  quicker  plan  is  in- 
effective to  secure  thp  enforcement  of  the  law. 

The  political  effect  of  an  active  campaign  by 
the  Prohibition  party  may,  in  the  event  of  a  close 
fight  between  the  Republicans  and  Democrats,  be 
very  considerable.  St.  John  was  often  referred 
to.  after  the  campaign  of  1884,  as  **  the  man  who 
beat  Blaine  ;  '*  and  it  is  unquestionable  that  bis 
vote  in  New  York  State  deprived  the  Republican 
party  of  votes  enough  to  have  changed  the  result 
in  the  electoral  college.  Two  years  later,  a  postal- 
card  investigation  was  made  by  The  Voice  into  the 
political  antecedents  of  those  at  that  time  in  the 
Prohibition  party.  The  results  indicated  that 
four  Prohibitionists  had  been  drawn  from  the 
Republican  party  for  every  one  drawn  from  the 
Democratic  party.  Yet  Prohibition  sentiment  in 
the  Southern  States  is  far  more  prevalent  than  in 
the  North.  In  the  South,  however,  the  agitation 
is  for  the  most  part  carried  on  within  the  ranks 
of  the  dominant  party  ;  and  the  remedy  is  sought 
from  State,  not  federal,  legislation.  Thus  South 
Carolina,  where  the  sentiment  for  State  Prohibi- 
tion has  several  times  come  very  near  carrying 
the  day,  cast  no  vote,  either  in  1896  or  1892,  for 
the  Prohibition  Presidential  candidate.  Missis- 
sippi, where  three- fourths  or  rtiore  of  the  State  is 
under  prohibitory  law,  cast  but  485  votes  for 
Levering,  and  910  for  Bid  well.  More  than  one- 
half  of  Bidwell's  support  came  from  five  States  : 
Illinois,  Minnesota,  New  York,  Ohio,  and  Penn- 
sylvania. The  *  *  close  States  "  in  1896  (with  less 
than  5  per  cent,  plurality  either  way)  wei-e  Cali- 
fornia, Indiana,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Nebraska, 
North  Carolina,  Oregon,  South  Dakota,  Tennes- 
see, Virginia,  West  Virginia,  and  Wyoming.  In 
but  two  of  these,  Kentucky  and  South  Dakota, 
was  the  Prohibition  party  vote  equal  to  the  dif- 
ference between  the  votes  of  the  two  leadihg  can- 
didates. Four  yeai*s  before  J  however,  tlie  party 
had  the  **  balance  of  power  "  in  nine  States  :  Cali- 
fornia, Delaware,  Indiana,  Minnesota,  Nebraska, 
North  Dakota,  Ohio,  Oregon,  and  Wisconsin.  If 
four  converts  are  still  made  from  the  Republican 
ranks  for  each  one  from  the  Democrats,  any  cop- 
siderable  increase  in  the  Prohibition  vote  this 
year  may  cost  President  McKinley  his  I'eelection. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


AMERICA'S  DUTY  IN  CHINA. 

IN  a  succinct  article  contributed  to  the  North 
American  Review  for  August,  the  Hon. 
John  Barrett  suramarizes  the  position  and  policy 
of  the  United  States  in  the  present  Chinese  crisis, 
under  the  following  heads  : 

**  (1)  America  is  the  logical  arbiter  of  China's 
future  ;  the  fate  of  the  empire  depends  upon  the 
favor  of  the  republic  ; 

*'(2)  If  there  is  a  *  yellow  peril'  threatening 
the  white  world,  America,  more  than  any  other 
power,  can  lead  the  way  to  rendering  it  colorless 
and  innocuous  ;   because, 

**(3)  America  is  the  only  nation  present  in 
China  to-day,  with  force  and  with  prominent  in- 
terests, rights,  and  commerce,  which  has  the  un- 
qualified confidence  and  trust  of  the  European 
nations,  Japan,  and  China  alike,  or  is  not  the  ob- 
ject of  long  standing  jealousy  and  distrust ;  and, 

**(4)  An  international  congress  or  conference, 
in  which  America  for  the  three  reasons  just 
given  should  occupy  a  prominent  and  possibly 
the  leading  part,  will,  in  the  nature  of  events, 
be  assembled  in  the  near  future,  to  consider 
what  shall  be  the  attitude  and  policy  of  the  na- 
tions of  the  world,  not  only  in  coping  with  the 
great  problems  of  the  reestablishment  of  order, 
the  rehabilitation  of  the  government,  the  award 
of  punishment  and  indemnities,  but  in  deter- 
mining the  future  status  of  China's  government 
and  territory  and  their  relation  to  the  outer 
world." 

A    DEFINITE    POLICY    OUTLINED. 

As  planks  in  a  possible  Chinese  platform  for 
tho  government  at  Washington,  Mr.  Barrett 
formulates  these  guiding  principles  : 

**(])  The  United  States  desires  and  should 
lake  no  port,  province,  or  part  of  China,  either 
as  a  sphere  of  temporary  influence  or  as  an  area 
of  actual  sovereignty. 

»*(2)  The  United  States  should  oppose,  v/ith 
all  its  moral,  political,  and  diplomatic  influence, 
any  partition  of  China  among  the  foreign  powers, 
or  any  delimitation  of  acknowledged  spheres  of 
influence. 

*•  (3)  The  United  States  should  insist  upon  the 
f>ernianent  maintenance  of  the  trade  principle  of 
the  'open  door,'  as  outlined  in  the  present  Chi- 
nese treaties,  tiiroughout  all  China,  by  all  the 
powers  endeavoring  to  exercise  influence  within 
Ler  limits. 

*•  (4)  The  United  States,  provided  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  empire  is  inevitable,  despite  our  best 
efforts  of  diplomacy  and  moral  suasion,  should 


insist  upon  the  guarantee,  by  formal  convention, 
of  the  *  open-door'  principle  in  all  the  various 
areas  of  foreign  sovereignty  in  China,  and  will 
carefully  guard  against  excuses  for  discriminating 
duties,  national  rebates  or  subsidies,  and  special 
freight  charges — for  the  consuming  powers  of  an 
increasing  population  of  400,000/000  people  and 
the  material  development  of  4,000,000  square 
miles  are  involved. 

"(5)  Tlie  United  States,  acting  with  charity 
and  equity,  and  in  no  spirit  of  vengeance,  should 
employ  all  it^  moral  and  material  influence  in 
prescribing  just  punishment  and  indemnity  for 
loss  of  life  and  property  sustained  at  the  hands 
of  fanatical  and  insurrectionary  mobs  ;  in  ad- 
justing the  true  moral  responsibility  of  the  over- 
whelmed government ;  in  establishing  perma- 
nent order  and  honest  progressive  administration 
of  government  throughout  the  empire  ;  in  safe- 
guarding, both  for  the  present  and  the  future, 
the  lives,  rights,  and  holdings  of  missionaries, 
merchants,  and  other  foreign  residents  ;  and, 
finally,  in  so  preparing  the  way  for  peace,  order, 
and  prosperity,  to  be  followed  by  liberty,  justice, 
and  freedom  under  the  guiding  direction  of 
Christian  civilization,  that  we  shall  win  the  last- 
ing gratitude  of  the  countless  blameless  Chinese, 
and  make  them  forever  our  disciples  in  moral 
and  material  progress." 

Mr.  Barrett  holds  that  no  other  nation  is 
trusted  in  the  same  degree,  alike  by  the  Euro- 
pean powers,  by  Japan,  and  by  China  herself  ; 
hence,  the  United  States  is  the  one  nation  that 
can  exercise,  from  sheer  strength  of  position,  the 
moral  influence  and  leadership  needed  to  assure 
a  just  and  lasting  settlement  of  the  present  diffi- 
culties. Furthermore,  in  Mr.  Barrett's  view, 
America  has  everything  to  gain  and  nothing  to 
lose  by  an  undivided  China. 


RUSSIA'S  STAKE  IN  CHINA. 

IN  the  Atlantic  Monthly  for  September,  Mr. 
Brooks  Adams,  under  the  title  '*  Russia's 
Interest  in  China,"  describes  the  crisis  which  is 
facing  the  country  of  tlie  Czar.  To  appreciate 
this  crisis,  it  is  necessary  to  understand  both  Rus- 
sia's geographical  position  and  the  hereditary 
temper  of  her  people.  To  the  south  she  is  shut 
in  by  an  inland  sea  ;  to  the  north  her  harbors  are 
few,  distant  from  tlie  richest  portions  of  the  coun- 
try, and  ice-bound.  Siberia  is  but  a  narrow  strip 
between  two  deserts,  a  strip  so  narrow  that  trans- 
portation in  bulk,  sucli  as  is  the  basis  of  tlio 
Ainorican  system,  seems  impossible.      Then  Rus- 


334 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


sia  is  peopled  by  an  archaic  race  ;  that  is,  a  race 
which  moves  more  slowly  and  more  wastefully 
than  its  Western  rivals,  and  a  race,  moreover,  es- 
sentially Asiatic.  Mr.  Adams  goes  on  to  show 
that  Russians  have  not  been  and  are  not  capable 
of  conducting  their  country  profitably  on  a  finan- 
cial basis,  owing  to  the  archaic  characteristics  of 
her  people  and  the  inevitable  handicap.  He  in- 
fers that  Russia,  as  now  organized  is  not  on  a  pay- 
ing basis,  and  that  the  Russians  are  not  adapted, 
or  easily  adapted,  to  the  exigencies  of  modern 
competition.  He  points  to  the  well-known  fact 
that  the  commercial  interests  of  the  empire  in  the 
chief  cities  of  European  Russia  are, passing  under 
the  control  of  Germans  and  Jews.  At  the  same 
time  the  condition  of  the  peasantry  is  deplorable^ 
As  the  price  of  grain  has  fallen  taxes  have  risen, 
until  the  margin  of  profit  on  the  average  crop  has 
dwindled  to  a  bare  subsistence,  and  a  bad  season 
means  famine. 

Russia's  alternatives. 

All  of  these  phenomena  mean,  in  Mr.  Adams' 
opinion,  that  Russia  must  do  eithei*  one  of  two 
things  :  undergo  a  social  reorganization  which 
will  put  her  upon  a  cheaper  administrative  basis, 
or  she  must  obtain  fresh  property  which  she  can 
mortgage  ;  in  other  words,  she  must  expand. 
He  believes  the  social  conservatism  of  the  race 
will  prevent  the  first  alternative,  and  that  the 
best  goal  of  the  second  is  to  be  found  in  the 
Shansi  minerals. 

*'  Should  the  military  and  agrarian  party  gain 
the  upper  hand,  and  some  think  it  has  the  upper 
hand  already,  an  attempt  would  probably  be 
made  to  absorb  the  northern  provinces  of  China. 
The  question  is  how  this  would  affect  the  United 
States.  Evidently  the  United  States  has  noth- 
ing to  gain  by  the  opening  up  of  Asia.  The 
United  States  is  now  mistress  of  the  situation  ; 
the  United  States  is  fast  attaining  a  commercial 
supremacy  heretofore  unrivaled.  An  industrial 
movement  in  the  valleys  of  the  Ho-hang-ho  and 
Yang-tse  could  only  tend  to  her  embarrassment. 
The  best  thing  that  could  happen  for  her  would 
be  for  China  to  remain  as  she  is.  But  the  very 
success  and  energy  of  America  make  it  unlikely 
that  China  can  stay  stationary  ;  an  effort  at  de- 
velopment is  inevitable,  and  it  l)eliooves  Ameri- 
cans to  consider  whether  they  can  safely  allow 
that  development  to  be  whc./y  controlled  by  oth- 
ers. If  Russia  sliould  absorb  Shansi,  she  cannot 
organize  it  alone.  She  has  neither  the  genius 
nor  the  capital.  She  must  mortgage  her  prop- 
erty, in  the  future  as  in  the  past  ;  and  there  is  a 
likelihood  that  the  mortgagee  will  ultimately 
come  into  possession.  Even  supposing  a  con- 
flict between  Japan  and  Russia,  in  which  Japan 


should  prevail,  the  situation  would  remain  sub 
stantially  unchanged,  for  the  Japanese  are  both 
from  a  financial  and  an  administrative  stand- 
point as  unequal  as  Russia  to  handle  such  a  task. 
They  would  have  to  resort  to  the  same  expedients 
as  their  adversary." 

A  DEFENSE  OF  THE  CHINESE. 

IN  the  September  Cosmopolitan^  Mr.  John 
Brisben  Walker,  its  editor,  takes  a  very  de- 
cided, and  a  rather  unusual,  view  of  the  Eastern 
crisis,  in  his  article  on  **  China  and  the  Powers." 
Mr.  Walker  has  a  right  to  opinions  of  his  own ; 
for,  when  he  left  West  Point  in  1868,  he  entered 
the  Chinese  military  service,  became  a  personal 
friend  of  Sir  Robert  Hart's,  and  gained  a  first- 
hand knowledge  of  the  Chinese  character.  Mr. 
Walker  thinks  the  Chinese  have  been  used  very 
hardly  in  the  events  which  have  come  about 
since  June  15.     He  says  : 

**  If,  after  the  massacre  of  the  Italians  in  tbe 
city  of  New  Orleans,  Italy  had  suddenly  thrown 
its  fleet  into  Boston  harbor,  and  without  warning 
attacked  our  forts  and  landed  an  army,  we 
should  have  a  case  not  unlike  that  which  exists 
in  China  to-day. 

MR.   WALKER^S  VIEW    OF    THE    LEGATION    TROUBLES. 

*  *  A  secret  society  suddenly  appears  in  the 
Streets  of  Peking,  intimidates  the  government, 
menaces  the  lives  of  the  foreigners,  and  threatens 
even  the  overturning  of  the  dynasty  itself. 
While  the  government  is  surrounded  by  the 
complications  which  ensue,  the  foreign  oflBce 
makes  a  request  to  the  legations  to  keep  within 
the  walls  of  their  compounds  as  far  as  may  be 
possible.  The  German  minister  sends  word  that 
he  wishes  to  call  at  the  Tsung-li-Yamen.  A 
reply  is  sent  begging  him  not  to  come,  and  say- 
ing that  his  life  will  b^  in  danger.  Arrogantly 
persisting  in  his  purpose,  he  is  attacked  by  a 
band  of  rebels  and  killed.  His  guard  of  Ger- 
man cavalry,  in  blind  rage,  not  distinguishing 
friend  from  foe,  attacks  the  Emperor's  foreign 
offices,  and  burns  the  buildings. 

♦'  Instantly  the  riot  and  commotion  within  the 
city  are  increased  tenfold.  Even  the  conserva 
tive  Chinese  are  roused  from  their  indifference 
by  this  indignity  heaped  upon  them  by  a  hand- 
ful of  foreigners.  Additional  bands  of  the  se- 
cret society  gain  entrance  to  the  city,  and  under 
the  leadership  of  an  ambitious  prince  practically 
take  possession.  Every  effort  is  made  by  the 
government  to  protect  the  legations. 

"  HOT-HEADED    NAVAL    COMMANDERS.*' 

''Hot-headed  naval  commanders,  without  at- 
tempting to   undei-stand    the   difficulties    under 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


836 


which  the  government  is*  laboring,  demand  the 
surrender  of  China's  chief  coast  fortifications  at 
Taku,  and  without  giving  the  ofiBcers  in  com- 
mand time  to  communicate  with  their  superiors, 
begin  a  bombardment  which  results  in  the  loss 
of  some  thousands  of  lives ;  the  most  authentic 
information  warranting  the  belief  that,  even 
after  the  surrender,  the  Russian  troops  shot  down 
the  Chinese  officers  tendering  their  swords,  in 
absolute  cold  blood.  We  have  to  be  thankful 
that  a  high-minded  American  naval  officer  re- 
fused to  take  part  in  these  outrages. 

*  ♦  Then,  during  weeks,  came  reports  of  the  most 
horrible  barbarities  on  the  part  of  the  Chinese  in 
Peking.  The  ambassadors  had  been  seized,  cut 
in  twain,  skinned  alive,  boiled  in  oil — no  indig- 
nity was  missing  from  the  circumstantial  ac- 
counts, except  the  outrages  upon  women,  which 
were  described  as  nameless. 

'*  Later  came  the  information  that  the  embas- 
sies, after  being  attacked  by  the  rioters,  had  been 
protected  by  the  Imperial  Government,  food  sup- 
plied to  them,  and  every  effort  made  for  their 
protection.  While  the  offer  was  being  made  to 
send  the  legations  under  a  strong  guard  to  Tien- 
tsin, and  while  there  seemed  every  prospect  of 
their  reaching  the  coast  alive,  the  same  hot-headed 
judgment  which  had  advised  the  attack  on  the 
Taku  forts  started  a  movement  of  the  allied  forces 
to  Peking.'' 

Mr.  Walker  agrees  with  the  opinion  recently 
given  him  by  a  Russian,  that  Russia  wants  no 
dismemberment  of  China,  but  wants  the  whole 
country.  Mr.  Walker  thinks  it  is  eminently  our 
interest  to  preserve  the  integrity  of  the  Chinese 
empire,  and  that  we  as  well  as  Europe  should 
strengthen  the  hands  of  the  existing  Chinese  ad 
ministration. 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  PROBLEM  IN  CHINA. 

THE  English  reviews  for  August  are  full  of 
the  revolt  of  the  yellow  man  and  the  new 
questions  it  raises.  The  shrill  cry  for  vengeance 
is  less  audible  than  the  deep  note  of  constructive 
responsibility. 

Demetrius  C.  Boulger  is  in  truculent  mood. 
He  writes  in  the  Fortnightly  on  **  Peking — and 
After."  He  reiterates  what  he  said  in  1880, 
that  the  power  which  obtains  the  control  of  her 
fighting  millions  will  secure  the  mastery  of  the 
world.  But,  he  urges,  no  single  power  must  be 
allowed  to  secure  that  control.  He  then  declares 
for  •*  an  indelible  act  of  vengeance  and  retribu- 
tion. "  This  is  the  policy  he  commends  to  Chris- 
tian powers  : 

*  *  Let  us  hope  that  no  false  sentimentality  will 
hold  back  the  arm  of  righteous  wrath,  and  that  of 


Peking  as  a  city  there  will  be  made  an  end.  In 
its  palaces  may  there  be  desolation,  and  let  the 
plowshare  pass  over  its  polluted  streets.  The 
complete  destruction  of  Peking  alone  will  strike 
terror  to  the  heart  of  the  Chinese  race,  and  at 
the  same  time  it  will  simplify  the  solution  of  the 
Chinese  problem.  .  .  .  If  we  have  lost  the  ca- 
pacity of  being  vindictive,  and  the  manner  in 
which  we  have  carried  on  the  War  against  the 
Boers  makes  it  look  as  if  we  had,  let  us  hand  the 
task  over  to  the  Japanese,  who  will  do  it  in  a 
thoroughly  Oriental  fashion,  and  wipe  out  tlie 
murderous  brood  of  Tuan  and  Tung,  with  the 
she-devil  of  an  Empress  at  their  head." 

COMPETITION    IN    PARTITION. 

**  With  the  downfall  of  the  Manchus  a  cen- 
tral government  in  China  will  also  disappear, 
and  it  is  impossible  to  see  any  means  of  reviving 
it.  There  is  no  one  to  put  in  their  place.  .  .  . 
There  remains,  then,  no  practical  alternative  to 
a  subdivision  of  the  task,  or,  in  plain  words,  to 
a  partition  of  China.  The  destruction  of  Pe- 
king will,  therefore,  be  followed  at  a  brief  inter- 
val by  an  international  conference,  the  seat  of 
which  we  must  be  careful  to  insist  siiall  be  in 
London.  .  .  .  How  it  will  be  done  must  be  left 
to  the  discretion  and  opportunities  of  each  par- 
ticipant ;  but  human  nature  is  not  so  bad  as  to 
justify  any  doubt  that  all  will  try  to  do  it  well 
for  the  honor  of  civilization  and  the  benefit  of 
the  Chinese  people.  It  will  be  an  international 
competition  of  the  most  interesting  and  critical 
nature,  by  which  the  relative  positions  of  the 
races  of  the  earth  will  be  tested  and  assigned." 

Mr.  Boulger  concludes  with  the  sanguine  hope 
that  there  will  be  imparted  to  this  question  **a 
chivalry,  a  mutual  forbearance,  and  considera- 
tion that  have  not  been  witnessed  among  the  na- 
tions since  the  Crusades." 

A  Testimony  of  Horror. 

Blackwood^  which  attributes  the  present  upset 
to  England's  acquiescence  in  the  violent  and  un- 
justifiable coup  d'itnt  of  the  Empress  when  she 
deposed  the  rightful  Emperor,  insists  on  exem- 
plary vengeance  : 

<'  It  is  but  common  justice  that  the  instigators 
of  the  enormity  should  be  held  personally  re- 
sponsible for  it ;  and  among  these  stand  promi- 
nently forward  the  Dowager  Empress,  Prince 
Tuan,  and  General  Tung  Fuhsiang.  But  the 
nation  should  bear  its  share,  and,  in  addition  to 
an  ample  money  penalty,  some  lasting  testimony 
should  be  given  of  the  horror  which  the  crime 
has  evoked.  If  the  walls  of  Peking,  in  which 
the  people  trusted,  were  leveled  to  the  ground, 
and  their  foundations  sown  with  salt,  it  would 


886 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REk'lElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


teach  future  generations  that  such  dastardly 
deeds  cannot  be  committed  without  bringing 
down  on  their  authors  just  and  crowning  retri- 
bution." 

A  More  Temperate  View. 

In  the  Nineteenth  Century,  Mr.  Frederick 
Greenwood  discusses  the  Chinese  revolt,  which 
he  predicted  nine  years  ago.  He  says  we  have 
now  discovered  that  *  *  what  the  European  gov- 
ernments have  to  deal  with  is  a  truly  national 
movement,  not  sudden  and  unconsidered,  but  of 
steady  growth,  calculated,  determined,  and  sup- 
plied with  every  moral  and  material  element  of 
persistency."  The  issue  lies  largely  within  the 
choice  of  China.     Mr.  Greenwood  thinks  : 

•*The  likelier  thing,  then,  seems  to  be  that 
Li  Hung  Chang's  intention,  at  the  same  time 
his  commission,  includes  the  expedient  of  put- 
ting the  revolt  away  out  of  sight ;  thereby  leav- 
ing the  European  governments  to  determine 
whether  to  be  content  with  an  ostensible  sup- 
pression ...  or  to  call  back  the  revolt  and 
force  on  a  conflict  which  may  alter  the  destinies 
of  Europe  and  Asia  for  centunes  to  come." 

Russia's  dream,  **  China  is  Our  India,"  and 
Japan's  dream  of  a  **  Mongolian  confederation 
that  should  sweep  the  world,"  must  now  be 
modified.     As  for  England's  course  : 

**  Punishment  for  murderous  lawlessness  of 
course  there  must  be  ;  and,  to  be  fitting  and 
politic,  it  should  be  severe.  But  afterwards  it 
will  be  wise  to  consider  the  dictum  of  the  learned 
Von  Brandt,  that  the  system  of  dealing  with  the 
Chinese  will  have  to  be  altered  materially  ;  and 
most  wise  will  it  be  to  think  once,  twice,  and 
thrice  before  committing  England  to  any  scheme 
of  conquest  and  partition." 

Is  a  Punitive  War  Possible? 

<•  Vengeance  and  Afterwards  '  is  the  title  of 
Mr.  Edward  Diceys  contribution  to  the  Nine- 
teentJi  Century.  He  asks,  Is  punishment  possi- 
ble ?  England  and  most  of  the  other  powers 
could  not  consent  to  sack,  looc,  burn  Peking, 
and  [)ut  its  inhabitants  to  the  vsword.  "  The 
conscience  of  Christentiom  would  be  shocked." 
To  rescue  tlie  British  Legation  from  death  Mr. 
Dicey  would  employ  all  British  forces  available  ; 
**l)ut  to  avenge  their  deatli  at  the  cost  of  en- 
gaging in  a  war  witli  China  is  a  dilTerent  affair." 
It  seems  that  ''any  j)unitive  ex[)edition  against 
Peking  can  only  he  uiuh^rtaken  as  a  part  of  a 
general  campai«^n  apiiiist  tlie  Celestial  Empire"  : 

*'  1  do  not  hesitate,  therefore,  to  say  tliat  tlie 
prol>al>le  results  of  a  European  intervention  in 
China  must  be  the  ultiuiate  conquest  of  the 
empire  by  one  of  the  intervening  powers,  or  it^ 
partition   between  two  or  more  of  these  povvtn's. 


These  are  not  results  which  England  can  afford 
to  contemplate  with  indifference,  still  less  with 
satisfaction.  Our  interest,  therefore,  for  the  time 
being,  is  to  maintain  the  stattis  qtw  in  China." 

Mr.  Dicey  also  points  out  that,  if  England 
interferes  at  all,  she  can  only  do  so  as  a  military 
inferior  to  Russia  and  Japan. 

"China  for  the  Chinese." 

Mr.  Emerson  Bainbridge,  M.P.,  suggests  iu 
the  Contemporary  that  the  powers  should  6rsi 
agree  on  the  general  principle  of  *♦  China  for  the 
Chinese  ;"  the  establishment,  therefore,  of  law 
and  order  and  sound  administration.  Then  '*  the 
wisest  course  to  be  taken  by  the  European  pow- 
ers at  the  present  moment  would  be  to  give  to 
any  single  nation  who  would  undertake  it  the 
opportunity  of  establishing  a  new  administration 
for  the  whole  of  China,  and  the  construction  of 
a  comprehensive  railway  system,  on  the  under- 
standing that  the  trade  of  the  country  was  open 
and  free  to  the  whole  world.  Jealousy  and  dis- 
trust will  prevent  this." 

As  the  next  best  thing,  the  writer  recommends 
the  assignment  of  separate  areas  to  the  powers, 
or  such  administration  and  development  subject 
to  schemes  prepared  by  an  international  board. 

The  Annerloan  Factor. 

Mr.  Josiah  Quincy  writes  in  the  Conttmporarif 
on  **The  United  States  in  China."     He  recog- 
nizes that  Secretary  Hay's  circular  marks  a  new 
departure  in  American  policy.    The  United  States 
enter  the  Eastern  arena  in  a  spirit  of  good-wiil 
to  Great  Britain.     But  should  the  trouble  expand 
into  a  struggle  for  Korea  between   Russia  and 
Japan,  or  lor  Asia  between  Britain  and  Russia, 
the  United  States  would  remain  strictly  neutral. 
The  writer  sees  only  two  courses  open  for  the 
present  crisis  :   the  maintenance  of  a  central  Chi- 
nese government,  subject  to  the  control  of  the 
powers  ;   or  the  division  of  China  into  a<lminis 
trative  areas  or  spheres  of  influence,  within  each 
of  which  one  power,  acting  through  native  rulers, 
should  be  responsible  for  order.      In  tlie  latter 
case,  the  United  States  would  only  ask  for  the 
oi)en   door.      In   the   former,    Mr.    Hay's   action 
would  seem  to  involve  his  country  in  a  share  o: 
the  international  control. 

A  French  View  of  the  Crisis. 

In  her  interesting  letters  on  foreign  politics  in 
the  Xouvelle  Revue,  Mme.  Adam  attributes  the 
situation  in  China  partly  to  the  brutal  mailed  fist 
of  Germany,  but  mainly  to  the  ix^rfidious  in- 
trigues of  England.  England,  she  says,  gave  to 
Sir  Clau<le  Macdonald  instructions  designed  to 
uncJiaiti   the  fanaticism  and  Chauvinism  of  the 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


337 


Chinese.  Mme.  Adam  evidently  has  a  great 
sympathy  with  the  deep  anger  of  the  Chinese  at 
the  disturbing  influences  of  Western  civilization. 
The  old  serenity  of  Chinese  life  is  gone  wherever 
the  foreigners  have  come  ;  and  to  insist  at  this 
time  on  the  <*  open  door  "  is  simply  to  provoke  the 
fanaticism  of  a  people  capable  of  shutting  them- 
selves up  within  a  great  wall.  The  Chinese  con- 
sented to  open  their  gates  to  European  commerce 
little  by  little ;  they  submitted  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  Christian  missions  in  so  far  as  those  mis- 
sions were  purely  religious  and  humanitarian  ; 
and  they  trusted,  says  Mme.  Adam,  a  little  too 
much  to  the  Russians,  with  whom  they  have  cer- 
tain racial  ties.  The  assistance  afforded  to  the 
reformer  Kang  Yu  Wei  by  Great  Britain  served 
to  draw  out  the  great  qualities  of  the  Dowager 
Empress,  who  will  assuredly  live  in  history  as 
one  of  the  great  rulers  of  the  world.  Mme.  Adam 
reminds  us  that  the  Chinese  people  have  never 
really  accepted  the  foreign  Manchu  dynasty,  and 
asserts  that  the  patriotic  Chinese  hate  the  Eng- 
lish devils  more  than  all  the  rest  of  the  foreign 
devils.  Mme.  Adam's  programme  is  to  demand 
reparation  for  crimes  which  have  been  committed, 
to  consent  to  the  peace  proposals  of  Li  Hung 
Chang, — while  at  the  same  time  keeping  a  sharp 
lookout  on  that  personage, — and  to  give  to  Russia 
the  mission  of  defending  the  interests  of  Europe. 

From  a  Norwegian  Point  of  View. 

Kringsjaa  (June  30)  contains  an  article  on  the 
China  trouble  by  a  frequent  contributor,  who 
veils  his  identity  under  the  initials  **R.  E." 
Not  only  is  this  writer  an  ardent  pro- Boer,  but 
he  has  the  temerity  also  to  declare  that  the 
Chinese  may  claim  a  little  of  th«  same  sympathy 
to  which  the  Boers  are  so  strongly  entitled. 
That  the  Chinese  are  bigoted  and  narrow-minded 
in  their  arrogant  contempt  for  all  things  foreign, 
and  that  the  Boxers  are  brutal  and  coarse,  no 
one,  be  says,  can  deny.  But  is  there  not  also, 
he  asks,  something  bigoted  and  shortsighted 
and  overbearing  in  Europe's  treatment  of  the 
ancient  religion  and  culture  of  China  ?  Is  there 
nothing  brutal  in  the  constant  land-grabbings  of 
the  powers  ?  Take  it  all  in  all,  the  endeavor  of 
the  missions  to  obtrude  the  Christian  religion 
upon  China  is  to  the  full  as  narrow-minded  and 
bigoted  as  the  Chinese  an ti- foreign  exclusive- 
ness.  What  China  needs  is  not  the  religion  of 
the  West,  but  its  knowledge.  Were  China  as 
enlightened  as  Europe,  the  superstitious  out- 
l^^rowths  of  her  own  religion  would  gradually  fall 
away,  and  what  was  left — a  purified  Buddhism — 
^would,  as  easily  as  Christianity — if  not  more  so 
reconcile  itself  with  a  high  culture. 

The   powers   have    behaved   in    China,    says 


**  R.  E.,*'  too  much  like  conquerors,  too  little 
like  educationalists.  It  was  their  mission  to 
convince  the  Chinese  of  the  value  and  necessity 
of  commercial,  economic,  and  political  reforms, 
and  make  them  personally  and  pecuniarily  inter- 
ested in  the  carrying  out  of  such  reforms.  This 
would  have  been  **  Good  Samaritan"  work,  and 
China  would  possibly  have  grown  well  and 
sound,  and  we  should  have  had  in  the  East  a 
new  and  greater  Japan.  But  the  politics  of  the 
powers  ?  Have  these  been  in  harmony  with  the 
claims  of  Christianity  and  civilization  ?  They 
have  found  a  sick  and  apparently  dying  man  by 
the  roadside  ;  and  how  have  they  treated  him  ? 
Have  they  poured  oil  and  wine  in  his  wounds 
and  sought  to  revive  him  ?  By  no  means.  They 
have  surrounded  him  like  hungry  vultures  wait- 
ing for  the  last  breath  of  life  to  leave  their  prey, 
that  they  might  divide  it  among  them.  Already 
they  have  agreed  how  such  a  division  should  be 
made,  not  to  cause  an  angry  hacking-out  of  eyes 
among  themselves.  And  now  all  at  once  the 
dying  man  has  got  on  his  legs  again  and  begun 
to  strike  out  right  and  left  to  save  himself — ^at 
which  the  vultures  are  naturally  irritated.  They 
find  themselves  face  to  face  with  a  new  problem. 
Before,  the  problem  was  how  to  agree  in  the 
division  of  the  spoil.  Now  the  problem  is  how 
to  make  the  man  go  on  peacefully  with  his 
dying. 

According  to  **R.  B.,"  the  powers  will  find 
China  a  nut  all  too  hard  to  crack.  They  wili 
find  their  <* mailed  fist"  powerless.  The  Chi- 
nese are  masters  in  the  organization  of  secret 
societies,  and  they  will  make  life  impossible  for 
Europeans  and  for  all  who  serve  or  sympathize 
with  Europeans.  No  European  will  dare  to  ac- 
cept food  from  a  Chinaman.  He  will  be  starved 
out  of  China,  if  not  poisoned  or  otherwise  killed. 
And  wheresoever  a  European  shall  dare  to  make 
his  home,  there  at  once  on  the  walls  will  be, 
posted  a  mystic  placard  that  will  mean  death  to 
him. 

Leading  Chinamen. 

Mr.  D.  C.  Boulger  obligingly  instructs  the 
readers  of  the  Contemporary  as  to  **  Who's  Who 
in  China."  Jung  Lu  he  takes  to  be  *♦  a  man  in 
favor  of  moderation,  if  not  of  absolute  prog- 
ress." Kang  Yi  is  '*  as  anti-foreign  and  violent 
as  Prince  Tuan."  Yuan  Shih  Kai  is  **a  man  of 
much  craft  and  address."  Prince  Ching's  *  in- 
fluence is  not  great."  Of  Li  Hung  Chang,  he 
says : 

*'  I  remember  well  (leneral  Gordon  saying  to 
me  that  if  we  put  Li  Hung  Chang  in  the  place 
of  the  Manchus,  as  was  talked  of  in  1880,  we 
should  find  him  more  obstructive  and  difficult 
than  the  present  dynasty.     I  think  we  should 


ddto 


338 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEWS. 


prepared  at  any  moment  to  see  Li  Hung  Chang 
range  himself  on  the  side  of  the  reactionaries 
and  anti* foreigners  as  soon  as  he  finds  that  mat- 
ters cannot  be  patched  up  by  one  of  his  favorite 
make-believes.  To  whatever  side  he  attaches 
himself,  he  will  bring  little  strength.  His  repu- 
tation and  following  are  both  gone,  and  his  po- 
litical, like  his  physical,  vigor  is  now  but  a 
wreck.'* 

Of  Chang  Chih  Tung,  the  writer  speaks  in 
terms  of  great  respect.  Old  and  cautious,  he  es- 
poused the  cause  of  reform  ;  but  he  has  not 
much  force  behind  him,  and  is  strongly  opposed 
to  the  opium  policy  of  the  foreigner.  Liu  Kun 
Yi  is  stronger,  younger,  more  energetic,  and  is 
said  to  be  well  disposed  to  England.  Sheng  is 
**  thoroughly  unscrupulous,"  and  is  succeeding 
to  the  guile  and  humbug  of  Li  Hung  Chang. 


THE  BOXERS. 

THE  first  July  number  of  the  Nouvelle  Revue 
contains  an  interesting  paper  by  M.  de 
Pouvourville  on  the  Boxers.  The  author  hopes 
that  the  explanation  of  the  causes  of  the  anti- 
foreign  outbreak  in  China  may  furnish  also  an 
indication  of  how  the  revolution  may  be  quelled, 
and  also  how  similar  revolutions  may  be  pre- 
vented in  future.  He  traces  the  indignation  of 
the  Chinese  tories  at  the  invasion  of  the  foreign 
devils  with  their  railway  schemes,  and  shows 
how  the  secret  societies  of  the  Boxers,  under  the 
protection  of  Prince  Tuan,  and  secretly  coun- 
tenanced by  the  Dowager  Empress,  first  rose 
against  the  engineers  of  the  Franco- Belgian 
Railway,  and  so  started  a 
general  movement  against 
foreigners.  M.  de  Pouvour- 
ville assures  us  that  the  con- 
nection of  the  word  '  *  Box- 
er "  with  boxing  in  the  sense 
of  the  noble  art  of  self-de- 
fense is  a  delusion.  The  sect, 
which  is  an  offshoot  of  one 
of  the  two  great  secret  soci- 
eties in  China,  is  called  Ki- 
a6tze,  which  signifies  Society 
of  Universal  Harmony  ;  the 
disorderly  youths  who  fight 
in  the  streets  are  called  Kido, 
and  from  the  confusion  of 
these  different  but  similar 
words  has  arisen  the  very 
false  derivation.  The  out- 
break is  merely  an  incident 
in  the  eternal  struggle  be- 
tween the  yellow  and  the 
white  man,  and  the  railway 


concessions  are  merely  a  pretext  for  a  revival  of 
the  contest  which  will  only  end,  says  M.  de 
Pouvourville,  either  in  the  retreat  of  the  white 
man  or  in  the  extermination  of  the  yellow  man. 

A    SECRET    SOCIETY    2,500    YEARS    OLD. 

There  are,  as  has  always  been  said,  only  two 
secret  societies  in  China  of  any  importance — one 
for  the  North  and  one  for  the  South  ;  and  the 
apparent  multiplication  of  secret  societies  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  any  group  of  members  belonging 
to  one  or  other  of  the  two  secret  societies  are  in 
the  habit  of  taking  a  special  name  when  they 
seek  to  accomplish  some  political  design,  in 
order  that  the  parent  society  may  not  be  com- 
promised. So  these  so-called  Boxers  arose  out 
of  the  determination  to  resist  railway  extensions. 
These  Kia6tze,  as  they  should  be  called,  emanate 
from  the  great  Northern  secret  society,  which  is 
called  **  Thiendianhien,"  known  generally  in 
Europe  as  the  Society  of  the  True  Ancestor ; 
this  ancestor  being  Heaven,  **  from  which  we  all 
come,  and  in  the  bosom  of  which  we  shall  all 
one  day  be  restored."  This  society  has  existed 
for  2,500  years,  during  which  it  has  considerably 
changed  its  objects.  It  was  at  first  a  mystical 
organization,  and  then  it  developed  into  a  kind 
of  Chinese  Freemasonry  designed  to  preserve 
the  solidarity  of  the  yellow  race  ;  and  the  China- 
man, even  if  he  is  not  already  a  member  of  it, 
joins  it  the  moment  he  decides  to  expatriate  him- 
self to  the  United  States,  or  Singapore,  or  Cey- 
lon, or  Australia,  or  any  other  country  of  the 
foreign  devil.  His  reason  for  doing  so  is  that 
the  society  secures,  in  the  event  of  his  death,  the 


CHINESE  READING  BOXER  PLACARDS  IN  THE  BTRBBT8. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


339 


return  of  his  corpse  to  his  native  country — an 
essential  object  with  them  ;  for  otherwise  it 
would  not  be  saved  and  restored  to  Heaven,  tlie 
True  Ancestor,  unless  he  were  buried  in  Chinese 
soil.  So  that  thus  the  very  process  of  emigra- 
tion, which  might  seem  the  weakness,  makes  for 
the  strength  of  this  remarkable  society,  which 
has  developed  from  being  a  simple  friendly 
society  of  Chinese  into  a  definite  alliance  against 
white  men.  The  *  *  Thiendianhien  "  counts  ad- 
herents all  over  China,  but  particularly  in  the 
North. 

ANOTHER    IN   THE    SOUTH. 

The  other  secret  society,  which  is  better  or- 
ganized and  infinitely  more  dangerous,  is  prac- 
tically all-powerful  in  the  South  ;  and  M.  de 
Pouvourville  sees  in  it  the  great  danger  to 
French  domination  in  IndoChina.  It  may  be 
called  the  white  *«  N^nufar,"  and,  like  the  North- 
em  society,  it  began  in  mysticism  and  developed 
into  political  tendencies.  Now  it  has  become 
absolutely  revolutionary,  having  for  its  object 
the  restoration  of  China  to  the  Chinese,  and  to 
belong  to  it  it  is  not  necessary  to  be  a  Chinaman. 

Enough  has  already  been  said  to  indicate  that 
the  objects  of  these  two  societies  are  irreconcil- 
able. To  the  Northern  society  belong  the  high 
mandarins,  the  ministers,  and  the  members  of 
the  Imperial  family,  all  of  whom,  like  the  great 
Li  Hung  Chang,  are  desirous  of  maintaining 
their  own  power,  which  is  bound  up  in  the  ex- 
isting order  of  things.  The  Southern  society, 
on  the  other  hand ,  the  bulk  of  whose  adherents 
are  Chinese  of  poor  race,  considers  the  present 
dyTiaety  as  usurpers,  as  indeed  they  are.  It 
dreams  of  the  fall  of  the  present  dynasty,  and 
the  substitution  for  it  of  a  national  royal  family. 
Railroads  are  a  great  terror  to  the  Northern  so- 
ciety ;  but  the  Southern  society  would  utilize 
them  for  its  own  purposes. 

NOKTH    AND    SOUTH    UNITING. 

The  white  *  *  N^nufar  "  is  composed  of  ardent 
souls,  wide- minded  and  intelligent  people,  who 
desire  to  have  well-equipped  armios,  furnished 
with  the  most  modern  weapons,  in  order  to  pre- 
serve the  national  soil  from  the  presence  of  the 
foreigner  ;  and  by  foreigner  the  society  means 
not  only  the  white  man,  but  the  Manchu,  the 
Tartar,  and  the  Mongol  from  the  North.  At 
first  the  **  N^nufar'*  did  not  think  much  of  the 
Boxer  outbreak.  It  supposed  that  it  was  an  ar- 
ranged rebellion  started  in  order  to  consolidate 
the  power  of  the  Dowager  Empress  ;  but  when 
it  realized  that  the  movement  in  the  North  was 
essentially  anti- foreign,  it  prepared  to  make  at- 
tacks upon  foreigners,  and  revived  its  old  dream 


of  a  Taiping  Emperor  at  Nanking.  It  is  terri- 
ble, in  view  of  what  has  happened,  to  read  M. 
de  Pouvourville's  confident  prophecies.  <*It  is 
impossible,"  he  says,  **to  take  seriously  the  120,- 
000  men  who  played  the  bully  before  our  lega- 
tions, and  did  not  dare  assail  them,  because  there 
are  in  each  of  them  an  average  of  80  European 
soldiers."  The  danger,  he  thought,  lay  more 
hidden  in  the  national  movement. 


SECRET  SOCIETIES  AND  THE  CHINESE 
GOVERNMENT. 

PROFESSOR  LODOVICO  NOCENTINI,  of 
the  University  of  Rome,  who  was  for  many 
years  in  the  Italian  diplomatic  service  in  China, 
writing  of  *^  Secret  Societies  and  the  Chinese 
Dynasty,"  in  Nuova  Antologia  for  July  1,  at- 
tributes to  Chinese  secret  societies  a  high  an- 
tiquity and  great  influence.  Professor  Nocentini 
finds  in  the  retention  of  tribal  names  in  China, 
after  the  tribes  had  disintegrated  into  families, 
evidence  of  the  strength  of  the  associative  ten- 
dency among  the  Chinese.  The  societies  he 
regards  as  an  outgrowth  of  the  tribal  spirit  sur- 
viving into  later  ages.  The  earliest  associations 
were  presumably  formed  first  for  mutual  aid, 
and  next  probably  for  the  maintenance  of  certain 
moral  observances.  Societies  for  the  cultivation 
of  morals,  according  to  Professor  Nocentini,  ex- 
isted at  least  as  early  as  the  time  of  Confucius, 
who  lived  in  the  second  half  of  the  sixth  and 
first  half  of  the  fifth  century  before  the  Christian 
Era.  The  turning  of  such  societies  to  political 
purposes  seems  to  have  been  the  result  of  cir- 
cumstances ;  but  since  the  accession  of  the  pres- 
ent dynasty  the  activities  of  the  societies  have 
been  directed  almost  exclusively  to  political  ob- 
jects. In  the  relations  of  the  societies  to  the 
government  and  the  people  is  the  clew  to  Chinese 
politics.  The  reigning  dynasty  is  foreign.  The 
societies  represent  the  national  feeling.  Assum- 
ing that  the  professors  opinions  are  in  the  main 
correct,  much  in  the  policy  of  the  Chinese  Gov- 
ernment that  seemed  to  be  mere  capricious  vacil- 
lation becomes  intelligible  and  defensible. 

Professor  Nocentini  remarks  that,  while  pre- 
ceding dynasties  were  principally  occupied  with 
protecting  the  throne  against  foreign  enemies, 
the  present  dynasty  has  found  itself  continually 
threatened  by  rebellions  set  on  foot  by  the  secret 
societies,  which  have  directed  their  resources  to 
the  patriotic  purpose  of  restoring  the  empire, 
perhaps  to  some  branch  of  the  last  reigning 
family  ;  certainly  to  a  dynasty  that  is  national. 
The  great  Taiping  Rebellion,  so  called,  with  the 
enormous  sacrifices  and  losses  which  it  caused 
the  empire,  was  the  most  powerful  of  the  efforts 


840 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


put  forth  by  a  secret  society  for  the  expulsion  of 
the  foreign  rulers.  As  indicative  of  its  insur- 
rectionary purpose,  the  society  had  chosen  for 
its  chief  tenet  and  duty  the  worship  of  the  Su- 
preme Sovereign  or  Being — a  religious  act  which, 
in  China,  is  reserved  by  law  exclusively  for  the 
Emperor.  How  long  the  rebellion  lasted,  how 
nearly  successful  it  was  in  separating  extensive 
regions  from  the  Chinese  empire,  are  matters  of 
history.  But  two  of  the  many  results  that  have 
flowed  from  it  have  not  been  fully  realized,  if 
realized  at  all,  by  the  people  and  governments 
of  Europe  and  the  United  States.  As  foreigners 
were  prominently  instrumental  in  the  suppression 
of  the  Taipmg  Rebellion,  a  very  natural  error 
sprang  up  in  the  minds  of  many  foreigners, 
especially  Englishmen  and  Americans,  that  for- 
eign influence  would  be  more  acceptable  in  China 
than  it  had  been  previously.  Exactly  the  re- 
verse was  the  case.  The  vast  numbers  of  Chi- 
nese who  sympathized  with  the  rebellion  regarded 
the  intrusion  of  foreigners  in  the  conflict  as  a 
meddling  cooperation  with  their  foreign  rulers  ; 
and,  second,  the  Chinese  Government,  knowing 
the  increased  popular  hatred  of  foreigners,  was 
obliged  to  show  a  greater  aversion  for  them  than 
before. 

DOES  THE  GOVERNMENT  SYMPATHIZE  WITH  THE 
BOXERS  ? 

Looked  at  in  this  light,  China's  shuffling, 
time-serving  policy  in  international  affairs  seems 
natural  and  unavoidable.  The  reigning  dynasty 
and  certain  influential  classes  affiliated  with  it 
have  much  to  fear  and  something  to  learn  and 
gain  from  the  Western  nations,  so  the  govern- 
ment sends  and  receives  embassies,  and  grants 
religious  and  trade  privileges.  From  time  to 
time,  however,  signs  of  rebellion  are  seen.  The 
very  things  that  please  foreigners  irritate  and,  in 
some  regions,  exasperate  the  natives.  The  gov- 
ernment must  face  about  and  show  the  natives 
that  it  loves  not  the  foreign  devils,  and  that  its 
dealings  with  them  are  mere  temporizing.  Is  it 
not  reasonable  to  suppose  that  its  relations  with 
the  Boxers  are  of  this  character  ?  So  far  as  is 
known,  there  is  really  no  good  reason  for  believ- 
ing that  the  Dowager  Empress,  so  called,  and 
her  advisers  have  any  special  personal  dislike  of 
reforms  or  hatred  of  foreigners.  But  their  busi- 
ness is  to  govern  and  live  luxuriously.  If  West- 
ern intruders  and  native  reformers  make  their 
business  more  difficult,  naturally  they  will  do 
what  they  can  and  dare  to  remove  the  disturb- 
ers ;  but  that  their  doing  so  shows  they  are  in 
sympathy  with  a  rebellious  secret  society  cannot 
reasonably  be  admitted. 

It  has  been  said  that,  in  the  recent  conflicts  in 


China,  government  soldiers  have  cooperated  with 
the  rebels.  In  that  there  is  nothing  improbable. 
The  chief  difficulty  that  besets  the  central  gov- 
ernment is  that  it  cannot  trust  its  own  army. 
Members  and  adherents  of  the  secret  societies 
working  for  the  overthrow  of  the  present  dynasty 
are  believed  to  be  enrolled  in  large  numbers 
among  the  imperial  troops.  An  effort  to  sup- 
press rebellion  may  at  any  moment  enlarge  re- 
bellion. That  whole  brigades  of  Chinese  soldiers 
may  have  joined  the  Boxers  compromises  the 
government  only  in  appearance.  The  cooperation 
of  the  government  troops  may  have  been  mutiny. 

The  conclusion  which  Professor  Nocentini 
reaches  seems  to  be  in  accord  with  the  prevailing 
opinion  in  Italy,  England,  and  the  United  States. 
He  says  : 

**  Admitting  that  the  rebellion  .  .  .  may  in  a 
short  time  be  suppressed,  the  difficulties  of  the 
central  government  will  not,  on  that  account, 
be  diminished,  and  there  will  remain  the  menace 
of  new  disorders  against  which  it  will  be  neces- 
sary Lfor  the  Western  powers]  to  send  again 
troops  with  a  sacrifice  of  blood  and  treasure. 
...  If  is  added,  finally,  the  impossibility  of  the 
court's  establishing  reforms  that  guarantee  Euro- 
pean interests,  .  .  .  the  conclusion  seems  un- 
avoidable that,  to  resolve  the  Chinese  question 
definitively  and  securely,  a  temporary  European 
protectorate  is  absolutely  necessary.*' 


JAPAN'S  MODERN  NAVY. 

IN  Casster's  for  August,  Rear- Admiral  C.  C.  P. 
Fitz  Gerald,  R.N,,  gives  important  facts 
and  figures  on  the  subject  of  the  Japanese  navy 
of  to-day.  He  declares  that  the  rise  and  develop- 
ment of  Japan's  navy  is  almost  without  precedent 
in  the  world's  history. 

**The  first  real  start  made  by  Japan  in  the 
production  of  a  modern  navy  seems  to  have 
been  the  purchase  of  the  ironclad  Stonewall 
Jackson  from  the  United  States  Government  in 
1866.  She  was  a  small  ship  of  only  1,300  tons 
burden  ;  but  she  carried  a  1 0-ton  gun,  besides 
some  smaller  ones,  and  was  a  powerful  ship  of 
her  day.  She  was  renamed  the  Adzuma.  The 
first  ship  built  in  Great  Britain  for  the  Japanese 
Government  was  the  Foo-So.  She  was  built  at 
Poplar  by  Samuda,  from  designs  by  Sir  Edward 
Reed,  and  was  launched  in  April,  1877.  She 
was  a  broadside  central  battery  ship,  barque 
rigged,  220  feet  long,  48  feet  beam,  3,718  tons, 
double-screw,  speed  13  knots,  engines  by  Penn. 
This  ship  was  followed  by  the  Kon-go,  Hi-yei, 
and  Rinjo^  all  small  ironclads  not  exceeding 
2,300  tons,  but  carrying  powerful  armaments  for 
their  size.     There  were  also  about  half  a  dozen 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


341 


unarmored  ships  of   little  fighting  value.     This 
was  the  state  of  the  Japanese  navy  in  1880. 

"■  Five  years  later,  in  1885,  Japan  had  added 
only  one  small  ironclad  to  this  list ;   but  there 
were  built  and  building  for  her  several  fast  and 
powerful    cruisers, 
armed  with  Krupp 
and  Armstrong 
guns.     The  i  r  o  n  - 
clads,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Foo- 
So,    were   built   of 
wood.     In  1890  she 
had    again   added 
only  one  ironclad  to 
her  list  in  the  shape 
of  an  armored  gun- 
boat ;   but  she  had 
by    this   time   pro- 
vided  herself  with 
a  considerable 
squad  ron    of   fast 
and  well-armed 
cruisers,  built  in  va- 
rious foreign  coun- 
tries.      By     1895, 
although    she   had 
not  actually  added 
to    her   list   of   ar- 
mored  ships,  there 
were    building    for 
her  in  Great  Britain 
two    battleships   of 
the  most  powerful 
type,    exceeding 
12,000    tons    dis- 
placement, and  with 
a  proposed  speed  of 
1 8  knots.      She  had 
also  added  consid- 
erably to  her  list  of 
fast  cruisers.     One 
of  these,  the  Yoshi- 
no,     built    at    Els- 
wick,  had  a  measured -mile  speed  of  22. 5  knots. 
**  There   can   be   no   doubt   that   the   Chino- 
Japanese  war  gave  an  immense  impetus  to  the 
development  of  the  Japanese  navy.      Not  only 
were  ships  captured  from  the  Chinese,  some  of 
which  were  repaired  and  are  now  in  commission, 
but  large  orders  were   placed  abroad    for  war- 
ships of  all  classes,  including  torpedo  craft,  and 
the  Japanese  also  set  to  work  to  build  ships  in 
their  own  dockyards." 

BATTLESHIPS    AND    CRUISERS. 

Japan  now  possesses  six  battleships,  all  built 
in   Sngland ;   namely,   the    Fuji,    the    Yashima, 


the  Shikishima,  the  Asahi,  the  Hatsusi,  and  the 
Mikdsa. 

'*  These  are  first-class  battleships  in  the  fullest 
sense  of  the  term,  ranging  in  tonnage  from  the 
12,300  of  the    Yashima  to  the    15,000    of    the 


THS  OmnSER  **A8AMA. 


BUILT  AT  NKWCA8TI.15-ON-TYNB   (9,750  TONS;  21.6  KNOTS). 

(Type  of  the  new  Japanese  warships.) 

Asahi,  Ilatsusi^  and  Mikdsa.  Their  speeds  are 
all  at  least  18  knots  ;  they  are  armed  with  the 
most  powerful  modern  guns,  and  considerable 
areas  of  their  sides  are  protected  by  the  latest 
and  most  up-to-date  face-hardened  armor.  Four 
of  the  six  carry  more  armor  and  more  guns  than 
British  first-class  battleships,  but  less  coal.  There 
is  also  the  Chinyen  (late  Chin  Yuen),  captured 
from  the  Chinese,  German  built.  She  has  been 
thoroughly  repaired,  and  is  now  in  commission  ; 
and,  although  she  cannot  be  classed  as  a  first- 
class  battleship,  being  of  only  7,220  tons,  and  14 
knots  speed,  she  is  a  powerful  ship  of  her  class.*' 
Next  to  the  battleships  comes  a  squadron  of 


342 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


six  very  powerful  vessels  which  Admiral  Fitz 
Gerald  seems  to  rank  as  second-class  battleships, 
having  the  speed  of  cruisers.  Four  of  these, 
the  Tokiwa^  the  Asama,  the  Idzuma,  and  the 
IwatCj  have  all  been  built  in  England  on  the  de- 
signs of  Mr.  Philip  Watts.  Each  of  these  ships 
is  of  9,750  tons,  and  has  a  speed  of  21.5 
knots. 

The  Adzumaj  of  9,436  tons,  but  the  same  arma- 
ment, and  20-knot  speed,  is  building  at  St.  Na- 
Zaire,  in  France,  by  the  Society  de  la  Loire,  and 
is  to  be  ready  this  year.  The  Yakuma^  of  9,830 
tons,  and  the  same  speed  and  armament  as  the 
Adzumuy  is  building  at  the  Vulcan  works,  Stettin, 
Germany. 

Japan  owns  one  other  armored  cruiser,  the 
Chiyoda,  and  ten  second-class  unarm ored  cruisers, 
most  of  which  took  part  in  the  battle  of  the  Yalu, 
besides  several  third-class  cruisers  and  gunboats, 
while  a  full  complement  of  torpedo-boats  and 
torpedo-boat  destroyers  is  in  course  of  construc- 
tion. 


FRANCE'S  FLEET  AND  HER  COLONIAL  ARMY. 

IN  the  second  July  number  of  the  Revue  des 
Deux  Mondes,  M.  Brunetiere  prints  a  very 
interesting  letter  which  he  has  received  from 
Vice- Admiral  de  Penfentenyo,  designed  to  show 
a  bellicose  policy  is  inadvisable  for  France.  He 
begins  by  drawing  several  lessons  from  past  his- 
tory. The  French,  he  says,  have  always  had  a 
false  idea  of  the  employment  of  naval  force  ; 
they  are  a  nation  of  soldiei*s,  and  the  sea  is  to 
them  an  obstacle  which  must  be  surmounted  ; 
they  would  burn  their  ships  willingly,  like 
jEneas.  But  to  the  English,  an  island  people, 
the  sea  is  the  great  road  of  communication  which 
brings  all  peoples  together  in  the  time  of  peace, 
and  the  possession  of  which  in  the  time  of  war 
means  victory,  because  the  command  of  the  sea 
is  tj^e  only  base  for  any  military  operation  out- 
side. This  conception  of  the  sea  has  been  and 
will  always  remain  one  of  the  most  important 
factors  in  what  the  admiral  calls  **the  terrible 
expansion  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race."  France, 
he  goes  on  to  say,  has  never  been  able  to  rise  to 
the  height  of  the  admirably  simple  English  naval 
strategy — namely,  to  destroy  the  enemy  on  the 
sea.  Neglect  of  this  essential  object  by  succes- 
sive French  naval  commanders  led  to  the  loss  of 
the  vast  colonial  empire  which  France  possessed 
at  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century.  There  is 
no  need  to  follow  the  admiral  through  the  de- 
tailed historical  proofs  which  he  adduces  for  this 
thesis.  The  loss  of  Canada,  Louisiana,  of  Egypt, 
and  the  deplorable  end  of  Leclerc's  army  in  St. 
Domingo,    were    merely   the    inevitable   conse- 


quences of  the  errors  of  French  strategy— 
namely,  the  neglect  to  secure  any  solid  base  of 
operations  on  the  sea- coast. 

FRENCH    COLONIAL    SYSTEM    BUILT    ON    A    FALLACY. 

At  the  time  of  the  Crimean  War,  the  French 
fleet  was  a  match  for  that  of  England  ;  but  since 
1870  England's  superiority  has  been  allowed  to 
grow.     France  has  been  absorbed  in  internecine 
strife,  and  has  used  up  thirty- two  ministries  of 
marine  in  thirty  years.      England,  on  the  other 
hand,  has  secured  something  like  a  continuity  of 
administration  in  naval  matters.     Thanks  to  her 
command  of  the  sea.  Great  Britain  could  trans- 
port, in  complete  security,  250,000  men  to  South 
Africa,  in  spite  of  the  protestations  of  all  the 
European  press,  and  in  spite  of  the  sympathy  of 
all  the  powers  with  the  Boers,     The  admiral  puts 
his  finger  on  the  real  defect  in  French  adminis- 
tration when  he  alludes  to  the  anxiety  in  France 
to  create  numerous  well-paid  government  posts 
to  increase  the  patronage  of  the  politicians.    Her 
essentially    Continental    temperament,    he   says, 
does  not  permit  France   to   understand   that  & 
minister  of  the  colonies  is  for  her  an  absurdity ; 
that  prosperous  colonies  and  a  powerful  colonial 
army  will  be  only  chimeras,  or,   rather,  grave 
strategic  and  financial  mistakes,  so  long  as  she 
does  not  possess  a  fleet  necessary  to  make  her 
famed  and  respected  on  the  sea.     What  figure 
will  France  cut,  he  asks,  in  the  serious  events 
now  developing  in  China — events  of  which  the 
principal  factor  will  be  the  command  of  the  sea  ? 
The  squadron  system,  expensive  as  it  is,  is  an 
absolute  necessity  to  the  power  which  wishes  t^ 
keep   and   defend   her  vast  foreign  dominions. 
Germany  understands  it  to  perfection,  and  the 
Emperor  William  recently  said  :    •*  What  a  mag- 
nificent piece  of  the  Chinese  cake  we  should  have 
been  able  to  cut  off  for  ourselves  if  we  had  not 
delayed  so  long  in  providing  ourselves  with  a 
war  fleet,  which  we  lack  !  "    The  admiral  roundly 
declares  that  if'  France  does  not  wish  to  lose  her 
vast   colonial   empire   a  second  time   she   must 
radically  -change  her  methods.     The  submarine 
boats, — about  which  so  much  fuss  has  been  made, 
— though  serviceable,  perhaps,   for  the  defense' 
of  the  coast,  will  never  assist  one  jot  in  securing 
freedom  of  communication  on  the  sea.     The  ad- 
miral  deprecates    discussion   in   Parliament   by 
ignorant  politicians,  and  bitterly  declares  that  in/ 
France  every  one  speaks  on  everything — even  on 
that  of  which  he  knows  the  least. 

The  admiral  then  turns  to  the  question  of  the 
colonial  army,  and  he  recalls  the  fact  that  after 
Fashoda  there  was  a  great  outcry  in  France  for 
a  proper  colonial  army,  which  would  have  saved 
Fashoda  from  the  ignominy  of  having  to  yield. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


843 


This  is  a  radical  mistake.  Let  us  suppose,  says 
the  admiral,  that  at  the  moment  of  Fashoda  a 
powerful  army  could  have  been  transported  there 
by  a  wave  of  some  magician's  wand.  Let  us 
suppose,  also,  one  or  two  great  naval  victories 
assuring  the  freedom  of  the  Mediterranean  to  the 
French  fleet  for  the  moment.  What  would  then 
happen  ?  France  would  have  nothing  to  put 
against  the  three  English  squadrons  composed  of 
modem  cruisers  which  England,  thanks  to  her 
naval  defense  act,  would  have  then  been  able  to 
put  in  array.  As  a  natural  consequence,  the 
supplies  of  the  supposed  colonial  army  at  Fashoda 
would  become  impossible ;  and  the  story  of 
Bonaparte  in  Egypt  would  have  been  repeated. 


OUR  NEW  PLACE  AMONG  THE  NATIONS. 

IN  concluding  his  second  Forum  article  on 
'*The  United  States  as  a  World  Power,"  in 
the  August  number,  Mr.  Charles  A.  Conant  de- 
fines some  of  the  responsibilities  that  have  de- 
volved on  the  United  States  since  the  Spanish 
War.     He  says  : 

*  *  The  position  of  the  United  States  as  a  factor 
in  international  politics  makes  it  more  important 
now  than  in  her  earlier  history  that  she  should 
pursue  a  continuous  and  resolute  diplomatic  pol- 
icy. A  resolute  policy  does  not  by  any  means 
imply  the  sort  of  hysterical  bullying  which  has 
sometimes  marked  our  attitude  towards  weaker 
nations,  but  simply  a  firm  insistence  upon  respect 
for  American  rights,  an4  the  readiness  to  sustain 
these  rights,  if  necessary,  by  force.  The  strug- 
gle for  the  maintenance  of  free  markets  and 
equality  of  opportunity  in  the  undeveloped  coun- 
tries will  involve  tactful  diplomacy,  firmness 
tempered  by  extreme  discretion,  and  readiness  to 
act  promptly  and  eflBciently  in  case  of  need.  The 
United  States  can  no  longer  afford  to  have  an 
amateur  consular  and  diplomatic  service,  or  to 
have  it  suspected  that  her  policy  will  change 
with  the  change  of  parties  at  home.  That  party 
will  most  commend  itself  to  the  business  com- 
munity for  its  sincerity  as  the  advocate  of  ex- 
tending our  national  influence  and  competing 
power  which  does  the  most  to  increase  the  effi- 
ci«Bcy  of  the  consular  and  diplomatic  service,  by 
lifting  it  out  of  politics.  In  this  direction,  as  in 
all  others,  the  highest  efficiency  will  turn  the 
scale  between  nations  ;  and  this  efficiency  is  usu- 
ally won  in  diplomacy,  as  in  the  technical  arts, 
by  training  and  knowledge.  At  the  most  criti- 
cal moments,  the  political  party  which  represents 
a  well -formulated  and  resolute  policy  will  com- 
mand the  support  of  those  who  believe  in  the 
maintenance  of  the  position  of  the  United  States 
as  a  world  power.     This  will  not  preclude  changes 


of  political  control,  and  there  will  no  doubt  be 
moments  when  temporary  discontent  with  the 
party  of  a  constructive  policy  will  place  its  oppo- 
nents in  office. 

A    NEW    POLITICAL    PARTY. 

<*  These  intervals  of  the  success  of  the  Par- 
liamentary opposition  should  be  limited,  as  far 
as  possible,  to  periods  of  arrested  progress  rather 
than  absolute  retrogression.  Great  Britain  en- 
countered such  periods  under  the  timid  policy  of 
Mr.  Gladstone ;  but  even  he  was  forced  by 
events  to  assume  a  protectorate  for  Great  Britain 
over  Egypt,  and  to  do  other  things,  as  a  respon- 
sible minister,  which  would  have  invited  his 
philippics  if  he  had  enjoyed  the  freedom  of  an 
opposition  leader.  But  England  is  coming  to 
understand  how  vital  is  the  maintenance  of  her 
position  before  the  world,  and  how  completely 
settled  are  some  of  the  old  issues  which  once 
divided  parties.  In  the  United  States,  also,  the 
old  issues  are  shriveling  up.  They  have  either 
been  settled  and  sent  to  the  lumber- room  of  the 
political  theater,  or  have  been  tinged  with 
strange,  new  light  by  the  flash  of  Dewey's  guns 
in  the  bay  of  Manila.  Events  are  opening  the 
way  for  a  new  alignment  of  parties,  in  which 
the  party  of  a  continuous  national  policy,  pledged 
to  keep  open  the  world  markets  upon  conditions 
of  equal  opportunity,  will  command  the  support 
not  alone  of  the  business  community,  but  of  all 
far-seeing  men  who  desire  the  perpetuation  of 
the  ideals  of  Anglo-Saxon  civilization.** 


THE  AMERICAN  PSYCHIC  ATMOSPHERE. 

IN  the  Arena  for  August,  Mr.  Charles  John- 
ston, formerly  of  the  Bengal  Civil  Service, 
but  for  several  years  a  resident  of  the  United 
States,  records  his  impressions  of  what  he  terms 
**  the  psychic  life  and  breath  of  America." 

Mr.  Johnston's  first  **  inward  and  direct  im- 
pression "  on  arriving  at  the  American  metropo- 
lis was  of  abounding  force,  young  vigor,  and 
power. 

**To  begin  with,  it  is  strikingly  true  that  the 
psychic  atmosphere  of  their  country  overmasters 
the  Americans ;  that  they  do  not,  in  any  sense, 
dominate  it  in  their  turn.  As  soon  as  one's  eyes 
are  withdrawn  from  actual  observation  of  this 
stirring  and  energetic  people,  all  sense  of  their 
mental  and  moral  energies  disappears  completely. 
One  is  alone  with  a  clear  atmosphere  of  primeval 
power — a  clear  canvas,  on  which  they  have  not 
yet  painted  a  single  strong  thought,  or  passion, 
or  emotion.  Or,  to  use  a  better  image,  one  is 
deep  in  a  sea  of  shining  waters,  pouring  upward 
from  the  heart  of  the  earth  ;   with  nothing  turbid 


344 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


or  obscured,  nor  any  colored  trace  at  all  of  long- 
ing desires  or  ambitions,  or  the  brooding  of  minds 
soaring  or  unclean.  And  this  is  equally  true  in 
the  heart  of  commercial  activities,  a  bowshot 
from  the  Battery  ;  on  Washington  Heights,  look- 
ing downward  over  the  whole  island  ;  or  among 
the  woods,  away  up  the  Hudson,  beyond  the  last 
dwelling  on  the  beautiful  river.** 

THE    NATIONAL    EAGERNESS    FOR    WEALTH. 

In  a  word,  the  psychic  atmosphere  of  the  land 
dominates  the  minds  of  men,  stimulating  a  sense 
of  personal  vigor  and  a  longing  for  power  over 
material  things.  This  explains  the  all  but  uni- 
versal quest  for  wealth. 

<  *  It  has  often  been  charged  to  Americans,  and 
with  an  intention  wholly  unfavorable,  that  they 
are,  beyond  all  the  sons  of  men,  eager  for 
wealth — burning  and  consuming  with  the  lust  of 
possession.  They  do  long  for  wealth,  and,  in 
one  sense,  I  think,  most  rightly  ;  for  this  long- 
ing is  really  a  thinly  disguised  and  ardent  desire 
for  power,  not  by  any  means  a  mere  hunger  for 
sensual  enjoyment.  Men  long  for  wealth  as  a 
testimony  to  themselves  of  the  power  of  their 
wills,  and,  if  they  are  true  men,  not  at  all  to 
minister  to  the  lust  of  the  eyes  and  the  lust  of 
the  flesh. 

**  And  it  is  to  be  noted  that  here*  the  great 
fortunes  represent,  in  almost  every  case,  a  vic- 
tory over  material  things — some  audacious  con- 
quest of  the  desert  leagues  of  space  ;  something 
wrested  from  the  tough  earth,  defying  the  secre- 
tiveness  of  the  rocks  ;  and  not,  as  very  often  in 
old  feudal  times,  a  deft  piece  of  political  chican- 
ery or  some  victory  of  force  over  the  wills  of 
weaker  men.  Hence,  the  respect  for  the  men 
whose  wealth  represents  triumph  of  will  over 
matter — a  very  different  thing  from  reverence 
for  their  wealth — is,  in  reality,  a  large  and  ad- 
mirable thing  ;  a  just  tribute  to  the  powers  of 
man,  and  containing  the  germ  of  something  even 
more  admirable  to  be  revealed  by  the  circling 
years.** 

The  great  engineering  triumphs  all  up  and 
down  the  land  testify  to  this  sense  of  mastery 
over  matter  ;  but  at  the  same  time  there  has 
been,  in  Mr.  John8ton*s  opinion,  a  foolish  waste 
of  energy  in  other  directions  ;  as,  for  example, 
the  heaping  up  of  useless  ornament  and  decora- 
tion. With  all  these  victories  over  material 
things,  Mr.  Johnston  declares  that  we  have  no 
true  sense  of  beauty  at  all.  **  No  imagination, 
but  only  fancifulness  running  riot,  bringing 
forth  lavish  ornament  for  mere  ornament's  sake  ; 
making  for  mere  ostentation,  which  can  only 
bring  a  fretting  sense  of  unrest,  by  no  means  to 
bo  cured  by  fresh  extravagances  outstripping  the 


first.  And,  for  the  same  reason,  we  have  abun- 
dant wit,  but  very  little  humor  ;  wit,  very  bril- 
liant and  sparkling,  it  is  true,  and  of  such  lavish 
quantity  as  the  world  has  never  seen  ;  but  bitter  • 
and  caustic  for  the  most  part,  and  almost  always 
relying  for  its  effect  on  a  triumph  at  some  one's 
mortification.  Let  whoever  doubts  this  make  a 
census  of  the  comic  papers  for  a  week,  and  see 
how  many  of  the  stories  and  pictures  and  epi- 
grams are  based  on  the  humiliation  of  some  vic- 
tim, or  some  one's  loss  or  misfortune.  Take  one 
of  the  best  of  them — that  story  of  the  lynched 
man's  widow  :  <  But  you  have  the  laugh  on  us, 
for  we've  hung  the  wrong  man  !  *  Undeniably 
brilliant  and  admirable  in  its  way;  yet  the  crack- 
ling of  thorns  under  the  pot  is,  in  its  way,  bril- 
liant, too. 

*  *  Yet  another  practical  application  :  How 
many  of  the  dresses  ordered  in  a  week  are  des- 
tined to  give  a  genuine  expression  to  character 
and  form  ;  how  many  merely  to  outdress  some- 
body else  ?  How  many  of  all  these  victories  over 
material  things,  these  conquests  of  the  rocks  and 
deserts,  are  achieved  to  benefit  all  Americans ; 
and  how  many  only  to  benefit  one  or  a  few,  at 
the  expense  of  all  the  rest  ?  ** 

Are  these  faults  rooted  in  the  American  char- 
acter ?  Mr.  Johnson  thinks  them  foreign  to  it — 
*  *  a  mere  passing  fever,  largely  imitation  of  other 
lands. "  In  the  older  countries,  they  are  the  signs 
of  degeneration. 

LIVING  IN  OKLAHOMA. 

HELEN  C.  C ANDEE  contributes  to  the  Sep- 
tember Atlantic  an  article  on  **  Okla- 
homa,** which  she  calls  <*  the  land  of  prosperity, 
sunshine,  and  brotherly  love."  She  takes  pains 
to  deny  more  specifically  the  tales  of  outlawry 
and  border  ruffianism  which  Easterners  like  to 
tell  about  Oklahoma.  The  author  says  that  the 
desirable  farms  for  agriculture  are  now  all  ab- 
sorbed, but  some  are  for  sale  at  about  $1,600  a 
quarter-section  of  160  acres.  When  these  have 
permanent  improvements  on  them  in  the  way  of 
fruit  trees  and  buildings,  the  price  is  about 
$2,500.  In  the  western  part  of  the  Cherokee 
Strip  north  of  the  Texas  Pan-Handle  are  6,000,- 
000  acres  of  land  still  open  to  homesteaders  ;  but 
this  is  only  good  for  grazing  cattle  and  sheep. 
Miss  Candee  says  there  is  no  need  to  go  to  Europe 
for  cheap  living  while  Oklahoma  exists.  Water- 
melons can  be  bought  at  any  time  from  July  to 
cold  weather  for  five  cents  each,  and  these  are  of 
a  size  and  sweetness  unsurpassed.  Muskmelons, 
delicious  as  nectar,  are  five  cents  a  dozen  ;  spring 
chickens,  twenty- five  cents  a  pair;  beef  and 
lamb,  fifteen  cents  a  pound  ;  grapes,  one  cent  a 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


345 


pound  for  the  best.  Comfortable  houses  can  be 
had  at  from  ten  to  twenty-five  dollars  a  montli, 
and  servants  are  cheap.  There  is  no  hard  coal 
in  Oklahoma,  and  soft  coal  sells  at  about  five  dol- 
lars a  ton,  and  wood  for  three  or  four  dollars  a 
cord. 

THE   GROWTH   OF   FIVE   YEARS. 

'•  Five  years  after  the  opening,  the  principal 
towns  were  firmly  established,  not  on  <  boom  * 
principles,  but  illustrating  a  permanent  and 
steady  growth.  Five  years  from  the  time  that 
the  land  was  unbroken  prairie,  there  were  two 
cities  of  10,000  inhabitants  each,  and  in  these 
towns  a  man  could  live  in  as  great  comfort  as 
anywhere  in  the  West.  Houses  were  comfort- 
able, and  were  furnished  with  luxuries,  lighted 
by  electricity,  and  supplied  with  city  water. 
Daily  papers  served  the  day's  news,  local,  do- 
mestic, and  foreign  ;  large  brick  schoolhouses 
harbored  industrious  children,  and  all  promised 
well.  Now,  ten  years  after  the  opening  of  the 
original  Oklahoma,  the  promises  are  more  than 
fulfilled,  and  men  can  find  there  a  better  chance 
for  success  in  farming  or  commercial  interests 
than  they  can  in  any  other  State  of  which  I  have 
knowledge. " 

In  the  ten  years  that  Oklahoma  people  have 
been  working  on  their  claims,  the  taxable  prop- 
erty has  increased  from  nothing  to  t;43,000,000, 
according  to  the  showing  to  the  assessor,  which, 
of  course,  means  that  there  is  twice  or  three 
times  as  much  in  existence.  The  country  has 
developed  ahead  of  the  railroads.  The  Santa  F6 
system  threw  a  tentacle  across  the  country  while 
Indians  were  still  in  possession,  and  brought 
thousands  of  settlers  and  boomers  at  the  opening. 
Now  tnis  road  has  united  with  the  Rock  Island 
to  ramify  Oklahoma  with  branches  and  make  it 
accessible  from  East  to  West.  Handling  the 
wheat  and  cotton  crops  is  an  important  matter 
for  the  railroads.  Corn  is  mainly  shipped  **on 
the  hoof,"  to  use  the  Western  stockman's  term.* 

MARKETINQ   CORN    IN    HOQ    FORM. 

* '  The  farmer  finds  that  corn  yields  him  a  far 
higher  price  per  bushel  if  it  is  converted  into 
*hawg8,'  as  he  calls  the  black  swine  of  the 
fields,  so  he  breeds  the  best  of  Poland  chinas, 
fattens  them  inordinately  on  his  com  crop,  and 
sells  his  produce  in  animate  form,  to  the  aggre- 
gate number  of  220,000  a  year  for  the  Territory. 
Thus,  although  the  real  yield  of  corn  for  this 
year  reached  the  astonishing  figure  of  75,000,000 
bushels,  a  large  amount  of  the  crop  was  for 
home  consumption.  The  increase  of  railroad 
facilities  is  acting  in  two  ways  :  it  is  moving  the 
Tiat  crope   with  such  facility  that  growers  can 


easily  dispose  of  their  products,  thus  raising  local 
prices  for  home-grown  necessiti^  and  luxuries. 
It  also  tends  to  lower  the  price  of  manufactured 
goods  which  are  shipped  in.  Naturally,  there 
are  but  few  manufactories  as  yet  in  the  Terri- 
tory, and  these  only  for  the  purpose  of  convert- 
ing crops  into  more  convenient  shape  for  ship- 
ment, as  cotton  gins,  presses,  and  oil- mills.'' 

*  <  There  are  not  enough  laborers  to  keep  things 
prudently  tidy.  Wheat  is  not  grown  in  Okla- 
homa as  in  other  districts.  The  soil  is  fresh  and 
unexhausted,  and  is  used  year  after  year  with  no 
preparation  except  rather  crude  tillage.  P^ertili- 
zers  ?  They  laugh  down  there  at  the  idea  that 
farmers  try  to  live  in  countries  where  such  an 
expense  is  necessary." 


AUSTRALASIA'S  PLACE  AMONG  THE  NATIONS. 

THE  creation  of  the  Australian  Commonwealth 
is  the  occasion  of  several  enthusiastic  arti- 
cles in  the  English  reviews. 

In  the  Nineteenth  Century^  Mr,  A.  G.  Berry, 
lafe  secretary  to  the  Australian  delegates,  says  ; 

*' Among  nations  that  pride  themselves  on 
possessing  free  institutions  may  be  quoted  the 
United  States,  Germany,  Switzerland,  and  Can- 
ada. Where  in  any  one  of  these  is  there  such  a 
wide  suffrage  as  will  be  exercised  under  the  new 
Australian  Commonwealth  ?  " 

The  youngest  bairn  does  not  fear  to  measure 
itself  with  the  most  gigantic  member  of  the  Eng- 
lish-speaking brood.     Mr.  Berry  continues  : 

*<Lord  Hopetoun,  who  carries  with  him  to 
Australia  her  Majesty's  personal  appreciation  in 
the  shape  of  the  distinguished  order  of  the  Knight 
of  the  Thistle,  is  charged  with  the  inauguration 
of  the  responsible  government  of  the  Common- 
wealth. The  magnitude  of  this  task  may  be 
measured  by  the  fact  that  our  island  continent  in 
the  South  Seas  is  equal  to  that  of  the  United 
States  without  Alaska.  While  our  great  sister 
nation  in  America  is  holding  its  Presidential 
election,  upon  which  fabulous  sums  of  money  will 
be  expended  through  the  wide  territories  that  ex- 
tend from  Maine  to  San  Francisco,  it  is  interest- 
ing to  think  that  a  gentleman  holding  her  Majes- 
ty's commission  goes  quietly  to  Australia  with 
the  Queen's  authority  to  put  into  operation  a  freer 
government  than  that  possessed  by  any  republic 
in  the  world." 

The  Greatness  of  the  Commonwealth. 

What  the  advent  of  the  new  federation  may 
mean  for  powers  neither  British  nor  American  is 
very  plainly  suggested  in  the  Contemporary  by 
Sir  Robert  Stout.  He  writes  on  *  *  Australasia  : 
Her  Resources  and  Foreign  Trade,"  with  an  edge 


I 


346 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


to  his  pen  which  will  not  be  altogether  liked  in 
Paris  and  Berlin.      He  says  : 

**The  population  of  Australasia  is  small  at 
present,  being  estimated  at  4,500,000  ;  but  it  is 
equal  to  what  the  white  population  of  the  United 
States  was  at  the  beginning  of  the  century.  The 
race  is  a  pure  race.  It  has  less  admixture  of 
races  than  Canada  or  the  United  States.  .  .  . 
Our  foreign  trade  is  per  head  treble  that  of  the 


LORD  HOPBTOUN. 

(Governor-General  of  Federated  AustraUa.) 

United  States,  and  our  trade  is  yearly  increasing. 
With  about  a  twelfth  of  Germany's  population, 
we  have  about  a  third  of  her  revenue. 

**  We  have  an  advantage  that  no  Continental 
European  nation  possesses.  We  live  under  one 
flag.  We  have  no  Alsace-Lorraine  ;  nor  have 
we  on  our  borders  hostile  nations,  with  millions 
of  armed  men.  We  can  provide,  at  small  ex- 
pense, for  our  defense  from  foreign  foes.  We 
have  only  a  small  army,  but  we  are  under  the 
SBgis  of  the  greatest  navy  in  the  world.  Perhaps 
the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  we  shall  have  a 
truly  Australasian  Navy.  .  .  .  If  we  are  attacked 
we  are  ready,  and  in  time  all  our  youtlis  will  be 
drilled,  for  the  necessity  of  doing  this  is  now  be- 
ing everywhere  recognized. 

<  *  To-day  the  feeling  for  the  empire  is  so  strong, 
that  no  inquiry  concerning  the  propriety  or  con- 
sequences of  the  Transvaal  War  is  deemed  proper. 


It  is  enough  that  Britain  is  at  war,  and  that  sbe 
needs  help.  The  fact  that  European  nations  di? 
play  strong  animosity  against  the  empire  draws 
the  colonists  closer  to  their  mother- land.  1  l»e- 
lieve  that  as  a  whole  the  people  of  Australasia 
are  more  loyal,  more  patriotic,  and  more  devoted 
to  the  empire  than  the  people  of  the  United  Kiog 
dora." 

WARNING    TO    FRANCE. 

In  view  of  these  facts.  Sir  Robert  asks  if  it  is 
unreasonable  to  predict  that  * '  our  United  States 
of  Australasia  may,  in  the  not  very  distant  future, 
be  deemed  a  factor  both  in  European  and  Asiatic 
complications."  He  begins  at  once  and  peremp^ 
torily  to  show  how  : 

*  *  Does  the  French  nation  wish  to  remain  on 
friendly  terms  with  Australasia  ?  Does  it  desirf 
to  promote  trade  between  France  and  these 
southern  colonies  ?  If  it  does,  then  the  attitude 
of  the  French  public  toward  our  empire  must  be 
changed.  If  they  persist  in  their  present  course, 
they  may  soon  discover  that  trade  with  France 
will  decrease." 

GERMANY,    BEWARE  I 

Germany  is  similarly  addressed.  She  hu 
roused  ill-feeling  by  her  telegram  to  Kruger,  by 
her  annexation  of  Samoa,  and  by  the  time  chosen 
for  that  annexation  : 

**  Samoa  has  always  been  the  pet  group  of  tie 
colonies,  and  its  surrender  has  been  deeply  felt. 
It  is  the  Australasian  Alsace  ;  and,  whether  it  b 
wise  for  Germany  to  have  two  Alsaces,  remain^ 
to  be  seen.  If  there  had  been  a  confederated 
Australasia  and  an  Australasian  Navv,  I  douU 
if  the  German  nation  would  have  been  permitted 
to  seize  Savaii  and  Upolu. 

*  *  The  incident  can  never  be  forgotten.  If 
Germany  is  wise,  and  desirous  of  pushing  her 
trade  with  us,  she  will  take  some  pains  to  pre- 
mote  friendly  relations  with  both  England  and 
Australasia.  The  subsidizing  of  magnificem 
steamers,  and  the  advertising  of  their  wares, 
will  equally  be  fruitless  in  pushing  trade,  if 
France  and  Germany  persist  in  their  present 
hostile  attitude  to  our  empire." 

PREFERENCE    FOR    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Happily  the  United  States  are  under  no  cloud. 
With  them  **  we  feel  we  are  one  people." 

**If,  as  is  proposed,  there  is  a  preferential 
customs  tariff  arranged  by  the  colonies,  so  as  to 
allow  all  the  goods  of  the  empire  to  be  received 
at  a  rate  less  than  that  imposed  on  goods  from 
foreign  countries,  I  believe  the  goods  from  the 
United  States  would  be  exceptionally  and  favor- 
ably dealt  with." 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


347 


ITAUAN  POUTICS. 

<  <  PARLIAMENTARY  Politics  and  National 
A  Politics,"  a  carefully  considered  article 
by  Deputy  Leopoldo  Franchetti,  in  Nuova  Antolo- 
gi'a  for  July  1,  brings  into  view  the  most  nota- 
ble features  of  the  political  situation  in  Italy  just 
before  the  deplorable  assassination  of  King  Hum- 
bert. 

The  title  of  Deputy  Franchetti*s  article  is  sig- 
nificant. It  recognizes  the  truth  that  parliamen- 
tary politics  and  national  politics  are  not  neces- 
sarily the  same,  and  throughout  the  paper  the 
reader  is  reminded  that  the  two  kinds  of  politics 
in  Italy  are  in  fact  widely  different.  And  what 
is — or,  perhaps,  one  should  now  say,  what  was — 
the  difference  ?  The  nation  wanted  reforms  ;  the 
parliamentary  parties  wanted  patronage.  The 
difference,  one  sees,  is  an  old  one  ;  no  nation 
holds  the  copyright  of  it.  Systematically  and 
skillfully,  and  with  apparent  fairness,  Deputy 
Franchetti  brings  into  contrast  the  two  wants, 
parliamentary  and  national.  He  shows  how  the 
parliamentary  want  has  ever  been  building  up  the 
load  of  expense  under  which  Italy  staggers,  and 
yet  the  people  have  long  been  opposed  to  an  in- 
crease of  taxation.  The  process  is  simple.  It 
comes  with  the  *  *  balance  of  power "  in  a  legis- 
lative body  where  faction  rules.  **The  effects," 
Deputy  Franchetti  says,  "  of  a  vicious  line  of  ac- 
tion that  has  lasted  for  many  years  cannot  be  de- 
stroyed in  a  moment.  The  parasitic  organisms 
which  it  has  created  impose,  at  the  moment  of 
battle,  their  own  terms  of  alliance  on  their  ad- 
versaries themselves,  and  are  able  to  select  among 
these  adversaries,  because  there  are  none  of  these 
that  are  not  ready  to  submit  to  this  alliance  thank- 
fully." 

So  legislative  and  ministerial  politics  year  by 
year  separate  farther  and  farther  from  the  politics 
of  the  people.  As  to  this  there  is  plain  speaking 
*  *  in  the  elections  and  votes  f^iven  always  more 
numerously  to  the  Socialist  parties  in  such  a  coun- 
try as  ours,  where,  however,  few  know  the  theories 
of  social  reconstruction  of  these  parties,  and  very 
few  care  about  them.  The  country  is  by  instinct 
monarchic.  A  great  part  of  these  votes  come 
from  men  who,  by  temperament  and  interests, 
are  conservatives  ;  but  they  express,  in  the  only 
manner  allowed  them,  their  desire  to  have  an  ad- 
ministration that  administers,  a  magistracy  that 
does  justice,  a  finance  that  spends  the  public 
money  for  uses  exclusively  public." 

There  is  much  probability  in  this  statement. 
When  voters  are  thoroughly  discontented  with 
a  government,  they  are  disposed  to  vote  for  the 
candidates  who  profess  principles  most  at  variance 
with  the  policy  and  methods  of  the  party  in  power. 
Only  one  would  like  to  know  whether  the  Social- 


ist candidates  when  elected  are  ready,  like  other 
deputies,  to  make  alliances  with  the  spoilsmen. 

CAN    THE    CONSERVATIVE    PARTY   REFORM    ITALY  ? 

Deputy  Franchetti's  hope  for  the  future  lies  in 
the  belief  that  the  causes  of  Italy's  political  de- 
moralization have  been*  definitely  ascertained  and 
plainly  exhibited  in  a  large  and  widely  read 
political  literature.  Knowledge  of  these  causes 
would  be  the  first  step  toward  reform.  Unfor- 
tunately, however,  it  has  seemed  vain  to  expect 
that  reform  would  be  brought  about  by  any  par- 
liamentary party.  The  Conservatives  had,  in  his 
opinion,  the  best  qualifications  for  a  reform  party 
except  the  necessary  vigor.  *  *  The  Conservative 
party,  or  that  complex  of  interests,  traditions, 
views,  personal  sympathies  and  antipathies  which 
has  the  name  of  the  Conservative  party,  has  not 
in  itself  vigor  enough  to  alone  set  in  motion  the 
reform  movement.  ...  On  the  other  hand,  how- 
ever, it  has  some  elements  of  success  which  fail 
the  other  parties :  traditions  and  experience  of 
government,  a  considerable  acquaintance,  theo- 
retical and  practical,  with  economics  and  finance, 
and,  above  all,  that  instinct  of  order  which  is  a 
condition  indispensable  for  the  progress  of  re- 
form.'^ 

**  Instinct  of  order  "  is  a  weighty  phrase.  It 
carries  a  world  of  meaning.  And  yet,  though 
the  quality  is  attributed  to  the  Conservatives 
alone,  the  writer  believes  that  the  necessary  re- 
form party  will  have  to  be  drawn  from  both  Con- 
servatives and  Radicals,  for  the  assumption  is 
that  there  is  common  ground  on  which  to  stand. 
But  the  time  seemed  unfavorable.  The  animosi- 
ties of  recent  contests  had  not  suflSciently  sub- 
sided. 

**  Certainly  the  present  moment  is  little  op- 
portune for  the  calmness  of  accord  as  to  reforms. 
The  long  and  fierce  battle  fought  till  yesterday 
is  yet  in  our  minds,  .and  has  left  the  constitu- 
tional parties  divided,  the  subversive  parties  not 
only  united  but  masters,  in  the  country  and  Par- 
liament, of  the  alliance  of  numerous  elements, 
intelligent,  well-meaning,  and  influential,  who 
have  nothing  of  the  subversive,  and  who  would 
be  precious  auxiliaries  for  any  constitutional  party 
that  seriously  and  sincerely  put  their  hands  to 
the  radical  reforms  demanded  by  the  country. 
The  constitutional  parties  are  without  a  clear  ob- 
jective. .  .  .  The  subversives,  on  the  other 
hand,  have,  and  impose  on  their  allies,  an  objec- 
tive that  is  single  and  clear.  Moreover,  to  speak 
on  the  morning  after  a  battle  of  an  accord  for 
the  general  good  seems  a  little  unsophisticated. 
After  the  battle  is  the  division  of  the  spoils. 
Everybody  has  to  think  alxjut  satisfying  the 
companies,  the  soldiers,  the  party — not  the  coun- 


348 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


try.  Acute  parliamentary  strifes  carry  for  all 
the  parties,  including  the  subversives,  the  break- 
ing out  afresh  of  the  spirit  of  patronage — the 
very  cause  of  oUr  evils,  the  enemy  against  which 
all  the  parties  ought  to  unite  for  love  of  coun- 
try. Party  policy  signifies  favors  to  friends. 
The  policy  imperiously  demanded  by  the  country 
signifies,  on  the  other  hand,  justice  for  and 
against  all — even  for  adversaries,  even  against 
friends." 

Burdens  of  the  Peasantry. 

Mr.  H.  Remsen  Whitehouse,  late  secretary  of 
the  United  States  Legation  at  Rome,  writing  in 
the  August  Forum  on  present  Italian  problems, 
emphasizes  the  political  degradation  of  the 
Italian  peasant.     He  says  : 

*  ♦  The  application  of  the  remedy  for  the  eco- 
nomical, financial,  and  administrative  reforms 
lies,  as  has  been  said,  in  the  hands  of  the  people, 
which,  in  the  Italy  of  to-day,  means  the  intelli- 
gent professional  and  middle  classes.  The  great 
majority  of  the  population,  the  peasant  class,  is 
now,  as  it  was  in  the  past,  entirely  outside  the  po- 
litical life  of  the  country  ;  and  this  must  needs  be 
so  with  a  nation  of  whose  people  50  per  cent,  are 
illiterate.  The  tiller  of  the  fields,  who,  in  Switz- 
erland, Germany,  England,  and  other  northern 
countries,  plays  so  important  a  part  in  public  af- 
fairs, although  constituting  in  Italy  the  most 
numerous  class,  and  the  source  of  the  principal 
riches  of  the  land,  lives  in  a  world  apart.  The 
principal  burden  of  taxation  falls  with  crushing 
weight  upon  his  shoulders.  Accustomed  through 
long  ages  of  oppression  to  a  patient,  unreasoning 
obedience,  amounting  to  servitude,  he  struggles 
on  till  his  individual  burden  overpowers  his 
strength,  and  then  he  emigrates.  '  The  state  of 
degradation  and  oppression  in  which  we  hold 
him,*  says  Signer  Villari,  *  demonstrates  that  our 
social  life  is  founded  on  an  injustice — a  condition 
of  affairs  which  diffuses  an  .unfortunate  moral  at- 
mosphere, and  which  poisons  the  whole  of  our 
social  existence.  * " 

ITALIAN  INTERESTS  IN  ARGENTINA. 

IN  the  Yale  Review  for  August,  Mr.  Albert  G. 
Keller  reviews  the  unpromising  record  of 
modern  Italian  attempts  at  expansion  and  coloni- 
zation. From  his  account  it  seems  doubtful 
whether  the  Red  Sea  colonies  can  ever  be  made 
productive. 

Turning  from  the  rather  dismal  story  of  the 
colonial  failures  in  Africa,  the  writer  remarks  : 

*'  If  Italy  were  intent  upon  the  essence  of  col- 
onization rather  than  the  name,  her  field  of  action 
would  not  be  far  to  seek.  She  has  a  series  of 
natural  colonies  in  America,  surrounding  the 
lower  course  of  La  Plata  River,  which  evince  a 


vigor  of  growth  and  a  prosperity  that  ought  to 
have  been  the  pride  of  the  mother- country  while 
she  was  squandering  resources  on  the  sand-dun^ 
of  the  Red  Sea  coast.  The  essence  of  the  mutual 
sympathy  of  two  countries  lies,  not  iij  political 
union,  but  in  those  racial  affiliations  of  blood, 
language,  religion,  customs,  and  manners  the 
mutual  possession  of  which  renders  intercourse 
between  groups  of  men  easy  and  enjoyable. 
After  the  Revolution,  the  American  Republic 
turned,  not  to  France,  but  to  England,  with  her 
favors  of  trade  and  intercourse.  So  the  La  Plata 
colonies,'  with  no  serious  encouragement,  and  with 
memories  not  the  most  pleasant  of  the  native  land 
and  its  extortions,  have  nevertheless  benefited 
Italy  commercially  to  an  infinitely  higher  degree 
than  did  Eritrea  at  its  best.'* 

ITALIAN    PROSPERITY    ON    LA    PLATA. 

**  First  and  most  important,  the  Italians  have 
succeeded  there,  and  that  without  aid,  as  no- 
where else  in  the  world.  They  were  the  first  to 
own  inns,  cafes,  boats,  etc.,  and  have  kept  in- 
dustrially in  advance  of  a  people  inferior  to  them- 
selves in  culture.  Italians  founded  and  op>erate 
the  banks,  and  in  Buenos  Ayres  they  own  62  per 
cent,  of  the  businesses.  The  Italian  language  iB 
spreading,  and  Spanish  is  spoken  only  in  pubhc 
administration  ;  probably  one -fourth  (1,000,000) 
of  the  population  of  Argentina  have  Italian  blood 
in  their  veins.  Tlie  current  of  emigration  to 
these  regions  is  growing  ever  stronger,  and  in  its 
wake  are  following  advantages  to  Italian  trade 
and  industry;  in  1889  the  importations  from 
Italy  to  the  Argentine  Republic  represented  5  per 
cent,  of  the  total  ;  in  1894,  9  per  cent.  In  late 
years  of  crisis  (1889-94)  Italian  trade  suffered 
less  than  that  of  any  other  nation.  And  it  is 
seen  that  the  Italian  emigrants  do  not  lose  their 
native  good  qualities  in  the  new  country,  but 
transmit  them,  along  with  Italian  ideas  and 
tastes,  to  a  people  who  need  them  and  are  able 
and  often  willing  to  profit  by  them. 

IMPROVED    COMMERCIAL    RELATIONS. 

•<  It  is  toward  this  La  Plata  region  that  some 
of  Italy's  more  responsible  advisers  have  long 
been  attempting  to  direct  her  attention,  not   \rith 

a  view  to  the  extension  of  imperial  power, for 

suflBcient  barriers  exist,  fortunately  for  the  colo- 
nies, to  restrain  any  such  interference, — but  in 
the  hope  of  developing,  without  expense  or  blood- 
shed, close  commercial  and  industrial  relations 
and  a  national  sympathy  which  may  some  day  as- 
sist in  assuring  existence  to  that  which  is  Italian. 
The  Italians,  like  other  Latin  peoples,  feel  a  sense 
of  weakness  before  the  tremendous  energy  and 
expansion  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race.     To  the  end 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


349 


of  establishing  these  desired  relations,  a  more 
strict  supervision  of  emigration  and  a  more  de- 
veloped consular  service  are  advocated  ;  the  ideal 
is  that  the  South  American  colonies  shall  stand 
to  Italy  as  the  United  States  to  England.  At 
present,  and  neglecting  the  crying  necessity  of 
the  internal  reorganization  of  Italy,  this  idea 
seems  by  far  the  most  practical  and  realizable  of 
Italian  colonial  projects." 


tempt  he  has  triumphed  openly.  The  charm 
which  his  writing  does  in  fact  exercise  over 
thousands  is  indisputable." 

A    MASTER    OP    ITALIAN    PROSE. 

**He  has  done  great  things;  if  to  have  at- 
tained the  secret  of  style,  and  to  give  back  the 
enchantments  of  landscape,  were  all,  he  would 
deserve  to  rank  with  the  masters.  Amid  the 
chaos  of  journalism,  with  its  piebald  jargon,  its 


THE  HERALD  OF  A  NEW  ITALIAN 
LITERATURE. 

THE  Quarterly  contains  a  glowing  panegyric 
of  Gabriele  d'Annunzio,  whose  novels  and 
tragedies  are  under  review.  The  writer  is  espe-* 
cially  eloquent  on  his  **  inviolate  style,  which 
frames  all  his  thoughts,  lucid  or  terrible,  in 
words  of  immortal  comeliness."  It  has  brought 
hira,  he  concludes,  **  European  fame;  it  may 
herald  the  dawn  of  a  new  Italian  literature." 
He  has  **  the  grand  style  ;"  he  will  find  room 
in  the  pedigree  of  Dante,  Virgil,  Sophocles,  for 
his  own  descent. 

QUALITIES    OP    d'aNNUXZIO's    STYLE. 

«»His  Italian  is  impregnated  with  Dantesque 
idioms.  Though  it  never  flings  abroad  the  care- 
less graces  of  Boccaccio,  any  more  than  it  can 
rival  that  prince  of  story-tellers  in  his  tripping 
movement,  it  bears  upon  its  firm  sentences  once 
and  again  the  imperial  seal  of  Leonardo  da 
Vinci  ;  it  plays,  to  our  astonishment,  with  the 
prettiness  of  Marini ;  it  dyes  itself  in  the  purple 
of  ecstatic  saints,  like  Catherine  of  Siena  and 
F*rate  da  Scarperia.  It  is  not  humorous  or  fa- 
miliar ;  when,  as  in  *  II  Piacere,'  it  apes  the 
ugly  colors  of  M.  Zola  or  the  corrupting  elegance 
of  M.  Bourget's  unregenerate  days,  the  form 
seems  to  reject  the  content,  and  d'Annunzio  ap- 
pears at  his  worst.  But  his  genuine  manner  is 
the  Dantesque,  or  that  of  Leonardo — 'a  thing  of 
Nature  beheld  in  some  great  glass  ;  '  it  has  the 
*  preservative  aroma'  which  art  bestows  on  real- 
ity ;  when  it  isolates,  it  makes  the  figure  im- 
mortal with  some  balm  that  no  Egyptian  crafts- 
man ever  knew.  There  are  pages  in  this  last  of 
the  modems  worthy  to  live  by  the  side  of  any 
prose,  though  dating  from  Italy's  golden  periods. 
The  master  has  told  us  of  his  obstinate  effort  to 
create  an  Italian  that  should  be  fit  for  *  works  of 
loveliness  and  poesy/  at  once  latter- day  and 
archaic,  no  less  real  than  magnificent,  subtle  and 
furtive  as  the  music  heard  in  a  dream,  curious 
in  its  *  motives,'  while  graphic  as  the  rendering 
of  oatwanl  and  visible  forms  by  the  most  objec- 
tive  of  painters.      In  much  of   this  daring  at- 


OABRIELB  D*ANNUNZI0. 

vulgarities  of  thought  and  tone,  he  has  fulfilled 
his  own  message,  which  declares  that  *  the  word 
is  life  and  perfection.'  Submitting  to  what 
seems  a  law  of  human  growth,  he  takes  the  prose 
which  is  on  men's  lips,  since  they  will  not  endure 
rhyme  or  formal  poetry,  and  refines,  adorns, 
deepens  it,  until  it  astonishes  yet  charms  as  if  it 
were  the  style  of  gods.  .  .  .  Instead  of  merely 
resuscitating  the  antique  forms,  the  man  throws 
himself  boldly  on  the  current  of  his  inspiration  ; 
he  snatches  from  painters  their  palette  with  its 
rainbow  ;  from  mystics  their  incomparable  meta- 
phors, imagery,  fire  of  spiritual  emotions  ;  from 
musicians  their  minors  and  chromatics  ;  from 
every  art  something,  provided  it  be  individual — 
not  a  fancy  hung  out  on  the  void,  but  a  fact 
burning  as  in  the  spectrum  with  its  peculiar 
flame.  In  the  '  gray  flood  of  Democracy  ' — by 
which  he  means  the  marsh  level  that  covers  old 
institutions  yet  sees  no  imperial  Venice  rising 
al)ove  it  witli  palaces  and  towers — language  re- 
mains, for  those  who  will  handle  it  like  fine  K<^ld, 
an  inheritance  beyond  the  assaults  of  barbarism." 


350 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


SICILY  AS  A  SUMMER  RESORT. 

IN  the  American  Catholic  Quarterly  for  July, 
Mr.  Alfred  E.  P.  Rayraund  Bowling  writes 
most  enthusiastically  of  a  summer  in  Sicily, 
•  which  it  has  been  his  good  fortune  to  enjoy.  He 
says : 

*■  *  To  those  who  seek  to  make  their  travels  a 
store  of  fruitful  provender  whereon  the  mind 
may  feed  in  the  afterglow  of  life,  there  are  few 
places  which  provide  so  rich  a  feast  for  the 
memory.  All  true  travel  must  be  accompanied 
by  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  bodily  discomfort ; 
but,  in  the  retrospect,  only  the  mental  impres- 
sions endure,  and  our  thought  then  will  transport 
our  unjostled  bodies  over  the  scenes  of  the  past 
without  fatigue  or  worry.  Sicily  does  not  de- 
mand any  unusual  share  of  this  fatigue  such  as 
is  commonly  supposed  to  be  necessary  for  a  visit 
there,  since  the  railway  now  makes  all  places 
that  are  of  supreme  interest  easily  accessible. 
At  Palermo  there  exists  every  luxury  of  life  and 
inducement  to  make  it  a  winter  and  spring  resi- 
dence, and  at  other  places  there  are  to  be  found 
hotels  which  are  at  least  suflBcient  for  the  travel- 
er's needs. 

'<In  the  combination  of  its  varied  history,  its 
relics  of  ancient  art,  and  beauty  of  nature  and 
climate,  Sicily  affords  a  charm  so  great  that 
Egypt  occurs  to  the  mind  as  its  sole  competitor  ; 
and  even  that  fails  in  respect  to  the  physical 
aspects. 

ITS   ROMANTIC    BEAUTY. 

'  *  The  mountaifas  that  girdle  the  greater  part 
of  the  island  from  below  the  western  Eryx,  cir- 
cle round  along  the  northern  coast,  and  turn 
again  down  the  eastern  to  -^Etna  give  the  land  its 
picturesque  aspect  of  configuration  ;  for  they 
leave  but  a  small  extent  of  level  ground  un- 
broken by  spurs  from  the  main  ridge  in  the 
center,  and  no  spot  is  out  of  sight  of  these  shel- 
tering highlands.  The  honeycombed  limestone 
and  lava  that  prevail  in  their  composition  are  the 
very  materials  to  render  a  country  not  simply 
fruitful  but  luxuriant,  and  to  furnish  it  with 
varied  outline  and  romantic  spots,  while  from 
almost  every  point  of  view  uEtna  itself  is  visi- 
ble, and  is  a  source  of  awe  and  wonder  as  well 
as  of  grandeur  in  the  landscape. 

< '  Above  all,  the  gorgeous  sun  irradiates 
mountain  and  valley,  making  them  to  laugh  and 
sing  in  the  language  of  the  Eastern  psalmist, 
flooding  the  panorama  with  every  tint  of  azure 
and  golden  light  from  morn  till  eve,  and  defying 
all  attempts  to  find  a  nomenclature  of  color  that 
will  convey  any  idea  of  its  varying  splendor. 
The  air  is  fragrant  with  the  odors  from  citron 
and  jessamine,  fiery  globes  of  pomegranate  light 


up  the  thickets,  orchards  of  orange  and  lemon 
with*  leaves  of  glossy  green,  gray  olive-yards, 
vineyards  of  graceful  native  vine  and  purpliog 
grape,  to  which  the  town  of  Marsala  has  given 
its  name  ;  the  somber  caret,  the  soaring  aloe, 
hedges  of  yucca  and  prickly  pear,  flowers  and 
shrubs  creeping  down  to  the  very  shores  or 
hanging  in  festoons  and  masses  from  the  broken 
cliffs  ; — in  short,  everything  that  can  charm  the 
eye  and  emparadise  the  senses  is  to  be  found 
lavished  by  Mother  Nature  about  this  bright 
island. 

ITS    LOVELY    COAST- LINE. 

*  *  The  configuration  of  the  steep  and  rugged 
coast-line  is  equally  lovely.  The  bay  of  Palermo, 
with  its  guardian  mountains  like  fortresses  to 
protect  its  entrance,  and  the  bay  of  Catania, 
shadowed  by  lordly  jEtna  seated  on  his  snowy 
throne,  these  are  familiar  from  repute  ;  but  the 
whole  coast  is  fretted  by  broad  forelands  of 
warmly  glowing  hills  whose  rocky  barriers  brok- 
en into  Outlying  crags  form  deep  recesses  which 
echo  to  the  whish  of  the  sunny  sea  ;  masses  of 
black  lava  rock,  set  amid  a  creamy  surf,  diver 
sify  the  line  of  shore,  while  a  rich  flora  occupies 
every  nook  and  cranny  and  responds  with  glow- 
ing color  to  the  opaline  iridescence  of  the  waters. 
But  it  is  not  only  the  senses  of  sight  and  smell 
that  are  captivated  ;  for  every  spot  teems  with 
historic  memories,  appealing  to  our  historic  sense 
and  intellectual  capacity,  deepening  the  enjoy- 
ment, so  that  one  goes  back  again  and  again  to 
the  lavish  bounty  of  the  physical  and  mental  de- 
lights of  the  island,  as  Cardinal  Newman  once 
said,  like  as  one  smells  again  and  again  at  a  sweet 
flower. 

GREEK    TEMPLES. 

* '  With  the  exception  of  Athens,  nowhere, 
eveh  in  Greece  itself,  are  such  fine  remains  of 
that  country*s  art  to  be  seen  as  are  found  at  Gir- 
genti,  Segesta,  Selinunte,  and  Syracuse.  Some 
of  the  most  magnificent  temples  that  the  Grecian 
architect  ever  produced  still  exist  here  ;  and  t 
dominant  desire  in  the  mind  of  every  intelligent 
visitor  to  the  island  is  to  see  those  that  stand 
erect.  But  although  the  larger  number  of  tho 
existing  remains  of  Greek  art  lie  overthrown, 
yet  there  are  three  temples  standing  erect,  while 
others  are  embodied  in  churches.  It  would  be 
a  good  thing  if  no  one  were  allowed  to  take  the 
higher  classical  forms  in  our  schools  or  become 
teachers  at  our  universities  in  classical  subjects 
unless  he  had  traveled  in  the  countries  where 
Greek  and  Roman  works  are  to  be  seen,  A  few 
months'  study  of  these,  to  a  man  already  well 
read  in  their  history,  is  a  duplication  of  all  be 
knows,   and  brings  a  life  and   reality  into  hii 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


851 


teachings  that  saves  time  and  brightens  the  labor 
of   the  pupil. 

*  *  All  the  temples  in  Sicily  are  in  the  style  called 
Doric,  from  being  perfected  in  the  Doric  cities 
of  Greece,  those  first  art  schools  of  Europe. 
Like  the  Norman  style  in  England,  it  is  marked 
by  its  simplicity,  solidity,  and  impressiveness, 
and  was  governed  by  strict  rule,  simple  propor- 
tion, and  pure  harmony. 

THK    GATE    OP    PARADISE. 

« «  But  the  study  of  these  temples  would  take  up 
a  greater  portion  of  our  space  than  we  now  pro- 
pose to  give  it,  and  we  return  to  a  review  of  the 
eastern  coast  of  Sicily,  as  that  most  sought  by  the 
traveler  in  search  of  natural  beauty,  and  because 
physically  and  historically  it  is  the  most  interest- 
ing. It  is  hard  to  compare  lovely  scenery,  and 
probably  unfair  to  do  so  ;  but  most  persons  will 
register  in  their  memories  the  journey  from  Mes- 
sina to  Syracuse  as  perhaps  the  most  singularly 
attractive  and  beautiful  of  any  in  Europe.  The 
towns  along  this  coast — Messina,  Taormina,  Ca- 
tania, and  Syracuse — are  each  worthy  of  a  visit. 
Messina  is  throned  against  a  background  of  castled 
rocks  and  pine-crested  hills  that  wander  into  the 
distance,  gradually  rising  in  height  and  grandeur. 
There  is  not  the  spaciousness  and  scope  about  it 
that  Palermo,  its  rival  in  commerce,  presents, 
and  the  mountains  press  upon  one  from  all  sides 
save  that  of  the  sea. 

*  <  But  we  must  hasten  on  ;  for  Messina  is.  as 
it  were,  but  the  gate  of  Paradise,  and  only  the 
beginning  of  a  coasU  drive  southward  that  ex- 
ceeds all  others  with  which  we  already  are  ac- 
quainted. The  scenery  increases  in  romantic 
beauty  as  we  advance  ;  on  one  side  we  have  rocky 
islets  set  amid  opalesque  waters,  deepening  into 
sapphire-blue  and  bounded  in  the  distance  across 
the  straits  by  the  Calabrian  Mountains  ;  on  the 
other,  picturesque  crags  and  castle-topped  heights 
succeed  one  another  in  riotous  profusion,  and  one 
wishes  to  stop  at  a  dozen  spots  to  let  their  extreme 
loveliness  sink  into  the  memory. 

EDEN. 

**  We  had  the  good  fortune  to  be  at  Taormina 
when  all  visitors  were  gone  ;  no  worrying  guard- 
ians, beggars,  or  touts  dogged  our  steps,  and  the 
quiet  life  of  the  town  was  undisturbed.  The 
beauty  of  the  8]>ot  was  penetrating  in  its  intensity, 
and  one  could  not  but  think  that  the  effect  of 
living  in  such  scenes  must  have  influenced  the 
thought  of  such  a  highly  strung,  simple  people  as 
were  the  ancient  Greeks. 

**  Ijife  here  might  be  like  that  in  Eden  ;  for 
earth  seemed  full  of  heaven,  and  sin  alone  a  dis- 
cord  in  its  harmony.      Taormina  is  a  place  at 


which  to  stay  for  a  long  time  if  the  traveler  be 
desirous  of  restful  beauty  and  comfort;  it  is  an 
ideal  spot  for  any  one  having  reading  or  writing 
to  do,  or  for  convalescence  from  illness  and 
worry. " 

Cardinal  Newman  wrote  to  his  sister  about  the 
place  as  long  ago  as  1833. 


GERMANY'S  DEPENDENCE  ON  ENGLAND. 

MR.  ERNEST  E.  WILLIAMS,  the  author 
of  **Made  in  Germany,"  having  duly 
alarmed  his  fellow-countrymen  with  the  fact  of 
German  ascendency,  proceeds  in  the  National 
Review  to  issue  a  sort  of  counterblast,  and  to 
warn  Germany  in  her  turn.  He  first  shows  the 
bright  side  of  '  *  the  economic  revolution  in  Ger- 
many " —  the  forest  of  factories  which  have 
sprung  up,  the  beautified  cities,  the  population 
increased  by  30  per  cent.,  the  exports  going  up 
by  leaps  and  bounds,  the  rate  of  increase  steadily 
increasing,  the  notable  advance  in  output  of  coal 
and  iron,  in  shipbuilding  and  in  shipping. 
Hamburg  surpassed  Liverpool  in  tonnage  entered 
in  1893  ;  **she  is  now  the  first  port  in  Europe, 
and  ranks  immediately  after  London." 

GERMAN    SUGAR    IN    PERIL. 

Then  he  passes  to  the  reverse  of  the  medal. 
Woolen  goods  are  suffering  from  overproduction 
in  Germany  and  heavy  tariffs  abroad.  They  and 
worsted  are  to  have  their  output  reduced  by 
agreement  20  per  cent.  The  competition  of  the 
United  States  is  a  serious  factor.  Mr.  Williams 
offers  one  instance  of  Germany's  failure  to  keep 
the  upper  hand  : 

'<  There  is  the  great  beet-sugar  industry. 
Stimulated  by  the  bounty  system,  this  industry 
has  grown  to  vast  proportions,  and  both  agricul- 
ture and  industry  generally  in  Germany  would 
suffer  severely  from  a  backward  movement.  But 
a  blow  may  be  struck  at  any  moment.  The 
United  States,  by  a  special  duty,  have  counter- 
vailed the  bounty  on  German  sugar  ;  and  this 
countervailing  duty,  added  to  the  normal  duty 
charged  upon  imported  sugar  entering  the  United 
States,  has  practically  killed  the  export  of  Ger- 
man beet-sugar  thither.  Canada  has  taken  meas- 
ures to  keep  the  German  sugar  out  of  her  ports. 
India  has  followed  suit.  It  is  at  least  on  the 
cards  that  England,  either  by  imposing  a  counter- 
vailing duty,  or  by  prohibiting  the  entry  of 
bounty- fed  sugar  into  this  country,  or  by  joining 
a  convention  of  the  powers  for  the  abolition  of 
sugar  bounties,  will  deal  another  tremendous 
blow  at  the  German  trade.  When  the  bounties 
are  abolished  or  countervailed.  West  Indian  pro- 
duction wiU  again  raise  its  head  in  effective  com- 


352 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^/EIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


petition  with  the  German.  Queensland,  it  is  clear, 
will  make  her  presence  felt  very  formidably  ;  the 
United  States  will  see  to  the  development  of  the 
sugar  plantations  of  Cuba  and  Port  Rico,  Hawaii 
and  the  Philippines,  in  addition  to  cultivating 
cane-sugar  in  Louisiana  and  beet- sugar  in  other 
of  the  States.  Germany's  sugar  outlook  is  by  no 
means  promising,  and  the  very  extent  of  the  pres- 
ent development  of  the  industry  gives  the  threat- 
ened check  a  more  serious  character." 

GERMAN    VULNERABILITY. 

German  private  finance  is  none  too  sound. 
German  banks  (unlike  English)  finance  specula- 
tive enterprises.  In  the  extension  of  her  ven- 
tures Germany  has  given  many  hostages  to  for- 
tune. 

'  *  German  banks  dotted  about  South  American 
cities  ;  German  capital — assiduously  piled  up  in 
recent  years — gayly  embarked  upon  all  sorts  of 
speculative  foreign  enterprises  :  tramways  in  the 
Argentine  ;  railways  in  Asia  Minor  ;  German 
colonies,  remarkable  for  nothing  but  their  de- 
fenselessness  and  need  of  defense ;  German 
merchants,  with  assets  and  liabilities  scattered 
over  the  face  of  the  civilized  and  uncivilized 
earth.  It  is  when  we  come  to  the  consideration 
of  these  things  that  the  exceeding  vulnerability, 
the  positive  weakness,  in  an  international  view, 
of  the  new  Germany  becomes  so  startlingly  ap- 
parent. .  .  .  Germany  virtually  admits  that  sne 
cannot  develop  those  African  possessions  of  hers 
without  England's  help.  '* 

GERMANY  AT  THE  MERCY  OP  ENGLAND. 

Mr.  WiUiams  laments  England's  cringing  at- 
titude before  a  power  so  dependent  on  her.  He 
says  : 

*  *  Germany  badly  wants  foreign  markets  for 
the  sale  of  her  increasing  output  of  manufac- 
tures ;  other  nations,  with  their  own  economic 
interests  to  look  after,  are  shutting  the  door 
even  tighter  in  Germany's  face.  She  is  there- 
fore becoming  abjectly  dependent  upon  the  mar- 
kets of  the  British  empire.  Already,  by  the  in- 
stitution of  the  Canadian  preference,  German 
traders  have  begun  to  shiver  with  apprehension  ; 
and  Canada's  example  is  going  to  be  followed 
more  widely.  It  can  be  followed  to  any  extent, 
and  quite  easily  to  such  an  extent  as  would  bring 
Germany  to  her  knees,  pleading  for  our  clem- 
ency. At  the  present  time  a  new  commercial 
treaty  is  pending  between  this  country  and  Ger- 
many. If  we  ciiose  to  insert  stiff  provisions  in 
that  treaty, — in  res[)ect  to  our  own  economic  in 
terests  it  is  sincerely  to  be  hoped  that  we  shall 
set  our  feet  down  pretty  firmly, — Germany 
would  be  helpless  to  resist," 


THE  DEMAND  FOR  A  PIG-IRON  RESERVE. 

IN  the  Engineering  Magazine  for  August,  Mr. 
George  H.  Hull  writes  on  *  ^  Industrial  De- 
pressions and  the  Pig-iron  Reserve."  The  g^si 
of  his  discussion  of  the  subject  is  embodied  in 
the  following  paragraphs  : 

<  *  Iron  is  acknowledged  to  be  the  foundation 
on  which  the  modern  industrial  system  rests.  If 
that  system  is  disturbed,  it  is  most  natural  to 
look  to  the  foundation  for  the  cause  of  the  dis- 
turbance. If  one  would  appreciate  how  thor- 
oughly the  entire  industrial  system  depends  upon 
iron,  let  him  imagine  what  the  woild  would  be 
to-day  without  it — what  it  would  be  if  we  de- 
pended upon  wood,  stone,  copper,  and  tin  for 
our  implements  of  agriculture,  t  ools,  machinery, 
vehicles  of  transportation  on  land  and  sea,  the  vast 
network  of  rails  on  the  surface,  and  the  pipes 
which  carry  water,  gas,  etc.,  under  the  surface. 
What  proportion  of  these  could  have  existed 
without  it  ?  It  matters  little  what  its  price  is, 
provided  that  price  is  stable.  The  industries  of 
a  nation  depend  upon  the  actions  of  an  aggrega- 
tion of  individuals.  When  the  individual  con- 
siders an  expenditure  for  a  permanent  improve- 
ment, and  finds  that  improvement  will  cost  50 
per  cent,  'to  100  per  cent,  more  than  it  would 
have  done  a  year  before,  or  is  likely  to  do  a  year 
later,  he  acts  ;  and  that  action  is  almost  invaria- 
bly a  postponement  of  that  improvement. 

**  This,  in  a  nutshell,  is  the  reason  that  indus- 
trial depressions  follow  an  abnormal  advance. 
Iron  is  a  powerful  instrument  for  good  when  un- 
der control,  and  just  as  powerful  an  instrument 
for  harm  when  not  under  control.  It  is  not  un- 
der control  when  it  advances  in  price  80  to  100 
per  cent,  above  its  normal  cost. 

ACCUMULATE    STOCK  ;    KEEP   PRICES    DOWN, 

*  <  All  industries  may  be  divided  into  two 
classes — production  of  daily  necessities  and  pro- 
duction of  permanent  wealth.  It  is  the  last 
which  suffers  from  abnormally  high  prices. 
We  can  stop  building,  but  we  cannot  stop  eat- 
ing. When  the  price  of  iron  is  under  proper 
control,  the  industries  connected  with  building 
will  be  as  uniformly  profitable  as  trade  in  food 
and  clothmg. 

**The  only  possible  way  to  bring  iron  under 
proper  control  is  to  accumulate,  in  each  of  the 
iron-producing  countries  of  the  world,  a  stock 
of  pig  iron  equal  to  several  months'  production. 
It  will  not  suffice  to  do  this  in  one  country  only. 
The  demand  from  the  others  would  carry  its 
price  up  with  theirs.  Each  country  must  accu- 
mulate an  adequate  reserve  stock  of  its  own.  If 
this  be  done  during  the  next  few  years,  thene 
will  be  no  more  periods  of  boom  and  no  more 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


853 


periods  of  industrial  depression,  except  such 
short  temporary  interruptions  as  may  come  from 
financial  panics :  in  time,  they,  too,  may  be 
understood  and  prevented. 

EFFECT    ON    BUILDING    ENTERPRISES. 

* '  If  the  manufacturers  of  building  materials 
would,  at  this  juncture,  voluntarily  and  prompt- 
ly, put  down  prices  to  within  10  per  cent,  of 
normal  figures,  which  is  as  low,  also,  as  they 
should  ever  have  gone,  even  in  periods  of  most 
marked  depression,  it  would  revive  a  large  num- 
ber of  the  building  enterprises  which  are  now 
postponed  or  abandoned,  and  a  prolonged  indus- 
trial depression  might  even  at  this  late  date  be 
averted.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  prices  are  held 
up  until  sales  are  forced  by  the  accumulation  of 
excessive  stocks  made  at  high  cost,  then  heavy 
losses  and  failures  will  occur,  confidence  will  be 
lost,  and  no  amount  of  reduction  will  revive  the 
postponed  enterprises,  until  the  iron -producing 
nations  have  passed  through  just  such  another 
industrial  depression  as  has  heretofore  followed 
each  abnormal  advance  in  the  price  of  iron. 

INCREASE    IN    ACTUAL    DEMAND. 

**  There  is  a  wonderful  future  for  the  iron 
business  the  day  these  violent  fluctuations  in  its 
price  are  ended.  The  annual  consumption  of 
iron  in  the  United  States  is  growing  with  a 
cumulative  force.  Fifty  years  ago  it  was  100 
pounds  per  capita,  two  years  ago  300  pounds, 
and  last  year  400  pounds  per  capita.  Within 
twenty-five  years  it^  should  be  1,000  pounds. 
Sot  one- twentieth  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth 
are  comfortably  housed,  fed,  and  clothed.  The 
world  is  not  finished.  There  are  whole  conti- 
nents to  be  developed.  There  is  plenty  for  all  to 
do.  Let  every  one  work  who  will.  It  requires 
a  certain  number  of  workers  to  produce  the  dally 
necessities  of  the  people.  Every  additional  pro- 
ducer put  to  work  adds  to  wealth.  When  the 
price  of  iron  is  under  control,  the  manufacturing 
nations  will  make  such  regular  and  uninter- 
rupted progress  as  will  astonish  the  world.'' 


THE  VALUE  OF  BRAINS  IN  THE  SOCIAUST 
STATE, 

MFOUILL^E,  in  a  paper  in  the  Revue  dcs 
•  Deux  Mondes  on  '*  Mental  Labor  and 
Collectivism,"  deals  with  that  familiar  ol)j<»ction 
to  the  various  collectivist  systems,  that  they  do 
not  take  into  account  sufficiently  tlie  vahio  of 
mental  and  moral  work  ;  in  other  words,  col- 
lectivism as  a  serious  system  of  economics  is 
baaed  too  much  upon  manual  labor  and  the  inter- 
ests of  the  working  classes.     The  liberal  profes- 


sions are  frequently  classified  as  unproductive, 
and  the  calling  of  literature  itself  is  regarded  as 
parasitical. 

The  nature  and  value  of  mental  labor  have 
always  been  a  great  difficulty  with  the  collecti- 
vist. Marx  attempted  to  reduce  intellectual 
labor  to  a  condensed  form  of  manual  labor  ;  but 
this  is  rather  like  arguing  that  diamonds  and 
coal  are  equally  valuable  because  they  are  both 
made  of  carbon.  The  effort  necessary  to  lift  a 
hundredweight  of  goods  affords  no  key  to  the 
brain  labor  of  a  Darwin,  a  Socrates,  or  a  Des- 
cartes. The  truth  is,  says  M.  Fouill^e,  that 
brain -work  cannot  be  measured  by  material 
standards. 

MIND    IN    INDUSTRIAL    PROGRESS. 

M.  Fouill^e  goes  on  to  lay  down  certain  laws 
in  the  development  of  work.  The  first  is  the 
progressive  predominance  of  mental  labor  ;  this 
is  exhibited  in  the  movement  of  science  and 
scientific  industries  which  is  characteristic  of 
modern  times.  Side  by  side  we  have  the  prog- 
ress of  invention  and  of  imitation  ;  the  first  of 
which  is  manifestly  by  far  the  most  intellectual, 
for  the  second  is  really  only  mechanical  repro- 
duction. According  to  M.  Tarde,  capital — 
which  must  not  be  confused  with  wealth — repre- 
sents the  inventions,  while  labor  represents  the 
imitations.  There  is  yet  a  third  kind  of  work 
which  Marx  has  ignored  :  that  moral  energy — 
perhaps  even  more  elusive  than  intellectual  work 
— which  consists  in  the  sustained  attention,  per- 
severance, piatience,  and  courage,  without  which 
not  only  the  industrial  world,  but  also  the  intel- 
lectual, would  collapse. 

FREEDOM    A    NECESSITY. 

M.  Fouill6e*s  second  law  is  the  progressive 
liberty  of  mental  work,  and  indeed  of  all  work. 
It  is  obviously  a  necessary  condition  of  the 
greatest  intellectual  work  to  be  free  from  rules. 
The  inventor  must  have  his  individual  initiative 
uncontrolled  ;  the  increase  of  civilization  makes 
for  the  increase  of  this  liberty.  The  savage  who 
does  little  or  no  work  is  hardly  to  be  distin- 
guished from  his  brother  savage  ;  while  the  civ- 
ilized citizens  of  any  country  present  notable 
differences  one  from  another.  Thus,  work  itself 
tends  to  emphasize  the  individual  element,  and 
progresses  more  and  more  toward  the  personal 
form.  Side  by  side,  however,  with  this  indi- 
vidualizing tendency  is  an  opposite  and  socializ- 
ing tendency,  in  the  sense  that  every  age  inherits 
the  great  results  of  the  work  of  previous  ages. 
This,  however,  does  not  minimize  the  impor- 
tance of  the  inspiration  of  the  individual.  Scien- 
tific and  industrial  progress  are  in  no  sense  the 


356 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


The  tendency  of  this  revolt  against  literary 
influence  must,  in  the  opinion  of  the  writer,  be 
in  the  direction  of  impressionism,  and  so  make 
toward  realism. 

Then  comes  the  school  of  *<  light  effects," 
which  delights  in  showing  room  or  landscape 
flooded  with  light,  with  **  their  eternal  blue  and 
their  light  which  looks  as  if  made  of  flour" 
(Delacroix).  Their  palette  is  small — excessive 
ultramarine,  white,  pink,  purple ;  yellow  and 
blue  being  in  most  general  use.     This  tendency 


FORKION  SGUIiPTURB  IN  THB  PALAOB  OF  FINB  ARTS. 

has,  in  Besnard,  gone  to  a  love  for  prismatic 
coloring.     The  writer  adds  : 

*<  We  may  be  sure  that  this  prismatic  painting 
will,  in  a  short  time, — if  it  has  not  already, — 
come  to  constitute  a  new  school,  and  a  recogniz- 
able genre.  We  see  all  kinds  of  painters  show- 
ing a  leaning  that  way,  and  swerving  from  the 
path  which  they  seemed  to  have  traced  out  for 
themselves.   .   .   . 

* '  The  primal  impulse  in  every  case  has  been 
essentially  the  same  ;   to  realize  the  great  stir  to 
the  senses,  and  through  them  to  the  imagination,  * 
caused  by  sudden  effects  of  light." 

The  writer  then  deals  with  ^'another  wide- 
spreading  and  deep-reaching  current  of  art," 
which  moves  toward  * '  the  distribution  of  light 
and  shade  over  the  whole  scene,  which  gives 
their  relief  to  individual  objects,  and  gives  the 
effect  of  distance  between  one  object  and  an- 
other; "  technically  known  as  ^he  "perception 
of  values."     In  this  branch  Whistler  is  master. 

The  writer  hopes  for  a  reaction  against  the  re- 


action ;  he  waits  for  a  regeneration  of  art,  *  *  a 
new  and  high  art,"  which  shall  speak  directly  as 
music  speaks  through  a  Beethoven. 

RELICS  AND  THEIR  CULT. 

IN  the  Revue  de  Paris^  M.  Luchaire  gives  a 
curious  account  of  the  part  which  the  vener- 
ation of  relics  has  played  m  the  religious  life  of 
the  Continent.  He  points  out  that  not  only  the 
archaeologist,  but  the  passing  visitor  to  the  French 
Exhibition,  cannot  but  be  struck  by  the  extraor- 
dinary colFection  of  reliquaries  gathered  together 
in  the  smaller  of  the  two  art  palaces. 

There  may  be  seen,  exposed  to  the  gaze  of  the 
curious  and  of  the  indifferent,  relics  which  have 
been  venerated  for  centuries — notably  the  ex- 
traordinary golden  idol  incrusted  with  precious 
stones,  known  to  those  interested  in  such  matters 
as  the  image  of  *  *  St.  Faith,  the  Virgin  of 
Conques."  St.  Faith  is  reputed  to  have  worked 
miracles  for  over  a  thousand  years  ;  innumerable 
pilgrims  have  passed  before  her  shrine,  .bringing 
her  offerings  and  implonng  her  intercession. 
During  the  Middle  Ages  this  image  actually 
owned  property,  not  only  all  over  France,  but  in 
England,  Spain,  and  Italy.  Occasionally  she  was 
taken  on  a  tour  among  her  properties.  These 
almost  royal  progresses  were  a  source  of  great 
interest  and  enthusiasm  to  the  towns  and  villages 
through  which  St.  Faith  passed,  and  whence  she 
was  credited  with  working  numerous  mii-acles. 
After  such  a  past,  there  seems  something  gro- 
tesque and  melancholy  in  the  thought  of  poor 
St.  Faith  playing  her  part  in  the  great  raree 
show  now  being  held  on  the  banks  of  the  Seine. 

AS   AMULETS. 

Relics  played  an  almost  incredibly  important 
part  in  old  Christendom.  Instead  of  swearing 
with  the  aid  of  a  Bible,  a  witness  in  those  days 
called  God  to  witness  his  truth  by  placing  his 
hand  on  a  relic.  When  a  plague  broke  out  in  a 
city  the  town  relics — which  generally  consisted 
of  the  limb  of  some  great  saint,  a  piece  of  the 
true  cross,  or  even  a  portion  of  the  garment  of  a 
martyr — were  brought  out  of  the  reliquaries  and 
taken  in  procession  through  the  streets.  Before 
starting  on  a  long  journey  or  on  a  dangerous  ex- 
pedition, the  traveler  began  by  making  the  pil- 
grimage to  some  holy  place  sanctified  as  having 
once  been  the  dwelling,  or  as  having  now  pos- 
session of  the  relic,  of  a  well-known  saint ;  and 
also  he  would  try,  or  his  friends  would  attempt, 
to  procure  for  him  some  little  relic,  which  was 
placed  as  a  kind  of  amulet  either  in  the  hilt  of 
his  sword  or  in  a  small  bag  round  his  neck. 
The  value  of  a  relic  differed  according  to   the 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


357 


holiness  of  the  saint  or  martyr  with  whom  it  was 
connected.  Then,  as  now,  Jerusalem  was  the 
most  frequented  place  of  Christian  pilgrimage, 
but  each  <;ountry  had  its  own  *'  holy  places." 

^  EDUCATIONAL    VALUE. 

France  was  fortunate  in  the  possession  of  the 
crown  of  thorns,  and  each  of  the  apostles  was 
represented  by  a  relic,  includmg  a  lock  of  hair  of 
St.  Peter.  Less  likely  to  be  authentic  were  ob- 
jects supposed  to  have  been  touched  by  the  patri- 
archs Abraham,  Isaac,  and  Jacob.  Great  kings 
and  princes  knew  that  they  could  give  no  greater 
pleasure  to  their  friends  and  vassals  than  by  pre- 
senting them  with  a  relic.  The  populace  learned 
their  Bible  history  through  their  relics  ;  and  one 
town  famous  for  its  objects  of  the  kind  proudly 
boasted  of  possessing  a  little  piece  of  the  manger 
from  Bethlehem,  a  cupful  of  the  incense  brought 
by  the  Magis,  a  finger  of  St.  John  the  Baptist, 
and  a  lock  of  the  hair  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene. 
The  higher  religious  authorities,  successive  popes, 
and  various  bishops  made  vigorous  attempts  to 
stem  this  cult,  which  often  degenerated  into  mere 
idolatry  ;  but  even  when  it  was  decided  that  no 
relic  should  be  shown  of  which  the  authenticity 
was  not  more  or  less  proved  by  tradition,  the 
populace  became  exceedingly  angry,  and  clung  to 
the  reliquaries  more  determinedly  than  ever. 

A    MISSING    HEAD. 

One  of  the  most  authentic  and  interesting  of 
medieval  relics  was  the  body  of  Saint  Genevieve, 
the  patroness  of  Paris.  In  1 1 62  the  terrible  news 
went  forth  that  the  saint's  head  had  disappeared, 
stolen  by  some  too  ardent  devotee.  The  then 
king,  Louis  VII.,  made  it  known  that  if  the  head 
was  not  replaced  by  a  certain  day  he  would  have 
all  the  monks  in  the  Priory  of  Saint  Genevieve, 
where  the  relic  had  been  kept,  severely  beaten. 
But  as  sometimes  happens  on  less  important  oc- 
casions, the  threat  had  its  desired  effect,  and 
when  in  the  presence  of  the  king  and  the  whole 
court  the  reliquary  was  opened,  the  saint's  head 
was  found  intact.  It  not  infrequently  happened 
that  several  towns  believed  themselves  to  be  in 
possession  of  the  same  relic,  and  this  caused  not 
a  little  scandal. 

Even  to-day  in  republican  France  there  is  no 
town,  and  very  few  villages,  that  has  not  its  set 
of  relics,  and  now,  as  then,  addition^  are  con- 
stantly made  to  them.  But  the  clergy  do  not 
encourage  the  cult  of  miracle-working  relics,  and 
look  with  suspicion  on  any  stories  of  the  efficacy 
of  touching  a  relic.  Belief  in  their  power  seems, 
however,  to  be  engrafted  in  human  nature.  Even 
now  many  miracles  are  said  to  take  plac^  yearly  at 
Ars,  which  la  of  course  full  of  relics  of  the  famous 


cur^,  who  would  doubtless  have  been  the  first  to 
deprecate  the  uses  to  which  his  reputation  for 
holiness  has  been  turned  by  his  zealous  country- 
men and  countrywomen. 


i  4 


MANILA'S  SCHOOL  SYSTEM. 

THE  Present  and  Future  of  the  Philip- 
pines "  is  the  rather  ambitious  title  of 
an  article  in  the  August  Forum,  by  Mr.  Frank 
F.  Hilder,  the  lecturer  and  writer  on  geographic 
subjects,  who  has  recently  returned  from  his 
second  visit  to  the  islands. 

No  part  of  Mr.  Hilder's  paper  is  more  inter- 
esting than  that  which  describes  the  present 
status  of  public  education  under  American  aus- 
pices in  the  city  of  Manila.  Under  Spanish  rule, 
education  was  very  generally  confined  to  the  up- 
per classes  of  the  population.  It  has  been  the 
purpose  of  the  American  administration  to  dif- 
fuse its  benefits  among  the  masses.  According 
to  Mr.  Hilder^s  observation,  this  purpose  has 
been  as  fully  accomplished  as  could  be  expected 
in  the  comparatively  brief  period  of  the  Ameri- 
can occupation,  considering  the  disturbed  condi- 
tion of  the  community. 

*<THE    SCHOOLHOUSK    FOLLOWS    THE    FLAG." 

*  •  To  the  credit  of  Americans,  the  schoolhouse 
follows  the  flag.  As  the  army  advances,  and 
fresh  territory  becomes  safe  and  peaceful,  schools 
are  at  once  started  ;  and  every  effort  is  being 
made  to  extend  to  the  towns  and  hamlets  of  the 
entire  archipelago  the  same  broad  plans  for 
American  education  which  have  been  in  vogue 
in  Manila  for  more  than  a  year.  Recent  as  is 
our  occupation  of  the  island  of  Mindanao,  official 
reports  received  within  the  last  two  months  indi- 
cate that  180  schools  will  soon  be  in  operation  in 
that  island  alone.  The  public  school  system  of 
Manila  embraces  41  schools,  with  a  regular  at- 
tendance of  about  5,000  pupils.  Two  of  these 
schools  are  conducted  by  28  Spanish  Jesuit 
Fathers,  and  one  for  girls  by  a  Spanish  sister- 
hood, of  whom  12  act  as  teachers.  These  three 
schools  influde  a  high  school,  with  considerable 
academic  work  for  boys,  and  some  high-school 
work  for  girls  ;  a  commercial  school  for  boys ; 
a  normal  school  for  males  ;  two  primary  schools 
for  boys  and  one  for  girls — one  of  those  for  the 
boys  being  a  training-school  for  teachers,  in  con- 
nection with  the  normal  school.  The  instruction 
in  these  schools  is  conducted  in  Spanish,  but 
great  interest  is  shown  in  the  study  of  English. 
The  remaining  38  schools  are  conducted  under 
the  auspices  of  the  American  Government,  and 
include  nineteen  for  each  sex,  scattered  through- 
out the  yarious  districts  and  Bubdistricts  of  the 


358 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


city  and  suburbs.  The  schools  for  the  boys  are 
located  close  to  those  for  the  girls,  and  some- 
times in  the  same  building.  English  is  taught 
in  all  these  schools  ;  nearly  all  the  teachers  of 
English  being  Americans,  and  mostly  women. 
The  86  teachers  who  use  Spanish  are  Tagalos, 
Mestizos,  and  a  few  Spaniards.  The  largo  ma- 
jority of  these  teachers  are  graduates  of  the  nor- 
mal school  of  Manila,  conducted  by  the  Jesuits. 

"The  greater  part  of  these  38  schools  are  in 
rented  buildings,  for  the  most  part  unfit  for  the 
purpose,  and  entirely  inadequate  to  accommodate 
the  number  of  pupils  attending  them.  There  is  a 
most  urgent  need  for  larger  school  buildings,  and 
for  properly  constructed  ones,  with  playgrounds 
attached — a  luxury  entirely  unknown  in  Manila. 
Accommodations  should  be  provided  for  at  least 
30,000  or  40,000,  who,  having  no  occupation, 
are  roaniing  the  streets  and  acquiring  bad  habits. 
These  children  are  worthy  of  immediate  attention. " 

The  American  oflBcials  in  charge  of  this  school 
system  have  great  faith  in  the  Filipino  children 
of  Manila.  They  describe  them  as  *'  bright,  ca- 
pable, polite,  earnest,  and  persevering."  The 
parents,  too,  wish  their  children  to  know  Eng- 
lish. The  native  teachers  are  capable  and 
patient  workers.  Mr.  Hilder  was  present  at  the 
exercises  held  in  several  of  the  schools  when 
they  closed  for  the  summer  vacation,  and  was 
surprised  at  the  proficiency  of  the  pupils,  par- 
ticularly in  English,  considering  the  short  time 
they  had  been  under  instruction.  The  proceed- 
ings were  closed  by  the  singing  of  **  America" 
in  the  English  language. 

A  nautical  school  has  been  opened  under  the 
direction  of  an  American  naval  oflficer. 


MRS.  GLADSTONE  AS  WIFE  AND 
PHILANTHROPIST. 

DEAN  WICKHAM  contributes  to  Good 
Words  a  sketch  of  **Mrs.  Gladstone  as 
Seen  from  Near  at  Hand."  Of  her  devotion  to 
her  husband  one  pathetic  anecdote  is  given  : 

**Her  efforts  were  unresting,  and  rarely  un- 
successful, to  economize  his  strength  and  time 
by  giving  him  all  the  comfort  of  home  and  none 
of  its  worries.  It  is  a  touching  witness,  in  a 
small  matter,  to  the  master- purpose  that  in  the 
wanderings  of  her  failing  life  one  of  the  very 
last  fancies  which  expressed  itself  in  intelligible 
words  was  that  a  carriage  which  should  have 
been  ready  for  him  was  after  time.  She  scolded 
the  nurse  and  sent  urgent  messages,  and  then 
turning,  as  she  thought,  to  him,  with  her  old 
tact  changing  her  voice  that  he  might  not  guess 
that  there  was  any  delay  or  difficulty,  said  : 
<  Shall  you  be  ready  soon  to  start,  darling  ? '  " 


THE  LATE  MBS.  OLADSTOMK. 

But  the  writer  brings  also  to  view  her  philan- 
thropic initiative  : 

<*  The  Newport  Market  Refuge  was  due  to  her 
initiation.  Slie  got  together  the  committee  which 
found  the  disused  slaughter-houses  in  Soho,  m 
which  the  refuge  was  first  established  ;  and 
partly  by  means  of  meetings,  at  which  Mr.  Glad- 
stone spoke,  partly  by  endless  personal  corre- 
spondence, and  by  appeals  through  The  Times, 
she  raised  the  funds  both  for  the  start  and  for 
the  subsequent  developments.  It  was  a  new  de- 
parture in  the  effort  to  grapple  with  the  problem 
of  the  shelterless. 

'  *  The  Free  Convalescent  Home,  so  long  located 
at  Woodford  Hall,  like  the  industrial  school  at- 
tached to  the  Newport  Market  Refuge  and  her 
own  orphanage  for  boys  at  Hawarden,  grew  out 
of  the  needs  of  which  she  had  had  personal  ex- 
perience in  the  London  Hospital  during  the  great 
cholera  epidemic  in  1867.  There  were  two  nov- 
elties in  her  scheme  :  the  absence  of  nomination, 
payment,  etc.,  and  the  attachment  of  the  con- 
valescent home  to  a  great  hospital.  As  Mrs. 
Gladstone  had  been  its  foundress,  so  she  watched 
over  it,  visiting  it  constantly." 

One  incident  may  be  cited  : 

♦ '  She  was  traveling  down  to  Woodford.  The 
footman  had  taken  her  ticket  when  she  started, 
and  she  had  no  money,  having  left  her  .purse  at 
home,  or  (as  she  often  did)  emptied  it.  On  the 
way  sher  entered  into  conversation  with  a  sad- 
looking  young  lady  in  the  carriage^  and  learned 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


359 


by  degrees  her  trouble — a  sick  husband,  whom 
she  was  just  sending  off  for  a  voyage  to  Australia 
as  a  chance  for  his  life,  but  whom  she  could  not 
afford  to  accompany.  In  the  interest  of  the  story 
she  overran  her  station.  As  she  got  out,  remem- 
bering that  she  had  no  money,  she  borrowed  a 
shilling  of  her  traveling  companion,  and  then 
gave  her  her  address  in  St.  James's  Square  and 
asked  her  to  call,  telling  her  that  she  would  see 
what  could  be  done  for  her.  The  same  evening. 
at  a  smart  dinner,  she  told  the  story  with  such 
effect  that,  with  her  own  promised  contribution, 
there  was  enough  to  pay  the  second  passage  to 
Australia.  Next  morning  the  young  wife  came 
and  with  her  to  the  door  her  husband,  who  was 
afraid  she  might  have  been  hoaxed  ;  but  she  was 
warmly  received,  and  the  story  being  fully  veri- 
fied, she  was  made  happy  by  being  enabled  to 
accompany  her  husband  on  his  voyage. 

**  She  never  had  a  thought  of  personal  risk  or 
trouble  or  fatigue.  It  struck  no  one  as  anything 
but  what  was  natural  in  her  that  in  the  first  hours 
after  Mr.  Gladstone's  death  she  should  have 
driven  up  the  village  to  comfort  the  new-made 
widow  of  a  collier  who  had  been  killed  that 
morning  in  a  mining  accident." 


STUDIES  IN  DEVELOPMENT. 

SOME  very  striking  work  has  been  done  re- 
cently, in  the  field  of  experimental  embry- 
ology, by  Prof.  Jacques  Loeb,  who  announces  his 
latest  results  in  Science  for  August  3,  under  the 
title  •*  Artificial  Parthenogenesis  in  Annelids 
iChctiopttrus),'' 

Every  animal  develops  from  a  single  cell,  called 
the  egg- cell,  or  ovum  ;  and  it  has  been  an  ac- 
cepted fact  that  every  such  cell  must  be  fertilized 
before  it  can  develop  into  an  individual — that  is, 
it  must  unite  with  another  specially  differentiated 
celL  This  is  true  throughout  the  animal  king- 
dom, whether  there  is  an  elephant  or  a  butterfly 
under  consideration.  Some  exceptions  occur 
among  less  highly  organized  animals,  such  as 
worms,  etc.,  which  may  also  have  an  asexual 
method  of  reproduction,  known  in  its  most  typical 
form  as  fission,  in  which  a  portion  of  the  body 
changes  directly  into  a  new  mdividual  that  sepa- 
rates and  becomes  free. 

Dr.  Loeb  has  experimented  with  ova  that  de- 
velop in  sea- water.  He  found  that  when  ova  of  the 
sea-urchin  were  placed  in  sea- water,  the  composi- 
tion of  which  had  been  changed  by  the  addition 
of  certain  chemicals,  they  would  develop,  although 
there  had  been  no  possibility  of  union  with  a  fer- 
tilizing celL  It  was  not  necessary  to  leave  them 
in  the  changed  water  for  any  length  of  time ; 
treatment  for  a  few  moments  was  sufficient.    The 


embryos  developed  up  to  the  pluteus  stage,  as  the 
larval  form  of  the  sea-urchin  is  called. 

By  placing  different  substances  in  the  water,  it 
was  found  that  development  follows  the  use  of 
either  electrolytes  or  non-conductors,  and  it  is 
probable  that  the  eggs  lose  a  certain  amount  of 
water. 

He  has  also  experimented  on  the  ova  of  star- 
fish and  of  ChcBlopteruSy  one  of  the  marine  worms, 
in  both  of  which  the  embryos  passed  through  the 
early  stages  of  development  after  being  placed  in 
water  containing  chemicals. 

Two  kinds  of  fei*tilization  are  distinguished — 
first,  that  resulting  from  substances  that  increase 
the  condensation  of  the  liquid,  and  designated  as 
osmotic  fertilization  ;  and,  second,  a  chemical  fer- 
tilization, which  results  from  changing  the  con- 
stitution of  the  sea- water  without  increasing  its 
density.  This  kind  of  fertilization  was  not  effect- 
ive in  the  case  of  the  sea-urchins. 

Great  interest  was  aroused,  a  few  years  ago, 
by  experiments  from  which  it  was  shown  that 
after  artificial  division  of  the  egg  in  its  earliest 
stages  of  development  two  individuals  might  de- 
velop, or  half  of  a  complete  individual,  or  a  com- 
plete one  of  one-half  normal  size,  according  to 
the  kind  of  egg  experimented  upon.  These  later 
unexpected  results  show  us  that  there  is  much 
to  be  learned  yet  of  the  dynamics 'of  embryonic 
growth. 

HOW  A  UON  IS  TAMED. 

IN  the  September  McClure^s^  there  is  an  article 
by  Samuel  Hopkins  Adams  on  *  *  The  Train- 
ing of  Lions,  Tigers,  and  Other  Great  Cats," 
which  explains  rather  more  on  that  interesting 
topic  than  we  have  before  seen.  Mr.  Adams 
writes  from  personal  interviews  with  the  leading 
traiAers  of  the  world.  He  tells  us,  in  the  first 
place,  that  all  trainers  prefer  an  animal  from  the 
wilds  to  one  born  in  captivity,  the  reason  being 
that  the  captive  creature  lands  after  a  long  voy- 
age, during  which  it  has  almost  incessantly  suf- 
fered from  seasickness,  want  of  care,  and  insuf- 
ficient food.  It  has  become  wretched  and  broken 
in  body  and  spirit.  In  a  few  hours  it  has  a  com- 
fortable and  spacious  cage,  with  clean  straw, 
fresh  air,  good  food,  and,  above  all,  quiet  and 
peace.  This  renders  the  new  arrival,  whether 
lion,  tiger,  leopard,  jaguar,  or  puma,  more  amen- 
able to  the  advances  of  human  beings  than  the 
feline  born  in  captivity.  The  latter  is  a  spoiled 
child,  and  has  neither  respect  nor  fear  for  man. 
It  endures  the  presence  of  a  trainer  in  its  cage 
without  protest ;  but  let  him  attempt  to  force  it 
into  some  course  of  action  against  its  will,  and  at 
the  first  touch  of  punishment  it  springs  at  hia 
throat. 


:^60 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REf^/EU^  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


TACKLING    A    WILD    TWO-YEAR-OLD    LION. 

In  his  interesting  description  of  the  actual 
methods  of  taking  a  wild  beast  in  hand,  Mr. 
Adams  considers  the  education  of  a  two-year-old 
lion  just  arrived  from  Africa.  »*  Presumably 
he  is  looking  about  him  with  some  curiosity  as 
to  what  is  coming  next.  Already  he  has  be- 
come accustomed  to  regard  the  approach  of  man 
as  an  indication  of  feeding-time.  Consequently, 
he  is  inclined  to  honor  the  human  being  with  his 
approval  on  general  principles.  To  his  cage 
comes  the  trainer,  and  speaks  to  him  in  soothing 
tones.  Leo  regards  him  without  any  evidence  of 
perturbation.  The  trainer,  after  talking  to  him 
for  a  few  minutes,  throws  him  a  savory  strip  of 
meat,  and  loiters  about  the  cage  for  an  hour  or 
more  before  he  goes. 

THE    FIRST   ADVANTAGE. 

The  next  day  he  is  back  again,  and  the  same 
performance  is  repeated.  By  the  third  day  Leo, 
being  of  average  intelligence,  recognizes  his 
voice  when  he  comes  to  the  cage — it  is  always 
the  voice  that  a  lion  recognizes  first,  for  which 
reason  a  trainer  invariably  speaks  to  his  animals 
upon  approaching  them — and,  if  he  is  in  pretty 
good  humor,  purs.  That  is  the  signal  for  the 
next  step  in  the  acquaintanceship.  The  trainer 
pokes  a  broomstick  between  the  bars. 

*<This  invasion  is  more  than  Leo  bargained 
for,  however.  He  draws  back,  growls,  and, 
thrusting  out  a  huge  paw,  pins  the  intruding 
object  to  the  floor ;  then  drags  it  into  the  cage, 
the  trainer  offering  no  resistance.  Perhaps  the 
lion  contents  himself  with  knocking  the  stick 
'about  a  bit  and  growling  at  it,  having  ascer- 
tained that  it  is  harmless  ;  or  perhaps  he  crunches 
it  between  his  terrible  teeth.  At  any  rate,  no 
sooner  has  he  disposed  of  it  to  his  satisfaction 
and  settled  down  again,  than  another  stick  ap- 
pears, and  the  quiet  voice  that  he  has  learned  to 
recognize  is  heard  outside.  Very  likely  Leo 
pulverizes  that  intruder  too  ;  but  the  broom 
sections  persist,  until  he  wearies  of  trying  to 
make  toothpicks  out  of  such  a  quantity  of  lum- 
ber, and  permits  one  of  them  to  be  laid  on  his 
back  without  protest. 

<*  Behold,  now,  a  wonderful  matter  to  the 
illuminated  mind  of  Leo  ;  for  not  only  is  there 
no  harm  in  this  piece  of  wood,  but  it  is  an 
agency  for  the  increase  of  happiness.  He  feels 
it  rubbed,  gently  rubbed,  along  his  neck  and 
back,  and  from  a  dubious  and  somewhat  timid 
frame  of  mind  passes  to  serene  content,  which 
he  announces  by  loud  purrings.  There  is  noth- 
ing a  lion  so  loves  as  grooming."  In  other  ways, 
too,  it  shows  the  same  traits  as  Tabby. 


GOING    INTO    THE    CAGE. 

*^The  next  step  is  the  plunge.  Having  be- 
come thoroughly  accustomed  to  the  stick  and  its 
manipulator  by  repeated  rubbings,  Leo  is  judged 
to  be  in  a  conditit>n  of  mind  favorable  to  a  more 
intimate  association.  One  day  his  cage  door  is 
opened  and  his  human  friend  steps  in,  carrying 
with  him  a  stout  chair,  upon  which  he  seats  him- 
self. Much  disturbed,  not  by  the  man,  but  by 
the  chair — which  is  beyond  his  comprehension — 
the  lion  retreats  to  the  far  corner  of  the  cage, 
and  crouches  there  growling.  The  trainer  sits 
quietly  reading  a  paper,  and  casting  glances  at 
the  lion  from  the  corner  of  his  eye.  Thus  the 
situation  remains  for  a  couple  of  hours  ;  then 
the  man  and  his  chair  depart  as  they  came,  and 
Leo  is  left  to  think  it  over. 

*<Upon  their  reappearance,  the  next  morn- 
ing, he  has  very  likely  reached  the  conclusion 
that  the  matter  will  stand  a  little  investigation, 
and  he  approaches  cautiously.  The  trainer 
stretches  out  toward  him  the  same  stick  from 
which  he  has  experienced  that  pleasant  groom- 
ing ;  but  in  its  new  surroundings  it  rouses  his 
quick  distrust,  and  he  retreats  to  his  corner. 
Alarm  begets  wrath.  It  is  feline  nature  to  dis- 
semble that  wrath  until  the  moment  of  action. 
Leo  does  not  growl  or  lash  his  tail.  The  growl- 
ing lion  is  not  to  be  feared,  and  the  lashing  tail 
is  not,  as  commonly  supposed,  an  indication  of 
anger,  but  of  good -humor.  Watch  the  tail  of  a 
cat  while  you  are  scratching  her  head,  and  you 
will  see.  It  is  when  the  tail  stands  out  straight 
and  rigid  that  the  trainer  begins  to  think  of  re- 
treat. Leo's  tail  becomes  an  iron  bar.  Perhaps 
the  trainer  is  warned  in  time  to  slip  out  at  the 
door  ;  perhaps  not  until  so  late  that  he  knows 
he  will  not  have  the  opportunity.  Leo  glances 
aside  carelessly,  and  the  next  instant,  with  open 
mouth  and  claws  distended,  he  is  sailing  through 
the  air,  straight  for  the  throat  of  the  man,  his 
800  pounds  of  sinew  and  muscle  inspired  by  all 
the  ferocity  of  fear  and  hate." 

WILD    ANIMALS   LIKE    TO   BE    PETTED.       • 

When  this  crisis  comes,  the  chair  is  the  shield, 
and  the  stick,  forcibly  applied  to  the  lion's  nose, 
in  the  tip  of  which  the  beast  keeps  all  his  most 
sensitive  feelings,  is  the  weapon  of  offense. 
Generally  they  are  suflBcient  to  allow  the  trainer 
to  get  out  of  the  cage,  leaving  the  lion  to  raise 
considerable  fuss  and  then  repent  or  not,  accord- 
ing to  his  temperament.  When  he  repents,  as 
he  generally  does,  the  trainer  goes  into  the  cage 
the  next  day  with  his  chair  and  stick  again. 
The  animal  moves  over  to  his  corner.  Little  by 
Uttle  the  man  edges  the  chair  over  until  he  is 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


361 


within  reach,  and  then  he  begins  to  rub  the  lion 
with  his  stick  ;  little  by  little  he  decreases  the 
distance  still  more  by  shortening  his  grasp  on 
the  stick,  until  finally  he  has  his  hand  on  Leo's 
shoulder,  and  is  petting  him.  This  is  the  second 
great  step  ;  the  lion  has  learned  to  endure  the 
touch  of  the  human  hand.  Not  only  does  he 
endure  it — he  likes  it — for  few  animals  are  in- 
different to  petting.  Day  by  day  the  trainer 
familiarizes  the  lion  with  his  presence  and  touch, 
rubbing  his  back,  stroking  his  shoulder,  raising 
his  paws  ;  and  in  the  course  of  a  fortnight  after 
first  entering  the  cage,  if  the  animal  be  of  fairly 
good  temper  at  all,  a  long  and  open  enmity  has 
been  eradicated. 

From  this  on,  Mr.  Adams  tells  us  that  the 
education  of  an  animal  is  simply  getting  him 
into  certain  habits  of  action,  each  one  of  which 
is  intimately  connected  with  something  he  sees 
or  uses.  The  one  great  accident  to  be  avoided 
under  all  circumstances  is  falling  down.  The 
moment  a  trainer  is  prostrate,  the  animal  con- 
siders the  man's  power  gone  and  attacks  him. 


HOW  TO  CARE  FOR  ONE'S  EYES, 

IN  the  September  Cosmopolitan  ^  there  is  a  chap- 
ter on  »*  The  Human  Eye  and  How  to  Care 
for  It,"  by  Br.  H.  O.  Reik,  being  one  of  the 
prize-winning  essays,  the  programme  for  which 
was  announced  in  the    Cosmopolitan  last  year. 
Dr.  Reik  explains  the  physiology  of  the  eye,  and 
then  proceeds  to  give  some  practical  advice  as  to 
the  care  of  the  most  delicate  of  our  senses.     He 
says  special  care  of  the  eyes  should  begin  at  a 
very  early  period  ;  in  fact,  from  the  very  first 
^week  of  life,  as  there  are  diseases  which  begin 
as   early  as  that,  and  may  result  in  blindness. 
Daring   infancy   the   child   should    be   guarded 
against  glaring  lights  in  the  house  or  direct  sun- 
light out-of  doors.     Especially  is  it  necessary  to 
^ve  intelligent  care  to  the  eyesight  of  school- 
children.     This  writer  thinks  many  children  who 
have  been  punished  at  home  and  at  school  because 
of  a  persistent  dislike  of  study  are  in  reality  only 
Buffering  from  the  handicap  of  defective  vision. 
He  thinks,  with  Dr.  Risley,  of  Philadelphia,  that 
every  child  on  entering  school  should  be  sub- 
jected to  a  systematic  examination  as  to  the  state 
of    its   vision.     Errors  of  refraction  should    be 
corrected  by  glasses,  and  then  the  following  pre- 
cautions as  to  their  work  : 

FBECAUTIONS    IN   THK   SCHOOLROOM. 

•  <  ( 1 ;  Suflficient  light,  properly  admitted  to  the 
schoolroom,  should  be  regarded  as  a  fundamental 


requirement  in  schoolhouse  architecture.  The 
light  should  be  admitted  from  the  left  side  of  the 
pupils,  and  the  ratio  of  window  surface  to  floor 
surface  should  never  fall  below  one  to  five  ;  and 
this  should  be  exceeded  in  many  localities,  on  the 
north  side  of  buildings  and  on  the  ground- floors. 

(2)  The  desks  and  seats  should  be  of  such  a 
pattern  as  will  permit  independent  adjustment  as 
to  height  and  size,  to  meet  the  requirements  of 
individual  pupils  and  to  insure  u'^right  sitting. 

(3)  Instruction  should  be  imparteu  as  far  as  pos- 
sible by  means  of  blackboards,  wall- maps,  charts, 
and  orally,  instead  of  by  work  at  a  near  point, 
as  with  pencil  and  paper  or  slate.  Where  the 
work  must  be  done  at  a  near  point,  a  pen  and 
black  ink  should  be  used,  instead  of  a  lead-pencil 
or  slate  and  pencil.  (4)  The  work  required 
to  be  done  at  home  should  be  in  a  large  measure 
abandoned,  or  at  least  largely  reduced.  (5)  A 
more  elastic  curriculum  of  study  is  desirable  for 
pupils  with  weak  eyes  or  feeble  health,  which 
will  permit  the  lengthening  of  the  school-life  and 
at  the  same  time  admit  of  steady  promotion. 
(6)  Great  care  should  be  exercised  in  the  selec- 
tion of  properly  printed  text- books.  Only  good 
paper,  and  type  no  smaller  than  eight-point,  or 
preferably  ten -point,  are  admissible  in  school- 
books  ;  and  these  should  be  bold-faced  and  well 
spaced,  on  a  double -column  page.  For  the  for- 
mer a  distance  of  two  millimeters  between  the 
lines,  and  for  the  latter  a  distance  of  two  and 
one -half  millimeters,  should  be  required.  (7)  In 
writing,  the  central  position  of  the  paper  should 
be  maintained  ;  but  in  properly  lighted  rooms, 
with  suitably  arranged  seating,  the  kind  of 
script,  vertical  or  slanting,  will  depend  upon  the 
vertical  or  the  inclined  position  of  the  paper,  and 
may  safely  be  left  to  natural  selection.  Some  of 
these  suggestions  are  equally  adaptable  to  the 
home-life  or  ofl5ce-work  of  the  adult." 

THE    USE    OF    STIMULANTS. 

Dr.  Reik  says  that  excessive  use  of  alcohol  and 
tobacco  affects  the  eyes  very  seriously,  and  that 
for  some  people  tobacco  is  a  poison  and  produces 
a  lesion  in  the  nerve  of  the  eye  leading  to  blind- 
ness. The  most  important  thing  of  all,  however, 
in  order  to  take  care  of  the  sight,  is  to  get  suffi- 
cient light  to  work  and  read  by.  The  most  de- 
sirable location  of  a  light  to  read  by  is  from 
above,  behind,  and  to  the  left  of  the  body.  Of 
artificial  lights,  the  incandescent  electric  is  the 
best,  though  the  use  of  incandescent  mantels  has 
much  improved  gaslight.  Where  coal  oil  is  the 
only  illuminant,  the  so-called  student  lamps  make 
a  very  satisfactory  light. 


THE   PERIODICALS   REVIEWED. 


HARPER»S  MAGAZINE. 

THE  September  Harper's  is  largely  taken  up  with 
lighter  features.  Mr.  Julian  Ralph's  article  on 
the  Boer  War,  under  the  title  **The  Teuton  Tug  of 
War,"  is  full  of  disdain  for  the  Boers  and  of  admiration 
for  Lord  Roberts  and  the  British  Army.  Mr.  Ralph 
thinks  that  what  resistance  has  been  made  to  the 
British  arms  in  South  Africa  has  been  made  chiefly  by 
the  country,  rather  than  by  the  lighting  Boers. 

SUBMARINE  TORPEDO-BOATS  OF  TO-DAY. 

Mr.  William  W.  Kimball  tells  all  about  submarine 
torpedo-boats,  his  article  being  illustrated  with  pic- 
tures of  various  types,  but  especially  of  the  American 
submarine  boat  Holland.  Mr.  Kimball  believes  in 
submarine  boats,  and  says  that  while  it  is  true  there  is 
no  way  of  seeing  through  water  for  a  practical  distance 
ahead,  still  a  course  can  be  steered  under  water  by  the 
compass  as  readily  as  on  the  surface  on  a  dark  night  or 
in  a  thick  fog.  There  is  no  difficulty  about  providing 
enough  compressed  air  to  keep  the  boat  perfectly  ven- 
tilated for  days,  and  it  is  certain  that  very  valuable 
military  results  otherwise  unattainable  can  be  had  by 
utilizing  water  for  cover  against  gun-fire.  The  French 
have  a  submarine  boat  regularly  in  commission  in  the 
navy.  This,  the  Oustave  Z^c^,  is  driven  by  stored  elec- 
tricity ;  therefore,  her  radius  of  action  is  small,  as  she 
has  no  means  of  renewing  her  store  of  power.  She  is 
credited  with  a  radius  of  action  of  only  80  miles.  The 
Holland  uses  a  gasoline  engine  for  surface  and  stored 
electricity  for  under-water  work.  Her  surface  radius 
of  action  is  a  good  800  miles,  and  her  submerged  one 
about  50.  All  attempts  at  lighting  the  water  ahead  by 
strong  electric  arc  lights  have  proved  futile,  and  the 
boat  must  be  steered,  when  submerged,  by  compass  or 
gyroscope,  or  some  method  obtaining,  by  means  of  the 
camera-lucida,  a  reflected  image  of  the  object  steered 
for.  In  the  present  state  of  the  science  of  submarine 
navigation,  60  or  80  tons  is  the  most  effective  size  of  a 
vessel.  For  this  size  an  armament  can  be  devised  to 
include  both  atrial  and  water  torpedo-tubes.  The  auto- 
mobile water-torpedo  cannot  be  depended  upon  to  get 
home  at  distances  greater  than  300  or  400  yards  under 
battle  conditions.  In  delivering  it,  the  conning-tower 
must  show  at  400  yards  from  the  ship ;  but  even 
then  the  ship  can  hardly  sink  her  before  the  torpedo 
has  been  driven  home.  The  projectile  torpedo  fired 
through  water  cannot  be  depended  upon  for  a  range 
greater  than  100  yards.  It  is  for  use  only  at  the  mo- 
ment of  passing  out  from  the  shadow  of  a  ship. 

THE  ARCHITECTURE  OF  THE  PARIS  FAIR. 

This  number  of  Harper's  opens  with  an  article  by 
Edward  Insley  on  **  Paris  in  1900,  and  the  Exposition." 
Mr.  Insley  thinks  that  the  present  exposition  differs 
from  those  that  have  gone  before  in  little  except  degree. 
In  nearly  all  respects  the  architecture  of  the  Paris  Ex- 
position in  1900  is  an  improvement  over  1889.  The  ma- 
terials used,  staff  and  stone,  have  made  it  another  white 
city.  With  a  much  larger  exposition  to  house  in  half 
the  space,  it  was  out  of  the  question  to  imitate  or  sur- 
pass Chicago.  The  one  advantage  that  Paris  has  over 
Chicago  is  the  inclusion  within  the  boundaries  of  the 


fair  of  some  of  the  most  beautiful  permanent  attractions 
of  Paris — the  two  magnificent  Beaux-Arts  palaces,  tlie 
majestic  Alexander  III.  bridge,  one  side  of  the  Champs 
Elys^es,  and  both  banks  of  a  considerable  section  of  the 
river.  

THE  CENTURY. 

MR.  R.  VAN  BERGEN  writes  in  the  September 
Century  on  "  The  Revolution  in  China  and  Its 
Causes."  Mr.  Van  Bergen  is  fully  convinced  that  it  is 
a  revolution  and  not  an  insurrection  that  is  convulsing 
China  now.  He  describes  the  Boxer  Society  as  more 
like  a  labor  union  than  a  secret  society.  He  says  its 
purpose  is  mainly  benevolent—to  provide  for  old  and 
disabled  members.  It  is  made  up  of  men  whose  physi- 
cal and  muscular  strength  has  been  trained  purposely 
and  from  early  youth,  not  that  they  may  enter  the 
athletic  arena,  but  that  they  may  engage  in  a  perfectly 
lawful  and  honorable  career.  They  are  engaged  as 
watchmen  by  wealthy  residents,  and  as  guards  by  trav- 
elers carrying  a  large  amount  of  money.  Such  a  guard 
or  watchman  insures  perfect  safety,  for  it  places  the 
property  or  person  under  the  protection  of  the  Boxer 
Union,  and  thieves  or  malefactors  dread  arousing  its 
vengeance.  Not  a  single  instance  is  on  record  in  wbich 
a  member  of  the  Boxer  Union  was  faithless  to  his 
trust.  Thus,  Mr.  Van  Bergen  says,  the  Boxer  is  more 
like  a  private  detective  in  America  than  the  blood- 
thirsty rioter  he  seems  to  be  from  this  distance.  As  to 
the  reasons  for  the  discontent  which  led  the  Boxers  to 
take  the  initiative  in  this  anti-foreign  movement,  Mr. 
Van  Bergen  says  that  the  people  of  northern  Chins 
have  great  causes  of  complaint.  The  opening  of  the 
Tientsin-Peking  Railway  brought  thousands  of  people 
in  Chili  to  the  verge  of  starvation.  A  host  of  donkey* 
drivers,  carters,  carriers,  coolies,  boatmen,  innkeepers, 
and  their  assistants  were  thrown  out  of  employment. 
He  says  the  Germans  exasperated  the  Chinese  of  Shan- 
tung by  superciliousness,  and  rode  roughshod  over  the 
superstitions  of  the  natives.  Mr.  Van  Bergen  denies 
the  report  that  the  missionaries  had  been  to  blame  for 
China^s  uprising.  While  a  few  dignitaries  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church  have  interposed  between  secu- 
lar justice  and  their  converts,  arousing  some  jealoosy 
and  resentment,  the  Protestant  missionaries  have, 
according  to  Mr.  Van  Bergen,  conscientiously  avoided 
the  connection  of  secular  and  religious  conditions. 

AID  THE  PROGRESSIVE  ELEMENT  IN  CHINA. 

Another  article  in  the  Century  called  forth  by  the 
Chinese  uf»heaval  is  the  Rev.  Dr.  D.  Z.  Sheffield^  on 
*♦  The  Influence  of  the  Western  World  on  China,"  I>r. 
Sheffield,  after  rehearsing  the  political  events  that 
preceded  and  led  up  to  the  Chinese  revolution,  exhorts 
England  and  the  United  States  to  give  all  aid  and  syni> 
pathy  to  the  progressive  element  already  alive  in  China. 
This  element  will,  he  thinks,  assert  itself,  and  in  dne 
time  overcome  the  spirit  of  conservatism  and  blind  ad- 
herence to  the  dead  past.  Dr.  Sheffield  says  that  thotie 
who  know  the  Chinese  best  have  the  highest  confidence 
in  the  race  capacities  of  that  people.  They  are  industry 
ous,  economical,  persistent,  capable,  of  high  ooltore  and 
of  deep  moral  and  religious  oonvlotionB,  shrewd  in.  ha^ 


a 


THE  PERIODICALS  REVIEWED. 


863 


nesB,  bound  together  in  strong  family  ties,  lovers  of  or- 
der, patient  in  misfortune,  resolute  in  danger,  enduring 
in  hardship,  and  loyal  to  just  authority.  Dr.  Sheffield 
sees  no  reason  to  despair  for  the  future  of  such  a  people, 
and  he  speaks  as  one  with  authority,  as  he  is  president 
of  the  North  China  College  of  the  American  Board  at 
Tung-chau. 

LISZT  IN  1854. 

Mr.  William  Mason^s  "Memories  of  a  Musical  Life" 
are  occupied,  in  the  chapter  published  this  month,  with 
the  writer's  acquaintanceship  with  Liszt,  while  Mr. 
Masoq  was  a  pupil  under  the  great  master.  Mr.  Mason 
describes  Liszt  in  1864  as  follows  :  "  There  is  his  tall, 
lanky  form,  his  high  hat  set  a  little  to  one  side,  and  his 
arm  a  trifle  akimbo.  He  had  piercing  eyes;  his  hair 
was  Tery  dark,  but  not  black ;  he  wore  it  long,  just  as 
he  did  in  his  older  days ;  it  came  almost  down  to  his 
shoalders,  and  was  cut  off  square  at  the  bottom."  Mr. 
Mason  says  that  Liszt  never  taught,  in  the  ordinary 
sense  of  the  word.  He  would  simply  tell  his  pupils  to 
come  up  to  see  him  at  such  and  such  an  hour;  and  they 
wonld  pay  him  a  visit,  and  one  of  them  would  play, 
while  the  others  smoked  and  Liszt  criticised  if  he  wished 
to.  In  one  of  these  unconventional  lessons  the  pupil 
would  generally  play  for  two  or  three  hours. 

Mr.  John  Burroughs  gives  his  impressions  on  "A 
Summer  Holiday  in  Bering  Sea,"  a  continuation  of  his 
ac(x>unt  of  the  cruise  taken  in  the  Northwest  with  the 
Harriman  expedition  last  year.  Anna  Mathewson 
^vee  an  account  of  **The  Detroit  Bicentennial  Memo- 
rial,'* to  be  completed  July  24,  1901,  to  commemorate 
the  900th  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  Detroit.  The 
particular  features  of  the  enterprise  are  that  the  design 
is  a  g^ift  for  the  sake  of  art  from  five  of  America's  lead- 
in£^  architects,  sculptors,  and  painters,  and  the  marble 
is  a  free-will  offering  of  the  community.  The  column 
will  be  placed  on  the  lower  point  of  Belie  Isle,  in  the 
center  of  the  Detroit  River.  It  will  measure  24  feet  in 
diameter  at  its  base,  and  rise  to  a  height  of  220  feet. 


M^CLURE'S  MAGAZINE. 

FROM  the  September  McClure'a  we  have  selected 
the  article  by  Mr.  S.  H.  Adams  on  "  The  Training 
of  Lions,  Tigers,  and  Other  Great  Cats"  for  quotation 
i4TTio"g  the  **  Leading  Articles  of  the  Month." 

THE  BUILDING  OF  THE  "  DEUT8CHLAND." 

Another  article  of  great  interest  is  Mr.  Ray  Stannard 
Haker's  on  *^  Building  a  German  Ocean  Greyhound." 
The  article  is  especially  timely,  because  of  the  feats  in 
record  -  breaking  being  performed  by  the  monster 
Z>e'utschlan(l,  which  was  built  at  the  Stettin  works, 
^v-hicb  Mr.  Baker  has  visited  and  here  describes.  He 
sajrs  that  when  he  visited  these  greatest  of  European 
shipyards  in  April  no  less  than  nine  huge  vessels  were 
io  course  of  construction.  Mr.  Baker  thinks  that  now 
^}2At  the  theory  is  exploded  that  the  limit  of  size  in  ocean 
vessels  had  been  reached,  no  one  will  venture  to  name 
a  limit,  and  that  it  is  probable  that  if  a  great  steam- 
sliip  company  should  order  a  750-foot  ship  to  make  30 
luiotis  an  hour,  the  builders  would  take  the  contract. 
In  tbe  L>€Utschland  they  have  built  a  vessel  6863^  feet 
loDf^  ^  '«*^  broad,  and  44  feet  deep.  It  requires 
33^000  liorse-power  to  drive  the  Deutschland  at  the  rate 
of  90  miles  an  hour,  which  the  contract  calls  for.  In 
^,f^Ti*^'*  working,  the  ship  has  considerably  exceeded 
l^i^jM  ■peod.    These  engines  of  the  DeuUchlancPa  are 


the  greatest  in  the  world,  as  the  Oceanic,  the  largest 
ship  afloat,  has  only  27,000  horse-power,  and  the  Cawr 
pania  80,000.  Mr.  j^aker  says  it  required  the  continu- 
ous work,  for  six  months,  of  over  twenty  draughtsmen  to 
make  the  plans.  The  Deutschland  was  launched  just 
one  year  from  the  time  her  keel  was  laid,  and  her  total 
cost  was  over  $3,000,000.  Even  a  few  years  ago,  such  a 
vessel  as  the  Deutschland  would  have  been  an  impos- 
sibility ;  not  so  much  for  mechanical  reasons  as  for  the 
fact  that  it  really  could  not  have  been  made  to  pay. 
She  carries  no  freight  and  little  express.  She  is  wholly 
a  passenger  and  mail  steamer,  and  carries  1,750  passen- 
gers across  the  Atlantic  in  the  least  possible  space  of 
time  and  with  the  greatest  luxury. 

SELLING  OUR  BONDS  IN  1871. 

The  Hon.  George  S.  Boutwell,  ex-Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  describes  "A  Historic  Sale  of  United  States 
Bonds  in  England" — the  issue  of  5-per-cent.  bonds  to 
the  amount  of  $200,000,000,  made  in  1871  at  Mr.  Bout- 
well's  own  suggestion.  Of  these  bonds,  $66,000,000  were 
subscribed  in  America  by  the  public,  and  $134,000,000 
were  sold  in  London  through  the  Messrs.  J.  Cooke  & 
Ck).  Mr.  Boutwell  describes  the  details  of  carrying  on 
this  transaction  in  London,  and  how  the  money  re- 
ceived for  the  bonds  was  deposited  In  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land to  the  personal  account  of  Judge  W.  A.  Richard- 
son, then  an  assistant  secretary  of  the  treasury.  He 
calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  long-established 
bankers  of  New  York,  Amsterdam,  and  London,  so  re- 
cently as  1871,  were  without  the  business  foresight 
which  would  lead  them  to  negotiate  5-per-cent.  bonds 
of  the  United  States  at  par.  Mr.  Morton,  of  the  house 
of  Morton,  Bliss  &  Co.,  was  an  exception. 

LIEUTENANT  OILLMOBB  AMONG  THE  FILIPINOS. 

Lieutenant  Gillmore  concludes  his  thrilling  account 
of  his  captivity  among  the  Filipinos  with  the  incident 
of  his  rescue  by  American  troops  sent  out  to  find  him 
after  he  and  his  party  had  been  left  in  the  mountains 
without  arms  or  provisions  by  their  Filipino  guards. 
He  describes  the  Filipinos  that  he  traveled  among  in 
his  extraordinary  journey  as  uncertain  and  changeable 
as  children.  They  always  showed  a  great  respect  for 
military  rank.  Wherever  former  Spanish  officers  were 
in  charge,  the  party  of  Americans  were  treated  well. 
There  were  frequent  threats  to  kill  the  whole  party  of 
Americans;  but,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  the  Filipinos 
never  laid  hands  on  them  during  the  whole  time  of 
their  captivity,  though  they  often  flogged  and  other- 
wise illtreated  Spanish  prisoners. 


THE  COSMOPOLITAN. 

FROM  the  September  Cosmopolitan  we  have  se- 
lected Mr.  John  Brisben  Walker's  article  on 
♦*  China  and  the  Powers,"  and  Dr.  H.  O.  Reik's  on  "  The 
Human  Eye  and  How  to  Care  for  It,"  for  notice  among 
the  "Leading  Articles  of  the  Month." 

A  second  article  on  China  is  by  John  Brewster  Dane. 
Mr.  Dane  thinks  there  is  no  doubt  that  1,000,000  Russian 
peasants  will  soon  be  breeding  horses  and  raising  wheat 
on  the  fertile  plains  of  Manchuria.  Mr.  Dane  thinks 
that  China's  system  of  government  would  be  excellent, 
were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  the  small  salaries  paid  the 
officials  have  led  to  the  elaborate  system  of  bribing 
which  everywhere  exists. 

Mr.  Samuel  G.  Blythe  tells  about  the  Pan-American 


364 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Exposition  to  be  held  at  Buffalo.  To  show  what  a  big 
city  Buffalo  has  become,  Mr.  Blythe  tells  us  it  has  now 
a  population  of  nearly  400,000,  is  *the  fourth  shipping 
city  in  the  world,  is  the  greatest  sheep-market  in  the 
world,  and  one  of  the  largest  cattle  and  horse  markets 
in  the  world.  It  has  41  grain-elevators,  with  a  capacity  of 
21,000,000  bushels,  and  a  total  receipt  of  191,000,000  bush- 
els last  year.  It  has  223  miles  of  asphalt  streets,  or  more 
than  London,  Paris,  Washington,  or  any  other  city  in 
the  world.  The  exposition  is  to  open  on  May  1, 1901.  It 
has  an  excellent  site  in  Delaware  Park.  The  working 
capital  is  $5,800,000,  and  the  promoters  promise  some- 
thing bigger  than  anything  that  has  ever  been  seen  in 
America,  with  the  exception  of  the  World's  Fair  at  Chi- 
cago. It  will  not  be  a  white  city  ;  the  buildings  will  be 
colored  freely. 

Mr.  Frank  Fowler,  the  artist,  writes  most  interest- 
ingly on  the  subject  of  portrait-painting,  taking  as  his 
examples  the  masterpieces  of  Reynolds,  Romney,  Gains- 
borough, and  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence.  He  says  that  por- 
trait-painting was  the  art  which  in  England  received 
earliest  encouragement,  and  in  which  the  English  earli- 
est excelled.  Of  the  great  names  in  portrait-painting, 
from  Henry  VIII.  to  Greorge  I.,  Holbein  was  the  greatest 
genius,  and  many  great  Flemish  painters  were  called 
to  England's  court  to  raise  the  standard  of  this  particu- 
lar field  of  art. 

Olive  Schreiner  begins  the  magazine  with  the  first  in- 
stallment of  a  description  of  **  The  African  Boer."  Her 
description  of  the  Boer  is  occupied  in  this  first  chapter 
chiefly  with  a  history  of  the  founding  of  the  two  repub- 
lics.   

MUNSEY'S  MAGAZINE. 

IN  the  September  Mu-nsey's,  Mr.  Fritz  Cunliffe- 
Owen,  writing  imder  the  title  "  The  Crime  of  the 
Powers,"  accuses  the  European  governments  of  display- 
ing an  utter  lack  of  foresight,  firmness,  and  prudence 
in  their  dealings  with  China  in  the  present  tremendous 
crisis,  and  ascribes  their  shortcomings  to  mutual  jeal- 
ousy. Mr.  Cunliffe-Owen  alleges  that,  years  ago,  such 
men  as  Sir  Henry  Parkes  were  entirely  aware  that  the 
European  forces  sent  to  China  were  ridiculously  inade- 
quate at  the  time  of  the  Taiping  Rebellion,  and  the 
writer  thinks  that  the  inadequate  measures  and  in- 
sufficient troops  in  the  present  crisis  were  all  due  to  the 
jealousy  that  delayed  the  work  of  rescue. 

TWO  THOUSAND  TONS  OF  CAMPAIGN  LITERATURE. 

Mr.  Luther  B.  Little,  writing  on  "The  Printing- 
Press  in  Politics,"  gives  some  curious  statistics  con- 
cerning the  vast  fiood  of  campaign  literature  sent  out 
by  the  rival  political  parties  in  a  Presidential  year.  He 
says  tha^  in  1896  the  Republicans  distributed,  from  the 
National  Committee  headquarters,  in  round  numbers 
800,000,000  pieces,  or  2,000  tons  of  documents.  In  de- 
scribing the  preparation  of  campaign  literature,  he  says 
that  no  "copy"  in  any  printing-office,  unless  it  be  the 
Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Printing,  where  Government 
bonds  and  currency  are  printed,  is  scrutinized  more 
closely  or  edited  with  greater  care  than  the  copy  in- 
tended for  campaign  literature.  The  managers  give 
the  most  intense  attention  to  every  detail.  Paragraphs* 
sentences,  and  words  are  weighed  with  reference  to 
their  effect  on  the  reader,  and  their  effect  in  one  part  of 
the  country  as  against  another. 

THE  WATER-TIGHT  BULKHEAD  AS  A  LIFE-SAVER. 

Mr.  Henry  H.  Lewis  writes  on  "  Llfe-Saving  at  Sea," 


giving  an  account  of  the  life- boats  and  various  apparatus 
provided  to  save  life  in  marine  disasters.  He  desig- 
nates the  water-tight  bulkhead  invented  by  Francis  T. 
Bowles,  one  of  our  naval  constructors,  as  the  most  ef- 
fective device  for  saving  life  at  sea.  The  earlier  ships 
were  mere  hulls  of  two  or  three  compartments,  and 
when  the  sides  were  pierced  the  inrushing  water  caused 
them  to  founder  almost  instantly.  The  modem  steam- 
ship is  divided  into  more  than  a  score  of  water-tight 
steel  bulkheads,  each  one  of  which  is  an  entirely  sep- 
arate compartment. 

Mr.  Reginald  L.  Foster  tells  "  The  Story  of  the  Great 
Hoboken  Fire,"  which  started  at  the  piers  of  the  North 
German  Lloyd  Line,  and  which  was  perhaps  the  most 
terrible  and  appalling  spectacle  of  this  century.  Not 
only  were  three  ocean  steamships  and  a  vast  deal  of 
other  property  destroyed  in  addition  to  the  great  loss  of 
life, — the  disaster  occurred  under  the  eyes  of  the  people 
of  three  great  cities,  and  was  in  that  way  unique  in  it» 
spectacular  qualities.  Miss  Mary  C.  Francis  tells  of 
"  The  First  Hegira  of  Cuban  Teachers,"  which  has  been  | 
noted  in  the  Review  of  Reviews,  and  gives  some  ac- 
count of  what  the  United  States  has  done  since  it 
turned  its  attention  to  educational  affairs  in  the  island 
At  that  time  not  more  than  i,000  children  attended  the 
public  schools  of  Cuba ;  now  there  are  3,300  public 
schools,  with  8,500  teachers,  and  140,000  children  in  at- 
tendance.   

LIPPINCOTTS. 

THE  September  LippincotVa  begins  with  a  com- 
plete novelette  by  Thomas  Cobb, — "The  Dissem- 
blers,"— the  scene  of  which  is  laid  in  London.  Stephen 
Crane's  posthumous  descriptions  of  *^  Great  Battles  of 
the  World  "  are  continued  in  an  account  of  the  battle  of 
LUtzen  between  Gustavus  of  Sweden  and  the  Germans. 
Mr.  Henry  I.  Pancoast,  in  an  essay  under  the  title 
*^  Young  America  at  the  Gates  of  Literature,"  deplores 
the  weak,  commonplace,  and  insufficient  vocabulary  d 
the  children  of  the  day,  which,  he  alleges,  makes  it  im- 
possible  for  boys  from  fourteen  to  sixteen  years  of  age 
to  read  even  such  poetry  as  "  The  Lady  of  the  Lake.* 
Mr.  Pancoast  does  not  think  this  deficiency  can  be  over- 
come altogether  by  beginning  the  study  of  literature  at 
an  early  stage  of  the  school  course.  **This  is  indeed 
desirable,  but  it  is  not  enough.  The  formation  of  tasie, 
like  the  formation  of  character,  should  reach  back  into 
the  very  earliest  years ;  and  all  deliberate,  foi-mal  in- 
struction in  literature  should  be  based  upon  a  predis- 
position for  what  is  right  and  excellent,  carefolly  cul- 
tivated and  directed  from  the  very  beginning:.'"  The 
Rev.  Cyrus  Townsend  Brady  contributes  a  short  story. 
"The  Bishop  and  the  Fool,"  and  there  are  several  other 
imaginative  features. 

THE  LADIES'  HOME  JOURNAL. 

THE  beautifully  illustrated  September  number  of 
the  Ladies^  Home  Journal  begins  with  "On* 
Hundred  Years  in  the  White  House,"  by  Rene  Bacbe. 
an  account  of  the  fortunes  of  the  Presidential  domicile 
since  Abigail  Adams,  first  mistress  of  the  White  Hoq^«^ 
journeyed  from  Philadelphia  to  Washington  in  tbe 
autumn  of  1800.  As  far  back  as  1792,  a  prize  of  ^SOO  bad 
been  offered  for  the  best  plan  for  a  Presidential  Mas- 
sion.  It  was  awarded  to  James  Hoban,  a  yoYm^  hhst 
architect  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  the  originAl  'Whicr 
House  showed  the  substantial  characteristics  of  a  typi- 
cal South  Carolina  family  mansion.    Mr.  Hobuot^s  pU& 


THE  PERIODICALS  REf^lElVED. 


365 


was  suggested  by  the  palace  of  the  Duke  of  Leioster  at 
Dublin.  The  States  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  supplied 
the  funds,  $1^^000.  A  budget  of  capital  anecdotes  of 
Phillips  Brooks  brings  the  reader  closer  to  the  fascinat- 
ing personality  of  the  great  bishop  than  could  most 
formal  character  sketches.  A  pleasant  feature  of  the 
number  is  Thaddeus  Horton's  *' Romances  of  Some 
Southern  Homes,"  giving  reminiscences  of  the  South- 
em  belles  like  Lucy  Pickens  who  became  a  part  of  the 
history  of  the  Southern  States. 


OUTING. 

OUTING  continues  to  improve  in  literary  quality 
and  in  general  plan  under  the  capable  editorship 
of  Mr.  Caspar  Whitney.  The  September  number  be- 
gins with  an  excellent  sketch  of  Indian  life  by  Fitzher- 
bert  Lieather ;  Mr.  Greorge  Uibbard  contributes  an 
essay  on  **  The  Sporting  Spirit,"  in  .which  he  argues 
that  its  teachings  are  of  great  service  to  the  human 
race  in  helping  us  to  do  our  best,  no  matter  what 
comes,  and  in  inculcating  fair  play  and  fearlessness  of 
any  odds  in  the  game  of  life.  In  the  chapter  on  Al- 
pine Accidents,  Mr.  Francis  Gribble  divides  the  moun- 
tain climbing  casualties  into  three  classes — (1)  when 
the  climber  falls  off  the  mountain  ;  (2)  when  the  moun- 
tain or  some  portion  of  it  falls  on  the  climber ;  and  (3) 
when  the  climber  loses  his  way,  or  is  weather-bound. 
Mr.  Gribble  examines  each  class  of  accident  in  detail, 
and  g^ves  prescriptions  for  avoiding  it.  He  says  that, 
according  to  the  experts,  alpine  accidents  ought  never 
to  happen,  as  rules  have  been  laid  down  for  avoiding 
them.  But  nevertheless,  each  season  brings  casual- 
ties, and  often  the  sufferers  are  the  experts  at  the 
game. 

Mr.  A.  S.  Jennings  gives  a  thrilling  true  story  of  a 
Boer  hunter  in  *^  A  Hand-to-hand  Figtit  with  a  Lion- 
ess;" and  the  famous  naturalist,  Dr.  D.  G.  Elliott,  has 
a  chapter  on  North  American  Game-Birds,  and  there 
are  various  other  features  in  Outing's  peculiar  field. 


THE  NEW  ENGLAND  MAGAZINE. 

IN  the  New  England  Magazine  for  September,  Mr. 
J.  T.  Sunderland,  in  discussing  "  The  Cause  of  In- 
dian Famines, **  ascribes  these  great  disasters  solely  to 
the  extreme  poverty  of  the  Indian  people — a  poverty  so 
severe  that  it  keeps  the  majority  of  the. people  on  the 
Tcry  verge  of  suffering,  even  in  years  of  plenty,  and 
prevents  them  from  laying  up  anything  to  tide  them 
over  years  of  scarcity.  If  their  condition  were  such 
that  in  good  years  they  could  get  a  little  ahead,  and 
then,  when  the  bad  years  came,  they  could  draw  on 
that  as  a  reserve,  this  would  not  save  them  from  hard- 
ship, but  would  save  them  from  stArvation.  Mr.  Sun- 
derland asks  why  such  great  poverty  exists,  and  finds 
as  answer  that  India  is  a  subject  nation.  He  accuses 
Kngland  of  sucking  the  substance  from  prostrate  In- 
dia, and  believes  that  as  long  as  Indinf  has  to  pay  regu- 
larly to  England  each  year  somewhere  l)etween  $125,- 
O0Q,0U)  and  $150,000,000,  in  addition  to  the  regular  and 
heavy  home  expenses  of  the  Indian  (iovernment^  this 
poverty  will  continue. 

G.  Frederick  Wright  gives  a  good  account  of  ()l)erlin 
College,  its  history,  and  the  result  of  its  lalwrs.  Mr. 
Charles  B.  Oliphantdescriljes  the  picturesque  town  of 
Methnen,  Mass.,  and  Mr.  Burton  J.  Hendrick  publishes 
the  chronicle  of  "  Jacob  Hemminway,  the  First  Yale 
Student" 


THE  ATLANTIC  MONTHLY. 

FROM  the  September  Atlantic  Monthly  we  have 
selected  Mr.  Brooks  Adams'  article  on  "  Russia's 
Interest  in  China,"  and  Helen  C.  Candee's  on  **  Okla- 
homa," to  review  among  the  "  Leading  Articles  of  the 
Month," 

THE  AMERICAN  POLITICAL  BOSS. 

The  number  begins  with  an  essay  on  **  The  American 
Boss,"  by  Francis  C.  Lowell.  Mr.  Lowell  rather  de- 
votes himself  to  investigating  the  causes  of  the  boss 
than  suggesting  means  for  his  extirpation.  He  finds 
that  the  principal  causes  are  the  universal  need  of 
elaborate  and  extensive  political  machinery,  the  undue 
importance  given  by  the  American  citizen  to  those  who 
operate  it,  and  the  confusion  caused  by  conducting  local 
elections  upon  national  party  lines.  He  thinks  these 
general  principles  are  more  to  blame  than  the  timidity, 
indifference,  ignorance,  and  worthlessness  of  citizens. 
As  to  the  effective  remedies  for  bossism,  Mr.  Lowell 
thinks  that,  after  civil-service  reform,  which  he  con- 
siders a  great  remedy,  the  important  thing  is  to  sepa- 
rate, as  far  as  jiossible,  local  elections  from  the  na- 
tional ;  to  encourage  independent  voting,  that  is,  local 
voting  independent  of  irrelevant  national  issues.  He 
would  also  simplify  elections  of  all  kinds ;  for  the  boss 
thrives  on  elections  so  complicated  that  the  voter  must, 
of  necessity,  be  guided  in  his  choice  by  the  machine. 

COUNT  TOLSTOI'S  DEFINITION  OF  ART. 

Under  the  title  "  The  Ancient  Feud  Between  Philoso- 
phy and  Art,"  Mr.  Paul  Elmer  More  discusses  Count 
Tolstoi's  recent  book,  **What  is  Art?"  in  which  the 
great  novelist  denies  the  importance — in  fact,  the  exist- 
ence—of beauty  in  any  true  ideal  of  art,  making  his  de- 
finition merely  the  process  of  transferring  the  artist's 
sensations  to  other  people.  Mr.  More,  in  his  retrospect 
over  the  history  of  philosophy  and  art,  shows  that  this 
is  certainly  no  new  view,  but  has  been  held  by  philoso- 
phers and  denied  by  artists  ever  since  these  existed. 

CONVENTIONAL  MAGAZINE  EDITING. 

In  the  "Contributor's  Club,"  there  is  a  complaint 
from  a  member  as  to  the  conduct  of  American  maga- 
zines. In  the  first  place,  this  magazine  reader  argues 
that  it  is  illogical  and  destructive  of  possible  good  to 
restrict  all  magazine  articles  to  a  comparatively  small 
maximum  of  length.  The  writer  asks  how  it  is  possi- 
ble that  we  do  not  possess,  in  America,  a  magazine 
which  will  accept  an  article  as  long  as  15,000  words. 
**  Is  it  not  true  that  St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Corinthians 
would  be  found  too  long  for  such  a  magazine  and  re- 
turned to  the  writer  for  condensation  ?  Is  it  not  also 
true  that  some  religious,  artistic,  and  literary  questions 
absolutely  require,  for  their  adequate  treatment,  at 
least  15,000  words  ;  and,  moreover,  absolutely  require  to 
be  read  at  a  single  sitting  in  order  to  preserve  their 
literary  value?"  This  protestant  thinks  that  con- 
tributors ought  to  be  freer  in  their  choice  of  topics, 
too,  and  suggests  that  either  we  ought  to  have  a  new 
magazine  in  which  the  editor  permitted  any  proper 
person  to  say  any  proper  thing  without  holding  himself 
responsible,  or  else  there  ought  to  be  founded  a  subsi- 
dized magazine,  prepared  to  pay  no  dividends  and 
to  lose  large  sums  monthly  for  the  sake  of  printing 
any  really  good  work,  long  or  short,  conventional  or 
not. 


866 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

MORE  than  one-half  of  the  August  number  of  the 
North  American  is  taken  up  with  discussions 
of  the  present  crisis  in  China.  In  addition  to  Mr.  Bar- 
rett's article  on  "The  Duty  of  America,"  from  which 
we  have  quoted  in  another  place,  there  are  six  papers 
representing  as  many  different  points  of  view,  and 
dealing  with  various  phases  of  the  problem  that  now 
confronts  the  world.  Lieut.  Carlyon  Bellairs,  of  the 
Royal  Navy,  writes  on  **The  Responsibility  of  the 
Rulers ;"  Demetrius  C.  Boulger  on  "America's  Share 
in  the  Event  of  Partition  ; "  President  George  B.  Smyth, 
of  the  Anglo-Chinese  College  at  Foochow,  on  "  Causes  of 
Anti-Foreign  Feeling;"  Mr.  Robert  E.  Lewis  on  "The 
Gathering  of  the  Storm,"  and  Mr.  Charles  F.  Holder  on 
"America's  Treatment  of  the  Chinese,"  while  "The 
Japanese  View  of  the  Situation"  is  presehted  by  "A 
Japanese  Diplomat."  Most  of  the  opinions  that  are 
expressed  in  these  articles  have  already  received  atten- 
tion in  our  reviews  of  current  articles  presented  in  the 
department  of  "Leading  Articles  of  the  Month "  in  this 
and  preceding  numbers  of  the  Review  of  Reviews. 

A  noteworthy  feature  of  Mr.  Boulger's  paper  is  its 
outspoken  demand  for  the  United  States  to  take  a 
share  in  the  partition  of  China.  In  this  respect  it  con- 
trasts in  a  marked  degree  with  the  temperate  counsel  of 
Mr.  Barrett  in  his  article  quoted  among  our  "  Leading 
Articles  of  the  Month  "  in  this  number. 

Among  the  causes  of  anti-foreign  feeling  in  China, 
President  Smyth  includes  the  work  of  the  missionaries. 
While  he  recognizes  the  nobility  of  the  missionary  mo- 
tive, he  is  forced  to  admit  that  that  movement  is  "  un- 
happily associated  with  conquest,  and  its  toleration  is 
the  result  of  successful  war." 

EDUCATION  AND  THE  RACE  PROBLEM. 

President  Booker  T.  Washington  makes  a  clear  and 
cogent  statement  of  his  belief  in  education  as  the  final 
solvent  of  the  race  problem.  Mr.  Washington  has  asked 
many  white  men  in  the  Southern  States  this  question  : 
"Judged  by  actual  observation  in  your  own  commu- 
nity, what  is  the  effect  of  education  upon  the  negro  ?" 
explaining  that  by  education  he  did  not  mean  a  mere 
smattering,  but  a  thorough  education  of  the  head, 
heart,  and  hand.  Of  800  replies,  only  one  said  that  edu- 
cation did  not  help  the  negro,  while  most  of  the  others 
were  emphatic  in  stating  that  education  made  the 
negro  a  better  citizen.  Mr.  Washington  himself  states 
that  he  does  not  know  of  a  single  instance  where  a 
black  man  who  has  been  thoroughly  educated  has  been 
even  charged  with  the  crime  of  assaulting  a  woman. 
Mr.  Washington  cites  the  remarkable  progress  mad<^  by 
the  negro  race  in  Jamaica  in  its  sixty  years  of  freedom, 
and  remarks  that  the  negro  in  America  enjoys  advan- 
tages and  encouragements  such  as  the  race  in  Jamaica 
does  not  possess. 

GENERAL  SHERMAN  ON  THE  PRESIDENCY. 

By  far  the  most  interesting  bit  of  reading  in  this 
number  of  the  North  American  Review  is  a  letter, 
hitherto  unpublished,  from  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman,  ad- 
dressed to  former  United  States  Senator  J.  K.  Doolittle, 
of  Wisconsin,  in  1884,  and  giving  the  generaVs  reasons 
for  declining  the  Presidential  nomination  in  that  year. 
The  general  explains  that  the  law  compelled  his  retire- 
ment from  the  command  of  the  army  at  the  age  of 
sixty-four  years.  He  then  says :  "  If  too  old  to  com- 
mand an  array  of  25,000  men,  of  course  I  was  too  old  to 


be  the  President  and  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Army 
and  Navy  of  the  United  States.  Therefore  I  notified 
my  own  brother,  and  all  who  were  entitled  to  my  con- 
fidence, that  I  must  not  be  used  by  any  political  con- 
vention for  its  purpose  and  convenience.  During  the 
convention  at  Chicago,  I  was  notified  by  men  high  in 
authority  that,  in  case  there  should  be  a  deadlock  as 
between  the  two  strong  candidates,  Arthur  and  Blaine, 
my  name  would  surely  be  used,  whether  I  consented  or 
not.  I  may  be  eccentric  ;  but  I  think  I  am  not  a  fool 
an  ass,  to  Ife  used  by  others  at  their  will,  and  I  simply 
confided  to  a  friend,  in  position  to  act,  that  they  had 
better  not  make  too  free  use  of  my  name,  as  I  had  old- 
fashioned  ideas  of  freedom  and  the  right  of  every  man 
to  shape  his  own  destiny  ;  that  I  was  not  in  the  habit 
of  calling  a  council  of  war  to  throw  off  on  it  the  respon- 
sibility, but  had  already  decided  for  myself,  and  ad- 
vised the  convention  that  if  it  used  my  name  without 
my  consent  I  might  answer  in  terms  which  would  dam- 
age it  as  well  as  myself.  Of  course,  my  name  wu 
dropped,  and  Blaine  was  nominated." 

"IMPERIALISM"— AMERICA'S  HISTORIC  POLICY. 

Ex-Senator  W.  A.  Peffer,  of  Kansas,  whose  return  to 
the  Republican  party  from  the  ranks  of  the  Populists 
has  recently  been  announced,  comes  to  the  defense  of 
the  McKinley  administration  on  the  charge  of  "  imperi- 
alism" in  the  execution  of  the  Philippine  policy.  The 
substance  of  Mr.  Peffer's  argument  is  condensed  in  the 
following  terse  paragraph :  "  President  McKinley  is 
now  doing  in  the  Philippines  just  what  was  done  by 
President  Jackson  and  his  successors  in  Florida,  and  he 
is  doing  it  more  humanely.    Were  they  imperialists?** 

OUR  METHOD  OF  CHOOSING  PRESIDENTS. 

Two  papers  dealing  with  our  Presidential  electoral 
system  are  coiltnbuted  to  this  number  by  Mr.  Walter 
Lj  Hawley  and  Mr.  John  Handiboe,  respectively.  Mr. 
Hawley  reviews  the  history  of  Presidential  elections, 
showing  that  up  to  the  year  1880,— ninety«H>ne  years  after 
the  election  of  the  first  President, — there  had  never  been 
a  choice  of  President  by  the  people  of  all  the  States 
recorded  at  the  polls  and  carried  into  effect,  Mr.  Handi- 
boe presents  the  familiar  arguments  for  election  by  di- 
rect popular  vote.  It  U  well  known  that  the  present 
system  by  no  means  insures  the  election  of  the  candi- 
date receiving  the  highest  number  of  votes,  while  at 
present  the  citizen  of  a  large  State  exercises  vastly  more 
power  in  the  choice  of  a  President  than  the  individual 
voter  in  a  State  having  only  a  few  electors. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Mr.  H.  G.  Wells,  the  English  novelist,  writes  a  trib- 
ute to  Stephen  Crane  ;  Gen.  O.  O.  Howard  contributes 
a  paper  on  "British  Strategy  in  South  Africa;"  and 
Mr.  T.  P.  O'Connor,  M.P.,  exposes  "Some  Absurdities 
of  the  House  of  Commons." 


THE  FORUM. 

IN"  our  department  of  "Leading  Articles  of  the 
Month,"  we  have  made  brief  extracts  from  the  arti-. 
cles  by  Mr.  H.  Renisen  Whitehouse  on  "Some  Italian 
ProblemH,"  by  Mr.  Charles  A.  Conant  on  "The  United 
States  as  a  World  Power,"  and  by  Mr.  F.  F.  Hilder  an 
"  The  Present  and  Future  of  the  Philippines,"  appear- 
ing in  the  August  number  of  the  Forum,  ^ 

The  opening  paper  of  this  Uumber  is  an  elaborate  di^ 
cussion  of  "The  Present  Status  of  Afghanistan,"  by 


THE  PERIODICALS  REVIEWED. 


867 


Sultan  Mohammad  Khan,  chief  secretary  of  that  king- 
dom. This  writer  summarizes  the  relation  between 
Afghanistan  and  the  British  empire  in  India,  as  fixed 
by  treaties,  as  follows  : 

*'  The  British  Government  acknowledges  Afghanistan 
to  be  an  independent  kingdom  ;  she  herself  having  no 
right  to  interfere  with  the  internal  policy  of  the  latter. 
Great  Britain  undertakes  the  safety,  integrity,  and  in- 
dependence of  Afghanistan  against  unprovoked  ag- 
gression on  the  part  of  any  foreign  power,  so  long  as 
the  Amir  does  not  act  against  the  advice  of  the  British 
Government  in  matters  affecting  diplomatic  relations 
with  other  powers.  Great  Britiin  pays  the  Amir  18 
lakhs  of  rupees  as  an  annual  subsidy,  by  virtue  of  Sir 
Mortimer  Durand's  treaty  of  1898  with  the  Amir  ;  and 
in  addition  she  helps  Afghanistan  by  presenting  her 
with  war  materials  from  time  to  time.  She  allows  the 
Amir  to  have  his  political  agent  and  representative  at 
the  court  of  the  Viceroy  of  India ;  and  the  Amir  is  en- 
titled to  import  all  kinds  of  goods,  including  war  ma- 
terials, into  the  coimtry. 

TBEATY  OBLIGATIONS  AND  RELATIONS  OF  THE  AMIR 
OF  AFGHANISTAN. 

"  In  return  for  these  pledges  given  by  the  British  em- 
pire in  India,  the  Amir's  obligations  are  the  following  : 
He  is  bound,  by  his  word  -and  by  treaties,  to  be  a  true 
friend  and  ally  to  the  Indian  empire ;  he  pledges  him- 
self not  to  communicate  with  any  foreign  power  with- 
out first  consulting  with  the  Indian  Grovernment ;  he 
must  also  have  a  British  agent  at  Kabul.  This  British 
agent,  however,  must  always  be  a  Mohammedan,  a 
subject  of  the  Indian  Government ;  and  no  member  of 
his  staff  is  to  be  a  European.  Besides  his  political 
agent,  who  represents  him  at  the  court  of  the  Viceroy, 
the  Amir  has  several  private  commercial  agents  in 
India  and  in  England.  There  is  no  extradition  treaty 
between  Afghanistan  and  other  nations.  Hence  an 
offender  is  never  given  up  to  his  own  country  against 
his  will." 

"IMPERIALISM"  IN  CANADA. 

In. an  article  on  "  Canada  and  Imperialism,"  Mr.  John 
Charlton,  M.P.,  one  of  the  members  of  the  Anglo- 
American  Joint  High  Commission,  argues  that  the 
unfriendly  fiscal  policy  toward  Canada  adopted  by  the 
United  States  has  been  one  reason  for  the  gradual 
*  drifting  away  of  Canada  in  sympathy  and  m  sentiment 
from  her  neighbor.  Canada  has  been  obliged  to  find 
markets  elsewhere  than  in  America,  and  that  she  has 
succeeded  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  ]|kst  year  England 
took  62  per  cent,  of  her  total  exports,  and  her  exports 
of  fanning  products  to  that  country  were  ten  times 
greater  than  to  the  United  States.  The  effect  of  this 
development  of  English  trade  has  been  to  bind  Canada 
more  closely  to  Great  Britain  in  sympathy  and  in  sen- 
timent. Mr.  Charlton  declares  it  to  be  his  belief  that 
not  10  per  cent,  of  the  Canadian  population,  outside  of 
the  Province  of  Quebec,  are  other  than  thoroughly  loyal 
to  British  institutions. 

THE  CHILD-STUDY  MOVKMKNT. 

President  G.  Stanley  Hall,  of  Clark  University,  writes 
on  "Child-Study  and  Its  Relation  to  Education."  He 
sums  np  the  characteristics  of  this  new  movement 
among  American  educationists  in  the  following  para- 


**  It  is  a  nondescript  and,  in  some  sense,  an  unparal- 
leled movement — partly  psychology,  partly  anthro- 
pology, partly  medico-hygiene.  It  is  closely  related  at 
every  step  to  the  study  of  instinct  in  animals,  and  to 
the  rites  and  beliefs  of  primitive  people ;  and  it  has  a 
distinct  ethico-philosophical  aspect — partly  what  a  re- 
cent writer  classed  as  the  higher  biology — with  a  spice 
of  folk-lore  and  of  religious  evolution,  sometimes  with 
an  alloy  of  gossip  and  nursery  tradition,  but  possessing 
a  broad,  practical  side  in  the  pedagogy  of  all  stag^.  It 
has  all  the  advantages  and  the  less  grave  disadvantages 
of  its  many-sidedness." 

HOW  PEACE  WAS  MADE  BETWEEN  CHINA  AND  JAPAN. 

The  Hon.  Charles  Denby,  formerly  our  minister  to 
China,  gives  an  interesting  account  of  the  negotiations 
which  brought  to  a  close  the  war  between  China  and 
Japan  in  1894.  At  that  time  our  ministers  to  China 
and  Japan  were  instrumental  In  acting  as  intermedi- 
aries between  the  two  governments.  Perhaps  the  most 
important  part  of  Mr.  Denby^s  account  of  these  negoti- 
ations is  the  exposition  that  he  makes  of  the  duplicity 
of  the  Chinese  foreign  office  in  the  transmission  of  offi- 
cial documents.  In  the  light  of  recent  developments  in 
Chinese  diplomacy,  Mr.  Denby's  narrative  is  extremely 
suggestive. 

A  NEW  VIEW  OF  TOLSTOI. 

In  a  paper  entitled  "Tolstoi's  Russia,"  Mr.  G.  H. 
Perris  gives  a  rather  different  picture  of  the  personality 
of  the  great  Russian  reformer  from  that  which  is  com- 
monly presented.    He  says : 

"  Too  much  may  be  made  of  the  material  sacrifices 
which  Leo  Tolstoi  has  made.  Actually  he  lives  in  as- 
sured comfort,  though  in  perfect  simplicity.  He  rides 
the  horse  and  the  bicycle,  plays  tennis,  enjoys  music, 
romps  with  children,  even  to-day,  and,  in  brief,  is  phys- 
ically and  mentally  a  sane,  highly  vitalized  personal- 
ity, far  removed  from  the  narrowness  of  the  Eastern 
ascetic.  It  is  this  sanity  and  grip  of  real  things  that 
make  his  example  so  powerful,  his  spirit  so  infectious. 
In  the  records  of  the  last  decade  in  Europe  few  finer 
episodes  will  be  found  than  the  aged  writer's  campaigns 
against  famine,  against  religious  persecution,  against 
the  fiogging  of  pe^asants,  and  against  militarism.  No 
other  modern  teacher  has  had  to  contend  with  such  a 
desperate  environment ;  and  no  other  has  succeeded  in 
giving  such  a  splendid  picture  of  love  triumphant  over 
the  world. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Gen.  C.  H.  Grosvenor  contributes  a  spirited  paper  on 
"The Negro  Problem  in  the  South ;"  Mr.  J.  Keir  Har- 
die,  chairman  of  the  Independent  Labor  party  in  Eng- 
land, writes  on  "Labor  and  Politics  in  Great  Britain," 
and  Mr.  Robert  T.  Hill,  of  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey,  furnishes  an  interesting  study  of  "Texas,  Past 
and  Present." 


T 


THE  ARENA. 

HE  August  ^rena  opens  with  an  extravagantly 
eulogistic  estimate  of  Joseph  Chamberlain,  who 
is  compared  with  that  earlier  British  Imperialist,  Oliver 
Croipwell.  The  writer  is  the  Rev,  George  Walters,  of 
Sydney,  New  South  Wales. 

A  despondent  article  on  "Failures  in  English  Tem- 
perance Reform"  is  contributed  by  Mr.  James  Dow- 
man,  who  holds  that  social  reforms  of  a  general  charac- 


368 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEU^  OF  REI^JEU^S. 


ter  and  wider  scope  must  precede  and  accompany  tem- 
perance teform  ;  universal  education  and  a  cooperative 
industrial  system  are  demanded,  and  these  can  only  be 
brought  about  after  long  agitation.  In  the  meantime, 
the  efforts  of  the  temperance  reformers  to  secure  im- 
proved legislation  must  be  futile. 

INCEKTIVE  TO  EXERTION  IN  THE  SOCIALISTIC  STATE. 

An  able  plea  for  state  socialism  is  put  forth  by  Mr. 
Herman  Whi taker.  To  the  question,  What,  under 
Socialism,  will  be  the  incentive  to  exertion  ?  this  writer 
makes  a  threefold  answer— (1)  that  the  problem  is  not  a 
question  of  biology,  but  of  economics— in  other  words, 
the  evolution  of  society  is  driving  us  to  collectivism, 
whether  or  not  that  conclusion  is  opposed  to  the  laws  of 
life ;  (2)  that  the  industries  conducted  by  the  govern- 
ments of  different  countries  turn  out  work  equal,  if  not 
superior,  to  the  same  class  of  work  turned  out  by  pri- 
vate Arms ;  (3)  that  fear  of  dismissal  and  hope  of  reward 
are  the  incentives  that  move  to  action  the  lower  classes 
in  existing  society,  while  the  same  incentives  spur  to 
action  those  in  government  employ. 

EARLY  RETIREMENT  FROM  BUSINESS. 

Mr.  Townsend  Cushman  sets  forth  some  of  the  ad- 
vantages of  a  general  introduction  of  the  custom  of 
business  men  retiring  early  in  life — i.e.,  as  soon  as  pos- 
sible after  the  apex  of  prosperity  has  been  reached  ;  as 
a  rule,  in  the  middle  period  of  their  existence.  Litera- 
ture, science,  and  art  would  be  recruited  from  this 
source,  and  the  government  would  get  the  service  of 
many  of  the  ablest  and  most  responsible  citizens  of  the 
state. 

AMERICAN  RURAL  LIFE. 

Mr.  Kenyon  L.  Butterfield  contributes  a  hopeful  paper 
on  **  The  Expansion'of  Farm  Life."  Among  the  grounds 
of  this  writer's  optimism  are  the  facts  that  thousands  of 
farmers  are  now  farming  on  a  scientific  basis  ;  that  the 
number  of  specialists  among  farmers  is  increasing  ;  that 
new  methods  are  rapidly  adopted— as,  for  example,  the 
cooperative  creamery  ;  and  that,  in  general,  the  idea  of 
intensive  farming  is  gaining.  Various  agencies  offer 
to  farmers  better  opportunities  for  mental  and  business 
training.  The  agricultural  press  of  the  country,  far- 
mers' institutes,  bulletins  issued  by  the  Government 
experiment  station,  special  winter  courses  at  the  agri 
cultural  colleges,  the  regular  work  of  these  colleges, 
"extension"  Instruction,  and  a  growing  technical  lit 
erature  of  agriculture  are  some  of  these  agencies. 

WOMEN  AND   EDUCATION. 

Educational  problems  of  the  day,  chiefly  relating  to 
women,  are  discussed  in  three  articles,  under  the  heads 
of  *'  Women  as  School  Officers,"  by  Duane  Mowry ; 
"Sex  in  Education,"  by  A.  L.  Mearkle;  and  "New 
England  Girl  Graduates,"  by  M.  E.  Blood.  The  latter 
article  contains  much  interesting  information  regarding 
the  business  opportunities  of  educated  young  women. 

OTHER   ARTICLES. 

Mr.  William  Trowbridge  Lamed  contributes  an  en- 
tertaining study  of  "The  Fallible  Physician,"  and  May 
Brown  licwniis  writes  on  "  The  Inner  life  of  the  *  Set- 
tlement.'" Coupled  with  Mr.  Charles  Johnston's  ar- 
ticle on  "  The  American  Psychic  Atmosphere,"  which 
we  have  reviewed  in  our  department  of  "I^eading 
Articles  of  the  Month,"  is  an  account  of  some  of  our 
Southwestern  American  antiquities,  by  Frances  Hart. 


GUNTON'S  MAGAZINE. 

THE  leading  article  in  Gunton's  for  Angost  is  a 
discussion  of  "Sound  Shipping  Protection,'"  by 
William  W.  Bates,  formerly  United  States  Commis- 
sioner of  Navigation.  Mr.  Bates  defines  "sound  ship- 
ping protection"  as  "one  or  more,  or  a  system  ol, 
artificial  conditions  enforced  by  the  government,  tbe 
institutions,  or  the  people  of  a  nation  favoring  the  use 
and  employment  of  its  own  ships ;  and,  necessarily,  im- 
peding, checking,  or  inhibiting  the  use  and  employ- 
ment of  foreign  vessels  in  It^  own  commerce.  Its  vital 
principle  is  discrimination.  This  may  be  applied  fay 
the  government  at  its  own  custom-houses ;  by  the 
boards  of  trade  in  their  commercial  rules ;  by  under^ 
writers  in  their  policies  and  rates ;  by  register  aascxsia- 
tions  in  their  classification  systems,  surveys,  and  rat- 
ings ;  by  corporations,  firms,  and  individuals  in  making 
engagements  ;  and  by  other  agencies  in  different  wayii^** 
Mr.  Bates  champions  this  method  of  dealing  with  the 
question  of  merchant  marine  as  opposed  to  the  subsidy 
scheme  embodied  in  the  bill  before  Congress.  He  sho-ws 
that  the  bounty  policies  of  France  and  Italy  have  not 
been  instrumental  in  gaining  trade  for  French  and 
Italian  ships ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  that  the  custom- 
house returns  of  tonnage  taxes  paid  by  vessels  of  all 
nations  show  that  since  1898  French  vessels  have  psdd 
each  year  less  and  less  of  proportionate  tax,  the  falling 
off  being  40  per  cent.,  while  Italian  payments  have 
fallen  off  31  per  cent. ;  British  payments  increasing  on 
the  average  for  that  period  nearly  4  per  cent.,  althou^ 
British  freighters  have  neither  bounty  nor  subsidy. 

TOPOGRAPHY  AND  ECONOMIC  DEVELOPMENT. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Redway  contributes  an  article  on  "  Effects 
of  Topography  on  Economic  Development,"  in  which  he 
traces  the  process  by  which  people  of  different  sections 
of  the  United  States  gradually  adjusted  themselves  to 
their  local  surroundings.  Thus,  in  New  Ehigland,  the 
colonists  first  tried  farming,  and  finding  that  cinre> 
munerative,  were  led  to  engage  in  sea  commerce,  w^hich 
naturally  concentrated  in  the  harbors  of  the  rosi^ 
New  England  coast.  When  domestic  manufactures  be- 
gan to  develop  in  this  country,  New  England  was  foand 
to  be  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  establishment  of  mann- 
facturing  plants,  because  she  possessed  water-po'wer, 
and  capital  was  soon  invested  in  mills  and  factories.  In 
the  Appalachian  coal  regions  the  manufacture  of  iron 
and  steel  has  grown  up.  As  several  tons  of  coal  most 
be  used  for  every  ton  of  metal  produced,  it  is  cheaper  to 
ship  the  iron  ore  to  the  coal  than  to  ship  the  coal  to  the 
iron.  Hence,  the  great  center  of  the  manufacture  of 
iron  and  steel  must  be  either  in  or  near  the  coal  mines. 
But  other  centers  of  the  industry  have  sprung  np  along 
the  Great  Lakes,  because  of  the  ease  and  cheapness  of 
transportation  of  the  ore  to  those  points  from  the  mines 
of  northern  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  while  the 
coal  is  brought  by  canal  barges  from  the  interior. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

I^onora  B.  Halsted  writes  on  "Christendom's  Unity 
and  Peril ;"  Mr.  Charles  Burr  Todd  describes  "Social 
Settlements  in  New  York  City,"  and  Mr.  Moult4>u 
Emery  contributes  the  third  of  his  series  of  articles  on 
the  racial  origin  and  composition  of  the  people  of  the 
United  States,  referring  to  such  authorities  as  Froude, 
Green,  Macaulay,  Buckle,  Bancroft,  Palfrey,  Hewitt, 
Ramsay,  Baird,  and  the  reports  of  the  United  States 
Census  of  1890,  in  support  of  his  data. 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI/IEWED. 


869 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW. 

FOREIGN  and  Imperial  questions  bulk  large   in 
the  August  number  of  the  Fortnightly.    Several 
of  the  articles  demand  separate  notice. 

»*PUT  NOT  YOUR  TRUST  IN"  KAISERS. 

'*  The  crux  of  foreign  policy  '^  is  the  subject  of  an  un- 
signed e«8ay.  The  writer  holds  that  **  the  paramount 
purpose  of  our  foreign  policy  must  be  to  find  out  once 
for  all  whether  a  direct  understanding  with  Russia  is 
possible,  or  whether  a  conflict  may  be  reckoned  upon 
as  the  great  certainty  of  the  future,  towards  which 
preparation  must  be  bent."  He  warns  England 
against  counting  on  anything  of  the  nature  of  an 
Anglo-German  alliance.  The  policy  of  Grermany  is 
ruled  by  two  ideas  :  ^*  Austria  to  be  preserved  at  all 
haaeards  as  the  only  natural  ally,  Russia  to  be  concili- 
ated as  the  one  foe  whose  enmity  under  present  cir- 
cumstances might  be  mortal."  England  occupies  only 
a  third  place. 

A  GOOD  WORD  FOR  FRANCE. 

Mr.  Richard  Davey  presents  "a  few  French  facte" 
with  the  good-natured  idea  of  helping  to  an  apprecia- 
tion of  her  better  qualities  and  a  charitable  view  of  her 
faults.  As  he  puts  the  case,  the  republic  is  young— 
**a  new  steam  engine  with  a  somewhat  antiquated 
boiler."  *'  Of  the  two  countries,  France  and  England, 
France  is  probably  the  most  practically  religious ; "  her 
pornographic  literature  is  chiefly  for  export,  and  is 
scarc^y  read  at  home ;  the  French  army  is  not  domi- 
nated by  clericalism.  What  will,  perhaps,  most  sur- 
prise English  readers  is  the  writer's  hopeful  view  of  the 
French  press.  Once  it  was  either  **  frankly  Voltairean 
or  frankly  clerical."  Now  le  Journal,  la  Libre  Pa- 
rolt^  VEcho  de  Paris,  la  Croix  (The  French  War  Cry), 
and  a  host  of  other  paj)ers  which  are  light  and  popular, 
are  decent  in  tone,  and  offer  no  outrage  to  faith  and 
morals.    The  writer  adds  : 

**  With  the  political  spirit  of  these  papers  and  their 
nomerous  imitators  I  have  nothing  to  say  ;  but  I  feel 
certain  that  they  are  building  up  a  wholesomer  tone  in 
joamalism,  and  possibly  the  day  is  not  far  distant 
when  it  will  be  as  difficult  to  flnd  objectionable  papers, 
caricatures,  and  novels  in  France  £»  it  is  here." 

ENGLAND'S  GUNS  AFLOAT. 

Mr.  J.  Holt  Schooling  compares  the  **  Armaments  of 
Seren  Navies,"  and  generally  reaches  conclusions  grati- 
fying to  Englishmen.    He  says : 

*'  Taking  all  classes  of  guns.  Great  Britain  has  36.3  of 
every  100  gmm  that  exist  in  the  seven  navies,  as  com- 
pared with  the  80.7  per  100  of  France  plus  Russia ;  and 
if  ire  neglect  all  muzzle-loading  guns,  then  Great 
Britain  has  85.6  out  of  every  100  guns  that  form  the 
armaments  of  the  seven  Sea  Powers.  Jjooking  at  the 
above  facts,  and  noting^ also  that  our  biggest  lead  over 
France  plus  Russia  is  upon  the  score  of  quick-flring 
^nns,  one  can  scarcely  avoid  the  conclusion  that  these 
Mre  satisfactory  results  to  have  obtained." 

He  observes  alw>  that  Russia's  battleships  and  ar- 
mored cruisers  are  more  nnmerously  armed  than  those 
of  any  other  navieff. 

IMPKKIAL  PARLIAMENT  IN  DUBLIN  ! 

Judge  O'Connor  Morris  offers  a  political  survey  of 
"Contemporary  Ireland."  He  suggests  one  remedy  for 
thie  ignorance  of  Ireland  which  is  displayed  by  English 


and  Scottish  legislators,  and  which  forms  one  of  the 
most  pernicious  sources  of  Irish  disaffection  : 

**  The  result  could  be  of  no  doubtful  good  were  the 
Imperial  Parliament  to  hold  its  sessions  in  the  capital 
of  Ireland  at  certain  intervals  of  time.  .  .  .  The  pres- 
ence in  Dublin  of  the  Imperial  Parliament  would,  I  am 
convinced,  greatly  weaken  the  cry  for  home  rule." 

He  presses  for  a  thorough  Inquiry  into  the  present 
state  of  the  Irish  land  system,  and  for  royal  favor  to 
descendants  of  Irish  Jacobite  nobles. 


THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

MOST  of  the  August  number  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century  is  occupied  with  the  sensational  prob- 
lems presented  by  current  hostilities,  and  has  been 
quoted  accordingly  elsewhere. 

THE  DEARTH  OF  CIVIC  CONSCIENCE. 

The  Bishop  of  Hereford  is  exercised  by  the  slow 
growth  of  moral  influence  in  politics.  He  attributes  it 
to  three  causes : 

**  The  Divine  Founder  of  our  religion  and  His  apos- 
tles deliberately  confined  their  teaching  to  personal 
morals. 

*'  Throughout  our  whole  educational  system  we  flnd 
very  little  systematic  training  in  the  morals  of  citizen- 
ship. 

*'  All  real  moral  progress  Is  from  the  individual  heart 
outward,  and  consequently  corporate  advance  has  to 
wait  upon  individual  advance." 

He  urges  religious  teachers  to  exercise  their  prophetic 
vocation,  and  see  to  the  training  of  the  young  in  civic 
ethics. 

"PROMOTING  TRUE  REPUBLICAn/sM." 

Mr.  Edward  J.  Hodgson  contributes  an  American 
view  of  the  Boer  War.  He  holds  that  the  utter  unpre- 
paredness  of  Great  Britain  for  war  proves  her  innocence 
of  any  plotting  for  gold  or  dominion.    He  urges  : 

''On  the  grounds,  then,  of  justice,  freedom,  good 
government,  and  the  advancement  of  the  human  race, 
we  are  bound  to  give  our  sympathy  and  mora  aid  to 
England  as  once  more  she  battles  against  the  forces  of 
reaction,  obstruction,  and  anti-freedom,  and  goes  forth 
to  supplant  governments  evolved  and  maintained  by 
those  forces  by  free,  enlightened,  and  progressive  gov- 
ernment that  aids  and  encourages  the  citizen  to  make 
the  most  of  his  mental  and  physical  powers,  instead  of 
cramping  and  repressing  them.  ...  So  shall  we  pro- 
mote true  republicanism  upon  earth." 

THE  PRE88-OAO  IN  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

Sir  T.  Wemyss  Reid  protests  against  '*  the  gag  which 
has  been  applied  with  merciless  and  unprecedented 
severity  to  the  representatives  of  the  press  "  in  the  field 
of  war,  whence  the  shock  of  Mr.  Burdett-Coutts*  ex- 
posure : 

'*Not  only  have  their  telegrams  been  mutilated  or 
suppressed  altogether,  but  their  letters  have  been  sub- 
jecteil  to  the  most  rigorous  censorship— a  censorship 
wliich  has  certainly  not  been  less  severe  than  that  car- 
ried out  in  Russia.  The  result  is  that  no  unpleasant 
facts  have  been  allowed  to  leak  out,  and  we  have  had 
none  of  the  benefit  which  the  last  generation,  for  exam- 
ple, derived  from  the  presence  of  the  famous  corre- 
spondent of  Tlie  Times  in  the  Crimea.  I  cannot  pretend 
to  understand  the  meekness  with  which  the  press  has 
submitted  to  a  censorship  that  has  systematically  beeu 


870 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


extended  to  matters  that  had  no  direct  connection  with 
military  movements." 

TOE  IMPERIAL  NOTE. 

**The  Imperial  Note  in  Victorian  Poetry  **  is  investi- 
gated by  Mr.  J.  A.  R.  Marriott.  He  reckons  Tennyson, 
Mr.  Newbolt,  and  Mr.  Kipling  among  the  *' Imperial 
Singers,"  but  finds  nowhere  the  characteristic  note  of 
the  more  finely  tempered  imperialism  so  delicately  sug- 
gested as  in  Browning's  **Home  Thoughts  from  the 
Sea,"  with  the  challenge,  *'  Here  and  there  did  England 
help  me  ;  how  can  I  help  England  ?" 


THE  CONTEMPORARY  REVIEW. 

THE  August  number  of  the  Cfjntcmporary  is  prin- 
cipally military,  imperial,  and  foreign  in  its 
complexion,  and  under  these  various  headings  cita- 
tions have  been  grouped  elsewhere. 

SIR  ALFRED  MILXER. 

Mr.  F.  Edmund  Garrett  supplies  a  clever  apologia 
for  Sir  Alfred  Milner  and  his  work.  He  ridicules  the 
representation  of  Sir  Alfred  as  *'an  incompetent,  a 
garbling,  a  mannerless  and  hectoring  bully,"  and  won- 
ders what  diabolic  searchange  could  have  come  over 
one  who  before  he  sailed  for  South  Africa  was  gener- 
ally applauded  as  the  "  finest  flower  of  human  culture." 
His  main  tribute  is  given  in  these  sentences  : 

"Milner  has  successfully  provided  the  nucleus  ot  a 
non-Rhodes  imperialism.  .  .  .  Everybody  knows  the 
healthy  tendency  of  Englishmen  and  Scotsmen  to  dis- 
cover dissentients  to  almost  any  conceivable  opinion 
which  is  general  enough  to  seem  tyrannous.  Here  they 
are  in  South  Africa  all  united,  one  may  almost  say  to  a 
man.  To-day,  for  the  first  time,  we  have  the  spectacle 
of  the  Dutch  split  up  and  the  English  united.  The 
present  unanimous  rally,  look  at  it  how  you  will,  is  a 
great  fact,  and  a  great  moral  force ;  it  strengthens  us 
to  confront  the  world  now,  and  the  future  in  South  Af- 
rica ;  and  that  rally,  as  the  words  it  finds  nearly  always 
declare,  we  owe  in  a  near  and  personal  sense  to  Sir  Al- 
fred Milner." 

Though  the  racial  spirit  has  made  him  less  acceptable 
to  the  Dutch,  Mr.  Garrett  exults  in  declaring  that  Mil- 
ner '^has,  actually,  as  the  war  went  on,  converted  his 
'  neutrality'  premier  into  an  imperial  co-worker." 

TOLSTOI  ON  ART  AND  LIFE. 

Aylmer  Maude,  in  taking  up  the  cudgels  for  Tolstoi's 
theory  of  art  agiiinst  malignant  reviewers,  restates  the 
novelist's  definition  of  art,  and  his  view  of  life  : 

♦'  Art  is  a  human  activity,  consisting  in  this,  that  one 
man  consciously,  by  means  of  certain  external  signs, 
hands  on  to  others  feelings  he  has  lived  through,  and 
that  other  people  are  infected  by  these  feelings,  and 

*'TUt*  ri'lijfiotirt  [MHittption  of  our  time,  in  its  widest 
Htid  moHt  prsu'rlrul  njiplicjition,  is  the  consciousness 
lli«t  our  vvt*]l  hi'lnUr  litklh  material  and  spiritual,  indi- 
rl^liiiil  Hiitl  colhn^tUc,  ti^mporal  and  eternal,  lias  in  the 
UnjwiU  (it  br<»tht*rhiHi<l  among  all  men — in  their  loving 
ljifcririiiii5*  ^vith  ntu*  rirn  «r  her." 

I  "THRU  ARTICLES. 

.lM*rt  D<iri«1t!  repels,  |)oint  by  point,  Ixirtl  Ave- 
''^HtttCk  '^Ji  miiiiioipal  trading,  and  by  a  wide  sur- 
tt.i»nl  TiiiitMiNpji!  achievement  i)roves  his  fears 
iTtitl  tided, 


Mr.  W.  H.  D.  Rouse  argues  for  higher  salaries  in 
British  secondary  schools.  The  average  .salary  of  an 
assistant  is  just  below  $600 ;  of  a  head-master,  usaally 
ten  times  as  much.  Tunbridge  is  the  best  paid,  the 
head-master  receiving  $25,000,  his  assistants  less  than 
♦1,000. 

Mr.  Arthur  Symons  indulges  in  an  impassioned  pane- 
gyric of  the  actress,  Eleonora  Duse.  Her  art  is  pro- 
nounced to  be  *' always  suggestion,  never  statement,  al- 
ways a  renunciation." 

THE  WESTMINSTER  REVIEW. 

EVEN  the  heats  of  July  and  the  prospect  of  the 
holiday  season  cannot  slacken  the  tense  pnrpc^ 
of  the  Westminster.  The  Augu.st  number  is  as  strenn- 
ous  as  ever,  and  no  less  instant  in  its  devotion  to  the 
cause  of  land  nationalization. 

AN  ESTIMATE  OF  MR.  JOHN  MORLEY. 

The  first  place  is  given  to  a  study  of  John  Morley  by- 
Thomas  Bowran.  The  gfist  of  the  writer's  estimate  ap- 
pears in  the  following  passage  : 

"With  few  exceptions,  his  attitudess  temper  of  mind, 
and  emphasis  are  invariably  truly  and  firmly  placed. 
But  when  the  character  of  his  solutions  is  considered, 
and  his  reading  of  contemporary  life,  its  tendencies  of 
realizations,  and  its  readjustments  of  social  organiza- 
tions, we  are  conscious  of  his  ineptitude  and  limita- 
tions. Emphatically  agreeing  that  his  purposes  arf 
purposes  of  advancement  and  ennoblement,  his  reading 
of  the  .signs  are  hesitating  and  narrow,  his  appreciatioa 
of  methods  doubtful  and  obsolete,  and  that,  instead  d 
historical  knowledge  being  an  illuminating  force,  it 
has  obscured  the  working  of  the  new  tendencies,  h^ 
feelings  after  the  new  purposes,  and  his  comprehen^iiH^ 
of  methods  requisite  to  present  conditions." 

A  SIGNIFICANT  PLEA. 

Mr.  William  Diack,  writing  on  **  Radicalism  ami 
Labor,"  pleads  for  a  combination  of  modern  RadicaU 
New  Trade-Unionists,  and  avowed  Collectivists,  in  sup- 
port of — (1)  old-age  pensions;  (2)  the  land  for  the  peo- 
ple ;  (3)  a  shorter  working-day  ;  and  (4)  nationalization 
of  railways.  He  suggests  that  twenty-five  or  thirry 
seats  should  be  selected  for  attack  on  these  lines  at  tk» 
next  election.  It  is  significant,  however,  that  th^ 
writer  insists  on  eliminating,  as  *^a  dead  weight  to  so- 
cial progres.H,"  the  question  of  reforming  the  House  <A 
Lords  : 

"I  say,  with  all  the  energy  I  can  command:  while 
there  are  hungry  mouths  to  be  filled,  while  the  shonV 
ders  of  little  children  are  prematurely  bent  under  th^ 
crushing  weight  of  commercialism  ;  while  the  faUierf 
in  factory,  mine,  and  forge  are  overworked  and  under^ 
fed  ;  while  the  aged  veterans  of  labor,  stricken,  not  with 
the  weight  of  years,  but  with  the  far  deadlier  weig:fat  of 
poverty  and  hardship,  stagger.into  the  cold  and  cheer- 
less workhouse,  cease  tampering  with  the  political  ma- 
chine (your  referendum  schemes  can  afford  to  wiui. 
and  turn  your  thoughts  to  active  ameliorative  meas^ 
ures  that  will  help  to  make  the  burden  of  life  sit  .some- 
what more  lightly  on  the  shoulders  of  the  jxior." 

AN  INHERITANCE  TAX  OF  KW  PER  CENT. 

Franklin  Thomasson,  while  agreeing  with  Henrr 
George's  goal  of  land  nationalization,  pro[)ose«  a  differ 
ent  method  for  attaining  that  goal.     He  says  : 

*'  In  the  plan  I  am  about  to  propose  there  is  no  in  jus- 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI^IEIVED. 


371 


tice  done  to  anybody.  This  plan,  again,  is  in  itself 
nothing  new.  It  is  merely  the  application  to  land  of  a 
tax  already  in  operation — namely,  the  tax  known  in 
England  as  the  death  duty.  Let  the  title  to  all  land 
lapse  to  the  nation  on  the  death  of  the  present  owners." 

The  writer  reckons  the  national  rent-roll  at  $1,000,000,- 
000  a  year,  which  would  yield  to  a  population  of  40,000,- 
000  f25  a  head,  or  $50  for  each  adult.  Out  of  this  sum 
not  only  could  all  taxes  be  paid,  but  also  premium  for 
an  old-age  pension  fund. 

Mr.  Scan  Ion's  suit  of  Hodge  v.  Lord  Broadacres,  or 
Labor  v.  Landlordism,  is  brought  to  a  close  by  the  jury 
returning  a  verdict  for  plaintiff  that  *'all  men  had 
originally,  and  have  now,  equal  rights  to  the  use  of 
land  ;  that  the  authority  which  took  away  these  rights 
was  not  a  competent  or  sufficient  authority." 

THE  PRICK  OF  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD. 

A  comprehensive  transaction  with  the  United  States 
is  proposed  by  Mr.  J.  P.  de  Putron.  He  argues  that 
the  West  Indies  are  bound  to  fall  to  the  United  States, 
and  suggests  that  the  transfer  might  be  made  the  occa- 
sion of  a  compact  between  the  two  powers,  by  which 
England  would  gain  passage  for  her  ships  of  war 
through  the  Nicaragua  Canal,  free  trade  for  herself 
and  Canada  with  the  United  States,  and  the  use  of 
American  coaling-stations  m  time  of  war.  The  United 
States  would  gain  the  Nicaragua  Canal,  the  West 
Indies,  Bermuda,  Azores,  etc,  besides  the  use  of  Eng- 
lish coaling-station-s.  As  the  joint  Anglo-American 
fleet  numbers  543  vessels,  Mr.  Putron  thinks  that  the 
peace  of  the  world  would  be  secured  by  his  plan,  and 
would  be  cheap  at  the  price.  The  Eastern  question,  he 
says,  will  be  settled  at  the  American  isthmus. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Joslah  Oldfield,  as  against  vivisection ists,  pleads  that 
limits  should  be  set  to  experimentation,  and  lays  stress 
on  "the  maternal  teaching"  that  life  is  sacred  and  pain 
Is  terrible.  Dudley  S.  Cosby  puts  "the  hard  case  of 
the  Irish  landlords,"  and  appeals  to  the  government  to 
do  all  it  can  to  compensate  the  landlords  an(t  keep 
them  in  the  country,  since  "  to  ruin  and  disfranchise  an 
edacated  class,  as  they  are  now  doing,"  is  a  fatal  course. 

Allan  Laidlaw's  inquiry,  **  What  are  immoral  plays  ?" 
follows  Nietzsche  in  his  condemnation  of  the  "slave- 
morality  "  of  repression. 


CORNHILL. 

THE  August  number  of  Camhill  shows  a  merciful 
regard  for  the  vacation  mood,  and  inflicts  no 
▼cry  weighty  articles  on  its  readers. 

I^^ady  Grove  writes  cleverly  on  women*s  suffrage  in 
time  of  war.  She  brings  into  killing  contrast  the  two 
ariraments  that  women  must  not  concern  themselves 
with  politics  because  they  do  not  fight,  and  that  sol- 
diers must  not  concern  themselves  with  politics  because 
they  do  fight.  She  points  out  that  only  about  2^ a  P^r 
cmt.,  or  only  a  liUle  over  700,000  in  every  39,000,000  of 
the  adult  population,  are  ever  called  upon  actively  to 
defend  the  empire  against  foreign  enemies.  The  rest 
are  employed  in  varioiw  other  ways  in  contributing  to 
the  prosperity  of  their  country  ;  and  in  this  category 
there  is  a  numerical  preponderance  of  several  thousand 
women  over  men. 

Mr.  Frederic  Harrison  is  loud  in  his  praises  of  Mr. 
Urth's  Cromwell.    He  pronounces  it  to  \ye  "  an  excel- 


lent book,  a  fascinating  book,  a  decisive  book."*  He 
says  :  "  It  will  pa.ss  with  historians  as  the  final  esti- 
mate of  the  character  and  achievements  of  the  Pro- 
tector." Mr.  Harrison  is  surely  overbold  when  he  pre- 
dicts the  finality  of  the  estimate  of  any  man.  He  sin- 
gles out  as  the  distinctive  point  about  the  book  that 
"Mr.  Firth  for  the  first  time  combines  a  full  and 
detailed  narrative  of  Cromwell's  entire  career  with 
exhaustive  research  into  all  the  original  sources."  Mr. 
Harrison  describes  Cromwell  as  "the  first  consistent 
and  systematic  architect  of  British  imperialism."  He 
also  says,  "  There  never  was  so  systematic  an  oppor- 
tunist." 

Mountaineering  supplies  Francis  Conneli  with  a  text 
for  the  recital  of  several  Alpine  adventures,  and  Mrs. 
E.  M.  Nicholl  gives  a  humorous  sketch  of  life  in  "  a 
far-away  comer "  in  Texas.  She  relates  an  ingenious 
way  the  Mexican  Government  over  the  border  has  of 
dealing  with  its  criminal  desperadoes.  It  sends  sol- 
diers to  arrest  them,  but  when  arrested  the  prisoner 
never  arrives  at  jail  or  court.  His  guards  report  that 
he  was  shot  as  he  tried  to  escape.  This  happy  dispatch 
saves  the  trouble  of  incarceration  and  trial,  and  thins 
out  undesirable  members  of  the  community. 


THE  NATIONAL  REVIEW. 

WE  have  noticed,  in  the  "  I^eading  Articles,"  Mr. 
Ernest  Williams*  "Ekjonomic  Revolution  in 
Germany,"  which  appears  in  the  National  Review  for 
August. 

"18  THE  BROAD-CHURCH  PARTY  EXTINCT?" 

Canon  Page  Roberts  answers  : 

"  That  such  a  party  can  become  extinct  is  simply  im- 
possible. So  long  as  there  is  a  church,  and  man  remains 
a  rational  being,  it  must  exist.  Final  opinions  are  the 
fortresses  of  fools.  Yet  if  the  Broad-Church  party  can 
never  become  extinct,  it  miLst,  at  least  among  the  clergy, 
be  always  a  small  party,  like  the  advance-guard  of 
an  army,  the  first  to  occupy  a  position  which  will  sub- 
sequently be  held  by  the  whole  force.  .  .  .  The  Broad- 
Church  laity,  like  the  Broad-Church  clergy,  are  a  little 
flock." 

They  are  said  to  be  specially  needed  in  the  great  cities 
and  centers  of  education. 

COMPULSORY  MILITARY  SERVICE. 

Lord  Newton  deplores,  in  the  National,  the  British 
Goyemment's  rejection  of  the  militia  ballot  bill  as  "a 
case  of  p>aternal  desertion."  For  it  was  brought  for- 
ward in  1809  by  Lord  Lansdowne  in  time  of  peace,  but 
when  war  had  shown  England's  weakness,  this,  "the 
one  practical  measure  which  would  have  given  the 
country  a  real  army  for  home  defense,"  was  not  even 
alluded  to.  When  it  was  again  introduced  last  June 
by  Lord  Wemyss,  it  was  disowned  by  the  government  I 
The  writer  concludes  with  the  remark  that,  "if  the 
present  policy  of  the  expansion  of  our  empire  is  to  be 
continued,  the  adoption  of  some  modified  system  of  en- 
forced military  service  for  home  defense  is  not  only 
desirable,  but  unavoidable." 

FACTS  AND   FAV<'1KS   AIM)UT  TIIK   BRITISH   PRKSS-(iAN(i. 

Vice-A(hiiiral  Sir  Cyprinn  Bridge,  late  director  of  the 
British  Naval  Inteliigence  Department,  states  some 
facts  and  expUxles  some  fancies  aljout  the  old  jyes*,- 
gang.  It  is  a  common  idea  that  the  navy  was  chietly 
supplied   with  compulsory    recruits.    The    writer   ex- 


872 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEWS. 


plains  that  this  was  a  mistake,  due  partly  to  confusion 
of  two  very  different  words.  *'  A  prest-man  was  really 
a  man  who  received  the  prest  of  12d.  as  a  soldier  when 
enlisted."  Prestare  meant  to  lend  or  give  beforehand. 
Prest-men  were  thus  voluntarily  enlisted  men  I  Co- 
ercion was  employed  by  the  press-gang ;  but  only  a 
small  proportion  of  recruits  were  thus  obtained.  In 
1808,  87,000  volunteers  came  forward  to  serve,  and  only 
2,000  were  obtained  by  compulsion.  The  vice-admiral 
concludes : 

"  Compulsory  service  .  .  .  failed  completely  to  effect 
what  had  been  expected  of  it.  In  the  great  days  of 
old,  our  fleet,  after  all,  was  manned,  not  by  impressed 
men,  but  by  volunteers.  It  was  largely  due  to  that 
that  we  became  masters  of  the  sea." 

TO  PREVENT  ARMY  HOSPITAL  SCANDALS. 

Mr.  Arthur  Stanley,  M.P.,  suggests  that  the  diffi- 
culty be  met  by  retaining  the  Royal  Army  Medical 
Corps  as  it  at  present  exists,  but  adding  a  separate 
branch  to  deal  solely  with  the  organization.  He  is  very 
severe  on  the  cruelty  of  understaffing,  both  to  the  pa- 
tients and  to  the  staff. 

WALTER  BAGEHOT. 

Mr.  Leslie  Stephen,  in  a  characteristic  appreciation 
of  Walter  Bagehot,  the  economic  writer,  remarks  on 
Bagehot's  unusually  clear  insight  into  fact.  His  book, 
**  Lombard  Street,"  is  an  instance.  Mr.  Stephen  says  of 
this :  *'  It  seems  as  though  the  ordinary  treatises  had 
left  us  in  the  dull  leaden  cloud  of  a  London  fog,  which, 
in  Bagehot's  treatment,  disperses  to  let  us  see  distinctly 
and  vividly  the  human  beings  previously  represented  by 
vague,  colorless  phantoms." 


THE  QUARTERLY  REVIEW. 

THE  July  number  of  the  Quarterly  is  principally 
concerned  with  literature,  although  current 
events  are  by  no  means  overlooked.  We  have  noticed 
elsewhere  the  article  on  Gabriele  d'Annunzio. 

DR.  THEAL*8  HISTORY  CHALLENGED. 

The  first  place  is  given  to  a  review  of  Dr.  TheaPs 
South  African  history,  in  which  the  writer  takes  strong 
exception  to  his  interpretation  of  documents.  He  also 
contrasts  Dr.  TheaPs  present  work  with  his  "Com- 
pendium" of  1878,  which  was  as  pronouncedly  pro- 
British  as  the  history  is  pro- Boer.    He  remarks  : 

"The  process  of  confronting  Dr.  Theal  with  his 
earlier  self,  and  with  his  own  original  authorities,  at 
several  momentous  epochs  of  South  African  history,  is 
one  earnestly  to  be  recommended  to  the  careful  atten- 
tion of  those  upon  whom  will  rest  in  future  the  respon- 
sibility for  the  implicit  acceptance  of  these  fallacious 
conclusions.  The  modern  school  of  writers  upon  South 
African  history  may  be  said  to  have  been  founded  and 
maintained  by  Dr.  Theal." 

The  reviewer  closes  with  this  reflection  : 

"While  the  colonists  of  other  nations  were  fighting 
for  the  security  of  their  persons  and  property  or  the 
free  exercise  of  their  religion,  and  while  those  of  other 
territories  of  the  British  Crown  were  engaged  in  an  ar- 
duous constitutional  struggle  for  a  representative  gov- 
ernment or  some  other  privilege  which  was  associated 
in  their  minds  with  the  ideA  of  political  lilierty,  the 
Boers  were  mainly  intent  on  claiming  the  right  to  keep 
their  weaker  fellow-subjects  in  a  state  of  bondage. 
Their  governors,  in  fact,   were  tyrants  because  they 


put  an  end  to  a  tyranny  which  was  revolting  to  civil 
ized  humanity  and  the  sense  of  justice." 

OUR  DEARTH  OF  GREAT  POETRY. 

"  The  Conditions  of  Great  Poetry  "  forms  the  theme 
of  an  interesting  study  ;  these  conditions  are  held  to  lie 
in  a  certain  correspondence  between  the  poet  and  the 
age.    The  writer  says  : 

"  Great  poetry  is  never  produced  except  in  periods  in 
which  the  minds  of  men  are  excited  by  strong  feelings, 
dominated  by  strong  beliefs,  or  animated  by  strong 
hopes,  which  the  poet,  at  starting,  has  had  no  share  in 
producing.  .  .  .  The  national  condiitions  most  favorable 
to  the  production  of  great  poetry  are  conditions  of  na- 
tional vigor,  confident  of  success,  and  looking  forward 
to  further  triumphs." 

After  illustrating  this  statement,  the  writer  finds  in 
it  some  explanation  of  the  fact  that  we  have  now  no 
great  poetry : 

"  Whatever  may  be  thought  of  personal  faculties,  the 
general  conditions  that  go  to  produce  great  poetry  are 
for  the  moment  wanting.  The  faiths,  the  hopes,  and 
the  aspirations  of  the  present  generation  are  not  in  a 
state  of  sufficient,  or  sufficiently  definite,  excitement  to 
generate  the  emotional  atmosphere  which  great  poetry 
requires." 

Poetry  is  essentially  emotion;  but  **the  mere  emo- 
tional gift  of  poetry  will  no  more  make  a  man  a  great 
poet  than  the  mere  emotion  of  patriotism  will  make  s 
soldier  a  great  general.  .  .  .  Poetry  is  great  in  propor- 
tion as  it  is  something  more  than  poetry,  and  poets  are 
g^eat  in  proportion  as  they  are  something  more  than 
poets." 

MODERN  JAPANESE  LITERATURE. 

A  paper  on  Japanese  literature  recalls  how  Japan 
adopted,  "  at  one  gulp,"  Chinese  letters  and  civilizadon 
in  the  fifth  century,  and  records  a  like  swift  assimila- 
tion of  European  culture  in  the  nineteenth.  Roman 
letters  are  now  being  used  in  place  of  the  Chinese  by 
Christian  converts  and  by  the  scholarly  classes,  and  the 
writ«r  expects  that  the  native  script  will  soon  beoooK 
a  mere  memory  of  the  learned.  Following  on  the  trans- 
lation of  Western  fiction,  "  the  old  style  of  romance  has 
been  completely  revolutionized,  and  just  as  native  ar- 
tists have  attempted  to  obey  the  canons  of  European 
art  in  their  latest  pictures,  so  modern  novelistiS  endeavor 
to  arrange  the  efforts  of  their  imagination  on  Western 
models.  One  great  defect  of  the  older  novels  was,  as 
has  been  remarked  in  the  case  of  the  native  plays,  the 
violations  of  common  decency  which  disfigured  their 
pages.  .  .  .  This  is  now  all  changed  :  improprieties  are 
avoided,  and  the  personages  represented  converse  in  a 
style  which  might  suit  the  pages  of  Jane  Austen.  .  .  . 
A  new  set  of  subjects  has  been  thrown  open  to  the  nov- 
elist. Full  advantage  has  been  taken  of  this  privilege ; 
and  the  most  advanced  socialistic  and  revolutionan- 
ideas,  which  formerly  would  have  entailed  on  both  au- 
thor and  publisher  consignment  to  the  darkest  prison, 
are  now  daily  promulgated  with  impunity." 

Style,  too,  has  changed,  and  poetry  strikes  a  deeper 
note. 

"NEW  CREATURES  FOR  OLD  COUNTRIES." 

This  is  the  title  of  an  essay  on  accli mat i nation  of  for 
eign  siiecias.  What  progress  has  been  made  in  England 
may  be  gathered  from  this  glimpse  of  the  Duke  of 
Bedford's  "paradise"  at  Woburn  : 

"  In  the  center  of  the  scene  lies  the  big  gray  palace. 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI/IEIVED. 


373 


set  among  rolling  waves  of  park,  studded  with  ancient 
trees.  .  .  .  Axis  deer,  Japanese  deer,  Peking  deer,  red 
deer,  Caucasian  red  deer,  Virginian  deer,  and  a  mouflon 
sheep  may  be  seen  grazing  quietly  together.  .  .  .  Among 
them  stalk  gigantic  wapiti,  lords  and  masters  of  the 
mixed  multitude.  Under  the  chestnut  trees  is  a  herd 
of  black  and  white  yaks  with  their  calves,  with  thar 
and  other  wild  sheep  ;  and  close  to  the  drive  is  a  small 
herd  of  zebras,  with  a  foal  or  two." 

There  has  been  similar  success  with  birds  and  fish 
and  insects.  The  rainbow  trout  imported  from  the 
United  States  is  hailed  as  "the  universal  trout"  for  all 
temperate  waters.  Ck>mpared  with  British  trout,  they 
are  as  game  to  fish,  better  to  eat,  and  handsomer  to 
look  upon ;  and  they  alternate  with  it  as  regards  sef^ 
sons  of  spawning. 

OTHEB  ARTICLES. 

An  appreciation  of  Bjrron  declares  that  it  was  through 
the  "  directness  of  his  vision  of  the  world,  and  of  his 
speech  about  it,  that  he  became  a  poet — that  he  made  a 
new  thing  of  poetry."  "  His  quality  of  humanity  was 
genius  to  him,  and  stood  him  in  place  of  imagination." 

Another  writer  inquires  into  the  reason  of  the  East- 
em  empire  lasting  so  much  longer  than  the  Western, 
and  finds  it  **  above  all "  in  "  the  incomparable  strength" 
of  the  situation  and  walls  of  Constantinople. 

"A  British  School  at  Rome,**  for  the  study  of  classical 
and  medieval  archaeology,  is  now  being  mooted,  and 
receives  the  reviewer^s  warm  support. 


THE  EDINBURGH  REVIEW. 

TWO  of  the  articles  in  the  July  Edinburgh  call  for 
separate  notice  —  those  dealing  with  Paris  in 
1900,  and  with  the  new  movement  in  art.  The  his- 
torical interest  is  uppermost  this  month. 

THE  FBENCH  IDEA  OF  NAVAL  WAR. 

Chevalier's  history  of  the  French  navy  leads  the  re- 
viewer to  insist  on  Captain  Mahan's  conclusion  that 
commerce-destroying,  as  a  plan  of  campaign  against 
England,  has  always  failed.  The  author  suspends 
Judgment  as  regards  submarine  boats,  but  kindly  sum- 
marizes M.  Chevalier^s  opinion  into  a  single  sentence  : 

**His  opinions  are  that  the  French  fleet  should  not 
seek  for  occasions  to  fight  pitched  battles  ;  that  squad- 
rons should  be  kept  in  readiness  to  go  to  places  where 
we  should  least  expect  their  arrival ;  and  that  our  com- 
merce should  be  actively  and  vigorously  harassed." 

The  general  principle  is  **to  make  war  without 
fighting." 

THE  FOUNDER  OP  PARLIAMENTARY  RULE. 

Goldwin  Smith's  "United  Kingdom"  gives  rise  to 
moch  comment  and  criticism.    The  reviewer  says : 

'*  Of  all  our  kings,  the  only  one  whom  Mr.  Smith  ad- 
mires— ^the  only  one  who  seems  to  have  been  placed  by 
destiny  in  his  proper  sphere — is  Eld  ward  1.  His  reign 
(he  says)  is  an  epoch  in  the  history,  not  of  England 
only,  but  of  the  world.    He  reigns  now,  through  the 


institutions  to  which  he  gave  life,  over  almost  all  Eu- 
ropean nations,  in  America,  in  Australia,  in  Japan. 
He  will  continue  to  reign,  even  if  his  special  institu- 
tions should  pass  away,  as  the  statesman  who  achieved 
a  union  of  authority  with  national  opinion.  .  .  .  He 
was  the  real  founder  of  parliamentary  government ; 
and  had  he  lived,  or  not  been  thwarted  by  the  malice 
of  fortune,  he  would,  in  all  probability,  have  been  the 
founder  of  British  union." 

TWO  LADY  NOVELISTS. 

Mary  Cholmondeley  and  Ellen  Thorneycroft  Fowler 
are  selected  as  types  of  recent  novel-writers.  The 
writer  divides  fiction  into  two  classes— the  novel  of  in- 
cident and  the  novel  of  observation ;  the  former  com- 
mending itself  chiefiy  to  men,  the  latter  to  women. 
Miss  Cholmondeley's  chief  concern  is  plot  and  dramatic 
or  melodramatic  psychology  ;  but  so  far  as  she  is  a 
satirist,  she  contributes  to  the  novel  of  manners.  But 
what  is  secondary  with  her  is  primary  with  Miss  Fow- 
ler. The  reviewer  grants  that  Miss  Fowler  is**  really 
witty,"  but  complains  that  her  work,  while  undeniably 
witty,  is  also  undeniably  vulgar ;  **  this  continuous 
crackle  of  pretty  verbal  smartnesses  wearies  beyonci 
expression.^  Miss  Fowler  "  is  assured  of  a  huge  literary 
popularity"— ** the  Immediate  vog^ne  that  goes  to  the 
chronicler  of  momentary  phrases."  Miss  Cholmonde- 
ley's  future  is,  in  his  judgment,  more  difficult  to  fore- 
cast. **Her  work  has  a  fine  intellectual  distinction 
and  unusual  constructive  power."  The  central  object 
of  her  attack  is  in  all  her  books  **the  mean  outgrowths 
of  religion." 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

The  article  dealing  with  the  South  African  War  and 
its  critics  reproduces  General  von  Schmeling^s  confident 
predictions  of  January  14,  and  brims  over  with  exulta- 
tion at  their  falsification  by  the  subsequent  course  of 
events. 

Progress  in  Ireland  is  viewed  with  a  large  measure  of 
satisfaction,  the  writer  holding  that  the  changes  of  the 
last  thirty  or  forty  years  have  made  for  the  successful 
economic  development  of  the  country.  He  rejoices  in 
the  fact  that,  though  the  Recess  Committee  four  years 
ago  failed  to  secure  the  support  of  two-thirds  of  the 
Irish  Nationalist  members,  every  section  of  the  com- 
munity approved  the  act  which  has  given  effect  to  the 
committee's  suggestions. 

A  sketch  of  the  Knights  Templars — soldiers,  monks, 
heretics— concludes  with  words  which  may  be  com- 
mended to  those  who  exult  in  the  crushing  of  weaker 
states:  **Once  again,  as  from  many  another  chapter 
of  life,  we  may  learn  that,  if  the  vengeance  of  the 
strong  is  to  strike,  the  vengeance  of  the  weak— silent 
as  Calvary's— is  to  suffer." 

The  life  of  the  Iron  Duke  is  commended  as  an  exam- 
ple to  statesmen  who  to-day  are  tempted  to  truckle  to 
the  mob. 

The  history  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  is  held  to 
justify  that  concern  being  ranked  among  the  builders 
of  empire. 


374 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEH^  OF  RE^/EH^S, 


IHE  CONTINENTAL  REVIEWS. 


REVUE  DES  DEUX  MOxNDES. 

THE  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  for  July  is  quite  up 
to  its  usual  standard  of  interest  and  importance. 
We  have  noticed  elsewhere  an  Interesting  letter  sent 
by  Vice-Admiral  de  Penfentenyo  to  the  editor,  and 
printed  in  the  second  July  number. 

FRANCE  AND  THE  SUPPRESSION  OF  SLAVERY. 

M.  Bonet-Maury  contributes  a  long  and  well-in- 
formed article  to  the  first  July  number  on  the  anti- 
slavery  movement  of  the  nineteenth  century  so  far  as  it 
affects  France.  The  attitude  of  mind  in  which  he  ap- 
proaches the  subject  may  be  gathered  from  his  recital 
of  the  story  of  how  the  three  black  servants  of  Living- 
stone, after  his  death  at  Ilala,  embalmed  the  body  and 
brought  it  to  the  coast  of  Zanzibar,  after  traveling  on 
foot  for  nine  months,  and  undergoing  a  thousand  dan- 
gers and  privations.  It  was  a  signal  example  of  the 
negroes*  gratitude  ;  but  the  story  perhaps  scarcely  jus- 
tifies M.  Bonet-Maury  in  putting  the  black  race  on  an 
absolute  equality  with  the  white.  The  writer  is  justly 
indignant  at  the  various  forms  of  labor  contract  under 
which  the  reality  of  slavery  is  often  disguised.  If  at 
first  France  allowed  herself  to  be  outstripped  by  Eng- 
land in  the  anti-slavery  movement,  yet  now,  thanks  to 
the  efforts  of  the  Due  de  Broglie,  Victor  Schoelcher, 
and  Cardinal  I^avigerie,  she  has  resumed  her  place  in 
the  van  of  free<iom.  M.  Bonet-Maury  is  no  unpractical 
theorist.  Save  in  very  rare  circumstances,  he  says,  the 
complete  emancipation  of  a  slave  community  by  a 
stroke  of  the  pen  always  does  more  harm  than  good  ; 
they  must  be  prepared  and  educated  for  freedom  in  or- 
der to  be  worthy  of  it.  The  governor  of  French  Guinea 
invented  a  scheme  by  which  slaves  could  buy  their  free- 
dom by  saving  up  a  certain  sum  of  money — 200  or  300 
francs — out  of  their  wages.  The  question  of  polygamy 
is  one  of  great  importance,  and  has  naturally  divided 
the  missionaries  from  the  civil  or  military  authorities. 
M.  Bonet-Maury's  opinion  is  that  the  safest  course  is  to 
recogniase  polygamous  marriages,  but  to  encourage  by 
every  possible  means  the  Christian,  or  monogamist, 
union. 

MUNICIPAL  SOCIALISM. 

M.  Bourdeau  has  gathered  together  some  interesting 
examples  of  practical  municipal  socialism  in  France. 
The  socialist  and  the  radical  socialist  are  in  power  in 
some  of  the  larger  towns — such  as  Lille,  Lyons,  Bor- 
deaux, and  Marseilles  ;  but  England  is  regarded  as  the 
Mecca  of  municipal  socialism,  her  municipalities  l)eing 
more  directly  under  the  influence  of  the  working-class 
vote  than  Parliament  itself ;  for,  in  parliamentary  elec- 
tions, the  issues  are  confused  by  questions  of  Imperial 
politics.  A  tribute  is  paid  to  Mr.  Chamberlain's  mu- 
nicipal activity  in  Birmingham  ;  but  Glasgow  is  de- 
servedly held  up  as  the  most  conspicuous  example  of 
municipal  socialism  in  operation.  The  story  is  told  of 
a  municipal  councilor  of  Glasgow  who  was  astonished 
to  read  in  a  book  that  his  municipality  was  a  socialist 
l)ody.  He  had  never  thought  of  it  in  that  light ;  he  had 
only  intended  to  take  the  steps  which  seemed  to  offer 
the  best  means  of  assuring  the  moral  and  material  wel- 
fare of  the  community. 


OTHER  ARTICLES. 


Among  other  articles  may  be  mentioned  an  entertain- 
ing travel  article  by  Mme.  Isabelle  Massiea,  describing 
her  journey  across  Indo-China  ;  and  a  paper  by  B&nm 
Pierre  de  Coubertin,  on  **  The  Psychology  of  Sport." 


REVUE  DE  PARIS. 

THE  Revue  de  Paris  keeps  its  place  as  by  far  the 
most  vital  and  the  most  interesting  of  the  three 
great  French  monthly  reviews.  While  cosmopolitan 
as  regards  its  choice  of  fiction— Annunzio'a  mnch-dis- 
cossed  novel  **  Fire ''  has  just  appeared  in  its  pages— it« 
contents  have  become  typical  of  the  best  French 
thought,  and  its  editors  evidently  aim  at  making  the 
contents  of  each  number  as  varied  and  as  bright  as 
possible.  We  have  noticed  M.  Luchaire's  curious  arti- 
cle on  ** Relics  and  Their  Cult"— a  subject  which  is, 
perhaps,  at  the  present  moment  more  interesting  in 
this  country  than  it  is  in  France,  where  the  veneration 
of  relics,  holy  images,  and  so  on  is  taken  as  a  matter  oi 
course. 

THE  PRINCE  DE  JOINVILLE. 

Of  particular  interest  to  those  who  would  fain  s^ 
France  a  monarchy,  and  who  have  made  any  study,  is 
M.  Laugel's  admirable  appreciation  of  the  late  Prince 
de  Joinville,  who  was  for  so  long  the  last  surviving  sod 
of  Louis  Philippe,  and  in  whose  person  were  centered 
the  memories  of  the  traditions  left  by  the  la.st  French 
king  and  queen.  Nowadays  it  is  hard  for  as  to  realis 
Paris  with  its  own  patriarchal  court ;  for  Louis  Phi- 
lippe and  Marie  Amalie  were,  like  the  Queen  and  Prince 
Albert,  the  parents  of  nine  children,  and  theirs  was  a 
very  happy  and  united  family  life,  which  could  not  but 
have  its  ennobling  infiuence  on  the  country  at  large,  as 
well  as  on  the  princes  and  princesses  whose  fate  it  was 
to  grow  up  in  such  a  court.  The  Prince  de  Joinville 
was  the  sailor  of  the  family,  and  for  many  years  he 
really  lived  on  the  sea,  first  in  one  French  man-of-war 
and  then  in  another ;  and  it  was  as  commander  of  La 
Belle-Poule  that  he  brought  back  to  France  the  re- 
mains  of  Napoleon  from  St.  Helena.  In  1848  the  Due 
d^Aumale  and  the  Prince  de  Joinville  were  in  Algiers, 
and  when  they  there  learned  that  their  father  was 
deposed  and  had  to  fiy  the  country,  putting  patriotism 
before  personal  ambition,  they  made  no  attempt  to 
bring  to  their  side  that  portion  of  the  French  army  and 
of  the  French  navy  in  Algerine  waters.  Instead,  they 
left  the  colony  very  quietly  and  joined  their  unfortu 
nate  parents  in  England,  and  there  many  years  of  the 
prince's  later  life  were  spent,  although  he  lived  for 
some  time  in  America  with  his  two  nephews,  the 
Comte  de  Paris  and  the  Due  de  Chartres,  who  fought 
with  the  North  in  the  great  War  of  Secession.  Aft4?r 
the  Franco-Prussian  War,  the  Prince  de  Joinville  was 
able  to  once  more  live  in  France,  and  M.  Laugel's  slight 
sketch— in  which  not  once  is  mentioned  the  Due  d'O^ 
leans— makes  even  the  casual  reader  realize  all  that 
France  lost  in  losing  her  monarchical  ideals ;  for  no 
Napoleonic  figure,  either  in  the  past  or  in  the  present 
is  clothed  with  the  remarkable  grandeur  and  self-abne- 
gation  of  this  son  of  Louis  Philippe 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI^/EIVED. 


375 


THE  BIRTHPLACE  OF  ENGLISH  SPORTS. 

M.  Ju&serand,  who  has  written  so  admirably  on  me- 
dieval England  an  well  as  on  medieval  France,  con- 
tinues in  both  numbers  of  the  Rexmc  his  account  of  the 
sports  and  physical  exercises  of  old  France  ;  and  as  we 
read  his  descriptions  of  the  great  wolf  and  stag  hunts, 
of  the  village  games,  and  of  the  many  forms  of  physical 
exercise  followed  with  zest  by  the  great  nobles,  it 
seems  almost  incredible  that  the  modem  Frenchman 
has  to  go  for  his  outdoor  games  to  Great  Britain.  As 
an  actual  fact,  most  so-called  national  British  sports 
seem  to  have  first  come  from  the  other  side  of  the 
Channel,  notably  football— known  even  in  St.  Louis  as 
jen-^e-soule^  or  sole — the  game  of  bowls  (there  are  few 
French  castles  without  a  bowling-alley),  tennis,  as 
opposed  to  lawn-tennis,  and  croquet ;  indeed,  cricket 
would  seem  the  only  outdoor  game  that  can  claim  to 
be  wholly  of  English  manufacture. 

A  FRENCH  EXPLORER. 

At  the  present  moment  very  interesting  is  M.  Fran- 
cis* account  of  a  journey  ffom  Canton  to  Yun-nan-Sen. 
The  writer  was  French  consul  at  Long-Tch6ou  in 
1896-96,  at  the  end  of  which  latter  year  he  was  commis- 
Bioned  by  M.  Delcass^  to  inquire  into  the  commercial 
and  economic  state  of  certain  provinces  of  Tonkin,  or 
French  China.  Whenever  it  was  possible  he  traveled 
by  water  in  a  Chinese  junk,  and  though  the  country 
was  supposed  to  be  at  peace,  he  thought  it  wiser  to  pro- 
vide his  boat  with  port-holes,  each  containing  a  minia- 
ture cannon,  Among  his  Chinese  employees  was  a  cer- 
tain Tong,  who,  in  his  spare  time,  devoted  himself  to 
watching  for  favorite  sites  for  graves.  He  made  care- 
ful notes  of  any  that  occurred,  and  on  his  return  home 
was  able  to  sell  his  information  for  a  considerable  sum  ; 
for  the  Chinaman  considers  that  his  own  good  fortune 
may  depend  on  where  he  buries  his  near  relations,  be- 
ginning with  his  father  and  mother,  who  may  count  as 
ancestors.  M.  Francois,  who  writes  with  a  greater 
nense  of  humor  than  is  usual  with  a  French  traveler, 
does  not  seem  to  have  been  badly  treated,  and  some  of 
the  observations  he  was  able  to  make  are  really  curious. 
It  is  quite  clear  that  he  does  not  much  believe  in  the 
opening  up  of  China  to  Europeans ;  on  the  other  hand, 
he  considers  that  Europe  may  be  very  glad  ultimately 
to  adopt  the  Chinese  as  a  servile  race,  for  he  considers 
that  they  make  admirable  servants.  **  When  a  foreigner 
Ih  in  China  he  must  cultivate  any  mesmeric  power  with 
which  he  may  be  endowed  ;  sometimesone's  only  chance 
is  to  boldly  walk  forward  right  into  the  middle  of  a 
Chinese  mob.  The  Chinaman  is  incapable  of  cohesion  ; 
in  a  mob  each  man  fights  for  himself,  each  is  fearful  of 
death.  Always  remember,  in  a  Chinese  crowd,  that  you 
are  dealing  with  each  individual  separately.'*  This  ad- 
vice reads  curiously  in  the  light  of  late  events  ;  but  it 
must  be  admitted  that  it  also  seems  to  be  the  experience 
of  other  European  travelers  in  China. 

ALSACE-LORRAINE. 

The  two  political  articles  dealing,  the  one  with  the 
Homan  question  of  1882— which  obtains  a  certain  gen- 
uine value  owing  to  its  having  been  written  by  the 
M«  Thonvenel  who  was  at  that  time  one  of  Napoleon 
lIL's  trusted  ministers — and  an  even  less  topical  ac- 
count of  the  relations  which  existed  from  the  year  1648 
to  1871  between  Alsace  and  France,  by  M.  Pfister.  The 
writer  attempts  to  prove  that  when  what  is  now  the 
trerman  province  passed  into  French  hands,  the  tract 


of  country,  though  given  one  name,  was  really  made 
up  of  a  number  of  ecclesiastical  properties,  of  princi- 
palities, of  free  burghs,  and  of  tiny  states,  and  that 
these  gradually  became  merged  in  one  another  and 
formed,  under  the  wise  rule  of  France,  a  happy  and 
contented  province  enjoying  the  same  rights  as  any 
other,  and  after  the  Revolution  sharing  in  the  great 
ideals  of  fraternity  and  justice  which  then  swept  like 
a  wave  over  the  whole  of  the  country.  "The  West- 
phalian  treaty  gave  to  France  a  series  of  states  lacking 
cohesion  and  united  aspirations;  the  Treaty  of  Frankfort 
withdrew  from  her  a  united  province  endowed  with  a 
soul.  The  language  may  have  remained  German,  but 
the  soul  was,  and  is,  French  ;  and  this  is  why  Alsace 
still  remembers  and  will  never  forget," 


NOUVELLE  REVUE. 

WE  have  noticed  elsewhere  M.  de  Pouvourville's 
instructive  article  on  the  Boxers,  in  the  first 
July  number  of  the  NouvcUe  Rews. 

JAPAN. 

In  the  second  July  number,  M.  Regamey  writes  a 
very  interesting  paper  on  Japan,  illustrated  with  some 
graphic  pictures.  Japan  has  been  overrun  by  engineers 
of  various  nationalities.  Indifferent  to  the  beauties  of 
nature  and  eager  only  to  exploit  the  country,  while  at 
the  same  time  disposed  to  treat  the  Japanese  as  inferior 
beings,  they  mistook  the  calm  gentleness  characteristic 
of  the  Japanese  for  timidity,  and  were  surprised  and 
even  scandalized  when  the  race  which  they  despised 
revealed  an  unsuspected  energy  which  destroyed  their 
best-laid  plans.  M.  Regamey  considers  that  the  events 
which  followed  the  Chino- Japanese  War,  in  which 
France  shared  to  some  extent  in  the  odium  which  Rus- 
sia incurred  among  the  Japanese,  have  fallen  out  to 
the  commercial  advantage  of  England. 

THE  WAR  IN  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

Captain  Gilbert  continues  his  ably  written  articles  on 
the  Boer  War,  taking  the  story  of  the  military  opera- 
tions down  to  the  middle  of  December  last.  Captain 
Gilbert  notes  that  the  action  of  General  Buller  in  order- 
ing that  officers  should  not  wear  the  distinctive  tokens 
of  their  rank  lest  they  should  attract  the  special  fire  of 
the  enemy  had  a  great  effect  in  keeping  down  the  seri- 
ous losses  among  the  commissioned  ranks.  Captain 
Gilbert  also  notes  that  the  hospital  service  of  the  Brit- 
ish appeared,  considering  the  circumstances,  to  be  ad- 
mirably organized  ;  though  it  is  not  quite  clear  whether 
he  is  speaking  generally,  or  only  of  t^e  arrangements 
made  after  the  battle  of  Belmont. 


REVUE  DES  REVUES. 

THE  July  numbers  of  this  magazine  being  some- 
what less  international  than  usual,  are  less  inter- 
esting to  American  readers.  Purely  international, 
however,  is  the  idea  of  an  American  national  institute, 
recently  founded  in  Paris,  thanks  to  the  efforts  of  an 
American  lady,  Miss  Smedley,  and  opened  with  a 
speech  from  M.  Sully-Prudhomme,  the  full  text  of 
which  forms  an  article  in  the  first  July  number.  The 
idea  of  the  institute  is  to  facilitate  social  intercourse 
and  exchange  of  ideas  between  the  United  States  and 
France. 

M.  Paul  d'Estr^e,  in  two  long  and  rather  scandalous 
articles,  entitled  *'  The  End  of  a  Society,"  describes  the 


378 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REy/ElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


liberately  on  record  for  the  information  of  his  fellow- 
citizens.  Mr.  Roosevelt  will  stand  l)oth  tests.  His 
theories  are  carefully  thought  out,  and  his  practical 
work  and  services  will  also  stand  the  fullest  and  closest 
investigation.  His  fellow-citizens  may,  from  time  to 
time,  disagree  with  one  conclusion  or  another.  They 
may,  however,  feel  assured  that  these  conclusions  have 


been  deliberately  arrived  at  by  a  man  of  exceptional 
straightforwardness  of  character  and  integrity  of  pur- 
pose, and  that  in  arriving  at  them  the  author  has  had 
a  very  much»larger  opportunity  of  putting  his  theoriet^ 
to  a  practical  t€st  than  is  often  given  to  a  writer  on 
ideals  of  citizenship. 

George  Haven  Putnam. 


NEW  BOOKS  ON  CHINA.* 


MR.  COLQUHOUN  has  become  known  chiefly 
through  his  work,  "China  in  Transformation," 
as  one  of  the  few  authorities  on  the  Oriental  situation  and 
the  factors  behind  it  who  writes  from  a  first-hand  knowl- 
edge and  a  scientific  study  of  China  and  the  East.  Mr. 
Colquhoun*s  new  volume  is  written  after  and  largely 
from  the  inspiration  of  a  remarkable  overland  journey 
of  7,000  miles  made  by  him  from  Moscow  to  Peking. 
From  Moscow  to  Irkutsk  Mr.  Colquhoun  traveled  by 
rail.  Leaving  the  uncompleted  Trans-Siberian  Railway 
at  the  latter  point,  he  proceeded  by  the  most  varied 
methods  of  conveyance  to  eastern  China,  the  expedition 
occupying  seven  months.  But  it  is  not  by  any  means 
only  this  adventurous  tour  of  investigation  which  fits 
Mr.  Colquhoun  to  write  of  Oriental  subjects.  For 
twenty  years  he  has  been  a  British  commissioner  in 
Burma  and  elsewhere,  and  correspondent  of  the  London 
Times  at  Tongking.  *'  Overland  to  China"  deals  with 
both  the  political  and  physical  aspects  of  Siberia,  Mon- 
golia, Manchuria,  and  China  proper. 

RUSSIA'S  DETERMINED  ADVANCE. 

Mr.  Colquhoun  begins  by  tracing  the*  history  of  the 
Russian  occupancy  of  Siberia  from  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, and  gives  a  most  readable  and  valuable  account 
of  the  peoples  and  countries,  their  customs  and  re- 
sources, which  are  most  concerned  in  the  present  over- 
whelming Eastern  crisis.  With  most  Englishmen,  Mr. 
Colquhoun  believes  in  the  steady  and  determined  ad- 
vance of  Russia  to  the  East,  and  that  this  advance  will 
not  be  halted  short  of  the  Yellow  Sea,  unless  British  in- 
fluence, with  the  aid  of  Japan  and  the  United  States, 
are  brought  to  bear  with  a  much  firmer  diplomacy 
than  has  been  employed  so  far  to  the  task  of  circum- 
scribing the  aggressions  of  the  Muscovites.  The  great 
landmark  in  the  Eastern  aggressions  of  Russia  Mr. 
Colquhoun  places  in  the  seizure  of  the  Amur  by  Russia 
under  the  leadership  of  Mouraviev  in  1857.  *'Thi8 
marked,"  says  Mr.  Colquhoun,  **  an  epoch  in  the  history 
of  Asia.  A  vast  tract  of  fertile,  virgin  country  was 
gained  for  Russian  agriculture,  the  value  of  which  was 
much  enhanced  by  the  means  of  transport  at  its  very 
door.  Politically,  command  of  the  Amur  assured  to 
Russia  eventual  control  of  the  rich  Province  of  Man- 
churia,—the  cradle  of  the  reigning  dynasty  of  China,— 
and  enabled  her  by  a  blow  at  the  nerve-centers  to  para- 

♦  Overland  to  China.  By  Archibald  R.  Colquhoun.  8vo, 
pp.  465.    New  York  .  Harper  &  Brothers.    $3. 

The  Crisis  In  China.  By  George  B.  Smyth,  Gin>ert  Reid, 
Charles  Johnston,  John  Barrett,  Robert  E.  Lewis,  Archibald 
R.  Colquhoun,  M.  Mikhailoff.  Lord  Charles  Beresford,  Wu 
Ting  Fang,  Demetrius  r.  Boulirer,  James  H.  Wilson,  and  Sir 
Charles  W.  Dilke.  12mo,  pp.  271.  New  York:  Harper  & 
Brothers.    II. 

China,  the  Long-Lived  Empire.  By  Eliza  Ruhamah  Scid- 
more.  8vo,  pp.  460.  New  York:  The  Century  Company. 
|SJi(i. 


lyze  at  her  pleasure  the  huge  organism  known  as  tbe 
Chinese  empire."  Mr.  Colquhoun  divides  his  volume 
into  divisions,  dealing  with  *'  Siberia,*'  **  Peking,"  **  Man- 
churia," **  Eastern  Mongolia,"  "TheYangtse  Valley," 
*'  Southwest  China,"  and  **  Tongking."  After  his  study 
of  the  ground  in  which  the  great  drama  of  the  East  is  now 
approaching  its  denouements  Mr.  Colquhoun  concludes 
that  the  interests  of  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain,  and  to  a  large  extent  of  Japan,  are  mainly 
identical,  to  keep  as  much  as  possible  of  what  remains 
of  China  as  an  open  market.  He  thinks  that  Great 
Britain  and  the  United  States  will  each  find  it  to  their 
advantage  to  move  with  active  diplomatic  cottperation, 
and  he  calls  on  the  British  Government  to  take  the  firm 
and  strong  attitude  which  alone  will  enable  Japan  and 
the  United  States  to  join  her  in  coming  to  terms  with 
Russia.  He  believes  Germany  will  and  must  maintain 
a  good  understanding  with  Russia,  and  that  these  two 
nations  will  continue  their  present  abnormal  efforts  to 
become  sea-powers  on  a  scale  which  will  enable  them 
to  deal  with  Great  Britain. 

THE  GOAL  OF  MUSCOVITE  AGGRESSION. 

**The  year  1902,  or  1903  at  latest,  will  see  European 
Russia  connected  by  the  iron  road  with  Vladivostok 
and  Port  Arthur  ;  and  the  New  Siberia,  which  must  be 
held  to  include  Manchuria,  will  have  fully  entered  on 
its  great  career  as  the  coming  country  of  the  twentieth 
century.  Russia  will  be  enabled  to  prosecute  her  plan; 
Korea  and  northern  China  will  be  acquired,  and  grad- 
ually, step  by  step,  by  means  of  railways  (favored  al- 
ways by  France  in  the  south,  and  probably,  covertly,  if 
not  openly,  by  Germany  in  the  north),  she  will  extend 
her  influence  southward  until  the  Yangtse  is  reached, 
and  there  a  connection  made  with  the  sphere  of  French 
influence. 

"Russia,  whose  strength  has  hitherto  been  entirely 
on  land,  now  aspires  to  be  a  sea-power.  And  in  Man- 
churia she  has  got  coast,  coal,  and  a  maritime  popula- 
tion—excellent  material  for  making  sailors ;  and  her 
presence  on  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Chinese  Sea  must 
give  a  great  impetus  to  the  aspiration  for  a  navy.  It 
may  be  taken  for  granted  that,  having  got  so  much, 
she  will  want  more— ports  in  other  quarters,  in  many 
quarters,  of  the  globe. 

**  Russia  once  on  the  Upper  Yangtse  would  involve 
a  second,  an  eastern,  Indian  frontier  problem  for  Britain 
of  an  infinitely  more  serious  character  than  the  western; 
for  the  utilization  of  the  greater  part  of  the  resources 
of  China  would  mean  Russia  hanging  over  India  on  the 
northeast,  as  she  is  now  on  the  northwest,  by  sheer 
weight  able  to  shake  to  its  foundations  the  British  rule 
in  India.  And  in  the  far  East  she  would  be  supported 
by  European  allies. 

"Orientals  instinctively  divine  weakness,  and  tbe 
Chinese  already  turn  to  Russia,  the  rising  power.    In 


THE  NEIV  BOOKS. 


379 


their  view,  Russia  moves  steadily  forward,  never  turn- 
ing aside  ;  always  keei»s  her  promises  and  fulfills  her 
threats ;  devotes  her  energies  to  a  steady  advance,  and 
does  not  waste  time  in  talking.  Britain,  they  say, 
talks  loudly  of  her  rights,  but  is  unable  to  enforce 
them  ;  and,  while  showing  keen  displeasure  at  Russia's 
advance,  has  been  unable  to  check  it  in  the  least  de- 
^rree,  and  is  not  prepared  to  stand  to  her  word  where 
her  northern  rival  is  concerned.  In  diplomatic  mat- 
ters Russia  lays  down  the  law  which  England  submis- 
sively accepts,  and  the  Celestial  looks  upon  Talienwan, 
Port  Arthur,  the  Newchwang  Railroad  loan,  and  the 
Peking-Hankau  Railroad  as  eloquent  examples  of  the 
way  in  which  Britain  constantly  challenges  Russia,  and 
then  gives  way.  Finally,  they  consider  that  Russia, 
because  of  her  superior  knowledge  of  facts  and  circum- 
stances, and  her  singleness  of  purpose,  is  better  equipped 
for  the  contest  than  Britain,  who  is  conscious  of  her  in- 
feriority.** 

The  volume  is  usefully  equipped  with  a  number  of 
comprehensive  maps  and  diagrams,  as  well  as  with  nu- 
merous descriptive  woodcuts,  and  furnishes  a  very 
Taloable  and  timely  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
Orient, 

**  The  Crisis  in  China  "  is  a  volume  made  up  of  a  dozen 
articles  on  the  Chinese  situation  which  have  been  le- 
cently  published  in  the  North  American  Review,  and 
is  designed  to  furnish  from  the  pen  of  as  many  experts 
an  exposition  of  the  present  situation,  its  causes  and  its 
results. 

CAUSES  OF  THE  BOXER  INSURRECTION. 

The  volume  opens  with  an  analysis  of  the  crisis  of 
anti-foreign  feeling  in  China  written  by  Mr.  George  B. 
Smyth,  President  of  the  Anglo-China  College  at  Foo- 
chow,  Mr.  Smyth  taking  the  ground  that  while  there 
has  been  some  irritation  on  the  score  of  the  mission's 
prerogatives,  and  of  isolated  clashes  between  Chinese 
and  Europeans,— the  great  and  underlying  reason  for 
the  Boxer  insurrection  is  the  awakening  of  the  Chinese 
mind  to  the  tremendous  deprivations  of  territory  by  Eu 
rope,  and  to  the  cool  discussions  of  the  dismemberment 
of  the  empire  indulged  in  by  the  foreign  press.  Mr. 
Smyth  says  the  people  are  humiliated  and  angry  ;  that 
all  their  finest  harbors  have  been  taken,  and  that  there 
is  actually  not  a  place  on  the  Chinese  coast  where  their 
own  fleet  can  rendezvous  except  by  the  grace  of  foreign- 
ers. Mr.  Smyth  is  emphatic  in  his  reminder  that  the 
anti-foreign  feeling  is  not  groundless  ;  that  the  foreign- 
ers themselves  had  a  large  share  in  creating  it.  In  a 
following  chapter  on  **  The  Powers  and  the  Partition  of 
China,"  by  the  Rev.  Gilbert  Reid,  President  of  the  Inter- 
national Institute  of  China,  Peking,  we  were  warned 
again  that  Americans,  especially,  have  too  little  respect 
for  the  Chinese  as  a  race,  on  account  of  their  acquaint- 
ance being  chiefly  with  Chinese  laboring  immigrants, 
and  that  while  we  hear  a  great  deal  of  the  obligation 
of  the  Chinese  to  observe  treaties,  we  hear  very  little  of 
American  obligation  in  relation  to  China.  He  thinks  it 
very  possible  that,  through  mutual  jealousies  of  the 
nations,  China  may  be  held  together. 

AMERICA  AND  CHINA. 

In  his  chapter  on  "Political  Possibilities  in  China," 
Mr.  John  Barrett  urges  that  America  should  resist,  with 
all  her  moral  influence,  any  parceling  out  of  the  empire  ; 
and  he  thinks  she  may  prevent  it,  without  the  impossi- 
ble expedient  of  declaring  war  on  Kuropean  nations  to 


attain  that  end.  Mr.  Archibald  R.  Colquhoun,  in  "  The 
Far  Eastern  Crisis,"  likens  the  disturbed  country  to  an 
invalid  whose  life  can  only  l)e  saved  by  the  transfusion 
of  healthy  blood.  This  vitality  can  be  brought  to  China, 
he  thinks,  quietly,  with  tact  and  patience,  by  the  gradual 
intrtxluction  of  foreign  capital  and  the  foreign  enter- 
prise that  are  needed  to  preserve  and  fertilize  this  valu- 
able field  of  commerce.  In  the  very  excellent  chapter 
on  "China  and  the  United  States"  by  Mr.  Wu  Ting- 
Fang,  the  Chinese  minister  to  this  country,  he  dwells 
on  the  aid  that  America  can  give  the  Chinese  nation  by 
furnishing  the  Yankee  enterprise  and  ability  to  handle 
great  commercial  and  engineering  projects— an  ability 
so  entirely  absent  in  the  Chinese  character.  He  believes 
that  there  is  a  great  opportunity  for  mutual  helpfulness 
between  the  Orient  and  America,  and  that  the  people  of 
China  will  be  able  to  do  quite  their  part  in  reciprocity 
by  furnishing  vast  new  markets  for  American  manu- 
factures. 

THE  INTERNAL  REFORMS  MOST  NEEDED. 

Lord  Charles  Beresford,  writing  on  *' China  and  the 
Powers,"  mentions  specifically  the  reforms  which  are 
most  urgently  required  in  China.  The  most  striking 
are  the  appointment  of  a  foreign  financial  adviser  to  di- 
rect the  administration  in  the  collection  of  internal 
revenue,,  the  reform  of  the  currency,  the  abolition  of 
taxes  on  goods  which  have  already  paid  duty  at  the 
ports,  the  establishment  of  a  proper  military  and  police 
system,  and  the  opening  up  of  the  country  to  commer- 
cial enterprises.  Lord  Beresford  believes  in  the  possi- 
bilities of  a  coalition  of  Great  Britain,  Germany,  the 
United  States,  and  Japan  to  regenerate  the  great  sick 
nation  on  a  programme  of  this  sort.  Other  chapters  in 
the  book  are  Mr.  Demetrius  C.  Boulger*s  *'  America's 
Share  in  the  Partition  of  China,"  Gen.  James  H.  Wil- 
son's "  America's  Interests  in  China,"  M.  MikhailofTs 
*'  The  Great  Siberian  Railway,"  Rol>ert  E.  Lewis'  "  The 
Gathering  of  the  Storm,"  and  Mr.  Charles  Johnston's 
**  The  Struggle  for  Reform." 

A  TRAVEL  SKETCH. 

Mrs.  Scidmore's  book  on  China  was  not  prepared  in 
haste  at  the  suggestion  of  the  present  crisis,  but  hap- 
pens to  be  published  just  in  time  to  give,  in  popular  and 
readable  form,  a  very  fresh  and  entertaining  account  of 
the  manners  and  customs  of  the  Flowery  Kingdom. 
Mrs.  Scidmore  writes  discursively  in  the  style  of  intel- 
ligent travel  sketching,  from  the  material  gathered  by 
her  in  the  course  of  some  seven  different  visits  to  China 
during  the  past  fifteen  years.  There  are  a  number  of 
chapters  devoted  to  the  city  of  Peking,  one  each  to  Tien- 
tsin, Canton,  and  Shanghai.  The  Great  Wall  is  very 
thoroughly  described.  The  Manchu  governing  race  is 
the  subject  of  a  special  chapter.  Other  divisions  have 
much  to  say  of  the  famous  old  Dowager  Empress,  **  the 
only  man  in  China." 

So  far  as  the  inner  life  and  significance  of  the  Chinese 
people  is  concerned,  Mrs.  Scidmore  gives  it  up  in  de- 
spair. She  says  she  does  not  understand  the  people, 
and  has  never  seen  anyone  who  did  understand  them. 
"  There  is  no  starting-point  from  which  to  arrive  at  an 
understanding.  Always  the  eternal  impassable  gulf 
yawns  between  the  minds  and  temperaments  of  Occi- 
dent and  Orient."  The  volume  is  illustrated  with 
many  portraits  of  prominent  Chinese  and  pictures  of 
scenes  and  characteristic  objects. 


INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS. 


Unless  otherwise  specified,  all  references  are  to  the  August  numbers  of  periodicals. 
For  table  of  abbreviations,  see  last  page. 


Advent,  Second,  Preparation  for  the,  Agnes  S.  Lewis,  LQ, 

July. 
Advertising  Run  Mad,  J.  DeWitt  Warner,  MunA,  June. 
Aeronautics,  Scientific,  R.  Bornstein,  Deut. 
Afghanistan,  Present  Status  of,  M.  Khan,  Forum. 
Africa,  East,  Colonization  Experiments  in,  P.  McQueen, 

NatM. 
Agriculture,  Modern,  Trend  of,  Q.  W.  Hill,  IntM. 
Air,  Liquid,  L.  Gaze,  RRP,  July  15. 
Air,  Liquid,  Genesis  of,  L.  Gaze,  RRP,  August  I. 
Alaskan  Waters,  Summer  Holidavs  in,  J.  Burroughs,  Gent. 
Americanism,  Growth  of,  W.  E.  McLennan,  MRNY. 
American  Psychic  Atmosphere,  G.  Johnston,  Arena. 
America,  Some  Antiouitv  in,  F.  Hart,  Arena. 
Angels  and  Demons,  Evolution  of,  R.  B.  Boswell,  OG. 
Animals:  How  They  Swim,  J.  G.  Millais,  Pear. 
Antarctic  Expeditions,  A.  Dastre.  RDM,  August  I. 
Arcadia,  MeiliSBval,  Village  Life  In,  Ghent. 
Archaeology,    Experimental  Method  in,  S.    Ricci,   RasN, 

July  L 
Architecture : 
Architectural  Schools— I.,   Golumbia   University,   P.   G. 

Stuart.  Arch.  July. 
Art  Gallery  of  the  New  York  Streets,  R.  Sturgis,  Arch, 

July. 
Natural  History  Museum,  Paris,  J.  Schopfer,  Arch,  July. 
Royal  Academy  and  Architecture,  IntS. 
School  Architecture  In  New  York,  F.  Wilson,  Out. 
Argyll,  Late  Duke  of,  J.  R.  Gregor>%  LQ,  July. 
Art: 
Alexander,  John  W.,  G.  Mourey,  IntS. 
American  Sculpture  at  Paris  Exposition— II.,  L.  Taft,  BP. 
American  Paintings  in  the  Boston  Art  Museum,  W.  H. 

Downes,  BP. 
Appellate  Court-House  in  New  York,  E.  Kuaufft,  AMRR. 
Besnard,  Albert,  Work  of,  J.  Bois,  RRP,  July  15. 
Bones,  Artistic  Value  of,  R.  Wells,  A  A. 
Bough  ton,  George  Henry.  R.  de  Gordova,  Sir. 
Cabinet  Painting  on  Glass,  Swiss,  Anna  biedenburg,  A  A. 
Charcoal  Drawing,  Hints  on,  Rhoda  H.  NichoUs,  A  A. 
Ghaucor,  Geoffrey,  Portraits  of—II.,M.H.Splelmann,  MA. 
Clarke,  Thomas  Shields,  A.  Hoeber,  BP. 
Drawing  for  Reproduction,  AA. 
Dresden  China,  Art. 

Embellishment  of  a  Michigan  Town,  A.  Hadden,  AMRR. 
Embroideries  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  Mrs.  Lilian  B. 

Wilson,  AI. 
Eton,  Portraits  and  Prints  at,  Blanche  W.  Cornish,  PMM. 
Home  Arts  and  Industries  Association,  Mabel  Cox,  Art. 
Home  Arts  and  Industries  Exhibition  at  the  Albert  Hall, 

Esther  Wood,  IntS. 
Illustrators,  American  Women— II.,  Regina  Armstrong, 

Grit. 
Literary  Pictures  of  the  Year— II.,  G.  K.  Chesterton  and 

J.  E.  Hodder- Williams,  Bkman. 
Lustre  Ware— II.,  A.  C.  Standage,  A  A. 
Mar6chal,  Francois,  F.  Khnopff,  IntS. 
Metal,  Arts  of— IX.,  Coloring,  A  A. 
Municipal  Art,  Lucia  A.  Mead,  BP. 

Mural  Painting,  Technical  Difficulties  of,  N.  A.  Wells,BP. 
Mus^e  du  Luxembourg,  L.  B6n6dite,  MA. 
National  Art  Exhibition,  W.  O.  Partridge,  AMRR. 
Painting,  Outdoor,  Some  Hints  on,  Al. 
Paris  Exposition,  Art  Buildings  at  the,  H.  Frantz,  MA. 
Paris  Exposition,  Art  at  the,  Edin,  July;   R.  de  La  Slze- 

ranne,  RDM.  August  1. 
Pennel I.Joseph.  A.  Tomson,  AJ. 
Perry,  Roland  H  In  ton,  R.  Hughes,  AI. 
Protestantism  and  Art,  E.  Mttntz,  RRP,  July  15. 
Rafael's  **  Sistlne  Madonna,"  M.  Lautner,  Deut. 
Rodin  Exhibition  In  Paris,  IntS. 

Romney  Exhibition  at  the  Grafton  Gallery,  L.  Gust,  MA. 
Sleep  in  Art,  E.  Valis^,  NatM. 

Statuary-Molders,  Italian,  In  France,  RRP,  July  15. 
Tolstoi's  Theory  of  Art,  A.  Maude,  Concem. 
Triumphal  Arches,  A.  Fish,  MA. 
Assurance  Against  Unemployment,  E.  Rostand,  Ref  S,  July  1. 
Astronomical  Myth-Makers,  B.  Lindsay,  Mind. 
Australasia,  Resources  and  Foreign  Trade  of,  R.  Stout,  Con- 
tent. 
Auptrallan  Commonwealth,  A.  G.  Berry,  NlneC. 
Australia,  United,  J.  H.  Symon,  Yale. 
Automobile,  Evolution  of  the,  W.  Baxter,  Jr.,  PopS. 
Biigehot,  Walter,  L.  Stephen,  NatR. 


Bank  Amendment  Act,  Canadian,   R.  M.  Breckenridge 

QJEcon. 
Banking  Methods,  Modern,  A.  R.  Barrett,  BankNY. 
Bank  of  France,  Centenary  of  the— II.,  J.  M.  Forbes,  BankL. 
Bank  of  France,  Transactions  of  the,  for  1899,  BankL. 
Bank  of  France,  Variations  In  the  Rate  Charged  by  the, 

BankL. 
Bank  of  Germany,  Imperial :  Report  for  1900,  BankL. 
Bank  Reports,  Average  and  Actual,  R.  M.  Breckenridge, 

BankNY. 
Battleship,  Building  of  a,  D.  A.  Willcy,  Home. 
Belgium,  Electoral  System  in,  H.  Dumont.  HumN ;  M.  Van- 

Taer,  RPP,  July. 
Belgium,   Universal   SulTrage   and   the    Elections    in,    P. 

Deutscher,  RSoc,  July. 
Bible  ?    How  Does  it  Stand  with  the,  A.  Brown,  LQ,  July. 
Bible :  Is  It  the  Word  of  God  ?    G.  T.  Purves,  Record. 
Bible  Portraiture,  Characteristics  of,  G.  Matheson,  LQ,  July. 
Bible-School  Curriculum,  G.  W.  Pease,  Bib. 
Boat-Sailing:  Beating  to  Windward,  A.  J.  Kenealy,  O. 
Boiler  Explo.sions,  J.  Horner,  Str. 
Bookbinder,  Famous  Paris.  Marie  von  Vorst,  Bkman. 
Bookbindings,  Early  French,  W.  G.  Bowdoin,  AI. 
Bow,  In  the  Woods  with  the,  M.  Thompson,  C3ent. 
Brewster,  Frederic  Carroll,  G.  B.  Connolly,  GBag. 
British  Columbia  Politics,  T.  L.  Grahame,  Can. 
Brownlng*B  Later  Work,  Defence  of,  Helen  A.  Clarke,  PL, 

June. 
Brunetifere's  Critical  Studies,  Ida  Lulsa,  RasN,  July  I. 
Bryan,  William  J.,  at  Home,  AMRR. 
Burke,  Edmund,  and  the  Revolution,  W.  B.  Morris,  Dob, 

July. 
Burr,  Theodosla,  Virginia  T.  Peacock,  Lipp. 
Business,  Early  Retirement  from,  T.  Cushman,  Arena. 
Business  Principles,  Ordinary :  A  Symposium,  NineC. 
Byron,  Lord^R,  July. 
Canada  and  Bisley,  H.  C.  Blair,  Can. 
Canada  and  Imperialism,  J.  Charlton,  Forum. 
Canadian  Mounted  Police,  B.  J.  Ramage,  SR,  July. 
Canadian  Writers,  Modern  School  of,  Winifred  L.  Wendell, 

Bkman. 
Carlyle,  Thomas,  Another  View  of,  J.  E.  Wray,  MRN. 
Cartography,  Recent,  F.  R.  Helmert,  Deut. 
Catacomos  of  Syracuse,  A.  F.  Spender,  Dub.  July. 
Cathedrals,  World's,  In  Miniature,  A.  H.  Broad  well,  Str. 
Catholic  Church,  Bible  In  the- II..  B.  F.  De  Costa,  Cath. 
Catiline,  Conspiracy  of,  W.  B.  Wallace,  USM. 
Cavalry,  Notes  on  the  Evolution  of,F.  N.  Maude,  USM. 
Census-Taking,  A  Difficulty  with,  W.  F.  Willcox,  QJEcon. 
Charity,  Private,  Public  Aid  and,  L.  Rivlfere,  RefS,  July  16w 
Charity:   Uses  and   Limitations  of   Material    Relief,    F. 

Tucker.  Char. 
Chicago,  Pleasure-G  rounds  of,  E.  H.  Glover,  Int. 
Children,  Education  of-II.,  P.  Strauss,  RRP,  August  1. 
Child-Study  and  Its   Relation  to  Education,   G.  S.  H&U, 

Forum. 
Chile :  Santa  Lucia  of  Santiago,  D.  White,  Over,  July. 
China : 
America,  Duty  of,  J.  Barrett,  N AR. 
Americans  Share  In  a  Partition.  D.  O.  Boulger.  NAR. 
America's  Treatment  of  the  Chinese,  C.  F.  Holder,  NAR. 
Antl-Forelgn  Feeling,  Causes  of^.  B.  Smyth,  NAR. 
Army,  Chinese,  G.  Senzapaura,  RasN,  July  16;  K.  H.  Par- 
ker, USM. 
Associations,  Lawful,  and  Secret  Societies,  F.  Cerone,  X  A, 

July  16. 
Causes  of  the  Troubles  in  China,  W.  O.  Elterich,  MisR. 
China  and  Her  People,  H.  Webster,  NatGM. 
China  and  the  Chinese  Problem,  A.  S.  van  Westrum,  BB. 
China  and  the  Powers,  E.  Bainbridge,  Contem. 
China  and  the  Secret  Will  of  Peter  the  Great,  C.  W.  HalL 

NatM. 
China  In  Regeneration,  J.  Foord,  Eng. 
China  of  To^ay,  W.  Mulrhead,  LQ,  July ;  A.  Pratesl,  X A, 

July  1. 
Chinese  Revolution,  S.  BonsaL  AMRR;  Black;   Hoo&e; 
F.  Greenwood,  NlneC;  J.  B.  Steenackers,  RGen;  W.  T. 
Stead,  RRL. 
Clash  of  Civilizations  In  China,  J.  T.  Gracey,  MisR. 
Diplomacy  of  the  Powers,  M.  von  Brandt.  Deut,  July, 
Gathering  of  the  Storm,  R.  E.  Lewis,  NAR. 
Germansln  China,  E.  Fo^sataro,  NA,  July  16. 
Indo-China,  Across,  Isabelle  Massieu,  RDM,  July  15  and 
August  1. 


INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS. 


381 


Japanese  View  of  the  Situation.  NAR. 

Japan,  How  Peace  waa  Made  with,  C.  Denhy,  Forum. 

Li  Hung  Chang,  W.  P.  Curtis,  Home. 

Manchuria,  Railways,  Rivers,  and  Strategic  Towns  in, 
NatOM. 

Missionary  Work  in  China,  J.  Fryer,  Alns. 

New  Year's  Couplets.  Chinese,  H.  P.  Perkins,  Hart. 

Openings  for  Mechanical  Engineers,  C.  Bereeford,  CasM. 

Peking— and  After,  D.  C.  Boulger,  Fort. 

Peking,  By  Rail  to,  Mary  H.  Krout,  Chaut. 

Peking,  Situation  at.  During  the  Last  of  May,  A.  H.  Smith, 
MisH. 

Prohh^m-  In  riLiiiiv,  J,  M.  TTnltTmrrl,  Kr^tHM, 

Respci-if'ilil  V  <'f  the  Uwl^^r*,  C,  Rtlluira,  N'AR, 

Right-  iiJ  uri  Aimrlinij  In  ChiuiL,  M.  B.  Diumk?)!,  Atlant. 

Riots  a  Till  tUpariiUui]^  In  t'hhju,  \\\  A.  (.%irriiiljy,  MisR. 

Sanitiitlou  In  tho  '^  MM<lh  Kintrilotn,*'  Smi. 

Secret  J^otletii-s  ntul  Hit   iTowmriient*  L.  Nocentinl,  NA, 
July  1 ;  T.  Myr> ,  RRP,  Jnly  Ift. 

Soldier,  rhinest^,  H.  LiiJrl*^ll,  H<ime. 

Uniteri  J^tAttH  111  Cliiua.  J.  giiiFioy.  Contfliii- 

WhoV  Who  in  Cluiuv.  D*  C\  Hoiilger,  t'ontom, 
Chipmupikv  My  Siimin^r  with,  A.8hiiip,  LHJ. 
Chopin,  sttnU  ijf.  L.  ftL  Iswac;?.  Bkmmu 
ChristeiJfiMTis^4  Unity  innl  Pwril,  Leotifim  R.  llEilalcd,  Ount. 
Christian  EtUkw,  B.  V.  RiiymoDil.  MHNV. 
Church  of  Engl  ami :  In  tbc  KmJia-<nuin  h  VtwXy  Extinct? 

P.  Roberta,  NatR. 
Church  Methods,  Century  of,  J.  H.  Ecob,  Harp. 
Church,  Russian  Champion  of  the,  W.  H.  Kent,  Dub,  July. 
Cicero— Coward  and  Patriot,  W.  C.  Lawton,  SR,  July. 
Circle,  Squaring  the.  Temp. 

Clemens.  Samuel  L.,  on  the  Lecture  Platform,  W.  M.  Clem- 
ens, A  ins. 
Collaborators,  Some  Famous,  PMM. 
Colonies  and  the  Mother-Country— III..  J.  Collier,  PopS. 
Commerce,  Cheap  Living  and,  C.  M.  Limousin.  Nou,  July  1. 
Compensation,  Law  of,  Mabel  C.  Thompson,  Mind. 
Competition^  Actual  and  Theoretical,  J.  Bascom,  QJEcon. 
Conflict  and  Growth,  J.  C.  Oranbery,  MRN. 


Connecticut  River  Ferry,  M.  B.  Thrasher,  NEnir. 
Constitution  and  Territorial  Possessions,  F.  H, 
Corporation  System,  S.  Mosby,  ALR. 


Cox,  SR. 


Cotton ;  When  It  Was  King,  Eva  V.  Carlin,  Over,  July. 

Courtney,  Leonard.  W.  Clarke,  YM. 

Courts  of  Justice  in  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 

T.L.  Philips,  ALR. 
Cowi-:r,  Wmium,  ti.T.  Kr^rKn,  MKN. 
Crau»».  Slerjlu'ii.  li.  (K  VWIU.  NA  K. 
Cr^maiifin,  Krhir  nof,  QR,  Julj-, 
Crkkiit.i'urlnus  liirldmilj^  jit,  W.  J.  Futd^  Str. 
CTtrtflWcll,  Mr.  Firti/s,  V.  IJjtrrir^nrK  C*irii. 
ClpomweU,  OUvt?r— X..  'Vh^-  Hn-ukinu'  nf  the  Long  Parlia- 
m^i^nt;  rhc  Rplgn  of  tin-  Siiint^:  Firsr  Stage  of  the  Pro- 
1 1  *"  1 J I  ni  tc  \  Qua  rr*|  vvi  1 1 1  t  h  e  F  i  m  t  V\  irllamen  t,- J.  Morley, 
Cent. 
Croquet.  The  New,  O.  H.  Powell,  Bad. 
Cuban  Teachers  at  Harvard  University,  S.  Baxter,  Out. 
Currency  Law  of  1900,  R.  P.  Falkner,  Annals,  July. 
Curzon,  Lord :  A  Progressive  Viceroy,  Contem. 
Dancing  and  the  Philosophy  of  the  Ballet,  C.  Mauclair, 

Deut,  July. 
D*Annunzio,  Gabriele,  QR,  July. 
"David  Harum."  M.  Biaot,  BU. 
Deaf-Mutes  and  Their  Language,  Professor  Passow,  Deut, 

July. 
Diamonds,  O.  W.  Thomle>,  AJ. 
Domestic  Problem,  Martha  Major,  Mac. 
Donne,  John,  and  His  Contemporaries,  QR,  July. 
Dorset  ( England)  Humor,  R.  Edgcumbe,  Corn. 
Dramatists.  Enalish,  of  To-day,  W.  K.  Tarpey,  Crit. 
Drink  Trafllc,  Tyranny  of  the :  A  Symposium,  YM. 
Dunkeld,  Scotland,  H.  Macmlllan,  AJ. 
Duae,  Eleonora,  A.  Symons,  Contem. 

EZarth,  Struggle  Regarding  the  Position  of  the.  C.  Sterne,  OC. 
Eclipse  of  the  Sun, May  1^1900,  W.  Fawcett,  Home ;  S.  New- 

comb,  NatOM. 
Education : 
Art  in  the  Nursery,  C.  Aldin  and  J.  Hassall,  A  J. 
Churches  and  Student  Aid,  E.  M.  Camp,  ('haut. 
Honorary  Degrees,  Present  Status  of,  C.  D.  Wilson,  Chaut. 
Languages,  Modem,  in  Colleges,  J.  P.  Carroll,  Cath. 
Matnematics  and  Secondary  Education,  J.  Tannery,  RPar, 

August  1. 
Mentally  Defective  School  Children,  W.  Channlng,  Char. 
New  England  Oirl  Graduates,  M.  E.  Blood,  Areiiii. 
•^  Philosophy  and  the  Univerniiv,  A.  Foulll^e,  RPP,  July. 
^  Religion,  Education  in,  A.  K.  Merriam,  Hart. 

Rusby  and  Charterhouse,  England,  H.  M.  Stanley,  Dial, 

August  16. 
Sex  in  Education,  A.  L.  Mearkle,  Arena.  _ 

Social  Side  of  Student  Life:   In  America,  G.  S.  Hall;  In 
England,  E.  D.  Warfleld ;  In  Germany,  E.  F.  Baldwin, 
Out. 
•    Women  as  School  OflUcers,  D.  Mo\t-ry,  Arena. 
E^yi»t,  New  Light  on,  G.  St.  Clair,  We»t. 


KlftUJoTiP,  KnglisU  and  Americati,  S.  Rrnoks,  Harp. 
Electric  Crrtru^a  in  QermBJi  HurbfirEiH  L,  J.  Mag<re,  C-as^M. 
KlyctHi'Ur  in  the  Brltidi  CoUleriost,  ft,  F.  Wafist^r,  Kng. 
El«>cutlnnl*it*,  8t.  Louis  Conventfuu  i>f,  W«rn. 
Emt^rsoirft  Mfsslif^  VnrsBi  Clews  to-TIT.,  W.i^,  Kennedy,  PL, 

JtJtn:i. 
Kngtrtiidt  Sw!  Ortat  BrUalD. 

KnuUmrt,  Ac^mBfl,  on  a  Ricytjc,  A.  K.  Qnlntrm,  Lelsff. 
Ej[nt*rtm*MitaLkin,  LltnJlaof,  J.  Old  ft*?  Id,  Wt-nu 
Krfn,  GIJmpHi^of :  iSi^rli^y  Bny'd  Trmri.  W.  J,  ilfiriv.  Black. 
Farm  Lifts  Expansion  f»/.  K.  L.  Butlt^rlifld.  Atrin,. 
FprrJer,  David,  am\  Malcfiljn  Mttljtnly,  W.  T.  Stotui,  RRL. 
Fiction ;  Uftvt^lopTm'iit  nt    the  Short  s^tory  Jn  the  United 

8t«tMs,  Lillliin  V.  Lambert,  H^\W. 
FIftlon.  Wf^uiifTj  nf,  Ellu  f^.  Mapofl.  Bkmnn. 
FiiuiriHid  Lawt,  Now,  M.  Broniufl,  Hank  NY. 
FiiiRiilJuij  Lt'i^ends,  W.  W  Mark^^nKUs  iit-nt. 
Finsi^n  IimtitiitiHn  i'l^piMshii^it'n,  Kdith  Sillers*  CIjriji, 
Fl-^hi^p,  mind.  D^-fftn-Tntloii  in,  C.  il.  Eigcnmaun,  PapB. 
Flub,  ^ywla^lk^  F,  T.  Rulleu,  ^'lv. 
FlU  f^.  I^lr>«iie  r>r.  H.  ^utUcrlniul,  Ahis. 
F..rt  >rH  lliDtr,  Old,  J.  At,  Jlulkky,  S.  I  rr 

Algerian  Delegates,  RDP,  June;  F.  Grivaz,  RPP,  July. 
.    Education,  Social,  Anna  Lamp^rifere,  RRP,  August  1. 
Facts,  A  Few  French,  R.  Davey,  Fort. 
France  and  Alsace  J^.  Pflster,  RPar,  July  16. 
French  Song:  Its  Domain  and  Its  Future,  C.  Mauclair, 

RRP,  Aug  1. 
Navy,  French,  Chevalier's  History  of  the,  Edin,  July. 
Navy,  French  Colonial,  C.-A.  de  Penfentenyo,  RDM,  July 

Soclftli'st  Pfirty  and  tlir  Mini-^try,  O.  MniUel,  HiimN, 
Fri!ni>uii.  Philip,  K.  L.  PMtt^e,  Chant. 
Ualilerj,  MonunK^nt  to,  in  Par!j*»  U.  ^t'^^Eii  NA,  July  IfL 
Uardens.  Pniftsu  of,  U*  t\  CortfilT,  LQ,  July, 
(iftts  Conimlissloji  of  iVJii^-^aehiisetrsi,  J.  H*  Ums-,  QJEcoii, 
eii  oIorIl-  TlriM%  Bhytlimj^  and,  G.  K.  Uil»»ef  t,  Wi^s, 
G*-rmany.  (Ji>mm<jrc'ial   Pow*?r   of,   P.  di*    R<ui!(ions  RHar, 

August  L 
Girmany,  Eromomk'  Revolution  In,  E.  E.  WilHnmB,  NrLtTiv 
UiTniftray,  M«dfrn  FolIiic&UT,  Bttrlh.  liitM. 
GHrmmiy,  8i>flHli>ftnarMTrtti''  Parti  |n»  G.  ^M»rpl,  RPP,  July, 
Um«rtf,  Willitim,  Actor  aiid  PhiywriLflit.  K,  DtiJfy,  Alurt. 
Gii-lfl  of  Twin  Rppu biles  Infnntfk  EuImUh.  FrL. 
GlrtdRToTn-'iaCiitt-gories  of  Relij^^na  Thought,  J.  W,  HtnUm, 

Goethe  -!:>i»cit'ty  and  It**  Future,  T.  Mouiinfipn*  Deiit. 

Gold  mnd  Iiwri  from  8mid,C  M*  Mr-Ci*jvrrn.  pwir, 

^^oUl.  >*toi  Iv  ^^f,  m  the  Country,  F.  \\  Pf^werw,  tJJEmn, 

G*(ir  ifi  lUe  Wi^H.t,  D**vi^lopmeiAt  of,  H.  (\  CliJitfldd*Trtylor, O, 

f i o  1  nii  1 1  d .  Cj iji i  U I  o f ,  D,  D ,  PJ e  tc  ti tT,  Na  tM . 

<M.1|  nf  th*^  NevT  Hi  Ijfwjl.  H.  Hutchinson,  O. 

(inU,  liulfti  of,  \\\  H>cott,  Briii, 

GtiUiic  UT  M  Ji*x!  Hiic*>  t    Are  Wc  a— III.,  M.  Emery,  Giiiiti 

GreAt  Brititiu :  aee  also  Trandvaal. 

Army,  HrJtinh-  fL,  OlIlt^frFi,  USM. 

Army,  How  tn  T'opuluHzo  the,  PMM. 

CfjinpiUftlon  i\  Vofuntfering,  V.A.  U.  Bddg^H,  NatR, 

Croniwt'il  and  Cbamliprliiln,  G.  Walters.  Art? mi. 

Ffirtory  A  e  is  and  Htjtte  Eiuployc^es.  S^,  W.  BfldtTSfm,  \Ve#t, 

Ft'demtlon,  Colonial  atid  fmpvrin),  Ed  In,  .liijy. 

HoQti(>  of  Comaiorja,  Aifsur*Utk»  of  thf .  T.  P.  0*Onuujr, 
NAR. 

lEiJiKTinlian] ;  What  It  Meanit,  J.  H.  Muirlif^Md,  Fort, 

lri'ln'-trl*"Bof  BrlUviB.  Sinull,  Prinnt*  Kritnotkin,  SitteC 

infantry.  British,  Hurl  of  Norlhbrook,  NiruiC. 

Irish  L^ndhirdH.  Hjml  I 'use  of,  D.  S,  A.  t:ot<hy,  WeKt. 

Judir  fltnrt  Art  ft  jit  Work,  R.  W.  GrBbttm-Carnpbcll,  KiitK. 

Lrtlwr  find  Poliiii'*  in  Gn*at  Brlt/iln.  J.  K.  Uardie,  roruttu 

LaboT  r.  LHiidhirfliBm— n.,T.  SrnuJon,  VW^it. 

Land  NntlonaM/.athm,  F.  Thomud^m,  West. 

Militia  BiiHnf  HHl,  Nutk. 

NjtVftl  ArriLngcmi^nts  in  the  Xow  World,  J,  C,  R,  Colon* k 
Fort. 

Hndh  iilbm  itnd  Laljor.  W.  Dl»<.'k,  Wi)M. 

S"iiHHhur> .  I^>nl,  Sinstfsf,  Tthw. 

Tt  ni  1 H-  rt\  m:  t'  \iv  fo  rin ,  Fh  1 1  ii  r*^*  I  It .  J .  W  ownian ,  A  rena, 

\'nhiritf  er?i,  Hrkis^lj.  IJ.  T,  Tlminii,  riiafi- 

\\  at  iifid  11 IV  Urill-Hfxik,  Cfpiilt'm, 

Wjir  Mi^hilf^,  ,S<nii*j  BHtislj.  T.  Hopkins,  Oaw*. 
< 4 rouses  Th<^,  A.  L  Sliiuid,  Bn4. 

Hiirz.  lVft*44ut  I.tfc  In  tUr.  (  sirinn  O.  Engh'sflcUl,  CaUi. 
lint.  TiiVK  KvnbiMoii  of  ijir,  i\  ,Johl«wton,  t'oa. 
JTiisiii'l  Hon^(?8of  N\-vv  KM«hind,  S.  H,  Khmdou,  LIU. 
II' .11  mil:,  Hot  Wiiti^r,  111  liitliiHtHiil   Wtjfks,   A,  D.  Adaiujs, 

CasM. 
Heat,  Summer,  Effect  of,  H.  D.  Chapln,  San. 
Hebrews  in  London,  (J.  A.  Wade,  NIM. 
Hecker,  Father,  L.  C\  Vigodarzere,  RasN.  July  U>. 
Hereditary  Succession,  Rabbinical  Law  of,  T.  W.  Brown, 

ALR. 
Heredity  as  a  Witness  to  Faith,  G.  Jackson,  YM. 
"  History  of  Dogma,"  Issues  of  the,  J.  J.  Tigert,  MRN. 
Hoboken  Cat^stroplie.  Mrs.  A.  Sullivan,  C.'atli. 
Horses :  His  Majesty  tlie  Thoroughbred,  H.  P.  Mawson,  Mun. 


382 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEiV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


Iltjrw^si:  How  to  BrPiKl  Them  for  Wiir.  W,  S.  Blunt,  NineC. 

JlDU^^HoiLU  Prftf'tltJJiU  V*  It.  Nnrlnii,  (K 

HoftpltiilH  111  Uifij  CiitititiT,  J-  Btise.  KUen. 

IJoUichtoiK  Henry  CK.  D,  W,  Chirk.  MKN* 

Huil*n:jn'a  Buy  r**mpitm,  EtUii,  July. 

Hnmlicrt,  Ktog,  of  Itnfy.  RRL. 

HyfiEi^tie  as  >i  Ou( y  of  the  StJiU%  M .  Vftn  BriAtidt,  T>*ut. 

Hypnotism,  Knthkt^n  St^blns^ingtfr  and  Q,  (rt:NUuic,  Pear. 

ImsffinAttvi^  FiiruJry,  R.  t;,  WUu  Wt^ht. 

Immortality,  Now  Thouxlit  of,  IL  H.  Nev^Um,  Mind. 

ImtwHdlTism  AiTit-rkii'M  H]nX4*rU  Prjiky,  W.  A.  l^«fler,NAR. 

Ifiuependt^nco'  Duy,  A,  Ij«>\vi&.  Ovlt.  July. 

Indbu  BriLlimHji  nmHitU,  A.  T.  J^ibbftlif,  (iRuK. 

liiillii,  HcHlth  HTid  Ill'Htuatb  in.  Mm  M.  TiirnUiin.  Cham. 

Indiji^o  t'tinti  jn  1  S^'hiMil^H  M.  F^.  (, '»**>,  Cnth. 

Indian  Funilne  i'mhlciu,  R.  W.  (irant,  AnarA. 

Itidhint»:  A  Kiowit  Fnm^riiU  Mra.  h,  F.  Wfiixiwiird,  SelfC\ 

IndiiiDfi:  Hr^Dnnru  nf  rhr  Nnviibot-H,  G.  ^V^plariieS,  WWM. 

Ih'Hm  Siifft^^rJnK  in,  <'jU'(>lin*^  Maekh^m,  t%in. 

Jndn^ri  (ill  Drprcj^hiJiKi;-  Mtul  Hit*  Pig  Jnui  K^Herv-cJi.  H.  Hull, 

Kug. 
Intervention  in  Europe,  W.  E.  Linffelbach,  Annals,  July. 
Invertebrates,   Nortn-American— Xl.,    Mary    J.   RaUibun, 

ANat,  July, 
lowans.  The,  H.  L.  Hartt,  Atlant. 
Ireland,  Contemporary,  O'C.  Morris,  Fort. 
Ireland,  High  Crosses  of,  G.  H.  Orpen,  LeisH. 
Ireland,  Progress  in,  Edin,  July. 

Ireland,  Rural,  In  the  Byways  of.  M.  MacDonagh,  NineC. 
Iron  Industry  in  the  United   States-  II.,  F.  W.  Taussig, 

QJEcon. 
Isherwood,  Benjamin  F.,  R.  H.  Thurston,  CasM. 
Italy: 

Expansion  and  Colonies,  A.  O.  Keller,  Yale. 

Financial  Situation  in  1900,  L.  G.  de  C.  Digny,  NA,  July  16. 

Mission  In  the  Far  East,  RPL,  July. 

Political  Spirit  Among  ItaliauH  P.  Orano,  RPL,  July. 

Problems,  Some  Italian,  H.  R.  Whitehouse,  Forum. 

Universities,  Clericalism  in  the,  G.  Pittaluga,  RPL,  July. 
Jacob,  General  John,  Black. 
Japan: 

China  and  Japan,  How  Peace  Was  Made  Between,  C. 
Denby,  Forum. 

Finance,  Japanese,  BankL. 

Japan,  Modern— II.,  D.  Glass,  AngA. 

Japan,  Mysterious,  L.  Hearn,  RPar,  July  15. 

Literature,  Japanese,  QR,  July. 

Navy,  Imperial,  C.  C.  P.  Fitz  Gerald.  CasM. 
Jerusalem,  A  New.  Lucy  Garnett,  CHtli. 
Jesus,  Recent  Studies  in  the  Life  and  Teaching  of,  R.  M. 

Pope,  LQ,  July. 
Johnson,  Dr.,  as  Lover  and  Husband,  Temp. 
Jungfrau  Railway,  A.  H.  Atteridge,  Cass;  J.  P.  Hobeon, 

LeisH. 
Kentucky,  Court  of  Appeals  of— II.,  J.  C.  Doolan,  GBag. 
"Kentucky,"  Trial  Trip  of  the,  C.  M.  McGovern,  Home. 
Kingsley,  The  Late  Mrs.  M.  H.,  D.  Kemp,  LQ,  July. 
Knights  Templars— Soldiers,  Monks,  Heretics,  Edin,  July. 
Lamartlne  at  Florence,  L.  Farges,  RPar,  August  1. 
Lanier,  Sidney,  as  Revealed  in  His  Letters,  W.  P.  Woolf,  SR, 

July. 
Latin  Poetry,  Ecclesiastical,  E.  W.  Bowen,  MRN. 
Law,  Biblical,  Chapters  from  the— IV.,  D.  W.  Amram,  GBag. 
Lawn  Tennis,  Progress  of,  J.  P.  Paret,  O. 
Law  Reform,  Beccaria  and,  U.  M.  Rose,  ALR. 
Lavroff,  Pierre,  C.  Rappoport,  RSoc,  July. 
Lee,  Roljert  E.,  Recollections  of.  R.  E.  Lee,  Jr.,  FrL. 
Legislatures,  State,  Representation  in— III.,  G.  H.  Haynes, 

Annals,  July. 
Leipzig,  Battle  of,  S.  Crane,  Lipp. 
Leo  the  Thirteenth,  Poetry  of,  Anna  B.  McGill,  Cath. 
Leschetizky,  the  Greatest  Piano-Teacher,  Y  W. 
Life  After  Death,  Evidence  of.  T.  J.  Hudson,  Harp. 
Lighthouses,  Famous,  G.  Kobb6,  Chant. 
Light,  Manufacture  of,  J.  Henderson,  CasM. 
Lightships,  Chat  Alwut,  Cham. 

Literary  Criticism,  American-  II.,  W.  M.  Payne,  IntM. 
Literary  Diplomats,  Our-III.,  L.  Swift,  BB. 
Literary  Haunts  of  Old  New  England,  \V.  Fawcett,  SelfC. 
Literature.  Continental  Year  ot.  Dial,  August  1  and  16. 
Literature:  Epigraph  Mania,  J.  Bainville,  RRP,  August  I. 
Literature  of  the  Pyrenees,  G.  Compayr6,  Nou,  July  1  and  16. 
Loches,  E.  C.  Peixott«,  Scrib. 
London,  East,  Riverside  of,  W.  Besant,  Cent. 
Loyola,  Ignatius,  Sanctity  of,  Cnth. 
Machine-Shop,  Commercial  Organization  of  the— III.,  H.  Die- 

mer,  Eng. 
Maine  in  Literature,  W.  I.  Cole.  NPIng. 
Man  and  the  Environment,  P.  (Je^ld^*^,  IntM. 
Manners,  Decaxlenre  of.  Amelia  G.  Ma.son,  Cent. 
Maori   Race,  Allej^i'd  Disappearance  of  the,   Constance  A. 

Barnicoat,  RRl%  August  1. 
"Mark  Twain"  on  the  Lecture  Platform,  W.  M.  Clemens, 

Marsliall,  Chief  Justice  John,  W.  Olney,  ALR. 
Mason,  William,  Reminiscences  of— II.,  Cent. 


Massachusetts  rountry  Towns,  A.  E.  Winship,  NEns. 
Master,  Life  of  the-VlII.,  A  Warning  to  the  Rich;  The 

Home  at  Bethany,  J.  Watson,  Mc(U. 
Meredith,   George,  on  the  Source  of   Destiny,   Emily  G. 

Hooker,  PL,  June. 
Mexico,  Imperial  Regimes  in,  H.  M.  Skinner,  Int. 
Midshipmen.  English,  and  French  Prisons,  1807,  Eveline  C. 

Godley.  Lous. 
Military  Obstacles,  N.  Eraser,  Pear. 
Military  Service,  Compulsory,  in  England,  T.  M.  Ma^oire, 

USM. 
Milling  Machines,  Some  British,  A.  Herbert,  CasM. 
Milner,  Sir  Alfred,  and  His  Work,  F.  E.  Garrett.  Contem. 
Ministry  to  the  Sick  and  Wounded  Soldiery,  A.  T.  Pierson. 

MisR. 
Missions : 
China,  Missionary  Work  in,  J.  Fryer,  Ains. 
China,  Outbreak  in,  MisH. 

Day  Schools  of  Foochow  City,  Emily  S.  Hartwell,  MisH, 
Egypt,  Missionaries  in,  A.  Ward,  Nine(\ 
Hunan,  China,  Story  of  the  Gospel  in,  (t.  John,  3IisR. 
*' Inner  Missions"   of   the   Church   of   Germany,    G.  H. 

Schodde,  MisR. 
Japan,  Growth  of  Christian  Sentiment  in,  J.  H.  De  Forest, 

Misd. 
Porto  Rico  as  a  Mission  Field,  H.  K.  Carroll.  MisR. 
Principle  That  Underlies  Victory,  E.  Stock,  MisR. 
Treaty  Rights  and  Missions,  P.  W.  Pitcher,  MisR. 
Money,  Token,  of  the  Bank  of  England,  M.  Phillips,  BankL. 
Moors  and  the  Esterel  Mountains,  P.  Foncin,  RPar,  July  15. 
Moral  Question :  Is  It  a  Social  Question  ?  A.  FouUlee,  RDM, 

August  1. 
Morley,  John,  T.  Bowran,  West. 
Mosquito.  The  Terrible,  W.  A.  Page.  Home. 
Motor  Vehicles  for  Road  Service,  F.  M.  Maynard,  Eng. 
Mountaineering,  F.  Council,  Corn. 
MouravlefT,  Count,  and  His  Successor,  W.  T.  Stead,  RRP. 

August  1. 
Mourne  Mountains,  England,  C.  Ed  ward  es,  Gent. 
Mouse,  Country.  QR,  July. 

MttUer,  George,  or  Bristol,  S.  M.  Jackson,  Char. 
Municipal  Art,  Lucia  A.  Mead.  BI*. 
Municipal  Corporations,  Legislative  Control  of,  E.  McQuil- 

lin.  ALR. 
Municipal   Employment  and    Progress,  J.    R.    Commons, 

MunA,  June. 
Municipal  Politics : 
Church  and  Politics,  T.  R.  Slicer,  MunA,  June. 
Independent  Parties,  A.  S.  Haight,  MunA,  June. 
Library  Hall  Association  of  Cambridge,  Q.  G.  Wright, 

MunA,  June. 
Municipal  Voters'  League  in  Chicago,  E.  B.  Smith,  MunA, 
June. 
;  Political  Clubs  In  Prussian  Cities.  R.  C.  Brooks,  ManA. 
June. 
Reformers  in  Party  Politics,  J.  W.  Keller,  MunA.  June. 
Saloon  In  Politics.  B.  Hall,  E.  H.  Crosby,  MunA.  June. 
Settlements  and  Politics,  R.  A.  Woods,  MunA,  June. 
Third  Party  Unnecessary,  J.  J.  Chapman,  MunA,  June. 
Municipal  Trading,  R.  Donald,  C'ontem. 
Murder  Cases,  Some  Notable,  W.  F.  Howe,  Cos. 
Music,  English,  Sir  A.  C.  Mackenzie  on,  W.  Armstrong. 

Mus,  July. 
Music.  Good  Thoughts  of  Great  Men  on,  Helena  M.  Ma- 

guire,  Mus,  July. 
Natural  Selection,  Competition,  and  Socialism,  A.  H.  Wliita- 

ker.  Arena. 
Nature,  Energy  and  Inactivity  in,  B.  Weinstein,  Dent,  July. 
Naples  and  the  Gospel,  Anne  E.  Keeling,  LQ,  July. 
Naval  Officers,  Education  of,  USM. 
Navies.  Armaments  of  Seven,  J.  H.  Scluwling,  Fort. 
Negro  Conference  at  Tuskegee,  M.  B.  Thrasher,  Chaut. 
Negro  Problem  in  the  South,  C.  H.  Grosvenor,  Forum. 
New  England  Hilltops,  Rise  of  the  Tide  of  Life  to,  EL  P 

Pressey,  NEng. 
New  Hampshire,  Old  Home  Week  In.  W.  H.Burnham,  KEne 
New  Hampshire,  Whittler's,  D.  L.  Maulsby,  NEng. 
Newman,  Bishop  John  Philip,  MRN Y. 
New  Mexico  Territorj%  Edith  M.  NichoU,  Corn. 
Newport  Palace,  M.  Schuyler,  (.'os. 
Newspaper,  The  American.  D.  F.  Wilcox.  Annals,  July. 
New  York  Ghetto,  In  the,  Katherine  Hoffman,  Mun. 
Northumberland,  History  of,  Edin,  July. 
Novel  in  Recent  Criticism,  G.  C.  Edwards.  SR,  July. 
Novels  of  Manners,  Some  Recent,  Edin.  July. 
Olwraniraergau  Passion  Play  of  IflOO,  Anna  L.  Dingley,  Mus. 

July;  ('.  Van  LerherKhe,  I{(ien. 
Old  Test4iment,  Attacks  on  the.  A.  Kamphausen,  Dent. 
Old  Testament,  Ethics  of  the.  H.  A.  Stimson,  Bib. 
Opera,  Russian  School  of,  A.  E.  Keeton,  Gent. 
Ophelia,  Tragedy  of,  I).  A.  McKnight.  PL,  June. 
Orange  Culture  in  South  California,  D.  Wingate,  Cham. 
Order,  Price  of,  T.  Williams,  Atlant. 
Oxford,  England,  PMM. 

Papacy  and  the  Witchcraft  Delusion,  G.  von  Hoeosbroecii. 
Dent.  •  ~-, 


INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS. 


883 


Paris  Exposition : 

American  Scnlpture— 11.,  L.  Taf  t,  BP. 

AmaHements  or  the  Exposition,  J.  Schopfer.  Cent. 

Architecture  and  Exterior  Decoration,  \V.  Fred,  Art. 

Art  at  the  Exposition— III.,  R.  de  La  Sizeranne,  RDM, 
Atiffust  1. 

Belgium  at  the  Exposition,  F.  Bournand,  RGen. 

Local  Transportation,  H.  H.  Supiee,  Eng. 

Musical  Instruments.  Picturesque.  E.  Bailly,  HumN. 

Paris  Exposition,  H.  de  Varigny,  BU ;  W.  T.  Stead,  Cos. 

Paris  in  1900,  Edln,  July. 
Parlcman,  Francis— II.,  W.  W.  Hudson,  SelfC. 
Parliaments  and    Parliamentarianism,  C.  Benoist,  RDM, 

August  1. 
Patriotism,  The  New,  A.  E.  Davies.  AngA. 
Peddler,  Old  Wholesale,  and  His  Teams,  A.  N.  Hall,  NEng. 
Pensions,  R.  de  K^ralain,  RefS,  July  16. 
Pensions,  Old-Age,  F.  H.  Stead,  RRL ;  C.  Dejace,  RGen. 
Peru :  Hidden  Treasures  of  Tapadas,  Chum. 
Philippines:  A  Prisoner  Among  Filipinos,  J.  C.  Gillmore, 

McCl. 
Philippines:  Igorrote  Runners  of  Luzon.  W.  Dinwiddle,  O. 
Philippines,  Present  and  Future  of  the,  F.  F.  Uilder,  Forum. 
Photography : 

Arm,  Mouth,  and  Nose  in  Portraiture,  F.  M.  SutclilTe, 
PhoT. 

Convention   of   the    Photographers*   AwKK^atiun,  APB; 
WPM. 

Copylii^:  Pliottigrnpb!*.  K.  A.  AlMflOn,  WPM. 

Hftnd-dvmi*rrt  M«?iJiorniiiLa«  11.  McH.  Johnstone,  PhoT. 


HlFtftry.  l-IrkrU'.of  Pbotii|trat>H> ,  I'lmT 
if  lor  ji^^utnn 


toicniphy,  Ph*jT. 
nit*  Mikkihif  lor  Bt-Klnaivi-H-X.,  PboT. 


Spi^rUTrtrtti-s  PltfittJjsi*wM^«li  Kquipmeiit.  \\\  E.  ('arlln,  O. 


Hound-M  nve*.  Phnt4>|irfii»li^  of»  K.  W.  Wond,  IMpS 
L«tnnti-s  pltfittn 

^taep>  T  •  ii^>t;oK  rii  I  tb  3 
PliratMiiH.  Thv  Fa  Hi  hi  t\  W,  T.  Lrtrnni.  Ar«oii^ 
Fll¥Bic&,  Ett/il*rn,  SrumblinaHl-nks  iu.T.  L.  Willt-ju,  Mind. 
Pl««lftri^m,  iJeleneeof,  P.  V.  H*iU,  Ainu. 
PlAtociJc  Id«m  Elucidated*  ,1,  ( ■cM»p4?r,  MHN  V. 
Fl*]f,  C4.ilioUi-  4.\kne«i^,  B.  Evtreit,  Wern. 
Pi*|-«r9  and  Old  Plays,  Note's  nii,  F,  Weibnrtro,  Klni'C. 
PlAfis  ImuiuriLl.  A.  Ldldlaw.  West. 
Pioetry,  Qrefit,  Conditions  of.  QH,  July. 

Pfietry,VifltorlBri,  ImpeHiil  Note  in, J.  A.  It.  Mnrrlutt,  NineC. 
PoUr  Expedifhm,  Nor\vt**;imj,  A.  W.  Uretiy,  Pofh"^. 
FoUy^AlAfralrs; 

CtUKMing  tlie  Fr^ftldi-rjt,  W,  L.  tlttwlt- j^,  NAH. 

Kan aas  L'i t y  l/on  vi  n tio ii .  W .  WtU  1  iiiu n ,  AMU  H . 

Flinroriiift,  The  Two,  Univt. 

Frosid^ntlHl  Electlonft  by  Direct  Vr>ie.  J.  HfluiliVioe,  NAR. 

ftei»ublieMn  NaUonal  ri*riventlon,  R  A.  Miirisey,  Mun. 
PoUtleal  Ednrntion,  A.  T.  Hudlt-y,  AUttiii. 
P^Htl*  III  i^t  r<^nri.v  Cri«iH  Ih,  M.  Drstaiidres,  KDP,  .rune. 
pr-liHr*,  MnThiI  lrjfluenu!i>  ttt,  Hlfibop  iVrciva],  Njrn?(\ 
P*>m|f^ii  l'(i  In  Dttlf.  t*,  UulitiLirj,  NJM^ 
Poor,  imperial  iDllui^mni  of  tli«,  VV.  Williams,  LQ,  July. 
i^aur,  Belt«f  andOirn  of  Uus  tu  Their  Homrs.  E.  l,  Devine, 

Char. 
Porcupine  QuilL  Pointers  from  a,  W.  D.  Htilbert,  McCn. 
Porto  Kico  and  Ita  Future,  R.  Stone,  Mun. 
Porto  Rico,  First  American  ('ensus  of,  NatGM. 
Porto  Rico,  Industrial  Development  of.  A.  W.  Buel,  Eng. 
Porto  Rico,  Water  Supply  ancf  Irrigation  in,  «.  E.  Mitchell, 

I  A,  July. 
Power  Development,  Future  of,  W.  D.  Ennis,  Eng. 
Preacher's  Message.  O.  S.  Davis,  Hart- 
Priests,  Exodus  of,  in  France,  MisR. 
Profession,  Choice  of  a,  T.  R.  Slicer:  Cos. 
Prosperity  and  Progress,  Era  of,  BanlcNY. 
Publisher,  American,  of  a  Hundred  Years  Ago,  L.  S.  Living- 
ston, Bkman. 
*'  Punch  '*  as  a  Literary  Chronicler,  Bkman. 
Psychology,  Recent  Advance  in,  E.  B.  Titchener,  IntM. 
Quarantine  Law,  New  York's  New,  San. 
Rabelais,  Francois,  F.  Brunetifere,  RDM,  August  1. 
Race  Conference  at  Montgomery,  B.  T.  Washingt^m.  Cent. 
Race  Problem,  Education  Will  Solve  the,  B.  T.  Washington, 

NAR. 
Red,  Psychology  of ,  H.  Ellis,  PopS. 
Religion  and  Socialism,  E.  Berth,  RSoc..  July. 
Religion,  Education  in,  A.  R.  Merriam,  Hurt. 
Religion  of  Childhood,  J.  A.  Story,  MRNY. 
Religious  Canvass  in  the  Far  West,  T.  Coyle.  Record. 
Resurrection,  Evidence  of  the,  W.  (i.  M.  Thomns,  MRN. 
Rhodes,  Cecil,  and  the  Governor,  E.  M.  Gre<Mi,  Temp. 
Rhyme,  8ome  Notes  on,  S.  H.  Clark,  Wern. 
Rights  of  Accused,  E.  R.  Stevens,  GHau. 
Roman  Catholic  Church  in  Nortliern  Europe,  C.  W.  Dowd, 

Cath. 
Roman  Catholic  Church:   The  Deniorratic  Christ iimh  and 

the  Vatican,  G.  M.  Fiamingo,  OC. 
Rome  and  Byzantium,  QR.  July. 
Rome,  British  School  at,  QR,  July. 


Roosevelt,  Theodore,  J.  A.  Riis,  AMRR. 

Roosevelt,  Theodore :  His  Work  as  Governor,  AMRR. 

Rugs,  Fine,  Dinah  Sturgis,  Over,  July. 

Rural  Free  Delivery,  P.  S.  Heath,  NatM. 

Ruskin  Mosaic,  A.  J.  Telford,  MRNY. 

Russia,  Social  Problems  in,  H.  Primbault,  RefS,  July  1  and 

16. 
St.  John  Baptist  de  la  Salle,  C.  M.  Graham,  Cath. 
Sand,  George,  in  Her  Old  Age,  T.  L.  L.  Teeling,  Gent. 
San  Francisco:  Shall  It  Municipalize  Its  Water  Supply? 

A.  S.  Baldwin,  MunA,  June. 
Salmon,  Decrease  of  the,  H.  Hutchinson,  Fort. 
Savages,  Among  Central  African,  M.  S.  Wellby,  Harp. 
Savonarola,  Character  of,  G.  Guerghi.  RasN,  July  16. 
Savoy,  House  of,  and  the  Triple  Alliance,  G.  Grabinski, 

RasN,  July  1. 
Scandinavia,  History-Makers  of— II.,  Winifred  L.  Wendell, 

SelfC. 
SchmoUer's  Grundriss,  H.  W.  Farnam,  Yale. 
Scottish  Reformation,  Papers  of  the,  A.  Lang,  Fort. 
Sea,  Songs  of  the,  A.  Walters,  Temp. 
Settlement,  Inner  Life  of  the.  May  B.  Loomis,  Arena. 
Shakespeare*s  Country,  Bicyling  Through,  W.  Hale,  O. 
Shakespeare's  History,  Studies  in— II..  J.  L.  Etty,  Mac. 
Shakespeare,  William— VIII.,  The   Poetic  Period,  H.  W. 

Mabie,  Out. 
^^TsnrkM,  M.  Dunn,  Conlem. 
.SJn  rt^t^ih  ,  \V  illifuii.  L.  Morison,  Gent. 
^Iiernmii.  (ii-nenih  Why  Hh  UvcJIried  the  Koroinalf*m  in 

PhiphHildlrijc  Yards  ftf  the  United  Stal4?i^*  VV.  Fawcrtt,  Eng. 

Shipi'diK:  Ti-otiMtiniK  Sound,  \S\  VV.  BaU'i^.  tiiiiU, 

snk-Splriniiig  Spidurs  of  Madagasoar,  J.  E.  Whitby,  WWM. 

Sill,  Ed wurd  RowUmd,  M  Ptirs^m*,,  SelfC. 

Smltlu  titiUlwin  :  HIb  *'  Unit^:*!  Klrigdfim,"  Edin,  July. 

S(«'ialir'm.  Jllu»iot>»of,  u.  B.  Shaw.  HtimN. 

Sortul  Settlem»'nt&  lu  New  York  City,  (v  B*  Todd,  G tin i. 

SoiJinllliiiid,  With  u  CiLm*^rtt  In,  V,  iiocdorn.  WWM. 

Siirers  Coijiii*rbiast  tu  the  Astr^e,  B,  W.  Wi?Up.  Sit,  July. 

Spftlti,  EdTiiriMniml  FoKr.y  of,  A.  Piwrtda,  EM,  Jniyn 

Spanifih  iMmli^lou  in  tlif  Low  (^ountrlcKF.  Barndu,  EM,  July. 

Stage,  Ffiri^tfcTH,  in  NVw  Vork-  111.,  H.  HapgtHMl,  Bkmnn. 

Stars,  Chaprt^rs  on  the,  i^.  New  comb,  FopS, 

Stars.  Some  Chi^tc^'ii,  E.  Le^igi-T,  NltieC. 

SMteKmt^n,  ^»nie  Hjidiriile^  a^:  Chase,  Sumner,  Adams,  and 

gievfTiit,  r.  Baiivmn.  Atliiiit. 
l*tnvenj*on,  RolM?rt  Uy\\\n  Lettirrji  of,  J.  B.  Ken  Von.  MItNY. 
Su  hmarinp  Slt;ii:il  1  nu  and  MnrH  i  mp  Suf ety ,S.  Bh  1 1 er,  A  tlant. 
SugTir^^ltiiHtion  in  the  Wont  lndk*s.  J.  F.  CrowiH],  Yale. 
Sullivan,  Sir  Arlhur.  n-,  n  Boy,  K.  SwuynK,  Mus.  July. 
Surf  hrlt^lin^,^  R  J.  Wt^Ms,  O. 
i?tir(feiy.  Modern,  uud  Irt*  Expontunt^^  Lf:«lsH, 
SwiniTiilntf  Lesj^^onw.  Corninoi*  SmiM'.  D.  OslMime,  O. 
Swlt^HrlAiid,  \\\  iit'uejirr  and  F.  W.  Ki  Una  trick,  SelfC« 
Ttfnnyaou,  Faith  of,  i\  W.  linrnoa,  MRNY. 
Tpnnvyrins,Tho,  Anna  H.  MtUill,  HB. 
Tr.jtiiN,  Kjv*t  aijd  PrriiMiU  K.  T.  Hill.  Fortim, 
Ti'Xtllt*  Kdur.atinii.  A  tun*  A.  Stewart,  rhaut. 
Thjix  tiT.  l'*^lia,  Bi^^wit*  L.  Putman,  ,SelR*. 
Tlicor  riif'y  and  IH  iiiot  rotty,  J.  O.  P\i:rv\\  IHal.  AuguM  L 
Tlu^iso[.Ity  u*n  Fhilcmopliy,  S,  U.  Hllluian,  MHNV, 
"  Thn^ngh  Xalun^  to  fiod^*:  A  Critiqup,  tST.Uarnjll^MRN. 
Tilnl,Hri»,  f^iiort*^  of  thu,  A»  H.  S,  Landor,  O. 
T(il>iroi  31  nd  His  Trad  uifrs,  E.  (.'roshy,  HutuN, 
TdtsijjiV  RijHstAji.  H.  rViriis,  For«m. 
TujiHTigrapliy.  KiTi  ■  r*of,  J.  \V.  HwliflifiV.  Ount. 
Train,  Htjuninic".  H*  K.  Hjjnil>lnn,  iliin. 
Transvaal:  st-e als.it tlrc^at  Hritain. 

A  gr  I  c-ti  1  tu  r;i  I  VnsWx  hi  1 1  tl  i^h  o  f  th  i?  T  ra  nsvaal,  I A ,  J  n  ly , 

Am^rfi-Hrt  Vinw  f>r  Hif  Wnv.  F.  J.  Hf»dg»on,  Niiit-i". 

lu-\   \n'  r  ]     V,         ■^     '         11.,  G.  O.  Moortiead, 

Corn. 

Boer  and  Briton,  With,  F.  R.  Roberson,  Cos. 

Boers  of  South  Africa-II.,  J.  ViUarais,  BU. 

Britons  and  Blacks  in  South  Africa,  A.  R.  Abbott,  AngA. 

Canadian  Troops  in  South  Africa,  Can. 

Commencement  of  Hostilities,  C.  H.  Wilson,  USM. 

Gold-Field,  Richest,  in  the  World,  S.  C.  Norris,  Mac. 

History,  Short,  of  the  Boer  War,  N.  Patterson,  Can. 

Hospital  Scandals  in  South  Africa,  W.  Foster,  Contem. 

Justice  of  the  War,  Dub,  July. 

Krttger,  President,  Talk  with,  A.  Sangree,  Ains. 

Lessons  of  the  War,  NatR.;  NineC. 

Medical  Services,  British  and  Canadian,  C.  A.  Matthews, 
Can. 

Paardeberg,  Battle  of.  Can. 

Poetry  of  tlie  Boors,  L.  Van  Keynieulen,  RGen. 

Pretoria  in  War-Time.  R.  H.  Davis,  .Scrib. 

I*retoria,  How  We  Kscaped  from,  A.  Huldane,  Black. 

Reimblic  of  the  United  States   of  Great  Britain,  J.   B. 
Walker,  Cos. 

.Settlers  and  Settlements  in  South  Africa,  H.  A.  Brvden. 
Fort. 

.Sick  and  Wounded  British  Soldiers,  A.  Stanley.  NutR. 

Sieges,  Three,  and  Three  Heroes,  E.  H.  Cooper",  Can. 

South  African  War  and  Its  Critics,  Edin,  July. 


384 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


strategy,  British,  in  South  Africa,  O.  O.  Howard,  NAR. 

War  OoerationH  in  South  Africa,  Black ;  Fort ;  QR,  July. 
Tuberculosis :  Change  of  Climate,  K.  von  Ruck,  San. 
Tuberculosis,  Curing  a  Case  of,  J.  H.  Metzerott,  San. 
United  States: 

China,  United  States  in,  J.  Quincy,  Contem ;  J.  Barrett, 
NAR. 

Fiscal  Year,  Some  Figures  of  the,  F.  A.  Vanderllp,BankNy . 

Imperialism  America's  Historic  Policy,  W.A.  Peffer,  NAR. 

Trade  of  the  World,  Our  Nation  and  the,  Qt.  B.  Waldron, 
Chaut. 

United  States  as  a  World  Power— II.  j::J.  A.  Conant,  Forum. 
Vaccination,  Debt  of  the  World  to,  J.  F.  Marchand,  San. 
Venice,  Beautiful— II.,  Lillie  P.  Robinson,  SelfC. 
Venice  in  Danger.  R.  de  Souza,  RPar,  August  L 
Vergil  as  a  Magician,  E.  W.  Bowen,  SR,  July. 
Vesuvius,  Eruptions  of,  in  May,  1900,  O.  Mercalli,  RasN, 

July  16. 
Victoria,  Queen,  Day  bv  Day,  Crit. 
Victoria,  Queen :  Her  Life  at  Balmoral,  YW. 
Villebois-Mareuil.  Colonel  de,  A.  Veuglaire,  BU. 
Virginia,  University  of,  H.  W.  Mabie,  Out. 
Volcanic  Scenery  of  the  Northwest,  R.  E.  Strahom,  AMRR, 
*'  Wampanoag,"  The  SloopMjf-War,  B.  F.  Isherwood,  CasM. 


Warfare :  Mounted  Troops,  W.  W.  Marshall,  USM. 

Warfare :  Organization  of  Howitzers,  T.  W.  G.  Bryan.  USM. 

Watson,  Wilflam— An  Agnostic  Poet,  G.  White,  SR,  July. 

Wellington,  The  Life  of,  EdlnvJuly. 

Western  Reserve  University,  W.  T.  Marvin,  SelfC. 

West  Indies  in  Their  Relation  to  England  and  the  United 
States,  J.  P.  de  Putron,  West. 

Whalebacks,  T.  E.  Curtis,  Str. 

Wheat  Comer,  International,  J.  D.  Whelpley,  Fort;  McCl. 

Wheat  Farms,  Giant,  W.  B.  Holland,  Pear. 

Whlttier's  "Captain's  Well,"  Story  of,  Mary  E.  Desmond. 
Cath. 

Whittier's  New  Hampshire,  D.  L.  Maulsby.  NEng. 

Wilson,  James,  and  the  Formation  of  the  Constitution,  J.  M. 
Harlan,  ALR. 

Women's  SuflTrago :  In  Time  of  War,  Agnes  Grove,  Com- 

Xenophanes,  G.  M.  Hammell,  MRNY. 

Yachting :  Centerboard  Cup  Defender  for  1901,  C.  G.  Da- 
vis, O. 

Yachting  on  the  Great  Lakea^.  B.  Berryman,  O. 

Yachtsmen,  Navigation  for,  W.  J.  Henderson^. 

Yale-Harvard  Race  as  a  Spectacle,  Lillian  D.  Kelsey,  Int 

Yeats,  W,  B.,  Poems  of,  Dora  M.  Jones,  LQ,  July. 

Yosemite  Park,  Wild  Gardens  of  the,  J.  Muir,  Atlant. 


Abbreviations  of  Magastne  Titles  used  in  the  Index. 
[All  the  articles  in  the  leading  reviews  are  Indexed,  but  only  the  more  Important  articles  In  the  other  magazines.] 


Alns.       Ainslee's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
ACQR.  American  Catholic  Quarterly 
Review,  Phila. 
American  Historical  Review, 

N.Y. 
American    Journal   of    Soci- 
ology, Chicago. 
American    Journal    of    The- 
ology, Chicago. 
American    Law  Review,  St. 
Louis. 
AMonM.  American  Monthly  Magazine, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
AMRR.  American  Monthly  Review  of 
Reviews,  N.  Y. 
American  Naturalist,  Boston. 
Anglo  -  American    Magazine, 

Aunals.  Annals  of  the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Pol.  and  Soc.  Science, 
Phlla. 

Anthony's  Photographic  Bul- 
letin, N.Y. 

Architectural  Record,  N.  Y. 

Arena,  N.  Y. 

Art  Amateur,  N.  Y. 

Art  Education,  N.  Y. 

Art  Interchange,  N.  Y, 

Art  Journal,  London. 

Artist,  London. 

Atlantic  Monthly,  Boston. 

Badminton,  London. 

BankL.   Bankers'  Magazine,  London. 
BankNYBanlcers'  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
Bib.  Biblical  World,  Chicago. 

BSac.       Blbllotheca  Sacra,  Oberlln,  O. 

Blblloth^ue  Universelle,  Lau- 
sanne. 

Blackwood's  Magazine,  Edln- 


AHR. 

AJ8. 
AJT. 
ALR. 


ANat. 
AngA. 


APB. 

Arch. 

Arena. 

AA. 

AE. 

AI. 

AJ. 

Art. 

Atlant. 

Bad. 


BU. 


burgh. 
Book  Buyer,  N.  Y. 


Black. 

BB.  jjuv/iv  XJUjroi,  i.^. 

Bkman.  Boolcman,  N.  Y. 

HP.  Brush  and  Pencil,  Chicago. 

Can.        Canadian  Magazine,  Toronto. 

Cass.        Cassell's  Magazine,  London. 

CasM.     Cassler's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Cath.       Catholic  World,  N.  Y. 

Cent.       Century  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Cham.  Chambers's.  Journal,  Edin- 
burgh. 

Char.       Charities  Review,  N.  Y. 

Chaut.     Chautauquan,  Cleveland,  O. 

CAge.      Coming  A^e,  Boston. 

C^ns.  Conservative  Review,  Wash- 
ington. 

Contem.  Contemporary  Review,  Lon- 
don. 

Corn.      Comhlll,  London. 

Cos.  Cosmopolitan,  N.  Y. 

Crit.         Critic,  N.Y. 

Deut.       Deutst'he  Revue,  Stuttgart. 

Dial.        Dial,  Chicago. 

Dub.        Dublin  Review,  Dublin. 

Edln,      Edinburgh  Review,  London. 


Ed. 
EdR. 

EUK. 

EM. 

Fort. 

Forum. 

FrL. 

Gent. 

GBag. 
Gunt. 
Harp. 
Hart. 

Home. 

Hom. 

HumN. 

Int. 

IJE. 

IntM. 
IntS. 
lA. 
JMSL 


JPEcon, 

Kind. 

KhidR. 

LHJ. 
LelsH. 

Long. 
Luth. 

McCl. 
Mac. 

MA. 

MRN. 

MRNY. 

Mind. 

MisH. 

MlsR. 

Mon. 

MunA. 

Mun. 

Mus. 

NatGM. 

NatM. 
NatR. 
NC. 
NEng. 

NIM. 

NW. 

NlneC. 


Education,  Boston. 

Educational  Review,  N.  Y. 

Engineering  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Espafta  Moderna,  Madrid. 

Fortnightly  Review,  London. 

Forum,  N.Y. 

Frank  Leslie's  Monthly,  N.  Y. 

Gentleman's  Magazine,  Lon- 
don. 

Green  Bag,  Boston. 

Gunton's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Harper's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Hartford  Seminary  Record, 
Hartford,  Conn. 

Home  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Homlletlc  Review,  N.  Y. 

Humanity  Nouvelle,  Paris. 

International,  Chicago. 

International  Journal  of 
Ethics,  Phlla. 

International  Monthly,  N.  Y. 

International  Studio,  N.  Y. 

Irrigation  Ago,  Chicago. 

Journal  of  the  Military  Serv- 
ice Institution,  Governor's 
Island,  N.  Y.  H. 

Journal  of  Political  Economy, 
Chicago. 

Kindergarten  Magazine,  Chi- 
cago. 

Kindergarten  Review,  Spring- 
field. Mass. 

Ladies'  Home  Journal,  Phila. 

Leisure  Hour,  London. 

Llppincott's  Magazine,  Phlla. 

London  Quarterly  Review, 
London. 

Longman's  Magazine,  London. 

Lutheran  Quarterly,  Gettys- 
burg, Pa. 

McClure's  Maarazlne,  N.  Y. 

MacmlUan's  Magazine,  Lon- 
don. 

Magazine  of  Art,  London. 

Methodist  Review,  Na«hvllle. 

Methodist  Review,  N.  Y. 

Mind,  N.  Y. 

Missionary  Herald,  Boston. 

Missionary  Review,  N.  Y. 

Monist,  Cnicago. 

Municipal  Affairs,  N.  Y. 

Munsey's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Music,  Chicago. 

National  Geographic  Maga- 
zine, Washington,  D.  V. 

National  Magazine,  Boston. 

National  Review,  London. 

New-Church  Review.  Boston. 

New  England  Magazine,  Bos- 
ton. 

New  Illustrated  Magazine, 
London. 

New  World,  Boston. 

Nineteenth  Century,  London. 


NAR.  North  American  Review,  N  .Y 

Nou.  Nouvelle  Revue,  Paris. 

NA.  Nuova  Antologia,  Rome. 

OC.  Open  Court,  Cnicago. 

O.  Outing,  N.  t. 

Out.  Outlook.  N.  Y. 

Over.  Overland  Monthly,  San  Pran- 

PMM.      Pall  Mall  Magazine,  London. 
Pear.       Pearson's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
Phil.        Philosophical  Review,  N.  Y. 
PlioT.      Photographic  Times,  N.  Y. 
PL.  Poet-Lore,  Boston. 

PSQ.       Political    Science  Quarterly. 

Boston. 
Pop  A.     Popular   Astronomy,   North- 
field,  Minn. 
PopS.      Popular     Science     Monthly, 

PRR.  Presbyterian  and  Reformed 
Review,  Phila. 

PQ.  Presbyterian  Quarterly,  Char- 

lotte, N.  C. 

QJEcon.  Quarterly  Journal  of  Econom- 
ics, Boston. 

QR.  Quarterly  Review,  London. 

RasN.     Rassegna  Nazlonale,  Florence. 

Record.  Record  of  Christian  Work. 
East  Northfleld,  Mam. 

RefS.       R^forme  Soclale,  Paris, 

RRL.       Review  of  Reviews,  London. 

RRM.  Review  of  Reviews,  Mel- 
bourne. 

RDM.  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes. 
Paris. 

RDP.       Revue  du  Droit  Public,  ParU. 

K(ien.     Revue  G6n6rale,  Brussels. 

RPar.      Revue  de  Paris,  Pari«. 

RPP.  Revue  Politique  et  Parlemen- 
taire,  Paris. 

RRP.      Revue  des  Revues,  Paris. 

KSoc.       Revue  Soclaliste,  Paris. 

RPL.  Rivlsta  Politica  e  Letteraria, 
R^me. 

Ros.        Rosary,  Somerset,  Ohio. 

San.         Sanitarian,  N.  Y. 

School.   School  Review,  Chicago. 

Scrlb.      Scrlbner's  MagazineVN.  Y. 

SelfC.      Self  Culture,  Cleveland,  Ohio, 

SR.  Sewanee  Review,  N.  Y. 

Str.  Strand  Magazine,  London. 

Sun.         Sunday  Magazine,  London. 

Temp.     Temple  Bar,  London. 

USM.  United  Service  MagMine. 
London. 

West.      Westminster  Review.London. 

Wern.      Werner's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

WWM.  Wide  World  Magazine,  Lon- 
don. 

WPM.  Wilson's  Photographic  Maga- 
zine, N.  Y. 

Yale.       Yale  Review,  New  Haven. 

YM.        Young  Man,  London. 

YW.       Young  Woman,  Londoa. 


The   American    Monthly    Review   of  Reviews. 

edited  by  albert  shaw, 

CONTENTS   FOR   OCTOBER,    1900. 


General  Louis  Botha Frontispiece 

The  Progress  of  the  World- 
Mr.  McKinley's  Review  of  the  Situation 387 

Certain  Business  Questions 387 

*rhe  President  on  Cuba 388 

On  Porto  Rico 388 

On  the  Philippine  Question 388 

Parties  and  Policies 389 

Mr.  Shepard's  Views  and  Criticisms 390 

Mr.  Bryan's  Tetter 390 

Mr.  Brj'an  on  Silver 391 

AcceptiDKthe  Populist  Nomination 391 

The  Vice-Presidential  Candidate 391 

The  Non-Fusion  Populists 392 

Campaign  Activities 398 

<}ovemor  Roosevelt  in  the  Field 392 

Some  Bryan  Supporters 393 

Senator  Beveridge  on  Cuba 393 

The  Cuban  Programme 394 

The  *'  Third-Ticket  Antis '' 394 

September  State  Elections 395 

Republican  Forecasts  for  November 395 

I>emocratic  Claims 396 

New  York  Politics 396 

Money  in  the  Campaign 397 

Galveston's  Calamity 398 

The  Coal-Miners'  Strike 399^ 

President  KHlger's  Retreat 400 

The  *'Vaal  River  Colon v" 401 

The  Pending  Elections  in  England 402 

^iHJhina  and  the  Powers 403 

^JVs  to  Punishing  the  Chinese 404 

Partition  Is  the  European  Purpose 404 

Wanted  :  A  Government  in  China 405 

Elections  in  Both  Hemispheres 406 

With  portralU  of  George  L.  Wellington,  Archibald  M. 
Howe.  Jefferson  Davis,  William  K.  Hearst,  John  B 
Stancbfleld.  William  F.  Mackey,  Cornelius  N.  Bliss, 
Marcos  A.  Hanna,  Nathan  B.  »cott.  Frederick  8. 
Gibbs,  Joseph  H.  Mauley,  John  Mitchell.  Arch- 
bishop Ryan,  Count  Walaemee  and  Countess  Wal- 
dersee.  and  Li  Hung  Chang,  cartoons,  and  other 
illustrationH. 

Hecord  of  Current  Events 407 

With  portraiUot  Marquis  Salvago  Raggi,  M.  de  Giers, 
BaroD  de  Cartees.  the  late  Baron  von  Ketteler,  Leo 
Kassieur,  Duke  of  Abruzzi,  Sir  William  Turner, 
Joseph  Larmor,  W.  H.  Perkin,  R.  H.  Traquair,  W.  J. 
Sottas,  Sir  G.  S.  Robertson,  P.  Q.  Craigle,  Sir  Alex- 
ander R.  Binnie,  John  Rhys,  Sydney  H.  Vines,  Sir 
F.  M.  Durand,  E.  C.  Phipps,  Sir  W.  Conynghame 
Greene,  Sir  Francis  Plunket,  Sir  Henry  Nevfll-Der- 
ing,  and  the  late  Henry  Sidgwick. 

flome  and  Foreign  Politics  in  Caricature 411 

With  reproductions  from  American  and  foreign  jour- 
nals. 

Mr.  Stevenson,  the  Democratic  Candidate  for 

Vice-President 420 

By  James  S.  Ewing. 
With  portraits  of  Adlai  E.  Stevenson. 

A  Great  Lawver  and  His  Career:  A  Character 
Sketch  of  the  Late  Lord  Chief  Justice  of 

England 425 

By  W.  T.  Stead. 
With  portraits  of  the  late  Lord  Russell. 


The  Practical  Bryan  Policy  for  the  Philippines  483 
By  Edward  M.  Shepard. 

Mr.  Bryan  and  the  Trusts :   An  Anti-Trust 

View 489 

By  Frank  S.  Monnett. 

Trusts,  in  Case  of  Bryan's  Election 448 

By  J.  Laurence  Laughlin. 

New  Light  on  the  Problem  of  Trusts 445 

By  Charles  R.  Flint. 

Bryan's  Financial  Policy  :  A  Republican  View  447 
By  George  E.  Roberts. 

Bryan's  Financial  Policy :  A  Democratic  View  449 
By  Charles  B.  Spahr. 

Does  Jamaica  Contain  a  Lesson  in  Colonial 

Government  ? 451 

By  Julius  Moritzen. 
■  With  portraits  of  Sir  Augustus  Henuning,  Capt.  L.  D. 
Baker,  and  D.  S.  Gideon,  and  other  illustrations. 


The  Rise  of  Golf  in  America 

By  Price  Collier. 
With  illustrations. 


459 


Leading  Articles  of  the  Month — 

The  Latest  Phase  of  the  Trust  Problem 465 

Is  "  Bryanisni "  Socialistic  ? 466 

How  Political  Discussion  Should  Be  Conducted.  467 

Voting  by  Mail 468 

The  Filipinos  and  Independence 460 

Ibero-American  Unity 470 

Italian  Progress  Under  Humbert 470 

Cooperation  in  Russia 471 

Story  of  the  Delagoa  Bay  Arbitration 472 

French  Naval  Power 473 

*-What  to  Do  with  China 478 

,Jhe  Commercial  Future  of  China 475 

T'he  Boxer  Propa«:anda 476 

Our  Brothers  in  Mid-Africa 477 

Robinson  Crusoe's  Island 478 

Antarctic  Exploration 479 

The  World's  Coal 480 

Some  Notable  New  Inventions 480 

The  Basis  of  Immunity  from  Microbe  Infection.  483 

Gutenberg  and  the  Yellow  Journalist 484 

The  Iron  Duke  and  the  Irate  Painter 485 

With  portraits  of  John  Bates  Clark,  and  Jean  de  Bloch, 
and  other  illustrations. 

The  Periodicals  Reviewed 486 

The  New  Books 501 

Index  to  Periodicals 508 


TBRlf  8 :  tSUiO  a  year  in  advance :  25  cents  a  number.  Foreign  postage  Sl.OO  a  year  additional.  Subscribers  may  remit  to  us 
br  poet-offlce  or  express  money  orders,  or  by  bank  checks,  drafts,  or  registered  letters.  Money  In  letters  is  at  senders' 
rtSK.  Renew  as  early  as  possible  in  order  to  avoid  a  break  in  the  receipt  of  the  numbers.  Bookoealers.  Postmasters,  and 
Newsdealers  receive  subscriptions.  (Subscriptions  to  the  English  Rbvikw  or  Reviews,  which  isedited  and  published  by 
Mr.  W.  T.  Stead  in  London,  may  be  sent  to  this  office,  and  orders  for  single  copies  can  also  be  filled,  at  the  price  of  tStM 
yearly  subscription,  including  postage,  or  26  cents  for  single  copies.)    THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS  CO., 


for  the 

13  A«ior' Place,  New  Vork  City. 


388 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^/EIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


tions  and  extend  our  rapidly  increasing  foreign 
trade  ;  but  conspiracies  and  combinations,  in- 
tended to  restrict  business,  create  monopolies,  and 
control  prices,  should  be  effectively  restrained/' 
He  points  to  publicity  as  a  helpful  influence,  and 
suggests  uniformity  of  legislation  in  the  several 
States.  **  Combinations  of  capital  which  control 
the  market  in  commodities  necessary  to  the  gen- 
eral use  of  the  people,  by  suppressing  natural  and 
ordinary  competition,  thus  enhancing  prices  to 
the  general  consumer,"  he  considers  <<  obnoxious 
to  the  common  law  and  the  public  welfare  ;"  calls 
them  *' dangerous  conspiracies,"  and  says  they 
"ought  to  be  subject  to  prohibitory  or  penal 
legislation."  Mr.  McKinley  calls  attention  to 
the  importance  to  the  working-man  of  that 
general  condition  of  prosperity  which  gives 
abundant  employment  and  makes  possible  good 
wages  ;  and  he  intimates  his  belief  in  short  hours 
and  payment  in  high -standard  money.  As  to 
civil- service  reform,  he  declares  that  the  future 
of  the  merit  system  is  safe  in  the  hands  of  the 
Republican  party.     He  says  that  this  system,  so 


PASTING   IT  IN  HIS  HAT. 

Tlie  American  working-man  agrees  with  Mr.  McKinley. 
From  the  St.  Paul  PUmeer-Prtss. 

far  as  practicable,  is  made  the  basis  for  appoint- 
ments in  our  new  territory.  He  further  calls  at- 
tention to  those  modifications  of  the  civil-service 
rules  that  were  made  in  May,  1899,  and  to  which 
much  exception  was  taken  at  the  time,  and  de- 
clares that  the  changes  have  been  vindicated  by 
experience. 


Very  much  the  greater  part  of  Mr. 
^^oiTciffta!"'  McKinley*8  letter  is  devoted  to  a  dis- 
cussion of  what  has  been  attempted 
and  accomplished  in  the  islands  which  have  come 
into  close  relations  with  us  in  consequence  of  the 
war  with  Spain.  That  which  relates  to  Caba  is 
so  compact  a  statement  that  we  may  properly 
quote  it  all.     It  is  as  follows  : 

We  have  been  in  possession  of  Caba  since  the  1st  of 
January,  18Sf9.  We  have  restored  order  and  established 
domestic  tranquillity.  We  have  fed  the  starving, 
clothed  the  naked,  and  ministered  to  the  sick.  We  have 
improved  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  island.  We 
have  stimulated  industry,  introduced  public  education, 
and  taken  a  full  and  comprehensive  enumeration  of  the 
inhabitants.  The  qualification  of  electors  has  been 
settled,  and  under  it  officers  have  been  chosen  for  all 
the  municipalities  of  Cuba.  These  local  governments 
are  now  in  operation,  administered  by  the  people.  Our 
military  establishment  has  been  reduced  from  43,000 
soldiers  to  less  than  6,000.  An  election  has  been  ordered 
to  be  held  on  the  15th  of  September,  under  a  fair  elec> 
tion  law  already  tried  in  the  municipal  elections,  to 
choose  members  of  a  constitutional  convention,  and  the 
convention  by  the  same  order  is  to  assemble  on  the  first 
Monday  of  November  to  frame  a  constitution  upon 
which  an  independent  government  for  the  island  w^iU 
rest.  All  this  is  a  long  step  in  the  fulfillment  of  our 
sacred  guarantees  to  the  people  of  Cuba. 

He  explains  that  our  military  force 
Porto^Rico  ^"  Porto  Rico  has  been  reduced  from 
11,000  to  1,500,  and  that  native 
Porto  Ricans  constitute,  for  the  most  part,  the 
local  constabulary.  He  reports  that  there  is 
now  under  the  new  civil  government  a  gratifying 
revival  of  Porto  Rican  business.  He  says  that 
a  much  larger  measure  of  self-government  has 
already  been  given  to  the  Porto  Ricans  than 
was  given  to  the  inhabitants  of  Louisiana  under 
Jefferson.  He  explains  very  clearly  the  arrange- 
ment under  which  Congress  has,  at  the  outset, 
removed  85  per  cent,  of  the  tariff  duties  between 
Porto  Rico  and  the  United  States,  and  has  pro- 
vided that  the  remaining  15  per  cent,  must 
disappear  not  later  than  a  year  from  next 
March,  and  as  much  earlier  as  the  local  finances 
of  Porto  Rico  will  permit.  On  November  5  the 
Porto  Ricans  will  elect  a  delegate  to  Congress  and 
35  members  of  the  House  of  Delegates,  the  low-er 
branch  of  their  legislature.  Tlie  recent  coiisus 
shows  that  about  three-fourths  of  the  population 
belong  to  tlie  white  race. 

On  the       '^^   ^^  ^^^®  Philippine   question,  Mr. 

Philippine    McKinley    declares   that    *'the   pur- 

Queation.     p^g^g    ^f    ^.j^g     executive    are     best 

revealed  and  can  best  be  judged  by  what  be  has 

done  and  is  doing.*'     He  proceeds,  thereupon, 

to    give    a   chronological    resume   of    the    whole 


The  American  Monthly 

Review  of  Reviews. 


Vol.  XXII. 


NEW  YORK,  OCTOBER,    1900. 


No.  4. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


jfr  iV  KM  '  Besides  the  elaborate  and  carefully 
Riviewofthe  prepared  speeches  that  the  Presi- 
Sftuatfon.  (jgntial  candidates  make  upon  the  oc- 
casion  of  their  formal  notification,  it  has  been 
the  custom  for  them  at  a  subsequent  date  to  issue 
a  still  more  elaborate  statement  in  the  form  of  a 
public  letter,  expounding  their  respective  party 
platforms  and  reviewing  the  questions  at  issue  in 
the  campaign.  Mr.  McKinley's  letter  was  dated 
September  8,  and  published  in  the  newspapers  of 
Monday,  the  10th.  It  was  immediately  accepted 
by  all  Republican  authorities  as  the  most  telling 
document  that  had  thus  far  appeared  since  the 
holding  of  the  great  conventions.  It  was  prepared 
in  such  a  way  as  to  be  especially  available  for  use 
as  campaign    ''literature;"   and  the  Republican 


National  Committee  will,  doubtless,  before  the 
middle  of  October,  have  distributed  millions  of 
copies  of  it.  Mr.  McKinley  begins  by  calling 
detailed  attention  to  the  demands  of  the  three 
parties  that  are  supporting  Mr.  Bryan  for  the  im- 
mediate opening  of  the  mints  to  the  free  coinage 
of  silver  He  pledges  the  Republican  party  to 
the  unequivocal  maintenance  of  the  gold  stand- 
ard. He  sets  forth,  in  a  statistical  way,  what  he 
regards  as  a  flattering  condition  of  the  national 
treasury  and  the  public  finances,  and  dwells  upon 
the  marvelous  expansion  of  our  foreign  trade 
and  the  unprecedented  general  prosperity  of  the 
country.  He  notes  the  fact  that  we  are  now 
redeeming,  with  a  bond  bearing  2  per  cent,  inter- 
est, the  bonds  that  in  Mr.  Cleveland's  adminis- 
tration were  bearing  as  high  as  5  per  cent,  in- 
terest. Whereas  Congress  authorized  a  war  loan 
of  $400,000,000  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  with 
Spain,  it  proved  necessary  to  issue  only  $200,- 
000,000.  Mr.  McKinley  thinks  that  it  will  be 
feasible  for  Congress,  at  its  next  session,  to  re- 
duce taxation  very  materially. 


Certain 
Busineaa 
Questions. 


ir  BRT Air  WEBB  PRK8IDENT  THIS  HAPPT  STATE  OF  AFFAIRS 

C01TU>  NOT  BXI8T.— From  the  Enquirtr  (Philadelphia). 


He  discusses  the  question  of  our  mer- 
chant marine,  declaring  that  91  per 
cent,  of  our  exports  and  imports  are 
now  carried  in  foreign  ships  ;  and  he  asserts  that 
we  ought  to  own  the  ships  for  our  carrying  trade 
with  the  outside  world,  and  that  we  ought  to 
build  them  in  American  shipyards  and  man  them 
with  American  sailors.  In  connection  with  this 
subject  of  transportation  by  water,  he  introduces 
the  topic  of  an  interoceanic  canal ;  and,  as  to  the 
political  aspect  of  it,  he  says  that  **  our  national 
policy  more  imperatively  than  ever  calls  for  its 
completion  and  control  by  this  Government ;  and 
it  is  believed  that  the  next  session  of  Congress, 
after  receiving  the  full  report  of  the  commission 
appointed  under  the  act  approved  March  3,  1899, 
will  make  provisions  for  the  sure  accomplishment 
of  this  great  work."  As  respects  trusts.  Presi- 
dent McKinley  says  that  *' honest  cooperation  of 
capital  is  necessary  to  meet  new  business  condi- 


^>90 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


^  oi.  -i.  The  whole  subject  is  bemej  constantly 
vteu/8  and  coniused  by  the  failure  to  discnm- 
Crittcisma.  ^^^^  between  self-government  of  the 
practical  sort — municipal,  provincial,  territorial 
— and  the  exercise  of  sovereignty  in  the  sense 
of  international  law.  The  Philippine  Islands 
liave  never  at  any  time  been  an  independent 
sovereign  nation  ;  and  the  idea  of  assuming  such 
a  position  had  never,  previous  to  the  Ameri- 
can conquest  of  Manila,  been  seriously  con- 
templated l.y  the  population  of  the  archipelago 
as  a  deliberate  aspiration.  Such  insurrections  as 
had  been  waged  against  the  Spanish  rule  were 
for  the  sake  of  securing  certain  administrative 
reforms.  The  Hon.  Edward  M.  Shepard,  a  very 
distinguislied  Democrat  of  New  York,  who  did 
not  support  Mr.  Bryan  four  years  ago,  but  who 
is  now  supporting  him  on  the  Philippine  issue, 
contributes,  at  our  request,  an  article  on  that  sub- 
ject to  the  present  number  of  the  Review.  Mr. 
Shepard  was  asked  especially  to  answer  the  ques- 
tion what,  in  his  judgment,  Mr.  Bryan  could 
actually  accomplish,  in  case  of  his  election, 
towards  a  reversal  of  the  policy  of  which  Mr. 
Sliepard  disapproves.  Our  readers  will  find  the 
article  well  worth  their  careful  reading.  It  has 
always  been  our  plan  to  welcome  open  discussion 
in  our  pages  ;  and  the  fact  that  Mr.  Shepard 's 
views  are  diametrically  opposite  to  those  ex- 
pressed by  us  editorially,  at  considerable  length 
last  month,  merely  lends  another  reason  why  we 
should  give  them  a  prominent  place.  Let  it  be 
added  that  we  value  the  country  far  more  highly 
than  we  do  its  parties  and  their  antagonisms. 
When  serious  questions  arise  involving  in  a  large 
way  the  permanent  mission  and  history  of  this 
nation,  we  prefer  to  believjB  that  men  who  hold 
the  reins  of  power  at  Washington,  regardless  of 


Bryan  and  McKinley  (in  unison) :  **  Beware  of  that  man  I ' 
From  the  Plain  Dealer  (Cleveland). 


party,  will  do  the  very  best  they  possibly  can  for 
the  welfare  and  honor  of  their  country  ;  and  this 
we  believe  that  Mr.  McKinley  has  done.  But 
we  believe  no  less  firmly  that  if  Mr.  Bryan  had 
been  elected  he,  too,  would  have  risen  above 
party  prejudices  and  fetters,  and  would  in  the 
emergencies  of  war-making  and  peace- making 
have  done  those  things  which  we  should  have 
found  it  possible  and  reasonable  to  support. 
There  are  matters  in  which  we  are  absolutely 
compelled  to  act  through  our  accredited  repre- 
sentatives. In  the  matter  of  our  recent  partici- 
pation in  Chinese  affairs,  for  example,  it  has  been 
only  sensible  to  show  confidence  in  the  policy 
pursued  by  the  President. 

The  letter  of  acceptance  of  the  Bemo- 
^^etter"'  cratic nomination  issued  by  Mr.  Bryan 

appeared  on  September  18.  He 
adopted  a  plan  different  from  that  of  Mr.  Mc- 
Kinley, and  made  this  letter,  in  effect,  a  supple- 
ment to  his  famous  notification  speech  at  Indian- 
apolis, reviewed  by  us  last  month.  That  speech 
was  devoted  to  the  one  subject  of  imperialism. 
This  letter  deals  with  the  other  matters  presented 
in  the  Democratic  platform.  Mr.  Bryan  prefaces 
the  document  with  a  repetition  of  his  avowal  of 
1896  that  if  elected,  he  would  not  be  a  candidate 
for  a  second  term.  He  proceeds  to  discuss  the 
question  of  trusts  as  of  especial  prominence.  He 
charges  the  Republican  party  with  the  lack  of 
either  desire  or  ability  to  deal  with  the  question 
effectively.  The  following  quotation  well  ex- 
presses tlie  spirit  of  Mr.  Bryan's  discussion  of 
the  subject  of  corporate  monopolies  : 

Our  platform,  after  suggesting  certain  specific  reme- 
dies, pledges  the  party  to  an  unceasing  warfare  against 
private  monopoly  in  Nation,  State,  and  city.  I  heartilj 
approve  of  this  promise  ;  if  elect- 
ed, it  shall  be  my  earnest  and 
constant  endeavor  to  fulfill  the 
promise  in  letter  and  spirit.  1 
shall  select  an  attorney-general 
who  will,  without  fear  or  favor, 
enforce  existing  laws ;  I  shall 
recommend  such  additional  leg- 
islation as  may  be  necessary  to 
dissolve  every  private  monopoly 
which  does  business  outside  of 
the  State  of  its  origin ;  and  if, 
contrary  to  my  belief  and  hope, 
a  Constitutional  amendment  is 
found  to  be  necessary,  I  shall  rec- 
ommend such  an  amendment  as 
will,  without  impairing  any  of 
the  existing  rights  of  the  States, 
^^^  -3Ug»  empower  Congress  to  protect  the 

^^  ^^^^  people  of  all  the  States  from  in- 

jury at  the  hands  of  individaals 
or  corporations  engaged  in  intei^ 
State  commerce. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


391 


Mr.  Bryan 
on  Siiver. 


The  next  question  taken  up  by  Mr. 
Bryan  is  that  of  coinage  and  cur- 
rency, and  in  our  opinion  he  does 
not  deal  with  that  subject  with  the  frankness  of 
lour  years  ago.  Upon  a  theme  of  such  com- 
manding importance,  the  country  has  a  right  to 
ask  Mr.  Bryan  what  he  proposes  to  do.  He 
studiously  avoids  this  practical  aspect  of  the  sub- 


3M- 


MB.  BRYANTS  SEVERE  CASE  OF  BTAOE  FRIOHr. 

The  Eastern  Gtold  Democrat  and  the  Western  Free  Sll- 
verite  join  in  asking  Mr.  Bryan:  **If  elected,  would  you, 
Mr.  Bryan,  pay  U.  S.  coin  obligations  with  silver  ?  " 

From  the  Pifmeer'Pr&sa  (St.  Paul). 

ject,  merely  remarking  that  »' whether  the  Sen- 
ate, now  hostile  to  bimetallism,  can  be  changed 
<luring  this  campaign  or  the  campaign  of  1902 
can  only  be  determined  after  the  votes  are 
counted."  If  this  remark  of  Mr.  Bryan's  has 
any  force  or  meaning  at  all,  it  can  only  be  in- 
tf*nde<i  to  convey  the  implication  that  the  money 
question  is  solely  one  for  Congress,  and  that 
there  is  nothing  that  a  free-silver  President  and 
a  free -silver  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  can  do  if 
the  .Senate  should  be,  to  use  his  phrase,  "  hos- 
tile to  bimetallism."  The  present  Secretary  of 
I  lie  Treasury  has  made  himself  responsible  for 
very  specific  declarations  to  the  effect  that  Mr. 
liryan,  if  elected  President,  could  do  a  great 
deal  to  change  the  present  monetary  policy  of  the 
country  without  the  cooperation  of  the  Senate. 
The  greater  part  of  the  remaining  paragraphs  of 
Mr.   Bryan's  letter  are  brief  running  comments 


of  approval  upon  what  may  be  called  the  mis- 
cellaneous planks  of  the  Kansas  City  platform — 
such  as  the  election  of  Senators  by  the  people, 
the  establishment  of  a  Department  of  Labor  with 
a  Cabinet  officer  at  its  head,  the  construction  of 
the  Nicaragua  Canal  under  the  ownership  and 
control  of  the  United  States  Government,  the 
admission  of  the  Territories  of  Arizona,  New 
Mexico,  and  Oklahoma  as  States,  economy  in 
public  expenditures,  and  the  income  tax — a 
plank  in  favor  of  which,  Mr.  Bryan  tells  us,  had 
been  agreed  upon  by  the  Committee  on  Resolu- 
tions at  Kansas  City,  but  was  omitted  from  the 
platform  by  inadvertence. 

..     .^   Mr.    Bryan  had    pre/iously  made   a 

AccepUng  the  i     ^   m        ^        ir  •         ^ 

Populist  speech  at  Topeka,  Kan.,  in  response 
Nomination,  j.^  ^^^q  ceremony  of  notification  by  the 
Populist  party.  The  formal  speech  notifying 
him  was  made  by  the  Hon.  T.  M.  Patterson,  of 
Denver.  In  his  reply,  Mr.  Bryan  expressed  warm 
recognition  of  the  educational  work  done  by  the 
Populists,  and  by  the  farmers'  alliances  and  labor 
organizations,  which  he  regarded  as  associated 
with  the  Populist  party.  Mr.  Bryan's  speech  was 
a  skillful  one,  but  cautious  and  reserved  in  a 
marked  degree,  as  compared  with  the  speeches 
that  he  made  four  years  ago.  Nothing  is  more 
striking  in  this  campaign  than  Mr.  Bryan's  growth 
in  conservatism,  as  evidenced  by  his  complete 
silence  on  such  questions  as,  for  instance,  the 
Populist  demand  for  government  ownership  of 
telegraph  lines  and  railways.  The  Eastern  opin- 
ion that  Mr.  Bryan  has  the  inclinations  of  a  so- 
cialistic radical  is  a  wholly  mistaken  one. 

Mr.  Stevenson,  whose  formal  letter 
Presidential  on  the  issues  had  not  appeared  as 
Candidate,  ^jj^g^  comments  were  written,  was 
duly  accepted  by  the  Populist  Executive  Com- 
mittee in  session  at  Chicago  on  August  27  as  the 
candidate  of  their  party  for  Vice-President,  in 
place  of  Mr.  Charles  A.  Towne,  of  Minnesota, 
whom  they  had  nominated  at  Sioux  City  on  June 
9.  The  decision  of  the  Populists  to  have  neither 
a  Presidential  nor  a  Vice- Presidential  candidate 
of  their  own  in  the  field  is  regarded,  by  a  consider- 
able minority  of  their  party,  as  a  serious  mistake 
of  practical  judgment.  Senator  Marion  Butler, 
of  North  Carolina,  well  known  as  chairman  of 
the  Populist  National  Committee,  was  radically 
opposed  to  the  substitution  of  Mr.  Stevenson, 
not  on  personal  grounds,  but  on  those  of  party 
tactics.  The  story  of  Mr.  Stevenson's  career 
is  set  forth  in  this  number  of  the  Review  in 
a  sketch  both  interesting  and  authoritative,  by 
his  law  partner  and  ifelong  friend.  Judge  James 
S.  Ewing. 


392 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


Our  readers  should  not  be  allowed  by 
fusion'  us  to  forget  that  a  portion  of  the 
Popuiiata.  Populists  have  never  favored  the 
policy  of  fusion  with  the  Democrats,  and  are  not 
supporting  the  candidacy  of  Mr.  Bryan,  but  are 
organized  for  the  advocacy  of  a  platform  and 
ticket  of  their  own,  their  candidates  being  two 
widely  known  gentlemen — namely,  the  Hon. 
Wharton  Barker,  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  Hon. 
Ignatius  Donnelly,  of  Minnesota.  The  chairman 
of  the  National  Committee  of  these  <*  Middle-of- 
the-Road  "  Populists  is  the  Hon.  J.  A.  Parker  ; 
and  he  is  quoted  as  having  recently  said,  on  be- 
half of  himself  and  his  political  associates,  that 
they  did  not  care  whether  Bryan  or  McKinley 
was  elected.  Mr.  Parker  declared  that  imperial- 
ism in  the  Philippines  was  by  far  less  objection- 
able than  imperialism  at  home,  by  which  he 
explained  that  he  referred  to  *  *  the  disfranchise- 
ment of  citizens  at  the  South,  both  by  law  and 
by  force."  Mr.  Wharton  Barker's  views  on 
public  questions  are  currently  set  forth  with 
very  great  ability  in  his  weekly  paper,  The 
American  J  of  Philadelphia. 

The  headquarters  of  the  Democratic 
Aettuulea,    campaign  are  at  Chicago.     Mr.  Bryan 

himself,  who  has  from  time  to  time 
gone  to  Chicago,  is  giving  close  attention,  not 
merely  to  his  own  personal  speaking  canvass, 
but  also  to  the  management  of  the  campaign 
business.  Mr.  Bryan  is  not  attempting  this  year 
such  prodigies  of  stump -speaking  as  he  accom- 
plished four  years  ago.  That  would  seem  scarce- 
ly possible  for  any  man  twice  in  a  lifetime.  He 
is,  however,  making  a  great  many  speeches  in  a 
number  of  States.  During  a  part  of  August  he 
was  in  Kansas,  and  later  he  made  a  series  of 
speeches  in  West  Virginia  and  Ohio.  Then  he 
went  farther  west  again,  where  he  made  notable 
speeches  in  Missouri  and  Kansas.  On  September 
20  he  went  to  his  home  at  Lincoln,  Neb.,  to  rest. 
In  the  closing  days  of  September  it  was  his 
plan  to  speak  in  the  Dakotas,  and  on  October  1 
he  was  slated  for  Duluth  and  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
Next  he  was  to  spend  several  days  in  Wisconsin 
and  Indiana.  Then  comes  his  Eastern  tour, 
which  it  was  expected  would  include  New  Jersey, 
Maryland,  Delaware,  and  New  York.  He  was 
announced  to  speak  in  Madison  Square  Garden, 
New  York  City,  on  October  16.  The  last  week 
of  the  campaign  he  was  to  spend,  as  usual,  in 
his  own  State,  where  he  was  to  be  reinforced  by 
several  others,  notably  Senator  Wellington,  of 
Maryland,  whose  withdrawal  from  the  Republican 
party — while  still  holding  a  seat  in  the  United 
States  Senate  to  which  the  Republicans  of  Mary- 
land had  elected  him — has  been  one  of  the  nota- 


ble personal  incidents  of  a  campaign  remarkable 
for  the  change  of  attitude  of  a  large  number  of 
widely  known  public  men. 

Governor    Roosevelt,   who   has  been 

Roosevelt  In  the   most  activo  campaigner  on  tiie 

the  Field,     Republican  side,   met  Mr.    Bryan  a' 

Chicago  on  Labor  day,  where  both  men  by  pre 

vious  arrangement  made  non  political  address^'S 


SENATOR  WELLINGTON,  OF  MAKYLAND. 

(Who  itt  sapportlng  Mr.  Bryan.) 

appropriate  to  the  day.  Governor  Roosevelt's 
letter  as  Vice-Presidential  candidate  appeared  in 
the  newspapers  on  Monday,  September  17.  The 
letter  is  a  document  of  great  force.  He  puts  the 
question  of  money  and  the  continuance  of  stable 
business  conditions  as  of  paramount  importance; 
and,  in  our  opinion,  he  is  justified  in  doing  this. 
It  is  in  accord  with  the  views  expressed  at  some 
length  in  these  pages  two  months  ago.  Refer- 
ring to  the  question  of  the  relative  importance  of 
the  free -silver  issue  as  raised  by  the  Democrats, 
Governor  Roosevelt  says,  witli  what  seems  to  us 
unanswerable  logic  : 

No  issue  can  be  paramount  to  the  issue  they  tbas 
make,  for  the  paramountcy  of  such  an  issue  is  to  be 
determined,  not  by  the  dictum  of  any  man  or  body 
of  men,  but  by  the  fact  that  it  vitally  affects  the  well- 
being  of  every  home  in  the  land.  The  financial  question 
is  always  of  such  far-reaching  and  tremendous  impor- 
tance to  the  national  welfare  that  it  can  never  be  raised 
in  good  faith  unless  this  tremendous  importance  is  not 
merely  conceded,  but  insisted  on.  Men  who  are  not 
willing  to  make  such  an  issue  paramount  have  no  possi- 
ble justification  for  raising  it  at  all,  for  under  such  cir- 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD, 


39a 


comBtances  their  act  cannot  under  any  conceivable 
circumstances  do  aught  but  grave  harm. 

The  paragraph  devoted  to  the  trust  question  is 
in  line  with  the  notable  utterance  of  Governor 
Roosevelt  in  his  recent  message  to  the  New  York 
Legislature.  The  governor  proceeds  to  give  an 
interesting  risum^  of  our  earlier  achievements  in 
the  exercise  of  an  expansion  policy.  His  sup- 
port of  President  McKinley's  position  in  the 
Philippines  bears  the  emphasis  of  strong  convic- 
tion. As  an  incessant  campaigner  he  bids  fair 
to  make  a  record  surpassed  only  by  that  of  Mr. 
Bryan  four  years  ago.  His  speaking  last  month 
drew  great  crowds  in  various  parts  of  the  West, 
and  in  the  Dakotas  and  Montana  he  aroused  the 
utmost  enthusiasm. 


Some 

Bryan 

Supporters. 


As  we  have  remarked,  the  greater 
part  of  the  men  conspicuous  for  their 
attacks  upon  the  Philippine  policy  of 
the  Government  have  come  out  for  Mr.  Bryan. 
They  have  not  done  this,  however,  in  a  way 
particularly  complimentary  to  that  gentleman; 
and  it  is  to  be  doubted  wliether  they  will  help 
him  much  by  their  support.  They  talk  about  a 
choice  of  evils,  and  support  Mr.  Biyan  grudg- 
ingly, as  the  only  way  to  beat  Mr.  McKinley. 
Mr.  Schurz,  for  instance,  whose  support  of  Bryan 


MB.  BOHiniZ*  BRIGHT  IDB^. 

Carl  Schurz:  *'The  Republicans  can  fix  him  at  the  next 
•eoBion  of  Congress  bo  he  can  do  no  harm ;  why  not  make 
him  Prerident  ?  "— From  the  Journal  (Minneapolis). 


is  very  conspicuous,  is  at  the  same  time  notifying- 
the  Republicans  that  in  case  of  Bryan's  election 
they  ought  to  avail  themselves — before  his  in- 
auguration, next  March — of  the  opportunity  they 
will  have  in  the  short  term  of  the  present  Con- 
gress next  winter  to  enact  fresh  laws  of  one  kind 
or  another  to  protect  the  country  against  things 
that  Mr.  Bryan  might  otherwise  do  when  in 
office.  Mr.  Richard  Olney  condemns  utterly  the 
Philippine  policy,  and  therefore  supports  Mr 
Bryan,  although  it  does  not  appear  that  this  ex- 
secretary  of  state  supposes  for  a  moment  that 
we  can  adopt  Mr.  Bryan's  programme  and  with- 
draw from  any  part  of  the  territory  we  have  an- 
nexed. His  views,  indeed,  are  not  in  the  least 
like  those  of  Mr.  Bryan,  or  those  of  Mr.  Shepard, 
which  we  publish  this  month,  in  respect  to  their 
doctrine  that  the  Filipinos  are  qualified  for  full 
self-government  and  ought  to  be  set  up  as  an  in- 
dependent republic.  On  the  contrary,  his  griev- 
ance against  the  administration  is  that  ' '  we- 
have  saddled  ourselves  with  the  gravest  responsi- 
bilities for  some  eight  or  ten  millions  of  the 
savage  or,  at  best,  half-civilized  brown  people  of 
the  tropics."  On  his  own  statement,  Mr.  Olney's 
position  is  the  most  paradoxical  of  that  of  any  of 
the  public  men  who  have  thus  far  confided  to  tlie 
public  their  reasons  for  supporting  one  or  the 
other  of  the  Presidential  candidates.  The  fact  is 
that  Mr.  Olney  is  an  expansionist  whose  favorite 
doctrine  is  that  of  the  paramountcy  of  the  United 
States  in  the  Western  Hemisphere  ;  and  he  does 
not  like  to  see  us  diverting,  in  Asia  or  the  islands 
of  the  far  East,  the  energies  that  ought  to  be 
expended  nearer  home.  This  point  of  view  he 
expresses  in  the  fifth  of  the  series  of  bad  things 
that  he  thinks  would  be  implied  in  the  indorse- 
ment of  the  McKinley  administration  by  the 
American  people  this  year.     It  reads  as  follows  : 

It  will  mean  that  the  American  people  approve  the 
extraordinarily  fatuous  policy  or  impolicy,  or  no  policy 
at  all,  by  which  the  Philippine  Archipelago,  many  thou- 
sands of  miles  from  our  shores,  becomes  an  intet^ral 
part  of  the  United  States  ;  while  Cuba,  the  cause  and 
inspiration  of  the  war,  lying  right  at  our  door,  the  key 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  absolutely  essential  to  our 
defense  against  foreign  attack,  is  declared  alien  terri- 
tory, and  entitled  to  all  the  rights  of  an  independent 
sovereignty. 


Senator 
Beveridge 
on  Cuba. 


As  to  Cuba,  Senator  Lodge,  who  an- 
swered Mr.  Olney  in  a  speech  at 
Portland,  Maine,  on  September  8, 
frankly  agreed  that  it  ought  to  be  annexed  to  the 
United  States  for  the  good  of  all  concerned  ;  but 
he  called  attention  to  the  circumstances  under 
which  this  country  promised  to  give  Cuba  inde- 
pendence, and  held  that  we  must  live  up  to  tlie- 
promise.     This  position  respecting  Cuba  is  eveiif 


394 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEiV  OF  RE^IEiVS. 


more  strongly  stated  in  the  very  brilliant  speech 
of  Senator  Beveridge,  of  Indiana,  in  opening  the 
Republican  campaign  at  Chicago,  September  25. 
Mr.  Beveridge  says  that  ' '  a  separate  government 
over  Cuba  uncontrolled  by  the  American  repub- 
lic never  should  have  been  promised."  He  de- 
clares that  Cuba  is  a  mere  extension  of  our  At- 
lantic coast -line,  commanding  the  ocean  entrances 
to  the  Mississippi  and  the  Isthmian  Canal,  the 
possession  of  which  has  been  the  wish  of  every 
farseeing  American  statesman  from  Jefferson  to 
Blaine.  Mr.  Beveridge  paints  a  vivid  picture  of 
the  progress  that  Cuba  is  now  making  under 
American  administration,  and  offers  the  follow- 
ing gloomy  prediction  : 

When  we  stop  this  work  and  withdraw  our  restraint, 
revolution  will  succeed  revolutioD,  as  in  the  Central 
■and  South  American  countries  ;  Havana  again  fester 
with  the  yellow  death ;  systematic  education  again 
degenerate  into  sporadic  instances ;  and  Cuba,  which 
under  our  control  would  have  been  a  source  of  profit, 
power,  and  glory  to  the  republic  and  herself,  will  be  a 
source  of  irritation  and  of  loss,  of  danger  and  disease, 
to  both.  The  United  States  needs  Cuba  for  our  protec- 
tion ;  hut  Cuba  needs  the  United  States  for  Cubans 
salvation. 

He  advances  the  further  prediction  *'  that  with- 
in twenty- five  years  we  shall  again  be  forced  to 
assume  the  government  of  Cuba,  but  only  after 
our  commerce  has  again  been  paralyzed  by  revo- 
lution;— after  internal  dissension  has  again  spilled 
rivers  of  Cuban  blood;  after  the  yellow  fever  has 
again  and  again  crossed  over  to  our  southern 
eoast  from  its  hotbed  in  Havana  harbor,  and 
After  we  have  assumed  hundreds  of  millions  of 
<iollars  of  Cuban  debt  to  prevent  this  island 
from  falling  into  the  hands  of  a  foreign  power.'* 

These  views  expressed  by  Mr.  Bever- 
Cuban  idge  assume  that  Cuba  is  really  to  be 
Programme,  gj^g^  her  independence,  in  the  full- 
est and  most  unqualified  sense.  It  is  well  known, 
however,  that  the  United  States  Government,  in 
ordering  the  election  last  month  of  a  Cuban  con- 
stitutional convention,  entertained  the  lively  hope 
that  this  body  would  see  the  propriety  of  arrang- 
ing for  extremely  intimate  relations  between 
Cuba  and  the  United  States — relations  which, 
while  leaving  ordinary  affairs  of  internal  govern- 
ment wholly  to  the  Cubans,  would  place  external 
affairs  under  the  aegis  of  the  United  States. 
We  must,  in  all  sincerity,  agree  with  Senator 
Beveridge  that  it  would  be  very  unfortunate  for 
(^uba  to  have  our  American  school  administra- 
tion withdrawn  at  tliis  time  ;  while  it  is  our  fur- 
ther conviction  that  we  owe  it  to  ourselves  to 
retain  a  permanent  supervision  of  Cuban  sanitary 
affairs,  with  a  view  to  protecting  our  Southern 
States  against  yellow  fever  and  cholera.      Cuba 


needs    five   years    more   of   the    present    regime 
under  General  Wood,  after  which  it  ought  to 
have  perhaps  ten  years  of  territorial  government 
like  that  of  Oklahoma  or  New  Mexico  ;  and  then 
it  ought  to  be  admitted  as  a  sovereign  State  into 
the    Union.      But  Mr.  McKinley  is  in  no  way 
responsible    for    the    absurd    and    mischievous 
pledge   made   by   Congress  on  the  eve  of  our 
going  to  war,   to  the  effect  that  we   were  not 
going   to   annex   Cuba.     It   is  as  ridiculous  to 
think  that  we  are  really  doing  a  good  thing  for 
people  who  live  in  Cuba  by  ordering  them  to 
adopt   a   constitution    and    run   an  independent 
government  as  to  think  it  an  act  of  generosity 
to  shove  a  handful  of  men,  women,  and  children 
off  to  shift  for  themselves  in  a  small  open  boat 
in  mid-ocean,  when  they  might  just  as  well  have 
been    comfortable    and    safe    on    board    a  big 
steamer.      Undoubtedly,    there  are  many  intel- 
ligent   Cubans    who    think    it    best    that    the 
island  should  have  its   independence  first,  and 
should   then   seek  annexation  on  its   own   free 
motion.     Under  all  the  circumstances,  there  is 
much  to  be  said  in  favor  of  this  view.     There  is 
just  now  great  irritation  in  Cuba  over  that  part 
of  the  War  Department's  call  for  the  convention 
which  makes  it  the  convention's  duty  *'  to  pro- 
vide for  and  agree  with  the  Government  of  the 
United  States  upon  the  relations  to  exist  between 
that  Government  and  the  Government  of  Cuba." 
The  Cuban  leaders  took  great  interest    in   the 
election  of  the  delegates,  but  probably  not  more 
than  half  of  the  registered  voters  attended  the 
polls.     The  convention  will  include  some  of  the 
ablest  men  in  Cuba,  and  its  sessions  will   begin 
at  Havana  on  Monday,    November  5,    the  day 
before  our  Presidential  election. 

The  attempt  of  certain  gold  standard 
"rA/r</-t/e*e<anti- imperialists  to  place  a  third  tick- 
Anti8."  Q^  before  the  country  has  not  met 
with  much  encouragement.  As  reported  by  us 
last  month,  the  various  groups  of  anti-imperial- 
ists that  met  at  Indianapolis  in  the  middle  of 
August  almost  unanimously  determined  in  favor 
of  supporting  Mr.  Bryan.  A  few,  however, — 
under  the  leadership  of  Mr.  Thomas  M.  Osborne, 
of  Auburn,  N.  Y. ;  Mr.  John  Jay  Chapman,  of 
New  York  City;  Dr.  William  Everett,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  others, — persisted  in  their  pre- 
viously expressed  determination  to  name  a  ticket. 
They  met  in  Carnegie  Hall,  New  York,  Septem- 
ber 5,  with  Mr,  Osborne  in  the  chair,  and 
adopted  the  name  of  the  National  Party,  agreed 
upon  a  platform,  and  selected  candidates.  Their 
nominee  for  the  Presidency  is  the  Hon.  Donelson 
Caffery,  Senator  from  Louisiana,  who  declined, 
and  whose  place  had  not  been  filled  as  we  went 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


395 


to  press.  For  the  Vice-Presidency  they  selected 
Mr.  Archibald  M.  Howe,  of  Cambridge,  Mass. 
Tlieir  attitude  is  a  perfectly  logical  one, 
and,  it  seems  to  U3,  entitled  to  respect.  Their 
platform  has  the  merit  of  great  clearness  and 
brevity,  and  in  these  regards  it  is  a  model.  We 
<liiote  it  in  full  : 

Convinced  that  the  extension  of  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  United  States  for  the  purpose  of  holding  foreign 


MR.  A.  M.  HOWE,  OF  THK  NATIONAL  PAKTY. 

peoples  as  colonial  dependents  is  an  innovation  danger- 
ous to  our  liberties  and  repugnant  to  the  principles 
upon  which  our  Government  is  founded,  we  pledge  our 
honest  effort,  through  all  constitutional  means,  to  pro- 
cure the  renunciation  of  all  imperial  or  colonial  preten- 
sions over  citizens  of  countries  alleged  to  have  been  ac- 
quired through  or  in  course  of  the  military  and  naval 
operations  of  the  last  two  years. 

Second — We  furthermore  pledge  our  efforts  to  secure 
A  single  gold  standanl  and  a  sound  banking  system. 

Third— To  secure  a  public  service  based  on  merit  only. 

Fourth — To  secure  the  abolition  of  all  corrupting 
*»pecial  privileges,  whether  under  the  guise  of  subsidies, 
bounties,  undeserved  pensions,  or  trust-breeding  tariffs. 

It  is  reported  that  this  party,  which  of  course 
has  no  expectation  of  victory  this  year  in  any  com- 
munitv,  will  not  nominate  full  electoral  tickets, 
but  will  name  one  candidate  for  elector  in  each 
State,  and  will  Ix?  able,  by  the  number  of  votes 
cast  for  this  candidate,  to  ascertain  its  numeri- 
cal strength. 


8i  tembe  ^^^  State  elections  in  Vermont  and 
state       Maine  resulted  in  Republican  majori- 

Ei99tiona.  ^j^g  q^ji^^  ^s  large  as  had  been  gen- 
erally anticipated.  The  Vermont  majority,  which 
has  long  been  regarded  as  a  significant  straw 
showing  the  drift  of  national  sentiment,  was 
larger  than  at  any  corresponding  time  for  about 
thirty  years,  excepting  only  four  years  ago, 
when  it  was  nearly  37,000.  This  year  it  is 
about  32,500.  In  Maine,  the  Republican  plural- 
ity was  about  34,000,  and,  as  in  Vermont,  was 
even  a  little  larger  than  the  Republican  man- 
agers had  figured  upon.  An  election  was  held 
in  Arkansas  on  September  3,  and  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate  for  governor,  the  Hon.  Jeff 
Davis,  received  a  plurality  of  about  40,000  votes. 

Repubti  n  ^'^  *  ^^Y^®'  ^^  Wisconsin,  vice-chair- 
Foreeaata  for  man  of  the  Republican  National  Com- 
Nouember.  n^j^ge,  early  in  September  issued  a 
statement  representing  the  forecast  of  the  Re- 
publican managers  for  the  Presidential  election. 
Twenty-two  States  are  claimed  as  certain  for  Mc- 
Kinley,  these  having  a  total  electoral  vote  of  249, 
while  224  is  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of 
electoral  votes,  which  is  447.  Seventeen  States 
are  conceded  to  Mr.  Bryan,  these  having  a  total 
vote  of  145.  These  conceded  States  are  all  South- 
ern, excepting  Colorado,  Idaho,  Montana,  Nevada, 
and  Utah.     The  list  of  States  given  by  Mr.  Payne 


HON.  JBFrEKSON   DAVIS. 

(Elected  governor  of  Arkansas.) 


396 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


as  doubtful  is  as  follows :  Delaware,  Kentucky, 
Maryland,  Nebraska,  West  Virginia,  and  Indiana. 
Mr.  Payne's  list,  with  the  number  of  electoral 
votes  belonging  to  each  State,  is  as  follows  : 


Certain  for  McKinley. 

California. 9 

Connecticut   6 

Illinois. 24 

Iowa 13 

Kansas 10 

Maine 0 

Massachasetts 15 

Michigan 14 

Minnesota 9 

New  Hampshire 4  | 

New  Jersey 10 

NewYorlt 3«  ; 

North  Dakota 3  ' 

Ohio 23  I 

Oregon 4  [ 

Pennsylvania 82 

Rhode  Island 4  I 

South  Dalcoto 4  | 

Vermont 4  I 

Washington 4  , 

W^isconsin 12 

Wyoming 3  j 

Total 249  i 


Conceded  to  Bryan. 

Alabama 11 

Arlcansas 8 

Colorado 4 

Florida 4 

Georgia 18 

Idaho 3 

Lfouisiana 8 

Mississippi 9 

Missouri 17 

Montana 3 

Nevada 3 

North  Carolina 11 

South  Carolina 9 

Tennessee 12 

Texas 15 

Utah 3 

Virginia 12 

Total 146 


FIGHTING  GROUND. 


Delaware 3 

Kentucky 13 

Maryland 8 

Nebraska. 8 


West  Virginia 6 

Indiana 15 

Total 63 


Total  vote 447 

Necessary  to  elect 224 

Mr.  Payne  declares  that  there  is  no  possible 
way  of  figuring  out  Bryan's  election  without 
New  York,  and  that  New  York  is  as  safely  Re- 
publican as  Wisconsin. 

It  is  necessary  to  say,  however,  that 
'^VI^'^V'^   the  Democrats  repudiate  these  Repub- 

lican  forecasts  with  scorn.  As  to  the 
claim  that  New  York  is  as  safely  Republican  as 
Wisconsin,  they  reply  that  the  German -Ameri- 
cans hold  the  balance  in  Wisconsin,  and  that 
this  year,  as  eight  years  ago,  the  German  vote  is 
going  to  be  Democratic.  Four  years  ago,  Mr. 
McKinley  carried  the  State  by  almost  100,000. 
The  Democrats  also  reiterate  their  expectation 
that  they  will  carry  New  York.  They  claim 
Indiana,  and  propose  to  make  every  effort  to 
make  good  the  claim.  On  October  3  there  will 
assemble  at  Indianapolis  the  national  convention 
of  Democratic  clubs.  These  clubs,  under  the 
presidency  of  Mr.  William  R.  Hearst,  proprietor 
of  the  New  York  Journal^  the  San  Francisco 
Examiner y  and  the  Chicago  American ^  have 
shown  a  rapid  and  enthusiastic  development 
which  thus  far  is  the  most  striking  feature  of 
tlie  Democratic  campaign.  It  is  claimed  that 
this  national  association  of  clubs  now  embraces  a 
membership  of  1,500,000,  and  that  the  gathering 


at  Indianapolis  will  be  the  largest  political  as- 
semblage ever  held  in  the  country.  It  is  reportwi 
that  Tammany  is  sending  money  to  Indiana. 
Democrats   make  strong  claims  of   strength  ia 


MR.  WTLLIAM  R.  HEARST. 

(President  of  the  National  Association  of  Democratie 
Clubs.) 

Ohio,  an  important  element  of  which  is  th**  can- 
vass that  Mayor  Jones,  of  Toledo,  is  making  for 
Mr.  Bryan. 

If  the  Democrats  of  New  York  ha«l 
^Politics!    ^®^  united  upon  their  strongest  inau 

for  governor,  they  might  possil»ly 
have  elected  their  State  ticket  and  at  the  same 
time  secured  a  good  fighting  chance  for  their 
Presidential  electors.  There  was  great  enthuj^i 
asm  for  the  candidacy  of  the  Hon,  Bird  S.  Coler. 
the  Controller  of  New  York  City.  But  tlie 
delegates  from  New  York,  who  were  mere  duin 
mies  under  the  control  of  Richard  Croker,  Btiu- 
rally  opposed  a  Democrat  who  had  made  no  se- 
cret of  his  opposition  to  the  leaders  and  the 
methods  of  Tammany  Hall.  The  great  coBtesi 
lay  between  ex-Senator  David  B.  Hill,  who  sop- 
ported  Coler,  and  Croker,  who  merely  stood  for 
anything  to  beat  Coler.  The  result  was  the 
nomination  of  the  Hon.  John  B.  Stanchfield.  of 
Elmira,  Senator  Hill's  friend  and  former  law 
partner,  a  nomination  not  objectionable  in  \\st\\ 
so  much  as  in  the  circumstances  by  which  it 
was  brought  about.  The  Republicans  had  noini 
nated  the  Hon.  B.  B.  Odell,  chairman  of  tli" 
State  Committee  and  absolutely  identified  wiiii 
Mr.  Piatt's  conduct  of  New  York  State  politics. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


397 


Photo  by  Davto  &  Sanford.  N.  Y.  Photo  by  Hall.  Buffalo. 

HON.  JOHN  B.  8TANCHnEf.D.      BON.  WILLIAM  F.  MAOKBY. 

(Democratic  nominee  for  (Democratic  nominee  for 

irovemor.)  lieutenant-governor.) 

Mr.  Coler  on  the  Democratic  ticket  would  have 
drawn  away  from  Mr.  Odell  the  greater  part  of 
the  independent  vote  and  some  portion  of  the 
anti- Piatt  Republicans.  It  now  appears  that  Re- 
publicans of  all  shades  of  opinion  will  support 
Mr.  Odell,  and  that  the  independent  vote  will  be 
divided,  as  indicated  by  the  fact  that  of  its 
two  principal  exponents,  the  New  York  Times 
prefers  Mi*.  Stanchfield  and  the  New  York  Even- 
ing Post  prefers   Mr.  Odell.     Both   parties   and 


candidates  are  more  or  less  emphatically  pledged 
to  maintain  the  franchise  tax  on  street  railway 
and  other  corporations,  and  to  oppose  the  infa- 
mous Ramapo  conspiracy  for  robbing  municipal i 
ties  of  their  prospective  sources  of  water-supply. 


Money 
In  the 


It  is  commonly  understocxi  that  both 
great  parties  will  spend  more  money 
Campaign.  -^^  ^^^jg  year's  campaign  than  was 
ever  before  used  in  the  history  of  American  poli- 
tics. Mr.  Hanna  and  Mr.  Cornelius  N.  Bliss  are 
the  most  successful  money- raisers  the  Republican 
party  has  ever  had.  The  Democrats  charge  that 
the  Republican  campaign  fund  is  being  swollen 
by  gifts  from  the  great  trusts  and  corporations. 
The  Republicans  charge  that  Tammany  Hall  is 
raising  millions  by  its  peculiar  system  of  levying 
upon  interests  which  it  has  under  its  protection. 
The  fundamental  basis,  however,  of  this  year's 
campaign  on  both  sides  is  the  appeal  to  public 
opinion,  and  the  attempt  to  win  over  the  voter 
through  his  intellect  or  his  sensibilities.  Most 
of  the  money  is  used  to  pay  for  the  printing  and 
distribution  of  documents,  and  for  the  legitimate 
expenses  of  public  speakers.  It  is  a  mistake  to 
suppose  that  mere  bribery  or  corruption  will 
count  in  any  essential  manner  in  the  campaign. 


I!  a.  C.  V.  Bliss. 


Hon.  M.  Hanna.  Hon   N.  B.  Scott.  Hon.  F.  S.  Gibbs.  Hon.  J.  H.  Manley. 

THE  KKPUBL1CAN  CAMPAIGN  COMM1TTKK  IN  ITS  NEW  YORK  HBADQUARTBR8. 


From  a  photo  for  the  New  York  yournai. 


A  SO^K  FROM  THE  WRECK  OF  GALVESTON. 


The  Southern  coast  of  the  United 
^Caiamftuf  States  was  visited  by  a  tropical  hur- 
ricane on  September  6-9,  the  fury  of 
which  reached  its  climax  at  and  near  Galveston, 
Texas,  1:45  a.  m.,  on  Sunday,  the  9th.  Galves 
ton  is  built  upon  the  east  end  of  a  beautiful  but 
low-lyin^  island  some  thirty  miles  long  and  six  or 
seven  miles  wide  at  the  point  of  greatest  extent, 
though  only  a  mile  or  two  wide  where  the  city 
is  built.  The  pressure  of  the  wind  upon  the 
waters  of  the  Gulf  was  so  powerful  and  so  con- 
tinuous that  it  lifted  the  waves  on  the  north 
coast  many  feet  above  the  ordinary  high-tide 
level,  and  for  a  short  time  the  entire  city  was 
submerged.  The  demolition  caused  by  the  wind 
alone,  apart  from  the  invasion  of  the  sea,  would 
have  resulted  in  a  great  loss  of  property  and  con- 
siderable loss  of  life.  But  the  combined  attack 
of  hurricane  and  tidal-wave  produced  indescrib- 
able horrors — the  destruction  of  property  sink- 
ing into  insignificance  when  compared  with  the 
appalling  loss  of  life.  The  new  census  taken  in 
June  accredited  Galveston  with  a  population  of 
37,789.  The  calamity  of  a  few  hours  seems  to 
have  reduced  that  number  by  20  per  cent.  The 
loss  of   life    in    villages    and    at    isolated   points 


along  the  coast -line  will  probably  bring  the  sum 
total  of  deaths  caused  by  this  fatal  storm  up  to 
10,000.  The  condition  of  the  survivoi-s  for  two 
or  three  days  beggars  description.  The  water 
had  quickly  receded,  and  all  means  of  communi- 
cation had  been  destroyed,  including  steamships, 
railroads,  telephone  and  telegraph  lines,  and  pub- 
lic highways.  Practically  all  food  supplies  had  been 
destroyed,  and  the  drinking-water  supply  had  been 
cut  off  by  the  breaking  of  the  aqueduct  pipes. 
The  tropical  climate  required  the  most  summary 
measures  for  the  disposition  of  the  bodies  of  the 
dead.  Military  administration  was  made  neces- 
sary, and  many  ghoulish  looters  and  plunderers 
were  summarily  shot,  either  in  the  act  of  rob- 
bing the  dead  or  upon  evidence  of  guilt.  It  is 
needless  to  dwell  upon  the  horrora  of  tlie  situa- 
tion. As  against  the  blind  force  of  nature  that 
precipitated  the  calamity,  there  stands  out  in 
splendid  contrast  the  wonderful  qualities  of  hope, 
courage,  devotion,  heroism,  generosity,  and  un- 
daunted enterprise  that  were  manifested  in  the 
very  face  of  the  disaster.  To  the  question 
whether  the  site  of  Galveston  had  better  not  be 
al)andoned  altogether,  there  came  an  emphatic 
n«'gativ»\     Tlie  pluck  of  Galveston  had  behind  it 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


309 


the  vigor  and  unlimited  resources  of  the  great 
State  of  Texas,  and  the  sympathy  and  quick 
generosity  of  the  entire  nation.  Relief  agencies 
everywhere  set  to  work  promptly  to  forward 
food,  clothing,  and  money  to  tiie  impoverished 
survivors.  Great  corporations  like  the  Southern 
Pacific  Railroad  made  haste  to  restore  their  Gal- 
veston facilities,  and  itigeiiious  eiigiueers  brought 
forwanl  suggestions  for  prott^ction  of  the  city 
agaiust  future  iouiidatious,  Tliei^t^  ^uggestiona 
eiti braced  ^\\c\\  improvemonta  asi  additional  Ijreak- 
waten?,  jetties,  dikes,  and  the  filling  in  of  a  por- 
tion of  the  bay,  between  Galv«?aton  and  the 
mainland.  The  United  Slates  Government  in 
recent  years  has  spent  $^,000,000  or  is  10, 000,000 
in  engineering  works  lo  deepen  the  appmacli  to 
GalvestQ])  li arbor.  The  channel^  which  was  for- 
merly only  "20  or  21  feet  deep  across  the  bar, 
is  nosv  27  feet  deep,  and  the  action  of  wind 
snd  tide  between  the  jetties  cuts  the  passage 
a  HtLle  deeper  every  year.  The  foreign  trade  of 
Galveston,  particularly  in  cotton,  has  been  grow 
ing  by  lea[is  and  bounds.  It  will  assuredly  not 
b«  allowed  to  languish  or  come  to  a  standstilk 


Monday,  September  17.  A  week  later  it  was 
reported  that  fully  125,000  out  of  the  140,000 
men  had  left  the  mines.  Their  grievances  in- 
cluded the  long-standing  objection  to  being  com- 
pelled to  buy  their  supplies  at  the  coal  companies* 
stores,  where,  as  they  claim,  they  are  obliged  to 
pay   double    the   market   price    for   sonie   very 


A  CRY  FROM  THE  SOUTHLAND. 

From  the  Cleveland  (Ohio)  Plain  Dealer. 


Coai'MinetM'    ployed 

Strike.      Qf  Pennsylvania. 


are 
in 


about  140,000  men  em- 
the  anthracite  coal-mines 
For  a  number  of 
weeks  their  dissatisfaction  with  tlieir  lot  iiad 
taken  the  form  of  a  serious  proposal  to  join  in  a 
general  strike.  The  order  was  at  length  given 
by  the  National  Executive  Board  of  the  United 
Mine  Workers  of  America,  and  it  took  effect  on 


FOR  THE  BAKBOr  THBSE— AHBITnATSl 

From  thi*  New  York  WorhL 

essential  things,  such  as  I  he  powder  the}'  use  in 
their  work.  They  are  uominally  paid  for  mining 
by  the  ton,  which  the  law,  they  say,  specifies  to 
be  2,240  pounds,  while  they  declare  that  the 
mine-ownera  compel  them  to  dig  from  2,700  to 
4,000  pounds  for  each  ton.  The  miners  demand 
release  from  tlie  compulsion  to  pay  a  dollar  a 
month  out  of  their  wages  to  the  company's  doc- 
tors, wliether  they  are  sick  or  welL  They  also 
declare  that  their  wages,  which  were  at  the  low- 
est  point  compatible  with  a  bare  existence  for 
their  families,  have  remained  at  the  ohl  figitre, 
while  the  cost  of  Hving  has  beeo  increased  by  a 
general  advance  in  the  price  of  ftjoil,  clothing, 
etc.  The  phase  of  the  situation  that  is  evidently 
most  repugnant  to  the  views  of  the  mine-owners 
and  operators  is  the  compactness  of  the  union 
movement.  They  declare  that  as  separate  in- 
dividuals or  concerns  they  have  no  objection  to 
meeting  their  men  in  a  conciliatory  spirit  for  the 
discussion  of  real  or  alleged  grievances  ;  but  they 
also  affirm  that  conditions  vary  so  much  in  the 
different  mines  and  districts  of  the  anthracite  re- 
gion that  the  operators  cannot  afford  to  permit 
the  successful  development  of  a  miners'  union 
under  such  perfect  control  that  a  central  executive 


400 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEiyS. 


•board  can  dictate  in  detail  to  individual  operators 
in  the  case  of  local  differences  from  time  to  time. 
Each  side,  of  course,  sees  the  situation  from  its 
own  point  of  view.  But  tlie  working-men  in 
this  instance,  as  in  several  similar  ones  here- 
tofore, have  appealed  successfully  to  public  sym- 
pathy by  their  avowal  of  readiness  to  submit 
their  case  to  fair  and   impartial  arbitration — a 


It  was  impossible,  when  these  pages  closed  for  the 
press,  to  make  any  predictions  as  to  the  duration 
or  outcome  of  the  strike. 


MR.  JOHN  HITCHELU 

(President  of  the  United  Mine  Workers  of  America,  who  is 
conducting  the  striice.) 

recourse  that  the  owners  and  operators  almost 
invariably  dislike  and  oppose.  These  coal  lands 
once  belonged  to  the  public.  They  are  not  an 
entirely  suitable  object  of  private  ownership. 
The  coal  deposits  are  a  form  of  wealth  not  created 
by  any  man's  effort  or  enterprise,  and  exceedingly 
necessary  to  the  general  well-being.  The  financial 
history  of  the  Pennsylvania  anthracite  lands  is 
full  of  lessons  and  warnings.  The  minera  cer- 
tainly have  a  hard  enough  time  ;  but  the  general 
public,  also,  has  been  a  victim  of  the  artificial  and 
improper  system  under  which  a  group  of  common 
carriers  that  ought  to  have  no  interest,  direct  or 
indirect,  in  the  commodities  they  transport,  have 
acquired  a  virtually  monopolistic  control  of  the 
output  of  the  one  great  anthracite  region  of  this 
country  and  of  the  world.  Archbishop  Ryan,  of 
Philadelphia,  and  clergymen  of  all  denominations 
throughout  ihe  mining  region  were  lifting  up 
tlieir  voices  in  favor  of  arbitration  last  month. 


The  English  will  be  spared  the  embar- 
rassing question  of  deciding  what  to 
do  with  President  Kriiger.     They  will 
not  have  to  put  him  on  trial  for  his  life  ;  neither 


Pnsldtnt 
KrSgtr'B 
Retreat. 


ARGRBI8HOP  RTAN,  OP  PHILADELPHIA. 

(Leader  of  the  movement  for  arbitrating  the  mining 
disputes.) 

will  they  deport  him  to  St.  Helena,  whither  they 
have  sent  a  part  of  the  Boer  prisoners  ;  nor  yet 
to  Ceylon,  where  another  part  are  living  in  a 
guarded  prison  camp,  an  illustration  of  which 
we  publish  herewith.  Mr.  Kriiger  had  from  the 
time  of  his  withdrawal  from  Pretoria  occupied 
one  temporary  capital  after  another,  until  finally 
the  Boer  political  headquarters  may  be  said  to 
have  been  literally  **on  wheels."  A  dispatch  of 
September  12  from  Lourenzo  Marque — the 
Portuguese  seaport  on  Delagoa  Bay  and  the  nat- 
ural outlet  for  the  Transvaal — announced  the 
presence  there  of  President  Kriiger  and  several 
other  Transvaal  officials.  State  Secretary  Reitz, 
however,  and  Mr.  Steyn,  formerly  president  of 
the  Orange  Free  State,  were  said  to  be  still  in 
the  Transvaal ;  and  the  duties  of  the  preeideDcy 
had  been  left,  for  the  present,  in  charge  of 
General  Schalk- Burger,  the  vice-president.  It 
was  announced  that  Mr.  Kriiger  would   sail  for 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD, 


401 


THE  BOER  PRISON  IN  THE  HAPPY  VALLEY,  CEYLON. 


Europe  on  the  German  steamer  Herzog,  about  Sep- 
tember  24.     It  was  subsequently  made  known 
that  the  government  of  Holland  would  bring  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Kniger  and  their  party  to  Europe  on  a 
warship,  the   English  Government  having  been 
duly  notified   by  the  Dutch   foreign   office,  and 
having  made  no  objections.     Mr.  Kriiger  is  sup- 
posed to  be  armed  with  plenipotentiary  authority 
to  conclude  terms  of  peace  or  otherwise  to  nego- 
tiate on  behalf  of  the  Transvaal.      The  English, 
however,  will  not  consider  any  terms  except  ab- 
solute surrender  ;   inasmuch  as,  from  their  point 
of  view,  the  war  has  lost  all  vestige  of  interna- 
tional character,  and  has  become  a  domestic  in- 
surrection. 

On  September  1 ,  Lord  Roberts,  from 
**Vaai  Rioer  his  army  headquarters,  then  at  the 
Coiotiy,"  Transvaal  town  of  Belfast,  issued  a 
proclamation  that  the  Transvaal  was  thence- 
forth to  form  a  part  of  her  Majesty's  domin- 
ions. The  Orange  Free  State  several  months 
ago  was  converted  into  the  **  Orange  River 
Colony  ;"  and  the  Transvaal,  or  South  African 
Republic,  has  now  become,  in  official  British  par- 


THE  RECENT  BOER  CAPITAL  AT  MACBADODORP. 


lance,  the  **  Vaal  River  Colony."  For  some  time 
the  English  Government  has  been  declaring  the 
war  to  be  virtually  at  an  end  ;  but  seldom  has  a 
vanquished  and  scattered  enemy  been  so  trouble- 
some. Gen.  Louis  Botha,  undoubtedly  con- 
vinced that  further  organized  and  regular  mili- 
tary resistance  was  worse  than  useless,  was  in 
September  superseded  in  command  of  the  Boer 
forces  by  the  irreconcilable  Viljoen,  better 
adapted  to  the  conduct  of  a  relentless  guerrilla 
campaign.  It  was  reported  on  September  20 
that  of  the  3,000  Boers  who  had  retreated 
from  Komati  Poort  before  the  British  advance 
from  Machadodorp  the  majority  had  scattered 
in  various  directions,  while  some  hundreds 
had  crossed  the  line  into  Portuguese  territory  ; 
and  it  was  further  said  that  they  had  at 
last  decided  to  destroy  the  artillery  which  they 
had  used  so  long  and  effectively.  This  means, 
of  course,  the  final  abandonment  of  all  attempts 
to  fight  in  considerable  bodies  as  regular  soldiery. 
It  is  not  likely  that  even  the  most  determined  of 
the  guerrilla  fighters  will  think  it  worth  their 
while  to  greatly  prolong  the  now  hopeless  situ- 
ation. The  English  have  paid  a  sufficient  price, 
and  the  Boers  ought  now  to 
accept  the  inevitable  with 
the  best  grace  possible,  and 
consitler  their  personal  and 
private  interests.  The  Eng- 
lish Government  wanted 
Krugor  out  of  the  Trans- 
vaal, and  it  is  said  in  Eng- 
land that  in  going  to  Euro{)e 
the  old  president  will  be  in 
a  position  where  he  can  nei- 
ther harm  his  enemies  nor 
help  his  friends.  Tlie  special 
South  A  f  r  i  c  a  n  envoys, 
Messrs.  Fisch(>r,  W  e  s  s  el  s. 
and     Wolniorans,     issued    a 


402 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


Capt.  Herbert  Slocum,  left  South  Africa  seyeral 
weeks  ago,  and  has  gone  to  St.  Petersburg  as  a 
member  of  the  American  legation. 

»..   «   -./      The  British  Government  has  been  for 

The  Pending  .^.  ,     ^        .    -^ 

Elections  In  some  lime  awaiting  what  might  seem 
England,  ^  -^  ^^^q  favorable  moment  for  dis- 
solving Parliament  and  ordering  a  new  gener&I 
election.  Mr.  Chamberlain  strongly  insisted  thai 
the  party  now  in  power  ought  to  secure  a  fresh 
lease  from  the  people  while  the  martial  spirit  was 
still  high,  and  before  the  inevitable  reaction 
against  the  hideous  South- African  business  should 
hive  arrived  to  sweep  the  Liberals  into  power 


LORD  ROBERTS*  LITTLB  ANNKXATTON  JOKE. 

He  presents  tl^e  Queen  with  a  gentle(?)  Bonvenlr  of  the 
South-African  War.— From  the  Tribunt  (Minneapolis). 

statement  from  Amsterdam,  on  September  15,  in 
which  they  declared  that  the  object  of  the  British 
in  announcing  the  annexation  of  the  Transvaal 
was  to  avoid  the  further  necessity  of  recognizing 
the  Boers  as  belligerents  and  treating  them  in 
accordance  with  the  rules  of  warfare.  The 
weekly  losses,  chiefly  from  disease,  reported  by 
the  British  War  OflBce,  continue  to  be  very 
heavy.     The    United    States    military    attacM, 


BOBR8  TAKING  THE  OATH  IN  A  BRITISH  CAMP. 


WANTBD— SOUK  SODA-WATER. 

John  Bull:  *"  Waiter !  bring  me  some  soda-water.** 

"A  few  months  ago  the  whole  country  was  dmnk  with 
Mr.  Chamberlain's  new  wine,  the  Imperial  brand,  but  to-day 
it  is  demanding  soda-water.**— Mr.  Auodbtdik  Birrbll,  at 
Manchester,  September  1,  IWO.—WetimingUr  Ocuettc. 


again.     Accordingly,  it  was 
announced  on  September  17 
that   Parliament   would   be 
dissolved  on  the   25th,  and 
that  the  new  Parliament  to 
be  elected  in  October  should 
assemble  on    November    I. 
Almost  every  student   and 
observer  of  English  politics 
admits  that  nothing  can  pre- 
vent a  victory  for  the  Con- 
servatives, although  it  is  not 
claimed    by    any    one     that 
their  majority  will  be  any- 
thing like  as  large  as  it  has 
been  in  the  Parliament  now 
ended,   which  first   met   on 
August    12,    1895.      The 
duration  of  this  Parliament 
was  a  little  longer  than  &ve 
years.     If  it  had  continued 
two  years  longer,  it  would 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


408 


have  been  dissolved  by  virtue  of  the  law  which 
limits  the  life  of  a  Parliament  to  seven  years. 
This  was  the  fourteenth  Parliament  of  Queen 
Victoria's  long  reign  ;  and  the  average  length 
of  Victorian  Parliaments  has  been  exactly  four 
years  and  six  months.  The  thirteenth  Par- 
liament lasted  a  little  less  than  three  years, 
Mr.  Gladstone  being  Prime  Minister  during  the 
first  half  of  'that  period  and  Lord  Salisbury 
during  the  second  half.  The  twelfth  Parliament 
lasted  nearly  six  years,  Lord  Salisbury  being 
Prime  Minister.  The  shortest  Parliament  of  the 
Victorian  era  was  the  eleventh,  which  lasted  less 
than  six  months,  Mr.  Gladstone  being  the  head 
of  the  government.  It  has  not  been  customary 
hitherto  for  Parliament  to  dissolve  at  a  time 
when  the  ministry  controls  a  large  working  ma- 
jority in  both  houses,  with  the  country  express- 
ing no  demand  for  an  opportunity  to  renew  its 
representation  in  the  House  of  Commons.  The 
dissolution  at  the  present  moment,  therefore, 
looks  like  a  rather  sharp  political  trick,  having  as 
its  design  the  securing  of  another  long  term  of 
power  by  those  who  now  hold  the  reins.  The 
elections  find  the  Liberal  party  without  unity  or 
leadership.  Sir  William  Harcourthas  expressed 
hope  of  a  Liberal  victory ;  and  men  like  Mr. 
Morley,  Mr.  Bryce,  Mr.  Asquith,  and  many  more 
will  each  for  himself  make  bold  and  strenuous  dec- 
laration of  his  faith,  but  it  would  take  at  least 
another  year  to  get  the  Liberal  party  into  trim 
for  a  successful  fight. 


China 
and  th€ 
Powers. 


It  was  not  to  be  expected  for  a  mo- 
ment that  the  extraordinary  crisis  in 
China  should  have  been  tided  over 
without  a  protracted  period  of  diplomatic  discus- 
sion, after  the  rescue  of  the  foreigners  at  Peking 
by  international  military  intervention  had  been 


JOB  CHAMBBRLAIN,  THE  POINTER. 

"  What*s  the  i^x>d  of  my  pointing  ?  He*ll  never  get  a  better 
chance  than  this  1  **— From  Punch  (London). 


COUNT  WALDBR8EB  LBAVING  BERLIN  FOB  CHINA. 

(Ck)ant  Waldersee,  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  European 
forces  operating  in  China,  left  Berlin  wearing  the  uniform 
which  the  Emperor  William  wore  on  his  voyage  to  Jeru- 
salem, and  which  was  presented  to  the  count  by  the  Em- 
peror. The  Ck)untes8  Waldersee  is  shown  in  our  illustra- 
tion seeing  her  husband  off.) 

accomplished.  The  programme  of  the  United 
States  has  been  clear  from  the  beginning.  Until 
the  foreigners  were  rescued,  we  could  not  treat 
with  the  Chinese  Government ;  but  after  their 
rescue, — no  state  of  war  existing  between  the 
people  and  government  of  the  United  States  and 
those  of  China, — it  remained  to  plan  for  the 
withdrawal  of  our  troops  as  soon  as  prudence 
and  common  sense  might  justify  such  a  step,  imd 
then  to  negotiate  with  the  Imperial  Government 
of  China  for  a  reasonable  indemnity  and  guaran- 
tees of  future  good  behavior.  Our  Government 
was  ready  enough,  therefore,  when  a  month  ago 
Russia  proposed  the  withdrawal  of  troops  from 
Peking,  to  express  approval  of  that  plan,  pro- 
vided it  could  be  generally  agreed  to.  Ger- 
many was  not  ready,  however,  to  withdraw,  and 
England  seemed  to  be  deeply  suspicious  of  Rus- 
sia's good  faith  in  making  the  suggestion.  The 
German  Government  insisted,  as  a  preliminary 
condition,  that  those  persons  high  in  authority 
who  were  guilty  of  the  assassination  of  Von 
Ketteler,  the  German  Minister,  and  of  other  out- 
rages  against   foreigners,   should   be   delivered 


404 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


From  the  lUttstratcd London  News. 

A  TYPICAL  BOXER. 

over  by  the  Chinese  to  the  allied  forces  for  con- 
dign punishment.  Even  if  this  were  otherwise 
reasonable  or  possible,  a  moment's  thought  will 
show  that  this  demand  implies  that  the  guilty 
persons  are  well  known,  and  can  be  surren- 
dered for  punishiiient  without  any  judicial  inves- 
tigation as  to  their  innocence  or  guilt. 

^   .    «    /  *.   The  futility  of  this  German  position 

As  to  Punish-  .       ,  -^  ,  *  ^ ,        . 

inathe  IS  almost  as  great  as  that  of  the  m- 
Chheae.  g^^^^  British  jingoes,  like  Rudyard 
Kipling,  who  would  like  to  punish,  as  guilty  of 
high  treason,  everybody  in  South  Africa  who 
showed  active  sympathy  with  the  Boer  cause. 
Millions  of  people  in  China  had  been  stirred  to 
something  like  a  frenzy  of  patriotic  opposition  to 
foreigners  by  the  circulation  among  them,  in  vast 
editions,  of  numerous  anti-foreign  papers  and 
books  making  all  sorts  of  charges  against  the 
Europeans,  some  of  which  were  true  and  many 
of  which  were  false.  It  is  a  notorious  fact  that 
the  European  powers  have  been  greedily  plan- 
ning to  seize  and  cut  up  Cliina  at  the  very  first 


opportunity.  It  is  not  so  strange  that  the  Chi- 
nese were  led  to  excesses  by  the  Boxer  fanatics 
as  that  they  have  been  so  easily  induced  to  quiet 
down  again.  The  severe  retribution  policy  now 
proposed  by  Germany  could  only  lead  in  the  end 
to  far  more  formidable  movements  in  hostility  to 
Europe.  The  thing  that  is  necessary  is  to  en- 
courage and  to  require  the  firm  establishment  in 
authority  of  a  liberal  Chinese  imperial  govern- 
ment, such  as  the  young  Emperor  himself  couM 
successfully  carry  on  if  the  Dowager  Empress 
and  a  dozen  of  her  malign  advisers  could  be  de- 
ported for  life.  England  would  do  well  to  send 
General  Cronje  and  his  brave  Boers  back  home 
from  St.  Helena,  and  to  turn  the  island  over  to 
the  allied  powers  for  the  use  of  the  Chinese 
Dowager  Empress. 

A  _.,^»    ,  ^u  Germany  has   a  foothold   in    China. 

Partition  Is  the       j     .      -^     j      ,1        ,    .  •      j     . 

European     and  IS  evidently  aet«rmmed    to  use 

Purpose.  ^Y\e  present  opportunity  for  further 
territorial  seizure.  Russia  has  not  the  slightest 
intention  of  relinquishing  Manchuria.  Japan  in 
the  past  two  months  has  been  quietly  but  actively 
putting  additional  army  divisions  on  a  war  foot- 
ing, with  the  design,  very  probably,  of  seizing 
Korea  while  Russia  is  occupied  in  Manchuria. 
We  know  that  the  Japanese  press  has  urged  this 
course.  England  in  a  languid  way  prefers  that 
these  things  should   not  happen  ;  but  England 


U  HUNU  GHANO. 

(From  bis  latest  portrait.) 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


405 


meanwhile  is  making  all  her  plans  to  console  her- 
self by  seizing,  as  she  has  always  done  in  the 
past,  a  good  deal  more  than  anybody  else,  if  the 
game  of  grab  once  fairly  sets  in.  France,  also, 
is  definitely  prepared  to  advance  from  her  exist- 
ing bases.  If  China  had  been  wise  enough  to 
maintain  a  liberal  government  for  a  considerable 
length  of  time,  the  country  would  have  made 
such  progress  that  it  could  have  relied  upon  its 
own  army  to  protect  it  eflBciently  against  these 
unscrupulous  European  foes.  It  will  be  the  duty 
of  the  United  States  to  speak  with  the  utmost 
])lainnes8  in  condemnation  of  the  European  policy 
of  Chinese  spoliation,  but  it  will  not  be  possible 
for  us  to  fight  about  it ;  and  the  only  thing  that 
can  save  China  will  be  the  Chinese  themselves. 
If  they  show  a  readiness  to  permit  the  Europeans 
to  partition  and  annex  their  country,  the  thing 
will  inevitably  come  to  pass.  There  is  not  a 
]»ower  in  Europe  strong  enough  to  annex  little 
Switzerland,  because  of  the  pluck  and  high  spirit 
of  the  Swiss  people.  It  has  strained  all  the  re- 
sources of  the  greatest  empire  the  world  has  ever 
seen  to  annex  the  country  occupied  by  a  handful 
of  Boers,  who  were  not  numerous  enough,  all  told, 
to  make  up  a  fair-sized  Chinese  city. 


From  the  Illmsrrmitd  L^nd^n  Nems. 

A  JAPANESE  INFANTRYMAK. 


German  Emperor  (to  Field-Marshal  Graf  von  Walder- 
see) :  **  You  are  appointed  to  command  the  United  Forces  of 
Civilization !  You  are  a  German  •  Remember  your  Kaiser ! ! 
And  DO  try  to  be  there  before  it's  all  over ! !  I " 

From  Punch  (London). 

Wanud'  ^^  ^*®  he^w  unfortunate  that  there 
A  Government  should  be  any  doubt  cast  upon  the  full 
in  China,  authority  of  Li  Hung  Chang  and  bis 
associates  to  conduct  negotiations.  There  is  no 
very  general  belief  in  the  good  faith  of  Li  Hung 
Chang,  and  no  imperial  authority  is  in  clear  evi- 
dence back  of  him.  The  vicious  old  Dowager 
Empress,  dragging  the  Emperor  and  the  court 
with  her,  had  retreated  to  an  inaccessible  point 
in  the  interior  before  the  allied  troops  entered 
Peking.  There  are  intelligent  Chinese  ministers 
in  the  principal  capitals  of  the  world.  These 
ought  to  secure  from  whatever  imperial  authority 
may  exist  in  China  the  permission  to  ask  that  the 
whole  perplexing  situation  be  submitted  to  a 
court  of  inquiry  of  the  kind  provided  for  in  the 
treaty  adopted  at  The  Hague.  And  the  United 
States,  in  any  case,  could  hardly  err  in  earnestly 
promoting  that  view.  Of  course,  there  can  be 
no  military  witlidrawal  until  order  has  been  re- 
stored in  China  and  a  government  capable  of 
maintaining  authority  is  in  undisturbed  control 
of  the  situation.  Events  reported  after  the  mid- 
dle of  September  made  it  clear  that  the  Boxers 
were   not  wholly   subdued,    and    that    complete 


400 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REP^IEIV  OF  REI/IEIVS. 


evacuation  by  the  allies  would  only  be  the  signal 
for  a  reoccupation  of  Peking  by  the  rioters  ; 
while  the  an ti- foreign  press  of  China  would  per- 
suade the  people  that  the  foreigners  had  with- 
drawn  through   cowardice.     No  one  can  deny 


A  OHINIMSB  PUZZLE. 

Sentry  :  **  Who  goes  there  ?  " 

Li  Huno  Chang  :  '*  Friend  I  You  knoiv  me  very  well— a 
friend  to  everybody ! " 
Sentry  :  "  H'm  1    Give  me  the  countersign  ! " 
From  Punch  (London). 

that  the  whole  situation  remains  one  of  extreme 
danger  and  diflBculty,  and  that  modern  diplomacy 
has  not  had  to  deal  with  any  problem  so  critical 
and  perplexing. 


Eieetlona 
In  Both 


Canada,  like  England  and  the  United 
States,  is  in  the  midst  of  political  dis- 
Hemispheres,  ^ussion,  preparatory  to  a  general  elec- 
tion. Sir  Charles  Tupper  heads  the  forces  of  the 
Conservative  opposition.  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier, 
the  Liberal  prime  minister,  has  the  especial  ad- 
vantage of  immense  strength  in  the  great  French- 
speaking  province  of  Quebec,  and  his  supporters 
expect  to  win  a  substantial  victory.  Parliament- 
ary elections  have  been  held  in  Norway,  with  no 
change  in  the  general  political  complexion  of  the 
government.  The  Austrian  Reichsrath  has  been 
dissolved,  and  an  election  campaign  is  pending 
throughout  that  country.  Australia  has  been 
greatly  interested  in  the  federal  elections  which 
will  create  the  first  general  lawmaking  body  of 
the  new  commonwealtli.  Just  as  we  are  on  the 
eve  of  celebrating  the  one-hundredth  anniversary 


of  the  founding  of  the  city  of  Washington,  and 
the  creation  of  our  federal  District  of  Columbia, 
the  Australians  will  be  deciding  upon  the  site  of 
their  new  federal  capital.  It  is  likely  to  be  on 
the  Murray  River,  which  separates  the  provinces 
of  New  South  Wales  and  Victoria.  The  date 
set  for  the  formal  establishment  of  the  Australian 
Commonwealth  is  the  opening  day  of  the  new 
century — namely,  January  1,  1901.  The  Aus- 
tralians are  complaining  vigorously  of  the  attempt 
that  is  being  made  by  the  British  Government  to 
keep  the  colonial  troops  in  South  Africa  perma- 
nently through  the  offer  of  free  grants  of  land  on 
the  American  homestead  plan.  Australia  insists 
upon  having  her  troops  returned  intact.  A  car- 
toon from  the  Sydney  Bulletin  which  we  publish 
herewith  shows,  rather  amusingly,  the  Austrahan 
opinion  of  the  attempt  to  catch  the  kangaroo  in 
the  land -grant  steel  trap. 


^£^r>^g^^ 


^— ^  t^^ 


THE  ATTEMPT  TO  TRAP  THE  AUSTRALIAN  C?OIX»Nt At.  1 

WITH  LAND-ORANT  BAIT,  INTO  PERMANENT  RESIDENCE  IH 
SOUTH  AFRICA. 

(From  the  Sydney  Bu7Ie/fri.) 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 

(Finm  AuQust  21  to  September  fo^  1900.) 


POL77ICS  AND  GOVERNMENT-AMERICAN. 

August  21.— Delaware  Republicans  ("regular,"  or 
anti-Addicks  faction)  nominate  Jonathan  S.  Willis  for 
governor. 

August  22. — Grovernor  Shaw,  of  Iowa,  appoints  Rep- 
resentative J.  P.  Dolliver  to  succeed  the  late  John  H. 
Gear  in  the  United  States  Senate. . .  .Wisconsin  Demo- 
crats nominate  Louis  H.  Bohmrich  for  governor. 

August  23. — Union  Republicans  (Addicks  faction)  in 
Delaware  accept  the  Presidential  electors  named  by  the 

''regular"  Republicans William  J.  Bryan  accepts 

the  Populist  nomination  for  the  Presidency  at  Topeka, 
Kan. 

August  27. — The  executive  committee  of  the  Populist 
party  at  Chicago  nominates  Adlai  E.  Stevenson  for 
Vice-President  on  the  ticket  with  William  J.  Bryan,  to 
fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  Charles  A.  Towne's  declina- 
tion of  the  nomination. 

August  31.— The  Government  at  Washington  takes 
lueasures  for  the  relief  of  destitute  miners  at  Cape 
Nome,  Alaska. 

September  3.— Arkansas  Democrats  elect  Jefferson 
Davis  governor  by  a  majority  of  more  than  50,000. 

September  4. -r Vermont  Republicans  elect  W.  W. 
Stickney  governor  by  a  plurality  of  more  than  31,000. 

United  States  Senator  Wellington,  of  Maryland, 

elected  as  a  Republican,  declares  in  favor  of  the  election 
of  the  Democratic  candidate  for  the  Presidency. 

September  5. — New  York  Republicans  nominate  Ben- 
jamin B.  Odell,  Jr.,  for  governor Connecticut  Re- 
publicans nominate  George  P.  McLean  for  governor 

Montana  Republicans  nominate  David  E.  Folsom  for 

governor Utah  Republicans  renominate   Heber  M. 

Wells  for  governor...  The  National  party,  in  conven- 
tion at  New  York  City,  nominates  Senator  Donelson 
Caffery  (Dem.),  of  Louisiana,  for  President,  and  Archi- 
bald M.  Howe  (Ind.),  of  Massachusetts,  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

September  6. — Minnesota  Democrats  and  Populists 

renominate  John  Lind  for  governor Utah  Democrats 

Dominate  James  H.  Moyle  for  governor. 

September  9.— President  McKinley^s  letter  accepting 
the  Republican  nomination  for  a  second  term  is  made 
public. 

September  10.— Maine  Republicans  elect  Dr.  John  F. 
Hill  governor  by  a  plurality  of  more  than  34,000. 

September  11.— New  Hampshire  Republicans  nomi- 
nate Chester  B.  Jordan  for  governor. . .  .Delaware  Demo- 
crats nominate  Peter  J.  Ford  for  governor. 

September  12w — New  York  Democrats  nominate  John 
B.  Stanchfleld  for  governor. 

September  14— Four  Republican  ma.s.s  meetings  open 
the  campaign  in  New  York  City. 

September  15.— The  election  of  delegates  to  the  com- 
ing constitutional  convention  in  Cuba  results  in  an  over- 
whelming triumph  of  the  Nationalist  party.    There  is 


A  GROUP  OF  DIPLOMATS  AT  PEKING. 

(Reading  from  left  to  right:  i.  Marquis  Salvago  Raggi  [Italian  minister, 
wounded  siege  of  Peking],  a.  M.  de  Giers  [Russian  minister].  3.  Baron  de 
Cartees  [Belgian  minister].  4.  L.ate  Baron  von  Ketteler  [German  minister,  mur. 
dered].) 

a  total  registered  vote  of  186,240,  distributed  among 
the  provinces  as  follows :  Province  of  Pinar  del  Rio, 
18,072 ;  province  of  Havana,  outside  of  the  city,  28,181  ; 
city  of  Havana,  26,478 ;  province  of  Matanzas,  18,344 ; 
province  of  Santa  Clara,  89,659 ;  province  of  Puerto 
Principe,  11,122;  and  province  of  Santiago  de  Cuba, 
49,884. 

September  16. — Governor  Roosevelt's  letter  accepting 
the  Republican  nomination  for  the  Vice-Presidency  is 
made  public. 

September     17. — Colorado     Republicans    nominate 

Frank  C.  Groudy  for  governor Missouri  Populists 

indorse  the  entire  Democratic  State  ticket President 

McKinley^s  instructions  to  the  Philippine  Commission 

are  made  public William  J.  Bryan's  letter  accepting 

the  Democratic  nomination  for  the  Presidency  is  made 
public. 

September  18.— Texas  Republicans  nominate  George 
W.  Burkett  for  governor. 

September  20.— The  withdrawal  of  Senator  Donelson 
Cafifery  from  the  Presidential  ticket  of  the  National 
party  is  announced. 


408 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI/IEIV  OF  REl/IEU^S. 


POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT-FOREIGN. 

August  33.— The  Indian  Government  is  compelled  to 
remove  the  Maharaja  of  Bharatpur  from  power  owing 

to  his  vicious  and  intemperate  habits The  trial  of 

twenty-five  prisoners  concerned  in  the  Cawnpore  plague 
riots  takes  place  at  Allahabad Earl  Beauchamp  re- 
signs the  governorship  of  New  South  Wales,  in  view  of 
the  proclamation  of  the  commonwealth. 

August  35.— The  Marquis  Ito  issues  a  manifesto  at 
Yokohama  setting  forth  the  aims  of  his  new  Japanese 
party. 

August  29. — Gaetano  Bresci,  the  assassin  of  King 
Humbert,  is  tried,  found  guilty,  and  sentenced  to  life 
imprisonment. 

September  5.— Lord  Ampthill  is  appointed  governor 
of  Madras. 

September?.— The  lower  house  of  the  Austrian  Reichs- 
rath  is  dissolvec^  and  a  new  el^ection  ordered. 

September  10.— The  triennial  elections  to  the  Norwe- 
gian Storthing  are  completed  ;  the  political  complexion 
of  the  membership  remains  essentially  unchanged. 

September  18.— The  Netherlands  States-General  is  re- 
opened by  Queen  Wilhelmina. 

INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS. 

August  33. — King  Oscar,  of  Sweden  and  Norway, 
consents  to  act  as  arbitrator  of  the  claims  for  losses  sus- 
tained by  British  and  German  subjects  and  American 

citizens  in  Samoa It  is  announced  that  a  treaty  of 

amity,  commerce,  navigation,  and  general  intercourse 
has  l)een  signed 
provisionally  by 
the  representa- 
tives of  the 
United  States 
and  Spain. 

August  35. — 
The  Czar  of  Rus- 
sia receives  Dr. 
Leyds,  of  the 
South  African 
Republic,  in  au- 
dience at  Peter- 
hDf. 

A  u  «  u  s  t  37.— 
The  Vatican  ap- 
peals  to  the 
Catholic  powers 
of  Europe  for  re- 
lief from  Italian 
rule,  and  de- 
clares  that  Vic- 
t  o  r  Emmanuel 
will  he  recog- 
nized  only  as 
King    of    Sar- 

diniH Rouma- 

nia  demands  of  Bulgaria  that  the  Macedonian  Revolu- 
tionary Committee  Ik?  suppressed. 

August  29.— As  a  result  of  friction  between  the  two 
governments,  the  Bulgarian  diplomatic  agent  to  Rou- 
nmnia  is  recalled. 

August  31. — A  frontier  conflict  takes  place  between 
Roumanian  and  Bulgarian  peasants,  in  which  two  Bul- 
garians are  killed  and  many  of  both  parties  wounded. 

St  pteml^er  4.— The  ratifications  of  the  peace-confer- 


JUDGK  LEO  KASSIEUR. 

(New  Commander-in-Chief  G.  A.  R.) 


ence  treaties  are  x)laced  in  the  archives  of  the  Foreign 
Office  at  The  Hague. 

September  8.— Ex-President  Harrison  accepts  Presi- 
dent McKinley's  appointment  as  a  member  of  the  In- 
ternational Board  of  Arbitration  under  the  treaty  of 
The  Hague  ;  ex-President  Cleveland  declines  an  ap- 
pointment. 

September  13.— Chile  rejects  Bolivia's  claim  to  a  port 

on  the  Pacific A  commercial  treaty  between  France 

and  Haiti  is  sanctioned  by  the  Haitieu  Legislature. 

THE  CRISIS  IN  CHINA. 
August  21 —Li  Hung  Chang's  peace  proposals  are  re- 
jected by  the  United  States — Colonel  Marchand  is  ap- 
pointed    member 


of  the   French 
corps  for  China. 

August  22.— The 
Russians  having 
destroyed  the 
lock-gates  on  the 
In-Tai  Canal,  riv- 
er  transport  is 
seriously  imped- 
ed ;  the  cable  be- 
tween Chefu  and 
Taku  is  working, 
but  the  line  from 
Taku  to  Tientsin 
and  beyond  is  not ; 
the  Japanese  alone 
have  an  effective 
mail  service. 

August  23.— An 
important  letter  Is 
addressed  by  Yang 
Yu,  Chinese  min- 
ister to  Russia,  to 
Baroness  von  Sutt- 
ner  on  the  qae:^ 
tion  of  mission- 
aries in  China 

The  Japanese  hold 
the  wall  round  the 
innermost  part  of  the  "Forbidden  City"  in  Peking; 
they  have  not  forced  their  way  into  the  palace. 

August  34.— Chinese  villagers  are  flocking  into  Tien- 
tsin at  the  rate  of  1,000  daily  ;  food  supply  is  bad  ;  there 

is  e\'ery  prospect  of  a  famine The  Japanese  protect 

the  palace  at  Peking ;  the  Japanese  Government  re- 
news its  assurances  to  protect  the  persons  of  the  Em- 
peror and  p]m press. 

August  38. — The  allied  forces  march  through  the 
"  Forbidden  City**  in  Peking. 

August  30.— Three  hundred  men  of  the  Sixth  United 
States  Cavalry  defeat  600  Boxers  at  Hunting  Park,  11 
miles  from  Peking,  killing  30  of  the  enemy  and  taking 
many  prisoners. 

September  1.— Russia  denies  any  intention  to  make 
acquisitions  of  territory  in  China,  and  declares  that  the 
Russian  troops  will  be  withdrawn  from  Peking  to  Tien- 
tsin as  soon  as  order  is  restored. 

September  4.— Li  Hung  Chang,  Yung  Lu,  Hsu  Tung, 
and  Prince  Ching  are  appointed  peace  commissioners 
by  imperial  edict  to  negotiate  with  the  powers. 
September  8.— An  expedition  consisting  of  4,000  troops 


THE  DUKE  OF  ikBRUZZI. 

(Who  returned  in  September  from 
an  Arctic  expedition  in  which  he 
reached  a  point  slightly  nearer  the 
Pole  than  Nansen^s  "'farthest 
north.") 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS, 


409 


of  the  allies  leaves  Peking  for  Pao-Ting-Fu,  80  miles 
southwest. 

September  10.— Italy  proposes  the  evacuation  of  China 
by  the  powers  and  the  retetabli.shraent  of  the  present 
dynasty. 

September  12.— The  United  States  War  Department 
orders  that  supplies  be  not  sent  beyond  Tientsin,  in  an- 
tici|)ation  of  the  withdrawal  of  the  troops  from  Peking 

Great  Britain,  replying  to  Russia's  proposition  for 

the  withdrawal  of  troops  by  the  powers,  declines  to 
evacuate  Peking  prior  to  receiving  satisfactory  guaran- 
ties from  the  Chinese  authorities. 

September  17.— Prince  Ching  requests  the  powers  to 
instruct  their  ministers  in  Peking  to  begin  peace  nego- 
tiations immediately. 


August  28.— General  Buller^s  troops  occupy  Macha- 
dodorp,  Kriiger's  latest  capital. 

August  30. — Major  Leo  Rassieur,  of  St.  Louis,  is 
elected  commander-in-chief  of  the  G.  A.  R.  at  Chicago. 

September  1.— The  steamship  Deutschland  completes 
the  run  from  Cherbourg  to  Sandy  Hook  in  5  days,  12 
hours,  and  29  minutes. 

September  2.— Fifteen  persons  are  killed  and  42  in- 
jured by  a  collision  on  the  Bethlehem  (Pa.)  branch  of 

the  Philadelphia  &  Reading  Railway A  party  of 

Russians  ascends  the  Great  Ararat  Moimtain  in  Ar- 
menia. 

September  5.— The  annual  meeting  of  the  British  As- 
sociation (Science)  opens  at  Bradford. 

September  6.— The  Duke  of  Abruzzi's  polar  expedi- 


Pr<.f  Sir  William  Turner, 
•-esj.lcnt  of  the  British  Asso- 
ciation, 1900.) 


JoMph  LarmorjM.A.,  D.SC. 

(Mathematical  and  Phy&ical 

Science.) 


Prof.  W.  H.  Perkin. 
(Chemistry.) 


Dr.  R.  H.  Traqtuir. 
(Zoolo^.) 


Prof.  W.  J.  SollM. 
(Geology.) 


-  Rol-crtson.  K.C.S.I. 
I  Ocography.) 


Major  P.  G.  Craigie. 
(Economic  Science.) 


Sir  Alexander  R.  Binnic. 
(Mechanical  Science.) 


Prof.  John  Rhys. 
(Anthroimlog^y.) 


Prof.  Sydney  H.  Vines. 
(Botany.) 


PRESIDENTS  OP  TUB  BRITISH  ASSOCIATION  AND  SECTIONS,  SEVBNTIRTH  ANNUAL  MEETING,  BKADFOITD,  SEPTEMBER  6. 


OTHER  OCCURRENCES  OF  THE  MONTH. 

Au^u.st  22.— A  mob  at  Akron,  Ohio,  incensed  by  a 
noj^ro's  assault  upon  a  little  girl,  burns  the  City  Hall 
and  other  property. 

AuAcnst  24.— Lieut.  Hans  Cordua,  the  Boer  officer 
con%'ict^d  on  the  charge  of  conspiracy  and  violation  of 
his  parole  at  Pretoria,  is  shot  by  order  of  Lord  Roberts. 

AnKUst  25.— The  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  opens 
Uh  annual  encampment  at  Chicago. 

Aujcust  2»5.— Gen.  Bruce  Hamilton  captures  General 
Olivier,  of  the  Boer  army,  at  Winburg. 

Auii^st  27. — It  is  reported  from  India  that  the  natives 

are  dying  from  cholera  at  the  rate  of  3,000  a  week 

Three  ca«es  of  bubonic  plague  at  Glasgow  are  taken  in 

ohar^^e  by  the. medical  authorities General  Buller's 

troop»  capture  Bergendal,  a  strong  position  we.st  of 
Damanntha  Railway  Station. 


tion,  on  the  Stellar  Polarc,  pa.sses  Hammerfest,  Nor- 
way, on  its  return,  reporting  that  it  reached  a  point 
86.33  degrees  north. 

Septembers. — A  West  Indian  hurricane  does  fright- 
ful damage  along  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  the 
city  of  Galveston  is  inundated  ;  6,000  lives  are  lost ; 
property  to  the  value  of  $12,000,000  is  destroyed  ;  com- 
munication with  the  rest  of  the  world  is  cut  off  for  30 
hours :  5,000  families  are  rendered  shelterless  and 
destitute ;  damage  to  the  cotton  crop  is  estimated  at 
$:i,000,000. 

September  9.— The  steamship  Deutschland  arrives  at 
Plymouth,  England,  5  days,  7  hours,  and  38  minutes 
from  the  port  of  New  York. 

September  11.— President  Krliger,  of  the  South  Afri- 
can Republic,  arrives  at  Lourenzo  Marques. 
September  12.— A  general  strike  of  the  miners  in  the 


410 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REHEiy  OF  REVIEWS. 


anthracite  coal  regions  of  Pennsylvania  is  ordered  by 
President  John  Mitcliell,  of  the  United  Mine  Workers. 

September  13.— A  monument  to  the  memory  of  Gen. 
Henry  W.  Lawton  is  dedicated  at  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 

September  17.— The  strilce  of  the  coal  miners  in  the 
anthracite  district  of  Pennsylvania  begins  ;  more  than 
100,000  men  quit  work. . .  .Detachments  of  the  Fifteenth 
and  Thirty-seventh  Infantry  in  the  Philippines,  90  men 


TBE  LATE  PROF.  HENKY  SI DG WICK. 

(Of  Cambridge,  England.) 

all  told,  meet  a  force  of  1,000  Filipino  insurgents, 
armed  with  rifles  and  intrenched  ;  the  American  loss  is 
12  killed,  including  Capt.  David  D.  Mitchell,  of  the 
Fifteenth  Infantry,  26  wounded,  and  5  missing. 

OBITUARY. 

August  21.— Judge  Charles  H.  Berry,  of  Winona, 
Minn.,  77 Judge  John  Cromwell  Orrick,  of  Missouri. 

August  22.— Thomas  Faed,  the  British  artist,  74. . . . 
Carl  Rohl  Smith,  the  sculptor,  of  Washington,  D.  C. 

August  28.— Gen.  Gustave  Paul  Cluseret,  veteran  of 
the  Civil  War,  member  of  the  Paris  Commune. 

August  25.— Friedrich  Wilhelm  Nietzsche,  the  Ger- 
man philosopher,  56. 

August  26.— Rev.  Royal  H.  Pullman,  of  Baltimore, 
Md.,  a  leading  Universalist  clergyman,  74. 

August  29.— Prof.  Henry  Sidgwick,  of  Cambridge 
University,    England,   62 ... .  Lieutenant  -  Commander 


John  A.  Shearman,  U.S.X.,  commended  for  gallant 
conduct  during  the  Samoan  hurricane. 

August  81. — E.  S.  Washburn,  president  of  the  Kansas 

City,  Fort  Scott  &  Memphis  Railroad,  56 Sir  John 

Bennett  Lawes,  noted  for  his  discoveries  in  scientific 
farming,  86. 

September  8. — Ex-Grov.  L.  D.  Lewelling,  of  Kansas,  54. 

September  4.— Rev.  Erastus  Milo  Cravath,  one  of  the 
founders  and  for  many  years  president  of  Fisk  Uni- 
versity, Nashville,  Tenn.,  67. 

September  5.— Arthur  Sewall,  of  Maine,  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate  for  the  Vice-Presidency  in  1896,  65.... 
State  Controller  William  J.  Morgan,  of  New  York,  60. 

September  9. — Allan  Hay,  one  of  the  promoters  of  the 
West  Shore  Railroad,  88. 

September  10.— Col.  Inness  N.  Palmer,  U.S.A.  (re- 
tired), a  veteran  of  the  Mexican  and  Civil  wars. 

September   14. — Rear- Admiral    Montgomery  Sicard, 

U.S.N.,   64 Prof.   Thomas  Davidson,  a  well-known 

author  and  lecturer,  60. 


^^ 


DT8TR1BUTION  OF  AWARDS  AT  THB  PARIS  EXPOSITION. 

September  19. — Rev.  Father  Clarence  A.  Walworth, 
of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  80.... Dr.  Hunter  McGuire,  an  emi- 
nent surgeon  of  Richmond,  Va.,  65. 

September  20.— Gen.  John  A.  McClemand,  one  of  the 
Union  corps  commanders  in  the  Civil  War,  88. 


Sir  F.  M.  Durand. 
(Ambassador  to  Madrid.) 


Mr.  E.  C.  Phipps.  CD. 
(Minister  to  Brussels.) 


Sir  W.  Conynffhame  Greene. 
(Minister  to  Teheran.) 


Sir  Francis  Plunket. 
(Ambassador  to  Vienna.) 


Sir  Henry  M«Till.I>ert«.  Bl 
(Minister  to  Rio  de  JaaeiroJ 


FIVE  NEW  BRITISH  DIPLOMATIC  APPOINTMENTS. 


HOME   AND 
FOREIGN    POLITICS   IN 
CARICATURE. 


TUE  GOLDEN  CHARIOT.  -From  the  Plain  DccUer  (Cleveland). 


.A 
OETTiivo  READY  TO  FIRE.— From  the  Plain  Dealer  (Cleveland). 


412 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  RE^IEiVS. 


A  fiUUPRIBE  FOR  TOM. 

Tom  Reed  :  ''  B'goBh !  don't  seem  as  if  they  missed  me  a 
bit."— From  tlie  Journal  (Minneapolis). 


THE  HOLD-YOUR-NOSB-AND-VOTB  DEMOCRATS  ABB  READY. 

From  the  Journal  (Minneapolis). 

TH  E  pith  and  wit  of  the  American  political  cartoons 
on  this  page  and  the  one  facing  it  are  too  obvious 
to  require  comment.  The  Bryan  revival  meeting,  with 
the  returned  backsliders  on  the  front  benches,  will 
amuse  the  Democrats  quite  as  much  as  the  Republi- 
cans; while  "Bart's" selection  of  a  cabinet  for  Mr. 
Bryan  may  be  regarded  as  a  test  of  that  excellent  car^ 
toonist's  political  sagacity. 


m^ 


THE  ALLIED  EMPERORS. 

Si'LTAN  ofSulu:  "Certainly;  your  flag  shall  flutter  be 
side  mine  at  11,000  per  flutter." 

From  the  Timof-Demoerat  (New  OrleanB). 


THE  GERMAN  VOTER. 

He  emigrated  from  Germany  to  escape  imperlRliam  i 
militarism.    Ought  there  be  any  doubt  about  him  now  ? 
From  the  Verdict  (New  York). 


HOME  AND  FOREIGN  POLITICS  IN  CARICATURE. 


4ia 


'WHILE  THE  LAMP  HOLDS  OUT  TO  BURN,"  ETC. 

Bryah  :  "  All  who  again  see  the  true  political  light  will  please  rise  and  proclaim  it."— B*rom  the  Evening  News  (Detroit). 


BRYAN'S  CABINET  IN  SESSION. 

How  would  you  like  to  trust  the  country  to  an  administration  like  this?— From  the  Journal  (Jlinneapolls). 


414 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^/EIV  OF  REyiElVS. 


i^>^ 


IMPERIALISM. 

The  paramount  Issue  In  New  York. 
Prom  Harper's  WuMy  (New  York). 


DEMOCRATIC  IMPBRIAU8M. 

Government  without  the  consent  of  the  governed. 
From  the  Journal  (Minneapolis). 

The  assertiveness  of  Richard  Croker,  the  mler  of 
New  York  City  and  the  boss  of  Tammany^  is  a  very 
marked  feature  of  this  campaign  and  a  very  fit  subject 
of  caricature.  He  exercised  the  balance  of  power  in 
the  National  Democratic  Convention  at  Kansas  City, 
and  absolutely  controlled  the  New  York  State  Conven- 
tion at  Saratoga. 

Mr.  Bryan's  alleged  embarrassments,  growing  out  of 
the  conflict  of  issues,  continues  to  form  a  favorite  top- 
ic for  the  Republican  press,  as  reflected  in  several  car- 
toons on  the  opposite  page.  The  Democrats  in  turn 
charge  against  the  Republican  administration  a  home  al- 
liance with  trusts  and  a  foreign  alliance  with  England. 


■^^^^: 


THE  ADMINISTRATION'S  FOREIGN  POLICY. 

Follow  blindly  where  John  Bull  leads. 
From  the  Journal  (New  York). 


THE  SITUATION  IN  PENNSTLVAKIA. 

Hanna  :  ''  Tlie  question  of  Trusts  is  a  husinen  qnesUon. 
and  should  not  have  been  brought  into  politics  at  alL"* 
From  the  Journal  (New  York). 


HOME  AND  FOREIGN  POLITICS  IN  CARICATURE. 


415 


Oarl.  Schurz  :  '*  Mister,  don*t  you  want  to  buy  a  dog  ?  He^s 
tame  as  a  kitten  (if  you  keep  the  muzzle  on}.'* 

Uhclb  Sam  :  "  Carley,  you  may  not  know  It,  but  you're  an 
awfally  funny  feller."— From  the  Tribune  (MlnneapollB). 


:^^'0i0B!r^^*' 


*BE  8URK  YOU'RE  OFF  WITH  THE  OLD  LOVE  BEFORE  YOU'RE 

ON  WITH  THE  NEW."— From  the  Chronicle  (San  Franciflco). 


Thm  Gbout:  **Tell  me,  William,  what  Dems-Pop  was  it 
who  helped  ratify  me  ?  " 

Bryan:  "Why!  O  goodness!!  The-the-the—tut-tut— ba- 
ba-btt— It— was— me." 

The  Ohcwt  :  **  Then  you  are  SOME  to  blame,  aren't  you  ?  " 

Bryan  :  **  Ya-ya-ya— ye-ye-YES." 

From  the  Tribune  (Minneapoii,.). 


BUYAN :  ''  Say,  will  you  close  your  mouth  while  I  am  talking 
to  the  East  ?  "—From  the  Herald  (New  York). 


J 


410 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEIVS. 


SK  WA«»>  ArmAID 


\*intii!«  on  itriMCi^    wwiv^nf 

'MV  t  tv(trv«HMtt  K\\^  UltH%  vvf  |K^|mWr  it\>wmm«nt  to  ten 
MnUH'ti  of  tru'«%»  rtH^»ln*H^  i»r  »m  t  '•Imply  m  tnulisniArk  ^>r 


mK  TWO  TKODY  B008KTKLTS. 

To  be  Independent  of  Plau. 
To  punish  c«n»l  thieves. 
To  refuse  the  Vice- Presidency. 
He  hasn*t   been   independent   c? 
PlAtt, 
MTT    {    He  let  the  thieves  get  away. 

And  he*s  brealLinic  hi«  nr<  k  (or 
the  Vice-Presiden*  y. 

UBCAr»K  HE'S  Arit.\iD  OF  FLATT. 

Fn^oi  the  Yttr^iiei  (Nevr  York*. 


PORTRAIT  or  HIS  MAJB8TT  WILLIAM  11.  IN  THE  ROLB  OF  CIVILIZBB.— From  Ii6  Oi  dc  Pari8  (PaHs). 


THK   MAIl-TO  FIOT  OF  THE  EMPKROR  AND  ITS  LONG  THRUST.        '^^  GERMAN  EMPEROR'S  SPEECH  TO  THE  TROOPS  RECALLS 
'  ATTILAS  APPEAL  TO  HIS  HUNS. 

A  recent  German  cartoon.  From  Floh  (Vienna) . 


418 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


THE  TROUBLKS  OF  A  BULEU  OF  AFRICA  AMD  ASIA.  -From  the  Amsttrdammer, 


INTERNATIONAL  CARABINEERS  WHO  ALWAYS  ARRIVE  TOO 
LATE  TO  SAVE  THEIR  OWN  PEOPLE. 

From  La  Silhouette  (Paris). 


AN  INDIAN  VIEW  OF  THE  8ITUATIOK. 

EUROPA  (to  Chinese  Emperor):    **If  you  c&n^t  pot  ;ti8r 
foot  down  on  him,  I  will !  *♦— From  the  Hindi  Punch. 


HOME  j4ND  foreign  POLITICS  IN  CARICATURE. 


419 


aoiNO  TO  STAY  A  WHiLB.-From  the  Evening  NevDS  (Detroit). 


The  new  diplomatic  phases  of  the  Chinese  problem 
have  interested  cartoonists,  during  the  past  month,  in 
America  as  well  as  in  Europe.  The  association  of  the 
United  States  with  the  European  powers  in  military 
and  diplomatic  adventures  in  the  heart  of  the  ancient 
Asiatic  empire  might  well  inspire  the  pencils  of  our 
clever  cartoonists  to  their  most  telling  work.  The  two 
reproductions  on  this  page  are  from  drawings  made  for 
the  Evening  News  of  Detroit  by 
an  artist  whose  humor  and  abil- 
ity speak  for  themselves,  and  an- 
other of  whose  cartoons  relating 
to  American  politics  will  be 
found  on  page  413.  The  baggage- 
wagon  with  the  big  trunks  at 
the  door  of  China  indicates  the 
purpose  of  the  unwelcome  for- 
eign gaests  to  spend  the  winter, 
at  least.  Since  this  cartoon  was 
drawn,  however,  Uncle  Sam  has 
shown  a  very  decided  disposition 
to  curtail  his  stay  at  Peking  ;  and 
for  this  let  us  all  be  thankfuL 
The  smaller  cartoon  on  this  page 
relates  to  a  matter  about  which 
not  nearly  enough  has  been  said. 
At  the  capture  of  Tientsin  by  the 
adied  armies,  the  soldiers  of  all 
nations  were  permitted  to  exer- 
cise the  medieval  military  privi- 
lege of  looting  private  property. 
By  common  consent,  for  a  day  or 
two  the  soldiery  of  the  great  na- 
tions of  Christendom,  sent  to 
China  to  rescue  missionaries  and 


uphold  a  higher  civilization,  became  thieves  and  plun- 
derers. Authentic  descriptions  of  the  looting  of  Tien- 
tsin are  enough  to  provoke  a  unanimous  moral  indigna- 
tion meeting  in  Sing  Sing  Prison.  Uncle  Sam  had  to 
join  Europe  in  the  march  to  Peking,  but  he  will  not  be 
excusable  if  he  stays  very  long  in  that  sort  of  company. 
We  believe  it  to  be  true  that  our  soldiers  took  no  lead- 
ing part  in  the  carnival  of  plunder  at  Tientsin. 


NEW  IN  THE  BUSINESS. 


Uncle  Sam  :  "  I'm  afraid  some  one  will  see  me  doing  this." 

The  Othrks  :'*  Don't  get  nervous,  uncle ;  you'll  get  used  to  It  if  you  keep  on  trav- 
eling  with  us."— From  the  Evening  News  (Detroit). 


MR.  STEVENSON,  THE  DEMOCRATIC  CANDIDATE 

FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT. 

BY  THE  HON.  JAMES  S.   EWING. 
(Formerly   United  States  Minister  to  Belgium.) 


LAMARTINE  said,  '^From  the  Gracchi  to 
Mirabeau  and  Jefferson,  the  greatest  friends 
of  the  people  have  sprung  up  from  the  ranks  of 
the  patricians." 


HON.  ADLAI  K.  STEVENSON,  OF  ILLINOIS. 

(Democratic  and  Populist  nominee  for  the  Vice- Presidency.) 

Tliis  is  epigramniatic,  but  it  is  not  true.  The 
()'(V)nors,  Garrisons,  Lincolns,  and  Bryans  have 
not  sprung  from  the  ranks  of  noble  birth,  but 
from  the  ranks  of  the  people — ''the  plain  peo- 
ple," as  Mr.  Lincoln  called  tliem.  The  man  who 
aspires  to  be  a  leader  of  the  people  must  know 
the  people  ;  must  know  their  wants  and  needs  ; 
their  modes  of  thinking  and  living  ;  their  aspira- 
tions and  hopes  ;  their  economic  and  ])oliticaI 
ccniditions  ;  and  he  nmst  be  in  honest  sympathy 
with  them.  This  knowledge  and  sympathy  is 
not  acquired  ;  it  is  largely  inherited — the  growth 
of  generations,  inbred  into  the  warp  and  woof 
uf  a  generous  nature.  Then  the  product  is  the 
genius  of  Icadersliip.      It  is  for  this  rea.son  the 


public  love  to  know  the  ancestry,  the  youth,  the 
private  life,  and  the  personal  characteristics  of  i 
public  man. 

The  line  between  eulogy  and  biography  is  not 
always  clearly  discernible.  This  sketch  is  neither 
biography  nor  eulogy,  but  an  attempt  to  give  to 
the  public  an  estimate  of  the  personality  and  po- 
litical characteristics  of  the  Democratic  candidate 
for  the  Vice -Presidency. 

Adlai  Ewing  Stevenson  is  the  son  of  John 
Turner  Stevenson  and  Eliza  Ewing.  The  Sle- 
vensons  and  the  Ewings  ^yere  neighbors  in  Ire- 
land back  in  the  eighteenth  century.  Both 
families  were  Scotch  Presbyterians.  The  tro 
families  emigrated  to  America  at  the  same  time, 
and  were  again  neighbors  in  North  Carohna. 
Here  they  were  called  Scotch -Irish.  The  Pres- 
byterianism  went  without  saying.  In  1814  ti» 
Stevenson s  and  Ewings  again  emigrated  from 
Iredell  County,  North  Carolina,  to  Christiin 
County,  Kentucky,  and  again  became  neighbors. 
Here  tlie  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born,  Oc- 
tober 23,  1835. 

When  he  was  sixteen  years  old,  he  came  with 
his  parents  to  Bloomington,  111.  From  thil 
day  I  have  known  him  in  the  most  intimate 
relations  of  life  :  as  a  boy  working  in  the  field 
and  in  the  mill  ;  at  school,  at  college  ;  as  a  kw 
student,  as  a  lawyer,  as  a  politician  ;  as  a  son. 
brothei-,  husband,  and  father ;  in  private  Ufe 
and  in  high  office  ;  and  I  can  say  truthfully,  thau 
in  all  tliese  relations,  he  has  met  and  discharged 
their  obligations  bravely,  faithfully,  and  fully. 

Mr.  Stevenson  prepared  liimself  for  college  al 
the  Illinois  Wesleyan  University,  then  in  its 
infancy,  and  completed  his  collegiate  course  at 
Center  College,  in  Danville,  Ky.  While  at  this 
school  he  met  the  lady  who  afterwards  became 
his  wife.  Miss  Letitia  Green,  daughter  of  the 
president  of  the  college.  He  was  admitted  tc> 
the  bar  in  1858.  and  commenced  its  practice  in 
AVoodford  County,  Illinois. 

The  first  ten  years  of  his  professional  life  was 
spent  in  that  judicial  circuit.  His  ability  and 
industry  met  almost  immediate  recognition.  H*' 
was  appointed  master  in  chancery,  which  oflSc^ 
he  held  for  two  years.  He  was  then  elecK««i 
prosecuting  attorney  for  the  district,  which  ofl5c« 


MR.  STEVENSON,  DEMOCRATIC  CANDIDATE  FOR  yiCE-PRESIDENT      421 


he  held  until  his  removal  to  Bloom iiigton,  in 
1 868.  During  the  Woodford  County  decade  there 
were  great  lawyers  in  attendance  upon  that  bar, 
among  whom  Robert  tr.  Tngersoll,  Judge  Samuel 
Li.  Richmond,  Mark  Bangs,  Judge  John  Burns, 
Hon.  Clark  Ingersoll,  and  Judge  Thomas  M.  Shaw 
were  prominent.  Mr.  Stevenson  made  lifelong 
friends  of  these  men.  His  training  there,  botli 
legal  and  political,  was  invaluable.  In  1868  Mr. 
Stevenson  formed  a  law  partnership  with  the 
writer  of  this  sketch,  which  continued  until  after 
his  election  as  Vice-President  of  the  United  States 
in  1892 — just  a  quarter  of  a  century. 

AS    A    LAWYER. 

His  law  practice  was  extensive,  both  as  to  tlio 
number  and  the  character  of  the  suits  tried.  A 
country  lawyer  cannot  select  his  practice.  Ho 
cannot  lx»  a  specialist.  He  must  be  prepared  to 
try  an  ejectment  suit  one  day,  a  chancery  suit 
the  next,  a  criminal  case  the  next  or  the  same 
<iay.  In  this  rough-and-tumble  law  practice,  at 
home  or  on  the  circuit,  he  must  be  familiar  witli 
all  branches  of  the  law,  and  prepared  to  try  all 
kinds  of  cases.  Mr.  Stevenson's  practice  ex- 
tended to  tlie  surrounding  counties  in  central  Il- 
linois, to  the  United  States  district  and  circuit 
courts,  and  to  the  State  appellate  and  supreme 
courts.  The  cases  tried  were  not  always  of  great 
importance,  but  many  of  them  were,  and  the 
r  J  nest  ions  involved  oftentimes  new  and  intricate. 
Mr.  Stevenson's  success  at  the  bar  was  marked. 
As  an  advocate  ho  had  few  equals.  He  knew 
the  strong  and  weak  pioints  in  a  case  intuitively, 
prepared  his  cases,  and  tried 
thein  well.  He  was  always 
courteous  to  the  court  and 
rnemi)ers  of  the  bar,  and 
had  I  ho  respect  and  good- 
will of  every  lawyer  with 
or  against  whom  he  ever 
trie<l  a  case.  Mr.  Steven- 
son's knowledge  of  the  law 
is  philosophic  ;  that  is  to 
say.  he  knows  it  as  a  system 
w^hose  rules  are  founded  on 
reason,  and  whose  purpose 
is  the  conservation  of  prop- 
erty and  personal  rights. 
His  legal  education  has 
largely  inspired  and  colored 
his  political  convictions. 


IN    ILLINOIS    POLITICS. 

A  Democrat  by  heredity, 
by  disposition,  by  natural 
impulse,  loyalty  to  his  par- 
ty has  been  a  pleasure  rather 


than  a  duty.  In  early  life  the  friend  of  Stephen 
A.  Douglas,  he  canvassed  the  State  for  him  in 
the  great  contest  of  1860.  He  was  an  elector 
on  the  McClellan  ticket  in  1864.  In  1874  he 
was  elected  to  Congress  in  a  district  which  had 
hitherto  given  3,000  Republican  majority.  In 
this  (the  Forty- fourth)  Congress,  he  served  on 
the  (Committees  on  Territories  and  the  District 
of  Columbia.  In  1876  he  was  defeated  ;  his  op- 
ponent being  elected  by  a  majority  of  242,  while 
the  district  gave  Mr.  Hayes,  for  President,  a 
majority  of  2,000.  In  1878  he  was  again  elected 
by  a  majority  of  1,812.  In  his  political  contests 
he  has  always  commanded  much  more  than  his 
party  strength.  The  Republicans  of  McLean 
County  have  twice  honored  him  with  non-par- 
tisan receptions  ;  and  I  doubt  if  any  public  man 
of  this  day  has  more  warm  personal  friends  in 
the  ranks  of  his  political  opponents.  This  does 
not  arise  from  timidity  of  opinion  or  mildness  of 
expression.  P^ew  men  have  firmer  political  con- 
victions, or  in  a  greater  degree  the  courage  of 
them.  Hut  it  is  attributable,  1  think,  rather  to 
the  fact  that  in  all  controversies  the  contest  has 
risen  to  the  high  level  of  the  question  itself, 
while  all  personalities  and  coarseness  were  left  in 
the  valley  below. 

IX    THE    FIRST    CLEVELAND    ADMINISTRATION. 

Mr.  Stevenson  came  into  national  prominence 
after  his  assumption  of  the  duties  of  the  office  of 
first  assistant  postmaster  -  general  under  Mr. 
Cleveland's  first  administration.  To  understand 
why  any  particular  importance  should  attach  to 


.^**- 


urtfflifu- ■  ■ 


RKSfDENCK  OF  HON.  ADLAI  K.  STEVENSON,  AT  BLOOMINGTON*  ILL. 


422 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REWIEIVS. 


MB.  STEVENSON  AT  THIRTY 
YEARS  OF  AGE. 


a  man  holding  such  a  position  as  this,  we  must 
revert  to  the  circumstances  and  political  condi- 
tions of  the  time.  When  Mr.  Cleveland  was 
elected  in  1884,  and  the  Democrats  came  into 
power  after  a  political  vacation  of  a  quarter  of  a 
century,  their  joy  knew  no  reasonable  bounds. 
For  almost  a  lifetime  they  had  wandered  in  the 
wilderness  of  de- 
feat. They  had  now 
passed  through  the 
valley  of  humilia- 
tion to  the  moun- 
tain of  triumph . 
All  along  the  line 
they  were  singing 
the  song  that  Miri- 
am sang.  To  them 
there  was  something 
miraculous  in  their 
deliverance.  T  o  - 
wards  Mr.  Cleve- 
land their  feelings 
were  of  mingled 
gratitude,  love,  and 
admiration  —  grati- 
tude, love,  and  admiration  that  were  not  ex- 
hausted by  the  sacrifices  of  three  Presidential 
campaigns.  To  him  they  gave  the  gift  of  their 
splendid  loyalty  and  more  than  Jewish  faith. 
Then,  in  the  very  crowning  of  their  rejoicing, 
came  Mr.  Cleveland's  civil -service  message,  and 
there  were  whisperings  that  after  all  there  was 
to  be  no  fruitage  to  their  victory  ;  that  the  Re- 
publicans were  to  retain  the  offices — at  least  the 
smaller  and  more  numerous  ones  ;  especially  the 
post-offices,  about  the  only  **  outward  and  visible 
sign"  the  people  oversee  of  a  federal  govern- 
ment. 

And  so  it  came  to  pass,  that  the  first  assistant 
postmaster-general,  wlio  had  the  disbursement  of 
40,000  post-offices,  became  an  object  of  the  great- 
est anxiety.  AVho  would  he  be?  AVhat  could 
he  do  ?  Mr.  Stevenson,  I  think,  understood  this 
feeling  better  than  Mr.  Cleveland,  and  realized 
what  a  political  blunder  it  would  be  to  disappoint 
the  universal  expectations  of  Ills  party.  And 
.<o,  wlien  the  axe  began  to  fall,  the  hearts  of  the 
Democrats  went  out  to  him  until  he  became  the 
heir  to  what  was  left  of  the  gratitude,  love,  and 
faith  not  already  given  to  Mr.  Cleveland.  The 
duties  of  this  office  brought  him  in  personal 
contact  and  acquaintanceship  with  the  public 
men  <jf  every  State  an<l  of  every  Congressional 
distiict,  Republicans  as  well  as  Democrats.  He 
studied  and  came  to  know  the  political  condi- 
tions of  every  State — the  men  who  dominated 
their  politics  ;  tln^  insi<le  of  the  contests  for  su- 
premacy ;    the  men  wlio  could    be   trusted   and 


those  who  could  not.  Few  public  men  know 
intimately  so  many  of  tlie  political  leaders  of  the 
day  as  Mr.  Stevenson. 

From  the  settlement  of  the  slavery  question 
to  the  present  campaign,  there  have  been  no 
questions  agitating  the  American  people  involv- 
ing a  sentiment  appealing  to  the  nation's  con- 
science. Politics  has  been  along  the  lines  of 
economic  questions.  On  these  questions,  Mr. 
Stevenson  has  usually  been  in  accord  with  the 
position  taken  by  his  party. 

Believing  that  a  * '  tariff  for  protection  '*  is  class 
legislation  of  the  worst  sort — that  it  is  in  the 
interest  of  the  few  at  the  expense  of  the  many ; 
that  it  is  unequal  and  unconstitutional  legis- 
lation ;  that  its  tendency  is  to  enrich  the  few 
and  impoverish  the  many  ;  that  it  makes  possible 
gigantic  monopolies  and  trusts, — he  has  antago- 
nized tlie  doctrine  at  all  times.  Believing  there 
was  safety  in  economy,  he  has  always  advocated 
an  economic  expenditure  of  the  people's  money. 
Believing  that  submission  even  to  wrong  was 
better  than  civil  war,  he  voted  for  and  advocated, 
as  a  member  of  Congress,  the  law  creating  the 
electoral  commission  to  determine  the  dangerous 
question  of  the  Presidential  succession  in  1877. 

POSITION    ON    THE    SILVEK    QUESTION. 

Mr.  Stevenson  is  a  bimetallist.  He  believes 
that  gold  and  silver  should  both  be  used  as  cir- 


MR.  STEVENSON  AT  EIOHTESN. 

dilating  mediums,  and  that  there  should  be  no 
unjust  discrimination  for  or  against  either,  in 
the  interest  of  any  class  or  section.  In  the 
campaign  of  1892  there  was  a  singular  unanimity 
of  political  opinion  upon  this  subject.  The  plat- 
forms of  the  two  great  political  parties  were  on 
this  pomt  almost  identical.     The  letters  of  ac- 


MR.  STEVENSON,  DEMOCRATIC  CANDIDATE  FOR  ^ICE- PRESIDENT.     423 


ceptance  of  Mr.  Cleveland  and  General  Harrison 
indicated  no  substantial  difference  of  opinion, 
and  Mr.  Stevenson  found  himself  in  accord,  not 
only  with  his  own  party  in  their  platform  adopted 
at  Chicago,  but  with  the  platform  adopted  at 
Minneapolis,  on  the  currency  question. 

The  declaration  of  the  Democratic  party  was  : 

We  hold  to  the  use  of  hoth  gold  and  silver  as  the 
standard  money  of  the  country,  and  to  the  coinage  of 
both  gold  and  silver,  without  discriminating  against 
either  metal  or  charge  for  mintage  ;  but  the  dollar  unit 
of  coinage  of  both  metals  must  be  of  equal  intrinsic  and 
exchangeable  value  or  be  adjusted  through  intema- 
tional  agreement  or  by  such  safeguards  of  legislation 
as  shall  insure  the  parity  of  the  two  metals  and  the 
equal  power  of  every  dollar,  at  all  times,  in  the  markets 
and  in  the  payment  of  debt,  and  we  demand  that  all 
paper  currency  shall  be  kept  at  par  with  the  redeemable 
in  such  coin. 

Mr.  Stevenson,  in  his  letter  of  acceptance, 
said  : 

To  this  plain  and  unequivocal  declaration  in  favor  of 
K>und,  honest  money  I  subscribe  without  reservation 
or  qualification.  A  safe  circulating  medium  is  abso- 
lutely essential  to  the  protection  of  the  business  inter- 
ests of  our  country,  while  to  the  wage-earner  or  the 
farmer  it  is  all  important  that  every  dollar,  whatever 
its  form,  that  finds  its  way  into  his  pocket  shall  be  of 
equal,  unquestioned,  and  universally  exchangeable 
value  and  of  equal  purchasing  power. 

As  a  member  of  the  commission  appointed  by 
President  McKinley  to  secure  an  adjustment, 
through  international  agreement,  of  the  currency 
differences,  Mr.  Stevenson  gave  his  earnest,  hon- 
est, and  sincere  efforts  to  accomplish  what  he 
l)elieved  was  the  real  honest  purpose  of  the  com- 
mission, and  was  in  complete  sympathy  with  the 
movement. 

AS  VICE-PRESIDENT    IN    CLEVELAND'S    SECOND  TERM. 

Mr.  Stevenson  was  a  delegate  to  the  National 
Democratic  Convention  in  1892,  and  chairman 
of  the  Illinois  delegation.  lie  was  an  earnest 
advocate  of  Mr.  Cleveland's  nomination,  and  cast 
the  forty-eight  votes  of  Illinois  for  him.  When 
Mr.  Cleveland  was  finally  nominated,  after  an 
exciting  all-night  session,  the  convention  took  a 
recess.  Upon  reassembling,  the  remaining  busi- 
ness was  the  selection  of  a  candidate  for  the  V^ice- 
Presidency.  By  unanimous  vote  of  the  Illinois 
delegation,  Mr.  Stevenson's  name  was  proposed. 
This,  seconded  by  New  York,  secured  his  nomi- 
nation over  three  distinguished  competitors  on 
the  first  ballot.  As  the  candidate  of  his  party 
he  made  speeches  in  most  of  the  doubtful  States. 
The  relations  existing  between  Mr.  Cleveland 
and  himself  were  of  the  most  cordial  character. 
They  were  in  frequent  consultation  during  the 
canvass,    which   resulted   in    an    overwhelming 


^^B^l^^ 

1 

1 

1 

^^1 

E 

1 

1 

w^^M 

J. 

^ 

w^^^^^uk 

H 

■  ^1 

P^^H 

P 

^H 

m^rn^ 

7 

*■ 

A 

m 

W^^^^^^^^^^^  * 

^ 

m 

^1 

MB.  BTBVKNSOIT  AND  GRANDCHILD. 

Democratic  victory — the  greatest  the  party  had 
known  since  the  election  of  Pierce  in  1852. 

How  well  the  duties  of  presiding  officer  of  the 
Senate  were  discharged  by  Mr.  Stevenson,  is  a 
matter  of  history.  In  only  two  instances  were 
appeals  taken  from  his  decisions,  in  both  of  which 
his  rulings  were  sustained  by  the  Senate.  Upon 
his  retirement.  Senators  of  all  parties  gave  ex- 
pression of  their  appreciation  of  the  dignified  and 
impartial  manner  in  which  he  had  discharged 
the  delicate  duties  of  the  great  office. 

MR.  Stevenson's  views  on  the  issues  of  1900. 

The  nomination  of  Mr.  Stevenson  by  the  late 
Kansas  City  Convention  was  unsought.  He  was 
not  in  attendance  upon  the  convention,  and  was 
in  no  sense  a  candidate. 

Mr.  Stevenson,  like  Mr.  Hill,  is  *'a  Demo- 
crat" with  all  the  term  implies  in  its  best  sense. 
He  has  confidence  in  the  ability  of  the  people  of 
the  United  States  to  govern  themselves.  He 
believes  in  the  fullest  liberty  to  the  individual 
consistent  with  public  safety.  He  believes  that 
political  power  goes  up  from  the  people  and  not 
down  to  them  ;  that  a  republic  cannot,  from  its 
very  nature,  be  a  colonizing  power  ;  that  free 


424 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^IEiy  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


men  cannot  hold  other  men  in  subjection.  He 
believes  that,  if  we  do  not  want  the  inhabitants 
of  any  other  country  for  fellow-citizens,  we  have 
no  right  to  their  lands  ;  tliat  popular  severeignty 
is  not  the  subject  of  barter  and  sale.  He  is 
satisfied  that  the  warnings  and  teachings  of 
Washington,  Jefferson,  Madison,  and  Lincoln 
are  worth  considering  ;  that  the  Monroe  Doctrine 
is  worth  preserving ;  that  national  honor  is 
worth  more  than  Oriental  possessions,  and  that 
a  republic  is  better  than  an  empire. 

Mr.  Stevenson,  in  his  speech  of  acceptance 
at  Indianapolis,  August  8,  has  expressed  very 
clearly  his  views  on  this  issue,  as  follows  : 

If  ultimate  statehood  for  these  remote  islands— and 
others  yet  to  be  conquered — be  disclaimed,  how  then, 
are  they  to  be  held  and  governed  ?  The  only  alternative 
is  by  force — by  the  power  of  the  army  and  of  the  navy  ; 
and  tl^is  is  not  for  a  day  or  for  a  year,  but  for  time. 
What  then  becomes  of  the  l)edrock  principle,  that 
**  governments  derive  their  ju^t  powers  from  the  con- 
sent of  the  governed  ? "  If  they  are  to  be  held  perma- 
nently  as  conquered  provinces,  it  will  not  be  only  out- 
side of  the  Constitution,  but  in  direct  antagonism  to 
the  letter  and  spirit  of  our  Declaration  of  Independence. 
It  is  no  less  true  now,  than  in  the  days  of  our  Revolu- 
tion, that  ''government  by  arbitrary  power  is  still 
despotism."  The  attempt,  then,  either  to  give  these 
people  American  citizenship  or  to  hold  them  as  sub- 
jects is,  to  us,  fraught  alike  with  peril.  Should  there 
not  be  an  immediate  declaration  by  our  government  of 
its  purpose  toward  them  ?  They  should  be  given  un- 
mistakable-assurance of  independence.  Protection  by 
our  government  should  not  now  be  withheld  against 
outside  interference. 

The  same  protection  should  be  theirs  heretofore 
extended  to  the  little  states  of  Central  and  South 
America.  Under  existing  conditions,  there  should  be 
no  hesitation  upon  our  part  in  giving  them  protection 
against  the  cupidity  or  aggressive  spirit  of  other  na 
tions.  All  this,  not  to  the  end  of  subjugation  or  of 
conquest  upon  our  part,  but  to  that  of  the  full  enjoy- 
ment by  them  of  liberty  and  of  the  ultimate  establish- 
ment of  stable  government  fashioned  by  their  own 
hands.  Against  this  policy  stands  imperialism.  In 
American  politics  the  word  is  new ;  fortunately,  the 
policy  is  new.  We  are  to-day  becoming  familiar  with 
its  meaning,  with  its  forebodings ;  and  the  end  is  not 
yet.  It  means  a  permanent  departure  from  all  the 
traditions  of  the  past,  from  the  high  ideals  of  the 
founders  of  the  republic.  It  abrogates  the  holding  of 
our  great  court  that  the  Declaration  of  Independence  is 
the  spirit  of  the  government,  the  Constitution  but  its 
form  and  letter. 

Imperialism  knows  nothing  of  limitations  of  power. 
It«  rule  is  outside  the  Constitution.  It  means  the  estab- 
lishment, by  the  American  republic,  of  the  colonial 


methods  of  European  monarchies.  It  means  the  right  to 
hold  alien  people  as  subjects.  It  enthrones  force  as  the 
controlling  agency  in  government.  It  means  the  empire. 
As  a  necessary  corollary  to  imperialism  will  come 
the  immense  standing  army.  The  dead  hand  of  mili- 
tarism will  be  felt  in  the  New  World  as  it  Is  in  the  Old. 
The  strong  arm  of  power  will  be  substituted  for  the 
peaceable  agencies  which  for  more  than  a  century  have 
made  our  people  contented  and  happy. 

Mr.  Stevenson  is  not  an  untried  public  ser- 
vant. His  large  experience  and  knowledge  of 
public  affairs,  his  natural  conservatism  and  patri- 
otic desire  for  the  good  of  the  whole  people,  fur- 
nish a  pledge  that  whatsoever  influence  the  pre- 
siding officer  qf  the  Senate  may  have  in  shaping 
the  policy  of  an  administration  will  be  in  the  di- 
rection of  conserving  those  things  that  make 
for  the  good  of  the  republic.  He  is  the  second 
in  command  of  one  of  the  armies  now  forming  in 
battle  line  for  the  great  contest  of  1 900. 

A  Presidential  campaign,  rightly  considered, 
is  a  splendid  spectacle.  It  is  the  returning  into 
tlie  hands  of  the  people  the  political  power  which, 
for  a  season,  has  been  intrusted  to  their  servants. 
It  is  the  public  acknowledgment  that  all  civic 
power  is  inherent  in  the  people,  whose  rulers  are 
servants  and  not  masters.  It  emphasizes  tbe 
difference  between  a  republic  and  an  empire. 
And,  whatever  the  result,  the  victor  takes  h:^ 
commission  from  a  nation  of  free  men,  and  \h^ 
vanquished  bow  to  the  popular  will. 

In  this  present  contest,  all  Democrats,  ai* 
Independents,  and  many  Republicans  believe 
to  be  involved,  issues  vital  to  the  welfare  of  the 
republic.  The  prizes  are  well  worthy  the  con- 
testants. On  the  one  hand,  expanding  empire. 
world  markets,  multiplied  trade,  commercial 
supremacy,  colonial  possessions,  Oriental  con- 
quests, and  a  place  among  the  powers  of  the 
earth.  On  the  other,  the  preservation  of  the 
republic  pure  and  simple,  keeping  its  founda 
tions  on  the  solid  rock  of  absolute  political  and 
legal  equality,  continuing  it  a  government  with- 
out a  king,  or  cast,  or  pride  of  birth  ;  where  no 
man  is  master,  where  there  is  no  royal  road  to 
distinction,  and  where  honest  worth  is  better 
than  coronet  or  patent  of  nobility. 

However  this  battle  royal  may  result,  patriot? 
of  all  parties  will  hope  that  out  of  it  all  may  come 
a  renewed  patriotism,  a  firmer  love  of  liberty,  a 
more  unselfish  public  service,  and  a  more  stain- 
less public  honor. 


A  GREAT  LAWYER  AND   HIS   CAREER: 

A  CHARACTER  SKETCH  OF  THE  LATE  LORD  CHIEF  JUSTICE 

OF  ENGLAND. 

BY    W.    T.     STEAD 


THE  death  of  Lord  Russell  of  Killowen 
brought  forcibly  to  mind  the  characteris- 
tics of  one  of  the  best- known  men  in  the  British 
empire.  But  to  how  many,  I  wonder,  has  the 
contemplation  of  the  career  of  the  Lord  Chief 
Justice  suggested  the  obvious  remark  that  it  is 
about  time  the  public  readjusted  its  conventional 
conception  of  the  Irish  character  ?  In  the  last 
ten  years,  two  great  Irishmen  occupied  foremost 
positions  in  the  arena  of  British  law  and  British 
politics.  No  two  men  differed  more  absolutely 
than  Charles  Parnell  and  Charles  Russell  ;  but 
both  of  them  agreed  in  tliis  :  that,  although  they 
were  the  foremost  Irishmen  of  their  time,  neither 
of  them  had  even  the  faintest  resemblance  to  the 
typical  Irishman  of  the  English  populace. 

TWO    NOTABLE    IRISHMEN. 

Charles  Parnell,  silent,  austere,  commanding 
the  obedience  rather  than  inspiring  the  love  of 
his  well -disciplined  legions,  was  the  very  antithe- 
sis of  the  Irishman  of  popular  fiction  and  of  the 
stage.  Cold  in  aspect,  more  reserved  than  the 
conventional  Englishman  of  Continental  carica- 
ture, without  even  a  gleam  of  humor  in  his  eye 
or  a  flash  of  wit  upon  his  tongue,  Mr.  Parnell  was 
nevertheless,  as  much  as  O'Connell  ever  had  been, 
the  uncrowned  King  of  Ireland. 

Charles  Russell,  a  man  genial,  full  of  bonhomie, 
constantly  mingling  on  equal  terms  with  all  sorts 
and  conditions  of  men — a  man  who  never  moved 
his  lips  from  the  beaker  of  life  until  the  vessel 
broke  in  his  eager  grasp — was  quite  as  little  of  a 
stage  Irishman  as  Mr.  Parnell.  He  was  not  de- 
void of  humor  ;  but  he  was  totally  devoid  of  the 
rollicking  carelessness  with  which  the  idle  Celt 
confronts  the  world  and  its  cares.  The  tributes 
paid  to  him  at  his  death  by  the  bench,  the  bar, 
and  the  press  concur  in  attributing  to  him  just 
those  qualities  on  which  the  English  particularly 
pride  themselves.  He  stands  before  us  the  typical 
Chief  Justice  of  England,  a  splendid  figure  of  a 
man — stately,  dignified,  a  worthy  personification 
of  Themis  ;  a  terror  to  evil-doers,  a  praise  to 
them  that  do  well.  His  magnificent  power  of 
concentration,  his  unwearying  industry,  his  im- 
patience of  rhetoric,  his  direct  thrust  to  the  very 


THE  LATE  LOUD  RU68BLL. 

(From  a  photograph  of  the  famous  portrait  by  the  Ameri- 
can artist,  J.  S.  Sargent,  that  appeared  in  this  yearns  London 
Academy.)— 27ie  Illustrated  London  Netcf, 

heart  of  things,  his  intense  practicality, — all  the 
traits  which  the  English  most  desire  to  see  in 
their  great  judges  were  embodied  in  Charles  Rus- 
sell. 

*'80    ENGLISH,    YOU    KNOW." 

Yet  he,  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  England, 
was  not  an  Englishman.  He  was  not  even  a 
Scotchman.  He  was  an  Irishman  through  and 
through — Irish  in  birth,  Irish  in  descent,  Irish 
in  politics,  and  Irish  in  religion.  But  for  thirty 
years  Russell  was  almost  as  supreme  m  the  Eng- 
lish bar  as  Parnell  was  over  the  Nationalists  of 
Ireland. 

The  conceit  of  race,  which  so  often  makes 
Englishmen  disagreeable  to  their  fellow -subjects, 


426 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REf^IEl^  OF  REVIEWS. 


is  proof  against  all  argument.  It  will  be  affected 
AS  little  by  the  demonstrated  superiority  of  Charles 
Russell  at  the  bar  as  by  that  of  another  Irishman, 
Lord  Roberts,  in  the  field.  But  it  may  be  hoped 
that  the  swelled -head  edness  of  the  Englishman 
may  be  somewhat  abated  by  the  fact  that  of  late  he 
has  been  as  conspicuously  outclassed  both  in  peace 
and  in  war  by  the  representatives  of  the  race 
whose  claim  to  the  right  to  manage  their  own 
affaire  he  still  contemptuously  ignores. 

HIS    EARLY    CAREER. 

It  was  no  small  achievement  for  the  Irish 
solicitor,  who,  at  the  prompting  of  the  young 
iind  ambitious  lady  who  afterwards  became  his 
wife,  burned  his  boats  in  Ireland  and  came  to 
England  without  friends  or  influence  of  any 
kind,  to  push  his  way  in  a  strange  land.  Born 
4it  Newry  in  1832,  when  eighteen  years  old  he 
gained  the  prize  for  an  essay  on  **  The  Age  We 
Live  In  :  Its  Tendencies  and  Its  Exigencies." 
He  was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
then  articled  as  attorney's  clerk  in  Belfast.  He 
soon  afterwards  decided  to  go  to  London  and  try 
his  fortune.  While  still  studying  law  and  mak- 
ing a  living  by  desultory  journalism,  he  married, 
in  1858,  Miss  Mulholland — a  step  which  had 
everything  to  do  with  his  success  and  happiness 
in  life. 

Long  after  he  had  attained  the  summit  of  his 
career,  Lord  Russell  contributed  to  a  London  mag- 
azine a  paper  on  «*  The  Bar  as  a  Profession,"  in 
which  he  gave  the  world  the  benefit  of  his  wide 
and  varied  experience. 

HIS    STUDIES    FOR    THE    BAR. 

He  advised  every  one  who  aspired  to  the  bar 
to  regard  a  career  in  Parliament  and  on  the 
l)ench  as  the  legitimate  outcome  of  the  success 
they  set  out  to  gain.  *  *  All  who  can  ought  to 
have  University  training  and  a  University  de- 
gree ;  and  those  who  are  not  able  to  obtain  these 
advantages  will  find  the  want  of  them,  in  a 
ffieater  or  less  degree,  throughout  their  public 
liv^s." 

After  leaving  the  University,  a  year  spent  in 
a  solicitor's  office  is  almost  indispensable  and 
most  useful.      Of  his  own  studies  he  said  : 

One  special  subject  in  reading  for  the  bar  I  would 
name— because,  in  my  experience,  I  have  found  it  in- 
valuable ;  and  that  is  a  study  of  the  Corpus  JuriSy  or 
the  body  of  the  Civil  I^aw.  I  had  the  signal  advantage 
of  being  a  student  in  the  days  when  the  late  Sir  Henry 
Maine  was  professor  of  civil  law  to  the  Inns  of  Court ; 
and  under  him,  as  in  University  classrooms,  we  read  no 
inconsiderable  part  of  the  civil  law.  After  all,  a  great 
body  of  our  law  finds  its  source  in  the  Roman  law ;  and 
in  the  Corpus  Juris  law  is  systematized  in  a  way  for 
which  our  English  law  has  no  parallel.    Its  reading 


gives  to  the  attentive  student  a  knowledge  and  a  grasp 
of  principle,  hardly  otherwise  attainable,  which  he  will 
always  find  useful  throughout  his  life. 

What,  he  asks,  are  the  considerations  which 
should  determine  the  choice  of  the  bar  as  a  pro- 
fession ?  He  replies — a  love  of  the  profession  in 
the  first  place,  and  ample  physical  health  and 
energy  in  the  second  : 

Its  pursuit  involves  long  hours  of  close  confinement^ 
often  under  unhealthy  conditions  ;  and  the  instances  of 
long-continued  success  at  the  bar,  and  of  lengthened 
usefulness  on  the  bench,  in  the  case  of  men  of  weak 
physique,  are  few  and  far  between. 

THE  SECRET  OF  SUCCESS  IN  THE  LAW. 

The  quality  which  most  of  all  commands  suc- 
cess at  the  bar  is  clear-headed  common  sense  : 

I  place  this  far  above  grace  of  imagination,  humor, 
subtlety ;  even  commanding  power  of  expression,  al- 
though these  have  their  due  value.  This  is  essentially 
a  business,  a  practical  age  ;  eloquence  in  its  proper  place 
always  commands  a  high  premium,  but  the  occasions 
for  its  use  do  not  occur  every  day  ;  and  the  taste  of  this 
age,  like  the  taste  for  dry  rather  than  for  sweet  cham- 
pagne, is  not  for  florid  declamation,  but  for  clear,  terse, 
pointed,  and  practical  speech.  Common  sense  and  clear- 
headedness must  be  the  foundation ;  and  upon  these 
may  safely  be  reared  a  superstructure  where  imaginar 
tion  and  eloquence  may  fitly  play  their  part.  In  fine, 
business  qualities,  added  to  competent  legal  knowledge, 
form  the  best  foundation  of  an  enduring  legal  fame. 

Ability  to  wait  he  also  included  in  the  con- 
ditions of  success.  He  had  not  long  to  wait. 
He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  Lincoln's  Inn. 
From  1859  to  1865  he  led  the  life  of  a  strug- 
gling barrister,  often  briefless,  who  utilized  bis 
leisure  in  studying  law.  He  went  down  to 
Livei-pool  and  began  to  build  up  a  practice  in 
the  Northern  Circuit.  There  is  a  pretty  legend, 
which  as  Lord  Russell  told  it  is  true  enough,  but 
which  has  been  twisted  in  the  telling  of  it  so  as 
to  make  it  quite  untrue.  Here  is  the  correct 
version  : 

I  myself  recollect,  when  I  was  a  struggling  junior  of 
four  years'  standing  on  the  Northern  Circuit,  dining  in 
frugal  fashion  as  the  guest  of  two  able  young  men  of 
my  own  age,  members  of  my  circuit,  in  one  of  our 
assize  towns.  They  were  almost  in  the  depths  of  de- 
spair, and  one  of  them  was  seriously  considering  the 
question  of  migration  to  the  Straits  Settlements ;  the 
other  was  thinking  of  going  to  the  Indian  bar.  Where 
are  they  now  ?  One  of  them,  as  I  write.  Lord  Herschellt 
has  held  twice  the  highest  judicial  office  in  the  land ; 
the  other,  Mr.  Gully,  became  the  leader  of  his  circuit, 
and  is  now  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

RAPID    ADVANCEMENT. 

It  is  a  very  pretty  story,  but  in  the  newspapers 
of  last  month  it  was  quoted  as  if  Lord  Russell 
himself  had  been  in  the  depths  of  despair.  That 
this  could   not   be  true   is   evident    from  Lord 


A  GREAT  LAl^YER  AND  HIS  CAREER, 


427 


Russeirs  own  story  of  his  early  earnings.  Speak- 
ing to  an  interviewer  from  CasselVs  Saturday 
Journal,  who  asked  him  how  he  was  able  to 
push  his  way  at  the  beginning,  he  replied  : 

By  deviling  for  men  in  good  practice.  By  the  way, 
the  fee  for  my  first  consultation  I  never  got  paid.  It 
WR.H  a  knotty  point  connected  with  a  will  made  before 
the  Statute  of  Wills—a  matter  upon  which  I  should 
find  some  difficulty  in  expressing  an  opinion  now  ;  and, 
I  fancy,  the  man  who  came  to  me  with  it  made  a  chance 
hit.  I  had  just  come  out  first  in  the  certificate  list  of 
the  year,  and  he  took  me  just  because  I  stood  first,  and 
he  didn't  mean  to  pay  for  it.  However,  it  led  to  a  valu- 
able introduction — Mr.  Yates,  of  Liverpool,  and  the  late 
Mr.  Aspinall,  recorder  of  Liverpool— a  very  able  man, 
for  whom  I  did  a  great  deal.  My  first  year  1  made  240 
guineas,  and  in  each  of  the  two  succeeding  years  I 
doubled  my  income ;  that  is  to  say,  the  second  year  I 
made  480  guineas,  and  the  third  year  just  about  1,000. 

A  '*  struggling  junior  "  who  is  making  £1,000 
a  year  in  his  third  year  can  hardly  be  regarded 
as  in  such  a  parlous  case  as  to  justify  his  accom- 
panying Herschell  and  Gully  to  the  **  depths  of 
do«f>air." 

HIS    FIRST    HIT. 

It  was  four  yeare  before  the  alleged  conversa- 
tion in  the  North  Country  inn  that  he  first  made 
his  mark  at  the  Guildhall,  when  before  Mr.  Jus- 
tice Compton  he  persisted  in  defending  a  client 
after  his  leader,  Mr.  Edwin  James,  had  thrown 
up  his  brief.  *' Don't  you  know,  sir,  that  your 
leader  has  left  the  court?"  **I  do,"  said  Rus- 
sell ;  •'  but  there  are  some  points  which  I  think 
it  my  duty  to  lay  before  the  jury."  *'0h  !  go 
on,"  said  the  judge.  ''What  is  your  name?" 
"Charles  Russell,"  said  the  young  barrister, 
quietly,  and  proceeded  with  his  speech.  He  did 
not  win  his  case,  but  he  extorted  from  the  judge 
a  confession  in  his  charge  to  the  jury  that  he  had 
thought  Mr.  Russell  at  first  guilty  of  great  im- 
]>erti!ience  in  putting  himself  forward  to  address 
the  jury  after  his  leader  had  abandoned  the  case, 
but  that  he  had  entirely  justified  himself  by  his 
ability  and  skill. 

He  was  not  as  overwhelmed  with  work  at  first, 
no  doubt,  as  he  was  afterwards.  He  referred  in 
iiis  last  speech  in  London  to  the  time  when  he 
had  ample  leisure  for  the  study  of  the  fine  arts, 
and  utilized  it  by  a  punctual  attendance  at  the 
theater.  In  those  early  days  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance of  Sir  Henry  Irving,  and  declared 
that  he  preferred  him  in  the  Jeremy  Diddler 
parts  of  forty  years  ago  to  the  roles  which  have 
made  the  Lyceum  famous. 

IN*    PARLIAMENT. 

AVhen  Mr.  Russell  was  thirty-six,  he  attempted 
to  enter  Parliament  as  Liberal  candidate  for  the 
Irish  borough  of  Dundalk.      He  was  defeated. 


In  1874  he  renewed  the  attempt,  and  was  again 
defeated.  It  was  not  till  1880  that  a  third  effort 
landed  him  in  the  House  of  Commons.  He  had 
declined  a  county  court  judgeship  in  1872,  and 
he  refused  a  puisne  judgeship  which  was  offered 
him  in  1882.  His  mind  was  set  on  higher 
things. 

His  first  notable  political  success  was  not  par- 
liamentary, but  journalistic.  In  the  autumn  of 
1880  he  contributed  to  the  Daily  Telegraph  a 
series  of  letters  on  the  <*Land  Question  in  Ire- 
land," which  did  much  to  facilitate  the  amend- 
ment of  the  Land  Act  in  the  following  year.  I 
well  remember  the  joy  that  reigned  in  the  Pall 
Mall  Gazette  office  in  Northumberland  Street 
when  **  Charles  Russell"  began  writing  in  the 
Daily  Telegraph  in  support  of  the  cause  of  which, 
up  to  that  time,  Mr.  Morley  had  been  the  most 
distinguished  journalistic  advocate.  Before  the 
publication  of  these  letters,  Russell's  contribu- 
tions to  the  press  had  been  chiefly  anonymous. 

HIS   ARTICLES    IN    THE    MAGAZINES. 

When  at  Liverpool,  he  had  published  a  small 
iegal  book  on  * »  The  Court  of  Passage  ;  "  but  that 
and  his  **  Letters  from  Ireland  "  remain  his  only 
contribution  to  the  world  of  books.  In  his  late 
years  he  contributed  occasionally  to  the  English 


LORD  RUSSELL. 

(From  a  very  recent  photograph.) 


428 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


and  American  magazines.  In  September,  1894, 
he  published,  in  the  North  American  Review,  an 
eloquent  tribute  to  his  predecessor  in  the  lord 
chief  justiceship.  Lord  Coleridge.  He  published 
another  article^ — the  report  of  an  address,  I  be- 
lieve— on  *^  International  Arbitration"  in  the 
same  periodical.  In  the  Strand  of  A^ril,  1896, 
he  wrote  on  *'The  Bar  as  a  Profession,"  from 
which  I  have  already  quoted.  To  the  Irish 
Monthly  he  contributed  his  reminiscences  of  John 
Mitchel,  of  '48.  As  a  boy,  Russell  had  once 
traveled  from  the  north  of  Ireland  to  Dublin  with 
the  famous  revolutionary  leader,  whose  combina- 
tion of  the  journalist  and  politician  inspired  him 
with  admiration.     He  wrote  : 

I  still  think  him  the  most  brilliant  journalistic  writer 
I  have  ever  known.  Occasionally  in  a  sentence  he  could 
condense  a  world  of  argument.  For  instance,  '^The 
Pope  may  be  Anti-Christ,  but,  Orangemen  of  the  North, 
he  serves  no  ejectments  in  Ulster." 

It  was  with  the  spirit  of  Mitchel,  and  with  much 
of  his  literary  capacity,  that  Russell  descanted  in 
the  columns  of  the  Daily  Telegraph  upon  the 
wrongs  of  the  Irish  tenant. 

Returning  to  Westminster,  he  found  himself 
the  most  conspicuous  Irish  Liberal  in  the  House 
of  Commons.  He  opposed  Mr.  Forster's  coer- 
cion bill,  and  as  warmly  supported  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's land  bill ;  but  as  he  was  not  a  Parnellite, 
his  position  as  M.P.  for  Dundalk  was  somewhat 
precarious. 

UIS    REPUTATION    AT    THE    BAR. 

Mr.  Justice  Wills,  after  his  death,  bore  witness 
that  with  all  the  power  which  the  late  lord  chief 
justice  had  wielded  at  the  bar  and  on  the  bench 
he  never  used  it  tyrannously.     He  said  : 

He  was  a  most  faithful  colleagi^e  and  most  loyal  to 
those  who  had  tx)  act  with  him.  His  desire  to  do  riglit 
was  beyond  all  praise,  and  if  he  was  at  times  a  little  im- 
patient, either  with  his  colleagues  or  with  his  friends  at 
the  bar,  it  was  from  his  extreme,  iiujckneaa  of  compre- 
hension ;  and  if  he  ever  thougHt  he  had  hurt  anybody  in 
that  way,  there  was  nobody  so  quick  and  sr>  candid  to 
own  it  or  to  regret  anything  of  that  sort,  and  so  manly 
and  considerate  in  making  everything  right  again. 
There  never  was  any  real  friction,  either  between  him- 
self and  his  colleagues  or  between  himself  and  the 
members  of  the  bar. 

HIS    METHOD    WITH    JURIES. 

As  a  counsel  he  was  often  eloquent,  but  his 
chief  strength  lay  in  the  directness  and  lucidity 
of  his  exposition  : 

Sir  Charles  Russell  (said  an  interviewer)  is  of  opinion 
that  mere  eloquence  is  of  less  importance  than  is  com- 
monly supposed.  There  are  cases  in  which  eloquent 
advocacy  has  its  value  ;  but  he  is  inclined  to  think  that 


the  importance  and  the  power  of  it  are  very  much  ovet- 
rated.  It  is  a  mistake,  in  his  judgment,  to  suppose  that 
juries  are  very  easily  dazzled  by  oratorical  fireworks. 
He  has  a  great  respect  for  juries,  and  he  deckires  his 
emphatic  belief  that  upon  an  average  the  ability  of  juries 
to  arrive  at  sound  judgments  upon  facts  before  them 
(apart  from  cases  in  which  strong  prejudices  may  exist) 
is  quite  as  high  as  that  of  judges,  and  that  it  is  not  so 
easy  to  throw  dust  in  their  eyes  as  is  often  assumed. 
They  don't  want  oratorical  flourishing  ;  they  want  facts 
put  before  them  in  a  clear,  telling,  forcible  way :  «nd 
the  power  of  thus  putting  facts,  Sir  Charles  Rnssell  be- 
lieves, is  of  much  greater  importance  than  the  ability  to 
make  a  fine  speech. 

"  And  here,  by  the  way,  I  may  give  you  a  very  sim- 
ple rule,  which  is  really  a  great  secret  of  success,  in 
making  a  jury  grasp  the  facts  of  your  case.  However 
intricate  and  complicated  it  may  be,  if  you  will  ju5t  lay 
your  facts  before  the  jury  in  the  order  of  their  dates, 
you  will  find  it  will  all  become  plain  sailing." 

•*  But,  after  all,"  declared  Sir  Charles  Russell  (and  I 
thought  it  .showed  very  strikingly  the  clear-headed,  im- 
partial judgment  of  the  man),  ''far  less  depends  on 
counsel  than  the  public  generally  suppose.  Verdicts 
generally  go  by  the  weight  of  evidence;  and  I  can 
hardly  recall  a  single  case  of  any  importance  in  which 
the  result  would  have  been  different  if  other  men  had 
been  engaged  in  it." 

**  THOUGHTS,  THOUGHTS,  THOUGHTS." 

Quite  recently.  Lord  Russell  delivered  himself 
of  his  own  judgment  on  the  matter  in  the  follow- 
ing significant  sentences  : 

For  his  own  part,  the  person  who  made  the  least  im- 
pression upon  him  was  the  person  who  talked  the  most 
glibly.  He  infinitely  preferred,  so  far  as  it  had  an  ef- 
fect upon  his  mind,  to  listen  to  a  man  who  first  stam- 
mered  and  hesitated  for  the  choice  of  a  particular  word 
to  express  the  particular  shade  of  meaning  which  be 
desired  to  express,  but  who  showed  that  thought  was 
accompanying  his  attempted  utterance.  He  would 
rather  hear  such  a  man  than  one  who,  never  pau^ng 
for  a  word,  gave  the  idea  that  he  was  washed  away  be- 
fore the  flood  of  his  own  eloquence.  What  was  wauted 
was  not  words,  words,  words,  but  thoughts,  thought«^ 
thoughts.  A  well-thought-out  speech  packed  with  in- 
formation and  packed  with  thought  well  digested  was 
worth  a  dozen  speeches  in  which  there  was  a  cloud  of 
words,  but  in  which  thought  bore  about  the  same  pro- 
portion to  the  volume  of  words  as  in  the  celebrated 
classic  case  the  bread  bore  to  the  quantity  of  sack. 
Thought  was  the  first  essential ;  and  when  they  had 
acliieved  that  position,  then  he  thought  facility  ot 
speech  was  a  matter  of  comparative  easy  acquirement. 

On  another  occasion,  he  said  : 

I  always  had  a  high  opinion  of  the  force  of  brevity  id 
advocacy.  Since  I  became  a  judge,  I  have  had  to  listen. 
My  faith  in  brevity  is  greater  than  it  ever  was  before. 

Nevertheless,  when  Lord  Russell  pleaded  be- 
fore the  Parnell  Commission,  he  spoke  six  days 
on  end,  and  tlie  report  of  his  speech  occupies 
600  printed  pages. 


/I  GREAT  LAU^YER  AND  HIS  CAREER. 


429 


THE    PIGOTT    KXP08URE. 

During  the  Pigott  exposure,  it  was  my  good 
fortune  to  meet  Lord  Russell  almost  daily.  I 
sat  on  the  bench  immediately  in  front  of  him, 
Mr.  Parnell  sitting  on  my  right  hand,  and  Mr. 
Walter,  of  the  Times ^  on  my  left.  I  had  a  close 
|>ersonal  interest  in  the  affair,  for  Mr.  Houston 
had  tried  to  plant  the  forgeries  upon  me.  It 
was,  therefore,  with  no  ordinary  feeling  that  I 
heard  the  great  advocate  demolish  the  fabric  of 
falsehood  and  forgery,  constructed  of  such  flimsy 
materials  by  Pigott,  behind  which  the  Times  and 
the  whole  Unionist  party  had  taken  shelter  for 
months  past. 

It  was  a  thrilling  moment  when  Sir  Charles 
Kussell,  standing  up  to  begin  his  cross-examina- 
tion, startled  every  one  by  handing  Pigott  a 
piece  of  paper,  saying  :    *♦  Take  that :  " 

Pigott  took  it  (says  Mr.  Lucy)— gazing  the  while  at 
Sir  Charles  in  blank  bepuzzlement.  Everybody  in 
court  glanced  at  every  other.  **  He  has  him,''  a  barris- 
ter whispered,  turning  round  to  me.  "Write  down 
'  livelihood,'  *  likelihood,'  your  own  name,  *  proselytism," 
*  Patrick  Egan'  and  his  initials,  and  'hesitancy.'" 
Which  Pigott  did,  smiling  the  while,  foolishly,  and 
with  a  flushed  face.  It  will  be  remembered  that  in  one 
of  the  forged  letters  Pigott  had  spelled  the  last  word 
'*  hesitency." 

It  was  not  till  the  next  day  that  the  result  of 
this  spelling-bee  exercise  was  made  known. 
Pigott  had  repeated  the  misspelling,  and  had 
written  **  hesitancy '' with  an  **e."  There  was 
a  feeling  of  surprise  and  of  doubt  in  the  court — 
a  murmur  of  curiosity  and  wonderment  as  we 
watched  the  doomed  wretch  la>x)riously  supply 
the  evidence  of  his  own  identity  with  the  forger. 
But  there  was  a  shade  of  disappointment  visible 
when,  ignoring  the  paper  in  which  Pigott  had 
written  the  fatal  word,  the  great  advocate  pro- 
ceeded with  his  cross-examination.  I  described 
it  edition  after  edition  in  the  Pall  Mall  Gazette, 
being  warned  every  now  and  then  that  my 
license  of  critical  reporting  would  inevitably  lead 
to  my  being  committed  for  contempt  of  court. 
The  game,  however,  was  up.  Pigott  was  in  the 
toils.  Another  day  or  two  and  the  poor  wretch 
was  to  flee  the  country  and  end  his  existence  by 
a  pistol-shot  at  Madrid.  Of  this  we  knew  noth- 
ing ;  but  the  sympathetic  heart  of  at  least  one 
eminent  onlooker  winced  and  shuddered  as  the 
merciless  unstripping  of  the  masks  of  a  lifetime 
went  on  hour  after  hour.  **It  is  like  the  Day 
of  Judgment  I  "  she  cried.  »*  How  terrible  to  be 
compelled  to  confront  the  gaze  of  the  world  with 
ail  liis  lies  in  his  right  hand  1  " 

His  cross-examination  was  ruthless,  searching, 
and  masterly.  But  it  must  be  admitted  that 
Pigott  was   easy  game,   he   had   given    himself 


away  so  completely.  Ample  time  and  opportu- 
nity had  been  afforded  the  defense  to  prepare  all 
the  traps  and  pitfalls  into  which  the  wretched 
victim  was  flung  naked  and  helpless.  Sir  Charles 
Russell  reveled  in  the  opportunity.  Speaking 
years  afterwards,  he  said  : 

Cross-examination  rarely  hurts  a  really  honest  wit- 
ness. People  think  that  anything  can  be  done  by  cross- 
examination  :  but,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  if  a  witness  ia 
honest,  it  can  do  very  little.  Speaking  for  myself,  I 
can  say  that  I  never  rise  to  cross-examine  a  witness 
with  any  heart  or  interest  unless,  from  something  I 
know  of  him  from  my  brief  or  from  his  demeanor  in 
the  box,  I  have  reason  to  believe  that  he  is  not  telling 
the  truth. 

He  rose  to  examine  Pigott  with  plenty  of  heart 
and  interest,  for  he  knew  he  was  confronted  with 
the  original  liar  upon  whose  forgeries  the  Times 
had  traded  for  years. 

POLITICS   AND    PLAY. 

The  writer  of  his  obituary  notice  in  the  Times 
well  says  : 

Elach  of  his  cases  was  for  him,  whatever  might  be 
the  verdict,  a  victory.  His  courage,  his  thoroughness, 
his  strenuous  devotion  to  his  client,  his  relentless  cross- 
examination,  his  mastery  of  details,  his  sound  sense, 
were  too  conspicuous  to  be  ignored ;  one  rival  after  an- 
other was  caught  up  and  then  passed ;  and  for  nearly 
twenty  years  the  history  of  the  common-law  bar  was  his 
history.  In  almost  every  case  of  magnitude  he  was  en« 
gaged  ;  and  in  libel  actions  he  was  indispensable. 

What  was  more  remarkable  was  that,  during 
most  of  the  years  when  he  was  crowded  with 
briefs  and  overwhelmed  with  legal  work,  he  was 
constantly  busy  in  the  House  of  Commons  and  on 
the  platform.  Russell  would  go  anywhere  to  speak 
in  support  of  his  principles  or  of  his  party.  Af- 
ter long  days  spent  in  court  and  laborious  hours 
passed  in  consultations,  he  would  turn  up  at  an 
out-of-the-way  London  meeting  and  discourse 
for  an  hour  on  the  party  questions  of  the  day. 
No  political  hack  was  more  ready  to  rush  off  to 
any  platform  than  the  leader  of  the  English  Bar, 
He  seemed  to  be  made  of  iron.  He  crowded  two 
busy  lives  into  one,  and  then  added  a  third  of 
play  as  a  corrective  to  the  excess  of  the  other  two. 
He  made  money  rapidly  and  squandered  it  as 
quickly.  No  man  made  more  money  at  the  bar  ; 
very  few  had  less  of  it  available  for  subscriptions 
and  public  munificence.  He  loved  the  green 
table  and  the  green  turf  ;  and,  although  he  played 
well  and  had  an  Irishman's  good  eye  for  a  horse, 
you  heard  more  of  his  debts  than  of  his  savings. 
How  he  managed  to  get  tlirough  all  his  work  and 
to  combine  it  with  his  play,  only  those  can  under- 
stand who  have  learned  how  much  rest  is  to  be 
found  in  complete  change  of  occupation.  At  5 
o'clock  he  shut  tlie  door  of  his  mind  upon  his 


430 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REI/IEWS. 


briefs — put  it  to  sleep,  so  to  speak  ;  and  then, 
waking  up  the  section  of  his  mind  that  attended 
to  politics,  he  began  quite  fresh  to  attend  to  his 
parliamentary  duties.  His  wife  spared  him  all 
domestic  or  business  worries.  She  was  his  fac- 
totum, and  she  has  been  appointed  his  sole  ex- 
ecutrix. 

HIS    POWER    OF   CONCENTRATION. 

The  great  secret  of  his  success  was  in  his 
faculty  of  concentration.  What  his  hand  found 
to  do,  he  did  with  all  his  might.  His  biogra- 
pher in  the  Times  says  : 

One,  and  perhaps  the  chief,  of  the  secrets  of  his 
success  was  the  earnestness  with  which  he  plunged 
into  every  case,  trivial  or  not.  *'What  a  fool  I  am  ; 
knocking  myself  to  pieces  about  a  twopenny-halfpenny 
dispute  !"  he  was  heard  to  say,  as  he  flung  his  wig  on 
the  robing-room  table  and  threw  himself  exhausted 
into  a  chair.  And  he  returned  to  court  to  repeat,  do 
what  he  would,  the  same  folly  in  regard  to  his  next 
case,  perhaps  equally  trumpery. 

He  wore  himself  out  before  his  time,  perhaps. 
But  he  lived  to  be  sixty- eight,  and  he  died  of 
an  internal  complaint  which  had  no  apparent 
connection  with  excessive  mental  strain. 

ON    THE    BENCH. 

Of  his  career  as  a  judge,  it  is  unnecessary  to 
speak.  His  praises  are  in  every  mouth.  He  was 
a  splendid  example  of  that  unflinching  integrity 
which  he  claimed  as  the  most  important  element 
in  the  character  of  a  judge.  He  was  impatient 
of  the  law's  delays,  and  rode  roughshod  over 
many  time-honored  traditions  which  impeded  the 
dispatch  of  business.  He  was  an  honest  man, 
and  his  last  crusade  was  an  attempt  to  extirpate 
the  practice  of  giving  secret  commissions  which 
is  eating  like  dry-rot  into  our  commercial  integ- 
rity. He  made  a  famous  protest  on  behalf  of 
integrity  in  business,  even  in  the*  business  of  the 
financier  and  company  promoter,  when  he  wel- 
comed the  present  lord  mayor  to  the  law  courts. 
Everywhere,  on  the  bench  and  off  the  bench,  he 
was  punctual  in  the  discharge  of  duty  and  prompt 
to  respond  to  all  appeals  for  justice.  There  have 
been  few  more  characteristic  stories  told  of  him 
than  that  of  his  sermon  on  punctuality  to  the 
London  Irish  Football  Club  : 

In  October,  1898,  when  that  club  was  matched  to  play 
Hammersmith  Club,  Lord  Kussell  was  invited,  and  con- 
♦iputed  to  kick  oflf  the  ball.  On  arriving  punctually  at 
the  hour  appointed,  he  found  that  some  of  the  members 
of  the  Ix)ndon  Irish  team  were  not  on  the  ground.  He 
waited  patiently  for  some  ten  or  fifteen  minutes,  until 
all  the  i)layers  were  assembled,  and  then  called  up  Mr. 
Dj'as,  the  captain  of  the  London  Irish,  and  delivered  the 
following  homily  :  *' Captain  Dyas  and  members  of  the 
Loudon  Irish  Football  Club  :  I  desire  to  point  out  to 


you  that  one  of  your  cardinal  rules  in  life  should  be 
punctuality.  Unless  you  study  that  rule,  whether  in 
business  or  play,  you  will  never  be  successful  men  ;  and 
I  hope  that  you  will  take  to  heart  the  lesson  1  am  now 
reading  you."  The  lord  chief  justice,  ^vith  the  utmost 
gravity,  then  proceeded  to  kick  off  the  ball. 

There  was  a  wonderfully  imperturbable  expres- 
sion of  utmost  gravity  about  his  massive  and  im- 
pressive features.  He  was  as  witty  as  he  was 
wise,  and  the  papers  have  been  printing  some  of 
his  hon-mots ;  but  they  cannot  recall  the  genial 
smile  and  hearty  simplicity  which  characterized 
the  man. 

A    HOME- RULE    PERORATION. 

Of  his  oratory  not  much  will  survive.  But 
two  passages  may  be  quoted  as  sj)ecimens  of  his 
different  styles.  The  first  is  the  peroration  with 
which  he  concluded  his  last  speech  on  the  third 
reading  of  the  Home-Rule  Bill  of  1893.    He  said: 

This  bill  may  fail  to-day  ;  but  there  is  not  a  man  oi> 
posite  who  does  not  believe  in  his  heart  of  hearts  that 
it  must  ultimately  pass.  ...  I  do  not  believe  this  bill 
will  bring  the  millennium  to  Ireland.  Much  will  de- 
pend on  the  Irish  people  themselves— on  their  courage, 
resolution,  and  firmness ;  on  their  grasp  of  the  great 
and  noble  duties  that  devolve  upon  them  in  the  new 
era  opening  for  their  country,  to  teach  all  classes  to  use 
that  priceless  gift  of  self-government,  not  for  a  section, 
but  for  the  whole  community.  The  claim  of  Ireland  to 
self-government  has  survived  many  calamities.  It  has^ 
survived  emigration,  which  drained  the  life-blood  of 
the  country  ;  it  has  survived  coercion  in  all  its  hateful 
moods  and  tenses ;  it  has  survived  the  uiistakes  of  its- 
friends.  It  is  vain  to  hope  that,  espoused  by  a  great 
historic  party,  the  great  instrument  of  popular  reform 
in  the  past,  it  will  die  now  ;  and  grave  is  the  responsi- 
bility of  the  party  and  the  mei.  who  would  delay  this 
settlement,  who  would  by  that  delay  rob  it  of  all  its 
grace,  and  relegate  it  to  that  long  category  of  measures 
dealing  with  Ireland  which  were  yielded  from  necessity 
and  not  from  a  willing  sense  of  justice. 

A    LAW    SCUOOL    FOR    LONDON. 

The  other  passage  is  that  with  which  he  closed 
his  great  plea  for  tlie  reform  of  our  system  of 
legal  education.  In  this  he  speaks  as  a  lawyer 
and  as  a  Londoner,  in  a  manner  worthy  of  his 
profession  and  of  the  great  city  in  which  he  sj>ent 
so  much  of  his  life  : 

Never  at  any  time,  in  any  state,  has  there  existed 
such  a  conjunction  of  circumstances  as  marks  London 
pre-eminently  to-day  as  the  seat  of  a  great  school  of  law. 
We  are  here  at  the  very  heart  of  things,  where  the  pulse 
of  dominion  beats  strongest,  with  a  population  larger 
than  that  of  many  kingdoms— a  great  ceuter  of  com- 
merce, of  art,  and  of  literature,  with  countless  libraries, 
the  rich  depository  of  ancient  records,  and  the  seat  at 
once  of  the  higher  judiciary,  of  Parliament,  and  of  the 
sovereign.  From  this  point  is  governed  the  greatest 
empire  the  world  has  known.  From  our  midst  go  forth 
to  the  uttermost  ends  of  the  earth  not  merely  those  who 


A  GREAT  LAIVYER  AND  HIS  CAREER. 


431 


LORD  RU88ELL. 

(From  a  drawing  from  life,  in  coart,  by  Panl  Renouard.) 
Th»  Oraphie  (London). 

symbolize  the  majesty  of  power,  but,  happily,  with  them 
those  who  represent  the  majesty  of  law— law,  without 
which  power  is  but  tyranny.  It  has  been  well  and  truly 
said  that  there  is  hardly  any  system  of  civilized  law 
which  does  not  govern  the  legal  relations  of  the  Queen's 
subjects  in  some  portion  of  the  empire.  In  parts  of 
Canada  French  law,  older  than  the  First  Kmpire,  modi- 
fled  by  modem  codification,  prevails— in  other  parts,  the 
English  system  ;  in  Australia,  English  law  modified  by 
home  legislation  in  those  self-governing  communities  ; 
in  parts  of  Africa,  Roman  law  with  Dutch  modifica- 
tions ;  in  the  West  Indian  colonies,  Spanish  law  modi- 
fied by  local  customs;  in  India,  now  the  Hindoo,  now 
the  Mohammedan  law,  tempered  by  local  custom  and 
by  local  legislation.  Surely  these  facts  suggest  great 
possibilities  and  great  responsibilities.  Is  it  an  idle 
dream  to  hope  that,  even  in  our  day  and  generation, 
there  may  here  arise  a  great  school  of  law  worthy  of  our 
time — worthy  of  one  of  the  first  and  noblest  of  human 
sciences — to  which,  atti-acted  by  the  fame  of  its  teach- 
ing, students  from  all  parts  of  the  world  may  fiock,  and 
from  which  shall  go  forth  men  to  practise,  to  teach,  and 
to  administer  the  law  with  a  true  and  high  ideal  of  the 
dignity  of  their  mission  !* 

In  this  passage  Lord  Russell  struck  a  higher 
note  than  is  usually  found  in  his  oratory.  He 
was  no  highfalutin  imperialist  ;  but  no  man  of 
his  imagination  could  fail  to  be  touched  by  the 
position  of  London — the  city  on  the  Thames 
whose  goings  out  are  to  the  ends  of  the  earth. 


ANGLO-AMERICAN    ARBITRATOR. 

He  was  stoutly  opposed  to  Anglo-Saxondom, 
which  ignored  the  Irish,  Scotch,  etc.,  and  pro- 
tested vehemently  against  Lady  Randolph 
Churchiirs  Anglo-Saxon^  as  involving  a  rec- 
ognition of  the  hated  fallacy  that  all  English- 
speaking  men  were  Anglo-Saxon.  But  he  was 
a  good  English  speaking  man,  and  one  of  the 
few  notable  Englishmen  who  are  as  well  known 
in  America  as  in  Britain.  He  took  a  leading 
part  in  two  great  international  arbitrations — as 
counsel  in  the  Bering  Sea  dispute  and  as  arbi- 
trator in  the  Venezuelan  affair.  A  few  months 
since  I  met  one  who  had  shared  with  him  the 
responsibilities  of  adjudicating  that  complicated 
dispute.  I  asked  him  how  he  got  on  with  Lord 
Russell.  **  He  is  a  very  able  man,  '*  he  said,  *  *  but 
very  vehement,  and  sometimes  even  more  than 
vehement.  We  had  great  trouble  to  arrive  at  a 
unanimous  award.  He  was  very  diflRcult.  On 
one  occasion  he  slammed  to  the  atlas  in  a  tem- 
per, and  we  almost  despaired  of  bringing  Inm 
round.  But  in  the  end  his  sense  of  justice  and 
his  great  common  sense  triumphed." 

HIS    DEVOTION    TO    ARBITRATION. 

He  would  probably  have  been  nominated  as 
one  of  the  picked  arbitrators  whose  names  will 
have  to  be  placed  on  the  roster  of  the  Inter- 
national Tribunal  constituted  by  the  Hague  Con- 
vention. He  was  a  warm  supporter  of  the 
principle  of  international  arbitration,  and  was 
the  only  judge,  if  I  remember  aright,  who  came 
forward  and  addressed  a  public  meeting  in  sup- 
port of  the  peace  crusade.  He  was  much  taken 
with  M.  de  Nelidoff's  suggestion  of  borrowing 
the  institution  of  seconds  from  the  practice  of 
the  duello  as  a  means  of  averting  war.  His  ad- 
dress to  the  American  Bar  Association  at  Sara- 
toga was  a  noble  and  eloquent  plea  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  peace  by  mediation  and  arbitration 
as  the  necessary  crown  of  the  work  of  civiliza- 
tion.     He  said  : 

What,  indeed,  is  true  civilization?  By  its  fruit 
you  shall  know  it.  It  is  not  dominion,  wealth,  material 
luxury— nay,  not  even  a  great  literature  and  education 
widespread,  good  though  these  things  be.  Civilization 
is  not  a  veneer ;  it  must  penetrate  to  the  very  heart 
and  core  of  societies  of  men.  Its  true  signs  are  thought 
for  the  poor  and  suflfering,  chivalrous  regard  and  re- 
spect for  woman,  the  frank  recognition  of  human 
brotherhood,  irrespective  of  race  or  color  or  nation  or 
religion,  the  narrowing  of  the  domain  of  mere  force  as 
a  governing  factor  in  the  world  ;  the  love  of  ordered 
freedom,  abhorrence  of  what  is  mean  and  cruel  and  vile, 
ceaseless  devotion  to  the  claims  of  Justice.  Civiliza- 
tion in  that,  its  true,  its  highest  sense,  must  make  for 
Peace. 


432 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI/IEl^  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


Lord  Russell,  it  is  noted  with  some  satisfac- 
tion, was  the  first  Roman  Catholic  who  held  the 
post  of  chief  justice  since  the  Reformation. 
Statutory  disabilities  barred  the  way  to  the 
woolsack.  A  Papist  can  be  a  prime  minister, 
but  he  cannot  be  lord  chancellor.  But  even  the 
bitterest  bigot  of  Orange  Belfast  would  in  vain 
endeavor  to  discover  in  the  career  of  Lord 
Russell,  either  on  the  bench  or  at  the  bar,  any 
instance  in  which  the  religious  faith  of  the  lord 
chief  justice  deflected  his  sense  of  justice,  or  had 
results  detrimental  to  the  interests  of  Britain  or 
of  Protestantism. 

The  papers  have  teemed  with  ana  about  Lord 
Russell.  Journalistic  chronicles  have  told  us 
about  his  unique  collection  of  snuffboxes  :  and 
they  have  also  told  us  where  he  bought  the  favor- 
ite mixture,  how  much  he  paid  for  it,  and  the 
exact  number  of  pounds  he  consumed  every 
month.*  He  was  fond  of  riding,  and  attributed 
much  of  his  robust  health  to  tlie  hour  which  he 
was  wont  to  spend  on  horseback  before  he  went 
into  court. 

TRIBUTES   TO    UI8   MEMORY. 

His  fellows  on  the  bench  and  his  former  com- 
rades at  the  bar  have  vied  with  each  other  in 
paying  tribute  to  the  sterling  qualities  of  Lord 
Russell.  Mr.  Justice  Wright  acclaimed  him  not 
only  as  the  greatest  advocate  of  our  time,  but  *<as 
a  worthy  successor  of  a  great  line  of  chief  justices 
of  this  country — a  man  of  singular  force,  power, 
and  eloquence,  combined  with  single-minded  de- 
votion to  duty  and  the  public  good.  He  was,  in 
private  as  in  public  life,  the  kindliest  and  most 
tolerant  of  men."  On  the  Northern  Circuit,  said 
Mr.  Justice  Kennedy,  '*a  kinder  friend,  a  more 
generous  opponent,  and  a  brighter  example  of 
what  a  leader  should  be  will  not  be  found  among 
those  who  figure  in  the  records  of  tliat  circuit." 
Mr.  Justice  Darling,  who  had  fought  two  hotly 
contested  political  elections  with  him  when  he 
was  Sir  Charles  Russell,  member  for  South  Hack- 
ney, said  : 

In  those  contests,  I  have  over  and  over  again  recog- 
nized how  magnanimous  an  opponent  he  was.  Nobody 
knew  better  than  himself  that  he  was  dealing  with  a 
much  younger  and  with  a  far  weaker  man,  but  he 
never  took  any  advantage  of  tliat  fact ;  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  he  treated  me  with  a  magnanimity  which 
could  not  be  surpas'.ed. 

♦  His  favorite  brand  of  pnuflP  wns  the  **  Bureau  Mixture," 
obtained  from  a  tobacconist  in  Haymarket  for  many  years. 
He  consumed  a  quarter  of  a  pound  weekly,  and  never  went 
anywhere  without  his  pungent  stimulant.  His  clerks  took 
particular  care  to  see  that  their  master  was  always  supplied. 
The  *'  Bureau  Mixture  "  cost  128.  per  pound,  and  was  almost 
black  in  color.— Da//[/  Express. 


These  tributes  from  the  bench  were  warmly 
echoed  from  the  bar.  Sir  E.  Clarke,  the  only 
man  left  among  our  advocates  with  whom  he 
may  be  compared,  said  : 

Lord  Russell  was  for  years  my  companion  and  my 
rival  at  the  bar,  sometimes  my  antagonist,  and  always 
my  friend.  When  Charles  Russell  was  at  the  bar  we 
were  all  very  proud  of  him.  He  was  a  great  advocate, 
an  intrepid  advocate,  sparing  nothing  to  serve  bis 
client— a  man  of  great  energy,  of  inexhaustible  indus- 
try, a  brilliant  speaker,  and  one  whose  oratory  was 
informed  and  heightened  by  literary  associations.  And 
when  he  passed  from  our  ranks  and  became  a  judge,  we 
were  in  no  way  surprised  to  find  that  he  displayed  the 
even  greater  qualities  required  of  a  judge.  There  was 
still  the  same  energy,  the  same  intrepid  desire  that  jos- 
tice  should  be  done  ;  and  he  had  in  him  all  the  qualities 
of  a  great  judge.    His  death  is  a  national  loss. 

HIS    HATRED    OP    THE    WAR. 

Lord  Russell's  closing  years  were  darkened  by 
the  shadow  of  national  crime  which  has  fallen 
athwart  our  unhappy  land.  He  was  not  merely 
lord  chief  justice  in  name ;  there  was  in  him, 
from  his  boyhood,  an  ineradicable  love  of  jus- 
tice— especially  of  national  justice.  And  it  was 
to  him  a  matter  of  deep  grief  and  ill  repressed 
indignation  that  the  country  in  which  he  was  the 
foremost  representative  of  justice  should  have 
become,  in  the  eyvs  of  all  men,  the  most  con- 
spicuous representative  of  injustice.  His  high 
oflRce  sealed  his  lips.  He  could  not  publicly  de- 
nounce the  infamy  of  the  pretexts  by  which  a 
sophistical  press  had  glozed  over  the  essential 
villainy  of  the  war  now  being  waged  in  South 
Africa.  But  to  those  to  whom  he  could  speak 
without  the  reserve  imi)Osed  by  his  high  station, 
he  expressed  himself  with  a  passion  of  noble 
wrath  against  a  shameless  crime  in  terms  which 
bore  eloquent  testimony  at  once  to  his  generous 
enthusiasm  and  his  unerring  judgment. 

Lord  Russell  died  with  the  praises  of  all  men 
surrounding  his  memory.  Bramwell  Booth,  the 
representative  of  the  straitest  sect  of  the  Puritan 
religion,  wrote  me  in  heartfelt  sorrow  expressing 
his  conviction  that  the  lord  chief  justice,  who 
had  always  been  a  good  friend  of  the  Salvation 
Army,  despite  all  that  conflicted  with  their  no- 
tions, was  a  deeply  religious  man,  who  sincerely 
endeavored  to  do  the  riglit.  And  on  the  day 
after  his  deatli,  Cardinal  Vaughan  sent  round  to 
his  clergy  the  following  letter  : 

**  The  prayewj  of  the  clergy  and  of  the  faithful  are 
earnestly  requested  for  the  repose  of  the  soul  of  Lord 
Russell  of  Killowen,  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  England,  a 
faithful  son  of  the  Church,  who,  after  a  life  of  distin- 
guished public  service,  died  yesterday,  fortified  by  the 
Holy  Sacraments. 
Requiescat  in  pace. 


THE   PRACTICAL  BRYAN.  POLICY   FOR  THE 

PHILIPPINES. 


BY  EDWARD  M.  SHEPARD. 


WHAT  could  a  President  Bryan  practically 
do  with  the  Philippines  different  from 
what  President  McKinley  is  now  doing  and  pro 
poses  to  do  ?  Concede,  it  is  said,  to  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate  firmness  of  will,  courage,  and  a 
complete  loyalty  to  the  promises  upon  which  he 
has  asked  the  suffrages  of  the  American  people  ; 
concede  that  his  theoretical  propositions  about 
government  by  consent  of  the  governed  are  true,  — 
still,  how  could  he  practically  change  the  pres- 
ent policy  of  the  United  States  ?  Anti-imperial- 
ist criticism  is  said  by  the  President,  in  his  let- 
ter of  acceptance,  to  be  a  matter  of  ♦♦phrase- 
making,'*  by  which  he  means  theoretical,  im- 
practical, or  insincere  talk. 

To  this   I  now  reply  that  the  McKinley  pro- 
gramme  and    the    Bryan    programme  with    re- 
spect to  the  Philippines  are,  in  practice  as  well  as 
in  theory,  far  different,  and  would  lead  to  dia- 
metrically opposite  results.      For,  when  all  politi- 
cal philosophy  and   splendid  generalizations  on 
one    side    or    the    other    are    brushed     aside, 
this    concrete   thing   remains :     That    President 
McKiqley  proposes,  with  the    military   force   of 
the  United  States,  to  complete  the  conquest  of 
these    Asiatic   islands,    and    in   future   to   hold 
their    inhabitants   as   subjects,    with   no    rights 
except  such  as  may    be  granted    them  by   the 
United     States,     and    with    no     share,     there- 
fore, as  matter  of  right,  in  the  Constitution  of 
the    United    States.       So   much    is   clear ;    and 
another  thing  is  equally  clear  :   That  Mr.  Bryan 
proposes  a  reversal  of  the  policy  of  conquest  ; 
that,  if  elected,  he  will  make  no  further  effort 
to  conquer  the  islands,  unless  Congress  shall  con- 
strain him  by  resolution  or  act  passed  over  his 
veto, — a  contingency  obviously  not  worth  con- 
sideration, for  it  implies  that,  though  successful 
at    the  polls,  Mr.  Bryan  will  not  have  the  sup- 
port of  one-third  of  either  house  of  Congress  ; 
that  the  American  troops  will,  with  his  approval, 
remain  for  no  other  purpose  than  to  promote  the 
])roperly  expressed  views  of  the  Filipino  people 
with  respect  to  their  islands  ;   that  the  Filipinos 
will  l.>e  freely  permitted,  and,  so  far  as  may  l>e, 
aided  by  American  means,  to  create  government 
in     place    of    that    which     we    have    destroyt»d 
or   suppressed  ;    tiiat   Filipino    independence  will 
Inn    recognizt^d    as    soon    as   tiiere   sliall    app<*ar 
any  government  sufficient  for  recognition  which 


fairly  represents  the  5,000,000  of  civilized 
natives  ;  that  a  treaty  will  then  be  negotiated, 
under  which  the  United  States  will  secure  proper 
commercial  rights  and  reasonable  guarantees 
(that  is  to  say,  guarantees  which  are  reasonable 
in  view  of  the  distressed  condition  of  the  Fili- 
pino people)  for  the  protection  of  American  and 
other  foreign  rights  ;  and  that  the  port  of  Ma- 
nila will  be  retained  by  us  and  conceded  by 
the  treaty.  Manila  is  largely  European  in  popu- 
lation and  interest ;  it  was  conquered  from  Spain 
by  the  United  States,  and  has  since  remained  in 
its  possession  ;  it  was  never  in  possession  of  the 
Filipinos  ;  it  is  a  proper  naval  and  coaling  sta- 
tion ;  and  it  is  necessary  to  any  protectorate  by 
the  United  States. 

There  are  difficulties,  many  difficulties,  of  de- 
tail in  this  programme,  and  more  of  them  than 
there  were  in  1898.  But  it  has  the  supreme  ad- 
vantage of  being  in  accord  with  the  American 
theory  of  government  and  the  sound  and  perma-  • 
nent  interest  of  the  United  States  and  of  its  peo 
pie  ;  and  its  difficulties,  practical  as  well  as  theo- 
retical, are  vastly  less  than  the  difficulties  of  con- 
tinuing the  present  programme.  I  shall  not  here 
argue  (I  have  elsewhere  argued)  our  general 
obligation,  which  was,  from  1776  to  1898,  con- 
ceded in  our  republic  semper^  uhique  et  ab  omni- 
bus^  to  hold  to  government  by  consent  of  the 
governed.  I  am  instructed  to  here  assume  that 
that  rule  is,  to  the  uttermost  practical,  to  be 
applied  to  the  Philippine  problem.  I  concede 
that  we  cannot  ignore  existing  conditions.  What- 
ever has  been  done  since  the  initial  blunder, 
whether  right  or  wrong, — no  matter  how  wrong, 
no  matter  how  right, — is  to-day  a  factor  in  the 
problem.  It  is  clear  enough  that,  except  as 
such  factors  have  changed  the  problem,  we 
should  now  do  what  we  should  have  done  at  the 
time  the  Paris  Treaty  was  negotiated,  in  1898. 
To  that  time  we  must,  therefore,  recur.  What- 
ever principles  of  right  and  rules  of  national 
policy  it  was  then  our  duty  to  observe,  we  must 
now  observe  so  far  as  we  are  able.  Wo  may 
limit  or  modify  those  principles  and  niles  only 
as  later  events  now  constrain  us,  and  only  when 
there  is  less  danger  to  our  national  welfare  in 
surrender  to  that  coiistraint  than  in  violation  (►f 
tiie  fundamental  policy  of  our  Government  and 
civilization. 


434 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


For  practical  answer  to  the  practical  question, 
it  is  thus  necessary  to  first  clearly  perceive  what 
we  should  have  done  at  the  outset.  What,  then, 
was  the  situation  when  the  American  and  Spanish 
commissioners  were,  two  years  ago,  welcomed 
by  the  French  president  in  1898  ?  We  were  at 
war  with  Spain  for  the  sole  avowed  purpose  of 
giving  independence  to  Cuba.  As  an  incident 
of  the  war  our  fleet  had  destroyed  the  Spanish 
fleet  at  Manila.  We  were  in  possession  of  that 
port,  really  conquered  V)y  our  own  force,  al- 
though we  had  welcomed  Filipino  cooperation. 
The  civilized  natives,  with  Aguinaldo  at  their 
head,  were  generally  in  practical  control  of  the 
rest  of  the  archipelago — not  a  final  control,  per- 
fect in  deiail,  but  one  at  least  equal  to  that 
which  Spain  had  enjoyed,  and  which,  by  our 
treaty  with  Spain,  we  conceded  to  have  been 
sufficient  for  political  sovereignty.  The  Spanish 
troops,  wherever  they  were  stationed,  were  under 
siege,  so  that  Spanish  control  was  practically  suc- 
ceeded by  native  control.  We,  at  least,  cannot 
for  a  moment  dispute  the  fact  of  the  control, 
since  it  has  cost  us  long  campaigns  and  bloody 
battles  with  large  armies  to  effect  an  incomplete 
destruction  of  it.  As  to  all  this  there  is  uo  dis- 
pute and  can  be  none. 

Not  only  were  the  Filipinos  themselves  in 
•  practical  possession,  but  they  had  established  a 
government  which  was,  for  the  time,  the  only 
de  facto  government,  and  which  was,  at  least  for 
the  time,  successful  in  the  maintenance  of  order. 
As  to  this  also  there  is  no  dispute  or  even  sem- 
blance of  dispute.  Mr.  Barrett,  our  late  minis- 
ter to  Siam,  who  is  a  duly  authorized  and  the 
most  active,  if  not  the  principal,  spokesman  of 
the  administration,  in  his  address  at  Shanghai 
delivered  on  January  12,  1899,  after  his  visit  to 
Luzon,  said  of  the  Filipino  government  that  it 
liad  **  practically  been  administering  the  affairs 
of  that  great  island  (Ijuzon)  since  tlie  American 
occupation  of  Manila  ;  "  that  it  was  **  certainly 
l)etter  than  the  former  (Spanish)  administra- 
tion ,"  that  it  included  a  ''popularly  formed 
cabinet  and  congress  ;  "  tliat  their  members 
*'in  appearance  and  manners  would  compare 
favorably  witli  Japanese  statesmen;"  that  Agui- 
naldo had  among  his  advi.sei*s  *'  men  of  acknowl- 
edged ability  as  international  lawyers,  while  his 
supporters  include  most  of  the  prominent  edu- 
cated and  wealthy  natives;"  and  that  all  these 
^^ prove  possibilities  of  self- government.'''' 

Something  further  is  conceded  by  every  re- 
port, official  or  unofficial,  which  Americans  bring 
us  of  the  Philippines.  The  civilized  natives 
were  in  large  majority,  Professor  Won^ester  says 
— more  than  five  out  of  eight  millions.  Their  civi- 
lization, though   inf«'rior  to  the  European  stand- 


ard, was  quite  equal  to  that  of  many  peoples 
successful  in  maintaining  independence  and  the 
forms,  at  least,  of  international  respect.  The 
American  admiral's  testimony  is  familiar  to  every 
one — that  they  **  are  far  superior  in  their  inteUi- 
gence  and  more  capable  of  self  government  than 
the  natives  of  Cuba. "  In  his  work  on  the  Phil- 
ippine Islands  published  by  Professor  Worcester, 
a  member  of  both  the  Philippine  commissions,  we 
are  told  (p.  475) : 

Th«  itnportaut  questions  which  intimately  concern 
the  future  of  the  Philippine  Island.s  result  from  the 
character  of  the  )lve  millions  of  civilized  ruitives  and 
the  conditions  existing  in  the  regions  which  they  now 
inhabit.  ...  I  think  that  the  civilized  natives  shotr 
suj^cient  homogeneity  to  be  treated  as  a  class. 

It  is  thus  the  civilized  Filipinos,  constituting 
a  large  majority  of  the  population,  who  must,  as 
distinguished  from  the  savages,  be  treated  as  the 
Filipino  people,  just  as  the  European  race  in  the 
United  States,  as  distinguished  from  the  native 
Indians,  must  be  treated  as  the  American  people. 
Commissioner  Worcester  criticises  the  civihzed 
Filipinos  in  terms  fully  applicable  to  large  classes 
in  the  most  highly  civilized  countries,  and  to  the 
masses  in  the  independent  states  at  the  east  of 
Europe,  and  those  of  Asia.  Africa,  and  South 
America,  and  in  the  southern  part  of  North 
America.  But  the  commissioner  declares  that 
the  civilized  Filipino  (that  is  to  say,  the  five 
millions  with  whom  we  are  at  war)  is  *' self- 
respecting  and  self- restrained  to  a  remarkable 
degree  ;  "  that  **  he  certainly  succeeds  much  bet- 
ter in  controlling  himself  than  does  the  avera^ 
European;"  that  ♦^he  seldom  repudiates  his 
debts,  and  if  called  upon  to  meet  them,  does  his 
best ;  "  and  that  **  they  are  naturally  fairly  intel- 
ligent." He  declared  (p.  413)  as  a  law  formulat- 
ed by  him  after  an  extensive  observation  among 
them  **that  their  morals  improve  as  the  square 
of  the  distance  from  the  churches  and  other  so- 
called  ^  civilizing  influences '  increases," — a  valu- 
able warning  against  *'  benevolent  assimilation.'* 
Speaking  of  the  successful  military  campaigns  by 
which  the  Filipinos  had  secured  the  control  of 
the  islands,  capturing  many  of  the  Spaniards,  he 
said  (p.  20)  : 

When  one  considers  the  treatment  which  has  been 
accorded  to  captured  rebels  by  the  Spaniards,  he  oui- 
not  fail  to  admire  the  self-restraint  shown  by  the  in- 
surgents during  the  operations  which  followed. 

The  President  himself  quotes  the  tribute  of  his 
commissioners  to  the  **  mental  gifts  and  domestic 
virtues'*  of  the  Filipinos.  In  this  magazine  for 
September,  1900,  Major  John  H.  Parker,  now  in 
command  of  a  district,  wrote  that  **  the  precon- 
ceived ideas  of  Americans  (e.g.,  of  (Jov.  Roose- 
velt in  his  quite  unworthy  comparison  of  them  to 


THE  PRACTICAL  BkYAN  POLICY  FOR  THE  PHILIPPINES. 


435 


the  savage,  nomadic,  and  bloodthirsty  Apaches) 
about  them  are  nearly  all  wrong."  He  condemns 
vices  of  theirs  which  he  says  are  due  to  their 
contact  with  **  unscrupulous  strength"  (another 
warning  against  *♦  benevolent  assimilation  "),  but 
acids  : 

They  are  intelligent,  and  generally  able  to  read  and 
write ;  they  are  a  very  religions  people ;  they  have 
always  been  accustomed  to  a  system  of  law  and  legal 
settlements  of  disputes  ;  they  have  produced  generals, 
poets,  lawyers,  painters,  and  business  men  of  recog- 
nized ability — some  of  world-wide  reputation;  and 
they  are  eager  to  learn  the  ways  of  advanced  civiliza- 
tioo.  .  .  .  Far  from  being  a  degenerating  race,  they 
are  a  virile,  young,  and  healthy  new  stock.  .  .  .  Their 
race  type  is  to  their  world  what  that  of  the  Americans 
Is  to  the  Western  civilization. 

If  this  testimony — all  of  it  from  the  adminis- 
tration— be  true,  who  dare  say  that  this  people 
is  not  ready  for  self-government, — not  the  best 
or  an  ideal  government, — but  se (/"-government, 
with  all  its  self  •  strengthening  growth  into 
stronger,  better,  more  orderly,  more  honest, 
more  merciful  life?  If  they  ought  to  be  de- 
prived of  self-government,  why  ought  not  Peru, 
Bolivia,  Chile,  Venezuela,  Brazil,  Santo  Do- 
mingo, Colombia,  Mexico,  Haiti,  Bulgaria,  Mon- 
tenegro, Roumania,  Siam,  China,  and  Liberia  to 
likewise  forfeit  theirs  ? 

Let   me,    then,   recapitulate   the  facts  of  late 
1898.      The  civilized  people  were  a  majority  of 
the  Philippine   population.     The  principal  part 
of  the  archipelago  was  in  their  possession.      The 
Americans  held  the  port  of  Manila.     The  Span- 
iards  had    a  claim  of  title  to  the  entire  archi- 
pelago,  represented,  however,  by  no  possession 
other  than  of  a  few  fortified  places  under  siege. 
We  had   power  to  compel    Spain   to  surrender 
her  claim.      The  population  was  not  only  alien  to 
us   in    race,  but  was   distinctly  of   a   character 
which  we  could  not  advantageously  admit  to  our 
citizenship.    We  could  never  safely  admit  Philip- 
pine states  to  the  American  Union.      The  Fili- 
pinos   had    a    government :    and   they    had   the 
gifts  and    civilization    which  sustain   with  suc- 
cess government  in  most  quarters  of  the  world — 
not  government  the  purest  or  tlie  best, — not  a 
govemtnent  free  of  dishonesty  and  brutality, — 
hut   one    in    all   ages   recognized    as   sufficient. 
Their  country  was  on  the  coast  of  Asia,  8,000 
miles  away  from  our  nearest  shore. 

If  such  were  the  relevant  facts  in  the  Philip- 
pines themselves,  the  all  -  relevant  fact  on  our 
side  of  the  Pacific  was  this, — that  we  were  a 
people  solemnly  dedicated  fruni  the  moment  of 
•  Mir  independence  to  the  proposition  that  govern 
ment  must  be  by  the  consent  of  the  governed, 
and  that  in  that  pi-oix>sition  we  had  found  not 
only     righteousness    and    tlie    golden     rule    of 


Christian  statesmanship,  but  an  industrial  and 
popular  well  -  l>eing,  wealth,  and  prosperity  the 
greatest  ever  known  by  men.  We  had  declined 
to  take  any  really  populated  or  civilized  land 
(unless  Hawaii,  a  few  months  before)  except  on 
the  basis  of  its  becoming  an  integral  part  of  the 
American  Union,  sharing  in  its  government,  in 
its  protection  and  privileges.  Democratic  self- 
government  was  the  fundamental  note  and  the 
glory  of  our  republic.  Every  exception  to  it, 
whether  in  negro  slavery  or  temporary  or  local 
suppressions  of  liberty,  we  had  regarded  as  a 
misfortune,  a  shame,  or  a  disgrace,  which  was 
to  be  eliminated,  not  to  be  extended.  We  were 
to  steadily  approach — never  to  depart  from — the 
ideal  of  our  government  and  civilization,  the 
fruits  of  which,  in  our  own  splendid  prosperity 
and  in  the  beneficence  of  our  example,  had  been 
so  enormous,  and  promised  to  be  so  enduring. 
To  this  theory  everything  done  by  our  Govern- 
ment, whether  at  home  or  abroad,  must  accord. 

Such  in  1898  was  the  Philippine  problem  ; 
such  was  the  rule  America  had  long  laid  down 
for  the  solution  of  every  like  problem.  What, 
then,  was  the  duty  of  the  President?  He  has 
himself,  although  but  half  consciously,  made 
clear,  in  his  letter  of  acceptance,  his  own  con- 
ception of  that  duty.  He  said  he  had  used — 
that  is  to  say,  he  meant  to  use,  he  should  have 
used — his  power  *  *  for  the  liberty^  the  peace,  and 
the  prosperity  of  the  Philippine  peoples."  He 
adopted  the  words  of  his  commissioners,  that  our 
occupation  meant  (that  is  to  say,  it  was,  or  at 
least  should  have  been,  so  intended)  <*the  idea  of 
a  free  self- governing  and  united  Philippine  com- 
monwealth.*' Every  effort  of  his,  he  said,  had 
been  made  to^bring  the  benefactions  of  *  *  liberty 
and  good  go\^rnment"  to  these  '•  wards  of  the 
nation."  He  asked  whether  the  American  re- 
public would  stay  in  the  Philippines  *  and  dis- 
j)ense  to  their  inhabitants  the  blessings  of  liberty^ 
education  J  and  free  institutions  or  steal  away  leav- 
ing them  to  anarchy  or  imperialism,'' 

Now,  what  do  the  words  **  liberty,'*  **  free- 
dom," •* self-government,"  '*free  institutions" 
mean  when  used  by  a  President  of  this  republic  ? 
Were  they  ever  before  used  by  a  President  or  by 
an  American  statesman  still  respected  by  Ameri- 
cans to  mean  any  other  thing  than  the  right  to 
adopt  such  form  of  government  as  the  people  to 
be  governed  themselves  prefer  ?  Does  England 
ever  pretend  that  her  benefactions  to  India  in- 
clude any  of  these  ?  The  President  declares  the 
Dtnlaration  of  Independence  to  be  an  'Mmmor- 
tal  instrument  of  the  fathers"  which  **  re- 
mained unexecuted  until  the  i)eople  under  the 
lead  of  the  Kepublican  party  .  .  .  wrote  into 
the  Constitution  th**  amendments  guaranteeing 


436 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  REI^IEWS. 


political  equality  to  American  citizenship."  The 
President,  if  this  be  sincere,  and  not  a  mere 
rhetorical  catch-phrase,  means,  and  can  only 
mean,  this  :  That,  in  his  opinion,  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  is  a  fundamental  instrument 
which  should  be  held  <* immortal," — that  is  to 
say,  which  Americans  should  never  let  die  or 
cease  in  operation, — but  that  it  remains  unexe- 
cuted unless  those  who  are  within  its  purview 
have  the  power  to  vote  for  those  who  shall 
govern  tliem.  The  President  thus  conclusively 
concedes  self-government  to  be  fundamental  with 
us  ;  he  has  the  same  underetanding  of  self-gov- 
ernment that  his  critics  have — namely,  that  it 
implies  the  right  of  a  people  to  determine  their 
own  government,  whether  for  better  or  for  worse, 
and  not  to  have  it  determined  for  them,  whether 
for  better  or  for  worse,  by  an  alien  people  or 
ruler. 

It  is  with  an  audacity  the  cleverness  of  which 
depends  on  the  result  to  his  campaign  that 
the  President  would  rob  his  adversaries  of  the 
word  < 'imperialism."  He  tells  us  that  *' em- 
pire has  been  expelled  from  Porto  Rico  and  the 
Philippines  by  American  freemen."  And  what 
does  **  empire"  mean  when  used  by  an  Aineri- 
can  president  or  by  any  American  statesman  of 
repute.  It  plainly  means  for  President  McKinley 
something  that  an  American  ought  to  think  evil. 
Otherwise,  surely,  he  would  not,  with  slaughter 
and  at  great  cost,  expel  it  from  any  islands.  And 
is  that  evil  anything  other  than  this  :  That  people 
are  governed  against  their  own  will  in  a  manner 
determined  by  another  people  ?  Empire  is  not  a 
synonym  for  dishonesty  or  brutality,  or  vice  or 
other  wrong.  Such  things  may  or  may  not  fol- 
low empire  ;  but  they  are  not  themselves  empire. 
It  is  no  more  than  the  kind  of  government  in 
which  the  will  of  the  governed  does  not  prevail. 
Supporters  of  the  President  sometimes  illustrate 
this  sole  meaning  when  they  say  that  they  pvefer 
an  **  honest  empire"  to  a  *' dishonest  republic. " 
Much  of  England's  imperial  government  is  hon- 
est, orderly — in  itself  eflQcient.  Empire  does 
not  in  itself  mean  wickedness.  Nor  would  the 
President,  of  course,  use  the  word  with  puerile 
literalness  as  meaning  government  with  an  em- 
peror such  as  that  of  Germany.  A  self-gov- 
erning country  choosing  to  call  its  constitutional 
chief  executive,  whether  hereditary  or  not,  an 
emperor  is  not  **  empire"  in  this  kind  of  discus- 
sion ;  it  certainly  is  not  the  kind  of  ♦*  empire" 
which  the  President  rejoi(!es  to  have  expelled 
from  Porto  Rico  and  the  Philippines.  It  was 
with  that  meaning  that  Queen  Victoria  on  Janu- 
ary 1,  1S77,  assumed  for  use  beyoinl  seas  the 
tit  If  '*  Empress  of  India." 

The  President  has,    then,  coiu-cded   in   words 


from  whose  force  honest  escape  is  impossible 
that,  whatever  in  1898  may  have  been  his  con 
ception  of  '*  destiny,"  his  conception  of  **duty" 
was  that  which  is  now  called  anti- imperialist. 
Those  were  days  when  condemnation  of  *'crimi 
nal  aggression  "  still  lingered  on  his  lips.  The 
United  States,  he  has  conceded,  could  meddle 
with  the  Philippine  Islands  only  to  give  them 
liberty,  freedom,  self-government.  Without  self- 
government,  he  warns  us,  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  <*  remains  unexecuted  ;  "  and  the 
Declaration,  he  declares,  is  still  the  **  immortal'' 
charter  of  our  **  duty." 

Nor  will  the  President  yet  dare  to  say  thai 
for  any  American  there  is  doubt  what  is  meant 
by  a  government  of  ** freedom"  or  *•  self-gov- 
ernment." If  there  be  freedom  at  all,  there  i^ 
freedom  to  choose  what  the  people  governed 
themselves  prefer,  whether  it  be  worse  or  better. 
The  right  to  choose  only  what  a  stranger  judges 
best,  with  no  right  to  refuse  it,  would  indeed  be 
a  Barmecide  feast  of  *< liberty."  Theologians 
have  disputed  over  the  **  freedom  of  the  wUl;" 
but  no  theologian  was  ever  bo  absurd  as  to  say 
that  the  will  of  a  man  would  be  free  if  he  couU 
will  only  what  the  Almighty  or  a  fellow -creatuiv 
should  prescribe.  If  Filipinos  were  to  be  stlj- 
governed,  they  must  themselves  say  whether  they 
would  have  an  unlimited  democracy  or  a  limile; 
one,  or  an  aristocratic  republic,  or  a  kingdom 
That  there  were  minorities  among  them  does  no^ 
affect  the  rule.  Popular  self-government  does  nor 
exclude  the  idea  of  coercion  of  the  minority  of  a 
people  by  the  majority  among  whom  they  Uve. 
The  term  is  applied  to  the  people  of  a  country, 
whatever  their  subordinate  diversities,  taken  as  s 
whole.  It  does  not  imply  the  right  of  every  mai. 
to  live  and  act  as  he  pleases.  It  is  no  reduetio  n- 
absurdum. 

Now  at  last  there  is  before  us  that  whole  situa 
tion  in  1898,  without  realizing  which  we  canna 
say  what  the  next  President  should  do.  We  ma} 
now  answer  what  President  McKinley  should  have 
done  in  the  Paris  negotiation  ;  and  without  thi- 
answer  we  cannot  rightly  say  what  his  successor 
can  and  should  do  in  March,  1901.  The  answer 
is  perfectly  clear  and  simple  :  He  should  kavr 
asked  the  Filipinos  to  designate  their  own  repre 
sentatives.  If  it  were  not  possible  to  reach  all  r- 
them,  there  was,  at  any  rate,  a  de  facto  and  sufficif  ii- 
government,  which  should  have  been  asked  to  tak* 
part  in  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  so  far  as  the  conceru- 
of  its  own  land  and  people  were  to  be  disposeii  of 
If  its  commissioners  could  not,  l>ecause  of  Spani>l 
susceptibility,  be  admitted  tr.  the  conference,  il' 
American  commissioners  should  themselves  ha*- 
conferred  with  them  res|M»ctfully  and  intiuiatt^ 
Spain   was   ready  to  surrender  her  sovenngn- 


THE  PRACTICAL  BRYAN  POLICY  FOR  THE  PHILIPPINES. 


4^7 


because  she  must  ;  and  it  did  not  concern  lier 
who  received  it.  The  treaty  should  have  re- 
quired the  surrender  of  the  sovereignty  to  be 
made  to  the  Filipinos,  or  if  to  the  American  repub- 
lic, then  not  to  be  its  property,  but  upon  trust  for 
the  Filipinos.  This  was  •  *  plain  duty.  *'  How  was 
it  performed  ?  The  President,  in  his  instructions 
to  the  Peace  Commissioners,  talked  of  *♦  dictates 
of  humanity,'*  of  "high  public  and  moral  obli- 
^rations,"  of  the  absence  from  his  mind  of  any 
''design  of  aggrandizement"  or  ** ambition  of 
conquest,"  of  our  duty  to  be  **  scrupulous  and 
magnanimous,"  of  the  *< plain  writing  on  our 
growth  and  career  from  the  beginning"  of  •'  the 
high  common  pledge  of  civilization."  After  all 
this  assertion  of  nobility  of  aims,  the  President 
stated  various  alternatives.  He  truly  said  that 
it  was  ** undisputed  that  Spain's  authority"  was 
•'permanently  destroyed  in  every  part  of  the 
Philippines. "  Affecting  to  recite  all  the  alterna- 
tives, *' we  must,"  he  said,  **  either  hold  them 
or  turn  them  back  to  Spain."  Was  there  not 
another  alternative,  easier,  more  righteous,  and 
more  American  than  either?  It  was -to  aflSrm 
the  rightful  sovereignty  and  independence  of 
the  Filipinos  themselves  ;  that  is  to  say,  to  rec- 
ognize and  affirm  the  existing  condition.  The 
President  said  that  he  could  not  turn  the  islands 
over  to  one  tribe  out  of  eighty.  No  one  has 
suggested  that  he  should.  To  speak  of  the  five 
millions  of  civilized  Filipinos,  the  large  majority 
of  the  whole  population,  as  one  tribe  out  of 
eighty  would  come  measurably  near  to  insincerity 
or  frivolity.  It  would  have  been  as  sensible, 
120  years  ago,  for  England  to  have  said  that 
she  would  not  turn  the  revolted  colonies  over 
to  the  colonists  because  she  could  not  permit  Mo- 
hicans, or  Oherokees,  or  Apaches,  or  Utes  to  be 
tyrannized  over  by  one  tribe  out  of  eighty.  The 
respect  now  suggested  for  the  will  of  the  seventy- 
nine  tribes  is  a  mere  affectation.  The  President 
<k>es  not  dare  to  say,  and  there  is  not,  I  believe, 
in  the  oflBcial  record,  a  scintilla  of  evidence,  that 
any  large  body  of  the  Filipinos  desired  American 
sovereignty.  If  they  did,  it  surely  was  com- 
petent to  them  to  express  their  desire.  If  they 
do  now,  let  them  be  consulted.  The  American 
republic  could  then  determine,  without  violation 
of  the  sacred  rule  of  government  by  the  consent 
of  the  governed,  whether  or  not  it  would  accept 
the  trust. 

Well,  then,  assume  that  by  the  Treaty  of  Paris 
Spain  bad  surrendered  her  sovereignty  either  to 
the  Filipinos  or  to  us  in  trust  for  them  ;  assume 
that  the  President  had  then  invited  from  the 
Filipinos  a  reasonable  proof — such  as  they  were 
really  to  give  and  such  as  they  had  given  in  form 
very   creditable  to  them — of  the  existence  and 


authority  of  their  government.  The  next  step 
would  have  been  the  adjustment  of  relations  be- 
tween the  United  Slates,  on  the  one  hand,  and 
the  Filipino  commonwealth  on  the  other.  It 
would  have  been  easy  to  negotiate  a  treaty  giv- 
ing to  us  reasonable  commercial  privileges,  to- 
gether with  the  possession  of  the  port  of  Manila 
as  a  naval  and  coaling  station.  If  it  be  said  that 
the  Filipinos  would  not  have  conceded  Manila,  I 
answer  that  that  cannot  be  known,  for  no  such 
proposition  was  made.  If  the  Filipinos  had 
turned  out  to  be  unreasonable  about  this,  and 
had  sought  to  wrest  Manila  from  us,  we  should 
then,  perhaps,  have  had  a  just  cause  of  war. 
Had  there  been  any  such  war,  it  would  have 
been  a  simple,  limited,  inexpensive  affair,  in 
which  we  would  not  have  beea  aggressors.  But 
it  is  clear  that,  with  whatever  reluctance,  the 
Filipinos  would  have  conceded  Manila.  With 
that  and  the  commercial  treaty,  we  should  have 
had  all  the  advantage  which  dominion  over  the 
archipelago  woulii  give  us,  and  practically  at  no 
cost  beyond  that  incurred  in  our  war  for  Cuban 
freedom. 

.  I  believe  some  kind  of  protectorate  over  the 
Philippines  would  have  been  proper,  and  would 
have  been  welcomed  by  the  Filipinos.  Nor  does 
the  President  deny  this.  Instead,  he  says  in  his 
letter  that  those  favoring  a  protectorate  proposed 
*Ho  continue  our  obligations  in  the  Philippines 
which  now  rest  upon  the  Government,  only 
changing  the  relation  from  principal,  which  now 
exists,  to  that  of  surety. "  This  statement  is  far 
from  the  truth.  The  suggested  protectorate  did 
not  imply,  as  the  President  adroitly  but  not  very 
ingenuously  assumes,  that  we  should  continue 
under  the  obligations  involved  in  sovereignty. 
Protectorate  implies  no  obligation  concerning 
internal  government.  If  the  Filipinos  should 
desire  and  receive  our  protection,  no  doubt  there 
would  be  external  obligations  on  their  part,  and 
obligations  to  us  and  other  foreigners  when  in 
their  land.  If  they  should  not  perform  their 
obligations,  we  should  be  at  liberty  to  withdraw 
our  protection.  What  is  the  Monroe  Doctrine 
but  the  assertion  of  a  protectorate  by  our  Gov- 
ernment over  all  other  independent  governments 
in  America  ?  What  obligation  would  a  Philif)- 
pine  protectorate  imply  greater  than  those  we 
have  assumed  with  respect  to  Mexico  or  Vene- 
zuela ?  We  do  not  guarantee  their  bonds  ;  we 
do  not  meddle  with  their  internal  administration. 
We  simply  declare  that  they  shall  be  permitted, 
free  of  European  interference,  to  work  out  their 
own  future  in  their  own  way.  Is  not  the  same 
true  of  the  protectorate  over  Belgium,  Holland, 
Switzerland,  Greece,  theDanubian  principalities? 
In  these  cases,   feeble  nations  have  their  inde- 


438 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


pendence  assured  by  one  or  several  of  the  great 
powers.  The  latter  do  not  guarantee  debts  or 
internal  obligations.  They  merely  assure  the  right 
of  self-government  and  independence.  In  some 
cases  the  protecting  power  requires — but  this  is 
no  necessary  part  of  the  protectorate — some  special 
privilege  or  right,  which  is  generally  conceded  by 
treaty.  There  may  be  added,  and  no  doubt 
there  is  implied  in  the  fact  of  a  protectorate,  tne 
requirement  that  the  protected  state  shall  not 
enter  into  foreign  relations  against  the  will  of 
the  former.  To  have  offered  the  Philippine  com- 
monwealth such  protection,  to  be  maintained  at 
our  pleasure,  would  not  only  have  been  gracious 
in  itself,  but  would  have  perfectly  consisted  with 
American  dignity  and  interests.  Nor  was  there 
reason  to  think  it  would  be  burdensome  to  us. 
There  is  not  the  slightest  proof  that  any  other 
country,  whether  England  or  Germany,  or  Rus- 
sia or  France  or  Japan,  Would  have  interfered 
with  the  independence  of  the  Philippine  Islands 
after  a  mere  intimation  from  the  American  Gov- 
ernment that  it  wished  that  independence  to  be 
respected. 

Can  anything  be  clearer  than  that  if  this 
policy  of  just  and  generous  treatment  of  the 
Filipinos  had  been  followed  that  we  should,  at 
little  cost,  have  enjoyed  there  all  the  real  power 
we  now  have,  that  our  trade  would  have  had 
vastly  greater  advantages,  that  the  glory  of  our 
arms  would  have  been  unsullied,  and  that  the 
American  name  would  have  enjoyed  prestige 
and  splendor.  I  little  doubt  that  the  President 
now  and  then  wistfully  reflects  that,  had  this 
been  his  policy,  not  only  would  his  reelection 
be  a  certainty,  but  he  would  have  pu.t  himself 
into  that  category  of  great  Americans  which 
includes  Washington  and  Lincoln,  it  is  a  taw- 
dry and  Brummagem  and  fading  glory  which  he 
has  chosen  instead. 

It  will  be  said  that  all  this  does  not  answer  the 
question  put  to  me — that  it  does  not  tell  what 
a  President  Bryan  could  do  after  March  4,  1901, 
different  from  what  a  President  McKinley  has 
done  and  will  do.  The  answer  is,  however, 
almost  complete.  Once  perceive  truly  what  was 
our  duty  in  1898,  we  know  our  duty  to-day, 
e^icept  as  specific  events  happening  since  have 
altered  the  situation.  But  the  relevant  and  im- 
portant events  are  these  and  only  these  :  That 
we  have  sent  nearly  100,000  troops  to  the  Phil- 
ippines and  now  keep  there  over  60,000  ;  that 
we  have  made  war  upon  the  Filipinos  at  a  cost 
of  tens  of  thousands  of  their  lives  and  of  thou- 
sands of  American  lives  and  of  hundreds  of  mil- 
lions of  money  ;  that  we  have  aroused  their  hatred ; 
that  the  moral  repute  of  our  nation  has  suffered  ; 
that  we  have  sacrificed  the  ideal  of  our  civilization 


and  government ;  and  that  the  advocates  of  a 
President  of  the  United  States  seeking  reelection, 
instead  of  asserting  the  supreme  obligation  of  the 
**  immortal"  Declaration  of  Independence,  are 
now  compelled  to  vindicate  the  exceptions,  lamen- 
table, disastrous,  and  even  disgraceful  as  they 
have  been,  which  we  have  permitted,  and  our 
inconsistencies  in  performing  its  obligations.  Is 
there,  now,  in  these  things  reason  why  in  1901 
we  shall  not  accord  to  the  Filipinos  that  liberty 
which  we  were  bound  to  accord  them  in  1898? 
If  we  were  wrong  and  are  wrong,  are  we  bound, 
for  the  sake  of  consistency,  to  remain  wrong? 
If  we  have  injured  our  national  repute,  is  there 
any  reason  why  we  should  not  restore  it?  If 
we  have  aroused  the  hatred  of  the  Filipinos,  is 
there  reason  why  we  should  not  invite  their  re- 
gard ?  If  we  have  now  incurred  large  annual  ex- 
penditure, is  there  any  reason  why  we  should 
continue  it  ?  If  we  have  left  the  ideal  of  our 
civilization  and  government,  is  there  any  reason 
in  the  events  of  the  past  three  years  why  we  should 
not  return  to  it  ? 

The  Paris  Treaty  being,  under  our  Constitu- 
tion, the  supreme  law  of  the  land,  the  constitu- 
tional or  legal  mode  of  according  that  liberty 
to  the  Filipinos  which  the  President  concede  to 
•be  due  them,  or  of  performing  toward  them 
those  obligations  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence from  which  the  President  tells  us  we  shall 
never  be  free,  is  of  course  different  from  what  it 
would  have  been.  Their  relations  must  be  de- 
termined by  Congress.  Whether  the  legal  mode 
be  by  joint  resolution  or  law  is  of  little  conse- 
quence. If  in  November  the  people  make  their 
will  clear,  no  difficulty  will  prevent  the  new 
President  and  new  Congress  from  carrying  it 
out.  Detail  of  procedure  in  the  Philippines 
must,  doubtless,  be  different  by  reason  of  the 
destruction  which  the  American  troops  have  in 
flicted  and  the  occupation  of  many  places  in  Lu- 
zon and  the  other  islands  by  the  American  troops. 
We  not  only  have  defeated  the  Filipino  troops : 
we  have  broken  up  their  government.  When, 
therefore,  Mr.  Bryan  proposes,  as  a  first  step,  to 
establish  a  stable  government,  he  plainly  does  not 
mean  that,  if  he  were  President,  he  or  Congress 
would  determine  the  p>ermanent  form  or  condi- 
tion of  the  Philippine  commonwealth,  or  thai 
the  United  States  would  impose  upon  it  a  consti 
tution.  He  means  simply  that  there  must  be  a 
stable — that  is  to  say,  a  standing  or  substantive 
— government  with  which  we  can  treat,  and  to 
which  our  departing  soldiers  may  relinquish  the 
physical  power  which,  whether  rightly  or  wrong- 
ly, we  have  acquired.  As  we  have  broken  up 
the  machinery  of  Filipino  initiative,  we  must, 
for  the  time  being,  ourselves  enter  upon  the  ini- 


MR,  BRYAN  ANO  THE  TRUSTS:  AN  ANTI-TRUST  yiEU^. 


430 


liative  which  in  1898  we  should  not  have  needed 
to  undertake.  Assuming  a  will  on  the  part  of 
the  American  executive  to  accomplish  this,  the 
details  present  no  real  difiBculty.  The  govern- 
ment of  our  own  Southern  States  after  our  Civil 
War  was,  for  a  time,  in  control  of  the  military. 
Conventions  were  called  and  proclamations  were 
issued  by  generals.  Louisiana  and  Florida,  and 
California  and  the  other  territory  acquired  from 
Mexico,  were  for  a  brief  time  heltl  in  the  control 
of  our  executive,  but  merely  as  a  preliminary 
and  temporary  step  to  their  own  self-govern- 
ment. In  none  of  these  cases  was  there  difiB- 
culty in  gathering  representatives  of  the  people, 
in  protecting  them,  or  in  ascertaining  their  will. 
If  the  President  be  sincere  in  his  fear  that  the 
Tagalogs  will  oppress  or  misrepresent  the  re- 
maining Filipinos,  let  him  instruct  his  military 
subordinates  to  take  care  that  all  civilized  Fili- 
pinos be  permitted  to  choose  their  representa- 
tives and  share  in  forming  the  Philippine  con- 
stitution. Surely  we  may  trust  the  intelligence 
and  conscience  of  the  oflBcers  to  certify  truly 
which  of  the  Filipino  representatives  are  truly 
representative.  It  would  be  easy  to  constitute 
a  government  as  genuine  as  was  the  govern- 
ment  of  the  National  Defense  of  France  with 
which  Prince  Bismarck  negotiated  the  Treaty  of 
Paris   in  1871.     If   the  Filipinos  desire  Agui- 


naldo  for  their  president,  they  should  have  him  ; 
if  they  desire  some  one  else,  they  should  have 
him.  All  this  will  require  patience,  self -re- 
straint, and  sympathy  and  tact  no  doubt  far 
greater  than  would  have  been  required  two  years 
ago  ;  but  there  are  no  insurmountable  difficul- 
ties. When  the  new  government  is  established, 
let  a  treaty  be  made.  If  Mr.  Bryan  be  elect- 
ed, it  is  certain  that  the  Filipinos  will  regard  his 
subordinates  with  a  confidence  which  they  can- 
not, if  they  be  human,  possibly  extent!  to  any 
subordinates  of  President  McKinley.  Our  com- 
mercial rights,  our  ownership  of  the  port  of 
Manila,  and  all  other  details  of  the  relations  be- 
tween the  Filipino  archipelago  and  the  United 
States  being  established,  we  stiould  withdraw  our 
entire  army,  excepting  such  part  as  may  be 
necessary  for  the  occupation  of  the  fortifications 
at  Manila. 

We  can  never  undo  the  wrong  of  the  past  two 
years.  But  if  there  shall  be  a  President  Bryan, 
and  if  he  shall — as  I  have  no  doubt  he  will,  if 
elected, — carry  out  a  policy  of  justice,  having 
strict  and  sacred  regard  to  the  American  ideal 
of  government,  we  shall  come  to  a  power  in  the 
Philippines  and  on  the  Asiatic  coast  more  fruit- 
ful of  prosperity  to  our  own  people  and  nobler 
than  any  which  a  blood  stained  sovereignty  over 
the  Philippines  could  give  us  in  a  thousand  years. 


MR.  BRYAN   AND  THE  TRUSTS:  AN   ANTI- 
TRUST VIEW. 


BY  THE   HON.    FRANK   S.   MONNETT. 
(Formerly  Attorney-Greneral  of  Ohio.) 


WHAT  can  Mr.  Bryan  do,  if  elected  Presi- 
dent, toward  controlling  or  punishing 
trusts,  or  curbing  the  abuses  that  grow  out  of  a 
^reat  aggregation  of  capital  ? 

The  above  inquiry  can  be  answered  under 
three  general  heads  : 

First,  what  are  a  President's  constitutional  and 
statutory  powers  purely  as  an  executiue  officer  ? 

Second,  what  are  his  powers,  under  the  Con- 
stitution, to  effect  legislation  ? 

Third,  what  control  or  influence  can  the  chief 
executive  exert  over  the  judiciary  ? 

Under  these  three  heads  all  governmental  pow- 
er or  oflBcial  authority  is  derived.  It  matters 
not  whether  it  be  exercised  in  carrying  out  a 
foreign  policy,  developing  an  economic  theory, 
or  establishing  a  system  of  finance. 

In  the  heat  of  a  political  campaign,  we  some- 


times lose  sight  of  the  limitation  of  the  powers 
vested  in  the  chief  executive  of  this  Govern- 
ment. Voters  are  sometimes  led  to  believe,  by 
editors  and  public  speakers,  that  he  is  an  ab- 
solute monarch.  After  the  smoke  of  the  cam- 
paign has  cleared  away  and  tlio  inaugural  ad- 
dress has  been  delivered,  and  the  oath  of  office 
taken,  he  faces  the  capitol  of  his  country,  and 
finds  on  his  right  hand  the  United  States  Senate, 
composed  of  90  members,  many  of  them  with  a 
quarter  of  a  century's  experience  in  governmen- 
tal affairs,  and  learned  and  schooled  probably  far 
beyond  the  newly  installed  President.  On  his 
left  hand  he  will  be  confronted  with  357  or 
more  members  of  the  lower  house,  any  one  of 
whom,  in  his  own  opinion,  knows  more  alK)ut 
the  questions  of  the  day,  and  what  is  necessary 
to  save  the  country  from  '*dire  ruin,'*  than  all 


442 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


each  house  of  Congress  is  a  powerful  weapon  to 
defeat  extreme  legislation  on  the  one  hand  and 
to  prevent  monopolistic  favors  granted  by  legis- 
lation on  the  other. 

Since  only  one-half  of  the  total  vote  plus  one 
is  required  to  pass  a  bill  without  liis  veto,  and 
two-thirds  to  defeat  his  veto,  the  President,  in 
effect,  has  the  equivalent  of  59  votes  in  the 
House  on  the  negative  of  any  question,  which  is 
equal  to  the  full  delegation  of  an  average  of  two 
and  one-half  States  of  the  Union.  In  the  Sen- 
ate this  power  is  equivalent  to  about  15  out  of 
the  90  votes,  or  a  power  equal  to  seven  and  one- 
half  States.  But  this  is  not  his  full  power  in 
the  legislative  halls,  in  the  light  of  illustrious 
precedent.  There  is  a  potency  in  the  use  of 
patronage  that  has  whipped  in  many  a  recalci- 
trant member,  and  either  silenced  opposition  or 
forced  a  favorable  vote.  The  last  official  roster 
of  postmasters,  as  given  in  1898,  gave  a  total  of 
73,570,  or  an  average  of  206  appointments  to 
each  Congressman.  And  as  the  minority  mem- 
bers do  not  have  much  say  as  to  the  distribution 
in  their  districts  of  these  offices,  it  becomes 
quite  an  important  matter  of  patronage  to  the 
Senators  of  such  States.  Add  to  this  list  the 
revenue  collectors,  consulships,  United  States 
marshals,  and  the  army  of  subordinates,  also 
naval  and  military  cadet  appointments,  and  it  is 
apparent  that  a  President  can  wield  a  powerful 
influence  in  organizing  a  House  of  Representa- 
tives, in  dictating  committees  that  will  report  or 
suppress  legislation  in  harmony  with  his  views, 
and  do  all  things  necessary  to  carry  out  an  ad- 
ministration policy.  Then  again,  in  the  light  of 
precedent,  a  President,  through  his  patronage, 
can  mold  public  sentiment  in  favor  of  or  against 
a  given  proposition  or  theory  of  government  by 
filling  subordinate  places  with  country  editors 
and  bright  newspaper  men,  who  will  remain  loyal 
to  him  in  their  editorial  columns  or  political  let- 
ters. All  this  has  been  considered  the  exercise 
of  legitimate  political  power. 

And  what  has  been  said  of  the  postmasters  and 
their  influence  may  be  said  of  revenue  collectors, 
United  States  marshals,  census  enumerators, 
pension  agents,  and  commissioners  on  all  sub- 
jects, who  can  be  ever  present  in  political 
caucuses,  county  and  State  conventions,  forcing 
indorsements  of  whatever  economic  theory  the 
chief  executive  may  advocate,  thereby  binding  in 
advance,  and,  under  a  gag- rule,  forcing  members 
of  Congress  to  support  measures  directly  against 
the  best  interest  of  capital  on  the  one  hand  or 
against  the  consumers  and  small  merchants  on 
the  other.  With  such  power,  and  through  these 
various  ramifications,  a  measure  that  would  be 
beneficial  or  that  would  protect  the  masses  could 


be  wholly  (h^feated  by  an  executive  who  is  ? 
willing  tool  of  trusts  and  monopolies. 

Mr.  Bryan  could  assist  in  electing  or  defeating 
any  United  States  Senator  he  chose — at  least, 
viewed  in  the  light  of  precedent.  If  Mr.  Bryan 
should  sell  out  to  the  unlawful  combinations  of 
wealth,  he  could  fill  a  capitol  of  any  State  with 
emissaries  from  his  various  governmental  posi- 
tions ;  he  could  establish  telegraphic  service  and 
private  wires  at  his  favorite's  headquarters,  an<l 
furnish  syndicated  editorials  for  every  one  of  the 
postmasters'  papers  in  order  to  support,  laud, 
and  magnify  his  criminal  plutocrat,  if  he  were 
running  such  a  character  for  the  Senate  ;  and  be 
could,  on  the  other  hand,  furnish  boiler-plate  or 
telegraphic  editorials  to  his  suppliant,  editorial 
postmasters,  maligning  and  vilifying  the  most 
worthy  aspirant,  who  would  fairly  represent  the 
masses  and  be  the  real  choice  of  the  people. 
Thus,  he  could  even  change  the  partisan  or  fac- 
tional majority  of  the  United  States  Senate ;  or, 
if  he  chose  to  carry  out  his  more  honorable  or 
laudable  aims  and  remain  true  to  the  people,  he 
could  prevent  and  refuse  this  abuse  of  his  oflBcial 
position. 

Space  forbids  to  more  than  hint  at  the  power 
Mr.  Bryan  could  have  in  molding  thesentimentof 
the  upper  and  the  lower  house,  in  the  four  years 
of  his  term,  for  or  against  this  great  econoniif 
wrong  that  is  manifestly  crushing  out  the  hfe  of 
the  man  of  moderate  means  and  small  fortunes. 

THE    POWER   OP   THE    PRESIDENT    IN    THE    JUDICUBT 
DEPARTMENT. 

The  chief  executive's  influence  upon  the  judi- 
ciary of  this  Government  is  not  so  direct,  and 
yet  It  has  long  been  recognized  that  the  personnel 
of  the  various  federal  courts  may  influence  de- 
cisions of  a  ^Mfl^i-political  nature.  I  need  but 
cite  the  Bred  Scott  decision  of  ante-bellum  days 
and  the  income  tax  decision  of  more  recent  date. 

No  keen  observer  can  doubt  that  nine  judges 
could  be  selected  and  appointed  to  fill  the  posi- 
tion of  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  who  would 
be  of  the  same  opinion  as  were  the  five  that 
denied  the  validity  of  the  income  tax.  So,  like 
wise,  nine  equally  able  men  could  be  found  U> 
agree,  conscientiously,  with  the  four  that  voted 
in  the  minority.  Judges  are  human  ;  their  early 
education,  mental  training,  and  even  professional 
career  before  being  appointed  to  the  bench  un 
consciously  brings  them  to  a  proslavery  or  an 
antislavery  decision  ;  or  in  favor  of  or  against  an 
income  tax.  when  it  becomes  a  question  of  consti 
tutional  construction.  Mr.  Bryan,  I  doubt  not. 
would  in  the  four  years  have  his  quota  of  United 
States  circuit,  district,  and  supreme  judges  to 
appoint. 


TRUSTS,  IN  CASE  OF  MR,  BRYAN'S  ELECTION. 


443 


Who  will  gainsay,  in  the  light  of  our  judicial 
history,'  that  his  selection  of  judges,  schooled  in 
his  belief  and  theory  cf  economics,  would  hon- 
estly charge  a  grand  jury  more  vigorously,  and 
direct  a  district  attorney  more  effectively,  to  bring 
before  him  and  such  grand  juries  offenders  against 
the  Sherman  anti-trust  act,  as  well  as  decide  more 
promptly  the  various  preliminary  questions  that 
are  frequently  interposed  to  stay  proceedings, 
than  would  a  judge  that  he  might  appoint  from 
the  ranks  of  the  trust  attorneys  and  from  the 
ranks  of  the  corporation  counselors,  or  from  the 
States  where  trusts  were  fattened  ;  and  yet  these 
latter  men  might  be  equally  as  learned  and  con- 
scientious as  his  former  appointees.  One  set  of 
judges  would  be  active  and  aggressive  in  punish- 
ing all  law  violators  alike ;   the  other  set  might 


he  negative  and  non  aggressive,  and  wliolly  in- 
different, either  as  to  cliarges  of  grand  juries  or 
crowding  offenders  to  trial. 

In  conclusion,  I  can  but  reiterate  that  Mr. 
Bryan,  as  President,  can  do  much  affirmatively 
to  destroy  trusts  and  monopolies  by  reason  of  his 
constitutional  powers  as  chief  executive  proper, 
and  as  controlling  legislative  formation  of  com- 
mittees, passing  or  defeating  measures,  and  can 
wield  indirectly  great  power  through  and  over  the 
courts  ;  or  he  can  negatively  retard,  practically, 
every  effort  to  carry  out  or  to  enforce  the  Sher- 
man anti- trust  act,  and  nullify  all  of  its  provi- 
sions, by  letting  it  be  known  through  his  political 
managers  that  campaign  assessments  will  do  much 
to  soften  the  rigors  of  the  law,  even  while  a  pre- 
tence of  enforcement  is  still  maintained. 


TRUSTS,   IN   CASE   OF   BRYAN'S   ELECTION. 


BY   PROF.    J.    LAURENCE    LAUGHLIN. 
(Of  the  University  of  Chicago.) 


I  AM  asked,  not  to  discuss  the  merits  or  de- 
merits of  trusts,  but  to  express  an  opinion 
as  to  what  Mr.  Bryan  could  do  in  the  way  of 
carrying  out  his  expressed  policy  against  trusts 
if  he  were  to  be  elected. 

First  of  all,  it  must  be  recalled  that  as  Presi- 
dent Mr.  Bryan  would  be  only  an  executive. 
This  reminder  is  the  more  necessary  in  a  Presi- 
dential year,  because  the  politicians  are,  as  usual, 
engaged  in  the  old  game  of  associating  all  the 
fZTeB,t  issues  with  this  or  that  candidate  for  the 
Presidency,  trying  to  further  personal  ambitions 
and  perpetuate  partisan  organizations,  when,  all 
the  while,  the  main  issues  can  be  settled  only  by 
the  legislative  branch  in  Congress  assembled. 
Indeed,  the  Speaker  of  the  House  has  more 
power  in  settling  issues  that  need  legislation 
than  the  President.  Consequently,  to  know  what 
Mr.  Bryan  can  effect  in  this  matter,  it  is  impor- 
tant to  consider  how  far  Congress  can  be  led. 

In  the  next  place,  the  issue  of  trusts  differs 
from  such  issues  as  imperialism  and  civil -service 
reform.  The  policy  in  the  Philippines  is,  as  yet, 
almost  entirely  the  work  of  the  executive.  The 
position  of  the  President  as  comman(Jer-in-chief 
of  the  army  and  navy  gives  him  war  powers  of 
^reat  influence,  and  as  an  executive  he  can  do 
ninch  to  embarrass  or  calm  our  foreign  relations. 
The  executive,  also,  can  entirely  control  the  civil- 
service  appointees  (subject  to  confirmation  in  cer- 
tain classes) ;  hence,  his  power  is  decisive  on  this 
qnestion.      But  it  is  quite  a  different  thing  to 


regulate  trusts ;  for  that  is  not  an  affair  of  the 
executive.  Were  Mr.  Bryan  elected,  it  does  not 
at  all  follow  that  his  platform  will  be  enacted  into 
law.  We  have  had  a  very  recent  and  unfortunate 
illustration  of  this,  when  Mr.  McKinley  was 
elected  on  the  issue  of  establishing  the  gold  stand- 
ard, while  to-day  Secretary  Gage  is  telling  the 
public  that  the  gold-standard  law  would  not  protect 
us  from  silver  and  a  panic  if  Mr.  Bryan  were 
elected.  The  crux  of  the  question,  then,  lies  in 
what  Congress  is  likely  to  do — not  in  what  the 
President  alone  can  do.  In  order  to  carry  out 
a  new  policy  against  trusts,  new  statutes  must  be 
passed  through  both  houses  of  Congress.  Look- 
ing at  Mr.  Bryan's  individual  policy  of  controlling 
trusts  by  a  constitutional  amendment,  it  is  clearly 
a[>j>arent  that  this  is  as  much  more  difficult  than 
getting  an  act  through  Congress  as  swimming  the 
Hellespont  is  more  difficult  than  swimming  the 
Rubicon. 

Granting  Mr.  Bryan's  election,  there  are  the 
following  possibilities  as  to  Congress — (1)  a  Re- 
publican majority  in  both  Senate  and  House  ; 
(2)  a  Republican  Senate  and  a  Democratic 
House  ;  (3)  in  a  few  years,  a  Democratic  Senate 
and  a  Democratic  House.  The  probability  of  a 
Democratic  House,  in  any  case,  is  so  strong 
that  if  Mr.  Bryan  is  elected,  we  may  assume 
the  first  possibility  as  ruled  out.  In  that  event, 
there  is  nothing  to  be  said  ;  for  no  positive  leg- 
islation could  be  passed,  and  Mr.  Bryan's  influ- 
ence would  end   with   preventing  his  opi)onents 


444 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEU^S. 


from  scoring  by  the  exercise  of  the  veto  power. 
The  second,  however,  would  give  the  President 
little  or  no  chance  for  party  legislation  on  trusts. 
Even  if  a  stringent  bill  were  passed  through  the 
House,  it  would  be  held  up  in  the  Senate  ;  be- 
cause, as  generally  understood,  that  body  is 
likely  to  act  in  protection  of  the  large  corpo- 
rations. What  influence  Mr.  Bryan,  as  Presi- 
dent, could  have  on  individual  Senators,  through 
offers  of  patronage,  it  is  impossible  to  say  be- 
forehand— cynical  as  that  may  sound  ;  but  the 
political  antagonisms  are  so  strong  that  party 
fealty  would  probably  defeat  any  recognized 
Democratic  policy  on  trusts.  To  be  sure,  Mr. 
Cleveland  drove  a  hostile  majority  in  both 
House  and  Senate  to  repeal  the  purchase  clause 
of  the  silver  acts  ;  but  he  had  the  support  of  the 
business  community  to  help  him  in  influencing 
members  of  Congress.  Mr.  Bryan  would  not 
have  this  support  in  attacking  trusts  (meaning, 
of  course,  large  combinations  of  capital,  even  if 
not  technically  trusts).  The  Senate,  as  has  been 
said,  has  shown  itself  in  many  instances  friendly 
to  the  large  corporations,  and  is  not  likely  to 
help  Mr.  Bryan.  It  checked  the  full  force  of 
the  Wilson  bill,  even  when  pushed  by  Mr. 
Cleveland  ;  sugar  and  other  interests  received 
important  favors  from  the  Senate.  All  in  all, 
even  if  in  position  to  offer  the  spoils  of  office,  Mr. 
Bryan  need  hope  for  little  from  the  present  Sen- 
ate ;  it  could  cleverly  emasculate  a  House  bill 
on  trusts,  as  easily  as  it  did  the  House  bill  on 
the  gold  standard,  and  yet  pose  before  the  voters 
as  opposed  to  trusts. 

While  keeping  in  mind  the  fact  that  a  Presi- 
dent is  only  an  executive,  still  it  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  he  remains,  in  fact,  a  party  leader, 
who  can  by  tact,  by  adroitness,  by  bribing  Con- 
gressmen with  appointments  (even  those  of  the 
opposite  party),  so  influence  the  close  votes  on 
critical  bills  as  to  gain  his  point.  Moreover,  he 
has  at  his  elbow  the  successful  manager  of  his 
campaign,  and  he  can  suggest  the  punishment  of 
irresolute  Congressmen  who  oppose  him  by 
threats  of  withdrawing  funds  from  his  district 
when  he  is  running  for  reelection.  The  en- 
croachment of  the  legislative  on  the  executive 
branch  of  the  Government  is  attended  by  a  sub- 
servience on  the  part  of  the  executive  in  order 
to  gain  certain  legislation. 

The  real  question  arises  in  considering  the  third 
possibility.  The  election  of  Mr.  Bryan  should 
be  properly  regarded,  not  as  an  isolated  phe- 


nomenon, but  as  a  sign  of  the  growth  of  radical- 
ism in  the  United  States.  H  he  were  elected, 
and  carried  with  him  a  Democratic  House,  there 
is  reason  to  believe  that  this  would  also  be  ac- 
companied by  sending  more  radicals  to  State 
legislatures.  If  so,  this  would  show  itself  in  the 
substitution  of  radical  for  conservative  Senators 
in  Congress.  The  present  Senate,  by  common 
report,  is  dominated  by  commercialism  ;  and  Mr. 
Bryan's  party  represents  the  struggle  of  the 
masses  against  the  plutocrats.  Hence,  if  Mr. 
Bryan  succeeds,  it  would  be  regarded  as  an  evi- 
dence  of  the  rise  of  radicalism,  which  is  certain 
to  be  felt  later  in  the  Senate.  What  legislation 
on  trusts  Mr.  Bryan,-  in  the  end,  could  obtain 
becomes,  therefore,  a  question  of  the  outlook  for 
radicalism  in  the  United  States.  If  one  were  to 
judge  from  the  action  of  the  country  in  1896,  it 
must  be  confessed  that  in  no  country  in  the 
modern  world  is  there  a  more  cautious  and  con- 
servative element  than  the  business  commu- 
nity of  the  United  States  ;  and  that  whichever 
way  it  turns  it  generally  decides  the  national 
election. 

A  radical,  as  distinct  from  a  liberal.  Presi- 
dent like  Mr.  Bryan  could,  of  course,  exercise  a 
considerable  control  over  legislation  on  trusts  in 
a  negative  way  by  his  veto  power  ;  that  is,  he 
could  prevent  new  favors  to  special  interests  such 
as  have  been  notorious  in  the  past.  Consequently, 
bills  intended  to  modify  or  repeal  existing  trust 
laws,  railway  legislation,  and  the  like,  could  be 
killed,  in  all  probability,  by  his  veto  (especially 
if  one  body  in  Congress  were  Democratic). 

Finally,  it  remains  to  mention  Mr.  Bryan's 
power  to  execute  the  existing  national  anti-trust 
law.  As  an  executive,  through  his  attorney - 
general,  he  might  stir  up  a  good  deal  of  trouble 
for  many  organizations.  The  Sherman  anti- trust 
law  is  a  very  extraordinary  measure,  and  its  full 
import  may  not  yet  have  been  clearly  understood. 
It  is  not  clear  but  that  it  forbids  labor  combina- 
tions. But  without  going  into  the  details  of  a 
very  serious  measure,  it  may  l>e  said  in  general 
that  legal  technicalities  will,  by  offering  new 
plans  of  operation,  make  it  very  difficult  to  pre- 
vent the  continuance,  even  by  national  legisla- 
tion, of  industrial  enterprises  merely  because  they 
are  on  a  large  scale.  The  legal  fraternity  will 
find  a  way.  Eventually,  large  operations  must 
and  will  be  allowed,  provided  they  do  not  in- 
fringe on  the  rights  of  others,  large  or  smally  be 
they  .producers  or  consumers. 


NEW  LIGHT  ON  THE  PROBLEM  OF  TRUSTS.* 


BY   CHARLES    R.    FLINT. 


<  '  'T^HE  Tnist  Problem,"  by  Professor  Jenks, 

A       is  a  valuable  addition  to  much  that  is 

being  written  on  the  great  economic  evolution 

which  is  resulting  in  the  centralization  of  industry. 

He  describes  this  movement,  which  has  pro- 
ceeded from  destructive  competition  to  **  price 
agreements,"  and  finally  to  consolidation.  If!- 
tense  competition,  becoming  disastrous,  forced 
agreements  on  prices.  The  fundamental  disad- 
vantage of  such  agreements  was  that  they  were 
not  lived  up  to.  They  offered  a  premium  on  bad 
faith,  and  finally  our  lawmakers  wisely  legislated 
against  ** price  agreements."  They  were  de- 
clared as  in  restraint  of  trade — against  public 
policy.  Then  relief  through  centralizing  manu- 
facture naturally  followed.  Instead  of  a  plan 
under  which  a  reward  was  secured  by  breaking 
agreements,  an  absolute  and  permanent  identity 
of  interests  was  created,  and  it  became  in  the 
interest  of  all  to  work  for  the  common  good.  In 
place  of  an  agreement  to  put  up  prices  as  the  only 
relief  from  disastrous  competition,  plans  were  de- 
veloped to  secure  more  economic  production  and 
distribution.  Many  of  the  **  industrials,"  cer- 
tainly the  most  successful,  while  reserving  a 
proper  compensation  for  their  stockholders,  recog- 
nized that  their  continued  success  depended  upon 
their  giving  to  the  public  an  opportunity  to  share 
in  the  benefits  of  the  economies  thus  secured, 
thereby  increasing  the  volume  of  business,  and 
still  further  reducing  the  cost  of  production  and 
distribution. 

On  the  other  hand,  Professor  Jenks  calls  at- 
tention to  the  fact  that  some  so-called  **  trusts," 
under  a  shortsighted  management,  take  advantage 
of  centralization  to  increase  the  prices  to  the  con- 
sumers, with  the  result  that  through  natural  laws 
conditions  arise  that  bring  al>out  a  war  of  prices, 
sometimes  between  giants,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
su^ar  war  ;  and  the  lesson  is  taught  that  con- 
tinuous success  can  only  be  maintained  by  low 
prices  to  consumers,  large  volume  of  business, 
and  consequent  reduction  of  the  percentage  of 
general  charges  to  production  and  distribution, 
and  other  economies  which,  as  every  factory 
superintendent  appreciates,  can  he  secure*  1  when 
the  factory  runs  full  time. 

Frofes.Hor   Jenks   also    points  out   that,  while 


•ThP  Trust  Problem.  Hy.Tereiniah  VVhipph*  .Ti'iik»<,  1*1 
lUino.  pp.  2W.    XewYork:  MfClun,  IMiillips  At  Co.    fl. 


.1). 


through  combinations  men  are  thrown  out  of 
employment;  combinations  sustain  and  sometimes 
advance  rates  of  wages  ;  but  it  seems  to  me  that 
he  might  have  gone  farther,  to  advantage,  and 
called  attention  to  the  greater  certainty  and 
steadiness  of  employment  insured  through  dis- 
tributed markets  by  the  enormous  increase  in 
the  exports  of  mannffictnrftd  gnnHR  m?^^  possible 
by  more  economical  production  secured  by  cen- 
tralization. And  this  great  increase  of  the  ex- 
ports of  the  products  of  our  factories,'  which 
during  the  past  two  years  of  '*  industrial  "  organ- 
ization has  been  40  per  cent,  more  than  during 
the  previous  two  years,  and  ten  times  what  they 
were  in  1860,  as  against  ^n  increase  of  other 
exports  of  less  than  fourfjld,  has  been  made 
while  the  wage- earners  have  been  living  better 
than  any  wage- earners  have  ever  before  lived  in 
the  history  of  the  world,  and  at  the  same  time 
depositing  their  surplus  earnings,  so  that  our 
savings-bank  deposits  have  reached  the  great 
sum  of  $2,300,000,000.  Through  the  combina- 
tion of  our  natural  resources  and  superior  organ- 
ization, we  are  sending  these  enormous  exports 
to  countries  where  the  average  rates  of  wages  are 
40  per  cent,  of  what  we  are  paying  to  our 
laborers.  These  exports  will  still  further  largely 
increase  as  soon  as  there  is  a  material  reduction 
in  our  home  demand  ;  and  thousands  of  our 
laborers  who  would  otherwise  be  thrown  out  of 
work  will,  during  such  dullness  in  domestic 
trade,  find  employment  in  filling  foreign  orders. 

Professor  Jenks  makes  a  point  that  appeals  to 
every  merchant :  that,  while  the  quality  of  cer- 
tain kinds  of  merchandise^ is  easily  distinguished, 
in  other  products  purchases  are  made  on  faith  in 
the  trade-marks.  Large  corporations  almost  in- 
variably recognize  tifat  their  most  valuable  assets 
are  their  trade- marks  ;  and,  not  being  under  the 
pressure  of  intense  competition,  instead  of  mak- 
ing inferior,  or  what  might  be  called  counterfeit 
goods,  they  adopt  the  policy  of  sustaining  and 
often  improving  the  high  quality  of  their  prod, 
ucts — thus  increasing,  instead  of  jeopardizing, 
their  most  valuable  asset. 

In  referring  to  Royal  Baking  Powder,  how- 
ever. Professor  Jenks  states  that  '*it  may  l)e 
p<*rfe('tly  j)ur(%  but  the  housewife  who  insists  on 
nsinj^  it  has  pr<>bably  nev<»r  tested  it  in  com- 
paris(ui  with  otlxT  brands."  Then*  can  Ik*  n«» 
hcltrr  **  proof  of  tin*  [unMing  than  tlie  **ati!ig  of 


448 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


the  same  time,  if  the  sentiment  of  the  country  is 
such  as  to  elect  Mr.  Bryan.  They  are  Baker,  of 
Kansas  ;  Carter,  of  Montana  ;  Elkins,  of  West 
Virginia ;  Shoup,  of  Idaho  ;  Thurston,  of  Ne- 
braska ;  Warren,  of  AVyoming  ;  and  Wolcott, 
of  Colorado.  If  Mr.  Bryan  is  elected,  he  will 
almost  certainly  carry  all  of  these  States  ;  and  if 
he  carries  them,  it  is  to  be  expected  that  they 
will  elect  free-silver  Senators.  Nine  votes  de- 
ducted from  the  sound -money  strength  leaves 
the  Senate  a  tie,  with  a  free-silver  Vice-President 
in  the  chair. 

It  is  apparent,  from  the  foregoing,  that  if  Mr. 
Bryan  is  elected  there  will  be  no  safe  and  relia- 
ble majority  against  him  in  either  branch  of 
Congress.  It  is  impossible  for  any  man  to  give 
his  influence  to  the  election  of  Mr.  Bryan  with- 
out aiding  him  to  control  in  Congress.  A  few 
sound-money  Democrats  in  either  body  will  not 
suffice  to  relieve  the  country  from  anxiety. 
Against  them  will  be  their  party's  platform,  the 
tremendous  weight  of  party  pressure,  the  organi- 
zation in  both  houses,  and  finally  the  influence 
and  disciplinary  powers  of  the  President.  A 
signal  example  of  what  the  latter  can  accom- 
plish was  given  when  the  purchasing  clause  of 
the  Sherman  Act  was  repealed,  and  a  striking 
demonstration  of  how  Mr.  Bryan  would  use 
those  powers  was  afforded  by  his  attitude  toward 
the  Kansas  City  Convention. 

By  his  election  the  free-silver  heresy  would  be 
revived,  and  with  new  prestige  and  strength 
become  an  acute  issue.  From  the  hour  that  the 
result  was  known,  there  would  be  apprehension 
as  to  the  attitude  of  Congress  and  speculation  as 
to  how  long  it  would  hold  out  against  his  will. 
There  would  be  no  relief  from  apprehension 
while  Mr.  Bryan  was  President ;  for,  if  the  Con- 
gress elected  with  him  should  be  blocked  by  a 
few  resolute  men,  there  would  be  the  chance 
that  the  next  one  would  be  more  pliant.  The 
influence  of  this  uncertainty  and  suspense  upon 
the  business  community  would  be  depressing. 
It  would  give  a  chill  to  confidence  and  a  check 
to  enterprise.  ("apital  would  again  look  for 
safety  rather  than  for  employment.  The  in- 
ducement to  hoard  gold  would  be  the  same  as  in 
1895  and  1896,  and  the  same  influences  would 
be  operative  that  caused  the  heavy  gold  exports 
of  that  alarming  period. 

Then  would  come  a  test  of  the  new  gold- 
standard  law,  and  it  would  be  a  test  under  most 
unfavorable  conditions.  The  normal  strain  upon 
its  provisions  can  be  calculated  ;  but  when  the 
movement  of  ^old  is  no  longer  controlled  by  the 
ordinary  considerations  t)f  profit,  it  is  impossible 
to  forecast  wIjh*.  the  pressine  may  be.  It  is  fair 
to  j>resunie  tliat  President  Bryan  would  obey  tlie 


mandatory  provisions  of  the  law,  and  redeem 
United  States  notes  and  Treasury  notes  in  gold 
coin.  Under  ordinary  conditions,  these  drafts 
on  the  gold  reserve  are  met  by  transferring  from 
the  general  fund  gold  received  in  the  current 
revenues  ;  but  experience  has  shown  that  -when- 
ever apprehension  arises  that  the  Government 
may  cease  to  pay  gold,  it  ceases  to  get  gold  in 
the  current  revenues.  The  administration  i^vould 
doubtless  pay  silver  freely  to  all  creditors  of  the 
Government  where  not  required  to  pay  in  ^old. 
and  it  is  not  likely  that  the  Treasury  would  re- 
ceive any  gold  except  by  purchase.  The  reservf* 
would,  therefore,  have  to  be  replenished  by  the 
sale  of  gold  bonds.  This  act  would  l)e  a  dis 
tasteful  one  for  the  President  to  perform,  and 
would  not  unlikely  be  accompanied  by  a  protest 
against  the  law,  which  would  be  discredited  and 
weakened  by  his  influence.  If  he  could  use  bond 
sales  to  create  opposition  to  the  gold  standard  in 
1896,  his  position  as  President  would  enable  him 
to  make  his  protest  more  effective  ;  and  repeated 
bond  issues  under  such  conditions,  with  Con- 
gress in  an  uncertain  attitude,  could  not  fail  to 
increase  the  general  alarm.  It  might  be<^ome 
impracticable  to  sell  a  3-per-cent.  bond  at  par. 
as  required  by  the  statut€l.  No  European  gov- 
ernment has  yet  attempted  to  do  it.  Tbe  re- 
cently announced  loan  by  the  imperial  govern- 
ment of  Germany  pays  4  per  cent. 

With  distrust  of  the  future  prevalent,  business 
slackening,  money  redundant,  and  a  persistent 
movement  of  gold  out  of  the  country.  Govern 
ment  paper  redeemable  in  gold  might  become  a^ 
scarce  in  circulation  as  gold  itself.  In  that  ca?* 
the  gold  reserve  would  become  ineffective,  be- 
cause beyond  reach.  The  common  circulatiDi: 
medium  would  be  silver  certificates,  which  air 
inconvertible;  and,  if  gold  did  not  actually  reach 
a  quotable  premium,  it  would  be  out  of  use,  an<i 
we  should  have  all  the  evil  effects  of  contraction. 

The  most  unsatisfactory  feature  of  our  moce 
tary  system  is  the  great  volume  of  overvalueo 
silver  not  convertible  into  gold.      It    is    admit 
tedly  contrary  to  the  principles  of  soi^nd  financ*" 
to  have  a  large  proportion  of  the  full  legal- tender 
currency  not  convertible  into  the  standard  money. 
It  is  said  that  the  Republican  party,  having  con 
tcol  of  both  houses,  should  have  remedied  tliis 
weakness  by  making  silver  dollars  and  notes  ex 
changeable  at   the   Treasury  for  gold.      But  ik> 
party  can  control,  in  all  respects,  the  individual 
action  of  its  members.     The  gold -standard  bilJ 
as  passed  is  a  valuable  measure.      It  greatlv  im- 
proves our  financial  status.      The  Senators  from 
the  silver-mining  States  who  furnished  the  vt»i*:*- 
to  pass  it  took  their  political  lives  in  their  }iand> 
wlien  they  <lid  so.      Thej^  were  ahead  of    publ:K 


BRYAN'S  FINANCIAL  POLICY:  A  DEMOCRATIC  I^IEIV. 


449 


sentiment  in  their  States  at  that  time.  They 
went  as  far  as  they  felt  justified,  under  their 
responsibility  to  their  constituents,  in  going. 

The  weakness  named  is  one  that  time  will  cure  ; 
for,  with  the  growth  of  the  country,  the  propor- 
tion of  silver  in  the  total  supply  of  money  will 
decline,  and  the  entire  stock  of  silver  and  paper 
based  on  it,  with  the  latter  reduced  to  small  notes, 
will  be  widely  distributed  and  wholly  employed  in 
the  retail  trade.  When  that  time  comes  there  will 
be  a  practical  obstacle  to  its  use  as  a  medium  for 
large  payments,  and  the  problem  of  converting 
it  into  gold  will  have  disappeared.  The  framers 
of  the  law,   restricted  by  limitations  of  which 


their  critics  know  nothing,  counted  on  this  cer- 
tainty to  complete  their  work.  Whatever  criti- 
cisms of  this  character  are  made,  they  ought  not 
to  be  offered  in  the  interest  of  a  party  which  had 
but  two  votes  in  the  Senate  for  any  gold -standard 
measure,  and  which  has  since  disowned  and  re- 
jected the  men  who  cast  those. 

In  conclusion  :  There  is  no  safety  to  the  gold- 
standard  except  by  keeping  its  enemies  from 
power.  The  elevation  of  so  conspicuous  and 
extreme  an  opponent  as  Mr.  Bryan  to  a  position 
of  such  preeminent  importance  and  vast  influ- 
ence as  the  Presidency  would  be  to  throw  away 
all  that  has  been  achieved  in  former  victories. 


BRYAN'S   FINANCIAL   POLICY:  A  DEMOCRATIC 

VIEW. 


BY  CHARLES  B.  SPAHR. 


IN  reply  to  the  question,  <*  What  could  Mr. 
Bryan  do  about  the  financial  policy  of  the 
Government,  if  he  were  elected  President  ?  "  I 
would  say  that,  during  the  first  two  years,  he 
could  maintain  the  existing  status  of  our  gold, 
silver,  and  paper  currency  ;  and  that,  during 
the  next  two  years,  if  his  party  could  carry  the 
intervening  Congressional  election  on  the  financial 
issue,  he  could  restore  silver  to  the  currency 
upon  terras  which  would  insure  its  continued 
parity  with  gold. 

The  attempt  of  Secretary  Gage  to  alarm  the 
country  lest  Mr.  Bryan,  in  spite  of  a  hostile 
Senate,  should  put  the  country  **on  a  silver 
basis  "  by  paying  out  silver  to  redeem  bonds  and 
notes  still  payable  therein,  is  as  farcical  a  buga- 
boo as  party  exigencies  have  ever  put  forward. 
In  the  first  place,  as  the  Springfield  Republican 
has  pointed  out,  Mr.  Gage  himself  has  been  pay- 
ing out  silver  and  silver  certificates  to  as  great  an 
extent  as  was  easily  possible.  Of  the  $500, 000, 000 
of  silver  currency  in  the  country,  less  than  3  per 
cent,  is  in  the  treasury.  There  is  now  the  **  circuit 
of  silver  out  of  the  treasury  into  the  hands  of  the 
people,  from  the  people  into  the  banks,  from  the 
banks  into  the  custom-house,  and  into  the  hands 
of  collectors  of  internal  revenue,"  which  the 
secretary  looks  forward  to  with  so  much  trepida- 
tion. If  this,  as  he  says,  will  put  us  on  a  * '  silver 
basis,"  we  are  now  on  a  '< silver  basis."  No 
secretary  could  pay  out  his  silver  receipts  any 
faster  than  Mr.  Gage  has  done,  and  he  can 
hardly  alarm  the  country  by  predicting  that 
Mr.  Bryan's  secretary  will  continue  to  do  just 
what  he  has  done  from  the  beginning. 


So  long  as  the  United  States  Senate  remains 
hostile  to  the  increased  use  of  silver  as  money,  a 
Democratic  President  could  not  possibly  increase 
its  use  as  money.  All  that  he  could  do  would 
be  to  maintain  the  existing  status.  This,  how- 
ever, is  a  matter  of  importance.  The  gold- 
standard  act  passed  by  the  last  Congress  does 
not,  in  so  many  words,  make  our  silver  dollars 
and  silver  certificates  redeemable  in  gold  on  de- 
mand ;  but  it  contains  a  clause  which  might  be 
construed  to  authorize  such  redemption.  Prior 
to  1893  there  was  never  in  any  statute  any 
shadow  of  authorization  for  the  redemption  of 
silver  currency  in  gold.  In  that  year,  in  re- 
sponse to  the  question  whether  the  silver  (issued 
under  the  Bland -Allison  Act)  had  ever  been  re- 
deemed in  gold  in  order  to  keep  it  at  par  with 
gold,  the  writer  received,  through  Senator  Sher- 
man, the  following  letter  from  the  Treasury  De- 
partment : 

The  treasury  does  not  pay  gold  for  standard  silver 
dollars  or  silver  certificates  issued  under  the  Bland- Alli- 
son act.  Silver  certificates  issued  under  that  act  are 
redeemable  only  in  standard  silver  dollars,  or  other  sil- 
ver certificates. 

(Signed)  J,  K.  Meline, 

Assistant  Treasurer,  U.  S. 

If  Mr.  Bryan  were  elected  President,  his  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  would  undoubtedly  continue 
to  treat  the  silver  dollars  and  silver  certificates  as 
they  were  treated  by  secretaries  of  the  treasury 
under  Presidents  Hayes,  Garfield,  Arthur,  Cleve- 
land, and  Harrison.  He  would  not  redeem  them 
in  gold,  unless  the  Republican  Congress  during 
the  next  session  should  require  him  to  do  so; 


450 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REt^/ElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


but  liis  preservation  of  the  silver  currency  upon 
the  same  basis  on  which  it  was  issued  and  re- 
mained at  par  for  fifteen  years  would  not  threaten 
the  slightest  depreciation.  Mr.  Bryan's  policy 
would  not  deviate  from  that  pursued  by  any  of 
Secretary  Gage's  predecessors,  and  would  only 
deviate  from  that  which  Secretary  Gage  himself 
proposes  in  case  he  intends  to  redeem  silver  in 
gold  on  demand,  and  thus  turn  our  |$500, 000, 000 
of  silver  into  an  ♦*  endless  chain'*  to  draw  gold 
from  the  treasury  and  force  tlie  issue  of  bonds. 
If  Secretary  Gage  does  propose  to  do  this, 
frankness  requires  that  he  should  so  state  to  the 
country. 

So  far  as  the  next  Congress  is  concerned,  the 
only  peril  to  the  existing  status  of  our  currency 
lies  in  the  desire  of  certain  powerful  supporters 
of  Mr.  McKinley  to  complete  the  retirement  of 
greenbacks  and  begin  the  retirement  of  silver. 
Two  years  hence,  however,  a  new  Congress 
will  again  be  elected,  and  new  Senators  will  be 
chosen  in  doubtful  States  now  represented  by 
Republicans.  A  change  in  the  political  complex- 
ion of  the  Senate,  therefore,  is  then  possible  ; 
and  while  the  Democratic  Senators  who  may  be 
chosen  from  the  more  Eastern  States  will  prob- 
ably be  conservative  ujK)n  the  silver  question, 
Mr.  Bryan  may  hope,  during  the  last  half  of  his 
term,  to  sign  constructive  acts  to  restore  silver  to 
its  old  place  in  the  currency.  The  fact  that  the 
passage  of  a  free-coinage  bill  pure  and  simple 
is  hardly  to  be  hoped  for  does  not  in  any  respect 
negative  the  possibility  of  restoring  bimetallism. 
Conservative  bimetallists  have  again  and  again 
recommended,  as  an  initial  measure,  the  unlimit- 
ed coinage  of  silver  purchased  at  its  market  value. 
This  insures  to  monometallists  that  a  gold  dollar's 
worth  of  silver  bullion  shall  be  back  of  every  sil- 
ver dollar  issued  ;  it  insures  to  bimetallists  that 
all  the  silver  not  used  in  the  arts  or  shipped  to 
the  Orient  shall  again  be  added  to  the  currency. 
In  1890,  Secretary  Windom  recommended  legis- 
lation of  this  sort,  and  the  immediate  effect  of  the 
Sherman  act,  passed  in  July  of  that  year,  proved 
that  but  for  the  restriction  placed  upon  the  pur- 
chasers of  silver  its  old  value  would  at  once  have 
been  restored.  The  value  of  silver  bullion  the 
year  before  had  been  down  to  92  cents  an  ounce. 
The  Sherman  act  increased  the  Government's 
purchases  of  silver  only  $2, 500,000  a  month.  Yet 
this  increase  raised  the  price  of  silver  bullion  all 
over  the  world  to  J^l.16  an  ounce — or,  to  within 
10  per  cent,  of  the  old  ratio  of  16  to  1. 

To-day,  the  quantity  of  gold  produced  is  rela- 
tively far  greater  than  in  1890,  and  the  price  of 
silver  would  be  relatively  higher  if  the  currency 
demand  for  the  two  metals  had  remained  the 
same.      To-day,  therefore,  the  passage  of  an  act 


for  the  unrestricted  coinage  of  silver  to  l»e  pur- 
chased at  a  market  value  not  exceeding  its  coin 
value  would  restore  the  old  ratio  as  surely  as  tlie 
value  of  silver  bullion  is  governed  by  the  law  of 
supply  and  demand.  A  bill  framed  in  this  way 
was  supported  by  all  the  bimetallists  in  the 
Senate  in  1894,  but  was  defeated  by  those  who 
maintained  that  the  increase  of  the  currency 
would  be  an  evil  to  both  capitalists  and  laborers. 
To-day,  when  President  McKinley  is  boasting 
that  the  increase  of  our  currency  from  $1,500,- 
000,000  to  $2,000,000,000  in* four  years  ha.^ 
been  accompanied  by  increased  business  at  in- 
creased prices,  there  are  relatively  few  who  look 
upon  the  increase  of  the  currency  as  an  evil  to 
the  producing  classes.  Mr.  Bryan,  therefore, 
might  easily  bring  the  conservative  members  of 
his  party  to  support  a  measure  which  without 
imperiling  the  continued  parity  of  gold  and  silver 
coin  would  restore  silver  to  its  old  place  in  the 
currency. 

If  legislation  of  this  sort  failed  to  restore  silver 
bullion  to  the  value  it  held  for  generations,  un- 
til atl  verse  legislation  took  away  the  currency  de- 
mand for  it,  then  the  bimetallists  in  Congres* 
would  change  the  ratio.  The  ratio  at  which  the 
free  coinage  of  both  metals  shall  be  resumed  is 
not  the  essential  part  of  the  measure.  Bimetal 
lists  believe  in  the  old  ratio,  because  we  believe 
that  legislation  should  restore  to  silver  the  value 
which  legislation  has  destroyed,  and  because  we 
know  that  the  adoption  of  any  higher  ratio  -wouM 
necessitate  the  recoinage  of  all  existing  silver 
coins  and  proportionately  lessen  the  amount  of 
silver  to  be  added  to  the  currency  in  the  future. 
But  if  the  currency  demands  of  the  United  Stat«i 
failed  to  restore  silver  bullion  to  its  coin  value, 
the  bimetallists  in  Congress  would  accept  the 
ratio  which  the  equal  treatment  of  both  metals 
established.  Not  one  bimetaUist  in  five  wishes 
a  silver  currency  that  will  not,  in  all  ordinary 
transactions,  be  at  par  with  gold  ;  and  it  is  follv 
to  fear  that  bimetal  list  Congressmen  will  force 
upon  the  country  what  their  own  constituents  <lo 
not  want. 

All  this,  however,  belongs  to  the  camptaign 
two  years  hence,  when  the  future  currency  pK>licy 
must  be  decided.  Prior  to  that  time  the  amount 
of  silver  currency  cannot  be  increased.  Bv 
that  time  the  issue  of  imperialism  must  be  dis- 
posed of,  for  unless  Mr.  Bryan  meanwhile  brings 
to  an  end  the  present  war  against  the  right  uf 
our  recent  allies  to  the  government  of  their 
choice,  the  chagrin  of  his  supporters  would  make 
the  defeat  of  his  party  inevitable.  The  men 
who  are  now  united  against  imperialism  may  a> 
safely  divide  in  1902  as  those  who  are  dividtrti 
upon  the  currency  may  safely  unite  now. 


DOES  JAMAICA   CONTAIN   A   LESSON   IN 
COLONIAL  GOVERNMENT? 

BY  JULIUS  MORITZEN. 


WHATEVER  textbook  the  United  States 
may  consult  in  the  matter  of  colonial  in- 
formation applicable  to  Porto  Rico  and  the  Phil- 
ippines, as  it  concerns  the  new  possession  in  the 
West  Indies,  the  history  of  Jamaica  should  not 
be  passed  by  as  valueless.  True,  the  British  col- 
ony in  the  Caribbean  Sea  does  not  furnish  a  rec- 
ord worthy  of  emulation.  Few  islands  in  the 
world  have  done  more  to  shake  one's  confidence  in 
colonial  prosperity.  But  it  is  exactly  because  of 
what  has  happened  in  Jamaica,  during  the  past 
uinety- five  years,  that  a  lesson  may  be  learned 
for  others  to  profit  by.  Since  that  early  period, 
changes  have  been  wrought  for  better  or  for 
worse  such  as  but  needed  the  Spanish -American 
AVar  to  add  one  more  phase  to  the  already  suf- 
ficiently complex  situation. 

There  is  not  the  least  doubt  that  the  result  of 
the  war  with  Spain  is  responsible  for  the  awaken- 
ing of  such  of  the  West  Indies  as  still  fly  the  flags 
of  foreign  nations.  Suddenly  these  colonies  have 
Wcome  possessed  of  a  certain  insular  importance. 
Take,  as  an  instance,  the  Danish  West  Indies. 
While  it  is  argued  that,  since  the  United  States 
now  owns  the  finest  harlx)r  in  the  Antilles,  there 
is  need  no  longer  of  St.  Thomas  as  a  possible 
<oaIing- station,  still  it  must  not  be  supposed  that 
Denmark  holds  her  property  in  less  esteem.  Be- 
cause the  sum  recently  mentioned  as  a  possible 
jielling-price  is  less  by  far  than  that  of  thirty-four 
years  ago,  yet  the  Danes  will  know  how  to  drive  a 
pro[>er  bargain  when  the  real  time  to  sell  arrives. 
However,  there  is  every  indication  that  the  Dan- 
ish Government  is  of  the  opinion  that  what  the 
islands  are  worth  to  others  they  are  worth  to 
Denmark  ;  and  a  fresh  attempt  is  about  to  be 
made  to  redeem  the  Danish  West  Indies  from 
their  unprofitable  past  and  their  present  stagna- 
tion. .Should  the  experiment  succeed,  tlie  prox- 
imity of  St.  Thomas  to  Porto  Rico  will  prove  to 
f>e  the  chief  factor  of  transformation. 

There  is  high  speculation  in  Jamaica  as  to  the 
future  j^overnment  of  the  Cubans.  In  a  meas- 
ure, the  largest  colony  of  the  British  Empire  in 
the  West  Indies  is  now  much  nearer  to  the 
United  .States  than  before  the  evacuation,  by  the 
Spanish  troops,  of  Cuban  soil.  If  a  consider- 
able faction  in  Jamaica  had  the  say,  Cuba  would 
never  >je  handed  over  to  its  people  for  self- gov- 


ernment. Anglo-Saxon  blood  in  control  is  just 
what  this  faction  would  wish  for.  But  ask  the 
average  Jamaican  his  opinion  anent  the  annexa- 
tion of  Jamaica  to  the  United  States,  and  the  reply 
would  please  the  patriotic  citizen  of  whatever 
nation. 

Jamaica  has  no  desire  for  annexation  to  the 
United  States.  Whatever  may  have  been  former 
attempts  in  that  direction,  the  inhabitants  of  the 
island  are  to-day  as  British  as  those  of  Great 
Britain.  In  spite  of  the  present  deplorable  finan- 
cial condition  ;  in  the  face  of  the  disaffection 
due  to  excessive  taxation,  although  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  people  have  refused  to  legislate 
with  the  members  appointed  by  the  Crown, 
Jamaicans  do  not  look  to  annexation  as  their  ulti- 
mate salvation.  As  in  the  case  of  the  Danish 
West  Indies,  though  in  a  different  sense,  the 
remedy  is  now  looked  for  from  within.  And 
again  it  is  the  advent  of  the  United  States  in  the 
West  Indies  that  furnishes  the  basis  for  stimula- 
tion. 

Capital  is  the  present  cry  emanating  from  Ja- 
maica. It  was  American  capital  and  American 
brains  which,  during  the  past  ten  years,  partly 
redeemed  the  island  to  itself.  From  the  gov- 
ernor down  to  the  lowest- caste  coolie,  all  have 
praise  for  what  the  Americans  have  done.  But 
will  the  investment  of  United  States  capital  con- 
tinue? Such  is  the  burning  question  of  the 
hour.  Can  the  people  of  Jamaica  keep  on  de- 
pending on  Americans  as  their  exploiters,  or  will 
they  at  last  be  forced  to  lend  a  hand  themselves  ? 
All  indications  point  in  the  direction  that,  with 
the  fertile  soil  of  Cuba  nearer  the  United  States, 
a  great  trade  is  to  spring  up  between  this  island 
and  the  mainland.  Then,  Porto  Rico  likewise 
produces  the  identical  staples  with  Jamaica.  Be- 
fore long  shipments  of  fruit  from  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico  will  prove  these  islands  to  be  rivals  of  con- 
sequence to  the  British  colony  which  has  long 
held  the  monopoly. 

There  is  awaiting,  in  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States,  the  ratification  of  a  treaty  of  reciprocity 
with  Jamaica.  But  the  opinion  is  now  prevalent 
in  the  island  that  this  treaty  is  as  good  as  shelved. 
The  map  of  the  West  Indies  has  undergone  con- 
siderable changes  since  the  agitation  for  a  reci- 
j)rocity  treaty  fii*st  began.      And  since  Porto  Rico 


452 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^IEfV  OF  REVIEWS. 


is  now  American  territory  and  Cuba  as  yet  under 
United  States  domination,  there  is  every  rea- 
son to  understand  why  tlie  chance  for  tlie  treaty 
to  become  operative  is  diminished.  Jamaica, 
therefore,  finds  herself  in  a  decidedly  peculiar 
position.  The  island  wants  American  goods,  and 
in  return  for  a  reduction  in  duties  asks  the  United 
States  to  reduce  the  custom -duty  on  fruits.  As 
long  as  Spain  held  possession  of  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico  and  failed  to  develop  the  resources  of  those 
islands,  such  an  arrangement  with  Jamaica  might 
have  been  useful.  The  turbulent  condition  of 
the  Spanish  colonies,  furthermore,  did  not  invite 
American  investment.  But  with  the  Spanish- 
American  War  all  this  has  changed.  And  with 
every  American  dollar  that  now  seeks  invest- 
ment ii^  Cuba,  this  island  looms  up  a  more  for- 
midable rival  to  the  British  colony.  It  is  this 
the  Jamaicans  have  at  last  come  to  realize.  How 
it  is  proposed  to  meet  the  new  conditions  will  be 
shown  directly. 

For  the  purpose  of  gaining  information  anent 
the  state  of  affairs  in  the  West  Indies  since  the 
war  with  Spain,  the  present  writer  recently  spent 
two  months  in  Jamaica.  With  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico  already  treated  of  exhaustively,  there  was 
wanting  an  estimate  as  to  the  conditions  now 
prevailing  to  the  south  of  these  islands.  Most  ^ 
assuredly  the  result  of  the  investigations  comes 
as  a  series  of  conflicting  pictures.  The  marvel- 
ous possibilities  of  the  soil,  the  political  im- 
broglio, the  commercial  anxieties  and  anticipa- 
tions, the  general  unrest  of  the  people,  com- 
bined in  a  manner  which  made  the  task  far  from 
being  an  easy  one. 

To  begin  with,  the  poverty  of  Jamaica,  it  is 
claimed,  is  due  to  excessive  taxation.  Of  course, 
in  his  interview  with  the  present  writer,  his  Ex- 
cellency, Sir  Augustus  Hemming,  the  governor 
of  Jamaica,  avoided  as  much  as  possible  any 
reference  to  political  conditions  and  those  con- 
cerning colonial  government.  But  the  views 
held  by  other  prominent  men  of  the  island,  in- 
cluding the  leading  elected  members  of  the  Leg- 
islative Council,  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the 
blame  for  the  present  unsatisfactory  condition 
rests  with  the  home  government.  And  the  Trans- 
vaal is  not  the  only  spot  on  earth  where  the  name 
of  Joseph  Chamberlain  is  unbeloved.  The  colo- 
nial secretary  of  the  British  empire  is  the  mov- 
ing spirit  bel.iind  the  visible  government  of 
Jamaica.  Whatever  is  done  there  is  due  to  his 
decisive  action. 

Before  treating  of  the  political  phases,  it  is 
advisable  to  first  see  what  Americans  are  doing 
in  Jamaica.  Since  to  them  is  due  the  partly 
rejuvenated  condition  of  the  island,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  follow  them  back  some  twenty -five  years  ; 


and  this  is  the  more  significant  as  the  very 
men  who  then  entered  the  field  here  are  now 
engaging  in  similar  pursuits  in  Cuba.  The 
$1,000,000  sugar- plant  under  erection  in  Cuba 
is  in  charge  of  the  American  who  made  possible 
the  immense  fruit  trade  of  Jamaica. 

The  United  Fruit  Company  is  the  largest  cor- 
poration in  the  world  devoting  itself  to  the  culti- 
vation of  tropical  fruits,  exporting  the  product. 


Hill  AUGUSTUS  II  KM  Ml  NO. 

(Governor  of  Jamaica.) 

and  acting  as  its  own  distributer  in  the  United 
States.  What  was  formerly  the  Boston  Fruit 
Company  united  with  a  number  of  similar  con- 
cerns, also  doing  business  in  Central  and  South 
America,  with  the  United  States  as  the  common 
market.  At  the  head  of  the  Boston  compAnj 
stood  Captain  L.  D.  Baker,  and  to  him  is  due 
the  credit  of  being  pioneer  in  the  export  and 
import  of  tropical  fruits.  With  a  capital  of 
more  than  %20,000,000  invested  in  the  business, 
the  United  Fruit  Company  covers  the  field  in- 
cluding South  and  Central  America  and  Jamaica. 
Since  Jamaica  was  the  place  first  discovered  as 
available  for  export  of  fruits  on  a  large  scale,  it 
may  be  guessed  that  here  can  be  learned  much 
of  interest  in  that  direction.  When  the  various 
companies  consolidated,  Captain  Baker  preferred 
to  take  charge  of  the  Jamaica  division  ;  and  it 
is  til  rough  the  courtesy  of  Captain  Baker  that 
the  present  writer  is  now  able  to  convey  infor- 
mation unobtainable  elsewhere. 


DOES  JAMAICA  CONTAIN  A  LESSON  IN  COLONIAL  GOVERNMENT?    453 


A  short  sketch  of  Captain  L.  D.  Baker  is  essen- 
tial before  proceeding.  Born  on  Cape  Cod,  he 
went  to  sea  at  an  early  age.  Engaging  in  the 
South  American  coastwise  trade,  he  soon  became 
convinced  that  there  was  money  in  the  exporta- 
tion of  tropical  fruits,  in  command  of  his 
schooner,  the  young  seaman  realized  that  it  was 
impossible  to  conduct  the  business  profitably 
when  handling  other  cargo  besides  the  perishable 
one.  It  was  evident  that  fruit  had  to  be  loaded 
with  the  utmost  expediency,  shipped  to  its  des- 
tination witli  all  the  haste  of  wind  and  weather, 
and  distributed  without  waste  of  time.  Captain- 
Baker  was  willing  to  try  the  experiment.  Almost 
from  the  first  the  venture  proved  a  success. 
Before  long  steamers  supplanted  the  uncertain 
sailing  vessels,  and  from  its  small  beginning  of 
twenty-five  years  ago  the  promoter  of  the  enter- 
prise and  those  who  associated  thenlselves  with 
him  have  seen  the  business  grow  to  such  propor- 
tions that  the  entire  island  of  Jamaica  almost  is 
depending  for  its  sustenance  on  the  plantations 
of  the  United  Fruit  Company  and  the  export  of 
its  products  to  the  United  States. 

Captain  Baker  had  just  returned  from  a  trip 
to  Cuba  when  the  writer  sought  him  out  in  Port 
Antonio,  which  is  the  principal  shipping  place  of 
the  northern  coast.  From  here  special  fruit- 
steamers  leave  almost  daily  for  the  United  States, 
and  Port  Antonio  is  the  headquarters  of  the 
United  Fruit  Company  in  the  island. 

**I  am  very  much  imj^t'essed  with  the  possi- 
bilities of  Cuba,"  Captain  Baker  said,  ignoring 
for  the  moment  a  question  pertinent  to  Jamaica. 
**The  Bugar-plant  now  in  course  of  erection 
promises  to  be  of  great  importance.     Yes,  I  have 


CAPTAIN  L..  D.  BAKER. 

(The  pioneer  in  the  tropical  fruit 
trade.) 


^ 

s 

^^■M^tH^I^ 

"     '^^ 

B  - 

^^^^K^^^        mi 

* 

POUT  ANTONI*>. 

(Principal  shipping-place  of  the  northern  coast  of  Jamaica.) 


no  hesitancy  in  saying  that  we  are  going  into 
business  over  in  Cuba.  The  field  there  is  a 
promising  one  ;  and  then,  the  United  States  mar- 
ket is  so  much  nearer  than  from  Jamaica.  As 
for  Cuba  becoming  a  formidable  rival  to  Jamaica, 
it  IS  yet  too  soon 
to  tell  for  a 
certainty.  I  n 
so  far  as  sugar 
is  concerned,  I 
am  of  the  opin- 
ion that  this 
island  has  seen 
its  best  days 
long  ago.  And 
any  attempt  to 
restore  the  su- 
gar industry  in 
Jamaica  will  be 
fraught  with 
difficulty.  We 
all  know  the 
immense  rev- 
enue which 
cane- sugar 
yielded  in  its 
time.  But,  in 
order  for  the 
business  to  pay  now,  it  is  necessary  to  obtain 
large  tracts  of  land,  with  great  central  factories  to 
handle  the  product  of  the  field.  As  for  raising 
bananas  and  cocoa-nuts,  the  smaller  holdings  an- 
swer the  purpose  well  enough  ;  for  there  is  noth- 
ing to  stand  between  the  cutting  down  of  tlie 
fruit  and  bringing  it  to  the  shipper.  But  cane 
needs  considerable  attention.  I  doubt  very  much 
that  even  concerted  action 
in  this  island  will  ever  make 
the  sugar  industry  of  Ja- 
maica a  factor  in  its  reju- 
venation. Th  e  r  e  is  an 
immense  future  for  sugar- 
raising  in  Cuba  :  and  while 
we  are  investing  consider- 
able capital »  due  to  the  most 
modern  machinery,  we  ex- 
pect to  be  well  repaid  in 
time. 

<*lt  is  largely  owing  to 
the  antiquated  machinery  on 
the  former  sugar  plantations 
that  cane-sugar  has  been  left 
so  far  behind  the  beet  prod- 
uct. If  the  same  high-class 
inachinery  had  been  installed 
on  the  cane-sugar  plantation 
as  is  in  vogue  in  the  beet- 
sugar  factory,  the  cano  would 


454 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI/IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


still  be  a  factor  of  importance.  Of  course,  the 
bounty  given  by  foreign  countries  has  enabled 
the  beet  to  gain  a  considerable  hold." 

The  United  Fruit  Company  is  K^ing  in  heavy 
for  the  cultivation  of  pineapples.  The  success 
of  tliis  fruit  has  been  only  limited,  but  it  is  ex- 


.-«t  ^ 


\J^f)& 


^y>. 


DOMESTICS  WITH   FKUI'If  YAMS,   ETC. 

pected  that  before  long  there  will  be  large  ship- 
ments of  pines  from  here  to  the  United  States. 

While  it  is  concealed  on  all  sides  that  the  vari- 
ous American  fruit  companies  in  Jamaica  have 
saved  the  island,  the  new  direct  steamship  line  to 
England,  to  become  operative  soon,  is  the  result 
of  a  certain  anxiety  on  the  part  of  many  Jamaicans 
who  fear  that  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  will  soon  ap- 
pear as  rivals  to  the  British  colony,  and  ship  vast 
quantities  of  fruit  to  the  United  States.  Jt  is 
openly  said  that  a  new  market  must  be  ready 
should  American  capital  Ijecome  diffident  here. 
Since  the  Imperial  Government  has  a  hand  in  the 
new  steamship  move,  supplying  half  of  the  sub- 
sidy to  the  steamship  company,  it  is  expected 
that  before  long  Great  Britain  will  be  enjoying 
bananas  and  the  other  tropical  fruits  indigenous 
to  Jamaica.  Those  already  in  the  fruit  business 
claim  that  the  distance  to  England  is  too  great 
for  carrying  perishable  stuff,  and  that  the  new 
venture  will  not  prove  a  success.  Undoubtedly 
American  investors  in  Cuha  and  Porto  Kico  will 
watcli  tlie  experiment  with  interest  ;  for,  if  the 
plan  succeeds,  there  is  nothing  to  prevent  them 
from  entering  into  competition  with  the  Jamaica 
concern.  Elder,  Dempster  &  Co.,  of  England, 
is   the  steamsliip  company  which  will  run  fruit 


steamers  directly  from  Jamaica  to  Liverpool. 
The  subsidy  to  be  paid  the  company  is  #200,000, 
and  people  are  wondering  from  where  the  money 
is  to  come.  Of  course,  the  home  government  is 
to  give  one-half  this  sum  ;  but,  with  the  impov- 
erished condition  of  the  Jamaican  Treasury,  the 
other  half  ($100,000)  is  con- 
siderable of  a  figure.  Most 
assuredly  the  island  cannot 
stand  any  more  taxation,  if 
it  is  expected  to  raise  tiie 
money  by  th'at  method.  Jo- 
sepli  Chamberlain,  however, 
was  of  the  opinion  that  the 
new  line  was  the  only  salva- 
tion for  the  country.  Re- 
monstrances, coming  from 
otherwise  influential  people 
.  did  not  make  the  colonial 
secretary  of  the  empire 
change  his  mind. 

Since  the  proposed  direct 

line  in  reality  concerns  the 

Jamaicans  ciiiefly,   there  is 

not  much  of  a  lessx)n  to  K' 

learned  from  the  success  or 

failure    of    the    enterpri^i*- 

But  there  is  another  scheni«' 

advanced    in  the   matter  <>: 

furthering  the  pros{>erity  of 

the  island.      This   plan  wa< 

brought  to  light  by  those  in   oppositiion  to  th** 

direct   line  ;   men  who  believed  it  better  to  enj 

ploy  the  subsidy  money  in  a  different  manner. 

Mr.  George  Levy,  secretary  of  the  Royal  Ja 
maica  Society  of  Agriculture  and  Commerce,  in 
the  interest  of  many  prominent  citizens,  wrote 
Hon.  Joseph  Chamr>erlain  a  concise  letter,  in 
which  he  took  exception  to  the  expi^nditure  of 
money  for  the  direct  line.  While  admitting  that 
the  motive  which  inspired  the  move  wa^*  of  the 
highe.-t  kind,  yet  he  did  not  l)elieve  the  ex|>en- 
ment  would  pay.  Mr.  Levy  then  went  on  t(» 
show,  from  his  point  of  view,  that  one  well- 
regulated  sugar  estate  gave  employment  to  a^ 
many  people  as  a  dozen  banana  plantations,  anl 
that  if  the  home  government  woulil  advanc' 
money  for  improved  machinery,  etc..  the  oM 
sugar  industry  could  be  revived. 

But  the  secretary  goes  farther,  and  add.s  t.hat 
tlu;  many  tropical  fruits  of  the  i.sland,  t<»o  peri*h 
able  for  export,  could  be  made  valuable  through 
the  establishment  of  large  preserve  factories  on 
the  island.  Included  among  these  varieties, 
which  never  see  the  North  in  their  fresh  stat«\ 
are  guavas,  inangoes,  shaddock,  jonblon.s.  ca 
shcnvs.  grcnadillos,  papaw»  bread -fniit  ]>lossoms, 
ofalicitcs,  etc.      In  Porto  Rico  every  one  of  the-*' 


DOES  JAMAICA  CONTAIN  A  LESSON  IN  COLONIAL  GOVERNMENT  I    455 


THE  MONGOOSE. 


varieties  grow  in  abundance,  and  it  is  not  im- 
probable that  Americans  with  money  to  invest 
can  find  a  good  field  in  the  new  American  col- 
ony by  devoting  their  energies  to  the  manufac- 
ture and  export  of  preserved  fruits.  Since  the 
plan  is  to  be  tried  in  Jamaica,  notwithstanding 
lion.  Joseph  Chamberlain  has  refused  to  assist, 
it  will  l3e  worth  while  to  follow  the  result  for  tlie 
In-nefit  of  others  willing  to  try  the  experiment 
afterward.  Heretofore,  a  number  of  the  tropi- 
cal fruits  have  had  a  preliminary  treatment  here, 
and  were  then  shipped  north  for  the  final  process 
and  packing.  It  is  now  the  purpose  to  prepare 
I  hem  for  the  market  immediately  the  fruit  is 
taken  from  the  tree.  The  preserve  factories,  it  is 
claimed,  will  also  stimulate  the  sugar  industry.  At 
the  present  time  there  is  not  enough  sugar-cane 
raised  to  supply  the  preserve  factories,  should  it 
be  decided  to  go  ahead  with  the  latter  enter- 
prise. Beet- sugar  does  not,  it  is  said,  give  the 
same  satisfactory  result  for  the  purpose  of  i)re- 
serving  as  the  cane  product. 
It  is  claimed  for  Porto 
Rico  that  the  oranges  of  that 
island  are  among  the  finest 
<»f  their  kind  in  the  world. 
There  is  a  similarity  between 
the  Porto  Rico  orange  and 
the  Jamaica  variety  ;  and, 
smce  the  tariff  question  is 
now  disposed  of  as  far  as 
Porto  Rico  is  concerned,  Ja- 
maicans fear  that  their  prod- 
uct will  be  at  a  disadvantage 
in  the  future.  The  pending 
reciprocity  t  r  e  a  t  y  , '  it  was 
hoped,  would  give  the  Ja 
inaica  orange  a  chance  to 
compete  with  the  California 
fruit.  But  the  opposition  of 
the  West  makes  it  evident 
that  no  new  custom -rates  will 
l»e  made  for  a  time  to  come. 
The  Porto  Rico  orange,  how- 
ever, will    fin«l    it  decidedly 


advantageous  that  only  a  15  per  cent,  tariff  is 
exacted. 

The  Seville  orange,  a  product  heretofore  al- 
lowed to  go  to  waste,  has  also  entered  the  field 
as  a  marketable  quantity.  This  orange  is  not 
suitable  for  the  table,  owing  to  its  extreme  acid- 
ity ;  but  the  experiments  which  have  gone  on 
for  some  time  show  that  tlio  Seville  orange  is  ex- 
cellent as  a  marmalade.  This  variety  grows  wild 
all  over  the  island,  and  it  is  now  the  purpose  to 
make  use  of  what  was  formerly  allowed  to  rot  on 
the.  ground.  Perhaps  the  new-comers  in  Porto 
Rico  would  do  well  to  watch  their  own  interests 
in  that  island  by  paying  attention  to  the  Seville 
orange,  which  also  is  indigenous  to  the  Porto 
Rican  soil. 

The  agricultural  features  of  Jamaica  cannot  be 
disposed  of  without  due  reference  to  the  pairt 
played  by  the  mongoose.  Some  years  ago,  tlie 
cane-fields  l>ecame  infested  with  snakes  and  r^ts 
to  such  an  extent  that  drastic  measures  had  to  be 
employed  in  order  to  rid  the  country  of  the  pests. 
It  was  decided  that  the  mongoose  would  do  the 
work,  and  accordingly  the  mongoose  was  im- 
porteil.  The  animal  went  to  work  with  a  will, 
and  soon  there  was  scarcely  a  snake  left  on  the 
island.  The  rats,  likewise,  were  driven  from 
the  fields  ;  but,  taking  refuge  in  the  cocoaiiut 
trees,  the  rodents  began  to  do  that  damage  to 
the  nut  which  ever  since  has  been  such  a  draw- 
back to  the  raising  of  cocoanuts.  But  the  mon- 
goose did  worse  than  this.  The  moment  the 
animal  found  no  more  snakes  and  rats  to  feed 
upon,   it  attacked  the  ground-laying  birds,  de- 


A  COKNKR  IN   A  PINE  FIELD. 


456 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


TRAVELER'S  PALM. 


stroying  them  and  their  eggs  as  well.  These 
birds  had  heretofore  been  invaluable  to  the  coun- 
try, because  tliey  lived  upon  the  pestiferous  tick 
which  is  such  a  nuisance  to  man  and  cattle. 
With  the  disappearance  of  the  birds,  tlie  ticks 
increased  enormously,  and  now,  in  their  turn, 
they  are  attacking  the  mongoose.  Raisers  of 
poultry  in  Jamaica  would  consider  it  a  blessing 
if  every  mongoose  were  swept  off  the  island. 
When  the  animal  had  succeeded  in  doing  away 
with  the  snakes,  and  made  the  rats  seek  safety 
in  the  cocoanut  trees,  it  went  for  the  chickens. 
Naturally,  prices  rose  skyward,  and  it  was  con- 
sidered a  luxury  to  have  poultry  on  the  table. 
With  the  destruction  which  the  tick  now  does  to 
the  young  mongoose,  it  is  said  by  those  who 
know  that  the  ground- laying  birds  are  once  more 
appearing,  and  it  is  further  suggested  that  more 
birds  sliould  be  imported.  The  cattle-owners 
will  welcome  the  feathered  agency  that  formerly 
minimized  the  effect  of  the  ticks  by  feeding  on 
these  insects.  With  the  in- 
troduction of  sugar-cane  in 
Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  the 
identical  destructive  condi- 
tions are  likely  to  confront 
the  planters  there  ;  but  since 
Americans,  with  experience 
bought  in  Jamajca,  are  at 
the  head  of  the  enterprises 
in  the  other  islands,  it  is 
unlikely  that  the  mongoose 
will  be  imported,  even 
though  rats  might  appear 
numerically  strong  enough 
to  warrant  drastic  measures 
of  extermination.  ( .'are  will 
be  exercised  in  the  selection 
of  an  antidote.  As  far  as 
the  mongoose  is  concerned, 
a  recent  act  of  ( 'ongress  pro- 
hibits the  importation  of 
the  animal  into  the  United 


States  or  its  colonies.  Hawi^ii,  where  the  mon- 
goose was  introduced  in  1881,  passed  a  similar 
law  in  1892.  The  history  of  the  moDgoose  in 
the  British  colony  may  stand  for  some  lesson  in 
agricultural  experience.  ' 

It  is  quite  pertinent  to  the  general  situation 
to  take  a  glance  at  the  career  of  the  Hon. 
David  Sampson  Gideon.  Not  yet  forty  years  of 
age,  to  him  is  due  in  a  large  measure  the  en- 
ergetic action  of  the  elected  members  of  the 
legislative  body.  Mr.  Gideon  was  born  in  New 
York  City,  during  a  visit  which  his  mother,  a 
native  of  Jamaica,  paid  the  metropolis.  His 
American  birthplace  appealed  so  forcibly  to  the 
member  from  Portland  Parish  that  when,  during 
the  war  with  Spain,  he  held  the  oflBce  of  Spanish 
consul  at  Port  Antonio,  Mr.  Gideon  resigned 
the  position  rather  than  represent  a  country  at 
odds  with  the  land  where  first  he  saw  the  light 
of  day.  Then,  at  liberty  to  act  freely,  he  ae- 
sisted  the  United  States  in  many  ways.  The 
representatives  of  American  newspapers,  who 
made  their  headquarters  at  Port  Antonio  dunng 
the  early  days  of  hostilities,  will  not  soon  forgei 
the  many  kind  offices  tendered  them  at  the  hand 
of  this  enterprising  Americanized  Jamaican. 

Mr.  Gideon  was  a  conspicuous  member  of  the 
delegation  which  went  to  Washington  in  the 
interest  of  the  Jamaica  reciprocity  treaty.  As 
for  the  ultimate  fate  of  the  treaty  now  hanging 
fire  in  the  Senate,  in  common  with  other  leading 
Jamaicans,  he  has  but  little  hope  that  it  will  be 
ratified  soon.  Since  the  earlier  days  of  the 
treaty  negotiations,  the  vexatious  West  Indii 
problem  has  intensified  so  that  none  know  what 
commercial  arrangements  can  now  be  perfected. 


CA<  TUS  AH   IT  OUOWS  IN  .lAMAICA. 


DOES  JAMAICA  CONTAIN  A  LESSON  IN  COLONIAL  GOI^ERNMENT?    457 


Everything  depends  on  the  Cuban  issues,  and 
whether  independence  is  soon  granted  the  island 
or  not. 

Perhaps  it  may  be  argued  that  the  vicissitudes 
of  Jamaica  relative  to  its  decline  as  a  paying 
colony  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  interrogative 


SUOAK-OANE  CLEANERS. 


caption  of  the  present  article.  Nevertheless,  a 
stAy  in  the  island  will  soon  convince  the  observer 
that  politics  and  affairs  of  the  soil  go  hand  in 
hand  in  Jamaica.  It  is  impossible  to  disassoci- 
ate the  present  political  imbroglio  from  the  un- 
satisfactory condition  which  prevails  among  the 
populace  in  general.  The  elected  members  of 
the  Legislative  Council  are  the  representatives  of 
the  people.  Until  this  body  entera  into  some 
Bort  of  agreement  with  the  Government  mem- 
bers, the  agricultural  interests  of  the  country 
•will  suffer  severely.  At  the  present  moment, 
the  government  of  the  island  is  purely  one  ema- 
nating from  the  Crown. 

The  writer  interviewed  Governor  Hemming 
on  the  conditions  of  the  island,  but  Sir  Augus- 
tus seemed  exceedingly  guarded  in  his  answer 
relative  to  political  affairs.  Claiming  that  it 
was  absolutely  necessary  to  raise  the  revenue 
needed  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  the  gov- 
ernment, he  evaded  the  questions  pertinent  to 
taxation.  The  governor  is  now  in  Europe  on 
le^ve  of  absence,  and  seems  to  have  turned 
over  everything  to  the  acting  colonial  secretary, 
Hon.  Sidney  Olivier,  who,  arriving  in  Jamaica 
Bome  months  ago,  is  looked  u])on  as  able  to 
solve  the  financial  problem.  But  when  Gov- 
ernor Hemming  was  asked  what  he  had  to  say 
about  the  Americans  in  Jamaica,  he  grew  enthu- 
siastic,   and    stated  with    considerable    en>T>haj*is 


that  they  had  been  the  means  of  saving  Jamaica 
to  the  Jamaicans.  It  was  his  urgent  desire  to 
see  American  capital  come  to  the  island,  and  he 
said  that  every  facility  possible  would  be  given 
the  investors.  Of  course,  the  governor  was  anx- 
ious to  have  the  reciprocity  treaty  become  oper- 
ative, 80  that  the  market  in 
the  United  States  would  be 
still  easier  of  access. 

It  stands  to  reason  that 
the  conditions  which  con- 
front a  British  colony  and  a 
colony  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  United  States 
cannot  be  identical.  But 
since  both  Porto  Rico  and 
Jamaica  produce  the  iden- 
tical fruits  for  export, — 
since  both  islands  lie  in  the 
West  Indies  and  must  seek 
the  same  markets, — it  will 
easily  be  understood  that  in 
time  to  come  a  certain  uni- 
formity must  take  effect  as 
regards  the  business  rela- 
tions with  the  United  States. 
Between  the  British  posses- 
sion of  the  Barbados  and 
Jamaica  lie  colonies,  both  American  and  Euro- 
pean, which,  with  the  republics  of  Haiti  and  San 
Domingo,  must  enter  into  some  sort  of  mutual 
understanding,  with  the  United  States  as  the 
common  center  of  attraction. 

<*The  political  situation^"  Mr.  Gideon  said, 
when  called  upon  by  the  writer,  *'  allows  of  con- 
siderable guesswork  as  to  the  ultimate  fate  of 
the  legislative  body.  It  is  quite  true  that  the 
elected  members  have  refused  to  legislate  with 
the  members  appointed  by  the  Crown.  The  po- 
litical history  of  Jamaica  shows  no  more  unjust 
treatment  than  that  which  was  accorded  the  peo- 
ple's representatives  prior  to  the  day  when  we 
left  the  council  chambers  en  masse.  The  whole 
trouble  revolves  around  the  question  whether  the 
people  ought  to  have  a  hand  in  the  government 
or  not.  -The  Imperial  Government,  you  must 
know,  appoints  ten  members  from  among  its  offi- 
cials, while  there  are  fourteen  elected  members. 
But  a  certain  clause  permits  the  home  govern- 
ment to  add  four  more  officials  to  its  list  in  case 
it  becomes  absolutely  neci^ssary  to  the  stability 
of  the  ishmd.  This  was  done  some  months  ago. 
We  objected,  because  we  did  not  think  the  oc- 
casion demanded  such  action.  But  the  result 
was  that  certain  measures  affecting  taxation  went 
through.  We  were  at  the  mercy  of  the  gov- 
ernment body,  which,  with  the  governor  as 
the    deciding  vote,    naturally  defeated    our    ob- 


458 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^lEiV  OF  REI/IEIVS. 


jection.  The  home  government  acted  in  a  spirit 
of  arrogance  ;  but,  notwithstanding  this,  I  be- 
lieve that  the  coming  election  will  confirm  the 
faith  of  the  people  in  their  representatives.  It 
is  a  perplexin|»  matter  to  give  colonists  a  govern- 
ment that  will  work  equally  well  all  around  ;  but 


HON.  D.  8.  GIDEON. 

(Member  of  the  Legislative  Council  from  Portland  Parish.) 

the  United  States,  in  its  treatment  of  her  new- 
found colonies,  will  undoubtedly  set  an  example 
that  the  British  Government  cannot  fail  to  profit 
by,  if  studied  conscientiously.  For  this  reason 
we  are  watching  events  in  Torto  Rico  with  ab- 
sorbing interest.  The  tariff  arrangements  ;  the 
official  riyime  there,  as  well  as  in  Cuba  ;  the  vig- 
orous measures  employed  by  the  United  States  in 
punishing  unfaithful  officiJs  ;  the  future  of  the 
(,'ubans  as  a  self-governing  ])eople, — all  this  af- 
fects us  much  more  than  the  average  person 
would  believe.  Asa  representative  of  this  island, 
I  certainly  look  for  object  lessons  when  once  the 
United  States  gets  down  to  real  business  in  its 
colonies. 

*'()n  the  other  hand,  why  could  not  the 
T'nited  States  profit  by  our  past  experience  as 
well  ?  The  matter  of  taxation  is  always  one  of 
the  questions  uppermost  ;  and  the  citizens  of  tlie 
r««i>ublic,  as  well  as  the  colonist,  necui  to  guard 
their  individual  interests.  It  is  an  unsafe  meas- 
ure to  rob  Peter  in  order  to  pay  Paul." 

Mr.  (iidc^on,  undoubtedly,  gave  vent  to  tin* 
last  sentence  as  the  result  of  a  sentiment  now 
prevalent    on    the    island,    which    has   its  ori^n'n 


among  the  very  few  manufacturing  interests  iD 
the  colony.  It  is  claimed  by  those  directly  af- 
fected that,  when  the  colonial  government  now 
and  then  protects  a  certain  industry  by  rpismg 
the  import  duty  on  the  resi>ective  comnK>dity  to 
be  manufactured,  immediately  it  sees  its  revenue 
cut  down  through  a  smaller  imf>ortation  it 
places  an  additional  tariff  on  the  local  manufac- 
turer. Whatever  merit  this  argument  may  con- 
tain, it  is  quite  certain  that  the  i)eople  will  not 
pay  more  for  the  home-made  article  than  it  can 
be  bought  for  abroad.  The  result  is  that  the 
manufacturer  gives  up  in  disgust,  the  government 
gels  its  former  revenue  through  import  duties, 
and  matters  remain  about  as  they  were.  There 
will  iiave  to  be  a  radical  change  in  the  island 
oefore  anything  like  a  satisfactory  condition  will 
obtain. 

Asa  lesson  for  the  United  States  to  profit  hy, 
the  government  of  Jamaica  may  well  stand  as  an 
example  of  how  things  colonial  should  not  be 
done.  This  lesson  has,  however,  its  }>eneficial 
result.s — equal  almost  to  that  which  success 
teaches.  That  government  undoubtedly  is  the 
safest  which  can  both  teach  a  lesson  and  learn 
by  the  experience  of  others. 


8AUO-PALM. 


THE  RISE  OF  GOLF  IN  AMERICA. 


BY  PRICE  COLLIER. 


GOLF  in  Scotland  is  first  a  game,  then  an  avo- 
cation, then  a  tyranny.  It  promised  at  the 
start  to  gain  some  sucli  hold  here.  Tliere  were 
several  reasons  for  this.  We  began  playing  golf 
at  a  time  when  business  was  dull,  when  money 
was  dear,  and  when  people  were  talking  of  hard 
times.  The  expensive  sports — yachting,  polo, 
hunting,  racing,  shooting — were  more  or  less  in 
abeyance.      Men  were  glad  to  take  up  with  some 


Reproduced  from  *•  Golf."    Courtesy  of  IUq>cr  *  Brother*;. 

TACOMA  GOLF  CI.UB.  TACOMA,  WASHINGTON. 

less  extravagant  form  of  amusement.  Golf 
came  to  tlie  rescue.  There  are  many  men  and 
women  in  this  country  wlio  now  for  the  first  time 
have  a  certain  amount  of  leisure.  Tliey  are  too 
old  to  start  liunting  or  yachting,  too  stiff  to  be- 
gin tennis,  and  golf  offered  itself  as  a  combina- 
tion of  croquet,  pedestrian  ism,  and  club  swing- 
ing that  appeale<l  to  the  middle  aged  duffer. 
There  are  over  13,000,000  deposit  accounts  in 
our  banks  to-day  ;  our  exports  exceed  in  value 
our  imports  by  nnllions  of  dollars  ;  we  are  taking 
up  British  and  German  loans,  and  asking  for 
more,  and  we  are  borrowing  money,  as  a  nation, 
cheaper  than  any  other  country  in  the  world. 
This,  translated,  means  leisure  !  It  means  a 
greatly  increased  number  of  people  who  have 
something  to  spare,  after  food  and  fire  and  shel- 
ter are  paid  for,  for  amusement,  or  study,  or 
sport.  Much  more  attention  is  paid  to  hygiene. 
We  eat  more  fruit  and  fewer  buckwheat  cakes ; 
more  vegetables  and  cereals,  and  less  meat ;  we 
drink  less  whisky,  gin,  and  rum,  and  more 
light  wines  and  beer.  We  think  more  of  bath- 
ing and  out-of  door  exercise.  We  were  a  com- 
fjaratively  poor  people  in  1850.  We  had  a  ter- 
rible war  in  18G0,  with  a  million  and  more  men 
killed  and    invalide<i.      PVom    1870    to    ISIK)   we 


were  recovering,  growing — getting  our  second 
wind. 

All  this  was  propitious  for  golf.  From  1893 
on,  golfers  and  golf-links  increased  so  rapidly 
that  many  people  prophesieii  disaster.  It  was 
a  passing  whim  ;  it  would  die  out,  they  said. 
But  it  was  not  golf  alone  which  was  at  the  bottom 
of  this  sudden  and  widespread  love  of  out-of- 
door  sport.  We  as  a, people  were  ready  for 
some  such  invitation.  It  could  not  have  hap- 
pened in  1860,  nor  in  1870.  This  mad  chase 
after  gutta-percha  balls,  with  slieplierd -crook- 
looking  weapons,  by  men  and  women  of  all  ages, 
from  fifteen  to  sixty,  has  its  rational  sanction. 

We  have  much  Saxon  blood  ;  we  are  of  tlie 
race  that  loves  exercise  and  physical  excitement. 
Once  the  Indians  and  the  wild  beasts  were  dis- 
posed of,  and  we  had  built  our  roads  and  bridges, 
our  houses  and  our  granaries,  we  turned  naturally 
to  some  other  form  of  wrestling  with  nature.  In 
its  last  analysis,  sport  is  nothing  but  that.  It  is 
artificial  war.  Men  must  fight  to  live,  and  as 
the  spiritual  fighting  alone  is  hazy  and  discour- 
aging to  most  men,  they  must  needs  supplement 
the  struggle  with  tangible  foes.  When  the 
worry  and  the  war  of  our  first  settling  here  were 
over,  we  turned  to  sport  with  our  surplus  leisure. 
Sport    follows  the  surplus.      Money,   in    its  last 


Rfprwlucol  from  "(inlf."    Gjiirtrsy  <>f  Harper  V  Brotlicrs. 

KEBO  VALLEY  GOLF  CLUB,  BAK  HARBOR,   MAINE. 

analysis,  is  merely  leisure  ;  leisure  is  choice,  and 
choice  is  time.  When  a  man  says  he  has  no 
time  for  some  particular  thing,  he  merely  means 
that  he  prefers  to  do  something  else,  or  must  do 
something  else,  for  we  all  have  all  the  time 
there  is. 

We  in  the  ITnited  States  have  reached  a  con- 


460 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REyiElVS. 


$^ 

4^^ 

^SsSh 

r  ''>.{^-  ■^.    '•-'I.  *_  ■'  ■_.*^  HE- 

PASADENA  COUNTRY  CLUB,  CALIFORNIA. 

ditioD  of  prosperity  wlien  we  can  choose — when 
we  are  not  forced  to  hammer  and  shovel  and 
shoot  to  keep  ourselves  sheltered  and  fed.  Golf, 
then,  is  not  necessarily  a  fad  at  all.  It  is  a  very 
agreeable,  wholesome,  and  suitable  way  of  spend- 
ing our  surplus  of  time  and  energy. 

Some  call  it  **goluf,"  some  call  it  "goff," 
and  some  call  it  **gowf!"  A  certain  gentle- 
man was  taken  to  task  by  Dr.  Parr  for  pro- 
nouncing the  ancient  capital  of  Egypt  Alexan- 
dria, and  quoted  as  his  authority  Dr.  Bentley. 
»*Dr.  Bentley  and  I,"  replied  Dr.  Parr,  "may 
call  it  Alexandria,  but  I  think  you  had  better 
call  it  Alexandria."  The  word  *'golf"  has  a 
Dutch  ancestry,  and  without  much  doubt  comes 
from  the  Dutch  **kolf,"  meaning  ** club."  As 
early  as  1618  the  importation  of  golf- balls  from 
Holland  into  Scotland  aroused  the  ire  of  that 
parsimonious  sovereign,  James  VI.,  then  James 
I.  of  England,  and  he  did  what  he  could  to  pro- 
hibit it.  The  man,  therefore,  who  depends  upon 
the  most  ancient  traditions  for  his  pronunciation 
of  the  word  had  best  study  the  Dutch  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  word  **  kolf."  But  even  then,  mind- 
ful of  Dr.  Parr's  rebuke  to  his  priggish  friend, 
it  were  as  well  not  to  shock  too  rudely  the  usage 
of  our  native  land,  and  to  pronounce  it  something 
between  *'goluf"  and  *'gowf,"  with  a  touch  of 
nasality  ! 

The  steeplechase  of  to- day,  over  a  prepared 


course,  with  the  walls,  water- jumps,  and  hurdles 
all  carefully  measured,  is  far  removed  from  the 
steeplechase  from  which  it  gets-  its  name.  Then, 
the  steeplechase  was  a  race  across  country,  each 
man  taking  his  own  line  for  the  church -steeple, 
which  could  be  seen  for  miles  the  country  round. 

Golf  began  in  the  same  way.  It  was  a  ball 
and  a  stick  ;  and  who  could  get  it  to  the  church- 
door,  in  the  center  of  the  town,  in  the  fewest 
strokes.  Then  some  one  made  a  club  especially 
adapted  to  this  purpose,  and  the  game  came  to 
be  called  by  the  name  of  the  principal  weapon 
used. 

That  the  game  deserves  its  title  of  * '  ancient 
and  royal,"  there  can  be  no  question.  As  early 
as  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  Scotland 
suffered  from  the  fact  that  her  youths  played  golf 
instead  of  exercising  with  the  long-bow  ;  and  the 


8INN18RIPPI  OOLF  CLUB,  JANP.8VILLE,  WIS. 


THE  TOWN  AND  COUNTRY  CLUB,  8T.  PAUL,  MINK. 

Scotch  Parliament  decreed  that  **golf  be  utterly 
crijit  down  and  nocht  usit !  "  At  the  very  be- 
ginning of  tiie  sixteenth  century  Edinburgh 
passed  rigid  laws  prohibiting  golf  on  Sundays  : 
but  shortly  after  there  was  a  compromise,  and 
the  prohibition  was  can nily  restricted  to  **  ser- 
mon time."  Let  us  remember,  however,  that 
the  century  of  John  Knox  knew  nothing  of  the 
fashionable  sermonette  of  eiqchteen  minutes 
which  is  now  the  herald  of  an  eflFerainate  homi- 
letics.  Sermon  time  in  those  days  probably  left 
little  time  for  more  than  one  good  round  during 
the  day. 

The  game  was  introduced  into  England  when 
King  James  VI.  of  Scotland  came  south  as  King 
James  I.  of  England,  bringing  with  him  his 
Scotch  followers.  They  soon  began  playing 
their  national  game,  and  at  Blackheath.  and  at 


THE  RISE  OF  GOLF  IN  AMERICA. 


461 


CX)CNTRY  CLUB  OF  ATLANTIC  CITY,  N.  J. 

Wimbledon,  are  two  of  the  oldest  golf  clubs  in 
the  kingdom. 

From  this  small  beginning  golf  has  grown  to 
be  as  popular  south  of  the  Tweed  as  nordi  of  it, 
and  it  is  estimated  that  there  are  now  as  many 
as  a  thousand  or  more  golf  clubs  in  England. 
From  England  the  game  has  been  carried  by  the 
English  soldiers,  sailors,  and  settlers  to  almost 
ev^ery  part  of  the  globe,  and  you  may  find  use 
for  a  bag  of  golf-clubs  practically  everywhere, 
from  Hongkong  to  San  Francisco,  from  Quebec 
to  New  Zealand. 

Mr.  Horace  Hutchinson,  who  has  done  for 
golf  what  Gilbert  White  did  for  Selborne,  told 
rae  that  he  paid  a  visit  to  the  United  States 
some  time  about  1888.  At  what  was  then  the 
Meadowbrook  Hunt  Club,  on  Long  Island,  he 
tried,  by  persuasion  and  by  illustration,  to  show 
the    charm   of   the   game  to  a  few  men   there. 


They  were  not  enthusiastic  about  it,  he  said,  and 
looked  upon  it,  apparently,  as  rather  an  effeminate 
and  distinctly  dull  form  of  sport.  Where  the 
first  golf  was  played  in  this  country,  it  is  diflBcult 
to  determine.  Both  in  the  West  and  in  the  East, 
there  are  claimants  for  the  honor.  One  of  the 
first,  if  not  the  first  club,  with  a  course  of  any 
pretension  to  length  and  quality,  was  the  St.  An- 
drews Club,  presided  over  by  Mr.  John  Reid. 

Since  1893,  however,  the  game  has  grown 
greatly  in  favor,  and  during  the  ?i\e  following 
years  golf-courses  good,  bad,  and  indifferent 
have  been  laid  out  all  over  the  country.  There 
are  links,  like  those  at  Newport,  where  no 
expense  has  been  spared,  and  links  laid  out  as 
late  as  this  summer  in  New  England  villages 
along  the  coast,  where  the  mosquitoes  buzz  in 
ecstasies  over  the  fresh  importations  of  human 
flesh  into  their  salt-marshes.  On  the  1st  of  Janu- 
ary, 1899,  there  were  887  golf  clubs  in  the  United 
States,  154  of  them  west  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
A  fair  estimate  places  the  number  of  members 
of  these  clubs  at  about  175,000. 

The  game  has  one  peculiarity  shared  by  no 
other  game.  You  do  not  play  against  the  pow- 
ers of  your  opponent — you  play  against  an  in- 
animate, will  -  less,  unprejudiced  gutta  -  percha 
ball.  Your  opponent  never  interferes  with  you, 
may  not  even  speak  or  move  while  you  are  play- 
ing. The  good  and  the  evil  are  in  yourself 
alone.  You  contribute  all  the  energy,  all  the 
waywardness,  all  the  accuracy,  and  all  tlie  inex- 
plicable vagaries  to  the  ball.  The  game  is  one 
of  the  best  tests  of  self-control,  because  it  has 
that   unique   factor :    you   are   left,    after   each 


Kcproduced  front**  Golf."    Courtesy  of  Harper  A  Brothers. 

CHICAGO  GOLF  CLUB,  WHEATON,  11,1^ 


46d 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiEW  OF  REVIEiVS. 


BETHLEHEM  PARK  ASSOCIATION,  BETHLEHEM,  N.  H. 

Stroke,  with  no  one  to  blame  but  yourself.  At 
polo  your  opponent  rides  you  off,  at  tennis  your 
opponent  places  out  of  your  reach,  at  football 
every  man's  hand  is  against  you  the  moment 
you  have  the  ball.  You  Iiave  in  every  other 
game  another  man's  temper  and  skill,  another 
man's  temperament  and  will,  to  overcome.  At 
golf  you  play  against  yourself,  no  matter  who 
your  opponent  may  be. 

Asa  result  of  this,  it  is  a  game  that  appeals  to 
men  and  women  of  every  degree  of  physical  and 
mental  ability.  It  is  a  game,  too,  that  may  be 
played  l)etween  opponents  of  all  degrees  of  differ- 
ence of  skill.  It  is  easy  to  handicap  yourself 
against  a  small  rubber  ball  ;  it  is  never  easy  to 
handicap  one  man  against  another  man.  The 
man  has  a  temperament,  the  ball  has  none.  You 
can  play  with  your  children,  or  you  can  play  with 
Mr.  Travis,  and  you  can  get  a  good  game  in 
either  case. 

If  you  handicap  a  man  at  court-tennis,  or  rac- 
quets, or  lawn-tennis,  or  make  him  bat  at  cricket 
with  one  hand,  or  play  at  baseball  left-handed, 


FLORIDA  COUNTRY  CLUB,  JACK80KVILLK,  WIaX, 

you  cripple  him.  He  is  not  playing  his  game,  or 
even  the  game  ;  but  at  golf  Mr.  Travis  may  play 
his  best  game,  and  Mr.  Duffer  may  play  his  game, 
and  both  may  have  a  hard  match,  by  proper 
handicapping.  Then,  again,  golf  is  not  an  ex- 
pensive game,  as  games  go.  Once  you  have  sup- 
plied yourself  with  clubs  and  balls,  and  joined  a 
golf  club,  the  running  expense  of  the  game  is  not 
excessive. 

These,  in  my  humble  opinion,  are  some  of  the 
reasons  why  golf  has  become  so  popular.  First, 
we  were  ready  for  it.  We  had  surplus  time' and 
money,  and  we  had  our  racial  surplus  of  physical 
energy.  Second,  it  is  a  most  adaptable  graine — 
suited  to  all  ages,  and  of  such  character  that  it 
is  easy  to  make  an  interesting  game  between 
opponents  of  widely  differing  degrees  of  skill. 
Third,  it  is  not  expensive,  and  when  it  is  remem- 
bered that  it  keeps  a  man  moving  in  the  open  air, 
the  return  in  health  makes  it,  in  reality,  ver\'  in- 
expensive. 

It  must  be  admitted,  however,  that  it  has  one 
great  defect  as  a  sport,  though  that  very  quality 


MOXTflOMKHY  TENNIS  AND  GOLF  CLUB,  ALABAMA. 


Reproduced  from  ' '  Golf."    Courtesy  of  Harper  *  BrothefS. 
ARD8LEY  CASINO.  NEW  TOKK. 


THE  RISE  OF  GOLF  IN  AMERICA. 


463 


WYOMING  VALLEY  COUNTRY  CLUB,  WILKE8BAHRE,  PA. 


COUNTRY  CLUB  OF  KANSAS  CITY,  MO. 


is  its  best  feature  as  a  game.  It  lacks  tlie  ex- 
citement and  dash,  and  what  may  be  called  the 
old -Adam  quality,  of  a  struggle  against  a  live  op- 
pK>nent.  The  horse  that  refuses  his  jump,  tlie 
man  with  his  shoulder  against  you  at  football, 
^'ith  his  gloves  in  your  face  at  boxing,  or  placing 
the  ball  away  from  you  at  tennis, — that,  after  all, 
is  the  tempting,  exciting  quality  in  sport.  One 
man  against  another,  or  a  man  controlling  a  brute, 
or  hunting  a  wild  beast, — these,  after  all,  will  be 
considered  higher  forms  of  sport  than  a  game 
that  lacks  that  factor  of  a  personal,  conscious, 
changing,  struggling,  and  live  opponent. 

This  is  nothing  against  tlie  game  ;  on  the  con- 
trary, this  is  what  makes  it  so  easily  adaptable  to 
the  amusement  needs  of  all 
sorts  and  conditions  of  men. 
Only  it  may  be  said  that 
schoolboys,  though  they 
may  play  it,  had  better  be 
about  better  business  for 
their  years.  They  should 
\>e  playing  the  games  and 
exercising  at  the  sports 
where  elastic  bones  and  sup- 
ple muscles  are  absolutely 
essential.  You  can  learn  to 
play  golf  at  thirty,  and 
championship  golf  at  that, 
as  has  been  proved  repeat- 
edly >x)th  here  and  in  Great 
Britain  ;  but  thirty  is  late, 
too  late,  often,  for  many 
other  games.  On  the  other 
hand,  no  man  who  has  any 
physical  prowess  left  is  too 
<ild  to  play  golf,  for  the  rea- 
sjon  before  mentioned — viz. ,  he  need  not  be  for- 
ever looking  for  an  opponent  of  equal  skill  or 
unskillfulness  ;  he  need  only  ask  for  as  many 
strokes  a  hole  as  are  necessary  to  make  a  good 
<;ontest  of  the  match. 

The  tournament  side  of  the  game,  exre[)t  as 


a  very  rare  test,  is  the  least  important,  and 
probably  the  most  pernicious  element  in  the 
game.  There  was  no  amateur  tournament  in 
England  until  1885,  at  Hoylake.  The  spring 
and  autumn  meetings  at  St.  Andrews,  with  a 
medal  of  small  value  as  the  prize,  and  minor  and 
very  occasional  meetings  at  other  clubs, — that 
was  all  the  tournament  element  there  was,  and, 
be  it  said,  all  there  ought  to  be.  We  ought  to 
know  who  the  best  amateur  and  the  best  profes- 
sional players  are  each  year.  They,  if  they  can, 
too,  ought  to  go  about  a  bit,  playing  on  stranger 
links.  But  the  mug-hunting,  and  the  newspaper 
flapdoodle,  and  the  innumerable  tournaments, 
are  far  away  from  the  simplicity  and  the  charm 


KrprodiK  o<l  from  * 


C<Kirtts\  f.f  H  iriK-r  Si  Ilrotlirrs. 
LAKE  WOOD  aOLK  CLUB, 


LAKE  WOOD,  N.  .1. 


of  the  old  game.  Let  each  club  have  its  club 
championship,  and,  say,  one  big  event  open  to 
outsiders  if  it  be  a  really  first-class  links  ;  but 
the  whole  spirit  of  the  game,  and  much  of  its 
value  as  wholesome  exercise,  are  gone  when  men 
play  it  for  the  notoriety  it  brings  rather  than  for 


464 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REyiE]VS. 


its  own  sake.      If  *<  glory,  and  your  mug  in  the 
newspaper,"  as  my  old  commander  phrased  it,  is 
what  you  are  after,  either  in  war  or  in  sport, 
then  the  sooner  you  take  off  the  shoulder-straps 
and  put  away  your  golf-clubs  the  better  for  you 
and  the  better  for  the  war  and  the  sport  as  well 
Golf  is  too  good  a  game,  and  a  game  too  de 
pendent  upon  good  manners  and  absolute  fair 
ness  in  playing  it,  to  be  sullied  by  the  semi-pro 
fessional  mug-hunter.      Men  who  are  liable   to 
sudden  attacks  of  arithmetical  paresis  should  be 
barred  out  ruthlessly.     Only  the  other  day,  at  a 
tournament  where  the  prizes  were  very  valuable 
silver  cups,  men  handed  in  scores  who  did  not 


Reproduced  from  ••  Golf."    Courtesy  of  Harper  &  Brothers. 

HAMPTON  ROADS  COUNTY  GOLF  CLUB. 

(Old  Point  Comfort,  Va.) 

hole  out  every  ball ;  and  in  the  medal- play 
rounds,  men  were  seen  playing  for  the  hole  with 
the  partner's  ball  left  lying  in  a  position  to  give 
them  the  line  for  the  hole.  There  are  men  who 
are  notorious  for  their  breaches  of  the  etiquette 
of  the  game — laughing,  talking,  moving  about, 
when  the  adversary  is  about  to  play  ;  walking 
on,  after  playing  one's  own  shot,  heedless  of  the 
opponent  who  is  alx)ut  to  play.  These  are  all 
rowdy  tricks,  or,  to  put  the  best  face  upon  them, 
selfish  and  unsportsmanlike  actions,  so  subversive 
of  the  spirit  of  the  game  that  the  guilty  ones 
should  be  summarily  dealt  with.  Tlie  comfort 
and  pleasure  of  playing  are  dependent  upon  the 
good  manners  and  good  temper  of  your  oppo- 
nent. This  is  true  of  golf  as  of  no  other  game  ; 
and  it  cannot  be  repeated  too  often,  nor  insisted 
upon  too  forcibly,  that  the  manners  of  the  bump- 
kin and  the  methods  of  the  ** sport"  make  golf 
as  unlike  golf  as  thunder  makes  milk  unlike  milk. 
They  turn  the  game  sour. 

Within  certain  very  broad  limits,  there  are 
rules  about  stance  and  grip  and  swing,  about 
length  and  weight  and  shape  of  club,  about 
playing  with  and  against  the  wind,  that  should 
be  lieeded  by  every  player.  On  the  other  hand, 
it  should  never   be  forgotten   that  there  is  no 


Reproduced  from  "  Golf."    Courtesy  of  Harper  &  Broth«rrs. 
NASSAU  COUNTRY  CLUB,  OLEN  COVE,  LONG  ISLAND.  K.  Y. 

absolute  standard  in  any  of  these  matters.  Ben 
Sayers  puts  with  a  cleek  nearly  as  long  as  he  is. 
Mr.  Travis  puts  with  a  club  so  short  that  he  can 
hold  it  straight  up  and  down  between  his  eye 
and  his  toes.  Big  men  have  won  the  champion- 
ship both  here  and  in  Great  Britain,  and  smaU 
men  have  done  the  same  thing.  Men  who  have 
played  from  boyhood  play  well  and  have  a  dis- 
tinct advantage.  On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Travis 
began  playing  golf  in  1896,  when  he  was  past 
thirty.  You  cannot  put  your  body  into  a  strait - 
jacket  of  rules  and  learn  to  play  a  great  game  of 
golf.  Rules  and  advice  are  useful,  but  they  are 
not  infallible.  The  great  French  preacher,  Pere 
Hyacinthe,  used  to  say  :  **  I  believe,  with  Plato, 
that  the  man  is  not  the  body  ;   he  is  the  fellow 


Reproduced  from  "(iolf."'     Courtesy  of  Harper  Ac  Brothers. 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C,  CLITB-HOUSB. 

who  has  the  body  !"  It  is  that  *'  fellow  '*  who^ 
wins  or  loses  at  golf,  and  who  wins  or  loses  at 
everything  else.  Train  him  !  One  of  the  best 
ways  to  train  him  is  to  teach  him  to  play  golf 
like  a  gentleman. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


THE  LATEST  PHASE  OF  THE  TRUST  PROBLEM. 

AN  unusually  lucid  statement  of  the  trust 
problem  in  its  most  recent  phase  is  con- 
tained in  a  brief  article  contributed  to  Gunton's 
Magazine  for  September  by  Prof.  John  B.  Clark, 
of  Columbia  University. 

Starting  with  the  assumptions  that  the  trusts 
are  here  to  stay,  and  that  *  *  laws  that  aim  to  break 
up  great  corporations  into  smaller  ones  will  not 
be  workable,'*  since  production  on  a  great  scale 


PROr.  JOHN  BATES  CLARK. 

is  economical  and  the  economical  establishments 
must  survive,  Professor  Clark  reasons  that  our 
gX^dX  industries  need  the  spur  of  competition. 
'*  The  condition  that  is  really  to  be  dreaded  is  that 
in  which  a  monopoly  holds  the  field,  curtails  pro- 
duction, lowers  wages,  and  raises  prices,  while 
letting  its  own  methods  become  ineflBcient  and 
while  still  keeping  out  of  the  field  concerns  that 
have  better  methods.'* 

factors'  agreements. 

Efficient  producers  may  be  driven  from  the 
field  by  those  less  efficient  through  the  operation 
of  what  is  known  as  the  <*  factors'  agreement." 

•^  A  trust  may  have  control  of  certain  brands 
of  goods  that  a  retailer  positively  needs.  It  may 
then  insist  that  he  agree  to  buy  no  goods  of  this 
^neral  kind  except  from  itself.      It  may  hold 


over  his  head  the  threat  to  withdraw  from  him 
the  agency  for  the  selling  of  its  own  goods,  in 
case  he  violates  such  an  agreement.  The  inde- 
pendent producer  is  then  comparatively  helpless. 
He  may  offer  goods  equal  in  quality  to  those 
made  by  the  trust,  and  may  offer  them  at  a  lower 
price  ;  but  the  retailer  cannot  afford  to  handle 
them.  If  he  deals  in  them  at  all,  he  risks  either 
losing  altogether  the  agency  for  certain  indis- 
pensable goods  or  losing  the  discount  that  other 
dealers  receive  ;  for  the  trust  may  content  itself 
with  punishing  him  by  a  reduction  of  his  trade 
discount. 

**  How  can  such  a  difficulty  be  met  ?  If  a  law 
could  be  enforced  that  should  compel  a  trust  to 
sell  its  products  to  all  cash  customers,  in  the 
order  in  which  they  might  apply  for  them,  it  is 
clear  that  the  factors*  agreement  would  be  a  thing 
of  the  past.  It  is  probably  illegal  now  ;  and,  if 
so,  all  that  is  needed  is  to  make  the  present  law 
effective." 

UNIFORM    PRICES. 

Another  expedient  sometimes  adopted  by  a 
trust  to  stop  rivalry  is  to  put  prices  below  cost  in 
the  particular  section  of  country  where  the  inde 
pendent  company  operates,  while  sustaining  them 
elsewhere.  To  meet  this  injustice,  Professor 
Clark  advocates  the  enforcement  of  a  law  re- 
quiring a  uniform  scale  of  prices  for  customers 
in  all  sections  of  the  country. 

' » An  independent  company  may  make  only 
one  variety  of  goods,  and  may  sell  it  in  many 
parts  of  the  country.  The  trust  may  then  crusli 
such  a  company  by  reducing  everywhere  the 
price  of  this  one  variety  of  goods  and  sustaining 
the  prices  of  other  varieties.  This  would  be 
precluded  if  a  law  could  be  made  and  enforced 
that  should  take  account,  not  only  of  the  price 
of  one  variety  of  goods,  but  of  a  scale  of  prices 
for  all  goods  of  one  general  kind,  and  should  for- 
bid the  disproportionate  reduction  of  the  price 
of  one  variety  for  obviously  predatory  purposes. 
Lawyers  will  pronounce  all  such  statutes  difficult 
to  make  and  more  difficult  to  execute.  Thoy 
may  regard  the  last  of  those  here  suggested  {ls 
altogether  impracticable  ;  and  I  am  far  from  claim- 
ing that  the  policy  that  is  here  outlined  is  easy 
of  execution.  Very  grave  are  the  economic 
difficulties  in  the  way  of  it ;  and,  though  this 
paper  must  be  too  brief  to  discuss  them,  I  wish 
to  record  the  opinion  that  this  general  type  of 
price -regulation  will  tax  severely  the  legislative 
and  administrative  powers  of  government.     It 


466 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REyiElVS. 


will  be  difiQcult  even  to  begin  experiments  in  this 
direction  until  the  people  shall  have  canvassed 
all  the  various  possibilities  of  trust  legislation, 
and  shall  have  coine  to  this  one  unalterable  con- 
clusion :  that  the  great  corporations  must  exist, 
and  that  they  must  not  be  allowed  to  establish 
monopoly  prices.  Concede  that  trusts  are  to 
continue,  that  they  are  to  make  a  large  propor- 
tion of  our  products,  that  their  inclination  is  to 
become  true  monopolies  and  that  such  monopo- 
lies would  be  intolerable,  and  you  will  have 
reached  the  point  where  you  will  expend  all 
needed  energy  in  protecting  the  independent 
producer.  You  will  not  be  deterred  by  diflBcul- 
ties.  Having  to  choose  between  what  seems  im- 
possible and  what  is  really  unbearable,  you  will 
take  the  former  alternative,  and,  by  heroic  effort, 
will  bring  the  seemingly  impossible  to  pass." 


IS  "BRYANISM"  SOCIALISTIC? 

THE  opening  article  of  the  September  Arena 
is  a  discriminating  answer  to  the  question, 
**Is  Socialism  an  Element  of  *Bryanism*?" 
The  writer,  Mr.  Albert  Watkins,  of  Lincoln, 
Neb.,  has  long  been  a  neighbor  of  Mr.  Bryan, 
and  has  watched  his  political  course  from  the  be- 
ginning, although  himself  occupying  a  conserva- 
tive position — at  least,  on  the  silver  question. 

Taking  the  demand  of  the  political  socialists 
for  <  *  redistribution  of  the  land  and  of  all  means 
of  production,  transportation,  and  distribution  to 
tlie  people  as  a  collective  body  "  as  a  fair  expres- 
sion of  the  modern  socialistic  programme,  Mr. 
Watkins  has  no  difficulty  in  showing  that  the 
farmers  of  Kansas,  Nebraska,  South  Carolina, 
Texas,  and  other  States,  who  rolled  up  the  great 
Hryan  majorities  of  1896  were  far  from  so- 
cialistic in  creed  or  aims.  Neither  the  Populist 
nor  the  Democratic  platform  of  that  year  advo- 
cated any  form  of  socialism.  Why,  then,  have 
such  tendencies  been  imputed  to  the  Bryan  move- 
ment ?  The  assertion  seems  to  get  most  of  its 
color  from  the  planks  favoring  government  own- 
ership of  railroads. 

PUBLIC  CONTROL  OF  TRANSPORTATION. 

On  this  point,  Mr.  AVatkins  says  : 

*♦  State  ownership  of  railways  is  persistently 
bundled  up  with  the  tenets  of  socialism  by 
writers  against  *  Bryanism.'  It  is  advocated  by 
Populists,  who  are  mainly  farmers  and  owners  of 
their  farms,  with  an  anti-socialist  end  in  view. 
The  almost  exclusively  agricultural  States  are 
tlieir  strongliolds,  and  these  are  groat  distances 
from  tlie  general  market  to  which  the  vast  sur- 
])lus  of  their  staple  products  must  be  transported 
by  the  railways.     In  the  sharp  competition  with 


like  products  of  the  whole  world,  the  cost  of  this 
transportation  is  of  vital  interest  to  these  Western 
farmers.  Long  experience  has  convinced  them, 
rightly  or  wrongly,  that  relief  from  excessive 
and  inequitable  freight  charges,  to  say  nothing 
of  the  inevitable  pernicious  influence  of  private 
railway  corporations  in  politics,  can  be  secured 
only  through  public  ownership  of  the  railways. 
They  believe  that  this  is  necessary  to  successful 
private  ownership  of  their  farms,  the  private 
ownership  of  railways  being  naturally  monopo- 
listic and  incompatible  with  the  principle  or 
practice  of  competition.  The  long  -  standing 
examples  of  public  ownership  of  railways  in  the 
countries  of  Continental  Europe  have  not  been 
regarded  as  socialistic ;  on  the  contrary,  this 
policy  is  generally  regarded  by  its  advocates  as  a 
necessary  expedient  for  insuring  the  free  play  of 
competition  in  other  industries — in  short,  as  a 
defense,  instead  of  an  invasion,  of  the  competi- 
tive system. 

**  These  exceptions  apply  also  to  the  classifi- 
cation of  public  ownership  of  municipal  light- 
ing-plants, water- works,  and  street  railways  as 
socialism.  This  policy  is  quite  generally  in  vogue 
in  countries  where  the  competitive  system  is 
most  firmly  established  and  has  the  freest  exer- 
cise, and  it  is  upheld  by  conservative  statesmen 
and  parliamentary  bodies.  It  appears  to  be 
growing  in  favor  among  all  classes.  The  Eng- 
lish Parliament,  for  example,  has  restricted  the 
conditions  under  which  tramway  and  municipal 
lighting  companies  may  be  chartered,  with  the 
intention  of  facilitating  the  assumption  of  these 
functions  by  the  municipalities  themselves." 

Furthermore,  Mr.  Watkins  asks,  if  public 
ownership  of  railways  is  to  be  condemned  be- 
cause it  is  socialistic,  what  is  to  become  of  our 
post-office  and  even  of  our  public-school  system  ? 
The  whole  matter  resolves  itself  into  *  *  a  question 
of  utility,  of  expediency,  of  progress.*' 

MR.   BRYAN    AN    INDIVIDUALIST. 

Mr.  Watkins*  idea  of  Bryan  as  a  social  agi- 
tator is  certainly  quite  diflferent  from  the  notion 
persistently  retained  in  some  parts  of  the  coun- 
try since  1896,  by  many  Democrats  as  well  as  Re- 
publicans. He  declares  that  Bryan  is  an  individu- 
alist : 

**  Whatever  maybe  said  of  Mr.  Bryan's  au- 
dacious opportunism,  of  the  facility  with  which 
he  catches  political  sentiment  of  the  hour  and 
turns  it  to  his  own  account,  yet  he  undoubtedly 
retains  the  traditional  or  instinctive  spirit  of  in- 
dividualism inherited  from  a  Democratic  ancestry; 
and  this  quality  still  inheres  in  the  Democratic 
party  in  the  main.  Having  observed  Mr.  Bryan's 
political  beginnings  and  evolution,  or,  as  others 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH 


467 


would  put  it,  his  evolutions,  from  the  standpoint 
of  a  near  neighbor,  I  have  no  doubt  that  he  is  a 
positive  anti- socialist.  And,  whatever  his  politi- 
cal eccentricities,  he  is  not  a  radical." 

<*  The  great  body  of  Mr.  Bryants  supporters — 
the  farmers  of  the  West  and  South — have  no 
thought  of  instituting  or  advancing  socialism. 
On  the  contrary,  they  are  in  a  campaign  for 
overcoming  obstacles  to  competition  and  individ- 
ualism in  all  the  ordinary  industrial  pursuits. 
Free  silver  has  been  virtually  dropped ;  or, 
more  accurately,  it  has  fallen  by  its  own  weight. 
But  it  may  be  consistently  and  plausibly  con- 
tended that  it  would  be  unwise  to  put  <  Bryanism  ' 
in  power  next  fall,  because  it  would  be  unwise  to 
seem  to  encourage  a  revival  of  the  silver  ques- 
tion, which  will  be  a  nominal,  though  it  cannot 
be  made  a  real,  issue  in  the  campaign  ;  or  be- 
cause business,  so  lately  recovered  from  prostra- 
tion, might  shrink  in  timid  fear  of  the  radical- 
ism which  has  been  so  much  exploited,  or  of  any 
political  change  whatever  ;  or  because  the  cause 
of  civil-service  reform  might  fare  even  worse 
than  it  has  fared  under  the  present,  or  would 
fare  under  a  succeeding,  Republican  administra- 
tion. For  *  Bryanism,'  standing  as  it  does  for 
the  extension  of  government  business,  is  singu- 
larly if  not  wantonly  inconsistent  in  refusing,  by 
its  attitude  of  devotion  to  Jacksonian  spoils,  to 
make  rational  preparation  for  increased  govern- 
mental functions.  The  fear  expressed  in  some 
quarters  that,  in  the  hands  of  an  administration 
characterized  by  Mr.  Bryan's  facile  opportunism, 
the  reforms  that  he  and  his  party  stand  for 
would  be  set  back  rather  than  forwarded,  may  be 
worthy  of  consideration.  But  with  its  chief 
strength  in  the  great  agricultural  region  of  the 
country,  where  its  partisans  are  prosperously  pay- 
ing off  mortgages  and  adding  to  their  broad 
acres,  is  not  the  seat  of  *  Bryanism '  in  fact  at 
the  antipodes  of  socialism  ?  Thus  far,  radical, 
paternalistic,  or  socialistic  laws  are  only  on  the 
statute-books  of  those  States  which  are  relied 
upon  to  go  most  strongly  against  Bryan.'* 


HOW  POUTICAL  DISCUSSION  SHOULD  BE 
CONDUCTED. 

IN  Modern  Culture  (formerly  Self- Culture  Mag- 
azine) for  September,  Dr.  Edwin  Maxey 
makes  some  pertinent  and  timely  remarks  on 
**  Methods  in  Political  Discussion. "  This  writer 
has  scant  respect  for  the  nature  of  the  propaganda 
commonly  employed  in  our  * '  campaign  of  edu- 
cation/' so  called.     He  says  : 

'*The  two  g^eat  factors  in  a  political  cam- 
paign are  the  press  and  the  platform  ;  and,  as 
we  are  now  inquiring  into  the  motives  of  politi- 


cal parties,  we  will  primarily  consider  the  char- 
acter of  the  emanations  from  each  which  are 
avowedly  controlled  by  the  political  parties.  If 
the  reader  will  examine  the  campaign  *  literature ' 
printed  and  distributed  under  the  supervision  of 
the  party  leaders,  and  paid  for  out  of  campaign 
funds,  he  will  find  that  very  little  of  it  is  writ- 
ten in  the  spirit  of  one  who  aims  at  discovering 
and  imparting  the  whole  truth  ;  nor,  indeed,  is 
it  intended  that  it  should  be,  by  those  who  fur- 
nish the  sinews  of  war.  I  maintain  that  what  is 
aimed  at  in  the  bulk  of  political  literature  is  the 
bending  of  the  truth  to  meet  particular  ends, 
and  not  a  candid  attempt  to  put  the  reader  in 
possession  of  the  facts  on  both  sides  of  the  ques- 
tion, upon  which  the  correct  conclusion  must 
rest.  Some  of  the  political  literature  does  not 
even  stop  at  the  suppression  of  truth,  but  gives 
publication  to  naked  falsehood,  which  is  natu- 
rally the  next  step  in  the  descending  scale.  Yet 
however  indicative  of  degradation  it  may  be,  the 
*  dirty  sheet '  is  not  nearly  so  insidious  in  its  effects 
as  the  ingenious  presentation  of  garbled  truths  ; 
for,  in  the  former,  falsehood  appears  in  her 
native  garb,  and,  being  readily  recognized,  is 
shunned  except  by  the  most  unwary  or  per- 
verse ;  while,  in  the  latter,  the  charms  of  truth 
and  art  combine  to  mislead,  and  often  do  mis- 
lead, all  save  the  most  judicial  minds.  Facts 
and  figures  are  often  quoted  freely  ;  but  very 
frequently  such  facts  and  figures  serve  to  be- 
wilder and  mislead  rather  than  to  instruct  and 
assist  in  arriving  at  a  just  conclusion.  We  are 
not  indulging  in  metaphor  when  we  say  that  car- 
loads of  literature  are  sent  out  which  can  have 
no  other  purpose  than  to  appeal  to  the  prejudices 
and  passions  of  any  who  may  waste  their  time  in 
reading  such  veritable  rubbish." 

CAMPAIGN   ORATORY. 

Dr.  Maxey  finds  quite  as  much  to  condemn  in 
the  methods  of  the  campaign  orator  : 

'  *  Were  any  one  to  talk  to  us  about  our  busi- 
ness affairs  in  the  claptrap  manner  in  which  the 
average  *  spellbinder '  talks  to  us  about  our  politi- 
cal affairs,  our  patience  would  be  exhausted  with 
a  rapidity  worthy  of  the  emergency.  Why  it  is 
that  we  tolerate — nay,  even  applaud — such  de- 
partures from  the  canons  of  logic  and  rules  of 
plain  common  sense,  simply  because  the  speaker 
is  talking  politics,  is  of  the  inconsistencies  of  hu- 
man kind  which  is  more  easily  discovered  than 
accounted  for.  Whether  consciously  or  uncon- 
sciously, the  idea  seems  to  prevail  that  in  politi- 
cal discussion  the  ordinary  laws  of  thought  may 
be  safely  disregarded.  And  thus  politics,  which 
in  its  very  nature  demands  tlie  most  careful  and 
practical  tliinking,  has  become  the  field  wherein 


468 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


the  mental  acrobat  displays  his  pranks  to  the 
great  delectation  of  his  partisan  followers. 

*  *  In  all  sober  discussion  the  object  should  be 
to  subordinate  minor  differences  of  opinion  in 
order  to  arrive  at  the  central  truth  ;  but  in  poli- 
tics the  order  is  reversed,  and  what  is  sought 
after  most  zealously  and  emphasized  most  de- 
cidedly is  differences ;  and  what  is  avoided  with 
the  utmost  care  is  a  harmonizing  of  the  views 
held  by  the  respective  parties.  Upon  most  ques- 
tions of  far-reaching  importance  there  is  abun- 
dant room  for  honest  differences  of  opinion  upon 
points  that  are  fundamental  to  a  decision  of  the 
question  ;  but  there  is  no  rational  justification 
for  magnifying  minor  differences  which  really 
amount  to  very  little,  and  ingeniously  creating 
differences  which  have  no  foundation  in  fact. 
Yet  these  methods  are  fancied  necessary  in  order 
to  accentuate  the  multiplicity  of  respects  in  which 
one  party  is  superior  to  the  opposing  party.  It 
is  for  this  same  reason  that  personalities  which 
really  have  no  connection  with  a  candidate's 
fitness  or  unfitness  are  injected  into  political  dis- 
cussions. Unfortunately,  these  tactics  are  not 
monopolized  by  that  class  of  political  speakers 
commonly  denominated  *  curbstone  orators,*  but 
are  too  often  and  freely  used  by  those  who  aspire 
to  be  statesmen.  If  the  reader  will  but  take 
an  inventory  of  the  political  discussions  which  he 
has  heard  during  *  campaigns  of  education,'  by 
men  high  in  the  political  councils  of  the  nation, 
he  will  be  pained  to  recall  that  many  of  them 
have  appealed  to  prejudice  and  not  to  reason, 
and  in  so  doing  have  gone  a  long  way  toward 
preventing  sober  thought,  and  thus  disqualifying 
the  people  for  grave,  sensible  consideration  of 
the  real  question  at  issue." 

VOTING  BY  MAIL. 

IN  the  Atlantic  Monthly  for  October,  there  is 
an  interesting  suggestion  by  Mr.  Edward 
Stan  wood,  that  voting  should  be  done  by  mail 
as  well  as  by  personal  appearance  at  the  polls. 
Mr.  Stan  wood  argues  that  the  most  direct  cause 
of  the  evils  of  our  political  activities  is  the  indis- 
position of  the  very  best  class  of  citizens  to  at^ 
tend  the  polls  in  person — an  indisposition  often 
owing  to  legitimate  causes ;  and  he  thinks  it 
absurd  that  a  man  should  be  prevented  from 
giving  his  vote  because  he  had  sprained  his 
ankle,  or  because  business  engagements  were  so 
important  that  he  could  not  be  present  at  a  cer- 
tain place  in  a  certain  city  on  a  certain  day.  He 
anticipates  the  objections  to  such  a  novel  plan. 
These  are  chiefly,  ho  thinks,  that  the  mail-system 
of  voting  would  destroy  the  secrecy  of  the  ballot ; 
that  it  would  increase  the  danger  of  personating 


voters  ;  and  that  it  would  add  to  the  power  of 
the  boss.  But  in  Mr.  Stan  wood's  opinion  the 
danger  of  personating  voters  would  be  really  di- 
minished by  a  system  by  which  men  might  mail 
their  votes,  or  vote  in  person,  as  they  chose. 
Signing  a  vote  with  another  person's  name  would 
be  not  merely  the  offense  in  law  which  it  now  is, 
but  would  also  be  a  forgery  ;  and,  as  part  of  the 
scheme  is  that  postal -cards  should  be  sent  to 
voters  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  their  votes, 
he  thinks  there  would  be  less  personation  under 
his  system  than  under  the  present.  As  to  the 
secrecy  of  the  ballot,  he  thinks  that  if  one  had 
good  reasons  for  wishing  to  have  his  vote  secret, 
he  would  simply  not  use  the  mails,  but  would 
appear  at  the  polls  ;  and  he  does  not  admit  there 
is  any  valid  objection  to  the  plan  except  that  it 
would  augment  somewhat  the  power  of  bosses 
and  the  danger  of  bribery,  owing  to  the  possi- 
bility of  proving  so  readily  how  any  particular 
vote  was  cast.  Mr.  Stanwood  definitely  outlines 
his  plan  as  follows  : 

THE    METHOD    IN    DETAIL. 

*  *  It  is  proposed  that,  as  now,  all  elections  be 
by  *  Australian '  ballot ;  that  prior  to  any  elec- 
tion the  ballot  shall  be  printed  a  sufiQcient  time- 
say  one  week — ^before  the  time  when  the  votes 
are  to  be  counted,  to  allow  the  operation  of  the 
system  ;  that  one  ballot,  and  one  only,  be  dis- 
tributed by  mail  or  by  an  ofiQcer  to  each  regis- 
tered voter  ;  that  any  voter  may  mark  and  sign 
his  ballot,  inclose  it  in  an  envelope  addressed  lo 
the  election  ofiQcers  and  indorsed  with  the  signa- 
ture of  the  voter,  and  that  it  may  be  sent  br 
mail  or  by  private  messenger  to  the  officers  of 
the  election  at  any  time  prior  to  the  formal  clos- 
ing of  the  polls  ;  that  on  the  day  set  for  the 
election  the  polls  shall  be  opened  in  the  usual 
way,  and  that  all  voters  who  desire  to  do  so  may 
appear  and  deposit  their  ballots  in  person  ;  that 
the  last-named  privilege  may  be  exercised  by 
those  who  have  as  well  as  by  those  who  have  not 
already  voted  by  mail ;  that  each  person  voting 
in  person  shall  be  checked  upon  the  registry-list 
as  having  voted  ;  that  when  the  polls  shall  have 
been  closed  the  election  officers  shall  take  the 
envelopes  containing  votes  received  by  mail  and 
shall  carefully  compare  the  indorsements  with 
the  names  checked  upon  the  registry -lists,  sepa 
rate  those  votes  of  persons  who  have  from  those 
who  have  not  afterward  voted  in  person,  open 
those  of  persons  who  have  not  appeared  at  the 
polls,  count  their  votes  with  those  which  were 
cast  in  person,  and  declare  the  result  upon  the 
combined  vote. "  Immediately  after  the  votes  are 
counted,  notices  are  to  be  mailed  to  each  voter, 
acknowledging  and  specifying  the  ballot  received. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


460 


A    PROVISION    AGAINST    FRAUD. 

*  *  In  order  to  guard  against  fraud,  it  would  be 
provided  that  all  ballots  transmitted  by  mail,  in- 
cluding those  superseded  by  personal  votes,  and 
therefore  not  opened,  should  be  preserved  until 
all  contests  arising  out  of  the  election  have  been 
decided  ;  and  that  immediately  after  the  votes 
were  counted,  or  on  the  day  following,  a  postal- 
card  or  other  mail  notice  should  be  sent  to  each 
person  registered  as  having  voted  by  mail  that 
he  was  recorded  as  having  so  voted.  The  object 
of  such  notice  will  be  seen  readily.  It  would  be 
possible  for  an  unscrupulous  person,  A,  who 
knew  or  surmised  that  B  would  not  vote,  to  take 
the  ballot  supplied  to  himself,  mark  it,  forge  B's 
signature,  and  send  in  the  ballot  by  mail,  and 
then  go  himself  and  vote  in  person.  The  notice 
to  B  would  enable  B  to  defeat  the  fraud  by  de- 
claring that  he  had  not  voted.  Should  any  one 
obtain  possession  of  B's  blank  ballot,  fill  it  out 
and  send  it  in,  B  would  miss  his  ballot,  would 
suspect  wrongdoing,  and  would  go  to  the  polls 
and  vote  in  pei*son." 


THE  FIUPINOS  AND  INDEPENDENCE. 

«<  T^HE  Filipinos*  Vain  Hope  of  Independ- 
A  ence"  is  the  title  of  an  article  in  the 
yorth  American  Review  for  September  by  Mar- 
Hon  Wilcox,  who  has  made  a  special  study  of 
the  allegations  freely  made  by  many  American 
*' an ti- imperialists,"  that  Aguinaldo  was  prom- 
ised independence  by  United  States  officials  in 
1898.  The  basis  of  these  allegations  is  defined 
by  Mr.  Wilcox  as  follows  : 

* '  The  comments  of  those  whose  sympathy  with 
the  natives'  aspirations  or  whose  antagonism  to 
the  administration  gives  them  the  character  of 
advocates,  rather  than  of  dispassionate  judges, 
are  easily  surmised  :  indirectly  or  by  implica- 
tion, the  promise  referred  to  was  made  ;  inas- 
much as  both  the  Navy  Department  and  War 
Department  had  been  informed  of  the  insurgents' 
aspirations,  and  inasmuch  as  the  presumption  in 
favor  of  granting  independence  was  so  strong, 
our  Government  was  committed,  by  its  tempo- 
rizing course,  to  acceptance  of  the  natives'  views. 
Such  is  a  point  of  view  that  has  much  to  recom- 
mend it.  especially  if  it  helps  us  to  accept  as  a 
debt  of  honor  the  obligation  to  do  for  the  Fili- 
pinos, not  necessarily  what  a  few  dreamers  may 
demand,  but  more  and  better  than  the  mass  of 
the  people  can  ask  or  think. 

DID    "SOME   AMERICANS"    PROMISE? 

*'  But  do  we  not  here  come  upon  an  illustra- 
tion of  the  peril  of  *  losing  sight  of  truth  in  the 
desire  to  make  it  truer  than  itself  ? ' 


**  In  justice  to  the  Filipinos  and  to  ourselves, 
in  view  of  the  evidence,  we  can  say  no  less,  no 
more,  than  that  some  Americans  promised,  while 
America  did  not'  promise,  that  the  Philippine 
Islands  should  have  independence.  When  Mr. 
Schurz  writes  that  the  history  of  the  world  does  not 
furnish  *  a  single  act  of  perfidy  committed  by  any 
republic  more  infamous  than  that  which  has  been 
committed  by  President  McKinley's  administra- 
tion against  our  Filipino  allies,'  and  invites  Sena- 
tor Foraker  to  *  ransack  all  his  knowledge  of  the 
annals  of  mankind  for  an  act  of  treachery  more 
base  and  infamous/  the  bad  results  of  over- 
emphasis may  be  seen  not  merely  in  a  certain  re- 
sentment aroused  (if  at  the  moment  one's  sense 
of  humor  happens  to  be  mislaid),  but  also  in  a 
tendency  to  attach  even  undue  importance  to 
Gen  Otis'  warning,  and  to  the  circumstance  that 
the  assurances,  offered  by  persons  not  authorized 
to  give  them,  were  received  by  persons  not  truly 
representative. 

THE   LESSONS   OF   TROPICAL   REPUBLICS. 

*  *  Have  we  any  reason  to  believe  that  the 
Filipinos  could  establish  a  good  government  for 
themselves — that  the  kind  of  republic  their 
mestizo  leaders  claim  the  right  to  institute  would 
bring  to  them  the  blessings  they  desire  ?  Does 
the  history  of  such  experiments  in  tropical  and 
subtropical  countries  encourage  us  to  believe  it 
would  be  less  than  downright  cruelty  to  leave 
them  to  their  own  devices?  Frankly,  I  fear 
that  such  adjectives  as  *  base '  and  '  infamous ' 
might,  with  a  rather  terrible  appositeness,  be 
employed  to  characterize  the  act  of  a  nation, 
familiar  as  our  own  with  the  details  of  the  story 
of  republican  experiments  in  Central  and  South 
America  and  the  West  Indies,  knowing  how 
idle  it  is,  as  a  rule,  to  look  for  good  government 
of  the  tropics  by  the  natives  of  those  regions, 
knowing  also,  as  we  now  do,  that  the  difficulties 
are  greater  in  the  Philippines  than  elsewhere,  and 
the  outlook  still  more  hopeless, — if  that  nation, 
having  used  the  power  of  its  navy  and  army 
to  overthrow  the  Spanish  dominion  there,  should 
then  shirk  the  obligation  to  set  up  a  better  gov- 
ernment. 

NO   TIME    FOR    8ENTIMENTALISM. 

*'I  think  that  the  Filipinos'  long  struggle  to 
win  a  privilege  which  they  could  not  enjoy,  and 
their  American  illusion,  claim  fairly  and  surely 
a  response  from  true  American  sentiment, — that 
will  insist  on  being  rid  of  both  sentimentalism 
and  prejudice, — whether  one  look  for  the  answer 
in  administration  circles  or  in  the  opposition.  To 
discover  what  is  best  for  such  wards  of  the  na- 
tion, and  to  do  it — this  duty  has  all  the  fascina- 
tion of  difficulty." 


472 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REI/IEIVS. 


each  and  every  member ;  it  cannot,  therefore, 
be  wondered  at  that  contractors  and  other  em- 
ployers of  labor  prefer  to  deal  with  the  collective 
arlel  rather  than  with  the  individual  workman.'* 
Mr.  Lowry  mentions  roadmakers,  carpenters, 
snow-clearers,  women  dockers,  fire-watchmen, 
bank- guards,  as  formed  into  artels. 

*  *  To  its  members  such  associations  guarantee 
higher  and  more  certain  wages,  cheaper  keep 
(for  all  board  together),  and  more  assured  employ- 
ment, and  some  proportionate  reward  for  energy, 
skill,  and  labor.  To  the  employer — through 
direct  interest — better  and  more  regular  work- 
men, fixed  wages  for  a  definite  undertaking,  and 
saving  in  expenses  through  dealing  with  one 
leader  instead  of  with  each  man.  A  Russian 
artel  will,  for  the  sake  of  its  members,  accept 
only  a  good  and  steady  man  ;  tlie  loafer  finds  no 
place  in  its  ranks. 

*  <  How  universal,  and  how  ingrained  in  peasant 
character,  is  this  formation  of  unions,  may  be 
judged  from  the  fact  that,  when  a  few  prisoners 
find  themselves  cast  together,  they  straight  form 
an  artel^  and  elect  a  head  ;  and  in  the  old  days 
of  marching  to  Siberia,  so  great  was  the  faith 
placed  in  these  associations  by  convoy  officers 
that,  on  the  starosta  promising  that  no  attempt  to 
escape  should  be  made,  they  have  been  known 
to  allow  the  men  to  take  off  their  leg- irons  ;  for 
if  a  man  did  bolt,  the  artel  managed  to  find  some 
old  runaway  to  take  his  place,  and  so  save  the 
ofificer  from  blame." 

<*  Each  for  the  other  "is  <*  the  accepted  maxim 
of  every  business. "     Mr.  Lowry  asks  : 

*  *  Even  in  this  land  of  freedom  of  press  and 
of  speech,  is  there  not  something  in  the  way  of 
socialism  which  we  might  learn  from  the  frozen 
north  of  autocratic  Russia?" 


STORY  OF  THE  DELAGOA  BAY  ARBITRATION. 

MR.  MALCOLM  M'lLWRAITH  contributes 
to  the  Fortnightly  Review  for  September  a 
lengthy  article  descnbing  the  ins  and  the  outs  of 
the  protracted  arbitration  on  the  Delagoa  Bay 
Railway.  This  arbitration,  which  lasted  nine 
years,  and  the  pleadings  and  evidence  of  which 
fill  some  forty  volumes  of  print,  had  long  been  a 
stumbling-block  for  arbitration.  Mr.  Mcllwraith 
is  careful  to  exculpate  the  arbitrators  from  the 
charge  usually  brought  against  them  of  spinning 
out  the  arbitration  in  order  to  put  money  in  their 
own  pockets,  but  he  cannot  exempt  them  alto- 
gether from  blame.  He  admits  that  **  the  Portu- 
guese Government  and  its  advisers  were  deter- 
mined to  contest  every  possible  point,  either  of 
fact  or  law,  and  to  fight  the  matter,  inch  by  inch, 
to  the  bitter  end.    But  after  making  every  allow- 


ance for  such  considerations,  there  can  be  little 
doubt  that  the  case  might  easily  have  been  con- 
cluded in  about  half  the  time  it  actually  occupied. 
The  pleadings  were  long  enough,  in  all  con- 
science, but  even  they  came  to  an  end  at  the 
close  of  1894,  and  one  year  longer  should  have 
amply  suflBced  for  everything  that  there  then  re- 
mained to  do.  In  short,  if  international  arbitra- 
tions are  to  become  effective  and  popular,  as  a 
substitute  for  more  coercive  measures,  the  Dela- 
goa Bay  case  should  be  regarded  as  a  shining 
example  of  how  not  to  arbitrate." 

SWISS    PROCEDURE   FOLLOWED. 

Two  points  upon  which  he  lays  special  stress 
may  be  noticed  : 

'<It  is  a  mistake  to  submit  an  interaational 
dispute  to  a  too  exclusively  national  tribunal.  In 
the  present  case  the  Swiss  element  predominated 
far  too  greatly.  With  three  Swiss  judges,  three 
Swiss  experts,  and  six  Swiss  counsel  engaged  in 
the  case,  the  matter  was  reduced  to  the  level  of 
an  ordinary  Swiss  lawsuit,  and  the  natural  result 
was  that  purely  Swiss  methods  and  procedure, 
which  were  not  always  suitable  to  litigation  of 
this  character,  were  somewhat  slavishly  followed 
throughout.  Except  for  the  settlement  of  some 
comparatively  insignificant  question  of  procedure, 
the  arbitration  tribunal  never  held  any  sittings  in 
court,  and  the  main  issues  of  the  case  were  never 
orally  pleaded  before  it  at  all.  Neither  Mr.  Un- 
derdown,  the  leading  English  counsel,  nor  tlie 
solicitor  who  had  had  charge  of  the  English 
company's  interests  from  the  outset  (Mr.  Capel 
Slaughter)  ever  had  an  opportunity  of  appearing 
before  the  arbitrators,  or  even,  I  believe,  of 
making  acquaintance  with  them,  in  their  oflficial 
capacity.  This  impossibility  of  getting  into 
touch  either  with  the  opposing  counsel  or  the 
judges  themselves  exercised  a  baleful  influence 
on  the  morale  of  the  combatants,  and  was  proba- 
bly responsible  for  a  good  deal  of  the  rather  de- 
rogatory bickering  and  irritating  recriminations 
which  disfigured  some  of  the  pleadings." 

FRENCH  NAVAL  POWER. 

IN  the  August  Revue  des  Revues,  M.  Masson- 
Forestier  delivers  a  discourse  on  the  French 
navy,  taking  as  his  text  the  words  *  *  Speed  is 
but  weakness."  At  the  height  of  France's  pride 
in  her  swift  navy,  a  male  Cassandra  arises  and 
pours  cold  water  on  her  enthusiasm.  France 
stops  her  ears,  but  when  M.  Normand,  himself 
the  first  authority  on  and  designer  of  rapid  ves- 
sels, raises  his  voice  to  protest  against  them,  it  is 
hard  not  to  listen.  The  French  fleet,  in  the 
opinion  of  this  expert  of  experts,  is  so  inferior 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


473 


that  it  is  well-nigh  impotent.  <^  Speed  is  not 
necessary,  save  to  the  fleet  which  aspires  to  ex- 
ercise dominion  over  the  seas."  Speed,  there- 
fore, is  of  importance  to  England,  and  to  Eng- 
land alone,  because  without  quick  vessels  she 
could  not  rapidly  collect  her  scattered  naval 
forces.  To  France,  speed  is  useless.  Beyond  a 
certain  point  an  additional  knot- per  hour  is  nowise 
worth  the  fabulous  sums  it  costs.  **A  high- 
speed vessel  like  our  Jeanne  d'Arc  costs  the  price 
of  two  vessels  of  equal  fighting  force  but  only 
half  speed.  On  the  day  of  battle,  the  two  would 
sink  the  Jeanne  (T Arc  in  a  twinkling.  Victory, 
in  short,  belongs  to  the  athlete  whose  loins  and 
fists  are  the  most  powerful,  not  to  him  who  gets 
away  most  quickly.'*  Besides,  the  mechanism  of 
very  fast  vessels  being  delicate  as  that  of  a  watch, 
the  least  thing  puts  it  out.  Six  reasons  are  then 
given  why  these  high-speed  vessels  should  not  be 
of  service  in  the  hour  of  need.  We  quote  the 
following  : 

*  *  Speed  enables  a  nation  to  force  battle  upon  a 
foe  who  wants  to  flee.  Well,  does  any  one 
seriously  believe  that  in  case  of  a  contest  with 
England  (and  is  she  not  the  only  foe  we  have  to 
fear  ?)  we  ought  to  take  much  into  consideration 
the  contingency  of  English  admirals  flpng  in 
terror  at  the  mere  sight  of  a  tricolor." 

The  speed  of  a  fleet  is  regulated  by  the  slowest 
and  not  by  the  quickest  vessel,  and  during  a  naval 
battle,  movements  must  always  be  slow. 

**  Only  in  France,'*  says  M.  Masson-Forestier, 
*'are  M.  Normand*s  ideas  despised."  The 
French  populace  has  got  speed -at- any -price  on 
the  brain. 

As  for  starving  England  out  by  capturing  her 
liners,  why,  for  years  past,  he  says,  **  the  English 
have  had  regular  contracts  with  certain  foreign 
shipowners,  chiefly  American,  transferring  to  the 
latter  the  full  rights  of  an  English  ship  in  case  a 
state  of  war  came  about.  Should  a  French 
cruiser  then  board  a  Cunarder,  the  captain  will 
merely  hoist  the  star-spangled  banner.  *  Now, 
sir,  fire  on  the  American  flag  if  you  dare.* 
Should  we  fire  ?  "  asks  M.  Masson-Forestier. 


WHAT  TO  DO  WITH  CHINA. 

IN  the  October  Atlantic  Monthly,  President 
James  B.  Angell  discusses  <*The  Crisis  in 
</hina.**  President  Angell  thinks  that  the  Chi- 
uese  method  of  government  is  strong  under  a 
^strong  emperor,  and  is  not  ill  adapted  to  the 
needs  of  the  people  ;  but,  under  a  weak  emperor, 
the  palace  is  so  constantly  the  center  of  intrigue 
Hetween  contending  factions,  and  the  Imperial 
jKiwer  is  so  little  felt  in  the  provinces,  that  the 
government  is  ineflBcient. 


THE   REAL   RULER    OF   CHINA. 

<  *  Owing  to  the  filial  regard  which  the  Emperor 
must  always  cherish  for  his  mother,  the  Em- 
press Dowager,  if  a  strong  and  ambitious  woman, 
may  wield  great  power.  When  I  was  in  Peking 
in  1880  the  Emperor  was  a  child,  and  was  under 
the  control  of  the  two  empresses  dowager.  It 
was  said  that  they  sat  invisible  behind  a  curtain 
when  they  conferred  with  the  ministers  of  state. 
So  the  saying  was  current  that  China  was  ruled 
by  a  baby  and  two  old  women  behind  a  curtain. 
But  it  was  really  ruled  by  Prince  Kung,  a  very 
able  statesman,  assisted  by  various  boards.  One 
of  the  empresses  dowager  died  in  1881  ;  the 
other,  the  present  energetic  woman,  had  not 
then  made  her  power  felt  as  it  is  now.*' 

WHAT    18   TO   BE   DONE   NOW? 

The  great  question  now  is,  of  course,  what 
immediate  action  shall  be  taken  to  insure  the 
safety  of  foreigners. 

**The  reference  to  Prince  Kung  suggests  a 
possible  precedent  for  the  Western  powers  when 
they  are  settling  the  present  trouble.  As  the 
allied  British  and  French  armies  approached 
Peking  in  1860,  the  Emperor  and  his  counselor^ 
under  whose  direction  Harry  Parkes,  Mr.  Loch, 
and  others  had  been  treacherously  seized  and  toi> 
tured,  ran  away.  The  Emperor  soon  died.  The 
allies  secured  the  appointment  of  Prince  Kung  as 
premier,  with  the  distinct  understanding  that  he 
should  conduct  the  government  during  the  minor- 
ity of  the  infant  Emperor  on  principles  insuring 
the  just  treatment  of  foreigners.  For  forty  years 
the  relations  of  China  and  Europe  have  been 
maintained  without  any  serious  trouble,  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  principles  then  adopted.  If  it 
proves  that  the  Empress  Dowager  and  her  coun- 
selors have  instigated  the  inhuman  treatment  of 
the  representatives  of  the  Western  powers,  these 
powers  may  find  some  way  to  clear  the  palace  of 
her  and  her  company,  and  to  place  a  second  Prince 
Kung  in  power  under  such  stipulations  as  are 
needed  to  secure  the  proper  respect  for  diplomatic 
representatives  and  for  all  foreign  subjects  and 
citizens.  She  and  her  guilty  advisers  may  flee 
from  Peking  on  the  near  approach  of  our  troops, 
as  did  the  Emperor  Hsienfeng  in  1860.  If  a  just 
and  worthy  government  can  be  installed,  it  would 
seem  to  promise  a  far  better  future  for  China  and 
the  world  than  a  partition  of  the  empire  between 
various  powers.  Such  a  partition  involves  the 
danger  of  serious  friction,  perhaps  of  war,  be- 
tween European  nations,  and  also  the  danger  of 
prolonged  strife  in  China.  The  present  contest 
shows  that  no  act  would  be  so  likely  to  arouse  all 
China  to  war  with  the  Western  nations  as  the 


474 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


attempt  to  seize  upon  her  domain  and  reduce  her 
to  subjection. 

EUROPEAN    SUPERVISION    AND    CONTROL. 

**  For  the  atrocious  acts  committed  at  Peking, 
there  must  be  a  day  of  reckoning — not  in  the 
spirit  of  vengeance,  let  us  hope,  but  as  a  safe- 
guard for  the  future.  Some  means  must  be 
found  for  the  absolute  security  and  independence 
of  the  legations  at  the  capital.  Possibly  the 
European  powers  may  favor  some  such  policy  of 
supervision  and  partial  control  as  they  exercise 
over  Turkey  under  the  Treaty  of  Paris  of  1856 
and  the  Treaty  of  Berlin  of  1878,  though  it  must 
be  admitted  by  them  that  the  success  of  the  so- 
called  *  concert  of  the  great  powers '  in  respect 
to  the  Ottoman  empire  has  not  been  very  bril- 
liant. Our  traditional  policy  would  hold  us  aloof 
from  any  such  undertaking. 

**  If  the  young  Emperor,  who  has  shown  him- 
self friendly  to  liberal  ideas,  can  be  freed  from 
the  control  of  the  Empress  Dowager,  and  can  be 
surrounded  and  guided  by  men  as  able  and  sensi- 
ble as  the  Viceroy  at  Nanking  appears  to  be,  and 
if  the  European  powers  will  not  be  too  greedy  in 
appropriating  Chinese  territory,  possibly  some 
solution  of  the  present  diflficult  problems  can  be 
found,  compatible  with  the  integrity  and  per- 
petuity of  the  empire  and  with  the  legitimate 
rights  of  foreigners  resident  on  its  soil.  This 
should  be,  and  probably  is,  the  desire  of  the 
American  people.*' 

No  Dismemberment  for  China. 
Mr.  H.  H.  Lowry,  writing  m  the  October 
Harper's^  affirms  his  belief  that  the  salvation  of 
China  rests  really  with  the  missionary.  The 
missionary  must  bring  that  moral  uplift  of  China's 
millions  which  alone  can  secure  political  and 
commercial  prosperity.  This  work,  Mr.  Lowry 
believes,  neither  diplomacy  nor  commerce  can 
accomplish. 

THE    GOVERNMENT    SHOULD    BE    HELD    RESPONSIBLE. 

As  to  the  immediate  crisis  at  hand,  he  says 
that  the  interests  of  permanent  peace  and  of  an 
impartial  field  for  commerce  absolutely  demand 
that  the  Chinese  Government  shall  be  held  strictly 
responsible  for  the  protection  of  the  lives  and 
financial  interests  of  foreigners  of  every  class 
lawfully  pursuing  their  vocation  under  treaty 
stipulations.  Some  sort  of  international  control 
in  the  central  government  will  be  an  imperative 
necessity  for  at  least  one  generation  ;  and  he 
thinks,  should  this  prove  suflBciently  strong  and 
insistent,  it  will  remove  the  necessity  for  policing 
the  country  with  foreign  troops. 

"Preliminary  to  the  inauguration  of  such  a 
policy  must  needs  be  the  summary  and  public 


execution  of  the  leaders  in  the  present  outrages, 
no  matter  what  their  rank.  The  publicity  of  the 
punishment  of  those  in  high  position  who  are 
guilty  can  nowhere  have  such  immediate  and 
wholesome  effect  as  in  China.  There  should  be 
no  yielding  because  of  the  specious  pleas  thai 
will  be  advanced  by  viceroys  and  privy  councilors 
in  order  to  shift  responsibility.  The  Chinese 
sentimentality  in  regard  to  the  sacred ness  of  tlje 
persons  of  the  imperial  clan,  even  though  :t 
should  include  the  Empress  Dowager  herself,  or 
the  highest  mandarins  in  the  nation,  should  nut 
be  permitted  to  shield  the  guilty.  There  is  lu 
nation  in  the  world  where  the  degrees  of  officii! 
responsibility  are  more  perfectly  graded  than  in 
China  ;  and  there  is  no  place  in  the  world  where 
personal  responsibility  can  be  so  easily  eluded  by 
the  officials  as  in  China.  When  the  provincial 
and  prefectural  officials  are  made  to  understand 
that  they  will  be  held  accountable,  and  with  un 
failing  certainty  punished,  for  any  destruction  o: 
lives  or  property  of  foreigners  within  the  linii*^= 
of  their  jurisdiction,  we  shall  hear  no  more  re- 
ports of  outrages  and  massacres  of  innocent  per- 
sons. The  weakness  of  the  central  govemroerit 
is  not  apparent  when  it  has  thought  it  necessary 
to  cashier  a  viceroy  or  decapitate  a  general  il 
the  most  remote  province  ;  it  is  only  when  son^ 
foreigner  is  involved  that  the  supposed  weakne^- 
is  put  forward  as  an  excuse  for  inaction. 

NO    SEIZURE    OF   TERRITORY. 

**  Another  self-evident  requirement  for  per 
manent  peace  in  China  is  that  the  nations  should. 
once  and  forever^  abandon  the  thought  of  dismeft 
bermenty  and  thus  cause  the  political  agitators  &> 
cease  their  discussion  of  the  question  throuiri 
the  publications  of  the  West.  As  long  as  tha 
selfish  policy  is  cherished  by  any  of  the  nations^ 
or  the  discussion  continues,  with  the  certainty  o: 
its  translation  into  Chinese,  there  will  be  unre&i 
and  constant  irritation.  The  conspicuous  faL. 
ures  of  the  experiments  already  made  of  seixinf 
Chinese  territory  should  satisfy  the  world  tb*: 
permanent  peace  cannot  be  secured  in  that  wij. 
Dismemberment  is  wrong  in  equity,  mischievous 
in  operation,  and  in  the  end  can  only  result  is 
friction  and  misrule. 

<*The  highest  commercial  advantages,  to  sar 
nothing  of  the  cause  of  civilization  and  humai. 
ity,  demand  that  the  policy  of  an  open  door,  an 
the  integrity  of  the  empire — as  already  outlined 
by  the  United  States  Government — should  be 
absolutely  and  permanently  maintained.  Under 
such  a  policy  the  Pacific  Ocean  is  destined  to  be- 
come the  greatest  commercial  highway,  and  the 
United  States  the  greatest  commercial  nation  cf 
the  world." 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


THE  COMMERCIAL  FUTURE  OF  CHINA. 

IN  the  Revue  des  Revues^  M.  Jean  de  Blocli, 
writing  of  **  Illusions  About  the  Conquest 
of  China,"  sounds  a  note  of  serious  warning  to 
the  powers.  The  Chinese  have  now  been  forced 
to  open  3 1  ports,  besides  the  half-dozen  pieces  of 
territory  seized  by  the  powers  as  * '  spheres  of  in- 


M.  JEAN  DE  BLOii^H. 


fluence."  But  the  imports  yid  exports  of  the  12 
ports  opened  before  1876  ai4  respectively  about 
seven  and  nine  times  greafter  than  those  for  the 
14  ports  since  opened.  Aj[fain,  the  earlier  ports 
showed  an  excess  of  exwrts  over  imports,  but 
now  the  case  is  changed.  7 

CHINA    STILL    VEjiY    MUCH    ALIVE. 

( 

China,  says  M.  do  jl^loch,  is  not  dead  ;  far 
from  it.  Instead  of  peing  dismembered  after 
ber  war  with  Japan,  slife  busied  herself  in  modi- 
fying her  military  systi^m.  *'  The  present  revolt 
is  but  the  first  movem^nt  of  a  giant  believed  to 
be  dead,  but  only  aslec^p  ;  he  who  wakes  him  has 
so  many  elements  of  internal  weakness  that,  in 
spite  of  his  powerful  rfiilitary  organization,  he  will 
not  succeed."  The  piresent  crisis  has  been  com- 
ing on  for  many  years,  and  has  many  causes,  one 
of  which  is  the  fact  t^iat  America,  Australia,  and 
Canada  have  sent  back  Chinese  emigrants,  while 
all  the  time  Europeans  were  invading  (Jhina. 
The  missionaries  have  ceased  to  act  with  their 


former  prudence,  and  diplomatists  and  consuls 
have  not  improved  matters  by  being  too  careless 
of  Chinese  susceptibilities,  however  foolish  those 
susceptibilities  may  be.  Adding  all  these  and 
many  other  causes  together,  and  remembering 
that  the  Chinese  (partly  through  Li  Hung  Chang) 
are  well  aware  of  the  jealousies  and  misunder- 
standings between  European  powers,  M,  de  Bloch 
considers  it  wonderful  that  the  rebellion  has  been 
80  long  in  coming. 

TRADE    RELATIONS. 

The  writer  then  tries  to  draw  up  a  profit  and 
loss  account  showing  the  advantages  and  dis- 
advantages to  be  gained  from  China.  Every 
inch  of  ground  in  China  being  already  occupied, 
it  obviously  cannot  be  used  as  a  dumping-ground 
for  surplus  European  population.  The  only 
possible  profit  might  be  from  exporting  goods  to 
China.  But  the  Chinese  need  very  little,  and 
are  not  likely  to  need  more  for  centuries  to  come; 
and  this  M.  de  Bloch  curiously  enough  attributes 
to  the  low  status  of  Chinese  women.  <*  Place 
the  women  of  other  nations  in  the  position  of 
Chinese  women,  and  it  will  be  at  once  seen  that 
commercial  activity  is  reduced  by  half."  In 
China  there  is  fashion  neither  in  clothes  nor  in 
houses.  The  many  needs  which  we  satisfy  by 
international  exchange  do  not  even  exist  in 
China. 

M.  de  Bloch  calculates  that  the  nations  need 
not  reckon  on  more  than  ^13,000,000  a  year 
from  China.  But  to  sell  to  China,  why  must  we 
take  her  ports  ?  Germany  has  built  up  a  large 
trade  with  her  without  any  port  till  quite  recently. 
It  is  urged  that  railroads  and  properly  worked 
mines  will  cause  industry  to  develop  ;  but  there 
M.  de  Bloch  sees  a  great  danger.  China  with 
her  cheap  labor  will  soon  cease  to  be  a  consumer 
and  will  become  an  exporter  of  the  very  things 
Europe  is  seeking  to  give  her.  Nothing  can 
eventually  prevent  China  increasing  her  tariffs. 
M.  de  Bloch's  chief  «lread  is  a  Chino-Japanese 
coalition.  He  fears  lest  China  should  turn  to 
Japan  and  say,  *'  Foreigner  as  you  are,  you  can 
at  least  prot-ect  us."  Six  soldiers  at  least,  M.  de 
Bloch  calculates,  must  be  allowed  for  the  protec- 
tion of  a  single  European.  He  concludes  as 
follows  : 

''  As  soon  as  Chinomania  is  reduced  to  its  just 
proportions,  the  states  will  find  it  advisable  to 
conclude  international  treaties  for  keeping  the 
entry  into  China  open  to  all  ;  and,  in  case  of 
disagreement,  to  submit  their  differences  to 
the  institution  established  by  the  Hague  Con- 
ference. .  .  .  Chinomania  is  justified  by  no  eco- 
nomic reason,  and  is  contrary  to  all  the  inter ^ 
ests  of  Europe." 


476 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHL  Y  RE^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


A 


THE  BOXER  PROPAGANDA. 

N  account  of  the  anti-foreign  movement  in 
China  based  entirely  on  * '  original  sources  " 
of  information  is  contributed  to  the  Open  Court 
for  September  by  the  Rev.  George  T.  Candlin,  a 
missionary  in  North  China,  where  the  Boxer  dis- 
turbances began  several  years  since. 


BOXERS  SACKING  AND  FIRING  A  CHRISTIAN  MISSIOIT. 

(From   the  Tung-Wen-Hu-Pao^  a  Chinese  newspape;*  of 
Tientsin.) 

Dr.  Candlin  describes  the  Boxer  method  of 
procedure  as  follows  :  **  Mysterious  placards  are 
posted  on  the  walls  of  buildings  by  night;  soine- 
times  they  are  handed  to  individuals  in  a  crowded 
market.  A  general  state  of  mingled  excitement, 
fear,  and  expectation  is  created,  and  especially 
the  idea  of  the  advent  of  invincible  swordsmen, 
armed  with  supernatural  power,  and  teachers 
and  leaders,  is  instilled  into  the  mind  of  a  popu- 
lace superstitious  in  the  extreme,  and  a  large 
portion  of  whom  are  ripe  for  any  mischief  and 
supremely  covetous  of  loot.  Then  children, 
varying  in  age  from  ten  to  twenty,  are  seen  in 
vacant  spaces  and  on  the  corners  of  tlie  streets 
<  drilling. '  In  addition  to  the  revelations  con- 
sidered to  be  connected  with  these  strange  ex- 
ercises, they  are  supposed  to  render  those  who 
engage  in  them  invulnerable,  alike  to  sword- 
thrusts  and  rifle-bullets.  Gradually  their  num- 
bers increase,  older  people  take  part,  and  then 
for  the  first  time  definite  organization  is  pro- 
posed. Leaders  are  appointed,  adherents  are 
formed  into  what  are  called  /w,  'hearths.'  These 
'hearths'  are  equivalent  to  camps.  They  num- 
ber five  hundred  each,  and  every  member  is 
sworn  in  to  obey  the  leaders,  to  sleep  and  take 
food  together,  and  to  have  the  grain  and  meal 
necessary  for  their  support  sent  from  home. 
The  next  step  is  to  commence  work  by  setting 
fire  to  some  foreign  house,  rail  way- station,  mis- 


sion chapel,  or  other  obnoxious  building,  putting 
to  the  sword  all  native  Christians  they  can  find, 
and  any  hapless  *  foreign  devil '  who  may  fall 
into  their  hands.  In  the  performance  of  this 
part  of  the  programme  it  is  impossible  to  distin 
guish  the  rebels  from  the  populace.  Swarming 
in  thousands,  they  murder,  destroy,  and  loot  till 
there  is  little  left  behind.." 

Priests  of  the  Buddhist  faith  are  among  the 
leaders  of  the  inner  council,  or  conclave,  which 
plans  the  operations  of  the  society.  It  is  this 
council  that  originates  the  mysterious  placards, 
sends  forerunners  to  the  various  districts,  and 
manipulates  the  officials. 

INCENDIARY    PLACARDS. 

Dr.  Candlin  gives  translations  of  four  of  the 
Boxer  placards.  Many  of  the  illusions  in  these 
strange  documents  are  unintelligible  to  American 
readers.      Dr.  Candlin  himself  does  not  pretend 

to  ax^jiiiaj  Lficu,  nil.  rjacufil  No,  3  is  typical 
vt  rbe  lot  : 

Tbt'  lieitUiwi^^  hApplnems  tlie  God  tit  WeAltli^ 

AciRi  I  LAB  wmm  U  PO. 

*hiu€he^   L#i^ii  4»cttv(»iJ  T  imd  destroyed  the 

{tir^neh  i  ng^  ori  ikm  MgK*,  »iti  obedient  t<>  thu  law 

iif  Buddbii.,  midlifg  UaMjUfwiBti  iifiifitui*!  6oklici-»  will  come 
Lu  Ihti  doiitU  yi^*«^  oiifc  tlii|  fort^gDer.^  from  abroAd. 
Kitivri^  dtyflMflfci  jug  it!#aHnKil«  HmU  before  long. 


\hun^m^  i 


EUK0PJ^:AN8  FLEEIKO  BH  fORE  THE  BOXERS. 

i  From  the  Tung}  tnrHu-Pao,) 
I 
teer  Associated  Train-ban  \s  ai  \  able  to  pacify  the  peo- 
ple and  defend  the  empii  •.  iTpoa  sight  of  this,  such 
persons  as  distribute  three  t.  ^jes  will  avert  calamity 
from  one  family,  while  thosi  who  distribute  ten  copies 
will  avert  calami  ties  from  a  m  iple  \illage.  Those  who, 
having  met  with,  refuse  to  distribute,  will  be  liable  to 
the  punishment  of  deiapltatioa. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


477 


Unless  the  foreigners  are  subjugated  there  will  be 
Doraio. 

If  any  persons  have  taken  poison  from  foreigners  the 
following  recipe  is  a  specific  against  it : 

I.  Dried  plums  7  mace, 
n.  Euonymus  Bark  5  maoe. 
m.  Ldcorice  Root  5  mace. 

This  placard  was  posted  in  Yangshan  about 
June  15.  It  ascribes  the  want  of  rain  to  the 
disturbing  influence  of  foreigners.  There  had 
been  a  dry  and  windy  spring,  and  famine  was  in 
prospect. 

OUR  BROTHERS  IN  MID-AFRICA. 

THE  first  to  go  over  the  Cape -to- Cairo  route 
is,  according  to  the  testimony  of  the  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  Mr. 
Ewart  S,  Grogan,  a  youth  of  twenty-five.  His 
narrative  of  this  exploit  appears  in  the  Geo- 
graphical Journal  for  August,  and  forms  a  series 
of  picturesque  glimpses  of  the  African  interior. 
He  begins  with  a  few  words  descriptive  of  the 
Gorongoza  country  of  Portuguese  East  Africa. 
He  says  : 

"The  quantity  of  game  in  all  this  country  is 
incredible.  Crossing  the  great  plain  just  as  the 
waters  were  falling  and  the  new  grass  growing 
up,  we  saw  over  40,000  head  of  game,  mainly 
blue  wildebeeste,  from  one  point ;  and  during 
our  stay  of  five  months,  besides  many  fine  heads 
of  buffalo  and  various  species  of  antelope,'  we 
shot  1 7  lions  and  captured  alive  ^\e  cubs,  three 
of  which  are  now  disporting  themselves  in  Re- 
gent s  Park." 

LOWEST    IN    THE   HUMAN    SCALE. 

But  it  is  the  human  fauna  which  supply  the 
meet  interesting  pictures  in  Mr.  Grogan's  story. 
Here  is  a  type  of  humanity  which  Mr.  Rhodes* 
railroad  ought  soon  to  bring  within  easy  access 
of  civilized  curiosity,  as  its  home  lies  to  the  south 
of  Lake  Albert  Edward  : 

**  When  exploring  with  a  small  number  of  fol- 
lowers, I  observed  some  ape-like  creatures  leering 
at  me  from  behind  banana  palms,  and  with  con- 
siderable difficulty  my  Ruanda  guide  induced  one 
of  them  to  come  and  be  inspected.  He  was  a  tall 
man,  with  the  long  arms,  pendant  paunch,  and 
short  legs  of  the  ape,  pronouncedly  microcepha- 
lous and  prognathous.  At  first  he  was  terribly 
alarmed,  but  soon  gained  confidence,  and  when  I 
asked  him  about  elephant  and  other  game  he 
gave  me  the  most  realistic  representations  of  them 
and  of  how  they  should  be  attacked.  I  failed  to 
exactly  define  their  social  status  ;  but  from  the 
r  on  tempt  in  which  they  were  held  by  the  Waru- 
anda,  their  local  caste  must  bo  very  low.  The 
stamp  of  the  brute  was  so  strong  on  them  that 


I  should  place  them  lower  in  the  human  scale 
than  any  other  natives  I  have  seen  in  Africa. 
Their  type  is  totally  distinct  from  the  otlier  peo- 
ples, and,  judging  from  the  twenty  to  thirty  speci- 
mens I  saw,  very  consistent.  Their  face,  body, 
and  limbs  are  covered  with  wiry  hair,  and  the 
hang  of  the  long,  powerful  arms,  the  slight  stoop 
of  the  trunk,  and  the  hunted,  vacant  expression 
of  the  face  made  up  a  tout  ensemble  that  was  a 
terrible  pictorial  proof  of  Darwinism.  The  pyg- 
mies are  of  similar  build,  but  have  the  appear- 
ance of  full-grown,  exceedingly  powerful  men 
compressed,  and  with  much  more  intelligent  faces. 
The  pygmies  are  to  these  ape- like  beings  as  the 
dog-faced  baboons  are  to  the  gorillas.  Probably 
they  are,  like  the  pygmies,  survivals  of  former  in- 
habitants of  the  country,  the  difference  in  their 
type  depending  on  the  surroundings  in  which  they 
have  had  to  struggle  for  existence.  The  true  type  of 
pygmy  is  a  magnificent  example  of  nature's  adapt- 
ability, being  a  combination  of  immense  strength, 
necessary  for  the  precarious  hunting  life  they 
lead,  and  compactness  indispensable  to  rapid  move- 
ment in  dense  forest  where  the  pig-runs  are  the 
only  means  of  passage." 

A    FEAST   OP   HUMAN    VULTURES. 

The  Mboga  country  affords  the  writer  a  scene 
which  suggests  that  table  manners  are  in  as  rudi- 
mentary stage  as  the  tailor's  art  in  those  regions. 
Mr.  Grogan  had  shot  an  elephant. 

*'The  Balegga,  who  inhabit  the  hills  to  the 
north,  and  who  were  suffering  terribly  from  the 
effects  of  the  long  drought,  looked  upon  me  as  a 
great  institution,  and  swarmed  down  in  hundreds 
for  the  meat.  A  weird  sight  it  was.  Stark - 
naked  savages,  with  long,  greased  plaits  of  hair 
hanging  down  to  their  shoulders,  were  perched 
on  every  available  inch  of  the  carcass,  hacking 
away  with  knives  and  spears,  yelling,  whooping, 
wrestling,  cursing,  and  munching,  covered  with 
blood  and  entrails  ;  the  new-comers  tearing  off 
lumps  of  meat  and  swallowing  them  raw,  the 
earlier  arrivals  defending  great  lumps  of  offal  and 
other  delicacies,  while  others  were  crawling  in 
and  out  of  the  intestines  like  so  many  prairie 
marmots.  Old  men,  young  men,  prehistoric 
hags,  babies,  one  and  all  gorging  or  gorged, 
smearing  themselves  with  blood,  laugliing,  and 
fighting.  Pools  of  blood,  strips  of  hide,  vast 
bones,  blocks  of  meat,  individuals  who  had  not 
dined  wisely  but  to  well,  lay  around  in  bewilder- 
ing confusion,  and  in  two  short  hours  all  was 
finished.  Nothing  remained  but  the  great  gaunt 
ribs,  like  the  skeleton  of  a  shipwreck,  and  a  few 
disconsolate- looking  vultures  perched  thereon." 

These  African  diners  may  not  be  desirable 
messmates,  but,  after  all,  the  worst  horrors  r 


478 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


ported  by  Mr.  Grogan  are  the  atrocities  perpe- 
trated by  Belgian  troops  on  British  territory, 
raiding  tribes  under  British  protection,  killing 
the  men  and  carrying  off  women  and  cattle.  The 
writer  has  convinced  himself  by  inquiries  from 
neighboring  tribes  of  the  truth  of  these  grave 
charges. 

A    RACE    OP   GIANTS. 

As  a  foil  to  the  pygmies  may  be  set  the  Din- 
kas,  who  occupy  the  region  west  of  Bahr-el- 
Jebel,  whom  the  writer  thus  describes  : 

*^The  Dinkas  have  enormous  droves  of  cattle, 
which  they  value  very  highly  ;  they  never  kill 
them  for  food,  but  from  time  to  time  tap  the 
blood,  which  they  drink  greedily.  They  are  of 
colossal  stature  ;  some  of  the  herd  men  I  saw 
must  have  been  very  nearly  seven  feet,  and  in 
every  settlement  the  majority  of  the  men  tow- 
ered above  me,  while  my  boys  seemed  the  merest 
pygmies  by  their  side.  They  smear  themselves 
with  a  paste  made  of  wood -ash  to  protect  them- 
selves from  the  bites  of  the  mosquitoes,  and  the 
long  lines  of  warriors  threading  their  way  in 
single  file  through  the  marsh  appear  lilce  so 
many  gray  specters.  They  are  absolutely  nude, 
considering  any  sort  of  covering  as  effeminate. 
Their  invariable  weapons  are  a  long  club  made 
of  bastard  ebony,  a  fish  lance,  and  a  broad - 
bladed  spear,  and  the  chiefs  wear  enormous 
ivory  bracelets.  The  southern  Dinkas  cut  their 
hair  like  a  cock's  comb,  and  the  northern  Dinkas 
train  their  hair  like  a  mop.  Both  bleach  it  with 
manure.'* 

Mr.  Grogan  and  his  party  narrowly  escaped 
massacre  by  these  Dinkas,  who  treacherously 
and  without  warning  assailed  them. 

Such  are  some  of  the  human  Tngredients  in 
the  mid- African  crucible  into  which  will  be 
thrust  ere  long  the  mixing-rod  of  the  Cape-to- 
Cairo  railway. 

ROBINSON  CRUSOE'S  ISLAND. 

ABOUT  two  years  ago,  a  report  was  cabled 
around  the  world  that  the  islaijd  of  Juan 
Fernandez,  down  in  the  South  Pacific,  had  dis- 
appeared, as  the  result  of  an  earthquake. 

Ordinarily,  such  a  report  would  have  attracted 
little  notice  ;  but  the  fame  of  this  particular  isl- 
and had  gone  wherever  the  English  language  is 
read,  for  Juan  Fernandez  was  the  place  of  Alex- 
ander Selkirk's  exile — the  scene  of  <*Ro}>inson 
Crusoe's"  adventures.  At  some  time  in  our 
lives  this  little  island  has  been,  to  most  of  us,  the 
most  interesting  spot  in  the  world.  Thus  it  came 
about  that  there  was  a  great  desire  among  sea- 
faring men  to  verify  or  else  disprove  the  alleged 
mysterious  disappearance  of  the  island.      It  was 


this  desire  that  led  Captain  Hawley,  of  the  U.  S. 
S.  Hartford^  to  attempt  to  **pick  up"  Juan  Fer- 
nandez, and  so  to  learn  that  the  report  of  the 
seismic  disappearance  was  unfounded,  and  that 
**  Robinson  Crusoe's  Island"  still  flourishes. 
The  story  of  the  visit  made  by  the  HartfortTx 
crew  is  told,  in  the  August  number  of  the  Ovtr- 
land  Monthly,  by  Douglas  White. 

THE    MODERN    INHABITANTS. 

It  will  be  news  to  many  of  our  readers  that  a 
community  of  Chileans  is  living  on  the  island 
to-day. 

**Ever  since  the  Chilean  occupation  of  the 
island,  there  has  resided  here  a  representative  of 
the  republic.  Time  was  when  this  representative 
existed  in  the  form  of  a  glittering  army  oflScer. 
Then  the  dignity  fell,  until  Juan  Fernandez's 
governor  visited  ships  in  a  red -striped  shirt,  au 
old  tall  hat,  with  a  sword  of  ancient  make  tied  to 
his  waist  by  means  of  a  bit  of  rope-yam.  Bnt 
Fernandez  has  again  advanced,  this  time  not 
toward  a  position  of  military  greatness — for  it  is 
commerce  which  is  causing  her  little  colony  to 
remain  upon  the  island.  Her  governor  is  now 
an  educated,  sedate  European,  and  though  of 
foreign  birth,  a  citizen  of  Chile.  He  it  was  who 
met  us  in  his  boat  and  conducted  the  Hartford  to 
a  safe  anchorage.  From  a  herd  of  his  cattle 
fresh  beef  was  purchased,  and  from  the  gardens 
of  the  little  Chileno  village  came  green  stuff  to 
gladden  the  hearts  of  the  salt- fed  mariners. 

*' We  found  that  Fernandez  possesses  an  in- 
dustry, for  a  firm  of  shrewd  Germans  has  estab- 
lished on  Cumberland  Bay  a  canning  establish- 
ment for  the  preserving  of  the  splendid  lobster 
and  codfish  with  which  the  waters  abound.  As 
there  are  no  such  things  as  lobsters  on  the  main- 
land, there  is  a  ready  market  for  the  little  fac- 
tory's production. 

< '  Months  had  passed  since  anything  save  a 
little  schooner  from  the  coast  had  called  at  Cum- 
berland Bay,  so  even  outside  the  financial  feature? 
the  Hartford's  visit  was  a  welcome  one.  For  the 
balance  of  the  day,  the  cruiser  lay  at  anchor 
giving  her  people  an  opportunity  to  rummage 
about  the  island  while  stores  were  brought  aboard 
and  a  supply  of  fresh  fish  secured. 

A    SECLUDED   GOVERNOR. 

**  There  is  little  to  attract  in  the  appearance 
the  village  of  San  Juan  Bautista.  Of  the  93  of 
souls,  most  are  employed  in  the  canning -f act orr; 
and  by  far  the  most  interesting  of  all  these  peiv 
pie  is  the  governor,  who,  located  on  this  far-away 
patch  of  rocks,  spends  his  time  surrounded  b\ 
an  excellent  library,  filled  with  the  best  authors. 
which  shows  evidences  of  being  kept  abreast  i-. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


479 


the  times  by  the  constant  addition  of  lately  pub- 
lished works.  This  governor  will  introduce  you 
to  his  native  wife  and  family,  and  gravely  inter- 
pret for  you  in  any  one  of  five  languages.  He 
will  in  the  next  moment  tell  you  that  his  is  a 
peaceful  life  there  on  the  reefs  of  the  Pacific, 
and  calmly  point  out  as  his  prospective  last  rest- 
ing-place the  little  graveyard  where  the  white 
crosses  glint  in  the  sunlight  at  the  point  north  of 
the  bay.  You  will  wonder  why  a  man  like  this 
is  found  buried  out  here  hundreds  of  miles  from 
civilization,  and  why  he  should  meet  these  con- 
ditions so  stoically.  You  may  try  to  find  thai 
reason,  and  you  will  probably  fail,  as  I  did  ;  for 
though  ready  to  tell  of  everything  about  the 
island  or  to  share  with  you  the  products  of  his 
island  home,  he  will  converse  on  any  subject 
save  himself  ;  and  the  result  is  that  you  depart 
still  wondering  over  the  personality  of  this  man 
of  talents  who  among  these  untutored  natives 
must  of  necessity  lead  a  life  almost  as  solitary  as 
did  Selkirk  when,  two  hundred  years  ago,  he 
saw  the  sails  of  the  Cinque  Ports  sink  below  the 
horizon. 

•  *  Of  Selkirk  there  still  remain  many  traces. 
His  cave  still  exists  at  the  head  of  English  Bay, 
and  up  at  the  point  where  he  kept  this  lookout, 
English  naval  officers  have  placed  a  tablet  to  his 
memory — for  Selkirk  died  an  officer  in  the  Bng- 
lish  navy,  being  a  lieutenant  on  board  H.  M.  S. 

Weymouth  when  the  end  came. 

*  *  By  this  tablet  does  the  navy  of  Great  Britain 
indorse  the  authenticity  of  the  tale  which  formed 
the  foundation  of  Defoe's  greatest  and  most 
popular  work. 

**  From  the  lookout  down  to  the  beach  where 
the  cave  is  located,  there  is  a  distinct  trail,  which 
it  is  claimed  is  the  one  daily  trodden  by  the  ex- 
iled mariner  during  his  four  years  of  solitude." 

ANTARCTIC  EXPLORATION. 

IN  the  first  August  number  of  the  Revue  des 
Ueux  Mondesy  M.  Dastre  writes  one  of  his 
well-informed  scientific  papers,  this  time  on  the 
popular  subject  of  **  Antarctic  Exploration,'* 

For  various  reasons,  the  exploration  of  the 
reg:ion  surrounding  the  South  Pole  has  not  at- 
tracted so  much  general  interest  as  that  of  the 
region  surrounding  the  North  Pole  ;  neverthe- 
lesSy  the  Antarctic  offers  an  extraordinary  field 
for  the  naturalist,  the  geologist,  the  meteorolo- 
gist, and  the  geographer.  Much  was  done  be- 
tween the  years  1774  and  1843  by  Cook,  Du- 
rnont  d'Urville,  Bellingshausen,  Wilkes,  Ross, 
j^nd  others,  and  then  there  followed  an  interval 
of  some  duration.  The  Belgian  expedition,  un- 
der the  direction  of  Commandant  Gerlache,  has 


scarcely  returned  to  Europe  after  two  years' 
of  exploration  when  three  more  expeditions  are 
announced,  which  will  start  next  year.  Of  these 
three,  the  German  expedition  intends  to  attack 
the  Antarctic  at  the  south  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
on  the  line  of  the  meridian  that  passes  through 
Siam  and  Sumatra  ;  the  English  expedition  will 
make  for  the  south  of  the  Polynesian  Sea,  while 
the  Scotch  explorers  will  make  for  Graham's 
Land.  M.  de  Gerlache's  expedition  operated  to 
the  south  of  Palmer's  Land,  so  that  the  Ant- 
arctic will  have  been  attacked  from  four  sepa- 
rate sides.  All  these  enterprises  are  not  in- 
tended solely  to  increase  our  geographical  knowl- 
edge, but  it  is  also  proposed  to  study  the  geol- 
ogy, the  fauna,  and  flora.  A  comparison  of  the 
magnetic,  meteorological,  and  oceanographic  ob- 
servations of  the  four  expeditions  should  lead  to 
many  new  and  important  discoveries  in  regard 
to  the  circulation  of  the  atmosphere  and  the 
pressure  of  winds  and  storms.  Geographers 
admit  in  general  the  existence  of  an  Antarctic 
continent,  having  as  its  center  the  South  Pole, 
which  is  unlike  the  North  Pole  in  being  the  cen- 
ter of  firm  ground,  which  is,  of  course,  covered 
with  ice.  This  is  mere  theory  ;  but,  so  far,  no 
fact  has  been  adduced  to  contradict  it. 

POSSIBILITY    OF    AN    ANTARCTIC    CONTINENT. 

It  is  curious  to  observe,  in  the  Southern  Hem- 
isphere, how  far  from  the  South  Pole  the  conti- 
nents come  to  an  end.  Africa  ends  between  the 
34th  and  35th  parallel  of  latitude  ;  Tasmania 
between  the  33d  and  34th  ;  and  it  is  only  South 
America  which  reaches  the  56th  parallel,  and 
even  that  is  more  distant  from  the  South  Pole 
than  Scotland  is  from  the  North  Pole.  South  of 
the  56th  parallel  the  explorer  meets  with  icebergs 
and  small  islands  as  far  as  the  Polar  Circle — that 
is  to  say,  the  70th  parallel ;  feeyond  that,  how- 
ever, he  finds  land  reappearing,  and  the  farther 
he  gets  the  larger  are  the  areas  which  appear  to 
be  covered  by  land,  so  that  the  hypothesis  of  a 
Southern  Continent  is  a  very  plausible  one. 
Indeed,  one  savant,  a  Mr.  Lothian  Green,  sug- 
gested that  the  solid  part  of  the  globe  resembles 
a  triangular  pyramid,  the  apex  of  which  is  the 
South  Pole,  the  base  resting  on  the  glacial  sea 
of  the  North,  while  the  sides  of  the  pyramid  are 
formed  into  depressions  as  the  beds  of  the  oceans. 
He  explains  this  alteration  of  the  primitive 
spherical  form  of  our  globe  by  the  theory  of 
progressive  cooling,  resulting  in  a  contraction. 
Thus,  a  balloon  when  it  is  being  emptied  exhibits 
depressions  and  upheavals,  the  effect  of  which  is 
that  of  a  rough  pyramid.  However,  the  validity 
of    these  and  otlier  theories  will,  no  doubt,   be 


480 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


tested  before  many  years  are  over.  Meanwhile, 
M.  Dastre  promises  us  an  article  on  the  dis- 
coveries of  the  Gerlache  expedition  in  the  domain 
of  Antarctic  fauna  and  flora. 


THE  WORLD'S  COAL. 

AFTER  a  careful  survey  of  the  present  condi- 
tions of  coal  supply  and  consumption  in 
the  principal  countries  of  the  world,  Mr.  Ben- 
jamin Taylor,  writing  in  Cassier's  for  September, 
concludes  that  the  explanation  of  the  recent 
enormous  consumption  of  coal  in  Europe  is  to  be 
found  in  the  phenomenal  industrial  expansion 
and  activity  of  the  past  two  years.     He  says  : 

*•  The  plain  fact  to  be  deduced  from  a  consid- 
eration of  the  whole  situation  is  that  the  coal 
supply  of  Europe  at  large  was,  last  year,  short  of 
the  requirements  of  industrial  Europe  and  de- 
pendent markets.  Hence  the  great  advance  in 
prices — at  a  time,  too,  of  dear  freights  caused  by 
the  absorption  of  tonnage  in  connection  with  the 
Transvaal  War,  and  by  the  general  activity  of 
trade  all  over  the  world.  Prices  having  been,  by 
the  comparative  scarcity  and  peculiar  conditions, 
sent  up  to  a  level  which  renders  industries  un re- 
munerative, will  be  brought  down  again  by  the 
consequent  curtailment  of  consumption.  It  is 
the  natural  effect  of  high  prices  to  check  con- 
sumption, and  so  the  bane  carries  its  own  anti- 
dote. A  good  deal  of  mischief  may  be  done, 
however,  before  coal  prices  return  to  a  reason- 
able level,  and  undoubtedly  the  coal  famine  in 
Europe  has  given  America  an  opening  for  both 
coal  and  iron  that  she  is  not  likely  to  allow  to  be 
closed  again. 

THE    AMERICAN    FACTOR. 

**  The  projection  of  American  coal  into  the  in- 
ternational arena  is,  indeed,  the  great  economic 
feature  of  the  time.  It  is  not  probable  that 
American  coal  will  go  to  feed  British  factories  ; 
but  if  it  goes  to  feed  some  of  the  foreign  fac- 
tories and  coaling-stations  hitherto  accustomed  to 
be  fed  from  South  Wales  and  the  North  of  Eng- 
land, it  will  save  the  drain  on  the  British  fields  for 
foreign  uses.  Thus,  the  British  exports  will  be 
abated,  or  at  all  events  not  increased,  and  they 
are  now  as  large  as  they  need  be. 

Britain's  coal  resources. 

»<  While  it  is  for  a  royal  commission,  or  a  com- 
mittee of  experts,  to  determine  what  are  the  pres- 
ent coal  resources  of  the  British  Isles,  ordinary 
persons  may  take  certain  facts  and  probabilities 
into  consideration.  One  is  that  the  British  em- 
pire now  produces  about  five-twelfths  of  the 
world's  coal,  and  that  only  the  fringe  of  the  re- 
sources of  India,  Africa,  and  Australasia  has  as 


yet  been  touched.  Another  is  that  the  industrial 
consumption  of  coal  will  not  increase  in  the  samff 
rate  in  the  future  as  in  the  past,  because  science 
is  teaching  us  both  how  to  economize  coal  and 
how  to  develop  the  employment  of  electric  en- 
ergy. For  the  present,  however,  the  coal  ques- 
tion is  undoubtedly  a  most  anxious  one  for  ali 
engaged  in  industrial  pursuits.*' 


SOME  NOTABLE  NEW  INVENTIONS. 

LAST    month's    magazines    register    several 
strides  forward  in  man's  campaign  of  con- 
quest over  his  material  environment. 

Mr.  H.  J.  Shepstone  describes,  in  the  August 
IlarmswortlCsy  Mr.  H.  S.  Halford's  patent  gra- 
dient railway,  which  promises  to  yield  a  rate  of 
200  miles  an  hour  by  train,  and  makes  a  journey 
of  fifteen  minutes  from  London  to  Brighton  con- 
ceivable. The  inventor  has  already  worked  out 
the  idea  in  a  model  50  yards  in  length. 

**The  permanent  way  is  laid  upon  girders. 
There  are  six  girder- sections  in  the  model,  each 
25  feet  in  length.  These  girders  are  supported 
upon  rams  moving  the  supporting  columns  &5 
pistons.  These  rams  are  the  terminal  points  of 
sections,  and  are  made  to  rise,  and  so  cause  % 
gradient  down  which  the  train  runs.  It  will  \^ 
seen,  therefore,  that  the  train  is  made  to  travel  bj 
gravitation  obtained  by  hydraulic  or  other  power. 

*  *  The  automatic  rising  of  the  rams  as  the  traic 
proceeds  is  obtained  as  follows :  At  a  poim 
about  five  feet  from  the  completion  of  the  first 
graded  section,  one  of  the  levers  in  the  trolle}' 
above  the  rail  cleverly  depresses  a  lever  called 
an  actuator,  automatically  admitting  the  water 
pressure  below  the  piston  of  the  column  in  froni 
of  it,  which  naturally  begins  to  rise.  The  raai 
does  not  reach  its  full  height  until  the  train  h» 
passed  the  rising  column.  This  is  repeated  u 
all  remaining  columns,  with  the  result  that  tb? 
train  is  continuing  its  run  at  an  ever- increasing 
speed. 

<  *  Tlie  time  taken  to  cover  the  whole  distance 
of  50  yards  is  26  4-5  seconds,  made  up  as  fol 
lows  :    Starting  section   8  seconds,  second  sec 
tion    6    seconds,    third   section    4  1-5    seconds, 
fourth  section  3  1-5  seconds,  fifth  section  2  *J- *• 
seconds  ;  and  the  last  section  2  seconds,  or  one 
quarter  of  the  time  required  to  cover  the  fin?r 
section.     Directly  the  rams  are  passed  they  con: 
mence   to  fall  very  slowly,  but  of  course  hav*- 
not  sunk  appreciably  until  the  train  has  passed.* 

The  initial  cost  of  such  a  railway  would  be 
enormous,  but  the  working  expenses  would  be 
small. 

"Mr.  Halford  claims  for  his  system  the  fo. 
lowing  advantages:   (1)  That  it  is  the  quickest: 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


481 


and  safest  system  in  the  world  ;  (2)  that  there 
are  no  boilers  to  explode,  no  smoke  or  smell,  and 
no  dirt ;  (3)  no  running  off  the  line  ;  (4)  no 
dangerous  level -crossings  ;  and  (5)  a  minimum 
of  wear  and  tear.'* 

A  Flylnff  Ship  on  Its  Trial  Trip. 

Pearson' s^  which  is  honorably  distmguished  for 
its  early  records  of  new  and  surprising  inventions, 
gives  prominence  to  two  notable  novelties  of  this 
kind  in  its  September  issue.  Gustav  Levering 
tells  of  the  first  voyage  of  **  the  ship  that  flies," 
as  he  calls  Count  von  Zeppelin's  air-ship.  This 
is  his  description  of  the  first  ship  to  navigate  the 
aerial  sea : 

*'  In  appearance.  Count  von  Zeppelin's  air- ship 
resembles  a  huge  cigar,  pointed  at  both  ends  ;  it 
is   made   chiefly   of  aluminium.     Its   length  is 
about  415  feet.     The  diameter  of  the  cylinder  is 
40  feet,  and  the  total  depth  of  the  structure,  in- 
cluding the  gondolas  in  which  the  passengers  are 
to  sit,  is  rather  more  than  80  feet.     The  frame- 
work of  this  huge  cylinder  consists  of  aluminium 
bands,  24  in  number.     The  interior  of  the  cigar 
is  divided  by  16  vertical  ribs  into  17  compart- 
ments, each  of  which  contains  an  independent 
balloon,  made  of  material  which  the  manufacturer 
calls  'ballonin.*     The   balloons   now  used  have 
retained    hydrogen-gas   for  five   weeks   without 
sensible  loss.     The  capacity  of  the  cigar  is  11,000 
cubic  meters.  .  .   .  The  total  weight  of  the  ship, 
including  its   crew,  is  estimated  not   to  exceed 
20,000  pounds.   .   .   .   Four  screws  or  propellers 
attached  to  the  sides  of  the  cigar  are  actuated  by 
two  Daimler  motors  of  15  horsepower  each,  and 
are  capable  of  turning  at  the  rate  of  1,200  revo- 
lutions per  minute.     These  propellers  are  made 
with    blades  of  aluminium.   .   .   .  The   steering 
ap{>aratus  consists  of  four  rudders  connected  in 
pairs." 

The  writer  depicts  the  sensation  felt  by  the 
crowds  at  Friedrichshaven,  on  Lake  Constance,  on 
J  uly  2,  when  they  saw  the  monster  air-ship  ascend, 
vrith  propellers  revolving  1,200  times  a  minute,  to 
a  height  of  1,300  feet,  and  after  rising  and  sink- 
ing and  circling  at  the  will  of  the  inventor,  who 
liad  a  tiny  crew  with  him  on  board,  return  in 
»afety  to  the  lake  after  having  flown  a  distance  of 
»ix  miles.  The  result  was  satisfactory,  but  further 
improvements  are  promised.  Some  of  the  alu- 
rninium  portions  will  be  replaced  by  a  new  and 
lighter  substance  called  »<magmalium.'' 

The  loe*Breaker  as  Polar  Discoverer. 

As  the  air-ship  makes  its  way  through  the 
Tenuous  atmosphere  by  its  lightness,  so  Admiral 
iwIakaroff*8  ice-breaker,  the  Ermacky  as  described 
I  %y  Earl  Mayo  in  the  September  Windsor^  forges 
itJB  way  through  vast  strata  of  solidified  water  l)y 


sheer  weight.  The  Russian  admiral  assured  the 
Irish  nobleman  that  *  the  future  of  Arctic  and 
Antarctic  exploration,  including  the  discovery  of 
the  poles,  will  depend  mainly  on  the  use  of  pow- 
erful ice-breakers.*'  Nansen  having  found  it 
possible  to  build  a  ship  strong  enough  to  with- 
stand the  pressure  of  the  ice,  the  ice-breaker 
turns  his  defensive  into  an  offensive.  The  con- 
struction of  the  ice-breaker  has  been  described 
before  in  our  pages.  Earl  Mayo  adds  the  de- 
scription of  the  Ermack's  progress  through  Arc- 
tic ice.  The  vessel  has  gone  through  the  thick- 
est ice  of  the  Spitzbergen  region — as  thick  as 
any,  in  the  admiral's  judgment,  that  lies  between 
us  and  the  North  Pole.  Here  is  the  story  of 
how  she  went  through  a  Spitzbergen  floe  : 

**  At  the  first  impact,  the  ship's  speed  did  not 
slacken  perceptibly  ;  but  it  was  noticeable  that 
the  bow  began  to  rise  slowly  into  the  air,  as 
though  she  were  being  lifted  from  below  by  a 
giant  hand.  The  ice  showed  no  sign  of  yielding, 
and  the  ship  moved  on,  going  more  and  more 
slowly,  until,  perhaps,  nine  feet  of  the  glistening 
surface  usually  below  the  water-line  was  exposed 
to  view.  At  length  she  seemed  to  stand  still. 
Her  engines  had  not  ceased  their  efforts ;  the 
screws  were  whirling  at  their  highest  sp>eed  and 
churning  the  water  at  her  stern  ;  but  progress 
had  decreased  until  it  could  hardly  be  observed 
by  the  eye.  She  was  pressing  upon  the  ice  with 
a  weight  of  900  tons,  and  it  was  still  firm.  She 
even  slipped  back  a  few  inches.  It  seemed  as  if 
she  were  going  to  fail.  Then,  suddenly,  a  crack 
which,  beginning  below  the  surface,  had  not  be- 
fore revealed  itself,  appeared  in  a  long,  irregular 
line,  extending  from  the  ship's  side.  Sharp  re- 
ports like  the  barking  of  quick-firing  guns  were 
heard.  The  whole  field  trembled  as  though 
moved  by  an  earthquake  shock.  A  great  strip  of 
it,  a  mile  across  and  weighing  in  the  aggregate 
thousands  of  tons,  detached  itself  from  the  prin- 
cipal mass  and  moved  slowly  off.  After  remain- 
ing poised  motionless  for  some  minutes,  the 
Ermack  now  darted  forward  swiftly,  like  a  living 
thing.  Giant  ice-bowlders,  detached  by  the 
shock,  plunged  into  the  water,  while  others,  ris- 
ing from  great  depths,  sprang  into  the  air,  look- 
ing as  green  as  emeralds,  and  as  clear.  They  fell 
back  into  the  water,  and  were  crushed  by  the 
flying  screws  as  in  the  jaws  of  a  monster.  Pro- 
ceeding in  this  manner,  the  Ermack  made  her 
way  through  ice- ridges  that  sometimes  rose  to  a 
height  of  eighteen  feet  above  the  surface  of  the 
water  and  extended  to  a  depth  of  nine  fathoms 
below." 

So  with  feet  of  steel  the  modern  man  may 
trample  through  the  fields  of  Arctic  ice  to  tho 
North  Pole. 


482 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


wireless  Telephony. 

**  Talking  Along  a  Beam  of  Light "  is  the  lucid 
title  which  Mr.  C.  M.  M'Govern  gives  to  his  ac- 
count in  the  September  Pearson's  of  Mr.  Hayes' 
radiophone.  It  is,  roughly  speaking,  a  telephone 
in  which  the  rays  of  a  searchlight  play  the  part  of 
the  connecting- wire.  This  is  the  writer's  graphic 
way  of  explaining  it : 

*'  At  the  sending-point — let  us  suppose  it  is  a 
lighthouse — is  a  soundproof  telephone -box.     On 


THE  MIRROR,  WITH  THB  TWO  EAR-TUBES  ATTACHED. 

the  table  in  this  telephone-box  there  are  four  or- 
dinary transmitters  instead  of  the  single  transmit- 
ter in  common  usage,  and  the  four  pairs  of  wires 
that  run  from  these  transmitters  extend  to  the 
hack  of  an  ordinary  searchlight  placed  jnst  out- 
side the  box,  the  wires  first  passing  through  a 
small  '  knife-switch  '  and  through  a  small  *  resist- 
ance box  and  •  regulator '  on  their  way  to  the 
searchlight. 

**  Supposing  the  person  it  is  desired  to  talk  to 
is  the  captain  of  an  incoming  steamer  which  is 
some  two  miles  away.  There  is  an  ordinary  tele- 
phone-box in  the  pilot-house  of  the  ship,  where, 
instead  of  the    '  wire '  telephone- receiver,   there 


hangs  on  the  wall  of  the  box  a  circular,  concave 
mirror,  in  the  center  of  which  is  fixed  a  small 
glass  bulb — shaped  like  the  glass  of  a  thermometer 
— the  glass  bulb  being  half  filled  with  carbonized 
filament.  The  small  end  of  this  glass  bulb  pene- 
trates through  to  the  back  of  the  mirror,  where 
it  fits  into  the  end  of  an  ordinary  phonograph  ear- 
tube,  whose  opposite  ends  are  placed  in  the  cap- 
tain's ears. 

•»  The  searchlight  at  the  sending -station  is  now 
thrown  upon  the  mirror  in  the  pilot-house,  the 
person  in  the  land -station  talks  in  a  loud  voice, 
and  immediately  the  captain  hears  the  voice  as 
clearly  and  distinctly  as  if  it  were  at  his  elbow 
instead  of  a  mile  or  two  away  (it  makes  no  dif- 
ference whether  he  is  near  or  far)  ;  the  light 
used  is  the  same,  and  the  conversation  is  as  in- 
telligible whether  the  ship  is  still  or  steaming 
farther  or  nearer.  There  is  no  bell  to  ring,  in 
order  to  tell  the  captain  that  the  person  in  the 
lighthouse  wishes  to  speak  to  him  ;  he  sees  the 
lighthouse  fixing  its  searchlight  upon  his  pilot- 
house, and  he  knows  that  that  is  the  signal  for 
him  to  answer  *  Hello.'  " 

The  inventor  is  Mr.  Hammond  V.  Hayes,  of 
Boston,  '  *  one  of  the  most  modest  inventors  "  the 
writer  has  ever  met.  He  says  that  the  scientific 
basis  upon  which  the  radiophone  works  is  that 
'*  varied  heat-waves  can  be  transmitted  in  a  beam 
of  light  to  a  receiver  capable  of  reproducing  deli- 
cate sound -vibrations  with  accuracy."  His  dis 
tinctive  work  has  been  the  evolution  of  the  little 
glass  bulb  with  the  carbonized  filament.  He  ex 
plains  the  marvel  thus  : 

'  *  With  each  infinitesimal  variation  in  the  in- 
tensity of  the  radiation — caused  by  speaking  into 
the  transmitter — which  reaches  the  glass  bulb, 
there  is  a  corresponding  variation  in  the  heating 
of  the  filament,  and  in  consequence  there  is  a 
corresponding  variation  in  the  expansion  of  ihf 
air  in  the  bulb — its  degrees  of  heat  being  so 
much  varied.  Certain  sounds  (words  and  sylla 
bles)  produce  one  sort  of  expansion  of  the  air  in 
the  bulb,  while  certain  other  words  and  syllables 
produce  other  sorts  of  expansion  ;  and  thus  every 
vibration  through  the  transmitter,  whether  bj 
the  human  voice  or  by  an  instrument  like  a  tele 
graph -key,  or  a  cornet,  is  reproduced  upon  the 
receiver." 

Neither  bright  sunlight  nor  thick  fog  aflFecti. 
the  transmission  of  the  heat- ray  which  conveys 
the  message. 

Bearing  in  mind  the  new  voice -magnifier, 
wherewith  a  pupil  of  Edison  proposes  to  make 
his  voice  distinctly  heard  from  the  top  of  the 
Eiffel  Tower  all  over  Paris,  we  are  evidently  ap 
proaching  a  marvelous  era  of  multitudinous  inter 
communication. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


483 


THE  BASIS  OF  IMMUNITY  FROM  MICROBE 
INFECTION. 

THE  journal  Le  Progres  Midical  for  August 
18,  published  in  Paris,  contains  a  partial 
report  of  the  Thirteenth  International  Congress 
of  Medicine,  which  is  made  up  of  several  sec- 
tions devoted  to  various  branches  of  the  science. 
Problems  of  immunity  and  related  questions 
were  taken  up  for  consideration  in  the  bacterio- 
logical section. 

Since  the  congress  of  1889,  our  knowledge  of 
bacteriology  has  undergone  profound  changes. 
For  about  twelve  years,  interest  has  been  cen- 
tered, above  all  else,  in  the  microbe. 

For  the  sake  of  clearness,  a  few  terms  are 
defined  at  the  beginning. 

Alezines  are  substances,  probably  albumen- 
oids,  secreted  by  leucocytes,  which  have  an  im- 
portant r61e  in  the  defense  of  the  organism  against 
infection.  They  are  normally  present  in  the 
blood,  and  make  resistance  possible  against  cer- 
tain affections,  such  as  abscess,  etc. ,  without  the 
production  of  specific  immunization.  Anticorps, 
on  the  contrary,  are  produced  by  phagocytes 
only  under  certain  pathological  conditions,  and 
for  the  special  purpose  of  destroying  certain 
bacterial  poisons  or  certain  microbes.  Antitox- 
ines,  then,  are  a  variety  of  anticorps.  Toxoides 
are  toxines  modified  by  heat  and  age.  They  are 
only  slightly  toxic,  but  can  engender  antitoxine 
when  injected  in  animals. 

NATURAL   AND    ARTIFICIAL    IMMUNITY. 

Dr.  Biichner,  of  Munich,  spoke  upon  the  sub- 
ject of  immunity,  in  which  he  distinguishes  nat- 
ural immunity,  or  natural  resistance,  and  artificial 
immunity.  The  first  depends  upon  the  presence 
of  alexines  in  the  fluids  of  the  body,  and  also 
upon  the  power  of  the  leucocytes  to  devour  living 
and  virulent  bacteria,  which  they  do  by  engulf- 
ing and  dipjesting  them,  just  as  the  well-known 
amceba  flows  over  and  absorbs  the  particles  upon 
which  it  subsists.  The  alexines  of  serum  are 
produced  by  leucocytes,  so  that  natural  resistance 
may  be  called  the  function  of  the  leucocytes. 
Buchner  considers  that  alexines  weaken  the  mi- 
crobes, making  them  easy  victims  to  the  leuco- 
cytes, or  in  some  cases  destroy  them  unaided. 
There  are  three  varieties  of  artificial  immunity 

one  resulting  from  treatment  with  toxines,  or 

toxoides  and  toxones  ;  a  second,  resulting  from 
treatment  with  bacteria,  and  a  third  from  treat- 
ment with  specific  erythrocytes.  In  all  of  these 
cases  the  treatment  results  in  the  production  of 
anticorps  in  the  serum  of  the  animal,  which  can 
combine  with  the  toxic  substance  that  has  called 
it  into  existence.  This  is  the  principle  of  arti- 
ficial immunity  ;  natural  resistance  differs  from 


this  in  having  its  resisting  power  characterized 
by  alexines,  which  are  destroyed  at  60°  C,  and 
which  vary  according  to  the  species  of  animal 
producing  them.  Anticorps  are  more  stable,  and 
can  resist  a  temperature  of  65°  C.  ;  they  do  not 
vary  according  to  the  species  of  animal  that 
produces  them,  but  according  to  the  preparatory 
treatment. 

Alexines  and  anticorps  act  in  the  same  body 
at  the  same  time  ;  in  this  way,  natural  and  arti- 
ficial immunity  may  be  associated  and  mutually 
reinforce  each  other. 

TOXINES    AND    ANTIT0XINE8. 

M.  Le  Pr.  P.  Ehrlich  took  up  the  subject  of 
toxines  and  antitoxines.  Toxines  are  products 
of  secretions  of  animal  or  vegetable  origin  ;  their 
two  characteristics  are,  for  the  moment,  unique 
in  biology.  First,  when  a  toxine  encounters  a 
chemically  definite  poison,  it  requires  a  period  of 
incubation  before  manifesting  its  nocine  action. 
The  second  characteristic  is  more  important ; 
toxine  injected  into  an  animal  gives  place  to  the 
formation  of  an  antitoxine. 

It  is  probable  that  toxines  fonn  specific  com- 
binations with  protoplasm,  and  the  products  of 
these  combinations  exist  normally  in  the  blood. 
They  may  be  produced  in  greater  quantities  by 
increased  activity  of  the  cell,  and  this  conserves 
the  power  of  producing  an  excess  of  such  ele- 
ments as  a  protection  at  the  least  menace  of  in- 
fection. Temporary  or  permanent  immunity  de- 
pends upon  this  principle. 

A  Plea  for  the  Poor  Hunted  Microbe. 

Mr.  Maurice  L,  Johnson  heads  his  paper  in  the 
Westminster  Review  **  Microbes:  Are  They  In- 
herently Pathogenic  ? "  and  proceeds  to  answer 
the  question  with  an  emphatic  negative.  He 
quotes  a  paper  read  by  Mr.  George  G.  Bantock, 
M.D.,  F.R.C.S.E.,  in  March  of  last  year,  in 
which  the  doctor  presents  facts  to  show  *<  that 
the  modern  doctrine  of  bacteriology  is  a  gigantic 
mistake,"  and  "  that  these  various  bacilli  play  a 
beneficent  r61e  in  the  economy  of  nature."  The 
writer  proceeds  : 

•*  As  Dr.  Bantock  and  other  eminent  authori- 
ties assure  us,  the  germs  which  have  come  to  be 
regarded  as  the  causes  of  the  most  virulent  dis- 
eases are  constantly  found  swarming  in  perfectly 
healthy  people,  and  as  their  decrescence  is  fre- 
quently attended  with  unfavorable  results,  there 
is  good  ground  for  believing  them  to  be  neces- 
sary and  l^neficent.  But  the  misconceptions  in 
regard  to  them  seem  to  have  arisen  from  the 
mistaking  of  an  effect  for  a  cause.  For  example, 
the  Klebs-Loeffler  bacillus  has  been  looked  upon 
as  the  cause  of  diphtheria,  while  it  is  universally 


484 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


admitted  that  it  is  continually  present  in  per- 
fectly  healthy  mouths  and  fauces.  But,  of 
course,  when  an  individual  contracts  diphtheria, 
all  the  microbes  of  his  system,  including  this 
denizen  of  the  fauces  to  which  the  diphtheritic 
stigma  has  been  attached,  must  participate  in 
the  contamination  and  acquire  the  diphtheritic 
diathesis ;  so  when,  under  such  conditions,  it 
has  been  taken  and  injected  into  animals  and 
they  have  developed  diphtheria,  the  false  assump- 
tion has  arisen  that  this  microbe,  harmless 
enough  when  taken  from  a  healthy  person,  was 
the  cause  of  diphtheria,  because  it  induced  the 
disease  when  taken  from  a  diphtheritic  patient, 
any  other  microbe  or  emanation  from  whom 
would  have  possessed  the  same  pathogenic 
property.'* 

Dr.  Foster  Palmer  is  cited  as  saying  that  '  *  the 
pathogenic  microbe  is  powerless  to  cause  disease 
in  a  healthy  organism.'*  Whence  the  writer 
deduces  the  moral  that  we  should  be  more  care- 
ful about  maintaining  the  general  health  of  the 
system  than  in  hunting  down  the  poor  microbe, 
who  is  only  harmful  when  coming  from  and 
entering  into  diseased  or  impaired  organisms. 


GUTENBERG  AND  THE  YELLOW  JOURNALIST. 

THE  editor  of  Blackwood's  Magazine,  in  his 
<<  Musings  Without  Method,*'  pays  a  com- 
pliment to  the  <*  yellow  "  journalism  of  the  United 
States  in  his  account  of  a  supposed  encounter  in 
Hades  between  Johann  Gutenberg,  the  printer 
whose  jubilee  has  lately  been  celebrated  in  Ger- 
many, and  the  young  editor  of  a  New  York  news- 
paper of  the  <<  yellow  "  variety.  (We  are  to  un- 
derstand that  this  school  of  journalism  flourishes 
only  in  America — and  Shanghai.  Blackwood's 
editor  could  find  no  instances  nearer  home. )  The 
interview  between  these  two  interesting  person- 
ages is  supposed  to  be  conducted  as  follows  : 

**  Scene — A  meadow  in  Hades.  Gray  shad- 
ows flit  in  and  out  the  distant  trees.  Apart 
from  the  rest  sits  Johann  Gutenberg,  bearded 
and  austere,  meditating  perchance  on  his  famous 
Bible  of  the  thirty-seven  lines,  or  upon  the  in- 
famous extortion  of  the  cunning  P^ust.  To  him 
there  slides  up  a  Yellow  Editor,  who,  leaping 
from  his  silent,  intangible  automobile,  flourishes 
a  phantom  cigar,  and  thus  addresses  the  sage  : 

<*Well,  Mr.  Gutenberg,  I'm  glad  to  know 
you  I  You  and  I  ought  to  be  acquainted. 
Where  should  I  have  been  without  your  mov- 
able little  types  ?  Why,  nowhere  at  aU  1  And 
though  it's  a  sorry  business  to  meet  you  here, 
where  they  print  no  special  editions  and  have 
no  limelight  displays,  we  must  do  the  best  we 
can,  and " 


<*  Gutenberg  (breaking  in  upon  him).  But  I 
know  not  whom  I  have  the  honor  to  hear. 

<*  Yellow  Editor,  What,  don't  you  know  roe 
— ^the  best- advertised  man  in  two  continents? 
I  am — or  rather  I  was  when  I  walked  the  upper 
air — the  Boy  Editor  of  New  York.  Does  that 
say  nothing  to  you  ? 

*  *  Gut.     No  ;  I  am  still  in  the  dark. 

*'Y  K  Well,  well,  I  guess  you've  no  tele- 
phone hitched  on  to  Hades,  or  you'd  know  me 
fast  enough.  I  must  see  to  that,  now  I've  come 
among  you.  Why,  I'm  the  first  man  who  ever 
saw  the  real  possibilities  of  your  tip.  If  it  hadn't 
been  for  me  the  printing-press  would  have  slum- 
bered on  another  five  hundred  years  without 
shaking  the  world.  You  never  realized  what 
could  be  done  with  the  biggest  circulation. 

*' Gut,  Circulation?  What  is  it?  I  don't 
understand  the  word. 

**  Y,  E,  (with  an  outburst  of  laughter).  You 
don't  begin  to  know  your  own  trade  I  Circula- 
tion is  the  soul  of  the  printing-press.  We  edi- 
tors don't  print  *  copy '  to  keep  it  in  the  cellar. 
We  cover  the  earth  with  our  newspapers.  Why, 
when  I  was  in  the  business,  I  printed  more  stiiff 
in  one  night  than  you  and  Fust  did  in  both  your 
lives.  Three  millions  of  readers  a  day,  my  boy, 
ready  to  believe  any  lie  you  print — that  makes  a 
man  feel  big ! 

«*  Gut,  But  when  I  was  making  my  Bible, 
whose  memory  is  an  eternal  consolation,  I  was 
proud  if  I  printed  a  dozen  sheets  a  week. 

^^  Y,  E,  A  dozen  sheets  a  week  of  a  Bible! 
No  wonder  you  came  near  starvation.  The 
truth  is,  you  missed  your  chance.  How  you 
might  have  made  Maintz  hum  if  you  had  started 
a  paper,  and  kept  the  secret !  No  competition, 
for  you  alone  had  the  press  I  Ajid  if  you 
wanted  money,  you  should  have  got  a  syndicate 
to  run  you,  and  then  you  might  have  done  as 
much  as  I  did.  Where's  the  use  of  a  noble 
patron,  I  should  like  to  know  ?  The  people's 
the  only  true  patron,  and " 

*  <  Gut,  You  say  you  have  accomplished  much. 
Have  you,  too,  left  works  of  art  behind  you 
which  rival  in  nobility  of  design  and  splendor 
of  type  the  masterpieces  which  have  made  me 
glorious  ? 

''  Y,  E.  Splendor  of  type  I  What  are  you 
talking  about?  I  only  want  a  press  that'll 
rattle  me  out  half  a  million  copies  in  a  couple 
of  hours.  That's  good  enough  for  me.  And 
the  ink  may  be  as  pallid  as  these  shades,  and 
the  paper  may  crinkle  up  like  wood -chips.  I 
guess  it  will  last  a  day,  and  to-morrow  it  will 
be  forgotten  in  new  scandals  and  fresh  head- 
lines. 

*'  Gut,   But  surely  we  have  not  pursued   the 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


485 


same  craft !  I  was  only  interested  in  the  per- 
fection of  my  work.  When  the  beautiful  page 
was  finished  my  task  was  done.  Who  pur- 
chased my  bibles  I  recked  not ;  nor  did  1  ever 
dream  of  this  base  artifice  which  you  call  circu- 
lation. But  at  least,  when  I  died  at  Eltville, 
I  had  the  satisfaction  of  an  assured  immortality. 
And  you  ?  Are  you  still  known  among  your 
fellows  of  the  upper  earth  ? 

*  *  Y.  E,  Not  I !  One  nail  drives  out  another. 
But  wliich  is  the  better — fame  while  you  live  or 
fame  after  death  ?  Give  it  me  piping  hot  wlien 
I  can  enjoy  it.  The  people  on  Broadway  used  to 
point  the  finger  at  me,  and  I  might  have  gov- 
erned my  country  if  I  liked.  And  look  at  the 
power  I  had  I  I  ran  the  whole  show  as  I  would  ; 
and  with  no  other  aid  than  the  types  of  your  in- 
vention I  made  war,  or  insisted  on  peace.  Not 
only  could  I  force  men  to  do  what  I  chose,  I 
could  force  'em  to  believe  what  I  chose.  Any 
fool  can  make  the  truth  credible  ;  it  takes  a  man 
of  genius  and  a  big  circulation  to  thrust  false- 
hood down  the  public  throat.  Then,  again, 
there  was  no  great  man  1  didn't  call  by  his  Chris- 
tian name,  and  I  was  on  easy  terms  with  all  the 
crowned  heads.  Whom  did  you  know  but  a  com- 
mon baron  ?  And  I  was  ready  to  take  on  any- 
body's job  for  a  sensation.  The  criminals  feared 
my  reporters  far  more  than  they  feared  the  min- 
isters of  justice.  But  then,  you  see,  I  was  a 
practical  man,  and  you — you  were  a  dreamer. 
Yet  how  much  better  is  the  basest  practice  than 
the  noblest  dream  I 

**(jm^  Indeed,  if  my  invention  bo  thus  per- 
verted, it  were  better  it  had  never  been  made. 
The  printing-press  in  my  hands  was  an  instru- 
ment of  luxury,  not  a  means  of  irresponsible 
power.  Yet  even  my  contemporaries  called  it  a 
black  art.  What  would  they  say  of  it  now,  if 
they  heard  your  boastful  rhetoric  ?  No  :  it  is 
not  for  you  to  claim  a  kinship  with  Guten'oerg. 
Truth  and  lies,  beauty  and  squalor,  do  not  ac- 
quire the  same  value  because  they  are  both 
printed. 

•*  Y.  E,  Well,  well,  don't  get  huffy  about  it. 
I  don't  wonder  you  are  a  bit  jealous,  but  I'll 
come  and  tell  you  more  about  it  another  day. 
You'd  like  to  hear  how  1  interviewed  the  prize- 
fi/u;hters,  I'm  sure,  and  perhaps  I'll  find  you  in  a 
better  temper.  So  long  1  (And  the  Yellow 
Editor  is  whisked  out  of  sight  by  his  automo- 
bile.)" 


THE  IRON  DUKE  AND  THE  IRATE  PAINTER. 

IN  the  •*  Pleasant  Pastels  from  Spain,"  which 
Mrs.  M.  L.  Woods  is  contributing  to  Corn- 
hill,  she  deals»  in  the  September  installment,  with 
portraits  by  Goya.  In  them  she  finds,  reflected 
with  clever  realism,  the  Spanish  court  life  of  a 
hundred  years  ago.  She  blames  his  age,  not  him, 
for  the  stiff  pose  and  affected  mien  of  his  portraits. 
She  closes  her  interesting  study  with  the  follow- 
ing story  of  the  passage  between  the  painter  and 
Wellington,  who  had  recently  entered  Madrid  in 
triumph  from  his  victory  at  Salamanca  : 

*<  In  the  Quinta,  then,  waits  the  proud,  iras- 
cible Spanish  painter,  accustomed  to  be  treated 
by  kings  and  nobles  with  a  deference  at  that 
time  not  accorded  to  genius  in  England  ;  his 
temper,  too,  hardly  improved  by  his  terrible 
infirmity — deafness  so  hopeless  that  he  could  not 
hear  a  cannon  fired  at  four  paces  from  him.  To 
him  enters  the  haughty,  uneducated  Briton,  busy, 
doubtless,  grudging  the  hour  which  was  all 
Goya  required  to  sketch  in  a  portrait,  and  re- 
garding the  painter- fellow  as  a  kind  of  trades- 
man, bound  to  supply  goods  as  per  order.  Alava, 
Wellington's  Spanish  friend,  was  there,  and  also 
a  young  man — Goya's  son.  When  Goya  had 
worked  at  the  sketch  awhile,  he  showed  it  to 
the  duke.  Obviously  Wellington  was  no  more 
competent  to  give  an  opinion  on  a  picture  than 
Goya  was  to  plan  a  campaign  ;  but  this  does  not 
seem  to  have  struck  him.  He  called  the  thing  a 
daub,  emphasizing  his  uncomplimentary  remarks 
with  gestures,  and  desiring  Goya's  son  to  repeat 
them  to  the  painter.  The  son  declined  to  do  so, 
and,  together  with  Alava,  endeavored  to  reason 
with  the  strange  art-critic.  In  vain  ;  El  Lord's 
contempt  only  became  more  vocal.  Meantime 
the  deaf  man  watched,  with  thunder  lowering  on 
the  massive  brow,  a  stormy  out-thrust  of  the  big 
under- lip,  the  very  mane  of  him  electric  with 
rage.  Now  El  Lord  clapped  on  his  hat,  and 
haughtily,  without  further  civility,  prepared  to 
depart.  Then  the  storm  burst.  A  brace  of 
loaded  pistols  happened  to  be  upon  the  table  ; 
Goya  seized  them  and  leaped  toward  the  duke. 
Wellington's  hand  flew  to  his  sword  ;  Alava  just 
succeeded  in  hurling  himself  between  them, 
while  the  son  struggled  with  his  father,  endeav- 
oring to  tear  the  pistols  from  his  hands.  So,  in 
towering  wrath,  the  victor  of  Salamanca  was 
hustled  out  of  the  house  of  the  yet  more  infuri- 
ated painter.'* 


THE   PERIODICALS   REVIEWED. 


THE  CENTURY.      , 

THE  October  Century  begins  with  an  exceptionally 
interesting  article  on  **  China's  *  Holy  I/and/" 
by  Ernst  von  Hesse- Wartegg,  being  an  account  of  an 
actual  visit  to  the  tomb  of  Confucius  made  by  the 
writer.  He  was  one  of  the  two  or  three  white  men  who 
have  ever  penetrated  into  this  sacred  ground  ;  and  it  is 
remarkable,  in  the  light  of  this  summer's  news  from 
China,  that  he  should  have  been  permitted  to  take  the 
extraordinarily  valuable  photographs  that  embellish 
his  article.  The  safety  of  the  trip  was  owing,  of  course, 
to  the  occupation  of  Kiaochau  by  the  Germans  ;  but  as 
there  were  no  railways,  carriage-roads,  hotels,  or  any 
modern  comforts  of  traveling,  the  journey  was  not  an 
easy  one,  even  with  the  caravan  and  introductions 
which  made  life  reasonably  safe.  This  **Holy  Land" 
of  the  Chinese  is  in  the  province  of  Shantung,  a  terri- 
tory as  large  as  Michigan,  with  a  population  twenty 
times  as  numerous.  The  sacred  buildings  are  on  the 
mountain  of  Tai-schau,  6,000  feet  high.  The  last  stage 
of  the  journey  to  the  summit  is  made  over  6,000  stone 
steps,  equivalent  to  300  stories  of  an  ordinary  house. 
These  steps  begin  at  a  stone  portal,  at  which,  accoi*ding 
to  its  inscription,  the  great  Confucius  himself  halted 
and  turned  back  2,600  years  ago,  not  having  the  strength 
to  climb  this  marvelous  staircase.  The  description 
and  pictures  of  the  tomb  of  Confucius  at  Tai-ngan-fu 
give  a  profoundly  impressive  hint  of  the  ancient  and 
mysterious  civilization  of  the  great  nation  which  now 
seems  doomed. 

THE  REVIVAL  OF  MINIATURE  PAINTING. 

Pauline  King,  writing  on  **  American  Miniature 
Painting,"  says  that  the  history  of  contemporary  work 
in  this  dainty  and  fascinating  art  began  when  Miss 
Laura  C.  Hills  and  Mr.  William  J.  Baer  turned  their 
attention  to  painting  on  ivory.  Miss  King  reminds  us 
that  the  present  vogue  of  miniature  painting  is  by  no 
means  a  new  departure,  but  is  a  revival  of  the  very  old- 
est known  form  of  the  art. 

THE  CHINESE  AS  A  BUSINESS  MAN. 

Mr.  Sheridan  P.  Read,  an  ex-United  States  consul  at 
Tientsin,  describes  **The  Chinese  as  Business  Men.' 
He  gives  the  Chinaman  credit  for  possessing,  alone 
among  all  the  Orientals,  mercantile  honor  of  the  high- 
est standard.  He  invariably  delivers  his  goods,  and  of 
the  quality  that  is  expected.  In  consequence  of  this 
characteristic,  our  cotton  goods  are  sold  to  the  North 
China  dealers  almost  entirely  on  credit,  which  is  essen- 
tial for  the  purchaser,  as  he  resells  to  small  dealers  on 
time.  Mr.  Read  says  that  a  reactionary  movement 
against  the  present  disturbances  will  originate,  not 
with  the  official,  not  with  the  literati,  but  with  the 
common  coolie  and  the  staid,  sensible,  clear-eyed  mer- 
chant, both  of  whose  interests,  together  with  those  of 
the  native  producer,  are  everywhere  su Bering.  He 
thinks  that  many  more  treaty  ports  should  be  opened, 
as  the  treaty  port  furnishes  the  ground  where  the 
Chinaman  may  naturally  grow  away  from  his  super- 
stitions and  meet  the  Caucasian  on  safe  ground. 


BISHOP  POTTER  AGAINST  CHINESE  PARTITION. 

Bishop  Henry  C.  Potter,  writing  on  **  Chinese  Traite 
and  Western  Blunders,''  ends  his  article  with  a  protest 
against  the  partition  of  the  Flowery  Kingdom  among 
the  great  powers.  *'  There  could  not  be  a  more  stupid 
or  shameless  policy.  A  nation,  like  a  man,  has  a  right 
to  he  until  she  has  demonstrated  unmistakably  her  in- 
competence to  administer  her  own  affairs  with  equal 
justice  to  all.  It  cannot  be  maintained  that  China  has 
so  far  descended  the  path  of  national  decay  and  disin- 
tegration."   

HARPER'S  MAGAZINE. 

IN  the  October  Harper"^  Magazine,  Mr.  H.  H. 
Lowry  writes  on  "The  Chinese  Resentment,"  in 
an  article  which  we  have  quoted  from  in  another 
department. 

POULTNEY  BIGELOW  ON  THE  CHINESE  ARMT. 

Mr.  Poultney  Bigelow  begins  the  number  with  an 
account  of  **  Wei-hai-Wei,"  as  he  saw  it  two  years  aga 
In  the  course  of  his  description  of  this  strategic  posi- 
tion which  Japan  was  deprived  of  by  the  intervention 
of  Germany  and  Russia,  after  her  plucky  victory  o>^r 
China,  Mr.  Bigelow  gives  some  curious  facts  in  regard 
to  the  Chinese  regular  army.  The  strategy  and  tactics 
of  this  army,  he  says,  form  a  volume  of  classics  com- 
piled two  thousand  years  ago,  and  this  can  be  read  only 
by  certain  scholars ;  and  the  Chinese  officers  are,  as  « 
rule,  drawn  from  a  social  class  so  low  that  they  can 
rarely  read  and  write  their  own  tongue.  He  says  the 
foreigners  who  have  been  brought  to  China  as  military 
instructors  are  treated  as  social  inferiors.  Their  ^rork 
is  looked  down  upon  with  contempt  by  all  officials ; 
and  even  when  they  have  got  their  Chinese  recmits 
into  some  kind  of  fighting  shape,  these  are  drafted  off 
under  native  control,  and  soon  drift  back  to  the  condi- 
tion of  the  mob.  China  has  on  paper  a  fighting  forte 
of  nearly  2,000,000  men  ;  but  the  men  are  mostly  mere 
coolies,  and  their  officers  scarcely  better.  A  Chinese 
second-lieutenant  gets  $25  in  gold  a  year,  with  allow- 
ances amounting  to  less  than  $100.  The  colonel  of  a 
regiment  gets  less  than  $300  in  gold,  with  allowances 
fluctuating  between  $300  and  $1,000. 

IS  ALCOHOL  A  GOOD  FOOD  f 

Prof.  W.  O.  Atwater,  writing  on  the  much-mooted 
question  of  "The  Nutritive  Value  of  Alcohol,"  goes 
into  the  chemistry  of  alcohol  as  a  food,  and  proves  that 
the  alcohol  usually  in  beverages  is  easily  absorbed  from 
the  alimentary  canal  and  readily  oxidized  in  the  body. 
He  shows,  further,  with  considerable  scientific  detail 
that  alcohol  can  supply  the  body  with  heat,  and  that  it 
also  probably  yields  energy  for  muscular  work,  but  ad- 
mits that  it  is  difficult  to  prove  the  latter  absolutely. 
These  statements  are,  however,  qualified  by  the  fact 
that  if  taken  in  any  but  small  quantities  there  is  al- 
ways a  residuum  of  alcohol  which  is  not  used  to  adran. 
tage  by  the  body,  and  which  is  in  its  way  poisonous. 
Professor  Atwater  shows,  too,  that  alcohol  may  be  all> 
valuable  to  the  physician  in  treating  particular  ill> 


THE  PERIODICALS  RE^IEIVED, 


487 


nesses.  In  fact,  he  says  he  knows  of  no  other  material 
which,  like  alcohol,  will  not  have  to  be  digested,  can  be 
easily  absorbed,  is  readily  oxidized,  and  will  supply  the 
requisite  energy.  He  promises,  in  a  future  article,  to 
give  the  other  side  of  the  picture  in  the  pathological 
effects  of  alcohol  taken  unwisely. 

Mr.  Chalmers  Roberts  gives  a  sketch  of  Mortimer 
Menpes.  the  well-known  artist,  who  is  such  a  social 
lion  in  London.  Mr.  Alexander  Hume  Ford  gives  an 
account  of  the  "Waterways  of  America,"  which  now 
include  18,566  miles  of  navigable  rivers  and  canals.  We 
still,  however,  have  a  long  way  to  go  to  catch  up  to 
Russia,  which  has  no  less  than  34,000  miles  of  interior 
waterways.  

SCRIBNER'S  MAGAZINE. 

IN  the  October  fikjri5n€r'«,  Mr.  Richard  Harding  Davis 
describes  "  The  J^ast  Days  of  Pretoria."  Mr.  Davis 
has  seen  both  Boer  and  British  camps,  both  Boer  and 
British  armies,  and  both  Boer  and  British  countries  and 
people.  His  sympathies  are  not  in  doubt.  Of  this  in- 
cident in  Great  Britain^s  onward  march,  he  says :  **  As 
I  see  it,  it  has  been  a  Holy  War,  this  war  of  the  burgher 
crusader,  and  his  motives  are  as  fine  as  any  that  ever 
called  a  *  minute-man '  from  his  farm  or  sent  a  Knight 
of  the  Cross  to  die  for  it  4n  Palestine.  Still,  in  spite  of 
his  cause,  the  Boer  is  losing,  and  in  time  his  end  may 
come,  and  he  may  fall.  But  when  he  falls  he  will  not 
Call  alone;  with  him  will  end  a  great  principle,  the 
principle  for  which  our  forefathers  fought— the  right  of 
self-government,  the  principle  of  independence." 

WHY  TOLSTOY  18  NOT  DISTURBED. 

Mr.  Henry  Norman  gives  the  first  chapter  of  his  serial 
on  **  Russia  of  To-day.''  He  gives  much  space  to  an  ao- 
coant  of  his  visit  to  Tolstoy,  whom  he  calls  the  typical 
Kossian.  Mr.  Norman  says  that  the  Count  is  not  known 
as  a  count  to  any  one  about  his  home.  He  is  simply 
l.<eo,  the  son  of  Nicholas.  Mr.  Norman  wonders  that 
Tolstoy  is  left  in  peace  by  the  Russian  Government. 
Except  for  the  suppression  of  some  of  his  writings,  he  is 
not  troubled ;  yet  he  said  to  Mr.  Norman,  as  he  willingly 
Bctys  to  anyone  with  whom  he  talks:  ** Three  things 
I  luite :  autocracy,  orthodoxy,  and  militarism.*'  Mr. 
N'ormao  says  that  the  general  opinion  among  the  ad- 
vanced Russians  is  that  the  police  are  restrained  in  this 
insptance  by  the  worla-wide  scandal  that  any  harsh 
treatment  of  Tolstoy  would  cause. 

THE  PROFITS  OF  SLAVE-TRADING. 

HAr.  John  R.  Spears,  in  his  third  paper  on  '*The  Slave 
Xrade  in  America,**  gives  some  remarkable  figures  of 
tlie  enormous  profits  to  be  made  in  this  traffic— figures 
vrbi<^  easily  explain  the  fascination  of  the  business. 
He  mmj^  for  instance,  that  the  American  ship  Venus^ 
bailt>  io  Baltimore  at  a  cost  of  $80,000,  landed  a  cargo  of 
BOO  flUaves  on  the  coast  of  Cuba  on  which  the  profit  was 
f^  txiHe  under  $200,000  after  allowing  for  the  cost  of  the 
sblp  and  all  other  expenses,  although  the  Cuban  offi- 
ciAh^  received  a  bribe  of  $27.50  per  head.  The  Baltimore 
i«cliod>^^  Napoleorij  measuring  but  00  tons,  and  not  by 
tuiy  WMieanB  worth  $5,000,  in  those  days  cleared  $100,000 
on  A  single  trip  in  1885,  when  she  landed  a  cargo  of 
ronzB^  negroes  bought  at  $16  each  and  sold  for  $360 
^^i^f  li^  Many  times  the  profit  per  slave  was  much 
yrr^mt^^^*  and  negroes  bought  at  $12  or  $15  iu  Africa  were 
wuX^  -vritbin  a  year  for  $1,200  or  $1,500.    Mr.  Spears  says 


the  death-blow  to  the  slave-trade  was  given  when  Capt. 
Nathaniel  Gordon  was  hanged  in  1862  for  conveying  a 
cargo  of  890  negroes  from  the  Congo  two  years  before. 
There  were  slavers  afloat  thereafter,  but  when  it  became 
known  that  the  American  people  would  hang  a  slaver 
as  a  pirate,  the  end  was  at  hand. 


M*CLURE»S  MAGAZINE. 

IN  the  October  McClure%  Mr.  Frederic  A.  Lucas  out- 
lines "  The  Ancestry  of  the  Horse,"  carrying  back 
the  family  record  over  a  period  of  about  2,000,000  years. 
The  animal  which  was  the  horse's  forebear  of  2,250,000 
years  ago  had  four  toes  and  waw  about  the  size  of  a  fox. 
McClure'8  shows  a  picture  of  this  animal  of  the  Eocene 
age,  based  on  the  form  and  proportions  of  a  skeleton 
which  has  been  found  in  the  Wyoming  Mountains. 

Apropos  of  the  Presidential  campaign,  the  opening 
article  of  the  number  is  ou  "  The  Strategy  of  National 
Campaigns  "  as  shown  in  the  reminiscences  of  the  politi- 
cal warfare  of  the  last  twenty-five  years  "  by  one  who 
has  been  in  the  thick  of  it."  The  writer  gives  an  ex- 
ceedingly vivid  and  interesting  inside  history  of  the 
strategic  campaigns  since  the  dramatic  episodes  of 
1876,  when  Tilden  ran  against  Hayes.  It  is  assumed 
that  the  pivotal  points  of  the  present  campaign  will 
be  in  the  Middle  West  and  in  New  York.  He  calls 
to  mind  that  ever  since  1864  the  electoral  vote  of  New 
York  has  swung  like  a  pendulum  between  the  two 
great  political  parties,  and  that  nowhere  else  in  the 
Union  is  there  such  a  large  array  of  independent  vot«rs. 
In  summing  up  the  claims  of  the  party  leaders  he  says 
most  of  the  Democratic  managers  are  united  in  the 
opinion  that  there  is  a  chance  to  win  without  New 
York.  They  expect  to  carry  Indiana,  Kentucky,  West 
Virginia,  Maryland,  Michignn,  and  Illinois,  all  of  which 
went  for  McKinley  in  1896.  The  Republican  managers 
contend  that  McKinley  cannot  be  defeated  unless  he 
lose  New  York. 

CASTINO  A  GREAT  LENS. 

An  interesting  essay  in  popular  science  is  contributed 
by  Mr.  Ray  Stannard  Baker  in  his  article  **  Casting  a 
Great  Lens."  Mr.  Baker  tells  of  the  work  done  in  the 
glass-works  of  Jena,  Prussia,  where  lenses  of  over  four 
feet  in  diameter  are  cast  and  polished.  These  works 
were  founded  by  the  activity  of  Prof.  Ernst  Abbe,  who 
was  the  first  to  lay  down  exact  mathematical  formulse 
for  making  lenses.  Previously  they  had  been  depend- 
ent on  the  experience  and  the  experiments  of  highly 
skilled  workmen.  With  the  aid  of  the  Prussian  Gov- 
ernment these  works  were  established  at  Jena,  and 
now  over  one  hundred  new  kinds  of  glasses  originated 
at  Jena  are  manufactured  there.  To  show  the  wonder- 
ful delicacy  of  the  work,  Mr.  Baker  says  that  an  error 
or  one  ten  thousandth  of  a  millimeter  in  the  curve  of  a 
lens  makes  it  unsuitable  for  use  in  the  highest  grade  of 
instruments,  and  that  some  of  the  smallest  lenses  are 
not  larger  than  a  pin-head,  and  are  about  as  costly  as  a 
diamond  of  the  same  weight. 

LESSONS  OF  THE  SOUTH-AFRICAN  WAR. 

Dr.  A.  Conan  Doyle  discusses  some  of  the  lessons  of 
the  South- African  War,  and  one  of  the  chief  of  them, 
he  says,  is  that  the  bugbear  of  an  invasion  of  Great 
Britain  is  reduced  to  an  absurdity.    *'  With  a  moderate 


488 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


efficiency  with  the  rifle,  the  able-bodied  population  of 
England  could,  without  its  fleet,  and  without  its  pro- 
fessional soldiers,  defy  the  united  forces  of  Europe." 
Of  the  detailed  lessons  learned  in  the  Transvaal,  Dr. 
Conan  Doyle  thinks  that  better  shooting  and  better 
knowledge  of  cover  for  the  infantry  are  the  most  im- 
portant items.  He  thinks  the  latter  will  be  attained 
soon  by  some  practicable  form  of  portable  bullet-proof 
shield. 


THE  COSMOPOLITAN. 

THE  October  Co9m(ypolUan  opens  with  an  account 
of  "  The  Organization  of  the  Russian  Army,"  by 
Lieut.  W.  C.  Rivers,  U.  S.  A.  The  peace  footing  of  the 
Russian  army  is  about  36,000  officers  and  800,000  rank 
and  file.  The  war  footing  is  estimated  at  68,000  officers 
and  8,440,000  trained  soldiers  for  the  ranks.  As  no  less 
than  870,000  men  in  Russia  reach  the  age  of  21  every 
year,  it  is  not  difficult  to  maintain  this  enormous  mili- 
tary establishment;  at  least  not  so  difficult  by  any 
means  as  in  the  other  European  states.  Although  all 
citizens  are  liable  for  service  on  becoming  21  years  of 
age,  only  about  80  per  cent,  of  the  men  liable  actually 
do  enter  the  service  with  the  colors.  The  term  for  ac- 
tive service  is  four  years,  after  which  the  soldier  passes 
from  the  standing  army  into  the  reserve.  He  remains 
for  fourteen  years  in  reserve,  being  called  out  each  year 
for  a  short  period  of  training.  All  of  Russia  is  divided 
into  thirteen  geographical  districts,  some  of  them  hav- 
ing more  than  one  army  corps— 29  army  corps  in  all. 
The  peace  strength  of  an  infantry  regiment  is  70  officers 
and  1,816  men ;  the  war  strengUi  79  officers  and  3,874 
fighting  men.  Notwithstanding  this  huge  strength, 
Lieutenant  Rivers  thinks  the  Russian  army  is  not  so 
large,  for  its  uses,  as  the  armies  of  some  other  European 
states,  when  the  extent  of  the  territory  and  frontier  is 
taken  into  consideration.  It  is  suspected,  too,  that  on 
account  of  the  prodigious  expenditure  required  to  re- 
arm and  re^uip  the  army  with  modern  apparatus,  the 
equipment  is  not  so  up-to-date  as  with  the  French  and 
German  military  organizations. 

OUR  NAVY  IN  THE  TEAR  1950. 

Former  Secretary  of  the  Navy  William  E.  Chandler, 
writing  on  *'Our  Navy  Fifty  Years  from  Now,*' says 
that  the  typical  warship  of  the  twentieth  century  will 
be  exceedingly  swift  and  readily  dirigible,  so  as  to 
maneuver  with  ease.  It  will  carry  a  great  many  guns 
of  moderate  caliber ;  the  very  large  ship-cannon  of  to- 
day will  be  dispensed  with  ;  and  all  of  them  will  be  of 
the  rapid-fire  kind,  while  the  shells  will  be  loaded  with 
high  explosives,  capable  of  enormous  destruction.  Sen- 
ator Chandler  advances  an  interesting  theory  that  the 
armored  ship  will  be  regarded  fifty  years  from  now  as 
the  mail-clad  fighting  man  is  regarded  at  the  end  of  the 
nineteenth  century.  He  thinks  the  enormous  plates  of 
armor  now  used  will  be  dispensed  with,  because  they 
interfere  too  much  with  the  activity  of  the  boat.  He 
thinks,  too,  that  less  money  rather  than  more  money 
will  be  spent  on  each  ship,  and  that  fifty  years  from 
now  it  will  be  considered  better  to  use  16,000,000  to 
build  two  or  three  small  vessels  than  to  risk  it  all  on  a 
single  warship. 

He  predicts  that  the  torpedo  will  be  greatly  devel- 
op>ed,  pneumatic  guns  will  be  dispensed  with,  and  that 
the  submarine  boat  has  a  great  future. 


THE  LADIES'  HOME  JOURNAL. 

IN  the  October  Ladies^  Home  Journal,  the  editor. 
Mr.  Bok,  inveighs  against  the  execrable  taste  shown 
in  the  decoration  and  upholstering  of  the  Poll  man  cars. 
"The  hideous  cord  portieres,  which  people  of  even 
ordinary  taste  discarded  years  ago,  are  still  used  to 
offend  the  eye.  Tasseled  fringes  which  went  oat  of  use 
even  previous  to  the  *rope  curtains'  still  wave  merrily 
on  in  the  Pullman  cars.  Lambrequins,  which  hoose^ 
wives  of  good  taste  relegated  to  their  garrets  a  hilf- 
score  of  years  ago,  are  still  adjudged  in  the  mind  of  this 
man  as  a  means  of  modern  furnishing.  Mirrors  witi 
bronzed  frames  on  a  background  of  plush— thaD  which, 
perhaps,  nothing  could  be  more  garish— were  pat  into  a 
car  which  came  out  of  the  Pullman  shops  only  a  week 
previous  to  this  writing.  In  fact,  this  purveyor  of  im- 
nishings  apparently  cannot  imagine  that  any  material 
other  than  plush  can  be  used  as  a  means  of  f  amiahiog. 
It  is  the  very  material  most  unsuited  for  a  railroad  cv, 
being  hot  and  stuffy  in  summer  and  the  surest  recepta- 
cle for  soot  in  winter.  Yet  hundreds  of  yards  of  pluh 
are  put  into  every  car  that  comes  from  the  Pallmac 
shops."  Mr.  Bok  thinks  the  furnishings  of  the  modem 
Pullman  car  have  a  very  important  effect  in  h<»K"«'*f 
the  public  standard  of  taste. 

In  another  editorial  the  Ladies*  Home  JoumtU  taks 
up  the  cudgels  for  the  school  boys  and  girls  in  prot^- 
ing  against  the  home-study  habit.  It  is  argued  that 
children  ought  to  drop  their  work  when  they  get  hoiv. 
just  as  a  business  man  or  a  professional  man  drops  hs 
work.  ** Studies  should  end  with  the  school  eesaioii,  and 
the  rest  of  the  day  be  for  play,  fresh  air,  and  exertnae.  It 
makes  no  difference  what  the  cessation  of  home  stuh 
means  in  the  readjustment  of  the  school  system.  Tim 
is  for  our  educators  to  find  out  and  adjust." 

In  this  number  of  the  Ladies'  Home  JounuiU  Mr. 
Clifford  Howard  begins  **  The  Story  of  a  YouDg  Man." 
in  which  he  attempts  to  tell  the  events  in  the  life  oi 
Jesus,  distinctly  and  solely  in  his  human  career. 

Mr.  William  Perrine  contributes  a  first  article  in  i 
new  series  of  **  Stories  of  Beautiful  Women."  Mr.  Pte^ 
rine  selects  the  Baltimore  belle,  Elisabeth  Pattenoa. 
who  fell  in  love  with  Jerome  Bonaparte  and  Kj^tm^ 
his  wife. 

Mr.  Stanley  Stokes  gives  an  account  of  the  life  </ 
**A  Minister  Among  the  Cowboys,"  and  Utere  ah* 
stories  by  Charles  Major,  Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps,  imt 
others.  

OUTING. 

IN  the  October  Outing,  Mr.  Robert Bruoe,  writing oe 
"  The  Place  of  the  Automobile,"  reminds  us  tbtt 
as  compared  with  the  horse  the  automobile  is  oo  ewa 
terms  at  the  first  mile  and  leaves  the  animal  hopeko^ 
behind  in  middle  and  long  distances ;  the  total  distaoaF 
capacity  of  the  machine  for  twenty-four  hoars  molti^ 
plies  that  of  the  fieetest  and  strongest  horse  at  least  br 
four.  Mr.  Bruce  thinks  that  the  electric  hydity-carboK 
and  steam-power  vehicles,  already  sucoeasfolly  estab- 
lished in  use,  will  be  developed  to  a  vast  decree  on 
special  lines.  America  is  now  making  her  own  plcssnre 
automobiles,  and  exporting  them,  too,  while  the  higlK 
speed  racing-machines  are  generally  imported. 

Mr.  Charles  Frederick  Holder  gives  a  chapter  (^ 
shark-fishing,  considering  the  beasts  as  game.  He  stp 
he  has  taken  sharks  from  60  to  100  pounds  wick  a 
12-ounce  rod  and  a  21-thread  line.  Lsrger  shaHa  of  tf 


THE  PERIODICALS  REl^lEU^ED. 


489 


or  15  feet  are  considered  game  for  20  men.  Two  or 
three  hook,  the  fish,  the  others  take  the  rope,  and  the 
big  brute  is  run  up  on  the  beach.  Mr.  Holder  likes  to 
catch  such  fish  as  these  single-handed  from  a  boat. 

Mr.  Edwin  Sandys  gives  an  excellent  account  of 
**  The  Woodcock  and  His  Ways  ; "  Mr.  W.  J.  Henderson 
tells  how  college  football  was  played  twenty-five  years 
ago;  Mr.  H.  S.  Babcock  writes  on  "Poultry  Breeding 
in  the  United  States,**  and  there  is  an  article  on  "Rus- 
sian Hunting  Methods."  In  Mr.  Nathaniel  A.  Cole's 
sketch  of  "  The  Development  of  the  American  Trotter," 
he  gives  the  extraordinary  history  of  the  Hambletonian 
breed,  tracing  its  origin  back  to  the  original  great  Ham- 
bletonian, foaled  in  1849.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that 
of  the  great  trotting  horses  of  to-day  no  less  than  90  per 
cent,  trace  their  ancestry  to  this  one  horse.  The  origi- 
nal Hambletonian  attained  a  mild  success  at  three 
years  of  age,  when  he  trotted  a  public  trial  in  2.48 ;  but 
bis  success  did  not  really  commence  until  he  was  near- 
ly twenty  years  old,  when  he  became  famous  for  the 
f  eata  of  his  children. 


LIPPINCOTTS  MAGAZINE. 

THE  complete  novel  in  the  October  LippincotVs  is 
a  story  of  Tarleton*s  Raiders  in  the  War  of 
the  Revolution,  with  a  title  of  "My  Captive,"  by  Mr. 
•Joseph  A.  Altsheler. 

Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott,  the  nature  essayist,  contributes  a 
pleasant  study  of  "Autumnal  Odors,"  descriptive  of 
his  experiences  in  odor-hunting  of  an  October  morning. 

Mr.  Kinnosuk^  the  Japanese  author,  has  a  tragical 
Btory,  "  Goro."  The  late  Stephen  Crane's  descriptions  of 
'* Great  Battles  of  the  World"  are  continued  in  the 
Battle  of  Solferlno,  and  there  is  a  chapter  from  a  forth- 
coming volume  by  Virginia  T.  Peacock,  "Belles  of 
America,"  on  Mary  Victoria  Leiter,  who  married  Lord 
Cnrzon  and  now  helps  him  maintain  the  establishment 
of  Viceroy  of  India. 


THE  ATLANTIC  MONTHLY. 

IN  the  October  Atlantic  Monthly ^  President  James 
B.  Angell  discusses  "The Crisis  in  China,"  and  Mr. 
£dward  Stan  wood  broaches  a  scheme  for  "  Voting  by 
3£ail,"  both  of  which  contributions  we  quote  from  in 
fuiother  department. 

OF  INTEREST  TO  WESTERN  MORTGAGE  HOLDERS. 

A  writer  subscribing  himself  "Referee"  gives,  under 
the  title  "  The  Seven  Lean  Years,"  an  extraordinarily 
clear-headed  account  of  the  great  business  in  Western 
farm  mortgages,  which  was  at  its  height  about  1888-90, 
juid  which  collapsed  in  1898  with  terrible  results  to  small 
EUutem  investors.  This  writer,  who  has  a  most  unusual 
acquaintance  with  both  the  inside  facts  and  the  eco- 
nomic principles  involved,  shows  that  the  worst  of  the 
disaster  came  from  the  insistence  by  Eastern  investors 
on  mortgages  paying  more  than  6  per  cent.  These 
could  only  be  obtained  by  going  into  the  western  re- 
l^ons  of  Kansas  and  those  parts  of  Nebraska  and  the 
Dakotas  where  the  rainfall  was  uncertain.  He  shows 
bow  ignorant  investors  were  of  the  geography  and  physi- 
ography of  that  region  of  the  West— the  New  England 
lenders  assuming  that  one  Nebraska  or  Kansas  farm 
waa  as  good  as  another,  although  there  is  as  much  dis- 
tance between  one  end  of  Nebraska  and  the  other  as 
tbere  is  between  Buffalo  and  Boston.    When  the  great 


crowd  of  emigrant  agriculturists  had  come  to  grief  in 
the  lean  years  of  the  early  nineties,  those  mortgages 
which  had  been  made  in  the  western  part  of  Kansas  and 
the  western  and  northwestern  parts  of  Nebraska— vast 
regions— became  worthless,  both  as  to  principal  and  in- 
terest. Doubtless,  from  the  investor's  point  of  view,  the 
most  interesting  part  of  "Referee^s"  analysis  of  the 
situation  will  be  what  he  has  to  say  concerning  the  fu- 
ture of  these  unlucky  ventures.  This  is  certainly  not 
encouraging.  Of  the  defaulted  loans  due  small  Eaiitem 
investors  he  thinks  that  probably  nothing  will  ever  be 
paid  by  the  borrowers  of  either  principal  or  interest  on 
as  many  as  one  in  twenty.  In  fact,  he  says  most  of  the 
borrowers  have  left  the  lands  mortgaged,  with  no  ex- 
pectation of  ever  returning,  and  it  would  be  needless  to 
trace  them.  He  advises  the  many  Easterners  who  hold 
these  unlucky  securities  to  consult  some  firm  making  a 
business  of  caring  for  such  loans.  Some  such  action 
should  be  taken  quickly,  as  the  land  behind  the  mort- 
gage will  be  otherwise  wholly  cut  out  by  a  foreclosed 
tax  lien. 

A  PLEA  FOR  FINE  NEEDLEWORK. 

In  "A  Plea  for  American  Needlecraft,"  Ada  Sterling 
protests  against  the  policy  of  our  art  schools  in  confin- 
ing their  attention  to  the  teaching  of  drawing,  painting, 
and  designing.  She  says  that  in  all  the  foremost  coun- 
tries except  the  United  States  the  manufacture  of  lace 
is  encouraged  as  a  source  of  social  good,  and  the  ambi- 
tion of  the  needlewomen  is  stimulated  by  the  extensive 
patronage  of  the  rich.  The  demand  for  fine  lace  is  al- 
ways present,  and  in  fact  has  not  varied  appreciably  in 
500  years.  This  writer  thinks  that  Congress  will  not 
refuse  the  admission  of  qualified  teachers  who  will  be 
attracted  to  America  for  a  proper  edtaji>lishment  of  the 
industry ;  and  she  calls  for  a  coterie  of  moneyed  women 
to  be  formed  in  each  large  city,  who  will  pledge  them- 
selves to  support  the  industry  by  purchasing  and  wear- 
ing lace  locally  produced.  If  this  were  done,  she  thinks 
another  five  years  would  see  **  this  gentlest  of  all  strictly 
feminine  occupations  in  a  thriving  condition." 

Mr.  Charles  H.  Moore  contributes  an  excellent  study 
of  *' John  Ruskin  as  an  Art  Critic  ;"  a  capital  account 
of  "  The  Capture  of  a  Slaver  "  is  given  by  Mr.  J.  Taylor 
Wood,  who  as  a  midshipman  was  in  command  of  the 
prize  in  question,  taken  off  the  mouth  of  the  Niger ; 
and  there  is  a  discussion  of  "  Our  Immigrants  and  Our- 
selves," by  Kate  H.  Claghorn. 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

IN  the  opening  article  of  the  September  North  Ameri- 
canj  Canon  Farrar,  writing  on  '*  Imperialism  and 
Christianity,"  argues  that  *^a  war  waged  in  the  cause 
of  truth  and  right,  though  it  may  be  a  very  terrible  ne- 
cessity, yet  in  human  history  still  continues  to  be  at 
times  a  necessary  duty,  even  for  the  most  Christian  na- 
tion, and  is  in  no  way  at  confiict  with  the  obligations 
by  which  every  true  Christian  is  eternally  bound." 
Just  as  law  courts  and  policemen  and  prisons  are  neces- 
sary, so,  in  Canon  Farrar's  view,  there  must  from  time 
to  time  be  appeals  to  the  decision  of  war.  Otherwise, 
the  triumph  of  robbery,  oppression,  greed,  and  injustice 
would  be  certain. 

THE  DUTY  OF  THE  GOLD  DEMOCRAT. 

President  Melville  E.  Ingalls,  of  the  Chesapeake  & 
Ohio  Railway  Company,  contributes  a  pointed  article 


490 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^lEiVS. 


on  the  duty  of  Democrats,  addressing  his  arguments 
particularly  to  those  Democrats  who  voted  for  Palmer 
and  Buckner,  as  well  as  to  those  who  voted  for  McKin- 
ley,  four  years  ago.  As  a  Democrat  who  supported 
McKinley  in  1896,  Mr.  Ingalls  is  now  convinced  that 
the  financial  question  is  still  the  paramount  issue  ;  but 
he  believes  that  there  are  certain  other  issues  on  which, 
after  the  silver  question  is  finally  settled,  the  Demo- 
cratic party  may  with  success  appeal  to  the  people  for 
support.  These  issues,  as  they  suggest  themselves  to  his 
mind,  are  reform  in  governmental  administration, 
economy  in  governmental  expenditure,  the  taxation 
and  regulation  of  oppressive  trusts  and  combinations, 
and  the  enactment  of  a  just  and  honest  scheme  of 
colonial  government.  He  advocates  a  law  compelling 
the  trusts  to  pay  a  license- tax  to  the  federal  Govern- 
ment. The  income  tax,  also,  he  regards  as  a  step  in 
the  right  direction,  and  declares  that  it  should  by  no 
means  be  given  up  because  the  last  law  was  declared 
unconstitutional  by  the  Supreme  Court.  Believing 
that  the  people  will  repudiate  the  issue  of  "  imperial- 
ism "  in  November,  Mr.  Ingalls  holds  that  the  colonial 
problem  will  at  once  become  paramount.  In  his  view, 
the  first  thing  to  do  is  to  provide  a  permanent  constitu* 
tional  barrier  against  the  erection,  into  States,  of  our 
distant  possessions. 

NIHILISM  AND  ANARCHY. 

In  concluding  his  survey  of  social  and  industrial  con- 
ditions in  the  various  countries  of  Europe,  Mr.  Charles 
Johnston  utters  the  gloomy  prediction  that  the  apparent 
failure  of  England  in  the  employment  of  constitutional 
means  in  the  struggle  between  labor  and  capital  will 
have  such  an  influence  over  all  Europe  that  only  an- 
archy can  result*—"  a  war  longer  and  fiercer  than  any 
the  world  has  seen,  fought  in  the  dark,  with  weapons 
forged  by  modem  chemistry  and  electricity." 

THB  ASSASSINATION  MANIA. 

Dr.  Felix  L.  Oswald  writes  on  "The  Assassination 
Mania :  Its  Social  and  Ethical  Significance."  As  to 
methods  of  dealing  with  modern  assassins.  Dr.  Oswald 
regards  the  Swiss  plan  of  imprisonment  for  life  as  the 
most  rational.  "  The  arrangements  of  modern  prisons 
make  suicide  almost  impossible  to  wards  of  the  death- 
watch,  and  civilized  nations  should  agree  to  subject 
convicted  anarchists  to  the  same  system  of  surveillance. 
Life-weary  desperadoes  may  become  less  ready  to  run 
amuck  if  they  know  that  mankind  will  compel  them  to 
bear  the  yoke  of  existence  with  added  burdens." 

CATHOLICS  AND  AMERICAN   CITIZENSHIP. 

Bishop  James  A.  McFaul,  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
diocese  of  Trenton,  discusses  the  relations  of  his  co- 
religionists to  American  citizenship.  The  bishop  de- 
clares that  American  citizens,  because  they  are  Catho- 
lics, are  discriminated  against.  Since  the  Constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States  and  those  of  the  several 
States  guarantee  the  rights  of  conscience  to  the  inmates 
of  public  institutions,  Bishop  McFaul  asks,  "Why,  then, 
are  Catholics  obliged  to  be  present  at  non-Catholic 
prayers  and  instructions?"  Again,  he  asks  why 
several  Catholic  members  were  not  appointed  on  com- 
missions to  our  new  possessions?  The  bishop  states 
that  in  the  navy  there  are  only  three  Catholic  chap- 
lains, although  a  large  proportion  of  the  men  are  of  the 
Catholic  faith.  In  the  army,  there  are  but  four  Catholic 
chaplains. 


CONFUCIANISM  IN  THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

Prof.  Herbert  Allen  Giles,  writing  on  the  subject  of 
modem  Chinese  Confucianism,  says :  "  With  all  its 
merits,  Confucianism  is  seriously  wanting  in  attractive- 
ness to  the  masses,  who  really  know  very  little  about  it 
It  is  a  system  for  the  philosopher  in  his  study,  not  for 
the  peasant  at  the  plow-tail.  It  offers  no  consolations 
of  any  kind,  save  those  to  be  derived  from  a  conscious- 
ness of  having  done  one*s  duty.  The  masses,  who  re- 
spect learning  and  authority  abov«  all  things,  accept 
Confucianism  as  the  criterion  of  a  perfect  life.  They 
daily  perform  the  ceremonies  of  ancestral  worship  in  * 
all  loyalty  of  heart,  and  then  go  off  and  satisfy  other 
cravings  by  the  practice  of  the  rites  and  ceremonies  of 
Buddhism  and  Taoism,  which  have  so  much  more  to 
offer  by  way  of  reward.  Still,  wherever  Chinamen  go, 
they  carry  with  them  in  their  hearts  the  two  leading 
features  of  Confucianism— the  patriarchal  system  and 
ancestral  worship." 

THE  OUTBREAK  IN  CHINA. 

In  the  September  number  of  the  North  Americafi, 
there  are  four  articles  on  the  Chinese  crisis.  The  Rev. 
Dr.  Francis  E.  Clark,  president  of  the  United  Society 
of  Christian  Endeavor,  writes  on  "The  Empire  of  the 
Dead;"  Mr.  Alleyne  Ireland  on  "Commercial  Aspect 
of  the  Yellow  Peril;"  Mr.  John  Foord  on  "The  Root 
of  the  Chinese  Trouble,"  and  Mr.  Stephen  Bonsai  on 
"What  the  Chinese  Think  of  Us."  The  last-named 
writer  suggests  a  new  policy  of  international  dealing 
with  China.  He  says  :  "  When  we  are  in  a  position  to 
exact  the  punishment  of  the  men  who  fired  upon  our 
legations,  whether  they  be  princes  of  the  Clan  or  Boxers, 
let  us  listen  to  what  the  Chinese  will  have  to  say  about 
the  bombardment  of  the  Taku  forts.  It  will  be  a  new 
departure,  and  it  might  work  wonders.  We  might 
*  civilize '  the  Chinese  by  showing  them  some  conaidenir 
tion  and  treating  them  with  common  decency.  The 
old  policy  of  knocking  the  Chinese  over  the  head  has 
not  brought  satisfactory  results — they  have  too  many 
heads.  A  common  ground  might  be  reached  by  admit- 
ting, for  instance,  that  it  is  as  possible  for  Western 
admirals  as  for  Eastern  princes  and  wild  sectaries  to 
do,  in  hot  blood,  things  they  never  would  have  been 
guilty  of  upon  mature  consideration.  If  we  do  this, 
there  will  be  no  danger  of  war,  and  we  shall  be  spared 
a  confiict  into  which  no  one  who  knows  what  it  may 
come  to  mean  can  think  of  entering  with  a  light  heart." 


THE  FORUM. 

IN  the  September  number  of  the  Forum,  Prof.  Max 
Mtlller  discusses  the  causes  of  the  present  anti-Eng- 
lish feeling  among  the  Germans,  reviewing  the  relations 
between  Germany  and  England,  existing  since  the  time 
of  Lord  Palmerston,  and  contrasting  with  the  foolish 
and  hysterical  attitude  of  the  Grerman  press  toward  Eng- 
land the  very  moderate  and  well-considered  conduct  of 
the  German  Government.  He  says :  "  Every  individual 
Grerman  and  Englishman  ought  to  know  that  he  may 
have  the  destinies  of  these  two  great  nations  in  his  hand ; 
that  he  is,  in  fact,  in  a  certain  sense,  the  representative 
and  ambassador  of  his  country  in  his  own  small  sphere, 
— but  this  sphere  is  sometimes  widening  and  sprrauling 
like  a  circle  caused  in  a  lake  by  the  impact  of  a  small 
stone.    That  personal  responsibility  seems  to  be  far 


THE  PERIODICALS  RE^/EIVED, 


491 


more  truly  felt  by  Russians  and  Americans  than  by 
either  Englishmen  or  Germans.'' 

DEMOCRATS  AND  THE  CURRENCY. 

The  Hon.  George  E.  Roberts,  director  of  the  Mint, 
writes  on  *'Tbe  Kansas  City  Financial  Resolution,'* 
presenting  cogent  arguments  against  the  proposition 
for  an  independent  American  financial  system.  Such  a 
system,  he  holds,  is  opposed  to  the  general  trend  of 
order,  harmony,  intercourse,  and  common  understand- 
ing among  the  nations.  Supposing  that  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania  should  have  a  monetary  system  bearing 
no  stable  relation  to  that  used  in  the  other  States  of 
the  Union,  would  the  industries  of  Pennsylvania  be 
benefited  thereby?  **A  new  calculation  would  be 
required  every  day  to  determine  what  a  given  sum  in 
the  money  of  Ohio  would  lie  worth  in  the  money  of 
Pennsylvania.  A  firm  with  its  outlays  in  Pennsyl- 
vania and  its  income  from  other  States  would  have  its 
assets  in  dollars  of  one  value  and  its  liabilities  in  dol- 
lars of  another  value.  Its  salesmen  outside  of  Pennsyl- 
vania would  have  to  add  to  its  scale  of  prices  a  percent- 
age sufficient  to  cover  the  possible  loss  by  a  variation 
in  the  value  of  the  money  before  payment  was  made. 
'We  have  seen  that  the  fluctuations  between  the  money 
of  Mexico  and  the  money  of  the  United  States  last  year 
covered  a  range  of  about  6  per  cent."  Mr.  Roberts 
shows  the  absurdity  of  putting  such  a  handicap  as  that 
on  a  people  competing  for  supremacy  in  the  world's 
markets  at  a  time  when  1  per  cent,  frequently  deter- 
mines the  successful  bidder  on  a  contract.  If  such  a 
charge  would  be  intolerable  upon  the  commerce  be- 
tween the  States,  Mr.  Roberts  holds  that  it  would  be 
equally  intolerable  between  the  United  States  and  the 
people  who  buy  annually  over  11,000,000,000  worth  of 
our  various  products. 

THE  BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS. 

The  director  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Republics, 
Mr.  W.  W,  Rockhill,  describes  the  work  of  that  bureau, 
and  offers  several  suggestions  as  to  its  future.  This 
bureau  was  established  in  August,  1890,  as  an  outcome 
of  the  National  American  Congress  held  in  Washington 
in  1880  and  1890.  While  the  bureau  is  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  American  secretary  of  state,  its  expenses 
are  shared  by  all  the  republics  composing  the  union. 
The  bureau  disseminates  among  the  people  of  the  United 
States  information  respecting  the  resources  and  the 
busineas  opportunities  of  the  Latin-American  republics, 
and  on  the  other  hand  makes  known  to  South  and  Cen- 
tral America  the  many  advantages  offered  to  them  by 
the  markets  of  the  United  States. 

CONSULAR  INSPECTION. 

Mr.  Albert  H.  Washburn,  formerly  United  States 
consul  to  Magdeburg,  points  out  the  need  for  a  system 
of  consular  inspection.  Regarding  the  two  bills  favor- 
ably reported  at  the  last  session  of  Congress,  Mr.  Wash- 
bum  says  that,  while  both  contemplate  sweeping 
changes,  neither  is  altogether  acceptable  to  the  friends 
of  the  merit  system.  Nevertheless,  the  business  men  of 
tbe  country  are  making  practical  demands  for  a  more 
efficient  foreign  service,  and  the  probability  that  some 
icind  of  remedial  legislation  will  soon  pass  is  now  very 
^reat.  Mr.  Washburn  is  convinced  that  consular  in- 
spection, which  has  the  merit  of  being  practical  and 
^rithln  reach,  would  cure  the  most  flagrant  abuses. 


WORK  AND  WAGES  IN  FRANCE. 

Mr.  Walter  B.  Scaife  shows  that  there  has  been  great 
improvement  in  the  condition  of  French  working-men, 
although  France  was  nearly  80  years  behind  Great 
Britain  in  beginning  legislation  on  such  subjects  as  the 
protection  of  child  labor.  For  some  time  past  in  France, 
many  establishments  where  only  men  are  being  em- 
ployed have  adopted  a  10-hour  day  ;  while  the  long 
days,  reaching  in  some  cases  even  14  to  15  hours*  work, 
have  been  imposed  in  establishments  employing  women 
and  children.  The  hours  of  work  in  various  industries 
range  now  from  7  to  14  a  day.  Coal-miners  have  been 
most  persistent  in  demanding  the  8-hour  day,  but  have 
not  yet  gained  it,  except  for  boys  under  16  years  of  age. 
According  to  reports  received,  11  hours  appears  to  be 
the  general  day's  work  in  the  center  and  north  of  France, 
and  10  hours  the  average  in  the  south. 

THE  NEW  CEREAL,  THE  COTTONSEED. 

Mr.  Edwin  L.  Johnson  relates  the  remarkable  prog- 
ress recently  made  by  the  cottonseed  in  the  market  for 
cereals.  He  shows  that,  point  for  point,  cottonseed  has 
a  greater  intrinsic  value  than  wheat,  while  there  are 
raised  in  the  Southern  States  alone  five-sevenths  as 
many  bushels  of  cottonseed  as  there  are  raised  bushels 
of  wheat  in  the  whole  of  the  United  States.  Cottonseed 
is  now  worth  30  cents  a  bushel  and  120  a  ton  on  the 
banks  of  the  Mississippi. 

THE  CHINESE  PROBLEM. 

Prof.  Paul  S.  Reinsch,  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin, 
writing  on  **  China  Against  the  World,"  advocates  the 
immediate  restoration  of  order  in  the  northern  provinces 
by  the  powers,  and  the  strengthening  of  the  modern 
party  in  China.  Mr.  D.  W.  Stevens,  the  present  coun- 
selor to  the  Japanese  Legation  at  Washington,  who  has 
had  wide  experience  in  both  Japanese  and  Chinese 
politics,  discusses  the  question  of  **  Japan's  Attitude 
Toward  China,"  ridiculing  the  idea  of  the  "yellow 
peril,"  and  showing  that  Japan's  present  policy  is  unal- 
terably opposed  to  any  union  with  China.  He  declares 
that  Japan's  best  interests  do  not  lie  in  territorial  ag- 
grandizement in  China,  but  that  what  she  is  chiefly 
seeking  is  commercial  expansion. 

THE  REPUBLICAN  AND  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORMS 
COMPARED. 

Mr.  Henry  Litchfield  West,  comparing  the  platforms 
of  the  two  great  parties  for  1900,  decides  that  the  Demo- 
cratic deliverance  presents  the  stronger  case.  **True, 
it  is  ex  parte  in  the  highest  degree ;  but  the  fact  re- 
mains that,  upon  its  face,  the  Democratic  indictment  is 
much  more  complete  and  logical  than  the  Republican 
demurrer.  We  find  in  the  former  not  only  a  denuncia- 
tion of  imperialism,  with  an  adequate  definition  of  the 
term,  but  also  a  specific  assertion  of  policy  for  the  fu- 
ture. One  may  not  agree  with  the  solution  that  is 
offered  ;  but  that  is,  after  all,  a  matter  of  opinion.  The 
platform  asserts  that  the  Filipinos  cannot  be  citizens 
without  endangering  our  civilization,  and  cannot  be 
subjects  without  imperiling  our  form  of  government ; 
therefore,  the  Democrats  would  give  them  a  stable 
form  of  government  and  their  independence  under  a 
protectorate."  The  Republicans,  on  the  other  hand, 
seem  to  Mr.  Washburn  to  be  dealing  in  glittering  gen- 
eralities. He  says  that  if  the  policy  of  the  Republican 
party  is  to  be  learned  at  all,  *4t  must  be  found,  not  in 


492 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REy/EP^  OF  REI^IEI^S. 


the  declaration  of  the  National  Convention,  but  in  the 
utterances  of  President  McKinley  and  other  recognized 
leaders.  Compared  with  some  of  these  expressions,  the 
platform  itself  seems  sadly  lacking  in  emphasis  and 
definite  purpose." 

THE  CAMPAIGN  FROM  A  DEMOCRATIC  POINT  OF  VIEW. 

The  Hon.  W.  J.  Stone,  of  Missouri,  examines  the 
prospects  of  the  Democratic  party  in  the  present  cam- 
paign. Mr.  Stone  shows  that,  taking  the  figures  of  the 
majorities  given  in  1896  for  McKinley,  a  change  of 
23,(y78  votes,  properly  distributed,  would  have  given 
Mr.  Bryan  the  States  of  California,  Delaware,  Indiana, 
Kentucky,  North  Dakota,  Oregon,  and  West  Virginia, 
which  would  have  elected  him.  A  change  of  88,191 
votes  would  have  added  Maryland  to  the  Bryan  column 
in  addition  to  the  States  named,  and  thus  given  him 
the  election  by  a  majority  of  23  in  the  electoral  college. 
Of  the  eight  States  named,  a  part  were  carried  by  only 
slight  pluralities ;  and  the  aggregate  opposition  vote, 
not  cast  for  either  Mr.  McKinley  or  Mr.  Bryan, 
amounted  to  39,438,  of  which  14,308  were  Gold  Demo- 
cratic votes  cast  for  Greneral  Palmer.  Mr.  Stone  re- 
gards nearly  half  of  the  eight  States  as  normally  Dem- 
ocratic and  all  fairly  debatable.  He  also  believes  that 
most  of  the  Gk)ld  Democrats  who  deserted  the  party  in 
1896  are  disposed  this  year  to  support  the  ticket. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Prof.  Walter  F.  Willcon,  of  the  Census  Office,  con- 
tributes an  instructive  account  of  the  methods  em- 
ployed in  taking  the  census  of  1900;  Mr.  Maurice 
Baumfeld,  New  York  correspondent  of  the  Neue  Freie 
Presae  of  Vienna,  writes  on  "  The  Constitutional  Crisis 
in  Austria,"  and  Prof.  W.  P.  Trent  on  "Mr.  Frederic 
Harrison^s  New  Essays." 


THE  ARENA. 

THE  opening  article  in  the  September  number  of  the 
Arenay  by  Mr.  Albert  Watkins,  on  the  question, 
"Is  Socialism  an  Element  of  ^Bryanism'?"  has  been 
reviewed  in  another  department. 

Dr.  Edwin  Maxey  writes  in  the  September  number 
on  "The  Eight-Hour  Day  by  Legislation,"  arguing  that 
the  eight-hour  day  is  not  only  economically  possible, 
but  also  economically  desirable.  Dr.  Maxey  sums  up 
his  argument  as  follows  :  "In  the  ultimate  analysis  the 
wealth  of  a  country  depends  upon  the  intelligence  of  its 
people  ;  and,  as  attested  by  the  public  documents  of  all 
countries  that  have  adopted  the  eight-hour  system,  it 
has  had  a  beneficial  effect  upon  the  intelligence  and 
character  of  the  community."  As  a  matter  of  experi- 
ence. Dr.  Maxey  declares  that  legislation  on  this  ques- 
tion has  been  al  most  invariably  successful.  So  practical 
a  writer  as  Webb  has  said  :  "In  no  case  has  the  legal 
adoption  of  the  eight-hour  day  resulted  in  any  economic 
disaster." 

MONGOLIAN  V8.  CAUCASIAN. 

This  number  of  the  Arena  contains  four  articles 
dealing  with  the  Chinese  crisis.  Mr.  Johannes  H. 
Wisby  outlines  "China's  Defensive  Strength,"  showing 
that  so  far  as  equipment  and  personnel  are  concerned, 
the  Chinese  army  and  navy  are  anything  but  formi- 
dable ;   the  Rev.  A.  Kingsley  Glover  discusses  "  The 


Philosophic  Basis  of  Chinese  Conservatism  ; "  Mr.  J.  M. 
Scanland  criticises  "Our  Asiatic  Missionary  £ot«^ 
prise" — ^his  view  being  that,  in'the  absence  of  positiTe 
knowledge  on  the  subject  of  comparative  religions, 
each  country  and  people  should  be  permitted  to  work 
out  its  own  salvation;  in  a  paper  entitled  "Prince 
Hamlet  of  Peking,"  Mr.  Charles  Johnston  reviews 
recent  Chinese  history  with  reference  to  certain  pro- 
posed reforms  in  the  government. 

GOVERNMENT  IN  THE  PHILIPPINES. 

Prof.  Paul  S.  Reinsch,  of  the  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin, contributes  a  paper  on  "  Problems  of  Govemmeni 
in  the  Philippines,"  dealing  especially  with  the  de- 
mands made  by  the  Filipinos,  which  have  to  do  with 
centralization  of  government,  predominance  over  cer- 
tain religious  orders,  and  the  question  of  race  superi- 
ority. Dr.  Reinsch  also  directs  attention  to  the  con- 
dition of  the  civil  law  in  the  Philippines,  remarking 
that  the  Spanish  colonial  law  is  so  intricate  and  con- 
tradictory that  it  would  be  almost  useless  ;  that  liti- 
gation, in  consequence,  is  full  of  delays  and  pitfidU, 
and  that  in  general  the  civil  law  of  the  Philippine 
Islands  is  almost  in  the  condition  of  that  of  China- 
The  Filipinos  themselves,  however,  have  manifested 
not  a  little  talent  for  jurisprudence. 

AMEUICAN  INTERESTS  IN  AFBICA. 

Mr.  Day  Allen  Willey  outlines  some  of  the  possibilitie^ 
of  American  trade  in  the  Dark  Continent;  these  lie 
chiefly  in  the  direction  of  railway  materials  and  mining 
machinery.  There  is  already  a  fair  trade  between  tbr 
United  States  and  Cape  Colony  and  some  of  the  other 
sections  of  Africa.  Two  steamship  lines  are  in  reguhir 
service  from  New  York,  while  nearly  all  the  passenger 
companies  operating  fleets  between  New  York,  liver 
pool,  and  London  have  close  connections  with  the  Castk 
and  other  lines  sailing  direct  for  South  Africa,  by  whicii 
tickets  can  be  sold  in  New  York  City  for  a  single  or 
round  trip  to  Cape  Town. 

THE  FAMINE  IN  INDIA. 

Mr.  William  Brough  writes  on  "  Indians  Famine  uvi 
Its  Cause.'^  This  writer's  explanation  makes  the  famine 
of  1900,  as  well  as  that  of  18Qr7,  the  direct  conseqaeace  u( 
the  demonetiscation  of  silver  in  1883,  whereby  a  fictitiov 
value  was  given  to  the  rupee.  According  to  his  philon^ 
phy,  the  effect  of  demonetization  was  to  discourage  the 
practice  of  saving.  The  Indian  peasants  had  long  been 
accustomed  to  put  all  their  savings  into  silver  ban^ 
or  other  silver  ornaments,  depending  upon  these  snuJl 
hoards  to  bridge  over  a  season  of  short  crops  or  famine. 
Demonetization  robbed  these  trinkets  of  a  portico  vd 
their  marketable  value,  and  deprived  them  of  that  txi- 
pedority  in  stability  and  exchangeability  over  ail  other 
commodities  which  they  formerly  possessed.  3tr. 
Brough  declares  that  silver  is  the  only  metal  that  cao 
serve  the  monetary  needs  of  India,  and  she  must  have 
it  in  abundance  if  she  is  ever  to  rise  above  famine  casr 
ditions. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Mr.  T.  Scanlon  writes  on  "Great  Britain  and  the 
'Trust*  Problem;''  Carina  Campbell  Eaglesfield  oo 
"Growth  of  National  Feeling  in  Germany,"  and  Dr 
William  H.  Van  Ornum  on  "The  Study  and  Needs  <d 
Sociology." 


THE  PERIODICALS  REP^IEIVED. 


498 


GUNTON'S  MAGAZINE. 

IN  our  department  of  '* Leading  Articles  of  the 
Month  **  we  have  quoted  from  Prof.  John  B.  Clark's 
incisive  article  on  "The  Latest  Phase  of  the  Trust 
Problem,"  in  QunUm^s  for  September. 

An  unsigned  article  on  "Types  of  Anti-Expansion- 
ists *'  classifies  the  opponents  of  President  McKinley's 
policy  as  the  "  Bryan-Croker "  tjrpe,  the  "Schuras- 
Atkinson  "  type,  and  the  **  Hoar-Ed mnnds"  type.  The 
first  of  these  three  types  represents,  for  the  most  part, 
purely  partisan  motives.  Mr.  Bryan  and  the  Silver 
and  Taramany  Democrats  are  opposed  to  territorial 
expansion  mainly  because  it  is  the  administration's 
policy.  The  Schurz-Atkinson  type  of  anti-expansion- 
ists, on  the  other  hand,  cannot  be  said  to  have  any 
party ;  hence,  is  not  influenced  by  partisan  motives. 
*' Anti-expansion  with  them  is  not  the  advocacy  of  a 
constructive  political  principle,  but  a  means  of  helping 
Bryan  to  defeat  the  administration,  which  according  to 
their  own  confession  means  aidiug  a  policy  of  national 
disaster  in  the  name  of  political  righteousness."  The 
Hoar-Edmunds  type,  while  no  less  opposed  to  the  policy 
of  distant  colonies  governed  outside  of  the  Constitution 
than  are  the  Schurzes  and  Atkinsons,  is  still  not  will- 
ing to  risk  the  prosperity  of  the  nation  by  intrusting 
the  reins  of  government  to  Bryan.  It  is  with  this  latter 
type  of  anti-expansionists  that  the  writer  of  the  article 
seems  most  fully  to  sympathize. 

RURAL  FREE  POSTAL  DELIVERY. 

Mr.  Charles  Burr  Todd  gives  an  interesting  account 
of  the  experiments  conducted  by  the  Post  Office  De- 
partment, in  recent  years,  in  the  extension  of  free  de- 
livery of  mails  to  the  rural  communities  of  the  country. 
Assistant  Postmaster-General  Heath's  report  for  1899 
shows  among  the  benefits  of  this  system  increased  pos- 
tal receipts,  enhancement  in  value  of  farm  lands  reached 
by  rural  delivery,  a  general  improvement  in  the  condi- 
tion of  roads,  better  prices  obtained  for  farm  products, 
besides  the  general  educational  benefits  conferred  by 
relieving  the  monotony  of  farm  life  through  ready  ac- 
cess to  wholesome  literature.  Carroll  County  in  Mary- 
land is  the  only  county  in  the  United  States  wholly 
serveii  by  the  rural  free-delivery  system.  In  that  county 
the  Government  has  established  a  post-office  on  wheels — 
a  postal-wagon  eight  feet  long,  with  a  sliding  door  in 
the  center,  and  the  interior  fitted  up  with  counter, 
drawers,  and  letter-boxes.  The  wagon  is  drawn  by  two 
stout  horses,  has  a  driver  and  a  postal  clerk  (the  latter 
authorized  to  perform  all  the  functions  of  a  stationary 
postmaster),  and  covers  a  route  of  thirty  miles  daily, 
collecting  mail  from  sixty  letteivboxes  placed  at  inter- 
vals of  every  half-mile,  and  delivering  mail  to  all  the 
houses  by  the  way.  The  total  cost  of  the  service  last 
year  was  $1,375«  It  takes  the  place  of  eight  fourth-class 
post-offices  and  of  four  star-route  carriers,  the  combined 
cost  of  which  was  about  $1,600. 

A  COniTRT  WITHOUT  DIALECTS. 

In  concluding  his  series  of  papers  on  the  racial  origin 
and  composition  of  the  people  of  the  United  States,  Mr. 
Moalton  Emery  dwells  on  the  predominance  of  the 
English  element,  not  only  in  blood,  but  in  language. 
He  says  :  ** There  are  no  dialects  in  this  country.  The 
Apeech  of  the  Pennsylvania  Dutch,  the  Ix)ui8iana 
Creoles,  and  the  New  Mexican  'Greasers*  cannot 
fairly  be  counted  as  such.    Those  communities  repre- 


sent the  fruits  of  capture,  purchase,  and  conquest,  and 
naturally  are  slow  to  forget  their  mother-tongues.  Ex- 
cept among  them,  and  here  and  there  a  colony  of  new- 
comers, one  may  travel  over  the  whole  country.  North, 
South,  East,  and  West,  without  finding  the  slightest 
difficulty  in  making  himself  understood.  Indeed,  he 
will  find  the  same  language  spoken  everywhere,  as  a 
rule,  in  all  its  purity.  One  swallow  does  not  make  a 
summer,  nor  do  a  few  provincialisms  make  a  dialect. 
The  dialects  of  American  dialect-writers  exist  wholly 
in  their  imaginations.  Of  no  people  in  Europe  can  the 
same  be  said,  even  of  the  most  enlightened  nationali- 
ties." 

Mr.  Archer  B.  Hulbert  writes  on  "The  Root  of  Evil 
in  Japan,"  and  Lysd^Aim^  on  "The  Menace  of  Present 
Educational  Methods." 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  MONTHLY. 

THIS  able  review  continues  its  practice  of  publish- 
ing, in  each  number,  a  few  articles  of  consider- 
able length  on  varied  subjects  of  current  interest.  In 
the  September  and  October  numbers  are  two  papers  by 
M.  Alfred  Rambaud  on  "  The  Extension  of  Russia." 

In  the  September  number,  Mr.  Adna  F.  Weber  sums 
up  **The  Tendency  in  Trade-Unionism."  Mr.  Weber 
states  that  the  general  prejudice  of  the  American  daily 
press  against  those  combinations  of  labor  that  confiict 
with  the  interests  of  capital  has  caused  the  establish- 
ment of  a  distinctly  labor  press,  organized  in  an  associa- 
tion of  over  three  hundred  papers.  Besides  the  organs  of 
the  national  trade-unions,  there  are  local  weekly  papers 
published  or  subsidized  by  city  central-labor  unions, 
which  are  rapidly  increasing  in  number  and  infiuence. 
Even  widely  circulated  socialistic  pap>ers  sometimes  ex- 
press trade-union  sentiments,  while  some  of  the  trade- 
union  organs  boldly  advocate  collectivist  principles. 

THE  PHIL060PHT  OF  AMERICAN  PARTY  POLITICS. 

In  the  October  number.  Senator  Greorge  F.  Hoar 
writes  on  "The  Importance  of  Government  by  the 
Republican  Party,"  and  Prof.  A.  D.  Morse  on  "The 
Significance  of  the  Democratic  Party  in  American 
Politics."  Senator  Hoar  declares  that  "everything 
that  has  been  accomplished  in  this  country  for  fifty 
years,  everything  that  has  been  achieved  by  this  coun- 
try for  the  world,  has  been  accomplished  by  the  Repub- 
lican party,  having  almost  always  to  encounter  the 
bitter  and  steadfast  opposition  of  the  Democracy." 
Mr.  Morse,  on  the  other  hand,  while  he  admits  that  "in 
giving  shape  to  public  policy  the  Democratic  party  has 
had  only  a  qualified  success,"  that  "  in  political  con- 
struction the  greatest  builders  have  not  been  Demo- 
crats," and  that  "as  a  rule  Democrats  have  succeeded 
better  in  tearing  down  than  in  building  up,"  still  holds 
that  "to  exclude  the  party  of  the  people  permanently 
from  office  is  to  destroy  its  usefulness  as  their  teacher, 
and  to  bring  to  an  untimely  end  American  democracy." 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Among  other  subjects  treated  in  the  September  and 
October  numbers  of  the  International  are  "The  Use 
of  Bacteria  in  Our  Food  Products,"  by  Prof.  H.  W. 
(k)nn  ;  "The  American  School  of  Historians,"  by  Prof. 
Albert  Bushnell  Hart;  ♦♦The  Conflict  in  China,"  by 
Dr.  Edmund  Buckley;  "Primitive  Objects  of  Wor- 
ship," by  L.  Marillier  ;  •The  New  Italy,"  by  SnlvHt-ore 


494 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiEW  OF  REWIEIVS. 


Ck)rte8i,  and  "Recent  Progress  in  Geology,"  by  Prof. 
Andrew  C.  I^wson.  These  papers  do  not  readily  lend 
themselves  to  summarizing. 


JOURNALS  OF  POLITICS  AND  SOCIOLOGY. 

THE  current  (September)  numbers  of  the  political 
and  economic  journals  issued  from  the  leading 
American  universities  all  contain  pertinent  articles  on 
the  political  topics  uppermost  in  the  present  campaign. 
In  the  Political  Science  Quarterly  (Columbia  Uni- 
versity), for  example,  Prof.  J.  W.  Burgess  has  an  able 
discussion  of  *The  Relation  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  to  Newly  Acquired  Territory."  Con- 
-struing  the  Constitution  from  the  points  of  view  of  the 
history  of  its  formation  and  of  its  spirit,  Professor 
Burgess  concludes  that  Congress  possesses  no  power  to 
impose  customs-tariffs  between  the  United  States  and 
her  dependencies  on  the  lines  of  the  Porto  Rican  legis- 
lation of  last  winter.  He  declares  that  "there  is  noth- 
ing more  clearly  revealed  by  an  historical  and  scientific 
study  of  the  Constitution  than  that  the  founders  in- 
tended to  establish  freedom  of  trade,  commerce,  and 
intercourse  in  ideas  and  commodities  throughout  all 
land  and  country  subject  to  the  sovereignty  and  domin- 
ion of  the  United  States,  and  were  confident  that  they 
had  done  so.  They  considered  this  principle  to  be  the 
chief  bond,  the  grand  cementing  bond,  of  the  Union, 
as  it  has  been  and  still  is." 

In  the  September  number  of  the  Quarterly,,  there  is 
also  an  elaborate  analysis  of  the  currency  law  of  March 
14,  19(X),  contributed  by  Prof.  Joseph  French  Johnson, 
of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

THE  ETHICS  OF  EXPANSION. 

In  the  Annals  of  the  American  Academy  of  Po- 
litical and  Social  Science  (Philadelphia),  Mr.  Talcott 
Williams  writes  on  "  The  Ethical  and  Political  Princi- 
ples of  *  Expansion.* "  Mr.  Williams*  point  of  view  is 
social  rather  than  constitutional.  His  position  is  well 
exemplified  by  the  following  quotation  from  his  article  : 

"  When  any  nation  finds  itself,  as  the  United  States 
did,  with  responsibility  for  subtropical  regions,  which 
the  experience  of  the  past  and  the  conditions  of  the 
present  show  to  be  incapable  of  creating  either  self- 
government  or  public  order,  the  duty  of  the  hour  is  to 
accept  the  burden  and  the  responsibility  for  creating 
that  one  environment  of  self-government  which,  as  we 
began  by  saying,  is  the  best  environment  for  the  self- 
controlled  individual.  The  issue  at  this  point  is  not, 
therefore,  one  of  inalienable  right  to  self-government, 
or  to  be  settled  by  a  fervid  appeal  to  the  principle  of 
the  *  consent  of  the  governed,*  but  one  of  fact  as  to 
whether,  at  a  gjiven  place  and  date,  the  conditions 
existed  for  self-government  as  a  reasonable  and  present 
possibility.'* 

THE  ENFORCEMENT  OF  THE    FOURTEENTH    AMENDMENT. 

In  the  American  Journal  of  Sociology  (University 
of  Chicago),  Dr.  Max  West  has  a  paper  on  "The  Four- 
teenth Amendment  and  the  Race  Question.**  Dr.  West, 
after  showing  that  the  first  section  of  the  Fourteenth 
Amendment,  intended  mainly  for  the  benefit  of  the 
negroes,  has  been  applied  by  analogy  to  the  Chinese 
also,  and  its  protection  extended  in  the  course  of  time 
to  railroad  and  turnpike  corporations,  directs  our  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  the  second  section,  providing  for 


the  apportionment  of  representatives  in  Congress,  has 
been  strangely  neglected.  This  second  section,  which 
would  reduce  the  representation  in  Congress  of  States 
which  abridge  the  suffrage.  Dr.  West  holds  should  be 
strictly  enforced.  "This  provision  was  intended  es- 
pecially to  prevent  the  disfranchisement  of  the  negro, 
and,  as  if  with  prophetic  foresight,  it  was  expressed  in 
such  general  terms  that  it  unquestionably  applies  even 
to  disfranchisement  through  educational  tests  ;  yet  it« 
language  is  so  mathematically  explicit  that  it  require* 
no  interpretation,  but  requires  simply  to  be  enforced." 

THE  INCOME  TAX. 

Dr.  West  also  contributes  the  leading  paper  appear- 
ing in  the  Journal  of  Political  Economy  on  the  sub- 
ject  of  **  The  Income  Tax  and  the  National  Revenues." 
Dr.  West  shows  that  the  income  tax  is  no  more  &vor- 
able  to  the  poor  than  many  other  forms  of  taxation. 
**  It  falls  most  heavily,  not  upon  the  largest  incomes 
but  upon  those  whose  amount  can  be  least  readily  coo- 
cealed.  The  man  with  a  salary  cannot  escape  ;  the  man 
of  wealth  can,  according  to  the  elasticity  of  his  own 
conscience.  The  income  tax  punishes  honesty  and  puts 
a  premium  upon  perjury.  There  is  nothing  in  the  na- 
ture of  the  tax  which  makes  it  easier  to  assess  jostly 
than  the  State  taxes  on  personal  property  ;  the  superior 
Federal  administration  might  save  it  from  becoming  a 
farce  (as  the  still  better  administration  of  ProssiA 
makes  it  a  partial  success),  but  could  never  make  it 
operate  equally." 

THE  NATIONAL  REVIEW. 

IN  the  National  Review  for  September,  **Ig;notus," 
writing  on  **  Japan  and  the  New  Far  East,"  en- 
larges on  the  military  prestige  lately  acquired  by  Japan 
in  China,  commenting  on  the  fact  that  the  Army  of  oc^ 
cupation  sent  by  Japan  outnumbers  the  forces  of  the 
other  allies  in  the  ratio  of  two  to  one.  **  lgfXK>tU5'' 
compares,  with  the  compcict  organization  of  the  Japn- 
nese  troops,  "the  mere  collection  of  weak  brigades 
which  make  up  the  allied  army."  From  the  Btreogth 
of  Japan *s  force  now  in  the  field,  ^^Ignotus"  reasons 
that,  whether  or  no  the  European  powers  like  to  rec- 
ognize the  fact,  Japan  must  take  a  predominant  place 
in  the  eyes  of  the  Chinese.  As  to  the  alleged  Rassdan 
understanding  with  the  Japanese^  •*  Ignotus  **  dismisses 
this  hypothesis  as  utterly  improbable.  He  declare:; 
that  no  Japanese  statesman  would  for  a  moment  fur^ 
ther  Russians  reconquest  of  Manchuria,  whiles  on  the 
other  hand,  Japan  is  making  her  position  each  day 
more  and  more  secure.  '*  Five  hundred  thousand  sol- 
diers, a  match  in  intelligence,  bravery,  and  origanixa- 
tion  for  the  best  Westerners,  supported  by  a  powerful 
fieet,  are  a  strong  reminder  that  prudence  and  forbear- 
ance are  necessary  in  dealing  with  Japan — especially 
when  Japan  is  upon  the  spot,  and  when  the  We«t  is  ten 
thousand  miles  away.  Whatever  the  present^  the  fu- 
ture is  to  Japan." 

A  FRANCO-GERMAN  ALLIANCE. 

In  an  article  on  "  The  Foreign  Policy  of  the  German 
Empire,"  Sir  Rowland  Blennerhassett  discusses  the 
possibility  of  a  Franco-German  alliance.  He  admits 
that  to  many  people  in  England  such  an  alliance  would 
seem  a  fantastic  dream  ;  but  he  calls  upon  such  persoo^ 
to  remember  that,  even  when  the  memories  of  1 970  weir 
fresh  in  the  minds  of  Frenchmen,  the  idea  commended 


THE  PERIODICALS  REt^lElVED. 


495 


itself  both  to  Grerman  and  to  French  statesmen.  He 
declares  that  there  are  now  many  men  of  influence  in 
France  strongly  in  its  favor,  and  that  both  in  Germany 
and  in  France  there  is  an  active  school  at  work  prepar- 
ing the  minds  of  their  countrymen  for  such  a  combina- 
tion. He  thinks  that  the  basis  of  such  an  alliance 
Dvould  be  that  France  and  Germany  should  enter  into  a 
customs-union  with  Belgium  and  Holland.  The  project 
of  a  customs-union  between  Germany  and  Holland  is, 
at  the  present  moment,  widely  discussed  in  both  coun- 
tries. This  writer  ascribes  the  enthusiasm  for  the  Boer 
cause  in  Germany  largely  to  the  policy  of  the  authori- 
ties, formed  with  a  view  of  acquiring  for  Germany  the 
sympathies  of  the  people  of  Holland.  He  says  that  cus- 
toms-unions would  be  followed  by  the  acquisition  by 
France  of  the  Belgian  railways  on  a  similar  plan  to  that 
which  the  government  of  Napoleon  III.  formed  in  1868. 
Military  and  naval  conventions  between  France  and 
Grermany,  on  the  one  side,  and  Belgium  and  Holland 
would  follow.  He  states  that  it  is  now  known,  on  the 
undoubted  authority  of  the  Emperor  Frederick,  that 
just  such  a  scheme  was  proposed  to  Germany  after 
Sedan. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  THE  PHILIPPINES. 

Mr.  John  Foreman,  a  well-known  authority  on  the 
people  and  resources  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  at- 
tempts an  answer  to  the  question,  *'  Will  the  United 
States  Withdraw  from  the  Philippines?"  Mr.  Fore- 
man's article  resolves  itself  into  a  proposition  to  extri- 
cate this  country  from  the  dilemma  in  which  he  thinks 
she  has  become  involved.  His  plan  is  that  the  Ameri- 
can governor-general  be  authorized  to  inform  the  rep- 
resentative Filipinos  that  the  United  States  policy  is  to 
S^radually  but  conditionally  relinquish  control  over  the 
islands.  A  Philippine  chamber  of  deputies,  represent- 
ing the  large  towns  and  districts,  should  hold  its  ses- 
sion in  Manila,  and  vote  laws  for  the  internal  govern- 
ment of  the  islands.  The  statutes  of  the  Philippine 
protectorate  should  be  submitted  to  the  United  States 
governor-general  or  to  commissioners  appointed  for  the 
purpose,  who  would  see  that  the  rights  of  foreigners 
-would  be  duly  protected.  For  the  reimbursement  to 
the  United  States  of  the  $30,000,000  (gold)  paid  to  Spain 
under  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  the  Philippine  protectorate 
should  issue  to  the  United  States  $40,000,000  (silver)  in 
bonds  bearing  interest  at  a  rate  to  be  agreed  upon  and 
payable  half-yearly,  the  Philippine  protectorate  under- 
taking to  redeem  annually  a  minimum  of  5  per  cent,  of 
the  bonds  after  the  expiration  of  two  years.  The  guar- 
antee should  be  the  customs  dues  collected  by  Philip- 
pine officials,  but  subject  to  an  American  control  in 
Manila,  and  the  ports  open  to  foreign  trade.  Within 
three  or  four  months  after  the  first  payment  of  interest 
on  the  bonds,  the  military  governor  and  troops  should 
tie  withdrawn,  and  America,  as  the  protecting  state, 
should  be  represented  in  Manila  by  a  resident  and  staff. 
In  the  event  of  civil  war,  America  should  have  the 
right  to  land  troops  to  support  the  government  against 
the  rebels.  Mr.  Foreman  believes  that  a  military  and 
naval  station  should  be  retained  by  the  United  States. 
He  thinks  that,  as  a  compensation  for  protection,  the 
Filipinos  would  very  willingly  grant  exclusive  trading 
privileges  to  the  United  States  for  a  term  of  years,  ex- 
tending at  least  over  the  period  of  their  financial  in 
debtedness.  Hence  America  would  gain  all  the  right- 
ful advantages  of  occupation— viz.,  predominance  in 
trade  and  an  outlet  for  capital. 


THE  COAL  PROBLEM. 

Writing  on  the  coal  question,  Mr.  A.  D.  Provand, 
M.P.,  compares  the  transportation  charges  of  Eng- 
land with  those  of  the  United  States.  He  shows  that 
the  rates  on  coal  in  the  United  States  for  long  hauls  ex- 
ceeding a  hundred  miles  are  from  one-third  to  one- 
fourth  what  they  are  in  Great  Britain.  The  English 
rolling-stock  is  also  deficient.  In  the  United  States  the 
standard  coal-car  carries  80  tons,  while  the  capacity  of 
the  English  cars  is  only  from  8  to  10  tons,  with  a  few  of 
12  tons.  It  is  thus  easy  to  see  that  American  railroads 
can  carry  coal  profitably  for  much  lower  rates  than  the 
English  railroads.  Mr.  Provand  shows  that  in  Eng- 
land a  150-mile  haul  would  add  fully  seven  shillings  a 
ton  to  the  cost  of  the  coal,  whereas  in  the  United  States 
it  would  add  only  about  two  shillings.  He  says  that 
before  English  railways  can  rival  American  railways 
in  coal-carrying,  they  will  have  to  reconstruct  their 
plants— turntables,  sidings,  cars,  and  locomotives. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Mr.  Ralph  (Jeorge  Hawtrey  writes  on  "The  School- 
boy's View  of  Schoolmasters;"  Mr.  W.  J.  Ford  on 
"Drawn  Matches  at  Cricket;"  the  Rev.  H.  C.  Beech- 
ing  on  "  Expression  in  Poetry ; "  Mr.  Adrian  Hof meyr 
on  *'  An  Africander's  Refiections  on  the  Future  of  South 
Africa,**  and  there  is  an  anonymous  article  on  "The 
House  of  Ck>mmons  from  the  Ladies*  Gallery." 


THE  WESTMINSTER  REVIEW. 

THE  September  number  rises  very  much  above 
the  Westminster  average.  There  is  no  less  re- 
forming ardor,  but  panaceas  are  less  obtrusive.  Mili- 
tarism and  jingoism  form  the  chief  enemy,  though  not 
to  the  exclusion  of  constructive  proposals.  Mr.  Maurice 
Johnson's  defense  of  microbes  has  been  noticed  else- 
where. 

WAR  NOT  THE  ONXY  SCHOOL  OP  VALOR. 

War  "  is  the  foundation  of  all  the  high  virtues  and 
faculties  of  men.*'  This  saying  of  Ruskin  rouses  Mr. 
Walter  J.  Baylis  to  ask,  "la  War  a  Blessing?**  His 
conclusion  is : 

**  Surely  life  is  difficult  enough  under  ordinary  condi- 
tions, and  furnishes  sufficient  opportunities  for  the  dis. 
play  of  both  physical  and  moral  courage,  without  our 
going  afield  to  create  new  opportunities.  This  cannot 
be  disputed,  at  any  rate,  so  far  as  moral  courage  is  con- 
cerned ;  while  as  a  school  for  physical  courage  we  have 
the  lifeboat  service,  the  fire  brigade,  the  fever  hospital, 
the  slums  and  alleys  of  our  great  towns,  and  the  chas- 
tising of  bullies,  besides  polar  expeditions  and  the  ex- 
ploration of  other  distant  and  dangerous  regions.  We 
have  mountaineering,  ballooning,  and,  last  but  not 
least,  opposing  the  present  war,  which  requires  con- 
siderable courage  in  some  company  !  Pace  John  Rus- 
kin, we  cannot  believe  that  it  is  absolutely  necessary 
that  nations  should  be  either  manslaughterers  or  cow- 
ards.** 

Nora  Twycross  follows  with  a  paper  on  the  clergy  and 
the  Boer  War,  wherein  she  rebukes  the  jingo  parson,  but 
does  not  forget  the  faithful  among  the  faithless  found. 
She  is  inclined  to  think  "  there  is  a  deeper  feeling  of  re- 
volt against  militarism  than  has  ever  been  cherished 
before." 


496 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiE]V  OF  REl^/EJVS. 


THE  FOLLY  OF  C0N8CRIPTI0X. 

*^  The  Case  Against  Conscription  '*  is  vigorously  stated 
by  Mr.  A.  W.  Livesey.  He  observes  that  the  privileged 
classes  have  never  taken  the  initiative  in  increasing  the 
British  navy ;  they  have  only  poured  cold  water  on 
those  who  insisted  on  a  big  fleet,  but  have  always  been 
eager  to  increase  the  army,  even  to  the  extent  of  intro- 
ducing conscription.  The  fleet,  Mr.  Livesey  says,  is 
not  a  standing  menace  to  England^s  liberties,  and  adds 
no  power  to  the  ruling  classes.  His  general  contention 
he  thus  sums  up  : 

**It  has  been  shown  that,  while  the  establishment  of  a 
colossal  standing  army  or  of  conscription  must  inevita- 
bly sound  the  knell  of  English  liberties,  on  the  other 
hand  those  classes  of  the  community  who  imagine  that 
they  would  denve  solid  advantages  from  such  a  retro- 
gressive measure  are  living  in  a  foors  paradise;  for, 
like  all  other  classes,  they  would  suffer  both  directly 
and  indirectly  from  it — the  military  classes  themselves, 
even,  being  sufferers  with  the  rest  of  us.  Moreover,  it 
has  been  shown  that  all  rapid  advancement  in  civiliza- 
tion and  the  arts  is  made  in  times  of  peace,  while  the 
military  spirit,  and  military  organization  and  habits  of 
mind,  are  antagonistic  to  all  such  progress,  and  by 
causing  a  marked  limitation  of  the  producing  powers 
of  a  country— which  means  inferior  nourishment  and 
worse  physical  conditions  for  the  masses— indirectly 
lowers  the  vitality  and  energy  of  a  race,  constituting  a 
serious  diminution  of  its  ultimate  chances  in  the  inter- 
national struggle  for  the  survival  of  the  fittest.** 

The  assumption  that  a  colossal  army  is  necessary  for 
purposes  of  imperial  defense  is  denounced  as  absurd. 

LIGHT  FROM  "DARKEST  ENGLAND." 

Mr.  Wm.  H.  Hunt  offers  General  Booth's  Hadlelgh 
Colony  as  "an  interesting  Industrial  experiment"  in 
the  quest  after  a  remady  for  urban  congestion  and  rural 
depopulation.  He  quotes  figures  from  the  report  for 
1899,  which  give  "a  grand  total  for  the  colony  of 
£43,166  2s.  7)^d.  on  the  expenditure  side,  and  £40,786 
188.  lid.  for  income,  or  a  total  deficit  on  the  year's 
working  of  £1,379  8s.  S^d.  In  1898  it  was  £855  Os.  lid. 
on  an  expenditure  of  £37,613  lis.  5>^d.;  and  in  1897, 
£760  4s.  103^d.  on  an  expenditure  of  £35,113  Os.  5d." 
General  Booth  "has  been  dealing  with  unproductive 
land  by  means  of  unskilled  and  incompetent  men  ;  and 
yet  he  has  come  within  measurable  distance  of  making 
the  enterprise  pay."  Mr.  Hunt  asks.  What  might  not 
be  done  with  good  land  and  accustomed  laborers  ?  True, 
he  grants,  the  Salvation  Army  has  the  inestimable  ad- 
vantage of  disinterested  and  devoted  administrators. 
But,  he  argues,  we  have  no  right  to  suppose  that  dis- 
interested administrators  would  be  wanting  were  the 
experiment  to  be  made  on  a  national  scale. 

"FREEDOM,  JUSTICE,  VITALITY.^' 

The  three  laws  of  social  activity  are  declared  by 
Lieonard  M.  Burrell  to  be  Freedom,  Justice,  Vitality. 
These,  he  finds,  necessitate  : 

"  (1)  Free  competition  as  to  land,  the  single  tax  on  its 
values,  and  laws  as  to  its  use.  (2)  Freedom  in  work, 
and  trade  limited  by  laws  as  to  kind  and  quality  in  pro- 
ductions. (3)  Education  which  shall  fit  men  to  follow 
different  industries  when  competition  forces  them  to 
change  their  occupation,  and  which  shall  teach  them 
that  desire  governs  activity,  and  that  reaKon  and  moral- 
ity govern  desire.  That  is,  I  advocate  freedom  limited 
by  Justice  and  directed  by  wisdom." 


OTHER  ARTICLES. 

The  murder  of  sleep  by  night  noises  in  town  is  the 
theme  of  a  plaint  by  Mr.  George  Trobridge.  He  advo- 
cates the  suppression  of  steam-hooters  in  factories,  and 
of  traction-engines  moving  by  night ;  the  moderation 
of  railway  whistling ;  the  use  of  wood  pavement  for 
granite,  and  the  prohibition  by  the  police  of  night  row- 
dyism. 

Harriet  McUquham  calls  to  mind  Cornelius  Agrippa 
and  his  lectures  on  the  nobility  and  preexcellence  of 
women  (1509). 


CORNHILL. 

THERE  is  plenty  of  readable  matter  in  the  Septem- 
ber number  of  ComhUl,  but  very  little  that  lends 
itself  to  purposes  of  quotation. 

A  remarkably  vivid  account  is  given  by  C.  Dimond 
H.  Braine  of  elephant-hunting  in  Siam.  The  wild  ele- 
phants are  beaten  up  from  the  jungle,  and  then  de- 
coyed by  tame  tuskers  into  the  corral  with  its  paling  of 
stout  teak-logs.  The  days  set  apart  for  selecting  and 
securing  a  certain  number  of  elephants  form  a  sort  of 
Derby-day  to  the  people  of  Bangkok,  even  though  the 
scene  of  the  sport  is  fifty  miles  distant. 

WHAT  DO  riSH  LIVE  UPON? 

Mr.  F.  G.  Afialo  discusses  the  food  of  fishes.  He 
laughs  at  the  common  fancy  that  fishes  live  by  the  big 
ones  eating  the  small.  He  suggests  that,  "  while  small 
fishes  are  Intermittently  devoured  under  favorable  con- 
ditions, the  regular  food  of  even  the  so-called  predatory 
fishes  probably  consists  of  minute  entomostraca.  As  to 
whether  the  salmon,  in  ascending  rivers  from  the  sea 
for  spawning  purposes,  feeds  or  fasts  while  away  from 
salt  water,  he  leaves  an  open  question,  snggesting^  that 
possibly  in  any  case  the  salmon  is  during  that  interval 
a  very  irregular  and  uncertain  feeder. 

LITERARY  FEASTS. 

Mr.  W.  E.  Garrett  Fisher  is  impressed  with  the  fact 
that  no  anthologist  has  yet "  collected  the  repasts  g^ven 
by  our  poets  and  novelists  into  a  new  ^Almanach  de* 
QourmandB.^  **  He  offers  hints  for  repairing  this  omis- 
sion, and  gathers  them  under  the  bending  "  Feasts  in 
Fiction.**  He  gives  Thackeray  the  palm  among  all  lit- 
erary gastronomists.  He  cites  also  Miss  Ferrier,  Char- 
lotte Bronte  O.  W.  Holmes,  T.  L.  Peacock,  A.  H. 
Clough,  Dickens,  Fanny  Bumey,  Miss  Austen,  Steven- 
son, Balzac,  and  Fielding. 

EARLY  VIEWS  OF  RUSSIA. 

The  journal  of  a  tour  in  the  north  of  Europe  in  1825-36. 
by  Charles  Earle,  is  presented  in  parts  by  his  dangbter- 
in-law.  Mrs.  C.  W.  Earle.  Earle  was  in  St.  Petersburg 
when  Nicholas  I.  succeeded  Alexander  I. ;  and  it  is 
strange  to  be  reminded  by  his  diary  that  the  acce^sioii  of 
the  new  Czar  was  resisted  by  the  Moscow  re^ixaent. 
Artillery  and  cavalry  dispersed  the  mutineers,  with 
much  slaughter.  Next  day  the  survivors  were  pardoned 
and  their  regimental  colors  restored  to  them.  £arle 
seems  to  have  been  badly  bitten  with  Hussophobia.  He 
identifies  the  Russians  with  barbarism,  and  declares. 
"What  they  aim  at  is  universal  dominion  in  Kmope. 
and  the  annihilation  of  our  power  in  the  East."     He 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI^IEIVED. 


497 


thinks  that  the  only  bulwark  that  could  be  erected 
against  Russian  aggression  in  an  else  divided  Europe 
would  be  an  alliance  between  France  and  England. 
This  be  conceives  to  be  hardly  possible  in  view  of  recent 
wars.  In  visiting  the  Crimea  he  hazards  the  singular 
prophecy  that  Russian  policy  and  Turkish  impotence 
*•  will  make  this  country,  probably  at  no  very  distant 
period,  the  battlefield  of  Europe,"  This  prediction  is 
the  more  singular  that  the  Crimean  War  when  it  came 
found  the  alliance  between  France  and  England,  of 
which  he  had  despaired,  an  actual  fact. 


OTHER  ARTICLES. 

The  story  of  Sir  Thomas  Troubridge.  ill-sUrred  friend 
and  comrade  of  Nelson,  is  told  by  Mr.  W.  J.  Fletcher  as 
an  illustration  of  the  persistent  bad  luck  that  occasion- 
ally dogs  the  footsteps  of  the  ablest  and  bravest. 

Mr.  MacDonagh  recalls  the  duel  which  Dan  O'Connell 
fought  with  a  merchant,  D^Esterrd,  who  took  this  method 
of  vindicating  the  honor  of  Dublin  Corporation,  which 
the  great  advocate  had  assailed.  It  ended  fatally  for 
D^Esterre,  but  bestowed  upon  O'Connell  immense  popu- 
larity and  undying  remorse. 


IHE  FRENCH   REVIEWS. 


REVUE  DES  DEUX  MONDES. 

THE  chief  French  review  remains  curiously  removed 
from  the  immediate  current  of  events.  In  its 
numbers  for  August,  with  the  exception  of  an  article 
on  the  Boxers,  we  do  not  get  nearer  to  China  than  a 
travel  paper  on  the  Mekong.  A  paper  on  Antarctic  ex- 
ploration is  dealt  with  elsewhere. 

PARLIAMENTARIAN  ISM. 

M.  Benoist  has  a  hopeful  article  on  **  Parliaments  and 
Parliamentarianisra,"  in  which  he  traces  the  geographi- 
cal limits  of  popular  institutions,  and  thence  derives 
the  conclusion  that  parliamentarianism,  far  from  being 
an  eternal  and  universal  fact,  is,  on  the  contrary,  a  re- 
cent phenomenon  essentially  European  and  Western. 
It  is  for  this  very  reason,  he  thinks,  that  it  has  proved 
on  the  whole  so  suitable  a  form  of  government  for  the 
nineteenth  century.  M.  Benoist  explains  at  great 
length  the  familiar  theory  of  accord  between  the  execu- 
tive and  the  legislative  powers  ;  and  he  goes  on  to  show 
the  necessity  for  a  harmonious  balance  of  the  relative 
strength  of  the  head  of  the  state,  the  ministers,  and  the 
parliament,  not  one  of  which  can  become  too  strong  or 
too  weak  without  risk  of  upsetting  the  whole.  As  re- 
gards France,  M.  Benoist  is  strongly  in  favor  of  assign- 
ing to  the  president  of  the  republic  certain  positive 
powers  by  way  of  compensating  him  for  the  absence  of 
thoee  mysterious  and  impressive  attributes  enjoyed  by 
a  constitution*;l  monarchy  such  as  England.  For  the 
future  he  urges  the  necessity  of  organizing  universal 
suffrage.  How  can  parliamentarianism  be  restrained  f 
There  are  three  principal  ways — (1)  by  despotism,  as 
under  the  French  empire,  when  certain  parliamentary 
privileges  were  abolished  ;  (2)  by  popular  veto,  as  oc- 
curs in  Switzerland  under  the  referendum  law  ;  and  (3) 
by  judicial  action,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that 
M.  Benoist  prefers  the  third  alternative ;  but  he  is  in- 
clined to  combine  it,  if  possible,  with  the  first.  The 
election  of  the  president  of  the  republic  should  be,  he 
thinks,  withdrawn  from  the  chambers  and  intrusted  to 
a  special  coUegce  of  electors,  the  composition  of  which 
Bhould  be  a  matter  of  discussion.  By  some  such  scheme 
as  this  M.  Benoist  hopes  that  parliamentarianism  will 
he  reconstructed  on  safe  and  well-regulated  lines. 

THE  UPPER  LAOS  AND  THE  MEKONti. 

Mme.  Isabelle Massieu  continues  her  interesting  travel 
papers  on  Indo-China.  Her  enthusiasm  for  the  scenery 
i»  great ;  but,  as  we  know  frtjm  other  sources,  not  too 
l^reat.  In  one  place  she  notes  with  horror  that  the 
people  drank  water  drawn  from  streams  that  were 


obviously  poisoned  by  the  bodies  of  animals  which  had 
died  of  some  epidemic.  She  gives  the  native  of  Laos 
the  character  of  a  child  of  nature,  destitute  alike  of 
malice,  vices,  and  virtues.  The  social  superiority  of  the 
man  is  marked  by  a  large  number  of  signs  and  cere- 
monies. Thus,  on  one  sacred  day  in  the  month,  the 
wives  come  to  do  5a c(  before  their  husbands ;  that  is  to 
say,  they  kneel  down  and  beg  pardon  for  the  faults 
which  they  have  committed  and  the  annoyances  which 
they  have  caused  their  lords.  Divorce,  which  is  very 
frequent,  is  conducted  in  the  most  polite  manner,  and 
is  a  matter  entirely  for  mutual  agreement.  The  woman 
who  wishes  to  separate  from  her  husband  presents  him 
with  some  "quids"  of  betel-nut,  says  to  him  that  she 
will  consider  him  henceforth  as  a  relation,  and  offers 
him  her  best  wishes  for  his  health  ;  that  is  enough,  and 
the  marriage  is  dissolved.  It  is  a  bad  country  for  law- 
yers I  In  the  eyes  of  the  woman  of  Laos  the  best  sort 
of  marriage  is  one  with  a  European,  which  is  much 
sought  after.  The  native  wife  of  a  European  official 
actually  becomes  ennobled,  and  is  thereby  entitled  to 
associate  with  the  daughters  and  wives  of  the  native 
princes. 

DRB8S  AND  SHOES. 

Vicomte  d^Avenel  continues  his  interesting  series  on 
**The  Mechanism  of  Modern  Life"  with  a  paper  on 
dress  and  shoes.  He  notes  the  curious  fact  that  the 
essential  distinction  between  masculine  and  feminine 
dress  is  comparatively  modern  ;  the  robe  of  a  Greek  or 
Roman  maiden  scarcely  differed  at  all  from  that  of  her 
brother.  Towards  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century,  the 
stronger  sex  practically  abandoned  long,  flowing  robes 
to  magistrates,  doctors,  and  priests.  Luxury  in  dress, 
so  much  denounced  nowadays,  reached  extraordinary 
excesses  in  the  Middle  Ages  ;  thus,  in  1875,  the  Duchess 
of  Burgundy  ordered  a  robe  of  cloth  of  gold  to  cost 
12,500.  Before  the  introduction  of  the  modern  corset, 
women  underwent  the  most  terrible  tortures  in  order  to 
obtain  what  was  considered  a  good  figure,  and  Catherine 
de  Medici  invented  a  horrible  machine  which  could  be 
made  of  any  hard,  inflexible  material.  The  modern 
corset  industry  has  been  practically  revolutionized  in 
the  last  30  years.  In  1870  there  were  about  4,000  corset- 
makers  in  Paris,  and  they  made  about  1,690,000  corsets 
every  year ;  but  now  the  volume  of  trade  has  quad- 
rupled. The  whole  toilette  of  Frenchmen  and  French- 
women represents  annually  a  total  expenditnt^  of 
2,000,000,000  francs,  and  gives  employment  10  about 
1,000,000  people.  '*If  your  shoes  are  too  narrow,"  sayw 
a  proverb  of  the  Kirghiz  people,  *'  what  doen  it  matter 
that  the  world  is  wide?"— a  maxim  that  will  appeal 
to  every  one  who  has  suffered  from  tight  shoes.    The 


498 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


French  annual  production  of  shoes  is  estimated  at 
$160,000,000  worth.  The  leather  comes,  as  regards  the  best 
qualities,  from  France  itself,  and  the  second  qualities 
from  South  America  and  the  Antilles.  Tanned  sheep- 
skins are  imported  from  India,  and  a  certain  small 
amount  of  trade  is  dpne  in  particularly  delicate  skins, 
such  as  those  of  the  antelope  and  kangaroo.  M.  d'Avenel 
goes  on  to  deal  with  the  question  of  competition,  against 
the  work-people  of  Europe,  of  the  black  and  yellow 
races,  whose  needs,  being  less,  would  enable  them,  it  is 
thought,  to  accept  lower  wages ;  but  it  is  too  often  for- 
gotten that  the  taste  for  luxuries  is  universal,  and  when 
you  have  given  a  shirt  to  a  South  African  savage  be  is 
by  no  means  content,  but  immediately  wishes  to  have 
himself  photographed  in  it.  The  Egyptian  fellah  and 
the  Brazilian  negro — to  take  two  very  different  exam- 
ples— have  alike  shown  a  growing  taste  for  more  elabo- 
rate costumes  than  their  fathers  had.  It  is  probable, 
therefore,  that  rates  of  wages  will  tend  to  adjust  them- 
selves in  accordance  with  the  practical  needs  of  the 
workers,  of  whatever  color  they  are. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

It  is  certainly  an  honor  of  an  unexpected  kind  for  Mr. 
Hall  Caine  to  have  a  short  story  of  his  published  in  the 
Revue  des  Deux  Mondes ;  it  seems  to  be  admirably 
translated.  For  the  rest.  Dr.  Bonnafy  contributes  a 
very  clear  and  useful  account  of  the  Soci4t6  desCEuvres 
de  Mer,  founded  in  1895,  to  provide  the  16,000  French 
deep-sea  fishermen  with  the  hospital-ships  of  which, 
unfortunately,  they  stand  in  frequent  need ;  and  he 
also  describes  other  organizations  in  various  countries 
designed  to  improve  the  lot  of  these  lonely  workers. 


T 


NOUVELLE  REVUE. 

HE  Nouvcllc  Revue  keeps  up  well  to  the  higher 
standard  it  has  lately  set  itself  ;  but,  as  many  of 
the  regular  readers  of  the  Remie  will  note  with  disap- 
pointment, Mme.  Juliette  Adam's  bimonthly  letters 
concerning  the  trend  of  foreign  politics  are  omitted. 

AN  EXPERT'S  CRITICISM  OF  THE   BOER  WAR. 

Capt.  G.  Gilbert,  a  distinguished  French  officer,  con- 
tinues his  highly  technical  account  of  the  South  Af- 
rican campaign  ;  and  to  the  many  who  are  now  begin- 
ning to  take  an  interest  in  what  may  be  called  the 
theoretical  side  of  the  war,  his  criticisms  concerning 
Magersfontein,  Stormberg,  and  Colenso— that  is  to  say, 
the  operations  on  the  Modder  River,  in  the  Orange  Free 
State,  and  on  the  Tugela^will  be  found  deeply  interest- 
ing ;  the  more  so  that  he  analyzes  at  length  the  Boer 
and  the  British  methods  of  warfare.  He  evidently  con- 
siders that  the  leading  mistake  made  by  the  British 
generals  was  that  of  underestimating  their  enemy  ;  but 
he  pays  a  well-deserved  tribute  to  the  many  individual 
acts  of  bravery,  and  even  of  good  sense,  shown  by  cer- 
tain minor  British  officers.  He  gives  a  marvelously 
vivid  and  powerful  account  of  the  Magersfontein  disas- 
ter ;  and  it  is  significant  that  a  French  officer  goes  out 
of  his  way  to  again  and  again  pay  testimony  to  the 
marvelous  courage  of  the  British  troojwj.  In  the  first 
September  number  Captain  Gilbert  continues  his  analy- 
His  of  the  campaign. 

CONTEMPORARY  CRITICISM   IN   FRAN<  K. 

In  the  matter  of  pi»rio<iicul  literature,  and  even  in  the 
matter  of  fiction,  France,  at  any  rate  as  reganls  output, 


is  a  hundred  years  behind  England  and  America.  Tb« 
would-be  novelist  alwasrs  publishes  his  first  story  at  his 
own  expense,  and  even  the  most  successful  writers  do 
not  make  anything  like  the  huge  profits  that  ac- 
crue as  a  matter  of  course  to  their  great  British  rivals. 
Here  every  newspaper  devotes  a  certain  amount  of  j 
space  to  literary  criticism  ;  in  France,  save  by  two  or  ' 
three  leading  Parisian  sheets,  no  attempt  at  anytbiDg 
of  the  kind  is  made.  Review  copies  are  not  sent  roond 
to  the  leading  periodicals,  and  the  only  way  in  which  a 
book  gets  advertised  is  literally  by  means  of  advertise- 
ment. It  is  easy  to  pay  for  the  insertion  of  a  very  flat- 
tering notice ;  but  then  every  intelligent  reader  is 
aware  that  the  so-called  review  has  been  paid  for,  oft«n 
at  a  very  extravagant  rate.  It  must,  however,  be  ad- 
mitted that  there  are  some  half-dozen  French  writers 
who  give  up  much  of  their  time  to  literary  criticif^iL 
and  who  are — to  their  honor,  be  it  said — really  incor- 
ruptible. They,  however,  either  contribute  a  weekly 
signed  article  to  some  literary  paper,  or  they  publish 
their  conclusions  in  one  or  other  of  the  three  great  bi- 
monthly reviews.  Among  these  literary  critics  may  he 
especially  mentioned  MM.  Bruneti^re,  Faguet,  Le- 
mattre  and  Hallays. 

FRENCH  RED  TAPE. 

Those  who  marvel  why  French  life  is  so  terribly  en 
circled  with  red  tape  should  make  a  point  of  reading 
M.  Martin's  article  entitled  **The  Reign  of  Bureau- 
crats.^ He  point-s  out  that  the  republic  owes  not  a  lit^ 
tie  of  its  stability  to  the  fact  that  an  enormous  number 
of  Frenchmen  of  the  lower  and  upper  middle  class  are 
actually  in  its  employment,  and  are  to  all  intents  and 
purposes  its  paid  servants.  Notwithstanding  all  that 
has  been  said  to  the  contrary,  the  Frenchman  is  essen- 
tially a  man  of  stable  ideals  :  he  has  in  him  very  little 
of  the  gambling  instinct,  and  he  can  make  himself  happj 
on  a  tiny  income,  provided  that  income  is  a  sure  and 
certain  one.  This  is  why  a  post  under  government  is 
regarded  as  being  so  desirable.  A  Frenchman  would 
rather  see  his  son  become  a  clerk  in  a  govemnient  office 
at  $250  a  year  than  the  confidential  manager  of  an  o^ 
diuary  business  man  at  a  salary  ten  times  that  figure. 
The  number  of  people  employed  in  the  great  govern- 
ment offices  doubles  every  few  years.  At  the  present 
moment  the  finance  minister  alone  has  under  his  orders 
1,400  employees  ;  and  the  different  ministries,  or  rather 
their  clerks,  absorb  a  j'early  income  of  30,000,000  francs, 
mostly  paid  away  in  small  salaries.  The  same  system 
obtains  in  every  provincial  town.  In  1858  there  were 
217,000  state  employees,  costing  the  country  in  salaries 
260,000,000  francs.  Last  year  the  number  had  just  dou- 
bled, and  the  salary  list  had  trebled.  The  same  stat« 
of  thing  obtains,  and  to  an  even  worse  de^n^'ee,  in  the 
French  colonies.  In  Cochin  China  there  are  3,000  French 
people — men,  women,  and  children  ;  and  of  these  3,00i\ 
1,700  are  civil  servants !  Indeed,  observes  M.  Martin. 
Cochin  China  may  be  called  the  paradise  of  the  bareao- 
cracy ;  the  functionaries  are  in  such  a  majority  that 
they  carry  a  solid  vote,  and  thanks  to  this  fact  they  ar? 
able  to  decide  what  their  own  salaries  are  to  l»e, 

CHINESE  WAR-MAKIXG. 

M.  de  (7ontens«n  gives  some  curious  particalars  cnu 
cerning  the  Chinese  metho<ls  of  making  war.  Kven  tx 
the  days  anterior  to  the  Christian  Kra  the  Olesti.iN 
hml  an  elaborate  military  theory  of  their  own,  and  haul 
actually  written  works  on  the  art  of  war.    Thesse  curi- 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI^IEIVED. 


499 


ouB  docaments — for  books  they  cannot  be  called — were 
translated  by  a  French  priest,  and  it  is  with  the  help 
of  these  translations  that  the  writer  has  prepared  some 
very  instructive  pages.  According  to  the  Chinaman, 
every  thing  must  be  done  to  avoid  an  actual  declaration 
of  war.  "Try  and  attain  victory  without  having 
fought  a  battle,"  observed  the  wise  Sun-Tze,  who  was, 
by  the  way,  a  contemporary  of  Homer.  Even  in  those 
days  the  Chinese  -seem  to  have  had  a  great  belief  in 
scouting,  and  also  in  having  a  regular  army  of  spies. 
Indeed,  it  is  quite  curious  to  note  how  the  present 
Chinese  Government  has  followed  in  its  main  outlines 
Sun-Tze's  theories  regarding  how  a  campaign  should 
be  carried  on,  or,  rather,  should  be  initiated.  Once 
matters  really  come  to  fighting,  the  Eastern  Welling- 
ton has  very  definite  views  as  to  the  value  of  a  few 
disciplined  men  over  a  large  army.  "A  small  deter- 
mined army  is,  under  a  good  general,  invincible.  Do 
not  seek  to  gather  together  too  large  a  force ;  numbers 
are  more  often  useless  than  useful. '' 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Next  year  will  see  the  publication  of  a  great  number 
of  what  may  be  called  centennial  articles.  M.  Dubor 
begins  early  with  an  interesting  account  of  Paris  in 
1800.  He  gives  a  rapid  sketch  of  the  society  of  that 
day,  of  the  costumes  worn,  and  of  the  amusements  and 
interests  of  the  men  and  women  who  had  just  wit- 
nessed the  awful  upheaval  of  the  French  Revolution. 

Other  articles  consist  of  a  short  account  of  the  quin- 
centenary of  the  Cracow  University,  a  review  of  the 
Htate  of  things  produced  in  Italy  by  the  assassination  of 
King  Humbert,  and  an  account  of  the  close  friendship 
which  bound  the  historian  Michelet  to  Quinet. 


REVUE  DE  PARIS. 

THE  August  numbers  of  the  Revue  de  Paris^  which 
seems  to  have  taken  a  new  lease  of  vigorous 
life,  fully  maintain  the  standard  for  excellence  which 
vre  have  had  occasion  to  notice  now  for  some  months 
past. 

THE  COMMERCIAL  STRENGTH  OF  GERMANY. 

M.  de  Rousiers  begins  a  series  of  papers  ou  the 
economic  and  social  causes  of  the  commercial  power 
of  Germany.  Of  the  growth  of  German  commerce  there 
can  be  no  doubt,  and  the  nerve-center  of  that  growth  is 
Hamburg.  There  may  be  seen  the  tangible  results  of 
the  scientific  cultivation  of  Saxony  and  Silesia,  the  spirit 
distilled  inPomerania  and  Brandenburg,  the  machines, 
the  glass,  the  chemical  products— coal,  salt,  and  so  on- 
all,  or  almost  all,  drawn  by  German  enterprise  and 
intelligence  out  of  German  soil.  But  M.  de  Rousiers 
justly  says  that  it  is  not  enough  fn estimate  and  handle 
these  products ;  it  is  also  necessary  to  acquaint  our- 
selves with  the  men  to  whose  efforts  they  are  due.  The 
industrial  and  commercial  movement  of  Germany  is 
U&rgely  due  to  the  Teutonic  knack  of  organization. 
The  employers  on  the  one  side  and  the  workmen  on  the 
other  feel  more  and  more  tlie  need  for  abandoning 
their  isolation  and  for  uniting  their  efforts  for  the  com- 
nion  good.  This  tendency  has  been  aided  by  circum- 
stajices,  and  also,  one  may  add,  by  the  industry  and 
economy  of  past  jfenerations.  Thus,  the  enormous 
HUKar  industry  of  Germany  is  directly  due  to  the  sys- 
tem of  combination  by  which  proprietors,  little  and 
big  alike,  join  together   to  secure  the  common  end. 


Without  this  combination  of  capital,  it  would  be  prac- 
tically impossible  to  cultivate  the  beet  root  on  any- 
thing like  a  profitable  scale ;  for  the  root  requires  an 
extremely  fertile  soil,  and  consequently  the  same  field 
cannot  be  made  to  yield  beet  root  for  more  than  four 
years  running.  Each  refinery,  therefore,  though  using 
up  only  3,900  hectares  of  beet  root,  requires  altogether 
an  available  area  of  8,000  hectares.  So,  too,  with  the 
cooperative  dairies,  which  are  very  fiourishing  in  Ger- 
many. Of  course  it  is  not  all  plain  sailing,  and  M.  de 
Rousiers  points  not  obscurely  to  the  difficulties  caused 
by  the  inclusion  of  small  landed  proprietors  in  the  asso- 
ciations ;  these  people  are  somewhat  narrow-minded, 
and  can  with  difficulty  be  brought  to  see  the  advan- 
tages of  combination  with  the  sugar  refineries. 

MATHEMATICS  IN  8ECONDART  EDUCATION. 

M.  Tannery  contributes  an  important  paper  on  mathe- 
matics in  secondary  education,  in  which  he  complains 
that  in  France  the  sciences  do  not  penetrate  the  system 
of  secondary  education,  but  are  added  to  it  like  ex- 
crescences. The  method  of  teaching  them  corresponds 
to  no  practical  need  and  serves  as  no  preparation  for  a 
carter,  but  rather  for  examinations  which  must  be 
passed  in  order  to  enter  certain  professions.  M.  Tan- 
nery declares  that  there  are  certain  portions  of  mathe- 
matical science  that  take  the  place  in  the  French 
democracy  of  those  old  heraldic  quarterings  of  nobility 
the  possession  of  which  in  former  days  was  really  the 
sole  qualification  for  state  service.  He  does  not  suggest 
any  palliatives— which,  he  considers,  is  the  business  of 
specialists ;  but  he  asserts  that  the  evil  is  due  to  a 
false  conception,  not  only  of  secondary  education  itself, 
but  of  the  part  which  the  sciences  ought  to  play  in  it. 
Secondary  education  ought  to  form  young  people  for 
the  work  which  is  to  occupy  their  life,  and  that  work  in 
the  majority  of  cases  will  consist  in  directing,  more  or 
less  immediately,  the  physical  labor  of  other  men.  This 
power  of  direction  can  only  be  derived  from  science ; 
whereas,  M.  Tannery  complains,  the  whole  tendency  of 
teaching  is  towards  the  enjoyment  and  production  of 
literary  work.  It  must  not  be  supposed  that  he  ignores 
the  value  of  mathematics  as  an  intellectual  discipline ; 
he  simply  complains  that  the  French  lycies  are  consti- 
tuted on  the  model  of  old  ecclesiastical  establishments 
dating  from  the  time  when  there  was  no  science  except 
mathematics ;  but  nowadays,  when  the  development  of 
the  practical  application  of  scientific  truths  cannot  fail 
to  bring  a  rapid  change  in  the  distribution  of  wealth, 
and  is  even  certain  to  become  itself  the  principal  source 
of  wealth,  it  is  obvious  that  the  wise  teaching  of  science 
becomes  a  social  question  of  the  first  importance.  M. 
Tannery  evidently  thinks  that  the  future  progress  of 
France,  both  in  the  moral  and  in  the  economic  spheres, 
is  bound  up  in  no  small  degree  in  this  question  of  the 
reform  of  teaching  methods. 

VENICE  IN  DANGER. 

M.  de  Souza  sounds  a  cry  of  alarm  to  which,  it  must 
l)e  feared,  the  world  has  by  this  time  become  tolerably 
accustomed.  Persons  of  taste  have  mourned  over  the 
disfigurement  of  Rome  and  Florence;  but  they  have 
always  consoled  themselves,  says  M.  de  Souza,  with  the 
recollection  of  Venice  practically  unspoiled.  The  com- 
plaint appears  to  be  that  wealthy  Enj^lish,  American, 
German,  It-jilian,  and  French  [leople  have  lH>ught  one 
by  one  all  the  tmlaces  on  the  Grand  Canal,  and  have 
proceeded  to  restore  them.    A  vast  new  palace,  built  in 


500 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


imitation  of  old  architecture,  destroys  the  effect  of  one 
of  the  most  impressive  views  of  the  Grand  Canal. 
Furthermore,  the  destruction  of  the  Pescheria,  a  horri- 
bly ugly  building  close  to  the  Grand  Canal,  is  urgently 
demanded.  The  practice  of  coloring  the  houses  which 
are  built  of  stone  or  marble  in  white  is  to  be  regretted, 
M.  de  Souza  thinks,  and  color — preferably  red— should 
be  made  compulsory.  In  general,  it  in  the  reviving 
commercial  prosperity  of  Venice  that  brings  in  its 
train  the  vandalism  of  engineers,  stimulated  by  the 
self-esteem  of  officialism. 


REVUE  DES  REVUES. 

THE  August  numbers  of  the  Revue  des  Revues  con- 
tain a  second  article  by  Senator  Paul  Strauss  upon 
"  Puericulture "— a  paper  which  might  have  been  in- 
spired by  Ziola's  "  F6condit6."  He  advocates  the  legal 
protection  of  maternity,  not  only  by  forbidding  women 
to  work  in  factories  for  four  or  even  six  weeks  after  the 
birth  of  a  child,  but  also  by  giving  them  an  indemnity 
for  wages  lost.  Excessive  infant  mortality  is  the  chief 
cause  of  depopulation.  In  France,  one-sixth  of  the 
total  number  of  deaths  are  those  of  infants.  In  Paris, 
infant  mortality  is  relatively  low,  but  in  some  French 
industrial  towns  over  50  per  cent,  of  the  deaths  are  of 
children  under  one  year.  Sterilized  milk  will  be  a  great 
factor  in  the  saving  of  infant  life,  yet  the  prime  cause 
of  the  frightful  mortality  of  young  children  will  never 
be  removed  except  by  educating  girls  for  their  duties  as 
mothers— an  education  which  must  begin  as  the  school 
time  ends.  One  institution,  at  least,  has  already  been 
founded  with  this  object,  with  the  happiest  results  in 
the  saving  of  infant  life. 

FIRST  STEPS  TOWARDS  SOLIDARITY. 

Anna  Lamp^rifere,  secretary-general  of  the  Education 
Congress,  has  a  most  interesting  paper  upon  *' Social 
Education  "  in  France,  in  which  she  thinks  France  has 
made  far  greater  strides  than  any  Anglo-Saxon  nation. 
*'  France  is  the  brain  of  himianity  ; "  French  thought 
the  light  which  guides  the  steps  of  the  rest  of  the 
world.  In  many  French  schools  much  has  been  done 
to  instill  into  the  children's  minds  the  idea  of  solidar- 
ity, cooperation,  being  able  to  do  easily  combined  what 
would  be  impossible  by  individual  effort.  A  typical 
exercise  for  teaching  children  the  elements  of  social 
economy  may  be  quoted  : 

*'Ou  Thursday  the  master,  being  plea.sed  with  his 
class,  had  promised  that  every  one  should  go  for  a  walk 
as  a  reward.  In  the  morning  the  father  of  Louis,  one 
of  our  mates,  said  that  Louis  would  have  to  fetch  in  the 
wood  instead  of  going  for  a  walk.  Then  every  one  went 
to  Louis'  home  to  help  him  ;  the  wood  was  brought  in 
directly,  and  Ix>uis  went  out  walking  with  us.  Every 
one  was  very  glad,  and  he  was  very  glad,  and  the  mas- 
ter said  that  that  was  solidarity." 


Some  schools  try  more  practical  methods.  In  one  the 
children  club  together  to  buy  a  bottle  of  expensive 
wine  for  a  sick  schoolmate  unable  to  get  it  for  himaelt 
In  others  they  club  together  to  replace  a  boy^s  cap 
which  has  landed  in  the  garden  of  a  bad-tempered 
neighbor,  or  a  spoiled  dictionary.  In  Orleans  a  case  i&  i 
cited  of  a  **  Mutual  Insurance  Society  Against  Window-  [ 
Breaking,"  a  club  upon  which  a  boy  can  draw  when  in 
play  he  has  managed  to  break  some  one's  window.  Id 
secondary  schools  less  is  being  done  than  in  primary ; 
but  cooperation  is  one  of  the  leading  notes  of  Uie  ^^  Uni- 
versity Populaires." 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  PEACE  MOVEMENT. 

M.  Frederic  Passy  gives  some  reminiscences  of  his 
peace  propaganda,  dating  over  thirty  years  back.  Old 
as  he  is,  M.  Passy  writes  with  hope  and  enthastasin. 
Speaking  of  the  French  Society  for  International  Arbi- 
tration, which  for  ten  years  past  has  been  striving  to 
apply  the  principles  of  arbitration  before  war,  M.  Passy 
•says  that  its  efforts,  though  at  first  received  with  some 
indifference,  have  been  the  object  of  more  and  more  at- 
tention on  the  part  of  the  governments.  **Not  only 
have  the  ambassadors,  through  whom  we  had  to  send 
our  letters,  for  the  most  part  acknowledged  their  re- 
ceipts in  terms  which  were  not  mere  flattery— severmJ 
having  even  taken  the  trouble  to  leave  their  cards  upon 
me— but  a  certain  number,  after  acknowledging  the 
letters,  have  renewed  their  thanks  by  order  of  their 
govemmenty  Speaking  of  the  Hague  Conference. 
M.  Passy  says  it  is  "  a  happy  crowning  of  the  work  of 
the  Interparliamentary  Conferences  and  the  Peace 
Congresses." 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Miss  Constance  Bamicoat,  in  an  article  on  **Tbe 
Alleged  Disappearance  of  the  Maori,"  replien  to  au 
anonymous  French  writer's  assertion  that  the  Eng- 
lish had  extirpated  this  race  from  the  face  of  the 
earth,  which  is  happily  yet  far  from  being  the  case. 

M.  Renard  eagerly  hails  the  first  signs  of  spelling  re- 
form in  France,  the  minister  of  education  having  last 
July  published  a  decree  which  will  greatly  reduce  U» 
size  of  French  grammars  and  immensely  simplify  the 
task  of  learning  either  to  spell  or  write  that  langnagir 
correctly. 

Mme.  Verat  Starkoff  writes  on  **  Russian  Writers 
Who  Reach  the  People,"  among  whom  she  mentions 
Novikoff  and  Tourguenieff. 

Mile.  Lecamp  writes  sensibly  upon  "  Moral  TeetchiDg 
in  School  and  in  the  Family."  She  asserts  that  the 
teacher,  as  well  as  the  parent,  is  morally  responsibk 
for  children's  moral  instruction.  **If  only  one  rule 
was  required  for  our  true  education,  I  should  ^*ay: 
Never  put  any  but  beautiful  things  before  the  eyes  of  » 
child.  It  is  by  the  worship  of  the  beautiful  in  all  it" 
forms  that  the  child  gets  a  great  and  generous  soni  a 
free  mind,  open  to  all  large  thoughts." 


THE    NEW   BOOKS. 

RECENT  AMERICAN'  PUBLICATIONS. 


AMERICAN  POLITICS. 

A  History  of  Political  Parties  in  the  United  States. 

By  James  H.  Hopkina    12mo,  pp.  477.    New  York  : 

G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    «3.50. 

Mr.  Hopkins  has  prepared  a  convenient  work  of  refer- 
ence  covering  the  whole  political  history  of  the  United 
States.  In  appendices  to  the  book  are  contained  the  more 
important  national  platforms  from  1840  to  the  present  time, 
tofcether  with  tables  giving  the  popular  vote  in  the  various 
States  in  the  last  four  presidential  elections.  In  a  brief 
concluding  chapter  Mr.  Hopkins  sums  up  the  record  of 
American  parties  in  a  suggestive  manner.  This  record 
shows  that  since  the  days  of  Jackson  the  rule  has  been  that 
the  party  which  secured  the  Presidency  at  the  same  election 
rbo<»e  Congressmen  of  the  same  political  faith,  but  that  two 
yere  later  the  people  have  chosen  a  majority  in  the  House 
of  Representatives  hostile  to  the  administration.  In  every 
second  term  of  Congress,  therefore,  in  almost  every  instance, 
the  political  control  of  legislation  has  been  transferred  from 
one  party  to  the  other.  Exceptions,  however,  occurred  dur- 
ing the  period  of  the  Civil  War,  in  Cleveland's  first  term, 
and  during  the  second  half  of  McKlnley*s  term. 

The  Jeffersonian  Cyclopedia.  Edited  by  John  P.  Foley. 
8vo,  pp.  1009.  New  York  :  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Com- 
pany.   $7.50. 

It  is  claimed  for  this  work  that  it  contains  everything 
of  Importance  that  Jefferson  ever  wrote  on  government, 
1aw«  politics,  education,  commerce,  agriculture,  manufac- 
tares,  navigation,  finance,  morals,  or  religious  freedom— in 
short,  that  it  is  a  complete  manual  of  Jefferson's  doctrine. 
Nearly  ten  thousand  extracts  from  Jefferson's  letters,  state 
jMip»ers,  and  published  works  are  arranged  alphabetically 
by  topics,  with  a  full  cross-reference  index.  This  scheme 
in^atly  facilitates  the  use  of  the  voluminous  material.  If 
we  mistake  not,  the  publishers  have  had  an  eye  on  the  needs 
of  the  campaign  '' spellbinders  **  in  this  Presidential  year. 
The  book  is  thoroughly  workmanlike,  and  a  model  of  its 
class. 

The  Life  and  Writings  of  Thomas  Jefferson.    By  S.  E. 

Forman.    8vo,  pp.  476.    Indianapolis ;.  The  Bowen- 

Merrill  Company.    $3. 

To  write  a  biographical  sketch  of  Jefferson  that  should 
^ avoid  controversy,  abuse,  and  eulogy"  has  been  Dr.  For* 
man's  very  sensible  and  praiseworthy  aim.  He  has  achieved 
It  by  rigidly  confining  himself  to  the  undisputed  facts  of  his 
tkero's  career.  Of  this  volume,  entitled  "  The  Life  and  Writ- 
ings** of  Jefferson,  the  "  Life  "  occupies  less  than  one-third. 
The  more  important  portion  of  the  book  consists  of  extracts 
^rom  Jefferson's  voluminous  private  correspondence,  his 
state  papers,  his '*  Notes  on  Virginia,"  etc.  All  of  this  ma- 
terial has  long  been  in  print,  of  course,  but  not  in  a  form 
generally  accessible. 

The  Trusts  :   What  Can  We    Do  with  Them  ?    What 

Can  They  Do  for  Us?    By  WUliam  MiUer  Collier. 

12mo,  pp.  838.    New  York :    The  Baker  &  Taylor 

Company.    $1.25. 

Bfr.  Colliex's  point  of  view  in  dealing  with  the  trust 
problem  is  that  of  the  student  who  recognizes  the  necessity 
c»f  combinations  of  capital,  and  at  the  same  time  sees  their 
dangers  to  the  industrial,  social,  and  political  system.  He 
lyelieves  that  much  of  the  legislation  heretofore  attempted 
Iaaa  been  futile,  and  even  positively  injurious.  His  method, 
^ftlierefOre,  is  to  discriminate  between  the  evils  that  must  be 
-pcohlUted  and  prevented  and  the  tendencies  that  must  be 


limited  and  restricted.  As  specific  remedies  for  the  evils  re- 
sulting from  trusts,  Mr.  Collier  would  abolish  all  special 
privileges;  prohibit  and  absolutely  prevent  railroad  dis- 
crimination ;  lower  the  tariff,— not  whenever  we  can  obtain 
our  goods  from  abroad  at  a  lower  rate,  but  whenever  the 
prices  exacted  by  any  trust,  or  any  corporation,  or  any  indi- 
vidual are  in  excess  of  a  fair  profit  after  paying  American 
wages.  He  would  compel  corporations  to  bear  their  fair 
proportion  of  taxation,  and  let  the  public  retain  and,  in  so 
far  as  is  lawful,  retake  all  public  utilities  and  franchises. 
He  favors  the  New  York  franchise-tax  law.  In  addition  to 
the  abolishing  of  special  privileges,  Mr.  Collier  has  great 
faith  in  publicity  as  a  coordinate  remedy. 

"  Restraint  of  Trade  : "    Pros  and  Cons  of  Trusts  in 

Facts  and  Principles.    By  William  Hudson  Harper. 

12mo,  pp.  808.    Chicago,  750  Marquette  Building  : 

Printed  for  the  Editor.    Paper,  50  cents. 

This  pamphlet  represents  an  attempt  to  collate  the  most 

diverse  opinions  recently  expressed  by  American  thinkers 

on  the  trust  problem.    No  great  effort  has  been  made  to 

secure  an  orderly  arrangement  of  material,  and,  as  the 

editor  himself  intimates  in  his  preface,  the  book  may  be 

opened  at  random  and  read  without  regard  to  sequence. 

There  is  an  advantage,  of  course,  in  having  the  crystallized 

views  of  economists  and  publicists  on  this  question  thus 

compiled  in  a  single  volume.    All  schools  of  thought  seem 

to  have  been  fairly  treated  by  the  editor,  whose  sole  aim  has 

been  to  give  each  authority  equal  and  Just  representation. 

The  Wall   Street  Point  of  View.    By  Henry  Clews. 

12mo,  pp.  290.    New  York  :  Silver,  Burdett  &  Co. 

$1.50. 

In  this  volume  Mr.  Clews  considers  the  political  and 
social  problems  of  the  day,  and  even  international  affairs, 
from  '•  the  Wall-Street  point  of  view."  Many  of  his  chap- 
ters, such  as  "  Washington  Domination  in  Finance,  Specu- 
lation, and  Business," '•  Tariff  for  Prosperity  Only," ''Cur- 
rency Legislation,"  and  "  President  McKlnley's  Policy  and 
the  Nation's  Future,"  have  a  direct  bearing  on  the  current 
Presidential  campaign.  The  concluding  chapter,  entitled 
**  Our  Nation's  New  Departure,"  is  a  defense  of  the  present 
administration  of  our  foreign  affairs.  Chapters  on  the 
Cleveland  and  Harrison  administrations,  the  Wilson  tariff 
law,  the  Baring  failure,  and  the  Venezuelan  message  panic 
are  not  without  historical  value  and  significance.  Mr. 
Clews'  style,  as  often  illustrated  in  his  writings  for  the 
press,  is  colloquial,  frequently  anecdotal,  and  always  en- 
tertaining. 

One  Hundred  Years  of  Platforms,  Principles,  and  Poli- 
cies of  the  American  Democracy.  By  S.  S.  Bloom. 
12mo,  pp.  221.  Shelby,  Ohio  :  The  Shelby  Publish- 
ing Company.    Paper,  50  cents. 

This  pamphlet  is  a  campaign  handbook  designed  for  the 
guidance  of  Democratic  voters,  and  intended  to  familiarize 
the  younger  generation  with  the  principles  of  the  Jefferso- 
nian fathers.  The  book  was  published  before  the  assembling  « 
of  the  Kansas  City  convention. 

The  Referendum  in  America.    By  Ellis  Paxson  Ober- 
holtzer.    12mo,  pp.  430.    New  York  :  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's  Sons.    $2. 
Dr.  Oberholtzer  luis  been  engaged  for  several  years  in  a 

study  of  the  referendum  in  Switzerland  and  in  this  country. 

He  has  given  special  attention  to  the  system  of  lawmaking 

by  popular  vote  In  the  United  States,  under  which  oonstltu- 


502 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REyiEWS. 


tional  amendments  and  even  entire  constitutions  are  sub- 
mitted for  ratiflcation  at  tiie  polls.  Ho  makes  it  clear  that 
Americans  really  had  the  referendum  long  before  tlie  name 
was  familiar  to  them.  His  discussion  of  the  various  phases 
of  the  subject  in  the  light  of  the  most  recent  developments, 
both  at  home  and  abroad,  is  exceedingly  timely  and  in- 
structive. 

Representative  Democracy.     By  John   R.  Commons. 

12mo,  pp.  100.    New  York :  Bureau  of  Economic 

Research.    Paper,  25  cents. 

This  little  pamphlet  brings  together  the  main  argu- 
mento  for  direct  legislation  and  proportional  representa- 
tion. The  chief  aim  of  the  work,  perhaps,  is  to  show  the  im- 
portance to  minority  parties  in  different  sections  of  the 
country  of  proportional  representation  as  a  means  to  united 
action  without  fusion.  The  author  seeks  to  apply  this  prin- 
ciple to  Democrats,  Populists,  and  Silver  Republicans  in  the 
West,  to  Populists  and  Republicans  in  the  South,  and  to 
Republicans,  Socialists,  etc.,  in  New  York  City.  In  consid- 
ering direct  legislation,  the  author  argues  that  it  Is  the  only 
cure  for  corruption  in  politics.  The  account  of  the  new 
proportional-representation  law  in  Belgium  was  contributed 
by  Professor  Commons  to  the  Review  of  Reviews  for 
May,  1900. 

ECONOMICS  AND  SOCIOLOGY. 

Americans  EJconomic  Supremacy.  By  Brooks  Adams. 
12mo,  pp.  222.  New  York :  The  Macmillan  Com- 
pany.   $1.25. 

The  titles  of  the  essays  brought  together  in  this  volume 
areas  follows:  **The  Spanish  War  and  the  Equilibrium  of 
the  World  ;  ** "  The  New  Struggle  for  Life  Among  Nations; " 
^'England's  Decadence  in  the  West  Indies;**  '* Natural 
Selection  in  Literature ;  **  **  The  Decay  of  England,*'  and 
**  Russia's  Interest  in  China."  These  essays  deal  with  the 
last  three  years,  in  which  the  United  States,  at  least,  has 
made  history  very  rapidly.  These  discussions  of  the  most 
modern  phases  of  our  economic  life  are  well  thought  out, 
and,  though  prepared  without  reference  to  one  another,  form 
a  natural  sequence. 

Industrial  Betterment.    By  William    Howe  Tolman. 

(Monographs  on  American  Social  Ekx>nomics.)    8vOf 

pp.  82.     New  York  :    League  for  Social  Service. 

Paper,  75  cents. 

Dr.  Tolman's  monograph,  which  has  received  the  honor 
of  a  French  translation,  deals  particularly  with  the  im- 
provement in  the  conditions  under  which  American  work- 
ing-men and  working- women  perform  their  daily  tasks.  Dr. 
Tolman  has  investigated  not  only  the  factories  themselves, 
but  the  homes  and  environments  of  the  workers.  He  has 
also  studied  the  effect  of  such  industrial  and  social  better- 
ment on  the  community  as  a  whole. 

Religious  Movements  for  Social  Betterment.    By  Dr. 

Josiah  Strong.    (Monographs  on  American  Social 

Economics.)    8vo,  pp.  50.    New  York :  League  for 

Social  Service.    Paper,  50  cents. 

Dr.  Strong's  pamphlet  on  ^*  Religious  Movements  for 
Social  Betterment"  covers  particularly  such  developments 
as  what  is  known  as  the  ** institutional  church"  idea  and 
oiher  modern  attempts  to  direct  religious  activities  along 
social  lines.  The  work  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation, the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association,  and  the 
Salvation  Army  is  also  described. 

•The  Past  and  Present  Condition  of  Public  Hygiene  and 
State  Medicine  in  the  United  States.  By  Samuel 
W.  Abbott.  (Monographs  on  American  Social  Eco- 
nomics.)   8vo,  pp.  103. 

In  summing  up  the  progress  of  matters  pertaining  to 
public  health  in  the  United  States,  Dr.  Abbott  mentions 
especially  the  rapidity  with  which  the  introduction  of  public 
water-supplies  has  been  effected,  especially  in  States  west 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  the  stimulus  given  to  meth- 


ods for  the  prevention  of  the  spread  of  infectious  diseases 
through  the  agents  of  bacteriology.  As  pressing  needs  of 
the  hour.  Dr.  Abbott  suggests  a  central  bureau  or  depart- 
ment for  the  collection  of  vital  statistics  from  the  different 
States  and  Territories,  and  a  central  sanitary  organization 
at  Washingt^in  to  cooperate  with  and  to  aid  municipal  and 
State  sanitary  authorities. 

The  Care  of  Destitute,  Neglected,  and  Delinquent  Chil- 
dren. By  Homer  Folks.  (Monographs  on  Ameri- 
can Social  Economics.)  Svo,  pp.  142.  New  York  : 
The  Charities  Review. 

In  a  series  of  monographs  on  American  social  eco- 
nomics, prepared  for  the  United  Stateit  Conmiission  to  the 
Paris  Exposition,  there  is  an  exhaustive  study  of  **  The  Care 
of  Destitute,  Neglected,  and  Delinquent  Children,"  by 
Homer  Folks,  secretary  of  the  New  York  State  Charitie« 
Aid  Association.  Mr.  Folks  first  describes  the  sitoation  tn 
this  country  in  1801  with  reference  to  these  dependent 
classes.  He  then  reviews  the  development  of  the  public 
care  of  destitute  children  up  to  the  year  1875.  Private 
charities  for  destitute  children  during  the  same  period  are 
treated  in  a  similar  manner.  Then  the  movement  for  the 
removal  of  children  from  the  almshouses  is  described.  This 
is  followed  by  a  full  account  of  public  systems  other  than 
almshouse  care,  for  the  last  quarter  of  the  nineteenth 
century.  There  is  also  a  chapter  on  private  charities  for  the 
same  period,  together  with  specific  chapters  on  neglected 
and  delinquent  children,  present  tendencies,  and  an  ample 
bibliography  of  the  whole  subject,  giving  the  more  Impor- 
tant sources  of  information.  This  paper  also  forms  one  of 
an  historical  series  on  American  philanthropy  in  the  Ouxri- 
iie»  Review. 

Crime  and  Criminals.     By  J.  Sanderson  Christison. 

12mo,  pp.  177.    Chicago :  100  State  St.    Published 

by  the  Author.    $1.25. 

Dr.  Christison's  studies  of  crime  and  criminals  have 
attracted  much  attention,  and,  in  view  of  the  rapid  increase 
in  American  crime,  they  are  deserving  of  most  serious  con- 
sideration. In  this  little  volume.  Dr.  Christison  presents  a 
series  of  criminal  topics,  with  brief  descriptions  of  the  indi- 
vidual characters  and  their  history.  Each  de6criptio&  i» 
given  as  the  product  of  an  examination  of  two  or  oiore 
hours'  length  made  in  private  and  supplemented  by  other 
inquiries.    They  thus  have  a  rigid  scientific  basis. 

The  History  of  the  Prudential  Insurance  Company  of 

America  (Industrial  Insurance).    By  Frederick  L. 

Hoffman.    12mo,  pp.  838.     Newark,  N.  J.  :    The 

Prudential  Press. 

In  connection  with  the  exhibit  at  the  Paris  Expositioo 
of  charts,  diagrams,  and  statistics  illustrating  the  meth- 
ods and  results  of  what  is  known  as  ^industrial  insur- 
ance "  in  the  United  States,  this  monograph  has  been  pr«^ 
pared  by  the  statistician  of  the  Prudential  Insurance  Com- 
pany of  America,  the  concern  most  closely  identified  with 
this  form  of  insurance.  Although  the  company  has  hmji  aa 
existence  of  only  a  quarter  of  a  century,  it  has  fully  dnooo- 
strated  the  possibility  of  extending  the  benefits  of  life  insv- 
ance  to  the  masses.  This  volume  forms  as  complete  a  record 
of  the  history  of  the  insuring  of  working-men  and  their  fami- 
lies in  this  country  as  it  would  be  possible  to  compile  from 
any  source. 

CHINA  AND  THE  FAR  EAST. 
China's  Open  Door  :  A  Sketch  of  Chinese  LJfe  and  Hi* 
tory.    By  Rounsevelle  Wildman.    12mo,  pp.  xvi-^l 
Boston :  Lothrop  Publishing  Company.    %\JSfk 
Consul-General  Wildman  has  brought  within  brief  com- 
pass an  historical  sketch  of  the  Chinese  empire  and  its  pe»> 
pie  from  the  earliest  times  to  the  outbreak  of  the  Boxer 
insurrection.    Mr.  Wildman's  book  lacks  the  element  of  dry- 
ness so  often  present  in  histories  compiled  from  printed 
works.    Perhaps  one  reason  for  this  is  the  fact  »>»*^t  the 
author  has  based  his  work  on  personal  observation  and  aao- 


THE  NEIV  BOOKS, 


5on 


riatinn  with  the  people  he  describes,  rather  than  on  litera- 
turf.  Writing  from  the  modern  American  point  of  view, 
Mr.  Wildoian  coald  hardly  fail  to  treat  quite  fully  of  the 
commercial  and  economic  problems  of  the  far  East.  His 
residence  at  Hongkong  as  the  official  representative  of  the 
United  States  has  afforded  him  many  opportunities  for  ac- 
curate  judgment  on  these  subjects.  His  book  will,  therefore, 
prove  interesting  to  American  business  men  seeking  enlarged 
markets  in  China,  as  well  as  to  students  of  contemporary 
world  politics. 

MiHsions  and  Politics  in  China :  A  Record  of  Cause  and 
Effect.  By  Robert  E.  Speer.  16mo,  pp.  61.  New 
York :  Fleming  H.  Revell  Company.  Paper,  10 
cent*. 

One  of  the  best  brief  discussions  of  the  missionary  situ- 
ation  in  China  is  the  chapter  prepared  by  Mr.  Robert  E. 
Speer  for  his  work  on  *'  Missions  and  Politics  in  Asia,*'  and 
now  republished  in  separate  form  for  public  circulation. 
Mr.  Speer  has  obtained  a  clear  insight  into  the  political  and 
economic  forces  at  work  in  China,  as  well  as  the  mission 
movement.  His  monograph  is  a  defense  of  Chinese  mis- 
sions, evolved  from  a  full  knowledge  of  the  difficulties  and 
peculiar  conditions  under  which  these  missions  have  been 
at  work. 

Arabia  :  The  Cradle  of  Islam.  By  Rev.  S.  M.  Zwemer. 
8vo,  pp.  434.  New  York  :  Fleming  H.  Revell  Com- 
pany.   $2. 

In  the  case  of  Arabia,  as  in  many  other  instances,  we 
are  indebted  to  a  missionary  for  one  of  the  first  complete  ac- 
counts of  the  country  in  English.  Mr.  Zwemer  has  written 
this  book  especially  to  call  attention  to  the  need  of  mission- 
ary work  for  the  Arabs.  He  collected  his  materials  during 
nine  years  of  residence  in  Arabia.  Dr.  James  S.  Dennis,  in 
an  introductory  note,  commends  the  spirit  in  which  the  au- 
thor has  written  of  Mohammedanism.  The  book  is  frank  in 
its  expressions  of  gratification  on  the  British  advance  in  the 
peninsula. 

Russia  Against  India  ;  The  Struggle  for  Asia.  By  Ar- 
chibald R.  Colquhoun.  13mo,  pp.  246.  New  York  : 
Harper  &  Brothers.    $1.50. 

This  contribution  of  Mr.  Colquhoun  to  the  discussion  of 
the  Eastern  question  is  primarily  designed  for  English  read- 
ers; but  since.  In  the  author's  view,  British  interests  in  In- 
dlA  are  closely  bound  up  with  the  interests  of  the  whole 
Anglo-Saxon  race,  the  topics  that  he  treats  will  be  not  with- 
out interest  to  American  readers.  At  any  rate,  the  book  will 
be  helpful  in  clearing  away  the  mistiness  of  the  whole  East- 
em  situation.  The  author  has  endeavored  to  sketch  affairs 
In  Central  Asia  from  actuality  rather  than  from  official 
Accounts.  Oddly  enough,  the  writer  first  named  in  the  list 
of  ttiose  to  whom  Mr.  Colquhoun  acknowledges  Indebtedness 
is  an  American— Mr.  Eugene  Schuyler,  whose  writings  on 
Russia  many  years  ago  first  drew  the  attention  of  the 
Knglish-speaking  world  to  the  Czar's  great  modern  do- 
minion. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

The  Colombian  and  Venezuelan  Republics.  By  William 
tt,  Scruggs.  Vi^o,  pp.  350.  Boston  :  Little,  Brown 
&Co.    $2.50. 

This  work  derives  its  chief  value  from  the  author*s  inti- 
mate personal  acquaintance  with  the  countries  and  peoples 
described.  This  acquaintance,  maintained  during  a  period 
of  twenty-seven  years,  while  it  had  its  basis  in  the  official 
positions  held  by  Mr.  Scruggs,- has  resulted  in  a  knowledge 
of  the  republics  to  which  he  was  accredited  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  United  States  far  more  extensive  and  pro- 
found than  that  usually  acquired  by  diplomats  in  a  purely 
official  capacity.  He  has  made  a  special  study  of  the  natu- 
ral resources  and  climatic  conditions  of  Colombia  and 
Veneeucla.  The  descriptive  chapters  of  the  book  will  be 
found  particularly  useful ;  but  the  author  has  wisely  deemed 
An  understanding  of  the  political  and  social  conditions  es- 


sential, and  has  therefore  treated  with  considerable  fullness 
siK-h  topics  as  "  Panama  Canal  Proje<^t8,"  "  The  Race  Proi»- 
lem  in  America,"  **  Democracy  in  South  America,"  *'Span- 
ihh- American  Revolutions,"  "The  Monroe  Doctrine,"  and 
"  The  Anglo-Venezuelan  Boundary  Dispute." 

South  America  :  Social,  Industrial,  and  Political.  By 
Frank  G.  Carpenter.  8vo,  pp.  625.  Akron,  Ohio  : 
The  Saalfleld  Publishing  Company.  $3. 
After  more  than  a  year  of  constant  travel  through 
South  American  countries,  Mr.  Carpenter  has  compiled  in 
this  volume  the  results  of  his  elaborate  studies  of  the  com- 
mercial and  social  life,  both  rural  and  urban,  in  the  coun- 
tries visited.  He  describes  the  chief  industries  of  the  peo- 
ple and  the  economic  resources  and  possibilities,  and  inci- 
dentally points  out  the  chances  for  the  investment  of  Ameri- 
can capital  and  the  increase  of  American  trade.  The  book 
is  also  a  record  of  personal  adventures,  but  its  main  inter- 
est lies  in  the  wealth  of  practical  information  gathered  by 
the  author  in  the  lines  of  his  special  investigations.  There 
are  numerous  half-tone  illustrations. 

The  Rockies  of  Canada.    By  Walter  Dwight  Wilcox. 

8vo,   pp.  809.    New   York  :   G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

$3.50. 

So  far  as  "  book  knowledge  "  is  concerned,  Americans 
are  wofully  ignorant  of  Canadian  mountain  scenery.  Mr. 
Walter  Dwight  Wilcox,  F.R.G.S.,  has  visited  all  the  points 
of  scenic  interest  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Canada,  taking 
many  photographs  and  climbing  many  dizzy  heights.  The 
photogravure  and  half-tone  plates  made  from  the  author^s 
photographs  to  illustrate  the  present  volume  form  a  revela- 
tion of  Canadian  mountain  scenery.  A  separate  chapter  on 
mountaineering  describes  the  efforts  in  climbing  made  by 
American  travelers  with  Swiss  guides,  and  by  several  noted 
climbers  from  abroad.  There  are  also  special  chapters  on 
camp  life  and  hunting  and  fishing  which  will  interest 
American  sportsmen.  As  a  whole,  the  work  is  an  important 
contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  the  scenic  wonders  of  our 
own  continent. 

In  South  Africa  with  Bailer.  By  George  Clark  Mus- 
grave.  8vo,  pp.  354.  Boston :  Little,  Brown  & 
C^^.    $2. 

Captain  Musgrave,  whose  account  of  the  Cuban  War 
("Under  Three  Flags  in  Cuba")  has  won  much  praise, 
undertakes  in  the  present  volume  to  review  the  causes  of 
the  war  In  South  Africa.  In  the  case  of  Cuba,  CapUin 
Musgrave's  sympathies  were  wholly  with  the  struggling 
patriots  as  against  Spain ;  in  South  Africa,  on  the  other 
hand,  he  regards  the  Boers  as  the  real  aggressors,  and  the 
triumph  of  the  British  arms  as  the  only  hope  of  true  repub- 
licanism in  the  Transvaal.  He  hopes  through  this  book  to 
influence  American  public  opinion  In  favor  of  Great  Brit- 
ain's side.  Sympathetic  readers  of  the  Cuban  book  may 
find  some  difficulty,  on  taking  up  the  South-African  story, 
in  following  or  adopting  the  author^s  shifted  point  of  view; 
but  as  a  record  of  the  early  military  operations  of  the  war 
in  Natal  the  volume  is  important. 

As  Seen  by  Me.    By  Lilian  Bell.    16mo,  pp.  306.    New 

York  :  Harper  &  Brothers.    $1.25. 

The  unique  title  adopted  for  this  little  book  is  a  clew  to 
the  individuality  of  Its  contents,  covering  two  years  of  travel, 
over  some  thirty  thousand  miles.  The  book  does  not  pretend 
to  present  people  and  things  as  they  are  seen  by  the  aver- 
age traveler ;  nor  even,  as  the  author  frankly  says,  "as  they 
really  are."  The  sketches,  however,  are  so  readable  that 
most  people  will  be  willing  to  Uke  them  as  they  have  been 
written,  without  going  to  the  trouble  of  allowing  for  the 
author's  personal  equation. 
A  Journey  with  the  Sun  Around  the  World.    By  Rev. 

William   McMahon.      12mo,    pp.  676.     Cleveland : 

The  Catholic  Universe  Publishing  Company.    $1.75. 

A  well-known  Roman  Catholic  priest  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  the  Rev.  Father  McMahon,  has  written  a  readable 


504 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


and  entertainins  acconnt  of  a  recent  journey  around  the 
world.    The  book  is  fully  illustrated  from  photographs. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

St^iphen  Decatur.  By  Cyrus  TowuHend  Brady.  (The 
Beacon  Biographies  of  Eminent  Americans.)  24mo, 
pp.  -142.    Boston  :  Small,  Maynard  &  Co.    75  cents. 

The  story  of  Commodore  Decatur's  comparatively  brief 
but  glorious  career  in  the  American  navy  is  told  by  Mr. 
Cyrus  Townsend  Brady  in  the  series  of  "Beacon  Biog- 
raphies "  in  a  characteristically  frank  and  impressive  way. 
Mr.  Brady  regards  Decatur  as  the  most  conspicuous  figure 
in  the  naval  history  of  the  United  States  for  the  hundred 
years  between  Paul  Jones  and  Farragut,  not  even  excepting 
the  brilliant  Oliver  Hazard  Perry,  who  won  undying  fame 
in  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie.  The  brilliant  achievements  of 
our  modem  navy  in  1808  have  undoubtedly  revived  Interest 
in  the  naval  exploits  of  the  fathers.  Perhaps  Mr.  Brady 
will  be  regarded  by  some  critics  as  slightly  extravagant  in 
his  estimate  of  Decatur^s  achievements,  but  it  cannot  be  de- 
nied that  in  this  little  book  he  has  faithfully  carried  out  his 
purpose  of  showing  the  man  as  he  appeared  to  his  contem- 
poraries, and,  at  the  same  time,  exhibiting  in  some  measure 
the  national  habit,  life,  thought,  and  action  during  the  time 
in  which  he  lived. 

Stonewall  Jackson.  By  Carl  Hovey.  (The  Beacon  Bi- 
ographies.) iMmo,  pp.  181.  Boston:  Small,  May- 
nard &  Co.    75  cents. 

About  two  years  ago,  we  noticed  in  these  pages  an 
elaborate  biography  of  Gen.  Stonewall  Jackson,  by  Lieuten- 
ant-Colonel Henderson,  of  the  British  Army.  That  work 
contains  a  detailed  account  of  the  famous  Confederate  gen- 
eral's military  career.  Mr.  Carl  Hovey  has  written  for  the 
''  Beacon  **  series  an  admirable  short  sketch  of  Jackson,  por- 
traying with  unusual  success  the  hero  of  the  Shenandoah  as 
he  appeared  in  action.  The  greater  part  of  the  book  is,  of 
course,  given  up  to  the  Civil  War,  in  the  first  two  years  of 
which  Jackson  accomplished  what  to  him  and  to  thousands 
of  followers  in  the  South  seemed  to  be  his  life-work.  Mr. 
Hovey  has  attempted  no  criticism  of  his  hero,  but  has  been 
content  to  let  the  plain  record  of  Jackson's  career  speak  for 
itself.  Perhaps  the  North  has  never  yet  understood  the  se- 
cret of  this  man's  leadership;  but,  from  a  study  of  his 
achievements  in  battle,  we  can  well  understand  why  the 
death  of  Stonewall  Jackson  brought  the  first  touch  of  real 
despair  to  those  who  up  to  that  time  had  believed  in  the  tri- 
umph of  the  Southern  cause. 

"An  American  Commoner.'*  The  Life  and  Times  of 
Richard  Parks  Bland.  Edited  by  William  Vincent 
Byars.  With  an  Introduction  by  William  Jennings 
Bryan.  8vo,  pp.  404.  Columbia,  Mo. :  E.  W.  Ste- 
phens.   $3.50. 

The  life  of  the  Hon.  Richard  Parks  Bland,  who  will  be 
remembered  as  one  of  the  leading  candidates  of  the  Silver 
wing  of  the  Democratic  party  prior  to  the  nominating  con- 
vention of  1806,  has  been  compiled  by  Mr.  William  Vincent 
Byars.  The  book  is  provided  with  an  introduction  by 
William  Jennings  Bryan,  and  contains  personal  reminis- 
cences by  Mrs.  Bland.  The  political  problems  and  policies 
of  the  past  twenty-five  years  are  nearly  all  touched  upon  In 
this  sketch  of  Mr.  Bland's  career.  Mr.  Bland's  record  in 
(Congress  on  the  silver  question,  long  antedating  that  of 
most  of  the  priesent-day  leaders  of  his  party,  makes  this 
volume  a  timely  one  in  the  present  campaign. 

Sam  Houston.  By  Sarah  Barnwell  Elliott.  (The  Bea- 
con Biographies.)  24mo,  pp.  149.  Boston  :  Small, 
Maynard  &  Co.    75  cents. 

The  story  of  General  Houston's  life,  touching  as  it  does 
on  the  questions  of  territorial  expansion,  of  silver,  and  of 
the  secession  of  the  Southern  States,  is  a  part  of  our  na- 
tional history.     The  picturesque    features  of   Houston's 


career  have  for  two  generations  been  common  property 
throughout  Tennessee,  where  the  first  part  of  his  public  life 
was  passed,  and  Texas,  the  State  that  he  founded.  From 
the  abundance  of  materials  scattered  through  the  histories 
and  public  records  of  Tennessee,  Texas,  and  the  teix  South- 
west, Miss  Sarah  Barnwell  Elliott  has  constructed  a  graphic 
account  of  Houston's  achievements.  Houston  was  a  soldier  in 
three  wars— the  War  of  1812,  the  Texan  war  of  independence, 
and  the  Mexican  War,  and  lived  through  the  second  year  of 
the  Civil  War.  He  left  the  governorship  of  Texas  in  1861  be- 
cause of  his  refusal  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the 
Confederate  government.  He  had  been  a  member  of  the  na- 
tional House  of  Representatives  and  of  the  United  States 
Senate,  and  the  highest  honors  that  two  States  could  confer 
upon  him  had  been  his.  To  the  credit  of  General  Houston, 
it  is  remembered  that  he  left  the  public  service  in  1881  as 
poor  as  when  he  entered  it  as  a  young  soldier  In  181S. 

Recollections  of  a  Lifetime.  By  General  RoeliflT  Brin- 
kerhoff.  12mo,  pp.  448.  Cincinnati:  The  Robert 
Clarice  Company.    $2. 

General  Brinkerhofl,  of  Ohio,  who  in  recent  years  has 
been  known  throughout  the  country  for  his  connection  with 
organized  charities,  has  had  a  long  and  interesting  public 
career,  the  most  active  years  of  which  covered  the  more  im- 
portant events  of  the  antislavery  period,  beginning  with  the 
repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise  in  1854  and  closing  with 
the  Civil  War  and  reconstruction.  During  that  i>eriod  Gen- 
eral BrinkerhoflT  had  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  many 
leading  men,  and  had  himself  no  small  i>art  in  the  shaping 
of  events.  General  BrinkerhoflT  has  served  successfully  a« 
educator,  lawyer,  editor,  soldier,  statesman,  and  philan- 
thropist. Among  his  friends  were  Salmon  P.  Chase.  Jame« 
G.  Blaine,  President  Garfield,  and  President  Hayes.  It  i» 
said  that  General  Brinkerhoff  has  visited  and  inspected 
probably  more  benevolent  and  correctional  Institutions 
than  any  other  man  in  the  world ;  for  he  has  traveled  for 
that  purpose  in  every  State  in  the  Union  except  one,  and 
also  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  the  Republic  of  Mexico, 
and  all  the  countries  of  Western  Europe.  His  obserrationt 
on  these  travels  form  in  this  volume  a  history  of  modern 
progress  in  dealing  with  the  dependent,  defective,  and 
criminal  classes. 

Napoleon  III.  at  the  Height  of  His  Power.  By  Imbert 
de  Saint-Amand.  Translated  by  Elizabeth  Gilbert 
Martin.  12mo,  pp.  805.  New  York  :  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's  Sons.    $1.50. 

M.  de  Saint-Amand's  numerous  writings  on  modern 
French  history,  which  have  been  translated  and  have  ob- 
tained wide  circulation  in  this  country,  are  now  generallr 
accepted  as  authoritative  for  the  period  that  they  cover. 
The  latest  accession  to  the  list  is  a  volume  treating  of  Na- 
poleon III.  at  the  height  of  his  power.  This  book,  like  its 
predecessors,  deals  with  persons  and  events  in  the  bright, 
crisp,  and  distinctively  French  method  which  makes  the 
whole  series  so  much  more  attractive  than  any  English 
works  covering  the  same  ground.  In  1860  the  Emperor  oould 
say  that  in  a  single  year  the  French  fiag  liad  fioated  at 
Rome,  at  Beyrout,  and  at  Peking.  He  foresaw  nothing  of 
the  ruin  that  was  to  come  ten  years  thence.  **As  everything 
had  succeeded  with  him  from  the  beginning  of  his  r^gn,  be 
believed  that  his  eagles  soared  above  the  lightning.'^ 

New  York  State's  Prominent  and  Progressive  Men. 
Compiled  by  Mitchell  C.  Harrison.  Two  vols.  4ta 
pp.  421-890.    New  York  :  The  New  York  Tribxine. 

The  New  York  Tribune  has  compiled,  for  the  use  of 
newspaper  editors  and  others  requiring  the  data,  two  vol- 
umes, entitled  ''  New  York  State's  Prominent  and  Progres- 
sive Men,"  including  numerous  biographical  sketches  pre- 
pared under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  Mitchell  C.  Harrisoa. 
Many  of  the  subjects  of  these  sketches  are  men  of  nationai 
reputation.  The  paper  and  typography  of  the  volumes  art 
of  the  best  quality.  We  understand  that  the  work  it  soM 
only  by  subscription. 


THE  NEW  BOOKS, 


505 


RBCBNT  FICTION. 

The  Golden  Book  of  Venice  :  Ao  Historical  Romance  of 
the  16th  Century.  By  Mrs.  Lawrence  Tumbull. 
12mo,  pp.  399.  New  York  :  The  Century  Company. 
$1.50. 

Mrs.  TambuU'8  '* Golden  Book  of  Venice"  will  appear 
thla  month*  an  advance  copy  having  reached  us  just  before 
the  October  Review  or'REViEWB  went  to  press.    It  is  an  his- 
torical novel  of  the  classic  type,— with  the  scene  laid  in  Venice 
in  the  latter  half  of  the  sixteenth  century,— and  the  story  is  In- 
terwonnd  with  the  fierce  struggle  between  Rome  and  Venice, 
Church  and  State,  which  brought  the  famous  Servite  Friar, 
Paolo  SarpL,  to  the  zenith  of  his  fame.    Mrs.  Tambull*s  pic- 
ture of  the  times  and  of  the  ever-beantifol  Venice  is  one 
which  could  only  have  been  painted  by  one  who  has  con- 
sciously withdrawn  into  the  atmosphere  of  1565  and  of  Venice 
and  become  saturated  with  it.    Mrs.  Turn  bull  has  in  fact 
made  a  rarely  conscientious  and  thorough  study  of  the  place, 
the  peoples,  and  the  times  which  form  the  background  of  her 
imaginative  work.    The  story  itself  Is  pure  fiction,  with  the 
exception  only  of  the  historic  events  which  it  accompanies, 
and  of  the  character  and  utterances  of  Fra  Paolo.    The 
romance  is  the  love  of  Marcantonio,  scion  of  the  aristocratic 
house  of  Giustiniani,  for  the  lovely  but  low-bom  Marina, 
whose  name  becomes  inscribed  on  the  ^  Golden  Book  "  of 
Venetian  nobility  by  a  special  decree  of  the  Senate— a  tri- 
umph won  by  the  lover's  inspired  eloquence.   The  parlous 
times  which  follow  the  marriage  of  the  lovers,  when  their 
happiness  is  torn  between  the  loyalty  of  the  Giustiniani  for 
the  Venetian  state  and  the  pious  devotion  of  the  Lady  Ma- 
rina to  her  church,  lead  up  to  the  catastrophe  when  the 
lovely  yonng  wife  and  mother  leaves  her  husband  and  child 
to  plead  the  Venetian  cause  at  Rome,  only  to  be  intercepted 
and  confined  by  the  state  which  she  would  fain  save  from  ex- 
communication.   As  a  full  and  vivid  historical  picture,  and 
as*  story  of  noble  characters,  with  noble  motives,  noble  joys, 
and  noble  griefs,  Mrs.  Tumbuirs  volume  is  most  worthy  to 
be  read. 

The  Reign  of  Law.    By  James  Lane  Allen.    12mO)  pp. 
885.    New  York  :  The  Macmillan  Co.    $1.50. 
Mr.  Allen's  preceding  story,  **  The  Choir  Invisible,"  has 
given  the  reading  public  its  realization  of  this  author's  ex- 
traordinary truth  and  poetic  delicacy  in  his  interpretation 
of  nature,  and  this  reputation,  in  which  Mr.  Allen  is  not 
surpassed  by  any  story-teller  in  America,  probably,  does  not 
soifer  in  this  latest  tale  of  the  Kentucky  hemp-fields.   The 
opening  chapter,  ^*  Hemp,"  is  a  very  beautiful  idyllic  study ; 
And  all  through  the  story  of  the  Kentucky  farmer  boy,  who 
is  the  hero  of  the  novel,  Mr.  Allen  uses  with  a  touch  here 
And  there  his  preeminent  talent  for  bringing  us  home  to  the 
plcistsant  things,  animate  and  inanimate,  of  the  fields,  the 
sky,  and  the  waters.    The  story  is  concerned  with  the  spirit- 
ual experiences  of  a  Kentucky  boy  who  is  transferred  from 
tbo  devout  and  rather  narrow  religious  atmosphere  of  his 
cTonntry  home  to  a  college  where  he  Is  brought  face  to  face 
^MTith  the  fact,  shocking  to  him,  that  there  are  other  religions 
eUtiming,  with  some  show  of  reason,  a  recognition  equal  to 
Ills  own,  and  that  there  have  been  great  minds  in  the  world 
inrho  refused  obedience  to  any  religion  on  grounds  which 
qTiit«  stagger  the  young  Kentnckian.    The  picture  is  a  not 
ozmAtural  one,  but  portrays  a  situation  found  in  many  a 
life  surrounded  with  analogous  conditions. 

A,  Cumberland  Vendetta.    By  John  Fox,  Jr.    12mo,  pp. 

181.    New  York  :  Harper  &  Brothers.    $1.25. 

Mr.  John  Fox,  Jr.,  the  young  Kentucky  writer,  has  al- 
neAdy  become  known  in  the  field  of  fiction,  and  well  known, 
tliroogh  his  novels  *' A  Mountain  Europa**  and  '^The  Ken- 
laclcians.**  as  well  as  his  short  stories  which  have  been  pub- 
llfllk«d  in  book  form.  It  is  very  natural  that  with  such  a 
jroimtf  writer,  graduated  from  newspaper  work,  the  highly 
dranuktic  qualities  of  tlie  Kentucky  feud  system  should  have 
ttppe&led  strongly  as  the  background  of  a  work  of  fiction. 
"*  Jl  Oumberland  Vendetta  '*  is  the  Imaginative  story  of  a 


Kentucky  family  fend,  written  after  a  careful  preparation 
hy  Mr.  Fox  in  his  explorations  and  study  of  the  lawless 
mountain  regions  of  the  Southwest.  Certainly  there  is  feud 
and  fighting  pufllcient  to  satisfy  the  most  exacting  in  this 
volume,  and  the  tragic  picture  It  gives  of  the  state  of  society 
in  these  mountain  regions  has  a  social  value  aside  from  the 
very  dramatic  and  readable  story. 

The  Girl  at  the  Halfway  House  :  A  Story  of  the  Plains. 

By  E.  Hough.    12mo,  pp.  371.    New  York :  D.  Ap- 

pleton&Co.    $1.50. 

Mr.  Hough  is,  and  has  been  for  many  years,  the  Western 
correspondent  of  Forad  and  Stream,  The  people  who  read 
Forest  and  Stream  have  learned  to  turn  to  Mr.  Hough's 
weekly  letters,  whether  they  care  anything  about  the  intrin- 
sic news  given  there  or  not,  because  the  news  of  Western 
shooting  and  fishing  interests  was  always  presented  by  that 
correspondent  with  such  unfailing  humor  and  vivacity. 
Two  years  ago,  Mr.  Hough  gained  a  larger  audience  through 
his  **  Story  of  the  Cowboy,"  In  which  he  combined  in  the 
most  fascinating  way  a  special  knowledge  of  the  country  of 
the  cowboy  and  the  life  he  led  with  a  large  grasp  of  the 
phase  of  our  national  life  which  the  cowboy  represented.  In 
this  novel,  Mr.  Hough's  first  venture,  we  believe,  in  the  field 
of  fiction,  he  attempts  to  give  a  picture  of  the  great  move- 
ment of  this  nation  from  east  to  west.  His  story  is  divided 
into  "The  Day  of  War,"  **The  Day  of  the  Buffalo,"  "The 
Day  of  the  Cattle,"  and  "The  Day  of  the  Plow  "—four  books 
expressing  the  respective  stages  of  Western  development. 
This  epic  conception  of  the  period  through  which  his  love- 
story  runs  is  not  too  large  for  Mr.  Hough^s  pen.  He  has 
made  a  book  which,  quite  aside  from  the  pretty  romance,  is 
very  well  worth  while  as  a  poetical  and  historical  account 
of  the  growth  of  these  United  States  to  manhood.  The  mag- 
nificence of  this  development,  the  inner  signiflcanoe  of  each 
phase  of  it,  Mr.  Hough  feels  deeply,  and  he  has  the  faculty 
of  making  his  readers  feel  with  him. 

The  Man  That  Corrupted  Hadley burg.  By  Mark  Twain. 

12mo,  pp.  898.     New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

$1.75. 

Mr.  Clemens*  latest  volume  Is  made  up  of  short  stories, 
essays,  and  reminiscent  sketches  which  have  appeared  in 
various  magazines.  These  are  so  diverse  in  subject,  form, 
and  method  that  there  is  nothing  common  to  all  of  them 
except  the  distinctive  genius  of  Mark  Twain.  In  these 
stories  can  be  noted  the  tendency  which  Mr.  Clemens  began 
to  show  many  years  ago— to  add  a  serious  purpose  to  his  fun 
by  attacking  cant  and  snobbishness  in  abstract  or  concrete 
forms.  The  opening  story,  which  gives  its  name  to  the  vol- 
ume, has  a  most  curious  and  ingenious  conception  of  the 
successful  moral  overwhelming  of  a  town  which  had  won 
the  proud  adjective  of  Incorruptible,  the  fall  being  so  com- 
plete and  disastrous  that  Mr.  Clemens  has  no  diflloulty  in 
pointing  his  tacit  moral  that  there  is  no  more  dangerous 
preparation  for  a  community,  or  for  an  Individual,  than  the 
complete  protection  from  temptation.  In  another  story  Mr. 
Clemens  gives  the  private  history  of  "The  Jumping  Frog" 
story ;  there  are  four  or  five  chapters  on  Australia,  and  an 
especially  shrewd  and  entertaining  essay  "Concerning  the 
Jews,"  in  which  the  author  attempts  to  explain  once  and  for 
all  the  prejudice  against  the  Hebrew  race,  and  a  half-dosen 
more  sketches. 

The  Booming  of  Acre  Hilli  and  Other  Reminiscences  of 
Urban  and  Suburban  Life.  By  John  Kendrick 
Bangs.  16mo,  pp.  266.  New  York:  Harper  & 
Brothers.    $1.25. 

Mr.  Bangs  is  now  the  editor  of  Harper^t  Weekly^  and  he 
has  been  more  or  less  of  a  politician  In  his  chosen  town  of 
Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  not  to  speak  of  several  other  occupations 
which  he  has  found ;  but  he  is,  first  of  all,  a  writer  of  hu- 
morous short  stories.  The  present  volume  contains  a  dozen 
of  his  last  stories  and  comical  sketches  which  have  appeared 
before  in  various  periodicals.  It  is  illustrated  with  charm- 
ing drawings  by  Cliarles  DAia  Gibson. 


506 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REf^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Monsieur  Beaucaire.   By  Booth  Tarkington.   l^mo^  pp. 

128.    New  York  :  McClure,  Phillips  &  Co.    $1.25. 

Mr.  Booth  Tarkington  is  a  young  writer  who  becHiue 
well  known  last  year  through  the  success  of  his  novel,  **The 
Gentleman  from  Indiana."  This  slighter  story  at  present 
under  notice  is  a  light  tale  of  intrigue  at  the  English  court, 
and  quite  sustains  the  reputation  for  cleverness  won  by  this 
new  writer  in  his  first  and  more  pretentious  story. 

The  Passing  of  Thomas,  and  Other  Stories.  By  Thomas 
A.  Janvier.  12mo,  pp.  181.  New  York  :  Harper  & 
Brothers.    $1.25. 

Mr.  Janvier  has  collected  in  this  volume  five  stories 
which  have  appeared  In  various  periodicals.  Three  of  them 
have  their  scenes  laid  in  France,  and  reap  the  advantage  of 
Mr.  Janvier's  unsurpassed  talent  for  expressing  the  subtle- 
ties and  whimsicalities  of  the  French  character.  The  book 
is  illustrated  by  Mr.  C.  D.  Gibson,  whose  well-known  types 
have  a  quaint  look,  tricked  out  as  they  are  in  French  dress. 

The  Bewitched  Fiddle,  and  Other  Irish  Tales.  By  Seu- 
mas  MacManns.  16mo,  pp.  340.  New  York:  Double- 
day  &  McClure  Company.  75  cents. 
Mr.  MacManuB*  short  stories  of  Irish  peasant  life  have 
been  gathered  from  magazines  into  this  readable  little 
volume,  which  is  redolent  from  cover  to  cover  of  the  quaint 
Celtic  humor  which  this  author  has  learned  to  exploit  so 
well.  The  opening  story,  which  gives  its  title  to  the  volume, 
tells  of  a  converted  fiddler  whose  instrument  becomes  be- 
witched into  playing  only  the  ribald  tunes  that  were  for- 
merly its  music,  instead  of  the  Gospel  hymns  that  it  should 
have  given  in  church,  with  the  consequence  of  leading  the 
entire  congregation  into  a  most  scandalous  dance  among  the 
tombstones.  Mr.  MacManus*  study  of  Irish  life  has  been 
made  in  his  native  Donegal,  where,  he  tells  us  in  his  apology, 
the  Celtic  spirit  dallies  in  frivolity  as  If  there  were  no  such 
thing  as  the  stern  tasks  of  civilization  or  the  presence  of 
dark  days. 

Whilomville  Stories.     By  Stephen  Crane.    12mo,  pp. 

199.    New  York  :  Harper  &  Brothers.    $1.50. 

It  is  generally  very  difficult  to  please  many  people,  or  at 
least  the  majority  of  people,  with  any  one  treatment  of  boy 
life  in  fiction ;  but  certainly  these  si  ories  of  the  late  Stephen 
Crane,  dealing  with  the  childish  adventures  of  Jimmie  Tres- 
cott  and  his  friends,  will  be  apt  to  command  respect  for 
their  evidence  of  keen  observation,  even  where  they  are 
somewhat  frowned  on  for  their  disdain  of  Sunday-schools 
and  like  institutions.  There  is  a  deal  of  humor  in  many  of 
the  situations,  and  the  boys  are  always  boys— something 
which  can  rarely  be  said  of  fiction  children.  But  whatever 
be  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Crane's  views  of  boy  life,  there  will  be 
but  one  of  Mr.  Peter  Newell's  illustrations,  which  are  really 
inimitable. 

In  Circling  Camps  :  A  Romance  of  the  Civil  War.  By 
Joseph  A.  Altslieler.  12mo,  pp.  419.  New  York  : 
D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.50. 

Mr.  Altsheler,  like  John  Fox,  Jr.,  is  a  Kentuckian.  and 
like  him,  too,  is  a  newspaper  man.  Mr.  Altsheler  began 
writing  fiction  while  on  the  Louisville  Omrier-Jowmoi,  be- 
cause his  paper  needed  a  story,  and  a  suitable  one  could  not 
be  found.  Since  the  first  eflfort,  several  tales  with  a  setting 
of  American  history  have  appeared.  This  last  volume  tells 
of  the  love  of  a  Kentucky  Unionist  for  the  niece  of  a  ras- 
cally army  contractor,  and  it  is  largely  occupied,  too,  in  giv- 
ing a  picture  of  the  battles  of  Gettysburg  and  Shiloh. 

Eben  Holden  :  A  Tale  of  the  North  Country.  By  Ir- 
ving Bacheller.  12mo,  pp.  432.  Boston:  Lothrop 
Publishing  Company.    $1.50. 

Mr.  Bacheller  has  selected  the  movement  of  hardy  Ver- 
mont folks  to  the  West  a  half-century  ago  to  furnish  the 
motive  of  his  story.  Tlie  hero,  an  orphan  child,  goes  on  a 
trek  from  Vermont  to  the  Adirondacks.    The  boy  comes 


from  the  hardy  wood-chopping,  charcoal-burning  life  of  an 
Adirondack  farm  to  New  York  City  and  seeks  work  on  the 
Tribune^  giving  Mr.  Bacheller  an  opportunity  to  draw  a 
striking  portrait  of  Horace  Greeley,  and  to  give  a  very 
amusing  account  of  the  journalism  of  that  day. 

The  Cardinal's  Snuffbox.  By  Henry  Harland.  12mo, 
pp.  319.  New  York  :  John  Lane.  $1.50. 
Mr.  Harland's  new  story  Is  very  pleasant  reading.  The 
scene  Is  laid  In  Italy,  and  a  duchess,  a  cardinal,  a  castle. and 
a  beautiful  Italian  garden  keep  us  in  the  best  sort  of  com- 
pany. Mr.  Harland  has  a  rare  and  dainty  style,  slipping  in 
a  quaint  and  witty  saying  every  page  or  so,  and  with  a 
graceful  love-story,  beginning  naturally  and  ending  prop- 
erly, one  has  a  good  book  to  while  away  a  leisure  hour. 

The  Secret  of  the  Crater  (A  Mountain  Moloch).  By 
Duflfield  Osborne.  16mo,  pp.  312,  New  York :  G. 
P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $1 . 

Mr.  Duffield  Osborne  has  given  free  rein  to  his  imagina- 
tion In  his  last  book.  He  creates  an  Imaginary  island  In  the 
South  Pacific,  with  a  beautiful  princess  and  a  young  ll»i- 
tenant  of  the  United  States  navy  as  the  chief  characters  of 
the  story.  All  sorts  of  mysteries  and  dangers  serve  to  keep 
the  interest  tense  from  chapter  to  chapter,  and  there  te 
savage  fighting  enough  to  suit  the  most  adventuroas-minded. 

Hilda  Wade  :  A  Woman  with  Tenacity  of  Purpose.  By 
Grant  Allen.  12mo,  pp.  383.  New  York:  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons.    $1.50. 

This  story  was  the  last  work  of  the  late  Mr.  Grant  Allen. 
Indeed,  the  final  chapter  had  only  been  roughly  sketched  by 
Mr.  Allen,  and  was  put  in  shape  for  publication  by  hia  friend. 
Dr.  Conan  Doyle.  The  scene  Is  in  London,  with  the  central 
figure  Hilda  Wade,  *'a  woman  with  a  tenacity  of  porpoee,'^ 
as  Mr.  Allen  describes  her.  Hilda's  father  was  accnsed  of 
having  poisoned  an  English  admiral  in  order  to  inherit  his 
estate,  and  the  daughter  enters  a  hospital  in  London  and 
devotes  her  life  to  discovering  the  true  poisoner. 

The  Fox-Woman.    By  John  Luther  Long.    12D10,  pp. 

308.  Philadelphia:  J. B. Lippincott Company.  $1.25. 

The  *•  Fox- Woman,"  like  Mr.  Long*s  '*  Mlffi  Cherry  BIob- 
som,**  has  Its  scene  laid  in  Japan ;  but  the  vampire  of  this 
legend  Is  an  American  woman  who  does  her  best  to  steal  the 
affections  of  a  Japanese  artist  who  has  a  wife  already.  How 
the  Japanese  wife  won  the  day  by  her  gentleness,  her  loving- 
ness,  and  the  home  that  these  qualities  made,  makes  up  the 
story.  Mr.  Long  certainly  has  a  rare  gift  of  picturing  the 
gentle,  dainty,  and  generally  incomprehensible  women  of 
Japan. 

As  the  Light  Led.  By  James  Newton  Baskett.  16iuo, 
pp.398.  New  York:  The  Macmillan  Company.  $1.50. 
Mr.  Baskett  belongs  to  the  school  of  American  writers 
who  are  showing  in  their  works  of  fiction  the  strong  im press 
of  the  community  In  which  they  live.  Mr.  Baskett  is  a  Mis- 
sourlan,  and  the  scene  of  this  story  is  laid  in  Northemstern 
Missouri.  The  time  is  In  the  late  sixties,  when  the  poliUcal 
Issues  of  that  part  of  the  world  were  deeply  stirred  by  the 
disputes  of  the  Immerslonlsts  and  the  Paedo  Baptif^ta.  The 
volume  gives  a  very  excellent  picture  of  the  manners  and 
customs  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  Mr.  Baskett  is  an  eai^ 
nest  writer  who  alms  to  do  whatever  he  does  witli  all  his 
heart,  and  his  purpose  to  depict  in  a  story  the  life  of  his 
country  Is  aided  greatly  by  his  most  Intimate  knowledge  of 
every  rural  feature  and  the  local  raclness  of  his  style. 

F6o.    By  Max  Pemberton.    12mo,  pp.  299.    New  York  : 

Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.    $1.60. 

Mr.  Max  Pemberton  has  become  a  very  popular  anthor 
of  stories  which  do  not  btisy  themselves  with  any  very  stem 
or  gloomy  problems.  F6o  Is  tbe  tale  of  the  infatuation  of  a 
man  of  noble  rank  for  a  young  opera  singer,  told  with  wit 
and  discrimination.  The  scenes  are  laid  in  Vienna,  London, 
and  Paris. 


THE  NEW  ROOKS. 


507 


The  Cambric  Mask.  By  Robert  W.  ChHmbers.  13mo, 
pp.  825.  New  York  :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Com- 
pany.   $1.50. 

Mr.  Chambers  became  known  to  his  readers  very  pleas*- 
antly  in  his  stories  of  the  Maine  woods  as  possesbing  re- 
markably keen  and  loving  appreciation  for  nature,  and 
there  is  much  evidence  of  this  faculty  in  the  love-story  told 
in  the  present  volume,  to  which  presidents  of  distilling 
companies,  railway  promoters,  and  railroads  give  so  dis- 
tinctly a  Yankee  cast. 

The  Slave.    By  Robert  Hichens.    12mo,  pp.  463.    New 

York  :  H.  S.  Stone  &  Co.    11.50. 

Mr.  Hichens  has  utilized  a  most  remarkable  motive  in 
this  story.  He  makes  the  woman  who  is  the  central  fl^nre 
absolutely  cold  to  human  interests,  and  portrays  in  her  a 
grand  passion  for  jewels,  not  as  ornaments  or  for  their 
pecuniary  value,  but  simply  for  themselves.  Her  broken- 
down  husband  makes  the  heroine  his  slave  through  this 
curious  passion  by  dazzling  her  with  the  most  wonderful 
emerald  in  the  world.  The  characters  of  the  novel  are  the 
exaggerated  figures  of  London  society  people. 

A  Master  of  Craft.    By  W.  W.  Jacobs.    12mo,  pp.  339. 

New  York  :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Company.    $1.50. 

Mr.  W.  W.  Jacobs  has  become  peculiarly  the  proprietor 
of  the  coastwise  skipper  in  fiction.  His  volumes  of  short 
stories,  "Many  Cargoes'*  and  "More  Cargoes,"  were  in 
their  way  inimitable.  He  can  get  more  fun  out  of  one  of 
these  simple  yet  shrewd  half-salts  of  England  than  one 
could  have  supposed  would  be  obtainable.  Even  In  the  short 
stories,  Mr.Jacob8  scarcely  pretended  to  pay  any  deference  to 
the  laws  of  probability ;  and  his  skippers,  and  tho  wives  and 
would-be  wives  who  pester  them,  were  so  funny  that  no  one 
cared  whether  the  thing  were  probable  or  not.  The  present 
volume  is  a  more  pretentious  effort,  and  while  the  same 
tAHS  of  salt  air,  and  the  same  pleasant  odor  of  oilers,are 
present,  the  defiance  of  the  laws  of  probability,  if  not  of  pos- 
sibility, has  a  rather  more  qualifying  effect  in  a  novel  than 
ia  a  short  story. 

Their  Shadows  Before  :  A  Story  of  the  Southampton 

iDsarrection.  By  Pauline  Carrington  Bouvd.  12mo, 

pp.  302.    Boston  :  Small,  Maynard  &  Co.    $1.25. 

Mrs.  Bouv4  gives  in  her  very  readable  story  an  excellent 

picture  of  aristocratic  Virginia  life  in  1830.    The  child  who 

tells  the  story  is  a  bright,  daring  and  lovable  girl,  living  in 

the  ancestral  home  of  the  Winstons,  surrounded  by  the  usual 

army  of  negro  slaves.    The  advent  of  a  Northern  tutor  for 

this  original  spirit  and  the  sudden  catastrophe  of  a  negro 

uprising  make  the  dramatic  denouements  of  the  tale.    The 

nein^>-character  delineation  is  especially  true  and  vivid ;  in- 

deed«we  have  rarely  seen  such  a  veridical  presentation  of 

the  curious  relations  generally  found  between  white  child 

and  black  slaves  as  Mrs.  Bouv6  gives. 

The   Master-Christian.    By  Marie  Corelli.    12mo,  pp. 

604.    New  York  :  Dodd,  Mead  ^k  Co.    $1.50. 

BCiss  Corelirs  latest  novel  is  the  longest  and  most  elabo- 
rate romance  she  has  yet  produced,  and  she  will  probably 
t^ecome  best  known  by  this  effort.  She  has  never  been  want- 
inK  lu  vigor  and  daring,  and  these  qualities  are  exerted  to 
ber  utmost,  in  '*The  Master-Christian,"  to  protefet  against 
orthodoxy— not  orthodoxy  in  the  abstract,  but  orthodoxy  as 
we  llnd  it  in  the  world  before  us.  All  of  M  iss  Corelli's  repre- 
beuBible  characters  are  distinctly  conformists,  and  all  of 
her  noble  characters  are  distinctly  heterodox. 

The   Unkuown.    By  Canaille  Flammarion.    12mo,  pp. 

488.    New  York  :  Harper  &  Brothers.    $2. 

The  eminent  French  astronomer  says  in  his  introduction 
tbmt  this  work  "is  an  attempt  to  analyze  scientifically  sub- 
jeeia  commonly  held  to  have  no  connection  with  science, 
which  are  even  counted  uncertain,  fabulous,  and  more  or 
leaa  InuMplnary.**  M.  Flammarion  does  not  contend  that  this 
in^eatigatioik  of  ghostly  happenings  is  rational,  logical,  or 


productive  of  results— at  least,  he  does  not  propose  to  prove 
Huy  such  excuses  for  his  volume:  but  he  dm*H  know  that 
the  subject  is  interoKting,  and  helps  us  to  know  some- 
thing of  the  nature  of  the  human  soul.  He  has  chapters  on 
•'  Credulity  "  and  **  Incredulity,**  on  *'  Telepathic  Communi- 
cations," ** Hallucinations,"  "The  Psychic  Action  of  One 
Mind  ui)on  Another,"  and  a  deal  upon  the  subject  of  dreams. 
The  author's  large  collection  of  psychic  phenomena  proves 
to  his  satisfaction  "  that  we  live  In  the  midst  of  an  invinci- 
ble world,  in  which  forces  are  at  work  of  which  we  know 
very  little,"  and  he  thinks  It  high  time  that  there  should  be 
some  fundamental  basis  for  a  scientific  study  of  the  un- 
known principles  underlying  such  matters  as  he  has  de- 
scribed in  this  volume. 

Fruitfulness.     By   I^mile   Zola.    8vo,    pp.    487.     New 

York  :  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.    $2. 

M.  Zola*s  last  work  has  been  judged  by  various  critics 
as  a  very  hideous  or  as  a  very  noble  production.  It  is  the 
first  of  a  series  of  four  works  in  which  M.  Zola  proposes  to 
embody  what  he  considers  to  be  the  four  cardinal  principles 
of  human  life.  The  second  volume  will  be  called  **\Vork," 
the  third  **  Truth,"  the  hist  "Justice."  In  "  Fruitfulness," 
M.  Zola  argues  with  all  the  force  of  his  genius  that  the  cry- 
ing need  of  France  is  larger  families.  "The  greatest  pos- 
sible sum  of  life,  in  order  that  the  greatest  possible  happi- 
ness might  result ;  that  was  the  act  of  faith  in  life,  the  act 
of  hope  in  the  justice  and  goodness  of  lifers  work."  This 
gives,  in  short,  the  author*s  philosophic  belief  which  in- 
spired this  volume.  The  story  is  characterized  by  Zola*s 
usual  frankness  in  dealing  with  themes  that  Anglo-Saxons 
are  not  accustomed  to  dilate  upon  except  in  medical  works. 
The  translator  has  cut  out  portions  which  would  most  offend 
American  ears,  but  even  in  its  present  expurgated  form  the 
volume  cannot  be  said  to  be  vifvinibu»  piierisque, 

RELIGION  AND  ETHICS. 

The  Life  that  Really  Is.    By  Lyman  Abbott.    12mo,  pp. 

320.     New  York  :  Wilbur  B.  Ketcham.    $1.50. 

This  volume,  entitled  "The  Life  that  Really  Is,"  con- 
tains  many  of  the  sermons  preached  by  Dr.  Abbott  during  his 
last  year  as  pastor  of  Plymouth  Church,  Brooklyn.  These 
sermons,  originally  delivered  extemporaneously,  have  been 
preserved  essentially  in  t  heir  original  form.  The  well-known 
qualities  of  Dr.  Abbott's  style  in  pulpit  discourse  are  here 
displayed  at  their  best,  and  will  be  appreciated  by  every 
reader. 

Introduction  to  Ethics.    By  Frank  Thilly.    12mo,  pp. 

346.    New  York  :  Charles  Scribner\s  Sons.    $1.25. 

Professor  Thilly,  a  pupil  and  follower  of  Friedrich 
Paulsen,  has  reviewed  in  this  volume  the  general  principles 
underlyinK  ethics.  This  author  devotes  much  space  to  the 
history  and  criticism  of  the  various  historical  schools  of 
ethics,  beginning  with  Socrates.  The  concluding  chapters 
deal  with  "The  Highest  Good."  "Optimism  vs.  Pessimism," 
and  "  Character  and  Freedom,"  giving  brief  summaries  of 
the  best  modern  opinion  on  these  topics. 

The  Making  of  Character  :  Some  EMncational  Aspects 
of   Ethics.    By  John  Mac   Cunn.    12mo,   pp.  226. 
New  York  :  The  Macmillan  Company.    $1.25. 
Professor  Mac  Cunn  treats  the  subject  of  character 
under  four  main  heads :  "(Congenital  Endowment:  Its  Na- 
ture and   Treatment;"   "Educative  Infiuences;**   "Sound 
Judgment,"  and  "  Self-Development  and  Self-Control."  His 
subject  is  developed  in  a  logical  and  systematic  manner,  and 
the  whole  presentation  is  calculated  to  interest  as  well  as 
instruct  the  reader. 

Would  Christ  Belong  to  a  Labor  Union?  or,  Henry 
Fielding's  Dream.  By  Cortland  Myers,  D.D.  12pio, 
pp.  216.    New  York  :  Street  &  Smith.    50  cents. 

Problem  in  Ethics  ;  or,  Grounds  for  a  Code  of  Rules  for 
Moral  Conduct.  By  JohnSteinfortKedney.  12nio, 
pp.  252.    New  York  :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sous.    $1.50. 


INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS. 


Unless  atherwise  specified,  all  references  are  to  the  September  numbers  of  periodicals. 
For  table  of  abbreviations,  see  last  page. 


Ac<mitlcs,  Modern  Problems  in,  C.  K.  VVexitl,  Mus,  Angust. 
AdFertiMtnt,  Public,  Rf^form  to,  F.  L.  Grosri^rt,  Jr.,  UP- 
AffiriQiitlori  ft  ml  Di-niiil,  IM.  E.  Carter,  Miur^. 
Afrk'ii.  Anioritaii  InU'refit.s  lis,  D.  A*  Willey,  Aretiiu 
Agnosjticisun  ?  What  1&,  A.  W.  HfTin.  N  W, 
AprJppit,  Coriiplius,  IlarrJ4?tt  Mt  t  Imilttin),  Wufl^t, 
Aksktt,  CivilJziritf  thtj  NutWtjftof,  W.  T.  Httrri^.  Ahm. 
An^tJc  Cirrlt\8ummer  in  the.  A,  ii,  Kingshnry,  NiitM, 

Arctic  HighLtindera,  With,  W.  A.  VVjrkr^iT,  Si-rik 
Art: 

Act-Dmpa  by  Arthur  J.  Blm  k.  MA, 

Art  KduciAtiori  for  Mcu  J.\  K.  Flii^s:,  Atlant. 

Art  liantaltoii  ii^  tbe  Public  Hi€uold  of  Nf^w  York  City, 
Georgia  F.  Arkell,  AE. 

Attwmjd.  Fraui  la  Gilbert,  L,  Mi^K.  Qarrbon,  Crj«. 

AnmoTiler,  JsoieB.  Mrs.  A.  Bell,  IntS. 

Bookblndhiga  by  A.  A^Turbuyjie,  Art,  Aimust. 

Books,^  Illustrated,  Art  hu  CL  Mourcy,  RUP,  8i:iit#mber  1. 

CaricattariKt  &  L?anL'aturHl,  R,  Hujtlu^ti,  f  rrt , 

Century  of  Ait,  M.  HatoitJ,  LtPtir,  ^eptemhtx  1, 

Chiixieer,  Geoff rt-y,  Pnrtriiitflof-  IIJ.,  M.U.?iplelm&mi,MA. 

Chiau,  Fiffurp  Palritlng  "n,  R.  Bltr,  A  A. 

Chhui,  Old  H^^Tea,  C.  Welsh.  AI, 

ChrlfctiaTi  Art,  Katherlri*  F.  M.  O'Shim.  Ciith. 

Colored  Pleturefi  in  American  Peploilical&,  J,  B»  Carring- 
ton,  Crit* 

Color,  EiutB  on  Tone  and  Ilarmony  of,  A  A, 

Dpan.  Walter  L*,  and  Hynddckw  A.  Hallett,  A.  Chamber- 
Uiu,  AL 

Decorations  of  the  Pi-xiiu^^ulur  fttid  OriunUd  Pavilion  at 
th*5  PiiriH  Expo&Hiuiu  lmj?» 

Decoriitive  Art  itt  \hi^  "  Art  Nouveitu  Blng^"'''  Paris  Exposi- 
Hvn,  G.  Muiirt'y,  UitS. 

Dnw,   Artliur    \\\,  iii>fl    HIh  Work   ajj   a  Ttiai'hf  r,    F,  W. 
Cobum,  AE. 

Dressier,  Conrad,  Scnlptor-Potter,  F.  Miller,  Art,  Angust. 

Embroideries  at  the  Metropolitan  Museum— II.,  Mrs.  Lil- 
ian B.  Wilson,  AI. 

Embroidery,  English,  in  the  16th  and  17th  Centuries,  Anna 
M.  Brackett,  Art,  August. 

Goya,  Portraits  by,  Mrs.  Margaret  L.  Woods,  Corn. 

Graffito  Work  for  Wall  Decoration,  AI. 

Hertford  House  Collections,  C.  Yrlate,  PMM. 

Indian^merican,  Art  of  the,  C.  H.  Bartlett,  Chant. 

Inlaid  Furniture  at  Buckingham  Palace,  F.  S.  Robinson, 
MA. 

Lacauering  and  Lacquers,  A  A. 

Maris,  James,  R.  A.  M.  Stevenson,  MA. 

Medallists,  Two  French,  E.  F.  Strange,  MA. 

Modeling  in  Clay,  H.  C.  Gaskln,  A  A. 

Nursery,  Art  in  the— II.,  C.  Aldin  and  J.  Hassall,  AJ. 

OrUk,  Emil,  R.  Muther,  IntS. 

Paris  Exposition,  Interiors  and  Furniture  at  the,  W.  Fred, 
Art,  August. 

Paris  Salon  of  1900,  Art,  August. 

Pastel  Drawing,  Notes  on,  A  A. 

Pen  Drawing  for  Reproduction,  AA. 

Pinturlcchio,  J.  Destr6e,  HumN. 

Portrait-Painting,  F.  Fowler,  Cos. 

Potter,  Bessie,  Sculpture  by,  Helen  Zimmern,  MA. 

Pottery,  Newcomb,  E.  Woodward,  AE. 

Rossetti,  Dante  Gabriel,  and  Edward  Burne-Jones,  N,  H. 
Moore,  Mod. 

Siena.  Maiolica  of,  L.  Douglas,  NineC. 

Sketching,  Notes  on,  F.  F.  Frederick,  AE. 

Stencil  Work,  Design  for,  G.  R.  Rigby,  Art,  August. 

Stephens,  Alice  Barber,  F.  B.  Sheafer,  BP. 

Wallace  Collection,  F.  Binder,  APB. 

Wall-Paper  Designs  by  A.  H.  Baxter,  Art,  August. 

Wendt,  William,  Landscapes  by,  C.  F.  Browne,  BP. 

Wilton,  Arts  and  Crafts  at^  G.  Fidler,  AJ. 

Wood-Carving,  W.  Aumonier,  A  A. 

Woodwork,  Artistic,  G.  E.  Walsh,  AI. 
Atlantic,  Across  tbe,  on  a  Freight  Liner,  D.  A.  Willey,  Home, 
Atonement,  The,  F.  Johnson,  Horn. 
Assassination  Mania,  F.  L.  Oswald,  NAR. 
Astrophotographic  Conference  of  July,  1900,  Pop  A. 
Austria,  Constitutional  Crisis  in,  M.  Baumfeld,  Forum. 
Automobiles,  Electric,  W.  Baxter.  Jr.,  PopS. 
Automobiles:  Heavy    Motor  Vehicles  for    Road    Service, 

F.  W.  Maynard,  Eng, 
Baireuth,  Pilgrimage  to,  E.  P.  Frissel,  Mus,  August. 
Bank  Amalgamations  in  England,  BankL. 
Bankers'  Association,  American,  Bank  NY. 
Banking  Methods,  Modern,  A.  R.  Barrett,  BankNY. 
Bank  of  Germany,  Variations  in    Rate  Charged  by  the 
BankL. 


Banks  and  Bankers  of  North  Carolina,  BankNY. 
Banks  and  the  Refunding  Law,  BankNY. 
Bashkirtseff,  Marie,  Unpublished  Journal  of,  RRP,  Sep- 
tember 1. 
Beethoven,  Slow  Movements  of,  E.  Swayne,  Mus, 
Belgium,  Elections  In,  H.  Dnmont,  RPP,  August. 
Bering  Sea,  Summer  Holiday  in,  J.  Burroughs,  Cent. 
Bible  and  the  People,  B.  F.  De  Costa,  Cath. 
Bible  Lands,  Occupations  in.  E.  W.  G.  Masterman,  Bib. 
Bicycle,  Moving:  Can  It  Fall  ?    G.  S.  Hodgins,  O. 
Birth,  Mystery  of,  A.  L.  Mearkle,  Mind. 
Boats  of  the  Far  East,  C.  Whitney^. 
Body,  Human,  as  an  Engine,  E.  B.  Koasi,  PopS. 
Bohemia,  Agricultural  Labor  in,  Katharine  B.  Davis^JPEcoo. 
Book-Making  in  the  West,  Delia  T.  Davis.  Crit. 
Borneo,  Colonial  Government  In,  J.  M.  Hubbard,  NatOM. 
British  Columbia,  Big  Game  in  the.  F.  Ireland,  Scrib. 
Brook  Lamprey,  Nesting  Habits  of  the,  R.  T.  Young  and 

L.  J.  Cole,  ANat,  August. 
Brooks,  Phillips,  Anecdotal  Side  of.  LHJ. 
Browning,  Religious  Element  in,  W.  B.  Carpenter,  Sun. 
Brownings,  Love  and  the,  J.  Mudge,  MRNY. 
Browning's  Religion,  A.  T.  Bannister,  Hom. 
Bryant,  William  Cullen,  Study  of,  Wem. 
BufTalo  and  Her  Pan-American  Exposition,  S.  G.  Blythe,  Cos. 
Bugle-Calls,  British,  F.  J.  Crowest,  Sun. 
Bureau  of  the  American  Republics,  W.  W.  Rockhlll,  Forum. 
California,  Fifty  Years  of,  A.  I.  Street,  Ains. 
Canada  and  the  American  War  of  1812,  J.  C  Hopkins,  L'"81L 
Canadian  Gulf  Waters,  Cruise  in,  T.  C.  Evans.  AngA. 
Catherwood,  Mary  Hartwell,  Literary  Work  of,  Mary  E. 

Cardwill,  Mod. 
Cattlemen  and  Sheepmen  in  the  West,  J.H.McClintock,AiDS. 
Caucasus,  In  the,  G.  Passigli,  NA,  August  16. 
Cavalry  Drill  Regulations,  J.  Bigelow,  Jr.,  JMSI. 
Cavalry,  Notes  on  the  Evolution  of,  F.  N.  Maude,  USM. 
Census  Methods.  American.W.  F.  Willcox,  Forum. 
Chaffee,  Gen.  Adna  R.,  W.  Fawcett.  Home. 
Change,  Concept  of,  A.  E.  Davies,  Phil. 
Charity  Organization  Societies,  E.  T.  Devine,  Char. 
Chicago,  Picturesque,  A.  Fleury,  BP. 
Chicago's  Housing  Conditions,  Char. 
Chickamauga  Crisis,  J.  D.  Cox,  Scrib. 
Children  in  Royal  Families,  Cass. 
Children,  Literature  for,  H.  8.  Pancoast,  Lipp. 
Child,  The,  J.  C.  Fernald,  Atlant. 
Child-Training  at  Home,  Jennie  S.  Campbell,  Chant. 
China : 

America  and  the  Reconstruction  of  China,  W.  N.  Brew- 
ster. AMR  R. 

American  Consulate  in  Shanghai,  Mary  H.  Krout,  Chant 

Anti-Foreign  Uprising,  H.  P.  Beach,  MisR. 

Army,  Chinese,  E.  H.  Parker,  USM. 

Associations  in  China,  F.  Mury,  RRP,  Angust  15. 

**  Boxers"  :  The  Associated  Fists,  G.  T.  Candlln, OC. 

Catholic  Church  in  China.  Prospects  of  the,  Cath. 

China  According  to  a  Chinese,  A.  V.  Vecchi,  RaaK,  An- 

fnst  1. 
ina  and  the  Powers,  J.  B.  Walker,  Cos. 
China,  Books  Relating  to.  Black. 
China :  Can  It  Be  Saved  ?    A  Proposal  for  a  Scheme  of 

Government,  T.  Williams,  AMRR. 
China,  Conflict  in,  E.  Buckley,  IntM. 
(^hina— Past,  Present,  and  Future,  W.  Ashmore,  MisR. 
China's  Defensive  Strength,  J.  H.  Wisby,  Arena. 
C^hlna,  the  Empire  of  the  Dead,  F.  E.  Clark,  NAR, 
China :  What  It  Really  Is,  J.  B.  Dane,  Cos. 
China?  What  Shall  Be  Done  with,  J.  S.  Fassett.  Home, 
Chinese  Conservatism,  Philosophic  Basis  of,  A.  K.  Glover. 

Arena. 
Chinese  Tragedy,  RRM,  July. 

Chinese :  What  They  Think  of  Us,  S.  Bonsai,  NAR. 
Commercial  Aspect  of  the  Yellow  Peril,  A.  Ireland,  KaB. 
Crime  of  the  Powers,  F.  Cunliffe-Owen,  Man. 
East,  Problems  of  the,  A.  Rambaud,  IntM. 
Engineering  Interests  and  the  Crisis,  J.  Barrett.  Eng. 
Escape  from  the  Boxers,  An,  G.  H^Ewing,  NatM. 
European  Diplomacy,  China  and,  £.  R6clas,  UumN. 
European  Powers  in  China,  RPar,  September  1. 
Europe,  China  and,  F.  P.  de  Lugo.  EM,  Augnst. 
Foreigners,  Uprising  Against,  P.  S.  Reinsch,  Forum. 
Gordon's  Campaign  In  China,  Fort. 
Illusions  About  the  Conquest  of  China,  J.  de  Bloch,  RRP, 

August  15. 
Japan'sPresent  Attitude,  J.  K.  Goodrich,  AMRR:  D.W. 

Stevens,  Forum. 
Kuang-Hsu  (''Prince  Hamlet  of  Peking"),  C.  Johnst<A» 

Arena. 


INDEX   TO  PERIODICALS. 


609 


Military  Skill  of  the  Chinese,  6.  de  Contenflon,  Nou.  Au- 
gust 15. 
Missionary  Enterprise,  Our  Asiatic,  J.  M.  Scanland,  Arena. 
Missionary  in  Cldna^E.  Mels,  Pear. 
Missions,  Chinese :  Are  They  Worth  While?    H.  L.  Greet- 

ham.  Home. 
Mission^  in  i.hiu  ^  J.  '^.  Di^mn^..  AT^TRB 
Orient    r4il  n,  .  ii-  jit.  Mitetiua  nf,  P.  S.  K<  Ifi-rb,  Mod, 
Pastaixi  1  |.>,iir  tn  rliLun,  A*  H.  U*  ColqtilKJnti,  Cnn. 
Pekinii^.  1.1  11  i-f.  \  j^iiUirwof.  in  I8<in.  G.C.  Cmtif,  J  MSI 
-Relifificri^ihiruv..-,  A.  Dorrii^r,  MisR. 
Revoli4iloii  in  (  Llna  itml  if  a  Caiii*es,  R.  van  Burffeui  Cent. 
Root  o a  TlM-<'lihiKs^'  Trnubl*^.  J.  Fi«mL  NAR. 
Russia^  \  ijTrn^^t  in  China,  B.  Adfimni,  Atlunt. 
Settleru"  [i5,  '  omltJK,  Fort. 
Tartar  t  n  ^  .iMon  i.f  t  'liiiui.  C  W.  Hull.  NrttM. 
War,  ( 'hiueoc,  U.  \Vci-:i4ji-,  L;.-... 

Western  World,  Influence  of  the,  D.  Z.  ShefBeld,  Cdnt. 
Chinese  Art  and  Life  in  San  Francisco,  W,  Jones,  BP. 
Chorals,  Old-Chnrch.  W.  P.  BIkcIow,  Mus. 
Christ  as  the  Essence  of  the  Preacher's  Message,  J.  Parker, 

Horn. 
Christianity,  Imperialism  and,  F.  W.  Farrar,  NAR. 
Chnrch  and  Crises  of  History,  J.  Petit,  R6en. 
Church:   Forward  Movement  Demanded,  D.  S.  Gregory, 

Hom. 
dvlliatttton,  Miirrh  of  ("The  ShHnkntfc  of  the  Planet"), 

J,  I^inaon,  rhatJl. 
Ck»al,  Hurd('n  of.  B.Tiiylor,  Nitii-^C. 
\?4m\  Prolitvm  Itt  Gr<?nt  Brit^iD,  A,  l>,  l^roviind,  NatR. 
C*»I,  The  Wiprliir*,  B.  Taylor.  Ca&M. 
Coloriulo  Desert,  IK  P.  Barrfm^,  NntOM. 
Ctimiit^tltUe  Pj^wjtfi^Ft.  Etiilcsof  thL%\V.W-WUliiughhy,AJS. 
CcHnfederati^  Con^rva**  J.  GmMics  t'+nih., 
€<»nf  uc-fiin  Ism ,  M .  W  ft  1  ler,  N  i  ir^C  . 

Ctenfttciarji^ucn  in  thf  NlneUn'nUi  (Vuliify,  IJ.  A.Giles,  NAR. 
(y0illff%«lnrml  Librjiry,  Mary  J^i'\*'fiil,  \in>. 
C>ia»tltaMnii  and  New  Tt?rriUtr>.  J,  W,  Httmt-iin*,  PSQ. 
ConitnlQ.r  lriKi:>erti^*i,  Plea  for,  A.  1[.  \Yaj:<hbnm,  Forum. 
Coreiiim  JoiiriK'yiiii^  In,  K.  E,  BltteiiUnns^u,  Int. 
CarBlt-tin  j(C  Hum**,  C,  Edwarrli'^i,  Alac* 
CottonisvojrU  x\m  Ni?w  « Vrt!*iK  E.  L,  Juhnsun,  Forum. 
Coufitry  Tow  n^H  Our,  C,  N,  Hnll.  NEqk. 
t^fl^wju^r**  Centenary  ainl  ( ^i^i;  pt  r'fi  By  ran  3,  J.  H.  Ross,  Hom. 
Cr^bsThut  Swini,  V*.  ^U^\\  8uiu 
■i'rickHtirs,  f^even  T'otmlar.  M.  R.  Halwrtj:.  Trti^s, 
Cricket,  Drawn  M*iirlic  ^  ut,  W.  J.  Fnrd,  N»tlt. 
Crtnnwell,  Oliver- XL.  J,  Morley.  ( Vnt. 
CutiA,  En*  of  Edneutt^in  in.  Miiry  C".  Frniuds,  Mun. 
Cobiut  Tif'iichpri*  at  Cam^jrid|;(e,  E.  M.  Cfiium  Cliaut. 
Ctirr^fmy  At-t  of  M*rvh  14.  JWiA.F,  F.  .J'»hnHM>n.  PSQ. 
Currt^iiry:  s^i'cnrlty  fur  ("In  ijliiiin>j"  Xott-,  C  A.  Conant, 

bauKM  V. 
D*Annun£io,  Qabriele,  Dramas  of,  W.  Sharp,  Fort. 
Dante,  Realistic  Conception  in  tlie  Ideal  of,  A.  Austin,  NA« 

August  16. 
Daoghtersof  the  American  Revolution  in  Paris,  AMonM. 
Dauphins  of  the  Temple,  False,  A.  M.  Hyamson,  Gent. 
•'  David  Harum"-II.,  Mary  Bigot,  BU. 
Deaf,  Methodical  Exercises  for  the.  Dr.  Urbantschisch,  Dent. 
Declaration  of  Independence,  H.  B.  F.  Macfarland,  AMonM. 
Delagoa  Bay  Arbitration,  M.  Mc 1 1  wraith.  Fort. 
De  La  Salle,  John  Baotiste,  Ruth  Everett,  Ros. 
Detroit  Bicentennial  Memorial.  Anna  Mathewson,  Cent. 
Devotional  Life,  T.  Allen,  MRNY. 
Didon,  Pfere,  T.  Bentzon,  Cent. 
Diplomats,  Our  Literary— IV.,  L.  Swift,  BB. 
Diving,  Natural,  Useful  and  Ornamental,  W.  B.  Northrup, 

LeisH. 
'•  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde,"  Manuscript  of,  E.  Limedorfer, 

Bkman. 
Dog-Fancying,  L.  Mellard.  Cham. 

Dominican  Biblical  School  at  JeruHalera,  J.  L.  Bruneau,  Ros 
Dramatic  Art  in  Japan,  Dora  E.  Amsden,  Over,  August. 
Drees  and  Boots,  Viscount  d*Avenel,  RDM,  August  15. 
Drink  Question  in  Russia,  J.  F.  Crowell,  MRNY. 
Dublin  Castle,  LeisH. 
Dunkeld,  Scotland,  H.  Macmillan,  A  J. 
eclipse  of  theSun,  May28, 190(),  E.Verney,G«nt;  M.  Moye 

and  W^.  W.  Payne,  Pop  A. 
Kdinburgh,  Romantic,  Cham. 
Education : 
Children.  Studies  of,  in  Teaching  History,  R.  V.  WinU'r- 

bum,  Ed. 
Economics  in  Secondary'  Education,  R.  T.  Ely,  EdK. 
Education,  Public,  of  the  Twentieth  Century,  H.  Schiller, 

Dent. 
German  and  Russian  Experiments  in  Cosmopolitan  Edu- 
cation. A.  M.  Loehr,  Chant. 
Germany,  Secondary  Education  in,  L.  VIereck,  EdR. 
Grammar  School,  Reorganization  of  the.  (MI.  Gordon,  Ed. 
Herbartand  Froebel,  S>nthosiH  of,  .1.  \V<-lron.  VAH. 
High-School  Education,  WiusU;  in,   E.  Van    1>.  I{ol>ln>«»n, 

Sch«K>l. 
High  Srhwil:  How  Can  It  Reach  IndividiiubV  F.  W.  At- 
klnbon,  Sf'hool. 


Miihtial  TraftiJug  in  Oormatiy.  G,  Sawter,  San* 

yh' I m ^  r of  Prt'fien t  Edneut tonal  Mt^llimifl.  L* d' Alm^, CIliTil . 

MHwjLiiketsf^diOoL  .syatt^ni,  D.  Mo  wry.  EdR. 

Moial  T^nloin^^  E.  Lt^tAiup.  RliP.  AtJgHRtlf>. 

MiUiMt^^rlj*  ig  on  tiiii'  Nnw  EcluratiDii,  J,  Lf>e,  EdR. 

Mu^k^  fvtr  Young  t;hlldrt  u,  Mnrl  K.  Ii*j{t-r.  KludR. 

KatUiriHi  EduciUUnLnl  Association  Cimventiun,  KlndB, 

New  York  Rciri>ii(-.s'  Byll^bu^.  F*  D.  Boj-ntou,  SrtiooL 

Norm  111  Sch^H^i  ProbI<>mi%  A,G.Biijrli>n.  J.  W  Cook,  K.Co- 
nant,  E.  T,  Pierce,  and  J.  G.  Thnmpson.  Ed. 

Physit'nl  Ge«ogrftphy  in  the  High  SchooU  W^  M«  DavIh, 
School. 

Play  t>f.  The  SeUmiK  H.  S.  Curtt*.  Kind. 

Schoqllxty*^  Vit-'W  of  SchooIinuust*?rrt.  B,  G.  Hftwtrey,  NatR. 

Si'lf-Snptxirt  til  CoUegii  L.  K.  Smith.  Katai. 

Sociology,  F I  elf  1- Work  In  T«*iichlnK,  Elfiii*  W.  Clews,  Edit, 

Tfeit-Boc»ks  and  PuhHc  S<^Ucx*h,  E,  J.  Vtrt.  Ed. 
Ehuttrlt^lty  in  Collieries.  S.  F.  Wulk^.r,  Eng. 
Electricity  In  hM%^  Cities,  VV,  K.  Bar^tcjw,  Cjl^M. 
^:!t';)!lH^lr^lJuntirlg  in  S^litm,  C.  D.  H.  BraJue,  Com. 
F-Iniilnml :  sen  Greiit  Britain. 
Euylutifl:   Ltttid'a  End  to  John  o'  r'lroats^  A.  B,  Qtiinton, 

LrSsH. 
Enifli^li,  Beftt:  WhtsrtJ  It  Ifl  Spokmi,  C.  F.  Hcmy,  School. 
Khciul,  Noimondy,  und  Its  KnvliFfitih,  A.  T.  dtbtTt,  A  J. 
K«r<ipciin    iV^li^nttfi'iii,  CjuoHtltni   i*f   a,  *!.  Novlcow,  RPP, 

August. 
Europe,  North  of,  in  1885-28,  Mrs.  C.  W.  Earle,  Corn. 
Expansion,  Ethical  and  Political  Principles  of,  T.  Williams, 

|]v'  .  H  iiinnn,  nnd  How  toCiirL-  for  It.  IL  (J.  Htik,  c  ,». 

Faiiiaoci,  New  Phlluftophy  of.  Hel^^n  ti.  EtM>b,  Chtiut. 

Fk  lion,  Feasts  In,  W.  E.  G.  Fisher,  Crurn. 

Fktti>n-Rtyullni;>  Mkilstrr  timi,  L.  UlltM?rt.  JIRNY. 

Firo  on  the  Wal-er,  Fiirhtine.  W.  Kiiwt  ctt,  pyar. 

Ft^^hermen,  tie*..  Dr.  lirmTiATy,  HliM.  AuirUBt  1& 

FifiUca  and  Their  M^jhIp,  F.  U.  AfliUo,  I'orn. 

Fofxi  Afiulteration  In  Euro|i*v  .1.  T,  Uulioin.  Sat*. 

Fuoil  Pi-oiiUft>i,  Use  of  BjM:r<  f  III  in  Our,  H.  W.  Conn,  IntM. 

Fort^ftt  Preservciiof  the  Unitt^d  St^Ltt-si,  NaUiM. 

FrHHce: 

French  Acado-my  and  the  UttlTerBity.  A.  H^nard,  RRP, 
i^eiJt^mbcr  1. 

French  l^antjuatfe :  Hvform  of  Orthngrapiiy,  A-  Renard, 
Blip,  AwgnHtTs. 

French  LauKuagi? :  Ri^formo!  8yntfl-ic,  F*  Brnnettbre,  RDM, 
September  L 

Kiivy,  Fn^nch,  Ma?*ifoii-Forestler,  RRP.  An^mt  lij. 

JMhv>',  Manenver«  of  lh<?,  iiDM,  Sept+^mljer  I. 

Sfiori  ill  Ancitnt  France,  J,  J.  J oaae rand,  BPar,  Auin^st  15 
j»Tiil  St  jiti^toiMfr  1. 

Villrij^c  in  Rural  Friincp,C\  Johnson,  KHne. 

%Vi>rk  and  WiL^rf  ju  FfHiict-,  W.  H.  Sculfe,  Forum, 
Frcdt?rirk  llut  uK-iit     1.  \V.  O'C.  Morris.  USM. 
Frnur,  Editd(\Jti  EiiithtiHi,  f  )iittn. 
ixamf-Btrdj*.  Nuith  Ami^rican,  D,  (4.  Elliot.  O. 
limine  Warden'-,,  Edicknt,  BcMiltof  Haviiii^,  S.  E.  Connor,  O. 
iiaH-r]Tn»iiit  Fui  h.  T)  pcj*.  ^od  UstrM,  L'.  V,  kurr,  i'anM. 
iMH"sc,  V\  Lki,  111  ^Iz4,i]jtoii.*,  I.'.  Jlatibury-\Vill|j>ms,  Black. 
Uermanv : 

Anti-English  Feeling  Among  the  Germans,  F.  M.  MUUer, 
Forum. 

German  Empire,  Foreign  Policy  of  the,  R.  Blennerhassett, 
NatH. 

National  Feeling.  Growth  of.  Carina  C.  Eaglesfield,  Arena. 

Rhine-Elhe  Canal.  R.  Von  Bieberstein,  Dent. 
Glenwood  Springs,  Colorado,  Evelyn  English,  Int. 
God,  Supreme,  of  the  Lowest  Hiices,  J.  H.  Woods,  NW. 
Golf,  Acquiring  Form  in,  H.  H.  Hilton,  O. 
Ctolf,  The  Old,  and  the  New,  Black. 
Gospels :  The  Synoptic  Question,  O.  Cone,  NW. 
Gothic  or  Mixed  Race  V  Are  We  a~IV.,  M.  Emerjr,  Gunt. 
Government,  Council,  tw.  Mayor  Government,  E.  D.  Durand, 

PSQ. 
Gratry,  le  P.,  C.  Bellaigue,  RDM.  September  1. 
Great  Britiiin :  see  also  Transvaal. 

Army  System— III.,  USM. 

ArtiHery,  Future  of  the,  C.  H.  Wilson,  USM. 

Clergy  and  the  Transvaal  War,  Nora  Twycross,  West. 

Conscription,  Case  Against,  A.  W.  Livesey,  West. 

Government,  Outgoing,  H.  Whates,  Fort. 

Home-Rule  Question,  J.  H.  Schooling,  PMM. 

Imperialism,  Evolution  of,  ii.  M.  Flamingo,  NA,  August  1. 

Military  Service,  Obligatory,  T.  M.  Magtnre,  USM. 

Navy.  Some  Needs  of  the.  Black. 

Parliament,  Coming  Dissolution  of,  F.  A.  White.  West. 

Public  Service,  Business  Principles  in  the,  E.  Robertson, 
NineC. 

Sailor,  British,  Traditional,  W.  J.  Fletcher,  NineC. 
Greece,  Some  Things  We  Owe  to,  C.  C.  Taylor,  Chant. 
Greek  Kcligion  and  MytholoKy,  P.  (^arus,  OC. 
Handel  and  the  Handel  FeliMh,  J.  C.  Hadden.  Mus,  August. 
Harri^Mm,  Frederic.  New  E>.sjiys  by,  W.  P.  Trent,  Forum. 
Hats  and  Their  Making,  W.J.  (iordon.  LeisH. 
llauptraann,  Gerliart.  Margaret  he  MUlh-r.  Atlant. 
llawktsworth.  Dr.  John,  E.  E.  Morjis,  (ieiit. 


510 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REt^/EIV  OF  REt^IElVS. 


Heminway,  Jacob,  the  First  Yale  Student,  B.  J.  Hendrick, 

NEng. 
Historians,  American  School  of,  A.  B.  Hart,  IntM. 
History  and  Evolution,  Philosophy  of,  C.  Rappoport,  RSoc, 

August. 
Hoboken  Fire,  Story  of  the,  R.  L.  Foster,  Mun. 
Homeric  Poems,  Unity  in  the— II.,  E.  Farquhar,  Cons. 
Horses:  Old  Kentucky  and  the  Thoroughbred,  R.  W.  Wool- 
ley.  O. 
Horses:  Two- Year-Old  Racing  in  America,  W.  H.  Rowe,  O. 
Hospitals,  Dispensaries,  and  pTursinK,  H.  M.  Hurd,  Char. 
House  of  Commons.  Impressions  of  the,  NatR. 
Huntington,  CoUis  P.,  AMRR. 
Hutton,  Richard  Holt,  A.  Church,  Crlt. 
Hydrophobia,  Delusions  About,  R.  E.  Smith,  O. 
Icebergs,  Gertrude  E.  Donaldson,  Pear. 
Immigrant  Depot,  Romances  of  the,  J.  G.  Speed,  A  ins. 
Imperialism,  W.  Baird,  Cons. 
Imperialism,  American,  B.  Martin,  NineC. 
Imperialism  and  Christianity,  F.  W.  Farrar,  NAR. 
India,  Cause  of  Famines  in,  J.  T.  Sunderland,  NEug. 
India,  Modem,  Religious  Life  in,  B.  C.  Pal,  NW. 
Indian,  American,  Art  of  the,  C.  H.  Bartlett,  (^haut. 
Indian,  Origin  and  Legendary  Lore  of  the,  C.  M.  Buchanan, 

Over,  August. 
Indians:  Four  Days  in  a  Medicine  Lodge,  \V.  McClintock, 

Harp. 
Indians,  Lace-Making  Among  the,  Jane  W.  Guthrie,  Out. 
India's  Famine  and  Its  Cause,  W.  Brough,  Arena. 
India,  Some  Notes  from,  J.  P.  Jones,  MisH. 
Industrial  Experiment,  English,  W.  H.  Hunt,  West. 
Internationalism  at  Peking  and  Paris,  W.  T.  Stead,  RRL. 
Invertebrates,  North-American— XII.,  H.  S.  Pratt,  ANat, 

August. 
Ireland,  The  New,  P.  Hamelle,  Nou,  August  15. 
Irish  Political  Duel,  Story  of  an,  M.  MacDonagh,  Corn. 
Irish  Witch  Doctors,  W.  B.  Yeats,  Fort. 
Irrigation:  Water  Rights  in  the  Arid  West,  R.  P.  Teele, 

JPEcon. 
Italians,  Impoverished,  in  Spain,  RGen. 
Italy: 

Humbert,  Death  of,  A.  Fogazzaro,  NA,  August  16;  RasN, 
August  1. 

Humbert  I.,  Heart  of,  A.  Conti,  RasN,  August  16. 

Humbert  I.,  Reign  of,  A.  Monzilli,  RPL,  August. 

Italian  Elections,  Apropos  ot  the,  G.  Pinardi,  HumN. 

Italy,  G.  Bouniolb,  Nou,  August  15. 

Italy,  Events  in,  S.  Merlino,  HumN. 

Italy,  Situation  in,  G.  D.  Vecchia,  NineC. 

King,  Funeral  Sermon  of  the,  A.  Monti,  Ra«N,  August  16. 

King  Humbert :  A  Character  Sketch,  AMKll. 

King,  The  Good,  and  the  New  Reign,  RPL,  August. 

Monarchy,  Italian,  Can  It  Endure  V  A.  Diarista,  Cath. 
Iverary,  England,  A.  H.  Malan,  PMM. 
Japan: 

China,  Japan's  Present  Attitude  Towards,  J.  K.  Goodrich, 
AMRR;  D.  W.  Stevens,  Forum. 

Christian  Education  in  Japan,  E.  S.  Booth,  MisR. 

Dramatic  Art  in  Japan.  Dora  E.  Amsden,  Over,  August. 

Japan  and  the  New  Far  Ka^t,  NatR. 

Japan,  Recent  Books  on,  J.  Inouve,  Atlant. 

Japan,  Root  of  Evil  in,  A.  B.  Hulbert,  Gunt. 

Mission-Field,  Modern  Japan  as  a,  T.  N.  McNair,  MisR. 

Mission  Work,  Present  Need  of,  F.  Matsunaga,  MisR. 
Japanese  Tea-Garden  in  America,  V.  Van  M.  Bocde,  Chnut. 
Jefferson,  Forgotten  Chapter  in  the  Life  of,  J.  Brigham, 

Jesuits,  Ancient  and  Modern,  J.  Langen,  Deut. 

Jew  in  Europe  the  Christian's  Antagonist,  C.  C.  Starbuck, 

Cath. 
Johnston,  Col.  Richard    Malcolm,  Autobiography   of-  II., 

Cons. 
Journalism  :  The  Press  and  Foreign  News,  R.  Ogden,  Atlant. 
Jupiter,  Planet,  G.  W.  Hougli,  PopA. 
Kentucky,  Court  of  Appeals  of    III..  J.  C'.  Doolan,  GBag. 
Kindergarten  and  the  Primary  School,  Emma  A.  Newman, 

KindR. 
Kindergarten  :  Plans  and  Principles,  Frederica  Beard,  Kind. 
Kingship  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,  C.  B.  R.  Kent.  Long. 
Klngsley  Mary,  Cham. 
Kipling,  Rudyard,  Life-Story  <.f,  VM. 

Kipling's  Fiction.  Women  in,  Amalio.  K.  Boguslawsky,  Mod. 
Klondike:  Canadian  Koyalty  in  tiie  Yukon,  W.  H.  Lyn«h, 

AngA. 
KlondiKe,  Impressions  of  the,  C.  ('.  Osborne,  Mac. 
Klumpke  Sisters,  Bessie  Van  Vor^t,  Crit. 
Labor,    Agricultural,     in    Bohemia,    Katharine    B.    Davis, 

JPEcon. 
Labor:  Eight-Hour  Day  by  Legislation.  E.  Maxey,  Arena. 
Labor  Legislation  and   Philanthropy  in   Illinois,  Florence 

Kelley.Char. 
Lanier,  Sidney,  Mod.  ,     ,,.    . 

Law,  Biblical:  Judvcmentof  Solomon,  1).  \\  .  Annanu  <JBaj;. 
Lea^lville  Mining  Distrirt,  Fourth  Era  ol  t  lie,  T.  INumt-,  Eng. 
Legislatures,  State,  Representation  in     IV.,  G.  H.  Haynes, 

Annals. 


Leo  XIII.  and  the  Next  Pope,  E.  Meynier,  Out. 
Life-Saving  at  Sea,  H.  H.  Lewis,  Mun. 
Lions,  Man-Eating,  H.  de  Varigny,  RRP,  August  15. 
Lions,  Tigers,  and  Other  Great  Cats,  TnJnins  of,  S.  E 

Adams,  McCl. 
Literary  Conscience,  Question  of.  Dial,  September  1. 
Literary  Criticism,  French,  C.  Nauclair,  Nou,  Aoffiist  1. 
Literature,  Modern  French,  E.  P.  Bazan,  EM.  Ao^nst. 
Literature,  Russian,  Vera  Starkoff,  RRP,  August  1&. 
Literature,  Russian,  and  Its  Latest  Historian,  J.  A.Joffe, 

Bkman. 
Locomotive-Building.  Records  of,  H.  J.  Shepstone,  Cub. 
London  Woods,  J.  B.  Carlile,  PMM. 
Louis  XIV.,  Society  Belle  In  the  Reign  of,  J.  A.  Harrison. 

Chaut. 
Lowell,  James  Russell,  Personal  Retrospect  of,  AV.  D.  How- 
ells,  Scrib. 
Lucian,  Peregrinus  of,  J.  R.  Taylor.  MRNY. 
Lutzen,  Battle  of,  S.  Crane,  Lipp. 
Lynch  Law.  O.  F.  Herahey,  GBag. 

Machine  Shop,  Organization  of  the— IV.,  Diemer,  Eng. 
Madonna,  New  Shrine  of   the,  Grace  V.  Chri6tmas,  Ros. 

August. 
Maeterlinck  and  Mystery,  W.  Archer,  Crit. 
Malaria  in  Italy,  E.  BerUux,  RDM,  August  16. 
Manx  Life,  Undercurrents  of,  Cham. 
Martineau,  James,  C.  C.  Everett.  Atlant. 
Marvelous,  Propensity  Toward  the,  E.  Mach,  OC. 
Mason,  William,  Reminiscences  of— III.,  Cent. 
Master,  Life  of  the— IX.,  J.  Watson,  McCl. 
Matterhorn,  On  the,  E.  H.  Cooper,  Cass. 
Meat  Inspection,  Municipal,  San. 
Methuen,  Massachusetts,  C.  H.  Ollphant,  NEng. 
Mexican  Shrine,  A.  J.  H.  Cornyn,  Mod. 
Mexico,  Imperial  R^imes  in— II..  H.  M.  Skinner,  Int. 
Mexico  To-day,  Cham. 

Microbes :  Are  They  Pathogenic  ?    M.  L.  Johnson,  West- 
Milton  as  Seen  in  His  Sonnets,  G.  Serrell,  Temp. 
Missions: 

China,  Missions  in,  J.  S.  Dennis,  AMRR. 

China,  Mrs.  Bishop  on  Protestant  Missions  in,  MisR. 

Education,  Higher,  in  Mission- Fields,  D.  Z.  Sheffield,  Mtea 

Japan,  Modem,  as  a  Mission-Field,  MisR. 

Japan,  Need  of  Mission  Work  in,  F.  Matsunaga,  MtsR. 

Korean  Ideas  of  God,  J.  B.  Gale,  MisR. 

Peking,  Beleaguered,  MisH. 

Rome  and  Protestant  Missions,  C.  C.  Starbuck.  MRNY. 
Money,  Law  of  the  Value  of,  C.  A.  Conant,  Annals. 
Money,  Science  of,  L.  Vann,  Cons. 
Music,  Best  Books  About,  J.  Hnneker,  BB. 
Music  History,  Study  of— III.,  E.  Dickinson,  Mos.  August. 
Music,  Swiss,  and  the  Festival  at  Munich,  T.  LindenUuK 

Mus,  August. 
National  Guard :  How  to  Put  It  on  a  Military  Basis,  C.  R 

Hitchcock,  JMSI. 
National  Illusions,  J.  Novicow,  RRP,  September  1. 
Natural  Selection,  Biologists  and,  H.  W.  Conn.  San. 
Naturalism  and  lU  Results,  C.  C.  Everett,  N  W. 
Neale,  John  Mason,  C.  M.  Stuart,  MRNY. 
Negroes  of  Chicago,  C'rime  Among  the.  M.  N.  Work.  AJS. 
New  England  Conservatory  of  Music.  F.  B.  White.  Mod. 
Nicaragua  Canal,  Water-Supply  for  the,  A.  P.  Davis,  NatGV 
Nihilism  and  Anarchy,  C.  Johnston,  NAR. 
North  and  South  Poles,  Walk  to  the,  F.  A.  Cook.  Can. 
Norway :  Over  Hardanger  Vidda,  Elizabeth  Taylor.  O. 
Norway:  Romsdal,  the  Valley  of  Enchantment.  H.  Mas- 
well  Black. 
Novelists,  Modern,  *' Bulls"  of,  W.  M.  Clemens.  Mod. 
Novelists,  Two  Women  :  John  Oliver   Hobbes  and  MaxT 

Cholmondeley,  J.  E.  H.  Williams,  Bkman. 
Oaths  in  Legal  Practice.  GBag. 
Oberammergau  in  1900,  H.  D.  Rawnsley,  Atlant :  J.  J.  Lewte. 

Mun. 
Oberlin  College,  G.  F.  Wright,  NEng. 
Occult,  Modern,  J.  Jastrow,  PopS. 
Oil  Industry  in  the  United  States,  W.  Fawcett,  NatM. 
Oklahoma,  Helen  C.  Candee.  Atlant. 
Old  Testament,  Attacks  on  the,  A.  Kamphausen.  Dent. 
Old  Testament,  Septuagint  Version  of  the,  C.  W.  Votaw,  En- 
Omar  Khayyam  as  a  Bore,  A.  Lang,  Crit. 
Opera,  Grand,  as  a  Business,  M.  White,  Jr.,  Mun. 
Ore-Dock  Machinery,  American,  A.  C.  Johnston,  CasM. 
Orthodoxies,  The  Two,  C.  A.  S.  Dwight,  Hom. 
Palestine,  Religious  Interests  in,  RasN,  August  1. 
Paris  Exposition : 

Amusements  of  the  Exposition— II.,  J.  Schopfer,  C«&t. 

Canada  at  the  Exposition,  W.  R.  Stewart,  Can. 

Locomotive  Exhibit,  C.  Rous-Marten,  Eng. 

Music,  Picturesque,  E.  Bailly,  HumN. 

Paris  Expoftition-V.,  H.  de  Varigny,  BU. 

Paris  in  lt«H,  G.  de  Dubor,  Nou,  August  1. 

Paris  in  1900  and  the  Exposition,  E.  Insley,  Harp. 
Partridge,  The,  A.  E.  G.  Hardy,  Bad;  R.  Ke.irton.  Cass. 
Pastimes  in  Moderation,  F.  G.  Allalo,  Cham. 
Peace  Propaganda,  Souvenirs  of  My,  F.  Passy.  RRP,  Au- 
gust 15. 


INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS. 


511 


Pearson,  Cyril  Arthur,  Sketch  of,  RRM,  July. 
Pearson,  Fred  Stark,  W.  P.  Plummer,  CosM. 
Penitentiary  Congrress,  Sixth  International,  I.  Maus,  RGen. 
Pensions,  Old-Age,  W.  D.  Macgregor,  West. 
Philippines: 
Independence,  Filipinos'  Vain  Hope  of,  M.  Wilcox,  NAR. 
Philippines,  Pressing  Needs  of  the,  J.  H.  Parker,  AMRR. 
Philippines,  Spanish  Failures  in  the,  C.  G.  Calkins,  NW. 
Prisoner  Among  Filipinos— II.,  J.  C.  Gillmore,  McCl. 
Problems  of  Government,  P.  S.  Reinsch,  Arena. 
United  States  and  the  Philippines,  J.  Foreman.  NatR. 
Philosophy  and  Art.  Ancient  Feud  Between,  P.  E.  More,  At- 

lant. 
Photography: 
Baths,  Gold-Toning,  Professor  Naraias,  A  PB. 
Copyright  and  the  American  Photographer,  APB. 
Prints,  Silver,  Without  Toning,  APB. 
Watson,  Eva  L.,  Artistic  Photographer,  W.  B.  Dyer,  BP. 
Piano  Music,  How  to  Listen  to.  Belle  Squire,  Mus. 
Plagiarism,  Real  and  Apparent,  B.  Samuel,  Bkman. 
Pleasure  as  Ethical  Standard,  E.  C  Moore,  AJ.S. 
Poetry,  Expression  in,  H.  C.  Beeching,  NatR. 
Poetry,  Lyric,  Intensive  Study  of,  B.  A.  Heydrick,  Chaut. 
Poets.  Death  Song  of  the,  S.  G.  Ayres,  MRNY. 
Political  Affairs  in  the  United  States : 
American  Boss,  F.  C.  Lowell.  Atlant. 
Anti-Expansionists,  Types  of,  Gunt. 
Campaign  of  1900  from  a  Democratic  Point  of  View,  W.  J. 

Stone,Forum. 
Democratic  National  Convention,  R.  C.  Lewis,  Mun. 
Democrats,  Duty  of,  M.  E.  Ingalls,  NAR. 
Expansion,  Principles  of,  T.  Williams,  Annals. 
Imperialism,  False  Issue  of,  BankNY. 
Kansas  City  Financial  Resolution,  G.  E.  Roberts,  Forum. 
McKinley  and  Bryan,  S.  J.  McLean,  Can. 
Political  Discussion,  Methods  in,  E.  Maxey,  Mod. 
Politics  and  Administration,  H.  J.  Ford,  Annals. 
Printing-Press  In  Politics,  L.  B.  Little,  Mun. 
Prohibition   Party  and   Its  Candidates,  E.  J.  Wheeler, 

AMRR. 
Republican  and  Democratic  Platforms,  H.  I.  West,  Forum. 
Socialism :  Is  It  an  Element  of ''  Bryanism ''  ?  A.  Watkins, 
Arena. 
Pompeian  Life  and  Art,  J.  C.  Egbert,  Jr.,  Bkman. 
Post-Offlce :  Rural  Free  Delivery,  i;.  B.  Todd,  Gunt. 
Poochkine  and  French  Poetry,  L.  Leger,  BU. 
Powder,  Smoky,  and   Springaeld    Rifles.  G.  T.  Blspham, 

JMSI. 
'*  Prairie-chicken,'*  Sturdy,  H.  S.  Canfleld,  O. 
Presbyterian  ism  and  Infants,  H.  L.  Singleton,  Horn. 
Prolit'-Sharing  as  a  System  of  Economics,  L.  Katscher,  Cath. 
Paychology  as  Science  of  Selves,  Mary  W.  Calicins,  Phil. 
Pooeral  Hygiene,  A.  Marro,  A JS. 

Putnam.  Frank,  and  His  Poems,  J.  M.  Chapnle.NatM. 
Quivera:  An  Ancient  American  Kingdom,  £.  E.  Blackman, 

AngA. 
Race  Question,  Fourteenth  Amendment  and  the,  M.  West, 

AJS. 
Railways,  Government  Ownership  of,  R.  L.  Richardton.  Can. 
Reality,  Professor  Ladd's  Theory  of,  W.  A.  Brown,  NW. 
"  Recollections  of  a  Naval  Life,*'^  J.  R.  Eggleston,  Cons. 
Red,  Psychology'  of— II.,  H.  Ellis.  PopS. 
Religion,  Evolution  of.  J.  T.  Patch,  Mind. 
Religion  of  the  Future,  Katherine  Weller,  Mind. 
Republican  Party,  Early   Years  of   the,    H.  A.  Cushing, 

Bkman. 
Revolution,  Army  of  the,  N.  A.  Miles,  AMonM. 
Rights,  Natural,  A.  I.  Chirk,  Annaln. 
Rimbaud,  Arthur,  A.  Beaunier,  RPar,  Septeralwr  I. 
Robinson  Crusoe's  Island,  D.  W^hite,  Over,  August. 
Roman  Catholic  Church  and    Protestant   Missions,  C.  C. 

Starbuck,  MRNY. 
Roman  Catholic  Mission  in  the  Northwest,  E.  A.  Bridger, 

Cath. 
Roman  Catholics  and  American  Citizenship,  J.  A.  McFaul, 

NAR. 
Roman  Forum,  Excavation  in  the,  G.  Boni.  N  A,  August  1. 
Rome,  Ancient,  Muddles  of,  J.  B.  Hodge,  I'SM. 
Ruasell,  Lord,  of  Killowen,  W.  T.  Stead,  RHL. 
Russia,  Drink  Question  in,  J.  F.  Crowell,  MRNY. 
Russia,  Expansion  of,  A.  Rambaud,  IntM. 
Russian  Sacred  Pictures,  E.  W.  Lowry,  Sun. 
Russian  Women  in  History,  Marie  Strom  berg.  RSoc,  AukuhI  . 
Russia's  Aspirations  in  Asia,  W.  Durban.  Anj;A. 
Saint  Margaret,  Contessa  F.  Gautlrr.  Cath. 
Salons,  Women  of  the— III.,  S.  G.  Tallentyrc.  Lonj:. 
Science  and  Immortality,  G.  H.  Bennett.  M  RN  V. 
Science  and  Morals:  The  Town,  M.  Corday,  HPar,  Augu-^t  15. 
Science,  Some  Forecasts  of,  Cham. 
Scotland.  Impressions  of,  F.  Roz,  RDM,  September  1. 
Scriptures,  Recent  Confirmations  of  the.  ,F.  rrqiiliart.  Sun. 
Seine,  Here  and  There  Along   the,  Mary    V.  Nixofi,  lios, 

August. 
Semltlsm.  Anti-,  and  Zionism,  HuniX. 

Se^nrage,  Purification  of,  by    Means  of  the  Soil,  (».  Janln, 
San. 


JSeward,  WilHitm  H.,  BanrrrifrVft  Llfo  of,  B.  A.  Hlnf**lflle,  Dial, 

Se|>tetnlM?rl:  A.  tl.  Hiirt.PHQA. 
Shftki.'spe*irt\  Stn^ifitjuf,  W.  H.  iTiillett.  Fort. 
Slmke!ii>&[irv'3TTmt'.  Dome»tii-  Life  of,  S.  f^mier.  Mod, 
Shnkoawiire,  WiKliim— X*,  HIatorka  and  Comedies,  H.  W» 

^hiblisnut. 
S  h  a  St  n ,  Vn  \\t<it\\{A,  B .  Sh  ti  rt  1  i  IT,  Over,  A  agn  at . 
Siiiiintui3.-K  1>H  of.  b>  furfh,  L.  ,T<rv[fe.  Weht. 
Siiij^irsg,  V>vv  IfU-iJ.?*  Al"jiir.  A.  ^,  Tliomp^ou,  Mijgk  AUKUtat, 
Sipidu  iiini  Ht^riiard-lhG^H  amX  \m\.  J.  F.  Taylor,  Fort. 
Skhmisbing,  Art  cjf,  K.  Holiim.  JMsi, 
siavf-TnulL-  in  Amirica-IL.  J,  R.  Spetii^,  Serib. 
h^ltep,  I^^r^Hof,  in  Citlesi.  tJ.  Ti*iljrt«lKi%  \\  t  -^i. 
JSiiilth,  Eiiward8  Porter,  J.  M.  FVnlrs,  <;  H;!^, 
i^nlijo:   Wlivfp  They  Ai^ountl,  F.  A.  V\iU\i\\t\,',  D. 
Soi^inl  Ai'livity.  Tiir<*i+  Lavvs^if,  L.  M.  Biirivll.  West. 
Stirial  Cjithoiii-  Mew  in  Fmnce,  Two  Prooiii^rf>rsnf  Uie^  G,  Le- 

Kriind.,  RGt+o. 
Sochil  Cmitriiil-  XV  111.,  E.  A.  Ro«s,  AJS. 
Sm^iolocy  and  tJif  Epi<\  A.  G.  Keller,  AJS. 
WuriolnsfV,  Senpe  of-  V..  A.  W\  Siiinll.  AJ^, 
SfK"if^|^«^:^^  f^tudy  and  Keedw  of,  W,  H.  V*an  Oroum,  Anma. 
Snlrlii  E  V,  Fi^^U  Care  of  the,  N.  B.  Jar  via.  J  MSI. 
j^niiti  S.hfJolH  fjf  ^^ct^tlaiifl^  J*  T.  Pyfe,  Gent. 
S-'iiiT!^  or  FrieiloTTK,  L.  Mend,  Chiuit. 
S..|i^-s,  UlihTJint  lA\i'.  l.ue  Vt^rcH^tj,  Mns. 
^'■ijTft  Ann  ririi,  Sinue  AnpeoTs  of,  K.  E.  Trcffrey.  Mntl. 
Sunt  hi' Ml  ll^ioie^;,  IioiojiJit;t>!>)  i>r,  \irs.1\  Unftnn,  LHJ. 
t^oiithern  Newspaper,  Old,  Ulcanini;^  from  nn,  \V,  P.  Trent, 

AUant, 
^TwirHny;  SpfHt-  Ah(  lent  atid  M^wlem,  O.  Hibluird,  O* 
Sj.Khrt  hi  i*iimi>fiH'S!^  Enat  Africo,  A.  H.  r>liapp+  Bud, 
^lii^ris  jv.s  ?fyi'L^'X^M  bines,  F,  A.  Laca*,  t*opK 
J^ppirtMixirii.  Snmt!  Tyj*s  of  iVoitSo^^ntal.  1>.  H.  Vwr^,  HarL 
Sinm-,  Fifri  imu  in  Nt^w  Vork— IV.,  E.  W.Towns^m],  Hkmali. 
Sijith,  SpKOtru  of  t]jt\  S.  Nrnvn'oinb.  PopS. 
^ixvve,  Na(iji!il  HiMnry  of  a,  K*  L,  BridgtnJin,  NEntt. 
Steam-EngiTii-  Performauci*.  Kc^?rirfJhig,  W.  Rijipt-r,  Eog. 
Sit-ami^hip.  Ort^-an.  l^uildliig  an,  II*  i^.  Baker,  Mt-Ch 
Stellar  i^ptTTra,  KitpreHimtativ*',  \V,  \V.  Payne,  PtipA. 
Nttnt-ritjon,  Hobfrt  Louis,  A  ft  of,  G,  W,T.  Omond,  NAR* 
.Stlcktiey,  A*  B. :  A  Unlqtje  Rjiilrond  PrusidenU  W.  ^.  H«r- 

wood  A  ins 
Story,  Short,  in  the  United  States— II.,  Lillian  V.  Lambert, 

Mod. 
Submarine  Torpedo-Boats,  W.  W.  Kimball,  Harp. 
Sugar  as  Food,  G.  H.  Murpliv,  San. 
Sugar  Engineering  in  Cuba,  E.  S.  Gould,  CasM. 
Suggestion,  Doctrine  of,  H.  Bernheim,  RRP,  September  1. 
Suicide,  Statistics  of,  R.  A.  Skelton,  NineC. 
Sundav-School  Instruction,  Use  of  a  Doctrinal  Catechism 

in :  A  Symposium,  Bib. 
Surnames  and  C^hristian  Names,  E.  F.  Watrous,  Chaut. 
Talmage.  Rev.T.  De  Witt,  L.  W.  LlUlngston,  Sun. 
Taxes,  Direct,  Under  the  Constitution,  C.  J.  Bullock,  PSQ. 
Tax,  Income^nd  the  National  Revenues,  M.  West,  JPEcon. 
Telegraphic  Writing.  Machine  for,  G.  Roux,  RRP,  Septem- 
ber!. 
Telegraphy  and    the  Telephone,  Recent  Progress  of  the, 

G.  Caye,  RRP,  September  1. 
Telephoning  Without  Wires,  C.  M.  McGovern,  Pear. 
Telescopes,  New  Forms  of,  W.  B.  Mussou,  PopA. 
Telescope,  Yerkes,  F.  Ballard,  YM. 
Temptation  of  Mr.  Bulstrode,  Julia  H.  Gulliver,  NW. 
Tenements,  Truth  About  the,  C.  M.  McGovern,  Home. 
Texas,  Romantic  History  of,  W.  F.  McCaleb,  Dial,  Septem- 
ber 1. 
Thames  from  Wapping  to  Blackwall,  Sir  W.  Besant,  Cent. 
Theological  Changes  of  View  in  England,  F.  W.  Farrar,  Out. 
Theology :  Recent  Gifford  Lectures,  J.  Seth,  N  W. 
Thessaly,  Annexation  of.  Count  de  Molly,  RDM,  August  16. 
Thought,  Logical,  Some  Stages  of,  J.  Dewey,  Phil. 
Tolstoy  Under  the  Ban,  C.  Brinton,  Crit. 
Trade,  Foreign,  of  the  United  States— II.,  W.  P.  Stearns, 

JPEcon. 
Trade-UnionIsm,  Tendencies  In,  A.  F.  Weber,  IntM. 
Transvaal :  see  also  Great  Britain. 

Baden- Powell,  Maj.-Gen.  R.S.S.,  RRM,  July. 

Boer,  African,  Olive  Schreiner,  Cos. 

Boers  in  South  Africa-Ill.,  J.  ViUarais,  BU. 

Boers,  Psychology  and  Development  of  the,  Olive  Schrei- 
ner, RRP,  Septc*raber  1. 

British  Military  Blunders  In  the  W^ar,  USM. 

De  Wet,  Gen.  Christian,  H.  Robertson,  Can. 

English   Opinion  and    the  War,    A.    Chevrlllon,  RPar, 
August  15. 

Future  of  South  Africa,  A.  Hof meyr,  NatR. 

Hospitals,  South  African  War.  M.  Gutlirie,  NineC. 

Men  in  Khaki,  With  the,  RRM,  July. 

Pretoria,  British  at,  J.  Barnes,  Out. 

Pretoria,  How  We  Escaped  from— 11,.  A.  Haldane.  Black. 

StafT  Work  in  the  War,  L.  Hale,  NineC. 

Teuton  Tug  of  War,  J.  Ralph,  Harp. 

War  Operati«»ns  in  Soutli  Africa,  Black. 
Trees,  Miniature,  A.  Maude,  Pear. 
Troglodyte  Dwellings  in  Cappadocia.  J.  R.  S.  Sterrett,  Cent. 


512 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EU''  OF  REVIEWS. 


Trfjplc^,  CoDgBBHtof  tlie»  G.  ».  Groff,  Pops. 

Troabrtdiffr.  Sir  Thatntte,  W.  J.  Fletcher.  C«m. 

Trust  ProbltJij,  Lattest  Phiis*  of  the,  J.  B.  C'Jsrk,  Gtint* 

TfOfite:  CDTi!?uli<laLifm  and  MoDopoty,  P.  A.  RobliiJion,  t  Vni¥i, 

TtqsUs  \  Grwit  Brita^m  nod  the  "  Trust "  Problem,  T.  Scnn- 

Ion,  Af<?iiii. 
Tru*r»  Ui  Kiipope,  C.  C.  Adams.  AJriB. 
TMbercuIcwia/fcnBineiiLi  nntU  S.  A.  Knopf,  Shd, 
Unlteti  StHtesand  th*i  PhiMiipJm?e,  J.  For<^m«ti,  KtitR, 
United  St&tes  BotidB  In   England,  EIstnHc  Sale  of,  G.  S. 

BouivvelU  McUl. 
United  8tAt«s:  8tatti»  of  the  Katirea  In  Oar  New  PoBses- 

sloiis,  E.  A»  Belcher,  AnytA. 
Vlilotaolii-Mnrettll,  Colonel  dt-- 1 L,  A.  Venglnlrf,  HIT. 
Vttginla,  Colonial,  Conn  and   Bftr  of,  H.  (\  WaJililngton, 

QBuff. 
WaHrwa,  Training  of  a,  Mre.  S.  T.  Rorer,  LH.l. 
**  WMtttranciag,"  ^Ifx^iMtf-War.  B.  F.  Jt<bcrwood,  Ctt*SI. 
War.  Care  of  the  Sick  nnd  Wuunded  In,  F-  H.  Wekh,  Fori. 
Warfare  J  SubmAiine  Torpedo-Boata*  W- W.  Kinib»ll,  Harp, 


War:  Is  It  a  Blessing?  W.  J.  Baylls,  West. 
War,  Some  Writers  on,  P.  Lees,  Fort. 
War  with  Spain,  Maritime  Law  In  the,  J.  B.  Moore,  PSQ. 
Waterloo,  England's  Allies  at,  H.  Maxwell,  NineC*. 
Water-Power  Governine,  E.  F.  Cassel,  Eng. 
Wesley,  John,  Life  and  Work  of,  J.  W.  Johnaoo,  Man. 
Wheat  Harvest  of  the  West,  C.  M.  Harger.  Out. 
White  House,  One  Hundred  Years  in  the,  R.  Bache,  LHJ. 
Women  as  Psychics,  Adelaide  Keen,  Mind. 
Women,  Club,  Practical  Art  Among,  Adelaide  .S.  Hall, Chant. 
Women,  Mediaeval  West  Pyrenean,  A.  R.  Whiteway,  trenL 
Women.  Some  Clever,  A.  Chisholm,  Can. 
Women*s  Wages  in  Manual  Work,  M.  B.  Hammond,  PSQ. 
Worcester  Music  Festival,  W.  M.  Lancaster,  NEng. 
Working  Classes,  Expenditure  of  the,  H.  Hlggs,  PopS. 
Workman's  Insurance  In  Germany,  R.  Romme,  RPao',  Au- 
gust 15. 
Yachting,  A.  G.  Bagot,  PMM. 

Yachtsmen,  Weather  Wrinkles  for,  A.  .T,  Kenealy,  O. 
Zane,  EUzabeth,  Catharine  H.  T.  Avery,  AMonM. 


Abbreviations  of  Magazine  Titles  used  in  the  Index. 
[All  the  articles  in  the  leading  reviews  are  indexed,  but  only  the  more  important  articles  in  the  other  magarinee.] 


Ains.       Ainslee's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

ACQR.  American  Catholic  Quarterly 
Review,  Phila. 

AHR.  American  Historical  Review, 
N.Y. 

AJS.  American  Journal  of  Soci- 
ology, Chicago. 

AJT.  American  Journal  of  The- 
ology, Chicago. 

ALR.  American  Law  Review,  St. 
Louis. 

AMonM. American  Monthly  Magazine, 
Washington,  D.  C. 

AMRR.  American  Monthly  Review  of 
Reviews,  N.  Y. 

ANat.     American  Naturalist,  Boston. 

AngA.     Anglo-American    Magazine, 

Annals.  Annals  of  the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Pol.  and  Soc.  Science, 
Phila. 

APB.  Anthony's  Photographic  Bul- 
letin, I^.  Y. 

Arch.      Architectural  Record,  N.  Y. 

Arena.    Arena,  N.  Y. 

AA.         Art  Amateur,  N.  Y. 

AE.         Art  Education.  N.  Y. 

AI.  Art  Interchange,  N.  Y. 

AJ.  Art  Journal,  London. 

Art.         Artist,  London. 

Atlant.    Atlantic  Monthly,  Boston. 

Bad.        Badminton,  London. 

BankL.   Bankers'  Magazine,  London. 

BankNYBankers'  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Bib.         Biblical  World,  Chicago. 

BSac.       Bibliotheca  Sacra,  Oberlin,  O. 

BU.  Blbliothfeque  Unlverselle,  Lau- 

sanne. 

Black.  Blackwood's  Magazine,  Edin- 
burgh. 

BB.  Book  Buyer,  N.  Y. 

Bkman.  Bookman,  N.  Y. 

BP.  Brush  and  Pencil,  Chicago. 

Can.         Canadian  Magazine,  Toronto. 

Cass.       Cassell's  Magazine,  London. 

CasM.      Cassier's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Cath.       Catholic  World,  N.  Y. 

Cent.       Century  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Cham.  Chambers's  Journal,  K<lin- 
burgh. 

Char.       Charities  Review,  N.  Y. 

Chant.     Chautauquan,  Clevcliind,  O. 

CAge.      Coming  Age,  Boston. 

Cons.  Conservative  Review,  Wash- 
ington. 

Contem.  Contemporary  Review,  Lon- 
don. 

Com.      Comhill.  London. 

Cos.         Cosmopolitan,  N.  V. 

Crit.        Critic,  N.  Y. 

Deut.       Deutbch©  Revue,  Stuttgart. 

Dial.        Dial.  Chicago. 

Dul).        Dublin  Review,  Dublin. 

Edin.       Edinburgh  I^vview,  liondon. 


Ed.  Education,  Boston.  NineC. 

EdR.        Educational  Review,  N.  Y.  NAR. 

Eng.        Engineering  Magazine,  N.  Y.  Nou. 

EM.         EspailaModema,  Madrid.  NA. 

Fort.       Fortnightly  Review,  London.  OC. 

Forum.   Forum,  N.Y.  O. 

FrL.         Frank  Leslie's  Monthly,  N.  Y.  Out. 

Gent.      Gentleman's  Magazine,   Lon-  Over. 

don. 

GBag.      Green  Bae,  Boston.  PMM. 

Gunt.       Gunton's  Magazine,  N.  Y.  Pear. 

Harp.       Harper's  Magazine,  N.  Y.  Phil, 

Hart.       Hartford   Seminary     Record,  PhoT. 

Hartford,  Conn.  PL. 

Home.     Home  Magazine,  N.  Y.  PSQ. 
Horn.      Homiletlc  Review,  N.  Y. 

HumN.  Humanit6  Nou velle,  Paris.  PopA. 
Int.          International,  Chicago. 

IJE.         International      Journal  •  of  PopS. 

Ethics,  Phila. 
IntM.      International  Monthly,  N.  Y.  PRR. 
IntS.        International  Studio,  N.  Y. 
I  A.           Irrigation  Age,  Chicago.  PQ. 
JMSI.      Journal  of  the  Military  Serv- 
ice  Institution,   Governor's  QJEcon 

Island,  N.  Y.  H. 

JPEcon.  Journal  of  Political  Economy,  QR. 

Chicago.  RasN. 

Kind.       Kindergarten  Magazine,  Chi-  Record. 

oago. 

KindR.    Kindergarten  Review,  Spring-  RefS. 

field.  Mass.  RRL. 

LHJ.        Ladies'  Home  Journal,  Phila.  RRM. 
LeisH.     Leisure  Hour,  London. 

Linp.        Lippincott's  Magazine,  Phila.  RDM. 
LQ.          London     Quarterly     Review, 

London.  RDP. 

Long.       Longman's  Magazine,  London.  KCien. 

Lutli.       Lutheran   Quarterly,  Gettys-  RPar. 

burg.  Pa.  liPP. 
McCl.      McCnure's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Mac.        Macmillan's  Magazine,   Lon-  RRP. 

don.  KSoc. 
MA.         Magazineof  Art,  London.  RPL. 
MRN.      Methodist  Review,  Nashville. 
MRNY.  Methodist  Review,  N.  Y.  Ros. 
Mind.      Mind,  N.  Y.  San. 
MisH.      Missionary  Herald,  Boston.  School. 
MisR.      Missionary  Review,  N.  Y.  Scrib. 
Mod.        Modern  Culture,  Cleveland,0.  SR. 
Mon.        Monist,  Chicago.  Str. 
MunA.    Municipal  Affairs,  N.  Y.  Sun. 
Mun.       Munsey's  Magazine,  X.  Y.  Temp. 
Mus.        Music,  Chicago.  USM. 
NatGM.  National    Geographic    Maga- 
zine, Washington,  D.  C.  West. 
NatM.     National  Magazine,  Boston.  Wern. 
NatR.      National  Review,  London.  WWM. 
NC.          New-Church  Review.  Boston. 
NEng.     New  England  .Magazine,  Bos-    |    WPM. 

ton. 

NIM.       New     Illustrated     Magazine,  Yale. 

London.  YM. 

.\W.        New  World,  Boston.  YW. 


Nineteenth  Century,  Londoo. 

North  American  Review.  N.Y. 

Nouvelle  Revue,  Paris. 

Nuova  Antoloffia,  Rome. 

Open  Court.,  Cnicago. 

Outing,  N.  Y. 

Outlook,  N.  Y. 

Overland  Monthly,  San  Fran- 
cisco. 

Pall  Mall  Magazine,  Londoa. 

Pearson's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Philosophical  Review,  N.  Y. 

Photographic  Tlme^  N.  Y. 

Poet-Lore,  Boston. 

Political  Science  Quarterly. 
Boston. 

Popular  Astronomy.  Kortb- 
neld,  Minn. 

Popular     Science     Monthl>', 

Presbyterian   and    Reformed 

Review,  Phila. 
Presbyterian  Quarterly.  Char- 
lotte, N.C. 
.  Quarterly  Journal  of  Econoss- 

ics,  Boston. 
Quarterly  Review,  London. 
Rassegna  Nazional&,  Flonmce 
Record    of    Christian   Work. 

East  Northfield  Jlda^Sw 
R^forme  Sociale,  Paris. 
Review  of  Reviews,  London. 
Review     of     Reviews,      Mei 

bourne. 
Revue    des     Deux     Monde^. 

Paris. 
Revue  du  Droit  Public,  Paris. 
Revue  G6n6rale,  Bmsselb. 
Revue  de  Paris,  Pari*. 
Revue  Politique  et  Parlemeoi- 

talre,  Paris. 
Revue  des  Re\^es,  Parfa. 
Revue  Sociallste.  Paris. 
Rivista  Politica  e  Letteraria. 

Rome. 
Rosary,  Somerset,  Ohio. 
Sanitarian,  N.  Y. 
School  Review,  Chicago. 
Scribner's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
Sewanee  Review,  N.  Y- 
^rand  Magazine,  London. 
Sunday  Magazine,  Loadoo. 
Temple  Bar,  London. 
United      Ser^'ice      Magarinr. 

London. 
Westminster  Review,LandoB. 
Werner's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
Wide  WorldMagaaiBe,  Lan- 

don. 
Wilson's  Photograpbio  Ma^ 

zine,  N.  Y. 
Yale  Review,  New  Haven. 
Young  Man,  London. 
Young  Woman,  London. 


The   American    Monthly    Review   of   Reviews. 

edited  by  albert  shaw. 

CONTENTS   FOR   NOVEMBER,    1900. 


Scene  at  Mr.  Croker's  Banquet  to  the  Demo- 
cratic Candidates,  October  x6, 1900.  Frontispiece 

The  Prog:re«s  of  the  World— 

The  Election  of  1896— A  Comparison 515 

The  Ebbing  of  the  Free-Silver  Tide 515 

Silver  and  the  South 615 

Silver  in  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  iMkutu 516 

In  Colorado  and  the  Mountain  States 516 

On  the  Pacific  Coast 517 

Silver  in  the  Campaign  at  Large 517 

How  Bryan's  Election  Would  Revive  Silver. ...  517 
A  Three-Cornered  Situation  that  Might  Have 

Been 519 

Where  Would  Bryan  Have  Come  In  ? 519 

As  Showing  Southern  Sentiment • 519 

**  Dixie  "  as  a  Political  Anomaly 519 

A  Curious  Situation 520 

Local  Politics  as  a  Factor 521 

Tammany  as  an  Elxample 521 

A  National  Menace 522 

The  **  Trusts"  as  a  Fresh  Issue — - 522 

Mr.  Bryan  as  the  Paragon  of  Statesmanship.. . .  523 

A  Unique  Instance , 524 

As  to  Cabinet  Advisers 524 

Mr.  Bryan  as  an  Autocrat 524 

Willis  Abbot  on  the  Campaign  Methods 524 

A  Quick  Campaign  in  England 526 

With  the  Expected  Result 526 

Standing  by  the  Work  of  the  Army  in  Africa. .  527 

The  Fate  of  the  Boers 527 

The  British  Policy  of  Tolerance 528 

Mr.  Chamberlain  and  His  Office 529 

The  Kaffirs,  Mr.  Rhodes,  etc 529 

Some  Assets  of  the  Salisbury  Ministry 530 

What  if  the  Tories  Had  Been  Beaten  ? 580 

The  Future  of  English  Liberalism 530 

The  Canadian  Election 531 

Campaign  Issues  in  Canada 581 

Newfoundland's  Remarkable  Contest 532 

Mr.  Held  and  His  Monopoly 533 

Settlement  of  the  Coal  Strike 533 

A  Fortunate  Outcome 534 

The  German  Chancellorship 534 

Progress  of  the  Chinese  Negotiatious 534 

Marquis  Ito  in  Authoritv  Again ' 585 

Norway's  Independent  Course 535 

Sueen  Wilhelmlna's  Engagement 535 
Arriage  of  the  Belgian  Heir-Appareut 536 

Obituary  Notes 636 

Death  or  Charles  Dudley  Warner 537 

Death  of  John  Sherman 537 

"Wlt^h  portraits  of  Lord  Salisbury*  Arthur  J.  Balfour, 
Joseph  Chamberlain,  Henry  Campbell-Bannerman, 
Oeorge  J.Ooschen,  R.  W.E.Middleton,  J.Israel  Tarte, 
Jj.  HT  Davies,  Charles  H.  Tupper,  Charles  Tupper, 
Wilfrid  Laurler,  R.  J.  Cartwriaht,  Hugh  J.  Mac- 
r)onald.  Lord  Struthcona.  WiUiam  S.  Fielding; 
Ohancellor  von  Btllow,  the  Marquis  Ito,  Ernest 
^^atow.  the  Prince  of  Flanders  and  the  Princess 
Einxabeth  of  Bavaria,  the  late  General  Campos,  the 
tiM.te  Jbhn  Sherman,  and  the  late  Charles  Dudley 
"Warner,  carlpons,  and  other  illustrations. 

j^^cord* of  Current  Events 538 

-vvifcf*  portraits  of  Elihu  Root  and  Henry  C.  Corbin, 
*^  ^Villlam  P.  Dillingham,  Jonathan  P.  Dolliver,  the 
f^^e«  William  L.Wil9on,Qneen  Viirtoriaand  her  Great 
<^f-Andchlldren,  Sixto  Lopez,  John  Markle,  Rush 
flbees,  Mary  E.  Woolley,  Henry  8.  Pritchett,  the 
Xa^Va  Lewis  A.  Sayre,  and  the  late  Alfred  Still6. 


Some  Cartoons,  Chiefly  of  the  Campaign 543 

How  the  Republican  National  Committee 
Works  f6r  Votes 549 

With  portraits  of  Marcus  A.  Hanna,  and  Perry  S.  Heatb« 
and  other  illustrations. 

The  Management  of  the  Democratic  Cam- 
paign    556 

By  Willis  J.  Abbot. 

With  portraits  of  James  K.  Jones,  Willis  J.  Abbot,'  and 
William  J.  Bryan,  and  other  illustrations. 

The  Hall  of  Fame 568 

By  Henry  Mitchell  MacCracken. 

With  portraits  of  Chancellor  MacCracken,  George 
Washington,  U.  S.  Grant,  Abraham  Lincoln,  Daniel 
Webster,  Benjamin  Franklin.  John  Marshall,  Thom- 
as Jefferson,  R.  W.  Emerson,  H.  W.  Longfellow, 
Washington  Irving,  Jonathan  Edwards,  D.  G.  Far- 
ragut,  8.  F.  B.  Morse,  Henry  Clay,  George  Peabody, 
Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  R.  E.  Lee,  Horace  Mann. 
Peter  Cooper.  Joseph  fltory,  John  Adams,  W.  K 
Channing,  Gilbert  StUart,  Asa  Gray,  Robert  Ful- 
ton, J.  J.  Audubon,  Eli  Whitney,  H.  W.  Beecher, 
and  James  Kent,  and  other  illustrations. 

The  Political  Beginiiings  in  Porto  Rico 571 

By  John  Fipley. 
With  photograph  of  the  Porto  Rican  Executive  Coun- 

The  American  Neo^ro  at  Paris 575 

By  W.  E.  Burghardt  Du  Bois. 
With  portrait  of  Dr.  Du  Bois,  and  a  view  of  the  exhibit 
of  the  American  Negroes  at  the  Paris  Exposition. 

Trusts  in  England 578 

By  Robert  Donald. 

The  British  Czar :  the  General  Elector 585 

By  W.  T.  Stead. 

Leading  Articles  of  the  Month — 

The  Truth  About  Mark  Hanna 690 

Compulsory  Voting 591 

The  Canadian  Elections. 593 

The  British  General  Election 593 

Continuity  of  Party  Principles  in  England 596 

The  British  Empire's  Growth  in  the  Century. . .  596 

England's  Military  Prestige  Abroad 596 

War  Against  Women  and  Children »  597 

Dr.  Conan  Doyle's  Lessons  from  the  Boer  War.  598 

Milnerism  in  bouth  Africa 599 

The  Settlement  in  South  Africa 600 

On  the  Beira  Railway 601 

The  Amir  of  Afghanistan 602 

Field-Marshal  Count  Waldersee 604 

How  Shall  China  be  Punished  ? 605 

What  Is  to  Be  Done  in  China  ? 606 

China  and  Russia 610 

The  Russians  in  Manchuria 611 

A  French  Russophobist 613 

Tolstoi  and  Nietzsche 614 

The  Lessons  of  Galveston 615 

West-Indian  Hurricanes 617 

Fruifc-Growing  in  America 618 

The  Man  Who  Invented  the  Sunday  Newspaper.  619 

With  portraits  of  A.  Conan  Doyle,  Abdur  Rahman,  and 
the  late  Friedrich  W.  Nietzsche,  and  a  map  showing 
the  track  of  the  great  hurricane  of  1900. 

The  Periodicals  Reviewed 620 

The  New  Books 63^ 

Index  to  Periodicals 636 


^mrm^-^^M^^  :  f3.50  a  year  in  advance ;  S5  cents  a  number.  Foreign  postage  11.00  a  year  additional.  Subscribers  may  remit  to  us 
*  *•  fyw' post-ofllce  or  express  money  orders,  or  by  bank  checks,  drafts,  or  registered  letters.  Money  in  letter  is  at  senders* 
^'CmM..  Renew  as  early  as  possible  in  order  to  avoid  a  break  in  the  receipt  of  the  numbers.  Bnokdealers,  Postmasters,  and 
^^"^Wadealers  receive  subscriptions.  (Subscriptions  to  the  English  Review  op  Revikws,  which  is  edited  and  published  by 
Tfcgy^  W.  T.  Stead  in  London,  may  be  sent  to  this  office,  and  onlers  for  single  copies  can  also  be  filled,  at  the  price  of  ^.50 
^r  the  yearly  subscription,  including  postage,  or  25  cents  for  single  copies.)  THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS  CO., 
jy  ^Aiitor  Place,  New  York  City. 


The  American  Monthly 

Review  of  Reviews, 


Vol.  XXII. 


NEW  YORK,  NOVEMBER,   1900. 


No.  5. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


TH€  Election  ^^  ^^^^y  ^r.  McKinley  received  271 
of  1896-a  electoral  votes,  and   Mr.    Bryan    re- 
Comparison,  reived    176.       The   strength"  of   the 
Bryan    ticket  came  from  two  distinct   sources. 
First,  from  a  group  of  Western  States  in  which 
the  greater  part  of  the  population,  regardless  of 
previous  political  aflBliations,   was  carried  away 
by  the  free-silver  doctrine.     The  otner  and  prin- 
cipal element  of  Mr.  Bryan's  strength  in   1896 
was  the  vote  of  the  Southern  States,  where  for 
many  years  party  divisions,  such  as  exist  in  the 
North,   have  not  been    known,  and   where  the 
Democratic  ticket  prevails  irrespective  of  issues 
or  candidates.     It  is  well  worth  while  to  com- 
pare the  conditions  of  the  campaign  of.  1896  with 
those  of  the  campaign  of  1900,  in  order  to  see 
what  significance  is  really  to  be  attached  to  the 
results  of  the  voting  this  year.     Although  the 
silver    movement    was    not    indigenous    to    the 
South,  the  doctrine  had  been  propagated   with 
success  ;  so  that  four  years  ago,  the  States  which 
contributed    most   of   the    Democratic    electoral 
votes  were  willing  enough  to  let  the  Democratic 
party  stand  for  the  scheme  of  opening  the  mints 
to   the  free  coinage  of  silver.     The  silver  move- 
ment was  so  aggressive  that  it  forced  the  fighting, 
identified  itself  absolutely  with  the  Democratic 
party,   and  compelled   the  Republican   party  to 
identify  itself  with  the  gold  standard.     If  Mr. 
Brj'an  had  been  elected,  it  would  have  been  with 
the  unmistakable  mandate  from  those  who  voted 
for  him  to  do  all  in  his  power  to  place  the  busi- 
ness of  the  country  upon  a  silver  basis.     Of  the 
votes  cast  in  that  year,  McKinley  electors  received 
a  little  more  than  7,100,000,  and  Bryan  electors 
a  little  more  than  6,500,000  votes. 

Tke  Ebbing    Organization  began  at  once  after  Mr. 

F  ^{'8/fver  Bryan's  defeat,  with  the  plan  and 
Tide.  purpose  of  renominating  him  in  1900, 
and  of  maintaining  the  fusion  of  the  Populists 
and  Silver  Republicans  with  the  Democrats. 
This  work  was  so  well  managed  that  it  resulted 
in  Mr.  Bryan's  renomination  this  year  on  a  sil- 


ver platform,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  people 
of  the  country  were  not  thinking  or  talking  about 
free  silver,  and  were  much  more  interested  in 
questions  growing  out  of  new  conditions.  The 
free-silver  movement  was  born  of  a  period  of 
hard  times  which  the  West  and  South  were  feel- 
ing with  special  severity.  In  such  times  the 
arguments  for  cheap  money  are  always  tempting 
to  individuals  or  communities  that  are  on  the 
^erge  of  bankruptcy.  This  year's  campaign  has 
come  after  several  years  of  great  prosperity,  as 
compared  with  the  years  preceding  the  campaign 
of  1896.  When  communities  have  been  highly 
prosperous  for  a  long  enough  time  to  reestablish 
the  equilibrium  as  respects  other  communities, 
they  have  no  longer  any  particular  temptation, 
either  intellectual  or  moral,  to  desire  cheap  money. 
It  happens  that  such  a  balance  haff  been  restored 
between  the  different  parts  of  this  country  ;  and 
so  the  money  question  has  lost  its  sectional  as- 
pect. The  free -silver  clause  went  into  the  Kan- 
sas City  platform  not  so  much  because  it  repre- 
sented present  convictions  as  because  it  seemed 
so  extremely  embarrassing  to  drop  an  issue  that 
had  only  lately  been  declared  by  the  Democrats 
to  be  of  vastly  greater  importance  than  all  others. 

That  is,  if  we  had  not  had  a  silver 
theVouth.  question  four  years  ago,  we  should  cer- 
tainly not  have  had  a  silver  question 
this  year.  Political  leaders  and  political  parties 
have  an  idea  of  the  need  of  consistency  that  is  quite 
mistaken,  and  that  often  stands  very  much  in 
the  way  of  their  success.  One  of  the  curiosities 
of  what  is,  by  all  odds,  the  most  curious  politi- 
cal situation  that  ever  existed  in  the  United 
States  is  to  be  found  in  the  fact  that  the  only 
profoundly  important  thing  for  which  Mr.  Bryan 
stands  is  the  immediate  and  unlimited  free  coin- 
age of  silver  at  the  ratio  of  16  to  1  ;  and  every- 
body knows  that,  if  he  is  elected,  he  will  do  his 
l>est  to  bring  about  this  result.  Yet  there  has 
been  no  evidence  in  the  campaign  of  any  enthu- 
siasm whatever  in  favor  of  free  coinage.     When 


516 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


compared  with  the  immense  difference  between 
the  Republican  and  Democratic  platforms  on  the 
money  question,  and  the  vital  bearings  of  that 
subject,  the  difference  between  the  Bryan  Philip- 
pine policy  and  the  McKinley  Philippine  policy 
amounts  to  nothing  more  than  splitting  hairs 
over  trifles.  The  group  of  Southern  States  that 
always  goes  Democratic  will,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
vote  for  Mr.  Bryan  this  year  ;  but  it  ought  to  be 
remembered  by  all  who  wish  to  understand  the 
political  situation  that  bhese  same  States  would 
all  vote  for  Mr.  Bryan  by  practically  the  same 
majorities — perhaps  even  by  larger  ones — if  he 
had  changed  his  money  views  altogether,  and  had 
become  an  advocate  of  the  single  gold  standard. 
There  is,  indeed,  reason  to  think  that  Mr.  Bryan 
would  be  stronger  in  the  South  on  a  gold  ticket 
than  on  a  silver  ticket.  The  free-silver  doctrine 
had  never  sunk  very  deeply  into  Southern  con- 
victions— outside,  perhaps,  of  Missouri ;  and  the 
South  in  general  wants  stable  business  condi- 
tions, and  has  no  objection  at  all  to  doing  busi- 
ness on  the  monetary  basis  that  the  rest  of  the 
world  finds,  upon  the  whole,  to  be  workable  and 
convenient.  It  will  take  some  Democratic  poli- 
ticians a  little  time  to  readjust  themselves  ;  but 
the  business  sentiment  of  the  South  is  no  longer 
concerned  on  behalf  of  the  Bryan  monetary  doc- 
trines, and  the  politicians  will  soon  accept  the 
business  view. 


.  ^      Apart  from  those  States  in  the  South 

SIher  In  Kan-    .^^  ^^ 

MS,  Nebraska,  that    are    Demo- 

and  Dakota.    ^^^^^^ 


cal  extremes,  gave  Bryan  in  1896  a  plurality 
of  only  12,269  out  of  a  total  vote  of  more  than 
330,000.  Kansas  has  since  had  several  large 
crops  with  good  prices,  and  no  longer  craves 
relief  of  the  kind  that  free  silver  has  been  sup- 
posed to  afford  indebted  and  depressed  commu- 
nities. The  Republicans  last  month  were  quite 
confidently  expecting  to  cany  Kansas  for  McKin- 
ley and  Roosevelt  by  a  good  majority.  Four 
yeara  ago.  North  Dakota  gave  McKinley  a  plural- 
ity of  5,649  out  of  a  total  vote  of  about  47,000  ; 
and  South  Dakota,  although  its  vote  went  to  Mr. 
Bryan,  was  almost  tied,  he  receiving  41,225  and 
his  opponent  41,042. 

In  Colorado  Colorado,  at  one  time  a  safely  Repub- 
iountain  ^i^*^  State,  went  almost  en  masse 
8taus.  for  Bryan  four  years  ago.  The  most 
important  industry  of  Colorado  had  been  the  pro- 
duction of  silver,  and  the  State  expected  to 
profit  greatly  by  the  triumph  of  free  coinage. 
There  were  cast  161,153  votes  for  Bryan  and 
only  26,271  for  McKinley.  Nowhere  else  was 
the  silver  question  taken  so  much  to  heart  as  in 
Colorado  ;  and  nothing,  therefore,  could  be  a 
better  indication  of  the  change  in  the  sentiment 
of  the  country  on  that  question  •  than  the  fact 
that  Colorado  last  month  was  regarded  by  the 
Republicans  as  belonging  at  least  in  the  doubtful 
column.  Earlier  in  the  campaign  it  was  sup- 
posed to  be,  as  a  matter  of  course,  for  Bryan  ;  but 
the   result  promises  to  be  comparatively  close. 


for  tradi- 
tional reasons,  no  States  ex- 
cept Nebraska  and  Kansas, 
and  a  few  in  the  Far  West, 
gave  their  electoral  votes  four 
years  ago  for  Bryan  and  free 
silver.  Bryan  carried  Ne- 
braska by  a  plurality  of  13,- 
576  out  of  an  aggregate  vote 
of  about  220,000.  A  change 
of  less  than  7,000  votes 
would  have  given  the  State 
to  McKinley.  This  year,  if 
the  money  question  alone 
were  under  consideration, 
Nebraska  would  probably 
go  agamst  free  silver  by  a 
considerable  majority.  The 
Republicans  have  been  mak- 
ing special  efforts  to  regain 
the  State,  with  growing 
hopes  of  success  as  the  cam- 
paign has  progressed.  Even 
Kansas,  with  its  inclination 
/ard  Populism  and  politi- 


POUR  YEARS  AGO. 

Lest  we  forget  what  a  Presidential  campaign  really  is  like. 
From  the  Evening  News  (Detroit). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


517 


Utah,  also  a  great  silver-producing  State,  gave 
Bryan  64,517  votes  and  McKinley  only  13,484. 
There  will  be  nothing  like  that  disparity  in  this 
year's  result.  Montana  gave  Bryan  42,537  and 
McKinley  only  10,494;  this  also  being  due  to 
the  fact  that  Montana,  like  Utah  and  Colorado, 
is  a  great  silver-producing  State.  But  the  silver 
question  is  not  absorbing  the  attention  of  Mon- 
tana this  year,  and  no  one  regards  the  situation 
as  hopelessly  one-sided.  Nevada,  a  State  which 
in  the  past  has  been  almost  exclusively  identi- 
fied with  the  industry  of  silver-mining,  gave 
8,377  votes  for  Bryan  and  only  1,938  for  Mc- 
Kinley ;  but,  as  an  indication  of  the  change 
of  the  political  tide  even  in  Nevada,  it  is  to  be 
noted   that  Senator  Stewart,    one  of  the   chief 


•^ SENATOR  STI^WARrr^Pf 
AND  SCKOL^Ji'/ 


TWO  RSPUBLIOAN  PORTRAITS  OF  SENATOR  STBWART. 

From  the  ChronicU  (Chicago). 

founders  of  the  free -silver  movement  as  such  in 
this  country,  who  supported  Bryan  with  all  his 
energies  four  years  ago,  is  now  working  against 
Bryan  with  equal  energy  and  supporting  the  Re- 
publican ticket.  Wyoming  four  yeai-s  ago  gave 
it0  three  electoral  votes  to  Bryan  by  a  plurality 
of  only  583  votes. 

"Washington  cast  51,646  for  Bryan 
P^Sfi^^claMt.  *^^  39,153  for  McKinley.     The  tide 

of  Populistic  tendency  is  no  longer  so 
high  in  Washington,  and  Republicanism  seems  to 
l>e  in  the  ascendent  again.    Oregon  four  years  ago 


gave  its  vote  to  McKinley,  though  by  a  small  plu- 
rality ;  and  the  same  thing  is  true  of  California, 
where,  indeed,  the  voting  was  so  close  that  for 
some  reason  one  Republican  on  the  electoral 
ticket  was  defeated.  This  year  the  Republicans 
expect  to  carry  Oregon  and  California  by  greatly 
increased  pluralities. 

«//  I  tk  ^^  J^one  of  those  States  eastward  of 
Campaign  at  the  Missouri  River  carried  by  Mc- 
Urge,  Kinley  four  years  ago  and  vigor- 
ously contested  by  the  Democrats  this  year» — such 
as  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Indiana,  Ohio,  and 
New  York, — is  there  any  reason  to  think  that  the 
silver  plank  in  the  platform  is  a  source  of  strength 
to  the  party.  And  if  any  of  these  States  should 
give  its  electoral  vote  to  Bryan  this  year,  it 
would  be  in  spite  of  the  silver  plank  rather  than 
on  account  of  it.  Even  the  Populist  element  of 
Mr.  Bryan's  support  would  not  have  deserted 
him  had  free  silver  been  omitted  from  the 
Kansas  City  platform  ; — for  the  Populists  are, 
after  all,  not  in  favor  of  any  metallic  basis  what- 
ever for  the  country's  monetary  issues  ;  and,  so 
far  as  their  theories  go,  they  are  just  as  much 
opposed  to  Democratic  bimetallism  as  to  the 
Republican  single  standard.  They  do  not  like 
the  existing  national-bank  system,  with  its  circu- 
lating note  issues  ;  they  believe,  rather,  in  paper 
money  issued  on  Government  credit.  It  is  not, 
therefore,  so  much  Bryan's  money  views  that 
hold  the  Populists  as  his  opposition  in  a  general 
way  to  the  party  that  is  now  identified  more  than 
any  other  with  the  things  that  they  condemn. 
To  sum  up  the  analysis  of  this  year's  situation  as 
compared  with  that  of  four  years  ago,  it  may  be 
said  that,  even  should  Mr.  Bryan  be  elected  on 
the  Kansas  City  platform,  it  would  still  be  true 
that  the  campaign  has  not  developed  much  of  the 
intense  zeal  for  silver  that  was  shown  four  years 
ago,  when  a  Bryan  victory  could  have  meant 
nothing  but  free  silver. 

^**f,  ^JJf^"''  It  does  not  follow,  however,  that  Mr. 

Would  Revive  Bryan  s  election  would  not  result  m 
Silver.  bringing  the  silver  question  to  the 
front  again.  It  is  highly  probable  that  it  would 
have  just^that  effect.  The  more  persistent  of  the 
free-silver  theorists  would  join  with  many  people 
directly  interested  in  the  silver- mining  business  in 
an  endeavor  to  resuscitate  the  **  lost  cause  ;"  and 
Mr.  Bryan  himself  could  not  do  otherwise  than 
promote  that  cause  with  all  his  power.  He  would, 
of  course,  name  a  free-silver  secretary  of  the 
treasury  and  a  free-silver  controller  of  the  cur- 
rency. A  certain  class  of  Bryan  votei^s  in  the 
South  and  West  would  bring  pressure  to  bear 
upon    their    Democratic   Congressmen   to   keep 


518 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEU^'  OF  REVIEWS. 


them  in  line  for  silver.  The  agitation  thus  im- 
mediately set  on  foot  would  be  likely  to  frighten 
capitalists,  and  greatly  disturb  credit  conditions, 
at  a  time  when  the  unprecedented  expansion  of 
all  sorts  of  business  has  made  it  dangerous  to 
have  confidence  thus  suddenly  destroyed.  The 
curtailment  of  credits  would  lead  to  many  fail- 
ures, and  these  first  failures  would  be  the  cause 
of  many  subsequent  ones.  There  would,  proba- 
bly, ensue  a  panic  of  the  most  violent  sort ;  and 
this  would  have  the  usual  sequel  of  a  prolonged 
period  of  depression  and  hard  times.  Hitherto, 
such  a  period  of  hard  times  has  invariably  led,  in 
the  United  States,  to  a  demand  for  money  infla- 
tion on  one  plan  or  another  ;  and  the  cheap- silver 
dollar  would  undoubtedly  be  the  method  of  in- 
flation that  would  now  come  into  fresh  demand. 
Thus  the  election  of  a  strong-willed  free-silver 
candidate  for  the*Presidency  in  a  period  of  pros- 
perous times,  when  the  country,  for  all  practical 
purposes,  is  well  enough  satisfied  with  the  exist- 
ing sound -money  basis,  would  almost  inevitably 
result  in  a  new  agitation  which  in  its  turn  would 
produce  those  conditions  of  doubt  and  fear  that 
breed  panic  in  times  of  extended  credit,  with  re- 
sulting bad  times  and  a  new  demand  on  the  part 
of  many  victims  of  the  collapse  for  cheap  money 
in  the  form  of  free  silver.  The  pretense  of 
some  of  the  Eastern  sound -money  men,  who  are 
supporting  him  on  other  grounds,  that  the  pres- 
ent Congress  can  fix  the  law  in  such  a  way 
that  Mr.  Bryan  could  not  break  down  the  gold 
standard,  wholly  misses  what  is  really  the  vital 


''  Alchemists  may  doubt 
The  shining  gold  their  crucibles  g:ive  out. 
But  faith,  fanatic  faith  once  wedded  fast 
To  some  dear  falsehood,  hugs  it  to  the  last."— Jfoore. 
From  the  JoiiiiKiZ  (Detroit). 


point.  The  thing  to  be  concerned  about  is  not 
so  much  what  Mr.  Bryan  might  or  might  not  do 
in  the  executive  ofiBce  as  the  way  in  which  his 
election  would  react,  first,  upon  business  condi- 
tions; and,  second,  upon  the  political  resurrection 
of  a  question  that  ought  not  to  be  brought  up 
again  for  many  years. 

Two  Motes  for  '^^^^^  should  be  put  on  record,  for  the 
the  Future  benefit  of  the  future  historian  of  this 
student,  poetical  season,  the  undeniable  fact 
that  the  country  as  a  whole  had  become  so  well 
reconciled  to  the  decision  on  the  money  question, 
as  made  in  1896,  that  if  David  B.  Hill  and  the 
others  who  urged  the  omission  of  the  silver  plank 
.  had  prevailed  at  Kansas  City  the  free  -  silver 
phase  of  the  money  question  would  have  dropped 
out  of  American  politics.  Another  fact  is,  that 
a  great  many  shrewd  and  sagacious  Democratic 
politicians,  who  are  thoroughly  opposed  to  free 
silver,  have  all  along  been  of  opinion  that  Repub- 
lican success  was  inevitable  this  year,  and  have 
thought  it  well  to  put  the  Chicago  candidate  and 
the  Chicago  platform  in  the  field  in  order  to  have 
Bryanism  finally  disposed  of.  These  Democrats 
are  saving  their  own  party  regularity  in  order  to 
be  on  hand  to  take  the  lead  in  a  conservative  re- 
organization of  the  party. 

A  Three-Cor-  It  is  interesting  to  imagine  a  situa- 

tZliaViligJ,t  ^io»  ^^^*^  ^^^^^  easily  ^a^e  existed 
Have  Been,  this  year,  and  that  would  have  illus- 
trated, better  than  anything  else,  the  real  p>oliti- 
cal  sentiment  of  the  country.  The  first  of  the 
important  political  conventions  was  that  of  the 
Populists,  held  at  Sioux  Falls,  South  Dakota,  in 
May.  That  convention  unanimously  nominated 
Mr.  Bryan  for  the  Presidency,  with  the  fuU 
understanding  that  he  would  accept  the  nomina- 
tion. When  the  Democratic  convention  met  ai 
Kansas  City  on  July  4,  it  was  discovered  that  a 
majority  of  the  delegates  was  in  favor  of  drop. 
ping  the  silver  question,  but  that  Mr.  Bryan 
insisted  upon  having  the  silver  plank  in  the  plat- 
form, if  ho  was  to  be  the  candidate.  Earlier  in 
the  year,  it  will  be  remembered,  there  was  some 
talk  of  Admiral  Dewey  as  the  Democratic  candi- 
date ;   and  the  gallant  admiral  was  himself  willing 

enough.    There  had  been  a  time  still  earlier 

when  Admiral  Dewey  was  on  his  way  home 
from  Manila — when  it  might  have  been  easr 
enough  to  have  made  his  nomination  by  the  I>erao- 
crats  a  certainty,  if  he  had  then  been  wiUing: 
to  entertain  the  idea.  It  was  as  a  somewhat 
late  afterthought  that  the  Democrats  took  up 
**  an ti- imperialism  "  as  a  party  cry.  At  the  time 
when  ihey  were  seeking  to  secure  Dewey  as  a 
candidate,    they   were   enthusiastic   for    keeping 


THE  ettOGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


519 


tbe  Philij^Maea,  and  were  disposed  to  rename 
them  the  *•  Dewey  Isles,"  in  case  that  bold 
mariner  sliould  confess  himself  a  Democrat  and 
put  himself  in  the  hands  of  his  friends.  There 
is  absolutely  no  reason,  in  the  nature  of  things, 
why  the  Democrats  this  year  are  on  one  side 
of  the  annexation  question  and  the  Republicans 
on  the  other.  A  very  slight  change  of  circum- 
stances might  have  reversed  the  Democratic 
position.  Let  us  imagine,  then,  that  the  Kan- 
sas City  convention  had  followed  its  best  judg- 
ment and  dropped  the  silver  issue  as  obsolete, 
then  taken  up  Dewey  as  its  candidate,  and,  fol- 
lowmg  its  natural  instinct,  made  the  most  of 
Dewey's  achievement  m  acquiring  the  Philippine 
Islands  for  the  United  States.  We  should  thus 
have  had  three  conspicuous  tickets  in  the  field. 

Where  w  fd  ^^^'  ^^J*"  would  have  been  running, 
Bryan  Haoe  as  now,  on  a  pro-silver,  pro-income* 
Come  In?  ^^^^  anti- imperialism,  anti- militarism, 
anti- trust  platform.  He  would  have  had  the 
nominations  of  the  Populist  party  and  the  Silver- 
Republican  party,  with,  presumably,  that  of  a 
Silver- Democratic  party  made  up  of  a  bolt  from 
the  convention  which  nominated  Dewey.  The 
regular  Democratic  ticket,  headed  by  Dewey, 
would  have  been  supported  on  a  platform  rather 
ambiguous  on  the  naoney  question,  but  favoring 
Bound  money  between  the  lines  ;  and  its  princi- 
pal indictment  of  the  Republican  administration 
would  have  been  based,  not  upon  the  acquisition  of 
the  Philippines,  but  upon  the  alleged  bungling  and 
ineflBciency  which  had  prolonged  the  Philippine 
War.  What  then  would  have  been  the  result 
on  the  6th  of  November  ?  The  answer  is  plain. 
Dewey,  representing  in  his  own  person  both  mili- 
tarism and  the  policy  of  Philippine  annexation,  and 
standing  also,  undoubtedly,  for  sound  money,  the 
upholding  of  the  courts,  and  many  of  the  same 
ideas  as  those  represented  by  Mr.  Cleveland, 
would  undoubtedly  have  carried  every  Southern 
State.  McKinley  and  Roosevelt  would  have 
carried  all  the  Northern  States  that  Dewey  had 
failed  to  carry.  Mr.  Bryaa,  on  his  free- silver  and 
anti -imperialism  platform,  would  not  have  carried 
a  single  State  or  won  a  single  electoral  vote  ; 
and  this  result  would  not  have  been  due  to  any 
personal  unpopularity  of  Mr.  Bryan,  but  rather 
to  his  platform.  Let  us  imagine,  however,  that 
his  Populist  supporters  and  Bryan  himself  had  not 
entertained  anti -annexation  views,  but  had  dwelt 
chiefly  upon  the  silver  question,  the  trust  question, 
and  the  like.  It  would  still  be  true  that  Bryan 
would  not  have  won  a  single  electoral  vote,  for  the 
reason  that  the  silver  pohcy  had  lost  its  drawing 
power.  Finally,  let  us  suppose  that  Bryan  had 
frankly  dropped  his  advocacy  of  free  silver  in  order 


to  accept  the  nomination  of  anti- imperialists,  and 
had  devoted  himself  to  this  so-called  ^*  paramount 
issue."  It  would  still  hold  good  that  Bryan 
would  not  carry  a  single  State  or  win  a  single 
electoral  vote.  The  *  ♦  Solid  South  *'  would  vote 
for  Dewey  and  the  Democratic  ticket,  as  repre- 
senting a  more  aggressive  kind  of  militarism  and 
annexationism  than  that  which  the  <<  halting  op- 
portunism *'  of  McKinley  had  supported. 

That  the  three  tickets  might  have 
Souther'!^  been  in  the  field  in  just  this  way  is 
Sentiment.  ^^^  g^  improbable  as  to  make  it  hard 
to  imagine.  If  the  campaign  could,  indeed,  have 
shaped  itself  in  such  a  fashion,  the  result  would 
have  shown  clearly — first,  that  the  free-silver 
question  as  such  had  no  further  hold  on  the  pub- 
lic mind  ;  and,  second,  that  no  considerable  ele- 
ment in  the  community  supposes  for  a  moment 
that  there  is  any  such  thing  as  American  *♦  im- 
perialism **  to  combat,  while  no  element  of  any 
great  numerical  strength  would,  if  the  issue  were 
made  distinct,  vote  in  favor  of  taking  the  Ameri- 
can flag  down  from  any  place  where  it  now  repre- 
sents lawful  sovereignty.  This  analysis  of  the 
situation  is  meant  to  make  it  the  more  clear  to  the 
reader  that  the  Southern  States,  which  will  give 
Mr.  Bryan  most  of  the  electoral  votes  that  he 
will  receive,  are  voting  for  him  because  he  is  the 
regular  Democratic  nominee,  and  not  because 
their  opinions  are  like  his.  Thus  if  ex- Senator 
Gray,  of  Delaware  (now  Judge  Gray),  the  dis- 
tinguished and  accomplished  Democrat  who 
served  as  one  of  the  American  commissioners  to 
negotiate  the  treaty  of  peace  at  Paris,  and  who 
favored  the  acquisition  of  the  Philippines,  had 
been  nominated  for  the  Presidency  by  the  Demo- 
crats this  year,  the  whole  South  would  have  sup- 
ported him  with  the  utmost  enthusiasm,  and 
would  have  found  his  views  on  expansion  and 
annexation  to  be  especially  congenial  to  the  way 
of  thinking  that  really  prevails  south  of  Mason 
and  Dixon's  line. 

,  •'  '^^^  great  anomaly  in  American  poli- 
a  Political  tics  is  the  position  held  by  the  group 
Anomaly,  ^f  Southern  States  that  votes  as  a 
matter  of  course^  for  Bryan,  although  McKinley 
better  represents  their  political  opinions.  The 
South  for  many  years  has  held  a  place  in  Ameri- 
can politics  analogous  to  that  which  Ireland 
holds  in  the  politics  of  the  United  Kingdom. 
Throughout  the  greater  part  of  Ireland  there  is, 
for  all  practical  purposes,  only  one  party — that 
of  the  Irish  Nationalists.  They  feel  that  Irish 
interests  compel  them  to  stand  together,  and  so 
they  do  not  divide,  to  any  great  extent,  into 
parties  on  the  plan  of  England  and    Scotland. 


620 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


Irish  Nationalism  represents  a  certain  spirit  of 
patriotism  and  a  certain  attitude  of'  self- defense. 
In  Somewhat  the  same  way,  the  solidity  of  the 
so-called  *  *  Solid  South  "  in  national  politics  has 
been  due  to  a  spirit  of  sectional  patriotism  and 
an  attitude  of  self-defense.  This  is  a  matter  of 
history  and  tradition.  It  has  grown  out  of  the 
war,  and  out  of  the  political  and  racial  questions 
which  led  up  to  the  war  and  which  have  followed 
it.  Since  the  Republicans  of  the  North  were 
politically  responsible  for  the  conquest  of  the 
Confederate  States,  the  freeing  of  the  slaves 
without  compensation  to  their  owners,  and  the 
enfranchisement  of  the  freed  men  as  a  condition 
of  the  readmission  of  the  Southern  States  to  the 
Union  ;  and  since  the  Republican  party  for  a 
long  time  was  identified  with  the  policy  of  safe- 
guarding the  negro  vote  by  federal  bayonets, — 
it  is  not  strange  that  the  great  bulk  of  the  white 
population  of  the  South  should  have  allied  it- 
self politically  with  the  Northern  opponents  of 
the  Republican  party.  There  seems  to  have  been 
no  other  alternative. 

It  is  an  extremely  difficult  thing  to 

Otf^/ooA?     eliminate  the  race  question  from  our 

party  politics.     But  it  is  to  be  noted 

that  the  Republicans  of  the  North  no  longer  talk 

of  the  federal  regulation  of  elections,  and  that 


^jiy^^^o 


AN  UNCONBTtTUnONAL  INKQUALITT. 


Total  vote  for  Congressmen, 
1898. 

Mississippi 28,000 

MinnesoUi 240,000 


Total    vote    for    President, 
1806. 

Mississippi 09,000 

Minnesota 252,000 


From  the  Time9  (MinneaooHs). 


they  have  looked  on  with  comparatively  little 
avowed  disapproval  at  the  action  of  the  four 
States  which  have  now,  by  constitutional  amend- 
ment, practically  disfranchised  the  greater  part 
of  their  negro  voters.  If  it  were  not  for  the 
race  question  and  for  the  strength  of  the  tradi- 
tional prejudice  of  the  South  against  the  name 
**  Republican,"  the  white  vote  of  the  Southern 
States  would  divide  naturally  upon  the  real  is- 
sues before  the  country  ;  and  it  is  likely  that  the 
points  of  view  that  Governor  Roosevelt  has  pre- 
sented in  his  remarkable  stumping  tour  of  the 
West  would  find  even  greater  acceptance  in  the 
South  than  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  the 
Northwest.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  peculiar 
condition  in  the  South  may  come  to  an  end  in 
the  near  future.  It  is  not  a  good  condition  for  the 
South  itself,  and  it  is  unfortunate  and  even  dan- 
gerous for  the  rest  of  the  country.  For,  while  the 
North  has  heard  the  issues  of  the  campaign  thor- 
oughly discussed,  there  are  great  regions  of  the 
South  where  the  Republican  party  is  practically 
non-existent ;  where  a  very  light  vote  is  cast,  and 
where  the  election  goes,  as  it  were,  by  default 
These  regions  will  give  their  votes  to  Mr.  Bryan 
without  the  slightest  reference  to  the  principles 
for  which  Mr.  Bryan  stands.  He  has  been  doing 
nothing  whatever  to  gain  their  vote,  yet  he  starts 
with  it  as  a  sure  perquisite  that  goes  with  the 
Democratic  nomination. 

It  is  this  situation,  more  than  any- 
siuatiM*  '  ^^^^^  ®ls«»  <i^^at  makes  it  so  extremely 
difficult  to  know  what  would  happen 
In  case  the  Democratic  party  should  come  into 
full  power.  Eastern  Democrats  and  some  o! 
their  Southern  colleagues  in  Congress  would  cer- 
tainly be  disposed  to  join  a  Republican  minority 
against  the  sort  of  monetary  legislation  that  Mr. 
Bryan  would  advocate.  It  is  likely  enough,  also, 
that  a  good  many  Southern  and  Western  mem- 
bei*8  of  Congress  would  join  the  Republican 
minority  in  opposing  his  policy  of  giving  up  the 
Philippines.  It  became  more  and  more  evi- 
dent, as  the  campaign  progressed,  that  there  was 
Ij  no  part  of  the  country.  North,  Soutli,  East,  or 
I  West,  which  was  not  prepared  to  acquiesce  in 
the  result, — and  that  very  cheerfully,  indeed, 
— in  case  of  Mr.  McKinley's  reelection  ;  and 
^  yet  Mr.  Bryan's  friends  seemed  to  be  both  sin- 
cere and  intelligent  in  their  claim,  up  to  the 
last,  that  their  candidate  had  a  good  chance  of 
being  elected.  No  situation  quite  like  this  has 
ever  existed  before  in  American  politics  ;  nor 
have  we  known  anything  like  it  in  the  political 
experience  of  any  other  country.  If,  then,  Mr. 
Bryan  should  really  be  elected,  the  result  would 
not  be  due  principally  to  the  fact  that  a  prepon- 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


521 


ANOTHER  ''PH0TI80**  OONTRAOT. 

From  the  Tribune  (MlnneapoliB). 

derant  public  opinion  has  accepted  his  views,  but 
rather  to  the  force  of  certain  fixed  factors  which 
always  give  the  Democratic  party  a  large  nucleus 
to  begin  with,  irrespective  of  platform,  candi- 
dates, and  public  opinion.  The  foremost  of  these 
fixed  factors  has  already  been  mentioned.  It  is 
the  anomalous  condition  of  the  Southern  States, 
whose  electoral  vote  belongs  in  any  case  to  the 
Democratic  nominee,  no  matter  what  doctrines 
and  policy  the  ticket  and  platform  may  represent. 


LoeaiPoiiti     '^^^  second  great  fixed  factor  is  the 
oMa        strength  and  influence  of  party   or- 
Paetor,      ganization   and    machinery,  and    the 
fact  that  the  President  and  Vice-President  are 
not  the  only  candidates  to  be  voted  for  on  Novem- 
ber 6.     On  the  contrary,  there  are  Congressional 
campaigns  in  every  part  of  the  country,  and  elec- 
tions for  State  officers  in  a  very  great  majority  of 
the  States.     Besides  these  are  the  county  elec- 
tions, the  township  elections,  and  in  many  States 
municipal  and  village  elections.     Assuming  that 
there  are  something  like  B, 000, 000  Democrats  in 
the  country  who  will  have  enough   interest   in 
politics  to  go  to  the  polls  this  year,  it  is  probable 
that  there  are  at  least  2,000,000  who  are  either 
active  candidates  for  local  offices  on  the  Demo- 
cratic ticket  or  are,  in  one  way  or  another,  closely 
interested  for  personal    reasons  in  working  for 
Democratic  success.     No  matter  how  much  gen- 
eral conditions  may  make  for  an  *  *  era  of  good 
feeling/*  and  for  a  decline  of  the  partisan  spirit, 
it  will  still  remain  true  that  we  have  this  great 


ramification  of  party  politicians  extended  through 
States,  Congressional,  and  judicial  districts,  coun- 
ties, townships,  cities,  towns,  villages,  wards, 
road  districts,  school  districts,  and  voting  •  pre- 
cincts. And  while  in  times  of  great  stress,  when 
public  feeling  runs  high,  there  may  not  be  enough 
tenacity  in  the  mere  organization  itself  to  keep 
men  in  line, — as,  for  example,  when  the  Repub- 
lican party  went  to  pieces  in  the  Far- Western 
States  four  years  ago,  on  account  of  the  silver 
craze, — it  is  almost  always  the  case,  on  the  other 
hand,  that  where  public  opinion  is  not  deeply 
stirred  up,  the  strict  party  organization  holds  its 
normal  strength.  This,  of  course,  is  more  true 
of  the  Democratic  party  than  of  the  Republican, 
because  the  average  Republican  is  rather  more  of 
an  independent  thinker  and  less  of  a  party  man 
than  the  average  Democrat. 

T  mm  Organization  strength  as  a  fixed  fac- 
as  an      tor  in   politics   finds    its    most   ex- 

£xampi€.  ^^ejjjg  illustration  in  that  extraordi- 
nary society  known  as  Tammany  Hall — a  society 
without  a  vestige  of  opinion  or  sentiment  on  any 
real  political  question,  and  connected  with  the 
Democratic  party  solely  because  it -finds  the  con- 
nection a  necessary  and  highly  profitable  one. 
Mr.  Croker,  the  head  of  Tammany  Hall,  has, 
next  to  Mr.  Bryan  himself,  been  by  far  the  most 
conspicuous  personage  in  the  Democratic  party 
during  the  present  political  season.  It  was 
Mr.  Croker's  control  over  the  New  York  delega- 
tion at  the  Kansas  City  convention  which  pre- 
vented the  silver  plank  from  being  stricken  out 
of  the  platform  ;  and  it  was  Mr.  Croker's  con- 
trol  over  the  State  Democratic  Convention    in 


SUITOR  BRTAN  OBLIOKO  TO  WOO  MISS  NEW  YORK  STATB 
WITH  FATHER  CROKER  ALWAYS  IN  BVIDEMOB. 

From  the  Timtt  (Minneapolis). 


622 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REl^IEIVS. 


New  York  that  prevented  the 
nomination  for  governor  of 
the  Hon.  Bird  S.  Coler.  The 
power  of  Tammany  Hall, 
with  Mr.  Croker  as  its  abso- 
lute chief,  has  been  aug- 
mented by  the  consolidation 
of  the  cities  of  New  York 
and  Brooklyn ;  and  Tam- 
many controls  the  annual  col- 
lection and  expenditure  of 
a  municipal  income  now 
amounting  to  about  |100,- 
000,000.  Besides  its  direct 
authority  over  a  great  army 
of  voters  who  hold  office 
subject  to  its  pleasure,  Tam- 
many has  close  relations  with 
contractors  and  large  private 
corporations,  so  that  it  can 
provide  **jobs"  for  other 
thousands  of  men  willing  to 
vote  the  Tammany  ticket. 
Again,  it  has  in  its  power 
thousands  of  saloons,  each  of 
which  controls  several  votes. 
Thus  Tammany  Hall  binds  together,  not  by  ties 
of  disinterested  and  patriotic  political  conviction, 
but  rather  of  private  interest,  something  like 
half  of  all  the  voters  who  live  in  New  York  City 
— a  city  that  has  a  greater  voting  population 
than  any  other  city  in  the  world. 

If  it  were  not  for  Tammany  Hall, 
^ Menaced  which  is  at  bottom  a  conspiracy  for 
private  plunder  rather  than  a  legiti- 
mate organization  for  political  purposes,  there 
would  not  be  the  remotest  chance  this  year  for 
Mr.  Bryan  to  obtain  the  electoral  vote  of  the 
State  of  New  York;  and,  without  the  electoral  vote 
of  the  State  of  New  York,  there  could  be  no  rea- 
sonable chance  of  his  carrying  the  country.  It 
is  simply  a  question  whether  or  not  the  Repub- 
lican majority  of  the  State  outside  the  limits 
of  New  York  City  will  be  overcome  by  the  Tam- 
many-Bryan vote  that  will  be  rolled  up  under 
Mr.  Croker's  leadership  in  the  metropolis.  Every 
principle  and  metliod  that  Mr.  Bryan  and  his 
Western  followers  have  professed  most  deeply  to 
abhor  finds  embodiment  in  Tammany  Hall  ;  and 
yet  Mr.  Bryan's  election  is  inconceivable  without 
the  Tammany  vote.  In  every  Presidential  year 
the  dangerous  character  of  Tammany  Hall  be- 
comes a  question  of  national  concern  ;  for  the 
electoral  vote  of  the  State  of  New  York  is  so 
large  that  there  is  always  a  chance  that  the  main 
result  may  turn  upon  it.  With  a  solid  South 
as   an   undisputed    Democratic   asset,   and    with 


Courtesy  of  New  York  ytfurnai. 

TAMMANY^S  KECBPTION  TO  MB.  BRTAN,  MADISON  SQUARE  OABDKK,  OCTOBSB  18. 

Tammany  Hall  as  another,  the  Democrats  alwaje 
enter  a  campaign  hoping  to  add  the  electoral  vote 
of  the  State  of  New  York  to  the  Southern  vote, 
and  then  to  elect  their  ticket  by  winning  three  oj 
four  of  the  so-called  doubtful  States  like  Indiani 
and  Maryland. 


Th9 

"  Trusts  ' 

as  a 


Four  years  ago,  the  sound  -  money 
movement  in  New  York  State  as- 
Fresh  Issue,  gu^jg^j  g^,]^  strength,  as  against  the 
free-silver  doctrine,  that  it  carried  even  the  me- 
tropolis against  Bryan,  and  gave  McKinley  the 
huge  plurality  of  268,500.  As  the  campaign 
progressed  this  year,  the  Democrats  avoided  the 
silver  question  even  more  than  at  the  begin- 
ning ;  and,  generally  speaking,  they  seemed  to 
have  found  the  Philippine  issue  unprofitable. 
Toward  the  middle  of  October  they  began  to  cxm- 
centrate,  to  a  marked  extent,  upon  phases  of  the 
trust  question  and  kindred  matters  in  a  way  de- 
signed to  stir  up  the  prejudices  of  labor  against 
capital.  They  sought  to  identify  the  Republican 
party  with  all  that  is  objectionable  in  the  rapid 
tendency  toward  the  amalgamation  of  industries, 
and  claimed  for  Mr.  Bryan  the  position  of  the 
highest  special  authority  on  the  whole  subject 
of  trusts — their  causes,  their  development,  and 
especially  the  means  by  which  they  are  to  be 
destroyed  or  rendered  harmless.  This  was  the 
favorite  theme  of  Mr.  Bryan's  many  speeches  m 
the  State  of  New  York  in  the  middle  of  last 
month. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


628 


Bruan 


It  has  hurt  rather  than  helped  Mr. 
Paragon  of  ^^7*^  ^^  have  80  much  claimed  for 
stateamaHMMp.  him  in  the  way  of  preeminent  states- 
manship. Up  to  four  years  and  four  months 
ago,  he  was  a  promising  and  estimable  young 
Nebraskan  lawyer,  politician,  and  public  man, 
little  known  to  the  country  at  large,  and  not  at  all 
known  as  a  foremost  authority.     But  in  this  brief 


THE  ONLY  CUHE.— From  the  Verdict  (New  York). 

period  he  has  been  brought  forward,  successively, 
as  the  highest  authority  in  this  country  on  three 
subjects  of  vast  importance.  First,  he  has  been 
declareil  supremely  wise  with  respect  to  matters 
of  monetary  science  and  policy,  including  bank- 
ing systems  and  the  various  departments  of  pub- 
lic finance.  Second,  the  country  has  been  asked 
to  accept  his  leadership  as  the  man  best  qualiBed 
to  deal  with  the  results  of  the  Spanish  War,  to 
save  us  from  the  dangers  of  militarism  and  im- 
perialism, and  to  apply  rightfully  the  Constitution 
and  the  principles  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence to  our  new  territorial  problems.  In 
the  third  place.  Mr.  Bryan  has  been  confidently 
placed  before  the  American  people  as  the  man 
best  qualified  to  deal  with  a  question  far  more 
difficult  than  either  of  those  other  two  great 
problems — namely,  the  true  economic  and  politi- 
cal treatment  of  the  present  colossal  movement 
in  tlie  direction  of  the  concentration  of  produc- 
tive capital.  There  are  other  questions  of  no 
small  degree  of  importance  concerning  whicli  it 
is  claimed  that  Mr.  Bryan  is  an  authority  of  the 
first  rank,  in  knowledge  and  statesmanship.     One 


of  these  is  the  general  subject  of  taxation  ;  and 
Mr.  Bryan  comes  forward  as  the  earnest  advocate 
of  a  national  income  tax,  with  pronounced  views 
on  the  reconstruction  of  the  tariff  and  the  in- 
ternal-revenue system.  Upon  the  very  delicate 
subject  of  the  foreign  relations  of  the  United 
States,  Mr.  Bryan  is  also  set  in  the  forefront 
as  the  man  whose  lead  the  people  should  im- 
plicitly follow.  Thus  he  antagonizes  the  ex- 
ceptionally pleasant  relations  that  have  existed 
between  our  Government  and  that  of  England 
during  the  last  three  years,  and  holds  that  we 
should  have  acted  in  some  manner  different 
from  that  which  we  have  actually  pursued  to- 
ward the  struggle  in  South  Africa.  He  has 
been  doing  everything  in  his  power  to  stir  up 
the  nationality  prejudices  of  voters  of  Irish  and 
German  descent,  together  with  those  of  other 
nationalities,  on  the  ground  that  Mr.  McKinley 
has  placed  the  government  of  the  United  States 
on  unduly  friendly  terms  with  a  country  that 
Irishmen  in  Ireland  and  Germans  in  Germany 
at  present  very  much  dislike.  The  following 
cartoon,  published  in  Mr.  Bryan's  interest,  repre- 
sents the  point  of  view  that  Democrats  were  ex- 
pressing last  month.  It  is  intended  to  convey 
the  impression  of  a  close  understanding  between 
President  McKinley  and  Lord  Salisbury. 


FRIENDS  AND  ALLIES. 

The  President:  "  Confirratnlations,  my  Lord.  Your  pol- 
icy In  8onth  Africa  has  been  nobly  vindicated.** 

Lord  Salisbury:  **Many  thanks,  Mr.  President.  Hope 
you  will  do  as  well  In  November.** 

From  the  Times  ( Washicgton). 


624 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REk'lElVS. 


It  has  not  been  of  advantage  to  Mr. 
^nUiaSlS    B^*^*8  reputation  that  he  has  been 

heralded  as  the  one  man  in  the  United 
States  who  knows  most  about  the  money  question; 
most  about  what  to  do  with  the  Philippines,  and 
how  to  manage  the  army  and  navy  ;  most  about 
the  intricate  subject  of  trusts  and  great  corpora- 
tions ;  most  about  the  manifold  problems  of  taxa- 
tion, and  .most  about  diplomacy  and  international 
law,  relationships,  and  policy.  It  gives  one  the 
feeling  that  if  some  other  huge  question,  no  mat- 
ter what,  should  suddenly  loom  into  unexpected 
prominence,  Mr.  Bryan  would  just  as  confidently 
be  named  as  the  only  man  who  has  always  known 
all  about  it.  Even  in  the  case  of  statesmen  like 
Gladstone  and  Bismarck, — ^preeminent  in  the  eyes 
of  the  whole  world  for  half  a  century, — expert 
knowledge  on  all  subjects  has  never  been  looked 
for.  And  in  the  United  States  no  great  political 
party  has  ever  before  brought  forward  a  man 
who  alone,  exclusively,  in  his  own  person,  repre- 
sented the  party's  wisdom  on  all  leading  subjects. 
Washington  relied  on  Hamilton  for  wisdom  in 
questions  of  taxation  and  finance,  and  on  men 
like  Jefferson  and  Jay  as  authorities  in  matters 
of  foreign  policy.  Mr.  Lincoln  had  his  Sewards, 
Chases,  and  Stantons.  Mr.  McKinley's  states- 
manship has  been  shown  in  the  sagacity  and  good 
judgment  that  knows  how,  when,  and  where  to 
take  and  apply  expert  counsel  rather  than  in  his 
own  preeminent  and  solitary  possession  of  superior 
statesmanship  in  half  a  dozen  different  fields. 
But  Mr.  Bryan  stands  out  alone,  and  unrelieved, 
as  the  one  Democratic  authority  on  all  the  ques- 
tions of  the  day. 

^^  ^^  Who  of  his  conspicuous  supporters, 
Cabingt  for  instance,  are,  in  case  of  his  elec- 
AdoiaerM,     ^^^^^  ^  ^  j^^g  main  reliances  when 

he  comes  to  deal  with  the  question  of  trusts? 
Surely  not  the  three  great  lawyers  of  cabinet 
rank  and  national  fame  who  have  come  most 
vigorously  to  his  support  in  the  campaign — 
namely,  the  Hon.  Richard  Olney,  of  Boston;  the 
Hon.  Edward  M.  Shepard,  of  New  York  (who  pre- 
sided at  the  great  Bryan  meeting  of  October  16), 
and  the  Hon.  Bourke  Cockran.  These  three  men, 
any  of  whom  might  well  be  expected  to  go  into 
Mr.  Bryan's  cabinet,  are  all  of  them  diametric- 
ally opposed  to  his  views  on  the  subject  of 
trusts,  and  are  all  reputed  to  be  corporation  law- 
yers of  large  practice.  Again,  on  the  subject  of 
the  management  of  the  Philippine  Islands  and 
kindred  questions,  Democrats  like  Senator  Mor- 
gan, of  Alabama,  who  have  been  heretofore  most 
prominently  identified  with  the  foreign  policy  of 
the  country  and  its  results,  do  not  entertain 
views   that   resemble   Mr.  Bryants.     The  Hon. 


Carl  Schurz,  and  some  others  of  his  way  of 
thinking,  now  zealous  supporters  of  Mr.  Bryan, 
were  his  most  vociferous  opponents  four  years 
ago,  on  account  of  monetary  views  which  Mr. 
Bryan  has  not,  meanwhile,  altered  in  the  slight- 
est degree.  The  President's  cabinet  is  not 
merely  a  group  of  men  charged  severally  with 
the  management  of  particular  departments  of 
administration.  It  is  also  charged  with  the  duty 
of  advising  the  President  in  a  general  way  on 
all  subjects.  Mr.  McKinley's  cabinet  is  in  har- 
mony upon  questions  that  affect  the  treasury  and 
financial  policy  of  the  Government,  as  well  as 
upon  questions  relating  to  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and 
the  Philippines,  the  position  of  the  United  States 
in  China,  and  all  other  leading  matters,  both 
domestic  and  foreign. 

^^  g^  But  how  could  Mr.  Bryan,  who  stands 
a«  an       with  equal  and  uncompromising  bold- 

Autocrat,  ^^gg  j^j.  ^j^^  immediate  free  coinage 
of  silver  ;  the  immediate  imposition  of  an  income 
tax ;  the  immediate  renunciation  of  our  sov- 
ereignty in  the  Philippines ;  the  immediate  re- 
versal, in  important  respects,  of  the  present  policy 
of  the  United  States  in  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico;  the 
immediate  smashing  of  trusts,  and  the  immediate 
and  peremptory  snubbing  of  England, — how  could 
Mr.  Bryan,  with  his  positive  programme,  em- 
bracing all  these  and  some  other  demands,  with 
his  unyielding  strength  of  will  and  his  scorn  of 
half- measures  and  compromises,  form  a  cabinet 
from  his  best  known  supporters  ?  In  case  of  his 
election,  it  will  be  for  him  to  answer  the  ques- 
tion ;  and,  most  assuredly,  he  will  answer  it  in 
his  own  way,  without  casting  about  for  hints  and 
suggestions.  There  is,  after  all,  something  superb 
in  Mr.  Bryan's  poise  and  self-confidence.  There 
is  nothing  of  a  Hamlet  about  him,  either  in  mind 
or  in  temper.  His  strength  and  vigor  as  a  man 
are,  in  some  sense,  a  disqualification  for  public 
affairs  ;  for  we  do  not  get  the  best  results  from 
autocrats  as  presidents.  And  Bryan  is  the  moat 
autocratic  person  now  in  American  public  life> 
not  excepting  Hanna.  To  see  what  he  would 
really  do  if  put  into  the  White  House  would  be 
so  interesting  as  to  afford  at  least  a  partial  com- 
pensation for  some  of  those  harmful  consequences 
that  the  conservative  mind  has  conjured  up  as 
probable. 

^^oli'the^^  We  publish  elsewhere  two  inter- 
Campaign  esting  articles  upon  the  practical 
Matkods,  methods  employed  in  this  campaign. 
One  of  these  is  by  Mr.  Willis  J.  Abbot,  who 
has  played  the  leading  part  in  the  conduct  of 
the  Democratic  propaganda  by  means  of  the 
press  and  printed  matter  ;  the  other  is  by  a  New 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


625 


**  WE  CAN  EAT  IT,  BUT "    Prom  the  Herald  (New  York.) 

(Carl  Schorz,  David  B.  Hill,  and  Richard  Olney  would  not  be  happy  at  Bryants  Cabinet  table.) 


York  newspaper  man  who  has  seen  much  of  the 
work  at  the  Republican  headquarters.  Mr. 
Bryan,  in  a  speech  made  last  month  to  his  former 
neighbors  in  Illinois,  is  reported  to  have  said  : 

If  the  election  were  held  to-day,  there  is  no  doubt 
that  we  would  have  a  majority  in  the  Electoral  College 
And  in  the  popular  vote.  But  the  Republican  managers 
Are  now  collecting  from  the  monopolies  a  large  cam- 
paign fund.  They  will  buy  every  vote  that  can  be 
bought.  They  w  ill  coerce  every  vote  that  can  be  coerced. 
They  will  intimidate  every  laboring  man  who  can  be 
intimidated.  They  will  bribe  every  election  judge  who 
<;an  be  bribed.  They  will  corrupt  every  count  that  can 
be  corrupted. 

Mr.  Abbot,,  writing  from  what  we  may  -call 
the  <«  Intelligence  Bureau"  of  the  Democratic 
campaign,  does  not  bear  out  the  feeling  con- 
veyed in  these  words  of  Mr.  Bryan's.  He  takes 
the  position  that  his  opponents  have  not  deliber- 
ately tried  to  gain  the  day  by  corrupt  methods  ; 
and  that  campaign  work,  as  in  the  main  prac- 
tised on  both  sides,  is  of  a  kind  that  could  be 
subsequently  revealed  to  the  whole  world  with- 
out shame.  There  is,  of  course,  much  attempt 
on  both  sides  at  effective  and  secret  strategy  ; 
but  the  secrecy  is  of  doubtful  value,  and  con- 
sists chiefly  in  finding  out  the  relative  strength 
and  weakness  of  parties  in  particular  States  and 
neighborhoods.      Nothing  could  be  more  absurd, 


for  instance,  than  to  suppose  that  the  Republican 
solicitude — which  in  the  early  part  of  the  cam- 
pain  was  very  great. — about  the  German  vote  of 
the  Northwest  led  to  any  attempts  at  bribery  or 
corruption.  What  it  did  lead  to  was  a  most 
careful  analysis  of  the  German -American  state 
of  mind,  in  order  that  printed  arguments  and 
stump  speeches  might  bring  the  utmost  possible 
persuasion  to  bear  upon  these  voters  to  act  this 
year  as  four  years  ago.  Almost  all  of  the  money 
that  has  been  spent  on  both  sides  has  gone  into 
kinds  of  work  which,  if  fully  explained,  would 
enhance  rather  than  harm  the  reputations  of 
political  parties  in  the  United  States  both  at 
home  and  abroad. 


THE  OPPOSING  MANAGERS. 

Senator  Hann  a  and  Senator  Jones  (in  choms) :  "You're 
a  friend  of  the  wicked  tru9t«."— From  the  Record  (Chicago.) 


526 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


^  Q  •  1^  The  people  of  the  British  Isles  have 
Campaign  chosen  a  oew  House  of  Commons. 
In  England,  rj^-^^^j.  Parliamentary  elections  are  not 
all  held  on  the  same  day,  "but  run  through  a 
period  of  about  two  weeks.  This  arrangement 
is  for  the  benefit  of  proprietors  owning  land  in 
different  places,  who  are  entitled  to  travel  about 
the  country  and  cast  a  vot^  wherever  they  have 
holdings.  One  of  the  chief  demands  of  the  Lib- 
erals, for  a  number  of  years  past,  has  been  » '  One 
Man — One  Vote,"  as  in  the  United  States  ;  the 
multiple  vote  of  property- holders  redounding 
chiefly  to  the  benefit  of  the  Tories.  This  year's 
voting,  which  began  on  Monday,  October  1,  and 
ended  virtually  on  the  13th,  was  upon  the  basis 
of  the  old  registration  of  five  years  ago,  and,  of 
course,  also  upon  an  unchanged  basis  of  distri- 
bution of  seats — or  apportionment,  as  we  would 
say.  The  use  of  a  five-year-old  registration  list 
or  ^*  voting- roll  "  operated  as  a  practical  disfran- 
chisement of  many  voters  ;  and  this  was  distinctly 
detrimental  to  tho  Liberals.  The  whole  thing 
was  put  through  with  something  like  indecent 
haste.  It  was  announced  on  September  17  that 
the  old  Parliament  would  be  dissolved  on  Sep- 
tember 25,  and  that  its  newly  elected  successor 
would  assemble  at  Westminster  on  November  1. 
(It  has  now  been  decided,  however,  not  to  hold 
a  session  until  February. ) 

with  the  ^^^^  results  of  this  English  election 
Expected     Were    a    foregone    conclusion.     The 

Result.  Ministerialists — to  use  the  word  that 
came  to  be  quite  generally  adopted  for  those  who 
were  supportei*s  of  the  Salisbury -Chamberlain 
government — have  secured  almost  exactly  the 
same  majority  in  the  new  Parliament  that  they 
won  five  years  ago.  Although  this  is  a  large  ma- 
jority,— about  132  in  a  total  house  of  670, — it  is 
by  no  means,  under  all  the  circumstances,  a  highly 
brilliant  victory.  Modern  England  had  never  in- 
dulged in  such  transports  and  paroxysms  of  en- 
thusiasm over  anything  else  as  over  the  pitiable 
war  for  the  destruction  of  the  two  tiny  Dutch 
republics  of  South  Africa.  And  the  election  was 
lield  on  the  eve  of  Lord  Roberts'  formal  announce- 
ment of  the  annexation  of  the  Transvaal — the 
annexation  of  the  Orange  Free  State  having  been 
accomplished  several  months  earlier.  To  most 
Englishmen,  the  South  African  struggle  has  pre- 
sented itself  as  a  life-and -death  matter  for  the 
British  empire  ;  and  the  ministry — perhaps  less 
worthy  of  the  nation's  enthusiasm  on  its  own  pure 
merits  than  any  ministry  that  England  has  had 
for  a  very  long  time — has  been  indorsed,  not  be- 
cause it  has  been  genuinely  admired,  but  because 
there  has  seemed,  to  the  majority  of  Englishmen, 
to  be  a  supreme  necessity  for  presenting  to  the 


outside  world  an  appearance  of  standing  by  one^s 
own  country  and  one's  own  government. 

Whjch  Wae    This,    under  the  circumstances,  was 

Necessary    not  merely  natural,   but  commenda- 

"**'''*•       ble.     The  defeat  of  the  present  gov- 

ernment  at  just  this  juncture  would  have  hurt 

England  in  the  outside  estimation,   particularly 

in  view  of  the  fact  that  there  was  no  coherent 


liORD  SALISBURY,  WHO  ENTERS  ON  A  NEW  PERIOD  AS 
PRIME  MINISTER. 

and  united  opposition,  with  an  acknowledged 
leader  and  a  definite  policy  of  its  own.  The  great 
army  in  South  Africa — the  largest  ever  sent  so 
far  away  from  home  by  any  European  country 
in  modern  times — was  still  encamped  on  hostile 
soil,  not  with  great  battles  to  fight,  it  is  true, 
but  with  an  irritating  and  difficult  state  of  guer- 
rilla warfare  to  contend  with.  This  was  not  the 
moment  for  changing  parties,  nor  was  it  a  rea- 
sonable  time  for  holding  an  election.  The  war 
cannot  now  be  undone,  needless  and  bad  though 
it  was  ;  and  the  annexation  of  the  Boer  republics 
could  not  be  reconsidered  without  producing  a 
convulsion  throughout  the  British  empire.  It 
was  indeed  inevitable,  when  Kriiger  issued  his 
ultimatum  and  made  his  appeal  to  arms,  that 
British  supremacy  should  be  completely  estab- 
lished in  the  Transvaal.  As  we  have  maintained 
from  the   beginning,   there  was  nothing  in   the 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


527 


RT.    HON.  ABTHUR  J.  BALFOUK. 

(Conservative  leader  in  House  of 
Commons.) 


KT.   HON.  JOSEPH  CHAMBERLAIN. 

(Colonial  Secretary.) 


SIR  H.  CAMPBELLrBANNEKMAN. 

(Liberal  leader  in  House 
of  Commons.) 


practical  alternatives  that  lay  before  Mr.  Kiniger 
and  liis  colleagues  at  Pretoria  that  in  the  least 
justified  war.  So  long  as  the  contest  was  simply 
a  diplomatic  one,  the  people  in  England  who  sym- 
pathized with  Mr.  Kriiger  as  against  Mr.  Joseph 
Chamberlain's  diplomatic  methods  were  many 
and  influential.  The  only  hope  for  the  Boers 
lay  in  appeals  to  English  public  opinion.  This 
cliance  was  forfeited  when  resort  was  made  to 
force.  We  do  not,  of  course,  justify  the  Eng- 
lish Government  in  refusing  arbitration  ;  but 
the  Boer  ultimatum  and  invasion  of  Natal  left 
England  with  nothing  else  to  do  than  fight. 
And  when  a  war  comes,  no  matter  what  pro- 
voked it,  any  nation  worthy  to  exist  will  fight  as 
hard  as  it  can.  The  English  were  at  once  com- 
mitted irretrievably  to  the  permanent  reduction 
of  the  Transvaal  and  the  Orange  Free  State. 

5Ja'7j"»J^Sf  There  may  have  been  other  solutions 
th€  Army  In  more  ideal  ;  but  there  was  no  other 
Africa.  ^.j^^^^,  ^^^^  practical,  in  view  of  the  exi- 
gencies of  the  British  empire  an(i  the  facts  of 
human  nature.  The  thing  most  to  be  desired, 
therefore,  was  that  the  war  should  be  prosecuted 
with  the  utmost  vigor,  and  brought  to  an  end 
promptly,  with  tiie  least  suffering  and  loss  of  life 
on  either  side.  The  stubborn  resistance  of  the 
Boers,  after  it  was  certain  that  they  must  yield 
in  the  end,  may  have  been  heroic  from  one  point 
of  view  ;  but  it  was  too  cruel  and  useless  to  be 
admirable.  Heroism  is  a  word  that  should  be 
kept  to  apply  to  cases  where  brave  and  self-sacri- 
ficing deeds  have  an  adequate  reason  and  motive. 
To  continue  fighting  in  a  hopeless  cause,  merely 
through  vindictive  determination  to  make  an 
enemy's  victory  cost  him  the  more  dearly,  is  not 


heroic  in  the  best  sense.  Considering  their  num- 
bers, the  Boers  have  displayed  an  amazing  mili- 
tary prowess,  and  their  officers  in  particular  have 
shown  qualities,  by  compp-rison  witli  wliich  the 
British  officers  have  not  gained  admiration  any- 
where except  in  their  own  country.  But  the 
great,  blundering  British  army  in  South  Africa 
has  been  brave,  has  done  its  best,  has  shed  an 
appalling  amount  of  blood,  and  has  suffered  al- 
most indescribable  hardships  incident  to  the  hor- 
rible regions  in  which  it  has  had  to  march  and 
fight  and  suffer  from  fevers.  An^  from  the  point 
of  view  of  this  great  army,  still  suffering  in  South 
Africa,  and  from  that  of  the  tens  of  thousands  of 
enfeebled  men  invalided  home,  it  would  have  been 
wellnigh  inconceivable  that  the  country  should 
not  have  put  the* stamp  of  its  approval  upon  them 
and  their  work.  But  how  else  could  it  show  its 
appreciation  and  express  its  purpose  to  evolve 
some  kind  of  valuable  result  out  6f  the  army's 
painful  achievement  except  by  taking  the  patri- 
otic view  of  the  war  and  the  situation,  and  by 
voting  to  sustain  the  government. 


The  Fate 
of  the 
Boers, 


The  vote  was,  therefore,  not  so  much 
a  vote  of  confidence  in  Salisbury, 
Chamberlain,  Lord  Lansdowne,  sec- 
retary of  state  for  war,  and  the  rest  of  the  min- 
istry, as  a  vote  recognizing  "things  as  they 
are,''  and  indicating  John  Bull's  firm  determi- 
nation to  see  a  difficult  piece  of  business  clear 
through  to  a  fixed  and  stable  conclusion. 
Thoughtful  people,  in  their  calm  and  reflective 
moods,  must  admit  that  there  are  worse  fates  for 
small  outlying  regions  in  Asia,  Africa,  and  other 
remote  parts  than  to  be  brought  under  the  protect- 
ing fcilds  of  the  British  flag  and  accorded  the 


528 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


kind  of  law  and  administration  that  are  charac- 
teristic of  the  British  empire.  The  Transvaal 
could  not  have  continued  a  great  while  as  an  in- 
dependent republic  under  the  government  of  men 
like  Kruger.     This  was  as  impossible  as  was  the 


RT.  HON.  OBOROB  J.  OOSCHBN. 

(Who  retired  last  month  as  head  of  Naval  Department  in 
British  Cabinet.) 


continuance  of  Mexican- Spanish  rule  in  Califor- 
nia after  the  discovery  of  gold.  It  may  be  a 
long  time  before  men  of  pure  British  blood  shall 
outnumber,  in  South  Africa,  those  of  the  Dutch - 
Huguenot  or  Boer  stock  ;  but  England's  control 
of  Cape  Colony,  Natal,  and  other  extensive  re- 
gions in  South  Africa,  and  her  preeminence  in 
commerce,  mining,  and  business  enterprise  of 
all  sorts,  had  made  it  probable,  that  sooner  or 
later  the  Transvaal  would  come  into  close  rela- 
tionship with  British  South  Africa.  The  Dutch 
element  of  the  population  in  Cape  Colony  could 
not  well  be  in  a  ])etter  position.  Being  in  the 
majority,  it  can,  if  it  chooses,  control  the  colo- 
nial parliament,  and  carry  on  local  affairs  to  suit 
itself.  It  has  every  right  it  could  ask  as  re- 
gards the  use  of  its  own  language,  the  freedom 
of  worship,  and  the  education  of  its  children. 
It  has  long  enjoyed  the  perfect  protection  of  the 
great  navy  of  England,  without  having  any  of 
the  bills  to  pay.  The  Boers  of  the  Transvaal 
and  the  Orange  Free  State  must  simply  learn  to 
reconcile  themselves  to  the  pleasant  fate  of  their 
brethren  in  Cape  Colony. 

South  Africa  may  or  may  not  be  des- 
the  Future    tined  at  some  time  to  go  its  own  way 
to  Posterity.  ^    ^^   independent   country.      How- 
ever that  may  be,  nothing  could   be  more  cer- 


tain than  that  the  best  way  for  South  Africa  to 
attain  that  future  position  is  to  cast  the  present 
idea  of  it  into  the  deepest  well  of  oblivion. 
There  can  be  no  independent  South  Africa  until 
there  has  developed  a  great,  prosperous,  and 
fairly  homogeneous  community.  Such  a  devel- 
opment will  require  time — say,  fifty  or  a  hun- 
dred years  ;  and  no  other  conditions  could  be 
nearly  so  favorable  for  such  development  as  the 
same  kind  of  cheerful  and  loyai  acquiescence  in 
the  British  connection  as  is  shown  by  the  Do- 
minion of  Canada  and  the  Commonwealth  of 
Australia.  The  Dutch  of  South  Africa  should 
study  history,  cultivate  the  philosophical  attitude 
of  mind,  and  promptly  conclude  to  become  the 
most  exemplary  and  least  troublesome  people  in 
any  portion  of  Queen  Victoria's  dominions. 


The  British 

Policy 

of  Toleranoe. 


The  Finns  and  the  Poles  hate  Rus- 
sia's domination,  not  so  much  for 
theoretical  reasons,  or  because  the 
sentiment  of  nationality  and  the  longing  for  in- 
dependence survive,  as  for  the  far  more  practi- 
cal reason  that  Russia's  domination  is  oppressive 
to  them  in  their  every-day  life.  It  means  to  the 
Finns   not  only  the  conscription   of  their  sons 


R.  W.  E.  MIDDLBTON. 

(Chief  manager  of  the  Conservative  campaign.) 

into  the  Russian  army,  but  the  giving  up  of 
local  liberties  and  customs  that  were  very  d^ir 
to  them  ;  the  Russians  being  determined  to  as- 
similate them  in  language  and  religion  as  well 
as  in  administrative  and  military  methods.      Bui 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


529 


the  British  empire  has  been  most  successful  in 
proportion  to  its  employment  of  the  very  oppo- 
site policy.  It  has  given  the  French  in  Canada 
far  more  freedom  as  Frenchmen  than  they  would 
have  had  if  they  had  remained  a  colonial  posses- 
sion of  France.  It  is  now  determined  that  those 
men  of  Dutch  descent  in  Cape  Colony  who  vio- 
lated their  British  allegiance  by  giving  direct  or 
indirect  aid  to  the  Boers  in  the  recent  war  are 
neither  to  be  hanged  nor  imprisoned  for  life  as 
traitors,  but  simply  to  be  deprived  of  their  voting 
rights  for  a  longer  or  shorter  period,  as  the 
courts  may  sentence  them  individually.  This 
lenity  of  treatment  shows  a  swift  and  hopeful 
recovery  of  sound  political  sense.  It  was  to  be 
feared,  several  months  ago,  that  a  very  severe 
course  might  be  pursued,  which  would  only  re- 
sult in  the  perpetuation  of  discord.  It  will  de- 
pend chiefly  upon  the  Boers  themselves,  in  the 
two  annexed  republics,  how  soon  the  English 
army  of  occupation  shall  be  withdrawn  and  in- 
stitutions of  local  self-government  established. 
The  sooner  and  more  completely  they  accept  the 
results  of  the  war,  the  better  it  will  be  for  them. 

«    ^^     ^      As    for    Mr.   Chamberlain,    he    has 

Ur.  Chamber-  ,  ^  ^       -1         ^    i  • 

lain  an4  Hi»  now    the    great    opportunity  of   his 
Office.       |j£g  ^Q  exhibit  a  broad  statesmanship. 
Under  the  new  Parliament,  Lord  Salisbury  will 
continue  to  be  prime  minister,  and  will  also,  it  is 
expected,   continue,   for  some  time  to  come,  to 
keep  in  his  own  hands  the  portfolio  of  foreign 
affairs.      It  liad  been  reported  that  Mr.  Chamber- 
lain, who  is  now  by  far  the  most  conspicuous 
figure  in  the  government,  would  be  transferred 
from  the  Colonial  to  the  War  Department  ;   but 
it  is  more  likely  that  he  will  prefer  to  stay  where 
he  is.      Mr.  Chamberlain  has  certainly  magnified 
his  office.     He  has  brought  into  the  administra- 
tion of  colonial  affairs  a  new  conception,  which 
lifts  that  administrative  post  into  the  most  im- 
portant one  in  the  cabinet,  not  even  excepting 
the  foreign  secretaryship  ;   for,  with  Mr.  (^ham- 
berlain  occupying  the  position  of  colonial  secre- 
tary, the  office  is  not  that  of  tlie  head  of  a  routine 
department  engrossed  with  sundry  red-tape  de- 
tails, but  it  is  rather  the  very  heart  and  center 
of  the  great  British  empire,  intensely  concerned 
witli  the  political  and  commercial  development  of 
that  empire — as  one  great  whole  made  up  of  a 
multitude  of  parts,  each  having  its  own  jieculiar 
conditions.      Thus  the  manifold  problems  of  Can- 
ada, Australia,  South  Africa,    India,   and  other 
parts    of    the  world's  map  that  are  tinteil  witli 
British  red,  concern  primarily  the  colonial  office, 
even  where  they  belong  incidentally  also  to  tlic 
forei^    oflBce.     However  one   may   sympathize 
with  the  Liberals  in  their  deep  dislike  and  dis- 


trust of  Mr.  Chamberlain,  it  may  not  be  denied 
that  his  game  of  British  imperialism  is  played  on 
a  magnificent  scale,  and  that  he  lias  tlie  support 
of  the  country  in  his  aspiration  for  British  ag- 
grandizement. 

He   is   only  at  the  very  beginning, 

Some  De-      .  -'      .  .      .'      .,  ^ ,,       .^' 

mantia  on  however,  of  the  work  in  houth  Af . 
Statesmanship,  ^^^^  that  must  test  his  Statesmanship. 
Or,  rather,  he  must  make  a  second  start,  with 
the  obligation  to  redeem  the  bad  beginning  that 
plunired  the  country  into  war.  It  may  be  the 
final  verdict  of  history  that  it  was  Mr.  Chaml>er- 
Iain's  bungling  and  overreaching  style  of  diplo- 
macy that  madti  it  necessary  for  England  to  ac- 
quire the  Transvaal  by  fire  and  sword,  where  a 
wiser  and  more  skillful  method  would  have  es- 
tablished British  paramountcy  throughout  South 
Africa  without  stirring  up  race  feoling  and  witli - 
out  the  firing  of  a  single  gun.  Having  landed 
his  country  in  war  at  the  end  of  a  period  of  acrid 
correspondence  with  the  Transvaal  Government, 
in  which  Mr.  Chamberlain  was  constantly  shift- 
ing and  changing  his  demands,  the  situation 
passed  out  of  his  hands  into  that  of  the  war  de- 
partment, where  it  has  continued  to  remain.  It 
is  to  be  supposed,  however,  that  a  civil  Hgimt 
will  now  soon  make  its  appearance  by  the  side  of 
the  military  occupation,  and  will  gradually  gather 
up  the  reins  of  authority.  The  better  the  states- 
manship shown  in  the  estabhsliment  of  this  civil 
regime^  the  sooner  will  the  British  taxpayer  be 
relieved  of  the  burden  of  keeping  a  great  army 
in  the  newly  conquered  territories. 

-r,,   „  m       The    Kaffir  negroes  greatly  outnum- 

The  Kaffirs,     .        ^,  ,  .        °       ,9       •    "^  i      «, 

Hr.  Rhwivs.     ber  the  white  population  in  the  Trans- 
^^^'  vaal,  and  the  Boers  have  kept  them 

down  by  a  system  of  servitude  that  falls  a 
little  short  of  slavery  on  the  one  hand  and  greatly 
short  of  British  principles  of  individual  freedom 
on  the  other  hand.  It  will  not  be  possible  for 
England  to  permit  this  system  to  continue ;  but 
it  will  he  difficult  to  readjust  it,  and  at  the  same 
time  to  win  tin*  good-will  of  the  Boer  farmers, 
who  think  that  their  system  of  managing  the 
Kaffirs  is  necessary  for  the  safety  of  the  white 
population.  Some  very  difficult  problems,  more- 
over, must  *tx»  faced  in  the  acquisition,  from  Mr. 
Rhodes  and  his  chartered  company »  of  certain 
rights  and  possessions  in  the  great  Rhodesian 
territories  west  and  north  of  the  Transvaal  that 
it  has  now  become  needful  for  the  British  colo- 
nial empire  to  absorb  in  the  complete  sense.  Thus 
the  statesmanship  of  Mr.  Chamberlain  in  South 
African  affairs,  so  rudely  interrupted  at  its  out- 
set by  the  war,  is  now  to  be  resumed  with  prob- 
lems to  face  that  will  test  it  to  the  utmost ;   and, 


580 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


in  deahng  wiUi  these  problems,  Mr.  Chamberlain 
will  find  himself  obliged  to  reckon  at  every  point 
with  the  views  of  a  man  no  less  masterful  than 
himself — namely,  Mr.  Cecil  Rhodes,  of  Kimberley 
ftnd  Cape  Town,  who  has  now  reentered  South 
African  pontics,  and  who  seeks  to  regain  the 
confidence  and  support  of  the  Dutch  element. 

Whether  for  good  or  for  ill,  the 
of  the  Salts-  Salisbury  government  was  what  might 
byry MMstry.  y^^  Called  a  ^' going"  c<mceru.  It 
had  behind  it  a  large  working  majority  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  almost  unanimous  control 
over  the  House  of  Lords,  the  manifest  good -will 
of  the  Queen  and  the  royal  family,  and — what  is 
not  to  l>e  disregarded — the  prestige  and  strength 
that  comes  from  being  on  excellent  terms  with 
the  governments  and  the  public  opinion  of  the 
great  self  •  governing  British  communities  of 
Canada,  Australia,  and  New  Zealand.  It  had 
to  its  credit  Lord  Curzon's  acceptable  manage- 
ment of  the  affairs  of  India,  and  Lord  Cromer's 
conduct  of  the  affairs  of  Egypt.  It  had  further  to 
its  credit  the  splendidly  successful  expedition 
of  General  Kitchener  to  Khartum,  resulting  in  the 
opening  up  and  pacification  of  the  Sudan  and  the 
annexation  of  a  great  part  of  it  to  the  British 
empire.  And  still  further,  and  of  no  small 
consequence  in  the  estinmtion  of  the  British 
public,  it  had  to  its  credit  a  record  of  exceed- 
ingly amicable  relationship  with  the  government 
of  the  United  States — a  conilition  of  things  that 
amounts  to  a  very  valuable  asset  to  the  British 
empire.  As  for  the  South  African  war,  it  had 
at  least  been  prosecuted  successfully  to  what 
was  a  practical  ending  of  organized  military 
opposition  on  the  part  of  the  Boers,  and  it  had 
resulted  in  the  solution  of  full  annexation.  It 
hml  subjected  the  British  army  to  a  highly  nec- 
essary test,  giving  England  fresh  cr>nfidence  in 
her  essential  strength  and  a  new  determination 
to  remedy  the  conspicuous  defects  of  her  mili- 
tary system. 

What  If  the  ^^^  against  all  these  things, — that 
Totiea  Had  could  be  said  either  in  positive  praise 
Been  Beaten?  ^^  the  doings  of  the  Salisbury  gov- 
ernment or  in  apology  for  t'nem, — what  lay  be- 
fore the  country  as  an  alternative  ?  Wliat  if  it 
had  refused  to  vote  tlie  Salisbury  party  a  new 
lease  of  office  and  power  ?  The  situation  was,  in 
many  ways,  analogous  to  that  presetite<l  by  cur- 
rent party  politics  in  the  United  States.  The 
mo^^t  conspicuous  difference,  however,  lay  in  the 
fact  that  in  this  country  the  various  factors  of 
opposition,  while  holding  no  set  of  opinions  in 
common,  were  united  upon  a  leader  who  hap- 
pened to  be  fitted  out  with  a  large  and  complete 


stock  of  opinions,  each  single  one  of  wliich  took, 
so  to  speak,  the  form  of  a  strong  hook  upon 
which  to  hang  some  different  element  of  his  sup- 
port. In  England  no  Liberal  leader  appeared 
during  the  general  elections  just  held.  Mr. 
Campbell -Bannerman  makes  a  respectable  ap- 
pearance as  a  nominal  Liberal  leader  in  the  House 
of  Commons,  but  no  one  would  think  of  him  as 
the  authoritative  head  of  the  party.  Sir  William 
Harcourt  is  a  trenchant  debater,  but  has  never 
held  the  full  confidence  of  the  elements  opposed 
to  the  Tory  government.  Even  the  Irish  Na- 
tionalists have  found  it  practically  impossible  to 
unite  uj)on  any  effective  dead ership  for  their  own 
group  ;  much  less  have  they  iound  any  Eng- 
lish Liberal  generalissimo,  since  Gladstone's 
time,  under  whom  they  are  ready  to  serve.  Tlje 
only  man  who  might  possibly  have  come  forwai-d 
to  lead  the  Liberals  in  the  recent  election  was 
Lord  Rosebery.  But  he  has  nominally  retired 
from  Liberal  party  politics,  and  is,  moreover, 
an  imperialist  to  whose  mind  the  only  fault  of 
the  Salisbury  administration  seems  to  be  that  it 
has  not  l>een  so  efficient,  in  its  aggressive  military 
work,  as  it  ought  to  have  been.  If,  jierchance. 
the  Ministerialists  had  not  come  out  of  last 
month's  election  with  a  majority,  the  LiberaU 
themselves  would  have  been  surprised  and  dis 
concerted.  They  would  have  had  to  cast  about 
them  both  for  a  leader  and  a  policy,  with  a  for- 
lorn prospect  of  being  able  to  agree  upon  either. 

But  in  due  course  of  time  the  Liberal 
of  English    party  will  find  itself  again,  and  have 

Liberalism.    ^j^^^\q    ^^^^   ^.O    do.       It    is    tOO   much 

to  expf^ct  that  pro|)erty- holders  will  be  al 
lowed,  without  opposition,  to  retain  the  multiple 
suffrage  in  England,  and  thus  to  exercise  im- 
perial authority  over  great  democratic  communi- 
ties like  Australia  and  Canada,  where  the  pure 
democratic  principle  of  manhood  suffrage  pre- 
vails. Furthermore,  the  Liberal  party  wull  have 
a  sufficient  excuse  for  existence  so  long  as  the 
Tories  keep  their  hereditary  House  of  Lords, 
with  its  power  to  veto  all  bills  passed  by  the 
House  of  Commons.  And  it  is  rather  incon- 
ceivable that  there  should  not  be  a  Radical  oppo- 
sition so  long  as  there  remains  an  Established 
Church,  with  tlie  unequal  privileges  now  enjoyed 
by  that  organization.  The  principle  of  **oDe 
man — one  vote  ;  "  that  of  the  reform  of  the 
House  of  Lords  ;  that  of  secular  education  as 
against  the  subsidizing  of  church  schools  with 
the  taxpayer's  money,  and  that  of  the  equitable 
taxation  of  landed  property,  are,  with  several  other 
kindred  principles,  the  basis  of  a  programme 
that  will  not  allow  the  Liberal  party  in  England 
to  perish  until  its  demands  have  been  satisfied. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


531 


The 
Canadian 
eteetion. 


The   elec- 
tion of    a 
new  Do- 
minion parliament  oc- 
curs on  November  7. 
The   Liberal  govern- 
ment, under  Sir  Wil- 
frid Laurier  as  prime 
minister,     came    into 
I>ower  four  years  ago, 
with  a  parliamentary 
majority  of  about  30. 
That   majority,   by 
subsequent    changes, 
has    been   almost 
doubled.    Sir  Wilfrid 
belongs  to  the  French- 
Catholic  half  of  Can- 
ada ;   and  his  admin- 
istration, besides  the 
general  support  of  the 
Liberal  party  as  such, 
has    the   special   sup- 
port of   the   French- 
Canadian    element. 
The  Conservative  par- 
ty in  the  present  con- 
test is  headed  by  Sir 
Charles  Tupper,  aided 
by  Hon.  Hugh  John 
Mac  Donald,     who    is 
prime    minister    of 
Manitoba.      He  is  the 
son    of    the    late   Sir 
John  A.  MacDonald, 
who    served    for    so 
lon^    a   time   as   the 
Conservative  prime 
minister   of    Canada, 
and    who  was  the  fa- 
ther of  the  protective 
policy.     Canada  has, 
of    late,    seen    better 
times    than    usual, 
and     there    seems   to 
have     been    far    less 
<i  r  i  f  t  i  n  g — both    of 
French-  Canadians 
and  also  of  young  and  ambitious  English  speak- 
in)^   Canadians  —  across  the  line  into  the  United 
States.     Manufactures  and  agriculture  have  pros- 
pered   more   than   ever   before  ;     transportation 
interests    and    systems    both    by    land    and    by 
water  have  greatly  improved  ;    the   prestige   of 
Canada  in    London    was  never   so    high  ;    rela- 
tions with  the  United  States,  in  spite  of  various 
o}»en   questions  yet  to  be  adjusted,  are  not  dis- 
agreeable ;   and  to  the  onlooker  there  would  not 


By  courtesy  of  the  New  York  Tribune. 

SOME  LBADnVO  STATESMEN  OF  CANADA. 


seem  to  be  any  sufficiently  clear  reasons  Drought 
forward  by  the  opposition  why  the  Conservatives 
should  now  be  restored  to  power. 


Campaign 

/aaues 
in  Canaiia. 


The  ])est  reason  against  such  res- 
toration of  the  Conservatives  would 
seem  to  lie  in  the  needless  emphasis 
it  would  give  to  the  race  and  nationality  question. 
Some  of  the  Conservative  newspapers  have  been 
guilty,  in  the  present  campaign,  of  exceedingly 


586 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REHEH'S. 


i| 


Till  FIII!4Ce  or  VLAJ^UICIIS  A.N  I!   |lJi4  »KTDK,  THti  ritix*  KSK 

muiT.Anwtn,  or  uavauia, 

a!]K>ne:  royatnes  ami  riol>ihtit*ft  U»  iniiki^  the  en- 
;j;*^eii!t^nt  Aft  sihuir  of  iriLcnititioiial  [niliitfs,  Ilor 
ffnnct  is  rJiik^*  llt-nry  of  Meckleuluirg-Si'liweriiL 
giiooti  Williuliiuna  Wfts  twt'Uty  years  ulil  uji  the 
Itvst  day  of  August,  and  it  is  saitl  that  iht*  wcnl 
tliiig  will  take  place  next  spriug.  >i{?cklenljurg- 
Scliwt^riu  is  a  lit  tin  dtichy  on  tliu  nnriheaK^t  cmi^l 
of  Gt^rnmny,  ami  its  dvical  family  is  i«f  \vvy  nn- 
cieut  lineage.  Duke  Kem-y  im  a  lieutenant  in  tlie 
Prufii^ian  Uuanls^,  antl  is  four  yoars  older  than 
iVuiieu  Wilbehniua,  Thij^  young  sovereign  bajs 
evidently  modeled  tjer  career  upon  tliat  of  Queen 
\^it:toria — wliicli  is  n  mark,  m  lier.  o(  wisdmiv  ami 
character*  IVinc*:*  Henry  will  come  to  Holland 
as  a  natural  lifted  Dutch  subject. 


Marfiagii&f   ](,  ^houUl  ]>e  n*»tetl  tlmt  s*  Vovnl  m 
M%-MppV-    ht>r  of  Qm^en  Wilhclnnii»*  r.l»mn 
r«r«^        Pritire  AHx^rt  of  Flaud^^ra,  ' 
parent  U\  the  throne  of  Belgium  ami  tw. 
vcar^  old  in  April^ — was  marneii  n,  f^'ww 
at  Munich  to  tfie   rnnee*is  Elimlii'lk  t»(  • 
who  \B  des^rribtnl  im  yomtg,  l^eauliful  imddi 
ing.      Pnnce  A  H^il  is  o\w  uf  the  tiiostjjrom 
of  tlie  younger  scions  ot  Kurtipettii  royftlty.  In 
educated,  and  of  browi  vlv^'f^. 

In  the  obhuary  li**t  uf  i1m^  m- 

^fffT/^     reeoriled   on   an^jther  piig*';  ^'^' 

foujid  the  name  aii*l  jHjrtmil.ijf 

liain   L.  Wihon,   presidiMjL  of  Wa.^hi»gt^ti 

Lee  r/iivereiiv  at  Ltixingtoix,  Vii,     Fio  ^ 

m  win  bo 
P  r  tj  8  i  il 
(*ievi*la 
last  caI 
aT3*l  bi?l 
tiiat  mm 

meml>^ 

Congii?p*5 

West 

gniift.  fi 

higlitjs 

lion-    Samuel    P.    Carey,  of  <\\^i^r  'ii^f  '^ 
weeks  ago  at  a  great  age.      Ho  ran  oir  lu^L 
back  ticket  with  Peter  Cuopen     Cien.  >v» 
i'ampos — Spain's  best^knowT*  &ol2 
man — has  passed  away  at  the  a^^v  '  ■ 


THK  LATH  OE^iEHAI^  CA!kilK18. 


VIKW  OB-THK  liUAaTBKS.  IN  tllK  ISLAM tJ  OY  »T,  HKl.l£:<A,  WIJKaKTHK  BKlTlMl  BOUJ  HAflnr  »UKH  palS^'^ 


RECORD  OF   CURRENT  EVENTS. 


(From  SepUniber  91  to  October  90,  1900,) 


8BNATOR-ELECT  WILLIAM  P. 
DILLINGHAM. 

(Of  Vermont.) 


SENATOR   JONATHAN  P. 
DOLLIVBR. 

(Of  Iowa.) 


POLITICS  AND  QOVBRNMBNT-AMERICAN. 

September  21  .—The  Clark  Democrats  and  the  Popu- 
lists of  Montana  agree  on  a  fusion  ticket,  with  J.  K. 

Toole  (Dem.)  for  governor Benjamin  B.  Odell,  Jr., 

Republican  candidate  for  governor  of  New  York,  pledges 
himself  to  oppose  the  Ramapo  water-supply  scheme. . . . 
Connecticut  Democrats  nominate  E.  L.  Bronson  for 
governor. 

September  24.— Hawaiian  Republicans  and  Democrats 
hold  conventions  and  nominate  native  candidates  for  the 
oflflce  of  Territorial  Delegate  to  Washington. 

September  26.— Governor  Roosevelt  speaks  on  the 
issues  of  the  Presidential  election  in  Colorado  ;  Bryan 
partisans  cause  some  disorder  in  Victor,  a  mining  set^ 
tlement. 

September  27.— Adlai  E.  Stevenson  accepts,  by  letter, 

the  Populist  nomination  for  the  Vice-Presi<lency Mr. 

Bryan  starfs  from  Uncoln,  Neb.,  on  his  final  campaign 
trip. 

September  28.— The  Addicks  and  anti-Addicks  Re- 
publican factions  in  Delaware  agree  on  a  compromise 
State  ticket. 

September  29.— James  Howard,*  convicted  in  Ken- 
tucky of  the  murder  of  William  E.  Goebel,  is  sentenced 
to  be  hanged  on  December  7. 

September  30.— The  Federal  party  of  Porto  Rico,  in 
convention  at  Caguas,  adopts  resolutions  afTiliating 
itself  with  the  Democratic  party  in  the  United  States. 

October  1.— Governor  Roosevelt  makes  thirteen  cam- 
paign  .speeches  in   Nebraska Mr.   Bryan  speaks  at 

Duluth,  St.  Paul,  and  other  MinnesoUi  cities. 

October  2.— The  bolting,  or  Daly,  Democrats  of  Mon- 
tana indorse  the  re^fular  Democratic  nominations  for 
Presidential  electors,  and  nominate  Thomas  Hogan 
(Pop.)  for  governor Massachusetts  Democrats  nomi- 
nate Robert  Treat  Paine,  Jr.,  for  governor. 

October  3.— The  new  Vermont  Legislature  meets 

The  National  convention  of  Democratic  clubs  is  opened 
at  Indianapolis (iov.  Allen  D.  Candler  (Dem.)  is  re- 


elected in  Georgia  by  a  plurality  of  about  65,000 — 
Negroes  take  entire  control  of  the  Republican  organiznr 
tion  in  South  Carolina The  New  York  tax  commis- 
sioners make  public  the  value  of  special  franchises  as 
assessed  under  the  new  law. 

October  4. — Massachusetts  Republicans  renominate 
Gov.  W.  Murray  Crane Grov.  W.  W.  Stickney  is  In- 
augurated in  Vermont Messrs.  Bryan  and  Stevenson 

address  the  Indianapolis  convention  of  Democratic 
clubs. 

October  7. — A  street  fight  between  Federals  and  Re- 
publicans in  Guayama,  Porto  Rico,  results  in  the  death 
of  four  persons,  one  of  them  a  woman. 

October  8.— The  United  States  Supreme  Court  opens 
its  fall  term. 

October  9.— Both  houses  of  the  Kentucky  Le^sla lure 
agree  to  the  bill  substituting  the  old  election  law  io 
force  when  the  Goel^el  law  was  enacted. . .  .Trial  by  jury 
is  inaugurated  in  Cuba  under  the  auspicesof  the  Uuittd 
States  military  authorities. 

October  13.— The  first  two  days  of  registration  of  vot- 
ers in  New  York  City  and  State  show  heavy  gains,  as 
compared  with  the  records  of  the  corresponding  day^ 
in  1896. 

October  16.— Mr.  Bryan  addresses  four  great  mass- 
meetings  in  New  York  City. 


SECRETAKT  ROOT  AND  ADJUTANT-OBXERAL  OORBlir. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


539 


THE  LATE  WILLIAM  L.  WILSON. 

(President  of  Washington  and 
Lee  University.) 


October  17.— Mi  .Bryan 
begins  his  campaign  tour 
of  New  York  State. 

October  18.— The  Ve^ 
mont  Legislature  elects 
Ex-Gov.  William  P.  Dil- 
lingham (Rep.)  to  the 
United  States  Senate. 

POLITICS  AND  GOV- 
ERNMENT-POREION. 
September  21.— Sir  H. 
Campbell  -Bannerman 
and  Sir  William  Vernon 
Harcourt  issue  British 
election  addresses.... 
The  *'  French  Labor  Pa^ 
ty's"  Congress  opens  in 
Paris.... The  Cape  Col- 
ony House  of  Assembly 
passes  the  treason  bill  by 
a  vote  of  46  to  37. 

September  22.— The 
French  Government 
banquets  22,(XX)  mayors 
of  cities  and  communes 
in  the  Tuileries  Garden, 
Paris. 

September  24.— Lord  Salisbury  issues  his  address  to 
the  British  electorate. 

September  25.— W^rits  are  issued  by  the  British  Gov- 
ernment summoning  a  new  House  of  Commons. 

September  29.— Lord  Rol)erts  is  gazetted  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  British  Army,  to  succeed  Viscount 
Wolseley — Mr.  Chamberlain  and  50  Unionist  mem- 
bers, 5  Liberals,  and  2  Irish  Nationalists  are  returned 
unopposed  to  the  British  Parliament — Alderman 
Frank  Green  is  elected  Lord  Mayor  of  London. 

September  30. — On  the  resignation  of  the  Japanese 
Cabinet,  the  Mikado  summons  Marquis  Ito  to  form  a 
new  government. 

October  1.— Of  132  members  of  the  British  Parliament, 
the  Conservatives  elect  93,  the  Unionists  8,  the  liiberals 
13,  and  the  Nationalists  8;  the  Conservatives  gain  2 
seats. 

October  2. — Arthur  Balfour  and  John  Burns  are 
reelected  to  the  British  Parliament  by  increased  majori- 
ties  The  Peruvian  Cabinet  resigns  office. 

October  3. — The  Peruvian  Congress  passes  a  vote  of 
censure  against  the  late  cabinet ;  a  new  cabinet  is 
formed. 

October  8. — The  Dominican  Government  decrees  the 
auxpenaion  of  constitutional  guarantees. 

October  12.— The  Chilean  Cabinet  resigns  office,  and 
tbe  President  convenes  Congress  for  a  special  session, 
l>eg:inning  October  14. 

October  13. — The  Cape  Parliament  is  prorogued. 

October  16.— It  is  announced  that  Sir  Richard  Web- 
ater  (Lord  Alverstone)  has  been  appointed  Lord  Chief 
Justice  of  England The  British  Parliamentary  elec- 
tions are  complete,  with  the  exception  of  those  in  the 
Orkney  Islands ;  the  representation  of  the  United  King- 
dom will  probably  be :  334  Conservatives,  67  Liberal- 
Unioniats,  187  Liberals  and  Labor  men,  and  82  Irish 
Nationalists;  the  government's  majority  being  132. 


October  17.— Count  von  Biilow  succeeds  Prince  Hohen- 
lohe  as  German  Chancellor. 

October  18.— The  new  British  Parliament  is  prorogued 
till  December. 

THE  CRISIS  IN  CHINA. 

September  21.— The  United  States  commissioner  ar- 
rives at  Peking. . .  .The  British  countermand  the  order 

for  winter  clothing  for  the  troops Count  von  Wal- 

dersee  arrives  at  Shanghai. 

September  28.— The  United  States  declines  to  identify 
herself  with  Count  von  BUlow's  circular  note ;  Li 
Hung  Chang  and  Prince  Ching  are  accepted  as  plenipo- 
tentiaries ;  Mr.  Conger  is  authorized  to  enter  into  rela- 
tions with  them.  The  reply  to  Russia  is  that  the 
United  States  has  not  at  present  the  intention  of 
removing  its  legation  from  Peking. 

September  24.— The  German  minister  (with  a  squad- 
ron) leaves  Shanghai  for  the  North Li  Hung  Chang 

leaves  Tientsin  for  Peking,  escorted  by  Russian  and 
Japanese  troops. 

Septemljer  25.— Russia  and  .Fapau  reply  to  the  Ger- 
man circular  note. 

Septemlier  26.— The  United  States  decides  to  change 
the  status  of  the  American  forces  before  the  arrival  of 
Count  von  Waldersee. 

September  27.— A  Shanghai  telegram  states  that 
rinderpest  has  broken  out  among  the  cattle  purchased 

for  the  German  commissariat Count  von  Waldersee 

arrives  at  Tientsin. 

September  29.— The  Rus.sian  minister,  M.  de  Giers, 
and  all  the  members  of  the  Russian  Legation,  leave  Pe- 
king for  Tientsin  ;  Russia  leaves  1,300  troops  in  Peking 
A  decree  is  promulgated  by  the  Kmperor  and  Em- 
press of  China  which  degrades  Prince  Tuan  and  four 
other  princes  who  encouraged  the  Boxer  movement. 

October  1.— Official  announcement  is  made  of  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  Chinese  commission  to  make  terms  of 
peace  with  the  powers. 


Princess  Victoria  of  York. 
Prince  Albert  of  York. 


Prince  Edward  of  York. 

Prince  Henry  of  York. 


QUERN  VICTORIA  AND  HER  GRBAT-GKANDCRILDREN. 


640 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


October  3.— The  withdrawal  of  the  United  States 
troops  from  Peking  ia  begun Gefmany  makes  a  modi- 
fied proposition  regarding  the  punishment  of  the  Boxer 
leaders. 

October  6.— The  withdrawal  of  the  Japanese  troops 
from  China  is  begun. 

October  9. — In  reply  to  the  demands  of  Grermany,  the 
Chinese  Government  promises  that  three  of  the  man- 
darins guilty  of  fomenting  the  Boxer  movement  will  be 
l>eheaded,  that  three  will  be  sentenced  to  life  imprison- 
ment, and  that  Prince  Tuan  will  be  banished  to  the 
Siberian  Iwrder  and  degraded. 

October  17.— The  allied  forces  enter  Pao-Ting-Fu, 
meeting  with  no  opposition. 

October  18.— A  message  from  the  Emperor  of  China 
to  President  McKinley,  and  the  President's  reply,  are 
made  public. 

October  20. — The  terms  of  an  Anglo-German  agree- 
ment in  regard  to  China  are  made  public. 

OTHER  OCCURRENCES  OP  THE  MONTH. 

September  21. — Extraordinary  rainfall  is  rejiorted 
from  northern  India  ;    half  of  the  city  of  Calcutta  is 

submerged Heavy  rains  in  Texas  flood  the  river-beds 

and  cause  loss  of  life  and  property. 

September  23.— Conference  committees  of  the  Amalga- 
mated Associa- 
tion of  Iron  and 
Steel  Workers 
and  of  the  manu- 
facturers sign  a 
wage-scale  to  be 
effective  till  Ju- 
ly, 1901 ;  employ- 
ment will  be 
given  to  60,000 
men  who  have 
been  idle  since 
June  last.... 
The  Internation- 
al Socialist  Con- 
gress   opens    in 

Paris One 

hundred  cases  of 
yellow  fever  are 
reported  under 
treatment  at 
Havana,  Cuba 
Three  thou- 
sand Boers  sur- 
render to  the 
Portuguese,  hav- 
i  n  g  previously 
destroyed  all 
their  cannon  ; 
the  British  occu- 
py Koinatipoort. 

September  24.— The  attempt  to  resume  work  in  some 
-of  the  anthracite  coal-mines  of  Pennsylvania  results  in 
failure  ;  more  miners  join  the  strikers. 

September  28. — A  conference  of  the  superintendents 
•of  the  great  anthracite?  coal  companies  is  held  at 
Wilkesbarre,  Pa. 

September  29.— Forty-flve  lives  are  lost  in  a  collision 
■of  a  Japanese  steamer  with  a  Norwegian  steamer  off 
the  coast  of  Japan  ;  the  Norwegian  steamer  is  sunk. 


Copyright,  igcxj.  by  E.  Chickcring,  Boston. 
SE^OR  8IXTO  LOPEZ. 

(The  Filipino  now  visiting  the  United 
State».) 


MR.  JOHN  MARKLX. 

(Member  of  the  firm  of  anthracite 
coal  operators  prominent  in  the 
great  strike.) 


September  30.- 
British  troops  cap- 
ture and  bum  sev- 
eral Ashantee  vil- 
lages in  West 
Africa  ;  70  of  the 
natives  are  killed 
The  Interna- 
tional Peace  Con- 
gress opens  in 
Paris. 

Octolier  2.— The 
comer-stone  of  a 
new  bridge  over 
the  St.  Lawieaoe 
River  i&  laid  at 
Quebec. 

October  5.— The 
principal  anthrsr 
cite  coal  opera tois 
decide  to  offer  a 
net  increase  of  10 
per  cent,  in  wages, 
and  to  reduce  the 
price  of  powder. 
October  6.— Two  thousand  striking  miners  compel 
the  closing  of  the  collieries  at  Lattimer,  Pa. 

October  9.— The  United  States  Army  Board  of  Ord- 
nance and  Fortifications  recommends  to  the  Secretary  of 
War  that  no  more  disappearing-gun  carriages  be  made 
Octolier  10.— The  north   half  of  the  Colville  Indian 
reservation  is  opened  to  settlement,  and  is  entered  by 

4,0(X)  home-seekers The  American  Board  of  Commis*- 

sioners  for  Foreign  Missions  meets  at  St.  Louis. 

October  12. — Announcement  is  made  of  the  appoint- 
meut  by  President  McKinley  of  Judge  George  Gray,  of 
Delaware,  as  a  member  of  the  permanent  arbitratioii 
tribunal  to  be  established  under  the  Hague  Treaty. 

October  13.— The  anthracite  coal-miners  in  conventioii 
atScranton,  Pa.,  vote  to  accept  the  lO-per-cent.  increftse 
of  wages  offered  by  the  operators,  provided  the  advMKe 
be  continued  in  force  till  April  ],  1901,  and  the  sliding 
scale  be  abolished  ;  arbitration  is  proi>oeed  as  an  altci^ 
native,  if  terms  are  unacceptable. 

October  H.— The  business  section  of  Port  Lixnoo> 
Costa  Kica,  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

Octolier  16.— The  betrothal  of  Queen  Wilbelmina  of 
Holland  to  Duke  Henry  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  is 
announced. 

October  17.— Count  Zeppelin  makes  successful  tesliiof 
his  airship  at  Friedrickshafen,  in  Wtlrtembiirg:. ..,Tl»e 
New  York  Yacht  Club  accepts  Sir  Tbonms  Lipteo'^ 
challenge  to  races  for  the  Avficrica*8  cnp,  to  be  sailed  is 
August. 

OBITUARY. 

September  21.— Dr.  Lewis  Albert  Sayre,  an  eminen: 
physician  and  surgeon  of  New  York  City,  8U. 

Si»pteml)er  23.— Marshal  Arsenio  Martinet  Campos. 

Spani.sh  soldier  and  state.sman,  66 Charles  C.  Burr. » 

Boston  philanthropist,  84 George  D'Vys,  last  surriv- 

ing  member  of  the  Kane  relief  expedition  of  1855,  6R- 

September   24. — Dr.    Alfred    Stills,    a   distinguished 

Phila<ielphia  physician.  87 Justice  Thomas  N.  Has- 

kell,  of  the  Maine  Supreme  Court,  57. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EI/ENTS. 


541 


DR.   RUSH  RHEE8. 

(Rochester  University.) 


MISS  MART  E.  WOOLLtY. 

(Mt.  Holyoke  College.) 


l)H.  HKNRT  8.  PRITCHETT. 

(Massachasetts  Institate  of  Technology.) 


THREE  NEWLY  ELECTED  COLLEGE  PRESIDENTS. 


Septemlier  25.— Ex-United  States  Senator  John  M. 

Palnl^^,  of  Illinois,  83 Miss  Elizabeth  Van  Lew,  who, 

during  the  Civil  War,  furnished  the  Union  forces  with 

valuable  information  against  the  Confederates  84 

Hon.  Felix  Gabriel  March  and,  Premier  of  Quebec,  68. 

September  26.— Ex- Just  ice  James  C.  Smith,  of  the 
New  York  Supreme  Court,  84....Ex-Gov.  George  F. 
Drew,  of  Florida,  73. 

September  27. — Thomas  H.  Lane,  poet  and  author,  an 
early  associate  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  85. 


Plioto  by  Rock  wood.  New  ^ork- 

DR.  LEWIS  A.  8AYKR. 

(Of  New  York.) 


Photo  by  Gutekunst  Philadelphia. 
DR.  ALrKED  STILL^. 

(Of  Philadelphia.) 


TWO  DISTINOUISHED  AMBHICAN  PHYSICIANS,  RECENTLY 
DECEASED. 


September  29.— A^l^omas  Gaskell  Shearman,  the  well- 
known  New  York  lawyer  and  writer,  66. 

September  80.  —  Ex-Congressman  Samuel  Fenton 
Carey,  of  Ohio,  87. 

October  1.— John  E.  Hudson,  pre.Hident  of  the  Ameri- 
can Bell  Telephone  Company,  61. 

October  3.— Gen.  Olney  Arnold,  a  well-known  citizen 
of  Rhode  Island,  78. 

October  6. — Judge  John  Olney,  the  oldest  member  of 
the  Chicago  bar,  and  the  last  Illinois  elector  of  Presi- 
dent Lincoln,  79. 

Octol)er  8. — George  Roberts  Blanchard,  formerly 
commi.s.sioner  of  the  Joint-Traffic  Association,  59. 

OctoTier  9.— John  Patrick  Crichton-Stuart,  the  third 

Marquis   of    Bute,  58 Maj.  Selden  Noyes  Clark,   a 

well-known  Washington  correspondent,  66. 

October  11.— Ex- Mayor  Walter  C.  Flower,  of  New 
Orleans,  50. 

October  13.— Ex-Congressman  Jny  Abel  Hubbell,  of 
Michigan,  71. 

October   16.— Sir  Henry    Wentworth    Dyke    Acland 

Radcliffe,  librarian  at  Oxford  University,  85 Zdenko 

Fibich,  the  Bohemian  composer,  50. 

October  17.— Ex-Postmaster-General  William  L!  Wil- 
son, president  of  Wa,shington  and  Lee  I'niversity,  57 

James  Parsons  Major,  the  oldest  steel  engraver  in 
America,  Kl 

Octol)er  18.— Gen.  John  W.  Fisher,  a  veteran  of  Get- 
tysburg, 86 Ex-Congressman  John  Little,  of  Ohio,  6;i. 

October  19.— Sir  Roderick  William  Cameron,  the 
Canatlian  steamship-owner,  75. 

October  20. —  Charles  Dudley  Warner,  the  distin- 
guished author  and  editor.  71. 


SOME  CARTOONS.  CHIEFLY  OF  THE  CAMPAIGN. 


TAKE  YOITR  CHOICE  OP  THE  TWO  BILLS  I 

From  Judge  (New  York). 


THE  ABSENT-MINDED    BEGGABS. 

JoxKS:  '*Sa>%Mark,  I  don't  see  any  sii^sof  jrour  pn*- 
perity." 

Mark:  '*You  don't?  Well,  have  you  seen  any  free  sil- 
ver?"—From  the  Journal  (Minneapolis). 


DOES  THIS  LOOK  LIKE  APATHY? 

Republican  Emblem:  *' Hurrah  for  a  full  ballot-box,  i 
full  dinner-pail,  and  continued  prosperity ! " 

From  the  Inquirer  (Philadelphia). 


SUMMING  UP  THE  POLITICAL  blTUATION. 

Uncle  Sam  :  '"'  Oentlemen,  neither  of  you  is  quite  bits 
enough  to  have  your  defeat  ruin  the  country.*' 

From  the  Wasp  (San  Francisco). 


TELEPHONE  TO  MANILA. 

Acri.XALDo  (the fleet-footed):  "  Hello.  Lincoln,  Nebraska  I 
Te«,  Bill,  I*m  keeping  the  game  going  all  right  at  this  end 
of  tbe  line.  Whoop  it  up,  old  boy,  and  we'll  make  a  dish-rag 
ot  tbe  American  flag  on  these  islands  after  Novenib<'r/' 

From  the  Warp  (San  Francisco). 


Astrologbk:  ''  You  will  be  defeated  once  more.' 

Bryan:  "And  after  then?" 

Astbolooek:  **Then  you  will  get  used  to  it." 

Fr«m  the  Eagle  (Brooklyn,  N.  Y.). 


544 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiE[V  OF  REl^/EH^S. 


THE  "  ROUGH  "  IDEA  IN  POLITICS. 

Tkddy  :  **  Ah !  just  what  was  needed  to  carry  out  the  effect/'— From  the  Evening  Netn  (Detroit). 


THE  PIMKJRK88  OF  THE  CAMPAIGN— IN  THE  WE8T. 

From  the  Tim^a  (Washington). 


APPROACHING  NBBRA8KA. 

Bryan:  '' That  h>okB  like  a  bad  storm  coming.*' 
From  the  Journal  (Minneapolis). 


SOME  CARTOONS,  CHIEFLY  OF  THE  CAMPAIGN. 


545 


WIDB-OPBN  NEW  YORK  WELCOMES  MR.  BRYAN. 

From  Harper's  WuMy  (New  York). 


THE  POLITICAL  8HTLOCK. 


••  Beware.  Bryanio  I  Shylock  will  surely  demand  his  pound 
'  lle«h.** — From  the  Journal  (Minneapolis). 


SLAVERY  AS  IT  18  PRACTICED  TO-DAY. 

From  the  Tribune  (Minneapolis). 


546 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REt^IEIV  OF  REl^IEWS, 


THE  OHIO  MAN*B  BURDBN.— From  the  Times  (Washington). 

MR.  W.  B.  STEWART  has  returned  to  Washing- 
ton, where  his  cartoon  attacks  on  Republican 
leaders  and  policies  several  years  ago  were  frequently 
reproduced  in  this  magazine  ;  and  his  work  last  month 
was  so  striking  that,  with  his  cooperation,  we  have  re- 
produced four  or  five  of  his  drawings  in  this  number. 
His  work  and  that  of  many  other  cartoonists  repre- 
sented in  our  pages  this  month  make  some  points  that 


Mark  (on  the  ground):    ''Be  careful.  Bill  I 
yet  where  you're  going  to  light." 

From  the  Times  (Minneapolis). 


need  no  explanation  to  those  even  slightly  acquainted! 
with  the  issues  of  the  campaign  and  the  leading  per- 
sonalities in  our  current  politics.  The  Deiuocratic  cai^ 
toonists  have  made  a  great  deal  out  of  Mr.  Hannah 


1     t'-.W- 


THE  DREAM  OF  EMPIRE.- From  the  Times  (Washington). 


WILLIAM  M'KINLEY.— From  the  Jourtud  (New  York). 


SOME  CARTOONS,  CHIEFLY  OF  THE  CAMPAIGN. 


547 


Haitna  (to  the  Coal  Baron)  : 


BASE  INOBATITU  DB. 

'  I  hate  to  do  it,  old  man,  hut  I  have  to."— From,  the  Evening  News  (Detroit). 


statement  that  there  are  no  trusts ;  and  a  number  of 
them,  as  in  the  cartoon  at  the  top  of  this  page,  have 
Attributed  the  settlement  of  the  coal  strike  in  Pennsyl- 
vunia  to  Mr.  Hanna's  sense  of  political  exigencies.  There 
liave  been  literally  hundreds  of  cartoons,  some  of  them 
very  amusing,  on  Roosevelt's  cyclonic  tour  of  the  West, 


while  Mr.  Croker  figures  in  cartoons  without  number. 
McKinley,  Roosevelt,  Bryan,  Croker,  and  Hanna  are 
the  personalities  with  whom  the  cartoonists  have  dealt 
most  freely  and  unsparingly. 

z  NOTICE?" 

&5  or 

Be  inc^wo; 

im  prkcas 
rot.Lovv5 


HAinrA:  **TniBt8  in  America?  Dear  me!  I  never  heard 
^j/t  them  I  Those  chaps  on  the  porch  ?  Oh,  they  are  merely 
^sidiMtrial  combinations.**— From  the  Journal  (New  York). 


HAVNA*A  DREADFUL  INFIRMITY. 

From  the  ChronieU  (Chicago). 


648 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REk^lEW  OF  REP^IEU^S. 


IBN^T  THIS  GALLING   UPON  MR.  BRTAN   TO   TOTB  A  PBETTT 
BIO  LOAD  ? 

Former  Governor  Stone  returned  from  the  East  with  the 
news  that  Croker  is  thoroughly  in  earnest  and  confident 
that  Bryan  will  carry  New  York.— Political  Item. 

From  the  Tinux-Herald  (Chicago). 


**  There  is  little  reason  to  believe  the  majority  of  Uie 
American  people  desire  to  overthrow  the  administratloo 
which  has  brought  them  renown  abroad,  affluence  at  home; 
which  has  flattered  American  pride  and  filled  Amerkfts 
pockets.  Still  less  does  the  Intelligent  majority  desire  to 
put  in  its  place  an  administration  which^  at  best,  would  for- 
feit the  foothold  which  America  has  won  in  the  far  Pacific, 
break  up  the  foundations  of  domestic'  order,  shatter  Amer- 
ican credit  and  make  a  political  adventurer  PresidesL 
Neither  surrender  nor  repudiation  has  proved  a  good  oub- 
paign  cry.  Bryan  is  for  both,  and  for  somethinif  verj'  lik« 
anarchy,  as  well."— iomJon  TimtB^  Oct.  S. 

From  the  Ttmttt  (Washington). 


HOW  CAN  BE  GET  THERE? "—From the StoT  (St. Louis), 


HOW  THE  REPUBLICAN  NATIONAL  COMMITTEE 

WORKS   FOR  VOTES. 


*  *  T  ET  the  Other  fellows  have  the  fiddles  and 
-L^  the  barbecues  I  Our  argument  exists 
per  se  at  the  bench,  in  the  workshop,  at  the  desk, 
in  the  counting-room,  at  the  chair  by  the  fireside. 
Let  them  do  the  shouting  ;  we  will  do  the  show- 
ing. They  may  have  the  hyoterics  ;  we  have 
the  conditions.  '  Let  well  enough  alone  *  is  a 
mighty  good  saying,  if  it  is  well  enough,  as  it 
/^  •  is  now  for  a  good  many  more  than  a  majority  of 
the  voters  of  these  United  States.  We  need  not 
wave  the  flag.  If  they  force  it — the  people  of 
our  country  are  patriotic.  We  need  not  win  any 
gory  victories  on  the  stump,  nor  storm  any  Span- 
ish armies  from  wagon-ends.     The  war  is  over, 


8BKATOR  MARCUS  A.  HANNA. 

(Cbairman  of  the  Republican  Nationt^jfommittee.) 

and  over  with  the  utmost  credit  to  the  Republican 
jui ministration.  The  people  know  that,  and  we 
need  not  weary  them  by  dwelling  upon  it.  Our 
appeal,  and  it  need  not  be  an  appeal — still  less  a 
defense-^s  t»  sober  common-sense  as  against 
visions  ;  to  what  is,  and  is  satisfactory,  as  against 
^p-bat  may  be  and  may  be  disastrous  ;  to  present 
prosperity,  as  against  probable  panic  ;  to  what 
lias  been  tried  and  found  true,  as  against  what  is 


untried   and   likely   to   be   found   wanting. — in 
short,  to  the  sanity  of  the  nation." 

It  was  some  weeks  before  the  renomination 
of  President  McKinley  that  Senator  M.  A,  Hanna 
made  this  little  speech  in  the  course  of  a  discus- 
sion with  four  or  five  men  high  in  the  councils 
of  the  Republican  party.  That  the  choice  of  the 
voters  in  November  must  lie  between  William 
McKinley  on  the  one  side  and  William  J.  Bryan ; 
on  the  other,  was  of  course  as  certain  as  any- 
thing in  mundane  futurity.  It  is,  nevertheless, 
worthy  of  notice  to  what  an  almost  exclusive  ex- 
tent these  remarks  of  the  chairman  of  the  Na- 
tional Committee,  made  over  half  a  year  before 
the  election,  have  formed  the  keynote  of  the 
Republican  campaign.  Quite  apart  from  any 
question  of  **bossism."  Senator  Hanna  has  the 
confidence  of  the  Republican  leaders.  He  has 
shown,  over  and  over  again,  his  almost  intuitive 
grasp  of  the  popular  feeling.  He  combines  this 
faculty  for  taking  a  correct  view  of  the  general 
situation  with  an  attention  to  detail  and  capacity 
for  unlimited  work  that  cause  political  leaders  of 
thirty  or  forty  years*  standing  to  defer  to  him, 
and  to  make  him  in  fact,  as  well  as  in  name,  the 
head  and  director  of  the  Republican  campaign  of 
1900. 

In  considering  the  campaign  particularly,  it 
must  not  be  forgotten  that  it  did  not  grow  up 
like  a  gourd  in  the  night,  but  that  it  has  been  in 
progress  steadily  during  the  term  of  the  admin- 
istration— not  merely  in  the  general  way  of  the 
administration  making  a  record^  by  which  it 
should  be  judged,  but  literally.  (The  Congres- 
sional Committee,  with  a  member  from  each 
State^  is  constantly  distributing  compaign  litera- 
ture. }  While  this  is  intended  more  particularly 
for  Congressional  purposes,  it  serves  to  keep  the 
voters  in  touch  with  the  issues  ;  and  much  of 
the  matter  prepared  durmg  the  four  years  by 
the  Congressional  Committee  is  used  again  in 
the  Presidential  campaign. 

Senator  Ilanna,  having  succeeded  himself  as 
chairman  of  the  Republican  National  Committee, 
which  is  the  post  of  Commander-in-chief  of  the 
Army  of  Campaign,  took  time  in  selecting  his 
staff,  the  Executive  Committee.  It  was  not 
until  after  earnest  consultation  with  the  Presi- 
dent, Governor  Roosevelt,  and  other  leadei*s  of 
the  party  that  the  composition  of  the  Campaign 
Committee,  as  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
National  Committee  is  popularly  called,  was  an- 


650 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


nounced.  It  is  considered,  and  is,  in  fact,  as 
strong  a  fighting  body  as  the  party  ever  had  to 
wage  its  battles — consisting  of  Henry  C.  Payne, 
of  Wisconsin  ;  Richard  C.  Kerens,  of  Missouri ; 
Graeme  Stewart,  of  Illinois  ;  Harry  S.  New,  of 
Indiana ;  Josepji  H.  Manley,  of  Maine  ;  Nathan 
B.  Scott,  of  West  Virginia ;  Fred  S.  Gibbs,  of 
New  York  ;  and  Franklin  Murphy,  of  New  Jer- 
sey, with  Perry  S.  Heath,  of  Indiana,  secretary, 
and  Cornelius  N.  Bliss,  of  New  York,  treasurer. 
These  are  names  to  conjure  with.  Every  one 
of  these  men  is  thoroughly  skilled  in  the  art  of 
political  warfare  ;  and,  if  William  McKinley  is 
defeated  by  William  J.  Bryan,  it  will  not  be  be- 
cause of  lack  of  earnest,  unrelenting,  intelligent 
work  on  the  part  of  the  Republican  campaign 
managers. 

The  appointment  of  Mr.  Heath  as  secretary 
was  inevitable.  He  resigned  the  responsible  and 
honorable  post  of  first  assistant  postmaster-gen- 
eral to  take  his  old  place,  where  he  is  a  tower  of 

strength.       No  

man  in  the  coun- 
try is  more  fa- 
miliar with  the 
details  of  actual 
campaign  work 
than  Mr.  Heath, 
and  much  of  the 
more  important 
campaign  litera- 
ture comes  di- 
rect from  his 
pen.  (It  was  de- 
cided again  to 
divide  the  na- 
tional bead- 
quarteraintotwo 
branched — o  n  e 
in  New  York 
and  one  in  Chi- 
cago. While 
the  N^ew  York 
headquarters 


MR.  PEKRY  8.  HEATH. 

(Secretary  of  the  Republican  National 
Committee.) 

keep  up  the  dignity  of  the  metropolis  and  the 
East  generally,  it  is  no  secret  that  the  party 
leaders  regard  Chicago  as  the  base  of  the  more 
important  work.) 

Until  1896,  U\q  National  Headquarters  were 
always  in  New  York,  and  always  in  a  brownstone 
front,  private  house  on  Fifth  Avenue.  This 
year  the  more  important  Chicago  headquarters  of 
both  parties  are  in  a  big  oflfice-building,  and  in 
New  York  the  Republican  National  Committee 
carries  on  its  work  in  the  Metropolitan  Life 
Building,  at  No.  1  Madison  Avenue.  A  visit  to 
the  offices  of  the  National  Committee  in  October 
gives  an  impression  akin  to  that  made  by  the 


executive  establishment  of  a  great  railroad  or  a 
great  manufactory. 

The  enormous  task  of  preparing  campaign  lit- 
erature, the  routine  work  of  the  fight,  went  on 
steadily  from  early  summer.  ^Tens  of  thousands 
of  pamphlets,  leaflets,  and  documents  of  varying 
sizes  were  compiled,  setting  forth  figures  and 
arguments  on  the  issues  as  they  had  shaped  them- 
selves, and  as  they  were  outlined  and  defined  in 
the  platforms  of  the  Republican  and  Democratic 
conventions. '  The  piece  de  resistance  of  this  mat- 
ter, f  The  Republican  Campaign  Text- Book/' 
was  ready  for  distribution  in  August.  This  is  a 
compendium  of  invaluable  information,  compiled 
with  great  care  and  enormous  labor,  and  intended 
primarily  for  the  use  of  the  thousands  of  men 
who  were  to  do  duty  as  or^grs  in  the  Republican 
cause.  j[^  A  general  outline  of  its  contents  will  give 
some  ifeea  of  the  relative  importance  attached  to 
issues  by  the  leaders.  The  book  leads  ofl[  with 
an  exposition  of  *  *  Prosperity  Under  Republican 
Principles,"  regarding  business  interests,  manu- 
facturers, fanners,  and  working-men.  The  Span- 
ish War  is  reviewed  historically  ;  ten  pages  are 
devoted  to  the  situation  regarding  Cuba  and  Porto 
Rico,  forty  to  the  Philippines,  two  to  Hawaii,  one 
to  the  Samoan  Islands  ;  fourteen  come  under  the 
head  *<  Imperialism,'*  twenty  under  **The  Cur- 
rency Question,"  and  eight  under  <*  Trusts," 
The  miscellaneous  literature  distributed  broadcast 
is  devoted  mainly  to  these  topics.  It  is  not  mailed 
directly  from  the  Literature  Bureau  at  headquar- 
ters, but  shipped  in  bulk,  by  the  carload  often, 
to  the  chairmen  of  State  and  local  committees, 
who  attend  to  the  individual  distnbution.  In 
1896,  the  cost  of  this  branch  of  the  work  was 
something  over  $700,000.  This  year  it  may  get 
naskr  the  million -dollar  mark. 
•^  /The  three,  distinct  lines  of  effort  used  to  make 
Republican  votes  are  public  speaking,  the  dis- 
semination of  documents, — leaflets,  brochures, 
books,  posters,  badges,  and  buttons, — and  the 
insertion  of  Republican  editorials  and  news  arti- 
cles in  the  weekly  and  daily  papers  of  the  coun- 
try. Most  of  the  committee  officials  consider 
the  last  rather  the  most  effective  of  the  three 
kinds  of  proMganda,  and  the  machinery  for 
utilizing  th^lpEpers  is  most  elaborate  and  ingen- 
ious.^ 

In  Chicago,  Mr.  Charles  R.  Buckland  is  the 
head  worker  in  this  field,  under  Secretary  Perry 
S.  Heath.  Mr.  Buckland  has  seven  assistants, 
two  of  whom  read  all  current  literature  interested 
in  political  matters  for  good  articles  worth  using 
for  campaign  services,  while  five  write  the  mat- 
ter to  be  inserted  in  the  newspapers.  There  are 
three  ways  of  getting  these  articles  and  edi- 
torials in  the  papers  of  the  country  :  the  country 


HOIV  THE  REPUBLICAN  NATIONAL  COMMITTEE  IVORKS  FOR  yOTES.     551 


weeklies  receive  **  patent  insides  ;  "  about  200 
papers,  many  of  them  country  dailies,  get  stereo- 
typed matter,  and  to  the  more  important  papers 
proof-slips  are  mailed,  to  be  set  up  at  the  editor's 
discretion.  Practically  all  of  the  Republican 
papers  use  this  matter,  and  some  Independent 
organs.  In  fact,  many  of  the  country  papers — 
2,000,  it  is  estimated — have  no  other  political 
news  and  discussion  except  what  is  sent  out  from 
Republican  headquarters.  /^The  total  result  of 
this  effort  is  enormous  ;  nearly  4,000  papers 
publish  the  articles  and  editorials  regularly. 
The  articles  are  on  the  most  varied  subjects — 
**  Troop  Transports,"  *' Rural  Free  Delivery," 
and  ' '  Sheep  in  Oregon  ;  "  but  the  net  result 
of  every  one  of  them  is  an  earnest  exhortation 
to  vote  the  Republican  ticket.")  The  ingenious 
journalists  intrusted  with  theAask  of  **  educa- 
tion "  do  not  disdain,  either,  devices  like  the 
'  *  Dear  Boy "  letters,  ostensibly  containing  a 
father's  advice  to  his  son,  but  cunningly  leading 
on  into  resounding  arguments  for  McKinley  and 
Roosevelt.  A  majority  of  the  papers  among  the 
faithful  use  an  average  of  two  columns  per  issue 
of  this  matter,  and  Editor  Buckland  and  his  col- 
leagues have  written  now,  at  the  end  of  the  cam- 
paign, about  750  columns.     Such  a  resourceful 

THE  FOOUSH  CALF 

ALESSONTOUBOR 


OFTHE 


MB  aNOOH  NM  mtt   AT  TMK  CM^  AMOJ 

vw  urns  rooi.  Tou^  Tou — root.  toutL  i 

OfMLr-fVMOMCflTNK  HARD  TMSS  or  1096.  OONT  W  A  MYAN  CALF 

orr  sturbo  AMAv  Fnoii  tmk  puuLMNNeR  Mmon'YOifLL  BC 
¥fHCN  aUPPCR  TIME  OOMEa- 

X  rO0TBB,  18  BT  as  INOHBS,  DISTRIBUTED  THROUGHOUT 
THK  UMITKD  STATES. 


Courtesy  of  Lesiit's  lV€ekly. 

A  MAMMOTH  DINNER-PAIL.  AT  THE  HEAD  OF  A  REPUBLICAN 
PROCB88ION. 

(This  vessel,  14  feet  high,  led  the  working-men^s  parade  at 
the  opening  of  tlie  nntional  Republican  campaign  at 
Yonngstown,  Ohio.) 

editor  as  Mr.  Edwanl  Rosewater,  in  charge  of 
the  national  campaign  in  Nebraska,  has  been 
reprinting  in  his  paper,  the  Omaha  Bet^  the 
actual  news  items  of  four  years  ago,  showing  the 
distress  of  the  country  four  years  ago.  Beside 
these  notices  of  foreclosure,  statistics  of  starving 
men,  and  of  applications  at  the  soup- houses  of 
Omaha,  ho  prints  the  news  of  the  present  day, 
showing  the  railroads  searching  for  men,  offers 
of  money  at  4  per  ('(Mit.,  current  statistics  of 
n^rtgage  liquidation,  an<l  other  features  of  proa^- 
[>erity. 

So  QHich  for  the  utilization  of  the  press.  The 
pamphlet,  Jeaflet,  and  poster  work  is  even  more 
enormous  i».  dimensions  and  in  cost.  Over  70 
different  documents  and  eight  posters  have  l^een 
put  out, — 80,000,000  copies  of  them, — at  a  cost 
of  $164,000.  One  of  the  illustrations  of  this 
article  sliows  perhaps  tlie  most  popular  of  the 
posters,  '*  McKinley  Was  Right,*'  of  which  550,- 
000  copies  were  printed  and  distributed.  Th^ 
Republicans  have  kept  very  honestly  to  theiJL 
avowed  purpose  of  using  only  dignified  logioj 
and  discussion  for  persuading  voters  ;  but  the 
campaign  button,  coining  more  under  the  **  no- 
tion "  classification,  could  not  be  wholly  omitted, 
and  3,000,000  of  these,  of  three  different  sorts, 
have  l)een  sent  out.  br 


Copyright.  1900.  by  Perry  S.  Heath  ^ 

THE  MOST  POPULAR  POSTEITISSUKD  BY  THE  REPUBUCANS. 

(Mr.  McKluley  is  bhown  holding  in  liis  hand  a  poster  o£^e  1896  campaign,  the  burden  of  which  is  upheld  by  the  eyflQts  cf 

the  past  four  years.) 
Original  size,  48  by  84'>$  inches. 


HQW^ 


TffE  REPUBLICAN  NA TIONAL  COMMITTEE  IVORKS  FOR  l^'O TES.     553 


TlW  70  different  documents  range  from  mere 
leaflets  to  the  remarkably  comprehensive  and 
intelligent  Republican  **  Campaign  Text-Book," 
which  is  a  closely  printed,  well-bound  volume,  of 
456  pages.  On  the  next  page  is  reproduced  a 
typical  sample  of  the  folders.  This  *  *  Ignorant 
Foreigners  **  document  makes  the  most  of  Sen- 
ator Jones*  phrase  and  its  offensive  possibilities 
in  twelve  languages — English,  German,  Italian, 


0  Adyot  ToO  npoapov  Mm  KivXti  M  rg 
iiro6ox'D  '•^^  '  YiroJu^idniTds. 

'H  drcXff^ipvrof  dXiy^'ot  4Vpa^0v  cal  r6  pevt»a  roO  i^x^i^'^^ 

XpvroO  4M«^nf.    *H  w^€rt^^t  rnt  x<^s  'X<*  ^Mirti  t(t 

t^i/rrpw  &rifutop  /jutra^  HIp  dXXurp  40pQk    *H    Mo/ao#w<« 

f Xffi  dvA^oTir  i^it  4^ap/to{^ni  A^^Xl^ei  6pn9iUini»  4^r 

Zl  f corror  r6Xkfip6w  t6  droibr  ci»c  r5  fidXXor  ymartp  eft  r6i' 

roXiTi^^aior  Kbcucw.     &nffiia\Jbfytoif  rb  ^otop  wpoSTaT€(ki  r^p 

'AfupucanK^p  ipyaelap  Ktil  fiiOfAfix*plo.p  «al  vc^^ci  4i^^va 

•IrMiffMra  fx^  IfP^^  ^  imp6t  N^/iof.    'E^o^r  fuicporipovt 

r6«ovf  «al  df  irXdrtpo,  Juufi^iilffBia^  wtpiaff^epop  ^xP#/<a  ««{ 

dXcyor/pat  ^r0^«at.     Al  dyopal  roD  Kbofiau  ^mf^ai^  c/t  ri. 

' AfupiKapucd,  wpoi6rra^  ^ovp  ^Bdaif  ixd  tvBa  wari  ikw  iix^p 

^Sd^ti  wp6TT€pop.  'Epfi  cC^tfa  hfdt^Tot  dfuaXayi^p,  iytlvo/up 

wXfifiirrtu;  dvd* B^vof  9ap^C^fitPo» iytltrofitp 'B^vot BapetffrQp, 

ipCt  ttxo/up  iXd/tara  th  rd  oUopotupd  fiat,  Ix^M"'  #^9  vflP^* 

tf cv/ia,  6  06/3»t  i»MTtffMi$€i  tit  iiAMtt/rrowlpiiP^  kqX  ji  dporiKOifruHi 

dpTjfla  ttt  iwucMpdii  ipyaelap.    *B  dwtiKi^  roO  16  wp69  1  icpifUL' 

Tcu  int€pdpfd  iiii&p  fU  Skat  rijt  ^pucbdttt  ffvptwelat  </t  riip  wla- 

rtaetp  koX  wrrol9ii9iP  tQp  ipTjf iViQp  koX  ri^  fitonvx^^*''^'  ^' 

ix'^fi^  ^^  miXov  P9idffiiATo%  ffvpK€prpiiPovp  rdt  9VPrtrp€$Upat 

6vpdft€it  Twr.    'O  Aa6t  rp/vci  fUar  dff'/ri  ^opdr  yd  ^fo^  «al 

mtHi^jf  roif%  evpfiy6pom  rov  dtf/MTaXiffftcv^  cat  <#r  wp4wu  pd 

wai^ri  rdt  iM^lat  tm),  fi^ptt  drou  $pta/Uifffii  gal  rdXir  ^r 

rS  /idx^  '9*  «o«^  ^^M^f  '(at  ^oO  ffrtpew  po/jdfffiaTOt.     Ep 

rf  ftMydXy  evptXt^  rCip  *E0pCiP  4p  x^tV  irifit^iQcafUP  ttal 

wdXiP  Wt  r6p  K^iiap  rb  Bbyfto.  roO  Morpd,  rdt  wpdt  a^d 

^woxP**^*^*  ^'  "'  ^^'^  ^/icr^pai'  drd^o^u'  roG  yd  fi^r 

0v$a£rdffX9fUp  c/t    rdt    irf^rXofidt    r^   Ebp^iw^t.     'At^lun 

i)X4^  1^    BvpsfvdZki^  €viitULX^  ^p  2afb6a,  V^Xttf'OM'y  ^^  bl 

^pAt   ipa  4k   rov  ffwoviai9r4pop  XffpJp^p  ip  rd  EXptiPiKif 

*0«<«yy,  cvpdfta  64  rb  4\iv9tpop  €fiwbpiop  4p  Klrg,  6wep  ft&t 

wcLpix*^  al(rio»  Koi  Xffop  ffvpaytaptapLbp  Wt  rb  4iiitbfMP  rijt 

'AvaroX^. — *H  al^nfdtd  ical  ^fitpd  xp^ct  /y  Kiiti  irpo«aXi( 

^ofiopdt  ffv^Cif ,  cat  mV  wtpiftdptrai  dwb  4iU  ifiyi'  rc/H^o^r^ 

pat  ^pd^At,  d^KXd  rovro  /idvor  X€>(i»  6rc  oX  firyaXi^rfpai  fiou 

€p4piytta  $d  biMvBvpBibviP  wpbt  rbp  (ricoTbP  pd  wpovraTtO^uf  ri^p 

fi^^p  T&p  iiiur4pmp  woXirt^p  ofrtMt  ffi/rdtveOour,  wpbt  Siar^ptf' 

ctp   Elp^piit  xml  idpo/udt  <r  Klpa^  Tpdt  wtpi^pwpn/faip  SKtav 

Ttip  dutaiutidr^p  rwr  4ifitr4piiP  0Vp$riicQp  xal  4KtipM»p  rwr  vpo- 

tro^ivp  rd  iwola  b  w€wo\tTifftUpot  nbenoi  elpt  inroxpfOiUpoi 

»d  Ziamipiiioji. —  lltpiitwXarifijiiup  tit  aboKiiidtrroyi  drparoiH, 

4XKd  rd  fi-^fiara  liitC^p  irwayop4v$ii9ap  into  r^  ritii^  ical  rot 

g»0^Korrot. — Aip  nrirphtrroi  w\4op  tlrt.  Biffray/ibt^  tlr*  wro- 

^(M^'ftf'ct.     Aip  4wo\ifiiiaatt»py  offrc  €l%  rb  tUKXop  0d  wo\€tn/iao- 

0Hgw  9m^  ftbpop  did  n|v  iXtvStplap  ira)  Tijp  di^pwT6rifra.     6d 

dmroXi^otPtP  dptv  pbfioy  bXas  ri^  4$pucdt  ical  6tt$P€U  <fvoxp€(h 


JL   POBTION  OF  PRBSIDKNT  M*KTNLET'B   SPBBOH    OF   AOCBPIV 
ANCB,  PRINTED  IN  UREEK. 

p'rench,    Norwegian,    Swedish,   Polish,   Ilunga- 
rian,  Greek,  Dutch,  Bohemian,  and  Hebrew. 

President  McKinley*s  letter  of  acceptance  was, 
too,    printed   in    several    languages — 2,500,000 


copies  in  English,  500,000  in  German,  250,000 
in  Norwegian,  250,000  in  Swedish,  100,000  in 
Bohemian,  the  same  in  Polish,  and  50,000  in 
Italian  and  Dutch,  respectively. 

Sectional  prejudices  are  being  carefully  con- 
sidered in  the  general  dissemination  of  literature. 
About  three- fifths  of  all  the  literature  is  sent  out 
from  Chicago,  about  18,000,000  pieces  from 
Philadelphia,  and  a  large  part  of  that  which  goes 
to  the  Norwestern  States  is  issued  from  Milwaukee 
and  St.  Paul.  For  special  conditions  of  senti- 
ment, such  as  exist  in  the  Silver  States  of  Colo- 
rado, Wyoming,  Utah,  and  Idaho,  special  ar- 
rangements are  made.  The  regular  campaign 
literature  is  edited  by  a  well-informed  gentleman 
in  Denver,  to  adapt  it  to  the  tastes  of  the  Moun- 
tain States,  and  is  then  distributed  from  Denver. 
So  there  is  a  special  service  for  negroes  and  their 
papers,  and  the  religious  papers  are  supplied  with 
sermons  turning  on  political  questions'. 

There  is  less  use  being  made  this  year  than  in 
1896  of  special  cartoons  made  for  a  political  pur- 
pose by  the  committee's  artists.  Instead  of  this, 
the  Republicans  have  gathered  from  the  papers 
the  striking  cartoons  making  the  points  which 
help  them  most,  have  bound  them  in  a  book,  ang 
distributed  it.  / 

The  third  division  of  campaign  effort  is  in  *i 
public  speaking  —  or,  colloquially,  **  spellbind 
ing."  In  this  division  of  the  campaign,  Major 
Henry  C.  Hedges,  of  Ohio,  manages  the  public 
speaking  from  the  Chicago  headquarters,  with  the 
assistance  of  Willis  G.  Emerson,  of  Wyoming. 
In  New  York,  the  department  is  under  the  gen- 
eral supervision  of  the  Hon.  Joseph  H.  Manley, 
of  Maine,  and  Senator  N.  B.  Scott,  of  West 
Virginia.  -Before  the  campaign,  a  complete  list  is 
made  up  of  the  available  speakers  in  the  country 
of  the  Republican  way  of  thinking  and  those  best 
suited  for  the  purpose  are  selected.  Many  of 
them  have  salaries  as  well  as  expenses,  while 
others  receive  only  their  expenses.  They  range 
in  importance  and  dignity  from  the  ordinary 
cart-tail  **  spellbinder  "  to  great  oratorical  stars, 
like  Governor  Roosevelt,  with  their  private  cars 
and  special  trains.  There  are  a  great  number  of 
applicants  for  the  work  of  political  oratory  ;  the 
qualifications  of  these  are  examined  into  by  mem- 
bers of  the  committee,  and  sometimes  they  are 
unexpectedly  called  on  for  a  sample  s{>eech  to 
test  their  powers. 

Over  600  regular  committee  orators  are  man- 
aged from  the  Chicago  headquarters,  and  several 
hundred  from  the  New  York  headquarters. 
These  figures  do  not  by  any  means  suggest  the 
total  number  of  speakers,  for  there  are  hundreds 
of  volunteers;  and,  when  a  ** regular"  orator 
holds    forth   at    a    particular   town,    prominep^ 


}h 


r;'/a 


664 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVlEiV  OF  REVIEWS. 


\tio  to"'*  '  ".MCJUW  «"»_.  . 


oilllotf 


.dtintctt^ 


ltre« 


iiUV 


1I>V 


''Utiiviffetibe  9lttdIAii^er.<< 

'«^iin»f  HUinraiH  iini»«f|cii»cr  nn§VknUt, 
rmtU^  liter  »cr  c»rl«i»eii  llr»c«t  >««  0? #t  «tt« 
Um  WHunu  ntnmt%,  fAmmttn^tiUt  U%ttn 
f»Mt«Kf  CrHr  »mi  tltt*«K0fn»SI<mKlc9'«. 
9i<  ^Alftf  Xr  etiMWCK  »ic  VKIHkIcv  et*«clt, 
f««i«ii  »#ii  ^Ufeii  llK«lAK»eni.««-3tB(«  a. 
3ra(«,  SmM'CciMttr  tHrSnUtrr  Id  InutrttiMra 
ftatifMl.CMiilfl,  20. 3iBMr  1897. 

|l<WKtC»«l»  lll««i#KCII  iKtcSifCKlfr  •tiMWOI 

"     enniir,  #^cr  tic  »tert#MI»  MiSii 

iwcii  tiKiPlffeii^cr  fliti«l«K^cr 
t''-3cafl  «.  .Starff,  «BBM.€eiMi 
M  tcmfnttMeB  HcHs^ffl'^MiiM. 
i9t. 


■•  «**■  datrtTT--'^  '**7' 


Cb«|c«/ 


»««»rce 


►BO'an.c 


4oi 


•  votaau 


^'Prtv««. 


1kt««- 


♦»^^^1 


-•?r:rw^ 


ttiVi* 


\t«»^ 


5vVir*vr/ir*^^^^^^ 


•»««\ 


*^rw-^<'*i?:«^v^tfl*'' 


^fiUP 


naltt^ 


vr^^er> 


lif^  eftrger  fttt  Drpon  jm 
» 4ie  (obc  »CBiflftai  ^ 

1  We  '«nl!ftnbfc'*jneijleitffi 
I  M^  bcrSa^l^telt^cnafj 

r  bn  flbft'eorb0rteii|eiiie»>6i 
[Do4  brn  30.  Mannar  1807 
I  "cmiUtabift^en"  amrrilMil 


^^W^'njvr" 


^iSseeuu- 


^f> 


';»D 


'o»» 


/J»^ 


'*»iir 


O'rjj 


«^i 


f>«>tZ?^ 


''^rt) 


«B5»r, 


town 


»o«5 


-^nb 


:*wz^ 


'ttttj.vi^e 


ten© 


'R3»wj/ 


'1J&»»« 


i^^ 


r::^-' 


'voKm 


iWlla^ 


scoi*«r' 


\lif«tlri» 


^4atloiMl-K 


«»fl! 


Bl8«<!g 


>    ***•*  1^»<»**^  JSv  V**'  ^ 


jfaitet* 


\^^\ 


-Uir 


tnn 


^1 


^•"•tto 


'^^^^'^ 


''tUTI  lOLFftLOia. 

BRYAII  FOKORTES^IIEIC  A  V^UHC 
•^ASiitaKaifoiaieksk*iMf«l,«klka: 
ptt,lMsy  klvecy«k  a  becafltotes  mtmkAi 
« tenyeret,  tzivaxUk  •  enuK  vAtosi 
pKialey  korteMinek  •  innncM  Mcrii 
kttlfdMi  navuatok  «pefl  feMt  tetUk  1 
szvAzatokiMk,  roelyeket  McKialey 
JaiMi^  K.'JoAM'iuk,  ai  EgyesDII  Allanoir  txei 
Dtmoknlluifl  Nenzeli  BIzallilt  CMMoek  II 
m-<iitartollbetxM<bU. 

Lehet-a  kMs«s.  hogy  kl  fog  tySzi 
4H  miilM  mOvelt  ember,  a  kik  Bryaaia 
vagy  a  hArora  «s  f«l  mUlM  Bute  ICflM 
McKlaleyre  exavaztak?*'  —  Jamm  K.  J 
EgyesDII  Allamok  SnniloiiMk  H  a  Demefcra'a 
zoHiig  Eln5k<ntk  1 897  Janiirin  20.4bi  laite 
A  detnokraU  pdrt  6rUsi  crolkod^ke 
bogy  r^irja  a  "Eulfoldi"  ainerikai  potgirokat,  hogy 
Bryanra  szaTazzanak  novembcrben.  A  demokrata  pSrt 
azt  dllitja,  hogy  vdgre  sikerult  a  n^uetek  azavazatait 
Bryan  szimdra  biztositania. 
Az  1S96.  iki  vdlasziisn&l  a  "Kulfoldi"  azavazatok 

RQvid 


''IGNORANT  FOREIGNERS.'' 

«MAT  MTArt  MAIABII  «ATt. 
"Hnndreda  of  thouaands  of  Ignorant  For- 
eigner^  who  were  here  taking  bread  out 
of  the  moatha  of  honeat  labor».  voted  at 
the  laat  election  at  the  dictation  of  Me* 
Klnie3r*««apportera.  These  forelcneracom- 
prised  fhlly  one -half  of  the  number  of 
Totea  receiTod  by  McKfnle7.**~J^amas  JC. 
J9m€9p  Vnited  Staiet  SeiutUtr  antl  Chair^ 
man  of1h»J>tm9cratie  yati»natCommitt0e, 
Jmnuary  90*  JS97*  • 

**  Can  there  be  any  doubt  as  to  which  will 
preVali*  the  sixay'd  one-half  millions  of  in- 
teiliffent  Bryan  voters,  or  the  three  and 
one-half  millions  oT  Ignorant  Foreignera 
who  voted  for  McKlnley?^— aKatifesJC. 
JoHe»p  UmU^  States  Senator  and  Chaiv 
man  of  the  Demoeratie  Jfaiionat  Committee, 
January  90, 1S97» 

Hie  Democratic  party  is  using  every  effott  lo  indoce 
the  "  Foreign"  American  ^tizena.toyotefoclhreIeclion 
of.  Bryan  jicxti.2<ovcmbec  The  Democratic  patty-^daima 
that  it  has  at  lea^aecuredtitoClcrmon  vote  for  Bryaa. 

In  the  dectioQ  of  1898  the  "  iEoislgn-  vat©  vaa^ast 
mainly  for  the  election  of  PrtiidcntaiklKinley.  6boctIy 
after  that  electioninA«peechaleliTei)ed  inhlaxnEnfitalc. 
Arkansas,  and  addressed  to  tbj)  le^alature  in  Jointin- 
formal  session  at  Little  Rock.4>ii  Abe  a»Sht  of  Wednes- 
day. January  SO.  1&97,  ^oator  and  Cbairman  Jones 
stigmatized  the  "Foreign"  American  voters  as  •'Innorant 
FartifMTt^"  as  quoted  above. 

^nator  Jones  -was  tbi  n  tbc  Cbairman  of  tlie  Demo- 
cratic National  Committee,  i^^nator  Jones  is  nosr  the 
Chairman  of  the  Democratic  Tvational  Committee,  ile 
is  BOW  asking  the  "  Igncrant  ForeignetB"  to  vote  JCn 
Bryan  this  year. 

flow  will  the  **  Ignorant  Foretgnon"  re- 
spond to  the  request  of  Bryan's  manager, 
the  Democratic  National  Cliairman? 


ft, 

•Ice 


kuiei  I 


00^ 


V>7*b 


AW) 


^'Qicyft 


'*PO**jp 


!^^ 


*o^ 


^ENDE  ¥»EEia)ELINGB!r 

AT  BRYANS  HAIIAfiER  SA6€N. 

» 4aiKB4eB  vsa  aaweteada  vreeadelia- 
odaaneB  alt^e  aira4  raa  cerlQkea  ar- 
bUdelaatseierkiexiag  aaar  dee  wU 
»y*soB4ersteBBScs.  Deae  ireeaidsliagea 
a  follede  Iwift  faa  hK  Jtvtal  d«r  slen- 
Kialey  rerkregea.^  Jxicxa  K.  Jovsa. 
.  VKKBBHioDaBtaTXS  sa  Vooaxxma 
saocaATisca  HATiDaaui  CoaiTk"   10 


ia(ge  twUfei  iMs  wat  d«  Wfeakaad  sal 
seseacea  baU  BiUlaea  taadcakcnis 

V  Dryaa,  af  de  drie  ea  eea  half  Mllllaa 
wetende  TfeeaidellBfen  die  steaide  i««r  McKialey- 

"James  K.  Joses.  Sks^tok  dek  9BKUCVioDa  Staxss 

EN  YOORZITTER  TAJf  BET  DfiMOCIUTUCB  HATBMUJka 

Couan,  20  Jaj(Uaip,  1897. 

T)e  Democratlsche  partij  spant  al  ban  kracBicii 

111  Ijjii  liliisii  iJn.  li       Hi  li^weggB 


A  rOLDEB  SCORING  A  POINT  ON  THE  DEMOCRATIC  NATIONAT.  COMMITTEE  CHAIRMAN  IN  TWBLVB  LAHGUAQB 


//Off^  THE  REPUBLICAN  NA  TIONAL  COMMITTEE  IVORKS  FOR  yOTES.      555 


Republicans,  lawyers,  and  oflScials  of  the  com- 
munity join  him  to  make  the  demonstration  a 
success.  In  the  different  States  the  chairmen  of 
the  State  committees  have  in  their  care  a  large 
number  of  *' spellbinder^,'*  whose  selection  and 
movements  are  made  in  the  course  of  constant 
consultation  with  the  National  Headquarters. 
The  manager  of  these  speakers,  with  a  hundred 
or  more  every  night  on  his  hands,  with  itinera- 
ries to  lay  out  and  dates  to  be  made  without 
conflict  and  with  the  best  total  effect  in  relation 
to  the  evening's  movements — has  no  small  task 
on  his  hands.  Among  the  Republican  **  spell, 
binders"  are  50  Germans,  25  Swedes,  25  Nor- 
wegians, 10  Poles,  10  Italians,  5  Frenchmen,  and 
6  Fins.  There  is  no  diflBculty  whatever  in  ob- 
taining the  necessary  quantity  of  campaign  speak- 
ers ;  5,000  have  sought  engagement  at  Chicago. 
The  diflSculty  comes  in  procuring  the  proper  qual- 
ity, and  in  obtaining  money  to  pay  them.  Alto- 
gether in  the  weeks  immediately  preceding  the 
election,  it  is  estimated  that  7,000  speeches  are 
made  every  week-day  night. 

In  addition  to  the  speeches  proper,  there  are 
Republican  and  sound -money  parades  and  rallies 
to  be  brought  off  with  iclat,  and  such  picturesque 
demonstrations  as  are  now  taking  place  in  Chi- 
cago, where  '*  prosperity  wagons  "are  sent  out 
on  the  streets  every  day,  with  Republican  enthu- 
siasts to  give  heart-to-heart  talks  to  laborere 
throughout  the  city. 

The  preparation  and  distribution  of  literature, 
with  the  engagement  and  assignment  of  speakers 
forms  the  great  bulk  of  the  routine  work  of  the 
campaign.  *^What  requires  the  acumen  and  ex- 
perience of  Senator  Hanna  and  his  immediate 
associates  lies  in  meeting  issues  as  they  arise — in 
taking  advantage  of  circumstances,  in  determin- 
ing what  States  may  be  considered  safe  without 
extra  effort,  and  what  States  need  the  concen- 
tration of  party  energy.  It  may  happen,  as  it 
has  happened,  that  a  State  conceded  to  the  other 
side  can  be  woix  by  prgperly  directed  effol'ts. 
The  Campaign  Comipittee  receives  almost  daily 
reports  from  the  State  committees.  In  this  re- 
gard, the  Republican  organization  is  better  per- 
fected this  year  than  ever  before.  [In  every  State 
local  committees  are  hard  at  work,  so  that  not 
an  inch  of  ground  is  left  uncovered.  These  local 
committees  report  frequently  to  the  State  commit- 
tees, which  in  turn  report  to  the  executive  com- 
mittee, so  that  Senator  Hanna  and  his  advisers 
are  kept  constantly  in  touch  with  the  conditions 
all  over  the  country  as  they  vary  from  week  to 
week.^ 

From  the  general  to  the  concrete  :  It  was  early 
determined,  by  the  Republican  leaders,  that  the 
real   fighting-ground  of  this  campaign  lay  in  the 


States  of  the  Middle  West  ;  and  they  have  had 
no  reason  to  change  their  views.  So  that  there, 
if  anywhere,  are  they  concentrating  their  ener- 
gies. No  voter  in  Indiana,  for  example,  will  go 
to  the  polls  without  having  had  an  opportunity 
to  know  the  Republican  arguments.  fA  system- 
atic, virtually  house  -  to  -  house  canvass  will  be 
made,  so  that  it  is  safe  to  say  that  on  the  day  be- 
fore election  the  Campaign  Committee  will  know, 
within  a  very  few  thousand,  of  how  the  State  will 
throw  its  600,000  votes.)  Senator  Hanna  has  all 
along  regarded  New  York,  with  its  36  electoral 
votes,  as  perfectly  safe  ;  but  he  is  too  old  a  cam- 
paigner to  relax  any  efforts  there.  Indeed,  he 
insists  upon  unremitting  vigilance — even  going 
so  far  as  to  allow  himself  to  be  quoted,  in  the 
midst  of  the  campaign,  as  follows:  **I  admit 
that  New  York  is  doubtful,  in  the  sense  that  the 
Republicans  cannot  set  it  down  as  certain  to  give 
its  electoral  vote  to  McKinley.  We  must  fight 
for  New  York."  It  may  be  stated  authorita- 
tively, however,  that  the  chairman  of  the  National 
Committee  is  as  sure  of  Republican  victory  in 
the  Empire  State  this  fall  as  he  is  of  anything  in 
the  world.  With  equal  positiveness  it  may  be 
said  that  he  is  not  at  all  sure  of  Ohio,  whose  23 
votes  in  election  forecasts  are  usually  put  in  the 
Republican  column  ;  that  he  feels  that  hard  work 
is  necessary  in  Illinois,  with  24  votes,  and  that 
he  is  considerably  doubtful  of  Indiana,  with  its 
15  votes.  Another  State,  usually  put  on  the 
Republican  side,  in  which  great  care  is  to  be 
taken  is  Iowa,  with  its  13  votes.  It  is  considered 
that  there  is  a  very  fair  chance  of  Kansas,  which 
went  Democratic  last  time.  The  personal  popu- 
larity of  Governor  Roosevelt  in  the  Sunflower 
State,  and  his  early  summer  trip  there,  count  for 
much.  South  Dakota,  in  1896  the  closest  State 
of  all,  is  another  where  the  efforts  of  Governor 
Roosevelt  are  expected  to  turn  the  electoral  vote 
Republicanwards. 

From  the  first,  the  Republican  leaders  have 
considered  that  the  Democratic  issue  of  anti- 
expansion  made  the  Pacific  States  safe  for 
McKinley ;  that  the  free-silver  issue,  properly 
emphasized,  would  guarantee  Republican  success 
in  the  East ;  and  that  the  general  argument  of 
prosperity  would  be  effective  all  over  the  coun- 
tiy.  Along  these  lines  the  campaign  is  carried. 
Orders  were  given  early  that  nowhere,  espe- 
cially in  the  East,  should  the  voters  be  allowed 
to  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  a  vote  for  Bryan 
was  a  vote  for  free  silver ;  and  the  Demo- 
cratic efforts  to  make  '  <  imperialism  "  the  * «  para- 
mount*' issue  in  States  where  free  silver  was 
unpalatable  have  been  met  by  the  Republican 
lime  light  burning  steadily  upon  the  words, '  *  Six- 
teen to  One." 


THE   MANAGEMENT  OF  THE  DEMOCRATIC 

CAMPAIGN. 


BY  WILLIS  J.  ABBOT. 
(Manager  of  the  National  Democratic  Press  Bureau.) 


THE  public,  reading  day  by  day  in  the  news- 
papers of  the  phenomenal  sagacity  of  the 
managers  of  great  political  campaigns,  has,  I 
think,  a  very  exaggerated  idea  of  the  part  which 
conspiracy  and  corruption  play  in  a  national 
election.  The  work  of  electing  a  President  cer- 
tainly does  involve  a  great  amount  of  shrewdness  ; 
but  it  necessitates  vastly  more  hard  work.  What 
is  called  the  work  of  organization  is,  after  all,  the 
essential  thing  in  most  campaigns  ;  and  this  im- 
plies, not  phenomenal  capacity  for  devising  ex- 
pedients  of  more  or  less  doubtful  political  mo- 
rality, but  rather  a  knowledge  of  men  in  all  parts 
of  the  country  and  a  capacity  to  do  big  things  in 
a  big  way.  I  should  think  Mr.  John  D.  Rocke- 
feller, whom  we  of  the  Democratic  side  do  not 
wholly  admire,  might,  if  he  applied  to  campaign 
management  some  of  the  methods  that  he  has 
used  in  building  up  his  Standard  Oil  Company, 
be  an  almost  invincible  chairman  of  a  National 
Committee.  So,  too,  might  the  head  of  some 
great  railroad  who  knows  how  to  distribute  work 
among  a  vast  number  of  subordinates,  and  who, 
passing  tlie  word  from  man  to  man,  can  touch 
and  stir  into  activity  the  humblest  section-hand 
2,000  miles  away.  That  sort  of  talent  is  needed 
to  conduct  a  campaign.  But  the  difficulty  is, 
that  such  talent  usually  finds  its  richest  re- 
wards in  serving  the  corporations — railroad,  oil, 
or  steel.  The  man  who  is  serving  the  corpora- 
tions first  can  hardly  be  regarded  as  the  ideal 
campaign  manager  ;  for  there  will  always  be  ap- 
prehension, on  the  part  of  a  large  section  of  the 
voters,  that  with  victory  he  will  continue  to 
serve  the  corporations  in  his  political  capacity. 
This  is  a  digression,  however.  The  point  I  de- 
sire to  make  clear  is  that  running  a  campaign 
now  is  not,  in  an}^  considerable  degree,  a  matter 
of  chicanery.  It  is  a  matter  of  hard,  straight- 
forward, earnest  work.  Nearly  everything  that 
is  done  might  be  bulletined  on  bill -boards  in  as 
big  type  as  a  circus  uses  without  shocking  the 
most  nicely  sensitive  political  reformer. 

The  first  work  of  campaign  organization  is 
raising  money  to  run  the  campaign.  Few  people 
not  intimately  connected  with  the  operations  of 
a  National  Committee  can  understand  how  enor- 
mous are  the  expenditures  necessary  for  work 


that  is  purely  legitimate.  When  the  printing 
of  one  important  speech  in  quantities  sufficient 
to  supply  the  expected  demand  amounts  to  more 
than  $5,000,  as  I  have  from  my  pei-sonal  experi- 
ence known  to  be  the  case,  and  there  are  in  the 
course  of  a  campaign  twenty -five  or  thirty  such 
speeches,  besides  an  immense  number  of  other 
documents,  one  can  see  that  the  printing  bill 
alone  is  a  matter  of  some  importance.  In  a 
newspaper  interview  the  other  day,  Senator 
Hanna  was  quoted  as  saying  that  in  this  cam- 
paign the  Republican  bill  for  printing  alone  would 
be  $200,000.  I  have  not  the  slightest  way  of 
knowing  whether  the  senator  was  correctly  quoted 
or  not;  yet  I  can  readily  understand  how  easily 
that  amount  of  money  might  be  spent  in  the 
publication  and  dissemination  of  documents. 
Beside  this,  the  chairman  of  the  ways  and  means 
committee  must  figure  on  the  expenses  of  national 
headquarters,  which,  now  that  the  middle  West 
has  become  a  battle-ground,  are  duplicated  in 
New  York  and  Chicago.  At  each  place  there 
are  from  40  to  100  employees.  He  must  bear 
in  mind  the  number  of  speakers,  many  of  whom 
indeed  are  volunteers,  but  to  most  of  whom  are 
paid  their  expenses  and  a  considerable  sum  per 
diem.  Halls  must  be  paid  for,  special  trains  for 
candidates,  banners  to  fling  to  the  wind,  follow- 


THB  8BCRBTART*8  OmOS. 

(At  Headquarters  of  Democratic  National  Cominittatw 
Chicago.) 


THE  MANAGEMENT  OF  THE  DEMOCRATIC  CAMPAIGN 


557 


ing  the  mistaken  idea  that  the  American  voter  is. 
affected  by  an  advertisement  of  a  Presidential 
ticket  as  lie  would  be  by  an  advertisement  of  a 
circus.  These  things,  all  rolled  into  one,  make 
up  a  heavy  bill  ;  and  this  the  chairman  of  the 
Ways  and  Means  Committee  has  to  meet.  That 
is  his  problem. 

At  different  times  the  two  great  parties  have 
adopted  different  methods  for  the  solution  of  this 
problem.  Time  was  when  the  Democratic  party 
went  to  the  men  of  great  wealth  in  the  country 
and  appealed  to  them  for  funds.  That  time  is 
no  longer  with  us.  I  do  not  know  whether  the 
change  is  permanent  or  only  temporary ;  but  it  is, 
at  any  rate,  very  apparent  to- day.  Now  the  Re- 
publican party  draws  its  revenues  from  the  rich 
men  in  large  contributions,  while  the  Democracy 
is  left  to  raising  funds  by  appeal  to  popular  sub- 
scription. The  **  endless  •  chain  *'  system  has 
been  employed,  and  with  some  success.  For 
three  years  the  system  of  canvassing  the  coun- 
try districts  for  contributions  of  one  dollar  a 
month  from  enthusiastic  Democrats  has  been  pros- 
ecuted, and  the  returns  have  amounted  to  perhaps 
one-tenth  as  much  as  might  have  been  obtained 
from  a  big  railroad  corporation  in  the  days  be- 
fore tlie  Democracy  became  progressive.  Some 
men  of  means  undoubtedly  contribute  heavily  to 
tlie  Democratic  campaign  fund,  just  as  some  men 
of  very  slender  income  proudly  and  gladly  give 
of  their  small  store  to  the  Republican  party  ;  but 
in  the  main  the  condition  is  that  the  Democracy 
is  the  party  of  the  poorer  people,  and  must  look 
to  the  poorer  people  for  its  support. 

In  every  branch  of  business,  the  man  who  fills 
the  purse  is  the  most  important  man  ;  and,  there- 
fore,  in  man- 
agring  a  great 
campaign,  the 
chairman  of 
the  Ways  and 
Means  Com- 
mittee, if  he 
be  active  in 
his  work;  is 
next  to  the 
chairman  of 
the  National 
Committee. 

The  chair- 
man of  the  Ex- 
ecutive Com- 
m  i  1 1  e  e  has 
charge  of  the 
work  of  or- 
^anization.  senator  jones. of  Arkansas. 

Under   his      (Chairman  of  the  Democratic  National 
-watchful      eye  Committee.) 


come  all  the  multifarious  details  of  the  man- 
agement of  the  campaign.  He  helps  to  decide 
in  what  States  there  is  prospect  of  success, 
and  therefore  where  speakers  and  *<  literature  " 
should  be  sent.  He  is  apt  to  be  the  busiest  man 
about  headquarters.  He  is,  to  the  chairman  of 
the  National  Committee,  what  the  managing  edi- 
tor of  a  news- 
paper is  to  the 
editor-in-chief. 
He  has  less 
glory,  but  gets 
more  than  his 
share  of  the 
detail  work. 
Under  his 
watchful  eye 
passes  the  work 
of  the  two  chief 
bureaus  of  the 
National  Com- 
mittee  —  the 
bureau  of 
speakers  and 
the  press  bu- 
reau. 

A  novel  me- 
thod of  politi- 
cal organizing 
was  originated 
last  year  by 
Executive  Chairman  J.  G.  Johnson,  of  the 
Democratic  National  Committee,  and  has  been 
pressed  with  great  vigor  and  a  large  measure 
of  success.  In  its  broad  characteristics  this 
plan  involves  the  selection  of  a  special  repre- 
sentative of  the  National  Committee  in  every  elec- 
tion precinct  of  the  United  States.  Of  course 
so  comprehensive  an  organization  cannot  be  com- 
pleted during  a  single  campaign,  but  the  doubtful 
States  can  be  covered  fairly  well  with  official  rep- 
resentatives, who  have  manifested  their  interest 
in  the  party*s  fortunes  by  paying  a  moderate  fee, 
who  operate  in  a  field  small  enough  to  enable 
each  to  know  most  of  the  hesitating  voters  whom 
he  may  reach,  and  who,  therefore,  can  deliver 
documents  and  take  polls  more  effectively  than 
can  be  done  through  the  ordinary  machinery  of  a 
county  committee.  In  the  Democratic  National 
Committee,  therefore,  the  executive  chainnan 
has  this  bureau  of  precinct  organizations  added 
to  the  others  under  his  watchful  eye. 

Either  party  will  have  on  its  list  of  speakers 
from  2,000  to  2,500  men.  One  man  must  map 
out  the  routes  for  all  these — determine  whether 
an  applicant  for  a  place  on  the  list  is  a  local  or  a 
national  character  ;  whether  he  had  better  speak 
on   trusts  or  imperialism,   tariff,    or  the  minor 


MB.  WILLIS  J.  ABBOT. 

(Manager  of  the  National  Democratic 
Press  Bureau.) 


558 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


THE  PRS88  BUREAU.  THE  DOCUMENT-ROOM. 

WORKING-ROOMS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  DEMOCRATIC  HEADQUARTERS  AT  CHICAGO. 


issues  of  the  campaign  ;  he  must  know  whether 
the  aspiring  *'  spellbinder"  is  the  sort  of  a  man 
to  send  to  the  thoroughly  intelligent  audience 
which  wants  argument,  or  to  go  where  violent 
invective  and  mere  abuse  of  the  opposing  nominee 
is  the  more  effective  line  of  attack.  He  keeps  on 
liis  wall  a  huge  schedule  of  States,  and  cities,  and 
dates,  and  he  handles  it  like  a  college  professor 
figuring  out  by  means  of  curves  the  theory  of 
value  as  laid  down  by  the  Austrian  economists. 
When  one  remembei-s  that  a  man  intrusted  with 
a  work  of  such  importance  and  such  intricacy  is 
only  called  upon  to  discharge  it  once  in  four 
years,  one  is  amazed  at  the  accuracy  and  the  sys- 
tem by  which  the  whole  is  accomplished.  The 
manager  of  the  speakers*  bureau  has,  perhaps,  as 
many  amusing  and  perplexing  situations  to  deal 
with  as  anybody  connected  with  the  conduct  of 
the  campaign.  I  have  seen  a  letter  to  one  such 
man  saying  that  a  local  club  had  raised  $12,  and 
asking  what  speaker  of  national  reputation  could 
be  sent  there  for  that  sum.  I  have  seen  other 
letters  from  men  who  had  composed  dissertations 
in  blank  verse,  and  felt  that  if  they  could  be  put 
on  the  platform  to  deliver  tljem  they  would  do 
more  for  the  cause  that  this  particular  chair- 
man represented  than  could  any  ordinary  orator. 
Indeed,  the  speaker  who  cannot  speak,  and  the 
pamphleteer  who  cannot  write,  or  who,  writing, 
confuses  the  dimensions  of  a  pamphlet  with  those 
of  an  unabridged  dictionary,  form  the  twin  hor- 
rors of  the  national  headquarters.  Their  num- 
bers are  amazing,  as  also  is  the  thorough  self- 
confidence  which  each  one  manifests,  always  de- 
claring that  his  speech  or  his  article  is  the  one 
thing  necessary  to  win  victory  for  the  side  that 
he  has  honored  by  his  support.  It  is  due  to 
these  two  classes  of  intruders  that  much  of  the 
time  of  the  manager  of  a  subordinate  bureau  in 


national  headquarters  is  taken  up  in  giving  effect 
to  the  old  nursery  maxim,  '*  Learn  to  say  no." 
They  are  not  the  most  good-natured  sort  of  mor- 
tals either,  these  saviors  of  the  party,  with 
speeches  in  their  minds  and  manuscripts  under 
their  arms.  They  usually  repay  the  most  courte- 
ous treatment  with  the  declaration  that  the  man 
who  has  been  forced  to  look  with  disfavor  on 
their  proposition  is  sure  to  ruin  the  chances  of 
his  candidate  at  the  polls. 

As  the  whole  purpose  of  conducting  a  cam- 
paign is  to  affect  public  sentiment,  the  chief 
methods  adopted  are  platform-speaking  and  the 
use  of  type.  The  press  bureau  early  in  the  cam- 
paign has  its  main  importance.  Then  it  seeks, 
by  every  device,  to  secure  the  publication  in  the 
newspapers  of  material  favorable  to  the  party 
which  it  serves  ;  and  later,  when  the  contest  be- 
comes warm,  operates  through  leaflets,  tracts, 
and  printed  speeches.  Few  people  who  read 
only  the  great  city  newspapers  appreciate  how 
much  work  is  done,  in  political  times,  on  the  part 
of  both  parties,  to  counteract  or  to  supplement 
the  effect  of  the  metropolitan  press.  The  small 
country  weeklies,  which  are  taken  into  the  home 
of  the  farmer  a  night  or  two  after  publication, 
are  necessarily  made  up  on  the  cooperative  prin- 
ciple. Their  revenues  are  small,  and  they  either 
fill  their  columns  by  buying  what  is  called  ''plate 
matter,"  which  is  ready-set  and  furnished  in  the 
form  of  stereotype  plates,  column -wide,  or  else 
they  have  one- half  the  paper  printed  at  some 
central  point,  using  the  blank  sides  for  publish- 
ing their  local  news.  And  both  national  com- 
mittees utilize  the  firms  which  supply  the  plate 
or  ''patent  inside"  matter  for  the  dissemination 
of  their  news.  Each  house  which  furnishes  the 
ready  print  sends  to  its  Democratic  or  Republi- 
can customers  the  statement  that  it  w^ill  be  glad 


THE  MANAGEMENT  OF  THE  DEMOCRATIC  CAMPAIGN 


559 


to  furnish  three  or  four  or  five  columns  of  ready 
print  each  week.  The  copy  for  this  is  supplied 
by  the  press  bureau  of  the  National  Committee. 
The  paper  gets  it  without  other  charge  than  that 
involved  in  printing  the  sheets.  An  immense 
amount  of  work  is  done  in  the  way  of  furnishing 
this  copy  by  both  national  committees,  not  only 
at  the  time  of  election,  but  for  months  preceding 
the  convention. 

I  can  speak  only  for  the  press  bureau  of  the 
Democratic  National  Committee  ;  but  the  statistics 


HON.  WILUIAM  J.  BRYAN. 

(The  favorite  portrait  sent  out  by  the  National  Democratic 
Committeft.) 

of  its  work  may  be  regarded  as  fairly  indicative 
<»f  the  work  of  its  rival  a  hundred  yards  away 
in  an  adjoining  hotel.  Seven  <*  patent- inside" 
houses,  supplying  some  4,000  weekly  papers, 
liave  for  more  than  a  year  been  supplied  with 
Democratic  *'  copy."  Plate  matter  has  been  but 
sparingly  used,  partly  because  of  its  expense, 
partly  l:)ecause  of  the  impossibility  of  ascertaining 
with  any  accuracy  the  extent  to  which  it  is  pub- 
lished by  newspapers  receiving  it.  A  weekly 
bulletin  addressed  to  the  newspapers  of  the  coun- 
try is  issued,  containing  news  and  interviews  not 
readily  accessible  to  the  country  editor,  and  edi- 
torials all  ready  to  his  hand — or  shears.  I  have 
seen  a  whole  page  clipped  from  this  bulletin  and 
reprinted  verbatim  as  the  editorial  page  of  a  local 
weekly.  Occasionally  supplements,  ready-printed, 
and   ooyering  fully  the  party  position  on  some 


mooted  question,  such  as  trusts  or  imperialism, 
are  supplied  to  party  papers  without  cost.  Of 
several  such  offered  to  Democratic  newspapers, 
more  than  3,000,000  each  were  issued,  and  doubt- 
ful States  only  weie  covered. 

A  new  burden  was  added  this  year  to  the  load 
borne  by  the  managers  of  the  press  bureaus  by 
the  Independent  newspapers.  Not  wisliing  to 
espouse  editorially  the  cause  of  either  candidate, 
the  editors  of  these  newspapers  hit,  by  common 
consent,  upon  the  device  of  having  the  issues  of 
the  campaign  discussed  under  the  title  of  < '  Cam- 
paign Forum,"  or  ** Daily  Debate."  So  they 
appealed  to  the  managei*s  of  the  respective  press 
bureaus  to  supply  the  material,  each  for  his  own 
side — a  demand  that  is  new  to  politics  and  has 
necessitated  a  considerable  increase  in  the  liter- 
ary force.  Both  parties,  however,  welcome  it 
as  giving  an  opportunity  to  put  the  party  creed 
before  voters  whose  minds  are  not  fully  made 
up.  For  example,  in  1896,  the  Kansas  City 
Star  was  bitterly  opposed  to  Mr.  Bryan,  and  its 
columns  were  closed  to  arguments  in  .his  favor. 
This  year  a  joint  discussion  with  Mr.  Murat  Hal- 
stead,  of  the  Republican  National  Committee,  has 
enabled  me  to  place  scores  of  columns  of  argu- 
ments before  its  readers.  The  numbers  of  the 
Independent  papers  are  growing  rapidly,  and  I 
foresee  that  in  1904  this  branch  of  the  press 
bureau's  work  will  be  of  the  greatest  importance. 

The  press  bureau  furthermore  usually  has  su- 
pervision over  the  preparation  of  documents  ;  or, 
as  they  are  commonly  called,  **  literature."  Of 
course,  all  speeches  that  get  into  the  Congres- 
sional Record  are  sent  without  charge  under 
frank  through  the  mail,  and  these  need  no  edit- 
ing. But  each  committee  gets  out  a  mass  of  ma- 
terial pointing  out  the  enormities  perpetrated  by 
the  opposition  party.  These  documents  range 
from  a  one-page  ** dodger"  to  a  book  of  240 
pages.  Their  preparation  involves  a  great  amount 
of  work  and  the  employment  of  many  men  ;  for 
in  the  aggregate  they  amount,  in  the  course  of  a 
campaign,  to  more  than  one  hundred  separate 
documents.  How  great  the  volume  of  this  mate- 
rial sent  out  is  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  a 
gentleman  representing  the  shipping-room  of  the 
party  with  which  I  am  not  allied,  here  in  Chi- 
cago, told  me  that  one  day  they  sent  out  three 
and  a  quarter  tons  of  documents,  and  on  the 
same  day  had  received  four  and  a  half  million 
copies  of  a  single  speech.  Speaking  of  this  to  a 
Republican  United  States  Senator  whom  I  know 
intimately,  he  told  me  that  it  was  not  in  any  way 
a  record -making  performance  ;  that,  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1896,  the  Republican  document-room 
was  so  well  organized  that,  when  a  telegram  was 
received  from  New  York  on  a  certain  day  at  10 


560 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


True  Inwardness  of  the  Republican  Elephant 

AN  ''  ANTI-TRtJST  ^*  DIAGRAM  EMPLOYED  BT  THE  NATIONAIi  DBMOGRATIO  COMMITTEE. 

(This  drawlnij— the  work  of  Prof.  Frank  Parsons— was  printed  on  the  back  of  1,000,000  copies  of  Mr.  Bnran*8  antl*trost 
address,  and  has  also  been  extensively  circulated  in  poster  form.) 


o'clogk  in  the  morning  asking  for  a  carload  of 
assorted  documents  to  rbe  shipped  at  once,  the 
documents  were  picked  Out,  the  car  loaded  and 
shipped  by  fast  freight  before  5  o'clock  in  the 
afternoon.  The  lian  who  accomplished  that  feat 
had  for  four  years  been  wholly  out  of  that  line  of 
work.  It  would  )it)t  be  extraordinary  for  a  great 
wholesale  house  /like  Marshall  Field  or  Mont- 
gomery Ward  &  Co. ,  whose  shipping-oflBce  is 
always4n  order  and  active,  to  do  a  thing  of  that 
sort ;  but  \i  does  seem  an  extraordinary  riiani- 
festation  of  organizing  ability  for  such  a  feat  to 
be  accomplished  after  only  three  or  four  weeks' 
preparation. 

Atth^  time  of  writing  this  article,  the  Demo- 
cratic National  Committee  has  issued,  or  has  un- 
der preparation,  "rtiore  than  one  hundred  and  fifty- 
eight  different  do<?uments,  of  which  over  25,000,  • 
000  hafe  been  distributed.  I  have  seen  a  bundle 
of  documents  sent  oht  by  the  Republicans  which 
exceeded  this  number.  Whether  it  was  a  com- 
plete list  or  not,  I  do  not  know.  Every  language 
spoken  by  civilized  men  is  included  in  this  list. 


One  speech  of  Mr.  Bryan's,  that  on  *<  Imperial- 
ism," has  been  put  in  not  less  than  eleven  lan- 
guffcges  bj  the  Democratic  Literary  Bure&n,  and 
there  hardly  passes  a  day  that  there  does  not 
come  a  demand  from  some  State  chairman  for 
this  document  in  some  other  foreign  language. 
Greek,  Finnish,  and  Yiddish  figure  among  the 
recent  demands  for  foreign  literature.  The  total 
number  copies  of  this  speech  issued  exceeded 
8,000,000,  and  I  have  seen  a  report  from  Repub- 
lican headquarters  that  more  than  7,000,000 
copies  of  President  McKinley's  letter  of  accept- 
ance were  circulated.  I  have  no  way  of  know- 
ing what  troubles  beset  the  gentlemen  who  con- 
duct the  Republican  Literary  Bureau,  but  I  have 
no  doubt  that  they  encounter  the  same  pressure 
for  literature  in  foreign  tongues.  We  some- 
times feel  a  natural  exultation  that  the  Indians 
are  not  permitted  to  vote,  and  that  the  commit- 
tee is  saved  the  expense  of  putting  out  docu- 
ments in  Choctaw  and  in  Sioux. 

One  book  of  very  considerable  size,  issued  by 
each  committee,  is  the  **  Campaign  Text-Book/* 


THE  MANAGEMENT  OF  THE  DEMOCRATIC  CAMPAIGN 


561 


80  called.  Tliis  is  supposed  to  furuish  instruction 
to  9j)eakers  and  writers  upon  all  the  issues  of  the 
campaign,  and  forms  usually  a  large  quarto  of 
some  340  pages.  The  Republicans  this  year 
have  issued  their  book  in  a  style  which  is  both 
attractive  and  convenient.  It  represents,  proba- 
bly, the  most  expensive  campaign- book  ever  pre- 
pared by  a  national  committee.  The  circulation 
of  these  books  is  limited.  They  are  intended 
only  for  distribution  among  the  few  who  are 
called  upon  to  act  as  instructors  for  the  public. 
Both  parties  customarily  put  a  price  upon  them 
to  the  general  mass  of  voters. 

As  a  rule,  the  material  sent  out  by  a  national 
committee  is  distributed  by  State  committees  to 
the  county  committees,  thence  to  local  or  pre- 
cinct committeemen.  Perhaps  this  is  one  reason 
why,  even  in  the  most  hotly  fought  campaign, 
there  are  hundreds,  and  indeed  hundreds  of^ 
tliousands,  of  voters  who  never  receive  a  single 
(iocuiuent  or  pamphlet  of  any  kind,  and  who  form 
their  ideas  wholly  from  the  newspapers.  The 
chance  is  great  that  a  county  committeeman  or 
a  precinct  committeeman  receiving  a  bundle  of 
several  thousand  documents  may  put  them  by  the| 
side  of  his  desk  with  the  very  best  intention  ot 
distributing  them,  and  leave  them  there  until; 
the  end  of  the  campaign.  This  is  a  weakness, 
in  the  system  recognized  by  everybody  en- 
gaged in  political  work,  but  one  that  seems 
impossible  to  correct,  unless  the  whole  documen- 
tary system  be  abandoned,  and  reliance  placed 
on  newspapers  alone.  I  have  no  doubt  that, 
among  the  readers  of  the 
Rkview  of  Reviews  this 
month,  there  will  be  many 
who  are  voters  even  in 
iloubtful  States,  and  yet 
wlio  cannot  recall  ever  hav- 
ing ha<l  an  official  docu- 
ment from  headquarters  put 
in  their  hands. 

Not  all  the  States  are 
equally  favored  with  ora- 
tory and  that  ponderous 
form  of  reading  matter 
which  politicians  call  **  lit- 
erature,'* but  w^hich  Charles 
Lamb  would  surely  have 
put  in  his  list  of  hooks  that 
are  no  >x)oks.  A  national 
coinniittee  will  ordinarily 
classify  the  States  in  three 
divisions  —  doubtful,  with 
the  chances  favoring  its  can- 
didate ;  doubtful,  with  the 
chances  favoring  the  opposi- 
tion  candidate  ;    and  abso- 


lutely certain  either  for  the  Republican  or  Demo- 
cratic ticket.  The  latter  class  gets  scant  attention , 
while  the  States  of  the  first  class  are  flooded  with 
arguments.  Perhaps  there  has  never  before  been  a 
year  when  so  many  States  were  regarded  as  doubt- 
ful. The  Democrats,  undismayed  by  the  figures 
of  1896,  have  pressed  their  campaign  vigorously 
in  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Mary- 
land, West  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  California; 
and,  although  all  these  States  gave  majorities  hos- 
tile to  Bryan  in  1896,  all  are  held  to  be  doubtful 
this  year  except  Kentucky  and  Maryland,  which 
the  Democracy  claims  positively  for  her  own. 
The  Republicans,  in  turn,  have  shown  their  au- 
dacity by  attacking  Nebraska,  which  gave  Mr. 
Bryan  13,576  plurahty  in  1896;  Colorado,  which 
gave  him  134,882  plurality  out  of  total  vote  of 
189,687,  and  Missouri,  which  gave  him  58,727. 
Hope  springs  eternal  in  the  politician's  breast; 
and  I  doubt  if  any  one  at  either  headquarters  will 
take  issue  with  me  when  I  say  that  the  glowing 
** forecasts"  which  proceed  from  national  chair 
men  and  secretaries  in  the  weeks  preceding  elec- 
tion are  based  mainly  on  hope. 

The  main  struggle  in  this  campaign  has  cen- 
tered about  New  York,  Indiana,  Ohio,  and  Illi- 
nois. Mr.  Bryan's  managers  have  no  apprehen- 
sion of  losing  any  of  the  States  carried  by  him 
in  1896,  though  the  Republicans  have  made  de. 
termined  forays  into  several  —  notably  Kansas 
and  South  Dakota  ;  nor  have  they  doubted  that 
they    would    carry    Kentucky    and    Maryland. 


THK  DEMOCRATIC  BANNER  HANGING   IN   FRONT  OF  TAMMANY  HALL.  NEW  YORK 


562 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEW  OF  REl^lEiVS. 


PORTRAIT  P08TBB  CIRCULATED  BY  THE  DEMOCRATIC  NATIONAL  COMMITTEE. 

(Original  size,  81  x  24  inches.) 


Added  to  the  electoral  votes  of  the  States  which 
they  held  to  be  safe,  the  votes  of  New  York 
alone,  or  of  any  two  of  the  Middle  States  meni 
tioned,  would  give  tlie  election  to  Mr.  Bryan. 
I  do  not  mean  that  other  possible  States,  such  as 
Michigan  or  Minnesota,  are  being  neglected  ;  but 
the  center  of  the  line  of  battle  is  in  these  common- 
wealths. How  thoroughly  this  is  appreciated  i^ 
to  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  into  New  York 
have  been  sent  4,000,000  documents  ;  into  Indi- 
ana 2,500.000,  and  into  Ohio  3,500,000,  while 
every  speaker  of  national  reputation  in  the  land 
has  gone  up  and  down  these  States  pleading  for 
converts. 

After  all,  however,  I  doubt  much  whether 
even  the  hard  work,  the  systematic  work,  the 
astute  political  devices  upon  which  the  politicians 
so  greatly  rely,  really  have  as  much  weight  in 
deciding  tlie  fate  of  an  election  as  people  who 
live  entirely  in  a  political  atmosphere  sometimes 
think.  Tlie  success  or  faihire  of  a  candidate  for 
oflRce,   and   particularly   for  an   exalted    national 


office,  depends  very  much  upon  conditions  similar 
to  those  which  determine  the  success  or  failure  of 
a  book.      Many  a  good  book  well  pushed  by  its 
publisher  has  fallen  flat.      Many  a  book  of  less 
merit,  published  without  any  of  the  log-rolling 
devices  in  vogue  to-day,  has  happily  caught  the 
attention  of  the  public,  and  has  rushed  ahead  tct 
Its  400,000  copies.      It  is  somewhat  so  with  a 
Presidential  election.     Admitting  all  the  use  o| 
money  properly  and  corruptly  ;    admitting   thai 
this  campaign  manager  is  cleverer  than  his  oppol 
nent,  still  you  will  find  that  rising  above  either* 
of  these  factors  comes,  as  the  determining  ele^ 
ment  in  the  situation,  the  temper  of  the  public. 
Doubtless  the  newspapers,  the  documents,  and 
the  speakers  help,  in  some  slight  degree,  to  fonn 
this  public  sentiment ;  ,but  if   it  be  against  oo** 
candidate,  the  most  herculean  efforts  on  the  part 
of  his  managers  cannot  stem  it.      If  it  be  for 
him,  all  his  associates  have  to  do  is  to  guide  \\ 
rightly  and  see  that  its  expression  at  the  polls  is 
correctly  recorded. 


THE  HALL  OF  FAME. 


BY  CHANCELLOR  HENRY  MITCHELL  MacCRACKEN. 

(Of  New  York  University.) 


THE  Hall  of  Fame,  like  many  another  fruit 
of  civilization,  owes  its  inception  in  largo 
part  to  bard  facts  of  physical  geography.  After 
the  three  buildings  which  are  to  form  the  west 
side  of  the  quadrangle  of  the  New  York  Univ(»r- 
sity  College  of  Arts  and  »Science  at  University 
Heights  had  l)eon  planned,  it  was  decided,  in 
order  to  enlarge  the  quadrangle,  to  push  them  as 
near  as  possible  to  the  avenue  above  the  Harlem 
River.  But  since  the  campus  level  is  170  foot 
above  high  tide,  and  from  40  to  GO  feet  above 
the  avenue,  it  was  seen  at  once  that  the  basement 
stories  would  stand  out  towards  the  avenue  bare 
and  unsightly.  In  order  to  conceal  their  walls, 
a  terrace  was  suggested  by  the  architect,  to  be 
l)ounded  at  its  outer  eilge  by  a  parapet  or  colon- 
nade ;  and,  since  the  terrace  would  be  entirely 
above  ground,  it  would  provide  large  space 
underneath.  But  to  what  educational  use  could 
such  a  stinicture  be  adapted  ?  AVliat  reason 
could  be  given  therefor  besides  the  esthetic  ef- 
fect ?  The  added  beauty  might  be  suflBcient  to 
justify,  to  an  architect,  the  great  cost;  but  it  could 
not  do  this  to  the  officers  of  a  university  that 
was  comparatively  poor  in  resources  While  the 
topographical  necessity,  therefore,  compelled  the 
architect  to  invent  the  terrace  with  its  parapet  or 
colonnade,   the  university's  necessity  compelled 


THK  HALL  OF   FAME  OK  NKW    YOHK   INIVEKSITY, 


<The  haU  itself  is  the  colonnade  Hhown  in  the  foreKround,  the  moseum  l)ehiK 
onciemeatb.    The  library  building  of  the  university  is  ehown  in  the  background, 
on  the  extreme  right  the  Hall  of  Languages.) 


the  discovery  of  an  educational  use  for  tlie 
architect's  structure.  This  use  was  found  when 
the  writer,  as  chairman  of  the  Building  Com- 
mittee, conceiv(?d  that  the  space  beneath  the 
terrace,  together  with  the  colonnade  above, 
might  easily  be  adapted  to  constitute  together 
"  The  Hall  of  Fame  for  (ireat  Americans." 

Like  most  pei-sons  who  have  visited  Germany, 
the  chairman  was  acquainted  with  the  *'  Ruhmes 
Halle,"  built  near  Munich  by  the  King  of  Ba- 
varia. Like  all  Americans,  he  admired  the  use 
made  of  Westminster  Abbey,  an<l  of  the  Pantheon 
in  Paris.  But  the  American  claims  liberty  to 
a<l()pt  new  and  ])road  rules  to  govern  him.  even 
when  following  on  the  track  of  his  Old-AVorld 
ancestors.  Hence  it  was  agnw^d  that  admission 
to  this  Hall  of  Fame  should  ])e  controlled  by  a 
national  body  of  electors,  who  might,  as  nearly 
as  possible,  represent  the  wisdom  of  the  Amcii- 
can  people.  This  idea  was  made  the  first  aiiicle 
of  the  **  Constitution  of  the  Hall  of  l^'ame." 

The  second  feature  was  the  recognition  of  the 
multiformity  of  human  greatness.  The  thought- 
ful visitor  is  offended  when  he  sees,  in  the  Hall 
of  Statuary  in  Washington,  to  which  each  State 
is  invited  to  contribute  two  statues  of  eminent 
citizens,  that  every  man  thus  far  honored,  with  a 
single  eccentric  exception,  has  l>een  a  holder  cf 
public  office,  either  military 
or  civil.  For  the  Hall  of 
Fame  it  was  provided,  there- 
fore, that  many  classes  of 
citizens,  not  less  than  fifteen, 
should  be  considered,  and 
that  a  majority  of  thi'se 
classes  should  have  represent- 
atives  among  the  first  fifty 
names  to  be  chosen.  This 
precedent  once  establi>hcd 
will,  it  is  ho{KHl,  prevent  the 
electors  in  all  time  to  come 
from  forgetting  that  great- 
ness may  be  attained  in  many 
walks  of  life. 

The  third  chief  feature  was 
the  restriction  of  the  hall  to 
native  -  l)orn  A  me  rican  s. 
Since  this  has  been  more 
severelv  criticised  than  any 
other  ol  the  rules  adopted,  it 


564 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEWS. 


GROUND  PLAN  OF  THK  HALL  OF  FAME, 

(Total  exterior  length  of  colonnade,  504  feet ;  height,  20  feet ;  breadth,  16  feet.  Length  of  museum.  exclojsiTe  of 
entrance  corridors,  200  feet;  breadth,  40  feet;  height  of  ceiling,  18  feet.  All  mimea  outside  the  six  principal  classes  are 
included  as  of  the  seventh  class— "Sept fmf.*') 


is  expedient  to  present  tlie  arg^iinients  that  justify 
this  restriction.  This  may  be  done  most  easily  by 
recounting  the  dfficultiesin  which  tlie  100  eh'ctors 
would  have  been  involved  had  they  been  obliged 
to  take  into  consideration  all  the  eminent  foreign - 
born  Americans.  'It  is  true  that. prominent  Har- 
vard professors  suggested  that  only  those  foreign - 
l)orn  should  be  considered  who  were  citizens  at 
the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution. 
Their  great  care  was  to  secure  the  admission  of 
Alexander  Hamilton,  liut  how  could  Hamilton 
be  considered,  and  not  his  contemporaries,  John 
Witherspoon  and  Albert  (lallatin  ;  nor  the  for- 
eign-born generals  of  the  Revolution,  and  John 
Paul  Jones.  Why  discriminate  in  favor  of  politi- 
cal characters  against  such  builders  of  the  nation 
as  Francis  Makemie  or  Francis  Asbury  ?  The 
former  was  the  "St.  Francis ''of  Presbyterian- 
ism,  who  for  conscience'  sake,  in  the  year  1707, 
suffered  in  a  prison- cell  in  New  York  City,  and 
who  is  counted  the  American  founder  of  a  great 
denomination  ;  the  latter  was  the  ♦*  8t.  Francis" 
of  Methodism,  who  in  forty- five  years  ordained 
4,000  preachers,  wliile  he  traveled  over  250,000 
miles  ;  and  that  before  the  time  of  railways.  Or 
why  ignore  the  Pilgrim  Fathers?  The  100  elec- 
tors found  last  summer  that  it  involved  serious 
labor  to  choose  among  the  native-born.  What 
if  tlicy  had  been  obligcM.l  to  weigh  the  claims  of 
Jolm  Winthropand  Roger  Williams  against  those 
<>t  Daniel  Pooneand  Marcus  Whitman  ?  Suppose 
that  they  had,  in  doing  so,  pn^ferred  foreign- 
bt>rn  to  native  Americans,  would  it  not  have 
been  in  large  part  out  of  that  hospitality  to 
strangers  of  which  we  are  proud  ?  (3r,  if  they 
had  rejected  the  foreign -born,  would  nol  the  elec- 
tors have  been  suspecte<l  of   *♦  Knov;-Nothing  " 


prejudice,  with  which  not  a  few  Americans  hav** 
been  deeply  affected  ?  The  present  rule  sbuii> 
all  these  comparisons  which  might,  to  use  the  lan- 
guage of  Shakespeare,  have  proven  **  odorous.** 
The  giver  of  the  Hall  of  Fame  prizes  no  fea 
ture  of  its  plan  more  than  this  rule,  which  is  d<*- 
signed  to  inake  the  structure  an  especial  reminder 
to  Americans  of  how  many,  and  also  of  how  few. 
our  country  has  raiseil  up,  in  lis  230  ye^trs  of 
existence,  as  eminent  leaders  or  ]>enefactors  of 
mankind.  This  hall,  together  with  the  process*^ 
which  it  sets  in  motion,  will  necessitate  a  fre- 
quent **  taking  of  stock,"  or  national  inventory. 
This  inventory  can  be  secured  with  greater  fair- 
ness and  completeness  if  the  100  electors  are  {>er- 
mitted  to  choose  among  persons  of  common 
birth,   who  owe    nothing  (unless    by    their   owl 


VIEW  IN  THE  MUSEUM  OF  THt  HAIX.  OP  FAMK. 

(The  height  is  18  feet.  The  upper  half  of  the  «raU-9Qrf»r«>. 
where  not  broken  by  windows.  Is  available  for  mni-Hl  pgiini- 
ings,  to  a  leiigtli  of  perhaps  300  feet  altogether.  Th«*  i*. 
a  continuous  skylight  eight  feet  in  breadth.) 


THE  HALL  OF  FAME. 


665 


Courtesy  of  the  New  York  Tribune. 

COMMITTKE  OF  THE  NKW   YORK   UNIVERSITY  REXATB  COUNTING  THE  VOTES. 

(Cluincellor  MacCracken  in  the  c-fnter.) 


rlioice)  to  foreign  training  ;  wlio,  in  a  word,  are 
from  first  to  last  Americans.  The  rumor  that 
tlie  rule  wliich  includes  the  foreign -Ijorn  would 
I'xclude  also  those  wlio  might  die  a1»road  was  a 
liumorous  invention  of  the  dull  season  la.st  sum- 
mer. It  was  never  even  thought  of  in  connec- 
\\in\  with  the  agreement  made  ]>etween  the  giver 
of  the  hall  and  the  university  corporation. 

The  fourth  chief  feature  of  the  plan  of  inscrip- 
tion is  periodicity.  Every  five  years  throughout 
the  twentieth  century  five  additional  names  will 
\vc.  inscribed,  provided  the  electore  under  the 
rules  can  agree  hy  a  majority  upon  so  many. 
There  is  no  excessive  veneration,  on  tlie  part  of 
lis  Americams,  for  our  forefatliers.  So  far  as 
may  be,  this  hall  asks  the  jM'ople  to  consider  re- 
peatedly whom  among  the  fathers  they  would  he 
delighted  to  honor.  It  empioyj^the  |>rinciple  of 
repetition  to  pron.ote  reverence  f<jr  true  worth. 

To  the  above  four  chief  features  may  be  adde«l, 
as  the  fifth  important  one,  the  reposing  of  tlie 
responsibility  of  supervision  in  the  New  York 
University  Senate.  This  l)o<ly  appoints  the  KM) 
eltfctors  throughout  the  country,  canvas.ses  their 


reports,  and  has  the  right  of  veto  upon  their 
choice.  This  veto  simply  returns  the  name  for 
farther  consideration.  It  does  not  prevent  tlu; 
electors  presenting  it  again  at  the  next  time  of 
election.  Observation  shows  that  universities, 
l)eyond  any  other  foundations,  maintain  a  uni- 
form and  enduring  existence.  The  deans  of 
schools  and  senior  professors  who  constitute  a 
university  senate  are  generally  cliosen  with  care, 
and  have  been  testtnl  by  years  of  expeiience. 
They  are  as  likely  as  any  human  organization  to 
be  careful  ami  consistent  in  such  work  iis  they  are 
called  upon  to  perform.  The  New  York  T^niver- 
sity  Senate  is  peculiarly  lilKM'al  in  tliat  it  inchides 
in  its  memlx'rship  the  i)r(*sidents  of  six  great 
theological  .schools  situalcnl  in  or  near  the  me- 
tropolis. Hut  let  it  be  observed  that  after  the 
University  Senate  has  appointed  the  electors,  who 
must  under  the  rule  be  distributed  through- 
out the  nation,  its  office  becomes  merely  negative 
or  clerical.  It  cannot  add  a  name  to  those  in- 
scribe*!.  it  cannot  change  any  of  the  articles 
of  th(?  contract  which  governs  the  hall  for  all 
tiuK?.      Tlie.st;  can    Ih»  changed  only  by  the  com- 


d66 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


inon  action  of  the  university  and  the  giver,  dur- 
ing the  lifetime  of  the  latter. 

This  constitution  being  provided  for  the  gov- 
-erningof  the  Hall  of  Fame,  the  senate  }:ioceeded, 
on  April  3  last,  to  secure  100  electors,  and  it 
adopted  the  following  action  regarding  them  : 

First.  They  are  apportioned  to  the  following   four 
classivs  of  citizens,  in  as  nearly  equal  numbers  as  pos- 
.sible  :    (A)  University  or  college  presidents  and  edu- 
cators.    (B)  Professors  of  his- 
tory and  scientists.     (C)  Pub- 
licists,  editors,  and  authors. 
(D)   Judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  State  or  National. 

Second,  ^ch  of  Uie  forty- 
flve  Statss  is  included  in  the 
appointments.  When  in  any 
State  no  one  from  the  first 
three  classes  is  named,  the 
Chief  Justice  of  the  State  is 
invited  to  act. 

Third.  Only  citizens  born 
in  America  are  invited  to  act 
as  judjjes.  No  one  connected 
with  New  York  University  is 
invited. 

Tlie  senate  was  gratified 
to  find  that  its  in  vita - 
I  ion  to  every  university 
and  college  president  was 
accepted,  and  that  to  se- 
cure the  full  quota  in  the 
other  classes  it  was  obliged 
to  exercise  a  second  choice 
isi  only  a  very  few  cases. 
One  of  these  was  the  case 
of  ex-President  Benjamin 
Harrison,  who  gave  as  liis 
sole  reason  that  he  would 

feel  bound,  if  he  served,  to  give  much  study  to 
the  nominations  before  making  a  decision,  and 
that  his  engagements  did  not  allow  him  time  for 
the  work  before  the  date  set  for  the  report.  * 


♦The  Board  of  Electors,  as  at  present  constituted,  is  as 
follows : 

(A)  University  and  College  Presidents:  E.  A.  Alderman, 
Tulane;  James  H.  Angell,  Michigan:  John  H.  Barrows, 
Oberlln;  W.  8.  Chaplin,  Washington  University  (St.  Louis); 
William  H.  Crawford,  Allegheny;  James  li.  Day, Syracuse; 
Charles  W.  Eliot,  Harvard ;  W.  H.  P.  Faunce,  Brown :  Gcjorge 
A.  Gates,  Iowa  College ;  Arthur  T.  Hadley,  Yale ;  C.  C.  Harri- 
8i>n,  University  of  Pennsylvania;  Miss  Caroline  Hazard, 
Wellesley;  William  De  Witt  Hyde,  Bowdoin ;  David  Starr 
Jordan,  Leland  Stanford ;  J.  H.  Kirkland,  Vanderbilt ;  Seth 
Low,  Columbia;  Henry  Morton,  Stevens  Institute;  Mrs. 
Alice  F.  Palmer,  ex-president  Wellesley;  Henry  Wade 
Rogers,  Northwestern;  DaVid  S.  Schaff,  Lane  Theological 
Seminary ;  James  M.  Taylor,  Vassar ;  MissM.  Carey  Thomas, 
BrynMawr;  Charles F.Th wing, Western  Reserve;  William 
J.  Tucker,  Dartmouth ;  George  Washburn,  Robert  College, 
Constantinople— (25). 

(B)  Professorsof  History,  and  Scientists:  Henry  C.Adams, 
Michigan;  Charles  M.  Andrews,  Bryn  Mawr ;  Frank  W. 
Blackmar,  Kansas;  Edward  G.  Bourne,  Yale;  Henry  E. 
Bourne,  Western  Reserve ;  George  J.  Brush,  Sheffield  Scien- 


Xext  the  senate  proceeded  to  place  nomina- 
tions before  the  electors,  adopting  on  June  4, 
1900,  the  three  following  rules  : 

First.  The  University  Senate  seconds  the  DomiDH- 
tion  of  each  of  the  100  names  received  that  rank  first 
in  the  number  of  persons  who  have  put  them  in  nom> 
i  nation. 

Second.  The  individual  members  of  the  senate  will 
each  second  additional  names  selected  by  him  from  the 
names  (more  than  1,000)  placed  in  nomination. 

Third.  The  senate  invites 
each  of  the  100  judges,  upon 
receiving  the  roll  of  nomina- 
tions contemplated  in  the  two 
foregoing  resolutions,  to 
transmit  to  us  any  other  name 
which  he  considers  should  be 
submitted  to  the  judges, 
which  name  will  at  once  be 
seconded  by  the  senate  and 
forwarded  to  the  judges  as  an 
additional  nomination. 

The  result  was  that  234 
names  were  sent  out  to  the 
electors.  Eight  hundred 
additional  names  that  were 
presented  to  the  senate 
were  withheld  by  them 
under  the  rules.  Several 
of  the  electors  failed,  be- 
cause of  their  change  of 
residence  during  the  sum- 
mer, to  receive  the  invita- 
tion to  add  nominations. 
Only  20  electors  availed 
themselves  of  this  right, 
adding  some  30  or  40 
(iTaa-1799.)  names.      Without    doubt, 

other   names  might   very 
appropriately  have  been  added. 

Of  the  100  electors,  97  made  reports  within 
the  time  allowed,  which  were  canvassed  by  the 
officers  of  the  senate,  on  October  10,    11,    and 

tirto  School;  John  W.  Bursas,  Ck)lumbiA;  Edward  Chan- 
niiig.  Harvard;  Richard  H.  Dabney,  Virtfinia;  Clyde  A. 
Duiiiway,  Leland  Stanford ;  Fred  M.  Fling,  Nebraska ;  B.  A. 
HintHlale,  Michigan;  Charles  W.  Hunt,  New  York  City; 
J.  F.Jameson,  Brown;  Harry  P.  J  odson,  Chicago ;  Joseph 
Le  C'onte,  California;  A.  C. McLaughlin,  Michigan ;  J.  H.T. 
McPherson, Georgia;  AusonD. Morse,  Amherst;  KdwardC. 
Pickering,  Harvard ;  Roasiter  W.  Raymond,  New  York  City ; 
Thomas  J.  Shahan,  Catholic  University;  Robert  D.  Shep- 
pard.  Northwestern;  George  F.  Swain,  Masaaohasetts  In- 
stitute of  Technology;  William  H.  Welsh,  Johns  Hopkins* 
W.  M.  West,  Minne8ota-(a8). 

(C)  Publicists,  Editors,  and  Authors:  John  S.  Billings, 
New  York;  Borden  P.  Bowne,  Boston;  James  M.  Buckley, 
Madison,  N.  J. ;  Grover  Cleveland,  Princeton,  X.  J. ;  Oeorgc 
F;  Edmunds,  Philadelphia;  Edward  Egglestou.  Madisoa. 
Ind. :  George  P.  Fisher,  New  Haven,  Conn. ;  Richard  Wat- 
son Gilder,  New  York;  Edward  Everett  Hale,  Roxbnry, 
Mass.;  Albert  B.  Hart,  Cambridge,  Mass.;  Thomaa  w! 
Hig^inson,  Cambridge,  Mass. ;  John  F.  Hurst.  WasbiogtoiD- 
8t.  Clair  McKelway,  Brooklyn ;  Philip  V.  Myers,  Cincin- 
nati ;  George  E.  Post,  Beirut,  Syria  (no  report) ;  Whitelaw 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 


THE  HALL  OF  FAME. 


567 


ULYB8K8  6.  OKANT. 
(iaB^1886.) 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 

(180»-1865.) 


DANIEL  WBBSTER. 
(178SM858.) 


12.  The  senate  acted  upon  the  report  of  its 
oflBcers  by  adopting  the  following  resolution  : 

First.  The  29  names  that  have  each  received  the 
approval  of  51  or  more  electors  shall  be  inscribed  in  the 
Hall  of  Fame. 

Second.  The  cordial  thanks  of  the  Senate  of  New 
York  University  are  returned  to  each  of  the  electors  for 
thi.H  service  rendered  to  the  public.  While  it  has  de- 
manded no  little  thought  and  acceptance  of  responsibil- 
ity on  their  part^  it  must  receive  abundant  reward  in 
the  knowledge  of  important  aid  given  thereby  to  the 
cause  of  education,  particularly  among  the  youth  of 
America. 

Third.  The  official  book  of  the  Hall  of  Fame,  the 
publication  of  which  is  authorized  by  the  senate,  shall' 
be  sent  to  each  of  the  100  electors  as  a  memento  of  this 
service. 

Fourth.  The  senate  will  take  action  in  the  year  1902, 
under  the  ruled  of  the  Hall  of  Fame,  toward  filling  at 
that  time  the  vacant  panels  belonging  to  the  present 
year,  being  21  in  number. 

Fifth.  The  Senate  Invites  each  member  of  the  pres- 
ent Board  of  Electors  to  serve  as  an  elector  in  1902. 
Should  any  one  of  the  present  board  have  laid  down 
his  educational  or  public  office,  his  successor  may,  by 
preference,  be  invited  to  serve  in  1902. 

Reid,  New  York;  James  F.  Rhodes,  Boston;  Theodore 
Roosevelt,  Albany,  N.  Y.  (no  report) ;  Albert  Shaw,  New 
York :  William  M.  Sloane,  New  York ;  Edmund  C.  Stedman, 
New  York;  Moses  Colt  Tyler,  Ithaca,  N.Y.;  Anson  J.  Up- 
son, Qlens  Falls,  N.  Y. ;  Charles  Dudley  Warner,  Hartford, 
Conn.;  Andrew  D.  White  Berlin,  Germany  (no  report); 
Woodrow  Wilson,  Princeton,  N.  J.-(28). 

(D)  Supreme  Court  Judges,  State  or  National:  O.  W. 
Bartch,  Utah;  J.  M.  Bartholomew,  North  Dakota;  M.  S. 
Bonnifleld,  Nevada;  Theodore  Brantley,  Montana;  David 
J.  Brewer,  Washington,  D.  C;  John  Campbell,  Colorado; 
J.  B.  Cassoday,  Wisconsin ;  Dighton  Corson,  South  Dakota; 
M.  H.  Dent,  West  Virginia ;  W.  T.  Falrcloth,  North  Caro- 
lina; Melville  W.  Fuller,  Washington,  D.  C;  R.  R.  Gaines, 
Texas;  J.  H.  Haselrlg,  Kentucky;  James  Keith,  Virginia; 
T.  N.  McClellan,  Alabama:  F.  T.  Nicholls,  Louisiana;  J.  R. 
Nicholson,  Delaware;  T. L. Norval,  Nebraska;  C.  N.  Potter, 
Wyoming;  C.  M.  SUrt,  Minnesota;  R.  F.  Taylor.  Florida; 
C.  E.  Wolverton,  Oregon;  T.  H.  Woods,  Mississippi- (23). 


Sixth.  Elach  nomination  of  the  present  year  to  the 
Hall  of  Fame  that  has  received  the  approval  of  ten  or 
more  electors,  yet  has  failed  to  receive  a  majority,  will 
be  considered  a  nomination  for  the  year  1902.  To  these 
shall  be  added  any  name  nominated  in  writing  by  five 
of  the  Board  of  Electors.  Also  other  names  may  be 
nominated  by  the  New  York  University  Senate  in  such 
way  as  it  may  find  expedient.  Any  nomination  by  any 
citizen  of  the  United  States  that  shiill  l)e  addressed  to 
the  New  York  University  Senate  shall  be  received  and 
considered  by  that  body. 

The  29  names  are  as  follows,  in  the  order  of 
preference  shown  them  by  the  97  electors  : 

SJkorgk  Washington 97 

^ABRAHAM  JilNCOLN 96 

—Daniel  Webster 96 

—Benjamin  Franklin 94 

^Ulysses  S.  Grant 92 

^OHN  Marshall 91 

^^homas  Jefferson 90  • 

'xHalph  Waldo  Emerson 87 

'^ENRY  WADSWORTH  LoNGFELLOW 85 

vRobert  Fulton a5 

^Washington  Irving 83 

^*JoNATHAN  Edwards  81 

-^«AMUEL  F.  B.  MoiiSE 80 

-David  Glasgow  Farragut 79 

-Henry  Clay 74 

--Nathaniel  HaWthorne 73 

George  Peabody  72 

-  Robert  E.  Lee 69 

--Peter  Cooper 69 

**Eli  Whitney 67 

"SToHN  James  A rnuBoN 67 

•HoR.\cE  Mann 67 

-  Henry  Ward  Beechkr 66 

*^AMEs  Kent 65 

•Joseph  Story 64 

-John  Adams 61 ' 

_WlLLIAM  ElLERY  CH ANNINO 58 

Gilbert  Stuart 52 

-Asa  Gray 51 


568 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REWIEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


BENJAMIN  FUANKLIN. 

(170ft-1790.) 


JOHN  MAK8HALL. 

(175&-1835.) 


THOMAS  JEFFERSON. 

(1743-1S».) 


RALPH  W.  EMERSON. 

(1803-1882.) 


H.  W.  LONOFKLIiOir. 

(1807-1882.) 


The  senate  farther  took  note  of  the  many  re- 
quests that  foreign -born  Americans  should  be 
considered,  by  adopting  a  memorial  to  the  Uni- 
versity Corporation,  as  follows  : 

The  New  York  University  Senate,  for  a  number  of 
reasons,  cordiallj'  approves  the  strict  limitation  of  the 
Hall  of  Fame  to  native-born  Americans.  At  the  same 
time  it  would  welcome  a  similar  memorial  to  foreign- 
born  Americans,  as  follows : 

A  new  edifice  to  be  joined  to  the  north  porch  of  the 
present  hall,  with  harmonious  architecture,  to  contain 
one-flfth  of  the  space  of  the  present  hall ;  that  is,  not 
over  thirty  panels,  ten  to  be  devoted,  the  first  year,  to 
the  commemoration  of  ten  foreign-born  Americiins  who 
have  been  dead  for  at  least  ten  years— an  additional 
panel  to  be  devoted  to  one  name  every  five  years 
throughout  the  twentieth  century.  We  believe  that 
less  than  one-  fifth  of  the  cost  of  the  edifice  now  being 
builded  would  provide  this  new  hall ;  and  that,  neither 
in  conspicuity  nor  in  the  landscape  which  it  would  com- 
mand, would  it  in  any  way  fall  behind  the  present  one. 

It  is  proper  now  that  we  turn  from  the  ideal 
to  the  material.  What  visible  and  tangible 
memorial  in  the  Hall  of  Fame  will  be  given  to 
each  name  that  has  been  chosen  ?  A  very  sim- 
ple memento,  we  answer,  has  l:)een  promised  by 
the  university.  As  soon  as  the  colonnade  is 
completed,  we  shall  select,  for  each  of  the  29 
names,  a  panel  of  stone  in  the  parapets  at  the 
side.  In  tliis  tlie  name  will  be  carved  at  full 
length,  together  with  the  date  of  birth  and  of 
death — as,  for  example  :- 


Henry  Wadswokth  Longpelix>w 
1807-1882 


The    panels    will    be    distributed    among    the 
classes  into  which  the  names  are  divided.      For 
example,    next  the    Hall    of   Languages    is    the 
•'Authors'  Corner,"  with  its  pavilion.     This  will 
receive    the    names   of    Emerson,    Longfellow. 
Irving,    and    Hawthorne.       Next    that    is    the 
"Teachers'  Corner"  and  pavilion.     To  this  will 
be    assigned    the    Preachers'     also  —  Edwards. 
Beecher,   Channing,   and    Horace   Mann.      One 
quarter   of   the  way  round    the   curve    ai-e    the 
Scientists',  together  with  the  Inventors'.      Heiv 
will  be  Audubon  and  Gray;   P^ulton,  Morse,  and 
Whitney.      At  the  north  end.  in  like  manner,  i* 
the  **  Statesmen's  Corner."     Here  are  Washing- 
ton, Lincoln,  Webster,  Franklin,  Jefferson.  Clay, 
and  John  Adams.      Next  is  the  **  Jurists'   Cor- 
ner," with  Marshall,  Kent,  and  Story,      The  sol- 
diers' quarters  are   south   of   these,  with  Grant, 
Farragut,  and  Lee;     In  the  center  of  the  curved 
colonnade  is  a  seventh   division,   to  include  all 
others.     This  will  be  marked  by  the  Latin  word 
"  Septimt.^^     Here  will   be   the  philanthropists, 
George    Peabody   and    Peter   Cooper,    and    the 
painter,  Gilbert  Stuart.     The  name  of  each  of 
the  seven  divisions  is  recorded  in  brass  letters,  in 
a  diamond  of  Tennessee  marble,  set  in  the  center 
of  the  pavement. 


WASHINGTON  IRVING. 

(1783-18.)9.) 


JONATHAN  EDWARDS. 

(1703-1758.) 


DAVID  «.    FAKRAGUT. 

( 1801-1870.  > 


SAMUEL  F.   B.  MORBB. 

(1791-1872.) 


HBNRT  CLJkT. 

(1777-1858.) 


THE  HALL  OF  FAME. 


569 


OBOROE  PEABODY. 
(1795-1889.) 


NATHANIEL  HAWTHORNE. 

(1804-1864.) 


ROBERT  E.  LEE. 

(18(y7-1870.) 


HORACE  MANN. 

(1796-1859.) 


PETER  COOPER. 

(1791-1883.) 


Furllier,  the  university  provides  admirable  po- 
sitions in  the  colonnade  for  bronze  statues  or 
busts  of  those  whose  names  are  cliosen. 

On  the  ground-floor  of  the  hall  is  a  noble  pro- 
vision of  a  corridor  of  200  feet  in  length,  with 
five  large  rooms,  whose  ultimate  and  exclusive 
use  is  to  be  the  preservation  of  mementos  of 
tliose  whose  names  are  inscribed  above.  These 
mementos  will  doubtless  consist  of  portraits  of 
the  persons,  with  marble  busts  or  tablets,  auto- 
graphs, and  the  thousand-and-one  memorials 
which  vividly  call  to  mind  the  departed  great.  A 
quaint  vase  has  already  been  contributed  to  the 
museum,  which  commemorates,  by  engraved  fig- 
ures, the  work  in  science  performed  by  Franklin, 
Fulton,  and  Morse.  Probably  the  most  impor- 
tant feature  of  the  museum  in  future  years  will 
be  the  mural  paintings.  The  Society  of  Mural 
Painters  has  carefully  examined  these  rooms,  and 
has  presented  a  memorial  to  the  university  in 
which  they  record  their  conclusions.  This  is 
signed  by  the  members  of  the  Committee  on 
civic  buildings, — Joseph  Lauber,  chairman; 
John  La  Farge,  president  of  the  society,  ex- 
officio  member  ;  Kenyon  Cox,  secretary  ;  George 
W.  Maynard,  Edwin  II.  Blashfield,  and  C.  Y. 
Turner.      The  paper,  in  paj't,  is  as  follows  : 

The  committee  on  civic  building.H  of  the  National 
Society  of  Mural  Painters,  having  carefully  considered 
the  possibilities  of  the  embellishment  of  the  museum 


of  the  Hall  of  Fame  by  appropriate  mural  painting, 
hereby  makes  the  following  suggestions  : 

That  it  is  eminently  fitting  that,  in  a  commemora- 
tion of  national  greatness  such  as  the  Hall  of  Fame,  the 
three  great  arts,— Architecture,  Sculpture,  and  Mural 
Painting, — should  collaborate,  not  only  to  perpetuate 
the  memory  of  the  great  men  of  the  nation  for  all  time, 
l)ut  also  to  serve  as  an  example  of  monumental  art  in 
America  of  to-day.  .  ^  . 

In  looking  over  the  wall-spaces  of  the  museum  of 
the  Hall  of  Fame,  we  find  that  there  is  an  excellent 
opportunity  for  the  exercise  of  the  mural  art,  the  archi- 
tect of  the  structure  having  provided  a  frieze-line  of 
over  six  feet  in  height,  extending  throughout  the  entire 
edifice  and  interrupted  by  imrtitions  and  windows.  We 
find  the  divisions  of  space  as  they  are,  excellent,  as  they 
will  serve  to  separate  the  depiction  of  one  subject  from 
another.  We  would  suggest  that,  if  the  authorities  of 
the  New  York  University  decide  on  the  mural  embel- 
lishment of  this  structure,  the  central  gallery,  which 
has  the  largest  uninterrupted  frieze-line,  l>e  taken  up 
first,  and  a  pa int27i(7  be  placed  here^  chiefly  allegorical^ 
typifying  ^mcr£c/in  progress,  the  Ideals  of  the  natioUy 
and  its  place  in  the  history  of  civilization.  Right 
and  left  of  this,  on  the  side-walls  and  in  the  adjoining 
galleries,  the  work  on  the  walls  may  have  a  more  direct 
bearing  on  the  men  and  their  achievements,  according 
to  the  space  allotted  to  the  various  representatives  of 
the  nation^s  greatness  in  the  museum.  .  .  . 

Then,  as  we  understand,  it  is  desired  to  set  apart 
spaces  in  this  museum  for  relics  and  memorials  of  these 
men ;  the  rooms  should  have  a  direct  bearing  on  the 
achievements  of  the  men  memorialized,  whether  the 
treatment  is  allegorical,  historical,  or  individual. 

Even  in  allegory,  this  can  be  beautifully  done  ;  there 


JOSEPH  STORT. 

(171V-1845.) 


JOHN  ADAMS. 
(173^1838.) 


WILLIAM  E.  CHANNING. 

(1780-iai2.) 


5T0 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REf^/ElV  OF  REf^IElVS. 


ROBERT  FULTON. 

(I7e{>-1816.) 


JOHN  J.  AUDUBON. 

(1780-1851.) 


ELI  WHITNEY. 

(1766-1825.) 


HRNRY  WARD  BBECHER. 

(1813-1887.) 


JAMBS  KENT. 

(17«»-1847.) 


need  be  no  vagueness  in  the  signihcauce  of  the  artist's 
work. 

Unfortunately,  the  university  being  compelled 
to  use  all  its  efforts  on  behalf  of  its  ordinary 
educational  work,  can  lend  no  energy  to  the 
securing  of  means  for  the  decoration  of  the  Hall 
of  Fame,  beyond  statements  like  the  present. 
We  offer  the  abundant  spacTe  provided  by  the 
generosity  of  the  giver  of  the  edifice.  When 
the  hall,  including  only  the  colonnade  and  the 
museum,  shall  have  been  completed  by  the  close 
of  winter,  it  will  have  cost  a  little  more  than 
$250,000.  It  is,  by  itself,  a  most  delightful 
memorial  to  great  Americans — not  only  in  its 
architecture  and  the  names  inscribed,  but  also  in 
the  surpassing  landscape  which  it  commands 
throughout  its  500  feet  of  length.  The  historic 
heights  of  Fort  Washington,  where  one  of  the 
fiercest  Revolutionary  battles  was  fought ;  the 
Hudson  and  the  Palisades,  the  Harlem  and  the 
Speedway — are  in  view.  Close  by  are  noble  trees 
belonging  to  the  park  recently  established  by 
the  city.  Through  this  sloping  University  Park 
will  be  a  popular  approach  to  the  hall  from  the 
west.  From  the  east  and  the  future  rapid -tran- 
sit road,  the  visitor  will  come  to  the  hall  through 
the  college  campus  and  the  ''Mall."  The  Hall 
of  Fame  must  be  visited  to  be  known,  for  it  can 
be  represented  by  no  photograph.  In  order 
merely  to  read  the  eight  connected  inscriptions 
upon  the  eight  pediments,  the  sightseer  must  go 


around  the  exterior  of  the  entire  structure,  front 
and  rear,  a  full  quarter-mile.  He  will  find  the 
object  and  the  reason  of  the  edifice  described 
in  the  carved  words,  which  chance  to  be  pre- 
cisely the  same  in  number  as  the  great  names 
that  the  Hall  of  Fame  will  commend  to  the 
people  of  the  Twentieth  Century.  The  29  words 
are  as  follows  : 


The  Hall  op  Fame 


For  Great  Americans 


By  Wealth  of  Thought 


Or  Else  by  Mighty  Deed 


They  Served  Mankind 


In  Noble  Character 


In  World-wide  Oood 


They  Live  Forevermore 


y\r.  Matienco. 


Mr.  C?.niunas. 
(Fed.> 


Dr.  Barbosa. 
(Rep.) 


(Namn  from  left  to  right.) 
Mr.  Croslas.  Dr.  Hollander.  Mr.GarrisoB.  Mr.  De  Diet'o  Mr.  Elliott.  Mr.  Hunt. 


(Ind.)  (Treas.)  (Auditor.)  (Fetl.j  (Sec'y  of  Interior.)        (Pres.) 

THE  PORTO  R10AN  BXBCUTIVB  €X)UNCIL  IN  THE  THKONE-ROOM  or  THE  PALACE. 

(This  photograph  wan  taken  before  the  arriv^al  of  Dr.  Brumbaugh,  and  Mr.  Russell,  the  attorney-general.) 

THE    POLITICAL   BEGINNINGS    IN    PORTO    RICO. 

BY    JOHN    FIN  LEY. 
(Of  Princeton  University.) 


THE  people  of  Porto  Rico  call  their  highest 
mountain  *'El  Yunke,"  the  anvil;  and 
they  might  very  properly  now  give  that  name  to 
the  entire  island,  for  it  is  an  anvil  on  which  two 
civilizations,  two  peoples,  with  diverse  traditions, 
are  being  welded.  Tlie  fires  have  been  blazing 
ill  the  forges  for  months,  and  the  legislative 
liamraering  has  l^egun.  It  was  my  fortune  to  be 
on  the  island  when  the  fii*st  blows  were  struck  to 
tliis  welding. 

I  reached  San  Juan,  **the  capital,''  just  on 
tlie  eve  of  the  assembling  of  the  executive  coun- 
cil to  begin  its  legislative  work  ;  for  its  functions 
partake  both  of  the  executive  and  the  legislative. 
Six  of  its  meml>ers,  citizens  all  of  the  United 
States,  are  insular  executive  officers.  Sitting, 
by  virtue  of  their  office,  with  five  native  mem- 
l>er8,  also  appointed  by  the   President,  they  con- 


stitute the  upper  legislative  chamljer.  At  present 
this  is  the  only  chamber  ;  for  the  popular,  elec- 
tive body  will  not  be  organized  until  after  the 
elections,  which  are  to  be  held  in  November. 
This  upper  house  has  two  exclusive  functions 
under  the  act  of  its  establishment :  first,  the 
districting  of  the  island  for  election  purposes  and 
the  enactment  of  election  laws  ;  and,  second,  the 
granting  of  franchises.  But  only  in  these  initial 
matters  is  it  independent  of  the  lower  house. 
Its  consent  is  necessary  to  the  enactment  of  all 
other  laws  ;  but  the  popular  body,  to  consist 
exclusively  of  native  members,  may  itself  pre- 
vent any  legislation  which  it  considers  not  for 
the  best  interests  of  the  island.  It  will  thus  be 
seen  that  the  legislative  machinery  is  not  struct- 
urally unlike  that  which  is  made  for  the  ' '  Terri- 
tories ;  "  nor  does  the  relationship  of  the  Porto 


672 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEWS. 


Rican  to  it  appear  to  be  in  fact  difterent  from 
that  of  the  citizen  of  Arizona  or  Alaska  to  his 
Territorial  government,  whatever  it  may  be  in 
theory,  and  whatever  the  constitutional  status  of 
the  former  may  be. 

The  assembling  of  this  body  was  without  dem- 
onstration. There  was  no  more  pomp  or  cere- 
mony than  if  it  were  a  meeting  of  a  college  fac- 
ulty or  of  a  board  of  railroad  directors.  Eleven 
men  sat,  with  less  than  a  dozen  onlookers,  in  the 
throne- room  of  the  palace  where  absolutism  had, 
for  generations,  attracted  and  awed  by  its  splen- 
dor. Tiiey  were  to  begin  the  welding.  The 
shield  of  Porto  Rico,  bearing  the  emblems  of 
Spain,  still  looked  out  from  beneath  the  ceiling, 
and  there  was  only  a  lone  flag  of  Stars  and  Stripes 
hanging  at  the  end  of  the  hall  as  visible  symbol 
of  the  new  order  of  things.  Some  of  the  mem- 
bers of  Spanish  descent  wore  an  air  of  dignity  in 
keeping  witli  the  courtly  association  of  the  cham- 
ber, and  quite  in  contrast  with  the  unconcerned 
manner,  the  easy  posture,  and  nigligie  garb  of 
most  of  the  Americans,  who  might,  from  all  ap- 
pearances, be  assembled  to  the  duties  of  a  far- 
mers' institute.  To  be  frank,  1  felt  that  there  was 
perhaps  hardly  enough  deference  to  the  proud 
past  of  the  brave  little  island  which  the  French, 
the  English,  and  the  Dutch  had  all  in  vain  bom- 
barded.     But  then  I  was  fresh  from  the  outside. 

If  any  one  has  visions  of  **  carpet-baggers ''  in 
sinecures,  an  introduction  to  the  members  of 
this  council  who  have  been  sent  to  the  island 
would  dispel  them  ;  for  a  more  capable,  high- 
minded  group  of  men  it  would  be  difficult  to 
gather  to  such  a  task  as  theirs.  They  are  in  a 
diving-bell  amid  wreckage  ;  but  they  are  work- 
mg  indefatigably,  and  it  may  be  said  in  paren- 
thesis that  they  need  all  the  pure  air  we  can 
pump  into  the  tube  at  this  end. 

The  chairman  is  Judge  William  Hunt,  the 
secretary  ot  the  island,  chosen  president  for  his 
evident  and  eminent  litness  for  the  position. 
His  patience  seems  to  be  equal  to  the  extraor- 
dinary demands  upon  it,  but  it  has  not  softened 
his  will  when  firmness  is  needed.  There  is  no 
''lackeying  to  the  varying  tide."  Some  of  his 
wisdom  for  such  varied  tasks  as  come  to  him  he 
has  inherited,  1  fancy,  from  ancestors  who  have 
performed  like  service  for  England,  and  much 
he  has  gotten  from  his  experience  in  judicial  and 
public  life. 

The  young  man  of  dark  visage  and  immaculate 
dress  is  Dr.  Hollander,  the  treasurer  of  the 
island.  He  was  taken  from  his  professorship  at 
the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  and  sent  down 
to  the  island  as  a  special  commissioner  to  report 
upon  a  system  of  revenue  ;  but  he  was  found  to 
be  so  valuable  a  man  in  this  field  that,  against 


his  own  desire  and  in  the  face  of  his  protest,  he 
was  kept  there  as  treasurer,  and  set  at  the  re- 
ceipt of  custom.  Tax-gatherers  became  his  stu- 
dents. Perhaps  no  one  there  has  a  more  trying 
or  disagreeable  task  ;  for  it  is  only  through  ilie 
taxes  that  the  government  touclies  the  most  of 
the  people.  His  work,  immensely  difficult  to  Ix?- 
gm  with,  was  augmented  by  the  absconding  of 
some  of  the  old  collectoi-s,  by  the  policy  already 
entered  upon  of  remitting  taxes  to  all  wlio  hail 
suffered  from  the  devastating  hurricane  of  a  year 
ago  (and  nearly  all  asked  for  rebates),  and  bv 
the  disturbance  of  the  recent  change  in  currency; 
but  in  spite  of  all  the  difficulties  which  the  de- 
partment has  had  to  encounter,  the  assessments 
are  being  equalized,  a  greater  proportion  of  the 
taxes  assessed  is  collected,  and  all  that  is  collecte*l 
get«  into  the  treasury — a  new  experience. 

Another  young  official  with  a  vexing  task  is 
the  attorney-general.  He  has  sacrificed  consid- 
erable business  interests  out  in  Illinois  to  give  his 
days  and  nights  to  reconciling  a  system  of  law 
that  holds  a  man  guilty  until  proved  innocent 
with  one  that  presumes  innocence  until  the  guih 
is  established.  There  is  relief  in  sight,  how- 
ever ;  for  while  I  was  there  the  commissioners 
from  the  United  States  ar lived  to  begin,  wiii\ 
one  Porto  Rican  member,  the  local  study  and 
coilification  of  the  laws. 

The  member  whose  opportunities  are  the  great 
est  is  the  commissioner  of  education,  for  it  b 
only  through  the  instruction  of  the  children  an<i 
youth  that  we  can  hope  to  exert  much  influence 
upon  the  life  of  the  island.  Dr.  Brumbaugh's 
experience  and  shoulders  are  fortumitely  broaii 
for  his  new  work.  It  is  his  giant  form  that  is 
first  to  rise,  when  petitions  are  in  order,  to  pre- 
sent the  first  petition  laid  before  the  counci], 
asking  for  an  increase  of  the  appropriation  for 
the  new  normal  school,  toward  which  the  people 
of  Fajardo  had  privately  contributed,  as  a  bonus, 
$20,000.  I  saw  him  last,  in  the  midst  of  his 
executive  duties,  one  burning  August  afternoon, 
perspiring,  hatless  and  coatless,  directing  the 
transformation  of  an  orphanage  in  San  Juan  imo 
a  high  school  building,  to  be  o|)ened  to  its  new 
uses  in  October.  All  I  learned  concerning  the 
two  older  members  was  that  the  auditt»r  was 
overworked,  and  that  the  minister  of  the  interio' 
was  efficient  in  attending  to  the  multifarious  du- 
ties of  his  department. 

So  much  I  have  stopped  to  say  of  these  mto 
that  those  who  cannot  see  for  themselves  may 
know  how  well  and  faithfully  we  are  representei 
in  this  miniature  State  500  leagues  away. 

Of  the  five  native  members  apjwinted  by  the 
President,  one  also  gets  a  favorable  impression. 
Two  are  members  of  the  Federal  party— one  » 


THE  POLITICAL  BEGINNINGS  IN  PORTO  RICO, 


573 


young,  able  lawyer  from  the  western  part  of  the 
island,  the  other  a  gentleman  of  means  from 
the  eastern  district,  both  men  of  culture,  edu- 
cated, I  am  told,  in  the  Spanish  universities,  of 
tlignified  bearing,  but  courteous  in  manner  and 
agile  in  oral  fencing.  Two  are  of  the  Repub- 
lican party — one  who  has  the  appearance  of  a 
8ul)8tantial  man  of  business  and  comes  from 
Punce,  the  other  a  physician  of  prominence  in 
San  Juan,  who  had  his  training  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan  Medical  School  ;  and  the  fifth 
an  *' independent  "  (that  is,  indef)endent  of  the 
two  dominant  parties) — a  prominent  and  influen- 
tial citizen  of  the  island,  who  spent  many  years 
in  the  United  States  as  a  young  man,  and  was  a 
soldier  during  tlie  Civil  War.  Among  the  in 
teresting  incidents  of  the  sessions  were  the  re- 
marks of  this  member,  spoken  first  in  English  to 
tlie  American  members,  and  then  in  Spanish  to 
the  Porto  Ricans.  The  others  used  the  inter- 
]>reter,  though  the  Republican  physician  spoke 
sometimes  in  the  one  tongue  and  sometimes  in 
the  other. 

There  seem   to    be  no  clearly  marked    issues 
between  the  two  parties,  though  recent  reports 
indicate  that  efforts  are  being  made  to  associate 
tlie   Federal   with   the  Democratic  party  in  the 
United  States.      Both  the  local  parties  desire  a 
greater  measure  of  freedom  in  municipal  govern- 
ment ;    both  advocate  the  early  organization  of 
tlie  island  as  a  Territory  of  the   United  States. 
There  is,  so  far  as  1  could  learn,  no  considerable 
sentiment  in   favor  of  the  independence  of  the 
island.      This  would  be  disastrous  to  its  business 
interests,  at  least,  it  is  felt,  and  would  discourage 
the  investment  of  American  capital  in  the  devel- 
opment of  its  resources.      But  the  Federals  have 
not  assumed  an  altogether  sympathetic  attitude 
toward  the  Government.     In  the  council  the  two 
in«*uiljers  of  tliis  party  played  from  the  fii*st  the 
role  of  obstructionists.      It  is  difficult  to  credit 
tht»m   with  entire  sincerity   in   their  opj>osition, 
which  seemed  rather  childish  and  trivial;  but  it 
nhould  be  remembi?red  that  the  Latin  traditions 
are  hack  of  these  men,  and  that  they  may  have 
had  real  difficulty  in  coming  to  the  Saxon  point  of 
view.      The    first    objection    was    made,    in    the 
a«loption  of  the   by-laws,   to  the  section  giving 
tli^  sergeant -at -arms  jxjwer,  with  which  he  is  in- 
vested by  all    legislative   bodies  in   the  United 
States,  to  arrest  an  absent  member  upon  the  call 
of  the  house',  and  bring  him  into  its  presence — 
oiie  argument  being  that  it  did  not  comport  with 
the  office  of  councilor  that  he  should  be  subject 
to  such  an  indignity.      But  the  opposition  had  a 
tlramatic  climax  when   the  plan   for  districting 
l>ie  island,  suggested  by  the  independent  mem- 
l>er  and  recomnjended  by  a  majority  of  the  8f)e- 


cial  committee,  which  consisted  of  the  five  native 
members,  came  up  for  discussion.  The  Ameri- 
can members  all  supported  the  plan  recom- 
mended. The  two  Federal  members  of  the 
council,  unable  to  secure  the  adoption  of  their 
plan  of  apportionment,  withdrew  from  the  coun- 
cil after  an  impassioned  speech  by  the  leader, 
whose  sentiments  were  indorsed  by  his  associate, 
and  sent  their  resignations  to  the  President  of 
the  United  States.  The  speech  of  Mr.  de  Diego 
was  delivered  in  Spanish,  and  with  great  fervor 
and  effect.  I  have  only  the  English  translation, 
for  whose  correctness  I  cannot  vouch  : 

I  canuot  reKtraio  myself  at  this  hour  from  giving 
utterance  to  my  feelingH  before  this  council  and  before 
my  people.  I  am  to-day  under  the  influence  of  an  im- 
mense sorrow ;  but  probably  the  occurrence  of  this 
meeting,  which  I  consider  to  l>e  unfortunate  for  the 
country,  may  be  fortunate  for  me,  because  I  shall  prob- 
ably go  away  forever  from  the  scene  of  these  base  politi- 
cal struggles,  which  so  belittle  the  heart  and  intelli- 
gence of  humanity.  Before  parting,  probably  forever, 
therefrom,  I  want  to  give  assurances  of  hope  to  my 
friends  in  the  island.  I  believe  that,  with  the  plan  of 
territorial  division  which  has  l>een  approved  here,  that 
the  Federal  party  will  be  victorious  in  the  coming  elec- 
tion ;  the  justice  of  God  is  paramount  to  the  justice  ot 
man.  I  bow  before  the  resolutions  of  my  countrymen, 
but  1  bow  more  before  the  justice  of  God. 

This  willgive  some  notion  of  the  political 
difficulties  and  of  the  temper  of  the  minds  that 
the  pragmatic  American  is  having  to  deal  with. 
Unable  to  carry  their  own  plan,  the  Federal 
members  impute  base  motives  to  all  who  sup- 
'ported  the  other,  and  go  forth  themselves  as 
martyrs  to  a  principle  when  no  principle  is  in- 
volved beyond  that  of  common  honesty.  The 
event  partakes  of  the  melodramatic ;  but,  m 
view  of  the  treatment  of  the  past  centuries,  it  is 
excusable,  and  invites  our  sympathy  rather  than 
our  ridicule  or  criticism. 

But  it  is  this  temperament,  reflected  by  the 
representatives ;  this  disposition  to  refer  every 
political  act  to  a  partisan  motive,  and  the  further 
<iisposition  to  use  office  not  only  for  the  reward 
of  friends  (as  is  not  uncommon  here),  but  for 
the  punishment  of  political  enemies,  which  causes 
many  to  doubt  the  wisdom  of  granting  at  present 
a  larger  measure  of  s€»lf-government. 

The  parties  in  Porto  Kico,  as  I  have  said,  are 
largely  pei-sonal  followin<xs,  and  have  some  basis 
in  social  and  racial  distinctions.  The  people 
being  of  excitable  temi)erament  and  rabidly  par- 
tisan, when  not  apathetic,  are  likely  to  be  un- 
reasonable and  violent  in  their  animosities.  Per- 
sonal violence  is  not  infrequent  in  this  time  of 
political  heat  preceding  the  election  of  members 
to  the  lower  house,  and  several  murders  from 
political   motives  are  reported.      The  leader   of 


674 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEWS. 


the  Federal  party  has  liiiuself  suffered,  according 
to  reports,  the  loss  of  his  printing-shop,  which 
was  demolished  by  the  partisans  of  tlie  Republi- 
can raayor  oT  San  Juan,  whom  he  attacked  in 
the  columns  of  his  paper.  This  violence  is  not 
due  to  anti-American  feeling,  but  to  inter-party 
enmity  ;  though  it  must  be  admitted  that  there 
is,  from  one  cause  or.  another,  some  dissatisfac- 
tion with  the  Government  that  is  ;  and  this  was, 
perhaps,  to  be  expected.  Some  of  it  arises,  as 
I  have  already  intimated,  from  a  disappointment 
that  the  Porto  Ricans  have  not  speedily  been  made 
citizens  of  the  United  States.  Out  in  the  coun- 
try, it  is  due  partly  to  the  stoppage  of  relief, 
wliose  enjoyment  some  had  doubtless  come  to 
look  upon  as  a  natural  right. 

It  is  idle  to  discuss  what  might  have  been  ; 
and  one  is  pardonably  in  doubt  concerning  the 
present  and  future  even,  in  the  midst  of  conflict- 
ing and  confounding  reports  that  have  reached 
the  United  States  as  to  the  people,  the  climate, 
the  soil,  and  all  that  in  any  way  concerns  our 
relations  with  the  island.  And  the  testimony 
was  not  less  diverse  even  in  San  Juan.  So  I  de- 
termined to  see  and  hear  for  myself — to  see  not 
only  the  margins  of  this  island,  which  have  caught 
something  of  civilization  from  the  passing  ships, 
but  the  interior  as  well,  where  this  same  civiliza- 
tion, unaccustomed  to  trails  and  slovv  travel,  has 
not  penetrated. 

*'  The  capital ''  is  beautiful  as  one  approaches 
it  from  tlie  ocean  or  looks  upon  its  face  from  the 
bay  ;  but  when  one  goes  into  it,  if  one  has  never 
been  in  a  tropical  city  before,  one  is  oppressed 
by  the  squalor,  the  seeming  want  of  decency,  the 
air  of  listlessness,  and  some  other  things.  But 
I  suppose  a  Porto  Rican  might  make  the  same 
observation  concerning  some  parts  of  any  of  our 
great  cities.  Tlie  streets,  to  be  sure,  are  clean 
(kept  so  by  convicts  from  the  penitentiaiy  just 
around  the  hill  from  the  palace)  ;  but  the  over- 
crowding of  house  and  court,  the  want  of  pri- 
vacy which  accompanies  this  overcrowding,  the 
poor  sanitary  arrangements,  and  all  that  tliese 
physical  conditions  suggested,  had  a  very  de- 
pressing effect.  I  was  glad  to  get  away  from 
the  noises  and  the  odors,  the  glare  of  tlie  plazas, 
and  the  somi^erness  of  tlie  throne-room,  out  into 
the  mountains. 

The  aggregate  of  my  travels  on  the  island  was 
about  300  miles,  nearly  200  of  which  distance  I 
covered  on  foot.  The  route  was  from  San  Juan 
over  the  deservedly  famous  military  road,  through 
Caguas,  Cayey,  Aibonito,  and  Coamo  to  Ponce  ; 
thence  through  Ad  juntas  and  Utuado  to  Arecibo 
on  the  north  shore,  back  to  San  Juan,  and  then 
through  the  cane-fields  to  the  eastern,  shore.  1 
walked  alone,  for  the  most  part,  or  with  wander- 


ing peons  (for  only  they  and  tlie  very  poorest  of 
them  walk  there)  ;  slept  in  village  inns  and  huts 
(except  for  two  nights,  when  I  was  entertained 
by  American  officers  and  engineers),  and  lived  - 
chiefly  on  eggs,  native  coffee,  and  bread.  I  was 
courteously,  hospitably,  received  wherever  1 
went,  though  the  enthusiasm  at  sight  of  an 
American  was  not  as  great  as  it  once  was. 

The  physical  attractions  of  Porto  Rico  have 
been  sung,  and  not  too  extravagantly  or  ardent- 
ly ;  for  it  is  a  beautiful  spot  of  earth,  and  **  ev- 
ery prospect  pleases."  There  is  a  tradition  there 
that  Columbus  found  its  waters  sweet  ;  and  that 
a  northerner  in  midsummer  could  by  day  walk 
200  miles  through  the  country,  tells  better  than 
the  thermometer  that  the  climate  is  tolerable, 
even  for  a  white  man.  It  is  only  the  monotony 
of  it  that  becomes  oppressive  and  enervating. 

And  I  suppose  it  to  be  a  very  fertile  island. 
An  agent  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
while  I  was  there,  returned  to  the  United  State!> 
to  .make  a  report  as  to  its  productivity — to  tell  of 
the  vegetables,  fruits,  cereals,  that  might  be 
raised  there  ;  and  what  I  read  recalled  C^aleb's 
report  to  the  Israelites  about  C-anaan.  On  all 
hands  I  heard  testimony  as  to  the  fecundity  of 
the  valleys  and  hillsides,  which  had  not  ye: 
recovered,  however,  from  the  devastation  of  tin- 
hurricane  of  a  year  ago.  The  island,  fully  or 
even  partially  developed,  wiir undoubtedly  leetl, 
clothe,  and  shelter  1,000,000  people;  but  she. 
was  giving  scant  livelihood  to  many  of  her  chil- 
dren at  this  time.  That  this  was  so  seemed  not 
to  be  entirely  the  fault  of  nature,  though  she 
had  been  severe.  An  equal  number  of  Yankees. 
with  characteristic  energy  and  ingenuity  and 
industry,  would  have  effaced  all  marks  of  the 
ruin  of  the  previous  year.  I  saw  few  men  or 
women  in  the  fields.  They  sat  idly  in  their 
huts,  lounged  at  the  little  stores  along  the  roads, 
or  perhaps  rode  out  to  the  village  with  a  few 
bananas,  cocoanuts,  or  vegetables,  and  back  with 
a  little  native  rum  and  codfish. 

If  the  city  was  somewhat  depressing,  the  sight 
of  the  people  1  met  along  the  way  was  distress- 
ing. I  saw  few  bright  faces  or  well-nourishe<i 
bodies  in  my  travels  from  coast  to  coast.  The 
hurricane  had  disturbed  the  old  employments  oi 
these  people,  and  they  had  not  the  energy  or  ini- 
tiative to  find  new  ones.  The  coffee- trees  were 
gone,  and  more  foresight  was  required  than  thev 
j)ossessed  to  plan  for  a  crop  that  was  five  years  awav. 
The  (xovernment  had  fed  the  hungry  for  monthV, 
Millions  of  pounds  of  food  had  been  iniporteii 
and  distributed  while  fields  lay  idle.  This  was 
now  stopped,  but  the  idleness  which  it  had  oniv 
begotten  or  encouraged  still  continued.  It  should 
1^  ^   HMnembered  that  these  rather  discouragring 


THE  AMERICAN  NEGRO  AT  PARIS. 


575 


conditioDs  are  not  peculiar  to  this  little  island, 
and  also  that  they  ar^  not  of  our  making,  except 
as  our  best-intentioned  charity  may  have  aggra- 
vated the  effect  of  the  climate. 

The  question  as  to  our  part  in  working  out 
the  problem, — which  is,  after  all,  not  of  our 
making, — I  put  at  every  mile  of  the  way  ;  the 
question  which  the  whole  temperate  zone  is  put- 
ting to  the  tropics.  I  asked  it  of  every  stolid 
face  ;  of  every  idle  man  ;  of  the  boy  who  walked 
at  my  side  begging  for  a  centavo  ;  of  the  father 
carrying  his  dead  child  upon  his  shoulder,  in  the 
glaring  sun,  to  consecrated  ground  miles  away  ; 
of  the  boy  who,  in  primitive  fashion,  balanced 
the  produce  on  one  side  of  his  panniers  with 
rocks  on  the  other,  and  of  the  Indian  who 
glided  me  through  the  pathless  woods  and 
brought  me  sugar-cane  to  suck  when  I  could  get 
no  food, — of  all  these  I  asked  it.  I  did  not  need 
to  ask  the  fallow  fields  and  the  bare  hillsides  ;  I 
knew  their  answer,  and  it  was  put  into  the  month 
of  the  people.  It  is  the  answer  of  all  the  tropics, 
that  the  temperate  zone  has  an  obligation  there. 
We  certainly  have  an  obligation  in  Porto  Rico. 

But  there  is  a  hopeful  side  to  the  situation  in 
Porto  Rico  even  now,  if  our  theories  will  let  us 
enjoy  it.  The  schools  are  being  opened  all  over 
the  island,  under  competent  supervision.  Roads 
and  bridges  are  being  built.  Franchises  are 
being  sought  for  redeeming  swamp- lands,  for 
water  privileges,  for  building  street  railways 
and  steam  railroads  across  the  island.  Neg- 
lected plantations  are  being  brought  into  culti- 


vation again,  and  prosperity  seems  on  the  eve 
of  entering  the  island.  The  taxes  are  being 
honestly  collected,  and  progress  is  being  made 
toward  securing  justice  to  all.  These  are  rather 
abstract  statements,  but  there  are  concrete  facts 
back  of  them.  There  is  no  occasion  to  be  ju- 
bilant or  boastful  or  sanguine  ;  but  if  our  civili- 
zation means  anything,  it  means  that  the  agencies 
that  we  have  established  there  will  some  day 
bring  good  to  the  island  and  its  people. 

The  orange  grows  wild  in  Porto  Rico,  but  it 
lacks  that  particular  flavor  which  the  cultivated 
palate  demands.  Since  the  American  occupa- 
tion, new-comers  have  set  out  orchards  with  the 
purpose  of  grafting  slips  from  California  or 
Florida  trees  upon  native  stock,  that  they  may 
produce,  not  Porto  Rican,  but  California  and 
Florida  oranges.  The  simile  is  easily  carried 
into  the  field  of  politics. 

It  will  be  at  least  five  years  before  the  orange- 
trees  will  bear,  and  then  perhaps  not  abundantly. 
And  the  simile  will  allow  the  further  suggestion 
that  one  ought  to  be  as  patient  with  the  processes 
of  political  growth  as  the  orange -growers  are 
with  their  slow-fruiting  trees.  Barring  hurri- 
canes, they  are  as  likely  to  get  their  California 
and  Florida  oranges  in  time,  and  the  island  of 
Porto  Rico  will  get  its  civilized  fruitage,  if  only 
the  political  storms  are  not  too  violent.  One 
may  not  reason  from  orange-trees  to  human  be- 
ings ;  but  the  processes  of  Nature  in  the  trans- 
formation of  a  wild  tree  do  certainly  give  most 
hopeful  analogy. 


THE  AMERICAN    NEGRO   AT   PARIS. 


BY  W.   E.   BURGHARDT  DU  BOIS 


ON  the  banks  of  the  Seine,  opposite  the  Rue 
des   Nations,   stands  a  large,  plain   white 
building,  where  the  promoters  of  the  Paris  Ex- 
position have  housed  the  world's  ideas  of  soci- 
ology.    As  a  matter  of  fact,  any  one  who  takes 
his  sociology  from  theoretical  treatises  would  be 
rather  disappointed  at  the  exhibit ;   for  there  is 
little  here  of  the   **  science  of  society."     On  the 
other  hand,  those  who  have  followed  historically 
the  development,  out  of  the  old  Political  Economy, 
of  a  miscellaneous  body  of  knowing  cliiefly  con- 
nected with  the  larger  aspects  of  human  benevo- 
lence, will  here  find  much  of  interest :   the  build- 
ing  and  mutual -aid    societies   of    France;    the 
iwrorking- man's  circles  of  Belgium  ;  the  city  gov- 
ernments of  Sweden  ;  the  Red  Cross  Society  ;  the 
state  insurance  of  Germany, — are  all  here  strik- 


ingly exhibited  by  charts,  statistics,  models,  and 

photographs. 

The  United  States  section  of  this  building  is 

small,  and  not,  at 
first  glance,  particu- 
larly  striking. 
There  are,  in  the 
center,  well  -  made 
tenement-  house 
models  ;  in  one  cor- 
ner a  small  exhibit 
of  the  American  Li- 
brary Association, 
and  elsewhere  sets 
of  interesting  maps 
and  photographs 
showmg    the    work 


DR.  W.  E.  B.  DU  BOIS. 


676 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REl^/EIVS. 


of  factory  inspectors  and  typi- 
cal industrial  plants.  AH 
these  exhibits,  are,  unfortu- 
nately, rather  fragmentary, 
and  do  scant  justice  to  the 
wonderful  social  and  eco- 
nomic development  of  Amer- 
ica. 

In  tlie  right-hand  corner, 
however,  as  one  enters,  is  an 
exhibit  which,  more  than 
most  othei-s  in  the  building, 
is  sociological  in  tlie  larger 
sense  of  the  term — that  is,  is 
an  attempt  to  give,  in  as  sys- 
tematic and  compact  a  form 
as  possible,  tlie  history  and 
present  condition  of  a  large 
group  of  h  u  m  a  n  beings. 
This  is  the  exhibit  of  Ameri- 
can Negroes,  planned  and 
executed  by  Negroes,  and 
collected  and  installed  under 
the  direction  of  a  Negro  spe- 
cial agent,  Mr.  Thomas  J. 
Calloway. 

In  this  exhibit  there  are, 
of  course,  the  usual  parapher- 
nalia for  catching  the  eye — 
photographs,  models,  induB- 
trial  work,  and  pictures.  But 
it  does  not  stop  here.;  be- 
neath all  this  is  a  carefully 
thought-out  plan,  according 
to  which  the  exhibitora  have 
tried  to  show  : 

(a)  The  history  of  the 
American  Negro. 

(I))  His  present  condition. 

(c)  His  education. 

(d)  His  literature. 
The   history   of   the  Negro  is   illustrated    by 

charts  jvnd  photographs  ;  there  is,  for  instance, 
a  series  of  striking  models  of  the  progress  of  the 
colored  people,  beginning  with  the  homeless 
freed  man  and  ending  with  the  modern  brick 
schoolhouse  and  its  teachers.  There  are  charts 
of  the  increase  of  Negro  population,  the  routes 
of  the  African  slave-trade,  the  progress  of  eman- 
cipation, and  the  decreasing  illiteracy.  There 
are  i)ictures  of  the  old  cabins,  and,  in  three 
great  manuscript  volumes,  the  complete  black 
code  of  (xeorgia,  from  colonial  times  to  the  end 
of  the  nineteenth  century.  Not  the  least  inter- 
esting contribution  to  history  is  tlie  case  given 
to  Negro  medal- of -honor  men  in  the  army  and 
navy — from  the  man  who  ''seized  the  colors 
after  two  color- bearers  had  been  shot  down  and 


EXHIBIT  OF  AMERICAN  NEGROES  AT  THB  PARIS  BXP08ITI0N. 

bore  them  nobly  through  the  fight'*  to  the  black 
men  in  the  Spanish  War  who  **  voluntarily  went 
ashore  in  the  face  of  the  enemy  and  aided  in  the 
rescue  of  their  wounded  comrades.*'  It  was  a 
Massachusetts  lawyer  who  replied  to  the  Patent- 
Office  inquiry,  "  I  never  knew  a  negro  to  invent 
anything  but  lies  ;  "  and  yet  here  is  a  reconi  oi 
3i){)  patents  granted  to  black  men  since  1S34. 

The  bulk  of  the  exiiibit,  is  naturalh-,  an  at- 
tempt to  picture  present  conditions.  Thirty-two 
charts,  500  photographs,  and  numerous  maf^^ 
and  plans  form  the  basis  of  this  exhibit,  Tht* 
charts  are  m  two  sets,  one  illustrating  conditions 
in  the  entire  (Tnited  States  and  the  other  con- 
ditions in  the  typical  State  of  Georgia.  At  a 
glance  one  can  see  the  successive  steps  by  which 
the  220,000  negroes  of  1750  had   increased  to 


THE  AMERICAN  NEGRO  AT  PARIS. 


577 


7,500,000  in  1890;  their  distribution  through- 
out the  different  States ;  a  comparison  of  the 
size  of  the  Negro  population  with  European  coun- 
tries bringing  out  the  striking  fact  that  there  are 
nearly  half  as  many  Negroes  in  the  United  States 
as  Spaniards  in  Spain.  The  striking  movement  by 
which  the  4J  per  cent,  of  Negroes  living  in  the  cities 
in  1860  has  increased  to  12  per  cent,  in  1890  is 
shown,  as  is  also  the  fact  that  recognized  mulat- 
toes  have  increased  50  percent,  in  30  years,  even 
in  the  defective  census  returns.  Twenty  per 
cent,  of  the  Negroes  are  shown  to  be  home- own- 
ers, 60  per  cent,  of  their  children  are  in  school, 
and  their  illiteracy  is  less  than  that  of  Russia, 
and  only  equal  to  that  of  Hungary. 

It  was  a  good  idea  to  supplement  these  very 
general  figures  with  a  minute  social  study  in  a 
typical  Southern  State.  It  would  hardly  be  sug- 
gested, in  the  liglit  of  recent  history,  that  condi- 
tions in  the  State  of  Georgia  are  such  as  to  give 
a  rose- colored  picture  of  the  Negro  ;  and  yet 
Greorgia,  having  the  largest  Negro  population,  is 
an  excellent  field  of  study.  Here  again  we  have 
statistics  :  the  increase  of  the  black  population 
in  a  century  from  30,000  to  860,000,  the  hud- 
dling in  the  Black  Belt  for  self- protection  since 
the  war,  and  a  comparison  of  the  age  distribu- 
tion with  France  showing  the  wonderful  repro- 
ductive powers  of  the  blacks.  The  school  en- 
rollment has  increased  from  I0,0l)0  in  1870  to 
180,000  in  1897,  and  the  Negroes  are  distributed 
among  the  occupations  as  follows  : 

In  agriculture,  62  per  cent. ;  in  domestic  and 
personal  service,  28  per  cent. ;  in  manufacturing 
and  mechanical  industries,  5  per  cent. ;  in  trade 
and  transportation,  4^  per  cent.;  in  the  profes- 
sions, \  per  cent. 

They  own  1,000,000  acres  of  land  and  pay 
taxes  on  $12,000,000  worth  of  property — not 
large,  but  telling  figures  ;  and  the  charts  indicate, 
from  year  to  year,  the  struggle  they  have  had  to 
accumulate  and  hold  this  property.  There  are 
several  volumes  of  photographs  of  typical  Negro 
faces,  which  hardly  square  with  conventional 
American  ideas.  Several  maps  show  the  peculiar 
4iistribution  of  the  white  and  black  inhabitants 
in  various  towns  and  counties. 

The  education  of  the  Negro  is  illustrated  in  the 
work  of  five  great  institutions — Fisk,  Atlanta, 
a.n«i  Howard  Universities,  and  Tuskegee  and 
Hampton  Institutes.  The  exhibit  from  Fisk  illus- 
t  rates,  by  photographs  and  examination  papers, 
the  work  of  secondary  and  higher  education. 
Atlanta  University  shows  her  work  in  social 
>itudy  and  the  work  of  her  collego  and  normal 
•graduates  ;  Howard  University  shows  the  work 
/»f  her  professional  schools,  especially  in  medi- 
oine,  theology,  and  law.      From  Hampton  there 


is  an  especially  excellent  series  of  photographs 
illustrating  the  Hampton  idea  of  **  teaching  by 
doing,*'  and  from  Tuskegee  there  are  numerous 
specimens  of  work  from  the  manual -training  and 
technical  departments. 

Perhaps  the  most  unique  and  striking  exhibit 
is  that  of  American  Negro  literature.  The  de- 
velopment of  Negro  thought — the  view  of  them- 
selves which  these  millions  of  freedmen  have 
taken — is  of  intense  psychological  and  practical 
interest.  There  are  many  who  have  scarcely 
heard  of  a  Negro  book,  much  less  read  one  ;  still 
here  is  a  bibliography  made  by  the  Library  of 
Congress  containing  1,400  titles  of  works  written 
by  Negroes  ;  200  of  these  books  are  exhibited  on 
the  shelves.  The  Negroes  have  150  periodicals, 
mostly  weekly  papers,  many  of  which  are  exhib- 
ited here. 

We  have  thus,  it  may  be  seen,  an  honest, 
straightforward  exhibit  of  a  small  nation  of 
people,  picturing  their  life  and  development 
without  apology  or  gloss,  an<l  above  all  made  by 
themselves.  In  a  way  this  marks  an  era  in  the 
history  of  the  Negroes  of  America.  It  is  no  new 
thing  for  a  group  of  people  to  accomplish  much 
under  the  help  and  guidance  of  a  stronger  group  ; 
indeed,  the  whole  Palace  of  Social  Economy  at 
the  Paris  Exposition  shows  how  vast  a  system 
of  help  and  guidance  of  this  order  is  being  car- 
ried on  to-day  throughout  the  world.  When, 
however,  the  inevitable  question  arises,  What 
are  these  guided  groups  doing  for  themselves  ? 
there  is  in  the  whole  building  no  more  encour- 
aging answer  than  that  given  by  the  American 
negroes,  who  are  here  shown  to  be  studying, 
examining,  and  thinking  of  their  own  progress 
and  prospects.* 

*  Mr.  Thomas  J.  CaUoway,  the  special  affent  of  the  Negro 
exhibit,  gives  the  following  list  of  awards  to  the  exhibit,  to- 
gether with  a  note  of  explanation,  which  we  print  below : 

Oratid  Prix— American  Negro  Exhibit  (on  the  collection 
as  a  whole) :  Hampton  Normal  and  Agricultural  Institute, 
Hampton,  Va.  QcUd  3fe<lal«— Tuskegee  Normal  and  Indus- 
trial Institute,  Tuskegee,  Ala. ;  Howard  University,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C;  T.  J.  Calloway,  Special  Agent  Negro  Exhibit 
(as  compiler) ;  W.  E.  B.  Du  Bois,  Collaborator  as  Compiler 
of  Georgia  Negro  Exhibit.  SUvtr  Jfedai§-Fisk  Univer8ity, 
Nashville,  Tenn.;  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College, 
Green8boro\  N.  C;  Berea  College,  Berea,  Ky.;  Atlanta  UnU 
versity,  Atlanta,  Ga.;  Booker  T.  Washington,  Monograph 
on  Education  of  Negro.  Bronze  3f<dai«— Roger  Williams 
University.  Nashville,  Tenn.;  Central  Tennessee  (College, 
Nashville,  Tenn.;  Atlanta  University,  Atlanta,  Oa.;  Pine 
Bluff  Normal  and  Industrial  School,  Pine  Bluff,  Ark.  Hon 
orable  Afention— Haines  Normal  and  Industrial  Institute, 
Augusta,  Ga.;  Claflin  University,  Orangeburg,  8.  C. 

While  these  awards  represent  the  appreciation  of  the 
several  Juries,  taken  together  there  is  not  the  even  balancing 
that  might  be  wished.  Some  of  the  principal  features  wero 
not  installed  till  after  the  juries  were  disbanded.  For  ex- 
ample, the  books,  the  models,  patents,  etc.,  fall  under  this 
lists.  The  awards,  therefore,  except  in  certain  cases  like 
Hampton,  Tuskegee,  Atlanta,  etc.,  do  not  necessarily  repre- 
sent the  strongest  features  of  the  exhibit. 


TRUSTS   IN   ENGLAND. 


RECENT    DEVELOPMENTS    OF    INDUSTRIAL    COMBINATIONS. 

BY   ROBERT   DONALD. 
(Editor  of  the  Municipal  Journal^  London,  Eng.)  • 


TEN  years  ago,  the  heading  <*  Trusts  in  Eng- 
land "  would  have  been  as  great  an  anomaly 
as  the  often -quoted  title  of  an  article  on  »*  Snakes 
in  Iceland,"  which  read,  **  There  are  no  snakes 
in  Iceland."  For  many  years  the  Manchester 
school  of  laissez-faire  had  dominated  English 
political  economy.  Under  free  trade,  commer- 
cial freedom,  every  one  thought,  was  guaran- 
teed ;  competition  had  full  play.  English  econo- 
mists pointed  to  the  fruits  of  protection  in  the 
trusts  organized  in  the  United  States,  and  pre- 
dicted that  these  gigantic  monopolies  would 
endanger  free  institutions,  and  strangle  the  po- 
litical as  well  as  the  commercial  liberties  of  the 
republic.  With  free  trade  (so  they  held)  there 
could  be  no  trusts.  Trusts  could  not  be  organized 
without  high  protection  and  the  assistance  of 
powerful  railroad  corporations ;  and,  even  if 
they  were  established,  they  could  not  exist  any 
length  of  time,  and  would  never  succeed.  These 
views  were  also  held  by  free-traders  and  econo- 
mists in  America.  Economists  must  now  revise 
their  views,  and  politicians  change  their  tactics. 
England  no  longer  enjoys  that  immunity  from 
monopoly  which  was  the  boast  of  its  own  econo- 
mists and  the  object-lesson  of  American  free- 
traders. While  the  position  of  trusts  has  not 
greatly  changed  in  the  United  States  during  the 
past  ten  years,  except  to  develop  on  the  same 
linei:.,  a  commercial  revolution  is  taking  place  in 
England,  The  country  is  becoming  honey 
combed  with  combinations  and  trusts  ;  and, 
what  is  more  and  perhaps  worse,  there  is  no 
agitation  against  the  system.  No  effort  is  made 
to  check  trusts  or  control  them.  Not  a  word  has 
been  said  in  Parliament  on  the  subject.  News- 
papers record  the  news  of  combinations  without 
much  comment,  except  on  the  financial  or  inves- 
tors' aspect  of  them.  I  can  trace  only  two  seri- 
ous review  articles  on  this  important  development 
— one  superficial  and  ill-informed  ;  the  other  by 
the  promoter  of  some  of  the  combines.  The  fact 
is  that  the  new  phase  of  mdustrial  combination 
is  an  easy,  natural,  and  perhaps  inevitable  de- 
volopmont  of  the  jointstock-limited -company 
system,  together  with  the  publicity  and  cliecks 
that  accompany  it.  We  have  now  in  England 
as  manv  varieties  of    combinations    as    exist    in 


the  United  States.  There  are — (1)  loose  under 
standings  for  apportioning  trade  ;  (2)  working 
agreements  between  groups  of  manufacturers 
for  regulating  prices  ;  (3)  great  amalgamations 
which  practically  control  the  markets  ;  (4)  local 
trusts,  supreme  in  their  own  areas  and  in  their 
own  trades  ;  (5)  national  monopolies,  and  (6)  in- 
ternational  monopolies. 

Accepting  Professor  Ely's  definition  of  a  monop 
oly  as  meaning  ''that  substantial  unity  of  action 
on  the  part  of  one  or  more  persons  engaged  in 
some  kind  of  business  which  gives  exclusive  con- 
trol, more  particularly,  although  not  solely,  with 
regard  to  price,"  there  are  now  many  such  iu 
England.  The  rapid  extension  of  **  combines" 
recently  is  all  the  more  remarkable,  because  the 
early  efforts  at  trust- making  were  failures. 

Before  describing  the  various  types  of  indus- 
trial combinations  that  now  exist,  it  will  be  as 
well  to  refer 'briefly  to  the  joint-stock  system 
under  which  they  are  organized. 

THE    LIMITED-COMPANY    OR    JOINT-STOCK    SYSTEM. 

When  fairly  carried  out,  the  limited  •  com- 
pany system  is  good,  alike  for  the  trader 
and  the  investor.  A  successful  manufacturer, 
for  instance,  wants  to  turn  his  business  int^  & 
limited -liability  company.  Two  or  three  things 
may  induce  him  to  do  this.  He  may  be  getting 
old  ;  he  may  want  fresh  capital  ;  or,  he  may 
want  to  sell  his  business  without  losing  an  inter 
est  in  it,  or  even  the  control  of  it,  simply  for  the 
sake  of  making  money.  He  adds  to  his  capital, 
or  value  of  his  works  and  property,  the  value  of 
his  good -will.  The  value  of  his  property  mu<t 
be  vouched  for  by  professional  valuers,  his 
accounts  audited  by  chartered  accountants,  to 
show  tho  net  profits  for  a  number  of  years.  He 
puts  his  price  on  the  business,  and  says  liow  he 
will  take  the  value — in  securities  or  cash,  or 
partly  in  both.  The  public  judge  it  as  an  in- 
vestment, and  subscribe  or  not,  as  they  choose. 
Much  depends  on  the  amount  of  information 
given  in  the  prospectus.  The  public  may  be 
offered  the  majority  of  the  ordinary  shares  o'- 
stock,  and  in  that  case  would  control  ilie  busi- 
ness ;  or,  the  vender  may  issue  only  4  or  '' 
per  cent,    prefi  ronee  shares  or  mortgage  detoi 


TRUSTS  IN  ENGLAND. 


579 


tures,  and  retain  all  the  ordinary  stock.  In  that 
case  he  controls  the  business  so  long  as  he  is 
able  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  preference  shares 
and  debentures  ;  if  he  fails  to  do  so,  they  will 
take  possession  of  the  business.  The  Stock 
Exchange  limits  his  holding  in  preference  and 
debenture  stock  if  he  retains  most  of  the  ordi- 
nary shares.  The  accounts  must  be  properly 
'  audited  every  year  by  professional  accountants, 
and  the  whole  system  is  more  or  less  open. 
There  are,  of  course,  abuses,  which  arise  from 
overcapitalization,  the  hiring  of  guinea  •  pig 
directors  to  attract  investors,  and  so  on  ;  but 
the  company  swindles  are  generally  in  connec- 
tion with  financial  and  mining  companies,  not 
with  industrial  concerns.  The  law  has  just  been 
amended  to  meet  some  of  the  abuses  that  had 
grown  up.  Hitherto  it  has  been  difficult  to  pun- 
ish individuals  who  defrauded  the  public,  and 
the  chief  business  of  some  promoters  was  to 
float  wild -cat  schemes  one  year  and  wind  them 
up  the  next. 

The  joint  stock  system  is  very  elastic,  and 
gives  every  facility  for  combination.  It  is  much 
simpler  for  companies  to  combine  than  for  pri- 
vate firms  to  join  hands.  Amalgamations  under 
companies  are  easily  organized  on  an  equitable 
basis,  and  there  is  no  limit  to  the  extent  to  which 
they  can  be  carried.  As  will  be  seen  later  on, 
tlie  British  combine  differs  in  many  ways  from 
the  American  trust  ;  but  the  aim  is  the  same, 
even  though  the  methods  taken  to  reach  it  may 
differ. 

INFORMAL    COMBINKS. 

There  are  a  large  number  of  informal  com- 
bines in  England  which  give  some  advantages  of 
monopoly  without  unity  of  control  or  financial 
association.  Thus,  the  railroad  corporations  have 
long  ceased  to  compete  as  regards  rates.  It  is 
perfectly  well  understood,  and  has  been  admitted 
over  and  over  again  by  railroad  men  before  Par- 
liamentary committees,  that  the  railroad  com- 
panies combine.  They  agree  in  their  rates,  but 
compete  in  facilities,  speed,  etc.  If  it  were  not 
that  the  railroad  companies  are  strictly  regulated 
by  the  Board  of  Trade,  this  system  of  concerted 
action  would  be  a  very  serious  factor.  As  it  is, 
the  railroads  represent  the  most  powerful  interest 
in  Parliament. 

Railroad  companies  do  not  connive  at  trust- 
making,  as  in  the  United  States,  but  they  dis- 
criminate to  some  extent.  They  sometimes  re- 
duce  their  rates  according  to  the  quantity  of 
^oods  sent  on  their  lines,  whieh  obviously  favors 
the  big  concerns. 

Similarly,  tlie  leading  shippint;  eompatn'MS  have 
tixi'd    rates    for   freiglit,    to   stop   undercutting, 


competing  only  in  speed  and  facilities.  Some 
of  them  have  monopolies  of  their  routes.  The 
recent  amalgamation  of  the  Castle  and  Union 
lines  is  a  case  in  point,  as  it  establishes  a  practi- 
cal monopoly  in  the  service  to  South  Africa. 

There  are  various  understandings  and  agree- 
ments in  the  coal- trade.  As  the  price  of  coal 
has  risen  just  now  over  30  per  cent.,  it  is  sug- 
gested that  there  is  a  national  combine,  but 
there  is  no  evidence  of  it ;  nor  is  it  necessary, 
as  local  combinations  serve  the  same  purpose, 
being  protected  in  their  own  areas  from  compe- 
tition by  the  cost  of  freight.  In  London,  all  the 
leading  coal  merchants  combine  to  fix  prices. 
They  decide  at  the  Coal  Exchange  when  prices 
shall  rise  or  fall.  They  cannot  take  any  extreme 
course  ;  otherwise  the  crowd  of  small  dealers  out- 
side the  ring  would  interfere  with  their  business. 

The  London  flour-millers  have  a  small  asso- 
ciation for  fixing  the  prices  of  top  flour  which 
is  used  by  the  West- End  bakers.  Four  or  ^v*i 
firms  have  a  monopoly  of  this  business,  with  the 
object  of  maintaining  prices  and  equalizing  qual- 
ity. 

The  leading  engineering  firms  throughout  the 
country  entered  into  a  compact,  after  the  last 
strike,  to  act  together  against  trade -union  labor 
-^making  unity  of  action  on  one  point.  The 
Proprietary  Articles  Trade  Association,  repre- 
senting wholesale  and  retail  chemists,  is  estab- 
lished to  prevent  cutting  in  the  drug- stores.  The 
fire-insurance  companies  have  a  ring  for  regulat- 
ing rates,  one  result  of  which  is  that  public  au- 
thorities are  likely  to  become  their  own  insurers. 

These  examples  of  understandings  and  agree- 
ments do  not  bear  directly  on  the  question  of 
trusts,  but  are  another  indication  that  the  com- 
petitive system  is  weakening. 

EARLY    EFFORTS    AT    TRUST  MARINO. 

It  is  evident  that,  until  a  few  years  ago,  Eng- 
land was  not  ripe  for  trusts.  The  early  efforts 
failed  either  through  the  overcapitalization  of 
the  concerns,  opposition  from  outsiders,  or  de- 
fective management.  The  Salt  Union  was  a 
complete  failure.  So  was  the  Hansard  Union — 
an  attempt  to  combine  certain  printing  firms  in 
London  and  paper-mills  in  the  country. 

The  United  Alkali  Company,  formed  a  few 
years  ago  with  a  capital  of  $45,500,000,  con- 
trolled three -fourths  of  the  alkali  business  ;  yet 
for  three  years  it  has  pai<i  no  dividend  on  the 
ordinary  shares.  The  £10  shares  stand  at  be- 
tween 2  and  .'^.  The  company  has  had  a  work- 
ing agreement  with  Brunner,  Mond  &  Co.  an<l 
f^owman  Thom|>sori  k  <'<>.,  so  that  the  whoh* 
alkali  tradr  was  a  monopoly.  Brunner  Mond 
hi.    nMnaikablv    succes^fnl     firm)    and     Bcnvman 


580 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEW  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


Thompson  &  Co.  have  now  amalgamated.  Their 
capital  is  $16,652,200;  and  it  is  a  question,  at 
present,  whether  they  will  renew  their  agree- 
ment with  the  United  Alkali  or  compete  with  it. 

An  attempt  was  made  in  December,  1897,  to 
absorb  all  the  bill-posting  advertisement  busi- 
nesses into  one  national  combine  ;  but  it  was  a 
hopeless  failure.  The  capital  was  fixed  at  $12,- 
250,000,  but  only  a  small  sum  was  subscribed. 

The  Bedstead  Manufacturers*  Association, 
which  has  just  broken  up,  was  a  novel  experi- 
ment in  trust- making.  It  attempted  to  carry 
the  workmen  with  it  by  giving  them  the  highest 
wages,  and  40  per  cent,  bonus.  The  alliance 
with  the  workmen  lasted  for  eight  yeara,  and  tlie 
combine  was  held  together  by  coercing  firms 
with  the  united  forces  of  capital  and  labor.  The 
trade  has  recently  become  depressed.  At  a 
meeting  held  in  the  second  week  of  August  it 
was  announced  that  a  number  of  firms  had  se- 
ceded, and  the  association  was  practically  dis- 
solved. The  Bedstead  Workmen's  Association 
is  now  proposing  to  hold  the  firms  in  the  alli- 
ance to  their  agreement. 

THE  TELEPHONE  MONOPOLY. 

The  monopoly  that  has  been  most  prejudicial 
to  public  interests — the  National  Telephone  Com- 
pany— is  now  being  undermined.  By  buying  up 
other  companies,  the  National  established  a  mo- 
nopoly which  fitted  its  name.  The  post-oflRce 
made  no  effort  to  curb  it,  but  on  the  contrary 
encouraged,  or,  at  any  rate,  facilitated  it.  The 
company  worked  under  a  license  that  was  to  ex- 
pire in-  1911  ;  it  had  a  capital  of  $35,000,000, 
which  it  made  no  effort  to  redeem.  It  was  confi- 
dent either  of  getting  its  license  renewed  or  of 
compelling  the  post-oflBce  to  buy  its  watered  capi- 
tal at  par.  The  evolution  of  this  monopoly  is  a 
sordid  story — one  of  the  worst  features  of  which 
is  that  the  postmaster-general,  who  helped  to  con- 
solidate it,  was  soon  afterward  made  a  director  of 
the  company.  The  agitation  against  this  monop- 
oly on  the  part  of  municipalities  became  so  strong 
that  in  1898  the  House  of  Commons  appointed  a 
committee  to  investigate  the  question.  The  re- 
sult was  that  last  year  an  net  was  passed  giving 
municipalities  the  right  to  establish  telephones, 
and  authorizing  the  post-oflBce  to  spend  $10,000,- 
000  in  creating  a  competitive  system  in  London. 
"While  the  post-oflBce  strikes  at  the  monopoly  at 
the  center,  the  municipalities  will  knock  holes  in 
it  in  provincial  cities.  That  is  now  being  done, 
and  the  public  competitive  system  will  begin  to 
work  early  next  year.  Parliament  has  given 
the  teleplione  company  a  lingering  instead  of  a 
Budden  death  by  extending  its  license  for  another 
fourteen  years. 


MANIA   FOR   AHAL0AMATI0K8. 

During  the  last  three  years,  there  has  been  a 
prolific  crop  of  amalgamations — half-way  faonsee 
to  trusts.  Private  and  proprietary  banks  are 
being  absorbed  out  of  existence.  Barclay's  Bank 
has  taken  over  24  similar  undertakings.  Parr's 
Bank  has  absorbed  about  as  many,  and  Liloyd's 
Bank  has  swallowed  up  3d  other  banking- bouses, 
and  is  still  seeking  others  to  devour.  Lloyd's 
has  309  branches  and  a  paid  up  capital  of  $13,- 
280,000.  Its  current  and  deposit  a<;couDts 
amount  to  $227,500,000.  Only  one  joint-stock 
bank  does  a  larger  business  now  than  this.  One  of 
the  proprietors  of  a  bank  which  had  been  estab- 
lished two  hundred  years,  and  which  had  sunk  its 
historic  name  in  Lloyd*s,  informed  me  that  one 
cause  of  the  amalgamation  was  that  the  public 
preferred  banks  that  published  balance-sheets — 
as,  of  course,  all  joint-stock  banks  are  obliged  to 
do.  The  few  ancient  banks  that  now  remain 
have  old  family  connections  which  keep  them 
going,  and  some  of  them  are  so  exclusive  thai 
they  will  not  open  business  accounts. 

A  few  years  ago,  when  the  *  *  boom  **  was  on. 
a  number  of  amalgamations  were  effected  in  the 
cycle  trade.  They  are  not  now  very  successful. 
The  firms  engaged  in  carrying  coal  by  sea  have 
recently  amalgamated  ;  but,  in  fact,  the  ordinarr 
amalgamation  of  two  or  more  firms  in  the  same 
line  of  business  is  an  every-day  occurrence, 
which  calls  for  no  comment. 

ENGINEERING  AND  SHIPBUILDING   COMBIXATION& 

There   is  one  kind    of  amalgamationT  taking 
place  that  deserves  special  note.     Great  mining, 
iron,  engineering,  and   shipbuilding  firms  have 
come  together.     Instead  of  having  between   the 
raw  material  and  the  completed    ship   or  engi- 
neering  work    the   intermediary   profits  of    the 
iron -ore  miner,  the  coal-miner,  the  ironmaster, 
the  steel-maker,    the  iron-founder,    the   forger, 
the    marine-engine   builder,   and   so   forth, — all 
these  middlemen  are  got  rid  of,  and  the  whole 
business  placed,  as  it  were,  under  one  roof.      The 
Vickers,  Son  &   Maxim  Company  is  a  case  in 
point.     This  company,  an  amalgamation  of  ser 
eral,  can  now  turn  out  a  battleship,  from  begin 
ning  to  finish,   without  any  outside   assistance. 
Another  notable  union  was  that  carried  out  b\ 
the  great  engineering  house  of  Sir  W.  G.  Arm 
strong    Mitchell  &   Co.    and   Sir  Joseph  Whit 
worth  &  Co.  in  1897.    Their  capital  is  $23,550, 
000,  and  la.st  year  they  paid  15  per  cent,  with  a 
bonus  of  5  per  cent.      This  company  supplies  al. 
kinds  of  armor  ;    but  they   have  not   their  own 
shipbuilding  yards  yet,    although   this  develop 
ment  is  to  come.     The  firms  of  Robert  Napier  & 


TRUSTS  /N  ENGLAND. 


581 


Sons,  shipbuilders,  and  Broad  more  &  Co.,  steel 
and  armor  plate  makers,  have  united,  and  are 
now  a  self-contained  concern.  A  similar  alli- 
ance has  been  made  between  Messrs.  Brown, 
engineers,  of  Sheffield,  and  the  Clyde  Shipbuild- 
ing and  Engineering  Company.  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  point  out  some  of  the  advantages 
of  this  unity  of  action  ;  as,  while  a  ship  is  m 
the  stocks,  boilermaker,  marine  engineer,  gun- 
mounters,  etc.,  are  under  the  same  control  as 
the  shipfitter.  There  is  no  delay,  no  friction 
through  contractors,  and  everything  conduces  to 
harmonious  action  and  unanimity  of  purpose. 

There  is  a  union  similar  to  some  of  the  above 
which  goes  farther,  as  the  amalgamated  firms 
have  a  monopoly  of  the  steamship  routes  after 
they  have  built  the  ships.  In  this  case  the  com- 
panies still  go  under  different  names.  The  Fred- 
erick Ley  land  Shipping  Company  and  the  Wilson, 
Furness  &  Leyland  lines  are  united.  The  Fur- 
ness  company  controls  Edward  Withy  &  Co.^ 
shipbuilders.  Furness,  Westgarth  &  Co.,  en- 
gineers, and  William  Allan,  M.P.,  engineer,  are 
in  the  same  ring  ;  so  are  the  Manchester  liners, 
the  Tee*s  Side  Bridge  &  Engineering  Company, 
while  it  stretches  across  the  Atlantic  and  forms 
a  union  with  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Steamship 
Company. 

I  will  now  give  a  few  examples  of  recently 
formed  combines,  and  will  lead  up  from  the 
smaller,  which  are  in  some  cases  equivalent  to 
local  trusts,  to  the  larger,  which  are  absolute 
monopolies. 

SOME  RECENT  COMBINES. 

THE  BBADFORD  DYERS»  ASSOCIATION. 

Formed  in  December,  1897.  Tapital  $22,600,000. 
This  combinatiou  absorbed  22  businesses,  practically 
controlling  all  the  trade  in  the  neighborhood  of  Brad- 
ford. The  original  capital  has  been  increased  by  $8,750,- 
000.  Since  it  was  established  it  has  absorbed  six  other 
companies,  making  a  total  of  28.  Its  first  report  showed 
a  profit  of  $2,025,000,  which  paid  a  dividend  of  10  per 
cent,  for  the  first  15  months  on  the  ordinary  shares. 

TOBKSHIR8  DTKWARE  AND  CHEMICAL  COMPANY,  LTD. 

Formed  in  May,  1900.  The  object  of  this  combina- 
tioiif  inclading  aboat  a  dozen  firms,  is  to  have  a  com- 
mon plan  of  action,  bat  to  leave  each  business  as  a  dis- 
tinct branch  with  its  individuality.  Capital  $1,100,000, 
half  of  which  is  6-per-cent.  cumulative  preference 
shares.  Only  sufficient  was  offered  to  the  public  to 
comply  with  the  Stock  Elxchange  regulations,  in  order 
to  fipet  a  quotation  in  the  lists.  The  directors  take  10 
per  cent,  before  the  ordinary  shareholders  receive  any, 
BO  that  they  could  have  raised  much  money  if  they  had 
w^anted  it. 

GLASGOW  COAL  AND  IRON  COMBINE. 

Formed  in  May,  1900.  This  is  a  combination  under 
tbe  name  of  John  Dunlop  lie  Co.  (1900),  Ltd.,  with  a 
d^ital  of  $2,750,000.     It   combines  coal-mines,  iron- 


workK,  and  chemical  works  for  utilizing  waste  gases 
from  the  furnaces  of  the  iron- works,  steel-workn,  etc., 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Glasgow.  The  venders  took 
$2,500,000  for  the  business—all  of  it  except  $665,000  in 
cash,  leaving  only  $250,000  as  the  working  capital  of  the 
businesses,  which  had  been  worked  at  a  growing  profit. 

THE  UNITED  INDIGO  AND  CHEMICAL  COMPANY,  LTD. 

Formed  in  November,  1899.  An  amalgamation  of 
eight  indigo  manufacturers'  firms.  Capital  $1,250,000— 
half  in  6-per-cent.  cumulative  preference  shares. 

UNITED  COLLIERIES. 

Formed  in  1899.  A  combination  of  the  collieries  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Glasgow.  Most  of  them  already 
limited-liability  companies. 

BRADFORD  COAL  MERCHANTS'  AND  CONSUMERS*  ASSOCIA- 
TION, LTD. 

Formed  in  July,  1899.  This  combine  controls  90  per 
cent,  of  the  steam-coal  trade,  and  a  great  proportion  of 
the  household-coal  trade  in  the  city  of  Bradford,  which, 
with  its  suburbs,  has  a  population  of  about  250,000.  Capi- 
^1  $1,250,000,  $500,000  of  which  is  5-per-cent.  cumulative 
preference  shares.  Purchase  price,  $998,250.  The  amount 
of  working  capital  left,  after  the  purchase-money  had 
been  paid,  was  $700,000.  This  company  is  allied  with 
other  combinations. 

THE  BORAX  MONOPOLY. 

Formed  in  July,  1899.  The  Borax  Consolidated,  as  it 
is  called,  aims  at  the  control  of  this  industry.  Capital 
of  $16,000,000.  It  owns  works  in  Chile,  Peru,  Califor- 
nia, and  England.  Its  profits  for  the  twelve  months 
ending  September  last  amounted  to  $1,806,880,  and  it 
was  announced  that  the  company  was  buying  up  further 
properties  to  consolidate  its  monopoly. 

FLAX  MACHINERY  COMBINE. 

Formed  in  July,  1900.  A  union  of  the  largest  manu- 
facturers of  machinery  for  preparing  flax,  hemp,  and 
jute,  having  businesses  in  Leeds  and  Belfast.  Capital 
$6,000,000,  purchase-price  $5,600,000,  payable  partly  in 
cash  and  in  shares.    Average  yearly  profits,  $411,240. 

THE  YORKSHIRE  INDIOO,  SCARLET,  AND  COLOR 
DYERS,  LTD. 

Formed  in  July,  1900.  This  combination  represents 
almost  all  the  dyeing  businesses  in  Yorkshire,  and  is 
homogeneous,  inasmuch  as  it  will  supply  its  own  dye 
materials  through  the  businesses  which  it  amalga- 
mates. Some  of  the  firms  have  been  established  over 
150  years.  The  capiUl  is  $9,060,000,  of  which  one-half 
is  4K  per-cent.  first^mortgage  debenture  stock.  The 
purchase-price  was  $2,167,990.  The  promoters  took  one- 
third  of  the  issued  capital. 

YORKSHIRE  SOAP-MAKERS*  ASSOCIATION. 

Formed  in  May,  1900.  A  combination  of  twelve 
Yorkshire  businesses  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
soap  and  packing  cotton  waste.  Capital  $2,000,000, 
purchase-price  $1,252,840. 

YORKSHIRE  WOOL-COMBERS. 

Formed  in  October,  1899.  Practically  all  the  wool- 
combers  in  Yorkshire.  They  are  called  an  "associa- 
tion"—a  favorite  term  for  the  combines.  (** Unions" 
have  earned  a  bad  name  and  nothing  else.)  Thirty- 
eight  firms  mre  absorbed.     Capital  $11,000,000.    There 


582 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHL  Y  REVIEW  OF  REr/ElVS. 


was  a  rush  to  Kulvicribe,  and  the  capital  required  was 
applied  for  several  times  over ;  but  the  result  is  disap- 
pointing. The  promised  profits  have  not  been  earned. 
The  deferred  shares  get  nothing  for  the  first  year.  The 
directors  say  that  the  falling  off  is  due  to  the  lack  of 
wool  for  combing,  consequent  on  the  depression  in  the 
worsted  trade.  And  now  depression  in  the  worsted 
trade  is  to  be  met  by  a  combine  for  that  industry, 
which  will  no  doubt  work  in  with  the  wool-combers. 

BRITISH  OIL  AND  CAKE  MILLS. 

Formed  in  1899.  Capital  $11,350,000,  divided  into 
three  equal  parts  as  ordinary,  5-per-cent.  preference 
shares,  and  4>^-per-cent.  debenture  stock.  The  pro- 
moters took  $8,500,000  in  cash,  $2,035,000  in  securities, 
and  $615,000  in  securities  or  cash. 

VELVET  AND  CORD  DYERS*  COMBINE. 

Formed  in  April,  1899.  Known  as  the  English  Vel* 
vet  and  Cord  Dyers'  Association,  Ltd.  This  is  the  only 
large  combine  that  asked  no  money  from  the  public. 
It  is  a  union  of  22  firms,  which  raised  their  own  capi- 
tal. Previous  to  combination,  most  of  them  yielded 
little  profit.    They  now  reap  5  per  cent. 

VBLVET-CUTTING  COMBINE. 

Formed  in  March,  1900.  Velvet-cutting  is  presuma- 
bly not  a  large  industry.  The  united  velvefc-cutters 
represent  four  firms,  capital  $1,500,000. 

CALICO  PRINTERS'  COMBINE. 

Formed  in  December,  1899.  This  is  one  of  the  bold- 
est and  biggest  of  undertakings.  No  fewer  than  60 
firms  have  combined,  with  the  huge  capital  of  $46,000,- 
000.  More  than  two-thirds  of  this  capital  was  issued, 
but  all  except  $10,666,660  was  retained  as  purchase- 
money.  The  fiotatlon  was  too  favorable,  and  there  is 
now  a  '*  slump."  More  works  have  been  bought,  but  a 
monopoly  has  not  been  secured.  In  the  meantime,  we 
read  paragraphs  like  this,  which  will  have  a  familiar 
look  to  Americans:  "In  consequence  of  depression  in 
the  calico-printing  trade,  the  combine  has  closed  its 
works  at  Stalybridge  and  Hayfield,  and  thrown  500 
operatives  out  of  work." 

FINE-COTTON  SPINNERS  AND  DOUBLERS. 

Formed  in  May,  1898.  Capital  $80,000,000.  Thirty- 
one  firms  amalgamated.  It  pays  10  per  cent.,  and  is 
doing  well.  It  belongs  to  the  group  in  which  the  Coats 
Thread  Trust  hold  interests,  and  probably  is  controlled 
by  that  gigantic  international  combine. 

COAL  AND  IRON  COMBINE. 

Formed  in  July,  1900.  The  Doulais  Iron  Company, 
Guest  Keen  &  Co.,  colliery  owners,  quarry  owners, 
ironmasters,  etc.,  and  the  Patent  Nut  and  Bolt  Com- 
pany, iron  and  steel  manufacturers,  etc.  Amalga- 
mated capital  $20,000,000.  This  combine  owns  an  iron- 
ore  company  in  Spain. 

LIMB  Ain>  CEMENT  COMBINE. 

Formed  in  July,  1900.  This  combine  embraces  all 
the  lime  and  cement  and  brick  works  in  Bedfordshire. 
Capital  $2,000,000.  The  venders  retained  all  the  ordi- 
nary shares,  offering  the  public  only  part  of  the  prefer- 
ence shares  and  debenture  stock. 


NATIONAL  AND  IXTEKXATIONAL  TRUSTS. 

None  of  the  above  companies  are  national ;  they 
have  only  local  or  limited  monopolies.  AVe  now  com* 
to  gigantic  corporations  which  have  an  abM>lut«  mo- 
nopoly in  their  own  fields. 

PORTLAND  CEMENT  TRUST. 

Floated  as  recently  as  the  middle  of  July,  the  A^ 
sociat'Cd  Portland  Cement  Manufacturers,  Litd.,  eui- 
brace  30  firms,  and  have  working  arrangementn  for 
three  years  with  four  others.  Some  of  the  constitneBt 
companies  were  already  amalgamations  of  others. 
They  have  90  per  cent,  of  the  business  in  the  coontrjr, 
and  the  remaining  10  per  cent,  must  necessarily  com- 
bine or  disappear.  Capital  $40,000,000,  partly  ordinary 
cumulative  5>^-per-cent.  preference  shares,  and  first- 
mortgage  debenture  stock  {4}{  per  cent.).  Several  mil- 
lions were  left  imissued  in  the  meantime.  The  vend- 
ers took  one-third.  A  large  amount  was  obtained  be- 
fore the  issue,  and  the  public  was  asked  for  the  bal- 
ance—about $16,000,000,— which  was  promptly  sup- 
plied. The  combine  has  19  directors  and  14  Tnannging 
directors.  These  gentlemen  were,  of  course,  the  head^ 
of  the  absorbed  concerns.  New  machinery  has  been 
put  down,  and  the  combine  promises  well  as  a  com- 
mercial concern. 

NATIONAL  WALL-PAPER  TRUST. 

Formed  in  March,  1900.    All  the  manufacturers  of 
wall-paper  form  one  trust.    The  principal  dealers  have 
signed  an  agreement  not  to  deal  outside  the  tru^t— 
called  the  Wall-Paper  Manufacturers,  Ltd. — for  serm 
years.    The  capital  is  $16,000,000,  and  l^s  than  half  the 
amount  was  issued,  so  that  the  control  remaiiis  in  xhr 
hands  of  the  promoters.    From  an  industrial  point  uf 
view,  this  trust  is  in  the  strongest  position  of  any  com 
bination  in  the  country.    Unlike  others,  it  has  no  fear 
of  foreign  competition.    French,  German,  and  Ameri- 
can goods  have  no  sale  in  England— as  width,  length, 
style,  and  everything  differs.    For  that  matter,  so  f«r 
as  America  is  concerned,  the  British  trust  is  making  an 
agreement  with  the  American  trust  in  the  same  line- 
There  is  a  large  export  trade  in  English-made  wnlV 
paper.    Competition  in  the  home  trade  was  so  keen  th*: 
many  houses  became  insolvent.  The  smaller  mills  wert 
at  once  closed  on  the  formation  of  the  trust.     Price* 
were  raised,  but  better  goods  are  produced.     The  ser- 
vices of  "drummers"  were  dispensed  with,   and  th* 
market  is  better  controlled.    Formerly  firms  product^ 
inferior  '*job  lines"  of  goods,  partly  for  conipetitirr 
purposes,  partly  to  keep  their  mills  going.     That  hst^ 
been  stopped.    Production  is  not  only  equalized,  bni 
specialized.    Instead  of  one  mill  producing  goods  of  va 
rious  kinds  and  qualities,  every  mill  has  no'vr  its  spc^ 
cial  line.    The  trust  is  protected  against  the  dfuiicer  ci 
strikes,  as  most  of  the  labor  employed  is  unskilled  aiKi 
unorganized.    To  begin  with,  many  workmen  i^rere  dis- 
charged; but  those  who  remained  obtained  regular  em- 
ployment and  better  wages.    This  trn5;t  promiaes  to  t» 
one  of  the  most  successful  yet  established. 

THE  BLEACHERS'  TRUST. 

Formed  in  July,  1900.  The  Bleachers'  Assoctatitm. 
Ltd.,  is  the  latest  and  one  of  the  biggest  things  in  trusts 
that  England  has  produced.  It  has  a  capital  of  $41,- 
050,000,  49  directors,  and  is  an  amalgamatioQ  of  58  fim». 


TRUSTS  IN  ENGLAND, 


583 


The  bleaching  trade  is  one  of  the  oldest  induslries  in 
England.  Many  of  the  firms  that  have  sunk  their  in- 
dividuality in  the  trust  have  been  established  over  a 
century.  One  dates  from  1760,  another  from  1761,  and 
fifteen  were  founded  before  the  present  century.  The 
businesses  merged  in  the  trust  have  been  successful, 
but  the  flotation  was  a  failure.  The  end  of  July  was 
an  inappropriate  time  to  raise  money,  and  the  under- 
writers had  to  take  most  of  the  stock.  The  trusty  in  ita 
prospectus,  said:  '*A  few  of  the  amalgamated  firms 
ure  dyers  as  well  as  bleachers,  and  the  two  businesses 
may  be  usefully  and  profitably  continued  side  by  side. 
There  is,  however,  no  intention  of  competing  with  the 
Dyers*  Association,  Ltd.,  and  in  the  case  of  the  firm 
which  carries  on  at  one  of  its  works  piece-dyeing  of  the 
Bradford  class  the  company  (that  is,  the  trust)  has  ar- 
ranged to  transfer  the  dye-works  to  that  association." 

This  is  a  confession  that  there  is  an  agreement  be- 
tween the  two.  Bleaching  is  a  safe  business,  as  the 
bleachers*  work  is  to  bleach  and  finish  goods  for  others. 
This  means  that  there  may  soon  be  another  ring  of' 
those  who  supply  the  bleachers  with  their  work.  It 
will  be  difficult  to  compete  against  the  trust,  as  the 
scarcity  of  an  adequate  water-supply,  and  the  stringent 
rules  now  enforced  against  river  pollution,  will  make  it 
almost  impossible  to  establish  new  works. 

THE  INTEBNATIONAL  THREAD  TKCST. 

The  Coats  combine  is  the  first  international  indu»- 
trial  trust.  Practically,  the  world's  output  of  sewing- 
cotton,  except  some  of  the  finer  kinds,— the  business  in 
which  is  infinitesimal,— is  in  its  grasp.  This  trust  is 
well  known  in  the  United  States.  It  is  associated,  in 
fact,  with  12  foreign  manufacturing  concerns,  and  is  in- 
terested in,  and  has  agreements  with,  the  English  Sew- 
ing-Cot ton  Company,  fioated  in  November,  1897,  with  a 
capital  of  $17,750,000,  joining  15  firms,  and  is  similarly 
allied  with  the  Fine-Cotton  Spinners  and  Doublers— a 
union  of  31  firms,  capital  $30,000,000,— and  the  Ameri- 
can Thread  Company,  floated  in  London,  in  December, 
1 898,  capital  $18,600,000.  This  trust  is  proving  a  remark- 
able commercial  succei»s,  and  there  is  apparently  no 
tttoppage  of  its  prosperity  in  sight. 

INTERCOM  BIN  ATIONS. 

Some  of  the  combines  have  working  arrangements 
with  others,  but  they  are  not  always  on  a  footing 
tliat  can  be  traced.  Here  is  an  illustration  of  the 
system  of  intercombination.  The  Bradford  Dyers* 
Aj»ociation  is  in  league  with  the  Bradford  coal  ring. 
The  Coats  Thread  trust  has  affiliations  with  many 
companies.  The  dyers  are  also  in  agreement  with  the 
bleachers*  combine,  as  we  have  seen. 

Another  phase  of  the  combine  system  which  applies 
ebiefly  to  electricity  undertakings  is  for  the  same  ring 
t€3  promote  several  companies  under  difl'erent  titles. 
I>uring  the  last  session  of  Parliament,  four  electric- 
power  bills  were  promoted  as  coming  from  different 
companies,  when  as  a  matter  of  fact  the  directors  were 
t.be  same  in  each  case.  In  the  case  of  the  County  of 
Durham  Electric-Power  bill,  there  was  more  pluralism. 
The  bill  sought  power— which  it  got — to  supply  cur- 
rent to  '* authorised  distributers.**  It  attended  only  to 
the  balk,  or  wholesale,  side  of  the  business.  But  the 
promoters  and  directors  also  operated  under  other  coni- 
pttiiies— two  electric-lighting  works,  two  street-railroad 
Kyatems,  and  two  light  railroads  in  the  same  county ; 
^rliilA  they  were  in  alliance  with  the  Brush  Electrical 


Engineering  Company,  of  which  some  of  them  were 
directors.  They  can  thus  deal  with  themselves  in  sev- 
eral capacities,  and  multiply  profits  unnecessarily. 

WAR  AND  TRUSTS. 

It  should  be  noted  that  most  of  the  trusts  and  com- 
bines above  described  have  been-  fioated  during  the 
period  of  the  war  in  South  Africa  and  in  China— be- 
tween November,  1899,  and  the  present  time — when  the 
money  market  has  been  more  or  less  disorganized  and 
public  confidence  shaken.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the 
joint-stock  enterprises  promoted  during  this  period  are 
just  about  half  what  they  were  in  the  previous  year, 
which  means  that  the  combines  form  a  large  part  of 
them.  It  may  be  taken  for  granted  that,  but  for  the 
war,  the  number  would  have  been  far  greater.  A  large 
number  of  combinations  are  just  now  in  an  embryo 
state,  waiting  for  the  opportune  moment  to  come  on 
the  market.  They  include  a  hat-manufacturing  com- 
bination of  66  firms,  with  a  capital  of  $10,000,000.  A 
combination  of  worsted  spinners  is  in  process  of  organ- 
ization. It  will  represent  128  firms,  and  have  a  capital 
of  $90,000,000. 

THE   JOINT- STOCK   SYSTEM    A    CHECK. 

Two  things  make  the  organization  and  work- 
ing of  trusts  in  Great  Britain  different  from  the 
operation  of  similar  combinations  in  America. 
These  are  the  joint-stock-company  system  and 
free  trade.  The  first  introduces  an  element  of 
democratic  control  in  finance  in  place  of  an  au- 
tocracy ;  the  other  acts  as  a  safety-valve  in  the 
interest  of  consumers.  In  organizing  trusts  or 
localized  monopolies  in  England,  no  doubt  vari- 
ous kinds  of  persuasion  and  coercion  are  utilized; 
but  once  a  company  is  formed,  the  methods 
adopted  in  America  for  consolidating  and  ex- 
tending the  combination  would  not  work  well. 
Cutthroat,  death-dealing  competition  to  destroy 
recalcitrant  firms  would  not  be  possible  ;  nor 
would  the  concomitant  of  this  method,  high 
prices  in  places  where  monopoly  had  been  estab- 
lished, be  safe  or  expedient.  Shareholders  would 
not  risk  their  dividends  for  a  single  year  by  this 
method  of  industrial  warfare.  Even  if  the  inde- 
pendent shareholders  did  not  control  the  com 
bine,  they  are  capable  of  exercising  great  influ- 
ence. The  position  of  a  company  organizetl  on 
the  joint-stock-limited-liability  system  is  open  to 
discussion  in  public  meeting  of  the  shareholders 
at  least  once  a  year.  Adverse  criticism  on  the 
part  of  a  minority  has  an  influence  on  the  mar- 
ket. If  the  directors  who  may  be  the  cliief  hold- 
ers do  not  furnish  the  information  asked  for,  or 
justify  their  policy  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  in- 
dependent shareholders,  the  stock  will  be  at  once 
adversely  affected.  It  is  possible  for  a  few  to 
control  the  combination  by  secunng  a  majority 
of  the  stock  or  shares  ;  but  that  control  will  be 
in  their  cwn  interest  only  so  long  as  they  behave 
themselves,  and  pursue  a  straightforward,  busi- 


584 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiEW  OF  REI^IEWS. 


iiesslike  policy.  Tlie  accountants  wlio  act  as 
auditors  of  limited  companies  occupy  an  inde- 
pendent position,  which  enables  them  to  check 
crooked  methods  of  finance.  They  are  men  of 
high  professional  standing,  who  could  not  be 
♦  *■  squared  *'  by  unscrupulous  directors.  Their 
strength  lies  in  their  integrity ;  and  it  would 
not  pay  them,  even  if  they  were  willing,  to 
connive  with  directors  to  do  what  was  not 
straightforward,  or  to  mislead  the  public.  If 
auditors  find  that  the  dividends  are  being  paid 
without  being  earned  from  profits,  or  if  deprecia- 
tion allowances  are  inadequate,  or  patents  are  not 
being  written  off,  they  will  pass  the  accounts, 
but  qualify  their  certificate.  Any  comment  from 
auditors  necessarily  influences  the  stock  in  the 
market,  which  cannot  be  of  benefit  to  the  com- 
pany or  the  directors.  If  in  industrial  concerns 
everything  is  not  managed  in  a  straightforward 
way,  and  investors  are  misled  and  deceived,  they 
will  lose  confidence  in  such  enterprises  and  will 
not  subscribe,  which  the  trust  organizers  want 
them  to  do.  The  danger  from  one-man  or  ring 
control  in  these  combinations  is  not  great,  as  the 
abuses  would  lead  to  reaction.  It  should  be  re- 
membered always  that  the  organizers  of  the  com- 
bines— the  owners  of  the  properties  floated  on  the 
market — have  more  need  of  the  independent  in- 
vestor than  the  investor  has  of  them.  The  fact 
that  the  ordinary  shares  in  the  combines  are  gen- 
erally only  one  pound  in  value  shows  that  sup- 
port is  sought  from  small  investors. 

The  chief  danger  of  the  trust  movement  on 
the  financial  side,  apart  from  that  which  would 
arise  from  mismanagement,  lies  in  overcapitali- 
zation to  start  with,  and  overestimated  pros- 
pective profits.  In  other  respects,  the  joint- 
stock -limited -company  system,  while  its  elas- 
ticity  gives  facilities  for  the  formation  of  trusts, 
also  acts  in  various  ways  as  a  check  on  abuses 
and  the  dangers  of  these  great  aggregations  of 
wealth  and  power. 

FREE    TBADE    THE    SAFETY-VALVE. 

On  the  formation  of  the  combines,  the  owners 
of  the  businesses  acquired  can  get  a  big  haul 
from  the  public  ;  but  their  profits  after  that,  if 


they  remain  in  the  business,  will  depend  ou 
economies  in  methods  of  production  and  distri- 
bution from  the  creation  of  a  huge  industrial 
unit  rather  than  on  increased  prices.  The 
absence  of  competition  may  not  always  enable 
them  to  buy  raw  material  cheaper,  but  unity  of 
management  and  absence  of  competition  neces- 
sarily carry  with  them  many  potential  economies 
which  can  be  taken  advantage  of.  The  margin 
for  increase  of  price,  however,  is  not  lai^. 
Foreign  competition  would  at  once  seize  the 
opportunity  that  free  trade  gives  to  undersell 
the  com*bine.  Prices  must,  therefore,  be  regu- 
lated, even  were  a  national  monopoly  created, 
according  to  the  prices  at  which  foreign  goods 
could  be  delivered  in  England.  Free  trade, 
therefore,  acts  as  a  safety-valve  to  the  home  con- 
sumers. Under  the  international  monopoly  of 
the  sewing-cotton  combine,  the  British  consumer 
does  not  suffer ;  as  Mr.  Archibald  Coats,  the 
president  of  the  combine,  stated  at  the  last  meet 
ing  of  the  company  that  the  profits  of  the  share- 
holders came  from  their  investments  and  inter- 
ests in  fifteen  foreign  companies,  not  from  their 
home  factories.  This  might  be  owing  partly  to 
overcapitalization,  and  partly  to  keeping  down 
prices  from  the  fear  of  competition. 

EFFECT   ON   BRITISH   MANUFACTURES. 

Consumers  in  England  have  not  so  much  to 
fear  from  combines  regulated  by  the  Compa- 
nies* Act,  and  held  in  check  by  free  trade,  as 
consumers  in  the  United  States.  The  tyranny 
of  capital  will  be  restrained  ;  and,  so  long  as 
the  chances  of  competition  do  not  disappear,  the 
combines  will  find  that  their  safety  lies  in  rais- 
ing prices  as  little  as  possible.  From  an  indus- 
trial point  of  view,  they  may  exercise  a  stimulat- 
ing influence.  They  will  break  down  the  con- 
servatism which  frequently  characterizes  British 
manufacturing  methods.  The  best  machinery 
will  be  introduced,  new  methods  of  production 
adopted,  specialization  carried  out.  It  is  prob- 
able, if  the  combines  are  under  good  manage- 
ment and  speculation  is  discouraged,  that  Uiis 
new  phase  in  British  industry  may  increase  com- 
petition with  other  countries  in  foreign  trade, 
while  it  consolidates  the  market  at  home. 


THE   BRITISH   CZAR:  THE  GENERAL  ELECTOR. 


BY  W.  T.  STEAD. 


EXCEPT  Mr.  Chamberlain,  no  personality  has 
emerged  from  the  turmoil  of  the  present 
election.  Of  Mr.  Chamberlain  1  have  written  so 
much  and  so  often  that  I  have  no  wish  to  make 
him  the  subject  of  another  character  sketch.  Mr. 
Morley  is  hors  de  combat ;  Mr.  Goschen,  whose 
retirement  at  other  times  might  have  suggested 
him  as  the  subject  for  treatment,  is  only  con- 
spicuous for  the  moment  because  he  is  stepping 
out  of  the  fray,  not  because  he  is  taking  a  leading 
part  in  the  contest ;  Lord  Rosebery  has  only 
emitted  a  single  letter,  which  was  a  poor  substi- 
tute for  the  leading  which  even  a  leader  retired 
from  business  might  have  been  expected  to  sug- 
gest ;  and,  as  for  Lord  Salisbury,  his  manifesto 
was  almost  abject  in  its  feebleness.  Surely  never 
did  a  prime  minister  appeal  to  the  country  in  so 
lachrymose  a  tone.  Never  before  has  a  piteous 
wail  over  possible  abstentions  taken  the  place  of 
direct  challenge  to  the  heart  and  conscience  of 
the  electorate  on  a  great  political  issue.  Seeing, 
tlierefore,  that  among  the  candidates  there  is  no 
person  who  would  seem  to  call  particularly  for 
analysis  and  delineation  in  these  pages,  I  be- 
thought me  that  it  might  not  be  a  bad  thing  to 
regard  the  voter  or  the  general  elector  as  an  en- 
tity, and  to  describe  him  as  if  he  were  individ- 
ually, what  he  is  politically,  the  British  Czar. 

The  Czar  of  All  the  Russias  is  vested  by  the 
constitution  of  his  country  with  the  supreme 
j>ower.  He  is  autocrat.  From  his  will  there 
is  no  appeal  ;  but  in  practice,  as  no  one  knows 
better  than  czars  themselves,  they  are  hampered 
at  every  turn  m  the  exercise  of  their  autocratic 
power.  In  theory  omnipotent,  in  practice  their 
sovereign  will  can  be  exercised  within  a  very 
small  area,  and  by  no  means  always  even  there. 
Our  British  elector  is  in  precisely  similar  case. 
In  theory  he  is  supreme.  He  can  make  and  un- 
niake  ministries,  reverse  poUcies,  avert  or  pre- 
cipitate war ;  or,  in  short,  do  everything  that 
the  Czar  can  do.  But  the  occasion  for  exercising 
tills  supreme  power  occurs  only  once  in  half  a 
dozen  years,  and  then  it  takes  place  in  circum- 
stances which  often  reduce  to  a  farce  the  much- 
vaunted  power  of  the  elector. 

To  begin  with,  the  elector  has  no  opportunity 
of  expressing  his  opinion,  one  way  or  the  other, 
unless  there  is  a  contest.  He  may  hate  the  can- 
<lidate  who  sits  for  his  constituency  as  much  as 
tbe  West  Birmingham  Liberals  hate  Mr.  Cham- 


berlain ;  but  unless  a  candidate  can  be  put  into 
the  field,  he  is  powerless  to  express  his  disappro- 
bation. This,  it  may  be,  is  a  matter  that  re- 
quires remedying  ;  but  at  tliis  election  the  right 
to  vote  has  practically  been  denied  to  constitu- 
ents who  are  responsible  for  the  return  of  no 
fewer  than  170  members.  The  number  of  seats 
unopposed  is  larger  this  year  than  at  some  pre- 
vious elections — for  obvious  reasons,  into  which 
we  do  not  need  to  enter  now.  Suffice  it  to  say 
that  one-fourth  of  the  House  of  Commons  can 
be  elected  without  giving  the  electors  any  oppor- 
tunity of  exercising  a  choice. 

It  was  said  long  ago  by  a  cynic  that  British 
electors  lived  under  a  despotic  government,  tem- 
pered by  the  permission  once  in  seven  years  to 
choose  a  new  set  of  inilers.  For  electors  in  non- 
contested  constituencies  this  right  does  not  exist, 
and  in  many  others  it  is  more  phantasmal  than 
real.  In  theory,  however,  6, 000, 000  adult  males, 
being  householders  and  on  the  register,  have  the 
destiny  of  the  country  in  their  hands.  Each  one 
of  them  on  polling- day  is  an  uncrowned  king. 
To  his  absolute,  free,  and  unfettered  choice  the 
destinies  of  the  empire  are  committed,  and  upon 
the  way  in  which  he  exercises  that  choice  will  de- 
pend the  future  history  of  our  country.  The 
responsibility  of  the  voter  is  great,  even  when 
the  results  of  his  decision  are  operative  over  a 
very  small  area.  How  much  greater  must  they 
be  when  his  responsibility  extends  over  land  and 
sea,  and  when  the  weal  and  woe  of  unnumbered 
millions  of  mankind  depend  upon  whether  he 
chooses  wisely  or  the  reverse. 

Such  is  the  theory.  In  practice,  one -fourth  of 
the  .electors  have  no  chance  of  voting ;  and,  of 
the  other  three- fourths,  how  many  go  to  the  poll- 
ing-booth with  any  consciousness  of  their  respon- 
sibilities or  obligations  ?  No  doubt  there  are 
some  who  are  conscious  of  their  imperial  pre- 
rogatives, but  with  the  immense  majority  the  de- 
cision as  to  how  they  vote  is  governed  by  a  mul- 
titude of  private  or  local  considerations  with 
which  the  problems  of  empire  have  very  little 
to  do. 

In  the  present  general  election,  a  distinct  step 
has  been  taken  towards  reducing  the  conscious- 
ness of  responsibility  to  vanishing  point.  When 
the  matter  in  dispute  concerns  the  ownership  of 
a  cottage  or  a  mere  question  of  trespass,  man- 
kind has  recognized  the  necessity  for  calm  delib- 


588 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI/IEIVS. 


discussed.  But  what  do  we  find  in  practice  ? 
That  the  unfortunate  general  elector  hears  noth- 
ing, or  next  to  nothing,  concerning  the  future  of 
South  Africa.  His  ears  are  dinned  witli  more 
or  less  ecstatic  eulogiuras  upon  Mr.  Chamberlain 
pronounced  by  Mr.  Chamberlain  himself  and  his 
satellites,  who,  with  all  manner  of  electoral  tom- 
toms, proclaim  night  and  day  that  there  never 
was  such  a  Heaven-sent  minister  as  Joseph  of 
Birmingham.  On  the  other  hand,  in  the  absence 
of  any  organized  opposition  with  courage  suflS- 
cient  to  call  its  soul  its  own,  or  to  challenge  the 
most  revolutionary  departures  from  constitutional 
practice,  the  electorate  is  left  practically  without 
any  statement  of  the  case  against  annexation. 
The  leading  spokesmen  of  the  opposition,  in 
order  to  evade  the  diflSculty  of  propounding  an 
alternative  proposition,  have  eagerly  clutched  at 
the  convenient  theory  that  annexation  was  in- 
evitable and  irrevocable, "and  that  ministers  hav- 
ing terminated  an  unjust  and  unnecessary  war 
by  the  extinction  of  an  independent  nationality, 
nothing  can  be  done  but  to  acquiesce  in  the 
crime  which  has  been  perpetrated  before  our 
eyes.  Mr.  Balfour,  almost  alone  among  minis- 
ters, has  had  the  courage  to  point  out  that  an- 
nexation, so  far  from  being  irrevocable,  not 
only  could  be  undone,  but  ought  to  be  undone 
if  the  war  in  its  inception  were  unjust.  But 
even  if  it  were  admitted  that  annexation  was 
inevitable,  there  is  all  the  difference  in  the  world 
between  annexation  under  which  the  population 
was  admitted  at  the  earliest  possible  moment  to 
the  full  rights  of  responsible  government  and 
annexation  which  resembles  the  annexation  of 
Poland  by  Russia. 

I  have  called  the  general  elector  the  British 
Czar  ;  and.  so  far  as  the  main  issue  before  him  is 
concerned,  he  is  really  asked  whether  or  not  he 
will  substitute  the  methods  and  policy  of  the 
czardom  for  the  old-established  methods  and . 
principles  of  constitutional  self-government.  It 
may  be  quite  right  that  the  general  elector  should 
arrogate  to  himself  the  prerogatives  of  the  Rus- 
sian autocrat,  and  should  to  that  extent  revolu- 
tionize the  conception  which  has  hitherto  pre- 
vailed of  the  mission  of  England  in  the  world  ; 
but  the  right  and  the  wrong  of  the  decision  is 
not  what  we  are  now  discussing.  What  we  are 
asking  is  that,  before  the  general  elector  remod- 
els our  African  policy  upon  Russian  and  worse 
than  Russian  principles,  he  should  have  an  op- 
portunity first  of  clearly  understanding  what  he 
is  asked  to  do  ;  and,  secondly,  of  hearing  the 
arguments  which  may  be  adduced  against  it. 
But  this  is  the  very  last  thing  which  ministers 
desire  that  he  should  have.  What  they  wish  to 
do  is  to  hustle  the  unlucky  elector  to  the  polling- 


booth,  and  bully  him  into  voting  for  the  govern- 
ment on  penalty  of  being  denounced  as  a  Little- 
Englander,  a  pro- Boer,  and  a  traitor. 

The  general  elector  is  a  noun  of  multitude, 
signifying  many.  There  are  estimated  to  be 
between  5,000,000  and  6,000,000  of  him  on  the 
register  in  England  and  Wales,  of  whom  prob- 
ably not  3,000,000  will  vote.  Scotland  and  Ire- 
land have  about  750,000  each;  200,000  will 
probably  not  vote  in  Scotland,  and  400,000  in 
Ireland.  Altogether,  the  general  elector  is  about 
6,700,000  strong,  of  whom  about  4,250,000  may 
go  to  the  poll. 

To  enable  such  a  multitudinous  personage  to 
record  his  vote  is  a  costly  operation.  At  the  last 
general  election  it  cost  3.s.  8Jrf.  per  head  all 
around.  In  Scotland  he  cost  45.  l\d,  to  poll,  in 
Ireland  35.  l^rf.,  while  in  England  his  vote  could 
be  recorded  for  only  35.  1  Orf.  This  was  cheaper 
than  it  cost  to  poll  him  in  1885,  when  he  aver- 
aged 45.  bd.  per  head.  In  1886  his  voting  cost 
dropped  to  45.  In  1892  he  cost  a  little  over  35. 
lOrf.  The  cost  of  polling  him  differs  materially 
according  to  whether  he  lives  in  county  or 
borough.  The  average  in  1892  was  55.  in  coun- 
ties and  35.  in  boroughs.  The  total  costs  of  the 
expenses  incurred  at  the  1885  election  was  £1,- 
026, 645 ;  but  in  1 886,  owing  to  the  great  number 
of  uncontested  seats,  the  bill  for  election  expenses 
fell  to  £624,000.  In  1892  it  rose  to  £958,000  ; 
in  1895  it  fell  again  to  £773,000. 

The  million -headed  general  elector  is  somewhat 
limited  in  the  range  of  his  choice.  He  has  to 
elect  670  persons  out  of  about  double  that  number 
of  candidates.  In  1892  there  were  1,307  candi- 
dates;  in  1895,  1,181.  About  500  or  600  de- 
feated candidates  have  to  lament  their  rejected 
addresses. 

At  the  present  election,  owing  to  the  fact  that 
the  new  register  does  not  come  into  force  till 
January  1,  1901,  in  England,  and  November  1  in 
Scotland,  it  is  estimated  that  1,000,000  electors 
duly  qualified  will  not  be  able  to  record  their 
vote.  This  is  an  outside  estimate.  Sir  W.  Har- 
court  says  that  1,500  are  disqualified  in  his  own 
constituency.  So  we  take  it  that  the  snatch  at  a 
'*  khaki"  majority  deprives  500,000  persons  of 
their  vote.  To  disfranchise  500,000  in  order  to 
obtain  a  majority  for  a  war  waged  to  obtain  the 
vote  for  20,000  persons  two  years  earlier  than  it 
was  offered  is  thoroughly  in  keeping  with  the 
topsy-turvy  kind  of  reasoning  by  which  the  gen- 
eral elector  is  exhorted  to  support  the  govern- 
ment. 

The  system  by  which  the  general  elector  is 
registered  sorely  stands  in  need  of  reform.  A 
person  must  be  an  occupier  of  a  house  or  other 
premises  for  twelve  months  previoua  to  Julj  31, 


THE  BRITISH  CZAR :    THE  GENERAL  ELECTOR. 


589 


or  a  proprietor  for  six  months  before  the  same 
date.  When  this  qualification  is  admitted,  the 
voter's  name  is  entered  on  the  register  on  August 
1;  but  he  does  not  become  entitled  to  vote  in 
England  till  the  January  follo^tving,  and  in  Scot- 
land till  the  November  following.  As  this  elec- 
tion takes  place  in  October,  it  is  fought  on  a  roll 
of  voters  made  up  fourteen  months  previously. 

Another  thing  that  urgently  requires  reform 
is  that  the  returning  officer's  expenses  necessary 
to  enable  the  general  elector  to  make  known  his 
will  must  at  present  be  borne  by  the  candidates 
who  solicit  his  suffrages.  The  last  four  general 
elections  entailed  a  cost  of  £3,381,000,  so  that 
every  candidate  had  to  pay  from  £500  to  £600 
for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  will  of  the 
electors.  Less  than  half  of  this  sum  represents 
the  returning  officers  expenses.  The  other  part 
is  that  which  the  candidate  spends  in  promoting 
bis  own  candidature.  It  is  unnecessary  to  point 
out  how  this  operates  in  di8C9uraging  the  candi- 
dature of  poor  men,  and  acts  as  a  premium  upon 
the  plutocrat. 

The  general  elector  is  a  strange  and  even 
whimsical  entity.  A  very  slight  change  in  the 
balance  of  his  opinion  produces  an  altogether  dis- 
proportionate result  in  the  balance  of  parties. 
This  appeared  very  plainly  at  the  last  election. 
In  1892  the  Liberals  had  a  plurality  in  the  votes 
of  205,825,  with  a  resultant  majority  in  the 
House  of  Commons  of  only  40.  In  1895  the 
Unionists  had  a  plurality  of  only  36,981,  but  it 
yielded  them  a  Parliamentary  majority  of  152. 
The  total  vote  cast  in  1895  was  2,406,898  Con- 
servative against  2,369,917.  If  the  majority  in 
the  House  had  corresponded  to  that  outside,  the 
Ministerialists  would  not  have  had  more  than  20 
to  carry  on  legislation  with. 

This,  however,  is  but  a  small  thing  compared 
to  the  extraordinary  difference  there  is  between 
the  voting  value  of  the  general  elector  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  his  domain.  The  Liberals,  who 
raise  the  cry  of  one  man-one  vote,  point  out  that 
there  are  500,000  persons  who  have  more  than 
one  vote,  owing  to  their  residential  or  property 
qualifications  in  more  than  one  constituency. 
•*One  vote — one  value!''  cries  the  Unionist, 
who  points  out  that  in  England  it  takes  10,521 
electors  to  return  one  member,  whereas  in  Scot- 
land 9,321  suffice,  and  in  Ireland  only  7,000. 
Seventy  thousand  electors  in  Ireland  have  10 
members  ;  70,000  in  England  only  7.  And  in 
England  the  same  disproportion  exists  between 
one  constituency  and  another — from  all  of  which 
it  appears  that  the  general  elector  is  fearfully 
and  wonderfully  made. 

Besides,  the  unfortunate  general  elector  is  really 
living  in  a  vain  show.      He  is  but  a  pupfM't  r/Mv 


at  best.  When  the  5,000,000  of  him  have  with 
infinite  pains  been  enabled  to  record  their  sover- 
eign will  and  pleasure,  and  have  succeeded  in 
returning  a  majority  on  one  side  or  another,  he 
is  apt  to  consider,  when  he  has  returned  a  Liberal 
majority,  that,  to  quote  Hosea  Biglow,  he  has 
only  just  been  changing  the  holders  of  offices. 
The  new  Parliament  meets,  and  the  general 
elector  waits  to  see  the  result  of  his  exertions. 
There  is  a  new  ministry,  no  doubt,  and  so  far 
that  is  to  the  good  ;  but  when  that  new  ministry 
gets  to  work,  it  finds  itself  in  a  very  different 
position  from  that  of  a  minister  charged  with  a 
ukase  from  a  real  czar.  If  the  election  has  taken 
place  upon  one  specific  point,  and  the  response  of 
the  general  elector  has  been  decisive  and  over- 
whelming, then  it  is  possible  that  a  bill  embody- 
ing the  views  of  the  elector  may  pass  into  law  ; 
but  that  is  only  when  the  elector's  will  has  been 
unmistakably  made  known,  not  for  the  first  time, 
but  for  the  second,  and  even  for  the  third. 

On  all  other  questions  on  which  the  general 
elector  has  expressed  a  decided  opinion,  but 
which  could  not  be  said  to  be  the  dominant  issue 
submitted  to  him  at  the  general  election,  he  is 
absolutely  powerless  to  prevent  the  rejection  of 
any  and  every  bill  in  which  his  wishes  are  em- 
bodied. In  other  words,  while  the  general  elector 
is  mocked  with  a  semblance  of  power,  the  real 
scepter  is ,  held  in  permanence  by  the  House  of 
Lords,  whose  578  members  appeal  to  no  constitu- 
ency, but  sit  by  virtue  of  hereditary  privilege 
and  right  of  birth,  with  a  perpetual  mandate  to 
veto  any  and  every  scheme  submitted  by  the 
House  of  Commons  which  they  do  not  like,  and 
which  is  not  literally  forced  upon  them  by  over- 
whelming popular  pressure.  The  grand  elector, 
therefore,  while  he  can  make  a  ^iberal  statesman 
a  prime  minister,  and  can  pass  one  bill,  if  he  is 
very  angry  and  has  expressed  his  opinion  with 
emphasis  when  appeal  was  made  to  him,  upon 
that  specific  question,  has  no  more  power  beyond 
this.  Our  so-called  democracy  is  really  a  vast 
oligarchy  ;  and  until  there  is  radical  alteration  in 
the  position  and  power  of  the  House  of  Lords, 
every  general  election  is  more  or  less  of  a  solemn 
farce.  Of  course,  when  the  majority  is  Conserva- 
tive, it  does  not  matter,  for  then  the  two  Houses 
are  in  accord  ;  but  how  much  longer  the  general 
elector  will  consent  to  be  ruled  in  permanence  by 
the  (Conservatives,  whose  majority  in  the  House 
of  Lords  is  as  overwhelming  as  it  is  unchange- 
able, remains  to  be  seen.  But  that  such  an 
arrangement  should  continue  to  exist  seventy 
yearH  after  the  reform  bill  is  a  striking  proof  of 
the  ease  with  which  a  democracy  can  be  cheate<i 
out  of  the  substance  of  power  if  it  is  allowed  (o 
play  witli  the  bannlo  of  th«»  semblance  of  thin** 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


THE  TRUTH  ABOUT  MARK  HANNA. 

A  REMARKABLE  article  in  the  November 
McClures,  by  William  Allen  White,  under 
the  laconic  title  '*Hanna/'  sketches  with  great 
ability  the  career  and  the  public  and  private  per- 
sonality of  the  manager  of  the  Republican  cam- 
paign. There  is  a  ring  to  Mr.  White's  very  read- 
able sentences  which  is  calculated  to  make  the 
reader  feel  he  has  fathomed  the  extraordinary  man 
of  action. 

MR.     HANNA's    business   CAREER. 

Mr.  Hanna  is  sixty-three  years  old,  and  was 
born  in  Ohio.  His  family  have  been  Quakers 
for  a  hundred  years.  His  father  kept  a  grocery 
store  in  Cleveland,  and  Mark  Hanna  went  to 
Western  Reserve  University,  leaving  in  a  year 
to  learn  the  grocery  business,  which  had  grown 
into  a  wholesale  concern.  When  he  was  in  his 
early  twenties  his  father  became  ill,  and  Mark 
Hanna  undertook  the  management  of  the  busi- 
ness, the  responsibility  devolving  upon  him  en- 
tirely in  1862,  on  his  father's  death.  He  was 
thirty  years  old  when  he  married,  and  went  into 
l)usiness  with  his  father-in-law,  Daniel  P.  Rhodes, 
whose  firm  dealt  in  coal,  iron  ore,  and  pig-iron. 

**That  was  a  generation  ago.  Young  Hanna 
threw  himself  into  that  business  with  passionate 
enthusiasm.  He  learned  the  iron  trade  from 
the  bottom,  omitting  no  circumstance.  He  was 
insatiably  curious.  He  had  an  artist's  thirst  to 
know  the  how  of  things.  He  learned  about  coal- 
mines and  bought  coal-lands,  learned  about  ore 
and  bought  mines,  learned  about  boats  and 
bought  boats.  Then  he  took  his  iron  and  his 
coal,  and  he  built  the  first  steel  boats  that  ever 
plowed  the  lakes.  He  establislied  foundries  and 
forges  and  smelters.  Men  worked  for  him  from 
western  Pennsylvania  to  the  base  of  the  Rockies. 
He  knew  his  men,  and  he  knew  the  work  tliey 
did.  He  knew  the  value  of  a  day's  work,  and 
he  got  it  ;  he  also  paid  for  it.  Where  there  was 
labor  trouble,  the  contest  was  short  and  decisive. 
Hanna  met  the  men  himself.  P]ither  things 
were  right  or  they  were  wrong.  If  he  thought 
they  were  wrong,  lie  fixed  them  on  the  spot.  If 
he  believed  they  were  right,  the  work  went  on." 

HIS    MEETINO    WITH    WILLIAM     m'kINLKY. 

Mark  Hanna  first  met  William  McKinlev  wIh'U 
he  went  down  into  westei'n  Ohio  to  ])ros('ciit«' 
some  strikers  und(M'  arrest  for  shaft- hurniuLC- 
They  were  (lefetuled  by  a  young  law3'er,  wlio  was 


William  McKinley.  He  did  his  work  so  well 
that  most  of  the  miners  went  scot-free.  Hanna 
took  a  liking  to  his  young  opponent,  and  a  friend- 
ship began  and  continued  to  the  present  day. 

MR.     HAXNa's    many    BUSINESS    SIDES. 

But  Mr.  Hanna  has  been  a  good  many  things 
besides  dealer  in  pig-iron.  He  is  a  tremendous 
worker,  and  asks  none  of  his  employees  to  work 
as  hard  as  he  does.  After  he  hawi  reduced  min- 
ing to  a  system,  he  added  shipping,  and  when  he 
had  reduced  that  to  a  system  he  took  on  ship- 
building. When  this  was  reduced  to  its  lowest 
terms  he  built  a  street  railway,  making  the  cars 
of  his  coal  and  iron  and  the  rails  of  his  steel. 
Incidentally,  he  made  such  an  exact  science  of 
the  labor  problem  that  there  has  never  been  a 
strike  on  his  system.  Curiously  enough,  after 
these  commercial  achievements,  he  took  a  fancy 
to  the  theatrical  business.  He  bought  the  town 
opera-house,  and  began  studying  the  gentle  art 
of  making  friends  with  the  theatrical  stars  of 
the  world.  He-  learned  the  business  of  friend- 
ship as  thoroughly  as  he  learned  the  iron  and 
coal  and  steel  and  ship  and  railway  business. 
To-day  he  has  the  friendship  of  men  like  Jeffer- 
son, Irving,  P^rancis  Wilson,  Robson,  and  Crane. 
and  the  best  of  the  playwrights.  In  the  early 
eighties  Hanna  started  a  bank,  and  worked  as 
its  president.  "  When  he  was  watching  the 
wheels  go  round,  looking  at  the  levers  and  cogs, 
and  making  the  bank  part  of  his  life,  Hanna  Ije- 
gan  to  notice  remarkable  movements  in  the  works. 
For  some  years  the  fly-wheel  wonld  not  revolve ; 
at  other  times  it  turned  too  rapidly.  He  went 
through  the  machinery  with  hammer  and  sci*ewB, 
but  he  found  that  the  trouble  lay  outside  the 
bank.  He  traced  it  to  iron  ore  ;  through  thaJ 
to  coal,  and  still  it  deluded  him.  The  trouble 
was  outside  the  things  he  knew.  It  was  in  the 
loadstone  of  politics." 

THE    BUSINESS    MAN    IN    POLITICS. 

So  Mr.  Hanna  went  into  politics,  organizeil 
the  Cleveland  Business  Men's  Marching  Club  in 
1880,  and  invented,  so  to  speak,  the  business 
man  in  politics.  He  studied  the  machinery  of 
politics  thoroughly,  as  a  practical  man  antram- 
uieled  by  the  rulos  of  tlie  thing  as  the  books  laid 
thorn  down  ;  and  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
it  would  be  a  good  thing  to  have  a  proper  mi 
justment  of  tlie  tariff,  a  government  subsidy  lor 
American  shipbuilders,  and   some  straighten  in  j:* 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


501 


up  of  the  national- currency  shaft  of  the  Ameri- 
can working- machine.  These  things,  he  thought, 
would  provide  more  work,  more  sweat,  more 
business,  and  more  dividends. 

*  *  In  the  meantime,  for  twenty  years,  his 
friendship  fpr  the  young  lawyer  who  defended 
the  miners  had  been  growing.  He  grappled  it 
to  him  as  he  grappled  his  business  ambition — 
with  all  his  heart  and  mind.  It  became  as  much 
a  part  of  him  as  the  mines  and  the  ships  and  the 
steel  things  that  he  loved.  McKinley  satisfied 
something  in  Hanna.  The  Canton  lawyer  was 
industrious.  He  was  clean.  He  was  reliable. 
He  was  ambitious.  Hanna's  friendship  dis- 
played these  virtues  in  the  market  of  public 
esteem,  aud  held  them  at  their  par  value.  In 
1896  Hanna's  energy  incorporated  McKinley, 
and  every  business  house  in  the  United  States, 
from  Wall  Street  to  the  carpenter's  shop  on  the 
alley,  took  stock.  Hanna  promoted  the  candi- 
dacy of  McKinley  before  the  St.  liOuis  conven- 
tion. He  put  in  that  campaign,  which  ended  in 
the  St.  Louis  convention,  every  trained  faculty 
which  had  made  him  a  successful  captain  of  trade. " 

MR.     HANNA    TO-DAY. 

What  Mr.  Hanna  did  in  1896  for  Mr.  McKin- 
ley and  the  Republican  party  is -fresh  in  every 
one's  mind.  Mr.  White  says  that  Hanna  seems 
to  be  ten  years  older  than  he  was  four  years  ago. 
"The  ruddy,  terra- cotta  skin  that  glowed  with 
health  in  1896  has  faded  to  ashen  pink.  The 
mobile  smile,  that  was  a  conversation  without 
words,  has  hardened  a  little — but  only  a  little. 
The  lower  parts  of  his  legs  are  slightly  uncer- 
tain, and  his  feet  almost  shufBe.  The  large,  firm 
band  grips  his  cane  with  something  like  nervous- 
ness. The  thin  hair  hangs  more  listlessly  to  the 
head  than  it  used  to  hang  ;  but  the  jaws  are 
wired  with  steel,  and  the  brown  eyes — and  these 
are  Hannahs  harbor-lights — twinkle  with  the  fer- 
vor of  a  schoolboy's.  They  show  forth  an  un- 
conquered  soul  and  a  merry  heart  that  maketh 
a  glad  countenance.  Hanna  s  life  at  Washing- 
ton has  not  taken  the  edge  from  his  humanity. 
Indeed,  so  far  as  he  bears  any  relation  to  the 
present  national  administration,  Hanna  is  the 
human  touch."  Mr.  White  denies  that  Hanna 
is  a  boss.  He  says  he  cannot  be — first,  because 
i%  national  boss  is  as  impossible  to  the  American 
people  as  a  national  monarch  ;  secondly,  Hanna 
has  too  well  developed  a  sense  of  humor  to  be  a 
Ik>ss,  if  he  would  be.  Yet  in  national  politics  he 
is  a  very  strong  man, — exceptionally  so, — simply 
Ijecause  be  is  efficient.  *'  Hanna  is  a  force,  not 
tAM  intrigue.  Politics  is  not  his  trade  ;  he  is  a 
Imsiness  man  first,  and  a  politician  afn^rwards  ; 
\  «•(  he  is  nf»t  a  dilettante  ])olni(Man. 


RELATIONS    WITH    THE    ADMINI8TBATI0N. 

* '  The  relations  existing  between  Hanna  and 
his  friend  William  McKinley,  President  of  the 
United  States,  are  particularly  interesting.  The 
popular  notion  of  these  relations  is  derived  from 
newspaper  cartoons.  Probably  at  least  5,000,- 
000  of  the  15,000,000  citizens  who  will  vote  at 
the  coming  election  imagine  that  Hanna  tramps 
noisily  into  the  White  House  every  morning, 
gruffly  gives  his  orders  for  the  day's  administra- 
tion to  the  shivering  President,  and  then  walks 
out  and  continues  to  grind  the  faces  off  the 
poor  ;  but  the  real  relations  existing  between 
Hanna  and  McKinley  are  stranger  than  fiction. 
It  is  McKinley,  not  Hanna,  that  controls.  The 
masterful,  self-willed,  nimble-witted,  impetuous, 
virile  Hanna  in  the  presence  of  the  placid,  col- 
orless, imperturbable,  emotionless,  diplomatic, 
stolid  McKinley  becomes  superficially  deferential 
and  considerate  of  the  Presidential  dignity,  al- 
most to  an  unnecessary  degree.  It  is  known  to 
all  men  at  all  familiar  with  McKinley's  adminis- 
tration tliat,  in  the  differences  which  have  come 
up  in  the  discussion  of  administrative  affairs, 
when  Hanna  has  been  consulted  at  all,  he  has 
almost  invariably  yielded  his  opinion  to  McKin- 
ley's. The  friendship — one  might  call  it  almost 
the  infatuation  of  Hanna  for  McKinley — is  inex- 
plicable on  any  other  theory  save  that  of  the 
affinity  of  opposites.  History  has  often  paral- 
leled this  affair,  but  has  never  fully  explained 
her  parallels. 

COMPULSORY  VOTING. 

IN  Harper's  Weekly  for  October  13,  Mr.  Louis 
Windmuller  describes  the  compulsory  vot- 
ing regulations  of  Belgium. 

**  Elections  are  held  under  the  supervision  of 
a  magistrate  and  police  commissioner,  who  must 
have  corrected  lists  of  all  the  voters  in  their  pre- 
cincts before  them.  The  officers  see  to  it,  not 
alone  that  the  votes  are  properly  cast,  but  also 
that  they  are  all  cast.  The  man  who  neglects  to 
vote  is  cited  at  once  to  appear  before  a  justice, 
who  either  reprimands  or  fines  him,  unless  he 
can  show  that  he  was  excused  from  coming  by 
proper  authority  granted  before  election  day.  A 
second  offense  is  more  severely  punished,  and 
the  name  of  the  refractory  citizen,  with  a  state- 
ment of  his  delinquencies,  is  published  by  the 
magistrate  and  posted  on  the  gates  of  the  town- 
hall.  The  man  who,  without  excuse,  has  ab- 
stained from  voting  four  times  in  ten  years  is  con- 
sidered unworthy  of  citizenship  ;  his  name  is 
stricken  from  the  poll- lists,  and  for  Wn  subsc- 
fjUPht  years  he  is  ileharred  from  hohling  any 
jiublic  offic<*.      Whoc'vor  is  convicted  of  having 


502 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REl^IEWS. 


intentionally  absented  himself  from  the  polls  for 
the  purpose  of  affecting  the  result  of  any  election 
is  fined  to  the  extent  of  500  francs  and  impris- 
oned for  a  month,  together  with  the  person  who 
may  have  induced  him  so  to  act." 

For  such  voters  as  have  ceased  to  live  where 
they  are  registered,  free  transportation  is  pro- 
vided. In  Switzerland  and  some  other  European 
countries,  punishments  are  inflicted  on  non-voters. 


THE  CANADIAN  ELECTIONS. 

**  A  FORECAST  of  the  General  Elections," 
-tx  which  will  take  place  throughout  the 
Dominion  on  November  7,  by  M.  E.  Nichols, 
appears  in  the  Canadian  Magazine  for  October. 
From  this  article  one  is  able  to  approximate  a 
conservative  estimate  of  the  prospects  of  a  Lib- 
eral continuance  in  power.  The  Liberals  have 
lost  some  of  their  adherents  of  former  days 
through  a  failure  to  effect  promised  reforms. 

*  *  The  Laurier  government  is  likely  to  suffer 
from  the  feeling  that  the  ideals  energetically 
fought  for  in  the  dark  days  of  the  Liberal  party 
no  longer  guide  its  leaders.  The  Ontario  elector 
who  was  told  that  the  national  debt  would  shrink 
under  Liberal  rule  has  seen  it  enter  into  the 
spirit  of  growing  time.  The  annual  expenditure 
which,  according  to  Sir  Richard  Cartwright, 
Hon.  David  Mills,  and  Hon.  William  Mulock, 
was  ruinously  extravagant  at  138,000,000,  is 
now  millions  in  excess  of  the  outlay  which  this 
eminent  trio  bewailed.  The  farmer  has  not 
seen  the  duty  disappear  from  agricultural  imple- 
ments ;  the  gates  of  the  American  markets  have 
not  opened  to  him  at  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier's 
touch.  Members  of  parliament  have  accepted 
offices  of  emolument  under  the  Crown,  even  as 
in  the  days  when  Liberals  characterized  this  as 
a  disgraceful  assault  upon  the  independence  of 
parliament.  Railways  which  were  to  cease  fat- 
tening from  the  country's  resources,  fare  as  well, 
if  not  better,  under  Liberal  rule.  Perhaps  On- 
tario Liberalism  expected  too  much  ;  but  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  the  party's  failure  in  power 
to  make  good  its  many  promises  has  subdued 
much  of  the  enthusiasm  which  characterized  the 
party  in  its  opposition  days.  The  approaching 
battle  will  not  see  the  Liberal  party  fighting  in 
such  unison  and  enthusiasm.  While  they  are 
not  likely  to  change  their  political  faith,  many 
of  them  will  l)e  more  or  less  indifferent  as  to  the 
result,  and  indifference  is  one  of  the  greatest 
dangers  that  can  beset  a  party." 

THK    EFFECT    OF    rilOHPKKITY. 

On  the  other  hand,  some  of  the  same  tilements 
that  seem  to  presage  Republican  victory  in  the 


United  States  must  be  counted  on  the  side  of  the 
party  in  power  in  Canada  ;  for,  notwithstanding 
all  the  Liberal  shortcomings  of  the  past  four 
years  (nearly  coincident,  by  the  way,  with  the 
McKinley  administration),  we  are  assured  tli&t 
*  *  Conservative  expectation  from  th^ee  and  other 
sources  must  be  discounted  by  the  fact  that  the 
fates  have  smiled  on  the  country  during  tlie  pe- 
riod of  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier's  administration. 
Pro8p)erity  is  the  friend  and  adversity  the  relent- 
ness  enemy  of  governments.  Wrath  at  misde- 
meanors, which  the  opposition  leaders  are  im- 
proving every  hour  to  point  out,  is  tempered  by 
the  feeling  that  the  country  is  going  ahead. 

*•  *  One  other  saving  influence  the  Liberal  party 
can  depend  upon.  It  will  not  have  the  mana 
facturers*  great  power  arrayed  against  it,  as 
when  the  Liberal  government  threatened  the  re- 
moval of  protective  duties.  The  Laurier  govern- 
ment, by  maintaining  the  high  tariff,  has  shown 
the  manufacturers  the  folly  of  their  fears,  and 
that  important  influence  will  now  be  directed 
along  more  natural  lines." 

ESTIMATES    BY    PROVINCES. 

Conceding  a  slight  conservative  gain  in  On- 
tario, Mr.  Nichols  regards  the  probabiliti^  as 
decidedly  favorable  to  the  Liberals  in  Quebec. 
New  Brunswick,  and  Nova  Scotia.  In  the  coun- 
try west  of  Lake  Supeiior,  however,  the  Libemi 
outlook  is  dark  indeed.  Manitoba,  the  Terri- 
tories, and  British  Columbia  together  embrace 
seventeen  constituencies,  of  which  the  Liberab 
can  hardly  hope  to  carry  more  than  five.  Three 
representative  Liberals  of  the  West — Messrs. 
Richardson,  Oliver,  and  Mclnnes — are  in  revolt. 

Mr.  Nichols  says,  in  conclusion  : 

*  *  The  majority  of  twenty -two  seats  which 
Ontario  and  the  West  may  give  the  opposition 
is  more  than  offset  by  the  prospective  Liberal 
majority  in  Quebec.  With  three  seats  in  reserve 
coming  out  of  Ontario,  Quebec,  Manitoba,  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  and  the  Territories,  the  Laurier 
government  can  rely  on  a  majority  of  eight  or 
ten  in  the  Maritime  Provinces.  This  estimate, 
therefore,  based  on  a  careful  analysis  of  the  con- 
ditions in  all  the  provinces  assures  tlie  adminis- 
tration of  a  second  term  at  Ottawa  with  a  com- 
fortable majority  at  its  back." 

The  Tariff  and  the  Elections. 

A  writer  in  the  Queen's  Quarterly,  of  Kingston. 
Ont. ,  discusses  the  bearings  of  the  preferential 
tariff  on  the  fortunes  of  the  two  parties  in  the 
present  contest.  The  preferential  tariff,  he  says, 
is  an  accepted  fact,  not  likely  to  be  disturbe^i. 

*'The  preferential  tariff  in  favor  of  Great 
Britain,    as   against   foreign    nations,    lia*^   been 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


593 


such  a  success  that  it  is  rather  disappointing 
that  the  Conservatives  have  not  embraced  it  as 
their  own,  and  that  the  Liberals  do  not  seem  to 
see  how  far-reaching  it  may  be  in  national  and 
imperial  results.  It  is  not  against  Canadians. 
They  have  still  a  preference  in  their  favor,  to 
the  extent  of  two- thirds  of  our  tariff,  while  the 
British  farmer  and  manufacturer,  wlio  bear  the 
atlantean  burden  of  the  empire,  have  no  pref- 
erence in  their  favor  in  their  own  markets. 
That,  in  these  circumstances,  we  should  clamor 
for  *  a  mutual  preference '  is  colossal  cheek.  It 
is  irrational  to  think  of  any  such  preference  until 
we  stand  on  a  common  platform  with  our  fellow- 
subjects.  We  can  get  to  that  position  only  by 
slow  degrees,  and  along  the  line  of  the  Fielding 
tariff.  A  man  who  believes  that  Britain  will 
put  taxes  on  all  her  food  and  all  raw  material 
for  her  manufactures,  for  the  sake  of  a  slight 
increase  in  3  per  cent,  of  her  trade,  for  that  is 
our  share  of  her  business,  could  make  himself 
believe  anything. 

HOW  THE  PBEFBBENTIAL  TARIFF  HAS  HELPED 
CANADA. 

''The  one  question  to  be  asked  is,  Hais  our 
preferential  tariff  injured  or  helped  us  ?  There 
can  be  only  one  answer  to  that.  It  helps  the 
consumer,  for  it  has  lowered  the  taxes  he  has  to 
pay,  not  only  on  British  goods,  but  on  all  goods 
that  compete  with  them  in  our  markets.  In- 
crease the  preference,  and  at  the  same  time  help 
the  Canadian  as  against  the  American  manufac- 
turer by  raising  our  duties  to  the  American  scale 
against  Canada,  imitation  being  a  sincere  form  of 
flattery  to  which  no  one  can  object.  It  helps  the 
producer  by  gradually  increasing  the  incoming  of 
British  goods,  and  so  providing  return  freights 
for  the  steamers  that  carry  his  stuff  to  the  great, 
permanent,  ever  •  hungry  British  market.  Till 
that  is  done  on  a  larger  scale,  our  producers 
have  to  pay  freights  both  ways.  It  also  helps 
the  revenue,  for  the  way  to  increase  revenue  is 
by  lowering  the  taxes.  It  also  helps  us  as  bor- 
rowers, for  it  has  led  Britain  to  include  ours 
among  the  preferential  securities  in  which 
trustees  must  invest.  Here  is  *  a  mutual  prefer- 
ence *  freely  given  to  us,  and  along  a  line  involving 
no  disturbance  to  British  trade.  A  solid  prefer- 
ence it  is,  worth  millions  to  us  ;  and  it  helps  us, 
in  other  ways,  by  making  the  British  public  in- 
clined to  buy  our  stuff  in  preference  to  any  other. 
If  it  helps  Britain  also,  so  much  the  better.  We 
are  in  the  same  imperial  boat  with  her.  " 

On  the  other  hand,  the  Hon.  John  Charlton, 
writing  in  the  October  Forum^  contends  that  Ca- 
nadian imports  from  the  United  States  have  ma- 
terially increased  under  the  operation  of  the  tariff. 


THE  BRITISH  GENERAL  ELECTION. 

MR.  HENRY  W.  LUCY,  the  well-known 
<*Toby,  M.P.,"  of  Punch,  describes,  for 
the  readers  of  the  October  Forum,  the  modus  ope- 
randi of  a  British  general  election.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  his  article  he  points  out  certain  gen- 
eral differences  between  our  Presidential  election 
and  the  general  election  in  Great  Britain.  One 
primary  distinction  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  for- 
mer is  largely  a  matter  of  personal  preference, 
while  the  latter  is  a  conflict  of  prmciples.  '*  It 
is  true  that  while  Disraeli  and  Gladstone  were 
yet  alive  and  confronted  each  other  in  the  politi- 
cal arena,  the  fight  raged  as  closely  and  distinctly 
around  a  name  and  a  personality  as  is  the  cus- 
tom at  Presidential  elections.  In  1874  and  in 
1880  the  electors  throughout  the  kingdom  did 
not  profess  to  vote  either  as  Liberals  or  Tories. 
They  voted  for  Gladstone  or  Disraeli. 

CONTBASTED    WITH    A    PRESIDENTIAL   CAMPAIGN. 

**  With  the  passing  away  of  those  colossal  fig- 
ures, the  British  general  election  has  reverted  to 
its  former  manner.  Lord  Salisbury  is  a  states- 
man who,  even  beyond  the  limits  of  the  party 
pale,  is  held  in  the  highest  esteem.  But  his  is 
not  a  name  to  conjure  with  at  the  polls.  On 
the  other  side,  Mr.  Gladstone  has  left  no  succes- 
sor. Accordingly,  the  forthcoming  general  elec- 
tion will  be  fought,  as  far  as  Ministerialists  can 
control  it,  on  the  question  of  the  war  in  South 
Africa,  while  opposition  candidates  will  endeavcir 
to  concentrate  the  attention  and  judgment  of  the 
electors  on  the  shortcomings  of  the  administra- 
tion in  respect  to  the  conduct  of  the  war,  and 
on  the  sins  of  omission  and  commission  com- 
mitted by  the  government  during  their  more 
than  five  years'  term  of  office.  Another  funda- 
mental difference  between  the  two  electoral  cam- 
paigns appeai-8  in  their  inception  and  direction. 
A  Presidential  election  is  a  more  or  less  well- 
ordered  battle,  every  movement  being  directed 
by  the  commander-in-chief  on  either  side.  A 
British  general  election  is  a  series  of  independent 
skirmishes,  taking  place  all  over  the  country, 
each  under  local  command,  owning  ho  supreme 
general,  observing  no  common  plan  of  battle. 
The  British  voter  knows  nothing  of  delegates, 
conventions,  or  party  managers.  He  walks  into 
the  polling-booth  and  votes  directly  for  the  man 
of  his  choice.  It  is  true  that  both  the  Conserva- 
tive (now  the  Unionist)  and  the  Liberal  parties 
have  a  paid  oflBcial  who  is  supposed  to  undertake 
general  supervision  of  party  interests  in  the  elec- 
torate throughout  the  kingdom.  He  is  generally 
consulted  by  constituencies  in  the  selection  uf 
a  candidate.  What  he  tenders  in  response  is 
advice,  not  instruction." 


594 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


MONEY    FOR    CAMPAIGN    PURPOSES. 

*  *  A  great  gulf,  wide  as  the  Atlantic,  separates 
the  party  manager  of  the  Presidential  election 
campaign  from  the  chief  agent  of  the  Liberal  or 
the  Unionist  party  in  England.  While  one  has 
almost  an  unlimited  supply  of  money  at  his  com- 
mand, and  is  not  too  grievously  hampered  in  dis- 
posing of  it  for  campaign  purposes,  the  other  has 
but  a  meager  subscription -list,  and  is  bound  hand 
and  foot  by  the  corrupt  practices  act.  It  is  that 
legislation  which  has  crippled  the  political  party 
agent  in  Great  Britain.  The  election  agent  is 
bound  by  law,  under  heavy  penalties,  to  keep 
strict  account  and  make  full  disclosure  of  every 
penny  spent.*' 

DURATION    OF    PARLIAMENTS. 

Although  the  British  House  of  Commons  is 
elected  for  a  period  of  seven  years,  it  has  never 
availed  itself  of  its  full  opportunity  of  life.  As 
a  rule,  it  accepts  dissolution  at  its  sixth  session. 

**  The  present  Parliament,  which  assembled  for 
a  short  session  on  August  12,  1895,  was  a  few 
days  short  of  attaining  its  fifth  year  when  it  was 
prorogued.  There  is,  therefore,  no  statutory 
reason  why  it  should  not  sit  through  another 
session,  tlie  dissolution  being  postponed  till  Jan- 
uary— perhaps,  on  the  whole,  the  most  widely 
convenient  month  of  the  year  for  a  general  elec- 
tion. 

<*  Experience  testifies  to  the  sufficiency  of  a 
five-year  term.  Since  Queen  Victoria  came  to 
the  throne  she  has  summoned 
fourteen  Parliaments.  Of 
these,  only  six  have  exceeded 
the  term  of  five  years.  One, 
memorable  for  its  accom- 
plished work,  exceeded  the 
date  by  the  narrow  margin 
of  one  mouth  and  sixteen 
days.  This  was  the  great 
Parliament  of  1868,  in  which 
Mr.  Gladstone  commenced 
his  colossal  labor  of  legisla- 
tive reform-.  Meeting  on  De- 
cember 10,  1868,  it  was  dis- 
solved on  January  26,  1874. 
The  second  Parliament  of  the 
Queen's  reign,  summoned  in 
1 S4 1 ,  lasted  five  years,  eleven 
months,  and  six  days.  In 
the  century  only  three  Parlia- 
ments have  timidly  entered 
upon  their  septennial  year. 
The  first  Parliament  of  George 
IV.  trenched  by  one  month 
and  nine  days  upon  its  sev- 


enth year.  The  Parliament  of  1859  lived  for 
six  years  and  two  months.  The  Parliament  of 
1874,  which  fii*st  saw  Disraeli  in  power,  as  well 
as  in  office,  enjoyed  for  twenty  days  its  septen- 
nial privilege. 

*  *  The  duty  of  advising  the  sovereign  as  to 
the  proper  date  for  dismissing  the  sitting  Parlia- 
ment is  not,  as  is  commonly  assumed,  a  cabinet 
matter.  It  is  a  fact  that  when,  early  in  1874, 
Mr.  Gladstone  decided  to  dissolve  Parliament, 
some  of  his  colleagues  in  the  cabinet  were  first 
made  acquainted  with  his  decision  on  opening 
their  morning  papers.  The  sole  arbiter  in  the 
case  is  the  prime  minister.  In  the  time  of  the 
Georges  the  sovereign  had  a  good  deal  to  say  in 
the  business.  In  some  royal  moods  the  fact  that 
the  premier  desired  to  bring  about  an  immediate 
dissolution  led  the  king  to  conclude  that  he 
would  keep  Parliament  sitting  a  little  longer. 
In  these,  times  the  will  of  the  first  minister  of  the 
Crown  is  not  disputed.  But  it  is  the  sovereign 
who  summons  *  my  faithful  commons  *  to  repair 
to  Westminster.  Parliament  dissolved,  there  is 
promulgated  an  order  from  the  Queen  in  council, 
addressed  to  the  Lords  High  Chancellors  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  commanding  them  to 
cause  writs  to  be  issued  for  the  election  of 
knights,  citizens,  and  burgesses  to  serve  in  Par- 
liament. At  least  thirty -five  days  must  elapse 
between  the  date  of  this  mandate  and  the  meet- 
ing of  the  Parliament.*' 

In  1900,  the  decision  to  dissolve  Parliament 
was  taken  at  a  cabinet  council  held  on  Septem- 


^^^^  "t"^-*^^'" 


[JVrws  o/tht  n'orld.\ 


Joseph:  **Corae  on, 
fully  warm,  and  the  dip 


THE  BATHING  SEASON. 

Markiss,  let  us  take  the  plunge  now. 
is  sure  to  strengthen  us." 


The  water  is  beaiiti- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


505 


ber  17,  when  the  Queen  signed  the  necessary 
proclamation.  On  September  25  the  writs  were 
issued  summoning  the  ^ew  Parliament  for  No- 
vember 1.  The  entire  campaign,  therefore,  oc- 
cupied a  period  of  only  six  weeks. 


CONTINUITY  OF  PARTY  PRINCIPLES  IN 
ENGLAND. 

GREAT  and  sacred  is  the  principle  of  continu- 
ity in  our  ever- changing  human  affairs  ; 
and  the  editor  of  the  new  Monthly  Review  per- 
forms a  pious  task  in  trying  to  trace  an  un- 
broken sequence  of  party  lines  in  the  present 
political  tangle  in  Great  Britain.  His  paper  on 
parties  and  principles  sets  out  to  prove  that 
neither  Conservative  nor  Liberal  has  changed 
his  ultimate  principles.  In  home  affairs  *'the 
division  is  as  genuine  and  fundamental  to-day  as 
it  has  ever  been.'' 

THE    **  FUNDAMENT    DIVISION." 

The  Conservative  still  wishes  to  conserve  the  ' 
existing  order,  and  only  introduces  changes  to 
conserve  it  more  thoroughly.  He  is,  in  the 
main,  content  with  what  is.  The  Liberal  is  not 
content,  but  aspires  after  a  loftier  national  ideal. 
In  the  writei-^s  own  words  : 

< »  This  distinction  in  temperament  involves  a 
difference  in  the  spirit  in  which  political  prob- 
lems are  faced  by  the  two  parties.  To  a  states- 
man imbued  with  Conservative  instincts,  govern- 
ment is  chiefly  an  intellectual  problem  of  deep 
interest — an  adjustment  of  forces  here  and  there  ; 
a  studying  of  the  influences  which  are  working 
beneath  the  surface,  and  a  planning  how  to  mod- 
ify and  curtail  their  operation  in  order  that,  not- 
withstanding the  change  of  conditions,  the  social 
fabric  may  remain  uninjured — that  is,  substan- 
tially unchanged.  On  the  other  hand,  the  po- 
litical action  of  the  genuine  Liberal  arises  far 
more  from  a  moral,  almost  a  religious,  impulse. 
Much  ridicule  has  been  thrown  upon  the  ex- 
travagances of  what  is  called  *  the  Nonconformist 
conscience,*  but  it  should  be  remembered  that 
this  conscience  has  a  positive  as  well  as  a  nega- 
tive side. 

•  *  Since  the  propelling  force  in  the  case  of  the 
Liberal  is  not  mere  sympathy,  but  a  desire  for 
progressive  improvement  towards  what  he  deems 
a  higher  ideal  of  national  life,  the  genuine  Liberal 
is  never  really  content  with  those  *  measures  of 
circumspection  tentative  in  their  character*  to 
which  Lord  Salisbury  pledged  his  party,  but 
treats  them  as  mere  installments  of  a  temporary 
kind,  while  he  presses  on  towards  the  more  thor- 
ough fulfillment  of  a  sacred  duty  and  the  realiza- 
tion of  a  more  ideal  scheme  of  life." 


LIBERALISM    THE    SAME    IN    THE   NEW    ERA. 

The  writer  is  bold  enough  to  declare  that,  be- 
tween <<the  impulse  and  ideals"  of  the  Liberals 
of  to-day  and  those  of  fifty  years  ago,  there  is 
not  only  kinship  but  *<a  real  identity."  He 
accepts  as  a  summary  of  ♦<  the  ideal  and  doctrine 
of  Liberalism"  the  phrase  **  liberty  and  equality 
through  progress."  In  the  working  out  of  this 
formula,  he  grants  the  party  has  entered  on  a 
new  era : 

**  A  new  era  seems  to  be  coming  inevitably 
upon  Liberalism — an  era  in  which  less  emphasis 
will  be  laid  upon  constitutional  problems,  which 
are  ceasing  to  touch  the  hearts  and  consciences 
of  the  electorate,  but  an  era  in  which  the  energies 
of  the  Liberal  party  will  be  directed  more  and 
more  to  the  production  of  social  and  economic 
equality  and  liberty  by  new  methods  of  adminis- 
tration and  by  constructive  legislation.  In  other 
words,  there  is  a  twofold  development  in  progress. 
It  seems  that  the  Liberal  party,  in  order  to  apply 
its  principles  to  the  actual  needs  of  contemporaiy 
life,  must  now  pass  from  the  destinictive  to  the 
constructive  stage,  and  from  constitutional  to 
social  reform.  At  present  the  party  suffers  from 
the  process  of  transition,  and  as  yet  it  scarcely 
believes  in  what  is  logically  its  future.  Thus  it 
loses  all  the  impetus  and  enthusiasm  which  arise 
from  certainty  of  conviction,  and  is  inclined  to 
cast  its  eyes  back  on  controversies  which  are 
really  extinct." 

FROM    ORUB    TO    BUTTERFLY. 

The  plain  man  will  doubtless  be  willing  to  be- 
lieve as  firmly  in  the  identity  of  the  old  and  the 
new  as  he  believes  in  the  identity  of  grub  and 
butterfly.  But  he  may  turn  out  to  be  as  unwill- 
ing to  call  the  new  by  the  old  name  as  he  is  to 
call  a  butterfly  a  grub.  At  present  he  seems  in- 
clined to  restrict  **  Liberal  "  to  the  grub,  and  to 
find  another  name  (is  it  •*  Progressive"?)  for  the 
butterfly.  The  writer  shows  no  qualms  of  this 
kind  ; — caterpillar,  chrysalis,  butterfly, — it  shall 
be  for  him  always  Lioeral.  He  has  no  pro- 
gramme to  offer. 

'*If  the  Liberals  are  to  fufill  their  proper  func- 
tion in  the  political  life  of  the  country,  they  will 
do  well  to  put  the  attainment  of  oflSce  for  the 
moment  into  the  background  of  their  minds,  and 
to  devote  themselves  to  the  fostering  and  popu- 
larizing of  Liberal  thought  among  their  country- 
men. " 

NO    BREAK-UP   OF    PARTY    SYSTEM. 

His  conclusion  will  be  comforting  to  party 
managers,  and  is  eminently  conservative  : 

*  •  The  principles  upon  which  the  Conservative 


506 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REyiEU/S. 


and  Liberal  organizations  are  based  are  to  day,  in 
our  opinion,  so  vital,  real,  and  distinct  that, 
given  capable  leaders  and  reasonable  discipline, 
there  is  not  only  no  necessity  for  any  break-up 
of  our  twofold  party  system,  but  it  is  really 
essential  to  our  political  life  that  these  broad 
principles  should  remain  clear  and  unconfused, 
and  that  the  inevitable  controversy  between 
government  and  opposition,  between  those  in 
oflBce  and  those  out  of  office,  should  neither  have 
nor  be  thought  to  have  any  less  broad  or  less 
honorable  foundation.  *' 


THE  BRITISH  EMPIRE'S  GROWTH  IN  THE 
CENTURY. 

MR.  J.  HOLT  SCHOOLING  gives  graphic 
shape,  in  the  Pall  Mall  Magazine^  to  the 
statistics  of  area  and  population  which  mark  the 
growth  of  *»The  British  Empire:  1800-1900.*' 
The  facts  which  he  illustrates  may  be  quoted. 

**  During  1800-1900  tlie  British  empire  has 
increased  at  the  rate  of  two  acres  per  second. 
In  1800  the  United  Kingdom  had  a  colonial  area 
equal  to  16  times  its  own  area;  in  1900  the 
United  Kingdom  has  a  colonial  area  equal  to  96 
times  its  own  area.  Roughly,  the  increase  has 
been  from  2,000,000  to  12,000,000  square 
miles." 

If  the  Orange  River  Colony  and  the  Transvaal 
be  taken  into  account,  the  colonial  area  is  now 
more  than  97   times  that  of  the  home  country. 

The  French  colonial  area  is  only  18  times  the 
size  of  France,  the  German  colonial  area  only 
five  times  the  size  of  Germany. 

In  population,  the  British  empire  has  risen 
from  115,000,000  in  1800  to  390,000,000  in 
1900.  In  the  same  interval  the  United  King- 
dom has  risen  from  15,000,000  to  41,000,000, 
France  from  27,000,000  to  39,000,000,  the 
states  now  Germany  from  21,000,000  to  55,- 
000,000. 

The  population  of  the  British  empire  outside 
of  the  United  Kingdom  was.  in  1800,  about 
100,000,000,  of  whom  only  2,000,000  were 
white.  Now  it  numbers  349,000,000,  of  whom 
12,000,000  are  white  ;  then  one  person  in  fifty 
was  a  white,  now  one  person  in  twenty- eight  is  a 
white. 

The  British  empire  is  peopled  at  the  rate  of 
33  persons  to  the  square  mile.  Mr.  Schooling 
reckons  that  its  entire  crew  of  349,000,000  could 
stand  together  on  a  square  measuring  four  miles 
either  way.  And  he  concludes  his  paper  with 
the  comfortable  assurance  that  this  great  mass 
would,  with  an  overwhelming  majority  of  voices, 
declare  that  their  lands  had  been  the  better  for 
British  rule. 


ENGLAND'S  MIUTART  PRESTIGE  ABROAD. 

IN  the  Fortnightly  Review  for  October,  Captain 
Gambier,  who  has  made  a  careful  study  of 
the  reports  of  the  foreign  military  attaches,  both 
with  the  British  army  and  with  the  Boers,  in  the 
recent  war,  gives  us  a  summary  of  their  opinions 
which  is  anything  but  flattering  to  English  pride. 

NO    BRITISH    NEED    APPLT. 

According  to  Captain  Gambier,  the  South 
African  war  so  destroyed  all  Britain's  claims  to 
be  a  military  nation  that  the  suggestion  that  t 
British  general  should  command  the  Peking 
relief  force  very  nearly  wrecked  the  joint  action 
of  the  powers. 

**But  the  plain,  unvarnished  English  of  i: 
was  that  under  no  consideration  would  the  allies 
consent  to  be  led  by  an  English  general.  For  i: 
is  now  an  open  secret,  freely  discussed  amocir 
the  best  informed — the  common  knowledge  of 
every  clerk  in  the  foreign  office — that  extremely 
humiliating  negotiations  passed  between  England 
and  the  other  powers  with  reference  to  this  affair 
of  the  generalissimo." 

FOREIGN    VIEWS    OF   THE    BBITI8H    ARMT. 

The  following  is  Captain  Gambier's  summary 
of  the  way  in  which  England's  military  power  is 
regarded  abroad  : 

' '  Prestige,  after  a  war,  does  not  of  a  necessity 
fall  to  the  conqueror  ;  and  there  is  no  lesson  thit 
the  Boer  war  should  more  forcibly  bring  home  t*** 
us  than  the  plainly  demonstrable  fact  that  oa^ 
military  prestige  is  most  seriously  impaired  in  tbe 
estimation  of  those  abroad  whom  it  behooves.  t'-> 
measure  our  strength.  It  cannot  be  serioo^j 
denied  that  among  nine-tenths  of  the  inbabitanu 
of  Europe,  and  possibly  among  a  larger  proper 
tion  of  those  Asiatic  nations  whose  belief  in  our 
military  strength  is  essential  to  our  existencr. 
not  only  is  our  military  organization  benea^L 
ridicule,  but  the  very  materiel  of  which  ourarmift 
is  constituted  has  proved  itself  anything  but  in- 
vincible and  quite  the  reverse  of  formidable 
while  in  point  of  training  and  of  any  intelligei; 
grasp  of  modern  warfare  that  we  are  held  to  r* 
precisely  where  we  were  at  the  end  of  the  Cn 
mean  War.'* 

AN    ITALIAN    CRITICISM. 

Captain  Gambier  takes  the  report  of  the  f  rienu 
ly  Italian  gener-n,  Count  Luchino  dal  Verme 
as  a  specimen  of  foreign  opinion  : 

"  *  What  astonished  all  military  men/  says  w 
count.  '  who  were  accustomed  to  regard  it** 
British  troops  as  so  brave,  was  to  see  2,200  rot"- 
in  the  open  in  broad  daylight,  only  a  few  raii^ 
from  their  camp,  surrendering  to  an  enemy,  or. 


LEADING  ARTICLFS  OF  THE  MONTH. 


597 


at  any  rate,  not  having  made  tliat  enemy  pay 
clearly  for  their  temerity.'  I  say  it  is  folly  to 
blink  these  facts.  This  story  of  the  *  surrender ' 
was  copied  with  avidity  into  every  newspaper  on 
the  face  of  the  earth  ;  and  not  that  surrender 
alone,  but  numerous  others,  with  piteous  tales  of 
bungling  and  ineptitude,  which  all  the  cheering 
and  waving  of  flags  by  shopboys  can  never  wipe 
out  of  the  memory  of  our  so-called  allies  in 
China.  To  follow  this  military  and  friendly 
critic  through  all  the  untold  instances  of  want  of 
scouting,  to  read  his  description  of  the  ignorance 
we  displayed  of  the  elementary  rules  of  war — our 

*  small  detachments  of  cavalry  scattered  all  over 
the  country  where  they  ought  to  be  in  force, '  the 

*  endless  requirements  of  men  and  officers  in  our 
infantry  battalions  '  and,  *  worst  of  all,  the  slow 
inarching,  for  the  English  soldier  carries  very 
little  and  grumbles  at  having  to  carry  so  much ' 
(God  knows  how  truethi§  isl)." 

NO     ENTRENCHMENTS. 

Count  dal  Verme  declared  that  the  soldiers 
would  not  entrench,  and  as  a  consequence  hun- 
dreds of  lives  were  lost.  The  more  reinforce- 
ments were  sent  the  worse  things  became  : 

**As  fast  as  men  and  guns  were  sent  out, 
numbers  of  horses,  mules,  and  drivers  were 
dispatched  .  .  .  but  all  this  was  of  no  avail 
without  previous  organization.  When  all  these 
supplies  arrived  at  Cape  Town  and  Durban, 
weeks  were  required  to  put  them  in  order,  and 
months  passed  before  the  transport  began  to 
w^ork  properly  at  the  arduous  task  of  supplying 
an  army  in  the  field.  .  .  .  The  English  were  in 
a  country  traversed  in  every  direction  by  roads, 
and  even  by  railways." 

Captain  Gambler  sums  up  these  judgments  as 
follows  : 

**  Nations,    even    less    than   individuals,    are 
capable  of  a  just  appreciation  in  such  matters. 
Every  reverse  we  had  was  hailed  as  a  crushing 
defeat ;    every  prisoner   was   a   coward  ;    QVQry 
mistake  or  •  unfortunate  incident  *  was  the  work 
of  an  incompetent  general.    And,  honestly  speak- 
ing,  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  foreigners  could 
tliink  anything  else — especially  when  the  literal 
faots  remain  that  the  small  Boer  army  of  peas- 
£biits  had  led  away  captive  nearly  5,000  of  our  best 
reg^ulars,  had  captured  guns  and  convoys  ;  that 
our  generals  were  being  bundled  home,  the  situ- 
ation only  saved  by  a  supreme  effort,   and  by 
denuding  the  islands  of  Great  Britain  of  almost 
every  soldier  of  the  regular  army  ;    when  the 
official  numbers,  as  given  by  our  minister  of  war, 
slio^ed  that  we  had  over  200,000  men  and  close 
on   300  guns  in  the  field,  while  the  Boers  at  no 
on^  moment  ever  ha<l  over  40,000  men  ;  that  by 


March  3  we  had  lost.  182  officers  killed,  565 
wounded;  1,593  men  killed,  7,108  wounded; 
officers  prisoners,  138;  men,  3,191 — a  total  of 
close  on  13,000  men  disposed  of  in  actual  battle 
by  this  handful  of  farmers  and  shopboys.  I 
say  it  is  no  wonder  that  there  has  been  no  pas- 
sionate desire  by  foreign  armies  to  intrust  the 
conduct  of  an  extremely  complicated  and  ardu- 
ous campaign  to  our  guidance.  No  sane  man  could 
expect  they  would  carry  fatuity  to  such  a  point. " 

WAR  AGAINST  WOMEN  AND  CHILDREN. 

CLARENCE  WATERER,  in  the  Westminster 
Review y  surveys  afresh  the  dreary  course 
of  South  African  affairs,  and  finds  in  the  raid 
and  its  condonation  by  the  <*  Committee  of  No 
Inquiry  "  the  fons  et  origo  mali.  He  concludes 
his  survey  by  showing  the  kind  of  war  England's 
troops  are  now  waging.  First  he  cites  this  proc- 
lamation : 

V.R.— Public  Notice. 
It  18  hereby  notified  for  information  that  unless  the 
Men  at  present  on  Commando,  belonging  to  families  in 
the  Town  and  District  of  Krugersdorp,  surrender  them- 
selves and  hand  in  their  arms  to  the  Imperial  Authori- 
ties by  the  20th  July,  the  whole  of  their  property  will 
be  conflscate<1  and  their  families  turned  out  destitute 
and  homeless.  By  order. 

G.  H.  M.  Ritchie, 
Capt.  K.  Horse,  Dist.  Supt.  of  Police, 
Krugersdorp,  July  9th,  1900. 

*  *  This  proclamation  was  canceled  a  week  later, 
and  high  prices  are  offered  for  copies  of  it  by  the 
imperial  authorities.  We  can  well  understand 
their  anxiety.  Such  a  proclamation  under  the 
initials  of  the  first  lady  of  our  realm  might  prove 
an  inconvenient  handbill  even  in  a  khaki  elec- 
tion.'' 

Next  he  quotes  a  letter  of  a  Trooper  Morris, 
published  September  6,  1900  : 

Since  we  are  with  Clements  we  have  had  plenty  of 
work,  burning  farms,  destroying  crops,  and  comman- 
deering cattle.  It  is  very  hard  sometimes,  but  it  must 
be  done.  Last  Sunday  six  of  us,  including  myself,  went 
out  with  an  imperial  oflflcer  to  a  fine  farm-house,  giving 
the  occupants  five  minutes  to  clear  out  all  their  goods 
as  well  as  themselves.  There  were  an  old  grandmother, 
three  married  daughters,  and  several  children,  crying 
and  asking  for  mercy ;  but  no  I  And  when  the  time  was 
up  we  burnt  it  to  the  ground. 

**  What  an  exhibition  for  a  nation  that  has  had 
the  right  to  be  proud  of  its  record  !  Because 
with  our  200,000  men  we  are  unable  to  guard 
our  communications,  the  raiding  of  which,  it 
must  not  be  forgotten,  is  a  perfectly  legitimate 
act  of  war — because  of  our  failure  to  keep  up  our 
line  of  supplies,  we  devastate  miles  of  country 
and  turn  defenseless  women  and  children  out 
destitute  and  homeless.'* 


598 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RtyiElV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


DR.  CONAN  DOYLE'S  LESSONS  FROM  THE 
BOER  WAR. 

THE  first  place  in  Cornhill  for  October  is 
given  to  a  paper  by  Dr.  A.  Conan  Doyle, 
entitled  <*Some  Military  Lessons  of  the  War." 
The  writer  begins  with  the  comprehensive  dec- 
laration * '  that  the  defense  of  the  empire  is  not 
the  business  of  a  single  warrior-caste,  but  of  every 
able-bodied  citizen." 

INVASION    OP   ENGLAND IMPOSSIBLE. 

This  apparently  alarming  demand  is  promptly 
followed  by  a  piece  of  most  cheering  optimism. 
Dr.  Doyle  says  : 

* '  One  of  the  most  certain  lessons  of  the  war, 
as  regards  ourselves,  is  once  for  all  to  reduce  the 
bugbear  of  an  invasion  of  Great  Britain  to  an 


DR.  A.  CONAN  DOTLB. 


absurdity.  With  a  moderate  efficiency  with  the 
rifle  the  able-bodied  population  of  this  country 
could,  without  its  fleet  and  without  its  profes- 
sional soldiers,  defy  the  united  forces  of  Europe. 
A  country  of  hedgerows  would  with  modern 
weapons  be  the  most  terrible  entanglement  into 
which  an  army  could  wander.  The  advantage  of 
the  defense  over  the  attack,  and  of  the  stationary 
force  against  the  one  which  has  to  move,  is  so 
enormous  and  has  been  so  frequently  proved  by 
the  Boers  against  ourselves,  as  well  as  by  our- 
selves against  the  Boers,  that  the  invasion  of 
Kent  or  Sussex,  always  a  desperate  operation, 


has  now  become  an  impossible  one.  So  much 
national  consolation  can  we  draw  from  the  onieaJ 
through  which  we  have  passed.  While  we  can 
depend  for  the  defense  of  our  own  shores  upon 
some  developed  system  of  militia  and  volunteers, 
we  can  release  for  the  service  of  the  empire  al- 
most all  the  professional  soldiers." 

<<ONLY    ONE    WEAPON    IN    THE    WORLD." 

The  writer  urges  the  need  in  the  infantry  o( 
more  liberal  musketry  practice,  of  greater  facility 
in  entrenching,  and  of  better  knowledge  of  cover. 
He  would  require  the  officer  to  carry  a  rifle,  like 
his  men,  and  to  *  *  take  his  profession  more  sen- 
ously."  He  says  :  **  During  five  months'  inter 
course  with  oflBcers,  I  have  only  once  seen  one  of 
them  reading  a  professional  book."  He  wouW 
transform  the  cavalry  wholly  into  mounted  in 
fantry.  Dr.  Doyle  is  very  emphatic  on  one 
point: 

*  *  One  absolutely  certain  lesson  of  this  war  b 
that  there  is — outside  the  artillery — only  one 
weapon  in  the  world,  and  that  weapon  is  the 
magazine  rifle.  Lances,  swords,  and  revolver? 
have  only  one  place — the  museum." 

FIELD    GUNS    AND    FIELD    EXPLOSIVES. 

Turning  to  the  artillery,  the  writer  does  nc't 
think  very  highly  of  lyddite  as  employed  againsi 
troops  in  open  formation.  The  Boers  he  spoke 
to  had  no  high  opinion  of  it.  He  knows  **  of  ai 
least  one  case  where  a  shell  burst  within  sevca 
yards  of  a  man  with  no  worse  effect  than  to  give 
him  a  bad  headache."  He  anticipat^^  the  use 
'3f  much  heavier  guns  in  the  battlefield.  *^Tk 
greatest  cannon  of  our  battleships  and  fortresses 
may  be  converted  into  field  pieces." 

THE    HOSPITAL   SCANDALS. 

Of  the  Bloemfontein  epidemic,  he  says  : 
<  *  The  true  statistics  of  the  outbreak  will  proK 
ably  never  come  out,  as  the  army  returns  pernL: 
the  use  of  such  terms  as  •  simple  continued  feve: 
— a  diagnosis  frequently  made,  but  vague  ari 
slovenly  in  its  nature.  If  these  cases  were  added 
to  those  which  were  returned  as  enteric  (and  tlit^j 
were  undoubtedly  all  of  the  same  nature),  i*. 
would  probably  double  the  numbers,  and  give  a 
true  idea  of  the  terrible  nature  of  the  epidemi':^ 
Speaking  roughly,  there  could  not  have  bei- 
fewer  than  from  6,000  to  7,000  in  Bloenifonttii 
alone,  of  which  1,300  died." 

The  lack  of  hospital  accommodation  he  attrib- 
utes to  a  very  laudable  motive  : 

*  *  It  sprang  largely  from  an  exagg^erated  de- 
sire, on  the  part  of  the  authorities,  to  conciliatr^ 
the  Free  Staters,  and  reconcile  them  to  our  rale 
It  was  thought  too  high-handed  to  occupy  empcj 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


599 


houses  without  permission,  or  to  tear  down  cor- 
rugated iron  fencing  in  order  to  make  huts  to 
keep  the  rain  from  the  sick  soldiers.  This  policy, 
which  sacrificed  the  British  soldier  to  an  excessive 
respect  for  the  feelings  of  his  enemies,  became 
modified  after  a  time  ;  but  it  appeared  to  me  to 
increase  the  difficulties  of  the  doctors." 

Dr.  Doyle  does  blame  the  department  for  not 
having  more  medical  men  on  the  spot  at  a  time 
when  *  *  Cape  Town  was  swarming  with  civil 
surgeons.'* 

A    SCHEME    OF   ARMY    REFORM. 

On  the  general  subject  of  army  reform,  Dr. 
Doyle  does  not  agree  with  a  common  opinion 
that  the  army  should  be  increased.  Rather,  he 
argues,  *'  We  should  decrease  the  army  in  num- 
bers, and  so  save  the  money  which  will  enable  us 
to  increase  its  efficiency  and  mobility.  When  I 
say  decrease  the  army,  I  mean  decrease  the  num- 
ber of  professional  soldiers  ;  but  I  should  in- 
crease the  total  number  of  armed  men  upon 
whom  we  can  call  by  a  liberal  encouragement  of 
volunteering,  and  such  an  extension  of  the  mili- 
tia act  as  would  give  us  at  least  a  million  men 
for  home  defense,  setting  free  the  whole  of  the 
highly  trained  soldiers  for  the  work  of  the  em- 
pire." 

To  the  regulars  he  would  give  pay  at  the  rate 
of  half  a  crown  a  day. 

ONLY    100,000    PICKED    MEN. 

He  thus  goes  on  to  outline  his  scheme  : 
**  Having  secured  the  best  material,  the  sol- 
dier should  then   be  most  carefully  trained,  so 
that  the  empire  may  never  have  the  expense  of 
sending  out  a  useless  unit.     Granting  that  the 
professional   army   should   consist    of    100,000 
men,  which  is  ample  for  every  requirement,  I 
should  divide  them  roughly  into  30,000  mounted 
infantry,  who  should  be  the  Mite,  trained  to  the 
last  |K)int,    with  every  man  a  picked  shot  and 
rider.      These   might   be    styled    the    Imperial 
Guard,  and  would  be  strong  enough  in  them- 
selves   to  carry   through  any  ordinary  war    in 
which  we  are  likely  to  engage.     Thirty  thousand 
I  should  devote  to  forming  a  powerful  corps  of 
artillery,    who   should  be  armed  with  the  best 
weapons  which  money  could  buy.     Ten  thousand 
would    furnish  the  engineers,  the  army  service 
corps,  and  the  medical  orderlies.     There  is  no 
use  ill  feeding  and  paying  men  in  time  of  peace 
when  "we  know  that  we  can  get  them  easily  in 
time    of  war,  and  rapidly  make  them  efficient. 
In  all  these  three  departments  it  would  be  prac- 
ticable to  fill  up  the  gaps  by  trained  volunteers 
when    they  are  needed.     For  example,   the  St. 
Jobn*s  Ambulance  men  showed  themselves  per- 


fectly capable  of  doing  the  hospital  duties  in 
South  Africa.  From  the  various  engineer  bat- 
talions of  volunteers  the  sappers  could  extend  to 
any  dimensions.  There  remain  30,000  men 
out  of  the  original  number,  which  should  form 
the  infantry  of  the  line.  These  should  preserve 
the  old  regimental  names  and  traditions,  but 
should  consist  of  mere  *  cadres  ' — skeleton  regi- 
ments to  be  filled  up  in  time  of  war.  There 
might,  for  example,  be  100  regiments,  each  con- 
taining 300  men.  But  these  men,  paid  on  the 
higher  scale,  would  all  be  picked  men  and  good 
rifle-shots,  trained  to  the  highest  point  in  real 
warlike  exercises." 


MILNERISM  IN  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

MR.  J.  A.  HOBSON  contributes  to  the  Con- 
temporary Review  for  October  a  very  vig- 
orous article  entitled  *<The  Proconsulate  of 
Milner.  "  Mr.  Hobson  deals  closely  with  certain 
features  of  the  negotiations  which  led  to  the  war, 
but  the  most  interesting  part  of  his  article  is  that 
in  which  he  compares  Sir  Alfed  Milner  with  Sir 
Bartle  Frere  and  with  Froude,  and  characterizes 
his  policy  and  temperament. 

PARTIALITY    AND    ACADEMICISM. 

The  academic  temper  combined  with  dogma- 
tism and  partiality  have  been  Sir  Alfred  Milner's 
ruin: 

* '  For  that  academic  temper  and  attitude  of 
mind  which  made  Mr.  Froude  such  a  lamentable 
failure  in  the  task  he  set  himself,  are  plainly 
discernible  in  Sir  A.  Milner,  though  in  him 
they  are  combined  with  and  in  part  concealed  by 
other  attributes.  Both  men  are  temperamental 
imperialists  of  the  sentimental  academic  school, 
thoroughly  convinced  that  British  rule  is  *  the 
greatest  secular  agency  for  good  known  to  the 
world,*  and  not  disposed  to  entertain  nice  scruples 
as  to  the  methods  of  extending  so  beneficent  an 
agency.  Sir  A.  Milner  was  commended  by  a 
dignitary  of  the  Church,  when  he  set  forth  on  his 
South  African  mission,  as  *  the  finest  flower  of 
human  culture  that  the  University  of  Oxford 
has  produced  in  our  time.*  But  there  is  reason 
to  suspect  that  the  intellectual  atmosphere  in 
which  these  *  flowers  of  human  culture '  are  pro- 
duced exercises  some  hardening  influence  on  their 
humanity  and  morals ;  substituting  for  those 
warm,  wholesome  sympathies  which  are  the  safest 
guides  in  understanding  our  fellows  and  in  regu- 
lating our  conduct  towards  them  a  cold,  critical 
demeanor  of  superiority  which  lays  down  care- 
fully calculated  ends,  applies  casuistic  subtlety  in 
adopting  means,  and  is  capable  of  fierce  resent- 
ment and  even  persecuting  zeal,  if  any  attempt 


coo 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^/EH^  OF  REP^IEIVS. 


be  made  to  question  their  autliority  or  thwart 
their  will.  This  inhumanity  is,  of  couree,  quite 
consistent  with  a  certain  superficial  courtesy  and 
even  affability  of  manner,  which,  thougli  not  ex- 
pressly so  designed,  serves  as  a  glove  upon  the 
iron  fist." 

Sir  Alfred  Milner's  political  experience,  says 
Mr.  Hobson,  was  no  better  adapted  to  fit  him 
for  his  work  than  was  Sir  Bartle  Frere's  : 

**  Sir  Alfred  Milners  experience  fitted  him  in 
no  degree  for  such  a  task  ;  it  made  him  what  he 
is — a  strong- headed  bureaucrat,  extremely  capa- 
ble in  the  autocratic  conduct  of  affairs  ;  able  to 
impose  his  will  upon  inferiors,  and  to  drive  re- 
luctant and  evasive  Easterns  along  paths  of  Brit- 
ish <  good  government, '  but  incapable  of  that  genu- 
ine and  full-hearted  sympathy  with  the  free  and 
sturdy  humanity  of  colonists  who  would  not  be 
driven,  and  unable  to  throw  off  the  habits  of  his 
past  official  career." 

A    TEMPERAMENTAL    JINGO. 

The  Blue  Books  alone  are  enough  to  show 
that  Sir  Alfred  Milner,  **  partly  from  tempera- 
mental jingoism,  partly  from  deficient  power  in 
judging  character,"  allowed  himself  to  become 
the  instrument  of  the  wreckei-s  : 

**  As  matters  were  nearing  the  catastrophe,  he 
lost  his  head,  and  even  permitted  passion  so  to 
overrule  his  sense  of  common  honesty  as  to 
mutilate  that  portion  of  Mr.  Steyn's  dispatch 
which  he  professed  to  transmit  intact.  Those 
who  follow  most  closely  his  conduct  since  the 
outbreak  of  hostilities  will  best  appreciate  the 
chorus  of  applause  with  which  he  is  greeted  by 
the  league  and  their  financial  backers.  This 
*  strong  man '  destroys  the  constitutional  self- 
government  of  the  colony,  openly  espouses  the 
league  policy,  and  vehemently  denounces  those 
who  seek  *  conciliation ' ;  utters  historical  speeches, 
in  which  he  propounds  the  false  finality  of  a 
never -again  policy  ;  and  trusts  in  militarism  and 
disfranchisement  as  means  of  securing  peace  in 
South  Africa.  But  it  is  the  sheer  collapse  of 
intellect  which  stands  out  most  clearly  in  the 
documents,  the  weird  jumble  of  sharp  reasoning 
and  claptrap,  the  pitiful  inability  to  distinguish 
good  evidence  from  bad,  which  mark  his  dis- 
patches." 

Mr.  Hobson  concludes  his  article  as  follows  : 

**  To  claim  actual  success  for  Sir  Alfred  Mil- 
ner's  policy  requires  considerable  effrontery. 
One  may  assume  that  Sir  A.  Milner  did  not 
want  war  ;  yet  he  had  three  distinct  opportuni- 
ties of  settlement  upon  terms  and  by  methods 
honorable  and  profitable  to  Great  Britain,  and 
he  evaded  all  of  them  ;  he  deceived  the  govern- 
ment into  thinking  Mr.  Kriiger  would  not  fight, 


being  so  deceived  himself,  and  into  believing 
that  Free-State  opinion  was  such  as  to  preclude 
active,  armed  cooi>eration,  believing  this  himself. 
This  same  man,  governed  by  the  same  temper 
and  receiving  his  information  from  the  same 
sources,  now  asserts  that  an  era  of  annexation 
for  the  republics  and  of  martial  law,  followed  by 
wholesale  disfranchisement  in  the  colonies,  will 
form  the  basis  of  a  lasting  peaceful  settlement  in 
South  Africa.  It  is  reasonable  to  believe  him, 
or  to  obey  the  demands  of  that  British  SotUh 
Africa  which  has  so  often  and  so  terribly  de- 
ceived us  with  regard  to  the  likelihood  of  war, 
and  its  measure  and  duration,  when  it  seeks  to 
place  in  Sir  Alfred  Milner's  hands  the  full  ad- 
ministration of  the  new  order  in  South  Africa." 


THE  SETTLEMENT  IN  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

THE  Contemporary  Review  for  October  opens 
with  an  article  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Kobinson  on 
the  subject  of  the  **  South  African  Settlement." 

JUSTICE   TO    THE    B0EB8. 

Justice  to  the  Boers  is  Mr.  Robinson's  motto. 
This  is  not,  of  course,  justice  as  understood  by 
the  **  pro-Boers, "  but  justice  as  understood  by  a 
man  who  is  firm  for  complete  annexation.  We 
quote  Mr.  Robinson's  most  definite  suggestions  : 

*  *  There  will  have  to  be  in  the  Transvaal,  as 
also  in  the  Orange  River  Colony,  a  lieutenant- 
governor  (acting  under  the  high  commissioner) 
and  an  executive  council,  and  both  states  will 
have  to  remain  crown  colonies  for  a  certain 
period  ;  unless,  indeed,  the  two  be  administered 
as  a  single  crown  colony,  which  would  be  better. 
The  executive  council  should  consist  of  about 
twelve  membei-s,  and  it  would  be  wisdom  to  offer 
four  or  five  out  of  the  twelve  seats  to  the  Boers. 
They  might  elect  their  own  representatives,  and 
the  remaining  seven  would  be  nominees  of  the 
imperial  government  (advised,  no  doubt,  in  tlieir 
selection  by  the  loyalists  in  South  Africa),  who 
might  be  relied  on  to  insist  upon  an  enlight- 
ened system  of  administration.  As  to  the  four 
or  five  seats  to  be  offered  to  the  Dutch,  I  should 
not  hesitate  to  offer  them  to  Botha,  De  Wet,  and 
other  prominent  men.  Indeed,  one  of  our  great- 
est dangers  for  the  future  is  lest  the  govemmeni 
of  these  new  colonies  should  fail,  as  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Transvaal  failed  in  1880,  for  want 
of  knowledge  of  the  people  of  South  Africa.  It 
is  common  enough  for  Englishmen,  and  Colonists, 
to  suppose  that  they  understand  the  Dutch  popa- 
lation.  After  a  war  of  conquest,  it  is  frequently 
imagined  that  it  matters  but  little  whether  the 
people  are  understood  or  not.  Military  govern- 
ment may  be  necessary  for  a  brief  period.      It 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


601 


should,  however,  be  very  brief  ;  for  in  military 
government  it  is  not  necessary  to  understand  the 
governed.  It  is  a  system  of  order,  not  of  jus- 
tice— a  state  of  siege.  But  when  this  transitory 
regime  is  over,  it  will  be  of  the  first  importance 
not  only  to  understand  what  the  Dutch  want,  but 
so  to  act  that  when  they  realize  that  they  are  not 
set  aside,  but  that  tliey  form  a  part  of  the  sub- 
jects of  a  country  ruled  and  governed  on  equita- 
ble lines,  they  will  appreciate  the  position  and 
fall  into  line  with  the  general  population.'* 

FIRST    END   THE   WAR. 

If  this  is  done,  Mr.  Robinson  prophesies  that 
there  •*will  bo  no  easier  race  in  the  world  to 
govern  than  the  Dutch."  But  first  the  policy  of 
continuing  the  war  of  extermination  must  be 
abandoned,  and  overtures  made  to  the  Boer 
leaders. 

<*It  may  perhaps  l)e  said  :  <The  Boer  diplo- 
macy is  very  clover  :  is  there  not  danger  in  open- 
ing any  discussion  ? '  Perhape  so — any  discussion 
of  a  general  kind  ;  but  that  is  no  reason  against 
the  plain  offer  of  a  safe  return  home  to  the  fanns 
without  transportation  or  confiscation,  on  condi- 
tion of  surrender  of  arms.  I  have  said  nothing 
of  any  armistice  ;  the  offer  would  be  one  to  be 
accepted  or  rejected  at  once.  No  doubt  anus 
might  be  buried  or  concealed.  But  the  amount 
of  the  armament  is  fairly  well  known,  and  it 
would  be  well  to  give  notice  that  any  conceal- 
ment of  arms  would  be  punished  by  confiscation 
of  proj)erty.  Further,  it  is  not  so  simple  a  mat- 
ter to  conceal  arms  ;  the  country  swarms  with  na- 
tives ;  and  it  is  not  easy  to  find  the  native  from 
whom  the  sight  of  a  few  half-crowns  would  not 
draw  any  secret  he  had  at  command." 

SOUTH  Africa's  future. 

As  to  the  future  development  of  South  Africa, 
Mr.  Robinson  is,  as  ever,  optimistic.  It  may 
become  the  greatest  of  British  colonies  : 

*  •  The  resources  of  the  Transvaal  are  endless. 
It  is  seamed  with  rich  minerals  of  every  kind. 
Its  population,  under  a  modern  administration, 
will  go  up  by  leaps  and  bounds.  It  may  well 
be,  in  population,  wealth,  and  commerce  our 
premier  colony.  Certainly  the  Vaal  Colony  will 
lead  South  Africa.  Johannesburg  is  now  the  capi- 
tal of  South  Africa,  and  such  it  will  remain, 
while  its  trade  with  England  will  shortly  become 
a  mainstay  of  our  home  prosperity.  What  we 
are  doing  we  must  do  well,  and  so  build  as  to 
endur^.  Let  us  throw  away  all  paltry,  perscnal, 
and  even  racial  considerations,  and  appoint  to 
initiate  its  government  men  who  will  know  how 
to  construct,  on  the  basis  of  two  able  races,  a 
^reat  and  permanent  commercial  state. " 


JOUAMNESBURO    THE    CAPITAL. 

Johannesburg,  he  says,  must  be  made  the 
capital :  and  he  gives  the  plausible  reason  that 
the  Boer  farmers  as  well  as  the  industrials  would 
find  this  the  more  convenient,  as  it  would  make 
the  market  for  stock  and  the  headquarters  for 
business  transactions  the  same  place.  Under  the 
late  government,  Mr.  Robinson  says,  the  Boers 
were  forced  to  come  to  Johannesburg  to  sell  their 
stock,  and  then  to  make  a  second  journey  to 
Pretoria  to  carry  out  any  business  transactions. 
As  to  the  expenses  of  the  war,  Mr.  Robinson 
says  : 

*  *  I  have  been  asked  how  the  expenses  of  the 
war  are  to  be  met.  In  my  opinion  there  is  no 
difficulty  whatever  in  the  question.  The  opening 
up  of  the  Transvaal  by  an  honest  and  fair  admin- 
istration will  develop  a  trade  with  Great  Britain 
which  will  tell  heavily  even  on  the  magnificent 
figures  of  her  exports  and  imports,  and  she  ought 
to  be  prepared  to  pay  a  heavy  share  herself. 
Then  the  revenue  from  imports,  licenses,  etc., 
will  rise  enormously.  Besides,  the  new  Trans- 
vaal Government  will  inherit  from  the  old  very 
large  estates  in  land — much  of  it  gold-bearing — 
in  addition  to  the  state  share  in  the  railway — 
little  or  none  of  which,  I  have  reason  to  believe, 
has  been  sold  ;  and  this  will  provide  also  a  large 
share  of  the  £60,000,000  or  £70,000,000  which 
the  war  seems  likely  to  cost." 


ON  THE  BEIRA  RAILWAY. 

IF  the  Siberian  Railway  beats  the  world  for 
length,  the  Beira  Railway  easily  holds  the 
record  for  nastiness.  A  very  interesting  ac- 
count of  the  Portuguese  line  is  contributed  to 
the  Contemporary  Review  for  October  by  Mr. 
L.  Orman  Cooper,  who,  if  his  account  is  not 
exaggerated,  certainly  must  have  had  a  tough 
constitution  to  survive  and  tell  his  experiences. 
The  portion  of  Portuguese  territory  through 
which  it  lies  is  the  plague  spot  of  the  earth, 
**  inhabited  by  every  kind  of  beetle,  bug,  and 
insect  which  stings,  buzzes,  or  smells."  It  is  the 
region  of  the  tzetze  fly,  and  almost  uninhabit- 
able by  Europeans. 

AN    ENGINEERING    FEAT. 

The  Beira  Railway  is  unique  as  an  engineering 
feat : 

*  *  The  sleepers  are  laid  on  piles  to  start  with. 
The  line  slithers  through  miles  of  thick,  dank, 
unfathomable  mud.  Then  it  crawls  up  steep 
hills,  and  intersects  a  forest  in  which  lions, 
tigers,  harte-beestes,  etc.,  continually  do  cry. 
Its  engines  are  fed  with  green  wood.  Its  offi- 
cials are  mostly  educated  gentlemen  *  down  on 


602 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI/IEH^  OF  RE^IElVS. 


their  luck. '     In  fact,  it  holds  a  unique  place  in 
the  annals  of  railway  work." 

FEVERLAND. 

The  railway  runs  through  a  fever  district, 
and  accidents  are  so  common  tliat  the  company 
employs  a  phy-sician  to  look  after  its  employees. 
His  life  is  not  a  pleasant  one  : 

**  He  is  continually  on  the  move.  One  man 
is  only  able  to  look  after  about  200  miles  of  the 
railway.  Even  along  that  small  area  seldom  a 
day  passes  but  he  has  some  one  to  mend  up  or 
physic.  Sometimes  he  has  to  travel  over  100 
miles  on  a  nigger-propelled  trolley  in  order  to 
look  up  one  sick  case  ;  yet,  at  the  same  time, 
many  die  without  attention.  The  fever  on  the 
Beira  Railway  is  about  the  worst  kind  of  fever 
to  be  met  with  anywhere.  It  never  fails  to  at- 
tack the  white  man  sooner  or  later.  It  is  ex- 
tremely stealthy  in  its  onslaught,  and  nothing 
can  be  done  to  ward  it  off  entirely.  Windows 
shut  at  sunset,  so  as  to  prevent  ihe  dank,  deadly 
mist  which  nightly  arises  from  the  swamps,  can 
do  something.  Attention  to  hygiene,  and  avoid- 
ing the  long  grass  in  springtime  and  after  sun- 
set, can  do  more.  Abstention  from  alcoholic 
beverages  can  do  most  of  all ;  at  least,  attention  to 
the  latter  detail  very  often  prevents  fatal  effects. " 

VENOMOUS    LIONS. 

The  country  through  which  the  railroad  runs 
is  infested  with  lions,  who,  in  addition  to  their 
other  virtues,  have  a  poisonous  bite  : 

' » The  lions  roaring  after  their  prey  do  seek 
their  meat  from  God — at  least  so  the  Psalm- 
ist says.  They  seek  it  also  vid  man — fortunately 
not  always  with  success.  On  one  of  these  sur- 
veying expeditions  a  man  fell  off  a  tree  close  to 
the  open  mouth  of  a  lion.  (It  was  to  escape  the 
said  lion  he  had  climbed  it.)  The  creature 
sucked  in  a  toe.  Then  he  let  go  in  order  to 
seize  an  ankle,  and  repeated  the  operation  until 
he  had  the  poor  fellow'S  knee  in  his  mouth. 
While  the  beast  was  chewing  at  the  knee,  a 
comrade  was  fumbling  with  the  safety- cock  of  a 
magazine  Colt  rifle.  Only  for  a  moment.  In  an- 
other he  had  the  trigger  free,  let  fly,  and  killed 
the  lion.  The  mumbled  man  was  terribly  mauled, 
and  had  to  be  carried  to  a  Dutch  farm  hard  by. 
The  haas  was  kind  enough  to  him,  but  it  was  a 
ghastly  sight  to  see  the  foul  matter  left  by  the 
lion's  molars  squeezed  from  the  wounded  leg 
daily.  The  man  recovered  after  a  long  time  ; 
but  many  a  one  has  succumbed  to  lion -poison, 
even  when  the  wounds  were  apparently  trifling. 
The  smallest  bite  sometimes  gangrenes  in  that 
terrible  climate  ;  so  the  onslaught  of  a  lion  has 
a  double  terror  about  it." 


THE   GROWTH    OP   THE    RAILWAY. 

The  Beira  Railway  was  opened  for  traffic  as 
far  as  New  Umtali  in  April,  1898. 

**01d  Umtali,  its  original  terminus,  was  done 
away  with  then,  because  it  was  cheaper  to  com- 
pensate folks  for  their  buildings,  and  give  them 
new  sites,  than  to  bring  the  railway  through  the 
rugged  country  to  the  old  town.  The  line  was 
moved  ten  miles  eastward  at  that  date, — from 
the  old  to  the  new  town, — and  £70,000  was 
paid  as  compensation  to  the  Umtalians  for  this 
change  of  route.  It  was  while  the  extension  of 
the  railway  from  Beira  to  Salisbury  was  being 
made  that  the  gauge  was  altered  from  two  feet  to 
that  of  the  other  Cape  lines.  At  first  it  was  only 
a  contractor's  line,  practically,  with  only  one 
train  a  week  each  way  for  passenger  traflSc 
Now  the  trains  are  fairly  numerous. 

*'For  the  first  few  years,  too,  the  telegraph 
only  went  as  far  as  Umtali.  Now  it  is  extendetl 
to  Salisbury,  and  thus  is  in  communication  with 
Cape  Town.  In  those  days  the  postal  arrange- 
ments were  most  disgraceful,  as  is  every  job 
undertaken  by  the  Portuguese.  Pioneers  were 
quite  shut  off  from  civilization,  and  were  depend- 
ent on  the  ships  which  came  into  Beira  ar>out 
five  times  a  month,  or  on  the  post-cart  from 
Salisbury." 

THE    LINE   OF   THE    FUTURE. 

In  spite  of  all  its  drawbacks,  Mr.  Cooper 
thinks  that  the  Beira  route  is  the  route  of  the 
future.  The  Cape  Town-Buluwayo  line  is  of  so 
tremendous  a  length  and  so  artificially  create^! 
that  its  charges  for  freight  are  enormous.  It 
will  never,  however,  become  noted  for  its  attrac- 
tions. 


THE  AMIR  OF  AFGHANISTAN. 

'  <  "P^ETAILS  of  My  Daily  Life  "  is  the  sub- 
-L/     ject  of  a  paper  contributed  to  the  first 
number  of  the  Monthly  Review  by  Abdur  Rah- 
man, the  Amir  of  Afghanistan. 

<*  From  my  childhood  up  to  the  present  day," 
says  the  Amir,  **  ray  life  is  quite  a  contrast  to 
the  habits  of  living  indulged  in  by  nearly  all 
other  Asiatic  monarchs  and  chiefs.  They  live 
for  the  most  part  a  life  of  idleness  and  luxury  ; 
whereas  I,  Abdur  Rahman,  believe  that  there  is 
no  greater  sin  than  allowing  our  minds  and  bod- 
ies to  be  useless  and  unoccupied  in  a  useful  way. 
.  .  .  My  way  of  living  and  dressing  has  always 
been  plain  and  simple  and  soldierlike.  I  have 
always  liked  to  keep  myself  occupied  day  and 
night  in  working  hard  at  something  or  other, 
devoting  only  a  few  hours  to  sleep.  As  habit  is 
second  nature,   it  has  become  a  habit  of  mine. 


LEADING  ARTJCLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


603 


that  even  when  I  am  seriously  ill,  when  I  can- 
not move  from  my  bed,  I  still  keep  working  as 
usual  at  reading  and  writing  documents  and 
various  government  papers.  ...  If  my  hands 
and  feet  cannot  move  from  my  bed,  I  can  still 
go  on  moving  my  tongue  to  give  orders  to  those 
about  me,  and  tell  them  what  I  wish  to  be  done. 
...  I  never  feel  tired,  because  I  am  so  fond  of 
work  and  labor.'*  This  love  for  work  he  owes 
to  God  Himself,  for  it  is  a  matter  of  Divine  in- 
spiration. **The  true  ideal  and  desire  of  my 
life  is  to  look  after  the  flock  of  human  beings 
whom  God  has  intrusted  to  me  as  humble  slave. '^ 

His    DBEAM. 

Long  before  he  became  Amir,  Abdur  Rahman 
dreamed  a  dream,  which  he  published  and  dis- 


ABDUR  RAHMAN. 

(Amir  of  Afghanistan.) 

tributed  about  the  country.  That  dream  was 
that  before  his  death  he  should  finish  making  a 
strong  wall  all  around  Afghanistan,  for  its  safety 
and  protection. 

*  *  The  more  I  see  of  the  people  of  other  nations 
and  religions  running  fast  in  the  pursuit  of 
progress,  the  less  I  can  rest  and  sleep ;  the 
whole  day  long  I  keep  on  thinking  how  I  shall 
l>e  able  to  run  the  race  with  the  swiftest,  and  at 
ni^ht  my  dreams  are  just  the  same.  There  is  a 
saying  that  the  cat  does  not  dream  about  any- 
thing but  mice.     I  dream    of  nothing  but   the 


backward  condition  of  my  country,  and  how  to 
defend  it ;  seeing  that  this  poor  goat,  Afghanis- 
tan, is  a  victim  at  which  a  lion  from  one  side  and 
a  terrible  bear  from  the  other  side  are  staring, 
and  ready  to  swallow  at  the  first  opportunity 
afforded  them." 

The  Amir  is  a  great  dreamer,  and  many  other 
dreams  of  his,  all  of  which  he  tells  to  his  cour- 
tiers, have  come  true.  And  so,  having  his  life- 
work  marked  out  before  him  in  dreamland,  he  is 
able  to  go  ahead  and  work  with  untiring  energy 
to  complete  his  task.  It  is  curious,  he  says,  that 
the  harder  he  works,  the  more  anxious  he  is  to 
continue  working. 

<<  UNEASY    LIES   THE    HEAD.'* 

He  usually  goes  to  sleep  about  five  or  six  in 
the  morning,  and  gets  up  at  two  in  the  afternoon. 
During  the  whole  of  that  time  when  he  is  in  bed, 
his  sleep  is  so  disturbed  that  nearly  every  hour 
he  wakes,  and  keeps  on  thinking  about  improve- 
ments. Then  he  goes  to  sleep  again.  As  soon 
as  he  wakes,  he  sends  for  his  doctor,  who  pre- 
scribes the  medicine  which  he  has  to  take  that 
day.  Then  comes  the  tailor,  bringing  with  him 
several  plain  suits  in  European  style.  After  he 
has  selected  the  one  he  will  wear,  he  washes 
and  dresses  and  has  tea ;  but  during  the  whole 
of  that  time  his  officials  stand  looking  at  him, 
saying  in  their  minds,  •'Oh,  be  quick  !  Let  us 
each  put  our  work  before  you."  As  soon  as 
breakfast  is  over,  he  is  worried  to  death  ;  for  no 
sooner  does  he  appear  at  work  than  officials, 
sons,  household  servants,  come  in  for  instruc- 
tions. Every  page-boy,  of  whom  there  are 
hundreds,  and  men  of  the  detective  depart- 
ment, walk  in  upon  him,  with  letters  in  their 
hands  whenever  any  suffering  person  requires 
help  or  assistance.  In  this  way  he  is  pretty 
crowded.  None  of  his  subjects  have  one- tenth 
part  of  his  work  to  do.  He  only  gets  a  few 
minutes  for  his  meals,  and  none  at  all  for  his 
family  ;  and  even  at  meal -times  his  courtiers  and 
officials  keep  on  asking  him  questions  I 

HIS   BECRKATIONS. 

In  addition  to  all  these  officials,  who  are  always 
in  attendance  upon  him  from  the  time  he  wakes 
until  he  goes  to  sleep,  and  in  addition  to  the 
half  a  hundred  persons  who  are  thus  surrounding 
him,  he  has  always  near  the  durbar-room,  to  be 
ready  when  required,  a  company  of  professional 
chess  -  players  and  backgammon  -  players,  a  few 
personal  companions,  a  reader  of  books,  and  a 
story-teller.  Musicians  of  several  nationalities 
attend  at  night ;  **  and  although  1  am  never  en- 
tirely free,  yet  the  courtiers  enjoy  the  music,  and 
I  listen  in  the  intervals."     When  he  rides  out. 


604 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  REyiEH^'S. 


every  one  of  his  personal  attendants  and  servants 
starts  with  him.  Altogether,  with  the  cavalry, 
infantry,  and  artillery  of  the  body-guard,  he  is 
always  ready  as  a  soldier  on  the  march  to  a  bat- 
tle, and  can  start  without  delay  at  a  moment's 
notice.  The  pockets  of  his  coat  and  trousers  are 
always  filled  with  loaded  revolvers,  and  one  or 
two  loaves  of  bread,  for  one  day's  food.  A  con- 
siderable number  of  gold  coins  are  sewed  into 
the  saddles  of  his  horses,  and  on  both  sides  of 
the  saddles  are  two  revolvers.  Several  guns  and 
swords  are  always  lying  by  the  side  of  his  bed, 
or  the  chair  on  which  he  is  seated,  within  reach 
of  his  hand,  and  saddled  horses  are  always  stand- 
ing in  front  of  his  office.  All  his  attendants  go 
to  sleep  when  he  does,  with  the  exception  of  the 
following,  who  keep  awake  in  turn  :  the  guards 
and  their  officers,  the  tea- bearer,  the  water-bearer, 
the  dispenser,  the  hubble-bubble  bearer,  the  valet, 
and  the  tailor,  who  has  always  to  be  at  hand  in 
order  to  do  any  repairs  or  to  have  instructions 
when  the  Amir  thinks  of  them. 

The  Amir  maintains  that  he  has  cleared  out 
and  abolished  the  cruel  system  of  slavery,  al- 
though he  keeps  the  word  slave  to  describe  per- 
sons who  are  more  honored  and  trusted  than  any 
other  officials  in  the  kingdom.  If  a  slave  is  badly 
treated  and  the  cruelty  is  proved,  the  slave  has 
his  liberty — *  *  by  my  orders,  because  God  has  cre- 
ated all  human  beings  children  of  One  Parent, 
and  entitled  to  equal  rights." 

HIS    HOME    LIFE. 

He  then  goes  on  to  describe  his  sitting-rooms 
and  his  bedrooms,  and  the  way  in  which  he  fur- 
nishes them  and  pays  allowances  to  his  wives. 
He  does  not  mention  the  exact  number  of  his 
wives,  although  there  seems  to  be  an  allusion  to 
seven.  *<My  wives,"  he  says,  **come  and  pay 
regular  visits  to  me  ten  or  twelve  times  in  the  year 
for  a  few  hours  at  a  time."  If  there  are  seven 
of  them,  and  each  comes  ten  times,  the  husband 
and  wife  meet  about  three  times  a  fortnight. 
He  opens  all  the  letters  with  his  own  hand  if 
they  are  addressed  **not  to  be  opened  by  any 
one  excepting  by  the  Amir,"  and  he  also  writes 
the  letter  with  his  own  hand.  He  tells  us  he 
has  always  loved  beautiful  scenery,  flowers, 
green  grass,  music,  pictures,  and  every  kind  of 
natural  beauty.  All  his  palaces  command  beau- 
tiful views.  He  is  also  very  religious  ;  for  he 
has  appointed  directors  throughout  the  whole 
country,  who  first  of  all  advise  people  to  attend 
the  mosque  five  times  a  day  for  their  prayers, 
and  to  fast  in  Ramadan  ;  and  then,  if  the  people 
will  not  listen  to  their  advice,  they  administer  a 
certain  number  of  lashes,  **  because  a  nation 
which  is  not  religious  becomes  demoralized,  and 


falls  into  ruin  and  decay,  and  misbehavior  makes 
people  unhappy  in  this  world  and  the  next." 

The  Amir  tells  us  that  he  writes  books  himself, 
but  that  he  likes  better  to  have  them  read  to  him, 
and  that  he  likes  his  information  in  the  form  of 
fiction — from  which  it  may  be  seen  that  the  Amir 
is  an  intensely  modern  man.  At  the  same  time, 
his  reasons  for  preferring  to  be  read  to  are  not 
very  complimentary  to  the  authors.     He  says  : 

*  *  I  do  not  go  to  sleep  directly  I  lie  down  in 
bed,  but  the  person  who  is  specially  appointed  as 
my  reader  sits  down  beside  my  bed  and  reads  to 
me  from  some  books — as,  for  instance,  histories 
of  different  countries  and  peoples  ;  books  on 
geography,  biographies  of  great  kings  and  re- 
formers, and  poHtical  works.  I  listen  to  this 
reading  until  I  go  to  sleep,  when  a  story -teller 
takes  his  place,  repeating  his  narratives  until  I 
awake  in  the  morning.  *  This  is  very  soothing, 
as  the  constant  murmur  of  the  story-teller's  voice 
lulls  my  tired  nerves  and  brain." 


FIELD-MARSHAL  COUNT  WALDEHSEE. 

THE  Deuische  Revue  for  October  brings  a  short 
sketch  by  a  German  officer  of  the  ciweer 
and  antecedents  of  Field-Marshal  Count  Walder- 
see,  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  allied  forces 
in  China.  •  The  scion  of  an  old,  aristocratic 
family,  which  since  the  eighteenth  century  has 
given  many  eminent  officers  to  the  Prussian 
army,  the  count  began  his  military  career  as 
artillery  officer,  celebrating  last  spring  the  golden 
jubilee  of  his  service.  As  aid-de-carap  of  Em- 
peror William  I.  he  took  a  very  prominent  part  in 
the  Franco- Prussian  War.  *  *  With  the  exception 
of  Prince  George  and  the  King  of  Saxony,  he  is 
the  only  living  German  generid  in  active  service 
who  has  taken  part  in  that  war  in  a  high  respon- 
sible position,  and  who  possesses  the  military 
experience  that  can  only  be  gained  in  such  a 
position  to  such  an  extent.  .  .  .  The  count  is 
in  his  sixty- ninth  year — one  year  younger  than 
Bliicher  was  in  the  campaign  against  Napoleon, 
in  1813,  or  General  von  Moltke  in  the  Franco- 
Prussian  War.  He  shows  traits  of  both.  With 
Bliicher  he  has  in  common  the  fearless  rider's 
spirit  that  hesitates  at  no  obstacle  ;  from  Moltke 
he  has  learned  the  calm  <  weighing '  of  both 
sides  of  a  question.  Although  an  enthusiastic 
advocate  of  offensive  action  on  a  large  scale, 
which  alone  is  really  decisive,  and  which  aims  to 
make  the  victory  complete  by  energetic  pursuit 
of  the  enemy.  Count  Waldersee  knows  that 
defensive  action  also  has  its  place  ;  and  that  he 
is  never  guided  by  preconceived  opinions,  he 
abundantly  proved  thirty  years  ago.  Adding 
the  diplomatic  tact  of  which  he  has  given  abun- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


605 


dant  proof,  one  must  admit  that  among  all  the 
allied  armies  there  is  no  other  leader  who  brings 
to  the  solution  of  the  present  diflBcult  and  mani- 
fold tasks  the  same  qualifications  and  the  same 
experience  as  Count  Waldersee." 


HOW  SHALL  CHINA  BE  PUNISHED? 

^^  'T'HE  Taming  of  the  Dragon"  is  the  sug- 
1  gestive  title  of  an  article  in  the  No- 
vember Forum  by  the  Rev.  L.  J.  Davies,  whose 
residence  of  several  years  at  the  capital  of  Shan- 
tung Province  enables  him  to  speak  with  author- 
ity of  present  conditions  in  China. 

After  relating  a  number  of  historic  incidents 
of  China's  duplicity  and  perfidy  in  her  foreign 
relations,  Mr.  Davies  sums  up  the  whole  matter 
in  the  following  paragraphs  : 

* »  The  case  of  the  foreigner  in  China  is  not 
primarily  against  the  people,  but  against  the  gov- 
ernment. From  the  beginning  the  governing 
classes,  the  ofiQcials  and  literati^  have  fostered  the 
an ti- foreign  prejudices  of  the  people  ;  and  at 
frequently  recurring  periods  they  have  played 
upon  the  ignorance  and  superstition  of  the  masses, 
instigating  the  riots  in  which  so  many  foreigners 
have  lost  their  lives  and  so  much  property  has 
been  destroyed.  Dr.  Martin,  after  fifty  years' 
intercourse  with  the  Chinese,  asserts  that  if  the 
people  were  unwilling  to  have  missionaries  live 
among  them,  we  should  have  to  count  many 
more  than  twenty  riots  during  this  quarter  of  a 
century.  That  they  are  not  incensed  at  the  in- 
troduction of  foreign  goods  is  manifest  from  the 
vastly  increased  sale  of  foreign  merchandise. 
The  Chinese  people  are  easily  controlled  by  their 
officials  when  the  latter  act  in  good  faith  and  in 
accordance  with  law  and  custom.  Had  the  Chi- 
nese Government  entered  freely  and  heartily 
upoD  the  obligations  assumed  when  the  treaties 
were  signed,  anti- foreign  outrages  would  have 
been  so  few  as  to  form  a  very  unimportant  ele- 
ment in  diplomatic  affairs. 

*  *  Primarily,  the  so-called  *  missionary  ques- 
tion '  is  occasioned  neither  by  the  rashness  nor 
unreasonableness  of  the  missionaries,  nor  by  the 
unrestrained  antipathy  of  the  people,  but  by  the 
insincerity  and  duplicity  of  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment. Sporadic  instances  of  rashness  on  the 
part  of  missionaries  may,  perhaps,  occur,  and 
some  of  the  Chinese  people  are  bitterly  anti- 
foreig:n  ;  but  if  the  imperial  edicts  regarding 
Christianity  and  foreigners  had  been  *the  spon- 
taneous expression  of  the  imperial  will,'  the  irre- 
concilables  of  both  classes  would  have  been  in  a 
hopeless  minority.  The  Chinese  Government 
has  fostered  and  developed  the  anti-foreign  feel- 
ing   both  by  its  manner  of  punishing  offenses 


against  foreign  citizens  and  by  its  method  of  in- 
tercourse with  the  representatives  of  sovereign 
sister  states.  It  is  the  chief  criminal,  and  the 
one  upon  whom  punishment  can  and  should  be 
visited." 

THE   RATIONAL    METHOD    OP    PUNISHMENT. 

Admitting  that  the  purpose  of  punishment 
should  be  to  make  it  either  morally  or  physically 
impossible  for  the  criminal  to  continue  his  wrong 
course,  this  writer  holds  that  vengeance,  in  the 
sense  of  retaliation,  **is  equally  barbarous, 
whether  sought  by  a  Chinese  mob  or  by  the  Ger- 
man Emperor  " ;  that  the  Chinese  are  keenly  alive 
to  moral  distinctions,  and  that  any  attempt  to 
divide  the  country  into  small  sections  dominated 
by  forces  of  foreign  troops  would  in  the  end  prove 
of  advantage  to  neither  Chinese  nor  foreignere. 

<  *  To  punish  the  Chinese  Government,  to  make 
it  the  administrator  of  its  own  punishment,  and  to 
render  by  moral  means  the  repetition  of  outrages 
against  foreigners  increasingly  impossible — ^this 
should  be  the  policy  of  the  powers  in  the  settle- 
ment which  must  end  the  present  disturbance. 
The  mind  of  the  Chinese  nation  will  never  be 
changed  by  physical  force.  William  of  Germany 
having  planted  his  banner  on  the  walls  of  Pe- 
king, may  raze  them  and  destroy  the  whole  city, 
and,  granting  no  quarter,  may  slay  his  tens  of 
thousands.  But  in  doing  so  he  will  but  intensify 
the  anti- foreign  bitterness.  In  the  elimination 
of  this  spirit  lies  the  only  hope  for  satisfactory 
intercourse.  This  hatred  of  foreigners  in  China, 
as  in  other  lands,  is  chiefly  due  to  ignorance. 
The  government  at  Peking  has  fostered  and  per- 
petuated it  by  insincerity  in  its  dealings  with 
foreign  nations.  A  settlement  of  the  claims 
growing  out  of  this  war,  ending  with  the  pay- 
ment of  indemnities  and  the  granting  of  addi- 
tional commercial  rights  to  foreigners,  will  leave 
the  root  of  the  diflBculty  untouched,  and  but 
comparatively  short  time  will  be  required  to  pro- 
duce a  fresh  crop  of  outrages.  To  the  above 
must  be  added  reforms  in  the  government,  be- 
sides privileges  and  opportunities  granted  not 
alone  to  foreigners  but  to  the  Chinese  people  as 
well." 

REFORMS   TO    BE    DEMANDED. 

The  United  States,  in  the  opinion  of  the 
writer,  is  in  a  position  to  make  demands  on  the 
Chinese  Government  for  specific  reforms.  We 
have  seized  no  Chinese  territory,  and  our  reputa- 
tion for  good  faith  is  high.  Among  the  reforms 
most  urgently  needed  tlie  following  are  sug- 
gested : 

(1)  The  abolition  of  the  k'oiou,  which  would 
lead  to  a  freer  intercourse  between  the  Emperor 


606 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REk^lElV  OF  REk^lElVS. 


and  his  officials,  and  would  result  in  placing  the 
Emperor  in  position  to  judge  and  act  independ- 
ently ;  (2)  the  sifting  from  the  mandarinate  of 
vast  numbers  of  supernumeraries,  who  exist  only 
for  the  purpose  of  drawing  their  salaries  and  of 
acting  as  drags  to  retard  progress  ;  (3)  the  pay- 
ment to  all  officials  of  salaries  sufficient  for  the 
conduct  of  the  affairs  committed  to  them,  thus 
removing  the  present  virtual  necessity  of  levying 
unjust  and  irregular  taxes  or  <  squeezes '  ;  (4) 
the  reform  of  the  internal  revenue  system,  by 
the  honest  administration  of  which  the  govern- 
ment might  greatly  increase  its  income  ;  (5)  the 
extension  of  the  postal  system  ;  (6)  a  free  press  ; 
(7)  the  establishment  of  a  modernized  system  of 
education,  open  to  poor  as  well  as  to  rich  ;  (8) 
the  opening  of  the  country  to  freer  trade  with 
foreigners ;  (9)  navigation  by  steam  vessels  of 
all  suitable  waters,  etc. 

*  *  Before  any  such  programme  can  be  sug- 
gested to  the  Chinese  two  important  steps  must 
be  taken  by  the  powers.  The  first  of  these  is  to 
dispose  permanently  of  the  Empress  Dowager 
and  her  anti- reform  advisers.  She  is  the  arch- 
enemy of  all  foreigners  as  well  as  of  progress 
and  reform.  If  she  is  left  in  Peking,  and  if  the 
men  through  whom  she  effected  the  coup  of  1898 
and  instigated  this  present  outrage  are  allowed 
their  liberty  and  are  retained  in  office,  no  hope 
of  honest  reform  can  be  entertained.  The  sec- 
ond step  is  to  reestablish  Kuang  Hsu,  and  to 
guarantee  the  integrity  of  his  empire,  and,  more- 
over, the  world-wide  discussion  of  the  partition 
of  China  must  cease.  If  these  things  are  done, 
there  is  every  ground  to  expect  a  peaceful  revo- 
lution in  China,  which  will  be  of  the  greatest 
advantage  to  the  whole  world.  Only  as  such  in- 
ternal changes  are  wrought  will  the  anti- foreign 
spirit  of  the  Chinese  be  dissipated  and  perma- 
nent peace  be  secured.'* 


WHAT  IS  TO  BE  DONE  IN  CHINA? 

CAPTAIN  F.  E.  YOUNGHUSBAND  con- 
tributes  to  the  National  Review  for  Octo- 
ber an  article  entitled  »*  A  Plea  for  the  Control 
of  China."  Captain  Younghusband  is  con- 
vinced that  some  form  of  partition  or  control  of 
China  is  inevitable,  and  he  thinks  that  the 
proper  policy  of  the  powers  is  not,  as  they  are 
doing  at  present,  to  accentuate  the  importance  of 
the  central  government,  but  to  deal  separately 
with  the  local  viceroys  as  far  as  possible  : 

<*  Those  who  have  lived  all  their  lives  in 
European  countries,  and  are  accustomed  to  cen- 
tralization of  authority,  hardly  understand  how 
loosely  rn  empire  like  China  is  held  together, 
and  how  lightly  the  provinces  are  bound  to  the 


capital.  And  before  committing  ourselves  to  a 
policy  of  emphasizing  the  central  authority  we 
should  be  wise  to  mark  how  very  little  power 
that  central  authority  has.  We  obtained,  e.g., 
from  the  Peking  Government  the  right  to  navi- 
gate the  inland  waters,  but  we  cannot  yet  navi- 
gate them.  We  ought  to  be  clear  in  our  minds 
whether,  in  this  and  similar  cases,  our  general 
trend  of  policy  should  be  to  enforce  our  rights 
through  the  central  authority  or  through  the 
viceroy  of  the  particular  province  in  which  our 
rights  have  been  infringed." 

LOCAL  CONTROL  AND  AN  OPEN  DOOR. 

Each  power  should  contribute  to  the  control 
of  the  capital,  and  at  the  same  time  assume  its 
special  sphere  of  action.  The  open  door  should 
be  preserved  in  each  sphere. 

*  *  It  is  quite  ridiculous  to  suppose  that,  when 
there  are  anti-foreign  risings  in  Manchuria,  adl 
of  us  can  go  there  to  suppress  them.  That  task 
would  obviously  be  much  more  effectively  carried 
out  by  Russia  alone.  Similarly,  if  the  Yangtse 
region,  where  64  per  cent,  of  the  foreign  trade 
is  in  our  hands,  is  rendered  insecure,  the  task  of 
settling  it  would  be  most  easily  carried  out  by 
us  with  our  sea-power  and  our  troops  from  India 
and  Hongkong." 

A    BREAK-UP   INEVITABLE. 

To  such  a  policy  Captain  Younghusband  thinks 
there  is  no  permanent  alternative.  Though  no 
empire  has  ever  held  together  so  long  as  that  of 
China,  the  indications  are  plain  that  it  is  now 
breaking  up : 

*  *  The  outlying  dependencies  have  been  falling 
away  one  by  one.  Annan,  Tonquin,  Siam,  Burma. 
Sikkim,  Hunza,  the  Pamirs,  the  Amur  region, 
Formosa,  Hongkong,  all  have  been  broken 
away,  and  pieces  even  of  China  itself — Port 
Arthur,  Wei-hai-Wei,  Kiaochau  Bay,  Kowloon 
— have  passed  into  the  hands  of  others.  And 
many  other  instances  besides  those  I  have  already 
given  could  be  quoted  to  show  how  loosely  what 
remains  is  held  together.  While  the  Emperor 
has  little  authority  over  the  viceroys,  the  vice- 
roys on  their  part,  as  they  freely  acknowledge, 
have  but  slight  control  over  the  people.  Patriot- 
ism is  practically  unknown.  Mid-China  and 
South  China  were  perfectly  callous  as  to  wiut 
the  Japanese  did  in  North  China." 

CHINESE    AND    EUBOPKAffS. 

Captain  Younghusband  thinks  that  the  antip- 
athy of  the  Chinese  lo  foreigners  is  a  radical  trait 
of  their  character.  European  antipathy  to  the 
Chinese  is  no  lees  natural : 

'*  In  traveling  through  a  strange  country  for 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


607 


one*8  own  pleasure,  one  naturally  tries  to  think 
the  best  of  the  people  ;  and  most  of  the  people 
(except  the  Mashonas  and  Matabele)  among  whom 
1  have  traveled  I  have  formed  some  attachment 
to.  But  between  me  and  the  Chinamen  there 
always  seemed  a  great  gulf  fixed,  which  could 
never  be  overcome.  The  Chinese  gentlemen  I 
met  during  my  three  months*  stay  in  the  Peking 
Legation  and  the  year  I  spent  in  Chinese  Tur- 
kestan were  always  very  polite,  and  often  cheery 
and  genial ;  but  even  then  I  could  always  detect 
a  vein  of  condescension  and  superciliousness. 
They  were  polite  because  they  are  bred  to  rigid 
politeness ;  but  I  never  felt  drawn  towards  a 
Chinese  gentleman  as  any  one  would  be  towards 
a  Rajput,  a  Sikh,  or  an  Afghan  gentleman.'* 

Russia's  Attitude. 

The  Fortnightly  Review  contains  three  articles 
on  **The  Far  Eastern  Crisis."  The  first  of 
these,  which  is  anonymous,  is  entitled  **Why 
Not  a  Treaty  with  Russia  ?  "  Briefly,  the  writ- 
er's points  are,  first,  that  Russia  does  not  want 
China,  which  she  could  not  assimilate  ;  secondly, 
that  Russian  policy  is  against  the  acquisition  of 
unassimilable  populations  ;  and,  thirdly,  that  so 
far  from  Russia's  advance  in  Asia  being  directed 
against  British  India,  four-fifths  of  Russia's  ter- 
ritory in  Asia  was  acquired  before  Great  Britain's 
Indian  empire  was  even  in  its  birth. 

BRITISH    POLICY. 

As  to  British  policy,  the  writer  says  : 
**  We  proclaim  the  integrity  of  China  without 
any  intelligent  or  merely  obstinate  effort  to  re- 
assert the  primacy  of  our  diplomacy  at  Peking  or 
even  to  maintain  its  parity  with  that  of  Russia. 
We  consecrate  the  Middle  Kingdom  to  an  in- 
tegrity of  putrescence  without  any  more  lucid 
conception  than  in  the  case  of  Turkey,  that  the 
propping  up  of  a  decaying  despotism  necessitates 
a  liberal  indulgence  of  its  crimes.  On  the  other 
hand,  with  inexplicable  complacency,  we  reserve 
our  right  in  the  last  resort  to  an  almost  impos- 
sible share  of  China,  without  taking  the  least 
8teps  towards  the  preparation  of  the  masterly 
plans  and  the  enormous  forces  which  would  be 
required  to  vindicate  that  claim.'' 

Russia's  expansion. 

England's  pretensions  to  tha  hegemony  of  the 
Yanptse  Valley  have  been  already  destroyed  by 
the  action  of  the  other  powers  in  landing  troops  ; 
while,  as  to  Northern  China,  no  sane  politician 
could  have  hoped  to  prevent  the  last  stage  of 
the  Siberian  railway  from  becoming  Russian. 

'•It  is  excessively  rare  to  find,  even  among 
educated  Englishmen,  a  perception  of  the  simple 


fact  that  the  landward  expansion  of  Russia  has 
been  as  natural,  gradual,  and  legitimate  as  the 
spread  of  British  sea- power,  and  that  the  former 
process  has  been  infinitely  the  less  aggressive 
and  violent  of  the  two.  Russophobia  in  this 
country  rests  upon  the  assumption  that  the  de- 
vouring advance  of  the  Muscovite  has  been  ex- 
clusively dictated  by  a  melodramatic  and  iniqui- 
tous design  upon  our  dominion  in  India.  There 
never  was  a  stranger  fallacy  of  jealous  hallucina- 
tions. If  our  Indian  empire  had  never  existed  ; 
if  the  continent-peninsula  had  disappeared  at  a 
remote  geological  epoch  beneath  the  waves,  and 
if  the  Indian  Ocean  had  washed  the  base  of  the 
Himalayas  for  ages,  Russian  expansion  would 
still  have  followed  precisely  the  same  course  it 
has  taken  at  exactly  the  same  rate." 

The  trail  of  the  frontal  attack,  says  the  writer, 
has  been  all  over  British  diplomacy,  and  unless 
some  prolonged  equilibrium  between  England 
and  Russia  can  be  established  there  will  be  small 
hope  for  British  interests  in  China. 

**  Is  Russia  to  preponderate  in  China?"  asks 
Mr.  Demetrius  Boulger,  who  bases  his  article  on 
the  proposition  that  any  suggestion  *  *  emanating 
from  Russia  would  arouse  suspicion,"  and  that 
*  *  Russia  will  never  be  pulled  up  in  the  far  East 
except  by  the  absolute  opposition  of  this  empire." 
Mr.  Boulger  is  an  extremist ;  and  though  he 
does  not  repeat  his  proposition  of  a  few  months 
back,  that  England  should  land  200,000  men  at 
St.  Petersburg  and  capture  the  city,  he  goes 
pretty  far  in  that  direction  by  pleading  that  Eng- 
land should  oppose  Russia  merely  for  the  sake  of 
opposition.  England  must  not  negotiate  with 
Li  Hung  Chang,  because  he  is  the  friend  of  Rus- 
sia ;  and  she  cannot  negotiate  with  any  one  else, 
because  there  is  no  government  in  China.  In- 
stead, she  is  to  ^'define  and  assert  our  claim  to 
the  Yangtse  Valley,  and  at  the  same  time  sup- 
port it  by  sending  20,000  British  troops  to  Chu- 
san.  At  the  same  moment  we  should  notify 
Japan,  Germany,  America,  and  France  that  we 
will  respect  and  support  similar  claims  to  *  a 
material  guarantee'  on  their  part  in  Korea,  Shan- 
tung, Chekiang,  and  Kwangsi,  respectively.  It 
would  be  necessary  also  to  take  the  precaution  of 
mobilizing  the  fleet.  If  these  steps  were  taken 
promptly,  quietly,  and  firmly,  there  would  be  no 
war,  the  prestige  of  England  would  be  raised  to 
a  higher  point  than  ever  ;  and  the  powers,  agreed 
on  their  own  position  and  relative  claims,  could 
attack  the  Chinese  problem  with  the  genuine 
intention  of  solving  it.  There  will,  indeed,  be 
no  place  in  such  an  arrangement  for  Li  Hung 
Chang  ;  and  we  might  even  entertain  the  hope 
that  the  Dowager  Empress  and  her  satellites 
would   before   long    receive   their   deserts.       Il^ 


608 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REP^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


would  be  a  partition  of  responsibility  ;  whether 
it  extended  over  much  territoiy,  would  rest  with 
the  Chinese." 

**  Diploraaticus  "  contributes  the  third  Chinese 
article  to  the  Fortnightly.  His  article  is  entitled 
**  Count  Lamsdorff's  First  Failure,"  and  was 
written  with  the  object  of  proving  that  Russian 
diplomacy  is  not  so  infallible  as  the  ordinary 
Russophobe  believes.  According  to  <<Diplo- 
maticus,"  Count  Lamsdorff's  proposal  was  a  per- 
fectly comprehensible  one  from  the  Russian  point 
of  view — the  **  failure"  being  that  it  was  too 
absurd  for  acceptance. 

Keep  an  Eye  on  Germany. 

**  In  China  the  work  of  superseding  the  Brit- 
ish empire  shall  begin."  This  is  the  startling 
proposition  of  an  anonymous  writer  in  the  ^a- 
ttonal  Review  for  October.  The  writer,  who 
signs  himself  **  X,"  gives  a  very  long  and  care- 
ful account  of  Germany's  movements  in  the  in- 
ternational sphere  for  the  last  few  years,  and' 
concludes  that  Germany  is  England's  real  rival 
all  over  the  world,  and  that  it  is  against  England, 
and  not  Russia,  that  Germany  is  now  preparing. 

QERUANT    AGAINST    ENGLAND. 

It  is  in  China  that  British  interests  are  to  be 
first  attacked.  Germany  has  convinced  herself 
that  the  partition  of  China  cannot  now  be  perma- 
nently avoided.  Her  first  conception  was  that,  as 
a  result  of  the  Japanese  War,  there  would  be  a 
regeneration  of  the  Middle  Kingdom  under  Ger- 
man auspices  ;  and  it  was  only  after  waiting  in 
vain,  for  several  years,  that  she  came  to  the  con- 
clusion that  disintegration  was  inevitable.  Her 
avowed  purpose  in  taking  possession  of  Kiaochau 
was  to  be  ready  for  either  alternative  : 

**  The  landing  of  German  troops  at  Shanghai, 
and  the  dispatch  of  German  gunboats  up  the 
Yangtse,  are  explained  away  by  the  Kolnische 
Zeitung  in  the  venerable  manner.  Germany,  we 
are  told,  has  no  aggressive  designs  in  that  region, 
and  agrees  with  England  that  it  is  a  sphere  in 
which  the  open  door  must  be  maintained.  Ex- 
actly. It  is  not  recognized  as  our  sphere.  It  is 
to  be  the  cosmopolitan  sphere.  Germany  is  to 
entrench  herself  in  her  monopoly  in  Shantung, 
and  to  share  the  advantages  of  the  open  door 
with  us  upon  the  Yangtse.  This  is  a  character- 
istic Anglo  German  bargain.  It  is  with  a  par- 
ticular view  to  our  position  in  the  event  of  a 
break-up  of  China  that  we  seek  German  support. 
It  is  in  that  event  we  shall  most  surely  lose  it. 
The  Chinese  pledge  was  simply  that  the  Yangtse 
region  would  not  be  alienated  to  *  any  power ' — 
ourselves  included.  Other  nations  hold  us  to 
our  bond,  which,  ot  course,  would  become  waste 


paper  if  the  Chinese  Government  by  any  mishap 
should  cease  to  exist.  No  nation  recognizes  od 
our  part  a  territorial  claim  to  the  Yangtse.  h 
is  certain  that,  in  the  case  of  the  disruption  of 
China,  Germany  would  claim  the  whole  region 
from  the  Yellow  River  up  to  the  north  bank  of 
the  Yangtse.  Much  the  most  probable  of  all 
eventual  results  of  the  Kiaochau  episode  is  that 
we  shall  lose  at  least  the  northern,  and  incom- 
parably the  better,  half  of  the  great  middle 
region. 

A    RENEWED    TRIPLE    ALLIANCE. 

*  *  X  "  declares  that  when  the  partition  of  Chint 
begins  the  real  antagonism  between  England's  in- 
terests and  those  of  Germany  will  come  to  light, 
and  Germany  will  at  once  take  steps  to  reconsti- 
tute the  Triple  Alliance  with  Russia  and  France 
for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  realization  of 
British  claims  to  the  Yangtse  Valley. 

GERMAN    AIMS    ON    THE    YANGTSE. 

So  long  as  China  remains  undivided,  Ger- 
many's advantage  in  guarding  the  open  door  is 
second  only  to  England's  : 

*  *  It  may  even  be  conceded,  since  it  is  beyontl 
the  requirements  of  the  argument  to  discuss  the 
point,  that  the  stability  of  the  Middle  Kingdom 
is  desired  in  Berlin  as  sincerely  as  in  London  or 
Washington.  But  what  if,  as  will  be  admitted 
to  be  possible,  it  should  prove  beyond  human 
power  to  preserve  the  integrity  of  China  or  to 
prevent  the  break-up — what  then  ?  There  is  a 
vague  idea  abroad  in  this  country  that,  in  the 
last  resort,  Germany  would  content  herself  with 
her  present  sphere  in  the  province  of  Shantung, 
with  some  indefinite  and  unalarming  additions  of 
hinterland,  and  that  her  friendly  support  would 
enable  us  to  enter  into  peaceful  possession  of  the 
Yangtse  Valley  and  the  enjoyment  of  the  lion's 
share  in  the  partition  of  China.  We  imagine,  so 
far  as  we  examine  the  matter  at  all,  that  the 
Kaiser  and  his  subjects,  if  discontented  with  their 
modest  slice  in  their  present  admitted  sphen?. 
would  turn  to  the  north  and  effect  a  vigorous 
aggrandizement  at  the  expen§e  of  Russia.  For 
such  theories  as  these  there  is  not  a  vestige  or  » 
shadow  of  evidence  or  reason.  The  interests  of 
Germany,  who  already  resents  the  inordinate  ex- 
tension of  our  dominion,  and  attributes  the  exten- 
sion of  the  British  empii*e  to  an  irritating  chrono- 
logical accident,  do  not  lie  in  conniving  at  th- 
aggrandizement  of  a  power  in  her  view  so  exor- 
bitantly overgrown,  and  if  her  interests  do  noi 
lie  in  that  direction  her  policy  will  not.  Tbt* 
transfer  of  the  whole  Yangtse  Valley  to  u» 
would  bring  under  the  Biitish  flag  half  the  in- 
habitants  of  the  earth.    Of  all  states  in  the  world. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


W9 


(iermany  has  the  deepest  interest  in  preventing 
such  a  consummation,  and  the  most  fixed  deter- 
mination to  do  it." 

Why  Not  a  Japanned  China  ? 

The  editor  of  the  new  Monthly  Review  dis- 
cusses the  situation  «*  After  Peking/*  and  con- 
cludes as  follows  : 

**The  great  necessity  for  British  interests  in 
China  is  a  settled  government.  Far  better  that 
even  Rijssia  should  annex  the  country  than  that 
chaos  should  continue.  But  the  commercial  policy 
of  Russia  is  worse  for  us  than  that  of  any  other 
nation,  and  it  would  be  better  that  Japan  or  even 
Germany  should  be  encouraged  to  take  over  the 
government  of  the  southern  and  central  part  of 
the  empire.  In  the  meantime  an  attitude  of 
expectancy  is  all  that  the  government  of  this 
country  can  at  present  take  up.  It  may  well  be 
that  eventually  a  more  active  part  may  be  open 
to  it,  in  the  direction  of  keeping  order  in  the  sea- 
coast  towns  and  waterways  of  an  imperfectly 
pacified  Japanese  empire.  " 

Restore  the  Emperor. 

Dr.  John  Ross  is  a  welcome  addition  to  the 
number  of  writers  who  recognize  t*hat  China  has 
rights  as  against  Europe  as  well  as  Europe 
against  China.  In  the  Contemporary  Review  for 
October  he  publishes  an  excellent  article  on 
**Our  Future  Policy  in  China,"  in  which  he 
says  plainly  that  the  only  policy  to  be  observed 
towards  the  Chinese  in  future  is  to  treat  them 
with  justice  and  as  equals,  for  no  other  policy 
will  ever  pay.  Dr.  Ross  has  a  high  opinion  of 
the  morals  and  intellectual  capacity  of  the 
Chinese.  In  the  first  place,  they  are  not 
cowards ;  and  their  detestation  of  war  is  based 
upon  a  philosophy  which  Europeans  might  envy. 

CHINESE    NOT   COWARDS. 

But  the  Cliinese,  when  oppressed  and  bullied 
in  the  past,  have  not  shown  themselves  incapable 
soldiers  when  dealing  with  enemies  of  equal 
annament ;  and  they  only  want  arms  and  a 
leader  to  enable  them  to  repel  European  aggres- 
sion with  equal  success. 

**  In  their  past  normal  life  they  had  no  war- 
rior leaders.  Insult  and  wrong  produced  na- 
tional wrath,  and  the  warrior  leaders  appeared. 
Similar  causes  will  again  produce  the  same  ef- 
fects. The  men  are  now  more  numerous,  their 
r€?»ource8  more  extensive.  The  raw  materials 
for  an  army,  formidable  no  less  by  prowess  than 
by  numbers,  are  lying  all  over  China.  The  man 
has  yet  to  appear  who  will  pick  them  up  and 
utilize  them.  The  Chinese  lack  military  leaders, 
but  leaders  will  come." 


THEIR    LOVE    FOB    JUSTICE 

One  of  the  most  prominent  characteristics  of 
the  Chinese,  says  Dr.  Ross,  is  their  admiration 
of,  and  love  for,  justice  : 

**  A  sense  of  injustice  arouses  them  to  wrath 
as  nothing  else  can.  The  most  serious  losses  in 
the  way  of  business,  or  from  the  action  of  natu- 
ral forces,  they  endure  with  patient  equanimity. 
A  small  loss  —  even  an  insignificant  one  —  by 
what  they  consider  to  be  injustice  rouses  them  to 
indignant  protest  and  to  serious  resistance.  If 
that  sense  of  injustice  is  sufficiently  acute,  there 
are  no  bounds  to  their  wrath,  and  to  obtain  re- 
dress they  take  the  strongest  measures,  without 
counting  the  cost.'' 

AND    REASON. 

No  people  revere  reason  more  than  the 
Chinese  : 

**  Their  instruction  from  childhood  teaches 
them  to  trust  to  reason,  and  not  to  force,  for  the 
statement  and  the  acquisition  of  their  rights. 
Years  ago  they  appealed  in  this  way  to  Western 
nations,  by  whom  their  appeal  was  spurned  with 
contempt ;  hence  the  present  horrors  in  China. 
Their  etiquette,  again,  which  is  strictly  observed 
b/  all  classes,  makes  a  police  force  unnecessary. 
Their  deference  to  seniors,  their  politeness  to 
strangers,  all  combine  to  form  a  powerful  re- 
straint on  the  coarser  feelings,  and  on  that  resort 
to  physical  force  not  uncommon  among  many 
Western  nations.*' 

PARTITION    IMPOSSIBLE. 

Dr.  Ross  does  not  believe  that  China  can  be 
parceled  out  among  the  powers  ;  nojr  does  he 
think  that  Captain  Younghusband's  policy  of 
treating  separately  with  the  Chinese  viceroys  is 
a  good  plan.  The  unity  of  the  country  is  essen- 
tial, and  the  Emperor  is  the  best  instrument  for 
preserving  it : 

'  *  Incomparably  the  best  policy  for  China  and 
for  Europe,  in  order  to  secure  peace  now  and 
security  for  the  indefinite  future,  is  that  the 
Western  powers  should  unite  harmoniously  to 
the  end  in  resisting  any  temptation  to  personal 
aggrandizement  in  the  way  of  annexing  Chinese 
territory  ;  and  throughout  China  should  declare 
by  public  proclamation  that  their  one  aim  is  the 
restoration  of  order  under  the  Emperor,  through 
wise  officials  of  his  choosing,  who  will  work 
toward  the  improvement  of  the  country.  This 
policy  will  render  the  restoration  of  j)eace  now 
a  comparatively  easy  task,  and  will  secure  the 
hearty  good  wishes  and  the  permanent  gratitude 
of  all  the  better  classes  throughout  China,  with 
whom  lie  the  government  and  the  influence  of 


610 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REP^IEIVS. 


the  country  when  the  restoration  of  peace  brings 
back  the  rule  of  reason." 

Gordon's  Campaign  In  China. 

The  Fortnightly  for  October  publishes  the  sec- 
ond part  of  Gordon's  account  of  the  operations 
which  resulted  in  the  capture  of  Soochow,  Ye- 
sing,  and  Liyang  from  the  Taipings — operations 
which  liad  the  effect  of  cutting  the  rebellion  in 
two  halves  mutually  isolated.  Gordon's  final  rec- 
ommendation was  as  follows  : 

**  Should  any  future  war  with  China  arise,  too 
much  attention  cannot  be  paid  to  the  close  recon- 
noiteringof  the  enemy's  positions,  in  which  there 
are  always  some  weak  points  ;  and  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  our  leaders  may  incline  to  a  more 
scientific  mode  of  attack  than  has  hitherto  been 
in  vogue.  The  hasty  attacks  generally  made  on 
Asiatic  positions  cost  valuable  lives,  invite  fail- 
ure, and  prevent  the  science  of  war,  theoretically 
acquired  at  considerable  cost,  being  tested  in  the 
best  school — namely,  that  of  actual  practice. " 


CHINA  AND  RUSSIA. 


\/ 


IN  the  North  American  Review  for  October,  the 
Hon.  Josiah  Quincy,  who,  it  will  be  remem- 
bered, served  as  assistant  secretary  of  state  m 
the  last  Cleveland  administration,  before  his  elec- 
tion to  the  Boston  mayorship,  gives  several  rea- 
sons for  his  belief,  elsewhere  expressed,  that  the 
United  States  should  frankly  recognize  Russia  as 
the  dominant  factor  in  the  settlement  of  the  Chi- 
nese question.  The  crux  of  the  situation,  as 
viewed  by  Mr.  Quincy,  lies  in  these  facts — 
**that  the  interests  of  Russia  in  China  and  her 
relations  to  tne  Celestial  empire  are  entirely  dif- 
ferent from  those  of  any  other  power  ;  that  her 
position  is  already  stronger  than  that  of  any  of 
her  rivals  in  the  far  East,  and  may  soon  become 
impregnable,  and  that  if  she  can  avoid  war  she 
may  be  almost  be  said  to  hold  the  future  of 
China  in  the  hollow  of  her  hand — though  the 
process  of  asserting  her  full  control  is  likely  to 
be  a  long  and  gradual  one.  In  short,  Russia 
holds  the  winning  cards  in  her  hand,  and  knows 
how  to  play  them." 

SECURITY    OF   THE    RUSSIAN    FRONTIER. 

Mr.  Quincy  shows  that  Russia's  exposed  fron- 
tier of  4,000  miles  requires  on  her  part  a  dis- 
tinct policy  toward  China.  This  is  a  land  fron- 
tier, and  it  must  be  made  secure. 

*' China  cannot  strike  other  nations  except 
through  their  interests  on  her  coasts,  or  within 
her  borders  ;  she  can  strike  Russia  within  the 
empire  of  the  Czar,  and  it  is  at  least  conceivable 
and    possible,  even  if   quite   unlikely,   that  she 


might  some  day  organize  out  of  her  teeming 
population  armies  which  would  repeat  the  Tartar 
invasion.  Russia  has  not  yet  forgotten  that  these 
fierce  Asiatics  ruled  her  people  for  over  two  cen- 
turies, and  the  overthrow  of  their  domination  is 
of  as  recent  date  as  the  discovery  of  America." 

This  fear  goes  far  to  explain  the  Russian  atd- 
tude  toward  Japan  : 

* '  Russians  believe  that,  if  Japan  were  once 
allowed  to  organize  and  arm  the  Chinese,  their 
own  great  Asiatic  empire  would  be  in  imminent 
peril,  if  not  their  European  territory  as  well ; 
and  it  must  be  admitted  that  their  fears  seem  to 
be  well  founded.  A  cardinal  point  in  Russian 
policy  is,  therefore,  to  keep  Japan  out  of  China 
at  all  hazards,  and  out  of  Korea,  if  possible  ; 
hence  her  alarm  at  the  cession  of  the  Liaotung 
Peninsula  to  Japan  after  the  war.  and  her  coer- 
cion of  that  power,  in  combination  with  Fran<» 
and  Germany,  to  give  up  this  important  part  of 
the  fruits  of  her  victory. 

**  Russia  is  forced  by  her  situation  to  consider 
more  seriously  than  any  otiier  power  the  immense 
possibilities  of  danger  involved  in  crowding  too 
hard  a  nation  of  some  400,000.000  of  people, 
constituting  the  most  ancient  empire  in  existence, 
and  united  by  a  spirit  of  opposition  to  foreigners. 
No  other  great  nation  would  have  submitted  for 
a  moment  to  the  indignities  which  have  been 
heaped  on  China  by  other  powers,  or  to  exactions 
which  they  have  enforced,  and  she  has  only  sub- 
mitted because  she  was  helpless  to  resist.  Rus- 
sia, at  least,  if  not  the  other  powers,  must  take 
into  account  the  possibility  that  China  may  cease 
to  be  powerless  ;  that  she  may  learn  the  art  of 
military  organization  which  some  have  been  so 
anxious  to  teach  her,  and  that  she  may  develop 
resources  of  offense  as  well  as  for  defense." 

A    RUSSIAN    UONROE    DOCTRINE    FOR    CHINA. 

In  Mr.  Quincy's  opinion  there  is  as  grood 
ground  for  a  Russian  Monroe  doctrine  to  pn^tect 
the  integrity  of  China  as  there  is  for  an  Ameri- 
can Monroe  doctrine  to  protect  the  integrity  of 
the  South  American  republics. 

<  *  The  above  considerations  have  a  vital  rela- 
tion to  the  question  of  withdrawal  from  Peking. 
The  presence  of  foreign  troops  on  Chinese  soil  is 
objectionable  from  the  Russian  standpoint  above 
indicated,  though  she  fully  recognized  its  neces- 
sity while  the  legations  were  in  peril.  Any- 
thing which  tends  toward  a  removal  of  the  capi> 
tal  from  Peking  is  also  strongly  opposed  io  her 
interests  ;  and  the  continuance  of  its  occupation 
by  foreign  troops  would  certainly  have  such  a 
tendency,  in  view  of  the  unwillingness  of  the 
imperial  government  to  return  there  while  such 
occupation  lasts.     Peking  is  the  most  favorable 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


611 


possible  residence  for  the  Chinese  court,  with  a 
view  to  the  predominance  of  Russian  influence  ; 
and  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  she  proposes 
to  give  the  Empress  every  facility  to  return  there. 
Russia  will  doubtless  bo  able  to  prevent  the  re- 
moval of  the  capital,  if  central  government  is  to 
continue  in  China,  to  any  point  more  convenient 
to  the  interests  of  her  rivals  and  less  advanta- 
geous to  herself.  Tientsin,  the  port  of  Peking, 
is  right  across  the  gulf  from  Russia's  great  naval 
stronghold  and  base  at  Port  Arthur  ;  and  the 
capital  itself  is  connected  by  railroads  already 
built  with  Mukden  in  Manchuria,  whence  rail- 
road construction  before  the  present  outbreak 
was  being  rapidly  pushed  northward  to  join  with 
the  trans-Siberian  line.  Within  a  comparatively 
short  time  there  will  be  all-rail  connection  be- 
tween St.  Petersburg  and  Peking.  A  part  of 
this  line,  to  be  sure,  is  at  present  more  or  less 
under  British  control ;  but  this  difficulty  will  be 
obviated  in  some  way,  and  Russia  had  already 
applied  for  an  independent  concession.  Indeed, 
one  of  her  plans,  by  no  means  unlikely  to  be 
carried  out  later,  is  a  direct  line  from  Irkutsk  to 
Peking,  reducing  by  almost  one-half  the  distance 
by  the  route  through  Manchuria. 

«*  It  must  be  remembered,  too,  that,  so  far  as 
spheres  of  influence  have  been  defined,  the  Rus- 
sian sphere  is  better  situated  for  the  domination 
of  Pekin  than  any  other.  Great  Britain  has  for- 
mally recognized  that  the  whole  of  Mongolia  and 
Manchuria  come  within  the  sphere  of  Russia  so 
far  as  the  building  of  railroads  is  concerned,  and 
no  other  power  is  likely  to  dispute  her  ear -mark- 
ing of  that  territory.  When  Russia  has  com- 
pleted her  railroads  and  can  land  a  large  body  of 
troops  in  the  Chinese  capital  at  short  notice, 
China  is  not  likely  to  be  in  much  doubt  as  to 
which  power  can  best  play  the  r61e  of  protector 
of  her  government,  alike  against  domestic  trou- 
ble and  foreign  pressure." 

bussia's  advantages. 

Among  the  preeminent  advantages  enjoyed  by 
Russia  in  connection  with  the  Chinese  situation, 
Mr.  Quincy  mentions  —  (I)  her  alliance  with 
France  ;  (2)  the  fact  that  Russia  has  no  mission- 
aries in  China  ;  and  (3)  a  clear  understanding  of 
Chinese  methods  of  government  and  habits  of 
thought,  resulting  from  the  fact  that  Russia  is 
herself  semi-Asiatic  in  origin  and  has  had  centu- 
ries of  contact  with  Orientals. 

It  is  believed  that  the  Chinese  may  give  no 
small  weight  to  the  missionary  question,  when 
considering  on  which  power  they  had  best  lean, 
while  Russian  methods  of  government  may  be  as 
well  adapted  as  any  to  the  stage  of  political  de- 
velopment thus  far  attained  in  China,  arbitrary 


and  autocratic  as  they  seem  to  a  democratic 
people. 

Mr.  Quincy  says,  in  conclusion  : 

*  *  The  natural  and  legitimate  character  of  the 
expansion  of  Russia  to  the  Pacific,  the  fact  that 
she  has  a  real  civilizing  mission  in  Asia,  how- 
ever her  own  civilization  may  fall  below  the 
European  standard  in  some  respects  ;  the  service 
which  she  is  rendering  to  the  future  commerce 
of  the  world  by  the  great  continental  railroad 
which  she  is  building  at  such  an  enormous  cost ; 
the  pacific  character  of  her  policy, — these  are 
points  which  cannot  be  treated  within  the  limits 
of  this  article.  The  maintenance  of  friendly  re- 
lations with  Russia  should  be  as  cardinal  a  point 
in  our  diplomatic  policy  as  the  cultivation  of 
similar  relations  with  us  is  in  her  own  pro- 
gramme. Each  nation  has  expanded  across  a 
continent,  from  one  ocean  to  another  ;  we  meet 
as  friends  upon  the  shores  of  the  Pacific — the 
great  arena  in  which,  perhaps,  is  to  be  fought 
out,  in  war  or  in  peace,  the  struggle  for  political 
or  commercial  supremacy." 

V 

THE  RUSSIANS  IN  MANCHURIA. 

UNDER  the  title  **The  War  in  Manchuria," 
Nuova  Antologia  (Rome,  September  1) 
prints  an  article  of  uncommon  interest  by  Gen. 
Luchino  dal  Verrae,  of  the  Italian  Army.  The 
articles  on  the  war  in  South  Africa,  by  General 
dal  Verme,  are  known  to  many  of  our  readers. 
(The  first  of  the  series  was  reviewed  in  our 
March  number.)  General  dal  Verme's  qualifica- 
tions for  writing  on  the  Manchurian  War  are  ex- 
ceptional. Besides  his  military  training  and  ex- 
perience, he  has  a  personal  knowledge  of  the 
field  of  military  operations  gained  by  travels  in 
the  country,  especially  on  the  Amur.  Moreover, 
General  dal  Verme's  style  is  clear,  always  attrac- 
tive, and  often  picturesque. 

PELT    HUNTING. 

A  little  more  than  250  years  ago,  a  band  of 
Cossack  pelt-seekere  discovered  the  region  that 
is  now  the  bone  of  contention  between  Russia 
and  China.  In  1643,  Poyarkof,  at  the  head  of 
112  Cossacks,  set  out  from  the  Siberian  town 
Jakutsk,  on  the  Lena,  to  find  strange  adventures 
and  pelts.  In  the  two  Americas,  most  of  the 
explorations  were  actuated  by  the  lust  of  gold 
and  by  the  missionary  desire  of  saving  souls.  It 
was  a  lust  of  pelts,  without  any  missionary  coop- 
eration, that  opened  to  Europeans  the  vast  re- 
gions of  northern  Asia.  Poyarkof  and  his  fol- 
lowers were  seeking  a  *  *  happy  hunting-ground  " 
where  game  had  never  been  frightened  by  fire- 
arms.    These  Cossacks  were  not  horsemen,  as 


612 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


we  always  figure  Cossacks,  but  boatmen.  They 
were  not  unique  in  character  or  employment. 
Similar  parties  of  Cossack  boatmen,  before  Poy- 
arkof^s  expedition,  had  engaged  in  such  enter- 
prises, and  explored  vast  reaches  of  unknown 
territory.  Poyarkof  and  his  companions  went 
up  the  rivers  pushing  or  dragging  their  small 
boats  ;  where  a  river  became  no  farther  practi- 
cable, they  carried  their  boats  overland  to  some 
other  stream.  So  they  went  up  and  down  the 
rivers  getting  costly  furs  and  fighting  the  natives 
when  they  found  any.  In  that  way  they  reached 
with  severe  toil  the  Zeya,  a  tributary  of  the 
Amur.  But  the  voyage  down  the  Amur  was 
pleasant.  At  last,  near  the  end  of  autumn,  they 
got  to  the  sea-coast.  There  they  wintered.  In 
the  following  summer  the  voyagers  set  out  by 
sea  in  their  frail  little  boats  to  find  the  Lena  and 
Jakutsk,  where  they  arrived  in  July,  1646,  af- 
ter an  absence  of  more  than  three  years.  Only 
40  of  the  original  113  had  survived  the  hard- 
ships encountered.  But  they  brought  home  480 
precious  pelts. 

ATTEMPTED   CONQUESTS. 

Three  years  after  the  return  of  Poyarkof,  a 
very  notable  Cossack,  Khabarof,  reached  the 
Amur  with  70  men.  Khabarof  had  projects  of 
conquest,  and,  thinking  that  70  men  were  not 
enough,  got  the  number  enlarged  to  170.  At 
the  junction  of  the  Ussuri  and  the  Amur  stands 
to-day  the  little  city  of  Khabarovsk,  a  monu- 
ment to  this  Cossack*s  perseverance  and  audac- 
ity. His  most  celebrated  exploit  was  a  victory 
gained  with  156  men  over  2,000  Manchurians 
(the  victor^s  estimate),  equipped  with  cannon  and 
firearms.  Six  hundred  of  the  Manchurians,  it 
is  said,  were  left  dead  on  the  battlefield.  It 
was  the  first  pitched  battle  (1652)  between  Man- 
churians and  Russians,  and  even  now  the  victory 
is  a  theme  for  Cossack  war-songs.  For  nearly 
forty  years  afterwards  hostilities  went  on  be- 
tween«Russia  and  China  for  the  possession  of  the 
Amur. 

RUSSIAN    FAILURE. 

In  1 689,  however,  the  two  empires  made  a  treaty 
in  which  Russia  renounced  all  pretensions  on  the 
Amur.  The  treaty  was  signed  on  August  27,  at 
Nercinsk,  on  the  River  Scilka.  It  was  a  tri- 
umph for  China.  Russia  could  not  bring  her 
resources  into  effective  use  at  such  a  distance 
against  a  people  so  numerous  as  the  Manchuri- 
ans, and  supplied  with  firearms.  So  **  these 
Cossacks,'*  says  General  dal  A^erme,  *' whom  no 
privation,  no  rigor  of  climate,  no  hostility  of  the 
aborigines,  had  stopped  through  all  the  unmeas- 
ured  distance  of  desolate  lands  from  the  Ural 


Mountains  to  Kamchatka, — lOO*'  of  longitude, — 
had  to  fall  back  before  the  Manchurian  legions 
there  in  the  valley  of  the  Amur,  which  offered  a 
delightful  way  of  communication,  where  the  cli- 
mate was  mild,  and  where  it  was  possible  to  en- 
joy life." 

More  than  150  years  passed  before  Russia 
reached  out  again  for  the  Amur.  The  peculiar 
value  of  the  Amur  is  that  it  is  the  only  important 
river  of  northern  Asia  that  empties  into  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean.  Peter  the  Great  is  said  to  have 
meditated  the  reconquest  of  that  region  ;  but,  if 
he  had  the  purpose,  he  made  no  motion  towards 
carrying  it  into  effect.  No  attempt  was  inad« 
until  the  accession  of  Nicholas  I. 

MURAVIOF. 

Jn  1848,  General  Muraviof,  a  young  man,  as 
sumed  the  duties  of  governor  of  Eastern  Siberia, 
with  full  jurisdiction  from  the  River  Jenissei  to 
Bering  Straits,  and  from  the  Arctic  Ocean  to 
China.  Soon  after  taking  his  office,  a  naval 
captain,  Nevelskoy,  under  his  command,  discov- 
ered that  the  supposed  peninsula  Sakhalin  w» 
an  island.  The  discovery  added  much  to  the 
importance  of  the  Amur,  because  it  showed  that 
the  mouth  of  the  river  could  he  approached  at 
sea  from  both  the  north  and  south.  By  the 
command  of  the  new  governor,  and  without  au 
thorization  from  St.  Petersburg,  Captain  Nevel 
skoy  sailed  up  the  Amur  and  established,  about 
sixteen  miles  up  the  river,  a  station,  which  he 
named  after  his  master,  the  Czar,  Nikolajevsk, 
*'  To  the  Chinese  governor  he  was  commanded  to 
say  that  a  Russo- American  company  had  estab- 
lislied  a  station  at  the  mouths  of  the  Amur,  and 
that  a  war  vessel  had  been  stationed  there  for 
policing  the  sea  *  in  the  reciprocal  interest  of 
Russia  and  China.*'*  The  ruse  that  a  trading 
company  was  operating  along  the  Amur  was  kept 
up  by  the  Russian  governor  for  years,  and  the 
Chinese  Government  found  it  convwTiient  to  be 
satisfied  with  this  explanation. 

*'But  to  conquer  indeed  the  great  valley." 
says  General  dal  Verme,  *  *  land  forces  wen- 
needed,  and  not  a  few,  as  always  in  vain  lit* 
Cossack  Khabarof  had  written  in  his  reports. 
When  Muraviof  went  into  Siberia,  he  was  aston 
ished  at  finding  there  only  four  battalions  and  ik- 
artillery."  He  proposed  the  creation  of  natiw 
regiments,  and  authority  for  raising  them  was 
granted  by  an  imperial  ukase  in  1851. 

THE   GRIUEAN    WAR    A8   A    STALKING -HOBSK. 

When  the  Crimean  War  broke  out,  Muraviof 
took  advantage  of  it  to  turn  the  peaceful  process 
of  Russian  expansion  into  military  occapaticm. 
There  was  no  need  now  of  talking  about  the 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


«in 


Russo- American   company.     The  sea- coast  and 
its  rivers  must  be  defended  against  the  French 
and  English.     So  Muraviof  established  military 
communication  along  the  Amur,  and  in  forc^  oc- 
cupied important  points  both  on  the  river  and 
elsewhere.     To  the  Emperor  of  China  he  wrote 
that  these  precautions  were  taken  in  the  interest 
of  both  Russia  and  China.     But  Chinese  envoys 
were  sent  to  Muraviof  to  negotiate  a  definite  treaty. 
Muraviof  made  long  delays  in  the  negotiations, 
but  on  May  16,  1858,  a  treaty  was  signed,  in  which 
the  boundary  between  China  and  Kussia  was  de- 
clared to  be  the  Amur  and  the  Ussuri.     A  sub- 
sequent treaty,  made  in  1860,  defined  the  boun- 
dary uiore  exactly,   and  extended  the  Russian 
possessions.     That  part  of  Manchuria  which  lay 
north  of  the  Amur,  and  all  that  part  wliich  lay 
east  of  the  Ussuri,  became  Russian  territory,  and 
Kussia  acquired  the  natural  port  of  Vladivostok 
and  access  to  the  sea  of  Japan. 

TBAN8-8IBEBIAN    RAILROAD. 

As  far  back  as  1858,  a  railroad  for  facilitating 
passage  to  the  ports  of  Tartary  was  urged  by 
General  Muraviof.  but  it  was  not  till  March  17, 
1891,  that  an  imperial  rescript  for  the  construc- 
tion of  the  trans-Siberian  railroad  was   issued. 
On   the   12th  of  May  following,  the  first  stone 
was  laid  at  the  eastern  terminus,  Vladivostok. 
The  estimated  length  of  the  line  was  7,292  kilo- 
meters from  Celiabinsk  on  the  Asiatic  slope  of 
the    Ural   Mountains  to  Vladivostok.     But  the 
war  between  China  and  Japan,  with  its  disasters 
to  China,  was  fruitful  in  advantages  to  Russia. 
The  intervention  of  Russia  in  the  peace  negotia- 
tions shut   out  Japan  from  the  continent,  and 
procured  from  China  large  concessions — among 
them  Port  Arthur  and  the  right  to  build  a  rail- 
road through  Manchuria.     The  new  line  passes, 
\n   a   pretty^  direct   course,   through    Manchuria 
from   Onon  on  the  Scilka  to  Nikolskoe  on  the 
completed   road   along   the   Ussuri.     A  branch 
road  is  to  go  to  Port  Arthur.     This  concession 
shortens  the  main  line  of  the  trans-Siberian  rail- 
road by  nearly  700  kilometers.     To  Russia  was 
conceded  the  right  of  guarding  and  defending, 
with  her  own  soldiers,  the  railroad  and  those  en- 
gaged in  its  construction. 

Although  General  dal  Verme's  paper  is  enti- 
tled •*  The  War  in  Manchuria,"  the  larger  part 
of  it  is  taken  up  with  unfolding  the  events  that 
brought  the  Russians  into  the  present  situation 
in  that  region,  and  this  preliminary  recital  is,  no 
doubt,  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  article.  The 
reports  from  the  field  of  military  operations  have 
tjeen  ao  loose  and  inconsistent  that  an  account  of 
the  war  in  detail  must  be,  at  present,  largely 
conjectural. 


A  FRENCH  RUSSOPHOBIST. 

THE  French  magazine,  U HumaniU  Nouvelh, 
is  a  champion  of  the  oppressed  every- 
where ;  it  exults  always  in  the  defeat  or  check 
of  oppressors.  Writing  in  the  September  num- 
ber on  the  theme  **  China  and  European  Diplo- 
macy," filis^e  R^clus  rejoices  at  the  setback  of 
Russia  in  Manchuria. 

FUTILITY   OF   THE    EUBOPKAN   ALLIANCE. 

**  Nothing  good  will  come  of  the  forced  alli- 
ance of  the  European  powers  against  China. 
They  are  jealous  and  suspicious  of  each  other. 
Union  will  not  come  from  these  hateful  senti- 
ments. Forced  to  ally  themselves  temporarily, 
they  will  certainly  attain  their  military  objective, 
which  is  to  occupy  Peking,  as  they  have  occupied 
Tientsin.  .  .  .  But  after  the  peace  of  Peking, 
.  .  .  when  it  will  be  necessary  to  take  firm  reso- 
lutions as  to  the  future,  the  powers  will  certainly 
be  controlled  by  a  preoccupation  of  the  first 
importance^ — that  of  mutually  preventing  each 
other  from  gaining  too  much  advantage  from 
their  common  intervention,  and  all  will  contrive 
shrewd  combinations  with  the  enemy  against  the 
friend.  So  there  will  be  arranged  a  way  of 
depriving  England  of  the  commercial  monopoly 
she  has  practically  enjoyed  till  our  day  ;  likewise 
care  will  be  taken  to  relieve  France  of  the  re- 
ligious protectorate  which  she  has  arrogated  to 
herself*  o^er  the  Catholic  missions  ;  and  an  at- 
tempt will  be  made  to  circumvent  impetuous 
Germany,  so  that  she  will  accomplish  little  else 
than  noise.  As  for  the  two  principal  rivals, 
Japan  and  Russia,  it  will  be  necessary  to  leave 
them  a  free  field,  both  having  a  force  of  expan- 
sion too  great  for  compression  by  diplomacy. 

BUSSIA^S    HUMILIATION. 

**  Whatever  happens,  it  is  a  fact  most  fortu- 
nate for  humanity  that  Russia  comes  out  of  this 
adventure  deeply  humiliated.  For  some  yeare 
her  conduct  has  shown  an  arrogance  unparalleled. 
Her  seizure  of  Manchuria  was  almost  without 
example  as  an  act  of  hypocritical  rapacity.  If 
such  perfidy  were  not  punished  in  one  way  or 
another,  new  infamies  of  the  same  kind  would 
become  too  easy ;  all  the  world  would  become 
too  easily  accustomed  to  prostrating  themselves 
before  the  Czar  and  saluting  him  in  advance  as 
the  future  master  of  the  human  race.  This 
redoubtable  Muscovite  power  has  already  so 
many  material  advantages  in  its  vital  rivalry  for 
domination  !  The  approaches  of  the  steppes  and 
of  the  interior  plateaux  belong  to  it  in  advance. 
All  the  routes  of  Central  Asia  through  Mon- 
golia, through  Dzoungarie,  by  the  passes  of 
Thianchan  and  the  Pamiers,  commence  on  itr 


614 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REyiElVS. 


territory  and  assure  to  it  in  advance  the  trans- 
continental traffic.  The  people  that  submit 
themselves  —  Turcomans,  Kirgis,  Mongols  — 
wouldj  as  soldiers,  supply  to  him  incomparable 

*  human  material.'  Everything  seemed  ready 
for  the  universal  servitude  ;  and,  even  in  Eu- 
rope, a  republic  whose  citizens  pretend  to  march 
at  the  head  of  civilization,  and  which  in  fact 
possesses  among  its  people  some  of  the  noblest 
and  best  men,  debased  itself  by  its  flatteries  and 
prostrations. 

THE   THREATENED    RUSSIANIZING    OF   CHINA. 

* '  The  *  yellow  peril '  was  not  at  all  where  so 
many  historians  have  sought  it.  Surely,  we  have 
not  to  fear  that  the  Chinese  will  overflow  the 
earth  in  a  torrent  of  conquest,  like  the  Huns  and 
Mongols.  Moreover,  we  can  dismiss  as  partly 
illusory  the  idea  that  the  Orientals  of  Asia  will 
despoil  Europe  of  its  industry  by  debasing  wages. 
But  it  was  certainly  to  be  feared  that  Russia 
would  recruit  dozens  and  hundreds  of  millions 
of  new  subjects  among  the  gentle  and  pacific 
races  that  people  remote  Asia.  What  a  dread- 
ful shock  for  the  world,  if  the  empire  of  the 
Czars  had  succeeded  in  the  work  of  slow  annexa- 
tion that  it  gloomily  sought  to  realize,  while  hyp- 
notizing Europe  by  words  of  peace.  This  very 
government  that  perjures  itself  with  such  ef- 
frontery towards  the  Finns,  and  which  debar- 
rasses  itself  so  effectively  of  the  troublesome  Ar- 
menians in  causing  their  extermination  by  the 

*  Red  Sultan,*  certainly  would  not  have  scruples 
at  the  thought  of  using  some  day  against  Europe 
all  this  world  of  Mongols,  Manchurians,  and  Chi- 
nese. What  fine  diplomats  ;  what  devoted  func- 
tionaries ;  what  admirable  soldiers  ;  what  docile 
workmen, — would  it  not  have  found  in  this  im- 
mense factory  of  men  I 

IS    RUSSIA    ON    THE    DEFENSIVE  ? 

*  *  But  all  these  beautiful  combinations  have 
momentarily  failed  ;  or,  af  least,  their  accom- 
plishment has  been  delayed  for  years.  The 
prestige  is  broken.  Even  the  Chinese  have  had 
the  unexpected  audacity  to  cannonade  Blago- 
vestchensk  on  the  Amur,  and  irreverently  to  cut 
communications,  to  burn  bridges,  to  tear  up 
and  twist  rails.  Despite  their  boasting,  the 
Russian  generals  have  been  reduced  to  the  de- 
fensive. .  .  .  The  Russians,  while  saying  they 
were  ready,  were  not  at  all  ready,  and  in 
their  operations  against  Tientsin  and  Pekin  they 
have  been  obliged  to  take  second  place,  after 
their  detested  *  friends, '  the  Japanese.  It  is 
an  indisputable  check  ;  and  we  believe  that,  in 
the  interest  of  humanity,  it  is  right  to  rejoice 
over  it. " 


TOLSTOI  AND  NIETZSCHE. 

A  THOUGHTFUL  paper  on  **  The  Ethics  of 
Tolstoi  and  Nietzsche"  is  contributed  lo 
the  Inteinational  Journal  of  Ethics  for  October 
by  Maurice  Adams.  In  concluding  his  estimate 
of  these  two  contemporary  philosophers,  this 
writer  remarks  : 

♦*  There  is  much  in  Nietzsche's  writing  which 
is  of  great  value  and  worthy  of  careful  study  and 
prolonged  thought.  His  demand  for  health  and 
strength  as  a  condition  of  all  worthy  life  is  surely 
sound.  His  protest  against  the  existence  of  the 
weaklings  who  are  so  numerous  in  modem  soci 
ety,  and  who  ought  never  to  have  been  bom  and 
are  unfit  both  in  body  and  mind  to  face  the  da- 


•  THB  IJkTB  FRIKDRIOH  W.  NIETZSCHE. 

ties  and  pains  of  existence,  is  sorely  needed 
His  contempt  for  the  sickly  and  sentimental  syxh 
pathy  which  loves  to  dwell  on  disease  and  suffer 
ing  rather  than  strenuously  strive  to  remove 
their  causes — which  admires  itself  for  its  tender 
ness  of  heart,  but  is  quite  incapable  of  a  m&zii; 
conflict  with  evil — ^is  most  timely.  But  bis  de- 
fense of  a  proud  and  egotistic  aristocracy,  of  uii- 
feeling  and  even  brutal  egotism,  even  of  down 
right  cruelty  ;  his  scornful  repudiation  of  love  act 
sympathy  and  of  the  feeling  of  human  fellov 
ship  which  is  man's  greatest  joy,  is  hannfu.. 
false,  and  evil,  and  tends  only  to  the  disrupticc 
of  society  and  the  loss  of  the  hard -won  ^ains  c^ 
evolutionary  progress. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


615 


POINTS   OP    DIPPEBENCE. 

*♦  Tolstoi  and  Nietzsche  are  the  very  antithesis 
of  each  other.  Tolstoi's  asceticism  is  the  reac- 
tion of  a  sympathetic  and  deeply  religious  na- 
ture against  the  parasitic  and  voluptuous  life  of 
his  youth.  Nietzsche's  worship  of  strength, 
health,  beauty,  and  vigorous  will  is  the  revolt  of 
a  proud  and  sensitive  soul  against  the  limitations, 
the  feebleness,  and  tjje  misery  caused  by  a  dis- 
eased and  suffering  organism.  Tolstoi  preaches 
the  suppression  of  all  instincts,  the  rejection  of 
all  the  demands  of  the  animal  in  man ;  for 
Nietzsche  *  everything  good  is  instinct,'  while 
*•  to  have  to  contend  with  instincts '  is  for  him  the 
sign  of  decadence,  Tolstoi  finds  the  only  way  of 
happiness  in  the  Christian  life,  and  sums  up  the 
conchisions  of  his  life  experience  in  the  *  Chris- 
tian Teaching.'  The  last  book  which  Nietzsche 
wrote  is  entitled  the  *  Antichrist,'  and  in  it  he 
characterizes  Christianity  as  *  the  most  subter- 
ranean conspiracy  that  has  ever  existed — against 
healthiness,  beauty,  well  •  constitutedness,  cour- 
age, intellect,  benevolence  of  soul,  against  life  it- 
self: 

POINTS   OF   AORBEMENT. 

**  Yet  they  have  much  in  common.  Both 
deny,  either  formally  or  by  implication,  tlie  pres- 
ence of  a  rational  order  in  the  world  ;  are  there- 
fore pessimistic,  and  deny  any  objective  truth  or 
principle  of  conduct  cogimon  to  all.  Tolstoi,  it 
is  true,  speaks  of  the  *  reasonable  consciousness ' 
which  awakens  in  man,  and  of  the  *  Will  of  God  ' 
as  determining  the  conditions  of  life  ;  but  the 
first  merely  serves  to  reveal  to  us  our  inner  chaos 
and  to  show  us  the  contradictions  of  our  being, 
without  giving  us  any  guidance  for  solving  them, 
and  the  second  appears  as  an  altogether  inscruta- 
ble fate.  Nietzsche  repudiates,  in  the  strongest 
terms,  the  presence  of  reason  in  the  world  or 
any  kind  of  cosmic  harmony.  *  The  character 
total  of  the  world  is  to  all  eternity  chaos,'  he 
cries,  *  not  in  the  sense  of  a  missing  necessity, 
but  of  missing  order,  articulation,  form,  beauty, 
wisdom.'  So,  recognizing  no  appeal  to  reason, 
both  are  dominated  by  feeling :  Tolstoi  by  the 
feeling  of  love  and  sympathy,  Nietzsche  by  pride 
and  contempt.  The  ethics  of  the  former  are  the 
ethics  of  self- negation  ;  of  the  latter  of  uncon- 
ditional self-assertion.  Neither  recognizes  the 
truth  that  a  truly  human  life  is  not  the  uncon- 
trolled indulgence  of  feeling,  but  an  *  activity 
according  to  reason.'" 

In  their  conceptions  of  the  functions  of  the 
state,  the  two  men  differed  widely.  Tolstoi  is  a 
pure  anarchist ;  Nietzsche's  position  was  not  al- 
ways plain,  but  at  times  he  seemed  to  favor 
aristocratic  government. 


THE  LESSONS  OF  GALVESTON. 

IN  the  National  Geographic  Magazine^  Mr 
W  J  McGee,  formerly  the  geologist  in 
charge  of  the  coastal  plain  division  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  writes  on  certain  physi- 
cal aspects  of  the  Galveston  calamity. 

The  first  lesson  that  Mr.  McGee  deduces  from 
the  experience  of  the  flood -swept  Texan  city  is 
that  of  the  Scriptural  parable  warning  against 
the  building  of  a  house  on  the  sand  : 

*<  Galveston  was  founded  on  a  sand  bank — a 
mere  wave- built  cay,  or  key — made  by  the  waves 
of  average  storms  during  a  few  centuries.  Up 
to  its  highest  point  (less  than  a  dozen  feet  above 
low  tide),  the  earth  of  the  island  comprised  ab« 
solutely  nothing  but  wave-cast  sand  and  silt,  and 
to  a  depth  of  at  least  half  a  mile  in  vertical 
measure  there  is  no  solid  rock  ;  the  strata  are 
loose  sands  and  silts  and  mud-l)ed8,  nowhere 
firm  enough  to  afford  a  sure  foundation.  Geo- 
logically^  the  deposits  are  those  of  the  Pleisto- 
cene Columbia  formation  to  a  depth  of  several 
hundred  feet,  and  these  are  underlaid  by  litho- 
logically  similar  deposits  of  several  tertiary  for- 
mations. The  successive  formations  from  the 
Columbia  downward  are  mechanical  deposits  ; 
they  are  not  cemented  with  calcareous  or  silicious 
substances,  like  some  of  the  formations  of  the 
eastern  Gulf  coast,  nor  are  they  bound  together 
by  coralline  masses  like  some  of  the  West- India 
littorals  ;  they  include  little  material  save  water- 
logged muds  and  silts,  semi -solidified  by  pressure 
at  depths,  but  nowhere  lithified  into  firm  ledges. 
And  what  is  true  of  Galveston  is  measurably  true 
of  the  entire  western  Gulf  coast  from  Vera  Cruz 
to  the  Mississippi  passes  ;  no  woi*se  coast-stretch 
for  foundations  exists  in  the  world,  and  none 
other  so  bad  is  of  anything  like  equal  extent. 

A    CITY    WITHIN    REACH    OF   THE   WAVES. 

•  *  The  second  lesson  is  but  the  first  raised  from 
the  plane  of  experience  alone  to  that  of  recog- 
nition of  natural  agencies.  The  sand-bank  on 
which  Galveston  was  built  is  something  more 
than  a  simple  heap  of  silicious  grains  and  dust ; 
it  is  a  record  of  past  wave-work  which  might  well 
have  deterred  the  founders  of  the  city.  The  most 
conspicuous  work  of  waves  and  wmd -driven  sea- 
currents  is  the  building  of  bars  of  sand  or  grave] 
gathered  from  neighboring  shore-stretcbes  or 
washed  up  from  shallow  bottoms  ;  only  less  con- 
spicuous is  the  work  of  these  agents  in  carving 
sea- cliffs.  Both  modes  of  work  are  preeminently 
characteristic  ;  there  is  not  a  mile  of  our  eastern 
and  southern  coasts,  from  St.  Croix  River  bound- 
ing Maine  to  the  Rio  Grande  beyond  Texas, 
without  one  or  the  other  of  these  products  ot 
sea- work.     On  some  coast- stretches,  like  that  of 


618 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REyiElVS. 


tain-chains.  It  is  supposed  that  the  initial  im- 
pulses of  these  fierce  tropical  storms  come  from 
the  sides  of  the  sub- Andean  Cordilleras. 

**  While  the  fury  of  these  storms  in  their  na- 
tive places  is  greater  than  that  of  our  Western 
cyclones,  their  Appearance  on  our  coasts  is  so 
gradual,  and  we  are  now  so  thoroughly  warned  of 
them  by  our  weather  bureau,  that  great  loss  of 
life  can  only  in  these  times  be  attributed  to  crimi- 
nal neglect  on  the  part  of  the  people  in  paying  no 
attention  to  these  warnings.  When  it  shall  dawn 
upon  those  going  to  sea  and  those  living  in  spe- 
cially exposed  regions  that  these  warnings  are 
really  meant  to  warn,  such  great  loss  of  life  as  we 
have  in  the  past  witnessed  will  cease  to  be  possi- 
ble. These  storms  have  usually  lost  some  of  the 
fury  with  which  they  are  wont  to  visit  certain  of 
the  West- Indian  group  by  the  time  they  reach 
the  Atlantic  coast.  None  has  yet,  nor  is  ever 
likely  to  do,  the  terrible  damage  that  befell  Sa- 
vannah la  Mar,  Jamaica,  in  1744.  That  thriving 
town,  rich  with  the  gains  of  sugar  and  rum  on 
land  and  endless  freebooting  by  sea,  was  in  one 
dread  hour  so  utterly  swept  from  existence  that 
not  one  dwelling,  not  one  soul,  nor  ox,  nor  horse, 
was  left  as  a  reminder  of  tho  furies  that  saw  the 
sun  gt>  down  on  a  thriving  community  and  its 
place  covered  by  morn  with  many  feet  of  sand, 
cast  up  by  the  mighty  tidal  wave  that  had  come 
as  a  fitting  climax." 


FRUIT-GROWING  IN  AMERICA. 

IN  the  November  Harper's^  Mr.  Theodore 
Dreiser  gives  some  remarkable  figures  of  the 
great  fruit  •  growing  industry  of  America.  He 
shows  the  enormous  difference  in  our  fruit-grow- 
ing capacity  between  the  present  time  and  1814, 
when  only  half  a  barrel  of  raisins  could  be  found 
in  the  city  of  New  York  to  make  plum  puddings 
in  celebrating  the  treaty  of  peace.  Today,  Cali- 
fornia alone  ships  more  than  160,000,000  pounds 
of  raisins  a  year. 

$80,000,000    WORTH     OF     STRAWBERRIES    A    YEAR. 

Mr.  Dreiser  says  that  $80,000,000  worth  of 
strawberries  are  grown  and  consumed  in  the 
United  States  in  a  single  season.  Nowadays 
the  strawberry  season  begins  in  the  large  cities 
in  the  late  November  and  ends  the  following 
August,  and  the  prices  vary  from  one  dollar 
to  six  cents  a  quart.  Only  twenty  years  ago, 
all  of  the  strawberries  eaten  by  New  York  and 
Brooklyn  people  were  grown  in  Long  Island  and 
New  Jersey.  The  producing  area  has  been 
gradually  extended  through  Delaware,  Maryland, 
and  Virginia  ;  and  then  the  fast  freight  lines 
brought  in  the  Carolinas,  Georgia,  Florida,  and' 


even  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  and  Ar- 
kansas. Now  it  costs  but  two  cents  to  ship  a 
box  of  strawberries  from  Southern  Arkansas  to 
New  York.  What  oranges  mean  to  Floridi, 
and  what  oranges  and  grapes  mean  to  California, 
are  fairly  well  known,  but  Mr.  Dreiser's  showing 
of  the  importance  of  the  fruit  industry  in  Georgia 
and  Alabama  is  most  striking.  Alabama,  Texas, 
Missouri,  and  Tennessee  are  beginning  to  emu- 
late Georgia  in  the  production  of  peaches.  In 
the  last-named  State,  peaches  have  come  to  b«? 
king,  instead  of  cotton,  and  cotton  plantations 
have  been  supplanted  by  choice  orchards,  and 
packing- houses,  canning -factories,  and  crate-fac- 
tories have  followed  the  extensive  growing  of 
fruit. 

PEACHES    ARE    KING    IN    GEOROUL. 

*  *  There  is  a  section  of  the  State,  traversed  by 
one  of  the  large  east-coast  roads,  which  is  full  of 
the  new-found  riches  of  fruit.  This  part  of  the 
State  is  singularly  productive,  and  during  the 
dull  summer  months,  when  cotton  and  grain 
crops  are  laid  by,  there  are  busy  scenes  among 
the  peach -pickers  and  peach -packers.  The  whok 
section  of  the  State,  from  Grifl5n  to  Smithville. 
thence  to  Albany,  Cuthbert,  and  Fort  Gaines, 
is  one  unbroken  stretch  of  fruiting  trees  and 
perfect -bearing  species.  There  is  one  man  at 
Marshallville  who  individually  controb  12O,0tM) 
trees.  Possibly  this  is  one  of  the  largest  peach 
orchards  in  Georgia.  One  combination  of  men 
in  Fort  Valley  controls  300,000  trees.  In  thi* 
neighborhood  of  this  town  are  700,000  trees  in 
full  fruitage  this  year.  And  yet  the  peach  in- 
dustry is  known  to  be  in  its  infancy  here.  In 
spite  of  tons  of  fruit  shipped  to  Elastem  and 
Western  markets,  the  industry  has  just  begun. 
The  railroad  traversing  this  one  section  b&ndletl 
1,786  refrigerator-cars  last  season,  loaded  and 
iced  at  the  various  points  of  shipment.  In  tb- 
past  ten  years  the  same  road  has  built  25  mik« 
of  spur  tracks  to  accommodate  growers  who* 
orchards  were  coming  into  fruitage." 

The  little  State  of  Delaware  alone  produces 
4,000,000  baskets  of  peaches.  Last  year  Cob 
necticut  furnished  the  same  number  ;  MaryU&a 
equals  Delaware,  and  Michigan  surpasses  bosk 
Mr.  Dreiser  tells  of  one  peach  farmer  in  Michi- 
gan whose  orchards  yield  him  $80,000  a  year. 

THE    FAR -WESTERN   FRUIT. 

As  late  as  1882,  the  California  and  Coloradj 
fruit  was  sold  in  the  East  only  at  fabulous  pnces 
and  in  very  small  quantities.  To-day,  there  is,  is. 
the  fruit  season — in  fact,  during  the  whole  year— 
not  a  single  city  square  in  the  business  districts 
which  has  not  its  fruit  store  or  stand    coti»>^ 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


619 


with  the  beautiful  fruit  of  the  Pacific  Slope,  to 
be  sold  at  prices  which  allow  every  office-boy  to 
indulge  in  handsome  California  pears,  peaches, 
and  grapes  as  a  luncheon  staple. 

To  show  how  rapidly  fruit  trade  can  grow 
where  a  demand  is  suddenly  found  together  with 
the  possibility  of  supplying  it,  Mr.  Dreiser  says 
that  in  1896  a  few  crates  of  Rockeyford  melons 
were  shipped  out  of  Colorado  for  the  first  time. 
The  New  York  commission  merchants  at  once 
saw  the  possibilities  of  this  fruit,  and  the  very 
next  season  133  carloads  were  raised;  in  1898 
1,500  carloads  were  sent  out,  and  to-day  23,000 
acres,  scattered  through  19  States,  are  devoted* 
to  the  raising  of  Rockeyford  melons.  The  Gov- 
ernment has  never  secured  an  adequate  census 
of  the  entire  fruit  trade  of  the  United  States. 
Mr.  Dreiser  estimates  that  $1,000,000,000  a 
year  would  be  a  moderate  estimate. 


THE  MAM  WHO  INVENTED  THE  SUNDAY 
NEWSPAPER. 

IN  an  article  on  **The  Journalism  of  New 
York,"  in  the  November  Munsey's,  Mr. 
Hartley  Davis  tells  how  the  great  metropolitan 
dailies  are  made  and  marketed.  Mr.  Davis 
says  the  ** great  dailies"  rely  on  the  Sunday 
editions  for  their  profits,  and  that  three- 
fourths  of  the  total  net  earnings  come  from  that 
source.  The  morning  edition  does  not  pay, 
because  the  heaviest  burdens  of  expense — tele- 
^aph  and  cable  tolls,  big  salaries,  correspond- 
ents' accounts,  and  the  like — are  saddled  upon 
it.  The  morning  edition  is  depended  on  to  give 
prestige,  standing,  and  influence  to  the  property. 

MR.    GODDARD's    innovation. 

**  The  Sunday  newspa(>er  was  the  first  to  show 
a  radical  departure  from  old  methods.  It  influ- 
enced the  evening,  and  together  they  have  had 
a  marked  effect  upon  the  morning  editions. 
Much  of  the  so-called  *  yellowness  *  first  displayed 
itself  on  Sunday.  To  Morrill  Goddard  belongs 
the  chief  credit,  or  responsibility,  of  the  modern 
Sunday  newspaper.  For  years  he  has  been 
known  as  *the  father  of  the  Sunday  newspaper,' 
and  he  has  now  reached  the  advanced  age  of 
thirty- three.  He  comes  of  a  good  Maine  family, 
-WBA  graduated  from  Dartmouth  when  he  was 
twenty,  and  entered  upon  newspaper  work  on 
the  New  Y'ork  World,  At  twenty -five  he  was 
placed  in  charge  of  the  Sunday  edition,  and  free 
swing  was  given  to  him.  It  is  Mr.  Pulitzer's 
policy  to  ask  certain  results  of  his  editors,  and 
then  to  give  them  full  authority. 


THE   SUNDAY    EDITION    A   SEPARATE    ENTITY. 

**  Mr.  Goddard  was  the  first  man  to  make  the 
Sunday  edition  a  separate  entity.  Theretofore  it 
had  been  under  the  care  of  a  so-called  Sunday 
editor,  working  under  the  direction  of  a  busy 
managing  editor,  who  had  little  time  to  give  to 
it.  Artists  and  writers  in  the  city  department 
furnished  the  matter^ at  the  Sunday  editor's  re- 
quest— when  they  had  time. 

**The  first  thing  Mr.  Goddard  did  was  to  or- 
ganize his  own  staff  of  artists,  writers,  and  as- 
sistant editors,  who  worked  for  him  exclusively. 
He  made  up  his  mind  that  the  Sunday  newspa- 
pers were  not  interesting,  and  it  was  his  business 
to  make  them  so.  In  a  little  time  he  had  the 
whole  establishment  in  a  turmoil.  The  cables 
sang  with  messages  to  Mr.  Pulitzer,  then  in 
Paris,  warning  him  that  <  this  young  man  is 
ruining  your  property.' 

ITS    INFLUENCE    ON    CIRCULATION. 

<*  By  way  of  beginning,  Mr.  Goddard  printed 
a  page  picture  of  a  wonderful  monkey  in  Central 
Park.  Up  to  that  time,  two  and  three  column 
cuts  were  about  the  limit  of  size,  and  the  page 
drawing  was  a  novelty.  It  was  not  long  before 
Mr.  Goddard  was  printing  double- page  illustra- 
tions. There  were  big,  smashing  headlines,  too, 
and  stirring  articles  about  things  that  had  never 
before  been  described  in  newspapers.  It  made 
the  judicious  grieve  and  the  conservative  rage  ; 
but  the  circulation  mounted  upward  by  10,000 
and  15,000  copies  a  week.  In  five  years,  Mr. 
Goddard  had  increased  the  sales  of  the  Sunday 
World  from  200,000  to  600,000  copies.  Then 
he  left  the  World  to  take  a  similar  position  on 
the  Journal^  and  in  three  years  he  had  built  up 
the  circulation  6f  its  Sunday  edition  from  100,- 
000  to  600,000  copies. 

*<  During  his  rigime,  the  magazine  idea  has 
been  introduced  into  the  Sunday  newspaper. 
The  comic  supplements  alone  are  estimated  to 
have  increased  the  circulation  of  those  Sunday 
editions  which  carry  them  by  50,000  a  week. 
The  colored  illustrations  and  the  half-tones  were 
other  important  innovations,  although  the  wisest 
< circulation  sharps'  say  they  cannot  trace  any 
increased  sales  to  them. 

**  These  colored  supplements  go  to  press  about 
three  weeks  in  advance  of  the  date  of  issue. 
The  black-and-white  supplement,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  one  section,  is  printed  two  weeks  in 
advance,  and  yet  the  rush  in  the  Sunday  depart- 
ment 18  often  as  great  as  in  the  editorial  rooms 
of  the  dailies." 


THE   PERIODICALS   REVIEWED. 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK. 

THE  first  number  of  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.'s  oew 
magazine,  The  World^s  Worky  appears  for  Novem- 
ber. The  editor  is  Mr.  Walter  H.  Page,  a  member  of  the 
firm  which  publishes  the  magazine.  Mr.  Page  has  had 
a  very  full  and  successful  editorial  career  at  the  helm 
of  the  Forum,  and  later  as  editor  of  the  Atlantic 
Monthly,  He  outlines  the  special  field  and  ambitions 
of  the  new  magazine  in  his  opening  editorial  remarks. 
Calling  attention  to  the  vast  industrial  and  commercial 
progress  in  this  country  resulting  from  American  char- 
acter and  enterprise,  he  hails  the  age  when,  **to  an 
increasing  number,  work  has  become  less  and  less  a 
means  of  bread-winning  and  more  and  more  a  form  of 
noble  exercise.  The  artist  always  took  joy  in  his  work; 
it  is  the  glory  of  our  time  that  the  man  of  affairs  can 
find  a  similar  pleasure  in  his  achievements.  It  is  with 
the  activities  of  the  newly  organized  world,  its  problems, 
and  even  with  its  romance,  that  this  magazine  will 
earnestly  concern  itself,  trying  to  convey  the  cheerful 
spirit  of  men  who  do  things.'' 

A  MAGAZINE  OF  DEPARTMENTS. 

The  World's  Work  is  divided  into  departments,  the 
first,  under  the  title  ''The  March  of  Events,''  dealing 
throue(h  short  articles  with  such  current  topics  as 
**The  After-Glow  of  the  Boer  War,"  "The  Coal  Strike 
and  the  Public,"  "The  Rebuilding  of  Galveston,"  "The 
Outlook  for  Young  Men  ;"  questions  arising  from  our 
new  colonial  experiments,  the  Chinese  problem,  and 
various  social  and  economic  questions  of  the  day. 
Following  this  department  is  a  group  of  features, 
many  of  them  illustrated,  including  travel  sketches, 
fiction,  and  nature-study,  as  well  as  discussions  of 
public  questions.  The  magazine  ends  with  two  depart- 
ments following  out  more  definitely  its  peculiar  aim, 
"Short  Stories  of  Men  Who  Work,"  and  "Among  the 
World's  Workers;"  the  latter  being  occupied  with 
giving  examples  of  the  country's  prosperity  as  seen 
in  the  industrial  (sonditions  at  varioCis  business  centers. 

THE  COST  OF  NATIONAL  CAMPAIGNS. 

An  article  .on  "The  Cost  of  National  Campaigns" 
Kives  a  striking  idea  of  the  sudden  and  huge  increase 
in  the  expense  of  getting  a  President  elected.  The 
writer  estimates  that  the  cost  of  the  Presidential  cam- 
paign in  1864  was  $200,000  for  both  parties,  and  that  the 
cost  of  the  National  Committ^'s  operations  alone  in 
1900  will  be  over  $5,000,000;  whereas  "a  Presidential, 
campaign,  including  also  Congressional,  gubernatorial, 
and  lesser  campaigns,  causes  the  total  expenditure  of 
perhaps  $^,000,000. 

A  WARNING  TO  AMERICAN  MANUFACTURERS. 

Mr.  Frederick  Emory,  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Foreign 
Commerce,  writes  on  "  Our  Growth  as  a  World-Power," 
emphasizing  especially  the  economic  reasons  for  political 
expansion,  and  showing  that  our  recent  great  leaps  ahead 
in  international  trade  have  brought  us  far  ahead  of  all 
competitors  except  Great  Britain  in  exports  and  im- 
ports, and  but  slightly  behind  her.  Mr.  Emory  thinks 
there  Is  danger,  even  now,  in  this  rapid  sucoess ;  that 


American  manufacturers  "may  make  the  mistake  of 
thinking  their  goods  will  continue  to  sell  themselves 
It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  nations  like  Great  Britain, 
Grermany,  and  France  will  permit  themselves  to  be  de- 
prived of  markets  they  have  long  controlled  without  a 
serious  struggle.  They  will  undoubtedly  imitate  oar 
goods,  and  perhaps  improve  upon  them  ;  and  they  still 
have  a  great  advantage  over  us  in  their  carefully 
systematized  methods  of  gaining  and  holdin^^  foreign 
trade." 

The  World's  Work  has  a  somewhat  larger  page  than 
the  Review  of  Reviews,  and  therefore  considerably 
larger  than  the  usual  magazine  size.  The  new  maga- 
zine is  carefully  printed  on  handsome  paper,  and  the 
illustration  scheme  is  dignified  by  unusually  well-exe- 
cuted full-page  portraits  of  Secretary  Hay,  the  Hon. 
Richard  Oln'eyi  Rudyard  Kipling,  and  Joel  Chandler 
Harris. 


THE  CENTURY. 

THE  November  Century  is  an  exceptionally  somp- 
tuotis  magazine,  with  illustrations  unusual  in 
quality,  even  for  the  Century  Company's  producta.  The 
opening  article,  Mr.  Maurice  Thompson's  ^*My  Mid> 
winter  Garden,"  is  resplendent  with  Mr.  Harry  Fenn^n 
drawings  of  the  symmetrical  flowers  printed  in  three 
colors. 

Mrs.  Schuyler  Van  Rensselaer  hails  **A  New  Scalp- 
tor"  in  Hendrick  Christian  Andersen,  a  young  Nor- 
wegian-American, only  twenty-eight  years  old,  who  has 
accomplished  most  striking  results  in  the  expressioo 
of  character  through  his  figures.  Mr.  Andersen^s  most 
conspicuous  works  are  his  equestrian  statue  and  the 
two  groups  called  "Serenity"  and  "Fellowship,"  in- 
tended for  casting  in  bronze. 

bishop  potter  on  OCR  DUTY  IN  THE  PHILIPPINES. 

An  important  article  of  interest  is  Bishop  Henry  C. 
Potter's  on  "The  Problem  of  the  Philippines."  Bishop 
Potter  says  that  the  duty  of  the  United  States  does  not 
seem  to  be  obscure.  He  thinks  that  it  was  a  blunder  of 
Dewey's  that,  after  his  great  naval  achievement,  be 
failed  to  see  that  his  task  at  Manila  was  at  an  end. 
"But  at  this  writing  there  is  no  honorable  way  out. 
To  throw  up  our  task  now  would  be  a  cruelty  to  those 
whom  we  abandoned,  and  a  confession  of  our  Impotence 
which  would  disgrace  us  before  the  world.  We  most 
go  on  now,  whether  or  no  we  find  the  task  more  expen- 
sive in  men  and  means  and  less  profitable  conunercially 
than  originally  we  expected.  A  great  nation  cannot 
abandon  a  weaker  people  which  it  has  before  all  mea 
adopted  as  its  ward  without  confessing  that,  great  a:» 
it  claims  to  be,  it  has  nothing  to  impart,  nothing  to 
sacrifice,  in  order  to  give  freedom  and  good  government 
to  those  who  have  not  forfeited  all  claim  to  such  gifts 
because  they  have  looked  for  them  in  the  wrong  diree- 
tion." 

ACTING  AS  A  PROFESSION. 

Mr.  Bronson  Howard  makes  an  exceedingly  readable 
article  on  "Our  Schools  for  the  Stage."  He  considers  that 
at  last  the  profession  of  acting  has  in  English-speaking 


THE  PERIODICALS  REP^/EIVED. 


oommunities  taken  its  proper,  natural  plaoe  with  other 
artistic  professions,  instead  of  being  considered  a  mere 
desperate  resort  in  the  last  emergency  of  need,  as  it  un- 
doubtedly was  considered  a  third  of  a  century  ago.  He 
says  we  have  been  the  flrat  in  the  world  to  establish  a 
fully  organized  school  for  the  training  of  young  men 
and  women  for  the  stage  with  a  large  corps  of  teachers, 
additional  lecturers,  and  special  exercises  in  every  re- 
quirement, physical  and  intellectual.  Even  the  Con- 
servatoire of  Paris  has  no  such  organization  as  a  school 
as  the  American  Academy  of  the  Dramatic  Arts,  found- 
ed by  Mr.  Franklin  H.  Sargent,  its  president. 


HARPER'S  MAGAZINE. 

FROM  the  November  Harper'8  we  have  selected  Mr. 
Theodore  Drei«er*s  article  on  **  Fruit-Growing  in 
America ''  to  review  in  another  department. 

Prof.  W.  O.  Atwater  continues  his  investigation  of 
the  dangers  and  usefulness  of  alcohol  in  an  article  en- 
titled **  Alcohol  Physiology  and  Temperance  Reform  .*» 
The  sum  and  substance  of  Professor  Atwater's  full  dis- 
cussion is  that,  while  all  investigators  agree  that  alco- 
hol in  large  quantities  is  injurious,  their  judgments  as 
to  the  results  of  small  doses  are  conflicting ;  probably 
where  men  are  called  on  for  great  muscular  exertion^ 
or  continued  nervous  expenditure,  the  balance  of  testi- 
mony would  be  against  the  use  of  alcohol,  even  in  small 
quantities.  Professor  Atwater  thinks  it  very  necessary 
that  the  public  should  have  a  better  understanding  of 
the  nature  of  the  drink-evil ;  and  he  thinks  the  time 
has  come  for  the  calm  and  careful  study  of  the  causes 
and  the  adaptation  of  treatment  to  the  nature  of  the 
drink-disease,  as  against  the  conventional  temperance- 
work. 

The  literary  feature  of  this  number  of  Harper^s  is 
the  collection  of  "The  Love-Letters  of  Victor  Hugo," 
which  are  published  with  comments  by  M.  Paul  Meu- 
rice.  The  letters  in  this  section  are  addressed  to  Mile. 
AdMe  Foucher,  when  Hugo  was  but  eighteen  years  of 
age  and  his  sweetheart  was  seventeen. 


SCRIBNER'S  MAGAZINE. 

THE  November  Scribner's  opens  with  the  conclud- 
ing chapter  of  Mr.  Henry  Norman's  very  excel- 
lent account  of  the  Siberian  Railway.  Now  it  takes 
thirty-eight  days  to  go  from  Vladivostok  to  Moscow, 
and  part  of  the  journey  has  to  be  done  by  horse-power 
and  a  very  large  part  by  steamer.  The  uninterrupted 
railway  journey  from  Moscow  to  Irkutsk,  3,871  miles, 
occupies  about  nine  days.  Mr.  Norman  comments  on 
the  extremely  low  fare— only  $44.90,  including  sleeping- 
c;ar  accommodations ;  ''and  this  is  for  a  train  practi- 
cally as  luxurious  as  any  in  the  world,  and  incompara- 
bly superior  to  the  ordinary  European  or  American 
train."  In  the  eastern  stretches  of  the  journey  the  rate 
of  speed  is  very  low,  going  lown  to  12  miles  an  hour, 
and  Mr.  Norman  tells  us  that  this  speed  cannot  be 
Ip^eatly  increased  until  new  rails  are  laid.  The  present 
weight  of  the  rails  is  but  little  over  16  pounds  to  the 
foot,  about  half  the  weight  used  on  the  Pennftylvania 
road  between  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  Mr.  Nor- 
man thinks  this  gigantic  enterprise  will  ultimately  cost 
uo  less  than  $500,000,000.  *' Since  the  great  wall  of 
f  ^hina,  the  world  has  seen  uo  one  material  undertaking 
of  equal  magnitude.  That  Russia,  single-handed, 
should  have  conceived  it  and  carried  it  out  makes  the 


imagination  falter  before  her  future  influence  upon  the 
course  of  events." 

Mr.  Samuel  Parsons,  Jr.,  looking  at  the  Paris  Expo- 
sition from  the  standpoint  of  a  landscape  artist,  says  : 
"  We  may  criticise  some  of  the  details,  as  the  French 
themselves  do  more  than  any  one  else ;  but  we  must 
concede  that  probably  never  has  such  a  glorious  pano- 
rama of  artistic  life  presented  itself  as  in  the  ensemble 
at  Paris  in  1900."  The  one  fundamental  criticism  Mr. 
Parsons  has  to  make  is  the  confined  area  allotted  for 
the  exposition ;  the  Paris  fair  having  but  2SiO  acres  all 
told,  as  against  800  acres  occupied  by  the  White  City 
at  Chicago. 

Mr.  Jesse  Lynch  Williams  has  a  pleasant  description 
of  "The  Cross  Streets  of  New  York  ;"  Mr.  J.  M.  Bar- 
rie  concludes  his  serial,  "Tommy  and  Orizel ;"  and 
there  are  short  stories  by  Mr.  Henry  James  and  Mary 
Katherine  Lee,  the  latter  being  illustrated  very  daintily 
in  color.  

M'CLURE'S  MAGAZINE. 

FROM  the  November  McClure^s  we  have  select 
the  excellent  article  on  Senator  Mark  Hanna  by 
William  Allen  White  to  review  among  the  "  Leading 
Articles  of  the  Month." 

The  magazine  opens  with  a  readable  illustrated  arti- 
cle on  "The  First  Flight  of  Count  Zeppelin's  Airship." 
Count  Zeppelin  is  an  officer  in  the  Oerman  army,  and 
his  interest  in  airships  is  primarily  that  of  a  military 
tactician  seeking  for  a  new  and  terrible  engine  of  war. 
His  airship  is  not  a  balloon,  but  rather  a  row  of  seven- 
teen balloons  confined  in  an  enormous  cylindrical  shell 
with  pointed  ends,  shaped  like  a  cigar.  The  airship 
was  tried  last  July,  with  five  passengers  occupying  two 
aluminum  cars  suspended  below  the  body  of  the  shell. 
The  balloons  serve  to  lift  the  structure  in  air,  and  it  is 
driven  backward  or  forward  by  means  of  large  air- 
screws, operated  by  two  benzine  engines.  The  machine 
cost  the  inventor  more  than  $1,000,000.  It  is  an  enor- 
mous affair,  nearly  420  feet  long,  or  longer  than  a  first- 
class  battleship,  and  its  total  weight  is  eleven  tons. 
Mr.  Eugen  Wolf,  the  writer  of  this  article,  and  one  of 
the  passengers  on  the  trial  trip,  says  there  is  every  rea 
son  to  believe  this  airship  will  attain  a  velocity  of  26 
feet  a  second,  or  17  miles  an  hour.  There  are  two  16- 
horse-power  engines ;  and,  if  a  third  can  be  added  by 
the  saving  of  weight,  the  ship  should  make  80  feet  per 
second.  It  was  sunset  when  the  airship  was  tried,  and 
it  rose  very  smoothly,  quietly,  majestically,  described 
a  large  circle,  and  executed  various  maneuvers.  The 
trial  was  made  over  the  water,  and  the  ship  rose  1,800 
feet  above  the  lake.  When  the  trial  was  completed  the 
airship  sank  slowly,  and  rested  on  the  water  as  smooth- 
ly as  a  sea-gull.  Count  Zeppelin  and  his  assistants  are 
now  hard  at  work  improving  upon  every  point,  and 
they  look  forward  confidently  to  ultimate  results  which 
will  make  the  airship  a  practicable  vehicle. 

THE  OERMAN  SOLDIEB'S  TRAINING. 

Mr.  Ray  Stannard  Baker  has  been  studying  in  Ger- 
many the  process  of  ^'Making  a  German  Soldier,"  and 
writes  on  that  subject  in  this  number  of  Mcdure^B. 
Mr.  Baker  says  that  the  first  great  event  in  the  life  of 
the  Grerman  boy  is  his  confirmation,  and  the  second  his 
first  week  as  a  soldier.  The  boy  and  his  parents  decide 
whether  he  will  enter  as  a  freiwilUge,  to  serve  for  one 
year  only,  or  whether  he  must  take  the  full  service  of 
two  years.     The  physicians  reject  great  numbers  of 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


boys  because  they  are  not  strong  enough,  or  because 
they  have  such  defects  as  the  loss  of  the  trigger-finger, 
color-blindness,  or  curvature  of  the  spine.  A  few  es- 
cape because  they  are  the  sole  support  of  a  widowed 
mother,  and  for  similar  reasons;  but  the  authorities 
keep  an  eye  on  these,  and  if  the  conditions  of  their  life 
change,  they  must  serve  afterwards. 

STORY  OF  THE  PEKING  SIEGE. 

One  of  the  most  graphic  pictures  of  the  terrible  period 
in  Peking,  when  the  whites  were  besieged  by  the  Box- 
ers and  Chinese  army,  is  given  in  the  diary  of  Mrs.  E.  K. 
Lowry,  illustrated  with  excellent  diagrams  of  the  city 
and  the  European  quarters.  When  the  outbreak  began, 
Mrs.  Lowry  was  living  in  the  Methodist  Mission,  about 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  east  of  the  American  legation. 
Her  husband  was  absent  in  Tientsin. 


ing-house,  12  by  20  feet,  rented  for  $75  a  day.  Water 
sold  at  three  buckets  for  25  cents,  and  these  eoonomic 
unpleasantnesses  were  by  no  means  the  most  important 
obstacles  to  a  lady's  sojourn  at  Nome.  When  the  small- 
pox broke  out  a  couple  of  weeks  after  the  writer's  party 
arrived,  she  took  the  next  boat  home. 


THE  COSMOPOLITAN. 

CAPT.  A.  W.  BUTT,  U.S.V.,  writes  in  the  Novem- 
ber Cosmopolitan  on  "A  Problem  in  Army 
Trtftisportation,**  the  problem  being  to  transport  horses 
across  the  Pacific  to  the  Philippines  for  the  use  of  our 
troops.  It  is  no  light  matter  to  transport  a  cargo  of 
horses  across  the  Pacific.  The  animal  must  stand  on 
its  legs  about  forty  days,  and  always  suffers  more  or 
less  from  the  sudden  change  of  the  sea  voyage.  The 
old  method  was  to  sling  the  horse,  holding  him  in  his 
recumbent  position  by  means  of  a  breastplate.  In 
rough  weather  this  was  terribly  uncomfortable  and 
dangerous,  and  produced  frequent  panics  in  the  cargo. 
The  Quartermaster's  Department  has  made  a  study  of 
this  question,  and  has  now  brought  the  transportation 
of  horses  to  such  a  degree  of  perfection  that  the  aver- 
age loss  on  a  voyage  does  not  amount  to  3  per  cent. 
Other  governments  transporting  animals  count  on  a 
loss  of  15  per  cent.  Captain  Butt  was  the  first  to  try 
the  experiment  of  crossing  the  Pacific  without  unload- 
ing stock,  and  out  of  4.56  horses  only  one  was  lost.  This 
great  record  was  obtained  by  extra  care  and  the  exer- 
cise of  common  sense.  Electric  and  steam  fans  were 
used  to  give  fresh  air  to  the  animals,  and  they  were 
lifted  by  means  of  portable  stalls,  and  the  horses  were 
tied  in  their  stationary  stalls  on  the  transport  with 
ropes  long  enough  to  give  them  three  feet  leeway  from 
the  stall.  The  horses  learned  to  ride  with  the  move- 
ment of  the  vessel,  and  after  six  hours  of  the  first  rough 
weather  they  worked  together  as  if  they  were  uniform 
machinery. 

THE  rUTlTRE  OF  GALVESTON. 

Mr.  John  Fay,  in  an  excellent  article  on  **  The  Gal- 
veston Tragedy,*'  prophesies  that  the  Island  City  will 
never  again  be  popular,  as  a  city  of  homes,  until 
some  engineering  genius  constructs  a  sea-wall,  or  suc- 
cessfully elevates  the  city  ten  feet  above  its  present 
level.  He  thinks  that  these  feats  are  not  beyond  the 
bounds  of  possibility. 

LIFE  AT  CAPE  NOME. 

Eleanor  B.  Caldwell,  in  her  description  of  *'  A  Wo- 
man's Experience  at  Cape  Nome,"  tells  of  her  visit  to 
the  newest  mining-camp  last  summer.  Her  first  dinner 
in  a  Nome  restaurant  consisted  of  a  thin,  tough  steak, 
potatoes,  poor  bread  and  poor  coffee,  for  $2  apiece.  She 
says  that  all  the  money  that  is  being  made  is  made 
in  these  saloons  and   restaurants.      One   small    eat- 


LIPPINCOTPS  MAGAZINE, 

IN  the  November  Lippincott%  the  complete  novel 
of  the  month  is  "  Madame  Noel,"  by  George  H. 
Picard,  a  story  whose  scene  is  laid  in  the  Acadian 
community  of  the  Aroostook  country. 

Mr.  Frederic  Poole,  writing  on  "China's  Greatest 
Curiosity,"  describes  the  most  striking  characteristics 
of  the  Chinese  language.  The  language  used  in  Chi- 
nese books  is  never  spoken,  while  the  oolloquial  in 
written  form  would  be  looked  on  with  supreme  con- 
tempt by  the  average  Chinese  student.  The  mandarin 
is  the  court  or  official  language,  and  is  spoken  in  North, 
West,  and  Central  China,  while  the  Cantonese  is  spoken 
in  Canton  and  the  Southern  districts. 

The  late  Mr.  Stephen  Crane's  accounts  of  "  Great  Bat- 
tles of  the  World  "  are  continued  in  "  The  Storming  of 
Burkersdorf  Heights,"  when  Frederick  of  Prussia,  on 
July  20, 1762,  won  his  dramatic  and  important  victory. 

Dr.  Theodore  F.  Wolfe  contributes  a  pleasant  easay, 
"In  the  Footprints  of  Bryant,"  which  describes  the 
secluded  nook  of  the  Housatonic  region  of  Massachusetts 
where  Dr.  Peter  Bryant  and  his  bride  lived  in  a  little 
frame  cottage. 

THE  NEW  ENGLAND  MAGAZINE. 

IN  the  November  New  England  Magazin€y  Mary  E. 
Trueblood  gives  an  account  of  "The  Study  of 
Housekeeping  in  Boston."  Boston  is  to  be  thanked  for 
the  first  organised  systematic  effort  to  teach  the  science 
of  cooking.  In  March,  18T9,  the  Woman's  Educational 
Association  started  the  Boston  Cooking-School.  Mr& 
S.  T.  Hooper  was  the  first  president,  and  Miss  Maria 
Parloa,  and  later  Mrs.  Mary  J.  Lincoln,  gave  a  high 
standard  to  the  instruction  of  the  institution.  That  the 
school  is  eminently  practical  is  shown  by  an  incident 
Miss  Trueblood  gives,  of  the  application  of  a  family 
whose  income  was  tlO  a  week,  and  who  wanted  to  know 
from  the  director  whether  they  could  begin  housekeep- 
ing, or  whether  they  had  better  pay  18  a  week  for  board 
and  room.  The  school  found  and  furnished  two  rooms 
and  planned  their  meals  for  them,  and  after  two  months 
of  oversight  turned  over  the  conduct  of  the  little  home 
to  the  couple  with  happy  results. 

The  Hon.  George  S.  Boutwell  gives  an  interesting 
reminiscence  of  "  The  Last  of  the  Ocean  Slave-Traders.'' 
Mr.  Boutwell  was  counsel  for  the  republic  of  Haiti  in  a 
claim  pressed  by  the  alleged  slave-trader  against  Haiti 
for  having  captured  and  imprisoned  him.  The  bark 
William  was  the  trader,  and  she  was  captured  in  the 
bay  of  Port  Liberty,  in  April,  1861.  The  captain,  Pelle- 
tier,  escaped  from  prison  in  Haiti,  and  pressed  a  claim 
for  $2,500,000  against  the  little  republic 

H.  C.  Shelley  gives  a  very  pleasant  description  of 
"  The  Home  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney,"  in  the  pictur^qne 
old  village  of  Penshurst,  in  the  county  of  Kent>  whieb 
became  the  home  of  the  Sidneys  about  the  middle  of 
the  sixteenth  century. 

Mr.  James  L.  Hughes  gives  a  full  and  finely  illus- 
trated description  of  "Toronto." 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI^IEIVED. 


623 


MUNSEY'S. 

IN  the  November  Munsey'^s^  Mr.  Hartley  Davis  gives 
an  excellent  account  of  the  making  of  a  great 
metropolitan  new8paper.  We  have  quoted  from  his 
article  in  another  department. 

Mr.  Charles  £.  Russell,  in  summing  up  the  results  of 
France's  World's  Fair  effort,  says  that  in  spite  of  all 
reports  of  failure,  and  no  matter  what  is  the  financial 
outcome,  the  exposition  of  1900  has  unquestionably 
proved  to  be  the  greatest,  the  most  complete,  and  the 
most  instructive  in  the  world's  history.  Mr.  Russell  is 
not  so  overwhelmingly  impressed  with  the  archi- 
tectural features  at  Paris ;  it  is  the  tremendous  and 
varied  array  of  the  world's  work  that  seems  to  him  to 
make  the  Paris  fair  preeminent.  As  to  financial  re- 
sults, while  it  was  not  impressive  to  see  tickets  of 
admission  nominally  worth  twenty-five  cents  hawked 
around  the  streets  at  ten,  eight,  and  even  five  cents, 
Mr.  Russell  reminds  us  that  the  exposition  manage- 
ment did  not  sell  tickets  to  the  public,  and  received  no 
part  of  the  proceeds  of  sales  at  reduced  rates.  Tickets 
of  admission  were  allotted  to  holders  of  the  exposition 
bonds,  and  such  holders  subsequently  sold  the  tickets 
for  whatever  they  could  get  for  them. 

Mr.  John  Paul  Bocock  makes  a  dramatic  story  of 
**  The  Romance  of  the  Telephone,"  in  his  account  of  the 
long  struggle  between  Alexander  Graham  Bell,  the 
successful  inventor,  and  Prof.  Elisha  Gray,  the  un- 
successful claimant,  with  a  huge  fortune  at  stake.  He 
says  the  annual  expenses  of  the  Bell  Telephone  Com- 
pany for  protecting  Its  patents  have  amounted  to  as 
much  as  $400,000. 


OUTING. 

IN  the  November  Outing,  Prof.  I.  T.  Headland,  of 
Peking  University,  writes  on  "  Chinese  Sports  and 
Games,"  and  illustrates  his  text  from  photographs  of 
sportive  Celestials  "  kicking  the  shoe,"  wrestling,  tum- 
bling, and  playing  hocky.  Professor  Headland  says  he 
has  never  seen  a  people  so  much  given  to  play  as  the  Chi- 
nese ;  but  their  games,  like  much  else  in  their  civiliza- 
tion, seem  not  to  have  gotten  beyond  the  experimental 
stage.  Professor  Headland  shows  that  the  Chinese  are, 
very  contrary  to  current  Western  belief,  exceptionally 
fond  of  athletic  exercises ;  and  he  tells  of  no  less  than 
fifty  popular  games,  nearly  all  of  them  more  or  less 
athletic  in  nature,  which  he  collected  in  Peking  alone. 

A  symposium  on  football  by  such  authorities  as  Wal- 
ter Camp,  George  H.  Brooke,  Haughton,  of  Harvard,  and 
Cbadwick,  of  Yale,  is  an  important  and  timely  feature 
of  the  number.  Mr.  Camp,  writing  on  **  Methods  and 
Developments  in  Tactics  and  Play,"  says  that  for  the 
last  fe^*  years  nothing  especially  new  in  the  line  of  the 
running  game  has  come  to  the  front,  but  decided  ad- 
vancefi  have  been  made  in  punting  and  drop-kicking, 
and  especially  in  the  management  of  the  kicking 
KHHiea. 

Mr.  Lieonidas  Hubbard,  Jr.,  writing  on  the  Adirondack 
wooda,  calls  for  a  generous  appropriation  from  the  com- 
ing leifialature  to  enable  the  Forest-Preserve  Board 
to  do  ita  work  properly.  The  work  of  preserving  the 
AdirondAcks  began  in  1897,  when  the  legislature  of 
New  York  created  the  State  Forest-Preserve  Board 
and  appropriated  $1,000,000  for  its  immediate  use.  The 
board  was  authorized  to  procure  by  purchase  as  much 
land  as  possible  within  the  boundaries  of  the  park. 
The  law  provided  that  land  whose  owners  refused  to 


sell  might  be  taken,  and  the  owners  were  directed  to 
present  their  complaints  to  the  Court  of  Claims. 

**The  board  paid  from  $1.50,  the  price  of  *' lumbered' 
land,  to  $7  an  acre,  and  more  than  250,000  acres  were 
procured  with  the  first  appropriation.  I^ter  appro- 
priations have  enabled  it  to  increase  the  State  hold- 
ing to  something  more  than  400,000  acres.  More  than 
half  of  this  is  land  that  has  not  been  lumbered,  and 
still  possesses  its  primeval  wildness.  There  are  some 
hundreds  of  thousand  acres  within  the  boundaries  of 
the  park  that  will  be  protected  from  the  timber-cutter 
by  reason  of  its  being  owned  now  by  sporting  clubs." 

Lieut.  William  Kelly,  Jr.,  tells  of  the  use  of  "Ani- 
mals in  Warfare  "—not  only  horses  and  mules,  but  cam- 
els, oxen,  elephants,  and  dogs.  He  says  the  oxen  are 
exasperating  in  their  indifference  to  any  demands  for 
haste ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  they  do  not  mind  a  can- 
nonading, whereas  no  one  has  ever  succeeded  in  making 
elephants  stand  fire  quietly.  Horses  require  too  much 
attention  to  be  entirely  successful  draught  animals,  and 
the  mule  is  probably  the  most  important  war  animal. 
Dogs  are  used  in  the  German  army  to  assist  relief  par- 
ties in  discovering  the  whereabouts  of  men  wounded  in 
battle.  Several  regiments  own  packs  of  war-dogs  drilled 
to  assist  in  ambulance  work.  They  are  also  used  as 
watch-dogs  to  prevent  surprise,  and  as  messengers,  and 
it  is  said  they  will  have  another  use  in  attacking  bicycle 
corps.  

THE  LADIES'  HOME  JOLTINAL. 

MR.  EDWARD  BOK,  editor  of  the  Ladies^  Home 
Journal^  protests  in  the  November  number  of 
that  magazine  against  the  useless,  and  therefore  bad,  fur- 
nishing of  American  homes.  "  The  curse  of  the  Ameri- 
can home  to-day  is  useless  bric-4-brac.  A  room  in  which 
we  feel  that  we  can  freely  breathe  is  so  rare  that  we  are 
instinctively  surprised  when  we  see  one.  It  is  the  ex- 
ception rather  than  the  rule  that  we  find  a  restful  room. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  to  this  common  error  of  over-fur- 
nishing so  many  of  our  homes  are  directly  due  many  of 
the  nervous  breakdowns  of  our  women.  The  average 
American  woman  is  a  perfect  slave  to  the  useless  rub- 
bish which  she  has  in  her  rooms.  This  rubbish,  of  a 
costly  nature  where  plenty  exists,  and  of  a  cheap  and 
tawdry  character  in  homes  of  moderate  incomes,  is 
making  housekeeping  a  nerve-racking  burden.  A  seri- 
ous phase  of  this  furnishing  is  that  hundreds  of  women 
believe  these  jimcracks  ornament  their  rooms.  They 
refuse  to  believe  that  useless  ornamentation  always  dis- 
figures and  never  ornaments." 

AN  OFFICE-ROOM  NEEDED  FOR  THE   PRESIDENT. 

Col.  T.  A.  Bingham,  U.S.A.,  presents  plans  for  en- 
larging the  White  House  without  destroying  the  noble 
lines  of  the  present  mansion.  One  of  the  present  needs 
is  to  get  a  suitable  working-place  for  the  President. 
A  separate  office^building  has  been  thought  of.  **  But 
when  the  routine  daily  life  of  the  President  is  consid- 
ered, it  will  be  found  to  be  more  convenient  for  him, 
and  more  conducive  to  the  transaction  of  public  busi- 
ness, to  add  to  the  present  White  House  rather  than  to 
build  at  a  distance  from  it.  The  President  can  have  no 
set  hours  for  his  work,  and  necessarily  does  much  of 
the  routine  at  odd  moments.  There  are  also  times 
when  he  works  early  and  late  ;  and,  while  he  may  not 
always  need  to  be  at  his  desk,  he  requires  his  tools — 
papers,  records,  clerks,  messengers,  etc.— always  within 


634 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REyiEH^S. 


close  call,  no  matter  what  the  weather.  A  President 
cannot  close  his  desk  at  a  fixed  hour  and  go  away  to  a 
separate  home  until  office  hours  next  day.  There  are 
many  matters  brought  to  his  attention  at  all  hours  of 
the  day,  after  office  hours  as  well  as  during  them,  some 
of  which  must  be  settled  at  once,  and  he  may  need  to 
refer  to  office  records  or  to  use  a  clerk.  As  a  matter  of 
fact,  a  President  does  very  little  of  his  routine  office 
work,  such  as  signing  papers,  dictating,  etc.,  during 
office  hours ;  for  his  time  is  then  taken  up  for  the  most 
part  in  seeing  people,  and  it  can  never  be  otherwise  in 
our  country.  This  is  a  very  practical  argument  against 
h'/ving  his  house  and  office  separated.** 


THE  FORUM. 

THE  opening  article  of  the  October  Forum  Is  con- 
tributed by  Senator-elect  Dol liver,  of  Iowa,  and 
is  entitled  **The  Paramount  Issues  of  the  Campaign.** 
Senator  Dolliver  makes  a  vigorous  argument  on  the 
money  question,  contending  that  the  election  of  Mr. 
Bryan  in  1900  would  be  fraught  with  as  much  danger 
to  the  financial  interests  of  the  country  as  it  would  have 
been  in  1896. 

SHOULD  CUBA  HAVE  INDEPENDENCE  ? 

The  Rev.  C.  W.  Currier  writes  on  the  subject  of 
Cuban  independence,  analyzing  the  joint  resolution 
passed  by  Congress  on  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with 
Spain,  and  directing  attention  to  the  instructions  of  the 
military  governor  of  Cuba,  dated  July  25  of  the  present 
year,  ordering  a  general  election  to  be  held  in  Septem- 
ber, and  declaring  that  the  people  of  Cuba,  having  es- 
tablished municipal  government,  are  now  ready  to 
proceed  ^'  to  the  establishment  of  a  general  government 
which  shall  assume  and  exercise  sovereignty,  jurisdic- 
tion, and  control  over  the  island.**  Dr.  Currier  states 
that,  from  an  interview  held  not  long  ago  with  Presi- 
dent McKinley,  in  company  with  several  representative 
Cubans,  he  received  the  impression  that  Cuba*s  inde- 
pendence was  only  a  question  of  a  few  months. 

In  the  same  number  of  the  Forurtiy  a  prominent 
Cuban,  whose  name  is  withheld,  pleads  for  the  annexa- 
tion of  the  island  to  the  United  States.  He  shows  the 
heterogeneous  composition  of  the  population,  considers 
the  disasters  that  have  attended  the  careers  of  the 
South  American  Latin  republics,  and  declares  that 
Cuba's  best  hopes  lie  under  the  Stars  and  Stripes. 

THE  POSSIBILITY  OF  A  TIMBER  FAMINE. 

Chief  Greographer  Gannett,  of  the  United  States  Greo- 
logical  Survey,  writes  in  answer  to  the  question,  **  Is  a 
Timber  Famine  Imminent  ?**  Mr.  Gannett  has  reached 
the  conclusion  that  the  average  stand  of  timber  upon 
the  wooded  lands  of  the  EJast  probably  does  not  exceed 
1,500  feet  per  acre,  the  area  of  woodland  in  this  part  of 
the  country  being  a  little  less  than  500,000,000  acres. 
The  tot«l  stand  in  the  country,  he  thinks,  is  about 
1,380,000,000,000  feet.  In  1890  the  cut  was  about  25,000,- 
000,000  feet,  and  since  then  the  annual  cut  has  some- 
what increased.  The  present  stand  would,  therefore, 
supply  the  present  rate  of  consumption  for  about  fifty 
years.  Some  species,  however,  such  as  the  Southern 
pine,  the  redwood,  and  the  red  fir,  will  last  longer  than 
others  ;  and  some  species,  iike  the  black  walnut  and  the 
white  pine,  are  already  very  nearly  exhausted. 


THE  CORN  KITCHEN  AT  THE  PARIS  EXPOfilTIOir. 

Mr.  J.  S.  Crawford,  writing  on  **  The  Lesson  of  the 
Maize  Kitchen  at  Paris,**  makes  several  saggesUoos 
relative  to  practicable  measures  for  creating  a  demand 
for  American  corn,  and  supplying  the  market  of  En- 
rope.  He  suggests  that  the  differences  between  Ameri- 
can and  European  maize  ought  to  be  shown  to  Euro- 
peans through  our  consuls  and  other  agencies ;  Uiat 
depots  of  supply  should  be  established  where  com 
fiours  and  corn  foods  could  be  obtained  at  the  lowe^ 
prices  compatible  with  a  fair  profit;  and  that  tbe 
methods  of  cooking  these  maize  dishes  shoald  be  pro- 
mulgated at  the  supply  depots.  He  states  that  tb? 
so-called  *'Com  Kitchen**  at  the  exposition  serves  con 
dishes  to  from  100  to  500  persons  a  day,  and  that  tfaid 
kitchen  has  created  a  great  deal  of  inquiry  amoof; 
visitors. 

THE  MISSIONARIES  IN  CHINA. 

Regarding  the  future  of  the  missionaries  in  China, 
the  Hon.  Charles  Denby,  formerly  United  States  Minc^ 
ter  to  that  country,  answers  the  question,  '*  Shall  tbe 
Missions  be  Abandoned?*'  emphatically  in  the  nefp^ 
tive.  He  advocates  care  in  the  selection  of  miaskyD 
locations  and  restraint  in  the  spirit  of  adventure.  He 
declares  that  all  classes  in  China  have  a  great  measnrv 
of  respect  for,  and  confidence  in,  the  Christian  missioii- 
aries  settled  in  the  country.  *'  While  it  is  proper  to 
g^ve  to  the  imperial  maritime  customs,  to  the  ministers 
and  consuls,  and  to  the  great  commercial  booses  foQ 
praise  for  their  labors,  we  should  not  forget  gratefoHj 
to  remember  those  unobtrusive  but  influential  agents 
of  progress,  whose  inspiration  came  from  a  holier 
source  than  a  desire  for  gain.** 

CANADA'S  PREFERENTIAL-TBADE  PROBLEM. 

The  Hon.  John  Charlton,  a  prominent  Canadian  and 
a  member  of  the  Anglo-American  Joint  CommislaciL 
contributes  a  paper  on  **  Imperial  and  Colonial  Prrfei^ 
ential  Trade.**  In  the  matter  of  preferential  trade  be^ 
tween  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies,  Mr.  ChArlu» 
shows  that  Great  Britain*8  position  is  essentially  difflBr- 
ent  from  that  of  the  colonies,  and  that  nothing  oan  be 
attained  in  the  way  of  reciprocal  tariffs  except  by  aa 
imperial  zoUverein.  He  says:  *^The  action  of  the 
Canadian  Grovernment  in  advancing  tlie  differentoi 
rate  to  88>^  per  cent,  is  probably  a  mistake.  The  st^ 
meets  with  the  general  disapproval  of  the  CanAdian 
manufacturers ;  and  there  is  force  in  the  Conservativt 
objection,  that  the  action  is  purely  sentimental,  aa  the 
British  tariff  presents  no  features  applicable  to  cmr^ 
selves  that  do  not  apply  to  all  other  nationa.** 

At  the  time  of  writing  his  article,  Mr.  Charlton  re- 
garded it  as  not  at  all  improbable  that,  in  the  ermit  ol 
Conservative  success  at  the  approaching  general  electioa. 
the  entire  system  of  preferential  duties  would  be  swefi 
away,  unless  Great  Britain  should  reciprocate  by  grain- 
ing preferential  treatment  for  Canadian  prodneta  in  her 
markets. 

THE  NEGRO  PROBLEM  AND  pISFRANCHISEMKlTT. 

Hepresentative  Underwood,  of  Alabama,  ar|n»» 
against  neg^ro  enfranchisement,  asserting  that  pirati- 
cally, for  twenty  years,  the  negro  has  had  no  vote,  and 
that  existing  conditions  compel  the  white  man  thui  to 
protect  himself.  Mr.  Underwood  points  out  that  la 
the  North  the  negro,  as  a  rule,  is  barred  from  most  id. 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI^IEIVED. 


625 


the  trades,  and  must  content  himself  to  serve  as  a  day- 
lal»rer,  unless  he  can  enter  one  of  the  professions ; 
while,  in  the  South,  all  fields  of  honest  employment 
have  at  all  times  been  open  to  him,  and  he  has  been 
protected  in  his  right  to  work  and  earn  an  honest 
living. 

THE  COAL  SUPREMACY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Mr.  Edward  S.  Meade  shows  that  the  United  States, 
while  drawing  on  only  a  portion  of  her  available  coal 
deposits,  increased  her  output  during  twenty-eight 
years  six  times  as  rapidly  as  the  average  of  her  four 
competitors, — Great  Britain,  Grermany,  France,  and  Bel- 
£^um, — who  have  taxed  their  entire  resources  to  supply 
their  needs.  Not  only  are  our  coal  deposits  more  abun- 
dant than  those  of  Europe,  but  the  veins  are  of  far 
greater  thickness.  ^^The  United  States  has  the  most 
abundant,  the  easiest-mined,  and  the  cheapest  coal  of 
any  nation.^' 

EDUCATION  IN  PORTO  RICO. 

Prof.  Victor  S.  Clark,  late  president  of  the  Insular 
Board  of  Education,  writing  on  ''  Education  in  Porto 
Rico,"  states  that  nearly  100,000  modem  American  text- 
books in  Spanish  have  been  used  in  the  island ;  while 
teachers*  examinations,  conducted  in  writing,  have  set 
new  standards  of  attainment  before  both  pupils  and 
teachers.  Although  the  schools  still  occupy  rented 
buildings,  they  have  been  separated  from  the  teachers* 
residences,  and  thus  a  higher  ideal  of  school  organiza- 
tion has  been  introduced  and  greater  emphasis  placed 
upon  the  school  as  a  distinct  institution. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Mr.  Marrion  Wilcox  writes  on  *' Our  Agreement  with 
the  Sultan  of  Sulu,"  and  Sir  Walter  Besant  on  **The 
Atlantic  Union."  The  article  on  *'  The  British  General 
Election,"  by  the  Hon.  Henry  W.  Lucy  ("  Toby,  M.P."), 
haA  been  quoted  in  our  department  of  **  Leading  Arti- 
cles of  the  Month.** 


THE  ATLANTIC  MONTHLY. 

IN  the  November  A  tlantid  Mr.  William  G.  Brown, 
in  his  ^*  Defense  of  American  Parties,*'  argues  that 
our  great  political  parties,  "reckoning  Populists  as  ex- 
treme and  errant  Democrats,  soon  to  be  absorbed  in  the 
greater  mass  their  revolt  has  quickened,  do  in  fact 
stand  for  a  right  and  necessary  division  of  the  Ameri- 
can people.'*  While  Mr.  Brown  admits  that  Bryanism, 
in  its  definite  programme,  is  contrary  to  many  Demo- 
€;ratic  precedents,  he  t^elieves  that,  *'  in  so  far  aH  it  is  a 
popular  movement,  so  far  as  it  is  a  matter  of  impulse,  ko 
far  as  it  reflects  character,  it  does  not  essentially  differ 
from  any  essentially  Democratic  uprising  of  the  past." 

Mr.  Edmund  Noble,  writing  on  ''  The  Future  of  Hns- 
sia,**  declares  that  the  Czar's  people  have  evinced  the 
qualities  and  aptitudes  **  that  will  innure  them  a  future 
of  potency,  even  of  splendor,  in  the  coming  progress  of 
the  world."  He  prophesies  that  the  nation  will  not 
reach  its  full  stature,  however,  until  it  gets  a  more  ad- 
vanced type  of  government,  and  *^  the  modem  and  pro- 
gressive institutions  which  such  a  type  would  insure." 

In  Mr.  William  E.  Smythe's  account  of  »'The  Strug- 
t<le  for  Water  in  the  West,"  he  tells  of  Wyoming's  ex- 
cellent legislative  control  of  the  all-important  water- 
right*.    Ah  the  MiKsouri,  the  Cohinibia,  ;iu<l  the  i/cilo- 


rado  rivers  all  have  their  birth  in  Wyoming,  it  is  fitting 
that  this  State  should  begin  the  work,  so  sorely  needed, 
of  giving  some  decent  and  effective  oversight  to  the 
irrigation  problem,  the  solution  of  which  will  maka  qt 
mar  the  civilization  of  the  arid  West. 

**  The  Wyoming  law  provides  a  complete  system  of 
administration,  with  a  State  engineer  at  its  head.  The 
State  is  apportioned  into  several  large  divisions,  on  the 
basis  of  watersheds,  and  these  are  divided  into  many 
districts.  A  commissioner  presides  over  each  division, 
and  a  superintendent  over  each  small  local  district. 
These  officials  and  their  assistants  are  clothed  with 
police  powers,  and  it  is  a  part  of  their  duty  to  attend 
personally  to  the  head-gates  of  all  the  canals,  and  be  re- 
sponsible for  the  amount  of  water  which  is  permitted  to 
flow  into  them.  This  method  of  administration  com- 
pletes the  good  work  which  was  begun  when  the  appro- 
priations were  reduced  to  the  basis  of  actual  beneficial 
use,  and  recorded  in  such  a  manner  that  no  dispute 
could  arise  concerning  them  in  the  future.  With  these 
laws  and  this  method  of  enforcing  them,  the  lawyer  is 
practically  eliminated  from  the  irrigation  industry  of 
Wyoming.** 

THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

THE  most  prominent  feature  of  the  North  Ameri- 
can for  October  is  a  symposium  on  **  Bryan  or 
McKinley  f— The  Present  Duty  of  American  Citizens," 
in  which  the  Hon.  Adiai  E.  Stevenson,  Senator  Till- 
man, Mr.  Edward  M.  Shepard,  Mr.  Richard  Croker, 
and  Mr.  Erving  Winslow  give  their  reasons  for  sup- 
porting Bryan  in  this  year's  election  ;  while  Postmas- 
ter-General Chnrles  Emory  Smith,  Senators  Hoar,  Piatt, 
of  New  York,  and  Stewart,  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie,  and 
ex-Controller  Ek:kels  present  arguments  for  the  re- 
election of  President  McKinley.  The  views  of  these 
gentlemen  are  so  generally  known  that  it  is  hardly 
necessary  to  attempt  a  recapitulation  of  their  articles 
in  this  place.  During  the  month  of  October  they 
received  very  wide  circulation  throughout  the  United 
StaUs. 

18  BRITISH  COMMERCE  ON  THE  DECLINE  ? 

In  a  rather  complacent  survey  of  Great  Britain's  for- 
eign trade,  Mr.  Benjamin  Taylor  declares  that  Britons 
are  not  the  least  alarmed  at  American  competition. 
He  says :  *'  They  know  that  in  time  it  will  take  the  gilt 
off  a  good  deal  of  their  gingerbread  ;  but  they  know  by 
experience  that,  as  the  world  develops,  new  industries 
grow.  Some  may  pass  from  Britain  to  America,  but 
others  will  succeed.  Change  is  not  necessarily  decay. 
And  I  wish  Americans  could  understand  that  the 
industrial  development  of  the  United  States  is  not 
regarded  with  jealousy  and  envy  by  Great  Britain,  but 
rather  with  the  quiet  pride  with  which  a  man  watches 
the  progress  in  life  of  his  own  son.  It  is  an  old  saying 
that  Hhere  is  no  friendship  in  business.*  Whether  tln^ 
be  true  or  not,  there  is  certainly  no  need  for  enmity. 
The  more  prosperous  America  becomes,  the  better  will 
it  be  for  us  and  the  rest  of  the  world,  though  the  condi- 
tions may  undergo  change." 

WILL  .TAPAS  FIGHT  RUSSIA  ? 

A  Japanese  writer,  Mr.  Ozaki,  writing  on  "  .Minun- 
derstood  Japan,"  states  that  all  that  is  neede<1  to  make 
the  relations  between  Japan  and  Russia  thoroughly 
siitinfactory  is  "a  little  honest,  straightforward  speak- 


626 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


ing."  The  cause  of  probable  hostilities  between  the 
two  nations,  he  says,  can  lie  only  in  misunderstanding. 
He  shows  that  there  is  no  such  pressure  of  population 
as  to  Justify  any  apprehension  of  strife  with  Russia 
on  that  score.  As  regards  the  present  Japanese  emi- 
gration to  America  and  Australia,  Mr.  Ozaki  declares 
that  its  cause  is  not  the  pressure  of  population  at  home, 
but  the  prospect  of  higher  wages  abroad.  **Even 
Kparsely  populated  Ireland  sends  out  infinitely  more 
emigrants  than  does  densely  populated  Japan. '^ 

CATHOLIC  CITIZENS  AND  CONSTITUTIONAL  RIGHTS. 

The  Rev.  Father  Thomas  H.  Maione,  a  meml)er  of 
the  Colorado  State  Board  of  Charities  and  Corrections, 
replies  to  the  article  in  the  September  North  Ameri- 
can by  Bishop  McFaul  on  "Catholics  and  American 
Citizenship."  As  to  the  question  whether  Catholics  in 
the  United  States  are  permitted  to  enjoy  their  consti- 
tutional rights  to  the  full,  and  whether  they  are  pro- 
tected in  the  free  exercise  of  their  religion,  Father 
Malone  replies  that  these  rights  are  universally  en- 
joyed, not  only  in  our  own  land,  but  in  our  new  po.**- 
sessions.  As  to  the  allegation  that  Catholics  are  de- 
nied full  spiritual  privileges  in  the  penal  institutions 
of  the  different  States,  Father  Malone^s  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  the  facts  forces  him  to  a  conclusion  directly 
opposite  to  that  expressed  by  Bishop  McFaul.  He 
declares  that  the  condition  against  .which  the  bishop 
declaims  does  not,  except  in  rare  instances,  exist  in  the 
United  States.  For  many  years  priests  have  been  wel- 
come to  visit  institutions  in  the  State  of  New  York ; 
and  "so,  in  wellnigh  universal  degree,  has  it  been 
elsewhere.".  With  rare  exceptions,  the  general  state- 
ment holds  that  Catholic  priests  are  free  to  minister 
without  let  or  hindrance  to  the  inmates  of  city,  county, 
State,  and  federal  institutions. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

In  the  series  of  articles  on  "  The  Great  Religions  of 
the  World,"  Prof.  T.  W.  Rhys  Davids  contributes  a  pa- 
per on  Buddhism,  and  the  Rev.  A.  W.  Jackson  writes 
on  the  late  James  Martineau.  The  article  on  "China 
and  Russia,"  by  the  Hon.  Josiah  Quincy,  has  been  re- 
viewed in  our  department  of  "Leading  Articles  of  the 
Month." 

GUNTON'S  MAGAZINE. 

THE  leading  article  in  GuntorCs  for  October  is  con- 
tributed by  President  John  Henry  Barrows,  of 
Oberlin  College,  on  "The  Coming  Regeneration  of 
China."  Dr.  Barrows  valiantly  defends  the  work  of  the 
Christian  missionaries  in  China,  showing  that  the  mis- 
si  onaries  have  stood  by  the  Chinese  people  in  fighting 
the  opium  and  liquor  traffics.  Dr.  Barrows  asserts  that 
the  missionaries  are  not  particularly  obnoxious  to  the 
Chinese,  and  that  they  usually  have  more  friends  than 
the  merchants. 

THE  COAL  STRIKE. 

An  editorial  article  on  the  coal-miners*  strike  in  Penn- 
sylvania censures  tlie  operatora  for  denying  the  men's 
right  to  act  through  their  organizations,  and  for  ref  us- 
injc  to  treat  with  tlie  highest  officers  of  the  union.  "  Re- 
gardless of  the  merits  of  the  particular  grievances  re- 
cited in  the  laborers'  demands,  hy  refusing  to  use  every 
available  means  rationally  to .  adjust  the  differences 
before  resorting  to  the  disrupting  and  impoverishing 


methods  of  fighting  a  strike,  the  corporations  pat  them- 
selves clearly  and  unmistakably  in  the  wrong.  They 
put  themselves  where  the  interests  of  labor,  of  the  pub- 
lic, and  the  principle  of  common  justice  make  tbein 
responsible  for  the  results  of  the  strike."  On  the  other 
hand,  the  writer  censures  the  man  for  breaking  the 
Markle  arbitration  agreement. 


PROFESSOR  QUNTON  ON  TRUSTS. 


Profe 


In  a  paper  on  "Trusts  and  Monopolies," 
Gun  ton  reaches  the  following  conclusions  : 

"  First.  That  trusts,  as  distinct  organisations,  have 
ceased  to  exist ;  hence,  the  question  is  solely  one  of  cor- 
porations. 

"Second.  That  the  public  criticism  is  not  against 
corporations  per  se,  but  against  monopoly. 

"Third.  That  monopoly  is  very  much  less  than  is 
generally  supposed— indeed,  very  rarely  exists. 

"Fourth.  That  monopoly  is  not,  necessarily,  inimi- 
cal to  public  welfare,  but  it  is  only  dangerous  T7hen  it 
rests  on  special  privileges. 

"  Fifth.  That,  wherever  actual  or  potential  competi- 
tion can  operate,  the  benefits  of  invention  and  organi- 
zation will  be  more  equitably  distributed  through  the 
community  by  the  free  action  of  economic  forces  thaa 
by  state  action. 

"  Sixth.  That  class  of  corporations  which  receive  spe- 
cial privileges,  in  the  form  of  charters  and  fraochistt 
which  shield  them  from  the  infiuence  of  economic  oom- 
petition,  may  properly  be  subjected  to  some  degree  of 
state  supervision." 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Mr.  N.  D.  Hanna  writes  on  "  Mansfield  and  Henry  V. : " 
Mr.  Alexander  R.  Smith  on  "Ship  Subsidies  and  Boun- 
ties ; "  and  Mr.  Hayes  Robbins  ventures  a  reply  to 
President  Hadley's  Atlantic  Monthly  article,  in  whidi 
he  declared  himself  opposed  to  so-called  "  political  edu- 
cation "  in  colleges  and  universities. 


THE  ARENA. 

A  CONSIDERABLE  part  of  the  October  Arena  is 
devoted  to  the  various  issues  of  the  present  elee^ 
tion.  The  first  three  articles  deal  with  **  The  Menace 
of  Imperialism."  Ex-Chief-Jnstice  Long,  of  New  Mexi- 
co, treats  imperialism  as  "  The  Antithesis  of  Tme  Ex- 
pansion," maintaining  that  in  the  Louisiana  Purchase. 
as  well  as  in  all  other  acquisitions  of  new  territory 
prior  to  the  Spanish- American  War,  the  main  object  ci 
this  Government  was  national  security,  "  and  with  that 
the  blessings  of  freedom  and  self-government  to  iti«  in- 
habitants, present  apd  future."  He  shows  that  in  each 
instance,  from  1808  to  1848,  there  was  a  treaty  guaranty 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  ceded  territory,  former  sub- 
jects of  the  ceding  nations,  and  to  those  who  might 
thereafter  occupy  these  new  possessions,  that  they  were 
and  should  continue  to  be  citizens  of  the  United  States 
and  should  have  the  right  to  be  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  States  on  terms  of  perfect,  equality  with  the 
others  of  the  republic.  This  is  regarded  by  Judge  T^ng 
as  j  ustifiable,  beneficial,  and  necessary  expansion.  * •  This 
expansion  is  far  different  from  the  imperialism  of  t!» 
colonial  theory,  maintained  by  Ehigland  and  the  Buny 
pean  powers  by  force  of  arms,  and  advocated  by  some 
statesmen  In  this  country  in  recent  years." 
Mr.  Albert  H.  Coggins  writes  on  the  strength  and 


THE  PERIODICALS  REyiEWED. 


627 


weakness  of  imperialism,  while  Mr.  Oeorge  W.  Kenney 
discusses  the  place  of  imperialibm  in  historic  evolation. 
**  Militarism  or  Manhood "  is  the  subject  of  an  article 
by  Mr.  Joseph  Dana  Miller,  while  the  record  of  William 
Jennings  Bryan  as  a  soldier  is  appreciatively  set  forth 
by  Mr.  C.  F.  Beck. 

A  BOYCOTT  OF  THE  TRUSTS. 

Mr.  A.  G.  Wall,  recognizing  the  f  atility  of  anti-trust 
legislation,  advocates  a  general  boycott  of  the  trusts  by 
individual  consumers.  '*  If  an  article  of  whatever  de- 
scription is  needed,  make  it  an  unvarying  practice  flrst 
to  ascertain  the  producer ;  and  if  such  producer  is  found 
to  be  a  recognissed  trust  or  a  corporation  with  trust  tend- 
encies, peremptorily  refuse  to  purchase  the  same.  If 
you  are  unable  to  find  the  desired  article  produced  out- 
side of  a  trust-,  then  your  duty  is  to  look  for  a  substi- 
tute, if  it  is  something  that  cannot  very  well  be  dis- 
pensed with.  Bring  your  children  up  in  this.  Never 
mind  about  your  neighbor's  politics,  but  call  his  atten- 
tion to  plain  facts."  Mr.  Wall  seems  to  indulge  the 
hope  that  in  this  way  trusts  may  finally  be  abolished. 

PHILADELPHIA  BALLOT  CORRUPTION. 

Mr.  Clinton  Rogers  Woodruff  makes  an  interesting 
exposure  of  Philadelphia  election  frauds,  describing 
the  excellent  work  of  the  Municipal  League,  which 
caused  the  flight  from  the  country  of  the  former  deputy 
coroner  and  eight  co-defendents  under  charges  of  bal- 
lot-box frauds.  The  league  charged,  and  brought 
proof  to  substantiate  its  charge,  that  the  assessor's  lists 
had  been  padded,  that  men  had  been  imported  to  fill 
the  places  of  the  names  fraudulently  on  the  liste,  and 
that  finally  the  ballotrbox  itself  had  been  stuffed.  As 
one  result  of  the  efforts  of  the  league,  warrants  were 
issued  in  a  certain  division  for  a  board  for  receiving 
illegal  votes.  In  this  division  there  were  146  illegal 
votes  cast,  and  217  voters  were  returned.  '*  The  Judge 
and  two  inspectors  are  now  fugitives,  as  also  one  of  the 
repeaters :  one  of  the  latter,  however,  has  already  been 
indicted.  In  still  another  division,  three  of  the  officers 
have  been  bound  over  to  answer  a  charge  of  misde- 
meanor—a canvass  of  the  division  showing  79  votes  for 
one  candidate  who  was  given  but  51,  and  but  80  votes 
for  one  credite<l  with  60."  The  league  proposes  to 
make  a  full  exposure  of  the  system  of  repeating. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

There  are  papers  on  "  The  Status  of  the  Modem  He- 
brew,''—the  secret  of  his  immortality,  his  contributions 
to  science,  and  his  future— by  Mr.  Ezra  S.  Brudno  and 
the  Rev.  A.  Kingsley  Glover;  Mrs.  Elaine  Goodale 
Eastman  writes  on  **The  Education  of  the  Indians  ;'* 
Mr.  E.  A.  Randall  on  *'The  Artistic  Impulse  in  Man 
and  Woman, **  and  Mr.  B.  O.  Flower  on  the  Chartist  up- 
rixing  in  England. 


THE  CONSERVATIVE  REVIEW. 

IX  the  Conservative  Review  for  September  (the  cur- 
rent number)  appearH  the  <<econd  part  of  the  inter- 
esting biography  of  Col.  Richard  Malcolm  Johnston. 
In  this  paper  is  related  Colonel  Johnston's  introduction 
to  authorship  through  the  publication  in  the  Southern 
Magazine^  of  Baltimore,  of  several  of  his  stories  written 
while  Colonel  Johnston  was  a  resident  of  Georgia  aiMl 
puhlisheti  in  a  Georgia  newspaper.  Of  these  stories, 
i'ulonel  JohuHton  writes : 

**It  never  occurred  to  me  that  they  were  of  any  sort 


of  value.  Yet  when  a  collection  of  them,  nine  in  all, 
were  printed  by  Mr.  Turn  bull,  who  about  that  time 
ended  publication  of  his  magazine,  and  when  a  copy  of 
this  collection  fell  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Henry  M. 
Alden,  of  Harper's  Magazine^  whose  acquaintance  I 
had  lately  made,  he  expressed  much  surprise  that  I  had 
not  received  any  pecuniary  compensation,  and  added 
that  he  would  have  readily  accepted  them  if  they  had 
been  offered  to  him.  Several  things  he  said  about 
them  that  surprised  and  gratified  me  very  much.  I 
then  set  into  the  pursuit  of  that  sort  of  work,  and 
down  to  this  time,  besides  my  three  novels,  *Old  Mark 
Langston,'  *  Widow  Guthrie,'  and  *Pearce  Amerson's 
Will,'  and  other  literary  work  in  the  way  of  lectures, 
jnvenile  articles,  a  'History  of  English  Literature,' and 
a  *■  Biography  of  Alexander  H.  Stephens'  (the  last  two  in 
collaboration  with  Dr.  William  Hand  Browne,  of  Johns 
Hopkins  University),  I  have  written  and  printed  about 
eighty  of  these  stories." 

THE  CONFEDERATE  CONGRESS. 

Another  important  feature  of  this  number  of  the 
ConsertJative  Review  is  the  Hon.  John  Goode's  x>aper 
of  recollections  of  the  Confederate  Congress,  of  which 
he  was  a  member.  It  seems  strange  that  so  little  atten- 
tion has  been  paid  to  the  civil  history  of  the  Confeder- 
acy. According  to  Mr.  Goode's  account,  the  proceed- 
ings in  Congress  at  Richmond  were  enlivened  by  occur- 
rences well  worthy  of  record.  The  personnel  was  high 
and  the  del)atee  frequently  spirited  and  able.  Mr. 
Goode  comments  on  the  failure  of  th«^  Confederate  Con- 
gress to  establish  a  supreme  court  for  the  Confederate 
States,  as  provided  by  their  constitution.  He  does  not 
agree  with  those  who  believe  that  the  differences  of  opin- 
ion on  the  question  of  State  rights  operated  to  prevent 
the  creation  of  .^uch  a  court.  *'  The  men  who  composed 
the  Confederate  Congress  were,  as  a  general  rule,  the 
same  men  who  had  framed  the  provisional  and  perma- 
nent constitutions.'^  There  could  be  no  question  that 
it  was  the  intention  of  the  framers  to  provide  for  the 
establishment  of  a  supreme  court.  In  1868  the  Senate 
actually  passed  a  bill  to  organize  a  supreme  court,  to 
consist  of  a  chief  Justice  and  four  associate  justices,  any 
three  of  whom  should  constitute  a  quorum.  This  bill 
failed  of  passage  in  the  House  of  Representatives.  Mr. 
Goode's  explanation  of  the  failure  is  that  the  military 
situation  at  that  time  demanded  all  the  time  and  at- 
tention of  the  members  of  the  House.  *^The  city  of 
Richmond,  the  capital  of  the  Confederacy,  was  besieged 
on  all  sides  by  large  armies.  Every  afternoon  the  bal- 
loons of  the  enemy  could  be  seen  hovering  over  the  city, 
and  it  frequently  happened  that  the  flash  of  guns  could 
be  seen  in  every  direction.  There  was  no  time  to  delib- 
erate about  the  organization  of  courts,  and  the  Houhc 
naturally  postponed  the  consideration  of  that  subject 
until  it  was  determined  by  the  arbitrament  of  war 
whether  or  not  the  Confederacy  should  be  established 
as  an  independent  government." 

OTHEK  ARTICLES. 

Mr.  Philip  Alexander  Robinson  writes  on  ''Economic 
Consolidation  and  Monopoly;"  Mr.  William  Baird  on 
'* Imperialism,'^  and  Dr.  Edward  Parquhar  on  "Ele- 
ments of  Unity  in  the  Homeric  poems."  **  Recollections 
of  a  Xaval  Life,"  by  John  Mcintosh  Kell,  the  executive 
officer  of  the  Sumter  and  the  Alatnmay  \h  apprecia- 
tively reviewed  by  J.  R.  Eggleston,  a  former  lieutenant 
of  the  United  States  Navy  and  of  the  Confe<leratc  Navy. 


628 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


THE  CONTEMPORARY  REVIEW. 

THE  Contemporary  Review  for  October  contains 
several  articles  that  call  for  special  notice.  We 
have  dealt  elsewhere  with  Mr.  J.  B.  Robinson^s  sugges- 
tions for  the  South  African  settlement,  with  Mr.  L.. 
Orman  Ck)oper*s  description  of  the  Beira  Railway,  and 
with  Mr.  J.  A.  Hobson's  '•  Proconsulate  of  Milner." 

RUSSIAN  POLICY. 

"A  Russian  Publicist"  contributes  a  short  and  not 
very  enlightening  article  on  "The  Secret  Springs  of 
Russian  Policy."  The  article  is  really  an  attack  on 
Russian  policy  rather  than  an  explanation  of  it.  The 
author  declares  that  Russia  is  not  herself  in  a  fit  condi- 
tion to  take  the  part  of  civilizing  the  Orient,  ^nd  that 
she  ought  rather  to  devote  herself  to  internal  reforms. 

THE  PREVENTION  OF  DISEASE. 

Mr.  Arthur  Shadwell  writes  on  "The  True  Aim  of 
Preventive  Medicine,"  the  object  of  his  article  being  to 
advocate  the  cultivation  of  natural  immunity  or  resist- 
ance to  disease.  As  the  restoration  of  the  tissues  to 
health  is  the  best  way  to  counteract  disease,  so  keeping 
them  in  a  healthy  condition  enables  men.  to  resist  infec- 
tion. Mr.  ShadwelPs  theory  is  that  in  time  of  epidem- 
ics those  people  who  suffer  from  minor  illnesses  which 
are  not  classed  as  actual  cases  have  in  reality  been  at- 
tacked by  the  same  deadly  disease  as  the  admitted  vic- 
tims of  the  epidemic,  but  have  been  enabled  to  resist  its 
development  owing  to  their  having  more  healthy  or- 
ganisms. He  recommends  that  bacteriologists  should 
turn  from  their  present  methods  of  research  to  the 
study  of  this  question  of  natural  resistance. 

COUNT  WALDEKSEE  IN  1870. 

Colonel  Lonsdale  Hale  describes  the  part  taken  by 
Count  von  Waldersee  in  1870.  It  was  the  count's  suc- 
cess in  that  year  which  gained  him  the  position  of  chief 
of  the  staflP  in  the  German  army.  Waldersee's  duty  in 
1870  was  to  report  to  the  King  of  Prussia,  as  supreme 
head  of  the  army,  the  course  and  progress  of  the  cam- 
paign in  one  of  the  theaters  of  the  war.  After  the  bat- 
tle of  Sedan,  the  general  opinion  among  the  Germans 
was  that  the  war  was  over ;  but  the  king  knew  better, 
and  sent  the  count  to  the  Arnvy  of  the  Loire  to  warn 
Prince  Frederick  Charles,  and  report  to  him  daily  until 
recalled.  Waldersee  acquitted  himself  with  success, 
and  gained  the  approval  both  of  the  king  and  of  Von 
Moltke,  while  at  the  same  time  keeping  on  good  terms 
with  the  crown  prince. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Mr.  R.  Warwick  Bond  writes  on  **Ruskin,  the  Ser- 
vant of  Art."  Prof.  Marcus  Hartog,  in  an  article  en- 
titled *'The  Interpolation  of  Memory,"  describes  an 
experiment  in  the  education  of  children. 


THE  NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

OF   the  articles  in  the   Nineteenth  Century   for 
October,  we  have  noticed  several  among  *'  Lead- 
ing Articles." 

NIETZSCHE. 

Mr.  Oswald  Crawlurd  contributes  an  appreciation  of 
Frederick  Nietzsche,  tlie  key  to  much  of  whose  writings 
he  finds  in  the  fact  tlial  Nietzsche  w;us  not  a  (iernian. 


but  a  Slav.  Much  of  Nietzsche^s  influenoe  was  doe  to 
the  fact  that  he  possessed  a  style  and  a  clarity  rare 
among  German  philosophers : 

**Like  Schopenhauer,  Nietzsche  arrived  at  bis  maa- 
tery  in  the  art  of  expressing  by  refusing  to  consider 
language  as  a  mere  scientific  exponent  of  thought,  but 
rather  as  an  artistic  instrument  through  which,  as 
through  a  violin  or  an  organ,  the  hearts  as  well  as  the 
understandings  of  others  could  be  reached.  This  is  not 
always  the  Teutonic  method  of  writing ;  it  is  not 
always  the  English  method  :  but  of  course  it  is  the  best 
and  the  highest  method.  Such  a  style  Nietzsche  aeenia 
to  have  possessed ;  and  this  style^  together  with  his 
strange  magnetic  personality,  has  helped  to  spread  hb 
views  and  tenets  in  the  world  of  thoughtful  men. 
Whether,  as  a  seer,  his  work  will  live  on  and  grow  and 
develop  as  a  true  seer's  work  deserves  to  do  by  the 
handling  of  adequate  disciples  is  doubtful ;  for,  onfoi^ 
tunately,  his  reputation  is  for  the  momeDt  in  the 
mouths  mainly  of  fanatics  who  confound  his  later  vi- 
sions and  obscurities  with  the  keen  insight,  the  wide 
outlook,  the  large,  clear  utterance  of  his  early  years.** 

THE  DUTCH  AT  WATERLOO. 

Mr.  C.  Oman  takes  Sir  Herbert  Maxwell  to  task  for 
his  defense  of  the  part  played  by  the  Netherlands  regi- 
men t-s  at  Waterloo.  He  maintains  that  the  statistics  of 
killed  among  the  Dutch  and  Belgian  soldiers  in  that 
battle  were  really  made  up  by  the  addition  of  the  mns- 
ways,  who  formed  the  greater  part.  Mr.  Oman  doe» 
not,  however,  make  any  reflection  on  the  courage  of  the 
defaulting  regiments.  The  real  cause  of  the  mU^be> 
havior  of  the  Dutch  and  Belgians  was  that  the  rank 
and  file  were  disaffected,  most  of  them  having  served 
under  Napoleon  himself,  and  being  favorable  to  his 
cause. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Other  articles  are  that  of  Mrs.  Henrj'  Birchenoogh. 
"Wanted— A  New  War  Poet,"  in  which  she  is  very  se- 
vere on  Mr.  Kipling's  latest  indiscretions,  and  that 
of  Mr.  W.  H.  Witt  describing  "Five  New  Pictures  in 
the  National  Gallery.'' 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW. 

THE  Fortnightly  Rcvfew  for  October  is  a  good 
number.    We  have  noticed  elsewhere  several  at 
the  more  important  and  timely  articles. 

THE  CHAPERON  VANISHED. 

Jjady  Jeune  contributes  an  amusing  paoer  on  **  The 
Decay  of  the  Chai)eron."  The  emancipation  of  girk 
in  England  has  resulted  in  the  relegation  of  the  chap- 
eroH  to  the  things  of  the  past.  But  not  forever.  Lady 
Jeune  thinks : 

"I vet  us  cherish  our  belief,  however,  that  the  de- 
thronement of  the  chaperon  is  only  temporarj-,  and  not 
a  visible  and  outward  sign  of  her  decay.  We  may  be 
wrong,  and  possibly  future  generations  will  take  their 
children  to  the  British  Museum  to  pay  her  effigy  a  visit 
pointing  her  out  as  at  one  time  an  important  eharsc> 
ter  in  English  social  life.  But,  on  the  other  hand,  it 
may  be  tlmt  this  age  of  freedom  is  on  the  verge  of  a  rr^ 
action,  which  will  restore  her  to  her  pristine  glory,  with 
fuller  powers,  just  as  the  fashions  of  past  years  return, 
and  assert  themselves  with  renewed  rigor  and  tyranny." 


THE  PERIODICALS  RE  1^1  EH' ED. 


629 


OERMANT  AND  AMERICA  AS  BRITAIN'S  INDUSTRIAL 
RIVALS. 

Writing  on  the  struggle  for  iudustrial  supremacy, 
Mr.  Benjamin  Taylor  agrees  with  Count  Goluchowski 
that  the  industrial  menace  to  £lngland  comes  from 
America,  not  from  Germany  : 

**A  careful  consideration  of  the  commercial  and 
financial  position  of  Germany  leads  to  this  conclusion, 
that  while  the  economic  development  has  been  natural 
and  inevitable,  the  industrial  expansion  has  been  too 
rapid.  Like  a  youth  growing  too  quickly,  the  country 
has  overshot  its  strength.  If  the  pace  of  development 
is  not  abated,  there  will  come  soon  a  period  of  exhaus- 
tion and  collapse.  There  will  come  also  a  rise  in  the 
level  of  wages  and  of  the  standard  of  living— both  now 
lower  than  our  own— not  to  be  reached,  probably,  with- 
out some  of  the  Sturm  und  Drang  of  industrial  war- 
fare through  which  Great  Britain  herself  has  passed. 
We  are  inclined  to  believe,  therefore,  that  German  com- 
petition with  us  in  the  world's  markets  has  reached  its 
high-water  mark. 

**  On  the  other  hand,  the  real  strength  of  the  indus- 
trial competition  of  America  has  yet  to  be  felt.  The 
measure  designed  to  revive  the  American  mercantile 
marine  did  not  pass  through  last  Congress ;  but  some 
measure  of  the  sort  will  certain ly*become  law  within 
the  next  four  years,  if  the  Republicans  are  confirmed 
in  power.  Even  now  American  manufacturers  are 
sending  shipbuilding  material  to  this  coimtry,  not  at  a 
sacrifice  and  merely  to  lighten  their  stocks,  but  at  re- 
munerative prices.  America  has  obtained  and  will  re- 
tain the  lead  as  the  greatest  iron  and  steel  producer  in 
the  world.  And  as  such  she  is  compelled  both  to  in- 
crease  her  home  market  by  shipbuilding  and  to  obtain 
foreign  markets.  As  for  American  coal,  it  has  cer- 
tainly come  to  stay  in  Europe,  though  it  may  cease  to 
come  to  Great  Britain  when  our  own  inflated  industry 
is  restored  to  a  normal  condition.  It  is  not  necessary, 
however,  for  American  coal  to  come  into  our  ports  in 
order  to  make  a  serious  inroad  upon  our  foreign  trade.'' 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

"The  Kingdom  of  Matter*'  is  the  title  of  a  very  ab- 
stract article  by  Maeterlinck,  which  is  translated  by 
Mr.  Alfred  Sntro.  Mr.  (Jeorge  Gissing  concludes  his 
series  of  papers  **  By  the  Ionian  Sea." 


THE  NATIONAL  REVIEW. 

THE  National  Review  for  October  does  not  con- 
tain any  article  of  exceptional  interest. 
A  writer  who  has  signed  himself  **  An  English  Catho- 
lic ^  takes  on  himself  the  task  to  warn  the  British  public 
aKainst  the  intrigues  of  the  Roman  Catholic  hierarchy 
in  Australia ;  their  object  being,  he  declares,  to  found 
an  independent  Irish- Australian  state.  One  of  their 
chief  weapons,  he  says,  is  the  effort  to  form  a  distinct 
caste  of  Irish  Australians.  According  to  the  writer, 
these  Irish-Australian  intriguers  make  use  of  the 
press  much  in  the  same  way  as  the  Rhodesians  use  the 
press  of  South  Africa. 

VATICAN  AND  QUIRINAL. 

**  Vatican  and  Quirinal "  is  the  title  of  an  article  in 
which  Mr.  Richard  Bagot  draws  a  distinction  between 
the  policy  of  the  Vatican  and  the  upper  clergy  of  Italy 


and  that  of  t  he  rest  of  the  church.  Mr.  Bagot  holds  that 
the  real  responsibility  for  the  quarrel  between  church 
and  state  in  Italy  is  restricted  to  the  curia,  the  great 
mass  of  the  clergy  holding  by  no  means  inimical  senti- 
ments to  the  cause  of  the  state. 

''  There  is  one  thing,  and  one  thing  only,  which  the 
Vatican  dreads ;  and  that  is,  a  reconciliation  between 
church  and  state  in  Italy.  Events  of  very  recent  occur- 
rence have  demonstrated  this.  The  momentary  rap- 
prochement of  the  Quirinal  and  the  church  over  the 
dead  body  of  the  late  king  was  sufficient  to  arouse  the 
fears  of  the  Ultramontane  party  that  a  passing  im- 
pulse of  humanity  might  l)e  taken  to  signify  that 
the  It-alian  clergy  were  patriotic  Italians  as  well  as 
priests  of  the  Church  of  Rome,  and  that  the  Vatican 
approved  of  their  being  so." 

THE  INVKSTOR'S  OPPORTUNITV. 

In  an  article  entitled  **  The  Investor's  Opportunity," 
Mr.  W.  R.  Lawson  deals  with  the  decline  in  **  gilt- 
edged  "  securities  since  1896.  Mr.  Lawson  takes  British 
consols  and  sixteen  other  chief  securities,  every  one  of 
which  has  fallen  since  189&— the  average  drop  being 
14.  t  per  cent.  Consols  have  fallen  15)^,  and  India  8  per 
cents  18  3i.  The  average  depreciation  has  been  8  }4  per 
cent,  per  annum.  Mr.  Lawson  holds  that  all  these 
securities  will  soon  be  on  the  rise  again,  and  that  as  a 
consequence  the  investor  at  present  prices  will  realize  a 
large  profit. 


THE  MONTHLY  REVIEW. 

A  POSITIVE  luxury  to  read— that  will  probably  be 
the  verdict  of  most  readers  of  the  new  monthly 
published  by  John  Murray,  and  edited  by  Mr.  Henry 
Newbolt.  The  eye,  too  often  wearied  by  traversing 
acres  of  poor  print,  finds  a  genuine  pleasure  in  follow- 
ing the  wide-spaced  lines  and  large,  clear  type  of  the 
new  periodical.  The  mind  is  thus  prepossessed  in  fa- 
vor of  the  contents,  even  before  it  has  seriously  reflected 
on  them.  The  matter  is  intended  to  be  varied  enough. 
In  the  words  of  the  prospectus :  **  Religion,  ethics, 
literature,  art,  science,  and  history  ;  international  rela- 
tions, colonies,  empires,  navies  and  armies ;  politics, 
social  questions,  hobbies,  pastimes  and  amusements,— 
all  these  the  Monthly  RevieWj  like  others,  will  survey, 
discuss,  and  criticise." 

It  will  give  prominence  to  its  unsigned  editorial 
articles,  which  number  in  the  first  issue  three  as 
against  eleven  signed  articles  by  non-editorial  contribu- 
tors. It  disclaims  the  formulation  of  a  party  policy, 
but  does  not  disguise  a  lively  sympathy  with  the 
fortunes  and  principles  of  British  Liberalism. 

THE  TWO  SORTS  OF  IMPERIALISM. 

The  first  article  is  entitled  "  The  Paradox  of  Impe- 
rialism." The  editor  is  concerned  about  the  anti-impe- 
rialist attitude  of  many  British  Liberals.  Imperialism 
is  taken  by  them  to  denote  restriction  of  liberty, 
militarism,  centralization.  These  elements  were  cer- 
tainly present  in  imperial  Rome.  But  there  was 
present  also  *Hhe  thoroughly  Roman  idea  of  universal 
denationalization,"  of  freedom  of  intercourse,  of  the 
brotherhood  of  peoples.  These  he  distinguishes  as  the 
"political"  aad  the  ** organic"  sides  of  imperialism. 
Medieval  Germany  developed  the  organic,  France  and 
Spain  the  political.    In  nio<1ern  Russia 'Hhe  political 


030 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


stream  nas  sabmerged  everything  else.  "  In  the  British 
empire  "  the  organic  conception  has  taken  as  absolute 
possession/*  The  editor  finds  the  explanation  of  what 
he  calls  the  paradoxical  attitude  of  many  Liberals  in 
their  confusing  the  organic  with  the  political  evolution. 
In  their  hatred  of  the  Roman,  French,  Spanish,  Rus- 
sian imperialism,  which  is  essentially  anti-Liberal,  they 
denounce  the  imperialism  which  is  Roman,  Grerman, 
British,  and  as  essentially  Liberal.  *'The  duality  of 
the  idea  which  underlay  the  Roman  empire  is  the 
whole  root  of  the  matter."  The  immediate  applica- 
tion of  this  analysis  is  that  it  was  the  Liberalism  of 
England's  colonies  that  made  them  eager  to  suppress 
*'  a  nationality  where  liberty  had  grown  corrupt."  Lib- 
erals have  only  defended  small  nationalities  that  were 
Liberal.  **  Where  true  liberty  and  enlightenment  have 
been  with  the  aggressor,  Liberalism  has  always  been 
on  the  side  of  aggression."  The  editor  concludes: 
**  Liberalism  has  set  its  seal  on  the  empire,  and  the 
mark  is  indelible ;  it  has  established,  and  must  uphold, 
a  democratic,  autonomous  commonwealth." 

Having  thus  made  clear  his  imperial  policy,  the  edi- 
tor passes  to  foreign  affairs,  and  discusses  the  situation 
in  the  far  East— "After  Peking."  He  then  treats  of  the 
continuity  of  party  principles  in  home  affairs.  Both 
these  articles  are  quoted  by  us  elsewhere,  as  also  the 
Afghan  Amir's  "  Details  in  My  Daily  Life." 

WHAT  A  SURGEON  SAW  IN  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

Mr.  6.  A.  Bowlby's  '■'■  Surgical  Experiences  in  South 
Africa"  are  full  of  interesting  facts.  He  says  that  men 
wounded  in  victories  were  mostly  keen  to  fight  again, 
but  men  wounded  in  defeats  were  noticeably  less  keen. 
He  pronounces  the  physique  of  the  men  as  a  whole  very 
good,  and  ridicules  the  talk  about  "  feeble,  undersized 
lads  who  compose  our  army."  He  testifies  to  the  forti- 
tude and  absence  of  grumbling  which  were  displayed 
almost  universally.  He  attributes  the  prevalence  of 
enteric  at  Bloemfontein  to  the  defective  water-supply. 
He  thinks  it  likely  that  the  plague  of  flies  which  befell 


them  conveyed  the  contagion,  *'  for  they  were  alwAjB 
thick  on  the  lips  and  faces  of  the  worst  cases  of  ty- 
phoid." The  orderlies,  whom  he  praises  very  highly, 
"  were  all  St.  John's  Ambulance  men,  and  had  had  no 
previous  experience  of  hospitals  or  sick  people."  He 
mentions  some  remarkable  recoveries  from  wounds. 
"It  is  quite  certain  that  some  men  did  recover  who 
were  shot  through  the  brain."  He  closes  by  remarking 
on  the  smallness  of  the  British  Army  Medical  Corp»- 
only  800  for  the  whole  empire  outside  of  India,  and  iff^ 
of  Uiese  were  wanting.  The  service  is  unpopular,  be 
says,  both  pay  and  position  not  being  high  enoagh. 

POBTIO  TRIBUTE  TO  GORDON. 

Mr.  Henry  Newbolt  contributes  " an  ode "  on  "the 
Nile,"  for  the  inauguration  of  the  Gordon  College  at 
Khartum.  Of  this  characterization  of  the  hero,  then 
lines  touch  the  core  : 

''  For  this  man  was  not  great 
By  gold  or  kingly  state. 

Or  the  bright  sword,  or  knowledge  of  earth*s  wonder; 
Bat  more  than  all  his  race 
He  saw  life  face  to  face 

And  heard  the  still  small  voice  above  the  thunder.^ 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Art  is  represented  in  26  pages  by  Mr.  Roger  £.  Fry, 
on  '^  Art  Before  Giotto,"  illustrated  by  many  fine  {bc- 
tures.  Astronomy  has  its  place  in  Professor  Truner^ 
account  of  recent  eclipses,  and  the  li^ht  they  have  cast 
on  the  inner  and  outer  corona  of  the  sun.  The  drama 
is  not  forgotten.  Mrs.  Hugh  Bell  urges  that  the  infla- 
ence  of  the  stage  ought  to  be  morally  upward,  and 
expresses  her  detestation  of  "The  Belle  of  New  York." 
but  laments  what  she  considers  the  ill-advised  and  ill- 
informed  censures  of  Mr.  Samuel  Smith  in  Parliament 

The  impression  left  by  the  new  monthly  compels  a 
hearty  welcome.  The  New  York  publishers  are 
Messrs.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Ck>.,  and  the  price  in  the 
United  States  is  60  cents  a  number. 


THE  CONTINENTAL  REVIEWS. 


REVUE  DES  DEUX  MONDES. 

THE  editor  of  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  himself 
writes  a  paper  for  the  first  September  number 
on  the  reform  of  French  syntax,  which  should  be  inter- 
esting to  schoolmasters  and  8choolmi8tre8fe«es.  On  July 
18,  1900,  a  ministerial  decree  was  issued  to  the  effect 
that  in  future  people  were  not  to  say  in  French  les 
*oUe8  amours,  but  les  fons  amours,  and  that  they 
might  please  themselves  as  between  le  I>leu  des  bonnes 
gens  and  le  Dieu  des  gens  bonnes.  The  object  of  this 
and  other  reforms  is  apparently  to  make  French  easier 
to  foreigners,  but  M.  Bruneti6re  pleads  for  a  little  re- 
ciprocity. Let  the  English,  he  says,  begin  by  making 
their  spelling  agree  with  their  pronunciation,  or,  bet- 
ter still,  their  pronunciation  with  their  spelling. 

EITROPEAN  LITERATURE. 

M.  Brunetifere  is  industrious,  for  he  has  another  arti- 
cle in  the  second  September  number— one  on  the  some- 
what large  subject  of  European  literature,  which  he  is 
well  advised  in  treating  as  a  province  of  the  still  larger 
subject  of  comparative  literature.  The  paper  is  an  ex- 
cellent example  of  the  best  and  sanest  French  criticism, 


bearing  the  impress  of  a  culture  which  is  both  vride 
and  deep.  M.  Brunetifere  lays  stress  on  the  natiDoal 
element  in  all  great  writers.  For  example,  in  tracing 
the  descent  of  Richardson's  "  Pamela  "  from  the  *'  Mari- 
anne" of  Marivaux,  we  find  that  the  modifications  in- 
troduced by  the  later  writer  illustrate  the  differences  of 
national  psychology. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Among  other  articles  may  be  mentioned  an  anonj- 
mous  account  of  the  French  naval  maneuvers ;  a  stndf 
of  the  famous  priest.  Father  Gratry,  by  M.  Bellaignc ; 
an  anonymous  letter  from  Rome,  which  describes  tfe 
political  situation  in  Italy  following  upon  the  assass- 
nation  of  King  Humbert ;  and  an  article  on  the  racial 
conflicts  between  Greeks  and  Bulgarians  in  the  tenUi 
century.  

REVUE  DE  PARIS. 

THE  September  numbers  of  the  Revue  de  Paris 
are  excellent,  and  fully  maintain  the  revived 
reputation  of  this  review,  which  may  be  described  as  4 
somewhat  less  solemn  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes. 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI/IEIVED. 


631 


CHINA. 

The  place  of  honor  in  the  first  September  number  is 
given  to  an  anonymous  article  on  the  dealings  of  Eu- 
rope with  China.  It  is  for  the  most  part  a  brightly 
written  summary  of  events  now  perfectly  familiar,  in 
which  due  prominence  is  given  to  the  very  natural 
grounds  for  alarm  which  the  action  of  the  powers  had 
given  to  Chinese  opinion.  The  writer  then  goes  on  to 
ask  what  Europe  will  do  now  that  she  is  in  Peking, 
and  he  answers  his  own  question  by  asserting  that  she 
will  do  what  France  advises.  She  is  in  a  good  position 
for  giving  advice,  we  are  told,  inasmuch  as  she  is  herself 
practically  disinterested,  is  on  particularly  good  terms 
with  Russia,  America,  and  Japan,  and  has  identical  in- 
terests with  Germany.  Great  Britain,  it  will  be  no- 
ticed, is  ignored.  We  are  reminded  of  M.  Delcass^'s 
speech  at  Foiz,  in  which  he  laid  it  down  that  the  pres- 
ence of  the  allies  in  Peking  will  serve  to  obtain  repara- 
tion for  the  past  and  guarantees  for  the  future— a  dec- 
laration that  was  closely  followed  by  the  Russian 
proposal  of  withdrawal.  Finally,  the  writer  asks 
whether  Europe  has  learned  the  real  lesson  of  recent 
events.  Nothing  can  exceed  the  blindness— to  use  no 
harsher  term— with  which  Europeans  have  outraged 
the  habits,  customs,  and  most  cherished  beliefs  of  the 
Chinese,  and  then  stood  thunderstruck  before  the  in- 
evitable catastrophe.  The  writer  says,  truly  enough, 
that  it  is  the  egotism  which  prevails  on  both  sides  that 
has  caused  the  danger.  Europeans  in  China  are  so 
busily  engaged  in  watching  one  another  out  of  the  tail 
of  their  eyes  in  the  great  game  of  concession-hunting 
that  they  have  no  time  to  study  the  Chinese  them- 
selves. 

BNOLIBH  OPINION  AND  THE  BOBB  WAR. 

M.  Chevrillon  continues  his  extremely  interesting 
study  of  English  opinion  on  the  Boer  war.  It  is  a  mer- 
ciless yet  perfectly  fair  exposure  of  the  bland  limita- 
tions, the  pride,  the.  complete  inability  to  conceive  any 
point  of  view  other  than  the  purely  selfish  one,  the 
astonishing  pressing  even  of  Christianity  itself  into  the 
service  of  imperial  expansion,  which  M.  Chevrillon  en- 
countered in  the  course  of  his  visit  to  England.  Yet  he 
recognizes  the  somewhat  humbler  spirit  which  breathes 
throughout  such  writings  as  Kipling's  **  Recessional." 
He  thinks  that  Ehigland  will  come  out  of  the  war  more 
strongly  confirmed  than  ever  in  her  own  special  delu- 
sions. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Among  other  articles  may  be  mentioned  a  continua- 
tion of  M.  de  Rousi^rs^s  study  of  Grerman  commercial 
prosperity,  and  a  curious  collection  of  oral  traditions 
about  Waterloo,  gathered  from  the  inhabitants  in  and 
near  the  great  battlefield. 


NOUVELLE  REVUE. 

MME.  Adam's  name  is  again  absent  from  among  the 
contributors  of  the  rejuvenated  Nouvelle  Re- 
vue, and  politics  is  scarcely  touched  upon,  save  indirect^ 
ly  in  Captain  Gilbert's  able  analysis  of  the  South  African 
campaign.  Although  the  writer  is  in  undisguised  sym- 
pathy with  the  Boers,  he  is  rigorously  impartial,  and 
avoids  the  vexed  white-fiag  and  loot  controversies.  In 
fact,  his  careful  account  of  the  campaign  is  so  highly 
technical  that  it  can  only  be  recommended  to  those  al- 
ready knowing  something  of  the  science  of  war.  He 
has  not  yet  reached,  in  his  history,  the  first  marked 
British  successes ;  accordingly,  it  would  appear  that 
these  articles  will  continue  to  appear  throughout  the 
winter. 

EABLT  LETTERS  OF  POPE  LEO. 

In  the  second  September  number  of  the  Revue,  the 
place  of  honor  is  given  to  a  number  of  letters  written 
by  the  present  Pope,  in  the  days  when  he  was  only  Mon- 
signor  Pecci,  Papal  Nuncio  at  Brussels.  In  the  second 
of  these  (written  in  1848)  he  describes  a  visit  paid  by 
him  to  the  field  of  Waterloo,  where  he  bought  some 
relics  of  the  battle  to  send  home  to  his  mother.  In  these 
home  letters  the  future  Pope  goes  into  many  little  inti- 
mate details  as  to  the  cOst  of  living  in  Belgium.  He 
describes  Queen  Victoria,  then  paying  her  first  visit  to 
the  Continent,  as  ''small  in  stature,*'  with  a  bright 
expression,  and,  though  not  plain,  scarcely  pretty. 
These  letters,  which  throw  a  vivid  light  on  the  general 
character  of  the  writer,  are  interesting  as  showing  that 
Leo  XIII.  must  be,  above  all,  a  man  of  shrewd  wit  and 
common  sense,  gifted  with  a  strong  sense  of  family 
affection. 

RUSSIAN  TRADE  PROSPERITT. 

A  eulogistic  article  on  the  Russian  exhibits  at  the 
great  exposition  gives  some  curious  details  concerning 
Russian  trade.  In  1867  the  great  empire  was  scarcely 
represented,  but  thirty  years  have  wrought  a  vast 
change ;  and  if  Russia  continues  to  make  commercial 
progress  at  the  same  rate,  we  may  live  to  hear  *'  Made 
in  Russia"  substituted  for  ''Made  in  Germany."  To 
quote  some  figures  in  support  of  this  allegation  is  easy. 
In  1867  there  were  179  timber-yards,  resulting  in  a  total 
profit  of  8,000,000  roubles ;  now  1,200  yards  bring  in 
70,000,000  roubles.  Thirty  years  ago  the  paper-mills  of 
Russia  were  150  in  number,  producing  paper  to  the 
value  of  5.000,000  roubles ;  now  201  factories  bring  in 
84,000,000.  The  same  increase  is  to  be  found  in  the 
chemical  trade.  Naphtha  has  always  been  a  source  of 
great  profit  to  Russia,  but  whereas  in  1867  the  naphtha- 
springs  brought  their  owners  80,000  roubles  each  year, 
the  247  companies  now  dealing  with  this  natural  prod- 
uct earn  a  yearly  income  of  86,000^000  roubles ! 


I 


THE    NEW    BOOKS. 

RECENT  AMERICAN  PUBLICATIONS. 


BIOGRAPHY. 

Paul  Jones :  Founder  of  the  American  Navy.  By  Au- 
gustus C.  Buell.  3  vols.,  12mo,  pp.  xv,  838—873. 
New  York  :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $8. 
If  we  were  to  seek  the  reason  why  so  little  has  been 
done  to  commemorate  the  achievements  of  Paul  Jones,  the 
founder  of  the  American  navy,  we  should  probably  find  it 
in  the  fact  that  Jones  lived  but  a  short  pericKl  in  the  United 
States,  and  died  in  a  foreign  laud.  Nevertheless,  so  great 
was  his  fame  a^  our  first  great  sea-warrior  that  his  memory 
lias  remained  fresh  for  the  108  years  that  have  elapsed  since 
his  death  and  burial  in  Paris.  Of  the  many  biographical 
sketches  of  Jones,  none  of  any  length  has  been  written  in  the 
past  half-century  until  the  present  year.  The  two  volnmes 
by  Mr.  Buell  will  meet  the  needs  of  all  students  of  our  naval 
history  who  wish  as  complete  an  account  as  possible  of  the 
public  and  private  career  of  our  first  great  naval  hero.  Mr. 
Buell  is  peculiarly  qualified  for  the  task  of  preparing  such  a 
biography,  in  that  he  possesses  a  technical  knowledge  of  se€t- 
manship,  which  enables  him  to  appreciate  the  peculiar 
qualities  which  contributed  to  Jones*  success  on  the  sea, 
and  without  which  the  naval  victories  of  the  Revolution 
could  not  have  been  won.  Mr.  Buell  has  made  a  far  more 
strenuous  effort  than  any  of  the  earlier  biographers  of  Paul 
Jones  to  acquire  data  from  the  writings  of  contemporaries. 
To  this  end  he  has  obtained  material  from  France,  Scot- 
land, and  Russia,  now  utilized  for  the  first  time. 

Commodore  Paul  Jones.    By  Cyrus  Townsend  Brady. 

12mo,  pp.  XV,  480.    New  York  :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

$1.50. 

Simultaneously  with  the  appearance  of  Mr.  A.C.  Bueirs 
two-volume  life  of  Paul  Jones,  the  Appletons  have  issued  in 
their  "'Great  Commanders**  series  a  single-volume  biogra- 
phy by  the  Rev.  Cyrus  Townsend  Brady,  the  author  of 
**  Stephen  Decatur,**  and  other  worlcs  relating  to  our  naval 
history.  Mr.  Brady*s  book,  like  the  more  ambitious  work  by 
Buell,  is  based  on  original  sources.  Mr.  Brady  has  adopted 
a  more  popular  method  of  treatment  and  addresses  himself 
to  the  general  reader  rather  than  to  the  technical  naval  ex- 
pert. His  book  is  distinguished  by  the  qualities  of  style 
that  have  combined  to  make  his  writings  so  successful  in  the 
field  of  history  and  historical  fiction. 

Oliver  Cromwell.    By  Theodore   Roosevelt.    8vo,   pp. 

260.    New  York  :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $2. 

Governor  Roosevelt*s  study  of  Oliver  Cromwell  would 
be  interesting,  if  for  no  other  reason  than  its  distinctively 
American  point  of  view.  It  is  natural  that  Mr.  Roosevelt 
should  compare  Cromwell  with  Washington,  and  that  he 
should  apply  to  CromwelPs  statesmanship  the  searching 
tests  that  he  has  learned  to  apply  in  his  researches  in  the 
lives  of  American  statesmen.  While  he  regards  Cromwell 
us  one  of  the  greatest  military  geniuses  of  all  time,  he  is  by 
no  means  blind  to  his  hero*s  deficiencies  and  failures  in  civ- 
ic life ;  nor  does  he  attempt  to  gloes  over  the  excesses,  to  use 
no  severer  terra,  which  blotted  Cromweirs  career  in  Ire- 
land. *  The  book,  as  a  whole,  is  a  frank  and  appreciative  ac- 
count of  the  great  Protector  and  his  time.  It  Is  beautifully 
printed  and  illustrated. 

Theodore  Parker :  Preacher  and  Reformer.    By  John 
White    Chadwick.     12mo,    pp.  xx,  422.      Boston: 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    12. 
Dr.  Chadwick*s  endeavor  in  this  volume  has  been,  as  he 

puts  it,  '*  to  make  Parker  a  reality  for  a  generation  of  read- 


ers born  since  he  died,  to  many  of  whom  he  is  little  known 
or  misknown,  which  is  worse.**  It  may  surprise  some  oi 
this  younger  generation  of  readers  to  find  less  tlian  half  of 
the  volume  given  up  to  Parker*s  antislavery  work.  Hl^ 
biographer  has  not  permitted  Parker*s  prominence  in  thf 
antislavery  movement  to  overshadow  his  achievements  &<« 
a  religious  leader.  Parker  was,  indeed,  a  preacher  before 
he  was  a  reformer ;  and  as  Dr.  Chadwick  points  oat.  he  had. 
even  in  his  later  years,  little  sympathy  with  professloiui 
reformers,  although  his  pulpit-platform  agitation  in  Boston 
was  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the  antislavery  caow, 
and  he  was  interested  not  only  in  the  slavery  quest  ion,  but  in 
the  peace  movement,  the  temperance  movement,  edncmtion. 
the  condition  of  Woman,  penal  legislation,  prison  discipUne. 
and  all  the  other  great  reformatory  movements  of  his  time. 

James  Martineau  :  A  Biography  and  Study.     By  A.  W. 

Jackson.    8vo,  pp.  459.    Boston :  Little,   Brown  & 

Co.    18. 

The  first  complete  biography  of  Dr.  Martineaa  to  ap- 
pear since  his  death  is  of  American  origin.  Dr.  Martineaa's 
life  spanned  all  but  the  first  five  years  of  the  nineteeatb 
century.  The  period  of  his  intellectual  and  literary  activity 
was  remarkably  long,  probably  unequaled  by  that  of  any  of 
his  contemporaries.  While  Dr.  Martineaa  was  reoogniaed 
as  the  greatest  Unitarian  preacher  of  his  time,  his  contri- 
butions to  theology  and  religious  thought  were  in  no  seasr 
sectarian.  His  life  and  teachings  appeal  to  men  of  er«nr 
denomination.  Mr.  Jackson  has  written  his  book  in  threr 
grand  divlRlons:  the  first  dealing  with  Martineaa  "The 
Man;"  the  second  with  '*The  Religious  Teacher.**  and  lb* 
last  with  *  *  The  Phi  losopher  of  Religion  .**  The  biographkal 
element  of  the  book  is  somewhat  subordinated  to  the  critical 
and  philosophical. 

A  Life  of  Francis  Parkman.  By  Charles  Haight  Fara- 
ham.  8vo,  pp.  xv,  394.  Boston  :  Little,  Brown  & 
Co.    $2.50. 

This  life  of  Francis  Parkman,  the  historian,  la  hanllr 
to  be  regarded  as  a  biography  in  the  ordinary  sense,  so  litik 
does  it  contain  of  personal  details  relating  to  Ita  snbjcct. 
Owing  to  an  aversion  which  seems  to  have  sprung  from  h^ 
lifelong  physical  ailments,  Parkman  was  apparently  deter- 
mined to  leave  as  little  as  possible  in  the  way  of  ziiAterial^ 
that  might  be  utilized  by  a  biographer.  Throoghont  hip  lift 
he  said  and  wrote  little  about  himnelf.  Mr.  Famham  hs^ 
been  obliged  to  seek  interpretations  of  Parkman *a  psrwb- 
allty  in  his  writings ;  so  that  his  study,  beginning  a»  a 
biography,  soon  merges  into  a  critical  essay.  For  this  tW 
author  is  not  to  be  censured ;  he  has  performed  his  task  a& 
well  as  any  one  could  have  done,  and  probably  better  iluu 
almost  any  one  else,  because  of  his  personal  aoqaaintaonr 
with  the  subject.  Among  the  most  interesting  iMitasag«» 
the  book  are  quotations  from  Parkman *s  journal  of  his«tt»> 
dent  days,  giving  accounts  of  tramps  in  the  New  KTng^f*^ 
mountains.  Parkman*s  early  adventures  in  the  far  Wrt* 
(the  basis  of  **  The  Oregon  Trail  **)  also  make  entertainis^ 
reading. 

Richelieu,  and  the  Growth  of  French  Power.  By 
James  Breck  Perkins.  12mo,  pp.  359.  New  York  : 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $1.50. 

Mr.  James  B.  Perkins,  the  scholarly  member  of  tkf 
New  York  Legislature  whose  works  on  **  France  Uwkr 
Mazarin,**  **  France  Under  the  Regency,"  and  ^Frtaer 
Under  Louis  XV/*  have  attracted  the  well-deservwl  netSiT 
of  historical  scholars  everywhere,  has  Just  completed  a£ 


THE  NEH^  BOOKS. 


6^3 


interesting  account  of  ^'Richelieo,  and  the  Growth  of 
French  Power."  Recognizing  the  extreme  difficulty  of  find- 
ing anything  of  great  importance  bearing  upon  Richelieu's 
career  still  unpublished,  Mr.  Perkins  has  endeavoretl,  by 
careful  comparison  of  Richelieu's  memoirs  and  letters  and 
other  documents,  to  compile  an  accurate  statement  of  the 
main  facts  of  his  career.  He  has  also  made  a  study  of  the 
numerous  contemporary  memoirs,  giving  special  attention 
to  the  exhaustive  work  of  M.  Hanotaux,  which  is  not  yet 
completed.  This  volume  forms  one  in  the  *"  Heroes  of  the 
Nations  '*  series,  and  is  copiously  illustrated  with  portraits, 
maps,  and  facsimiles. 

Memoirs  of  the  Countess  Potocka.  Edited  by  Casimir 
Stryieuski.  Translation  by  Lionel  Strachey.  8vo, 
pp.  xjciii,  258.  New  York  :  Doubleday  &  McClure 
Company.    $8.50. 

An  addition  to  the  already  long  list  of  published  Napo- 
leonic  memoirs  is  furnished  in  the  volume  of  **  Memoirs  of 
the  Countess  Potocka/*  edited  by  Casimir  Btryienski,  and 
translated  into  English  by  Lionel  Strachey.  The  countess 
was  a  member  of  the  Polish  royal  family,  and  gives  reminis- 
cences of  Napoleon  and  of  many  other  historical  charac- 
ters. The  illustrations  comprise  portraits,  views,  and  fac- 
similes. 

The   Private   Memoirs  of  Madame  Roland.     Edited, 

with  an  Introdnction,  by  Eldward  Gilpin  Johnson. 

12mo,  pp.  381.    Chicago  :  A.  C.  McClurg&  Co.   $1.50. 

This  favorite  French  classic,  although  translated  into 

English  and  published  In  London  as  long  ago  as  1705.  within 

two  years  after  Madame  Roland's  death  by  the  guillotine, 

has  been  for  some  years  out  of  print.   The  Introduction  by 

the  editor,  Mr.  Edward  Gilpin  Johnson,  helps  the  reader  to 

understand  the  historical  circumstances  under  which  these 

f &mous  memoirs  were  written. 

HISTORY. 

A  Century  of  American  Diplomacy;  being  a  Brief 
Review  of  the  Foreign  Relations  of  the  United 
States,  177»-187«.  By  John  W.  Foster.  8vo,  pp. 
487.  Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $3.50. 
The  Hon.  John  W.  Foster,  who  was  Secretary  of  State  in 
President  Harrison *s  cabinet,  has  for  many  years  made  a 
special  study  of  the  foreign  relations  of  the  United  States. 
Few  writers  are  so  well  qualified  as  he  to  trace  the  history 
of  thoM  relations.  The  present  work  is  the  outgrowth  of  a 
series  of  lectures  delivered  in  the  School  of  Diplomacy  of 
the  Columbian  University  at  Washington.  In  the  prepara- 
tion of  this  volume  for  the  press,  the  author  has  been  influ- 
enced, first,  by  a  hope  that  the  study  of  this  review  of  the 
•liplomatic  conduct  of  American  statesmen  may  quicken 
the  patriotism  of  the  young  men  of  the  country  and  inspire 
them  with  a  new  zeal  to  assiat  In  maintaining  the  honorable 
position  of  our  government  in  its  foreign  relations,  and  also 
by  the  belief  that  such  a  review  would  be  specially  oppor- 
tune at  this  time,  in  view  of  the  recently  enlarged  political 
and  commercial  Intercourse  of  the  United  States  with 
other  powers.  Mr.  Foster  has  carried  his  review  down  to 
the  year  1876,  and  in  the  case  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine  has 
brought  the  account  practically  up  to  date. 

Source-Book  of  English  History.  By  Guy  Carleton 
Lee.  12mo,  pp.  609.  New  York  :  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 
t2. 

In  this  compilation.  Dr.  Lee  has  included  illustrative 
material  not  strictly  documentary,  together  with  the  great 
constitntional  and  legal  documents  which  furnished  the 
framework  of  the  history  of  England^s  national  develop- 
ment. The  scope  of  this  collection  extends  from  the  first 
mention  of  Britain  by  the  ancient  historians  to  the  last 
British  treaty  with  the  Boers  of  South  Africa.  The  book  will 
form  a  useful  accompaniment  of  any  text-book  on  English 
hiatory. 


The  Venetian  Republic :  Its  Rise,  Its  Growth,  and  It« 
Fall.    By  W.  Carew  Hazlitt.    2  vols.,  8vo,  pp.  81i— 
815.    New  York  :  The  Macmillan  Company.    $12. 
This  elaborate  history  of  the  Venetian  Republic,  the 
most  complete  in  the  English  language,  is  now  published  in 
its  entirety  for  the  first  time.    It  contains  the  results  of 
forty  years  of  research.     The  first  edition  (1800)  has  for 
some  time  been  out  of  print,  and  the  writer  has  to  a  great 
extent  rewritten  the  text  and  has  brought  down  the  career 
of  the  republic  to  its  abrupt  close  in  1797.    Both  volumes 
abound  in  footnote  references,  which  will  be  highly  appreci- 
ated by  historical  students. 

The  Boertf  in  War.    By  Howard  C  Hillegas.    12mo,  pp. 

aOO.    New  York  :  D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.50. 

The  Boer  side  of  the  war  of  1899-1900  is  clearly  pictured 
by  Mr.  Hillegas  in  this  volume.  Parts  of  the  picture.  It  is 
true,  will  shock  and  possibly  offend  those  intense  partisans 
of  the  Boers  who  can  see  no  fault  in  them ;  but  on  the  whole 
it  is  far  more  likely  that  Mr.  Hillegas  will  give  offense  to 
the  pro-British  reader  than  to  the  pro-Boer.  He  has  tried  to 
show  the  Boer  army,  country,  and  people  as  they  existed 
prior  to  the  British  occupation  of  Pretoria.  He  has  made 
an  earnest  effort  to  eliminate  all  personal  feeling,  and  to 
portray  the  failings  of  the  Boers  as  truthfully  as  their  good 
qualities.  He  repeatedly  refers  to  the  Boer  army  as  at  no 
time  consisting  of  more  than  80,000  armed  men,  and  claims 
ample  authority  for  this  statement.  Mr.  Hillegas  looks  for- 
ward to  an  ultimate  Afrikander  union  under  a  South  Afri- 
can flag. 

The  Monitor  and  the  Navy  Under  Steam.  By  Frank 
M.  Bennett.  12mo,  pp.  369.  Boston :  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.    $1.50. 

In  this  volume.  Lieutenant  Bennett  has  attempted  a 
history  of  the  origin,  career,  and  influence  of  the  United 
States  ironclad  steamer  Monitor^  Including  in  the  record  an 
account  of  the  causes  that  produced  the  3f<mttor,  as  a  sort 
of  midway  type  of  vessel  in  the  gradual  transformation  of 
wooden  ships  of  war  to  the  steel-armored  battleship,  and  also 
some  reference  to  the  effects  on  American  naval  develop- 
ment as  shown  In  the  naval  operations  of  the  Spanish- 
American  War.  The  work  is  fully  illustrated,  and  meeU 
the  requirements  of  the  technical  student  as  well  as  the 
seeker  after  general  knowledge. 

Old  Landmarks  and  Historic  Personages  of  Boston.  By 
Samuel  Adams  Drake.  8vo,  pp.  484.  Boston  :  Lit- 
tle, Brown  &  Co.    $2.50. 

A  careful  and  thorough  revision  of  Mr.  Drake's  **  Old 
Landmarks  and  Historic  Personages  of  Boston,**  first  pu)>- 
ILshed  nearly  thirty  years  ago,  has  now  been  made,  and  the' 
work  is  brought  out  by  Messrs.  Little,  Brown  A  Co.,  the 
publishers  who  so  successfully  revised  the  same  author's 
** Historic  Mansions  and  Higliways  Around  Boston*'  last 
year.  The ''  Old  Landmarks"  has  always  been  Mr.  Drake's 
most  popular  work  on  American  history,  and  it  well  de- 
serves its  popularity.  Few  American  cities  'have  had  done 
for  them  what  Mr.  Drake  has  done  for  Boston  in  exploring 
historical  site-s  and  verifying  local  traditions. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

Through  the  First  Antarctic  Night,  1898-99.  By  Fred- 
erick A.  Cook.  8vo,  pp.  602.  New  York  :  Double- 
day  &  McClure  Company.    $5. 

Dr.  Cook's  volume  Is  chiefly  interesting  as  the  flrst  rec- 
ord of  human  experience  in  the  Antarctic  night.  It  is  not 
merely  the  story  of  a  fruitless  chase  after  the  South  Pole. 
The  aim  of  the  Belgian  expedition  of  1808-99  was  one  of  scien- 
tiflc  exploration,  and  in  this  the  expedition  was  reasonably 
successful.  Dr.  Cook  has  not  told  the  whole  story  in  this 
volume,  but  has  selected  from  his  diary  and  notes  Important 
and  interesting  date,  omitting  much  of  the  daily  routine  of 
life.    He  has  aUo  refrained  from  a  discussion  of  technical 


634 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI/IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


topics.  The  scientific  records  will  be  published  in  full  by 
the  Belgian  Government.  The  illustrations  of  this  volume 
have  a  special  interest,  being  the  first  photographic  repro- 
ductions of  Antarctic  life  and  scenes,  while  the  color-plates 
give  examples  of  the  daily  touches  of  color  characteristic  of 
the  regions  visited.  One  of  the  chapters  describes  a  race  of 
Fuegian  giants,  while  others  relate  discoveries  in  the  new 
world  of  Antarctic  ice,  and  describe  the  autumn  and  the 
days  of  twilight  preceding  the  long  night. 

Along  French  Byways.  By  Clifton  Johnson.  12mo, 
pp.  261.  New  York :  The  MacmlUan  Company. 
92.25. 

Even  if  the  paths  followed  by  Mr.  Johnson  in  procuring 
material  for  this  volume  were  not  always  *'  byways  **  in  the 
ordinary  sense  of  the  word,  Mr.  Johnson  at  least  chose  to 
regard  them  as  such;  for  he  has  written  **a  book  of  stroll- 
ing, a  book  of  nature,  a  book  of  amiable  i>easant  life."  Mr. 
Johnson  has  avoided  the  large  towns  and  has  sought  the 
rural  villages,  farm  firesides,  fields,  and  country  lanes.  This 
wrlcer*8  exceptional  skill  in  adapting  photographic  art  to 
the  demands  of  bookmaking  has  been  noted  in  our  com- 
ment on  his  earlier  publications. 

Constantinople.  By  Edwin  A.  Grosvenor.  2  vols.,  8vo, 
pp.  418— dQ6.  Boston  :  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  $4. 
In  view  of  the  impending  changes  in  the  city  of  Con- 
stantinople, and  the  probable  disappearance  of  much  of  its 
ancient  architecture,  the  descriptive  volumes  of  Professor 
Grosvenor  are  especially  welcome.  It  is  this  writer*s  ambi- 
tion ^^  to  preserve  the  careful  panorama  of  the  capital  as  it 
was  in  the  last  year  of  the  nineteenth  century.*'  In  this 
revised  edition  of  a  work  published  five  years  ago,  few  vari- 
ations have  been  made  from  the  original,  and  the  work  is 
substantially  the  same  as  when  first  published,  the  most 
Important  change  being  the  material  reduction  in  price. 

Through  the  Yukon  Grold  Diggings.  By  Joslah  Edward 
Spurr.  12mo,  pp.  276.  Boston :  Eastern  Publish- 
ing Company.    $1.25. 

It  was  during  Mr.  Spurr's  travels  as  geologist  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  investigating  the  geology 
of  the  Yukon  district,  that  the  Klondike  gold  discovery  was 
made.  He  is,  therefore,  fairly  entitled  to  be  regarded  as  a 
Yukon  pioneer,  and  his  observations  on  the  geology  of  the 
region  are  certainly  authoritative. 

POLITICS  AND   ECONOMICS. 

Newest  England.  By  Henry  Demarest  Lloyd.   8vo,  pp. 

887.    New  York  :  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  $2.50. 

Mr.  Henry  Demarest  Lloyd,  whose  "  Country  Without 
Strikes  **  has  already  been  noticed  in  these  pages,  gives  us 
■in  **  Newest  England**  a  fuller  statement  of  the  results  of 
his  investigations  in  New  Zealand  and  Australia  into  the 
newer  developments  of  democratic  government  in  those 
British  colonies.  As  a  contribution  to  the  study  of  modern 
democracy,  Mr.  Lloyd's  book  at  once  suggests  Mr.  Brjce's 
''American  Commonwealth.'*  Looking  upon  New  Zealand 
as  an  ''experiment  station**  in  advanced  legislation,  Mr. 
Lloyd  has  watched  the  practical  operation  of  various  recent 
reforms  introduced  in  that  country.  In  the  closing  para- 
graph of  the  book,  Mr.  Lloyd  sums  up  the  real  purpose  of  bis 
writing:  '*In  New  Zealand  the  best  stock  of  civilization 
(ours)  was  isolated  by  destiny  for  the  culture  of  reform  as 
the  bacteriologist  isolates  his  culture  of  germs.  New  Zea- 
land has  discovered  the  anti-toxin  of  revolution— the  cure  of 
monopoly  by  monopoly.  New  Zealand,  because  united,  was 
able  to  lead ;  because  she  has  led,  others  can  follow.** 

Grovemment  in  Switzerland.  By  John  Martin  Vincent. 
12mOf  pp.  870.  New  York :  The  Macmillan  Com- 
pany.   $1.25. 

In  the  discussion  of  political  reforms,  perhaps  no  coun- 
try is  more  frequently  cited  than  the  small  mountain  repub- 
lic of  Switzerland.  Advocates  of  the  initiative  and  referen- 
dum are  continually  referring  to  the  experience  of  the  Swiss 


cantons.  Dr.  Vincent  began  his  study  of  Swiss  politics 
many  years  ago,  and  an  essay  by  him  published  in  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University  series  of  political  and  historical  trea- 
tises has  long  been  a  standard  authority  on  this  subject. 
Since  the  publication  of  that  essay,  many  imports^t  ohangfis 
have  taken  place  in  the  Swiss  Government ;  and  in  preparing 
the  present  volume  Dr.  Vincent  has  changed  his  order  of 
treatment,  and  retained  large  portions  of  the  other  work,  be- 
sides adding  much  new  matter.  It  is  certainly  a  credit  to 
American  historical  scholarship  that  ho  thorough  and  able 
an  account  of  Swiss  institutions  should  be  written  and  pub- 
lished on  this  side  the  Atlantic. 

The  Strenuous  Life.  By  Theodore  Roosevelt,  l^no, 
pp.  225.  New  York  :  The  Century  Company,  fl.50. 
The  phrase  with  which  Governor  Roosevelt*8  name  has 
of  late  been  most  frequently  associated  has  been  adopted  as 
the  title  of  his  new  volume  of  essajrs.  These  ectsays  are 
typical  of  Governor  Roosevelt*s  literary  work.  In  that  al- 
most every  one  represents  a  distinct  point  of  view.  The  in- 
troductory address,  which  gives  its  name  to  the  book,  was 
originally  delivered  as  a  speech  before  the  Hamilton  Olnbof 
Chicago  on  April  10, 1809.  This  is  followed  by  '*  Kxpanirioa 
and  Peace,**  "  Latitude  and  Longitude  Among  Reformers,** 
and  "  Fellow-feeling  as  a  Political  Factor.**  Among  the 
other  titles  are  "Military  Preparedness  and  Unprepared- 
ness,'*  "  Admiral  Dewey,**  "Civic  Helpfulness,** and  **TI» 
Eighth  and  Ninth  Commandments  in  Politics.**  The  direct. 
clear,  and  emphatic  writing  for  which  Governor  Booaev^t 
has  become  noted  is  maintained  through  all  theee  pskpers. 
There  is  something  in  each  of  them  to  interest  every  active 
and  serious-minded  American. 

The  Gospel  of  Wealth,  and  Other  Timely  Essays.  By 
Andrew  Carnegie.  8vo,  pp.  xxii,  806.  New  York  : 
The  Century  Company.    $2. 

From  the  biographical  introduction  to  these  e8aay»— 
'*  How  I  Served  My  Apprenticeship  **— to  the  flnal  chapter. 
entitled  "Imperial  Federation,**  this  latest  volume  of  Mr. 
Carnegie*s  writings  is  full  of  interest.  The  topics  treated 
bear  direct  relation  to  the  fundamental  problems  of  Ameri- 
can life.  "The  Gospel  of  Wealth,**  "The  AdvantAgM  of 
Poverty,**  "  Popular  Illusions  About  Trusts,**  and  "An  Em- 
ployer*s  View  of  the  Labor  Question  **  are  some  of  the  a«ib> 
jects  treated.  The  fact  that  Mr.  Carnegie  ezempIiOes  his 
teaching' on  the  subject  of  wealth  by  yearly  setting  apart 
millions  of  dollars  for  the  founding  and  endowment  of  libra- 
ries and  art  galleries  adds  to  the  importance  and  interest  of 
his  deliverances  on  this  subject.  Mr.  Carnegie  also  writes 
frankly  on  the  problems  of  national  expansion  and  CMir  in- 
ternational relations. 

Expansion,  lender  New  World-Conditions.  By  Joslah 
Strong.  12mo,  pp.  310.  New  York :  The  Baker  A 
Taylor  Company.    $1. 

In  this  Compaq:!;  little  volume  Dr.  Strong  diacnnaco  such 
practical  problems  as  the  exhaustion  of  our  arable  imblic 
lands,  our  new  manufacturing  supremacy,  foreign  markets 
as  a  new  necessity,  the  new  China,  the  new  isthmian  canal, 
and  the  new  Mediterranean  as  an  Anglo-Saxon  sea.  The 
keynote  of  the  book  is  struck  In  its  concluding  sentence : 
"  It  is  time  to  dismiss  the '  craven  fear  of  being  great,*  to 
recognize  the  place  in  the  world  which  God  has  given  a^ 
and  to  accept  the  responsibilities  which  it  devolves  npon  bs 
in  behalf  of  Christian  civilization.** 

Clearing-Houses  :  Their  History,  Methods,  and  Admhi- 
istration.  8vo,  pp.  388.  New  York  :  D.  Appleton 
&Co.    |!2.50. 

As  vice-president  of  the  Fourth  National  Bank  of  New 
York  City,  Mr.  Cannon  has  intimate  knowledge  of  the  workr 
ings  of  the  New  York  Clearing-house,  and  has  ooUecrted  ma- 
terial regarding  the  different  institutions  of  that  eharactn^ 
throughout  the  world.  The  chapters  on  the  more  importaat 
clearing-houses  written  for  this  work  have  been  suhmittad 
to  those  in  charge  of  their  administration  for  criticism. 


THE  NEW  BOOKS. 


635 


SOCIAL  PHILOSOPHY. 
Essays,  Letters,  Miscellanieb.    By  Count  Lyof  N.  Tol- 
stoi.   12mo,  pp.  605.    New  York  :  Thomuh  Y.  Crow- 
ell  &  Co.    $2. 

This  volmne  represents  the  latest  viewb  of  Count  Tolbtoi 
onthevltalqaestionsof  the  day.  Most  of  the  es&ays  have 
been  for  the  flrst  time  translated  for  this  publication,  and 
the  materials  have  been  gathered  from  various  sources, 
most  of  which  are  inaccessible  to  the  American  reader.  A 
large  number  of  the  translations  have  been  made  by  Mr. 
Aylmer  Maude,  who  is  a  personal  friend  of  Count  Tolstoi, 
and  Is  in  touch  with  his  religious,  social,  and  Industrial  ac- 
tivities. Although  the  volume  necessarily  lacks  unity.  It 
is  by  no  means  wanting  in  consistency  or  vitality,  and  is 
especially  interesting  as  representing  the  oouut*s  mental 
activity.  Among  the  topics  treated  are  arbitration,  liquor- 
drinking,  vegetarianism,  non-resistance,  disarmament,  per- 
eeaotion  of  the  Doukhobors,'  or  spirit-wrestlers,  and  the 
sntfering  in  the  famine-stricken  districts  of  Russia. 

Tolstoi :   A  Man  of   Peace.    By  Alice  B.  Stockham. 

16mo,pp.l40.  Chicago:  Alice  B.  Stockham  &  Co.  $1. 

Dr.  Stockham  gives  an  entertaining  account  of  her  visit 
to  Tolstoi*8  Russian  home.  In  the  same  volume  is  included 
r  by  H.  Havelock  Ellis,  on  "  Tolstoi :  The  New  Spirit." 


Prophets  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  :  Carlyle,  Ruskin, 
TolstoL  By  May  Alden  Ward.  16mo,  pp.  189.  Bos- 
ton :  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  75  cents. 
The  interesting  treatment  of  these  three  philosophers 
was  suggested  to  Mrs.  May  Alden  Ward  by  the  fact  that 
Carlyle  once  said  that  John  Ruskin  was  the  only  man  in 
Sngland  who  was  carrying  out  his  ideas ;  while  Ruskin  said, 
shortly  before  his  death,  that  Tolstoi  was  the  only  man  in  the 
world  who  stood  for  the  movement  which  he  had  tned  to 
farther.  While  Ruskin*s  relation  with  Carlyle  was  direct 
and  organic,  that  with  Tolstoi  was  less  obvious,  although 
Mrs.  Ward  says  that  it  was  none  the  less  real,  **  since  a 
spiritual  sympathy  through  the  contagion  of  ideas  may  fur- 
niah  a  bond  of  the  moct  lasting  kind.**  Three  prophets  of 
social  reform  these  men  assuredly  were,  and  they  had  much 
in  common.  From  this  point  of  view,  a  discussion  of  their 
tfereral  phlloeophic  systems  is  timely  and  pertinent. 

Spencer  and  Spencerism.  By  Hector  Macpherson. 
12ino,  pp.  341.  New  York  :  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 
$1.25. 

Perhaps  '* Spencerism  and  Spencer"  would  be  better 
suited  as  a  title  to  describe  the  contents  of  this  little  book. 
The  writer  has  essayed  the  presentation  of  Herbert  Speu- 
crer*s  philosophy  in  a  lucid  and  coherent  form,  suitable  for 
theiceoeral  reader.  Doubtless  it  makes  as  close  an  approach 
to  a  personal  biography  as  is  possible  during  the  lifetime  of 
the  sabject.  The  writer^s  purpose  has  been  strictly  followed, 
t>iit  that  purpoeewas  not  the  making  of  a  biography  In  the 
ordinary  sense.  Mr.  Macpherson  has  had*the  advantage  in 
tiis  work  of  the  active  interest  and  cooperation  of  Mr.  Spen- 
cer ;  and  the  book  has  a  peculiar  appropriateness,  coming  so 
aoon  'after  the  anniversary  of  Mr.  Spencer^s  eightieth  birth- 
dajr,  and  only  a  few  months  after  the  publication  of  the 
lx>olc  marking  the  completion  of  the  great  system  of  syn- 
thetic philosophy  on  which  Spencer's  fame  will  rest. 

LITERATURE  AND  CRITICISM. 

Engrlish  Literatore.  By  Stopford  A.  Brooke.  16mo, 
pp.  858.  New  York  :  The  Macmillan  Company.  $1. 
This  little  volume  has  had  a  rather  remarkable  history 
for  a  book  of  its  class.  It  was  flrst  issued  by  Macmillan  & 
Oompany  in  187V,  under  the  title  of  '*  Primer  of  Literature,** 
and  at  once  won  the  approbation  of  Matthew  Arnold,  who 
w-rot«  a  critical  estimate  of  it,  which  was  later  published  un- 
der the  title,*'  A  Guide  to  English  Literature.**  In  1806,  Mr. 
Brooke  revised  and  in  part  rewrote  his  book,  which  then 
Appeared  under  iU  present  title.  The  additions  continue 
I  liistory  of  English  literature  through  the  period  ending 


with  the  deaths  of  Tennyson  and  Browning,  and  Include  a 
brief  sketch  of  American  literature. 

A  Book  for  All  Readerh.    By  Ains worth  Rand  Spofford. 

12mo,  pp.  509.   New  York  :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $2. 

Mr.  Spofford  has  included  in  this  volume  not  only  many 
suggestions  as  to  the  choice  and  use  of  books,  but  several 
chapters  of  practical  hints  regarding  their  collection  and 
preservation,  together  with  much  information  as  to  the  for- 
mation of  public  and  private  libraries  and  library  manage- 
ment. All  of  these  suggestions  and  directions  to  the  reader 
are  the  result  of  many  years  of  library  experience,  and  cer- 
tainly no  one  in  this  country  is  better  fitted  than  Mr.  Spof- 
ford to  act  as  a  guide  for  the  avera^^e  reader. 

Counsel  Upon  the  Reading  of  Books.    12mo,  pp.  906. 

Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    $1.50. 

A  series  of  specific  suggestions  for  readers  in  certain 
definite  lines  is  offered  In  the  six  papers  composing  this  vol- 
ume, which  are  based  upon  lectures  arranged  by  the  Ameri- 
can Society  for  the  Extension  of  University  teaching,  and 
delivered  in  Philadelphia  in  the  winter  of  180&-90.  The  gen- 
eral preface  on  the  subject  of  reading  and  books  is  con- 
tributed 'by  Dr.  Henry  van  Dyke.  Prof.  H.  Morse  Stephens 
contributes  a  chapter  on  history ;  Agnes  Repplier  on  memoirs 
and  biographies;  President  Hadley,  of  Yale,  on  sociology, 
economics,  and  twlitics;  Prof.  Brander  Matthews  on  the 
study  of  fiction ;  Prof.  Bliss  Perry  on  poetry,  and  Mr.  Hamil- 
ton Wright  Mabie  on  essays  and  criticism. 

ShortStory  Writing.     By  Charles  Raymond  Barrett. 

12mo,  pp.  257.    New  York  :  The  Baker  &  Taylor 

Company.    $1. 

This  is  a  practical  text-book  on  the  technique  of  the 
short  story.  It  may  surprise  some  of  our  readers  to  learn 
that  a  course  on ''  The  Art  of  the  Short  Story  **  has  been 
conducted  at  the  University  of  Chicago.  Whether  the  sub- 
ject has  been  treated  at  other  universities,  we  do  not  know. 
The  present  volume  seems  to  us  to  be  an  excellent  introduc- 
tion to  such  a  course.  The  author  attempts  to  put  into  defi- 
nite form  the  principles  observed  by  the  masters  of  the  short 
story  in  the  practice  of  their  art.  He  has  made  a  careful 
study  of  the  work  of  these  masters,  and  informs  us  that  he 
has  also  made  a  critical  examination  of  several  thousand 
short  stories  written  by  amateurs.  The  book  can  hardly  fall 
to  be  of  much  practical  assistance  to  the  novice  in  short- 
story  writing. 

The  World's  Best  Orations.  Edited  by  David  J.  Brew- 
er. 8vo.  Vols.  IIL-VII.,  pp.  896,  402,  404,  406,  418. 
St.  Louis :  Ferd.  P.  Kaiser.  Sold  by  subscription. 
The  range  and  scope  of  this  collection  are  well  illus- 
trated in  the  seventh  volume,  in  which  French  oratory  is 
represented  by  Victor  Hugo,  M.  Laborl,  Jean  Baptiste, 
Henry  Lacordaire,  and  Alphonse  Lamartine,  and  Qerman 
oratory  by  Hecker,  Herman  von  Helmholz,  and  Johann 
Gottfried  von  Herder;  while  Isocrates  stands  for  classical 
oratory,  Hildebert  of  Tours  for  that  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
Kossuth  for  Eastern  Europe  and  its  modern  movement,  and 
Tecumseh,  Logan,  Old  Tassel,  Weatherford,  and  Red  Jacket 
for  the  American  Indian.  The  same  volume  contains  ex- 
tracts from  the  works  of  many  standard  English  and  Ameri- 
can orators,  including  Sir  Robert  Holborne,  Charles  Kings- 
ley,  Hugh  Latimer,  Robert  Leighton,  William  Lenthall,  Sir 
John  Lubbock,  Sir  Joseph  Jekyll  and  Lord  Lyndhurst,  Pat- 
rick Henry,  Abraham  Lincoln,  Samuel  Houston,  George  F. 
Hoar,  Benjamin  H.  Hill,  Andrew  Jackson,  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son, Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  Rufus  King,  Richard  Henry  Lee, 
Robert  R.  Livingston,  and  John  Lansing.  There  is  a  great 
diversity  in  the  length  of  the  selections;  the  object  of  the 
collection  being  to  give  the  great  masterpieces  of  oratory 
complete,  regardless  of  their  length.  Even  the  minor  ora- 
tors whose  work  possesses  genuine  historical  importance 
are  not  excluded,  but  so  much  is  given  from  their  best  ora- 
tions as  will  fairly  represent  what  they  actually  stood  for 
in  history,  in  religion,  in  science,  in  art,  or  in  literature. 


INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS. 


Unless  otherwise  specified,  all  references  are  to  the  October  numbers  of  periodicals. 
For  table  of  abbreviations,  see  last  page. 


Acwilft.  Pioneer  Women  of,  Mary  S,  Pf^mK^r,  CUaut, 

Afghan  iBt  an,  Amir  of.  Df  tails  hi  iJie  IhiUy  Life  of  the,  MonB. 

Afrlctt*  Jfjurliey  ThrfiiiiiJi  thf  Heurt  of,  NutUM. 

Afrii^a:  On  Uj*?  Helm  Buil^vny,  L.  O*  Cooper,  Conlem. 

Afrtia :  Th**  NI^'^t-^  \  l*^*ft  Vftt),  A.  Li^tKim,  BDM,Septenib«-r  I.x 

Air  Comoresaioii  hy  Wmw  pnwi-r,  W.  O.  Webter,  Knu* 

Airship,  Zt^pljpllTi,  l\  K.  i  urtirt,  srr. 

Aimliol,  Nutritiv*?  Vsihiei^r,  \V.  ( i,  Atwati'r.  Harp. 

Alleii,  Jume^  Liiiic:  Hceiiorf  of  His  Nuv'ttlw,  A*  B.  Miitirtrr, 

Bk.man. 
Alp&:  MontBlanr  Mountalneeriniif,  Dliil,  H^pti'iiiVier  Pk 
Alpfci:  TW  Pas#^*if  tin*  'IVi,-  Noire,  Mildr*jd  J.  Mi  Nuiil,  <» 
Axtierii  luj  FtjtliiitrTuA'jinl  Hni/laiid,  P.  A.  Hrure.  %Vi^^t, 
ADglo-^axudiiim  II nd  (  ^jit  ImJi,: Proigrf^a,  B.  J.  Clinch,  ACg  (i. 
A£imi]il&:  How  Th«y  s^k-tp,  L.  Itobinnun,  Ptiir. 
Animals  In  tbti  liercyiilaii  F^l^t'6^T,  Urntre  G.  flcB-lo,  ficlhmL 
Ajilmtils^  MfsotaL  Frocesasesol',  C-  C-  Nutting,  rjiiil,  f^fjnu*m- 

bBrlfl. 
Aclmals,  Wlld^  oti  Board  i^lilp,  W.  B,  Hob<>rtson,  Ct^^. 
Antarctic  Exploriitioiisj  of  C\  E-  Btirchgrevink,  W.  U*  PIU- 

Qeratd^Slr 
AiiLiocb,  Cburch  at,  J.  M.  fttlfltr,  BSat. 
Apple  Industry  iti  Arnerliit.  T.  Druiitor.  Pear, 
Arehitccturf :  Gtorylitn  Ho  use  forf7,0l«J,  H*  l^dcf^,  LHJ, 
A rt  hltvi  t  Lire ;  Furiuliouse  f ui- |3.«)il,  R.  i.\ SiMsiicer,  J r. ,  LH  J. 
Arctic  HiKhlnrider-H,  Wiih-IL,  \\\  A.  WyckofT,  hkril^ 
Army,  Oi^rjunu,  AmbututMi;  infers  in  tlit^.  F,  A.TalboU  Htr. 
Army  Medical  Orgaiiiiiiiiou  in  War,  W,  UtlU'Jimo,  UifM. 
Art: 

AUen  Ekimoril:  Id  ATin^rican  Art,  E.  T.  Clarke,  HP. 

Ameri^wn   Life,   tjitudSee   of   Art  lo-lL,   KulckurbtJck^r 
Dayu,  VirMlriirt  H.  Kubl*^  BP. 

Art-  Befuio i.ilotto»  !i.  E.  Fry,  MonR- 

Art1»t]c  ImpnLac  in  Maiiaud  Wimi»^ii.  E*  A*  Hundalh  Arena. 

CarkatmiBUt^uricatiirfd  — n.»  K*  Huvjhct!.  Crit, 

t^otnry  of  Art  -l!.,  M.  Uunjid,  K.  Par.  (hiobi-r  [. 

C!ifp|KMuialc,  Sberatun,  and  Othu^r  Cttbim^t-Makers,  A  I, 

Eiir|;]]Tsii   PEUntiiig,  Siibjt^tt  m,  K.  de  la  Sizi  tunrns  Art, 
St«pii'mli>cr. 

Flowers,  IViJd,  In  Winter,  T.  Holmea,  A  A. 

Hei  iiiJLjigc.  Picture  Gallery  of  ibtj,  C.  PhiUipa,  NAR. 

Inuesii,  UeurKe.  K.  Wiky,  MRN. 

inttrlors  and  Furnitare,u.t  tbe  Harls  Ejt position,  W.  Fred, 
Art.  St^ptembsr. 

Iron- Work,  Ornamental,  H.  W,  {'oleriutri,  BP. 

JapiiDtifle  Art  for  AToiirican  ;^tudt'ntEt,  W.  1\  Hadley,BP, 

Leathtir  Work,  AA. 

l>ctterlug,  Pimtkrtor,  R.  F.  Strtingt;,  A  J. 

Matdjcth,  R.  \V.,  A,  L.  Baldry,  A,L 

Mar^'lictS»  J.  F.*nml  K*  UoutUft,  P,  dt-  Mmit,  Art,  i^epletn- 
ber. 

Marls,  *1  allies,  Eleonort'  D^Ksterre-Ktehny.  I*lsfL 

Menpeej,  Mortimer,  C.  Ruberlh,  Harp. 

MtstaU  ArU9or-Xk»  A  A. 

Mlidatnre  Paiutiniif,  American,  Pauilm*  Kin^,  Cenu 

Moran,  Thomah,  Palmer*  Ktciiei%  t\  W.  MoHuti,  BP. 

Natiooai  Gaiiery,  Neiw  Pictures  in  tiit?,  il.  H.  Wilt,  Mini  C. 

Nlrkersoii  i'oUegtion  a  I  the  Art  inslitult;^  Chii^atru,  A. 
HewitU  BP. 

Orr,  Moaro  S.,  W,  Sharp, 

Piio- American  Kxpubltioo,    Artij*tlc  ^ide  of  the,   K.    1 1. 
Hfanh,  A  I. 

Panoramas,  Palatiniror,  W.  Telbin,  MA. 

Partfe  Exposition,  Americaa  Artui,  iL*.%  Grace  W.  Currna. 
MuiL 

Pyrography  for  Interior  Decoration,  R.  Jarvis,  A  A. 

Rossetti  and  the  Pre-Raphaelite8,  Elizabeth  L.  Gary,  Grit. 

Ruskin,  the  Servant  of  Art,  R.  W.  Bond,  Gontem. 

Silhouettists,  Last  of  the.  G.  H.  Hart,  Out. 

Soane  Museum,  London,  Mary  E.  Palgrave,  LeisH. 

Stott,  Edward,  L.  Housman,  MA. 

Tapestries,  Museum  of,  at  Florence,  A.  Melani,  AJ. 

Wade,  George  E.,  Sculptor,  A.  L.  Baldry,  MA. 

Watts,  George  Frederick,  C.  Monkhouse,  Out. 

Wood-Carver,  Modeling  for  the,  R.  Wells,  AA. 

Yerkes,  Charles  T..  Art  Gallery  of,  Florence  N.  Levy,  AI. 
Ascetism  and  Christian  Conduct.  G.  U.  Wenner,  Luth. 
Asia,  Rulers  and  Governments  of,  E.  Parsons,  Int. 
Atlantic  Union,  W.  Besant,  Forum. 
Australia,  Roman  Catholic  Hierarchy  in,  NatR. 
Australia,  Western,  How  Federation  Was  Won  in,  H.  I. 
Blake,  RRM,  August. 


Automobile,  Place  of  the.  R.  Bruce  O. 
Automobiles,  Gasoline,  M.  Baxter,  Jr.,  PopS. 
Automobile  Trials,  Thousand-Mile,  W.  W.  Beaamont^  En«. 
Baking  Cure  for  Diseases,  W.  B.  Northrop,  Str. 
Bancroft,  George,  Homes  and  Haunts  of.  A.  8.  Roe,  NEog. 
Bank  of  Belgium  and  the  Bank  of  Holland*  Variations  id 

the  Rate  Charged  by  the,  BankL. 
Baptist  History,  Fifty  Years  of,  H.  C.  Vedder,  BHae, 
Bartlett,  Robert,  G.  S.  Fobes,  NEng. 
Belgian   Census  of  Industries  and  Professions,  A.  Julia, 

Ref  S,  September. 
Belgium,  Attacks  on  the  Plural  Vote  in^.  Dapriex,  RG^i. 
Belgium  Parties,  Programmes  of  the,  C.  Woeste,  ROen. 
Belgium,   Proportional    Representation  in^  Professor  Wil- 

motte,  NA,  September  1. 
Bible:  Covenant  People  and  Their  Part  in  the  Promises. 

J.  F.  Pollock,  Luth. 
Bible,  Higher  Criticism  of  the,  G.  H.  Schodde,  Latti. 
Bible  Lands,  Occupations  in— II..  E.  W.  G.  Masterman.  BiK 
Bible  Translation  and  Distribution.  W.  J.  Edmonds,  Mi»R. 
Biblical  Law :  Naboth*s  Vineyard,  D.  W.  Amram,  GBag. 
Bird  Acrobats,  P.  Brooklyn,  Cass. 
Birds,  Young.  C.  H.  G.  Baldwin.  Art,  September. 
Bourget,  Paul,  and  the  English  People,  U.  Qa^Hn,  Refi^. 

September, 
Brown,  Thomas  Edward,  J.  C.  Tarver,  Mac ;  A.  T.  QniUer- 

Couch,  MonR. 
Bubonic  Plague,  F.  G.  Novy,  PopS. 
Buddhism,  t!  W.  R.  Davids,  NAR. 
Bllrger.  Gottfried  August,  Birthplace  of.  Carina  C.  Eagks- 

field,  Cath. 
Burroughs,  John :  A  Day  at  His  Home,  G.  Gladden,  Oat. 
(Calendar,  Russian   Proposal  for  Reformation   of    the,  D. 

O'Suliivan,  ACQJl. 
California  Mountain  Road,  G.  C.  M^ker,  PhoT. 
California:  Native  Sons  and  Daughters  and  the  8emi-C»- 

tennial,  E.  D.  Ward,  Over,  September. 
Campbell,  William,  Wilfred  L.  J.  Burpee,  SR. 
Canada,  Forecast  of  the  Elections  in,  M.  E.  Nichols,  Can. 
Canada :  The  Jason  of  Algoma,  P.  Grant,  Can. 
Canada,  Leaders  of  Thought  and  Action  in,  A.  Mee,  TM. 
Canoeing,  The  Real,  R.  B.  Burchard,  O. 
Canoe  Meet,  International,  of  1000,  D.  J.  HowelL,  C^an. 
"^  Canterbury  Tales,**  Religious  Characters  in  the,  T.  W. 

Hunt,  Hom. 
Cape  Nome  Gold-field,  Elisabeth  Robins,  RRL. 
Cavalry,  Evolution  of,  F.  N.  Maude,  USM. 
Cervantes,  Youth  and  Education  of,  R.  L.  Main<^  E3C8ep> 

tember. 
Chaperon,  Decay  of  the.  Lady  Jeune,  Fort. 
Charity  and  Gospel,  F.  Almy,  Char. 
Charles  Edward,  Prince,  Black. 
Chaucer's  Poems,  Flora  of,  Martha  B.  Flint,  Mod. 
Children,  Good  Books  to  Give  to,  Elisabeth  B.  Scovil,  LHJ. 
Child-Study,  Ethics  of,  M.  P.  E.  Grossuuann,  Mon. 
China: 

After  Peking.  MonR. 

Campaign  Against  Peking,  W.  Fawcett,  Mod. 

China,  a  Survival  of  the  Unflttest,  FrL. 

Chinaman,  Some  Aspects  of  the,  F.  T.  Dickson,  Mac 

Chinese  as  Business  Men,  S.  P.  Read,  Cent. 

Chinese  Problem,  L.  Tolstoi,  RRP,  October  1. 

Chinese  Resentment,  H.  H.  Lowry,  Harp. 

Chinese  Traits  and  Western  Blunders,  H.  C.  Potter,  Cent. 

Confucius,  Tomb  of,  E.  von  Hesse- Wartegg,  Cent. 

Control  of  China,  Plea  for,  F.  E.  Younghusband,  NatR. 

Crisis  In  China,  J.  B.  Angell.  Atlant ;  LT.  Headland,  Mas. 

Education.  Chinese,  R.  Hitchcock,  Cent. 

England's  Future  Policy.  J.  Ross.  Contem. 

Future  of  China,  G.  F.  Wright,  BSac. 

Future  of  China  and  the  Missionaries,  C.  Denby,  Fonun. 

German  Danger  in  the  Far  East,  NatR. 

Gordon's  Campaign  in  China,  Fort. 

Hunan,  the  Closed  Province,  W.  B.  Parsons,  NatGM. 

Impressions  from  a  Tour  in  China,  H.  Blake^ineC. 

Kwang  Hsu  and  the  Empress  Dowager,  I.  T.  Headlaz^ 
Ains. 

Language,  Chinese,  Humor  of  the,  F.  Poole^LHJ. 

Manchu  Family,  Imperial.  E.  H.  Parker,  Corn. 

Market,  Chinese,  Race  for  the.  J.  Foord,  FrL. 

MlBslonarles.Te8timony  of  Diplomatists  ConoemincMiaH. 

Missionary  Question,  M .  von  Brandt,  Deut;  C.  Denby,  ~      ~ 


INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS. 


687 


Plea  for  Fair  Treatment,  Wn  liuR  Fanic.  Cent. 

Regeneration  of  Cliina,  Coming.  J.  H.  Barrows,  Gnnt. 

Russia.  China  and,  J.  Qnlncy.  NAR. 

Russia :    Is  She  to  Preponderate  ?    D.  C.  Bonlger,  Fort. 

Hectarians,  Among  the,  M.  Delines,  Nou,  September  1. 

8itaatIon  in  China,  B.  J.  Ramage,  SU. 

Waldersee,  Count,  Field-Marshal.  W.  von  Bremen,  Dent. 

Wel-Hai-Wei,  P.  Biaelow,  Harp. 
Christian  Evidences,  Modern,  C.  F.  Sanders.  Lath. 
Christianity,  Historical  Antecedents  of.  Professor  Mariani. 

NA,  September  16. 
Christian  Ministry.  Prophetic  OfBce  of,  T.  S.  Wynkoop,  Hom. 
Civic  Hel'-*"'-*«*<«,  T  T?f>o-"^—i»  '--^-t 

Civil  Wa  .    .  n  t  ion.  J .  D.  Cox.  KiTlb. 

CoalMin  r^  Mnkr,  <iLir]T- 

CoalSappUe*!  \n  tlit*  United  States.  F.  K.  Sawiml,  Eng. 
CoalSopnnmry  uf  \\w  Tnitcd  i^tat^^e*,  E.  S.  >fi'i*4e,  Fnriitn. 
Coke  Ret ir.Ti,  O.nrn.ll&vnU'.  F.  C,  Ktlghicy,  Kria. 
Colambn^  m-^  n  T>  pi.  a1  Hem.  F.  ".V.  Miiori?,  MR  ft. 
ComMie  Frjii]H,:iiVii .  New  Mt'^mlwru  of  Uu*,  E*  Friend,  Cos. 
Commen  r  or  i  l.e  TniUKl  SuU'>i*,  O.  P.  Austin,  liotot. 
Commen  ijtl  rnffHRdty :  Js  it  Ihrceneiliig?  J,  VV",  Morton,  IJE. 
Connpcti'^ii   iilvt'T.  E.irly  Tniftle  on  thu,  C.  Ci,  HTirnImm, 

NEng. 
C^t)*ri*npe.  J.  Wyih\  N'i  \ 

OouHituti^M*  nm/tfi*  N »  w  T^rritcjrtes,  J,  K,  Rlehards,  ALR. 
Cnurqlne«jn  \Vt>ti  rn  PraEfi^'m.  W,  S>  Urtrwiw**!,  O. 
Crrmfr.  Mt'Tittfii,  Triio  Slury  of.  It,  \V.  KaulTnino,  Mod. 
(.S^fttiuil  Vjiriutifjm,  Siu(ti<i**'iii.  h\  TiliiSHrit,  AXjiU  September. 

CPOiter,  Edwhrd  F,.  Fire  I'hk-f.  V.  M,  MeUuv^Tn,  Home. 
CromweU.  Olivi-r-XH..  J.  Morky,  OtU. 
CrooKc^.  8ir  VVillimn,  C  ScJmiidt,  RRI\  ^qitember  15. 
CrutJfiKton  and  Uiti  Wur  in  the  Creation,  w,  W.  Peyton, 

Contem. 
Cuban  Teachers  at  Harvard,  R.  Clapp,  EdR;  Fanny  H. 

Oardiner,  Mod. 
Cuba,  Plea  for  the  Annexation  of.  Forum. 
Cuba:  Why  She  Should  be  Independent,  C.  W.  Currier, 

Forum. 
Curiosities  and  Souvenirs,  S.  S.  Moncrieff.  Cham. 
Democracy  and  Empire,  G.  M.  Adam,  Mod. 
Diphtheria.  Persistence  of,  San. 
Doctors*  Diversions,  F.  Dolman,  Str. 
Dog-Breaking,  First  Lessons  in.  H.  B.  Tallman,  O. 
Dogs  that  Earn  Their  Living,  C.  J.  Cornish,  Corn. 
Dreams  and  What  They  -\re  Made  of,  H.  G.  Drummond,  NC 
Durham  Cathedral.  H.  Pope,  Cath. 
Eclipees,  Recent,  H.  H.  Turner,  MonR. 
Education:  see  albo  Kindergarten. 
Academy,  Problems  Which  Confront  the,  G.  D.  Pettee, 

A.  L.  Lane,  J.  C.  MacKenzie.  and  A.  C.  Hart.  Ed. 
CoUese  Entrance  Requirements  In  English,  F.  N.  Scott, 

EdR. 
Democracy  and  Education  in  England.  W.  G.  Field,  EdR. 
Knglish  in  the  German  Reform  School.  O.  Thiergen,  School. 
Farm,  Education  on  the.  Eleanor  K.  Howell.  Chaut. 
Grammar.  Modem  Teaching  of.  8.  E.  Lang.  EdR. 
High  School  Assistonts,  Work  of.  8.  Thurber,  Ed. 
Honor  and  Justice,  Teaching  of,  E.  S.  Holden,  C'OS. 
Manual  Training,  J.  Fitch,  Can. 
Katnre  Lessons,  J.  E.  Bradley,  Ed. 
Old-Fashioned  Doubts  About  New-Fashioned  Education, 

L.  B.  R.  Briggs.  Atlant. 
P&rent  and  Teacher,  Agnes  D.  Cameron,  Can. 
Paris  Educational  Congress,  Amalie  Hofer,  Kind. 
Physical  Examination  of  Students,  A.  Henry,  Pear. 
Physical  Geography  in  the  High  School,  W.  M.  Davis, 

School. 
Political  Education,  President  Hadley  on,  H.  Bobbins, 

Onnt. 
Porto  Rico,  Elducation  in,  V.  S.  Clark,  Forum. 
Press,  Public,  and  the  Public  School,  E.  L.  Cowdrick.  Ed. 
Principals*  Reports  on  Teachers,  F.  L.  Soldan.  EdR. 
Public  Schools,  Influence  of  the  State  University  on,  R.  H. 

Je«Mfe,  School. 
Rii8kin*s  Educational  ViewH.  E.  A.  Knapp.  Ed. 
Sanitary  Condition  of  City  Schoolhouses,  Elizabeth  M. 

Howe,  EdR. 
Hecoodary  Education— III.,  E.  E.  Brown,  School. 
Soothe  Small  College  in  the,  A.  Sledd,  MRN. 
Universities,  People's,  A.  Itivaud,  RPP,  September. 
Transportation  of  Rural  School  Children,  A.  A.  ITphani. 
EdR. 
K^ypt:   Finding  the  First  Dynasty  Kings,  H.  D.  Rawn^»ley, 

Atlant. 
Egyptian  Civilization,  Orlein  of,  M.  B.  Chapman,  MRN. 
Klectrlc  Cables  for  High  Tensions,  W.  Maver,  Jr.,  CasM. 
Electrl<rlty  for  Domestic  Purposes,  A.T.  Stewart^  Cham. 
Electric  Motors.  Gearing  for,  A.  H.  Gibbings.  CasM. 
Electric  Power  in  Great  Britain,  W.  H.  Booth,  Eng. 
Electric  Power,  Transition  to.  A.  D.  Adams.  CasM. 
Elecisinian  Problem,  Certain  Aspects  of  the,  C.  J.Wood,  OC. 
Eliot,  C'harles  William,  Address  of,  at  Tremont  Temple,  G. 

]|fI<-I>ermof.  Cath. 
Empire,  Mission  of,  E.  D.  Bell,  Wc»t. 


England:  see  Great  Britain. 

England:  Ightham  Mote,  Kent,  3.  Baring-Gould.  MA. 
England :  The  Salt  Country,  C.  Edwardes,  Cham. 
Eskimo,  Central,  Religious  Beliefs  of  the,  F.  Boas,  PopS. 
Ethics :  Defective  Theories  of  Moral  Obligation,  C.  C.  Dove, 

Evolution  in  New-Church  Light— IV.,  G.  Hawkes.NC. 
Fvi»]ntjf,n,  Eielatiou  of  Ethics  to.  A.  W.  B^nru  UK, 
KvcilntloJii,  hicience  and  Ht'iigiDn,  Lumarck  on,  A^  S.  Paek- 

wrd.  Mrm. 
r.Volxj(ion,Stiunpefle  into,  J.  B.  TLomoa,  Hi>m. 
Kznu  His  tori  city  i>r.  J.  O,  Bm'd,  PRR. 
tViicion.  Frfiticoisdt'tn  >L.C,  M,  Sttiart,  Chaut. 
FV'tPB,  Oiirt*n-Afr,  at  RrvTiMiiwr,  D.  A.  Wllloy,  Homo. 
l-'iPtloTi,  Bai^ielor  In,  P.  Pnllurd,  Bkman. 
FEnland,  Moalcof,  A.  E.  Kt?non,  Lf  IsH. 
Fift  l><;pttrtttieiJt.  New  York,  E,  F.  Cfokf?r,  Hom^ , 
Flo  won*  of  Fall,  E.  E.  Re  3t  ford.  Li  pp. 
l-MotNtll  Tw«nly-flvij  Vcani  Ago,  w.  J.  Renderson,  O. 
Fori?fllry  for  lioauty  and  Uiw*.  Cham« 
Kmmiih.  Epithet k%  Prlnclplcfl  of.  A,  Emch,  Mr*n. 
Frutice: 

lirittany  Pag^an  Woman,  A,  de  Croats  HUP.  October  I, 

J)irinm;rfli'y  and  the  Armj%  J.  Charmim*,  RPP,  Se|i(*iir3l>i?r. 

France,  NnrUi  aud  Kouth,  V.  .Tulllan,  l-tP;ir.  SeijIi'tiilHT  15. 

1-Vpnrli  Rt'\'okit1on  und  I ht* Jewish  Que-stioti.  J,  Ji*«.--jirL  liC. 

Idealism.  New  Frunrli^ouiiL  do  Solftaom^,  Contem. 

Orthfliiraphy,  French,  Evolution  of,  A.  Reiinril,  URP,  Oc- 
tober U 

Pacifle,  Coloniea  in  iIr\  J.  DuramL  RRP,  St^pt^^tnber  15. 

Rt^volution,  PollUrjil  Clubs  Durini^    tin*,  J.  W.    Pt?rTia, 
Chant. 
Fn^d^dtk  the  Great-  11..  W.  OX\  Morrlft,  U^M. 
FrmOwU  Frk'dHHi,  Phtli^jpliy  i>t.  K.  Eiirkrn,  Forum* 
FLilhauj  Pi*  1  are.  Englund.  upalrlco  Crelabton,  A  J. 
iTH.K'^cftt.on  OliMistcr.  L^^fioufi  of  the,  VV,  J.  McGee*  KatQM. 
UtUveHton  Hti>rm,Eiperierict™  in  Ibe,  C,  OUbley,  NatM. 
LT*irmaiiy,  ( Vimnifrcial  ^'^upremacy  or,  I*,  de  Hatialer^,  RPar. 

h^eptenibL  r  15. 
Gt-rmiin  Niivy,  Increase  of  the,  L.  Jadot,  RPP,  S4*pti'inbfr. 
UtNwaphic  Society  ;  Addn^aol  rht+  Prwident,  XrIGM. 
liiolf>fifi\  Rii'f'ont  PnJKrtBS  liu  A,  i".  Law«oii,  FntM. 
tieorda  IhJmh  Act  of  iK-^*.  F,  D.  Pcaliody,  ALR. 
<*]T)niltflr  til  AlieiandrUii,  Marie  J iid  win*  I- haul, 
tMM  tht%  Jjinij**nt'(^  of  Swi'drTilitirK  I' poll.  t;.  H.  Nugent,  KC 
liiH-ilitj,  JribarifL  WiilJiinuL;  von,  ^turly  of,  Wero, 
lifiitl  DriKlKhitf :  How  lo  .^h*kv  iLTivy.A  W.  Roliln«(oriA'aaM. 
riulf  in  AiiM-ri-  ri,  Kiw^tif.  iK  Collier,  AMKR. 
Hospt-L  F^Klu  MiMJOvery  of  a.  Dr.  La  Tom^he^TrovllJo,  RHP, 

t\n%\A\iii  liUki\  Purpoaciind  Plan  of  thi?,  E.  D.  Burton,  Bib. 
lir^iU  Hri taint  weniMjTrsnHviiflL 

AmiTlf^iin  Feeliiii^  Toward  England,  P.  A.  Hnicc.  Wmt, 

Army.  0>rJiptilH<^ry  Hefvlc*^  Iti  tht%  G,  K.  H»rik<^H,  CSM, 

.\riiiy  Rcfomi.  J.  M.  t'riH^d.Coulnni*  F.  \\\  Tuicuiau,  Wrut. 

H  rt  t  is  1 1  Vfn  r :  Ti  \v  'J  e  ta  e  rzd  E  l*^v  un;  W ,  T  S  t  r 'n  d ,  R  ft  L . 

Uritfsh  Emplro,  GIruwLh  uf,  from  laxp  tu  lUUO.  J.  H.  School- 
ing, PMM. 

Bui^en  of  Empire,  W.  S.  Lilly,  Port. 

i  HunriH n  t\  brjtiKli,  UiH-line  ol.  B.  Taylor*  NAR. 

KdrKVUioi)  II  nd  Si  rtrtHBU  Intcrft^renr*.  J.  DowinfliJ,  West. 

Kn^thl:Tn^^  MiUtJirj  JVt^yitig'e  Abnmd.iP.  \S\  4fftmlj1er,Fort. 

Eii^liiiliinan;  Why  (K*  Succeed h,  VV.  H.  Flt<^hHr,  RRM, 

AUKUs! . 

(it»iiMrul  Ell  tt  kill,  firitlBh.  Cath  :  H,  W.  Lur)\  Forutn. 

lmjj»frlHllf-nt.  pHmdox  of.  MonR. 

.lintfo,  l>t  vt^loprmntof  the.  Fraitcen  U.  Frr'«hflpld,  West. 

Mi5iljvry  J'^ijliry  i*f  ihoCmintry,  Black. 

Nuvrtl  Gffltcrft,  U  ttr  Triihsln^  *»C  V^  Rellnlrs,  MmiR. 

Nhv>.  EJfitortu  and  tbr.  <  .  >li  L.  aJc:lfi*rd>.  NniK. 

Pii  ra  h  I  i*  o  r  I  luEr  G  en  v  va  I  t:  I  i-i  i  i  <  >f i .  W .  T.  Stt^ii  d .  R  R I^ 

PiirUumi'tit^  DihS94i  111  lion  of.  black. 

Partlcflaiid  Pflnclplew.  MoiiH* 

PiiiHon**   iiml    EliH  ilofiMrrinjr    Pl**figcfi,    SotiTil^t     ]*Mlni«*r, 

Public  Schools  and  the  Public  Servicen,  .T.  C.  TarviT,  Fort. 

Public  Service,  Reform  in  the,  A.  Webt,  Nin*»C. 

Revolution  of  Force,  How  England  Avcrt4»d  a,  H.  O. 
Flower,  Arena. 

Ritualibm  and  the  Election,  Lady  Wimbome,  Ninc( '. 

Russia  ?  Why  Not  a  Treaty  with.  Fort. 

Wage-Earners  and  the  War.  E.  B.  Husband.  West. 

Workingman  and  the  War  Charges, F.  Greenwood,  Nine('. 
Greek  Religion  and  Mythology,  P.  Carus,  OC 
Guiana  Boundary,  G.  L.  Burr,  AHR. 
Gun  Factory,  Visit  to  an  English,  D.  T.  Timins,  Cuss. 
Gun,  Most  Powerful,  in  the  World,  F.  Heath,  Jr.,  Home. 
Hamadryad  and  Her  Kinsfolk,  W.  C.  Lawton.  8R. 
Hamlin,  President  C/rus,  A.  F.  SchaufHer,  MisH ;  MisR. 
Hanna,  Marcus  A.,  W.  M.  Clemens,  Home. 
Hare,  Belgian— Past,  Present,  and  Future,  E.  H.  Glover,lnt. 
Hawaii  First— II.,  E.  8.  Goodhue,  AngA. 
Heaven  and  Earth,  (Contrasts  Between,  H.  Vrooman,  NC. 
Hebrew,  Modern,  Status  of  the:  L,  The  Secret  of  His  Im- 
mortality, E.  S.  Brudno:  II.,  Jewish  Contributions  to 
S«"ipnce,  The  Future  of  the  Jews,  A.  K.  Glover,  Arena. 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


HerJildry.EUzflbeth  C.  Nefl,  AMnnM, 

Holy  8plt:it    as  EHBcntJRl  to  Effeclfve"   Gospel   Preaching, 

F.  fi.  Meyer,  Hotn. 
HomestBJul  Irf!glflla^ion.  J,  B,  San  born  h  AHR. 
Horae^  Atic^^try  of  iht\  F-  A.  Liicns,  MoCl. 
Ho PRfts :  Developm© n  t  i>f  th e  A  me f  It ftn  T rot  t-c r,  N .  A .  CoIe,0. 
HoapltAlfi,  Dlt*pefiaiart*?e,  and  Nuratng,  H,  M,  Ilurd,  <Jh(ir. 
UtintiTiff  Mptbod*  in  Russia,  W,  GetTftfe,  O^ 
Hiirdciino,  West  Indiati,  of  StfptemlM^r  1-J2*  i900,  E.  B.  Gar 

rioTt^NfttOM. 
Hyglt^noand  Puino^Hphy,  International  tVmgresmof.  San. 
lci--C'ru»her*mn  tb^  Great  Lakes,  \\\  Fhh-cpU,  V^av. 
Imii|ifination,  Cumpeteuco  of,  to  AvTVi^   tin?  Truth,  E.  H. 

Jotinaon.  BSac^. 
Jmmtgraiits,  Dur,  and  Oursf:lv*>H,  Kate  H*  f'laghorn,  Ailant. 
linmlKrrttion  of  Orttiiital  PpopSt-s,  h\  M.  T^kM,  Ain^, 
Impermlif^m.  MeniMi'e  r>t :    1.,  Tbo  An  tl thesis  of  T  nie  Ejcpan- 
sioij,  E.  V.  Lonct  IL»  It*  Strtrnttli  Htid  WeAknes^,  A.  H. 
t'oggins:   III.,  Its  Place  in  Hifitoric  Evolniion.  G.  W. 
Keuney*  Art^nn. 
lOEliiiti  BiiFiketB,  The  Mjiklngof,  Helon  M.  Carpenter,  Cos. 
ImhuliK  Kiiuoalinn  of,  1*^1  nlut;  (t,  Ka&fiimo,  x^rcna* 
Indigii  Planting;  tn  ItirlfiL,  M.  N.  Mae  Don  a  hi,  pL*iir. 
iDdutJtrtnlSuiJremacy,  J^tntggle  fi^r,  H.  T&ylor.  Fort, 
Industrial  Tide:  Is  It  on  tiieTnrn  't  W.  R.  Luwson,  BankL. 
lnJariet?.AIftt*hanlral  Trentujont  mr,  R.  F.  Laiinbert,  Pear. 
Inquiry,  t^arbiriiK  of  th*> ^iililt of,  C  Sturni",  OC, 
liiB  lira  nee,  Buwif  y.  BiinkL. 
lott-mjjticnai  Lijibility  for  Mol>  injuries.  F.  J.  R.  !V[Uehell, 

ALIi- 
Inventora,  Psychology  of.  G.  Caye,  RRP,  October  1. 
Invertebrates,  North-American— XIII.,  G.  H.  Parker,  ANat, 

September. 
Investor's  Opportunity  in  England.  W.  R.  Lawson,  NatR. 
Ireland,  Month  in,  S.  Gwynn.  Black. 
Irish  Life,  More  Humors  of.  Corn. 
Iron-Trade  Development,  National  Ideals  in,  H.  J.  Skelton, 

Eng. 
Irrigation  in  the  Arid  West,  E.  Mead,  Out. 
Italy: 
Humbert  I.,  Constitutional   Character  of  the  Reign  of, 

D.  Zanichelli,  NA,  September  1. 
Humbert,   King,   Recollections  of.  Count  di   Ronzaglie, 

Deut.  

Italy  and  Her  Makers,  W.  Littlefleld,  Mun. 
Italy,  the  New,  S.  Cortesi,  IntM. 

King.  After  the  Death  of  the,  E.  Vidarl,  NA,  September  1. 
Social  Life  in  Italy,  Mac. 
Vatican  and  Quirlnal,  R.  Bagot,  NatR. 
Jachin  and  Boaz,  G.  St.  Clair,  West. 

Jacksnipe:    When  They  Come  Out  of  the  North,  H.  S.  Can- 
field,  O. 
Jamaica:    Does  It  Contain  a  Lesson  in  Colonial  Govern- 
ment? J.  Moritzen,  AMRR. 
apan,  Misimderstood,  Y.  Ozaki,  NAR. 
Japan,  Old,  Awheel  in  the  Heart  of,  T.  P.  Terry,  O. 
Jeanne  d'Arc,  Home  of,  G.  Johnson,  FrL. 
Jesus:  The  Title  **TheSon  of  Man,"  M.  G.  Evans,  BSac. 
Jesus,  Resurrection  of,  P.  Schwartskopff,  Mon. 
Jesus,  Story  of,  O.  Howard.  LHJ. 
Jesus  with  the  Doctors,  R.  B.  Peery,  Luth. 
Jockeys,  The  Prince  of  Wales*,  A.  F.  Meyrick,  Str. 
Kansas,  Buford  Expedition  to,  W.  L.  Fleming.  AHR. 
Kentucky,Courtor  Appealsof— IV.,  J.  C  Doolan,  GBag. 
Kindergarten,  Ethical  and  Religious  Import  of  the,  w.  L. 

Bryant,  KindR. 
Kindergarten,  Hygieneand  Emergencies  of  the,  E.  F.Smith, 

Kind.  ^ 

Kindergarten  in  Cienfuegos,  RltA  W.  Hines,  Kind. 
Kindergartens  in  the  South,  P.  P.  Claxton,  Kind ;  KindR. 
Kindergarten,  Story  in  the,  Olive  McHenry,  KindR. 
Klondike:   Canadian   Royalty  in    the  Yukon— II.,  W.  H. 

Lynch,  AngA. 
Klondike,  Impressions  of  the,  C.  C.  Osborne,  Mac. 
Labor:  Anti-Sweating  Legislation  in  Victoria,  J.  Hoatson, 

W  est. 
Labor  Organizations  in  France,  L.  Banneux,  RGen. 
Lamb,  Charles,  as  Critic  and  Essayist,  E.  W.  Bo  wen,  MRN. 
Leather-Dressers  of  Annonay,  France,  A.  Tourg6e,  Mod. 
Lee,  Robert  E.,  Recollections  of— III.,  R.  E.  Lee,  Jr..  FrL. 
Lenox,   Massachusetts:  The  Church  on   the  Hilltop,  F. 

Lynch,  NEng.  _       _     '      ^,  ^^ 

Lens,  Great,  Casting  a,  R.  S.  Baker,  McCl. 
Levees,  Appropriations  for,  G.  E.  Mitchell,  lA. 
Literary  Evolution,  Phenomena  of.  J.  London,  Bkmaii. 
Literature:   An  American  Impression  of  the   New  Grub 

Street,  E.  Fawcett,  Bkman. 
Literature:  An  Early  Romanticist.  Clara  Thomson,  Corn. 
Literature,  Backwoods  Life  in,  P.  Stapfer,  RRP,  October  1. 
Literature,  French,  Critical  Studies  in,  F.  M.  Warren,  Chaut. 
Literature,  Nineteenth  Century.  B.  W.  Wells,  BB. 
Literature  of  Europe,  F.  Brunetifere,  RDM,  September  15. 
I^gging-Camp,  Work  of  a,  S.  AUis,  Over,  September. 
Tendon,  East,  Types,  W.  Besant,  Cent. 
London,  Great  Railway  Stations  of,  D.  T.  Timina,  Cass. 
London  Parks,  Rustic  Spots  in,  M.  R.  RolxTts,  Cass. 


London.Wliere  Poor  Ladies  Can  Live  in,  Frances  H.  Low. 

LeisH. 
Louisa,  Queen,  Girlhood  of,  A.  W.  Ward.  Com.* 
Luther  and  the  Augsburg  Confession,  J.  W.  Richard,  Luth. 
Machine-Shop,  Organization  of  the— v.,  H.  Diemer,  £ng. 
Magpies.  Experiences  with,  E.  H.  Barker,  LeisH. 
Maize  Kitchen  at  Paris,  J.  S.  Crawford^  ronuxi. 
Man,  Breed  of,  H.  H.  Almond,  NineC. 
Marco Polo*s  Adventures,  E.  S.  HoldeUjO. 
Martineau,  James,  Dial.  October  1,  A.  W.  Jackson,  KAfi. 
Martineau.  James,  Some  Letters  of,  Atlant. 
Mason,  Jeremiah^Bag. 
Mason,  William,  Reminiscences  of —FV..  Cent. 
Master,  Life  of  the— X.,  Jesus  Before  the  Coancil :  Before 

Pontius  Pilate,  J.  Watson,  McCl. 
Matter,  Kingdom  of,  M.  Maeterlinck,  Fort. 
Medical  Ethics,  R.  B.  Carter,  IJE. 

Medicine,  Preventive,  True  Aim  of,  A.  Shadwell,  Contem. 
Memory,  Interpolation  in,  M.  Hartog,  Contem. 
Mental  Energy,  E.  Atkinson,  PopS. 
Mental  Healing,  J.  Bois,  RRP,  October  1. 
Meshed,  Holy  City  of.  J.  A.  Lee,  W WM. 
Mexico,  Imperial  Regimes  in— III..  H.  M.  Skinner,  InU 
Michigan,  University  of,  Mary  L.  Hinsdale,  Mod. 
Mind,  Architecture  of  the.  Dial,  October  L 
Missions: 
Ahmednagar  Theological  Seminary,  R.  A.  Hume^  Mi$H. 
Amatonealand,  British,  W.  S.  Walton,  MisR. 
China,  Missionary  Question  in,  C.  Denby,  MisR. 
China,  Mysteries  of  God^s  Providence  in,  A.  T.  PferwiL 

MisR. 
Government  Protection  of  Missions,  J.  T.  Grainy,  KisR. 
Java,  Results  of  Missions  in,  J.  Wameck.  MisR. 
Livingstone  Memorials,  J.  Johnston,  MisR. 
Manchui'ia,  Christianity  in,  J.  Ross.  MisR. 
Medical  Missionary  Work,  L.  B.  Salmans,  MisR. 
Monaco  and  Its  Prince.  H.  K.  Underwood,  Mod. 
Mongols,  Modern,  F.  L.  Oswald,  PopS. 
Monten^ro— The  Benjamin   of  Europe,  Helen  Zixnmenu 

LeisH. 
Morgan,  Sir  Henry,  and  His  Buccaneers,  C.  T.  Brady,  McCL 
Mosquito,  Popular  Description  of  the,  R.  W.  Shafeldt,  P»r. 
Musical  Renaissance  of  Northern  New  England,  Lillian  T. 

Bryant,  NatM. 
Music,  Dramatic,  in  Russ'a,  M.  Dellnes,  BU. 
Music,  Mysterious,  G.  G.  Thomas,  Cham. 
Mysteries,  Greek— A  Preparation  for  Christianity,  P.  C^ns. 

Mon. 
National  Ideals,  G.  Murray,  IJE. 
Nations.  Rivalry  of :  World  Politics  of  To-day— I.-IV.,  E,  A . 

Start,Chaut. 
Naval  Officers,  Eklucation  of,  USM. 

Naval  Officers,  War-Training  of  British,  C.  Bellairs,  McmR. 
Navy,  Our,  Fifty  Years  from  Now,  W.  E.  Chandler,  Cot*. 
Navy :  The  Kenlwiky  and  the  KeiOrrnvrat^  F.  Chester.  Mun. 
Needlecraft,  American,  Plea  f or ^da  Sterling,  Atlant. 
Negro  Problem  in  the  South,  O.  W.  Underwood,  Fonun. 
Nerves  and  Morals,  P.  Tyner,  Mind. 

Nervous  System,  Narcotic  Poisons  and  the,  B.  H.  Boyd,  Int. 
New  Netherland,  English  and  Dutch  Towns  of,  A.  E.  McKis- 

ley,  AHR. 
New  Zealand,  Affairs  in,  J.  Christie,  Atlant. 
Nietzsche,  Friedrich,  O.  Crawfurd,  NineC ;  T.  de  Wyaewa. 

RDM,  October  1. 
Nietzsche  and  His  Philosophy,  S.  Zelsler,  Dial,  October  I. 
Nietzsche  and  the  Idealist  Revival,  P.  S.  Reinsch,  Mod. 
Nietzsche  at  Turin,  NA,  September  16. 
Nietzsche,  France  and  Germany  as  Judged  by,  H.  Lichten- 

berger,  RPar,  October  1. 
Nietzsche,  Tolstoi  and.  Ethics  of,  M.  Adams,  IJE. 
Oberammergau,  Passion  Play  at,  G.  Franciosi;  NA,  Sep- 
tember 16. 
Opera  in  English, E.  Singleton,  Bkman :  R.  Aldrlch.  CHt. 
"Orthodoxy,"  Russian,  R.  Parsons,  ACQR. 
Oxford  Undergraduate.  H.  Brodrick,  NatR. 
Palmer,  Mrs.  Potter,  Caroline  Kirkland,  .\ins. 
Paraguay,  South  America,  Cham. 
Paris,  American  Colony  in,  W.  G.  Robinson,  Cos. 
Paris  Exposition : 
Arms,  Ancient,  M.  Maindron,  RDM,  October  1. 
Belgium  at  the  Exposition,  F.  Bournand,  RGen. 
British  Royal  Pavilion,  MA. 

Paris  Exposition.  H.  de  Varigny,  BU ;  J.  Homer,  CasM. 
Russia  at  the  Exposition,  Nou,  September  15. 
Social  Economics  in  the  Exposition,  W.  H.  Tolman,  Out. 
Pastorates,  City.  F.  M.  Porch,  Luth. 
Patterson,  Elizabeth,  and  Jerome  Bonaparte,  W.  Perrin*. 

LHJ. 
Patti,  Adelina,  at  Home,  YW. 
Petrified  Forest  of  Arizona,  C.  Howard.  Pear. 
Philadelphia's  Election  Frauds,  C.  R.  Woodruff,  Arena. 
Philip,  Admiral  John  W.,  Extracts  from  Diary  of,  FrL. 
Philippines:  Our  Agreement   with    the    Sultan    of   Sulit. 

M.  Wilcox,  Forum. 
Philippines,  Bryan  Policy  for  the,  E.  M.  Shepard.  AMRR. 
Pliilosopliy,  Modern,  History  of,  P.  Shorey,  Dial,  October  I. 


INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS. 


Photograp 
BacKgroi 


^phy: 


Backgrounds,  Making:  and  Painting,  J.  A.  Randall,  WPM. 

BoflnMa  Methoda  in  Photography,  J.  A.  Tennant,  WPM. 

Carbon  Printing,  Practice  in,  E.  vogel,  APE. 

CoDyrlght  and  the  American  Photographer,  PhoT. 

EzprMsion  In  Portraiture,  APP^ 

Intenaiflcation  and  Toleration,  J.  R.  Coryell.  PhoT. 

Lantern-Slide  Making,  P.  Adamson,  PhoT. 

Lighting  and  the  Hands  in  Portraiture,  F.  Paulus,  WPM. 

Machinery,  Photographing,  WPM. 

Pictare  Posslhilltles  of  Photography,  Laura  M.  Adams, 

Over,  September. 
Silver  Chloride.  Action  of  Light  on,  R.  Hitchcock,  PhoT. 
Silver  Paper,  Plain  Surface,  T.  J.  Herrick,  WPM. 
Sarveying.  Photography  in,  J.  A.  Flemer,  APR. 
Vignette,T'ho,  Q.  E.  Loring,  WPM. 
Physical  Training  in  Ciiaracter-Buildlng,  Lucia  G.  Barber, 

Mind. 
"  Pickwick  Papers,"  The  Writing  of,  H.  Hall.  BB. 
Pins.  Class,  for  School  and  College,  Sarah  MacConnell,  LHJ. 
Plagiarism,  Real  and  Apparent—  IL,  B.  Samuel,  Bkraan. 
Poetry :  Wanted— A  New  War  Poet,  Mrs.  H.  BIrchenough, 

NfneC. 
Polar  R^ons,  Life  and  Living  Beings  in  the,  A.  Dastre, 

RDM.  October  1. 
Political  Affairs  in  the  United  States:  see  also  Expansion. 
Imperialism,  Trusts. 
American  Presidential  Caxnpaign,  J.  Boyle,  NineC. 
Anti-Imperialist  Position,  ET  Wluslow,  NAR. 
Blander  of  Electing  Bryan,  Cost  of  the,  T.  C.  Piatt,  NAR. 
Bryan  as  a  Soldier,  C.  F.  Beck,  Arena. 
Bryants  Financial  Policy:   A   Democratic   View,   C.   B. 

8pahr,AMRR. 
Bryan*s  Financial  Policy :  A  Republican  View,  6.  E.  Rob- 
erts, AM  RR. 
Democratic  Party,  Significance  of  the,  A.  D.  Morse,  IntR. 
Duty,  Our,  in  the  Presidential  Election,  A.  Carnegie,  NAR. 
First  Voter,  Interest  of  the,  R.  Croker,  NAR. 
Gh)ld  Democrat,  Duty  of  the,  J.  H.  Eckels,  NAR. 
Issues  of  the  Campaign,  C.  E.  Smith,  NAR;  A.  E.  Steven- 
son, NAR. 
Militarism  or  Manhood  ?  J.  D.  Miller,  Arena. 
Paramount  Issues  of  the  Campaign,  J.  P.  Dolllver,  Forum ; 

W.M.Stewart,  NAR. 
Party  Government  In  the  United  States,  G.  F.  Hoar,IntM. 
Presidential  Campaign.  J. -P.  des  Noyers,  RDM,  October  1. 
Presidential  Electors,  Choice  of,  B.  Winchester,  ALR. 
President  McKinleyk)r  President  Bryan  ?  (i.  F.  Hoar,  N  AR. 
8ound>Money  Democrats,  Support  of  Mr.  Bryan  by,  E.  M. 

Shepard.NAR. 
Southern  Opposition  to  Imperialism.  B.  R.  Tillman,  NAR. 
Stevenson,  Adlai  E.,  J.  S.  Ewing,  AMRR. 
Strategy  of  National  Campaigns,  McCl. 
Tammany  Hall,  H.  Davis,  Mun. 
Polo,  Glorious  Sport  of,  R.  Newton,  Jr.,  Mun, 
Poor,  Relief  and  Care  of  the-VI.,  E.  T.  Devine.  Char. 
Pope,  Nomination  of  the,  Nou.  September  15. 
Porto  Rico,  Education  in,  V.  8.  Clark,  Forum. 
Positivist  Movrment,  Dr.  Cancalon.  RRP,  September  15. 
Ponltry-Breeding  in  the  United  States,  H.  S.  Babcock.  O. 
Preftcbers.  A  Few  Don'ts  for,  A.  PoUok.  Horn. 
Pric«8,Iniiuenceof  Money  on,  R.  Laburthe,  RPP,  September. 
Princesses  of  Europe,  YW. 

Printing,  Modern,  Vale  Press  and,  H.  C.  Marillier.  PMM. 
Priaon,  I>artmoor,  England,  A.  Griffiths,  PMM. 
PriBoners,  Reformation  of,  Maud  B.  Booth,  MisR. 
Privateer,  Fighting  a,  H.  Senior,  Com. 
l^rophet  an  Apostle  of  Progress,  B.  O.  Flower,  Mind. 
Psalms.  Inscriptions  of  the,  C.  Martin,  PRR. 
PsycholoKT  and  Therapeutics.  Dr.  Buttersack,  Deut. 
Qaivera,  History  and  Legendsof— U.,E.£.Blackman,  AngA. 
Railway,  '* Double-Tracking*'  a,  H.  I.  Cleveland.  NatM. 
Railway.  Inspection  of  a,C.  Childe,  Cos. 
Railways,  Government  Ownershipof,  R.  L.  Richardson,  Can. 
Reading,  Question  of,  B.  Winchester,  SR. 
•'  Reign  of  Law,"  Review  of,  J.  J.  Tigert,  MRN. 
Relifirion  and  National  Life.  H.  M.  Scott,  PRR. 
Relii^on  :  A  Reply  to**  The  Final  Seat  of  Authority,"  A.  Bur- 

nell.  West. 
Religion,  Authority  in,  R.  E.  Day,  Cath. 
\U^Ug\oii :  The  Appeal  to  Reason,  J.  £.  Sagebeer.  PSar. 
Helicon,  Truth-Seeking  in  Matters  of,  Eliza  Ritchie,  IJE. 
Kesarrection  of  the  Lord  Jesus.  H.  G.  Weston,  BSnc. 
(Revelation.  Principle  of  Adaptation  in,  G.  S.  RollinH.  Bib. 
hC  id  ins  to  Hounds,  F.  L.  W.  Wedge,  Bad. 
hC<>«-kles,  Adventures  in  the,  W.  Sparks,  Ain». 
KomAn  Catholic  Church: 


j^n^o-Saxonism  and   Catholic   Progress,   B.   J.   Ullrich, 

Aostr&lla,  Roman  Catholic  Hierarchy  in,  NntR. 
Oborch  and  Material  Progress,  R.  F.  Clarke,  ACQK. 
KnslAnd,  Catholic  Church  in.  Father  Cuthbert,  f'atli. 
Oreek  Ordinal  in  the  17th  Centurv-,  F.  A.  Gasmiet,  ACgU. 
Kenricks,  The  Archbishop,  J.  J.  O'Shea,  ACQR. 
Missionaries  from  France  and  Germany,  T.  J.  Shahan, 
c'itth. 


Roman   Catholic   Citizens  and   Constitutional    Rights, 
T.  H.  Malone,  NAR.  ^^ 

Virgins  Consecrated  to  Ood.  J.  A.  Campbell.  ACQR. 
Roosevelt,  the  Representative  American,  O.  B.  Chandler, 
^     AngA.  ^ 

Hfv><.f-vf?!t,  7  lLro4o[ts^r,,  J.  A.  hiih,  t^it, 
* "  Kn bll i y j'l r , ■   II I ' t rrt w , G .  D, ^vpark e, S R. 
\i\\Tt\\  LMi\  ^tU'U'  of,  K.  L.  Bq  Iter  field.  Chftut^ 
Ku^Kiru  JoliTi,  *Ls  ftn  Art  CrlUe,  C*  H.  Moore,  Atlati  U 
\i\y>^*'\U  Liiril.  f>r  Killovvfcn,  Q.  McDermot,  ACQB:  W.  T. 
s  lead ,  A  M  RE ;  K,  DJcey,  Fort. 

A  nil  y ,  OrKJi  r ^  I  xal  i  on  o  f  t  ho,  W .  C.  R  i  verp,  Cos* 
Ch  i  U&.  u  nil  l\  [  I  ishI  \u  J    QlJ  I  Ti  0  V,  NAR. 
t"nTi[ir  LatiiHdor0"H  Firtst  Failure*  Fort, 
DHvhiKlri  HuHsiii,  T.  Morion,  tVivr, 
EtparitiioTMif  Kutti^li^u  A,  Hani b mid,  IntM. 
fir*  ►  k  Chiirt'hiJf  Kuit^iu,  B.  Mt^akiii,  MfsR- 
K[Er;i|  Lir'fllii  liUfiMtii,  L*^lsH. 
HuflvtEin  Hi>\M'y,.SL^criiT  Springbpf,  Ojtitom. 
Viuf^Mti  of  Ttj-tlay.  H*  Normun,  SLHb- 


Sihrrlfiii  Kiil»5  hs j^U^m,  N.  M.  HaHad.  FrL. 
Ryu ,,  K]ih;iuiul.  G.  F.  ^Stoti,  Art,  ?3tjii*:!mlit^r, 
isiihara,  PPfhJMi>rU ,  A,  ChimulU  RHP,  Hr-utember  1&. 


I^t.  riiilr,  (*eni*ral  Arthur,  Ariii\  B.  RoHson,  AMonM, 
Si,  Franflftftf  Asaht,  Kuttu-r  tjnthbprt,  ACQR, 
"Sairtor  Ht^siirtns,"  Bhiniitieof,  E.H.  NHii«l,  BkmftT* 
SutnrnftlliiHiul  Khidr^d  Fi^i^tiviiK.L  U,FrnzL*i',  Fort* 
^iivonurolnniiij  Jfi^tia:  Al'umi«iirlsoji,,T.  W.  Buckhiini,BSac. 
JScleiRp:  Acldret^ftof  I  luM^rcsiaeiit  B«foru  thy  Bririsli  Asso- 

i-Iflrton,  W.Turntir,  PopS. 
i^t'oriHTid  ■  A    Ui^rvfi*!   Home  in  ThruniB,  M.  IS.  L,  Addis. 

Li  pp.  ^ 

S<  H.I  h*  I  itL  Er-ilt'siiistlcal  Situation  In,  Htack. 
SroUKU  Rernrnijitiijo-nl,.  D,  M,  Hnrreir,  ACQR. 
l^rjulVivtT,  Ktiidy  ijf.  D.  tSonamlfo,  J  MSI. 
SrrvniiT,  |tifleTit4>d,  Dinry  of  an.  ITTtl-TH.  A  H  R* 
^^]'iJik**flpc'«rt',  Furnf8J>.*tf  KditlnD  of»  W,,i    Rolfe.  Grit, 
s  ( I J I  k  f*irt  ji  rf>  Sf>i  I  n  f  t »  in  ?>i-  iw\\ ,  H  k  m*  n , 
SSmkf  >in"ttri%  StAijiiijiof,  A.  Dillon,  West. 
s }  I H  ki  fs  pvA  rii'N  Time.  1  >oiT)  i-w  1 1<:  L I  f  e  o  f- 1 1 . .  S.  L«n  lor.  Mod 
Shfikt'^'iwjr*',  WillUim-XtL.  W.  W.  Mabie.Out. 
Shftrkf..  Hlitf.  tia  tift-nns  L\  K>  Holder,  O. 
>hi'rmH.n-J<>liniaMiii  Convention,  J.  D.  Cox,  Scrib, 
hUvi%  Amtfricau,  J,  S.  Mttt^uilfe,  Peiir. 
Slaver,  Uttntur**  of  n^,  J.  T.  Wood,  Atliint. 
Slavf ry,  Hlhtorical  IhiKln  of,  A.  Lorif*,  SH, 
8l».vifH,  Bimil,  M»ry  S.  Pechin,  AMonM. 
t>liiVf-TiJid**  hi  Ampru*H— lU..  J.  U,  Sp#?Rrpi,  J?crib, 
S I  re  p.  H  y  gi  vnv  '>f ,  C\  Kr[  PMjn ,  ( ■  iw, 
^oojall^m  *ind  An^iirr  hlsru,  G.  LaiiyftofT.  Fort. 
Sni  mli^^tk  IdHiinf  tlji'Suil*^,  P.  nrrtmns,  HSoi^tHenlember. 
SijimHliLn.iuK  11]^:  irjimr  Trip  to.  K.  Ltff  hiiipre.  WWM. 
Scilft'tiJifv  iinUleof,  S.t'riiuc,  LI  pp. 

Montht^rn  linin^^.  UtjmarKe^ot  -IL,  Mrw^T.  Hortf*ii.LHJ 
Siiinh,  CMil,  Mtflrj+tnrr^  nnd  Lift-  in  th*%  M.  Thoropson,  MRN. 
Sprtoi',,  AikniliHiitton  i>f,  F.  A.  Mnnsi^y,  Mun. 
SiH^rutjtrioh,  Hue  ket  .SliO|i  In,  V.  Tlioina*.  ,\lttn. 
Spiritutil?  WhHt  \is  th**.  E.  A.  Whit^ton,  XC. 
SpOftfimen,rnntJnetiiMl-lL,  D.  H.  Viir6,  Btt^ 
KjKirTi^nirij,  I  in  pi  rial,  H.  RyuH,  Pear. 
8ttif:e,  ciii  tiM'  hiftiii'iit  0  of  the.  Klr*rt?ncc  B#rll,  MonR. 
S^tark.  Molly.  l^H)i*fl  L.  Predion,  AMonM, 
S(jir*,  Vnrlaljitf,  S^.  Newtomb,  PrtpS* 
State,  BnJt8  A(rnJni*l  a,  J.  Wholf^es,  ALR. 
SteBm-Curi*k*n!iihg   PIrtut,  CVeitrftliztwl,   H,  (J.  V,  Oldham 

Eng, 
St^-ani-Engine  Pr«c  tice,  AmeHf«iH,  pI.  B.  J^»^inwnod,  CasM 
Sfi^vcn-f,ri,  Adlfli  K.,  J.  ^,  Ewlnif.  AMRR,  *-««. 

^rMtt*rhu!ei  It«  NufuFu  ami  Treutmeuf.  H*  0*H»»n,  Wem 
Suhsi4k."i,Ship.^knd  Bo!iiit1**P.  A.  R  J^mlth,  limit. 
Sm  ii/i-rUnd  ;    tJruy^rf— A  Mi'dlKVal  Vlllajft*,  Jrsl. 
Tiilijifh'jcji,  liHtlUMif,  ]^mie»n  Mt  K.  Taylor,  AMonM, 
Tutnnntny  Hall,  IK  HavJiK.  Muu. 
Tiio  i  wiu,  M .  M  tl  I  le  r,  N I  n  ei ' , 
Te<'th,  (are  of  ttit%  A*  de  V'fie,  i  *oe. 
Ttrirn^Bwef  Moitnialnft,  W. T,  llal*^.  MRN, 
T^M   ^<^  ray,  Wlllhiui  Mflkepetue,  |>.  W,  Pnynr,  .lr„  SB. 
r  , I  r . I , . |r^  :    I i i flu rd  Lee t arew  b j  J i n^La h  Royi e ,  H .  C " .  Minton , 

PHK. 
Theology  in  Terms  of  Personal  Relation.  H.  C.  King.  BSac 
"  Theology  of  the  New  Testament,"  Review  of,  O.  Vos,  PRR 
Thomson,  James— Author  of  **  The   Seasons,"  O.  Dooslas* 

Bkman.  ^      ' 

Thought,  Dynamics  of,  A.  E.  Gibson,  Mind. 
Timber  Famine :    Is  One  Imminent  ?  H.  Gannett   Fomm 
Time  and  Eternity,  J.  A.  Hayes,  NC. 
Tolstoi  and  Nietzsche,  Kthics  of,  M.  Adams,  IJE. 
Trade.  Imperial  and   Colonial   Preferential,   J.  Charlton 

Fonmi. 
Transvaal :  see  also  Great  Britain. 
Almond's  Nek,  Defeat  of  the  Boers  at.  Black. 
Army,  British,  Glimpse  of  the,  A.  C.  Doyle,  Str. 
Boer,  African  -II.,  Olive  Schreiner,  Cos. 
Boers  of  South  Africa    IV.,  J.  Villarais,  BU. 
Boers,  Psychology  of  the,  Olive  Schreiner,  RRP,  Se|»t.  15. 


640 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


British  Public  Opinion  and  the  War,  A.  Chevrillon,  RPar. 
September  15. 

Campaign  with  the  Boers,  A.  Lynch,  RPar.  October  1. 

Dutch  Ffeformed  Church  in  South  Africa,  J. I.Marais,  PRR. 

Heroes  of  the  War,  and  Others.  A.  Qrifflths,  Fort. 

Kaffirs,  Tribes  Classed  Under  the  Name  of.  Can. 

Krtlger,  President,  A.  Stead,  RRP,  Octooer  1. 

Lessons  of  the  War,  Military,  A.  C.  Doyle.  Com ;  McCl. 

Milner,  Proconsulate  of,  J.  A.  Hobson  Contem. 

Pretoria,  Last  Days  of.  R.  H.  Davis,  Scrib. 

Puzzles  of  the  War.  S.  Wilkinson.  MonR. 

Second  Boer  War-IIL,  J.  P.  Wisser.  JMSL 

Side-Lights  on  the  Battlefield.  RRM.  August. 

South  African  Settlement,  J.  B.  Robinson,  Contem. 

Surgical  Ezi>eriences  in  South  Africa,  A. A.  Bowlby ,  MonR. 

Transport  and  Supply  During  the  War,  PMM. 

War  in  South  Africa,  Captain  Gilbert,  Nou,  September  1 
and  15;  C.  Waterer,  West. 
TroUopes,  The,  Anna  B.  McGill,  BB. 
Trusts: 

Anti-Trust  Legislation,  Futility  of,  A.  G.  Wall.  Arena. 

Bryan,  Mr.,  and  the  Trusts :  An  Anti-Trust  View,  F.  S. 
Monnett,  AMRR. 

College  Man  and  the  Corporate  Proposition.  J.  B.  Dill,  Mun. 

Morals  and  Religion,  Influence  of  Corporations  on,  J.  W. 
VanCleve,MRN. 


"Trust  Problem,  The,"  Review  of,  C.  R.  Flint,  AMRR. 

"  Trusts,"  and  Monopolies,  O.  Gunton,  Gunt. 

Trusts,  in  Case  of  Bryan's  Election,  J.  L.  Laughlin,  AMRR. 
Tuberculosis,  Methods  of  Treatment  of,  K.  von  Rock.  Su. 
United  States,  Commerce  of  the,  O.  P.  Austin,  Home. 
Vocal  Physiology,  Practical,  C.  Lunn,  Wem. 
Voting  by  Mail,  E.  Stan  wood.  Atlant. 
Waldersee,  Count  von,  in  1870,  L.  Hale,  Contem. 
War  and  Civilization,  W.  P.  Trent,  SR. 
Warfare,  Some  Principles  of,  W  J.  Roe,  PopS. 
Water-Cooling  Towers,  J.  A.  Reavell  CasM. 
Waterloo,  Dutch-Belgians  at,  C  Oman,  NineC. 
Waterloo,  Legendary,  H.  F.  Gevaert,  RPar,  September  15. 
Waterways  of  America,  A.  H.  Ford  Harp. 
Weather  Bureau  and  the  Gulf  Storms,  W.  L.  Moore,  NatM. 
West,  Seven  Lean  Years  in  the  Atlant. 
Whaling,  Offshore,  in  the  Bav  of  Monterey,  Cos. 
Witches  and  Wizards  of  To-day  H.  Sutherland,  Ains. 
Wives,  Deserted,  Ada  Eliot,  Char. 

Wolfe,  General  James,  Letters  of,  Eveline  C.  God  ley,  XatH. 
Woman  and  the  Trades  and  Professions,  W.  T.  Harris.  EdR. 
Women,  Employments  of— U.,  Isabella  F.  Mayo,  Ch&m. 
Woodcock  and  His  Ways,  E.  Sandys,  O. 
Worcester,  John,  J.  Reed,  NC. 
Workingmen*s  Insurance,  T.  Bddiker,  Dent. 
Worship,  Primitive  Objecte  of,  L.  Marillier,  IntM. 


Abbreviations  of  Magazine  Titles  used  in  the  Index. 
I  All  the  articles  in  the  leading  reviews  are  indexed,  but  only  the  more  important  articles  in  the  other  majtaidiies.] 


Ains.       Ainslee's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
ACQR.  American  Catholic  Quarterly 
Review.  Phlla. 
American  Historical  Review, 

N.  Y.  . 
American    Journal   of    Soci- 

ologv,  Chicago. 
American    Journal    of    The- 

olog)*^,  Chicago. 
American    Law   Review,   St. 
Louis. 
AMonM.  American  Monthly  Magazine, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
AMRR.  American  Monthly  Review  of 
Reviews,  N.  Y. 
American  Naturalist,  Boston. 
Anglo  -  American    Magazine, 

Annals.  Annalb  of  the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Pol.  and  Soc.  Science, 
Phila. 
Anthony's  Photographic  Bul- 
letin, N.  Y. 
Architectural  Record.  N.  Y. 
Arena,  N.  Y. 
Art  Amateur,  N.  Y. 
Art  Education.  N.  Y. 
Art  Interchange,  N.  Y. 
Art  Journal,  London. 
Artist,  London. 
Atlantic  Monthly,  Boston. 

Badminton,  Lonaon. 

BankL.  Bankers^  Magazine,  London. 
BankNYBankers*  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
Bib.  BibUcal  World,  Chicago. 

BSac.       Bibliotheca  Sacra,  Oberlin,  O. 
Bibliotb^ue  Universelle,  Lau- 
sanne. 
Blackwood's  Magazine,  Edin- 
burgh. 
Book  Buyer,  N.  Y. 


AHR. 
AJS. 


AJT. 
ALR. 


ANat. 
AngA. 


APB, 

Arch. 

Arena. 

AA. 

AE. 

AI. 

AJ. 

Art. 

Atlant 

Bad. 


BU. 
Black. 


BB.  ijr*j\jw^  *juji^».   A-.. 

Bkman.  Bookman,  N.  Y. 

BP.  Brush  and  Pencil,  Chicago. 

Can.        Canadian  Magazine,  Toronto. 

Cass.        Cassell's  Magazine,  London. 

CasM.      Cassier's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Catli.       Catholic  World,  N.  Y. 

Cent.       Century  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Cham.  Chambers's  Journal,  Kdin- 
burtch. 

Char.       Charities  Review,  X.  Y. 

t^haut.     Chautauquau.  Cleveland,  O. 

Cons.  Con8er\'ative  Review,  Wash- 
ington. 

Contem.  Contemporary  Review,  Lon- 
don. 

Com.      Comhill.  London. 

Cos.  Cosmopolitan.  N.  Y. 

Crit.         Critic,  N.  Y. 

Dent.       Deutsche  Revue,  Stuttgart . 

Dial.        Dial,  Chicagf.. 

Dub.        Dublin  Review,  Dublin. 

Kdin.       Edinburgh  Hcvli'w,  Umdon. 

Etl.  Education,  Boston. 


EdR.        Educational  Review.  N.  Y. 

Eng.        Engineering  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

EM.         Espafia  Modema,  Madrid. 

Fort.       Fortnightly  Review,  London. 

Forum.  Forum,  N.Y. 

FrL.         Frank  Leslie's  Monthly,  N.  Y. 

Gent.  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Lon- 
don. 

GBag.      Green  Bag,  Boston. 

Gunt.      Gunton's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Harp.      Harper's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Hart.  Hartford  Seminary  Record, 
Hartford,  Conn. 

Home.    Home  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Hom.      Homiletic  Review.  N.  Y. 

HumN.  Humanity  Nouvelle,  Paris. 

Int.  International,  Chicago. 

IJE.  International  Journal  of 
Ethics,  Phila. 

IntM.      International  Monthly,  N.  Y. 

IntS.        International  Studio,  N.Y. 

I  A.  Irrigation  Age,  Chicago. 

JMSI.  Journal  of  the  Military  Serv- 
ice Institution,  Governor's 
Island,  N.  Y.  H. 

JPEcon.  Journal  of  Political  Economy, 
Chicago. 

Kind.       Kindergarten  Magazine,  Chi- 

KlndR.  Kinaergar ten  Review,  Spring- 
field. Mass. 

LHJ.        Ladles'  Home  Journal,  Phlla. 

LelsH.     Leisure  Hour,  London. 

Lippincott's  Magazine,  Phila. 
London     Quarterly    Review, 
London. 

Long.       Longman's  Magazine,  London. 

Lutn.  Lutheran  Quarterly,  Gettys- 
burg, Pa. 

McCl.      McClure's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Mac.  Macmillan's  Magazine,  Lon- 
don. 

MA.         Magazine  of  Art,  London. 

MRX.      MeUiodist  Review,  Nashville. 

MRNY.  Methodist  Review,  N.  Y. 

Mind.      Mind,  N.  Y. 

MisH.      Missionary  Herald,  Boston. 

MisR.      Missionary  Review,  N.  Y. 

Mod,        Modern  Culture,  Cleveland,0. 

Mon.        Monist,  Chicago. 

MonR.    Monthly  Review,  N.  Y. 

MunA.    Municipal  Affairs,  N.  Y. 

Mun.       Munsey's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Mus.        Music,  Chicago. 

NatGM.  National  Geographic  Maga- 
zine, Washington.  D.  C. 

NatM.     National  Magazine,  Boston. 

NatR.      National  Review,  London. 

NC.  New-Church  Review,  Boston. 

NEng.  New  England  Magazine,  Bos- 
ton. 

NIM.  New  Illustrated  Magazine, 
London. 

NW.        New  World,  Boston. 


Li] 


r- 


NineC.    Nineteentli  t^entury,  Loodoa. 
NAR.      North  American  Review.  N.T. 
Nou.        Nouvelle  Revue,  Paris. 
NA.         Nuova  Antologia,  Rome, 
OC.  Open  Court,  Cnleago. 

O.  Outing,  N.Y. 

Out.         Outlook,  N.  Y. 
Over.       Overland  Montlily.  San  Fraa- 

cisco. 
PMM.      Pall  Mall  Magazine,  Loodoa 
Pear.       Pearson's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
Phil.        Philosophical  Review.  N.Y. 
PhoT.      Photographic  Time^,  N,  Y. 
PL.  Poet-Lore,  Boston. 

PSQ.       Political    Science    Qaarterif. 

Boston. 
PopA.      Popular    Astronomy,    Nortb- 

field,  Minn. 
PopS.      Popular     Science     Monthly. 

PRR.       Presbyterian   and    Reformni 

Review,  Phila. 
PQ.  Presbyterian  Quarterly,  Chw- 

lotte,  N.  C. 
Q  JEcon.  Quarterly  Journal  of  Econom- 
ics, Boston. 
QR.  Quarterly  Review,  London. 

RasN.     Rassegna  Nazionale,  Florence 
Record.  Record    of  ■  Christian    Work. 

East  Northfleld,  Mass. 
RefS.       R^forme  Sociale,  Paris. 
RRL.       Review  of  Reviews,  Lon<k»Q. 
RRM.      Review    of     Reviews.      Mel 

bourne. 
RDM.      Revue    dea     Deux     Moodeo, 

Paris. 
RDP.       Revue  du  Droit  Public.  Pari*. 
lUren.     Revue  G^n6rale,  BnuseU. 
RPar.      Revue  de  Paris,  Pari*. 
RPP.       Revue  Politique  et  Parlemea- 

taire,  Paria. 
RRP.      Revue  des  Revues,  Pajia. 
RSoc.      Revue  Socialistet,  Paris*. 
RPL.       RivisU  Politico  e  Lieft«r»n^ 

Rome. 
Ros.         Rosary,  Somerset,  Ohio. 
San.         Sanitarian,  N.  Y. 
School.    School  Review,  Chic^aou 
Scrib.      Scribner's Magazinc^K.  Y. 
SR.  Sewanee  Review,  X.  Y. 

Str.  Strand  Magazine,  Liond<n. 

Sun.        Sunday  Magazine,  Lioiidon. 
Temp.     Temple  Bar,  London. 
USM.       United      Service 

London. 
West.      Westminster  Revie«r,L^— 
Wern.      Werner's  Magazine,  X.  Y. 
WWM.  Wide  World  Mas^zine,  Lea 

don. 
WPM.     WiUjon*8  Photographic 

zine,N.  Y^. 
Yale.       Yale  Review,  New  Hav 
YM.         Y'oung  Man,  London. 
YW.        Young  Woman,  Ijot)«loii. 


The   American    Monthly    Review   of  Reviews. 

edited  by  albert  shaw. 

CONTENTS   FOR   DECEMBER,   1900. 


President  Emile  Loubet Frontispiece 

The  Progress  of  the  World— 

TheCentury*8  Ending 643 

Wars  as  Marking  PerlodM 648 

Some  Factors  of  Future  History 643 

A  Heminder  of  the  Hague  Conference 644 

Subeequent  Action 644 

As  to**  Militarism" 645 

How  Armies  May  Prevent  War 645 

A  Sequel  to  Our  Non-Military  Policy 645 

The  New  Army  Bill 646 

France  and  England— (1)  Population 646 

France  and  England— (2)  Deiense 647 

Salisbury  and  Kosebery  on  National  Defense. . .  647 

The  New  Head  of  the  English  War  Office 648 

England's  Army  System 649 

The  Swiss  Example 660 

The  Population  of  the  United  States. 650 

How  We  Have  Grown  In  a  Century 651 

Distribution  of  Our  New  Population 651 

Evenness  of  Growth 653 

Should  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  Be  Admitted  ?  652 

The  Equilibrium  of  the  Senate 658 

Representation  in  the  House 658 

The  President's  Party  and  the  South 654 

Time  for  a  New  Era  m  Dixie  Politics. 655 

What  the  Election  Meant 655 

The  Reflection  of  President  McKinley 656 

Mr.  Bryan's  Heavy  Undertaking 657 

Congressional  Elections 658 

The  New  Governors 658 

The  President's  Cabinet 668 

Questions  for  Congress  This  Month 659 

The  Nicaragua  Canal 660 

Cuba's  Convention 660 

Yellow  Fever  and  our  Sanitary  Supremacy. ...  661 

Race  Lines  in  Hawaii 661 

Porto  Rico's  Election 661 

Liberal  Victories  in  Canada  and  Newfoundland.  661 

The  Far-Eastern  Imbroglio 662 

Affairs  in  Germany ;  in  France ;  in  England. . . .  662 
Obituary  Notes 668 

With  portraits  of  Frederick  W.  HoUs,  George  Gray, 
Duke  of  Tetoan,  Sir  Richard  Webster,  Lord  Kose- 
bery, Earl  of  Selborne,  George  Wyndham.  St.  John 
Brodrick.  Richard  Yates,  wrnfleld  T.  Durbiu.  Rob- 
ert  La  Follette,  Aaron  T.  Bliss,  Samuel  F.  Van  Sant, 
J.  B.  Orman,  A.  M.  Dockery,  John  R.  Rogers,  Benton 
McMillln,  J.  K.  Toole,  W.  S.  Jemilngs,  Frank  White, 
John  Hunn,  Chester  B.  Jordan,  George  P.  McLean. 
W.  Murray  Crane.  Sefior  Llorente,  Sefior  Villuen- 
das,  Robert  W.  Wilcox,  Queen  Wilhelmina  and  her 
prospective  consort,  and  Freiherr  von  Richthoftn. 

Record  of  Current  Events 664 

With  portraitsof  W.  E.  Stanley,  Heber  M.  Wells,  M.  B. 
McSweeney,  A.  B.White,  the  late  Willhun  L.  Strong, 
Charles  M.  Hays,  and  Gen.  Chrititian  De  WeL 

Some  Cartoons  of  the  Day  After  Election...  668 

'William  McKinley:  A  Chronology 678 

With  portrait  of  President  McKinley. 
A  Hnndred  Years  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  675 

By  Albert  Shaw. 
^Tlth  portrait  of  Henry  B.  F.  Macfarland,  and  other 
lllastrations. 

Goyemor-Elect  Odell,  of  New  York. 687 

By  Lyman  Abbott. 
With  portrait  of  Benjamin  B.  Odell,  Jr. 

Making  a  Way  Out  of  the  Slum o89 

By  Jacob  A.  Riis. 
'With  portrfc*t8  of  H.  L.  Sabeovich,  and  Meyer  S.  Isaacs, 
and  other  lllastrations. 


The  Old  Age  of  New  England  Authors 696 

^_^  By  Hesekiah  Batter  worth. 

With  portraits  of  Edward  Everett  Hale.  Mrs.  Mary  A. 
Livermore,  James  W.  Bradbury.  Elizabeth  Cfady 
Stanton,  Jalia  Ward  Howe,  the  late  Edwardf*  A. 
Park,  A.  Bronson  Alcott,  John  Townsend  Trow- 
bridge, Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson,  andOharles 
Eliot  Norton. 

An  Estimate  of  Max  MuUer  (I823-Z900) 708 

By  Charles  Johnston. 
With  portraits  of  the  late  Prof  essor  MQller. 

Marcns  Daly»  Empire-Builder 707 

By  Samuel  E.  Moffett. 
With  portrait  of  the  late  Mr.  Daly. 

The  Cnban  Republic— Limited 706 

By  Walter  Wellman. 

A  Town  and  Country  Club 718 

By  Lillian  W.  Betts. 

Leading  Articles  of  the  Month- 
Sir  Robert  Hart  on  the  Chinese  Problem 717 

Prince  Ghing  and  Li  Hung  Chang 719 

A  Rassian  Among  Chinese  Sectaries 720 

Concerning  Missions  in  China. 721 

The  Chinese  "  Mother  Goose" 722 

The  Value  of  Mounted  Infantry 728 

The  Count  von  Mol tke 724 

The  Revival  of  Italy 725 

Pensions  for  Italian  Operatiyes.. 726 

The  Remaking  of  Ireland. 727 

The  Limits  of  Municipal  Trading  in  England . .  728 

What  Competition  Costs  Us 720 

The  Upshot  of  the  Paris  Exposition 730 

The  Building  of  Our  National  Capital TBI 

The  Sources  of  the  Jordan  River 732 

Africa  as  a  Game-Preserve 788 

Life  Around  the  Poles 788 

The  Modem  Fortune-Teller 784 

The  Oxford  Undergraduate 734 

A  Successor  to  Poe  and  Lanier 785 

The  Process  of  Infection 786 

Neurasthenia  in  Statesmen 787 

The  Presidential  Camoaign  of  1000 788 

The  Great  Financier,  J.  Pierpont  Morgan 788 

With  portraits  of  Li  Hung  Chang.  Count  von  Moltke, 
and  J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  and  other  lllastrations. 

The  Periodicals  Reviewed 740 

Art  in  the  Holiday  Books 740 

By  Ernest  Knaafft. 
With  lllastrations. 

The  Change  in  Current  Fiction 755 

By  Talcott  Williams. 
With  lllustraUons. 

Notes  on  the  New  Boolcs  of  Fiction 750 

With  portraits  of  Mrs.  Honiphry  Ward,  Maurice  Thomp- 
son, Edward  Bellamy,  John  Url  Lloyd,  Irving Bacn- 
eller,  Hamlin  Garland,  Charles  Frederic  Goss, 
Mile.  De  La  Ram^,  Joel  Chandler  Harris,  Cv  War- 
maui  and  Gilbert  Parker,  and  other  lllastrations. 

Some  New  Editions 760 

With  portrait  of  Honors  Balzac 

Some  New  Books  of  History  and  Travel 771 

With  portrait  of  F.  Marion  Crawford,  and  other  iUaa- 
trations. 

Books  for  Children  and  Young  People 774 

Withillofltratious. 
Index  to  Periodicals 780 


TKRMB:  $2JiO  a  year  in  advance ;  25  cents  a  number.  Foreign  postage  11.00  a  year  additional.  Subscribers  may  remit  to  us 
by  post-office  or  express  money  orders,  or  by  bank  checks,  drafts,  or  registered  letters.  Money  in  letters  is  at  senders* 
risk.  Renew  as  early  as  possible  in  order  to  avoid  a  break  in  the  receipt  of  the  numbers.  Bookdealers.  Postmasters,  and 
Newsdealers  receive  subscriptions.  (Subscriptions  to  the  English  Bbvibw  ok  Reviews,  which  is  edited  and  published  bv 
Mr.  W.  T.  Stead  in  London,  may  be  sent  to  this  office,  and  orders  for  single  copies  can  also  be  ttllt^d,  at  the  price  of  KM 
for  the  yearly  sabscription,  im  lading  postage,  or  25  cents  for  single  copies.)  THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS  CO., 
la  Astor  Place,  New  York  City. 


i:v  i:    »^ 


sl^^rTv.k    :  A  y^^'^-^   u  :  e  ^N  >.->.-   nj  ^    tr   i-a  e\:^ *:'-•:  X  r>/Qv'i  R-'i-icin'-^ai  awl  potitxaa 


The  American  Monthly 

Review  of  Reviews, 


Vol.  XXII. 


NEW  YORK,  DECEMBER,    1900. 


No.  6. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


New  Year's  Day  will  uslier  in  the 
Century'9  twentieth  century.  The  transition 
Ending,  ^^^  however,  been  so  much  in  mind, 
and  has  led  to  so  many  reviews  of  the  period 
that  lies  behind  us  and  forecasts  of  that  which  is  to 
come,  that  there  is  little  reason  for  trying  to  add 
anything  more  by  way  of  effort  to  jog  the  mem- 
ory or  stimulate  the  imagination.  As  we  re- 
marked a  year  ago,  the  century  end  represents 
no  real  cleavage  of  periods  or  epochs,  but  is  an 
imaginary  line  at  once  arbitrary  and  accidental. 
The  equator  is  an  imaginary  line,  but  it  is  not 
accidental.  It  is  determined  on  mathematical 
principles  by  essential  conditions.  The  most 
striking  experiences  of  the  human  race  do  not 
accommodate  themselves  in  any  very  symmetri- 
cal fashion  to  the  marshaling  of  the  years  by 
tens  and  hundreds.  But  for  the  ancestral  habit 
of  using  the  fingers  as  an  aid  to  ready  reckon- 
ing, we  should  never  have  had  the  decimal  sys- 
tem of  numbers.  And,  of  course,  without  the 
decimal  system,  it  would  never  have  occurred  to 
us  to  mark  off  the  larger  divisions  of  time  by 
those  periods  of  ten  times  ten  years  that  we  call 
centuries.  This  tendency  to  apply  '<  round*' 
numbers  has  had  many  an  application  far  more 
practical  than  the  recognition  of  hundred -yeftr 
periods  as  fixed  in  the  Gregorian  Calendar.  Count- 
less millions  of  men, — doubtless  billions, — in 
ancient,  medieval,  and  modern  times,  have  been 
organized  as  soldiers  on  the  plan  of  the  century, 
or  company  of  a  hundred.  The  discovery  that  a 
different  numerical  basis  affords  a  better  scheme 
of  organization  has  been  a  comparatively  recent 
one.  But  the  world  will  continue  to  mark  time 
by  centuries,  and  to  find  the  measure  on  some 
accounts  a  convenient  one. 

Generally    speaking,      nothing     else 

Marking      causes   demarcations  so   indelible  a& 

Periodt.      ^^^      jjj   ^^le   political    and    general 

history  of  the  United  States,  the  war  period  of 

the  Revolution  forms  one  bold  line  that  divides 

periods  ;  and  the  next  line  of  the  first  order  of 


importance  is  not  reached  until  we  come  to  the 
period  of  the  Civil  War  of  1861-65.  The  War 
of  1812  and  the  Mexican  War,  taken  in  connec- 
tion with  their  various  results,  also  have  impor- 
tance as  secondary  divisions.  It  happens  that 
the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century  coincides 
somewhat  closely  with  the  period  of  the  Spanish 
and  Philippine  wars,  which,  with  their  political 
and  social  consequences,  are  evidently  destined 
to  form  one  of  the  major  rather  than  secondary 
transitions  of  epoch  in  our  national  history. 

^  ^^  ^  ^  As  for  the  European  world,  the  writ- 
of  Future  ers  of  the  future  will  doubtless  mark 
History.  ^^^  p^^^^  Conference  at  The  Hague, 
the  war  in  South  Africa,  the  determination  of 
the  United  States  to  remain  in  the  Philippines, 
and  notably  the  Chinese  crisis,  as  historic  events 
at  the  close  of  one  century  which  were  destined 
to  affect  profoundly  the  course  of  affairs  in  the 
coming  period.  As  the  American  and  French 
revolutions  towards  the  end  of  the  eighteenth 
century  produced  world-wide  results  that  gave 
much  of  its  character  to  the  nineteenth, — so  these 
various  matters  of  international  moment,  which 
belong  to  the  conclusion  of  the  present  century, 
will  doubtless  result  in  making  the  twentieth  one 
that  in  future  ages  will  be  famous  for  the  ex- 
panded and  altered  nature  of  international  rela- 
tions. It  IS  not  improbable  that,  when  the 
events  of  the  nineteenth  century  fall  into  their 
true  places  in  the  perspectives  of  history,  the 
work  of  the  Hague  Peace  Conference  will  ap- 
pear as  the  crowning  achievement  of  the  period, 
and  its  best  legacy  to  its  successor.  An  event 
like  the  great  conference  at  The  Hague  usually 
lacks  full  cpnteinporary  appreciation.  None  of 
the  participating  governnients  entered  upon  it 
hopefully  ;  and  even  our  own,  like  alfthe  others, 
was  at  the  outset  rather  skeptical  and  indifferent. 
TJiere  were,  however,  men  here  and  there  who 
were  bold  enough  to  hope  that  something  could 
be  done.  One  of  these  was  Mr.  Frederick  W. 
Hoi  Is,  whose  interest  m  the  matter  was  probably 


644 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


greater  than  that  of  any  other  man  in  this  coun- 
try, and  to  whose  initial  efforts  was  largely  due 
the  changed  sentiment  that  at  length  happily  led 
Mr.  McKinley  to  appoint  an  influential  delega- 
tion, with  Mr.  Holls  as  its  secretary  and  execu- 
tive member. 


A  Reminder 


The  Hague  Conference,  and  Mr. 
of'ihTHague  Holls'  previous  interest  in  it  and  ac- 
Conference.  ^^^^  service  while  there,  are  brought 
to  mind  again  by  the  appearance  of  an  excellent 
volume  from  his  pen,  entitled  **  The  Peace  Con- 
ference at  The  Hague,  and  Its  Bearings  on  In- 
ternational Law  and  Policy."  The  conference 
was  not  held  in  the  presence  of  newspaper  corre- 
spondents ;  and  its  official  proceedings,  only  very 
recently  published,  are  not  accessible  to  the  gen- 
eral reader.  It  happens,  therefore,  that  even 
the  studious  and  philanthropic  public  has  been 
heretofore  only  imperfectly  informed  as  to  the 
magnitude  and  profound  importance  of  the  work 
accomplishiad  by  this  august  international  assem- 
blage. Mr.  Holls'  volume,  which  embodies  the 
full  text  of  treaties  and  conventions,  and  much 
other  matter  of  a  formal  and  documentary  na- 
ture, contains  in  addition  an  admirable  commen- 
tary, not  only  upon  the  work  of  the  conference, 
but  also  upon  those  great  departments  of  inter- 
national law  and  diplomacy  that  relate  to  war 
and  peace.  The  conference  drew  up  and  agreed 
upon  three  conventions,  or  general  treaties.  The 
first  of  these  is 
known  as  the  arbi- 
tration treaty  ;  and 
this,  of  course,  is 
the  preeminent 
achievement  of  the 
conference,  and  one 
of  the  greatest 
achievements  of  the 
nineteenth  century. 
The  first  of  the 
other  two  treaties 
deals  with  the  laws 
and  customs  of  war 
on  land,  and  pro- 
vides an  enlight- 
ened and  progress- 
ive code  ;  while  the  second  extends  to  navai 
warfare  the  principles  of  the  Geneva  conven- 
tion of  1864,  and  makes  provision  for  hospital- 
ships — thus,  in  a  word,  admitting  the  methods 
of  such  humane  organizations  as  the  Red -Cross 
Society  in  maritime  warfare.  There  ought  to 
have  been  a  fourth,  extending  the  same  exemp- 
tions to  private  property  on  sea  as  are  granted 
on  land.  The  American  delegates  advocated  it, 
but  the  subject  was  postponed. 


HON.  F.  W.  HOLLS. 


The  ratifications  of  these  three  im- 
^"ictlon'*^   portant  treaties  have  now  been  made 

by  practically  all  civilized  govern- 
ments, while  several  countries  have  announced 
the  names  of  the  judges  (not  more  than  four  in 
number)  whom  each  is  entitled  to  have  enrolled 


Photo  by  Bell. 

JUDGE  QBAT«  OF  DELAWARE. 

(An  American  member  of  the  Hague  Tribunal. ) 

as  members  of  the  permanent  court  of  arbitra- 
tion, from  which  roll  arbitrators  are  to  be  selected 
on  the  occasion  of  any  practical  resort  to  the 
tribunal.  In  so  far  as  announced,  the  nations 
have  appointed  men  of  distinguished  attainments 
and  reputation,  as  the  following  examples  will 
show.  Spain  has  named  her  most  highly  re- 
spected public  man,  in  the  person  of  the  Duke  of 
Tetuan.  Holland  has  chosen  Dr.  Asser,  presi- 
dent of  the  Institute  of  International  Law. 
From  Russia  come  the  names  of  M.  Fritsch, 
president  of  the  Senate ;  Count  Mouravieff, 
minister  of  justice ;  M.  Pobyedonoszeff,  and 
Professor  Martens,  the  great  authority  on  inter, 
national  law.  From  the  United  States  are  ap- 
pointed ex -President  Benjamin  Harrison  and 
Judge  George  Gray,  formerly  United  States 
Senator  from  Delaware.  Ex- President  Cleve- 
land was  appointed,  but  declined.  While  the 
English  appointees  have  not  been  announced,  it 
is  understood  that  they  will  be  jurists  of  great 
eminence,  and  it  is  not  improbable  that  one  of 
their  number  may  be  the  new  Lord  Chief  Jus- 
tice of  England,  who  succeeds  the  late  Lord 
Russell,   and   who, — widely   known   to  lawyers 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


645 


everywhere  as  Sir  Richard  Webster,  formerly 
attorney-general, — has  more  recently  masque- 
raded under  the  title  of  Lord  Alverstone. 

The  idea,  much  discussed  previous  to 
" Mititartam,"^^^^  Hague  Conference,  that  some- 
thing might  be  done  in  the  direction 
of  limiting  European  militarism  by  international 
agreement,  only  needed  discussion  to  show  its 
futility.  So  long  as  war  is  a  real  menace  to  na- 
tions, money  and  thought  will  be  expended  upon 
the  devising  of  the  most  efficient  means  of  de- 
fense and  aggression.  There  is  no  virtue  in 
having  an  inefficient  army,  like  that  of  China. 
The  world's  peace  would  have  been  positively 
promoted  if  the  Chinese  army  had  been  large, 
modern,  and  up  to  Euiopean  standards.  Such 
an  army  would,  on  the  one  hand,  have  kept  the 
revolutionary  and  criminal  movement  of  the  Box- 
ers from  gaining  such  headway  as  to  engulf  the 
empire  ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  it  would  have 
held  the  rapacity  of  the  European  powers  in 
check,  and  there  would  have  been  no  thought  of 
such  insolence  as  the  storming  of  the  Taku  forts. 

How  Armi9     ^^  ^®  likely  enough  that,  if  the  mili- 

May  Pre-     tary  equipment  of  the  United  States 

09nt  War,     |^^j   \^qu  a  little  more  evident  and 

ample,  Spain  would  not  have  risked  the  chance 

of  hostilities,  and   would   have  withdrawn  from 

Ouba  on  some  plan  beneficial  to  the  Spanish  treas- 


TUB  DUKE  OF  TKTUA.V. 

(Spanish  member  of  Ha^e  Arbitration  Tribunal.) 


THE  NEW  LOKD  CHIEF  JUSTICE  OY   ENGLAND. 

(Lord  Alverstone,  more  widely  known  as  Sir  Richard  Web- 
ster, was  chosen  in  October  as  the  successor  of  the  late 
Lord  Russell.) 

ury,  and  not  less  so  in  the  end  to  our  own.  This 
question  of  military  efficiency  is  one  alx)ut  which 
there  should  be  plain  speech  as  well  as  clear 
thinking.  Let  us  admit  that  it  was  negligence 
and  error  rather  than  wisdom  and  foresight  that 
had  allowed  this  nation  of  ours  to  attain  its  vast 
population  and  wealth  with  an  army  of  only 
25,000  men,  and  with  preparations — as  to  arms, 
ammunition,  and  materials  of  all  kinds — scarcely 
adequate  even  for  so  small  a  force.  There  were 
many  Spaniards  in  high  position,  and  many  mili- 
tary experts  throughout  Europe,  who  strongly 
believed  that  Spain  could  defeat  us  in  a  quick 
campaign,  on  the  same  principle  that  fifty  well- 
armed  soldiers  may  readily  disperse  several  thou- 
sand unarmed  and  unwarned  citizens.  Spain  had 
200,000  men  under  arms  in  Cuba,  while  we  had 
hardly  more  than  a  tenth  of  that  number,  and 
ours  were  doing  garrison  duty  in  small  detach- 
ments all  over  the  continent.  Under  these  cir- 
cumstances, Spain  could  not  believe  that  we  really 
meant  to  fight ;  and  still  less  did  she  believe  that 
we  could  fight  to  any  advantage  on  short  notice. 
For  this  very  reason  the  controversy  was  allowed 
to  drift  on  until  it  was  too  late  for  a  peaceful  so- 
lution. Spain  would  have  understood  what  we 
meant,  and  there  would  have  been  no  war,  if  our 
army  had  been  two  or  three  times  as  large. 


646 


THE  AMERICAN' MONTHLY  REk'lElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


,  ^    It  18  important  to  remember  that  if 
A  Sequel  to  t     j     •     j        ji    o      •      ^ 

Cur  Non-niii'  we  had  induced  Spam  to  give  up 
tary  Policy.  Q^\^|^  peaceably  we  should  not  have 
had  the  Philippine  fighting  as  an  unwelcome 
sequel.  It  is,  in  our  day,  just  as  necessary  and 
just  as  honorable  for  a  nation  to  maintain  an 
array  as  for  a  city  to  have  a  police  force.  And 
since  there  must  be  an  army,  the  silly  talk  about 
militarism  should  cease.  Congress  should  have 
behind  it  a  clear  and  strong  public  opinipn  in 
favor  of  making  the  army  of  the  United  States 
adequate  to  the  needs  of  the  present  and  of  the 
early  future.  The  enlargement  of  the  army 
under  the  existing  law  was  temporary,  and  it 
will  end  on  the  first  of  next  July.  Under  that 
law  the  President  was  allowed  to  enlist  men  in 
the  regular  army  to  a  maximum  of  65,000,  and 
to  employ  volunteer  troops  to  the  number  of 
35, 000.  It  was  argued,  in  passing  the  temporary 
measure,  that  time  would  thus  be  gained  for  con- 
sideration of  a  permanent  army  bill,  and  mean- 
while the  emergency  in  the  Philippines  which 
had  called  for  a  large  force  might  happily  have 
passed  away. 

One  of  the  principal  subjects,  there- 
/rmu^Sm.    ^^^®»  ^^*^  must  occupy  Cougress  at 

the  session  which  opens  Monday, 
December  3,  will  be  the  permanent  limit  of  the 
size  of  the  regular  army  in  times  of  peace. 
There  may  be  very  radical  differences  of  opinion 
on  this  subject,  but  there  will  be  no  excuse  for 
appeals  to  prejudice  or  for  mere  rhetoric.  An 
attempt  was  made  in  the  recent  campaign, 
m  more  than  one  neighborhood,  to  frighten 
women  and  children  of  families  that  had  come  to 
this  country  from  continental  Europe  by  sug- 
gesting to  them  that  in  case  of  the  reelection  of 
McKinley  conscription  would  be  the  rule,  and 
fathers,  husbands,  and  sons  would  be  compelled 
to  go  and  fight  in  the  Philippines.  The  political 
campaign  being  over,  it  ought  to  be  possible  to 
have  an  honest  discussion  of  this  subject.  Our 
responsibilities  extend  over  areas,  continental 
and  insular,  that  will  have  a  population  of  a 
round  hundred  millions, before  the  end  of  the 
census  period  upon  which  we  are  already  en- 
tered. It  is  proposed  in  some  influential  quar- 
ters that,  as  a  general  principle,  we  might  do 
well  to  keep  the  regular  array  at  about  the  ratio 
of  1  to  1,000  of  the  whole  population.  We 
have  never  found  it  difficult  in  this  country  to 
reduce  the  size  of  the  army  by  law.  In  Europe, 
the  tendency  has  steadily  been  towards  large 
armies  and  universal  military  training.  The 
tendency  with  us  has  been  in  just  the  opposite 
direction.  It  will  be  economical,  in  the  long  run, 
to  bring  the  war  in  the  Philippines  to  an  end  as 


quickly  as  possible  ;  and  there  need  be  no  fear, 
even  if  we  should  find  ourselves,  four  or  five 
years  hence,  with  too  large  a  military  ^tablish- 
ment  on  our  hands,  that  public  sentiment  in 
favor  of  reduction  would  not  have  due  influence. 

-^  According  to  indications,  Mr.  Root, 

Army  the  Secretary  of  war,  with  the  full 
Outlook,  indorsement  of  the  President  and  the 
entire  administration,  will  favor  a  bill  providing 
for  a  permanent  army  of  about  100,000  enlisted 
men  and  about  3,500  officers.  In  accordance 
with  an  order  made  public  November  12,  the 
military  department  of  Porto  Rico  is  to  be  dis- 
continued on  December  15,  and  most  of  the 
American  troops  now  stationed  there  will  he 
brought  to  New  York.  Brig.-Gren.  George  W. 
Davis  goes  to  the  Philippines  as  inspector- 
general,  and  it  is  likely  that  the  troops  with- 
drawn from  Porto  Rico  will  also  be  sent  to  the 
Philippines.  Including  certain  troops  originally 
destined  for  China,  but  landed  at  Manila  in- 
stead. General  Mac  Arthur  has  now  an  army  of 
70,000  men;  and  immediately  after  the  Presi- 
dential election  fresh  orders  were  sent  to  him  to 
enter  upon  a  vigorous  campaign  to  end  the  in- 
surrection. Arrangements  have  been  made  for 
bringing  the  volunteers  home  with  an  extra  sup- 
ply of  transports  towards  the  end  of  their  period, 
in  order  to  retain  their  services  as  long  as  possi- 
ble. Men  like  President  Schurman  have  been 
pointing  out  the  necessity  of  enlarging  rather 
than  diminishing  the  army  in  the  Philippine 
and  the  country  seems  disposed  to  take  that 
view  of  the  case. 

r^™— ^    In   England,   far  more  than   in  the 

r ranee  ana    -r-r    -      ■%    r^  t  •       •»• 

England— (t)  United  States,  the  question  of  mih- 
Population.  |^j.y  reorganization  is  recognized  as  of 
pressing  importance.  British  population  grows 
rapidly,  while  that  of  France,  a  country  whose 
coast  is  in  plain  sight  across  the  Channel  oh  clear 
days,  is  at  a  standstill.  The  British  Islands  at 
the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century  have  a  greater 
population  than  France.  The  English  census, 
which  like  ours  is  decennial,  will  not  be  taken 
until  next  year.  In  1891  the  population  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was  only  a  little  short 
of  38,000,000.  For  each  of  three  previous  cen- 
sus periods,  the  increase  was  about  3,000,000. 
It  is  probable,  therefore,  that  the  census  a  few 
months  hence  will  show  about  41,000,000.  The 
new  French  census  will  also  be  taken  next  April 
The  population  of  France  in  April,  1891,  was, 
in  round  figures,  38,343,000,  and  in  April,  1896, 
38,518,000.  For  the  ten  years  from  1886  to 
1896,  the  population  of  France  increased  by  a 
little    less  than    300,000.     That  is  to   say,   the 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


047 


population  of  France  lias  lately  been  gaining  only 
as  much  in  ten  years  as  that  which  the  United 
Kingdom  gains  every  year.  Thus  the  enumera- 
tions of  1901  will  probably  show  that  the  British 
are  from  2,000,000  to  3,000,000  in  the  lead  of 
the  French.  About  the  year  1906  the  island  of 
Great  Britain  alone,  without  Ireland,  will  have  a 
population  fully  equal  to  that  of  France.  In 
1801,  just  a  hundred  years  ago,  the  population 
of  France  was  27,349,000,  while  that  of  Great 
Britain  was  only  10,500,956.  It  is  not  agree- 
able to  the  French  to  see  their  English  neighbors 
thus  outstripping  tliem  in  population  as  well  as 
in  commerce,  industry,  and  national  wealth. 

^  Franco,  however,  has  a  superb  mili- 

England -(2)  tary  organization,  with  fully  500,000 
Defense,  ^^^  ^^  ^^^  active  army  who  could  be 
thrown  into  action  on  a  day's  notice,  and  more 
than  2,000,000  additional  trained  men  who  could 
be  mobilized  within  a  few  days.  And  at  least 
an  equal  number  of  older  reserves  would  be 
immediately  available  for  purposes  of  defense. 
Thus,  in  case  of  invasion,  France  could  now  rely 
upon  almost  5,000,000  trained  soldiers  between 
the  ages  of  20  and  45.  England,  on  the  otlier 
hand,  with  a  larger  population  than  France,  has 
in  ordinary  times,  since  1890,  maintained  in  the 
United  Kingdom  an  army  of  only  a  little  over 
100,000  men,  of  whom  about  25,000  were  in 
Ireland  and  75,000  in  England.  The  war  in 
South  Africa  has  however,  drained  both  countries 
of  regular  troops,  as  well  as  of  an  equal  num- 
ber oi  volunteers  and  raw  recruits.  Fresh  en- 
listments in  the  volunteers  have  provided  in  a 
temporary  way  for  the  man- 
ning of  fortifications  and  de- 
fensive positions.  There  are, 
it  is  true,  a  good  many  men 
in  England  who  have  had  a 
limited  amount  of  training 
in  volunteer  and  militia  or- 
ganizations ;  but  these  are 
not  to  be  compared  with  the 
reserves  of  France  or  other 
Continental  countries,  where 
universal  military  service  is 
thorough  as  well  as  compul- 
sory. England's  chief  de- 
fense, as  is  well  known,  lies 
in  her  navy,  and  the  Channel 
fleet  is  mighty  and  vigilant. 
Yet  it  is  conceivable,  though 
very  unlikely,  that  a  con- 
junction of  circumstances 
might  lead  to  the  landing  of 
a  French  army  of  invasion 
on  English  soil. 


^RoMbl?  Vn  ^^^^  Rosebery,  who  is  England's 
Nationai  most  sagaclous  statesman,  has  re- 
Defense,  g^^ded  the  war  in  South  Africa  as 
dangerous  and  reckless  in  the  extreme  because  of 
the  comparatively  undefended  condition  in  which 
England  has  been  left  at  home.  And  now  Lord 
Salisbury,  after  the  new  parliamentary  election 
has  given  him  a  fi^esh  lease  of  power,  confesses 
in  a  gloomy  and  pessimistic  speech  at  the  Guild- 
hall on  the  occasion  of  the  Lord  Mayor's  banquet, 
November  9,  that  the  defenses  of  England  must 
be  looked  after  as  a  matter  of  the  most  urgent 
importance.  He  took  the  ground  that,  as  in  the 
Transvaal  and  China  the  governments  of  Presi- 
dent Kriiger  and  the  Empress  Dowager  had  been 
led  by  prejudice,  passion,  and  evil  counsel  into, 
the  ruinous  paths  of  war,  so  it  never  could  be 
said  for  certainty  of  any  country  that  ignorance, 
vehemence,  and  popular  clamor  might  not  some 
day  come  into  control  of  the  government,  and 
thus  endanger  the  peace  of  neighboring  nations. 
The  significance  of  these  remarks  of  the  prime 
minister  of  England  is  obvious.  He  liad  refer- 
ence to  the  growing  hatred  of  England  that  is 
manifested  by  the  Nationalist  movement  in  France 
— a  popular  movement  against  the  attitude  of 
President  Ijoubet  and  of  Premier  Waldeck- Rous- 
seau's ministry  that  might,  very  conceivably,  lead 
France  either  into  domestic  convulsions  or  into 
foreign  war.  Mr.  Chamberlain  seems  to  like 
sailing  on  a  -khaki  sea  in  a  military  hat,  but  the 
Old  Premier  likes  war  less  than  ever.  So  Lord 
Salisbury  led  up  to  the  following  conclusion  : 

The  moral  of  this  is,  that  we  must  remain  on  our 
guard,  however  burdensome  and  paiuf  ul  it  may  be.  We 


Mr.  C.  : 
Lord  S. 


ON  A  KHAKI  SKA. 

Isn't  this  jolly?" 

'"  H*m— rm  a  little  too  old  for  this  sort  of  thing.* 
From  WeMminster  OazeiU. 


648 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


must  some  time  come  to  consider  the  defenses  of  the 
coantry,  scrutinize  them  carefully,  and  make  as  cer- 
tain as  any  human  calculations  can  that  we  shall  not 
be  exposed  to  the  danger  of  a  sudden  interruption  of 
the  peace  on  which  all  our  prosperity  depends.  No  in- 
ternal reforms  or  improvements  are  of  the  slightest 
value  unless  security  from  external  interference  is  ob- 
tained. 

These  are  not  idle  words  of  needless  apprehen- 
sion ;  they  express  the  clear  truth,  to  which  it  is 
well  that  Lord  Salisbury  has  awakened.  Surely 
there  ought  not,  for  any  reason  that  sensible 
men  could  possibly  assign,  to  be  even  so  much 
as  the  talk  of  a  war  between  France  and  Eng- 
land. It  would  be  almost  as  appalling  a  crime 
agaipst  humanity  as  war  between  England  and 
the  United  States.  The  best  men  of  France, 
and  the  men  now  at  the  helm  there,  desire  good 
relations  with  England  and  with  all  the  world. 
But  there  is  real  danger  that  political  reaction 
may  now  at  almost  any  moment  overthrow  the 
existing  ministry,  and  'bring  an  element  of  a 
wholly  different  temper  into  responsible  control 
of  French  affairs.  The  best  guarantee  of  peace, 
therefore,  and  the  greatest  kindness  that  Eng- 
land could  possibly  render  to  the  French  repub- 
lic, would  lie  in  the  direction  of  England's 
prompt  and  energetic  attention  to  her  prepara- 
tions for  possible  attack.  Lord  Rosebery,  on 
November  16,  tnade  a  stirring  address  on  the 
British  empire  on  the  occasion  of  his  being  in- 
stalled as  lord -rector  of  the  Glasgow  University. 
His  tone  was  not  so  cynical  and  despondent 
as  that  of  Lord  Salisbury,  but  it  was  full  of  a 
ringing  appeal  to  the  British  people  to  recognize 
and  face  successfully  the  perils  of  their  situation, 
both  military  and  commercial.     He  advocated. 


MANNING  THE  LIBERAL  BOAT. 

Lord  Rosebery:  "Hold  hard  a  moment  I    Tin  coming 
aboard."— From  Weetmimter  Gazette. 


From  a  new  photograph  by  Elliott  &  Fry,  London. 

LORD    rosebery,    NEW    LORD-RECTOR     OF     THB     GI^SOOW 
UMIYSRSITY,  AND  FUTURE  HEAD  OF  LIBKRAL  PARTT- 

above  all  things,  a  higher  degree  of  tborongb- 
ness  in  the  training  of  men  for  the  pursuits  of 
war  as  well  as  those  of  peace.  Rosebery  is  the  one 
man  in  sight  to  unify  and  lead  the  Liberal  party. 

The  Mew  Head  ^^^^  Lansdowne,  who  had  been  sec- 
oftheEngiiah  retary  for  war  since  1895,  and  whose 
War  Office,  conduct  of  that  office  had  been  ex- 
tremely  unsatisfactory  to  almost  everybody,  has 
been  removed  from  that  position  in  response  to  a 
general  demand.  It  was  characteristic,  however, 
of  Lord  Salisbury's  contempt  for  public  opinion 
that  this  removal  took  the  form  of  Lord  Lans- 
downe's  promotion  to  the  portfolio  of  the  foreign 
office,  which  heretofore  Lord  Salisbury  had  held 
himself,  in  addition  to  his  responsibilities  as 
prime  minister.  The  popular  member  of  tfa^  old 
war-office  organization  was  Mr.  George  'Wyod* 
ham,  the  rising  young  under-secretary  whoim- 
resented  the  war  department  in  the  Hocoia  of 
Commons.  Mr.  Wyndham,  however,  has  now 
been  made  chief  secretary  for  Ireland  instead 
of  secretary  for  war.  He  was,  it  should  be 
noted,  private  secretary  to  Mr.  Arthur  J. 
Balfour  when  that  gentleman  was  himself  chief 
secretary  for  Ireland,  in  the  period  from  1887  to 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


640 


1891.  Mr.  Wyndhara,  who  has  the  faculty  of 
being  popular,  was  much  liked  in  those  days  by 
Irishmen,  even  when  his  chief,  the  gentle  and 
contemplative  defender  of  *'  Philosophic  Doubt," 
was  known  everywhere  in  the  Emerald  Isle  as 
** Bloody  Balfour."  His  younger  brother,  Mr. 
Gerald  Balfour,  who  has  been  chief  secretary  for 
Ireland  since  1895,  is  now  transferred  to  another 
cabinet  post — namely,  that  of  president  of  the 
board  of  trade.  Meanwhile,  the  successor  of 
Lord  Lansdowne,  and  the  man  to  whom  the 
country  must  look  for  the  reorganization  and 
improvement  of  the  army,  is  the  Rt.  Hon.  Wil- 
liam St.  John  Fremantle  Brodrick,  who  has  been 
under- secretary  of  state  for  foreign  affairs  since 
1898,  and  one  of  Lord  Sali.sbury's  most  favored 
and  trusted  lieutenants.  Mr.  Brodrick,  who  is 
now  forty- four  years  of  age,  is  the  eldest  son  of 
Lord  Middleton,  and  his  wife  is  the  daughter  of 
the  Earl  of  Wemyss.  He  is  talented  and  ener- 
getic, but  hardly  likely  to  prove  the  man  to  rid 
the  British  army  of  those  social  and  aristocratic 
connections  that  impair  its  value  for  military 
purposes.  It  is  to  be  remembered  that,  just  be- 
fore his  recent  service  at  the  foreign  office,  Mr. 
Brodrick  was  under-secretary  for  war  from  1895 
to  1898,  and  that  he  was  financial  secretary  for 
the  war  office  from  1886  to  1892. 

Undoubtedly  England  needs  a  new 
Army^Suium,  *^^   improved  system   of   coast   de- 
fenses, with  a  great  increase  of  artil- 
lery, and  a*  corresponding  supply  of  trained  men 


liORO  LANSOOWNK,  NEW  VORSION  MINISTBR  OF  ENGLAND. 


KARL  OF  8BLBORNE. 

(New  Head  of  Admiralty  Office.) 


MR.  OBORGB  WYNDHAM. 

(New  Secretary  for  Ireland.) 


MR.  HT.  JOHN  BRODRICK. 

(New  Secretary  for  War.) 


650 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  RE^/EIVS. 


behind  the  guns.  It  is  not  proposed  in  England 
to  resort  to  any  system  of  conscription  or  com- 
pulsory military  service,  although  there  are  now- 
more  Englishmen  ready  to  advocate  it  than  ever 
before.  But  it  is  expected  that  the  regular  army 
will  be  increased,  the  volunteer  and  militia  sys- 
tems extended  and  improved,  and  something  done 
towards  modernizing  the  methods  by  which  oflB- 
cers  are  appointed  and  trained.  The  curse  of  the 
English  army,  as  of  almost  every  other  depart- 
ment of  English  life,  is  the  aristocratic  system. 
Under  the  American  plan,  the  humblest  and  poor- 
est boy  m  the  land  has  the  same  chance  as  the  son 
of  a  millionaire  or  a  Senator  to  go  to  West  Point ; 
and  the  methods  of  training  at  West  Point  are  so 
thorough  that  we  have  the  best  officers  in  the 
world.  In  England,  on  the  other  hand,  the  la- 
borer's son  has  no  possible  chance  of  a  commis- 
sion, and  the  army  is  inflicted  with  a  body  of 
oflBcers  made  up  very  largely  of  young  sprigs  of 
aristocracy,  who  as  a  rule  are  brave  enough,  and 
who  also,  as  a  rule,  never  learn  much  about  the 
military  art.  The  government  of  England  is 
to-day,  perhaps  more  than  ever  before  in  modern 
times,  in  the  hands  of  a  group  of  titled  families  ; 
and  it  is  not  to  be  expected  that  the  scandals  and 
weaknesses  of  the  British  military  system  can  be 
dealt  with  very  radically  by  this  government. 


give  the  country  a  large  force  of  youni?  citizens 
in  all  ranks  and  walks  of  life  possessed  of  enough 
military  training  to  constitute  an  effective  re- 
serve for  times  of  emergency. 

Hon.  William  R.   Merriam,  director 

*  o/'ifie  *"  of  the  Census,  has  informed  the  coun- 

uniud  states.  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^^  enumeration  of  last  June 

foots  up  76,295,220.  Of  this  number,  74,627,- 
907  are  in  the  45  States  of  the  Union  ;  the  re- 
maining 1,667,313  being  made  up  of  the  popula- 
tion of  Alaska,  Arizona,  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, Hawaii,  the  Indian  Territory,  New  Mexico, 
Oklahoma,  and  an  estimated  84,400  stationed 
abroad  in  the  service  of  the  United  States,  prin- 
cipally in  the  Philippines.  The  official  table  ar- 
ranged alphabetically  by  States,  comparing  the 
population  of  1900  with  that  of  ten  years  ago,  is 
as  follows  : 


The 

8ufi$a 
Example, 


A  high  degree  of  military  efficiency 
in  a  country  is  in  no  way  incompati- 
ble with  democratic  ideals  or  the  pur- 
suits of  peace.  For  instance,  in  Republican 
Switzerland  there  is  univei-sal  zeal  for  military 
training,  and  the  drill  of  a  soldier  begins  with 
eight- year-old  boys  at  school.  The  design  of  the 
law  under  which  all  men  of  military  age  are 
liable  to  service  in  the  Swiss  army  is  to  fit  every 
young  man  to  aid  in  the  defense  of  his  country, 
with  the  least  possible  withdrawal  from  the  ordi- 
nary pui-suits  of  life  while  subject  to  drill.  The 
younflr  recruits  in  the  first  year  spend  two  months, 
more  or  less,  in  actual  army  service.  In  subse- 
quent years  their  enrollment  in  the  army  takes 
hardly  more  of  their  time  than  is  occupied  by 
membership  in  our  American  national  guard. 
Yet  the  system  is  so  well  thought  out,  and  has 
beliind  it  so  much  earnest  patriotism,  that  it 
manages  to  give  the  little  Swiss  nation  a  possible 
army  of  defense  of  500,000  men,  without  any 
very  heavy  drain  upon  the  treasury  of  the  Con- 
federation, and  without  impairing  the  industrial 
and  productive  resources  of  the  people.  What 
we  need  in  the  United  States  is  a  larger  body  of 
highly  trained  officers,  a  better  organization  of 
the  general  staff,  a  considerable  increase  in  the 
maximum  size  of  the  regular  army,  and  some 
plan    by  which   a  purely  voluntary  system   will 


1900. 

Alabama I.&3B,607 

Arkansaa 1,3U,564 

California 1,485,068 

Colorado 630,700 

Connectlcat 90S.866 

Delaware 1S4,786 

Florida 68«,6a 

Georgia f^l^jm 

Idaho 161,771 

_  Illinois 4,881,660 

^Indiana 2,M6,4fl8 

Iowa 2»lM 

Kansas 1,400,486 

Kentucky 2,147,174 

Louisiana IMI/B7 

Maine 0M,'a66 

Maryland 1,180,046 

MassacbusetU 2,806,846 

Michigan 2,419.7H2 

Minnesota 1,75^06 

Mississippi 1,661,872 

Missouri. 8407,117 

MonUna 248,280 

^Nebraska 1,008,801 

>Nevada 42,884 

New  Hampshire 411,688 

New  Jersey IJSSijm 

New  York 7,208,000 

North  Carolina 1,801,802 

North  DakoU 319,040 

Ohio 4,157,546 

Oregon 418,688 

Pennsylvania 6,aOUI06 

^  Rhodelsland 428J60 

South  Carolina 1,840,812 

South  Dakota  401JgB 

Tennessee 2,00(70 

Texas 8,048,828 

Utah 270,666 

Vermont 848,641 

Virginia 1,854,184 

Washington 517.632 

West  Virginia. 068.800 

Wisconsin 2,008.863 

Wyoming 865,631 

Total  for  46  SUles 74,627.807 

Alaska  (estimated) 44,000 

Arizona ISSJSli 

Dis.rict  of  Columbia 278,718 

Hawaii 154,001 

Indian  Territory 891.900 

New  Mexico 1«»,777 

Oklahoma 808,246 

Persons  In  the  service  of  the 
V.  S.  stationed  abroad  (esti- 
mated)   84,400 

Indians.  et<'..  on  Indian  rcser* 
vations,  except  Indian  Ter- 
ritory  ^^j^j^^j^ 

ToUl  for  7  Territories,  etc. .    1.067,818 


I  am         Indians 
"^'    not  taxed. 


x«oia,v&f 

1,128,178 

M08,iao 

U42 

412,188 

697 

746,256 

168,486 

891.422 

1,887,868 

84,886 

tJK 

8390J51 

8;182,404 

1,911.606 

1,427,096 

1,858.685 

1,118  J»7 

661.086 

1,042,800 

2JS88,948 

2,098,889 

1,801,886 

1,10 

U289,600 

2.679,184 

188.169 

lt.T«l 

1,068,910 

45,m 

876,600 

U444,888 

um 

tjHftjoa 

4,ni 

1,617,947 

182,719 

4,681 

8,672,816 

818,TB7 

6,268,014 

845,006 

1,161,149 

328,608 

loiis 

1.767.518 

2,285,fiBB 

207  J05 

uw 

888,422 

^mjS 

2JS1 

76lM^ 

1,68bjM9 

UK 

ao,W6 

62018^1 

44.617 

»,06i 

69,680 

24.614 

,m?m 

'  89,900 

180.182 

66j088 

183,608 

um 

61,834 

5j8r 

14&J8B 

902.945 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


661 


u     yif  ff      The  actual  increase  of  population  in 

Qromn  in  a    the    ten   years  is  about  13,225,000. 

CMturi/,      rpjjg  j.j^j.^  ^£  increase    in    the   period 

from  1880  to  1890  averaged  about  2^  per  cent, 
each  year.  The  rate  for  the  past  ten  years  has 
been  about  2  1-10  per  cent,  annually.  This 
diminution  in  the  rate  is,  in  considerable  part, 
due  to  the  diminished  volume  of  immigration. 
The  individual  effectiveness  of  the  American 
population  is  so  high  that,  in  respect  to  material 
resources  and  power,  it  will  be  conceded  by 
every  one  that  the  United  States  is  well  in  the 
forefront  of  the  nations.  The  structure  of  the 
British  empire  is  such  that,  in  a  comparison  of 
population,  commerce,  and  other  statistical  data, 
there  is  no  more  reason  for  adding  Australia  to 
England  than  for  adding  Mexico  to  the  United 
States.  Our  population  at  the  beginning  of  the 
nineteenth  century  was,  in  round  figures,  4,300,- 
000  white  people,  and  1,000,000  negroes,  the 
total  being  5,308,483.  Curiously  enough,  we 
had  almost  exactly  the  same  population  at  that 
time  as  Ireland,  which  in  1801  had  5,395,456. 
After  gaining  very  rapidly  for  four  decades, 
Ireland  since  1845  has  declined  steadily,  until 
now  it  has  a  population  of  about  4,500,000. 
The  comparison  of  our  national  position  at  the 
beginning  and  the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century 
makes  it  clear  enough  that,  from  the  standpoint 
of  the  world  at  large,  the  progress  of  the  United 
States  has  been  the  most  noteworthy  feature  of 
the  age.  When  France  assisted  us  to  gain  our 
independence,  her  population  was  at  least  five  or 
six  times  as  great  as  ours.  Ours  is  now  just 
twice  as  great  as  hers.  Ten  years  ago  our  popu- 
lation was  about  25,000,000  more  than  that  of 
the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land ;  and  now  it  is  about  35,000,000  more. 
In  1910,  unless  normal  conditions  are  much  dis- 
turbed, we  shall  have  a  population  of  90,000,000, 
while  the  British  Islands  will  have  about  44,- 
000,000.  And  we  shall  thus  have  more  than 
twice  as  many  people  as  the  mother- country. 

y.  „^4.  ^^K  III  the  retrospect  of  the  nineteenth 
P9opi€  Who  century,  among  other  things  of  pnme 
8p€aii  £ngU9k,  gjgnificance  must  be  noted  the  im- 
mense relative  gain  in  influence,  power,  and  in 
territorial  advantage  of  the  people  who  speak  the 
English  language.  Whatever  else  the  struggle 
in  South  Africa  in  this  closing  year  of  the  cen- 
tury may  mean,  it  signifies  the  permanent  con- 
quest of  great  regions  not  merely  for  the  future 
predominance  of  the  language  of  Shakespeare, 
but  also  for  the  development  of  the  kind  of  civil- 
ization that  the  English  tongue  seems  inevitably 
to  carry  with  it.  In  the  previous  year,  the  ex- 
pedition to  Khartoum  and  the  reojHining  of  the 


Soudan  had  made  it  certain  that  the  twentieth 
century  would  not  be  very  old  before  it  witnessed 
the  completion  of  an  English  railroad  from  the 
Delta  of  the  Nile  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  On 
the  first  day  of  January,  the  new  federation 
known  as  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia  begins 
its  official  career,  with  the  brilliant  promise  of 
vast  developments  in  the  coming  century.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century,  Australia 
had  a  population  too  small  to  be  considered. 
New  Zealand,  which  was  not  settled  until  1841, 
now  has  about  1,000,000  people,  and  the  great 
island  of  Australia  has  perhaps  5,000,000.  Their 
progress  as  civilized  communities  has  a  signifi- 
cance not  measured  by  their  growth  in  people  or 
trade.  Canada  as  late  as  1841  had  only  about  a 
million  and  a  half,  and  its  census  next  year  will 
probably  show  not  far  from  six  million  people. 
It  has  room  and  resources  for  a  hundred  million. 

DMribution  of"^^^  period  from  1870  to  1880  was 
Our  Nem  ^  marked  by  the  great  development  in 
Population,  population  of  the  rich  wheat  and 
com  lands  that  were  still  open  to  settlement  un* 
der  the  homestead  and  preemption  laws  in  Min- 
nesota, Iowa,  Western  Missouri,  and  contiguous 
regions.  In  the  period  from  1880  to  1890  there 
was  a  rush  still  farther  west  into  the  Dakotas, 
Montana,  the  Puget  Sound  country,  western 
Nebraska  and  Kansas,  Colorado,  and  southern 
California.  The  period  just  ended,  from  1890 
to  1900,  has  been  especially  marked  by  the 
growth  of  manufacturing  population  in  the  older 
States.  Thus  New  Jersey's  gain  of  30  per 
cent,  has  been  principally  due  to  the  growth  of 
manufacturing  towns  and  of  the  Jersey  suburbs 
of  New  York  City.  New  York's  gain  of  more 
than  20  per  cent,  is  accounted  for  largely  by  the 
growth  of  the  great  metropolis  at  the  eastern  end 
of  the  State  and  of  Buffalo  and  its  commercial 
and  industrial  environs  at  the  western  end. 
Northern  New  England  has  gained  very  little, 
and  would  have  lost  decidedly  but  for  the  immi- 
gration of  French  Canadians  and  others.  Massa- 
chusetts has  gained  about  25  per  cent.,  which  is 
evidence  enough  that  her  manufacturing  pros- 
perity is  not  a  thing  of  the  past.  The  gain  of 
little  Rhode  Island  in  ten  years  has  amounted  to 
twice  the  population  of  the  State  of  Nevada. 
Connecticut  has  now  908,000  people,  and  has 
gained  162.000  in  ten  years.  This  growth,  like 
that  of  Rhode  Island  and  Massachusetts,  is  due 
to  manufacturing  progress.  There  would  seem 
no  reason  in  the  nature  of  things  why  little 
Delaware  should  not  have  more  people  than  little 
Rhode  Island  ;  yet  Delaware  has  not  quite  185,- 
000,  while  Rhode  Island  has  more  than  428,000. 
Manufactures  make  the  difference. 


652 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^/EIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


All  things  considered,  the  advance  of 
^^Qroiutk?^  the  country  has  been  on  a  satisfactory 

plane  as  respects  its  evenness.  The 
center  of  population,  which  had  been  moving 
westward  for  a  hundred  years,  has  remained 
almost  stationary  since  1890,  as  the  diagram  on 
this  page  will  show.  New  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania keep  their  distinct  lead  as  the  most 
important  States  of  the  country,  and  each  of 
these  has  gained  more  than  1,000,000  people. 
Illinois,  which  is  third  in  the  list,  has  gained 
almost  1,000,000.  Next  in  order  of  total  popu- 
lation comes  Ohio ;  but  it  has  not  gained  as 
much  as  Massachusetts,  and  not  nearly  as  much 
as  Texas.  This  great  commonwealth  of  the 
Southwest  has  an  enormous  area  of  tillable  land 
and  still  greater  stretciies  of  pasture  land.  It 
has  now  more  than  3,000,000  people,  and  its 
development  has  only  begun.  It  has  almost 
caught  up  with  Missouri  in  population,  and  will 
soon  have  a  right  to  the  fifth  place.  The  only 
States  which  have  not  made  a  very  decided 
growth  are  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and  Ver- 
mont in  the  extreme  Northeast ;  Nebraska,  which 
has  been  almost  at  a  standstill ;  Nevada,  which 
has  actually  lost  5,000,  and  Kansas,  which  has 
gained  only  about  3  per  cent.  It  must  be  re- 
membered that  there  was  a  terrible  reaction, 
owing  to  hard  times  and  bad  crops,  that  depopu- 
lated portions  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas  in  the 
early  part  of  the  decade,  and  that  the  Indian 
Territory  and  Oklahoma,  each  of  which  has  now 
about  400,000  people,  have  drawn  enormously 
from  Kansas,  and  not  a  little  from  Nebraska. 
One  of  the  very  notable  achievements  of  the 
decade  has  been  the  creation  of  Oklahoma.  It 
lacked  something  of  400,000  people  when  the 
census  was  taken  in  June,  but  by  the  date  of  the 
announcement  last  month  it 
had  doubtless  gone  beyond 
that  round  figure.  It  had 
less  than  70,000  people  in 
1890.  .The  Indian  Terri- 
tory shows  a  growth  to 
392, 000  from  about  236, 000 
in  1890.  North  Dakota  has 
grown  at  the  rate  of  about 
40  per  cent.,  as  has  also 
Montana. 


Arizona    s 

Should  Arizona  . 

and  New  Mexico  growth,  m  OUr 
be  Admitted  ?    opinion,  d  o  e  s 

not  justify  the  position  of 
the  party  politicians  who  are 
on  record  as  favoring  its 
immediate  admission  to  the 
Union.      A   Territory    that 


is  a  candidate  for  Statehood  ought  to  show 
growth  at  a  high  rate,  and  to  give  prom- 
ise of  attaining  in  the  early  future  some- 
thing like  the  average  population  of  the  r^t  ol 
the  States.  Oklahoma  promises  well,  but  ought 
to  absorb  still  more,  if  not  all,  of  the  Indian 
Territory.  The  total  population  of  Arizona  is 
less  than  the  gain  that  New  York  alone  m&kes 
every  year.  There  are  no  reasons  of  weight  why 
the  122,000  people  of  Arizona  should  be  given 
a  representative  in  the  House  and  two  United 
States  Senators.  There  has  been  altogether  too 
much  haste  to  admit  underpopulated  and  immA- 
ture  Territories  to  full  Statehood.  Nevada  b  an 
awful  example,  with  its  42,000  people.  Ohio 
alone  has  a  hundred  times  as  many  people  u 
Nevada.  It  is  easy  enough  to  condone  inequal- 
ity of  representation  in  the  case  of  original  mem- 
bers of  the  Union  like  Delaware,  for  example ; 
but  what  possible  reason  can  there  be  for  creadBf 
new  States  out  of  the  national  domain  and  giving 
their  citizens  a  representation  in  the  Natioaial 
Government  ten  times  or  a  hundred  times  gveater 
than  those  citizens  enjoy  who  live  in  the  older 
States  ?  It  would  have  been  far  better,  when  Ibe 
question  of  admitting  Utah  was  decided  afBrma- 
tively  in  1896,  to  have  annexed  Utah  to  Nevada. 
If  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  are  to  be  admitted, 
it  would  be  better  to  bring  them  in  as  one  State. 
Taken  together,  they  have  not  much  more  than 
the  average  population  of  one  Congreesional 
district.  Why,  then,  should  they  have  four  scais 
in  the  United  States  Senate  ?  There  would  be 
nothing  contrary  to  the  Federal  Constitution  ia 
a  plan  by  which,  while  having  representation  ia 
Washington  as  one  State,  they  should  carry  on 
their  internal  administration  in  two  districU, 
keeping  two  capitals.     Even  little  Rhode  IsXand 


The  Btara  on  this  diagram  indicate  the  westward  movement  of  the  center  ef 
population  by  decades  from  1790  to  1900.  (The  Chicai^o  TimM-Herald  enacted  a  iDoe& 
ment  east  of  Colambus,  Indiana,  ten  years  ago,  and  now  locates  the  new  oonter  |b^ 
west  of  that  town.) 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


668 


and  little  Connecticut,  until  lately,  held  legisla- 
tive sessions  alternately — in  the  one  State  at 
Hartford  and  New  Haven,  and  in  the  other  at 
Providence  and  Newport. 

It  is  important  to  preserve  the  average 
EqMtiibriym  of  representative  character  of  the  United 
th9  annate,  g^j^g  Senate  ;  and  it  is  the  part  of 
conservatism  to  prevent  any  further  exaggeration 
of  inequalities,  so  as  to  destroy  all  semblance  of 
equilibrium.  As  long  as  the  system  works  fairly 
well,  the  country  will  submit  to  it  with  good 
grace.  But  in  matters  that  affect  the  general 
prosperity  as  vitally  as  the  silver  question,  for 
example,  it  assumes  a  wonderful  forbearance  to 
expect  that  the  people  of  the  two  States  of  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania,  with  13,569,374  people, 
should  have  no  more  voice  in  the  United  States 
Senate  than  two  States  like  Nevada  and  Wyoming, 
which,  taken  together,  have  not  the  population  of 
a  single  ward  of  Pittsburg  or  Buffalo.  The  provi- 
sion that  dignified  individual  Statehood  by  giv- 
ing equal  representation  in  the  United  States 
Senate  had  to  be  conceded  in  a  period  when,  more 
than  a  hundred  years  ago,  thirteen  colonies,  with- 
out railroads  or  much  intercommunication,  were 
feeling  their  way  amid  jealousy  and  misappre- 
hension towards  a  federal  union.  Whatever  pro- 
priety there  might  have  been  in  allowing  the 
original  thirteen  States  to  keep  perpetual  equality 
of  representation  in  the  Senate,  it  is  a  serious 
question  whether  that  provision  ought  to  have 
been  made  to  apply  to  all  future  States  erected 
out  of  the  public  domain.  This  is  not  the  place 
to  discuss  a  Constitutional  problem  in  exhaustive 
detail ;  but  it  is  a  fitting  moment  to  call  attention 
again  to  the  planks  in  the  party  platforms  of  the 
present  year  on  the  admission  of  Territories,  and 
to  ask  what  course  Congress  is  likely  to  pursue. 
The  Democratic  platform  declared  as  follows : 

We  denounce  the  failure  of  the  Republican  party  to 
carry  oat  its  pledges  to  grant  Statehood  to  the  Territories 
of  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  Oklahoma ;  and  we  prom- 
ise the  people  of  those  Territories  immediate  Statehood, 
and  home  rule  during  their  condition  as  Territories ;  and 
we  favor  home  role  and  a  Territorial  form  of  govern- 
ment for  Alaska  and  Porto  Rico. 

In  the  Republican  platform,  we  find  these 
"w^ords  : 

We  favor  home  rule  for,  and  the  early  admission  to 
Statehood  of,  the  Territories  of  New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
and  Oklahoma. 

Unfortunately,  in  times  past,  neither  party  has 
dealt  with  the  question  of  admitting  new  States 
on  the  highest  grounds  of  statesmanship.  The 
subject  has  been  too  much  left  to  the  politicians 
who  think  no  farther  ahead  than  the  next  elec 
tion.     It  is  true,  of  course,  that  when  the  Repub- 


licans in  1889  admitted  Dakota  as  two  separate 
States,  as  well  as  Montana  and  Washington,  and 
brought  in  Idaho  and  Wyoming  the  next  year, 
it  was  generally  expected  that  all  those  vast  re- 
gions were  going  to  continue  to  flourish  and  wax 
great  without  reaction  or  loss  of  time.  But  there 
came  a  fearful  bursting  of  speculative  booms ; 
and  then  began  the  slow,  painful,  and  inevitable 
process  of  permanent  development  on  a  hard-pan 
basis.  These  will  all  be  great  States  some  day, 
with  ample  population,  wealth,  stable  institutions, 
and  a  high  and  brilliant  order  of  civilization. 
But  a  combination  of  undue  optimism  as  to 
Northwestern  prosperity,  and  a  certain  pressure 
of  party  exigency,  admitted  them  to  the  Union 
a  little  too  soon.  And  that  is  the  very  reason 
why  there  should  be  no  hurry  about  admitting 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

It  is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  the 
^tnVwJhut!?  Constitutional    reason    for    counting 

heads  every  ten  years  is  the  need  of 
reapportioning  among  the  States  their  member- 
ship in  the  House  of  Representatives  at  Wash- 
ington. The  general  evenness  of  gains  will 
make  the  changmg  among  the  States  of  relative 
strength  in  Congress  decidedly  less  than  at  pre- 
vious decennial  periods.  North,  South,  East, 
and  West  have  grown  at  about  the  average  rate 
of  20  per  cent.,  and  there  will  be  no  marked 
sectional  gains  or  losses  in  representation.  The 
one  peculiar  problem — as  we  took  pains  to  point 
out  very  frankly  in  our  September  number — 
that  is  involved  in  reapportionment  arises  under 
the  explicit  mandate  of  the  Constitution  that 
whenever  in  any  State  the  right  of  citizens  to 
vote  is  *  *  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participa- 
tion in  rebellion  or  other  crime,  the  basis  of  rep- 
resentation therein  shall  be  reduced  in  the  pro- 
portion which  the  number  of  such  male  citizens 
shall  bear  to  the  whole  number  of  male  citizens 
twenty-one  years  of  age  in  such  State."  In  sev- 
eral of  the  Southern  States  there  have  been 
sweeping  changes  in  the  suffrage  laws,  resulting 
in  the  exclusion  of  an  immense  number  of  citi- 
zens from  participating  in  the  elections.  Origi- 
nally, the  Constitution  based  representation  upon 
the  population  as  a  whole ;  but  the  XI  Vth  Amend- 
ment distinctly  modified  that  basis,  without  pre- 
scribing a  way  to  give  effect  to  the  modification. 
In  all  Ststes  where  there  is  any  limitation  of  an 
educational  or  property  nature  upon  the  fran- 
chise, it  would  seem  to  become  necessary,  in 
census-taking,  to  require  the  separate  enumera- 
tion of  all  male  citizens  twenty-one  years  of  age, 
and  the  finding  out,  in  the  case  of  each  such  citi- 
zen, whether  or  not  he  is  excluded  from  the  ex- 
ercise of  the  ballot  by  the  limitation  fixed  in  the 


654 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


\TtnmT&IfES 


A  OBOQRAPHIOAL  VIEW  OF  THE  ELECTION  RESULTS  IN  1900. 

law  of  his  State.  Several  of  the  Southern  States 
have  excluded  something  like  one -half  of  their 
male  citizens  from  the  electorate.  They  have  no 
moral  right,  under  the  plain  intent  of  the  Con- 
stitution, to  expect  to  keep  their  full  representa- 
tion. It  is  perfectly  well  known  that,  when  this 
disfranchising  movement  began,  its  leaders 
frankly  faced  the  prospect  of  a  reduction  in 
representation,  and  seemed  to  expect  it  as  a  mat- 
ter of  course.  That  there  would  be  great  tech- 
nical difficulties  in  ascertaining  the  facts  and 
applying  the  principle,  is  obvious  enough  ;   but 

neither    the  

North  nor  the 
South  will  do 
what  is  credita- 
ble in  the  high- 
est sense  if  any 
disposition  is 
shown  to  ignore 
all  the  .  bearings 
of  the  XlVth 
Amendment 
when  the  sub- 
ject of  reappor- 
tionment is  un- 
der discussion  in 
Congress. 


Pr^ident     Me- 
Kinley  does  not 
wish  the  matter 
stirred    up,   be- 
cause he  depre- 
cates    the     sec- 
tional feeling 
that   it   in  i  g  h  I 
arouse.  With  all 
resi>ect    to    the 
President,  how- 
ever, it    may  be 
said    that  be 
arouses  a  great 
deal   more    sec- 
tional feeling 
when  he  ap- 
points    negro 
postmasters     in 
white   Sou  there 
com  muni  ties 
against  the  pro- 
test of  the  peo- 
ple who  actuallj 
send  and  receive  letters  than  is  likely  to  be  aroused 
by  a  temperate  and  thorough  discussion  of  the 
XlVth  Amendment  by  the  Constitutional  lawyers 
of  Congress.      If,  as  is  likely,  however,  what  the 
President  really  deprecates  is   the  making  of  a 
party  issue  out  of  this  matter  of  Southern  repre- 
sentation, his  position  is  clearly  both  magnani- 
mous and  wise.     The  Republican  party,  now  f'-r 
a  good  while,  has  shown  no  disposition   to  solve 
Southern  problems  by  federal  interference.     I: 
has  earned  a  right,  in  return,  to  ask  the  Souu 
to   divest  itself  of   those  morbid   and   sensitive 


The  President's 
Party  and  the  T  e  - 
South.  . 

port- 
ed, on  good  au- 
thority,     that 


A  OBOOBAPHIOAL  VIEW  Or  THE  ELEOTTON  RESUXiTB  IH  18B6w 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  iVORLD. 


655 


traditions  which  make  it  a  region  of  one  party. 
We  print  herewith  two  diagrams  which  show  at 
a  glance  the  St&tes  that  chose  McKinley  and 
Bryan  electors,  respectively,  in  1896  and  in  1900. 
Again  this  year  we  have  the  *'  Solid  South"  for 
Bryan.  It  is  true  that  the  diagram  shows  a 
practically  solid  North  on  the  McKinley  side. 
But  the  real  facts  are  of  a  sort  that  a  diagram  of 
this  kind  does  not  disclose.  Every  Northern 
State  was  the  scene  of  healthy  political  activity, 
free  and  ample  discussion,  and  equal  rights  at 
the  polls.  In  much  of  the  South,  on  the  other 
hand,  there  was  no  actual  contest. 

Yet  it  was  not  in  the  least  true  that 
at  thn  the  leading  white  men  of  the  South, 
PoliM.  jjj  their  private  convictions,  were 
overwhelmingly  of  Mr.  Bryan's  way  of  think- 
ing. A  great  many  leading  Democrats  of  the 
North,  of  whom  Mr.  Charles  S.  Fairchild, 
formerly  Democratic  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
is  a  perfect  type,  supported  Mr.  McKinley  this 
year  without  grudging  or  apology,  and  with  warm 
appreciation  of  the  President's  loyal  devotion  to 
the  welfare  and  advancement  of  the  whole  coun- 
try. Temperamenially,  there  must  be  in  the 
South  plenty  of  successors  of  Henry  Clay  and 
the  old  Whig  party.  There  is  not  a  vestige  of 
sectional  ill-feeling  in  the  make-up  of  Republicans 
like  President  McKinley  and  Governor  Roose- 
velt. We  do  not  for  a  moment  claim  that  Re- 
publicans in  the  North  are,  man  for  man,  one 
whit  better  than  Democrats.  But  they  are  just 
as  good  ;  and  numerically  this  year  they  showed 
themselves  much  stronger  than  Democrats.  When 
Northern  men  meet  Southern  men  socially  and 
in  business,  their  minds  do  not  work  in  very  dif- 
ferent ways.  How  does  it  happen,  then,  that 
considerably  more  than  one- half  of  the  good  white 
people  of  the  North  were  ready  to  support  Mr. 
McKinley  this  year,  while  so  very  few  of  the 
good  white  people  of  the  South  were  willing  to 
do  it  ?     What  does  this  sectionalism  mean  ? 

^         This  question  is  not  asked  because  it 

Time  for  a      .      ,     ^  ,  *  n        i        i 

Nmwirain  IS  hard  to  answer.  All  who  know 
Dixie  Politics.  ^^^  political  history  of  the  United 
States  are  familiar  with  the  reasons  why  the  solid 
white  South  "has,  up  to  this  time,  allied  itself 
with  the  Democratic  party  of  the  North.  The 
point  we  wish  to  make,  however,  is  simply  this  : 
that  such  an  alliance  is  no  longer  appropriate  or 
reasonable.  The  words  Republican  and  Demo- 
cratic should  be  sufficiently  divested  of  their  tra- 
ditional 8igni6cance  to  allow  men  to  divide  in 
politics  upon  the  living  issues  of  the  present  day. 
The  North  is  showing  clearly  that  it  does  not  pro- 
pose, through  the  federal  Government  at  Wash- 


ington, to  interfere  with  the  working  out  of  the 
suffrage  question  in  the  South.  And  if  now  the 
Republicans,  as  i^s  evidently  their  disposition, 
should  abstain  from  making  a  party  question  out 
of  the  XlVth  Amendment,  the  far  South  ought 
to  become  national  rather,  than  sectional  in 
politics.     The  time  has  come  for  a  new  era. 

What  the  ^''^sident  McKinley,  it  is  true,  was 
Election  not  elected  by  the  votes  of  the  extreme 
^^^'*^'  Southern  States.  But  the  general 
movement  of  the  country  which  has  ordained 
that  he  shall  remain  four  years  longer  at  his  post 
was  not  keenly  partisan  in  its  nature  or  spirit. 
What  the  movement  meant  we  have  pointed  out 
so  repeatedly  heretofore  that  now  when  the 
outcome  perfectly  sustains  and  justifies  all  the 
positions  we  have  taken  and  the  predictions  we 
have  ventured  upon,  there  is  not  much  need  to 
point  a  moral.  A  few  words  may  suffice.  The 
country  had  decided  in  1896  against  free  silver 
as  a  monetary  standard.  People  may  change  the 
fashion  of  their  clothes  once  or  twice  a  year  ;  but 
they  cannot  change  all  the  street- grades  of  their 


GKE  WHIZ  I 

Uncle  Samuel :  *'Tliat  woz  a  lively  tusnle  Pve  hadwld 
that  critter.  Thank  goodness,  I  \iion^t  be  bothered  with 
hi  in  for^another  four  years."— From  Wasp  (San  Francisco). 


656 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Richard  Yatee  (ni.).  Wlnflcld  T.  Darbin  (Ind.).         Robert  La  FoUette  (Wis.). 

THBES  WnTBBIl  BBPUBLIOAJI  OOTKBROBS-SLBCT, 

town,  or  the  prevailing  style  of  its  architecture, 
more  frequently  as  a  rule  than  once  in  a  genera- 
tion. It  is  bad  to  change  a  tariff  policy  too  often 
— usually,  the  general  character  of  a  tariff  law 
should  hold  for  at  least  ten  years.  Infinitely 
more  objectionable  is  the  change — except  at  long 
intervals,  or  for  most  imperative  reasons — of  the 
monetary  standard  that  measures  all  transactions. 
The  fact  that  the  people  decided  the  silver  ques- 
tion in  189G  was,  of  itself,  reason  enough  why 
the  Democrats  should  have  dropped  it  in  1900. 
But,  further  than  that,  the  business  conditions  of 
the  country  were  such  that  the  practical  argu- 
ments for  free  silver  that  seemed  to  have  some 
force  in  1896  had  lost  their  force  in  1900.  The 
mere  theory  of  bimetallism  was  not  practically 
involved.  There  was  no  sufficient  practical  reason 
why  the  great  Democratic  party,  in  its  convention 
at  Kansas  City,  should  have  declared  again  for  the 
immediate  free  coinage  of  silver.  Labeling  some- 
thing else  the  *  *  paramount  issue  "  could  not  atone 
for  the  mistake  of  forcing  the  silver  question 
again  upon  the  country  at  so  inappropriate  a  time. 
As  for  *<  imperialism ''  and  <<  militarism,*'  those 
issues,  like  that  of  the  monetary  standard,  were 
not  accepted  by  the  country  as,  in  any  necessary 
sense,  party  questions.  The  war  with  Spain  had 
been  due  to  the  action  of  Democrats  no  less  than 
to  that  of  Republicans,  and  there  had  been  no 
distinction  of  party  lines  in  the  public  sentiment 
which  was  responsible  for  each  succeeding  step. 
As  the  campaign  proceeded,  it  was  evident 
enough  that  the  country  did  not  expect  or 
desire  apologies  for  the  policy  of  American 
expansion.  The  popularity  of  that  policy  stands 
revealed.  Its  completely  national  character 
is  now  beyond  all  question  ;  for  every  one 
knows  that  the  Democratic  complexion  of  the 
**  Solid  South"  was,  in  no  sense,  due  to  sympa- 
He  views  of  the  A nti -imperialist  League, 


or  to  the  aooeptanoe  of 
Mr.  Bryan's  views  ^n 
the  position  of  the 
United  States  in  the 
Orient.  In  short,  this 
was  not  a  year  for  party 
politics  ;  nor  was  it  a 
time  when  the  country 
could  possibly  afford  to 
repudiate  either  its  fi- 
nancial decisions  of  four 
years  ago,  or  its  actions 
on  the  larger  stage  of 
the  world's  affairs  sub- 
sequent to  the  Spanish 
War.  We  are  in  the 
Orient  to  stay,  to  exer- 
cise a  useful  as  well  as 
a  powerful  influence  ;  and  we  must,  henceforth, 
take  an  ever-increasing  part  in  the  complexities 
of  diplomacy  and  international  relationship. 

'Tu  .  r.  ^,  In  our  «*  Record  of  Current  Events," 
of  Pnaid^Ht  on  another  page,  will  be  found  some 
MeKiniey.  tabulated  statistics  of  the  Presidential 
election  of  November  6.  The  Republicans  were 
successful  in  twenty-eight  States  which  have  an 
aggregate  of  292  votes  in  the  electoral  college. 
The  Democrats  were  successful  in  seventeen 
States  which  have  an  aggregate  of  155  votes  in 
the  electoral  college.  Those  who  would  keep  in 
mind  the  mechanism  of  our  elections  must  re- 
member that,  in  the  legal  sense,  the  Presidential 
election  has  not  yet  been  held.  Each  of  the  447 
electors  has  a  perfect  right  in  law  to  vote  for  any 
citizen  whom  he  may  prefer.  Custom  that  is 
stronger  than  law,  however,  makes  it  certain  that 
all  the  Republican  electors  will,  on  December  5, 
vote  for  McKinley  and  Roosevelt,  and  that  all 
the  Democratic  electore  will  vote  for  Bryan  and 
Stevenson.     Four  years  ago,  Mr.  Bryan  had  176 


AARON  T.  BUBS. 


8.  r.  TAN  BANT. 


(Gov.-  elect  of  Michigaa.)       (Gov.*  elect  of  Mtameaota.) 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


657 


Copyright,  1900,  by  E.  Nockln. 

J.  B.  Orman,  (Col.). 


A.  M.  Dockery  (Mo.).  John  R.  Rogers  (Wash.).  Benton  McMillin  (Tenn.). 

FOUR  DEMOCRATIC  OOVERNORS-ELECT,  TWO  WESTERN  AND  TWO  SOUTHERN. 


votes  and  Mr.  McKinley  271.  Tlie  Republican 
ticket  again  carried  ail  the  States  that  were  Re- 
publican in  1896,  except  Kentucky.  In  addition 
to  those  States,  and  as  an  offset  to  the  loss  of 
Kentucky,  the  Republicans  this  year  carried  Mr. 
Bryan's  own  State  of  Nebraska,  South  Dakota, 
Kansas,  Wyoming,  Utah,  and  Washington. 

The  election  in  Kentucky  was  this 
in  ¥ariou9  year  so  much  complicated  with  local 
atatea.  jggues,  and  there  has  since  been  so 
much  dispute  over  the  manner  in  which  the 
Goebel  election  law  affected  the  fairness  of  the 
returns,  that  no  national  signi6cance  whatever  is 
to  be  attached  to  the  result  in  that  State.  The 
Republican  success  in  Nebraska,  in  spite  of  the 
complete  fusion  of  Democrats,  Populists,  and  Sil- 
ver Republicans,  and  their  warm,  personal  al- 
legiance to  Mr.  Bryan,  was  a  great  moral  vic- 
tory, not  so  much  for  Mr.  McKinley  personally, 
as  for  the  principle  of  sound  money  and  the  pol- 
icy of  American  expansion.  The  reduction  of 
Bryan's  majority  in  Colorado  to  about  the  dimen- 
sions of  the  Republican  majority  in  Connecticut 
or  Indiana,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  almost  every 
man  in  Colorado  voted  for  Bryan  four  years  ago, 
was  morally  the  greatest  Republican  triumph  of 
all.  The  plurality  in  Kansas  of  12,000  for  Bryan 
in  1896  was  changed  last  month  to  a  McKinley 
plurality  of  24,000.  Wisconsin  and  Illinois, 
which  throughout  the  campaign  the  Democrats 
were  claiming  on  the  strength  of  their  supposed 
conquest  of  the  German  •  American  vote,  each 
gave  McKinley  about  100,000  plurality. 


Ur.  Bryan's 


Mr.    Bryan,    under   all    the   circum- 

Heaou       Stances,  made  a  very  brilliant  and  re- 

Undertaking,  ^arkable  campaign.      He  carried  the 

great  city  of  New  York,  and  reduced   Mr.  Mc- 

Kinley's  plurality  in  the  Empire  State  from  268,- 

000  in  1896  to  145,000.      But  his  defeat,  never- 


theless, was  complete  and  decisive.  He  was  em- 
barrassed by  the  multiplicity  of  his  issues.  He 
found  himself  the  foremost  champion  on  too 
many  different  fields.  He  could  not  abdicate  his 
place  as  head  and  forefront  of  the  great  fi-ee  sil- 
ver movement,  by  virtue  of  which  he  had  brought 
about  the  amalgamated  support  of  three  parties. 
Nor  could  he  repudiate  a  position  in  which  the 
Olneys,  Schurzes,  and  Atkinsons  of  the  an ti- Im- 
perialist movement,  as  well  as  the  Kansas  City 
Convention,  had  recognized  him  as  the  leader  in 
a  crusade  that  proposed  to  preserve  the  republic 
and  avert  the  ** empire."  But  for  political  pur- 
poses, an  even  greater  question,  if  possible,  than 
either  of  the  others  was  that  involved  in  the  hue 
and  cry  against  "trusts  "  and  plutocratic  tenden- 
cies in  government.  And  here,  again,  Mr.  Bryan 
found  practically  the  whole  work  of  saving  the 
country  thrown  upon  his  one  pair  of  sturdy  shoul- 
ders. Single-handed ,  he  fought  for  an  income-tax. 
It  was  he,  moreover,  who  was  selected  to  cham- 
pion the  cause  of  the  Boers  ;  to  denounce  the  al- 
leged secret  alliance  of  Mr.  McKinley  and  Secre- 
tary Hay  with  Lord  Salisbury  ;  and  to  proclaim 
the  grievances,  if  any  could  be  found,  of  the 
Porto  Ricans  and  the  Cubans  against  this  coun- 
try. The  load  was  too  heavy  for  any  candidate 
that  ever  lived.  The  only  wonder  is  that  Mr. 
Bryan  carried  it  so  well.  This  was  not  a  politi- 
cal year,  after  all.  Mr.  Bryan  made  perhaps- 
more  out  of  the  situation  than  any  one  else  could 
have  done.  In  times  of  prosperity  it  is  natural 
that  people  should  prefer  not  to  ask  searching 
questions  or  make  experimental  changes.  Again, 
as  four  years  ago,  Mr.  Bryan  made  a  wonderful 
speaking  campaign.  He  is  still  a  young  man 
and  of  unimpaired  vigor.  Let  us  hope  that  he 
will  not,  at  his  age,  become  a  mere  martyr — the 
Jefferson  Davis,  so  to  speak,  of  the  lost  cause  of 
free  silver.  One  might  be  tempted  to  say  to  Mr. 
Bryan,  in  the  slang  of  the  day,  <'  Cheer  up  ;  the 


658 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


worst  is  yet  to  come."  There  are  always  clouds 
on  the  horizon,  and  there  will  be  no  dearth  of 
first-class  causes  to  champion.  Soon  enough, 
too,  there  will  come  elections  when  the  country 
is  not  under  the  spell  of  business  conservatism. 

So  mucli  attention  is  always  attracted 
^^EfectiMa"^'  by  the  Presidential  election  that  the 

general  reader  may  be  pardoned  if,  in 
a  Presidential  year,  he  has  less  in  mind  the  im- 
portance of  the  Congressional  and  gubernatorial 
elections.  The  present  House  of  Representatives 
has  186  Republicans  and  171  opposition  mem- 
bers— a  Republican  majority  of  15.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  the  next  House  will  have  202  Repub- 
lican members  and  155  opposition  members — a 
Republican  majority  of  47.  In  the  Senate,  as  at 
present  constituted,  there  is  a  Republican  majority 
of  about  16.  In  the  Senate  as  it  will  be  after 
the  4th  of  March  it  is  estimated  that  the  Repub- 
lican strength  will  be  materially  enhanced. 

Twenty-six  of  the  forty-five  States 
Joolrnon.  ^^^^^^^  governors  on  November  6. 
In  the  East,  the  most  conspicuous 
contest  was  in  New  York,  where  the  Hon.  B. 
B.  Odell,  Jr. ,  was  chosen  over  Mr.  J.  B.  Stanch- 
field  by  a  plurality  that  exceeded  100,000,  al- 
though, as  was  expected,  it  fell  a  good  deal  be- 
hind that  given  to  McKinley.  Elsewhere  we 
publish  an  interesting  characterization  of  Mr. 
Odell  as  a  Republican  by  Dr.  Lyman  Abbott. 
In  Massachusetts,  Governor  Crane  was  reelected 
as  a  matter  of  course.  In  Indiana,  the  Hon. 
W.  T.  Durbin  was  elected  governor  by  a  plurality 
a  little  less  than  that  given  for  MoKinley.  In 
Michigan,  the  Hon.  Aaron  T.  Bliss  is  chosen 
governor  to  succeed  Mr.  Pingree,  his  opponent 
having  been  Mr.  May  bury,  who  succeeded  Mr. 
Pingree  as  mayor  of  Detroit.  In  Minnesota  the 
Hon.  Samuel  F.  Van  Sant  was  elected  by  a  close 


margin  as  against  the  Hon.  John  Lind,  the 
present  governor,  who  made  a  very  strong  fight 
Mr.  McKinley  carried  Minnesota  by  70,000, 
while  the  governor  •  elect  had  a  plurality  over 
Lind  of  only  4,000.  In  Illinois,  also,  Mr.  Al- 
schuler,  the  Democratic  candidate  for  governor, 
had  great  popular  strength,  and  the  governor- 
elect,  Hon.  Richard  Yates,  fell  more  than  30,000 
behind  the  Republican  vote  for  President.  In 
Nebraska,  curiously  enough,  Mr.  Bryan  fared 
much  worse  than  the  State  ticket  with  which  he 
was  associated.  The  Republican  governor-elect, 
Charles  H.  Dietrich,  came  through  with  a  plural- 
ity not  more  than  a  quarter,  perhaps,  of  that 
given  to  Mr.  McKinley  ;  and  the  Fusionists  also 
seem  to  have  come  very  close  to  a  control  of  the 
new  legislature,  which  will  elect  two  United 
States  Senators.  In  the  State  of  Washington, 
the  present  Democratic  governor,  Rogers,  was 
reelected,  while  the  State  went  for  McKinley. 
Kentucky  declares  that  Governor  Beckham  is 
reelected,  although  the  Republicans  affirm  that 
their  candidate,  Mr.  Yerkes,  actually  polled  the 
larger  number  of  votes,  and' that  he  has  been 
counted  out.  Some  interesting  senatorial  strug- 
gles are  in  prospect ;  but  of  these  we  shall  have 
enough  in  future  months.  The  minor  parties 
made  no  great  showing  in  this  year's  election, 
and  apparently  had  little  or  nothing  to  do  with 
turning  the  scale  in  any  of  the  forty-five  States. 
Next  month  it  may  be  possible  to  say  approxi- 
mately how  many  votes  were  cast  for  Mr.  Wool- 
ley  the  Prohibitionist  candidate,  Mr.  Baker  the 
Populist,  and  Mr.  Debs  the  Socialist. 


The 


There  has  been  much  rumor  of  im- 

President'a    pending   changes  in  the  President's 

Cabinet.     Q2^}inet.     This  has  been  due  not  in 

slightest  degree  to  any  lack  of  harmony  or  any 

pressure  either  of  party  sentiment  or  of  public 

opinion,  but  solely  to  the  fact  that  for  private 


J.  K.  Toole  (Dem.), 
Montana. 


W.  S.  Jennings  (Dem.), 
Florida. 


Frank  White  (Rep.), 
North  Dakota. 


John  Hnnn  (Rep.), 
Delaware. 


FX>rR  OOVXRNORS-ELECT,  TWO  DKMOORATIC  AND  TWO  RKPUBLTCAIf. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


659 


reasons  various  members  have  expressed  a  de- 
sire to  lay  down  their  public  duties.  Mr.  Hay, 
secretary  of  state,  who  has  shown  great  capa- 
city and  won  wide  fame  in  connection  with  the 
diplomacy  about  China,  is  said  to  have  felt  the 
strain  upon  his  health.  If  he  should  retire,  it  is 
supposed  that  the  portfolio  of  State  would  be 
tendered  to  Mr.  Root,  now  secretary  of  war. 
Mr.  Root  has  had  even  more  arduous  duties  than 
Mr.  Hay,  and  undoubtedly  he  too  would  like  to 
seek  relief  in  private  life.  Attorney- General 
Griggs  has  definitely  decided  to  leave  the  cabi- 
net at  the  end  of  the  present  term  on  March  4. 
It  is  believed  that  Mr.  Gage  will  consent  to  stay 
at  his  post  and  help  readjust  the  revenue  system 
at  a  time  when  war  taxes  are  producing  a  sur- 
plus. Secretary  Long,  it  is 
now  reported,  may  also  be  per- 
suaded to  forego  his  prefer- 
ences and  remain  at  the  head 
of  the  Navy  Department.  It 
would  be  a  distinct  loss  to 
have  Mr.  Wilson  leave  the 
Department  of  Agriculture. 
It  is  well  known  that  Mr. 
Charles  Emory  Smith  desires 
to  lay  down  the  postmaster- 
generalship   and    resume    his 


chief  executive  of  the  country  and  his  group  of 
official  advisers.  He  is  as  far  on  the  one 
hand  from  making  the  cabinet  ministers  his 
mere  clerks  or  subordinates  as  he  is  on  the  other 
hand  from  throwing  upon  them  the  burden  of 
responsibility  that  belongs  to  the  President  him- 
self. We  have 
not  had  the  ex- 
perience of  a 
reelected  a  d 
ministration  for 
nearly  thirty 
years.  The 
country  will 
find  it  rather 
pleasant   than 


GBOROB  p.  MCLEAN. 

(Gov.-  elect  of  Connecticat.) 


CHE8TKR  B.  JORDAN. 

(Gov.-  elect  of  New  Hampshire.) 


editorial  functions 
in  Philadelphia  ; 
but  it  is  reported 
that  he  will  accept 
as  law  the  Presi- 
dent's wish  to 
have  him  stay  in 
the  cabinet.  It 
has  not  been  reported,  so  far  as  we  are  aware, 
that  Mr.  Hitchcock,  the  secretary  of  the  interior, 
has  intended  to  retire.  The  President's  specific 
invitation  to  all  members  of  the  cabinet  to  remain 
at  their  posts  will  make  it  unnecessary  for  them 
to  tender  their  resignations,  as  a  matter  of  form, 
at  the  end  of  the  present  term.  We  have,  per- 
haps, never  had  a  President  who  maintained,  as 
perfectly  as  does  President  McKinley,  the  appro- 
priate relationship  that  should  exist  between  the 


W.  MUBRAT  OUAKB. 

((^y.-  elect  of  Massachasetts.) 

otherwise  to  find  things  going 
steadily  on  with  the  same  cabi- 
net and  the  same  executive  or- 
ganization throughout  the  coun- 
try, and  without  the  customary 
clean  sweep  of  ambassadors, 
ministers,  and  consular  officers 
abroad.  There  are  times,  of 
course,  when  changes  are  whole- 
some and  beneficial ;  but  there 
are  other  times  when  the 
avoidance  of  change  is  of  much  profit  and  ad- 
vantage to  all  but  office-seekers. 

In  his  forthcoming  message  to  Con - 
Conaresa  gress  the  President  will  deal  at  some 
tfiit  Month,  length  with  the  Nicaragua  Canal  ques- 
tion. Undoubtedly  it  is  his  laudable  ambition 
to  see  work  actually  begun  on  a  trans- Isthmian 
canal  before  he  retires  from  the  White  House 
in  1905.  Doubtless,  also,  he  will  recommend 
some  reduction  of  war  taxes  and  a  readjustment 
of  the  revenues.  The  question  of  shipping  sub- 
sidies is  expected  to  come  up  again  for  considera- 
tion this  winter.  There  will  be  an  effort  made 
to  fix  the  congressional  apportionment  under  the 
new  census  ;  and  since,  apparently,  the  question 
of  negro  disfranchisement  is  to  be  waived,  the 
business  ought  not  to  be  hard  to  manage.     The 


662 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REk'lElV  OF  REWIEIVS. 


these  is  Sir  Charles  Tapper,  who  has  been 
active  and  prominent  in  Canadian  politics  for 
almost  half  a  centuiy.  He  has  decided  to  retire 
permanently  from  public  life.  In  a  house  of 
only  a  little  more  than  two  hundred  members,  the 
Liberals  will  have  a  majority  of  more  than  fifty. 
The  great  Province  of  Quebec  went  almost  entirely 
for  the  Liberals,  while  Ontario  gave  about  five- 
eighths  of  her  93  seats  to  the  Conservatives.  In 
England,  the  Conservative  government  organs 
were  very  generally  pleased  with  the  success  of 
Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier,  who  is  regarded  as  ardently 
British,  although  a  Frenchman  and  a  Catholic, 
and  who  was"  also  deemed  an  imperialist  of  the 
approved  type.  In  Newfoundland,  the  most  in- 
tense interest  was  developed  in  the  election,  the 
issues  of  which  were  explained  in  these  pages 
last  month.  The  defeat  of  the  monopolist,  Mr. 
Reid,  and  his  political  representative,  Mr.  Morine, 
was  decisive,  and  Mr.  Bond  comes  into  control  of 
the  legislature  and  the  government. 

'  It  is  evident  that  the  Chinese  nego- 

Far-EasUrn  tiations  are  to  be  very  tedious.  The 
Imbroglio.  q\xijxq^q  peace  commission,  of  which 
Li  Hung  Chang  is  the  prominent  member,  has 
professed  great  eagerness  for  a  prompt  settle- 
ment. It  has  begged  the  aggrieved  powers  to 
content  themselves,  in  so  far  as  they  could,  with 
money  indemnities,  and  to  recognize  the  great 
practical  diflBculty  involved  in  beheading  the  very 
people  now  high  in  a  government  with  which 
the  European  powers  are  supposed  to  be  peace- 
ably negotiating.  The  Czar  was  ill  last  month 
at  Livadia.  It  was  reported  that  he  had  a  mild 
form  of  typhoid  fever,  but  no  reliance  was  to  be 
placed  upon  the  news  as  to  his  condition.  It  was 
plain,  however,  that  his  illness  was  interfering  with 
the  development  of  Russian  policy  in  the  far  East. 
The  announcement  of  the  agreement  between 
England  and  Germany  led  to  much  talk  in  the 
Russian  press  of  a  counter- movement  in  which 
the  United  States  and  Japan  were  to  be  associ- 
ated with  Russia  and  France.  Strange  as  it  may 
seem,  Russia  now  shows  a  disposition  to  give 
Japan  a  free  hand  in  Korea,  in  return  for  Japan's 
moral  support  of  Russia's  policy  in  Manchuriai 
Unquestionably,  the  Russian  forces  in  that  great 
region  of  Northern  China  have  been  pursuing  a 
horrible  career  of  devastation  and  slaughter.  As 
for  the  Chinese  Government,  it  has  degraded 
Prince  Tuan  and  some  other  prominent  officials 
from  their  positions  and  emoluments,  and  con- 
demned them  to  as  severe  punishment  as  it  dares. 
Representatives  of  the  powers  at  Peking  have, 
with  great  deliberation,  been  putting  the  final 
touches  upon  the  list  of  the  demands  which  are 
to  form  the  basis  of  the  negotiations. 


In  Germany,  Baron  von  Richthofen 
^^marly,    ^^   Succeeded  Count  von  Bulow  as 

minister  of  foreign  affairs.  At  the 
opening  of  the  Reichstag,  on  November  14,  the 
Emperor  William  made  a  pacific  address,  in 
which  he  declared  that  the  outrages  in  China 
had  united  all  nations.  The  periodical  publica- 
tions of  Germany  all  show  plainly  that  the  Chi- 
nese question  is  the  one  absorbing  theme  of  dis- 
cussion. The  Socialists,  and  some  other  large 
political  bodies  of  Germany,  condemn  the  gov- 
ernment's aggressive  Chinese  policy  in  unsparing 
terms.     Chancellor  von  Biilow  defends  it. 

As  we  were  closing  these  pages  for  the 
In  France,    press,  the  French  nation  was  aroused 

to  a  high  pitch  of  excitement  over  the 
arrival  at  Marseilles  of  President  Kriiger,  of  the 
Transvaal,  where  an  imrtiense  demonstration  was 
prepared  for  him, — the  English  for  the  most  part 
looking  on  without  much  show  of  irritation.  It 
was  well  understood  that  the  French  Government, 
while  permitting  the  outburst  of  sympathy  for 
Mr.  Kiiiger  and  the  Boers,  would  not  allow  any 
expressions  of  hostility  to  England.  Mr.  Km- 
ger's  mission  was  announced  to  be  that  of  a  nego- 
tiator of  peace  on  any  terms  except  those  ol 
annexation.  This,  obviously,  was  a  hopeless  mis- 
sion. The  Paris  Exposition,  which  opened  on 
the  14th  of  last  April,  was  closed  on  November 
12,  having  been  open  212  days.  The  World's 
Fair  at  Chicago,  seven  years  ago,  was  opea  17S 
days,  and  had  about  27,500,000  visitors.  It  is 
reported  that  this  years  exposition  had  more 
than  50,000,000  visitors.  The  Waldeck-Rous- 
seau  ministry,  which  the  Nationalists  had 
ised  to  upset  as  soon  as  the  exposition  was" 
received  a  vote  of  confidence  on  November^  by 
a  majority  of  79.  The  success  of  the  expoaiuoii 
has  stimulated  the  long- discussed  project  of  re- 
moving the  inner  line  of  fortifications  and  add- 
ing to  P^ris  the  populous  suburbs. 

A  matter  to  be  noted  as  of  impor- 
In  England,   tance  in  England  is  the  institution  of 

the  new  system  of  municipal  govern- 
ment in  London,  under  which  the  subdivisions  of 
the  metropolis,  heretofore  governed  by  vestries 
and  district  boards,  have  been  erected  into  a  series 
of  separate  municipalities,  each  having  a  mayor 
and  municipal  council,  but  all  of  them  subject  in 
certain  large  matters  of  common  concern  to  the 
superior  authority  of  the  great  London  County 
Council.  We  have  alluded  on  a  previous  pa^  to 
Lord  Salisbury's  speech  at  the  lord  mayor's  ban- 
quet on  November  9,  and  to  some  of  the  ministerial 
changes  by  virtue  of  which  several  prominent 
young  Tories, — several  of  them  closely  connected 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


663 


with  Lord  Salisbury's  own  family,  and  all  of 
them,  with  an  exception  or  two,  belonging  to 
the  titled  aristocracy, — have  received  promotions 
from  under-secretaryships  to  full  cabinet  posts. 
Everything  is  now  pointing  in  England  towards 
the  reentry  into  politics  of  Lord  Rosebery  as 
the  chief  of  the  newly  organized  Liberal  party. 
The  return  of  the  C.I.  Vs.,  London's  crack  regi- 
ment of  volunteers,  from  an  absence  of  some 
months  in  South  Africa — where  the  regiment 
conducted  itself  without  discredit  and  lost  per- 
haps ten  men — was  the  scene  at  the  end  of 
October  of  the  most  overwhelming  and  unre- 
strained demonstrations  of  enthusiasm  ever  wit- 
nessed in  London,  making  the  rejoicing  over  the 
return  of  Wellington  after  the  battle  of  Waterloo 
altogether  a  tame  affair.  The  English  people 
have  never  shown  in  any  former  period  the  un- 
balanced judgment  and  the  tendency  to  hysterics 
that  have  prevailed  since  the  war  in  South 
Africa  began.  It  is  Frenchmen  nowadays  who 
are  phlegmatic  and  self- restrained,  in  comparison 
with  their  neighbors  across  the  Channel. 


rRETHBRR  YON  RTCHTHOFSN. 

(New  German  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs.) 


Obttuary 
Notes. 


QUSKI  WnJlELMIKA  Or  BOLLAITD  AND  HMR  PROBPBCTIYB 
OOX0OBT  ABRITINO  AT  THB  HAOUS. 


In  the  obituary  list  of  the  month  oc 
cur,  among  foreigners,  the  names  of 
Prof.  Max  Muller  and  Prince  Chris- 
tian Victor,  the  Queen's  grandson.  We  publish 
in  this  number  a  contributed  appreciation  of  the 
life-work  of  Max  Miiller.  We  publish  also  a 
brief  sketch  of  the  late  Marcus  Daly,  of  Mon- 
tana, who  died  in  New  York  last  month.  Ex. 
Mayor  William  L.  Strong,  of  New  York,  be- 
longed to  the  highest  type  of  the  American  busi- 
ness man.  His  name  was  a  synonym  for  integ- 
rity in  private  affairs,  and  his  public  career  was 
of  credit  to  himself  and  usefulness  to  the  city. 
Of  Mr.  Henry  Villard,  who  completed  the  North- 
em  Pacific  Railroad  in  1883  and  was  identified 
with  other  large  enterprises,  something  more  ex- 
tended will  be  published  in  the  next  number  of 
this  Review.     His  career  was  full  of  interest. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


(Fnmi  October  H  to  November  to^  1900.) 


BON.  W.  B.  BTAITLBY. 

(Reelected  governor  of  Kansas.) 


POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT-AMERICAN. 

October  26.— Governor  Roosevelt  makes  a  campaign 
speech  in  New  York  City. 

October  27.— A   great  "prosperity''  parade  is   con- 

ducted  under 
Republican  au- 
spices in  Chica- 
go.... Mr.  Bryan 
addresses  sever- 
al large  gather- 
ings  in  New 
York  City. 

November  2. — 
Grovernor  Roose- 
velt ends  his 
campaign  tour 
at  Owego,  N.  Y., 
having,  in  eight 
weeks,  traveled 
21,209  miles  and 
made  673  speech- 
es to  audiendes 
aggregating 
8,000,000  persons, 
in  24  States. 

November  8. — 
The  Republi- 
cans hold  a  great 
"sound-money"  parade  in  New  York  City. 

November  5.— The  Cuban  Constitutional  Convention 
organizes  at  Havana,  with  Sefior  Llorente,  Justice  of 
the  Supreme 
Court,  as  presi- 
dent, and  Sefior 
Villuendas   as 

secretary The 

United  States 
Supreme  Court 
decides  the  case 
of  the  American 
Sugar  Refin- 
ing Company 
against  Louisi- 
ana in  favor  of 
the  State. 

November  6. — 
Electors  of  .Pres- 
ident and  Vice- 
President,  Rep- 
resentatives i  n 
ConKresa,  State 
and  local  officers 
are  chosen  in  the 
United  States. 

The  following 
table  shows  the 
number  of  votes 
in  the  Electoral 
College,  and  the 
approximate 


popular  pluralities  by  States,  as  divided  between  the 
two  leading  candidates  for  President.  As  these  esti- 
mates of  popular  pluralities  are  made  in  advance  of 
the  complete  official  canvass,  the  figures  are  not  to  be 
accepted  as  final ;  but  it  is  believed  that  they  <x>rre- 
spond  very  closely  with  the  actual  results  of  the  ballot- 
ing in  most,  if  not  all,  of  the  States : 

McKlNIiBT.  Bbtan. 


S 

s 

California 9 

Connecticut 6 

Delaware 8 

Illinois 24 

Indiana 15 

Iowa 18 

Kansas 10 

Maine 6 

Maryland 8 

Massachusetts..  15 

Michigan H 

Minnesota U 

Nebraska 8 

New  Hampshire    4 

New  Jersey 10 

New  York 88 

North  Dakota...    8 

Ohio 23 

Oregon 4 

Pennsylvania...  82 
Rhode  Island....  4 
SonthDHkota...    4 

UUh 8 

Vermont 4 

Washington 4 

West  Virginia..    6 

Wisconsin 12 

Wyoming 8 


il 

II 

s^ 

40,000 
»,400 

4,000 
06,000 
28,000 
80,000 
24,000 
27,000 
14,000 
82,000 
98,000 
70,000 

6,000 
22,000 
63,000 
145,000 
12,000 
60,000 
14,000 
800,000 
14,000 
14,000 

4,000 
86,000 

5.000 
17,000 
110,000 

4,000  I 


is 

II 

4tk,oa> 


1^ 

H 

Alabama 11 

Arkansas 8 

Colorado i 

Florida 4 

Georgia 13 

Idaho 3 

Kentucky 13 

Louisiana 6 

Mississippi 9 

Missouri 17 

Montana 3 

Nevada 8 

North  Carolina.  11 
Fk>nth  Carolina.    9 

Tennessee 12 

Texas 15 

Virginia 12 

ToUls 155       640,000 


80,000 

22.000 

40,000 

S.O0O 

8.000 

90joao 

4AJ000 

8&J00O 

10.000 

2.000 


50,000 

25,000 

180.000 

30,000 


BON.  HKBBR  M.  WILLS. 

(Reelected  governor  of  Utah.) 


Totals 292    1,426,400  I 

Elections  to  the  Fifty-seventh  Congress  result  as  fol* 
lows :    2(A  Republicans,  155  Democrats  and  Populists.. 

The  following  State  governora  are  chosen  :  Colorado^ 
James  B.  Orman  (Fusion);  Connecticut,  Greorge  P. 
McLean  (Rep.) :  Delaware,  John  Hunn  (Rep.);  Florida, 
W.  S.  Jennings  (Dem.);  Idaho,  Frank  W.  Hunt  (Fusion); 
Illinois,  Richard  Yates  (Rep.) ;  Indiana,  Winfield  Durbin 
(Rep.) ;  Kansas,  W.  E.  Stanley  (Rep.) ;  Kentucky,  J.  C. 
W.  Beckham  (Dem.);  Massachusetts,  W.  Murray  Crane 
(Rep.);  Michigan,  Aaron  T.  Bliss  (Rep.);  Minnesota, 
Samuel  F.  Van  Sant  (Rep.) ;  Missouri,  A.  M.  Dockery 
(Dem.) ;  Montana,  Joseph  K.  Toole  (Fusion) ;  Nebraska, 
Charles  H.  Dietrich  (Rep.) ;  New  Hampshire,  Chester 
B.  Jordan  (Rep.) ;  New  York,  Benjamin  B.  OdelU  Jr. 
(Rep.);  North  Dakota,  Frank  White  (Rep.);  South 
Carolina,  M.  B.  McSweeney  (Dem.) ;  South  Dakota* 
Charles  N.  Herrlod  (Rep.) ;  Tennessee,  Benton  McMil- 
lin  (Dem.);  Texas,  Joseph  D.  Sayers  (Dem.);  Utah, 
Heber  M.  Wells  (Rep.) ;  Washington,  John  R.  Rogers 
(Fusion) ;  West  Virginia,  A.  B.  White  (Rep.) ;  WisooD- 
sin,  Robert  M.  La  Follette  (Rep.). 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  Ek'ENTS. 


665 


HON.  M.  B.  M'SWEBNKT. 

(Gov.-electof  South  Carolina.) 


/n  Porto  Rico,  about  70,000  votes  are  cast  out  of  a 
total  registration  of  12O|000,  the  Federal  party  refrain- 
ing from  voting. 

November  12.— President  McKinley  orders  a  discon- 
tinuance of  the  military  department  of  Porto  Rico  and 

a  reduction  of  the  force  in  the  island The  policy  of 

the  Citizens*  Union  in  the  New  York  City  mayoralty 
contest  of  1901  is  announced. 

November  15.— The  Alabama  Legislature  unanimous- 
ly reelects  John  T.  Mor- 
gan to  the  United  States 
Senate ....  Richard  Cro- 
ker  orders  a  Tammany 
campaign  against  vice  in 
New  York  City. 

November  16. — A  letter 
of  Bishop  Potter  to  Mayor 
Van  Wyck,  charging  po- 
lice complicity  with  vice 
in  New  York  City,  is 
made  public,  together 
with  the  mayor's  instruc- 
tions to  the  police  com- 
missioners and  the  dis 
trict  attorney. 

November  20.— Repub- 
lican members  of  the 
House  Ways  and  Means 
Committee  hold  a  meet- 
ing to  consider  the  reduction  of  war  taxes. 

POLITICS  AND  QOVERNMENT-POREIQN. 

October  21.— The  Spanifh  cabinet  resigns  office. 

October  22. — General  Azcarraga  forms  a  new  Spanish 
cabinet.... The  Russian  budget  of  1899  passes  the  con- 
troller, with  a  surplus  of  186,000,000  roubles Ecuador 

arranges  to  pay  its  entire  foreign  debt. 

October  24. — Baron  von  Richthofen  succeeds  Count 

von  Billow  as  German  foreign  secretary Ex-Premier 

Shreiner,  of  Cape  Colony,  resigns  from  the  Cape  Par 
liament^  owing  to  the  hostility  of  Afrikander  extremists. 

October  81.— Anti-tax  riots  take  place  in  Roumania. 

November  1.— Queen  Victoria  approves  the  appoint- 
ment of  Lord  Salisbury  as  premier  and  lord  privy 
seal,  the  Marquis  of  Lansdowne  as  foreign  secretary, 
William  St.  John  Brodrick  as  secretary  foj  war,  the 
Earl  of  Selborne  as  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  and 
C.  T.  Ritchie  as  home  secretary,  in  the  new  British 
ministry. 

November  3.— Stern    measures   are  taken  in  Spain 

against  the  Carlist  agitation Several  changes  are 

made  in  the  Norwegian  ministry. 

November  6.— The  French  Parliament  reassembles. 

November  7.— Queen  Victoria  approves  additional 
appointments  in  the  new  British  ministry The  Cana- 
dian general  election  results  favorably  to  the  present 
Liberal  government ;  Sir  Charles  Tupper,  leader  of  the 
ConAervatives.  is  among  those  defeated  for  seats  in  Par- 
liament;  the  Lil^eral  majority  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons is  estimated  at  47. 

November  8.— The  Newfoundland  elections  are  favor- 
able to  the  Liberals,  the  party  in  power The  French 

Chamber  of  Deputies,  by  a  vote  of  329  to  222,  adopts  a 
resolution  of  confidence  in  the  Waldeck-Rousseau  min- 
istry. . .  .The  new  lord  mayor  of  London  is  inaugurated. 


November  12.  —  The  Dutch  cabinet  submits  to  the 
State»-General  a  proposition  to  drain  the  Zuyder  Zee,  at 
an  estimated  cost  of  $100,000,000. . .  .The  reorganization 
of  the  British  cabinet  is  completed. 

November  14. — The  Grerman  Reichstag  reassembles. 

November  20.— In  the  German  Reichstag  severe  criti- 
cisms are  passed  on  the  Emperor  William^s  utterances. 

INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS. 

October  26. — The  Transvaal  is  formally  proclaimed  a 
part  of  the  British  empire. 

October  29. — All  the  mouths  of  the  Orinoco  River  are 
declared  open  to  international  navigation. 

October  30.— The  British  military  authorities  take 
stern  measures  to  suppress  guerrilla  warfare  in  South 
Africa. 

October  81. — Fighting  is  reported  between  Aastro- 
Hungarians  and  Montenegrins  over  a  boundary  dispute. 
November  7. — A  convention  between  the  United 
States  and  Spain  is  signed  at  Washington,  ceding  the 
islands  of  Cagayan  and  Sibutu  to  the  United  States  for 
$100,000. 

November  8. — Lord  Roberts  reports  an  eogagement 
near  Botha ville,    in   which   23   Boers   are   killed,    80 

wounded,  and  a  hundred 
taken  prisoners,  while 
7  guns  are  captured  by 
the  British,  who  lose  8 
officers  and  4  men  killed. 
November  9 .  —  Lord 
Salisbury  expresses  grat- 
iflcatioq  at  the  result  of 
the  election  in  the  United 
States. 

November  10.— An  His 
pano-American  Con- 
gress, in  which  many  of 
the  South  American 
States  are  represented, 
meets  at  Madrid. 

November  12.— The 
Paris  Exposition  is 
closed. 

^  .  November  15.— The 

Hispano-American  Congress  at  Madrid  declares  that 
acceptance  of  the  decisions  of  the  international  tribunal 
of  arbitration  must  have  some  guarantee  other  than 
an  engagement  of  honor. 

THE  CRISIS  IN  CHINA. 

October  22.— The  rebellion  against  the  present  dynasty 
is  proceeding  in  the  southern  provinces  successfully. 

October  23.— The  allies  occupy  Pao-ting-fu  without 
opposition. 

October  24.— The  death  of  Kang  Yi  is  announced. 

October  25. — Minister  Conger  is  authorized  to  begin 
negotiations  with  the  Chinese  at  once.  Prince  Ching 
and  Li  Hung  Chang  ask  the  foreign  ministers  to  state 
explicitly  what  officials  deserve  punishment,  and  what 
degree  of  punishment  they  deserve. 

October  29.— The  diplomatic  body  at  Peking  hold  a 
conference  to  consider  the  form  which  the  negotiations 
should  take. 

November  1.— It  is  announced  that  all  the  interested 


HON.  A.  B.  WHITE. 

(Gov.-elect  of  West  Virginia.) 


666 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REP^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


powers  have  signified  their  approval  of  the  ADglo-(5er- 
man  agreement  as  to  China ;  the  United  States,  France, 
and  Russia  make  a  reservation  regarding  the  third 
clause. 

November  10.— Russian  troops  capture  an  arsenal 
near  Yaug  Tsun,  killing  200  Chinese. 

November  16.— A  Chinese  imperial  decree  orders  the 
life  imprisonment  of  Prince  Tuan  and  Prince  Chwang 
for  their  part  in  the  Boxer  outrages. 

November  19.— Chancellor  von  Billow  makes  a  state- 
ment to  the  Reichstag  regarding  Grerman  policy  in 
China. 

November  20.— The  French  minister  of  foreign  af- 
fairs makes  a  statement  on  the  policy  of  his  gjovem- 
ment  in  China. 

OTHER  OCCURRENCES  OP  THE  MONTH. 

October  21.— A  second  successful  trial  of  Count  Zep* 
pelin's  airship  is  made  at  Friedrichshafen. 

October  28.— Announcement  is  made  of  the  defalca- 
tion of  a  note-teller  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  New 
York  City,  in  the  sum  of  1690,000. 

October  25.— The  500th  anniversary  of  the  death  of 
Chaucer   is  commemorated  in   London.    The  United 


MR.  GHABLEb  M.  BATS. 

(The  new  president  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railway.) 

Mine- Workers  declare  the  Pennsylvania  coal  strike  oflf 
at  minfes  where  the  demands  of  the  operatives  have  been 

granted The  funeral  of  John  Sherman  takes  place 

at  Mansfield,  O.;  President  McKinley  is  one  of  the 
mourners. 

October  28. — A  great  peace  demonstration,  organized 
by  the  Labor  party  of  France,  takes  place  in  Paris. 

October  29. — In  the  demonstration  of  welcome  on  the 
return  of  the  City  Imperial  Volunteers  to  London  from 
the  South  African  War,  four  persons  are  killed  and 
many  injured. . . .  An  earthquake  at  Caracas,  Venezuela, 
causes  the  death  of  15  persons  and  much  damage  to  prop- 
erty. .  .  .Several  lives  are  lost,  and  a  number  of  buildings 
wrecked,  as  the  result  of  an  explosion  of  chemicals  in  a 


THE  THEATER  '' MARTI/*  IN    WHICH   THE  SESSIONB  OF  TBI 
CUBAN  CONSTITUTIONAL  CONVENTION  ARK  HXLD. 

wholesale  drug  house  in  New  York  City Seven  pe^ 

sons  are  killed  in  a  Northern  Pacific  train-wreck  in 
Montana.... Work  is  resumed  in  most  of  the  anthn- 
cite  coal-mines  of  Pennsylvania,  the  companies  conced- 
ing the  demands  of  the  striking  miners. 

October  81.— The  Fiee  and  the  United  Presbyterian 
churches  of  Scotland  are  formally  united. 

November  1. — Iron  manufacturers  in  Great  Britain 
reduce  prices  \o  meet  American  and  German  competi- 
tion. 

November  2.— An  explosion  in  a  coal-mine  at  Berry- 
ville,  W.  Va.,  kills  18  men. 

November  8.— The  Canadian  troops  returned  from 
South  Africa  are  welcomed  at  Ottawa. 


THE  LATE  EX-MATOH  STRONG  OP  NEW  YORK. 

November  4.— At  Lyons,  France,  a  monument  to  the 
late  President  Carnot  is  unveiled. 

November  10.— The  steamer  City  Of  MonticeUo  foun- 
ders at  the  mouth  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  ;  81  lives  are  kKt. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


667 


November  15.— The  censorship 
on  cable  dispatches  at  Manila  is 
removed.... In  the  wrecking  of 
a  train  33  miles  northeast  of 
Bayonne,  France,  13  persons  are 
killed,  including  the  Peruvian 
minister  to  France. 

OBITUARY. 

October  22.— John  Sherman,  77 
(see  Review   of  Reviews  for 

November,    page   537) Henry 

J.  Horn,  a  Washington  (D.   C.) 
architect  of  wide  reputation,  83. 

October  24.— Dr.  Moses  C. 
White,  of  the  Yale  Medical 
School,81. . .  .Rev.  Dr.  J.  N.  Craig, 
of  Atlanta,  Ga.,  secretary  of  the 
Home  Mission  Board  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assem))ly  of  the  Presbyte- 
rian Church  South,  69. 

October  25.— Sims  Reeves,  the 
veteran  English  singer,  82. 

October  28.— Prof.  MaxMliller, 
77  (see  page  703) ....  Ex-Judge 
James  H.  Brown,  of  West  Virginia,  82. 

October  29.— Prince  Christian  Victor,  grandson  of 
Queen  Victoria,  33. 

October^  30.— Ex-Congressman  James  Buchanan,  of 
New  Jersey,  61.... William  Watson  Niles,  a  prominent 
member  of  the  New  York  bar,  78. 

November  2.— Ex-Mayor  William  L.  Strong,  of  New 
York  City,  73. 

November  7. — Gen.  Joseph  W.  Burke,  collector  of  the 
port  of  Mobile,  70. 

November  9.— Gen.  Frederick  Elsworth  Mather,  sole 
survivor  of  the  founders  of  *' Skull  and  Bones"  at 
Yale,  91. 

November  10. — Rev.  Dr.  John  Wesley  Brown,  rector  of 
St.  Thomas*  Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  of  New  York 

City,  63 Robert  Graham  Dun,  head  of  the  mercantile 

agency  of  R.  G.  Dun  &  Co.,  74. 

November  12.— Henry  Villard,  the  railroad  financier, 
65.  ...Marcus  Daly,  the  Montana  millionaire  copper- 
znine  owner,  60  (see  page  707). . .  .Prof.  William  H.  Rosen- 
stengel,  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  58. . .  Dr.  Henry 
D.  Noyes,  a  New  York  oculist  and  physician,  68.... 
frank  Jarvis  Patten,  inventor  of  the  system  of  multi- 
plex telegraphy  now  used  by  the  Western  Union  Tele- 
graph Company,  48 — Thomas  Arnold,  son  of  Dr. 
Arnold,  of  Rugby,  77. 

November  13.— Capt.  John  D.  Hart,  of  Cuban  filibus- 
tering fame,  41. 

November  15.— Sefior  J.  F.  Canevero,  Peruvian  min- 
ister to  France. 

November  16. — Er-Gov.  Greorge  A.  Rarasdell,  of  New 
Hampshire,  66. . .  .Rev.  Alfred  Pinney,  a  Baptist  clergy- 
man active  in  the  antislavery  agitation,  90. . .  .William 

O.  Ogden,  a  writer  on  mining  and  insurance  law,  56 

Frederick  W.  Royce,  a  veteran  telegraph  operator  and 
inventor,  61. 

November  18.— Martin  Irons,  the  famous  labor  leader, 

November  19.— Rear-Admiral  Roger  N*.  Stembel, 
U.S.N.,  retired,  90. 


BBOION8  DEVASTATBD  BY  WAR,  1864-1900. 

(Map  sent  to  the  Paris  Exposition  by  the  International  Association  of  the  Red  Cross.) 


November  20.— Charles  H. 
and  playwright,  39. 


Hoyt,  theatrical  manager 


OENSRAL  CHRISTIAN  DB  WXT. 

(The  Boer  chieftain  who  has  proved  to  be  the  ablest 
leader  against  the  British.) 


SOME  CARTOONS  OF  THE  DAY  AFTER  ELECTION. 


/"  -'y: 


TBB  BXPAN8ION  ROOSTER. 

From  the  ChronieU  (San  Francisco). 


**THB  FLAG  IS  STILL  THXRK.*^ 

From  the  Inter  Ocean  (Chicago). 


"AND  THEY  PASSED  ON  TO  THE  PLATN  CALLED  DESOLATION."— From  the  Timee-HercUd  (Chicago). 


SOME  CARTOONS  OF  THE  DAY  AFTER  ELECTION. 


669 


ir-^^ 


^*^i^^* 


'*  Hompty  Dnmpty  **  of  Tammany  Hall 
Went  ''Up  Against  It'*  and  Had  a  Bad  Fall; 
All  King  Croker*8  Horsea  and  King  Croker's  Men 
Can*t  Gtot  Hampty  Bryan  to  the  Top  Again. 
From  the  BrotAdyn  EagU  (New  York). 


TWO  cROAKEiui.~From  the  Inquirer  (Philadelphia). 


A  liAHBetiDi.— From  the  IViZmne  (New  York). 


UNCLE  8AM  TARES  THE  STUMP. 

•'William  McKinley,"  he  says,  "has 
been  a  good  tenant,  and  I  have  therefore 
concluded  to  renew  his  lease  of  the  White 
House  for  four  years  more.'* 

From  the  Timen-Btrald  (Chicago). 


670 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REHEIV  Of  REVIEWS. 


OUB  NSZT  YICB-PR1»IDBMT. 

the  TUmb  (Washington). 


Brtan  :  '^  Now  to  threshing  those  oats.** 
From  the  Pioneer-Prew  (St.Paal). 

THE  American  cartoonists,  almost  withoat  excep- 
tion, were  prepared  on  the  morning  after  election 
to  express,  each  in  his  own  characteristic  way,  his  view 
of  the  result.  A  number  of  those  different  expreBsions 
are  reproduced  in  these  pages.  If  space  had  permitted, 
we  should  have  included  a  great  many  more.  They 
are  all  of  them  humorous,  and  are,  in  the  main,  free 
from  any  spirit  of  malice.  McKinley,  Hanna,  Boo»- 
velt,  Bryan,  Aguinaldo,  and  Croker  were  the  personages 
to  whom  the  cartoonists  more  especially  paid  their  re> 


POLITICAL  LOCHINVAR'S  SUCCESSFUL  HIDE. 

From  the  JrmmoZ  (Minneapolis). 


A  SAD  BUT  GLORIOUS  DAT  VOR  'AO.*"^ 

From  the  Ploneer-Prea  (St.  Panl). 


SOME  CARTOONS  OF  THE  DAY  AFTER  ELECTION. 


671 


THB  STORM  HAS  PASSED,  AND  SO  ENDS  THE  SBCOKD  BATTLX. 

From  the  Tribune  (Minneapolis). 

spects.  One  of  the  most  ingenious  in  our  collection  this 
month  is  that  of  Mr.  McAuley,  of  the  Philadelphia  In- 
quirer^  who  adapts  an  idea  from  Poe's  **  Raven."  Mr. 
Bryan,  however,  has  not  yet  croaked  "Nevermore." 
He  takes  defeat  like  a  man,  and  will  not  find  time  heavy 
on  his  hands.  As  for  Aguinaldo,  we  have  not  had  any 
really  authentic  news  as  to  the  way  that  gentleman  has 
been  affected. 


THE  MAN  IN  THE  DBITT. 

Unoub  Sam  :  •*  So  It  was  Bryan  again  ?   I  thought  so." 
From  the  Joumai  (Minneapolis) . 


IN  THE  PROPEBTT-ROOM  OF  THE  POLITICAL  THEATER. 

END  Uncle  Sam  :  "  Thank  goodness,  the  run  of  the  great  Presi- 

dential comic  opera  is  closed  1    IMl  store  all  this  truck  away 
Judge:  "Good-bye,  Bryan!    Sorry  to  see  you  go;   for,    down  here.    I  may  need  8ome  of  it  for  our  new  grand  spec- 
^rbile  we  have  differed  on  politics,  yet,  as  a  man,  I  hold  you    tacular  production  in  1904." 
In  great  esteem.    Ta-ta  I  "—From  Judge  (New  York) .  From  the  Broohlyn  EagU  (New  York) . 


672 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REi^lEW  OF  REyiEll^S. 


TBS  KMPSROR  A0CEPT8.— From  the  TimtB  (Washington). 

It  was  not  to  be  expected  that  the  cartoonists  who 
had  been  indulging  in  their  daily  fling  at  Senator 
Hanna,  chairman  of  the  National  Republican  Commit- 
tee, would  forget  him  on  the  morning  of  Mr.  McKin- 
ley's  victory.  Stewart,  of  the  Washington  THmea,  rep- 
resents the  President  as  receiving  an  imperial  crown  at 
the  hands  of  Mr.  Hanna ;  and  Bush,  of  the  Worlds  rep- 
resents the  President  as  wearing  his  crown  and  riding 
the  Republican  elephant  into  another  four  years'  period 


NAPOLRON  M'K1NI.ET  AND  THS  RAND  THAT  OmD«8  HTM  IN 

THE  PATH  OF  BMPIRK.— From  the  World  (New  York). 

of  imperial  expansion,  with  John  Bull  prodding  the 
elephant  from  behiod.  As  for  DAveutiort,  of  the  Jour- 
nut,  hJH  familiar  tigiire  uf  the  Tru^t  gi^nt,  wboai  be 
niJik«>M  Mr.  HniiTia's  constant  companloDi  mnst^  of 
t'uurst?,  Ik*  nii  hinid  to  offer  congnitulations  on  a  oecoJtd 
term.  An  far  as  \\v  cru  ja<Ige,  the  cartoonist*  hmv^  not 
merely  t'nhanced  Mr,  Huima*^  fame^  but  they  hmre  doat 
more  thau  aiiylxMly  else  to  pnjmot^?  bis  dev^opinieiit 
from  a  |irivat«  busine>w^itiaii  into  an  effect  ivi?  ppe«lc»r  Miil 
a  [nibHc  mauiif  very  houorable  standing  and  reputAtion. 


,  o.  p. :  **  Pour— four— four  years  more.** 
From  the  World  (New  York). 


**QOD  BBIUNS:   THE  KBPUBLICAN  PARTY  STILL  LITI 

M.  A.  Hanna.— From  the  Journal  (New  York). 


WILLIAM   M'KINLEY:    A   CHRONOLOGY. 


[Twenty-five  different  men  have  filled  the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States.  Of  these, 
only  eight  have  been  reelected  for  a  second  consecutive  term,  viz. :  Washington,  Jefferson,  Madison, 
Monroe,  Jackson,  Lincoln,  Grant,  and  McKinley.  The  career  of  William  McKinley  has  not  been 
accidental  or  meteoric.  His  sterling  and  steadfast  qualities  were  recognized  as  marking  him  for 
liigh  places  of  responsibility  while  he  was  yet  a  boy.  His  modest  worth  as  a  soldier  was  known  to 
President  Lincoln,  and  he  was  cherished  as  a  younger  brother  by  Hayes  and  Garfield,  and  esteemed 
by  men  like  the  Sherman  brothers.  The  chronology  wliich  follows  has  been  prepared  by  Mr.  George 
T.  Pettengill.  of  the  Review  op  Reviews  staff. — The  Editor.] 

Wins  the  highest  esteem  of  the  colonel  of  the  regiment, 
Rutherford  B.Hayes,  and  becomes  a  member  of  his  staff. 

1863.  February  7.    Promoted  to  first  lieutenant. 

1864.  July  25.  Promoted  to  captain  for  gallantry  at  the 
battle  of  Kernstown,  near  Winchester,  Va. 

1864.  October  11.  First  vote  for  President  cast,  while 
on  a  march,  for  Abraham  Lincoln. 

1864.  Shortly  after  the  battle  of  Cedar  Creek  (October  19), 
Captain  McKinley  serves  on  the  staffs  of  Gen.  George 
Crook  and  Gen.  Winfield  S.  Hancock. 

1865.  Assigned  as  acting  assistant  adjutant-general  on 
the  staff  of  Gen.  Samuel  S.  Carroll,  commanding  the 
veteran  reserve  corps  at  Washington. 

1865.  March  13.  Commissioned  by  President  Lincoln  as 
major  by  brevet  in  the  volunteer  United  States  army« 
**  for  gallant  and  meritorious  services  at  the  battles  of 
Opequan,  Cedar  Creek,  and  Fisher's  Hill." 

1865.  July  26.  .Mustered  out  of  the  army  with  his  regi- 
ment, having  never  been  absent  from  his  command 
on  sick  leave  during  more  than  four  years*  service. 

1865.  Keturns  to  Poland,  and  at  once  begins  the  study 
of  law. 

1866.  Enters  the  Albany  (N.  Y.)  Law  School. 

1867.  Admitted  to  the  bar  at  Warren,  Ohio,  in  March. 
Accepting  the  advice  of  an  elder  sister  teaching  in 
Canton.  Ohio,  he  begins  the  practice  of  law  in  Can- 
ton, and  makes  that  place  his  home. 

1869.  Elected  prosecuting  attorney  of  Stark  County  on 
the  Republican  ticket,  although  the  ooonty  had  usu- 
ally been  Democratic. 

1871.  January  25.  Marries  Miss  Ida  Sazton,  of  Canton. 
(Two  daughters  bom  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  McKinley, — 
Katie  in  1871,  and  Ida  in  1878,— are  both  lost  in  early 
childhood.) 

1871.  Fails  of  reflection  as  prosecuting  attorney  by  45 
votes,  and  for  the  next  five  years  devotes  himself  suc- 
cessfully to  the  practice  of  law,  and  becomes  a  leading 
member  of  the  bar  of  Stark  County. 

1873.  Though  not  a  candidate,  very  active  as  a  campaign 
speaker  in  the  Grant-Greeley  Presidential  campaign. 

1875.  Especially  active  and  conspicuous  as  a  campaigner 
in  the  closely-contested  State  election  in  whicli  Ruth- 
erford B.  Hayes  is  elected  governor. 

1876.  Elected  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
by  8,300  majority,  his  friend  Hayes  being  elected  to 
the  Presidency. 

1878.  Reelected  to  Congress  by  1,234  majority,  his  dis- 
trict in  Ohio  having  been  gerrymandered  to  his  dis- 
advantage by  a  Democratic  legislature. 

1880.  Reelected  to  Congress  by  8,571  majority.  Ap. 
pointed  a  member  of  the  ways  and  means  committee, 
to  succeed  President-elect  Garfield. 

1882.  The  Republicans  suffer  reverses  throughofit  the 


•Copyzigltt  by  CUnedinst. 

THS  PRB8IDENT  AT  HIS  DESK. 

1848.  January  29.  William  McKinley,  son  of  William 
and  Nancy  (Allison)  McKinley,  is  born  at  Niles,  Trum- 
bull County,  Ohio,  being  the  seventh  of  a  family  of 
nine  children. 

1852.  The  McKinley  family  removes  to  Poland,  Maho- 
ning County,  Ohio,  where  William  studies  at  Union 
Seminary  until  he  is  seventeen. 

1H39.  Becomes  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  in  Poland. 

1860.  Enters  the  junior  class  in  Allegheny  College, 
Meadville,  Pa.,  but  poor  health  prevents  the  comple- 
tion of  the  course.  Subsequently  teaches  in  a  public 
Hchool  near  Poland  and  later  becomes  a  clerk  in  the 
Poland  postroffice. 

1*»1.  June  11.  Enlists  as  a  private  in  Company  E  of  the 
Twenty-third  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry. 

1803.  April  15.  Promoted  to  commissary  sergeant  while 
in  the  winter's  camp  at  Fayetteville,  W.  Va. 

1862.  September  24.  Promoted  to  second  lieutenant,  in 
recQ^ition  of  services  at  the  battle  of  Antietam. 


674 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REk'/EIV  OF  REHEIVS. 


country  in  the  Congressional  elections,  and  McKinley 
is  reelected  by  a  majority  of  only  8. 

1884.  Prominent  in  opposition  to  the  proposed  **  Morri- 
son tariff  ^  in  Congress. 

1884.  As  delegate-at-large  to  the  Republican  National 
Convention  in  Chicago,  actively  supports  James  G. 
Blaine  for  the  Presidential  nomination. 

1884.  Reelected  to  Congress  by  a  majority  of  2,000,  al- 
though his  district  had  again  been  gerrymandered  . 
against  him. 

1886.  Reelected  to  Congress  by  a  majority  of  2,550. 

1888.  Leads  the  minority  opposition  in  Cong^ss against 
the  "Mills  tariff  bill." 

1888.  Delegate-at-large  to  the  national  convention  in 
Chicago  that  nominates  Benjamin  Harrison,  and 
serves  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  resolutions. 
Many  delegates  wish  McKinley  to  become  the  nomi- 
nee, but  he  stands  firm  in  his  support  of  John  Sher- 
man. 

1888.  Elected  to  Congress  for  the  seventh  successive 
cime,  receiving  a  majority  of  4,100  votes. 

1889.  At  the  organization  of  the  Fifty-first  Congress,  is 
a  candidate  for  Speaker  of  the  House,  but  is  defeated 
on  the  third  ballot  in  the  Republican  caucus  by 
Thomas  B.  Reed. 

1890.  Upon  the  death  of  William  D.  Kelley,  in  January, 
McKinley  becomes  chairman  of  the  ways  and  means 
committee  and  leader  of  his  party  in  the  House.  He 
introduces  a  bill  "to  simplify  the  laws  in  relation  to 
the  collection  of  the  revenues,"  known  as  the  "  customs 
administration  bill."  He  also  introduces  a  general 
tariff  bill.    The  bill   becomes  a  law  October  6. 

1890.  As  a  result  of  a  gerrymandered  Congressional 
district,  and  the  reaction  against  the  Republican 
party  throughout  the  country  caused  by  the  pro- 
tracted struggle  over  the  tariff  bill,  McKinley  is  de- 
feated in  the  election  for  Congress  by  300  votes  in 
counties  that  had  previously  gone  Democratic  by  8,000. 

1891.  November  8.  Elected  governor  of  Ohio  by  a  plu- 
rality of  21,511,  polling  the  largest  vote  that  had  ever 
Ijeen  cast  for  governor  in  Ohio.  His  opponent  is  the 
Democratic  governor,  James  E.  Campbell. 

1892.  As  delegate-at-large  to  the  national  convention 
at  Minneapolis,  and  chairman  of  the  convention,  Mc- 
Kinley refuses  to  permit  the  consideration  of  his 
name,  and  supports  the  renomination  of  President 
Harrison.  The  roll-call  results  as  follows  :  Harrison, 
535 ;  Blaine,  182  :  McKinley,  182 ;  Reed,  4 ;  Lincoln,  1. 

1892.  Death  of  William  McKinley,  Sr.,  in  November. 

1893.  Unanimously  renominated  for  governor  of  Ohio, 
and  reelected  by  a  plurality  of  80,995,  this  majority 
being  the  greatest  ever  recorded,  with  a  single  excep- 
tion during  the  Civil  War,  for  any  candidate  in  the 
history  of  the  State. 

1896.  June  18.  At  the  Republican  National  Convention 
in  St.  Louis,  McKinley  is  nominated  for  President  on 
the  first  ballot,  the  result  of  the  voting  being  as  fol- 
lows :  McKinley,  661K ;  Heed,  843^ ;  Quay,  60)^ ;  Mor- 
ton, 58;  Allison,  85^;  Cameron,  1. 

1896.  November  8.  Receives  a  popular  vote  in  the  Presi- 
dential election  of  7,104,779,  a  plurality  of  601,854  over 
his  Democratic  opponent,  William  J.  Bryan.  In  the 
Electoral  College,  later,  McKinley  receives  271  votes 
against  176  for  Bryan.  ' 

1897.  March  4.  Inaugurated  President  of  the  United 
States  for  the  twenty-eighth  quadrennial  term. 

1897.  March  6.  Issues  proclamation  for  an  extra  session 
of  Congress  to  assemble  March  15.     The  President's 


Message  dwells  solely  upon  the  need  of  a  revisioa  of 
the  existing  tariff  law. 

1897.  May  17.  In  response  to  an  appeal  fj  om  the  Presi- 
dent, Congress  appropriates  $50,000  toj  the  relief  of 
destitution  in  Cuba. 

1897.  July 24.  The  "Dingley  tariff  bill"  receives  the 
President's  approval. 

1897.  December  12.  Death  of  President  McKmlejs 
mother  at  Canton,  Ohio. 

1898.  Both  branches  of  Congress  vote  unanimooiily  (the 
House  on  March  8  by  a  vote  of  818  to  0,  and  the  Sen- 
ate by  a  vote  of  76  to  0  on  the  following  day)  to  i>laee 
$50,000,000  at  the  disposal  of  the  President,  to  be  used 
at  his  discretion  **  for  the  national  defense.*' 

1898.  March  28.  The  President  sends  to  the  Spanish 
Government,  through  Minister  Woodford,  at  Madrid. 
an  ultimatum  regarding  the  intolerable  condition  of 
affairs  in  Cuba 

1898.  Marcn  ^.  The  report  of  the  court  of  inquiry  on 
the  destruction  of  the  Maine  at  Havana  on  February 
15  is  transmitted  by  the  President  to  Congress. 

1898.  April  11.  The  President  sends  a  message  to  Cock 
gress  outlining  the  situation,  declaring  that  interval- 
tion  is  necessary,  and  advising  against  the  recognition 
of  the  Cuban  (Government. 

1898.  April  21.  The  Spanish  Grovemment  sends  Minis- 
ter Woodford  his  passports,  thus  beginning  the  war. 

1898.  April  28.  The  President  issues  a  call  for  12S,O0i> 
volunteers. 

1898.  April  24.  Spain  formally  declares  that  war  exists 
with  the  United  States. 

1896.  April  25.  In  a  message  to  Congress,  the  President 
recommends  the  passage  of  a  joint  resolution  dedar 
ing  that  war  exists  with  Spain.  On  the  same  day 
both  branches  of  Congress  pass  such  a  declarataon. 

1898.  May  25.  The  President  issues  a  call  for  75,00$  ad- 
ditional volunteers. 

1898.  June  29.  Yale  University  confers  upon  President 
McKinley  the  degree  of  LL.D. 

1898.  July  7.  Joint  resolution  of  Cong^ress  providing 
for  the  annexation  of  Hawaii  receives  the  approval  of 
the  President. 

1898.  August  9.  Spain  formally  accepts  the  President** 
terms  of  peace. 

1898.  August  12.  The  peace  protocol  is  signed.  An  ar- 
mistice is  proclaimed,  and  the  Cuban  blockade  nu*«ed. 

1898.  October  17.  The  President  receives  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  from  the  University  of  Chicago. 

1898.  December  10.  The  Treaty  of  Peace  betwen  Spain 
and  the  United  States  is  signed  at  Paris. 

1900.  March  14.  The  President  signs  the  *'  Gold-Stand- 
ard Act." 

1900.  June  21.  The  Republican  National  Conventi<Ni  at 
Philadelphia  unanimously  renominates  William  Me^ 
Kin  ley  for  the  Presidency. 

1900.  June  21.  The  President's  amnesty  proclamation 
%o  the  Filipinos  is  published  in  Manila. 

1900.  July  10.  The  United  States  Government  makes 
public  a  statement  of  its  policy  as  to  affairs  in  China^ 

1900.  September  10.  Letter  accepting  the  Presidential 
nomination  and  discussing  the  issues  of  the  campaign 
.is  given  to  the  public. 

1900.  November  6.  In  the  Presidential  election.  Wil- 
liam McKinley  carries  28  States,  which  have  an  aggre- 
gate of  292  votes  in  the  Electoral  College,  his  Demo- 
cratic opponent,  William  J.  Bryan,  carrying  17  States, 
having  155  electoral  votes.  His  popular  plaraHty  ia 
also  larger  than  in  the  election  of  1896. 


WASHINGTON  IN   1000.— FROM  A  DESIGN  USED  BY  THE  CENTENNIAL  COMMITTEE. 

A  HUNDRED  YEARS  OF  THE  DISTRICT  OF 

COLUMBIA. 

BY  ALBERT  SHAW. 


THE  pHJople  of  the  United  States  ought  to  feel 
the  keenest  satisfaction  in  the  circum- 
stances under  which,  on  December  12,  there  will 
be  celebrated  the  centennial  anniversary  of  the 
occupation  by  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  of  its  permanent  liome  in  the  District  of 
Columbia.  The  more  attentively  one  studies  the 
work  of  the  men  who  framed  the  federal  union 
and  laid  the  plans  for  its  future  development, 
the  more  profound  is  one's  admiration  for  their 
breadth  of  view — for  the  largeness  of  their  in- 
tellectual stature  and  tlieir  gifts  and  powers  as 
statesmen  in  the  true  sense  of  the  word. 

The  idea  of  creating  a  distinct  federal  district 
apart  from  the  jurisdiction  of  any  one  State, 
whose  development  should  belong  to  all  the  peo- 
ple of  all  the  States,  was  an  original  idea,  and  a 
very  valuable  one.  The  Commonwealth  of  Aus- 
tralia, which  is  to  enter  upon  its  career  of  federal 
union  on  the  first  day  of  January,  is  proposing 
to  follow  the  American  plan,  and  to  create  a  fed- 
eral district  and  a  capital  city  ab  initio.  The 
European  countries  have  not  developed  a  distinct 
center  for  national  government,  unless  St.  Peters- 
burg should  be  excepted  ;  but  they  have  not  had 
to  meet  the  delicate  adjustments  of  jurisdiction 
that  are  required  under  our  federal  system. 

Quite  apart  from  those  questions  of  jurisdic- 
tion, however,  it  is  permissible  to  raise  the  quej- 
tion  whether  the  history  of  France  might  not 
have  been  considerably  different  if  the  seat  of 
legislation  and  executive  authority  had  been  re- 
moved a  hundred  years  ago  from  Paris  to  some 
point  nearer  the  center  of  tlie  country — for  in- 
stance, to  some  site  selected  in  Touraine,  on  the 
Loire.  Imagine  then  that  marvelous  genius  of 
Napoleon, — which  showed  itself  as  markedly  in 
Its  demand  for  space  and  symmetry  of  architec- 
ture as  for  method  and  hannony  in  civil  adminis- 


tration,— applied,  not  to  the  problem  of  erecting 
a  splendid  new  Paris  on  the  site  of  a  mediev^ 
city  which  already  had  incomparable  beauties  and 
charms  of  its  own,  but  rather  to  the  creation  of 
a  new  city  as  the  political  center  of  the  French 
world.  It  is  only  the  student  nowadays  who 
knows  what  treasures  of  Xlllth,  XlVth,  and 
XVth  century  architecture  were  destroyed  in 
cutting  the  new  avenues  that  give  Paris  its  mod- 
ern aspect. 

The  comparison  of  Paris  with  Washington  is 
by  no  means  fanciful  or  arbitrary.  For  it  is  a 
fact  that  the  laying  out  of  our  new  federal  city 
of  Washington  was  not  only  contemporaneous 
with  the  making  of  the  plans  for  the  reconstruc- 
tion of  Paris  streets,  but  the  two  projects'*jwere 
directly  associated  in  the  sense  of  having  been 
initiated  by  the  same  French  engineers.  But, 
aside  from  the  question  of  architecture,  the  po- 
litical destinies  of  France  would  not  have  been 
unduly  swayed  at  critical  moments  by  the  influ- 
ence of  Paris  if  the  senators  and  deputies  from 
the  departments  could  have  transacted  public 
business  at  a  capital  perhaps  two  hundred  miles 
from  the  metropolis  that  has  always  so  com- 
pletely absorbed  them. 

Similar  remarks  might  not  at  first  seem  ap- 
plicable to  the  conditions  under  which  the  Uniteil 
Kingdom  and  the  British  empire  are  governed 
in  the  very  heart  of  the  vast  English  metropolis. 
Yet  what  are  the  facts  to-day  ?  Nearly  every 
member  of  the  present  British  cabinet  is  a  di- 
rector in  one  or  more  speculative  or  commercial 
enterprises,  having  their  offices  in  the  financial 
district  of  London.  The  members  of  the  House 
of  Lords,  all  of  whom  have  their  London  town- 
houses,  are  absorbed  in  social  pursuits  cr  other- 
wise bent  upon  their  own  interest  and  pleasure. 
The  members  of  the  House  of  Commons,  in  a 


676 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


large  majority  of  cases,  are  more  or  less  wholly 
engulfed — as  lawyers,  business  men,  journalists, 
and  otherwise — in  the  maelstrom  of  enterprise  and 
opportunity  at  the  core  of  the  world's  greatest 
center  of  business  and  population.  On  many  a 
day  the  attendance  in  the  House  of  Lords,  which 
has  a  membership  of  591,  can  be  counted  on  the 
fingers  of  one's  two  hands  ;  and  so  little  is  a  full 
attendance  expected  even  in  the  House  of  Com- 
mons— every  member  of  which  represents  a  vot- 
ing constituency — that  even  in  the  new  parlia- 
ment houses  it  was  not  thought  worth  while 
to  provide  nearly  so  many  seats  as  there  are 
members. 

In  spite  of  the  British  air  of  respectability 
that  lends  its  outward  glamour  to  all  oflBcial  pro- 
ceedings, the  British  Government  is  seriously 
compromised,  in  cliaracter  and  efficiency,  by  the 
powerful  social  and  financial  influences  that  center 
in  the  metropolis,  and  by  the  thousand  and  one 
opportunities  and  distractions  that  take  the  time 
and  attention  of  officials  and  parliamentarians. 

The  Ameiican  public  men,  on  the  otlier  hand, 
who  are  sent  to  Washington  to  transact  national 
business  and  to  attend  to  the  affairs  of  their  con- 
stituents, are  not  lost  in  the  mazes  of  a  great 
city,  nor  absorbed  in  the  pursuits  of  a  financial 
and  commercial  metropolis.  In  London,  the  great 
occasion  of  the  official  year  is  the  lord  mayor's 
annual    banquet,    to   which    the   prime  minister 


with  the  leading  members  of  the  cabinet  go  ; 
and  on  that  occasion  tlie  head  of  the  government 
is  expected  to  make  weighty  deliverances,  as 
Lord  Salisbury  did  on  the  ninth  day  of  last 
month.  But  we  in  this  country  would  regard  it 
as  detracting  a  little  from  the  dignity  of  the  na- 
tion if  the  federal  government  were  located  at 
New  York,  and  the  President  of  the  United 
States  should  make  his  most  important  state- 
ments on  national  policy  at  a  banquet  provided  by 
Tammany  Hall's  mayor.  Yet  the  associated 
guilds  of  the  old  inner  City  of  London  are  the 
Tammany  of  the  British  metropolis  ;  and  they 
play  a  very  undue  part  in  influencing  public  af- 
fairs and  in  controlling  the  destinies  of  the  Brit- 
ish empire. 

George  Washington  was  first  inaugciirated 
where  the  subtreasury  now  stands  in  Wall  Street, 
New  York  City,  and  subsequently  the  federal 
government  held  forth  in  Philadelphia.  But 
even  in  the  earlier  period  of  the  Confederation. 
it  was  felt  that  local  influences  should  be  avoided, 
and  that  it  would  be  well  on  many  accounts  to 
remove  the  federal  offices  and  legislative  halls  to 
a  separate  district,  with  a  capital  city  of  new  crea- 
tion. The  subject  had  much  discussion  in  1783, 
as  a  result  of  insults  offered  to  Congress  at  Phila- 
delphia by  Revolutionary  soldiers  who  became 
mutinous  in  their  demands  for  pay.  At  that 
time  El  bridge  Gerry  proposed  two  federal  dis- 


THE  C0N0RESS10NAT.  LIBRARY  BUILDING  ON  THE  CAPITOL  HILL. 


A  HUNDRED  YEARS  OF  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBI/1. 


677 


THE  CAPITOL  BUILDING*  AS  DEVELOPED  BY  8UCCKH8IVR  ADDITIONS  FROM  THE  SECTION  FINISHED  IN  1800. 


tricts,  one  on  tlie  Delaware  and  the  otlier  on  tlie 
Potomac,  with  the  idea  of  alternating  betwe<Mi 
them.  His  plan  was  actually  adopted  by  Con- 
gress, though  soon  afterwards  repealed. 

The  final  decision  to  have  a  separate  national 
capital  was  made  in  the  convention  that  drafted 
the  federal  Constitution  in  1 787.  The  ratification 
of  this  Constitution  by  the  States  carried  with  it 
an  authority  vested  in  Congress  ''to  exercise 
legislation  in  all  cases  whatsoever,  over  such  dis- 
trict (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may,  by 
cession  of  particular  States,  and  the  acceptance  of 
Congress,  become  the  seat  of  Government  of  the 
United  States."  This  was  in  form  permissive 
rather  than  mandatory  ;  but  the  state  of  public 
opinion  on  the  subject  was  well  shown  by  the 
promptness  with  wliich,  in  the  very  first  session 
of  the  first  Congress  elected  under  the  Constitu- 
tion, the  subject  was  taken  up  and  thoroughly 
discussed. 

At  length,  by  the  act  of  July  IG,  1790,  it  was 
provided  that  the  scat  of  government  should  be 
and  remain  in  Philadelphia  from  December,  1 790, 
to  December,  1800,  w^hen  it  should  be  removed 
'*to  a  district  and  territory  not  exceeding  ten 
miles  square,  located  on  the  river  Potomac,  be- 
tween the  mouths  of  the  eastern  branch  and 
the  Conogocheaguo. "  Commissioners  were  ap- 
pointed to  fix  the  precise  location  and  do  tlie 
needful  bargaining.     Tt  is  well  known,  however, 


that  all  the  important  decisions  were  made  by 
President  Washington  himself,  who  directed  with 
great  interest  and  zeal  the  negotiations  for  pur- 
chasing the  land  and  making  the  preliminary 
arrangements. 

In  those  days,  Ix^fore  railroads  were  built,  and 
when  interior  means  of  communication  were  dif- 
ficult, it  was  obviously  desirable  to  fix  a  location 
which  should  be  at  once  upon  navigable  water  and 
yet  as  far  inland  as  conditions  would  permit. 
The  place  chosen  for  the  new  city  was  at  the  head 
of  tide-water  on  the  Potomac,  tlius  giving  access 


NEW  NAVAL  OB8ERVATOIIT. 


678 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REHEIV  OF  REHEIVS. 


TU£  PENSION-OFFICE  BUILDING,  OPENED  ON  OCCASION  OF  CLEVELAND'S  FIU8T  INAUQUUATION. 


for  large  ships  to  the  sea,  with  opportunity  for 
a  navy  yard,  yet  easily  defensible  against  foreign 
navies  by  virtue  of  a  hundred  miles  or  more  of 
winding  river  between  the  federal  district  and 
the  sea.  The  situation  was  one  both  familiar 
and  dear  to  the  Father  of  his  Country  ;  for  the 
southernmost  point  of  the  district  as  originally 
laid  out  was  only  about  six  miles  in  a  direct  Jine 
from  Washington's  home  in  Mount  Vernon,  while 
the  town  of  Alexandria,  where  Washington  at- 
tended church,  and  which  was  the  principal  trad- 
ing point  for  Mount  Vernon  and  the  other  neigh- 
boring plantations,  fell  inside  the  federal  district 
lines. 

By  the  proclamation  of  March  30,  1791,  Presi- 
dent Washington  declared  that  the  district  had 
been  finally  located  and  secured.  It  was  on  both 
banks  of  the  Potomac  River, — about  two- thirds 
on  the  Maryland  side  and  the  other  third  on  the 
Virginia  side, — and  contained  a  hundred  square 
miles.  In  shape  it  was  a  perfect  square,  so  situ- 
ated that  its  four  corners  pointed  north,  south, 
oast,  and  west.  On  the  Maryland  side  of  the 
I'otom^c,  towards  the  northwest  boundary  of  the 
district,  was  Georgetown,  founded  by  the  grand- 
father of  Daniel  Boone  ;  and  on  the  Virginia 
sjide,  at  the  extreme  south  angle,  was  the  town  of 
Alexandria.  Each  town  at  that  time  had  several 
thousand  inhabitants.  AVith  modern  means  of 
transit,  Georgetown  and  Alexandria  seem  at  no 
great  distance  from  the  heart  of  tlie  capital  city. 
But  it  must  be  remembered  that  most  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  was  rough  hill  and  vale,  wood- 
laud  and  marsh,  when  Maryland  and  Virginia 
made  the  cession,  and  that  Georgetown  was  about 
five  miles  in  one  direction  and  Alexandria  about 
six  miles  in  the  other  from  the  hill  chosen  by  the 


engineers  as  tlie  spot  upon  which  to  locate  the 
national  capitol. 

Work  was  begun  under  diflSculties,  with  varied 
and  flagging  interest  on  the  part  of  the  Congress 
sitting  at  Philadelphia.  But  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia lent  their  credit,  and  so  it  came  to  pass  that 
the  White  House  was  built  as  the  home  of  the 
President,  and  a  wing  of  the  capitol  was  con- 
structed for  the  use  of  Congress.  Washington, 
from  his  nearby  home  at  Mount  Vernon,  was  able 
to  witness  the  progress  of  the  work.  He  had 
participated  in  the  laying  of  the  corner-stones  of 
the  Executive  Mansion  and  Congressional  Halls, 
but  he  did  not  survive  to  participate  in  the  cere- 
monial proceedings  which  took  place  when  Presi- 
dent John  Adams  and  his  cabinet  drove  across 
country  from  Pliiladelphia,  arriving  in  Washing- 
ton in  the  autumn  of  the  year  1800.  He  had 
died  at  Mount  Vernon,  on  December  14,  1799. 


MOUNT  VERNON   (AS  IT  APPEARED  AT  TiOE  THIS  OF 
INGTON^S  DEATH). 


A  HUNDRED  YEARS  OF  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


679 


A  brief  special  session  of 
Congress  was  held  at  Wash- 
ington in  November,  1800, 
followed  by  the  regular  ses- 
sion in  December.  There  are 
plenty  of  records  describing 
the  straggling  village  in  the 
woods,  as  Washington  was  in 
its  opening  years  ;  and  there 
was,  of  course,  the  usual  per- 
<!entage  of  shortsighted  peo- 
ple who  could  only  see  the  in- 
<jonvenience  of  it  all,  and  who 
thought  it  folly  to  have  aban- 
doned the  comfortable  condi- 
tions of  life  in  Philadelphia 
and  gone  to  the  backwoods. 
But  with  Washington  and 
his  contemporaries,  large  and 
permanent  ccnsiderations 
generally  prevailed  over  those 
(hat  were  merely  temporary. 

We  have  reason  to  be  thankful  that  the  federal 
district  was  chosen  and  the  lines  of  the  new 
capital  city  laid  down  while  Washington  was 
President,  and  while  American  public  men  were 
gifted  with  the  sense  of  historic  vision  and  pro- 
portion. A  generation  or  two  later,  everything 
would  have  been  done  on  a  mean  scale  and  in 
a  shortsiglited  manner.  This  is  illustrated  by 
what  actually  happened  in  1840.  There  arose  a 
movement  to  secure  the  recession  back  to  Vir- 
ginia of  that  part  of  the  federal  district  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Potomac.  Because  it  was  not 
needed  for  federal  purposes  in  the  illustrious 
year  of  our  Lord  1840,  it  seemed  wholly  impos- 
sible for  the  people  then  in  control  of  our  des- 
tinies to  rise  to  the  conception  that  it  might  be 
needed  at  some  future  time.     The  question  was 


1 


THE  CITY  OF  WA8BINGTON. 

(From  a  sketch  In  Andrew  Jackson's  Time.) 


STATE,  WAR,  AND  NAVY  DEPARTMENTS  BUILDING. 


submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  inhabitants  of  that 
part  of  the  district. 

Nine  hundred  and  eighty- five  people  went  to 
the  polls,  222  of  them  to  sustain  the  views  of 
George  Washington  and  show  their  faith  in  the 
future,  and  763  of  them  to  vote  that  they  pre- 
ferred to  be  citizens  of  Alexandria  County,  Vir- 
ginia, rather  than  of  the  federal  district  of  Co- 
lumbia. To  Ije  sure,  it  is  not  so  strange  that  the 
inhabitants  should  have  voted  in  that  way  as 
that  Congress  should  have  been  so  petty  and 
supine  as  to  have  mutilated  a  federal  possession 
that  AV'ashington  and  his  colleagues  had  secured 
with  such  painstaking,  and  with  such  noble  faith 
in  the  future  both  of  the  country  and  of  its  capi- 
tal city.  Naturally  enough,  some  of  the  citi- 
zens of  Alexandria  were  ambitious  to  participate 
in  Virginia  politics.  The  country  had  passed 
through  a  very  exciting  campaign  when  William 
Henry  Harrison  was  elected  in  1840,  and  ajstill 
more  exciting  one  when  James  K.  Polk  defeated 
Henry  Clay  in  1844.  Doubtless  the  men  of 
Alexandria  disliked  the  political  limitations  un- 
der which  they  had  no  direct  part  in  the  politi- 
cal activities  of  that  boisterous  j)eriod. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  up  to  the  present  mo- 
ment the  development  of  the  city  of  Washing- 
ton has  been  greatly  hampered  by  the  loss  of 
Alexandria  County.  But  the  time  will  come 
when  it  will  be  perceived  that  President  James 
K.  Polk,  who  issued  the  proclamation  of  trans- 
fer on  September  7,  184G,  ought  to  have  vetoed 
the  whole  proceeding.  The  United  States  Gov- 
ernment maintains  on  the  Virginia  side  of  the 
river  the  military  post  of  Fort  Myer  and  the 
great  national  cemetery  at  Arlington.     The  rapid 


680 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


PATENT  OFFICE  AND  INTERIOR  DEPARTMENT  BUILDING, 


growth  of  public  institutions  m  and  about  Wash- 
ington, togetlier  with  that  of  population,  will 
soon  make  it  evident  that  the  territory  on  the 
west  side  of  the  river  ought  to  be  controlled  and 
developed;  as  respects  its  street  system  and  its 
various  appointments,  by  the  same  enlightened 
and  generous  authority  that  has  beautified  what 
remains  of  the  federal  district,  and  made  it  a 
source  of  pleasure  and  pride  to  the  whole  nation. 

The  new  city  was  fortunate  both  in  its  engi- 
neers and  in  its  architects.  Major  Pierre  Charles 
L'Enfant,  a  French  engineer  who  had  served  in 
the  Revolutionary  War,  had  most  to  do  with  lay- 
ing down  the  ground -plan  of  the  new  city,  his 
system  being  very  similar  in  principle  to  that 
whicli  was  worked  out  for  the  reconstruction  of 
Paris.  It  superimposes  upon  the  ordinary  rec- 
tangular network  of  streets  a  series  of  great  radial 
avenues,  cutting  diagonally  across  the  checker- 
board system,  and  converging  at  a  series  of  focal 
points. 

While  this  system,  as  applied  at  Washington, 
possessed  symmetry  in  a  very  high  degree,  it  had 
to  recognize  for  practical  purposes  the  natural 
conditions  of  topography.  Two  highly  important 
points  were  fixed  at  the  beginning,  and  so  wisely 
were  they  chosen  that  there  can  never  be  any  oc- 
casion for  regret.  The  most  conspicuous  of  these 
was  the  site  chosen  for  the  great  building  that 
we  call  the  Capitol.  A  rather  curious  coinci- 
dence seems  to  have  authenticity.  It  is  recorded 
that  an  English  gentleman,  whoso  name  was  Pope, 
about  the  year  1660,  acquired  an  estate,  includ- 
ing what  is  now  Capitol  Hill,  and  it  pleased  his 
fancy,  his  name  being  what  it  was,  to  call  his 
estate  Rome,  and  to  sign  himself  <'Pope  of 
Rome."  A  little  stream  near  by  was  designated 
the  •<  Tiber,"  while  the  exact  Spot  where  the 
Capitol   stands   to-day    was    christened    ])y   him 


**  Capitoline  Hill."     All  thi? 

was   nearly   a  hundred    an<l 

^  fifty  years  before  the  arrival 

^  of  Congress,  just  a  bnndrei 

I  years  ago. 

The  other  chief  point  orig- 
inally fixed  as  an  iniportaiit 
focus  was  the  White  Hous*-. 
with    its   symmetrically  di< 
posed  environs.    The  distano* 
l>etween  these  two   points — 
each   of   which    was    chosfM? 
for  topographical    reasons — 
is  about  a  mile  and   a  half. 
Through    the    dense    under- 
growth of  the  swamp  -  laixi 
that   intervened  was    blazei 
out   what    is   now    Pennsyl 
vania  Avenue,  Washington"^ 
finest  thoroughfare,  oneof  the  world's  great  street-. 
Where  large  projects  are  concerned  that  in 
volve  future  generations,  there  is  nothing  that  s» 
certainly  wins  the  esteem  of  posterity  as  broai. 
plans  that  consider  future  needs.      Some  thing- 
in  the  way  of  reservations  of  ground   for  addi- 
tional public  buildings  might  have  been   done  in 
the  early  days  that  were  overlooked.      But  no 
fatal  mistakes  were  made  ;  and  Washington  has 
suffered  more  in  those  regards  from  the  short- 
sightedness of  men  like  James  K.  Polk  and  In- 
contemporaries  than  from  any  negligence  or  er 
ror  on  the  part  of  the  men  who  first  staked  ou; 
the  new  city  in  the  woods  and  swamps.      It  is  n«' 
part  of  our  intention  in  this  article  to  present,  in 
detail,  either  the  historical  development  of  Wash- 
ington as  a  city  or  to  set  forth  its  present  ap- 
pointments, embellishments,  and  atti*actions.     Jt 
has  become  the  Mecca  of  all  good  Americans, 
and  the  just  object  of  their  pride.      It  represents 
great  beauty,  at  a  very  reasonable  cost,   in  it* 
monuments  of  architecture  and  its  ever-increasing 
treasures  of   statuary  and  art.      It  grows  morv 
attractive  every  year  in  its  parks,  gardens,  shady 
streets,  and  open  spaces,  and   in  the  deligbtfii' 
exhibition  it  presents  of  American  taste  and  prog 
ress  in  domestic  architecture. 

The  Capitol  building  continues  to  hold  its  pre- 
eminence  as   by  far   the   noblest  and  statelier 
structure  in  the  Western  Hemisphere,  if  not  iii 
the  entire  world.     It  has  been  built  piooemeal. 
yet  with  constant  gain  rather  than  loss  of  syni 
metry  and  dignity.     As  we  now  celebrate  a  huii 
dred  years  of  its  occupancy,  it  is  agreeable  t.» 
remember  that  the  two  little  detached  wings  <•:* 
very  modest  size  shown  in  one  of  our  illustm 
tions  (which  answered  early  in  the  century,  th-^ 
one  on  the  right  for  the  House  of   Represents 
tives  and  the  one  on  the  left  for  the  ?onat4>)  sti. 


A  HUNDRED  YEARS  OF  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


6«1 


exist,  the  old  Virginia  sandstone  of  their  walls 
l)eing  covered  wjth  white  paint  to  match  the 
Massacliusetts  marble  of  which  the  vast  win^s 
now  occupied  by  Congress  were  afterwards  built. 
The  plans  were  by  Stephen  Hallett,  a  famous 
student  of  the  more  famous  architect,  Nash,  who 
developed  them  from  sketches  and  designs  by 
Dr.  Thornton,  then  in  charge  of  the  Patent 
OflBcc.  Our  illustration,  to  which  reference  has 
just  been  made,  shows  the  Capitol,  not  as  it  was 
in  1800,  but  as  it  was  in  1811.  When  Congress 
took  possession,  only  the  nortliern  of  these  two 
wings — the  one  now  occupied  by  the  Supreme 
( 'ourt — was  ready.  The  other  wing,  designed 
for  the  House  of  Representatives,  was  finished  in 
1811  ;  and  a  wooden  passageway  was  built  to 
connect  the  two  across  the  space  that  forms  the 
basement  of  what  is  now  the  rotunda. 

Such  was  the  building  prior  to  the  War 
of  1812  ;  and  it  had  cost  altogether  about 
three-quarters  of  a  million  dollars.  The  British 
burned  it  in  1814,  at  the  same  time  that  they 
destroyed  other  buildings  in  Washington  ;  but 
the  heavy  walls  survived,  and  $500,000  was 
promptly  borrowed  by  the  Government  to  put 
the  building  in  repair.  In  1818  the  central 
.structure  was  begun  which  fills  the  space  be- 
tween the  two  wings  already  <lescribed,  and  it 
was  completed  in  1827,  with  a  low  wooden  dome 
covering  the  rotunda.  In  1851,  in  connection 
with  some  repairs  required  on  account  of  a  fire  in 
the  library,  the  corner-stones  were  laid  of  the  two 
^reat  wings  now  occupied  by  the  houses  of  Con- 
gress ;  and  these  were  practically  completed  when 


THE  CAPITOI.  (AS  IT  APPKARED  IN  1811.) 

(The  two  wings,  Beparated  In  1811,  survive  in  the  modern 
building,  as  shown  in  the  diagram  below.) 

Lincoln  was  elected  President  in  1860.  The- 
famous  iron  «lome  that  now  surmounts  the  ro- 
tunda, and  gives  character  to  the  Capitol  as  an 
architectural  whole,  was  begun  in  1856  and  com- 
pleted in  1865.  The  entire  length  of  the  Capitol 
building  is  a  little  more  than  750  feet,  and  its 
greatest  width  is  about  350  feet.  The  top  of  the 
dome  is  about  287  feet  above  the  base-line  of  the 
east  front.  The  total  cost  of  the  building  has^ 
been  about  |5l5,000,000.  The  latest  important 
improvement  has  been  the  construction  of  a  great 
monumental  staircase  as  the  main  approach  on 
the  west  side,  with  successive  terraces  of  whitc^ 
marble.  The  building  has  a  growing  wealth  of 
art  in  its  statues  of  public  men,  its  paintings  in 
illu^5tration  of  American  history  or  scenery,  and 
many  other  accessories  of  an  architectural,  ar- 
tistic, and  historical  character. 

It  is  pleasant  to  feel  that  this  great  building 
in  itself  enshrines  the  entire  history  of  the  fed- 


PLAN  OF  THE  MAIN  FT>OOR  OF  THE  CAPITOL. 


CTheold  Hallof  Representatives— now  Statunry  Hall— and  the  old  Senate  Chamber- now  the  Supreme  Court  Room— corre- 
spond to  the  two  detached  wings  shown  In  the  old  print  at  the  top  of  th»*  page.) 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


^IVc.iW-'^ 


;t-.-.— ..■         -y.^       .^    .    ■-^■■:.:    ^,;;^    -^■.>X 

From  a  drawing  loaned  l>y  the  architect.  Mr  F.  I).  Owen. 

NORTH  VIEW  OF  THE  WHITU  HOUSE,  SHOWING  PROPOSED  NEW  WINGS.     (SUGGESTED  BT  THE  LATE  MRS.  I^ARRISOK.) 


^*M% 


eral  district,  and  that  it  has  been  feasible  to  en- 
large it,  from  time  to  time,  rather  than  to  demolish 
and  supersede.  Our  more  usual  American  plan 
is  to  tear  down  the  old  and  build  anew. 

The  Executive  Mansion,  commonly  known  as 
the  White  House,  is  another  building,  in  use  for 
a  full  century,  that  is  to  be 
kept  and  added  to  without 
detriment  to  its  charms,  but 
with  enhancement  of  its 
beauty  as  well  as  its  utility. 
It  was  an  admirable  piece  of 
architecture  of  the  Georgian 
or  Colonial  type,  and  emi- 
nently creditable  to  the  men 
of  Washington's  day.  It  has 
liappily  escaped  the  ruthless 
hand  of  succeeding  p)eriod8 
-of  monstrously  bad  taste  in 
American  architecture ;  and 
now  we  have  come  back  again 
to  the  point  where  we  are  able 
to  appreciate  its  quiet  dignity 
and  charm.  Much  talk  of  its 
enlargement  has  now  resulted 
in  definite  steps,  an  appropri- 
ation having  been  made  by 
Congress.  More  space  for  the 
President's  executive  offices, 
as  well  as  for  his  private  uses,  is  imperatively 
needed.  As  a  part  >f  th  programme  for  the 
celebration  on  December  12,  Col.  Theodore  A. 
Bingham,  of  the  United  St*te  Army  Engineers, 
who  is  the  officer  in  charge  of  public  buildings 
and  grounds  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  will 
^ive  a  brief  address  on  the  history  of  the  Execu 
tive  Mansion,  and  will  also  exhibit  a  model  and 
<lrawings,  as  authorized  by  Congress,  of  the  pro- 
posed enlargement. 

Two  important  public  improvements  have  had 
much  discussion  apropos  of  the  centenary  of  the 
District  of  Columbia,  one  being  a  so-called  Cen- 
tennial Avenue,  to  pass  through  the  broad,  park- 
like  grounds  known  as  the  Mall,  in  which  are 


situated  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  the  National 
Museum,  and  the  Department  of  AgricuUure, 
and  to  connect  the  Capitol  with  the  great  Wash- 
ington Monument  and  the  Potomac  bank.  ThiB 
plan  awaits  the  report  that  Congress  has  aeked 
Gen.  John  M.  Wilson,  Chief  of  Engineers  of  the 


THE  WHITE  HOUSE  AS  IT  18  TO-DAY.— NORTH  VIEW. 

United  States  Army,  to  make  to  it  this  month 
on  the  proper  treatment  of  the  Mall  as  a  whole. 
It  IS  expected  that  the  work  will  be  carried  out 
as  soon  as  the  final  details  of  the  project  are 
settled.  The  other  proposal  is  that  of  a  noble 
memorial  bddge  across  the  Potomac.  Certainly, 
if  the  District  had  not  been  shorn  of  its  thirty- 
four  square  miles  west  of  the  Potomac,  there 
would  before  this  time  have  been  suitable  bridge 
connections.  The  design  of  Mr.  E.  P.  Casey,  as 
architect,  associated  with  Mr.  W.  H.  Burr,  as 
bridge  engineer,  has  been  selected  in  an  official 
competition.  It  now  rests  with  Congress  to  pro- 
ceed, at  this  auspicious  moment,  when  the  country 
is  prosperous  and  the  centenary  of  the  District 


A  HUNDRED  YEARS  OF  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


JFruiD  a  {Iran  ia^g  IoaucJ  by  llie  Archit<x[. 

PK0PO8KD  NEW  MBMORIAL  BRIDGE  ACROSS  THE  POTOMAC. 

(Df^siffned  by  Mr.  Edward  Pearce  Casey,  associated  with  Mr.  W.  H.  Burr  as  bridge  engineer.) 


coincides  with  the  opening  of  the  twentietli  cen- 
tury, to  appropriate  the  necessary  funds  and 
carry  out  this  beautiful  project. 

For  the  most  part,  the  great  buildings  at 
Washington  that  from  time  to  time  have  been 
constructed  to  accommodate  the  executive  depart- 
ments have  been  wisely  enough  built  to  justify 
themselves  to  posterity.  Thus,  the  Government's 
iirchitectural  problem  consists  principally  in  pro- 
viding additional  space,  from  time  to  time,  as  the 
^lepartments  grow  and  their  business  becomes 
diflferentiated.  Among  the  most  recent  in  the. 
jieries  is  the  noble  library  building,  on  a  site 
which  adjoins  the  Capitol  grounds — a  structure 
that  now  vies  with  the  Capitol  as  the  show  build- 
ing of  Washington.  Another  is  the  new  Govern- 
ment printing-office — a  huge  affair,  and  a  model 


of  its  kind.  The  new  work  that  will  1)6  antici- 
pated with  most  interest  will  be  the  extension  of 
the  White  House.  The  day  will  come,  perhaps 
in  the  early  future,  when  the  art  treasures  of  the 
Government  will  so  accumulate  as  to  justify  the 
building  of  a  great  national  gallery.  When  that 
time  comes,  if  not  before,  the  National  Museum, 
with  its  priceless  collections  of  American  archaB- 
ology,  will  need  a  much  better  building  than  it 
now  possesses  ;  and  the  Agricultural  Department, 
also,  will  have  claims  that  cannot  be  ignored. 

Apart  from  the  great  buildings  pertaining  to 
the  business  of  the  national  Government,  the  city 
of  Washington  has  some  other  new  structures 
worthy  of  mention,  among  which  are  the  Post- 
Office  building  on  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  the('or- 
coran  Art  Gallery,  and  the  Public  Library,  now 


^rOGESnONS  or  MKS.  IIAKUIHON   for  the  EXTKNSION  OF  THK  WHITE   HOUSE.— SOUTH  VIEW  (SBB  OPPOSrTE  PAOS). 


684 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI//EIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


HBW  OBNBRAL  POST-OiTICB. 

in  process  of  erection,  toward  which  Mr.  Andrew 
Carnegie  has  given  several  hundred  thousand 
dollars. 

The  development  of  the  District  of  Columbia 
as  an  educational  center  has  of  recent  years 
been  surprisingly  rapid.  The  subject  is  one  tliat 
requires,  and  will  have  in  the  early  future,  a 
separate  presentation  in  this  Review.  The  uni- 
versities, colleges,  professional  schools,  and  in- 
stitutions for  special  and  general  culture  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  great  libraries 
and  scientific  collections  of 
the  national  Government  are 
all  worthy  of  encouragement. 
The  intimate  contact  of  the 
educational  world  can  only  be 
of  benefit  to  the  predominant 
oflScial  element  at  Washing- 
ton. This  particular  kind  of 
evolution  is  just  what  the 
men  who  founded  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  would  most 
have  desired.  AVashington 
himself  had  faith  in  the  asso- 
ciation of  university  work 
with  governmental  life,  and 
actually  left  some  money  to 
accumulate  towards  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  higher  insti- 
tution of  learning. 

The  District  of  Columbia 


is  not  governed  by  the  people  who  happen  to 
live  in  it,  but  by  the  people  of  the  tlnite^i 
States  as  a  whole ;  that  is  to  say,  it  is  dealt 
with  strictly  as  a  federal  possession,  under  ihf 
authority  of  Congress  and  the  President.  Tb*^ 
President  appoints  three  commissioners,  —  two 
civilians  and  one  high  officer  of  the  engineer 
corps  of  the  army, —  who  on  confirmation  l»v 
the  Senate  act  us  Commissionei-s  of  the  Dis 
trict  of  Columbia  and  manage  its  affairs.  On** 
of  these,  who  is  appointed  as  president  of  th*- 
board,  is  virtually  the  mayor  of  Washin^m, 
with  a  good  deal  more  discretion  and  power, 
however,  than  that  which  is  ordinarily  exerci^e'i 


^ 

^     ^^^g^fa^ 

1  "1^:  a^^^^i^^ 

.•-—r... 

— .. — — — — 

NBW  OORGOUAN  ART  OALLKRV. 

by  the  mayor  of  a  city.     The  present  incuuibec* 
of  this  office  of  high  honor  and  trust  is  the  Hod 
Henry  B.    F.    Macfarland,    whose  articles  frc»m 
time  to  time  in  this  Review  have  made  his  nam'* 
familiar  to  our  readers.     He  was  appointed  Dy 


BUREAU  OF  KNORAVINQ  AND  PRIICTIKO. 


A  HUNDRED  YEARS  OF  THE  DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 


685 


THE  NATIONAIi  MFSEUM. 

President  McKinley  last  spring.  By  virtue  of 
his  office,  Mr.  Macfarland  has  taken  the  leader- 
ship in  the  work  of  preparation  for  the  centen- 
nial this  month  (succeeding  in  tliis  work  his  pred- 
ecessor, the  Hon.  John  B.  Wight),  and  is  to 
make  an  ac^dress  on  the  history  of  the  District,  as 
a  part  of  the  programme. 

Presumably,  the  cost  of  a  public  work  like  the 
}) reposed  memorial  bridge  would  be  defrayed  en- 
tirely by  the  national  treasury  ;  but  for  all  ordi- 
nary public  improve- 
ments in  the  District 
of  Columbia,  as  well, 
indeed,  as  all  ordi- 
nary expenses  of 
municipal  and  gen- 
eral administration 
in  Washington,  Con- 
^^ress  appropriates 
just  one  •  half,  and 
the  remaining  50  per 
rent,  is  provided  by 
ordinary  taxes  levied 
upon  the  property - 
liolders.  The  com- 
missioners of  the 
District  make  up 
their  annual  esti- 
mates, which  are 
submitted  for  revi- 
sion to  the  secretary 
of  the  treasury,  and 
they  are  then  trans- 
mitted to  Congress 
and  referred  to  the 
standing  committees 
<»n  ♦he  District  of 
i  Tolumbia,  Senator 
McMillan,  of  Michi- 
gan, being  now 
chairman  of  the  Sen-      the  Washington  monument. 


ate  committee  on  the  District,  and  Mr.  Babcock, 
of  Wisconsin,  chairman  of  the  House  committee. 
Washington  had  at  one  time,  for  a  few  years, 
an  elaborate  and  ambitious  municipal  govern- 
ment ;  but  in  1878  reversion  was  made  to  the 
simpler  and  more  effective  plan  of  centralizing 
all  authority  in  the  hands  of  commissioners. 
At  that  time  the  board  of  metropolitai^  police 
and  the  board  of  school  trustees  were  abolished, 


HON.  UBNHY  B.  F.  MACPARLAND. 

(Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners,  District  of  Co- 
lombia, and  of  the  citizens*  committee  on  the  centen- 
nial celebration.) 

as  was  also  the  board  of  health  and  other  sepa- 
rate boards  and  commissions.  The  affairs  of 
Wasliington  are  ably,  lionestly,  and  economically 
conducted,  and  the  various  branches  of  public- 
work  are  supervised  by  men  of  special  training 
and  fitness. 

The  centennial  celebration  begins  at  10  o'clock 
on  the  morning  of  Wednesday,  December  12, 
with  a  reception  by  the  President  of  the  United 
States  to  tlie  governors  of  all  the  States,  at 
which  Colonel  Bingham  will  explain  briefly  the 
enlargement  of  tlie  Executive  Mansion,  Mr.  Mac- 
failand  will  speak  of  the  history  and  develop- 
ment of  tlie  District,  and  ex- Governor  Wolcott, 
of  Massacliu setts  (it  is  expected),  will  make  an 
address  on  the  development  of  the  nation.      A 


686 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


THE  TBBAjBUBT  HUILDINO,  OPBNBD  IN  1841  AND  SXTKNDED  TO  PRB8BNT  DIMBN810N8  IN  1880. 

(A  temporary  treasury  building  of  two  stories  and  30  rooms  had  been  made  ready  for  the  i l'   m  i^i  l^^^^^  in  )m|> 


military  and  naval  procession,  with  General  Miles 
as  marshal,  will  then  escort  the  President,  cab- 
inet, Supreme  Court,  governors,  Senate  and 
House,  and  the  diplomatic  corps,  from  the 
White  House  to  the  Capitol.  The  President 
will  review  the  parade  from  the  east  front,  and 
will  then,  with  the  other  distinguished  oflBcials, 
be  present  at  the  commemorative  exercises  held 
jointly  by  the  two  houses  of  Congress  in  the  Hall 


of  Representatives.  Five  lni<^("  addrossea  mv  t- 
be  made  by — (1)  Senator  Kf^rMinas;  of  MATyl«D4  , 
(2)  Senator  Danie),  of  Virghiia  ;  (3  and  4)  Bepf^^ 
sentatives  Payne,  of  New  Vork  and  Hidiardtoit 
of  Tennessee,  and  (5)  SenaT<»r  Hoar,  of  MjffflichTT 
setts.  In  the  evening,  a  krg^'  reception  la  to  l)e 
held  in  Corcoran  Art  Gallery  in  honor  of  tbt 
governors  of  the  States  and  Territori^*  TI» 
occasion  appeals  strongly  to  patriotic  sentttaeoL 


MBDAL  STRUCK  TO  COMMEMORATE  THE  CBNTBNART  OF  THE  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  TBB 
NATIONAL  OAPITAI«  AT  WABHINOTON  IN  180a 


GOVERNOR-ELECT  ODELL,   OF   NEW  YORK. 

BY  LYMAN  ABBOTT. 


HON.  BBNJAION  B.  ODBLL,  JR. 

WE  are  all  familiar  with  three  classes  of  reli- 
gious men  :  first,  the  ecclesiastical  place- 
liunter,  who  uses  the  Church  for  his  own  personal 
ends  ;  second,  the  churchman  who  regards  the 
Church,  and  generally  his  particular  branch  of 
the  Church,  as  essential  to  the  cause  of  religion, 
and,  therefore,  adheres  to  it,  however  serious  he 
may  regard  its  errors  or  its  shortcomings  ;  third, 
the  non  •  churchman,  who  may  affiliate  himself 
with  some  church  as  a  conveniont  and  advanta- 
l^eous  method  of  cooperating  with  others  in  pro- 
moting the  religious  life,  but  who  regards  the 
Church  always  with  secondary  interest  as  a  means 
to  a  higher  end.  To  the  first  the  Church  is  a 
means  to  a  selfish  end  ;  to  the  third,  a  means  to 
an  unselfish  end  ;  to  the  second  it  is  practically, 
though  not,  perhaps,  avowedly,  an  end  in  itself. 
The  same  classification  is  possible  in  politics. 


There  are  politicians  who  go  into  politics  for 
what  they  can  personally  make  out  of  it ;  politics 
is  to  them  a  trade.  Others  identify  themselves 
with  a  party  because  they  believe  that  the  best 
interests  of  the  community  are  identified  with 
that  party  ;  they,  to  use  a  significant  phrase, 
<* belong"  to  the  party,  much  as  a  loyal  citizen 
belongs  to  a  state,  and  would  as  little  think  of 
leaving  their  party  because  it  is  in  error  or  falls 
under  evil  influences  as  a  citizen  would  think  of 
deserting  his  country  because  it  has  adopted  a 
policy  which  he  thinks  erroneous  or  even  im- 
moral. Still  others  regard  party  organizations 
as  merely  instruments  to  secure  certain  pubhc 
results — to  be  followed  and  utilized  when  they 
contribute  to  the  desired  end,  to  be  abandoned 
whenever  they  cease  to  do  so.  Mr.  Croker's 
frank  avowal  justifies  our  referring  to  him  as  a 
type  of  the  first  class  ;  anti-expansionists  like 
Mr.  Hoar,  and  an ti- Bryan ites  like  Mr.  Olney 
belong  in  the  second  class  ;  while  an  ti -expansion 
Republicans  who  voted  for  Mr.  Bryan,  and  Gold 
Democrats  who  voted  for  Mr.  McKinley,  are  to 
be  classified  in  the  third. 

Mr.  Benjamin  B.  Odell,  Jr.,  belongs  in  the 
second  of  these  categories.  He  belongs  to  the 
Republican  party ;  is  wholly  devoted  to  it ;  be- 
lieves, it  may  be  assumed,  that  the  welfare  of  the 
community  is  safer  in  its  hands,  whatever  plat- 
form it  may  adoi)t,  than  in  the  hands  of  any  other 
party,  whatever  its  platform ;  in  short,  if  the  organ- 
ization is  not  to  him  an  end,  it  appears  to  him 
so  essential  a  means  to  right  ends  in  public  life 
that  the  question  of  leaving  it  can  hardly  arise 
in  any  probable  circumstances.  If  public  re- 
port be  correct,  he  left  college  without  grad- 
uating, in  order  to  take  an  active  part  in  politics, 
and  has  been  active  in  politics  ever  since,  always 
as  a  Republican.  We  could  almost  as  easily  con- 
ceive Cardinal  Gibbons  withdrawing  from  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  because  some  decision 
of  the  Apostolic  See  disappointed  him,  as  Mr. 
Odell  ceasing  to  be  a  Republican  because  Re- 
publican policies  at  any  given  time  were,  in  his 
judgment,  erroneous.  He  is  very  far  from  being 
an  independent,  or  even  an  independent  Repub- 
lican. 

But,  on  the  other  hand,  we  do  not  think 
he  has  ever  been  seriously  charged  with  using 
his  public  opjK)rtunities  for  personal  gain.  Un- 
fortunately,   no   man   can    be   in  public  life   iu 


688 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


America  and  not  be  a  mark  for  slander  ;  but  we 
are  measurably  sure  that  no  slander  affecting 
Mr.  Odeirs  personal  integrity  has  ever  remained 
long  enough  attached  to  his  name  to  affix  a 
stigma  upon  it.  The  criticisms  upon  him  mainly 
proceed  from  those  who  cannot  comprehend  the 
mind,  or  perhaps  the  morals,  of  one  who  i-egards 
an  organization — political  or  ecclesiastical — as 
in  the  nature  of  an  end,  demanding  loyalty 
of  service  under  all  conditions  and  circum- 
stances. 

Such  I  conceive  to  be  the  man  whom  the 
people  of  the  State  of  New  York  have  made 
their  governor.  And  they  must  expect  from 
him  the  kind  of  service,  and  only  the  kind  of  ser- 
vice, which  a  man  of  such  a  temperament  can 
render.  He  belongs  to  no  faction  ;  he  is  no 
man's  man  ;  evidence  is  wholly  wanting  for  the 
allegation,  at  times  made  in  the  heat  of  the  cam- 
paign, tliat  he  is  Mr.  Piatt's  henchman.  Loyalty  to 
the  Republican  party  involved  loyalty  to  its  rec- 
ognized chief ;  but  if  the  situation  should  ever 
arise  in  which  it  would  be  necessary  to  choose 
between  the  party  arid  a  faction  in  the  party  or  a 
leader  of  a  faction,  Mr.  Odell  would  have  no 
difficulty  in  making  loyalty  to  the  party  his 
choice.  He  may  be  depended  on  to  guard  the 
party  from  peril,  both  from  within  and  from 
without,  and  to  administer  his  office  as  gov- 
ernor for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  continued 
dominance  of  that  party  in  the  State,  because 
be  so  thoroughly  believes  that  the  interest  of 
the  State  is  dependent  upon  its  continuance.  It 
is,  hb\^ever,  true  that  such  a  man  will  take  no 
risks  that  he  can  avoid.  If  influential  men  in 
the  party  oppose  the  State  Constabulary  bill,  he 
will  endeavor  either  to  frame  the  bill  so  as  to  sat- 
isfy that  opposition,  or  to  lay  it  aside  altogether. 
If  a  non-partisan  nomination  for  mayor  of  New 
York  City  will  promote  the  good  feeling  of  city 
and  State  for  the  party,  it  will  have  his  support; 
if  it  will  imperil  the  future  of  the  party,  he  will 
not  think  that  the  advantage  to  the  city  will 
counterbalance  the  disadvantage  to  the  State  of 
any  serious  hazard  to  the  party  on  which,  in  his 
judgment,  the  welfare  of  the  State  depends.  If 
there  are  in  the  Republican  party  strong  interests 
which  the  unconditional  repeal  of  the  Ramapo 
legislation  will  endanger,  he  will  study  to  see  if 


some  plan  cannot  be  devised  to  content  those 
who  demand  such  a  repeal  without  alienating 
those  who  would  suffer  from  it.  He  will  eeek^ 
by  pacific  measures,  to  unify  his  party,  never  by 
a  factional  triumph  to  conquer  it ;  will  be  more 
conciliatory  than  aggressive,  more  cautious  than 
bold.  He  will  be  more  ambitious  to  secure  the 
united  support  of  his  party  than  the  enthusiasm 
of  any  inorganic  crowd.  In  short,  his  adminis- 
tration may  be  expected  to  resemble  in  spirit  and 
method  that  of  Mr.  McKinley,  whom  in  devo- 
tion to  party  organization  he  resembles. 

A  man  of  such  temperament  rarely  gives  the 
highest  type  of  administration,  but  the  pubUc 
may  justly  expect  from  him  an  administration 
reasonably  satisfactory.  A  careful  student  of 
public  life  in  a  private  letter  to  me  characterizes 
him  truly  as  a  man  who  has  a  vigorous  will- 
power, a  fine  habit  of  hard  work,  excellent  self- 
control,  and  an  appreciation  of  the  higher  stand- 
ards in  political  life.  There  is  much  real  and 
important  public  work  to  be  accomplished — the 
improvement  of  the  New  York  City  charter, 
the  indorsement  of  the  Tenement  -  bouse  Com- 
mission recommendations,  possibly  the  perfec- 
tion, and  certainly  the  just  and  impartial  en- 
forcement of,  the  Franchise-tax  law,  and  some 
amendment  of  the  Raines  law  which  will  rid 
the  cities  of  those  pest-holes  of  vice  known  as 
the  **  Raines- law  hotels."  That  all  will  or  can 
be  accomplished  on  these  and  kindred  subjects 
which  moral  and  political  reformers  desire  to  see 
accomplished,  we  do  not  for  a  moment  imagine. 
But  that  public  sentiment  within  the  Republican 
party  which  desires  the  best  things,  and  similar 
public  sentiment  among  such  Independents  as 
can  be  attached  to  the  party  if  it  does  the  b^t 
things,  will,  we  believe,  have  Mr.  Odell's  support 
and  encouragement.  The  fact  that  a  man  is  a 
skillful  politician  is  not,  in  itself,  a  reason  for 
thinking  that  he  cannot  make  a  good  governor. 
The  fact  that  he  is  a  strong  partisan  does  not,  of 
itself,  unfit  him  for  the  duties  of  a  chief  execu- 
tive ;  if  he  is  morally  wise,  it  may  make  his  ad- 
ministration all  the  more  effective.  We  are  not 
sure  that  Mr.  Odell  will  attempt  the  greatest 
things  ;  but  he  will  perhaps  accomplish  none  the 
less  because  he  is  not  the  man  to  hazard  a  great 
failure  by  attempting  a  great  achievement. 


MAKING  A  WAY  OUT  OF  THE  SLUM 

BY  JACOB  A.   RIIS. 


ONE  stormy  night  in  the  winter  of  1882, 
going  across  from  my  oflBce  to  the  police 
headquarters  of  New  York  City,  I  nearly  stum- 
bled over  an  odd  couple  that  crouched  on  the 
steps.  As. the  man  shifted  his  seat  to  make  way 
for  me,  the  light  from  the  green  lamp  fell  on  his 
face,  and  I  knew  it  as  one  that  had  haunted  the 
police-office  for  days  with  a  mute  appeal  for 
help.  Sometimes  a  woman  was  with  him.  They 
were  Russian  Jews,  poor  immigrants.  No  one 
understood  or  heeded  them.  Elbowed  out  of  the 
crowd,  they  had  taken  refuge  on  the  steps,  where 
they  sat  silently  watchful  of  the  life  that  moved 
about  them,  but  beyond  a  swift,  keen  scrutiny  of 
all  who  came  and  went,  having  no  share  in  it. 

That  night  I  heard  their  story.  Between  what 
little  German  they  knew  and  such  scraps  of  their 
harsh  jargon  as  I  had  picked  up,  I  found  out 
that  they  were  seeking  their  lost  child — little 
Jette,  who  had  strayed  away  from  the  Essex- 
Street  tenement  and  disappeared  as  utterly  as  if 
the  earth  had  swallowed  her  up.  Indeed,  I  often 
thought  of  that  in  the  weeks  and  months  of 
weary  search  that  followed.  For  there  was  abso- 
lutely no  trace  to  be  found  of  the  child,  though 
the  tardy  police  machinery  was  set  in  motion  and 
worked  to  the  uttermost.     It  was  not  until  two 


1 


years  later,  when  we  had  long  given  up  the  quest, 
that  little  Jette  was  found  by  the  merest  accident 
in  the  turning  over  of  the  affairs  of  an  orphan 
asylum.  Some  one  had  picked  her  up  in  the 
street  and  brought  her  in.  She  could  not  tell 
her  name,  and,  with  one  given  to  her  there,  and 
garbed  in  the  uniform  of  the  place,  she  was  so 
effectually  lost  in  the  crowd  that  the  police  alarm 
failed  to  identify  her.     In  fact,  her  people  had 


PROF.  H.  L.  8AB80V1CH. 


(Snperintendent  of  Woodbine  Colony  and  Dean   of  the 
Faculty  of  the  Baron  de  Hirech  Agricultural  School.) 


SX-JUDOE  METER  8.  ISAACS. 

(President  of  the  Baron  de  Hirsch  Fund.) 

no  little  trouble  in  << proving  property,"  and  but 
for  the  mother  love  that  had  refused  to  part  with 
a  little  gingham  slip  her  lost  baby  had  worn,  it 
might  have  proved  impossible.  It  was  the  mate 
of  the  one  which  Jette  had  on  when  she  was 
brought  into  the  asylum,  and  which  they  had 
kept  there.  So  the  child  was  restored,  and  her 
humble  home  made  happy. 

That  was  my  first  meeting  with  the  Russian 
Jew.  In  after- years  my  path  crossed  his  often. 
I  saw  him  herded  with  his  fellows  like  cattle  in 
the  poorest  tenements,  slaving  sullenly  in  the 
sweat  shop,  or  rising  in  anger  against  his  tyrant 
in  strikes  that  meant  starvation  as  the  price  of 
his  vengeance.  And  always  I  had  a  sense  of 
groping  in  the  memories  of  the  past  for  a  lost 


J 


690 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI/JEIVS. 


A  GROUP  OF  KMPIX)YK]B8  OF  CLOTHING   FACTORY  AT  WOODEFKE. 


key  to  something.  The  other  day  I  met  him  once 
more.  It  was  at  sunset,  upon  a  country  road  in 
southern  New  Jersey.  I  was  returning  with  Su- 
perintendent Sabsovich  from  an  inspection  of  the 
Jewish  colonies  in  that  region.  The  cattle  were 
lowing  in  the  fields.  The  evening  breathed 
peace.  Down  the  sandy  road  came  a  creaking 
farm -wagon  loaded  with  cedar  po^s  for  a  vine- 
yard hard  by.  Beside  it  walked  a  sunburned, 
bearded  man  with  an  axe  on  his  shoulder,  in 
earnest  conversation  with  his  boy,  a  strapping 
young  fellow  jn  overalls.  The  man  walked  as 
one  who  iS  tired  after  a  hard  day's  work,  but 
his  back  was  straight  and  he  held  his  head  high. 
He  greeted  us  with  a  frank  nod,  as  one  who  meets 
an  equal. 

The  superintendent  looked  after  him  with  a 
smile.  To  me  there  came  suddenly  the  vision  of 
the  couple  under  the  lamp,  friendless  and  shrink- 
ing, waiting  for  a  hearing,  always  waiting  ;  and, 
as  in  a  flash,  I  understood.  1  had  found  the 
key.  The  farmer  there  had  it.  It  was  the  Jew 
who  had  found  himself. 

It  is  eighteen  years  since  the  first  of  the  south 
Jersey  colonies  was  started.  There  had  been  a 
sudden,  unprecedented  immigration  of  refugees 
from  Russia,  where  Jew-baiting  was  then  the  or- 
thodox pastime.  They  lay  in  heaps  in  Castle 
Garden,  helpless  and  penniless,  and  their  people 
in  New  York  feared  proscriptive  measures. 
What  to  do  with  them  became  a  burning  ques- 
tion. To  turn  those  starving  multitudes  loose  on 
the  labor  market  of  the  metropolis  would  make 
trouble  of  the  gravest  kind.  The  alternative  of 
putting  them  back  on  the  land,  and  so  of  making 
producers  of  them,  suggested  itself  to  the  Emi- 
grant-Aid Society.  Land  was  offered  cheap  in 
south  Jersey,  and  the  experiment  was  made  with 
some  hundreds  of  families. 


It  was  well  meant ;  but  the  projectors  expjeri- 
enced  the  not  unfamiliar  fact  that  cheap  land  is 
sometimes  very  dear  land.  They  learned,  too, 
that  you  cannot  make  farmers  in  a  day  out  of 
men  who  have  been  denied  access  to  the  soil  for 
generations.  That  was  the  set  purpose  of  Rus- 
sia, and  the  legacy  of  feudalism  in  Western  Eu- 
rope, which  of  necessity  made  the  Jew  a  trader,  a 
town-dweller.  With  such  a  history,  a  man  is 
not  logically  a  pioneer.  The  soil  of  south  Jer- 
sey is  sandy,  has  to  be  coaxed  into  bearing  par- 
ing crops.  The  colonists  had  not  the  patient 
skill  needed  for  the  task.  Neither  had  they  the 
means.  Above  all,  they  lacked  the  market  where 
to  dispose  of  their  crops  when  once  raised.  Dis- 
couragements beset  them.  Debts  tlireatened  to 
engulf  them.  The  trustees  of  the  Baron  de 
Hirsch  Fund,  entering  the  field  eleven  years 
later,  in  1891,  found  of  300  families  only  two- 
thirds  remaining  on  their  farms.  In  1897,  when 
they  went  to  their  relief,  there  were  76  families 
left.  The  rest  had  gone  back  to  the  city  and  to 
the  Ghetto.     So  far,  the  experiment  had  failed. 

The  Hirech-Fund  people  had  been  watching  it 
attentively.  They  were  not  discouraged.  In  the 
midst  of  the  outcry  that  the  Jew  could  not  be 
made  a  farmer,  they  settled  a  tract  of  unbroken 
land  in  the  northern  part  of  Cape  May  County, 
within  easy  reach  of  the  older  colonies.  They 
called  their  settlement  Woodbine.  Taught  by 
the  experience  of  the  older  colonists,  they  brought 
their  market  with  them.  They  persuaded  sev- 
eral manufacturing  firms  to  remove  their  plants 
from  the  city  to  Woodbine,  agi-eeing  to  furnish 
their  employees  with  homes.  Thus  an  indus- 
trial community  was  created  to  absorb  the  farm- 
ers' surplus  products.  The  means  they  had  in 
abundance  in  the  large  revenues  of  Baron  de 
Ilirsch's  piincely  charity,  which  for  all  purposes 


MAKING  A  IV AY  OUT  OF  THE  SLUM. 


691 


amounts  to  over  $6,000,000.  There  was  still 
lacking  necessary  skill  at  husbandry,  and  this 
they  set  about  supplying  without  long  delay.  In 
the  second  year  of  the  colony,  a  barn  built  for 
horses  was  turned  into  a  lecture- hall  for  the 
young  men,  and  became  the  nucleus  of  the  Hirsch 
Agricultural  School,  which  to-day  has  nearly  a 
hundred  pupils.  Woodbine,  for  which  the  site 
was  cleared  half  a  dozen  years  before  in  woods 
so  dense  that  the  children  had  to  be  corralled  and 
kept  under  guard  lest  they  should  be  lost,  was  a 
thriving  community  by  the  time  the  crisis  came 
in  the  affairs  of  the  older  colonies. 

The  settlers  were  threatened  with  eviction. 
The  Jewish  Colonization  Association,  upon  the 
recommendation  of  the  Hirsch-Fund  trustees, 
and  with  their  cooperation,  came  to  their  rescue. 
It  paid  off  the  mortgages  under  which  they 
groaned,  brought  out  factories,  and  turned  the 
tide  that  was  setting  back  toward  the  cities.  To- 
day the  carpenter's  hammer  is  heard  again,  after 
years  of  silence  and  decay,  m  Kosenhayn,  Alli- 
ance, and  Carmel.  They  are  building  new  houses 
there.  Nearly  $500,000  invested  in  the  villages 
is  paying  a  healthy  interest,  where  three  years 
ago  general  ruin  was  impending.  As  for  Wood- 
bine, Jewish  industry  has  raised  tlie  town  taxes 
upon  Its  5,300  acres  of  land  from  $72  to  $1,800, 
and  only  the  slow  country  ways  keep  it  from  be- 
coming the  county -seat,  as  it  is  already  the  coun- 
ty's center  of  industrial  and  mental  activity. 

It  was  to  see  for  myself  what  the  movement  of 
which  this  is  the  brief  historical  outline  was  like 
that  I  had  gone  down  from  Philadelphia  to 
Woodbine,  some  twenty-five  miles  from  Atlantic 
City.  I  saw  a  straggling  village,  hedged  in  by 
stunted  woods,  with  many  freshly  painted  frame 
bouses  lining  broad  streets,  some  of  them  with 
gardens  around  in  which  jonquil  and  spiderwort 
were  growing,  and  the  peach  and  gooseberry 
budding  into  leaf  ;  some  of  them  standing  in 
dreary,  unfenced  wastes,  in  which  the  clay  was 
trodden  hard  between  the  stumps  of  last  year's 
felling.  In  these  lived  the  latest  graduates  from 
the  slum.  I  had  just  come  from  the  clothing- 
factory  hard  by  the  depot,  in  wliich  a  hundred 
of  them  or  more  were  at  work,  and  had  com- 
pared the  bright,  clean  rooms  witli  the  tradition- 
al sweat-shop  of  the  city,  wholly  to  the  disad- 
vantage of  the  latter.  1  had  noticed  the  absence 
of  the  sullen  looks  that  used  to  oppress  me. 
Now  as  I  walked  along,  stopping  to  chat  with 
the  women  in  the  houses,  it  interested  me  to 
class  the  settlers  as  those  of  the  first,  the  second, 
and  the  third  year's  stay  and  beyond.  The 
signs  were  unmistakable.  The  first  year  was, 
apparently,  taken  up  in  contemplation  of  the 
house.      The  lot   had    no    possibilities.       In   tlie 


second,  it  was  dug  up.  A  few  potato- vines  were 
planted,  perhaps  a  peach-tree.  There  were  the 
preliminary  signs  of  a  fence.  In  the  third,  un- 
der the  stimulus  of  a  price  offered  by  the  man- 
agement, a  garden  was  evolved,  with,  necessarily, 
a  fence.  At  this  point  the  potato  became  sud- 
denly an  element.  It  had  fed  the  family  the 
winter  before  without  other  outlay  than  a  little 
scratching  of  the  ground.  Its  possibilities  loomed 
large.  The  garden  became  a  farm  on  a  small 
scale.  Its  owner  applied  for  more  land  and  got 
it.     That  was  the  very  purpose  of  the  colony. 

A  woman,  with  a  strong  face  and  shrewd, 
brown  eyes,  rose  from  an  onion-bed  she  had  been 
weeding  to  open  the  gate. 

**Come  in,"  she  said,  **arid  be  welcome." 
Upon  a  wall  of  the  best  room  hung  a  picture  of 
Michael  Bakounine,  the  nihilist.  I  found  it  in 
these  colonies  everywhere  side  by  side  with 
Washington's,  Lincoln's,  and  Baron  de  Hirsch's. 
Mrs.   Breslow  and  her  husband  left  home   for 


TYPICAL  FABMINO  FAMILY. 

cause.  He  was  a  carpenter.  Nine  months  they 
starved  in  a  Forsyth -Street  tenement,  paying  $15 
a  month  for  three  rooms.  This  cottage  is  their 
own.  They  have  paid  for  it  ($800)  since  they 
came  out  with  the  first  settlers.  The  lot  was 
given  to  them,  but  they  lK}ught  the  adjoining 
one  to  raise  truck  in. 

'*  Gott  set  dank,''  says  the  woman,  with  shin- 
ing eyes,  **  we  owe  nothing  and  pay  no  rent,  and 
are  never  more  hungry." 

Down 'the  street  a  little  way  is  the  cottage  of 
one  who  received  the  first  prize  for  her  garden 
last  year.      Fragrant  box  hedges  in  the  plot.      A 


692 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REyiEWS. 


cow  with  crumpled  horn  stands  munching  corn- 
cobs at  the  barn.  Four  hens  are  sitting  in  as 
many  barrels,  eying  the  stranger  with  half-anx- 
ious, half-hostile  looks.  A  topknot,  tied  by  the 
leg  to  the  fence,  struggles  madly  to  escape.  The 
children  bring  dandelions  and  clover  to  soothe  its 
captivity. 

The  shadows  lengthen.  The  shop  gives  up  its 
workers.  There  is  no  overtime  here.  A  ten- 
hour  day  rules.  Families  gather  upon  porches — 
the  mother  with  the  sleeping  babe  at  her  breast, 
the  grandfather  smoking  a  peaceful  pipe,  while 
father  and  the  boys  take  a  turn  tending  the  gar- 
den. Theirs  is  not  Paradise.  It  is  a  little  world 
full  of  hard  work-,  but  a  world  in  which  the  work 
has  ceased  to  be  a  curse.  Ludlow  Street,  with  its 
sweltering  tenements,  is  but  a  few  hours'  journey 
away.  For  these,  at  all  events,  the  problem  of 
life  has  been  solved. 

Strolling  over  the  outlying  farms,  we  came  to 
one  with  every  mark  of  thrift  and  prosperity 
about  it.  Tlie  vineyard  was  pruned  and  trimmed, 
the  fields  ready  for  their  crops,  the  outbuildings 
well  kept,  and  the  woodpile  stout  and  trim.  A 
girl  with  a  long  braid  of  black  hair  came  from 
the  house  to  greet  us.  An  hour  before,  I  had 
seen  her  sewing  on  buttons  in  the  factory.  She 
recognized  me,  and  looked  questioningly  at  the 
superintendent.  When  he  spoke  my  name,  she 
held  out  her  hand  with  frank  dignity,  and  bade 
me  welcome  on  her  father's  farm.  He  was  a 
clothing-cutter  in  New  York,  explained  my  guide 
as  we  went  our  way,  but  tired  of  the  business 
and  moved  out  upon  the  land.  His  30 -acre  farm 
is  to-day  one  of  the  finest  in  that  neighborhood. 
The  man  is  on  the  road  to  substantial  wealth. 

Labor  or  lumber — both,  perhaps — must  be 
cheaper  even  than  land  in  south  Jersey.  This 
five- room  cottage,  one  of  half  a  hundred  such, 
was  sold  to  the  tenant  for  $500  ;  the  Hirsch 
Fund  taking  a  first  mortgage  of  $300,  the  manu- 
facturer, or  the  occupant,  if  able,  paying  tlie 
rest.  The  tnortgage  is  paid  off  in  monthly  in- 
stallments of  $3.75.  Even  if  he  had  not  a  cent 
to  start  with,  by  paying  less  than  one- half  the 
rent  for  the  Forsyth- Street  flat  of  three  cramped 
rooms,  dark  and  stuffy,  the  tenant  becomes  the 
absolute  owner  of  his  home  in  a  little  over  eight 
years.  I  looked  in  upon  a  score  of  them.  The 
rooms  were  large  by  comparison,  and  airy  ;  oil- 
painted,  clean.  The  hopeless  disorder,  the  dis- 
couragement of  the  slum,  were  nowhere.  The 
children  were  stout  and  rosy.  They  played  un- 
der the  trees,  safe  from  the  shop  till  the  school 
gives  up  its  claim  to  them.  Superintendent  Sab- 
sovich  sees  to  it  that  it  is  not  too  early.  He  is 
himself  a  school  trustee,  elected  after  a  fight  on 
the  *^  Woodbine  ticket "  which  gave  notice  to  the 


f  ■ 

i 

i 

1 

B^^^^^^^t> 

s 

jUKk 

fe^ 

PUPILS  OF  AORICUI.TURA1:.  SCHOOL  HOEIMO  PSAS. 

farmers  of  the  town  that  the  aliens  of  that  settle- 
ment are  getting  naturalize*!  to  the  point  of  de- 
manding their  rights.  The  opposition  retaliate 
by  nicknaming  the  leader  of  the  victorious  fac- 
tion the  ^  *  Czar  of  Woodbine. "  He  in  turn  in- 
vited them  to  hear  the  lectures  at  the  Agricul- 
tural School.     His  text  went  home. 

**  The  American  is  wasteful  of  food,  energies — 
of  everything,"  he  said.  **  We  teach  here  thai 
farming  can  be  made  to  pay  by  saving  ex- 
penses." They  knew  it  to  be  true.  The  Wood- 
bine farm  products,  its  flowers  and  chickens, 
took  the  prize^  at  the  county  fair.  Yet  in  prac- 
tice they  did  not  compete.  The  Woodbine  milk 
was  dearer  than  the  neighboring  farmer's.  If  in 
spite  of  that  it  was  preferred  because  it  was  t>el- 
ter,  that  was  their  lookout.  The  rest  must  come 
up  to  it  then.  So  with  the  output  of  the  hen- 
nery, the  apiary,  the  blacksmith -shop  in  the 
place.  On  that  plan  Woodbine  has  won  the  re- 
spect of  the  neighborhood.  The  good- will  will 
follow,  says  its  Czar,  confidently. 

He,  too,  was  a  nihilist,  who  dreamed  with  the 
young  of  his  people  for  a  better  day.  He  has 
lived  to  see  it  dawn  on  a  far-away  shore.  Con- 
cerning his  task,  he  has  no  illusions.  There  is 
no  higher  education,  no  <*  frills,"  at  Woodbine. 
Its  scheme  is  intensely  practical.  It  is  to  make, 
if  possible,  a  Jewish  yeomanry  fit  to  take  their 
place  with  the  native  tillers  of  the  soil,  as  good 
citizens  as  they.  With  that  end  in  view,  every 
thing  is  <  *  for  present  purposes,  with  an  eye  ou 
the  future."     The  lad  is  taught  dairying  witli 


MAKING  A  WAY  OUT  OF  THE  SLUM. 


693 


scientific  precision,  because  on  that  road  lies  the 
profit  in  keeping  cows.  He  is  taught  the  com- 
mercial value  of  extreme  cleanliness  in  handling 
milk  and  making  butter.  He  learns  the  man- 
agement of  the  poultry- yard,  of  bees,  of  pigeons, 
and  of  field  crops.  He  works  in  the  nursery, 
the  greenhouse,  and  the  blacksmith* shop.  If  he 
does  not  get  to  know  the  blacksmith's  trade,  he 
learns  how  to  mend  a  broken  farm -wagon  and 
*  *  save  expense.  V  So  he  shall  be  able  to  make 
farming  pay,  to  keep  his  grip  on  the  land.  His 
native  shrewdness  will  teach  him  the  rest. 

The  vineyards  were  budding,  and  the  robins 
sang  joyously  as  we  drove  over  the  twenty -four- 
mile  stretch  through  the  colonies  of  Carmel, 
Rosenhayn,  Alliance,  and  Brotmansville.  Ev- 
erywhere there  were  signs  of  reawakened  thrift. 
Fields  and  gardens  were  being  got  ready  for 
their  crops  ;  fence -corners  were  being  cleaned, 
roofs  repaired,  and  houses  painted.  In  Rosen- 
hayn they  were  building  half  a  dozen  new  houses. 
A  clothing- factory  there  that  employs  70  hands 
brought  out  24  families  from  New  York  and 
Philadelphia,  for  whom  shelter  had  to  be  found. 
Some  distance  beyond  the  village  we  halted  to 
inspect  the  40-acre  farm  of  a  Jew  who  some 
years  ago  kept  a  street-stand  in  Philadelphia. 
He  bought  the  land  and  went  back  to  his  stand 
to  earn  the  money  with  which  to  run  it.  In 
three  years,  he  moved  his  family  out. 

**  I  couldn't  raise  the  children  in  the  city,"  he 
explained.  A  son  and  two  daughters  now  run 
the  adjoining  fatm.  Two  boys  were  helping 
him  look  after  a  berry-patch  that  alone  would 
**make  expenses"  this  year.  The  wife  minded 
the  seven  cows.  The  farm  is  free  and  clear  save 
for  $400  lent  by  the  Hirsch 
people  to  pay  off  an  onerous 
mortgage.  Some  comment 
was  made  upon  the  light  soil. 
The  farmer  pointed  signifi- 
cantly to  the  barnyard. 

<<I  make  him  good,"  he 
said.  Across  the  road  was  a 
large  house  with  a  preten- 
tious door-yard  and  evergreen 
hedges.  A  Gentile  farmer 
with  many  acres  lived  in  it. 
The  lean  fields  promised  but 
poor  crops.  The  neighbor- 
hood knew  that  he  never  paid 
anything  on  his  mortgage  ; 
claimed,  in  fact,  that  he 
could  not. 

*^  Ah!  "  said  Mr.  Sabso- 
vich,  emerging  from  a  wran- 
gle with  his  client  about  mat- 
ters agricultural,  *  he  has  not 


learned  to  *  make  him  good. '  Come  over  to 
the  school,  and  I  will  show  you  stock.  You 
can't  afford  to  keep  poor  cows.  They  cost  too 
much." 

The  other  shook  his  head  energetically. 
*<  Them's  the  seven  finest  cows  in  the  country," 
he  yelled  after  us  as  we  started.  The  superin- 
tendent laughed  a  little. 

*^You  see  what  they  are  —  stubborn;  will 
have  their  way  in  an  argument.  But  that  fel- 
low will  be  over  to  Woodbine  before  the  week  is 
out,  to  see  what  he  can  learn.  He  is  not  going 
to  let  me  crow  if  he  can  help  it.  Not  to  be 
driven,  they  can  be  led,  though  it  is  not  always 
easy.  Suspicious,  hard  at  driving  a  bargain  as 
the  Russian  Jew  is,  I  sometimes  think  I  can  see 
his  better  nature  coming  out  already." 

As  we  drove  along,  I  thought  so,  too,  more 
than  once.  From  every  farm  and  byway  came 
men  to  have  a  word  with  the  superintendent. 
For  me  they  had  a  sidelong  look,  and  a  ques- 
tion, put  in  Hebrew.  To  the  answer  they  often 
shook  their  heads,  demanding  another.  After 
such  a  conference,  I  asked  what  it  was  about. 

**You,'*  said  Mr.  Sabsovich.  «*They  are 
asking,  *  Who  is  he  ?  *  I  tell  them  that  you  are 
not  a  Jew.  This  is  the  answer  they  give  :  <  I 
don't  care  if  he  is  a  Jew.     Is  he  a  good  man  ? '  " 

Over  the  supper- table  that  night,  I  caught  the 
burning  eyes  of  a  young  nihilist  fixed  upon  me 
with  a  look  I  have  not  yet  got  over.  I  had  been 
telling  of  my  affection  for  the  Princess  Dagmar, 
whom  I  knew  at  Copenhagen  in  my  youth.  I 
meant  it  as  something  we  had  in  common  ;  she 
became  Empress  of  Russia  in  after- years.  I  for- 
got that  it  was  by  virtue  of  marrying  Alexander 


A  VIEW  OP  THE  AORIOTTI.TURAL-SCHOOL  FARM. 


694 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  RE^/EIVS. 


TTPB  OF  OIRL  UESTDENT. 

III.  I  heard  afterward  that  he  protested  vehe- 
mently that  I  could  not  possibly  be  a  good  man. 
Well  for  me  I  did  not  tell  him  my  opinion  of  the 
Czar  himself  I  It  was  gleaned  from  Copenhagen, 
where  they  thought  him  the  prince  of  good  fel- 
lows. 

At  Carmel  1  found  the  hands  in  the  clothing- 
factory  making  from  $10  to  $13  a  week  at  human 
hours,  and  the  population  growing.  Forty  fami- 
lies had  come  from  Philadelphia,  where  the  au- 
thorities were  helping  the  colonies  by  rigidly  en- 
forcing the  sweat-shop  ordinances.  Inquiries  I 
made  as  to  the  relative  cost  of  living  in  the  city 
and  in  the  country  brought  out  the  following 
facts  :  A  contractor  with  a  family  of  eight  paid 
shop-rent  in  Sheriff  Street,  New  York,  $20  per 
month  ;  for  four  rooms  in  a  Monroe-Street  tene- 
ment, $15  ;  household  expenses,  $60.  Here  he 
pays  shop-rent  (whole  house),  $6  ;  dwelling  on 
farm,  $4  ;  household,  $35.  This  family  enjoys 
greater  comfort  in  the  country  for  $50  a  month 
less.  A  working  family  of  eight  paid  $11  for 
three  rooms  in  an  Essex -Street  tenement,  $35 
for  the  household  ;  liere  the  rent  is  $5,  and  the 
household  expenses  $24 — better  living  for  $17 
less  a  month. 

Near  the  village,  a  Jewish  farmer  who  had 
tracked  us  from  one  of  the  other  villages  caught 
up  with  us  to  put  before  Mr.  Sabsovich  his  re- 
quest for  more  land.  We  halted  to  debate  it  in 
tlie  road  beside  a  seven -acre  farm  worked  by  a 
Lithuanian  brickmaker.  The  old  man  in  his 
peaked  cap  and  sheepskin  .jacket  was  hoeing  in 
the  back-lot.  His  wife,  crippled  and  half- blind, 
««♦  in  the  sunshine  with  a  smile  upon  her  wrin- 


kled face,  and  listened  to  the  birds.  They  came 
down  together,  when  they  heard  our  voices,  to 
say  that  four  of  the  seven  acres  were  worked  up. 
The  other  three  would  come.  They  had  plenty 
and  were  happy.  Only  their  boy,  who  should 
help,  was  gone. 

It  was  the  one  note  of  disappointment  I 
heard  :  the  boys  would  not  stay  on  the  farm. 
To  the  aged  it  gave  a  new  purpose,  new  zest  in 
life.  There  was  a  place  for  them,  whereas  the 
tenement  had  none.  The  young  could  not  be 
made  to  stay.  It  was  the  old  story.  I  had 
heard  it  in  New  England  in  explanation  of  its 
abandoned  farms  :  the  work  was  too  hard,  was 
without  a  break.  The  good  sense  of  the  Jew 
recognizes  the  issue  and  meets  it  squarely.  In 
Woodbine  strenuous  efforts  were  being  made  to 
develop  the  social  life  by  every  available  means. 
No  opportunity  is  allowed  to  pass  that  will  **  give 
the  boy  a  chance."     Here  on  the   farms   there 


HUSBAND  AJXD  WIPB— TYPES  OF  THB  KABLIKB  RU88LA1I 
IMMIOKATION. 

were  wiser  fathers  than  the  Lithuanian.     Let  one 
of  them  speak  for  himself. 

His  was  one  of  a  little  settlement  of  fifteen 
families  that  had  fought  it  out  alone,  being  some 
distance  from  any  of  the  villages.  In  the  sum- 
mer they  farmed,  and  in  the  winter  tailoring  for 
tlie  Philadelphia  shops  helped  them  out.  Rad- 
etzky  was  a  presser  in  the  city  ten  years.  There 
were  nine  in  his  house.  **  Seven  to  work  on  the 
farm,"  said  the  father,  proudly,  surveying  the 
brown,  muscular  troop,  *♦  but  the  two  little  ones 
are  good  in  summer  at  berry -picking."     They 


MAKING  A  WAY  OUT  OF  THE  SLUM. 


696 


TYPICAL  FAMILY  GROUP  AT  WOODBINE. 

had  just  then  come  in  from  the  lima-bean  field, 
where  they  had  planted  poles.  Even  the  baby 
bad  helped. 

*'  I  put  two  beans  in  a  hill  instead  of  four.  I 
tell  you  why,"  said  tlie  farmer  ;  **  I  wait  three 
days,  and  see  if  they  come  up.  If  they  do  not, 
I  put  down  two  more.  Most  of  them  come  up, 
and  1  save  two  beans.  A  farmer  has  got  to 
make  money  on  saving  expenses." 

The  sound  of  a  piano  interrupted  liim.  **  It 
is  my  daughter,"  he  said. 
*  <  They  help  me,  and  I  let 
them  have  in  turn  what 
young  people  want — piano, 
luusic- lessons,  a  good  horse 
to  drive.  It  pays.  They 
are  all  here  yet.  In  the 
begin  ling  we  starved  to- 
gcether,  had  to  eat  corn 
with  the  cows,  but  the  win- 
ter tailoring  pulled  us 
througii.  Now  I  want  to 
give  it  up.  I  want  to  buy 
the  next  farm.  With  our 
34  acres,  it  will  make  60, 
and  we  can  live  like  men, 
and  let  those  that  need  the 
tailoring  get  it.  I  wouldn't 
exchange  this  farm  for 
the  best  property  in  the 
city." 

His  two  eldest  sons  nod- 
ded assent  to  his  words. 


Late  that  night,  when  we  were  returning  to 
Woodbine,  We  came  suddenly  upon  a  crowd  of 
boys  filling  the  road.  They  wore  the  uniform 
of  the  Hirsch  School.  It  was  within  ten  min- 
utes of  closing-time,  and  they  were  half  a  mile 
from  home.  Tlie  superintendent  pulled  up  and 
asked  th^m  where  they  were  going.  There  was 
a  brief  silence,  then  the  hesitating  answer  : 

**  It  is  a  surprise  party." 

Mr.  Sabsovich  eyed  the  crowd  sharply  and 
thought  a  while. 

**0h,"  he  said,  remembering  all  at  once,  **it 
is  Mr.  Billings  and  his  new  wife.  Go  ahead, 
boys !  " 

To  me,  trying  vainly  to  sleep  in  the  Village 
hotel  in  the  midnight  hour  with  a  tSu-pan  sere- 
nade to  the  newly  married  teacher  going  on  un- 
der the  window,  there  came  in  a  lull,  with  the 
challenge  of  the  loudest  boy,  *'*  Mr.  Billings  ! 
If  you  don't  comedown,  we  will  never  go  home, " 
an  appreciation  of  the  Woodbine  system  of 
discipline  which  I  had  lacked  till  then.  It  was 
the  Radetzky  plan  over  again,  of  giving  the  boys 
a  chance,  to  make  them  stay  on  the  farm. 

If  it  is  diflBcult  to  make  the  boy  stay,  it  is 
sometimes  even  harder  to  make  the  father  go. 
Out  of  a  hundred  families  picked  on  New  York's 
East  Side  as  in  especial  need  of  transplanting  to 
the  land,  just  seven  consented  when  it  came  to 
the  journey.  They  didn't  relish  the  **  society 
of  the  stumps."  The  Jews'  colonies  need  many 
things  before  they  can  hope  to  rival  the  attrac- 
tion of  the  city  to  the  man  whom  the  slum  has 
robbed  of  all  resources.  They  sum  themselves 
up  in  tlie  social  life  of  which  the  tenement  has 


CLASS  or  OHILDRBN  AT  WOODBINE  KTirDBROARTEN. 


606> 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


such  unsuspected  stores  in  the  closest  of  touch 
with  one's  fellows.  The  colonies  need  business 
opportunities  to  boom  them,  facilities  for  market- 
ing produce  in  the  cities,  canning- factories,  store 
cellars  for  the  product  of  the  vineyards — all  of 
which  time  must  supply.  Though  they  have 
given  to  hundreds  the  chance  of  life,  it  cannot 
be  said  for  them  that  they  have  demonstrated 
yet  the  Jews'  ability  to  stand  alone  upon  the 
land,  backed  as  they  are  by  the  Hirsch-Fund 
millions.  In  fact,  I  have  heard  no  such  claim 
advanced.  But  it  can  at  least  be  said  that  for 
these  they  have  solved  the  problem  of  life  and  of 
the  slum.     And  that  is  something  I 

Nor  is  it  all.  Because  of  its  being  a  concerted 
movement,  this  of  south  Jersey,  it  has  been,  so 
to  speak,  easier  to  make  out.  But  already,  upon 
the  experience  gained  there,  700  families,  with 
some  previous  training  and  fitness  for  farming, 
have  been  settled  upon  New  England  farms  and 
are  generally  doing  well.  More  than  $2,000,000 
worth  of  property  in  Massachusetts,  Connecticut, 
and  their  sister  States  is  owned  by  Jewish  hus- 
bandmen. They  are  mostly  dairy -farmers,  poul- 
trymen,  sheep- breeders.  The  Russian  Jew  will 
not  in  this  generation  be  fit  for  what  might  be 
called  long-range  farming.  He  needs  crops  that 
turn  his  money  over  quickly.  With  that  in  sight, 
he  works  hard  and  faithfully.     The  Yankee,  as 


RESIDENCE  OF  A  PROSPEROUS  FAIiMER. 

a  rule,  welcomes  him.  He  has  the  sagacity  to 
see  that  his  coming  will  improve  economic  con- 
ditions, now  none  too  good.  As  shrewd  traders, 
the  two  are  well- matched.  The  public  school 
brings  the  children  together  on  equal  terms,  lev- 
eling out  any  roughness  that  might  remain. 

If  tlie  showing  that  the  Jewish  population  of 
New  England  has  increased  in  17  years  from 
9,000  to  74,000  gives  anybody  pause,  it  is  not  at 
least  without  its  compensation.  The  very  need 
of  the  immigrant  to  which  objection   is  made, 


80SNB  IN  NEW  TORK*8  OHBTTO,  FROM  WHICH   WOODBIHC^ 
POPULATION  HAS  BEEN  RECRUITED. 

plus  the  energy  that  will  not  let  him  sit  still  and 
starve,  make  a  way  for  him  that  opens  it  at  the 
same  time  for  others.  In  New  York  he  madt 
the  needle  industry,  which  he  monopolized.  He 
brought  its  product  up  from  $30,000,000  to 
$300,000,000  a  year,  that  he  might  live,  and 
founded  many  a  great  fortune  by  his  midnight 
toil.  In  New  England,  while  peopling  its  aban- 
doned farms,  in  self-defense  he  takes  up  on  occa- 
sion abandoned  manufacturing  plants  to  make 
the  work  he  wants.  At  Colchester,  Conn.,  120 
Jewish  families  settled  about  the  great  rubber- 
works.  The  workings  of  a  trust  shut  it  down 
after  40  years'  successful  operation,  causing  loss 
of  wages  and  much  suffering  to  1,500  hands. 
The  Christian  employees,  who  must  have  been  in 
overwhelming  majority,  probably  took  it  out  in 
denouncing  trusts.  I  didn't  hear  that  tbej  did 
much  else,  except  go  away,  I  suppose,  in  search 
of  another  job.  The  Jews  did  not  go  away. 
Perhaps  they  couldn't.  They  cast  about  for 
some  concern  to  supply  the  place  of  the  rubber- 
works.  At  last  accounts  I  heard  of  them  nego- 
tiating with  a  large  woolen  concern  in  Leeds  to 
move  its  plant  across  the  Atlantic  to  Colchester. 
How  it  came  out,  I  do  not  know. 

The  attempt  to  colonize  Jewish  immig^rants 
had  two  objects  :  to  relieve  the  man  and  to 
drain  the  Ghetto.  In  this  last  it  failed.  In  IS 
years  1,200  families  have  been  moved  out.  In 
the  five  months  from  October  to  March  last. 
12,000  came  to  stay  in  New  York  City.  Tb^ 
number  of  immigrant  Jews  during  tliose  months 
was  15,233,  of  whom  only  3,881  went  farther. 
The  population  of  the  Ghetto  reaches  alr^idy 
250,000.  It  was  like  trying  to  bail  out  tli 
ocean.  Within  a  year  the  projectors  of  Wood- 
bine have  taken  the  bull  squarely  by  the  horns 
witli  a  proposition  to  reverse  the  programme  en- 


MAKING  A  IV AY  OUT  OF  THIl  SLUM. 


697 


tirely.  Instead  of  arguing  with  unwilling  em- 
ployees to  take  the  step  they  dread,  they  are  try- 
ing to  persuade  manufacturera  to  move  out  of  the 
city,  depending  upon  the  workers  to  follow  their 
work.  To  that  end  they  have  formed  an  alliance 
with  various  reputable  suburban  land  companies 
in  Jersey,  on  Staten  Island,  and  elsewhere,  and 
offer  to  build  homes  for  the  families  thus  weaned 
from  the  tenements.  Their  plan,  under  which 
the  operatives  are  able  to  become  owners  of  their 
homes,  at  little  more  than  one- half  the  outlay  for 
rent  in  the  tenement,  includes  a  cash  payment  of 
10  per  cent.  The  Hirsch  Fund  takes  a  mortgage 
for  60  per  cent,  of  the  purchase  price  at  4  per 
cent.,  the  builder  the  remainder  at  5  per  centr. 
Thus  the  owner  of  a  $1,100  cottage,  with  five 
rooms  and  bath,  paying  off  the  builder's  mortgage 
in  10  years,  would  be  at  a  monthly  outlay  of  $8, 
including  taxes  and  insurance.  At  $10  a  month 
he  might  have  a  six- room  cottage,  and  at  $12.50, 
the  rent  which  he  would  ordinarily  pay  for  a 
dark,  three- room  flat  in  Essex  Street,  a  little 
mansion  with  seven  rooms  and  bath.  Farming 
does  not  enter  into  this  scheme.  It  aims  only 
at  restoring  the  home. 

Mr.  Arthur  Reichow,  the  agricultural  agent 
of  the  Hirsch  Fund,  is  the  projector  and  cham- 
pion of  it  as  the  salvation  from  the  tenement. 
His  argument  is  briefly  that  the  clothing  indus- 
try makes  the  Ghetto  by  lending  itself  most 
easily  to  tenement  manufacture.  The  Ghetto, 
with  its  crowds  and  unhealthy  competition,  makes 
the  sweat-shop  in  turn,  with  all  the  bad  conditions 
that  disturb  the  trade.  To  move  the  crowds  out 
is  at  once  to  kill  the  Ghetto  and  the  sweat-shops, 
and  to  restore   the   industry  to   healthy  ways. 


The  argument  is  correct.  The  economic  gains 
by  such  an  exodus  are  equally  clear,  provided* 
the  philanthropy  that  starts  it  will  maintain  a 
careful  watch  to  prevent  the  old  slum  conditions 
being  reproduced  in  the  new  places,  and  un- 
scrupulous employers  from  taking  advantage  of 
the  isolation  of  their  workers.  With  this  chance 
removed,  strikes  are  not  so  readily  fomented  by 
home-owners.  The  manufacturer  secures  steady 
labor,  the  worker  a  steady  job.  The  young  are 
removed  from  the  contamination  of  the  tenement. 
The  practical  question  is  whether  the  manufac- 
turer can  be  persuaded  to  go.  Mr.  Reichow 
thinks  he  can,  with  proper  inducements  at  the 
start,  and  that  speedily  the  advantage  of  rents 
that  are  as  nothing  to  what  he  had  to  pay  in  the 
city,  together  with  the  freedom  from  labor  an- 
noyances and  from  the  reproach  of  sweat-shop - 
made  goods,  will  so  outbalance  the  convenience 
of  having  the  shop  close  at  hand  that  subsidies 
will  no  longer  be  needed.  One  can  but  hope  and 
pray  that  he  may  be  right  and  that  the  doubts 
that  will  atise  may  prove  groundless. 

The  matter  may  yet  be  put  before  the  com- 
munity in  the  form  of  a  distinct  programme,  for 
which  its  support  will  be  asked.  It  need  not,  of 
course,  be  confined  to  the  Jews  in  its  working. 
Only,  the  machinery  and  the  means  for  starting 
these  out  are  at  hand  in  the  Hirsch  Fund. 
When,  say,  10  per  cent,  of  those  now  in  the 
Ghetto  have  been  removed,  argue  the  enthusi- 
asts, a  rut  will  have  been  made  for  so  much  of 
the  immigration  to  follow  to  the  new  places,  and 
to  that  extent  it  will  have  been  diverted  from  the 
cities.  To  that  extent,  then,  a  real  *<  way  out" 
of  the  slum  will  have  been  found. 


BATTALlOir  DRILL  OF  PUPIUB  OF  TBX  ▲OBIOULTURAL  SCHOOL. 


THE  OLD   AGE  OF  NEW   ENGLAND    AUTHORS. 


BY  HEZEKIAH  BUTTERWORTH. 


BDWARD  BVERBTT  HALB,  D.D. 


SAID  a  venerable  author,  whose  old  age  is  a 
second  youth,  to  nie  recently  : 

* '  A  literary  life,  without  dissipations  or  selfish 
competitions  and  ambitions,  tends  to  extreme  old 
age.  It  is  not  difficult  to  explain  why  this  is  so. 
Nothing  brings  contentment  like  creative  work, 
and  a  life  for  influence  and  contentment  is  true 
life." 

*<  This  is  true  of  English  authors,"  I  replied. 
<  *  Herbert   Spencer  is 
eighty,    and    Ruskin,  '^^:- 

though  no  longer  ac-  \^ 

live,  is  the  same  age. 
[Ruskin  has  since 
died.]  Gladstone 
made  one  of  his  most 
notable  speeches  after 
he  was  80  years  of 
age.  Among  female 
writers,  I  recall  that 
Charlotte  Mary  Yonge 
is  in  the  last  years  of 
the  seventies.  I  won- 
der if  this  longevity 
be  true  of  New  Eng- 
land writers?" 

**  It  certainly  is,"  said  my  friend. 

<  *  To  what  do  you  attribute  the  long  tide  of 
years  ?  "  I  asked. 

He  answered,  briefly  :  <*  Cheerfulness." 

I  felt  a  new  inspiration  in  what  my  friend  had 
said,  and  I  was  interested  to  inquire  if  many 
New  England  and  New  York  authors  had  lived  to 
extreme  age,  and  if  so  how  much  cheerfulness 
had  to  do  with  the  life  stream  ;  and  I  began  to 
make  a  stujiy  of  the  faces  of  some  of  those  whose 
lives  had  brought  a  second  spring- tide. 

An  '*  Authors'  Club  "  has  recently  been  formed 
in  Boston,  of  which  Julia  Ward  Howe  is  the 
president.  Among  those  who  have  been  active 
in  its  meetings  are  a  number  who  are  long  past 
70  yea..^  of  age  — as  Colonel  Higginson,  Edward 
Everett  Hale,  Mr.  Trowbridge,  Mrs.  Livermore, 
Edna  D.  Cheney,  and  others.  The  most  active 
members,  like  Elbridge  Brooks  and  certain  other 
book-writing  editors,  are  past  50  years  of  age, 
while  Mrs.  Howe  is  in  her  eighty-second  year. 

The  past  of  Boston  literature  reveals  a  like 
remarkable  record.  Richard  Henry  Dana,  the 
author  of  '^  The  Old  Man's  Funeral,"  and  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  North  American  Review — the 


Nestor  of  Boston  authors  of  the  present  gen- 
eration— was  born  in  1787.  He  was  a  literary 
companion  of  John  Quincy  Adams.  He  was  a 
notable  figure  in  Boston  in  the  middle  of  the 
century,  with  his  patriarchal  beard  and  white 
hair.  He  died  in  1879,  at  the  age  of  92 
years.  His  life  was  a  still,  deep,  silent  current. 
He  was  an  invalid  for  the  first  fifty  years  of 
his  life,  but  became  entirely  well  as  he  passed 
toward  old  age,  and  retained  his  intellectual  vig- 
or until  past  91  years.  An  edition  of  his  poems 
appeared  when  he  was  65  years  of  age.  He 
lived  much  at  Cape  Ann,  and  loved  the  salt  sea 
air. 

John  Pierpont,   who  was  born  in  1785,  and 
died  in  1866,  past  80  years  of  age,  had  a  like 

life,  and  one  that 
brought  a  like  seren- 
ity. His  *<  Napoleon 
at  Rest,"  and  «*  Pass- 
ing Away,"  were  po- 
ems familiar  to  most 
people  of  the  last  gen- 
eration. 

I  well  recall  how 
popular  were  once 
two  New  England 
ballads,  the  music  of 
which  was  by  Ber- 
nard  Covert.  One 
was  entitled  *  *  The 
Lake  of  the  Dismal 
Swamp"  (words  by 
Moore),  and  the  other  **The  Sword  of  Bunker 
Hill."  On  taking  up  my  residence  in  Boston,  I 
was  introduced  to  Mr.  Covert,  and  he  called  on 
me  and  sang  to  me  two  ballads.  His  voice 
was  firm  and  clear.  Imagine  my  surprise  when, 
after  his  singing  these  songs,  he  said  :  '  *  My 
friend,  those  are  old  memories  ;  I  am  now  91 
years  of  age  !  " 

•  If  the  founder  of  the  North  American  Review 
lived  to  enjoy  literary  memories  beyond  90  years, 
the  same  might  be  said  of  several  of  the  authors 
who  made  the  great  name  and  influence  of  the 
Atlantic  Monthly.  The  serene  author  of  **The 
Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table  "  wrote  **  Over 
the  Teacups"  when  past  80  years.  Prof.  Jef- 
ferson Sawyer,  the  controversialist  of  Tufts  Col- 
lege, has  but  recently  died,  in  the  sunset  shadow 
of  90  years  ;  and  Dr.  Bartol,  of  West  Churgh 


MRS.  MARY  A.   LIVBRMORE. 


THE  OLD  AGE  OF  NEW  ENGLAND  AUTHORS. 


699 


fame,  who  still  lingers  in  the  twilight  rays  of  90 
winters,  was  engaged  in  most  active  enterprises 
long  after  three  score  and  ten.  Charles  Eliot 
Norton,  who  was  born  in  1827,  still  holds  his 
place  as  our  foremost  literary  critic. 

Longfellow    beautifully    says,    in    <  *  Morituri 
Salutamus" — a   poem  written  very  late  in  his 


BX-BlirATOR  JAMBS  W.  BRADBURY,  Or  MAIICB. 

own  life,  and  one  that  has  the  ripeness  and  mel- 
lowness that  characterized  his  last  poems  : 

*^  Ah,  nothing  is  too  late 
Till  the  tired  heart  shall  cease  to  palpitate. 
CAto  learned  Greek  at  eighty  ;  Sophocles 
Wrote  his  grand  *  (Edipus,'  and  Simonides 
Bore  off  all  the  prize  of  verse  from  his  compeers, 
WlieD  each  had  numbered  more  than  fourscore  years  ; 
And  Theophrastus.  at  fourscore  and  ten, 
Had  but  begun  his  *  Character  of  Men'; 
Chaucer,  at  Woodstock  with  the  nightingales. 
At  sixty  wrote  the  Canterbury  Tales  ; 
Goethe  at  Weimar,  toiling  to  the  last. 
Completed  *  Faust  ^  when  eighty  years  were  past. 
These  are  indeed  exceptions ;  but  they  show 
How  far  the  gulf-stream  of  our  youth  may  flow- 
In  to  the  arctic  regions  of  our  lives, 
Where  little  else  than  life  itself  survives." 

It  is  not  my  purpose,  however,  to  dwell  on  the 
authors  who  have  recently  completed  their  work, 
but  to  give  some  pen-stroke  pictures  of  those 
who  are  now  working  beyond  the  Scriptural 
bound  of  *•  threescore  and  ten." 

To  see  what  these  people  are  now  doing  is  to 
read  a  moral  lesson  from  a  living  page  of  life, 
and  to  present  a  view  of  the  literary  life  at  once 


alluring  and  inspiring.  The  living  New  England 
authors,  as  a  rule,-  are  not  rich  in  money  ;  they 
are  better  than  that — rich  in  years,  in  ripe  and 
valuable  experiences,  in  the  blood  that  makes  the 
spring  come  again,  with  farewell  skies,  birds  and 
flowers.  The  author  of  work  that  will  live, 
make  men,  and  prepare  the  world  for  better 
influences,  ought  not,  perhaps,  to  be  worth  more 
than  $20,000.  In  this  commercial  age,  not  many 
living  Mew  England  authors  are  worth  more 
than  this  out  of  their  own  earnings.  Some  of 
them  have  had  to  live  in  country  towns,  on 
garden- farms,  that  they  might  do  true  work.  It 
is  sensational  writing  that  makes  money.  A 
man,  as  a  rule,  does  not  become  very  rich  who 
writes  for  the  reviews  that  which  will  feed  the 
hunger  of  the  brain  and  heart. 

Among  the  men  in  the  seventies  who  are  yet 
very  active  in  Boston's  literary  life  is  Mr.  Mal- 
loy,  the  interpreter  of  Emerson.  He  worked 
his  way  to  pliilosophical  scholarship  from  hum- 
ble conditions  of  early  life.  He  became  an  inti- 
mate, personal  friend  of  Emerson,  and  is  one  of 
his  ablest  interpreters.  Strange  as  it  may  seem 
in  a  philosopher,  he  is  the  master  of  a  refined  and 
genial  humor,  and  that  gift  never  more  sparkled 
in  his  picturesque  and  melodious  sentences,  as 
they  flow  from  the  platform  of  the  Metaphysical 
Club  and  other  clubs,  than  now.  He  is  the  liter- 
ary humorist  of  New  England.  He  goes  to  old 
wells  and  brings  up  sparkling,  new  wine.  His 
face  has  no  wrinkles  of  old  age  ;  it  is  wonder 
fully  beautiful  ;  it  has  in  it  the  spring-time  glow 
of  the  aftermath,  and  recalls  the  face  of  A.  B. 
Alcott,  who  himself  lived  to  be  nearly  90. 

It  is  not  often  that  one  has  nearly  fifty  years 
of  retirement  after  a  very  active  public  life  ;  but 
Senator  James  Ware  Bradbury,  once  an  editor, 
and  engaged  in  literary  work  in  connection  with 
the  Maine  Historical  Society,  was  born  in  1803, 
and  declined  reelection  as  United  States  Senator 
nearly  fifty  years  ago.  He  delivered  an  address 
on  '*  The  Schools  of  1825  "  before  an  educational 
society  at  Augusta,  Maine,  two  yeare  ago,  when 
more  than  95  years  of  age.  We  do  not  know  of 
any  living  man  in  New  England  who  has  con- 
tinued his  literary  work  so  late  in  life.  The  late 
Hon.  Neal  Dow  made  a  public  address  in  New 
York  City  on  his  ninetieth  birthday. 

Edward  Everett  Hale  was  born  April  3,  1822. 
No  man  in  New  England  is  found  more  fre- 
quently on  the  New  England  platform  as  the 
voice  of  current  and  historic  events.  He  is  in 
public  life  almost  daily,  and  figures  in  the  prin- 
cipal social  events  of  Boston.  He  has  written 
some  fifty  books  ;  and,  at  the  age  of  78  years, 
there  seems  to  be  no  abatement  of  his  physical 
or  mental  force. 


700 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


BLIZABiETH  OADT  STANTON. 


JUUA  WARD  HOWB. 


I  have  seldom  heard  a  more  thrilling  oration 
than  one  recently  given  in  Boston  by  ex-Gov- 
ernor Boutwell,  also  an  octogenarian.  The  fire 
of  forty  was  in  it — a  Cato-like  spirit  and  force. 
SiBnator  Hoar,  in  the  declining  seventies,  has  a 
like  record. 

Another  octogenarian,  with  a  face  transfigured 
by  long  beneficence  of  thought  and  life,  is  Hon. 
Henry  S.  Washburn,  the  author  of  *'The  Va- 
cant Chair,"  and  the  once  famous  missionary 
hymn,  '*The  Burial  of  Mrs.  Judson."  He  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  poems  when  82  years  of  age 
— a  book  full  of  the  true  song  spirit,  of  melli- 
fluous meters,  the  fire  of  patriotism,  and  the  true 
touch  of  home.  He  is  far  into  the  eighties  now, 
and  to  look  into  his  face  is  to  receive  a  bene- 
diction. He  watched  long  by  the  chair  of  his 
invalid  wife,  whom  he  has  made  the  subject  of 
truly  beautiful  verse.  He  was  once  the  poet  of 
Baptist  occasions,  and  belonged  to  the  class  of 
religious  authors  represented  by  Dr.  Samuel  F. 
Smith,  who  died  at  the  age  of  87,  falhng  at  his 
post  as  he  was  going  out  to  preach. 

From  the  coterie  of  beautiful  old  faces  with 
the  new  spring  in  them,  Samuel  May  last  year 
disappeared  at  the  age  of  90.  He  was  buried 
from  James  Freeman  Clarke's  old  church.  The 
light  of  Heaven  seemed  to  fall  into  his  last  years, 
and  he  looked  like  a  dead  prophet  as  he  lay  amid 
banks  of  flowers  in  the  church. 

Elizabeth  Cady  Stanton,  born  in  1815,  is  not 
a  New  England  woman,  but  belongs  to  the  type 
and  cult  of  which  we  write,  and  is  deep  in  New 
England  councils  of  thought,  social  life,  and 
advancement.  She  has  so  lived  that  the  stream 
of  life  runs  as  far  out  as  has  been  kept  clear,  and 
waters  the  hazels  that  bloom  in  the  fall. 

The  venerable  Bishop  Clark,  the  <<war 
Bishop"  of  Rhode  Island,  administered  until  re- 
cently the  duties  of  his  oflBce,  though  under  cer- 
tain limitations,  in  the  serene  twilight  of  a  life  of 
nearly  90  years.     So  lived  on  Dr.  Cyrus  Hamlin, 


the  missionary,  until  August,  1900,  passing  away 
at  89. 

Dr.  Edwards  A.  Park,  of  Andover,  who  has 
just  died,  was  engaged,  when  past  90  years,  in 
writing  a  history  of  the  times  of  Jonathan  Ed- 
wards in  New  England. 

Mrs.  Julia  Ward  Howe,  one  of  the  most  ac- 
complished women  in  America,  the  immortal 
author  of  the  *<  Battle  Hymn  of  the  Republic," 
was  born  in  1819,  and  has  passed  her  eighty- first 
year.  She  is  still  active  on  the  platform  and  in 
literary  work,  serving  on  important  committees 
of  philanthropy,  local,  national,  and  interea- 
tional.  She  wrote,  in  Washington,  the  **  Battle 
Hymn  of  the  Republic" — a  song  destined  to  live 
like  the  prophetess  Deborah's — when  the  city 
was  beleaguered  in  November,  1861,  or  thirty- 
nine  years  ago.  She  has  been  called  to  read  it 
in  public  for  nearly  forty  years,  and  still  favors 
Boston  audiences  by  reciting  it  at  entertainments 
given   for   charity   and   on   patriotic  occasions 

Susan  B.  Anthony,  who  has  labored  with  Mrs. 
Howe  for  the  higher  education  and  better  em- 
ployment of  women,   was  born  in    1820.    She 


THE  LATE  DR.  EDWARDS  A.  PARK. 

began  public  life  by  teaching  at  $1.50  per  week, 
and  was  awakened  by  her  own  small  salar}^' 
the  too  small  valuation  of  woman's  work. 

The  most  active  lecturers  and  historical  writer? 
in  Boston,  except  Mr.  Fiske,  are  over  70  year? 
of  age.  Mrs.  Mary  A.  Livermore,  who  lives  si 
Melrose,  near  Boston,  is  78.  She  was  lK)ni  in 
Boston,  December  19,  1821.  Until  the  recent 
death  of  her  husband,  she  was  almost  daily  on 
the  platform,  and  is  still  full  of  a,ctivity  and  ibe 
spirit  of  the  age. 


THE  OLD  AGE  OF  NEIV  ENGLAND  AUTHORS^ 


701 


Thomas  W.  Higginson,  who  represents  a  life 
of  continued  activity,  was  born  at  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  December  22,  1823,  and  is,  therefore,  of 
about  the  same  age  as  Mrs.  Livermore. 

William  R.  Alger,  one  of  the  most  learned 
men  of  the  times,  who  began  his  studies  while 
working  at  the  loom,  still  teaches  rhetoric  and 
oratory,  though  in  the  serene  seventies. 

Horace  E.  Scudder  is  one  of  the  middle-aged 
public  men,  like  Dr.  Lorimer  ;  Miss  Edna  Dean 
Proctor  and  Mrs.  Louise  Chandler  Moulton,  were 
in  the  active  currents  of  the  early  sixties.  It  is 
common  to  meet  at  Boston  clubs  Mr.  John 
Thomas  Codman,  who  was  at  Brook  Farm,  Mrs. 
Cheney,  who  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Margaret 
Fuller,  and  Mr.  John  Hutchinson,  of  old  tem- 
perance memories. 

The  great  age  attained  by  the  writers  for 
young  people  in  New  England  is  remarkable. 
Samuel  G.  Goodrich  (**  Peter  Parley")  died 
young,  according  to  these  standards,  at  the  age 
of  67,  having  published  160  books,  with  a  cir- 
culation of  some  7,000,000  volumes.  Jacob 
Abbott  died  at  the  age  of  76,  having  produced 
200  volumes.  William  T.  Adams  0^  Oliver 
Optic")  lived  to  the  age  of  75.  More  than 
1,000,000  copies  of  his  books  were  sold.  John 
T.  Trowbridge  lives  in  Cambridge,  in  the  seren. 
ities  past  70  years,  looking  like  a  man  of  60,  and 
engaging  in  public  service  at  will.  He  has  a 
charming  home  and  lovely  family.  The  Rev. 
William  M.  Thayer,  whose  tide  of  life  ran  al- 
most to  the  eightieth  mile-stone  of  years,  was 
looked  upon  as  the  Nestor  of  young  people's 
writers. 

We  may  well  speak  here  of  a  most  beautiful 
and  ideal  life  that  is  verging  on  90  years,  and 
that,  perhaps,  was  never  more  useful  that  now. 
We  refer  to  the  author  of  the  <*  Elm  Island" 
series  of  books,  Rev.  Elijah  Kellogg,  the  author 
of  * '  Spartacus, "  a  declamation  familiar  to  the 
boys  of  three  generations.      He  lives  in  Harps- 


A.    BROKSON  ALCOTT.  JOHN  TOWNSEND  TROWBKIDQB. 


well,  Maine,  and  there'  writes,  preaches,  and 
manages  a  farm.  Harpswell  is  a  summer  i-esort, 
and  the  boarders  among  the  firs  of  the  salt 
sea-breezes  love,  on  summer  Sabbaths,  to  attend 
the  church  of  the  venerable  author-preacher. 
Though  almost  a  nonagenarian,  he  preaches  or 
conducts  services  twice  on  the  Sabbath.  His 
books  still  live. 

His  life  began  near  the  beginning  of  the  cen- 
tury, and  it  promises  to  see  the  century's  end. 
He  was  born  on  the  rude  coast,  and  became  a 
sailor  before  the  mast.  He  fell  under  religious 
convictions,  was  converted,  and  began  a  Chris- 
tian work  for  seamen  at  the  Boston  Bethel.  He 
was  graduated  from  Bowdoin  and  Andover. 
His  life  bespoke  great  usefulness,   and  he  was 

offered  a  city  pulpit  at 
the  then  large  salary 
of  $2, 000  a  year.  But 
his  heart  was  in  his 
native  town.  He 
went  there,  and  began 
public  life  in  the  new 
meeting-house  at  a 
salary  perhaps  less 
than  one -fourth  of 
that  which  had  been 
previously  offered  him 
in  the  city.  Here  has 
been  the  scene  of  his 
labors.  He  wrote  his 
books  here,  and  al- 
though t  hey  did  not 
make  him  rich,  they  gave  him  influence  and 
brought  him  contentment  and  happiness. 

That  the  admired  young  author  of  *  *  Sparta- 
cus  "  should  choose  a  country  parish,  where  he 
could  have  a  free  use  of  the  pen,  instead  of  a 
popular  city  church,  seems  remarkable.  But 
every  man  knows  his  own  inward  calling.  And 
Elijah  Kellogg  made  his  country -parish  life  felt 
in  all  of  the  other  parishes  of  America.  So 
he  did  not  preach  to  a  scattered  population  and 
till  his  farm  in  vain.  Such  holy  and  rustic  oc- 
cupations made  his  books  for  him,  and  gave  his 
literary  work  life  and  power  ;  and  to  gain  right 
influence  is  more  than  any  other  thing. 

Mrs.  Lydia  Maria  Child,  the  editor  of  **  Juve- 
nile Miscellany,"  lived  to  be  almost  80  years  of 
age.  She  retired  to  Wayland,  Mass.,  in  her  last 
years  for  a  quiet  life.  Juvenile  periodicals  had 
their  beginning  in  her  work. 

Nathaniel  Willis,  the  first  editor  of  the  Youth^s 
Companion^  lived  beyond  90  years.  William 
Matthews,  author  of  *<  Getting  On  in  the  World," 
still  lives  in  Boston,  and  does  active  work  and 
mingles  in  social  life  at  a  very  advanced  age. 
Until    recently  Father   Locke,  who   sang  his 


THOMAS  WENTH WORTH 
UIOOINSON. 


702 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEIVS. 


Photo  by  Pach  Brothers. 

PROF.  CHARLES  EL.10T  NORTOIC. 

thrilling  campaign  song  to  Lincoln,  was  a  figure 
in  patriotic  assemblies. 

What  is  the  secret  of  these  long  lives,  of  the 
serene  and  useful  years  that  in  many  of  these 
lives  followed  the  age  of  seventy?  Did  the 
friend  whom  I  have  quoted  adequately  answer 
the  question  ? 

Mrs.  Julia  Ward  Howe  recently  gave  a  lecture 
at  the  New  England  Conservatory  of  Music  on 
'<APlea  for  Cheerfulness.''  She  took  in  part 
this  view.  James  T.  Fields,  after  his  retirement 
from  active  work,  used  to  give  a  reminiscent 
lecture  on  the  same  subject  with  like  conclusions. 

The  moralist  will  say  that  these  writers  were 
temperate,  governed  in  all  things  by  moral  prin- 
ciple, and  sought  to  fulfill  a  calling  rather  than 
to  make  money  or  gain  fame.  This  is  true.  But 
we  repeat :  Most  of  these'  literary  people,  and 
probably  all  of  them,  felt  that  they  must  live  for 
influence,  and  that  they  were  doing  that  which 
God  had  called  them  to  do,  and  they  found  their 
happiness  in  their  work.  True  happiness  tends  to 
long  life,  and  such  contentment  comes  from 
things  that  money  cannot  buy. 

For  the  sake  of  doing  good  work  with  her 
pen,  Lydia  Maria  Child  went  to  her  garden  in 
Way  land,  and  Elijah  Kellogg  to  his  farm  in 
Maine.  Others  sought  philanthropies  ;  others, 
to  gain  useful  information  and  right  views  of 
life,  traveled.  It  has  been  my  pleasure  to  meet 
many  of  these  writers,  and  I  never  knew  one 
who  did  not  seek  to  be  guided  by  his  conscience, 
and  who  was  not  happy  in  seeking  to  put  right 
ideals  into  other  lives.  The  activities  of  a  right 
ypurpose  tend  to  long  life  ;  and  the  hopeful  worker 


in  some  field  of  God  is  sometimes  blessed  with, 
twenty -one  serene  years  beyond  threescore  and 
ten,  and  often  with  ten  useful  years  beyond  the 
natural  limit. 

Of  such  men  whose  youtli  is  renewed,  and 
who  are  **  satisfied  with  long  life,"  after  the 
Psalmist's  promise,  it  may  be  noted  that  youth 
gave  the  suggestions  of  their  work,  but  old  afic© 
the  completion  of  it.  The  period  between  60 
and  67  has  been  especially  prolific  in  this  re- 
touching of  old  ideals,  maturing  long  thought, 
and  producing  the  right  harvest.  This  was  Em- 
erson's period  of  clear-visioned  work.  Emerson 
waited  thiiteen  years  for  his  * '  Nature  "  to  reach 
a  sale  of  500  copies.  He  lived  simply  that  he 
might  do  perfect  work,  but  the  public  influence 
of  his  work  came  very  late  in  life. 

Nearly  all  of  these  authors  who  have  found 
the  years  beyond  seventy  to  be  the  best  of  their 
lives  have  been  very  social  in  their  habits,  and 
have  shared  their  lives  largely  with  others. 
Nearly  all  of  them  have  been  engaged  in  benefi- 
cent enterprises,  which  have  fixed  their  minds 
upon  purposes  which  lift  life  over  petty  things 
and  selfish  frictions.  The  antislavery  cause  ab- 
sorbed the,  attention  of  some  of  them  for  many 
years  ;  various  means  of  educating  and  helping 
the  poor,  as  notably  in  the  cases  of  Edward  Ev- 
erett Hale,  Julia  Ward  Howe,  and  Mrs.  Liver- 
more,  have  been  lifelong  purposes  with  others. 

Benevolent  purposes  enrich  authorship,  and 
tend  to  add  to  life  the  ten  or  twenty  harvest  bright 
years.  The  heart- happiness  of  doing  good  makes 
the  life-stream  deep,  smooth,  and  long. 

Titian  wrought  the  true  soul -lines  at  90  years, 
and  such  lives  as  Mary  Somerville  and  James 
Martineau  ripen  slowly  and  bring  forth  the 
magic  touch  or  the  immortal  thought  in  years 
beyond  threescore  and  ten. 

To  the  young  literary  worker,  willing  to  live 
for  a  high  purpose,  the  examples  of  the  New 
England  writers  lingering  in  the  honor  of  benefi- 
cent influence  have  their  lessons.  Kepler  said 
that  he  would  rather  be  the  author  of  the  books 
that  he  had  written  than  to  possess  the  duchy  of 
Saxony.  He  found  his  compensation  in  him- 
self ;   so  do  all  who  live  for  soul  purposes. 

Purpose  is  success,  if  it  be  rightly  aimed  ;  and 
a  benevolent  purpose  brings  a  contentment  of 
heart  that  causes  life  to  flower  late  and  bear  win- 
ter fruit :  it  fosters  the  best  life  that  can  be  led. 
Let  one  look  in  upon  the  Boston  *  *  Authors* 
Club"  and  see  one  of  the  happiest  illustrations 
of  this  most  wholesome  truth.  They  who  live 
in  their  true  purpose  of  life  live  long  and  well, 
and  their  Indian  summer  of  the  seasons  represents 
their  most  useful  years.  Literary  work  is  a 
growth  ;   it  comprehends  the  whole  of  life. 


AN   ESTIMATE  OF   MAX   MULLER  (i 823-1 900). 


BY  CHARLES  JOHNSTON. 
(Bengal  Civil  Service,  retired.) 

[Friedrich  Maximilian  Mtiller,  generally  called  Max  MttUer,  was  born  at  Dessau,  Germany,  December  6,  1828. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Universities  of  Leipzig  and  Berlin,  and  the  College  de  France.  In  1846  h&  went  to  Eng- 
land, in  1849  brought  out  the  first  volume  of  the  *'  Hig  Veda,*'  and  in  1850  settled  at  Oxford,  where  he  became  Tay- 
lorian  professor  of  modern  languages  in  1854.  He  was  made  curator  of  the  Bodleian  Library  in  1856.  In  1868 
he  became  professor  of  comparative  philology  at  Oxford.  His  chief  works  are  :  *  *A  History  of  Ancient  Sanskrit 
Literature "  (1859),  " Lectures  on  the  Science  of  Language"  (1861-64),  "Handbooks  for  the  Study  of  Sanskrit" 
(1865-70),  "  Chips  from  a  German  Workshop  "  (1868-75),  *♦  lectures  on  the  Science  of  Religion  "  (1870),  '*  On  the  Origin 
and  Growth  of  Religion  as  Illustrated  by  the  Religions  of  India  "  (1878),  and  "  Auld  Lang  Syne  "  (1898-99).  He  edited 
the  "  Rig  Veda,'^  in  6  volumes,  and  the  **  Sacred  Books  of  the  East,"  in  50  volumes.  The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  con- 
ferred on  him  by  the  Universities  of  Eklinburgh,  Cambridge,  Bologna,  Dublin,  and  Budapest.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Institute  of  France  and  of  many  distinguished  orders.    Prof.  Max  MUller  died  at  Oxford,  on  October  28, 1900.] 


THE  LATE  PROF.  MAX  Mt^LLER. 

MAX  MQLLER  always  asserted  that  he  was 
an  evolutionist  before  Darwin,  and  that  the 
growth,  maturity,  and  decay  of  languages  showed 
rnuch  more  perfectly  t)ie  laws  of  development  than 
does  the  fragmentary  record  of  tlie  geologist.  A 
thousand  links  between  these  two  great  pioneers 
are  evident.  Not  less  closely  is  Max  MuUer's 
veork  bound  up  with  Gladstone's.  There  is  the 
most  intimate  relation  between  the  ideal  of  united 
Italy  or  the  Panslavism  which  brought  the  resur- 
rection of  the  Balkan  States — both  causes  dear  to 


Gladstone's  heart — and  the  teaching  of  kinship 
through  kindred  speech,  the  evangel  of  the  great 
philologist.  But  Max  Miiller's  direct  influence 
on  politics  by  no  means  stopped  with  the  Italians 
and  Slavs  ; — he  used  the  Crimean  War  as  the 
text  of  an  eloquent  sermon  on  the  brotherhood 
of  races  ;  and,  most  of  all,  he  worked  for  the 
good  of  the  Indian  empire,  by  infusing  into  the 
minds  of  her  future  administrators  a  respect  for 
her  ancient  tongues  and  a  living  interest  for  the 
obscure  idioms  of  a  hundred  furtive  and  back- 
ward peoples,  who  hide  in  the  jungles  and  among 
the  hills  of  that  land  of  marvels,  and  who  owe  it 
chiefly  to  him  that  they  are  recognized  as  mem- 
bers of  the  great  human  family,  as  part  and 
parcel  of  articulate  man.  Wherever,  throughout 
the  wide  confines  of  the  British  empire,  a  man  is 
to  be  found  who  has  won  his  way  into  the  hearts 
of  some  remote  and  isolated  tribe, — in  the  woods 
or  ravines  of  the  mountains,  in  tropical  morasses, 
or  in  the  myriad  islands  gf  the  sunny  seas,  by 
using  the  talisman  of  speech,  by  learning  the 
tongue  of  lowly  savages, — it  will,  almost  in- 
fallibly, be  found  that  his  impulse  came  from 
Max  Miiller.  This  is,  most  of  all,  true  of  India 
— hundreds  of  whose  rulers  and  magistrates  were 
trained  in  his  school  of  thought,  using  his  very 
text- books  even.  But  it  is  not  less  true  of  the 
remote  regions  of  the  Pacific,  of  the  Australian 
bush,  of  the  wildernesses  of  Northern  Canada, 
of  Guiana  and  the  Amazon — wherever  the  most 
adventurous  race  has  penetrated.  Here  are  two 
books  .  one,  a  comparative  dictionary  of  the 
Polynesian  languages  ;  the  other,  a  grammar  of 
the  Santals  of  the  Vindhya  hills  ;  both  are  dedi- 
cated to  Max  Miiller,  and  they  are  only  types  of 
scores  of  others  which  show  how  broad,  human, 
and  l)enign  has  been  the  influence  of  the  great 
scholar  who  has  died. 


^kXl 


704 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEIV  OF  REVIEIVS. 


With  the  workers  whose  names  we  have  already 
mentioned,  Max  Miiller  stands  for  the  immense 
and  splendid  broadening  of  our  consciousness 
and  human  feeling,  which  corresponds  to  those 
victories  over  space  and  time  that  make  our  age 
miraculous.  All  worked  together  for  the  signal 
uplifting  of  man  ;  and  Max  Miiller  labored  in 
those  very  regions  of  thought  and  feeling,  of 
aspiration  and  imagination,  of  poetry,  history 
and  religion,  which,  under  evil  auspices  leading 
to  discord  and  hate,  may,  when  touched  with  the 
sunlight  of  understanding,  bind  men's  hearts 
together  as  nothing  else  can. 

1849:    THE    **RIG    VEDA." 

Max  Miiller  has  himself  so  charmingly  recorded 
the  scenes  of  his  early  life, — from  Dessau,  *«  in  an 
oasis  of  oak-trees,  where  the  Elbe  and  the  Mulde 
meet,  a  town  then  overflowing  with  music,"  to 
the  class-rooms  of  Leipzig  and  Berlin,  and  later 
to  Paris,  to  the  College  de  France,  where  the 
great  Burnouf  was  lecturing, — that  no  one  need 
again  tell  the  tale.  For  us  the  significance  of  his 
woi'k  begins  in  London,  where,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-six,  he  published  the  first  volume  of  his 
great  edition  of  the  *♦  Rig  Veda."  This  was  in 
1849  ;  he  had  been  gathering  materials  since  his 
twenty- first  year,  supporting  himself  meanwhile 
by  writing.  There  is  something  worthy  of  all 
admiration  in  the  devotion  which  carried  him 
through  the  first  and  heaviest  stages  of  this  hercu- 
lean task,  while  still  an  unknown  and  struggling 
student,  without  means  and  without  recognition. 
As  he  himself  wrote,  more  than  fifty  years  ago  : 
**When  I  first  entered  on  this  undertaking,  I 
saw  but  little  chance  that  I  should  ever  succeed 
in  carrying  it  out,  and  my  only  hope  of  success 
was  derived  from  the  firm  conviction  that,  in  the 
present  state  of  philological,  historical,  and  philo- 
sophical research,  no  literary  work  was  of  greater 
importance  and  interest  to  the  philologist,  the 
historian,  and  the  philosopher  than  the  •  Veda, ' 
the  oldest  literaiy  monument  of  the  Indo-Eu- 
ropean world."  After  the  immense  difficulties  of 
research,  of  deciphering,  of  interpretation,  the 
endless  task  of  copying,  transcribing,  compar- 
ing liad  been  completed,  there  remained  the  very 
formidable  material  problem  of  publication. 
Here  was  an  author  whose  first  work  was  in  an 
unknown  tongue,  and  so  voluminous  that  tens  of 
thousands  of  dollars  would  hardly  represent  the 
cost  of  printing  it,  while  the  sale  could  hardly  be 
more  than  nominal.  That  Max  Miiller  easily 
overcame  this  most  formidable  obstacle  gives  us 
the  clew  to  one  of  his  greatest  qualities — his  power 
of  communicating  to  others  his  immense  enthu- 
siasm for  abstract  thought,  his  unselfish  devotion, 
.his  vision  of  things  to  come.      The  Directors  of 


PROF.  MAX  MCIX£K. 

(In  costnme  as  one  of  the  eight  foreign  members  of  the 
French  Institute.) 

the  East  India  Company  willingly  bore  the  burden, 
consenting  in  words  which  take  us  back  to  &  by- 
gone age  :  *  *  The  court  considei*s  that  the  publica- 
tion of  so  important  and  interesting  a  work  as 
that  to  wliich  your  proposal  refers  is  in  a  peculiar 
manner  deserving  of  the  patronage  of  the  East 
India  Company,  connected  as  it  is  with  the  early 
religion,  history,  and  language  of  the  great  body 
of  their  Indian  subjects.'*  The  East  India  Com- 
pany is  gone,  fallen  forever  in  the  gigan^c 
struggle  of  the  mutiny  ;  its  Court  of  DirectoR 
belong  as  much  to  history  as  the  South-Sei 
House.  But  Max  Miiller's  w^ork  remains.  He 
himself  held  an  even  higher  view  of  it  than  thit 
which  they  expressed.  The  **  Veda  "  was,  in  '^ 
eyes,  for  the  whole  Aryan  world  what  Homer 
was  to  the  Greeks,  the  Koran  to  tiie  Arabs. 
Shakespeare  to  the  speakers  of  English — the  most 
venerable  monument  of  our  Western  world.  Two 
sentences  will  show  the  broad  and  human  sj»rit 
in  whicli  he  worked  :  *  *  The  *  Veda '  would  oevei 
have  engaged  the  attention  of  a  large  class  of 
scholars  if  this  ancient  literary  relic  had  not  been 
found  to  shed  the  most  unexpected  light  on  tk 
darkest  periods  in  the  history  of  the  most  promi- 
nent nations  of  antiquity.  .  .  .  But  no  religion, 
no  poetry,   no  law,  no  language,   can  resist  th« 


AN  ESTIMATE  OF  MAX  MULLER  (1823-1900). 


705 


T7ear  and  tear  of  thirty  centuries;    and  in  the 

<  Veda/  as  in  other  works  handed  down  to  us 
from  a  very  remote  antiquity,  the  sharp  edges 
of  primitive  thought,  the  delicate  features  of  a 
joung  language,  the  fresh  hue  of  unconscious 
poetry,  have  been  washed  away  by  the  suc- 
cessive waves  of  tradition.  .  .  ;  We  must  not 
despair  even  whei-e  their  words  seem  meaningless 
anii  their  ideas  barren  or  wild.  What  seems  at 
first  childish  may,  at  a  happier  moment,  disclose 
a  sublime  simplicity ;  and  even  in  helpless  ex- 
pressions we  may  recognize  aspirations  after  some 
iiigh  and  noble  idea.  When  the  scholar  has  done 
bis  work,  the  poet  and  philosopher  must  take  it 
up  and  finish  it.*'  None  will  deny  to  the  editor 
of  the  **Rig  Veda"  and  analyst  of  Panini  the 
title  of  scholar,  nor  to  the  translator  of  Kant  and 
oxpoiinder  of  Shankara  that  of  philosopher.  That 
Max  Miiller  was  withal  a  poet,  hcundreds  of  won- 
derfully eloquent  passages  m  his  works  will  show 
— phrases  like  this  from  **Auld  Lang  Syne**: 

<  *  the  infinite  blue  of  the  sky,  the  varied  verdure 
of  the  trees,  the  silver  sparkle  of  the  sea.'* 

1861:    THE    **  SCIENCE   OF    LANQUAQB." 

The  tide  of  fame  which  his  **  Rig  Veda  "  brought 
liim,  in  his  twenty-sixth  year,  carried  him  into 
port  in  Oxford — a  safe  harbor,  which  sheltered 
him  from  the  storms  and  hurricanes  of  fate  till 
his  life's  end.  His  work  on  the  **  Veda"  was 
spread  over  a  full  quarter-century ;  but  his 
boundless  moral  energy  was  already  busy  ex- 
ploring new  fields.  His  **  History  of  Ancient 
Sanskrit  Literature  "  was  properly  a  by-product 
of  the  **Veda;  "  so  that  we  may  consider  the 
famous  essays  on  the  **  Science  of  Language," 
delivered  at  the  Royal  Institution  in  London  in 
1861,  as  his  next  great  independent  work.  This 
"was  the  age  of  Faraday,  Lyell,  and  Hooker. 
When  Max  Muller  published  the  first  volume  of 
Lis  **  Veda,"  ten  years  were  still  to  run  before 
the  **  Origin  of  Species"  saw  the  light.  The 
flavor  of  that  epoch  is  well  reflected  in  a  letter 
which  Max  Miiller  wrote  me  from  Dessau,  his 
birthplace,  when  he  had  returned  thither  for  a 
season  in  his  seventieth  year  :  **  I  have  often  be- 
fore protested  against  crediting  Darwin  with  dis- 
ooveries  which  were  made  long  before  his  time. 
Surely,  the  antiquity  of  the  world  and  of  man 
was  worked  out  by  Lyell  with  far  greater  knowl- 
edge than  by  Darwin.  And  as  to  the  theory  of 
-evolution,  it  was  established  by  the  Science  of 
Language  long  before  Darwin,  and  finds  its  best 
illustration,  not  in  the  broken  chain,  with  its  many 
Tnissing  links,  of  the  animal  kingdom,  but  in  the 
continuous  growth  of  language.  Whether  Natural 
Science  borrowed  from  us  or  not,  certain  it  is  that 
the  priority  in  the  use  of  nearly  all  the  forms  of 


thought  of  the  Evolutionary  School  belongs  to  the 
students  of  the  Science  of  Language.  This  can- 
not be  inculcated  often  enough." 

To  this  pre- Darwinian  period  the  lectures  at 
the  Royal  Institution  belong.  With  all  the  skill 
of  a  practised  orator,  Max  Miiller  said  : 

If  I  venture  to  address  an  audience  accustomed  to 
listen,  in  this  place,  to  the  wonderful  tales  of  the  nat- 
ural historian,  the  chemist,  and  geologist,  and  wont  to 
see  the  novel  results  of  inductive  reasoning  invested  by 
native  eloquence  with  all  the  charm  of  poetry  and 
romance,  it  Is  because,  though  mistrusting  myself,  I 
cannot  mistrust  my  subject.  The  study  of  words  may 
be  tedious  to  the  schoolboy,  as  breaking  stones  is  to  the 
wayside  laborer;  but  to  the  thoughtful  eye  of  the 
geologist  these  stones  are  full  of  interest — he  sees  mir- 
acles on  the  highroad,  and  reads  chronicles  in  every 
ditch.  Language,  too,  has  marvels  of  her  own,  which 
she  unveils  to  the  inquiring  glance  of  the  patient  stu- 
dent. There  are  chronicles  below  her  surface ;  there 
are  sermons  in  every  word. 

We  cannot  tell,  as  yet,  what  language  is.  It  may  be 
a  production  of  nature,  a  work  of  human  art,  or  a 
diviue  gift.  If  it  be  a  product  of  nature,  it  is  her  last 
and  crowning  production,  which  she  reserved  for  man 
alone.  If  it  be  a  work  of  human  art,  it  would  seem  to 
lift  the  human  artist  almost  to  the  level  of  a  diviue 
creator.  If  it  be  the  gift  of  God,  it  is  God^s  greatest 
gift ;  for  through  it  Grod  spake  to  man  and  man  speaks 
to  God  in  worship,  prayer,  and  meditation. 

This  sufficiently  illustrates  the  power  of  his 
rich  genius  to  touch  with  emotion,  to  enkindle 
with  enthusiasm,  whatever  theme  he  undertook. 
He  had,  above  all,  the  gift  of  contagion,  of  per- 
sonal and  moral  magnetism,  which  came  not 
only  from  his  faith  in  his  subject,  but  far  more 
from  the  warmth  and  fervor  of  his  imagination , 
from  the  riches  of  a  profoundly  poetical  nature. 
There  is  something  in  this  peroration  which  re- 
calls the  moral  earnestness  and  elevation  of 
Gladstone,  and  establishes  another  link  between 
these  two  great  minds. 


1876 


'  THE  SACRED  BOOKS  OF  THE  EAST. 


These  eloquent  studies  of  language  were  but 
the  prelude  to  a  larger  undertaking,  which  finally 
took  form  in  **The  Sacred  Books  of  the  East.** 
By  his  studies  in  the  •*Veda/*  the  **  Avesta," 
the  Pali  and  Sanskrit  texts  of  Buddhism,  Max 
Muller  was  well  qualified  to  penetrate  the  dark 
places  of  Oriental  thought ;  his  philosophical 
sense,  always  keen,  had  been  whetted  by  his 
work  on  Kant's  great  critique.  His  long  years 
of  research  into  the  relationships  and  growth  of 
language  had  trained  him  to  see  the  same  mind 
working  throughout  all  history,  the  same  human 
heart  clothing  in  words  its  hopes,  its  fears,  its 
aspirations.  He  was  profoundly  convinced  of 
the  brotherhood  of  all  the  races  of  man — a  kin- 
ship, not  of  animals,  but  of  living  souls. 


706 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REf^IElV  OF  REyiE]VS. 


We  can  see  in  all  this  the  preparation  for  his 
third  and  greatest  undertaking — a  task  so  great 
that  many  years  have  yet  to  run  before  its  fruits 
are  fully  ripe  ;  before  the  minds  of  the  majority 
are  ripe  enough  to  comprehend  its  purpose. 
Briefly,  he  aimed  to  show  the  kinship  of  all  the 
religions  of  the  world  ;  and  to  this  high  purpose 
the  last  twenty -five  years  of  his  splendidly  pro- 
ductive life  were  vowed.  As  he  wrote  in  1876  : 
<»  To  watch,  in  *  The  Sacred  Books  of  the  East/ 
the  dawn  of  the  religious  consciousness  of  man 
must  always  remain  one  of  the  most  inspiriiig 
and  hallowing  sights  in  the  whole  history  of  the 
world  ;  and  he  whose  heart  cannot  quiver  with 
the  first  quivering  rays  of  human  thought  and 
human  faith,  as  revealed  in  these  ancient  docu- 
ments, is,  in  his  own  way,  as  unfit  for  these 
studies  as,  from  another  side,  the  man  who 
shrinks  from  copying  and  collating  ancient  manu- 
scripts, or  toiling  through  volumes  of  tedious 
commentary.  What  we  want  here,  as  every- 
where else,  is  the  truth,  and  the  whole  truth  ; 
and  if  the  whole  truth  must  be  told,  it  is  that, 
however  radiant  the  dawn  of  religious  thought, 
it  is  not  without  its  dark  clouds,  its  chilling 
colds,  its  noxious  vapors.  Whoever  does  not 
know  these,  or  would  hide  them  from  his  own 
sight  and  the  sight  of  others,  does  not  know,  and 
can  never  understand,  the  real  toilatid  travail  of 
the  human  heart  in  its  first  religious  aspirations; 
and,  cot  knowing  its  toil  and  travail,  can  never 
know  the  intensity  of  its  triumphs  and  joys.'* 

A  whole  period  of  his  work,  a  whole  series  of 
books  and  lectures,  flowed  from  the  purpose  here 
expressed.  Foremost  stands  the  great  monu- 
ment of  learning  and  devotion,  the  famous  series 
which  he  calls  **  The  Sacred  Books  of  the  East," 
whose  work,  as  we  have  said,  is  only  beginning. 
There  were,  too,  special  studies  of  different  re- 
ligions, the  best  of  which  are  his  Vedanta  studies, 
which  show  him  as  ardent  an  idealist,  as  firm  a 
believer  in  man's  divine  nature  and  immortality, 
as  any  Indian  seer  of  them  all.  Here  stand 
forth  preeminent  his  gifts  of  moral  enthusiasm 
and  of  eloquent  expounding ;  and  the  immense 
work  his  undertaking  has  already  achieved  can 
only  be  realized  by  comparing  the  wide  and 
urbane  religious  feeling  of  the  present  day  with 
the  harsh  and  narrow  dogmatism  of  a  past  gen- 
eration. Tolerance,  sympathy,  insight  into  the 
thoughts  of  others,  were  ever  his  watchwords  ; 
and  these  qualities  are  of  most  priceless  value  in 
the  field  of  religion,  where  their  defect  works 
most  lasting  and  irremediable  harm. 

For  his  work  in  widening  our  religious  sense, 
as  he  had  before  widened  our  sense  of  human 
feeling,  of  kinship  with  races  alien  in  speech  and 
foreign  in   habit  of  tliought ;  for  the  immense 


impetus  he  gave  to  the  onward  movement  of  the 
moral  world, — we  must  esteem  Max  MuUer  a» 
one  of  the  greatest  synthetic  minds  in  history— «. 
creator,  and  even  more,  a  reconciler. 

1898:      **AULD    LANG    8TNK." 

The   spirit   of    his   closing   days,    with   their 
pathos  and  wistfulness,  is  well  echoed  in  these 
words  from  **Auld  Lang  Syne;"  the  last  sen- 
tence may  stand  as  his  epitaph  :    **  Whether  it  is 
accurate,  who  can  tell  ?     All  I  can  say  is,  that 
the  positive  copy  here  published  is  as  true  and  as- 
exact  as  the  rays  of  the  evening  eun  of  life,  fall- 
ing on  the  negative  in  my  memory,  could  make 
it.     Though  I  have  suppressed  whatever  could 
possibly  have  given  offense  to  any  sensible  per- 
son, however  sensitive,  I  have  not  retouched  the- 
pictures  of  my  friends  and  acquaintances ;  nor 
have  I  tried,  as  is  now  so  much  the  fashion,  to- 
take  out  all  the  lines  and  wrinkles,  so  that  noth- 
ing  remains   but   the   washed  faces  of   angels. 
What  I  give  here  is  but  a  small  portion  of  the 
panorama  of  life  that  has  ])a8sed  before  my  eyes. 
Of  myself,  there  is  but  little  ;   for  the  spectator 
or  interpreter  in  a  panorama  should  remain  un- 
seen and  in  the  dark.     It  is  a  pleasure  to  him, 
though  often  a  sad  pleasure,   to  see  once  more- 
what  he  has  seen  before — to  live  the  old  time 
over  again  ;  to  look  once  more  at  dear  faces  once 
so  full  of  love  and  life  ;  to  feel  the  touch  of  » 
vanished  hand  ;  to  hear  a  voice  that  is  still. 

*<  As  we  grow  old,  it  is  our  fate  to  lose  our 
friends  ;  but  the  friends  we  have  lost  are  often 
nearer  to  us  than  those  who  remain.  Will 
they  never  be  quite  near  to  us  again  ?  Stars 
meet  stars  after  thousands  of  years  ;  and  are  we 
not  of  more  value  than  many  a  star  ?  " 

Gladstone  did  much  to  humanize  the  policy  of 
the  world's  most  extensive  empire  ;  to  reconcile 
was  his  dearest  ambition,  rather  than  to  over- 
rule. Bismarck  molded  together  into  one  body, 
with  a  single  heart,  the  fragments  of  a  scattered 
people,  showing  us  the  vast  power  that  lies  in 
unity.  Darwin,  lovable  and  humble,  broke 
down  the  barriers  that  cut  us  off  from  the  lesser 
races  of  the  world  ;  broke  down  the  barriers  of 
time,  and  showed  us  the  one  Life  surging  for- 
ever through  all  living  creatures.  Max  Miiller, 
accomplishing  a  like  task  for  the  invisible  world, 
threw  down  the  partition -walls  between  peoples 
and  tongues,  making  all  the  children  of  men 
once  more  akin  in  thought,  as  Darwin  had  shown 
them  kindred  in  blood  ;  and,  lifting  the  misu 
from  bygone  ages,  showed  us  the  community  of 
our  speech,  our  thought  and  aspiration,  with  the 
word  long  hushed  on  lips  of  vanished  races,  of 
men  whose  name  memory  has  ceased  to  whisper 
along  the  deserted  corridors  of  time. 


MARCUS   DALY,   EMPIRE-BUILDER. 

BY  SAMUEL  E.  MOFFETT. 


PhoCo  by  Dftrto&  Sanfbrd,  New  York. 

THB  LATK  MARCUS  DALY. 

THE  career  of  the  late  Marcus  Daly  gave  em- 
phatic evidence  that  ♦*  empire'ouilding'* 
-w^s  no  new  thing  in  this  country.  Daly  was  an 
empire- builder  before  Manila  meant  anything 
more  to  American  ears  than  Singapore.  And 
the  enterprises  he  built  up  have  added  more  to 
the  wealth  of  the  nation  than  the  Philippines 
are  likely  to  add  in  the  next  fifty  years. 

Daly's  experience  ought  to  encourage  young 
men  who  think  that  fortune  is  too  slow  in  com- 
ing ;  that  the  best  part  of  life  is  past,  and  that 
there  is  really  no  use  in  hoping  for  anything 
more.  Daly,  like  Cromwell,  made  no  striking 
success  until  he  was  forty  years  old. 

Before  that  time,  he  had  been  dependent  upon 
h.ifl  daily  work  for  his  living — latterly  working 
for  a  good  salary,  but  through  all  his  earlier  yeai*s 
doing  hard  drudgery  for  poor  pay.  But  through 
it  ckll  he  was  irrepressible.  He  was  like  a  steel 
spring,  coiled  up  and  ready  to  leap  into  action  the 
instant  the  opportunity  presented  itself.  Some 
xnen  are  lucky  by  accident.  Daly's  luck  was  in- 
evitable.    If  you  set  up  a  pipe  with  a  hole  in  its 


side,  a  pebble,  dropped  in  at  the  top  and  bound"- 
ing  from  side  to  side,  may  happen  to  strike  that, 
hole  and  go  through.  That  is  the  way  luck  comes  ^ 
to  common  men.  If  the  pebble  happened  to  fall 
at  a  little  different  angle,  it  would  miss  the  hole 
and  drop  helplessly  to  the  bottom.  But  fill  the 
pipe  with  water,  and  if  there  is  an  opening  any- 
where, the  universal  pressure  will  find  it.  If 
there  is  even  a  weak  spot,  the  water  will  proba- 
bly make  an  opening.     That  was  Marcus  Daly.. 

The  lucky  man  is  not  the  one  who  has  luck,  for 
everybody  has  that,  but  the  one  who  is  watching 
for  ity  and  is  ready  to  nail  it  the  instant  it  shows 
its  head. 

Nobody  could  have  owed  less  to  his  start  in 
life  than  Marcus  Daly.  Born  of  a  poor  Irish  fam- 
ily, in  such  obscurity  that  it  is  not  even  certain 
whether  his  first  appearance  in  the  world  was  on 
this  or  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic  ;  cast  adrift 
on  the  wharves  of  San  Francisco  withoGt  a  cent 
at  the  age  of  thirteen  ;  digging  potatoes  to  earn 
money  enough  to  take  him  to  the  mines,  and 
making  himself  a  mining  expert,  without  school- 
iog»  by  dogged  study  of  the  rocks  in  which  he 
was  laboring, — he  was  a  self-made  man,  if  ever 
there  was  one.  There  were  plenty  of  men  swinging 
their  picks  at  his  side  who  had  had  better  advan- 
tages than  his  ;  who  had  been  taught  something 
about  geology  and  mineralogy,  and  who  had  even 
been  capitalists  in  a  small  way.  But  they  kept 
on  swinging  picks,  while  Daly  studied,  observed, 
pondered,  planned,  and  finally  became  the  master 
of  his  profession,  and  of  the  riches  to  which  it 
was  the  key. 

When  Marcus  Daly  had  a  piece  of  work  to  do 
he  did  it  *' strenuously,"  as  Governor  Roosevelt 
would  say.  It  made  no  difference  whether  it 
was  for  himself  or  for  an  employer — it  was  the 
work  he  looked  at,  not  the  person  who  was  to 
receive  its  benefit.  And,  as  a  natural  conse- 
quence, each  duty  so  performed  attracted  atten- 
tion and  led  to  something  better.  The  mining 
generalship  he  displayed  in  the  service  of  the 
bonanza  firm  of  Flood,  O'Brien,  Mackay  & 
Fair  gave  him  an  opening  with  the  Walker 
Brothers  which  led  to  his  introduction  to  Mon- 
tana. It  was  in  their  behalf  that  he  undertook 
the  exploration  of  the  Alice  mine,  one  of  the 
most  picturesque  episodes  in  his  history.  Going 
to  Butte  as  a  w^orking  miner,  he  went  to  a  cheap 
hotel,  stayed  a  week,  and  then  told  the  landlord 


708 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^IEU^  OF  REVIEWS. 


he  could  not  pay  his  bill  unless  he  got  a  job. 
The  landlord  secured  work  for  him  in  two  or 
three  mines,  one  of  which  he  found  too  damp  for 
his  lungs,  and  another  unsafe  ;  and  finally,  in 
desperation,  induced  the  owners  of  the  Alice  to 
give  him  a  chance  to  earn  money  enough  to 
settle  his  account.  Daly  studied  the  property 
for  three  weeks  while  he  worked,  then  left  town, 
and  six  weeks  later  came  back  as  superintendent 
of  the  mine,  which  was  soon  turning  out  bullion 
to  the  amount  of  nearly  $1,000,000  a  year. 

All  this  time  he  had  been  working  for  others ; 
but  he  was  now  in  a  position  to  do  something  in 
a  modest  way  for  himself.  Among  other  invest- 
ments he  was  able  to  buy  the  Anaconda  silver 
mine,  for  $30,000.  After  working  it  for  silver 
to  a  depth  of  120  feet,  he  struck  the  richest  cop- 
per deposit  in  the  world,  and  his  fortune  was 
made.  Thenceforward  he  could  devote  himself 
to  horse-racing,  political  feuds,  and  any  other 
gentlemanly  aipusement  that  he  happened  to  fancy. 

But  even  in  his  amusements  he  was  still  the 
industrial  general.  He  watched  every  detail  of  his 
breeding- farms  and  his  racing -stables  with  that 
microscopic  eye  with  which  Napoleon  kept  him- 
self assured  of  the  flawlessness  of  his  artillery. 
He  kept  an  account  with  every  horse,  charging 
against  it  every  item  of  expense,  and  crediting  it 
with  every  item  of  earnings  ;  and  he  said  that, 
if  he  had  found  that  his  stables  did  not  pay,  he 
would  have  sold  them  the  next  day. 

It  was  this  sleepless  care  for  details  that  en- 
abled Daly  to  scatter  money  with  such  lordly  pro- 
fusion when  he  thought  it  worth  while.  He  had 
a  number  of  objects  on  which  he  thought  it  worth 
while  to  be  lavish — charities,  luxuries  for  his 
family,  public  benefactions  for  Montana,  '*  lifts'* 
for  old  friends  ;  but,  above  all,  his  vendetta  with 


"W.  A.  Clark.  That  was  the  absorbing  occupa- 
tion of  his  later  life.  If  Clark  bought  a  Dews- 
paper,  Daly  bought  another.  If  Clark  began  to 
build  a  palace,  Daly  anticipated  him  by  buying 
one  ready-built.  If  Clark  tried  to  make  one 
town  the  capital  of  Montana,  Daly  worked  for  its 
rival.  If  Clark  backed  one  politician  for  oflSce, 
Daly  backed  his  opponent.  If  Clark  was  willing 
to  spend  millions  to  go  to  the  Senate,  Daly  was 
willing  to  spend  other  millions  to  keep  him  out. 

In  one  aspect,  this  may  seem  like  an  exhibi- 
tion of  petty  spite,  unworthy  of  an  empire- builder. 
But  I  cannot  help  feeling  that  ill-will  really 
played  a  very  small  part  in  this  seemingly  vin- 
dictive rivalry.  No  doubt  the  feud  began  in 
pique — a  desire  to  **get  even"  for  a  business 
wrong.  But  it  soon  must  have  reached  a  stage 
in  which,  for  each  of  the  combatants,  the  i>er- 
sonality  of  his  opponent  was  swallowed  up  in  the 
interest  of  the  fight.  It  was  a  grim,  Titanic 
game,  in  which  a  State  was  the  chessboard,  and 
men,  parties,  and  cities  were  the  pieces.  For 
each  it  was  the  all; enveloping  passion  of  his  life, 
and  personal  enmities  and  moral  scruples  were 
alike  swallowed  up  in  the  desire  to  win. 

Marcus  Daly  had  the  virtues  and  the  faults  of 
a  pigneer.  He  had  to  deal  with  nature  and  men 
in  their  roughest  moods.  He  did  many  things 
that  would  have  been  unbecoming  in  a  clergyman 
or  even  in  a  college  professor  ;  but  he  left  mighty 
monuments  behind  him  of  thriving  towns  and 
swarming  workmen  with  prosperous  homes.  He 
worked  to  build  up,  not  to  destroy ;  and  when 
we  remember  how  the  Vikings  and  the  Normans 
built  empires  in  the  past,  their  descendants  may 
be  thankful  that  the  pioneer  w:ork  of  to- day  is 
done  by  men  whose  methods  are  no  rougher  than 
Marcus  Daly's. 


THE  CUBAN   REPUBLIC-LIMITED. 


BY  WALTER  WELLMAN. 


THE  island  of  Cuba  is  to  become  an  independ- 
ent republic  ;  but  it  is  to  be  a  republic 
with  limited  powers  and  restricted  outward  rela- 
tions. Nominally  a  sovereign  state,  actually  Cuba 
is  to  be  a  self-governing  colony  under  the  aegis 
of  the  United  States.  When  the  Cuban  of  the 
near  future  stands  upon  the  shore  of  his  fertile 
isle  and  looks  toward  the  palm-waving  interior, 
he  will  be  able  to  say:  <*This  is  a  nation." 
When  he  turns  and  looks  outward  on  the  rolling 
sea,  he  must  say  :  *'  This  is  a  dependency." 
It  is  idle  to  suppose  that  the  administration  at 


Washington  is  without  a  policy  as  to  the  recon- 
struction of  Cuba.  It  is  not  guilty  of  any  snch 
neglect  in  a  matter  of  such  vast  importance. 
The  administration  has  a  policy,  distinct,  definite, 
worked  out  in  harmonious  detail.  This  policy  it 
has  had  in  hand  for  a  long  time,  though  for  ob- 
vious reasons  it  has  not  cared  to  disclose  it. 
During  the  Presidential  campaign,  a  new  Cuban 
problem  could  not  have  received  fair  and  thought- 
ful consideration  in  this  country  ;  and  in  Cuba, 
where  there  is  much  of  ignorance  and  more  of 
passion,  it  has  been  found  advisable  to  moTe  with 


THE  CUBAN  REPUBLIC— LIMITED. 


709 


extreme  caution.  If  the  Cubans  believe  they  are 
themselves  doing  all  that  is  being  done  ;  if  they 
believe  they  are  ^borough  masters  of  the  situa- 
tion, and  yet  proceed  to  do  all  that  it  is  wished 
they  should  do, — so  much  the  more  credit  to  the 
skill  and  patience  of  the  directing  government 
and  its  agents  in  the  island. 

Now  that  the  Cuban  constitutional  convention 
is  in  session,  and  it  has  been  possible  to  learn 
something  of  its  composition  and  spirit,  mem- 
bers of  the  administration  at  Washington  are 
hopeful  of  a  happy  outcome.  It  is  believed  that 
the  American  policy,  which  till  now  has  been 
kept  well  in  the  background,  will  be  adopted  by 
the  convention  as  its  own.  If  this  proves  to  be 
the  case,  then  indeed  will  the  people  of  Cuba 
have  cause  for  thankfulness  ;  for  they  will  se- 
cure all  the  advantages  of  nationality  along  with 
the  perfect  security  which  is  to  be  found  under 
the  powerful  wing  of  the  great  republic.  The 
Cubana  will  gain  full  control  of  their  domestic 
affairs,  without  interference  by  the  United  States, 
save  that  they  are  voluntarily  to  restrict  their 
power  to  contract  debt.  Under  the  new  rSgime 
Cubans  will  be  justified  in  looking  upon  their  re- 
public as  a  nation  ;  for  self-government,  in  the 
fullest  sense,  is  to  be  theirs.  They  may  make 
all  their  domestic  laws,  set  up  their  own  gov- 
ernmental machinery,  fix  their  tariffs,  levy  their 
taxes,  order  their  expenditures,  establish  their 
courts,  police  their  territory,  without  fear  of  in- 
terference or  dictation  from  abroad. 

But  the  foreign  relations  of  the  republic  of 
Cuba  are  to  be  conducted  at  Washington,  not  at 
Havana.  Cuba  will  have  no  ministers  abroad, 
but  will  speak  through  the  State  Department 
and  the  diplomatic  establishment  of  the  United 
States.  Foreign  governments  having  business 
with  Cuba  will  address  the  Secretary  of  State, 
Washington,  and  he  will  communicate  with  the 
island  government  at  Havana.  Inwardly  Cuba 
is  to  be  a  sovereign  nation  ;  internationally  it  is 
to  be  an  American  State.  In  other  words,  the 
repubbc  of  Cuba  is  to  be  to  the  United  States 
almost  precisely  what  the  Dominion  of  Canada  is 
to  Great  Britain,  save  that  Cuba  will  choose  a 
president,  aa^  not  have  a  nominal  governor-gen- 
eral appoinie*'  o>  the  paramount  power. 

Grea*  re^^pt.ns'oility  rests  upon  the  constitu- 
tional convention  now  in  session  at  Havana.  It 
is  to  create  a  new  state.  If  it  acts  wisely,  it 
may  lay  the  foundations  of  an  enduring  govern- 
ment. If  it  acts  in  rational  and  practical  spirit, 
all  problems  may  be  solved  to  the  satisfaction  of 
all  concerned.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  it  at- 
tempts the  impossible  ;  if  it  sets  a  mere  senti- 
ment above  everything  else  ;  if  it  refuses  to 
recognize  conditions  as  they  are,  and  tries  to 


create  others  which  by  no  manner  of  means  can 
be, — its  labors  will  be  in  vain.  No  more  inter- 
esting process  than  this  creation  of  a  new  state, 
under  the  tutelage  of  an  enlightened  and  gener- 
ous but  still  practical  and  not  altogether  altruistic 
power,  has  taken  place  on  the  American  conti- 
nent in  our  generation. 

It  is  impossible  to  write  satisfactorily  of  the 
present  phases  of  the.Cuban  problem,  unless  one 
writes  with  perfect  frankness.  Euphemisms  are 
useless.  No  one  should  be  shocked  by  the  truth  ; 
and,  before  rushing  to  conclusions  and  condemna- 
tions, every  one  should  pause  long  enough  to 
consider  all  the  conditions.  Because  Cuba  is  not 
to  be  set  up  as  a  sovereign  international  state,  be- 
cause it  is  not  to  have  full  control  of  its  foreign 
relations, — the  treaty  •  making  power,  the  war- 
making  power, — its  fortifications,  its  army  and 
navy,  it  by  no  means  follows  that  the  Ameri- 
can pledge  to  Cuba  is  to  be  broken.  A  great 
many  men  agree  with  former  Secretary  of  State 
Olney,  that  the  pledge  of  Cuban  independence 
which  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  gave  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  war  for  Cuba's  separation 
from  Spain  ought  not  to  have  been  given.  No 
doubt  it  was  given  hastily,  in  a  moment  of  access 
of  sentimentality.  No  doubt,  moreover,  it  was 
unnecessary,  and  could  have  been  withheld  with- 
out loss  of  self-respect  or  the  respect  of  other 
nations.  But  the  pledge  was  given,  and  there 
can  be  no  question  that  it  must  be  redeemed. 

But  there  does  arise  the  inevitable  question. 
How  is  this  pledge  to  be  kept?  What  would 
constitute  an  honorable,  and  at  the  same  time,  a 
prudent  and  permanent  redemption  of  it  ?  In 
both  Cuba  and  the  United  States  a  large  number 
of  people,  probably  a  great  majority  of  all,  think 
absolute  independence  the  only  way  out — the 
setting  up  of  a  sovereign  international  power.  A 
minority  in  both  countries,  and  among  them  the 
President  of  the  United  States  and  his  oflBcial  ad- 
visers, believe  the  best  thing  for  Cuba  and  the 
best  thing  for  the  United  States  is  a  keeping  of 
that  pledge  in  a  practical  and  not  in  a  sentimental 
sense. 

With  patience  and  skill,  the  United  States  has 
gone  about  its  task  of  preparing  the  Cuban  peo- 
ple for  self-government.  After  the  close  of  the 
war  in  1898,  no  time  was  lost  by  the  intervening 
power  in  starting  the  Cubans  upon  the  road  to 
nationality.  Many  Cubans  were  employed  in  the 
executive  departments,  supplanting  citizens  of 
the  United  States  as  rapidly  as  was  thought  pru- 
dent. Elections  were  held  in  the  various  mu- 
nicipalities throughout  the  island,  and  these  local 
governments  were  turned  wholly  over  to  the  peo- 
ple through  their  chosen  representatives.  Before 
anything  could  be  done  in  the  way  of  setting 


712 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEU^  OF  RE^IEU^S. 


army  of  liberation,  even  more  numerous  now 
than  they  were  in  the  days  of  fighting,  expect 
and  demand  generous  pensions.  Reasonable  re- 
ward for  their  services  they  doubtless  are  en- 
titled to,  and  should  have  ;  but  if  popular  expec- 
tations in  this  direction  are  met,  the  Cuban 
republic  will  be  bankrupt  before  it  is  out  of 
swaddling-clothes,  to  say  nothing  of  suggested 
bonds  for  interior  improvements  and  other  pur- 
poses. It  is  a  part  of  the  responsibility  of  the 
United  States  to  see  that  the  Cubans  do  not 
wreck  the  fiscal  department  of  their  govern- 
ment. 

Secretary  Root  may  be  called  the  father  of 
the  new  Cuba.  In  his  hands  the  President 
placed  the  delicate  and  important  task  of  devising 
and  executing  a  plan  which  should  be  wholesome 
for  the  island  and,  at  the  same,  just  to  the 
United  States — which  should  keep  the  pledge  of 
Congress  and  yet  not  turn  Cuba  over  to  experi- 
ment, disorder,  and  failure.  It  was  and  to 
some  extent  still  is  a  complex  problem,  made 
more  difBcult  by  the  existence  of  a  passionate 
demand  for  absolute  independence  on  the  part  of 
many  Cubans,  and  by  preconceived  notions  and 
strong  prejudices  on  the  part  of  many  Americans. 
How  strongly  Mr.  Root  builded  may  be  seen  in 
the  foregoing  outline  of  his  plan  ;  how  cautiously 
he  has  moved  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that, 
though  the  American  policy  was  framed  a  year 
ago,  only  now  is  its  full  significance  becoming 
known  in  this  country,  while  in  Cuba  it  is  as  yet 
understood  only  by  the  leading  men. 

Upon  General  Wood  has  fallen  the  duty  of 
leading  the  Cuban  people,  step  by  step,  toward 
rational  solution  of  the  problem  of  their  future. 
This  task  he  has  performed  with  the  utmost  skill 
and  patience.  He  has  told  the  members  of  the 
constitutional  convention  that  they  are  wholly 
free  to  do  as  they  please,  but  has  endeavored  to 
teach  them  to  do  that  which  is  wise  and  strong. 
Gradually  the  extremists  have  been  made  to  see 
that  their  dream  of  an  absolutely  independent 
and  sovereign  international  state  is  impossible  of 
realization,  and  that  it  ought  not  to  be  realized. 
The  governor  has  made,  and  will  make,  no  effort 
to  control  the  convention  or  dictate  to  it.  He  ad- 
vises and  suggests,  and  leaves  the  remainder  to 
the  good  sense  of  the  delegates.  So  great  is 
Secretary  Root's  interest  in  the  work  that  he  has 
just  paid  his  second  visit  to  the  island.  It  was 
not  on  account  of  his  health,  but  because  of  his 
keen  desire  to  make  a  success  of  his  nation- 
building  enterprise,  that  the  secretary  undertook 
this  second  voyage.  Striking  example  of  the  new 
era  to  which  we  have  come  at  the  close  of  the 
century  is  this  collaboration  of  two  intellectual 
and  unselfish  men — fine  types  of  the  American  of 


our  day — in  the  task  of  molding  and  shaping  a 
new  state  upon  modern  and  scientific  lines. 

The  latest  reports  from  Havana  are  of  a  most 
encouraging  character.  It  is  dawning  upon  the 
leading  men  of  the  convention  that  it  is  better  to 
be  safe  than  sorry;  and,  besides,  that  the  inter- 
vening power  has  rights  and  interests  which  must 
be  respected.  A  great  majority  of  the  men  of 
substance  and  character  in  Cuba  want  Cuba  kept 
under  the  A  merican  wing  as  a  happy  compromise 
between  the  extremes  of  absolute  independence 
on  the  one  hand  and  formal  annexation  on  the 
other.  Foreign  capitalists — Spaniards,  English- 
men, Germans — are  investing  money  in  Cuban 
enterprises  with  full  confidence  that,  in  one  way 
or  another,  the  United  States  will  perform  its 
manifest  duty  of  preserving  order  and  guarantee- 
ing good  government  in  the  island.  Only  Ameri- 
can capitalists  stand  aloof,  fearful  that  the  pledge 
of  Congress  will  have  to  be  kept  in  the  senti- 
mental way  which  presages  ruin. 

What  shall  be  done  with  the  constitution  when 
the  convention  agrees  upon  one?  Everything 
depends  upon  whether  the  organic  act  does  or 
does  not  contain  the  provisions  called  for  by  the 
administration's  policy.  First  of  all,  the  con- 
stitution will  come  to  the  President.  If  it  does 
not  meet  with  his  approval,  nothing  can  be  done, 
and  the  convention  will  have  to  try  again  ;  or,  a 
new  convention  be  called.  By  force  of  circum- 
stances, the  President  is  the  ruler  of  Cuba,  and 
he  will  not  withdraw  till  be  is  fully  convinced  a 
strong  and  enduring  government  is  ready  to  take 
the  reins  of  power.  If,  as  is  hoped  and  believed, 
the  constitution  proves  to  be  acceptable  to  the 
President,  he  may  order  it  submitted  to  a  general 
election  of  the  Cuban  people  for  their  ratification. 

If  the  President  of  the  United  States  approves 
the  constitution,  he  will  submit  it  to  Congress 
for  the  ratification  of  that  body.  Congress  hav- 
ing assented,  the  organic  act  of  the  new  state 
will  be  ofBcially  proclaimed,  parliamentary  and 
presidential  elections  will  be  held  in  the  island, 
and  in  due  time  the  Cuban  republic  will  take 
over  the  goverament  from  the  hands  of  the 
President  and  his  representatives.  The  new 
Cuba  will  be  a  nation,  but  not  a  sovereign  power. 
It  will  not  be  a  part  of  the  United  Slates ; 
neither  the  American  Constitution  nor  the  Ameri- 
can flag  will  extend  over  it,  and  no  great  consti- 
tutional  question  is  to  be  raised  as  to  its  status. 
Cuba  will  not  be  a  vassal  state,  because  it 
neither  pays  nor  can  ever  be  asked  to  pay  tribute, 
directly  or  indirectly.  Inwardly,  Cuba  is  to 
have  the  independence  which  her  people  haTe 
prayed  and  fought  for.  Outwardly,  internation- 
ally, Cuba  is  to  be  a  dependency  of,  and  undar 
the  protection  of,  the  great  American  power. 


A  TOWN   AND  COUNTRY  CLUB. 


BY  LILLIAN  W.  BETTS. 


AMONG  the  many  experiments  tried  in  New 
York  to  broaden  the  interests  of  the  tene- 
ment-house family  and  increase  its  pleasures  was 
a  club,  founded  at  the  College  Settlement,  nine 
yeai-s  ago. 

When  the  club  was  formed  there  was  scarcely 
a  theory  as  to  its  purpose,  and  no  settled  scheme 
of  work  in  the  minds  of  its  projectors.  A  year's 
study  of  the  social  conditions  of  the  people  of  the 
locality  revealed  that  a  lack  of  common  social 
interest  was  often  the  cause  of  the  disintegration 
of  the  family — a  condition  alike  deplorable  and 
dangerous.  It  was  for  this  reason  that  the  work- 
ers at  the  College  Settlement  decided  to  establish 
a  common  social  basis  for  the  families  of  the 
neighborhood.  The  head  resident  of  the  College 
Settlement  called  with  one  of  the  outside  work- 
ers, who  was  to  have  charge  of  this  experiment, 
on  twenty  two  neighbors,  inviting  them  to  the 
settlement  on  a  specified  afternoon.  Nearly  all 
of  these  neighbors  had  children  in  some  one  of 
the  clubs  then  established  at  the  settlement.  The 
twenty-two  hostesses  accepted  the  invitation,  and 
on  tlie  specified  date  nine  appeared.  To  these 
the  purpose  for  which  they  were  called  together 
was  outlined.  It  was  a  simple  plan.  A  club 
was  projected,  and  those  present  were  asked  to 
give  their  aid.  This  club  was  to  combine  educa- 
tion and  social  opportunity  ;  dues  to  cover  its 
running  expenses  were  to  be  paid.  The  mem- 
bership for  one  year  would  be  limited  to  ten.  It 
was  for  those  present  to  decide  whether  they 
would  join  and  support  such  a  club.  The  vote 
was  unanimous.  The  club  was  formed,  but  no 
constitution  was  considered  ;  that  was  to  grow. 
OflBcers  were  elected  ;  dues  were  placed  at  ten 
cents  per  week.  At  the  second  meeting  the  name, 
•*  The  Woman's  Home  Improvement  Club,"  was 
suggested  by  one  of  the  members. 

At  the  beginning  of  its  tenth  year,  three  of 
the  original  members  are  still  active  workers  in 
the  club.  It  makes  a  fixed  contribution  to  the 
settlement  each  month.  This  is  not  considered, 
in  any  sense,  as  rent ;  the  club  could  not  pay  for 
the  privileges  the  settlement  provides.  After 
the  first  year  the  club  membership  was  increased 
by  five  annually,  until  its  membership  in  its 
fifth  year  was  limited  to  forty.  It  seems  ex- 
travagant that  the  wives  of  working-men  should 
pay  (5.20  a  year  for  club  dues  ;  but  the  mem- 
l;>er8   have   steadily   resisted    any  suggestion  of 


reduction,  insisting  that  they  could  and  would 
pay  that  amount,  because  of  benefits  received 
and  benefits  the  dues  made  it  possible  to  con- 
fer. No  attempt  to  control  the  club  except  by 
a  majority  vote  was  ever  made.  The  status- 
of  the  club,  as  absolutely  self-governing,  was. 
fixed  at  the  beginning.  The  club  was  to  rise 
or  fall  by  the  strength  of  the  character  devel- 
oped. To  the  sorrow  of  those  who  started  it, 
in  its  fourth  year  the  club  voted  unanimously  ta 
leave  the  settlement  and  find  another  meeting- 
place.  This  was  a  most  difficult  matter,  as  the 
sum  they  offered  for  rent  was  so  trivial.  At 
this  crisis  in  its  history,  a  political  organization 
offered  the  use  of  its  rooms  one  afternoon  in  the 
week,  to  the  club,  free  of  expense.  The  fact 
that  acceptance  of  this  generous  and  courteous 
offer  deprived  the  members  of  the  political  or- 
ganization of  the  use  of  the  rooms  while  the 
club  occupied  them,  combined  with  the  fact  that 
all  the  husbands  of  the  members  were  not  of  the 
same  political  faith,  made  it  imperative  that  the 
club  should  have  a  house  of  its  own.  Generous 
friends  made  it  possible  to  hire  and  furnish  & 
small  house  in  Goerck  Street,  near  the  Elast  Riv- 
er. The  second  floor  and  attic  were  sublet. 
The  use  of  the  basement  was  given  to  a  group 
of  young  women  who  established  a  lunch  club- 
for  working-girls  ;  the  cooked  food  was  deliv- 
ered from  the  New  England  Kitchen.  The  club- 
house was  used  as  a  neighborhood  center.  The 
yard,  of  unusual  size,  sunny,  and  surrounded  by 
a  board  fence  except  on  one  side,  on  which  rose 
a  flour  mill,  whose  proprietors  won  the  gratitude 
of  all  by  their  generous  treatment  of  this  un- 
precedented social  experiment, — ^became  an  out- 
door assembly-room  for  evening  receptions  for 
the  several  clubs,  a  lecture-room,  and  a  play- 
ground for  children  in  the  daytime  as  long  as. 
the  weather  permitted.  All  the  work  attempted 
was  carried  on  by  committees  of  the  club,  work- 
ing under  volunteers  from  the  other  end  of  socie- 
ty. Three  months  revealed  that  this  was  wholly 
impracticable.  The  volunteers  did  not  keep  their 
engagements  ;  the  members  of  the  club  were  not 
trained  to  do  the  work.  Some  of  the  more  in- 
telligent frankly  declared  that  the  work  at  the 
club-house  interfered  with  their  home  duties ; 
others  used  the  privileges  of  the  house  to  in- 
crease their  personal  importance  in  the  neigh- 
borhood,  or  used   the   house   to   revenge  their 


-714 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^lEW  OF  RE^IEH^S. 


personal  animosities  by  excluding  from  its  privi- 
leges those  who  had  incurred  their  displeasure 
or  that  of  their  children.  The  committee  sys- 
tem was  abolished,  and  the  experiment  of  allow- 
ing uptown  people  to  carry  on  work,  without 
making  it  fit  into  any  system  or  plan,  was  tried. 
These  workers  were  to  use  the  house  certain 
days  and  hours.  Three  months  revealed  that 
the  success  of  this  method  was  wholly  dependent, 
not  on  the  genius,  but  on  the  sense  of  personal 
responsibility,  of  those  who  made  the  experi- 
ments. The  second  stage  brought  about  such  a 
state  of  chaos  that  a  complete  change  of  plan 
was  the  result.  Friends  again  were  consulted. 
A  librarian  was  hired,  and  the  library  put  under 
the  control  wholly  of  the  New  York  Free  Circu- 
lating Library.  Trained  directors  were  hired 
for  the  sewing- schpol,  and  the  yard  placed  under 
a  paid  director  who  had  been  a  nursemaid  in  a 
neighborhood  kindergarten.  Each  department 
was  paid  for  by  some  one  person,  and  all  was 
under  the  control  and  supervision  of  the  presi- 
dent of  the  club.  Each  club  using  the  house 
paid  something  toward  the  rent,  the  Wom- 
an's Home  Improvement  Club  paying  $8.00  a 
month.  Every  effort  was  made  to  bring  the 
club  into  close  touch  with  each  civic  department. 
Children  who  were  out  of  school ;  cases  of  con- 
tagious diseases  concealed  ;  of  destitution,  of 
neglected  children,  were  reported.  The  motto 
of  the  club  is,  *<  A  Helping  Hand  to  All ;  "  its 
working  principle,  *<  Be  a  Mother  to  Every  Child 
who  Needs  You."  All  legislation  to  affect  the 
home-life  or  working  conditions  of  the  people 
is  discussed  at  the  meetings.  The  question  of 
foods  is  presented  by  experts.  Doctors  talk 
about  the  care  of  children.  Discussions  on  every 
subject  are  encouraged,  until  the  members  to- 
day compare  more  than  favorably  with  the  mem- 
ber'fe  of  any  women's  clubs  in  New  York  City. 
The  Woman's  Municipal  League,  the  Woman's 
Auxiliary  of  the  Civil-Service  Reform  Associa- 
tion, and  the  League  for  Political  Education,  all 
provide  speakers  and  courses  of  addresses  for  the 
club.  The  library  is  used  by  perhaps  one-third 
of  the  members.  Magazines  and  papers  are  tak- 
«n  home  for  husbands  and  children.  This  is  a 
brief  outline  of  the  organization  and  the  pro-* 
gramme  of  work  of  the  Woman's  Home  Im- 
provement Club  for  almost  ten  years. 

POLITICAL    LIFE. 

After  the  house  in  Gperck  Street  was  estab- 
lished, the  Active  Municipal  League,  composed 
largely  of  the  husbands  of  the  members  of  the 
Woman's  Home  Improvement  Club,  was  organ- 
ized. In  a  short  time,  it  was  evident  that  the 
league    would  die  if  a  man  of  experience  were 


not  found  to  guide  it.  There  were  Democrats 
and  Republicans  in  the  league',  and  jealousies 
developed  at  once.  The  club- house  was  in  an 
assembly  district  having  two  strong  machine  or- 
ganizations, with  which  some  of  the  league  mem- 
bers were  affiliated,  and  to  which  some  of  the 
members  were  more  or  less  indebted  for  positions 
under  the  city  government.  It  will  be  seen  at 
once  that  the  man  to  cope  with  this  situation 
must  be  a  man  of  peculiar  tact  and  ability.  An 
appeal  was  made  to  the  Citizen's  Union,  and  a 
man  was  found.  Several  young  men,  under 
twenty-one,  connected  with  other  clubs  meeting 
in  the  house,  were  made  associate  members  of 
the  league.  The  charter  of  Greater  New  York 
was  selected  as  the  subject  of  discussion,  later 
followed  by  a  study  of  the  municipal  departments 
and  the  city's  finances.  The  spring  brought  the 
Citizen's  Union  into  national  prominence.  It 
will  be  remembered  that  the  Citizen's  Union  in- 
augurated an  education  campaign.  Courses  of 
illustrated  lectures  were  delivered  by  thoroughly 
equipped  members  on  the  municipal  departments 
that  were  historical,  as  well  as  politically  educa- 
tional. The  Active  Municipal  League  voted  to 
place  its  rooms  and  the  yard  at  the  disposal  of 
the  Citizen's  Union  on  its  meeting  nighfs.  Here, 
before  large  audiences  admitted  by  ticket,  these 
lectures  were  delivered,  resulting  in  arousing 
enthusiasm  and  interest  in  the  Citizen's  Union 
movement,  and  letting  the  light  into  the  dark 
corners  of  the  minds  of  many  voters.  At  once 
the  district  leaders  were  aroused.  The  members 
of  the  league  connected  with  the  machine  organ- 
izations kept  their  dues  paid  in  the  league,  but 
did  not  attend  the  meetings.  Nothing  succeeds 
like  success  in  the  tenement-Jhouse  districts.  Had 
the  Citizen's  Union  elected  its  candidate  for 
mayor,  the  history  of  the  Active  Municipal 
League  woul<l  have  been  different,  and  in  time 
the  political  history  of  the  assembly  district  in 
which  it  had  its  brief  existence.  The  word  had 
gone  forth  from  the  leaders,  and  two  of  the 
women  in  the  Woman's  Home  Improvement 
Club  created  a  division  in  the  club,  using  other 
than  the  real  cause  for  their  disturbance.  This, 
with  the  erection  of  the  Neighborhood  House  a 
few  blocks  away,  by  Mrs.  Alfred  Coming  Clark, 
in  memory  of  her  husband,  made  it  seem  wise  to 
close  the  small  club-house.  The  clubs  of  little 
boys  and  girls  went  to  the  Neighborhood  House, 
The  Woman's  Home  Improvement  Club  decided 
that,  instead  of  disbanding,  it  would  return  to 
the  College  Settlement.  By  a  unanimous  vote 
the  head  resident  of  the  College  Settlement  was 
elected  president.  Four  months  later,  five  of 
the  members,  without  the  knowledge  or  consent 
of  the  club,   took  out  articles  of  incorporation 


A  TOWN  AND  COUNTRY  CLUB. 


715 


under  the  club-name,  and  with  six  other  mem- 
bers left  the  settlement,  taking  the  treasurer's 
book  and  the  money  in  the  treasury.  It  was  de- 
cided to  prosecute  the  treasurer  ;  but  the  knowl- 
edge that  tke  police  courts  on  the  East  Side  are 
often  temples  of  injustice  and  insult  when  the 
defendant  is  under  political  protection,  and  that 
the  act  was  due  largely  to  ignorance  and  confu- 
sion of  ideas,  the  club  decided  to  drop  the  case 
after  a  warrant  was  secured.  The  securing  of 
the  articles  of  incorporation  was  due  to  the  aid 
of  one  of  the  district  leaders.  This  climax  shows 
how  impossible  it  is  to  withstand  the  influence 
of  the  standards  imposed  on  the  people  by  the 
political  machines.  The  district  leaders  in  them- 
selves represent  a  labor  trust.  Many  of  the 
voters  are  dependent  upon  them  for  places  that 
provide  wages.  Every  place  represents  not  only 
the  voter  employed,  but  the  relatives  and  friends 
of  the  voter.  He  has  but  to  plead  what  it  will 
mean  for  him  to  lose  his  place  to  have  his  sym- 
pathetic neighbors  rally  to  liis  support  at  the 
polls.  Those  not  under  the  city's  employ  hope 
to  be.  It  is  rapidly  becoming  true  that  the  city 
is  the  only  employer  providing  regular  wages  at 
highest  market  rates.  To  get  employment  under 
the  city,  the  influence  of  the  machine  is  neces- 
sary. The  district  leader  holds  the  destiny,  not 
of  men,  but  of  families  under  his  control.  Herein 
lies  the  secret  of  his  power  ;  and  that  depends  on 
the  number  of  votes  he  can  coerce  or  compel. 
The  act  of  these  women  is  a  proof  of  the  danger 
of  giving  the  ballot  to  women.  The  franchise 
put  in  their  control  doubles  the  evil  of  every 
election,  and  puts  into  operation  influences  to  be 
dreaded.  It  is  but  human  for  a  woman  to  use 
every  effort  that  will,  in  her  belief,  secure  per- 
manency if  not  advancement  in  the  wage- earning 
power  of  the  father  of  her  children  ; — to  urge 
her  neighbors  and  friends  to  like  effort.  When 
organizations  of  women,  untrained  and  unedu- 
cated to  moral  distinctions,  become  adjuncts  of 
the  machine  organizations,  not  only  is  the  de- 
mocracy threatened,  but  its  foundation-stones,  the 
homes  of  the  people.  The  voters  who  obey  the 
machine  do  not  weigh  right  and  wrong. 

**  Theirs  not  to  reason  why, 
Theirs  but  to  do  and  die,"* 

morally,  if  that  death  is  necessary  for  the  party's 
success,  for  the  machine's  supremacy.  To  re- 
deem New  York,  a  moral  and  education  cam- 
paign must  be  waged  365  days  in  the  year.  The 
machine  leaders  in  each  assembly  district  neither 
slumber  nor  sleep.  No  act  is  too  petty,  no  effort 
too  small,  that  will  rid  the  district  of  any  influ- 
ence that  threatens  their  control,  or  even  mini- 
mizes their  personal  prominence.     The  district  is 


personal  property,  and  the  leaders  of  opposing 
parties  are  a  unit  in  this  :  that  the  silk-stocking 
party,  as  they  sneeringly  call'd  the  Citizen's 
Union,  is  a  common  enemy,  to  be  routed  by  fair 
means  or  foul,  but  routed  any  way,  unless  it  get 
into  harness  with  one  or  the  other  of  the  ma- 
chines. 

SOCIAL    LIFE. 

When  the  Woman's  Home  Improvement  Club 
was  one  year  old,  it  decided  to  give  an  evening 
reception.  The  guests  were  the  husbands  of  the 
members,  the  children  who  worked,  and  one 
special  friend  of  each.  The  evening  was  such  a 
success  that  it  was  decided  to  hold  the  meetings 
on  the  third  Thursday  of  the  month  in  the  even- 
ing. These  receptions  have  become  a  part  of 
the  club-life.  Dancing  is  a  feature.  Frequently 
addresses  have  been  given  by  leading  men  and 
women  of  the  city.  The  subjects  have  dealt  with 
the  questions  of  the  hour  as  well  as  ethical  ques- 
tions. No  matter  what  the  subject,  the  main 
purpose  of  the  occasion  is  not  lost  sight  of — that 
it  is  a  social  function  for  the  members,  their 
families,  and  friends.  As  at  the  weekly  meet- 
ings, refreshments  are  served  of  cake  and  coffee. 
The  family  festival  of  Thanksgiving  is,  on  the 
whole,  the  most  interesting  of  the  winter  occa- 
sions. As  far  as  possible,  the  festival  is  observed 
with  all  the  accessories  of  its  New  England  birth. 
Apples,  popcorn,  nuts,  molasses  candy,  and  gin- 
gerbread are  provided.  The  open  fireplace  pro- 
vides every  facility  for  popping  corn — a  duty 
delegated  to  the  children  to  their  great  joy.  It 
was  a  revelation,  in  this  changing  section  of  the 
city,  to  find,  at  the  first  Thankgiving  party,  that 
there  were  present  four  generations  of  one  fam- 
ily, and  two  families  with  three  generations 
present.  The  light  fantastic  toe  was  tripped  by 
all — a  great-grandfather  carrying  the  youngest 
generation  in  his  arms.  Not  only  does  the  club 
present  the  opportunity  for  collective  festivities, 
but  it  also  gives  the  opportunity  for  individual 
birthday  and  wedding  celebrations. 

PHILANTHROPY. 

It  is  impossible  to  avoid  a  knowledge  of  the 
distress  inseparable  from  life  in  a  tenement- 
house,  and  these  club  members  feel  the  pressure 
of  such  knowledge.  The  surplus  in  the  treasury 
of  this  club  has  always  been  called  upon  to  meet 
cases  of  destitution  known  to  the  members.  It 
has  helped  its  own  members  by  means  of  its 
treasury.  Its  best  lessons  have  been  learned 
through  the  effort  it  made,  through  committees 
of  its  members,  to  relieve  .distress.  Poverty 
was  seen  from  a  different  point  of  view  when  the 
members  attempted  to  give  relief.     To  discover 


716 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


that  laziness,  incapability,  thriftlessness,  dissipa- 
tion was  at  the  root  of  a  large  part  of  the  dis- 
tress was  a  well -learned  lesson  in  practical  econ- 
omics. The  winter  of  1893  witnessed  much 
distress  in  New  York.  This  club  entered  into 
active  participation  to  reduce  the  suffering.  There 
was  placed  at  its  disposal  about  $400.00.  It  was 
decided  that  the  members  should  carefully  watch 
and  prevent  the  eviction  of  any  family  known  to 
them,  for  the  non-payment  of  rent,  or  of  any 
family,  after  investigation  had  proved  that  this 
method  for  escaping  the  payment  of  rent  was 
not  its  practice.  Work- tickets  were  bought  and 
given  out  by  the  members.  The  training  of  one 
woman  in  laundry-work  and  scrubbing  was  un- 
dertaken, by  the  individual  members,  after  other 
methods  of  training  had  failed.  This  woman 
taught  far  more  than  she  learned.  Here  was 
laziness  that  even  hunger  could  not  drive  to 
work  ;  ignorance  that  could  not  be  taught,  be- 
cause work  was  hated.  Her  work  in  economics 
has  always  borne  fruit.  That  the  rich  are  not 
always  the  oppressors  of  the  poor  was  a  demon- 
strated fact. 

THE   COUNTRY    CLUB-HOUSE. 

"When  the  club  was  in  the  second  summer  of 
its  existence,  a  friend  offered  the  president  the 
use  of  two  small  houses  in  a  New  Jersey  town, 
less  than  one  hour  from  New  York.  The  houses 
were  of  three  rooms  each,  very  inconvenient. 
They  stood  on  the  back  end  of  a  lot.  The  alley 
through  which  they  were  approached  had  a 
barbed -wire  fence  on  one  side.  These  houses 
were  scantily  furnished.  The  plan  for  using  the 
houses  was  a  simple  one.  The  members  who 
could  use  the  house  gave  the  dates  when  they 
could  go  to  the  president.  Adjustment  was 
easily  made  where  there  wore  conflicting  dates. 
One  family  was  to  occupy  each  house  two  weeks 
at  a  time,  keeping  house  as  independently  as 
when  in  New  York.  A  family  trip- ticket  was 
bought,  the  railroad  authorities  giving  permis- 
sion for  its  use  by  the  members  of  the  club. 
Each  member,  when  she  returned  the  ticket,  paid 
for  the  number  of  rides  she  used.  Each  member 
left  the  house  she  used  in  order  for  the  one  who 
would  follow  her.  The  success  attending  this 
experiment  led  to  the  hiring  and  furnishing  of  a 
large  house — an  old  homestead,  surrounded  by 
an  apple  orchard.  This  house  is  fully  furnished 
for  two  families.  It  is  so  arranged  as  to  provide 
two  kitchens.  The  same  simple  rules  control. 
Each  member  invites  guests,  as  she  would  to  her 


own  house.  The  larger  house  offered  larger  op- 
portunities. Members  who  are  intimate  arrange 
dates  to  follow  consecutively.  Mi-s.  A.  invites 
Mrs.  B.  to  share  her  part  of  the  house  during 
her  two  weeks,  and  Mrs.  B.  asks  Mrs.  A.  to  re- 
main during  her  two  weeks.  Thus  these  two 
families  have  each  four  weeks  in  the  country  in- 
stead of  two.  This  exchange  is  common  to 
nearly  all  the  membei*s  of  the  club. 

When  the  question  of  putting  in  a  range  and 
boiler  was  put  to  the  club,  they  voted  to  pay  the 
increased  rent, — 1560.00  a  year, — because  of  the 
increased  bathing  facilities.  This  money  was 
raised  by  an  entertainment  given  in  the  De  Witt 
Memorial,  through  the  courtesy  of  its  trustees 
and  pastor,  Dr.  Elsing.  The  members  meet 
every  expense  except  rent,  cleaning  in  the  spring, 
and  replenishing  furnishings.  Coal  is  bought  by 
the  ton,  and  the  members  keep  account  of  the 
number  of  scuttles  they  use,  and  pay  for  it  at 
the  close  of  the  season.  Only  once  was  there  a 
deficit  in  the  coal  account.  As  far  as  possible, 
the  managing  of  the  house  is  left  to  the  club 
members.  A  member  was  privately  notified,  one 
fall,  that  she  must  either  resign  at  once  or  find 
it  inconvenient  to  use  the  club-house  the  next 
summer.  She  resigned.  If  the  other  menobers 
knew  of  the  arbitrary  act,  it  was  never  known 
by  the  president.  Another  member,  the  male 
member  of  whose  family  was  objectionable,  was 
told  it  would  be  wisest  for  her  not  to  use  the 
house  again.  She  recognized  the  wisdom  of 
acting  on  this  advice.  The  sentiment  of  the 
club  is  wholly  on  the  side  of  justice.  That  the 
reputation  of  the  club  depends  on  the  character 
each  family  maintains  in  the  club-house  is  recog- 
nized fully. 

Some  of  the  members  can  use  the  bouse  only 
on  holidays  and  Sundays.  A  closet  opening 
from  a  liall  contains  all  the  dishes  and  other  con- 
veniences necessary  for  a  picnic  ;  it  is  known  as 
a  picnic  closet.  The  large  parlor  is  known  as 
the  club-room.  This  arrangement  leaves  the 
families  in  the  house  undisturbed  in  their  own 
apartments,  and  gives  all  the  members  a  sense  of 
freedom  and  non-interference  when  using  the 
club-house  for  a  day. 

The  Woman's  Home  Improvement  Club,  like 
every  other  organization,  has  had  experience 
that  prove  its  members  human  ;  but  it  has  fully 
demonstrated  the  educational  and  social  value  o: 
such  an  organization  among  the  thrifty,  inde- 
pendent working-men's  families  in  a  city  offering 
few  opportunities  to  tliis  class  of  the  community. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


SIR  ROBERT  HART  ON  THE  CHINESE 
PROBLEM. 

SIR  ROBERT  HART,  who  for  forty-five  years 
has  been  intimately  connected  witli  China, 
and  for  the  latter  part  of  that  period  has  been 
recognized  by  everybody  as  the  best  authority 
upon  all  questions  relating  to  the  Chinese  and 
their  government,  contributes  a  truly  alarming 
article  to  the  Fortnightly  Review.  Sir  Robert 
Hart  is  not  a  literary  man,  and  his  essay  mani- 
festly proceeds  from  a  pen  more  accustomed  to 
framing  oflBcial  reports  than  to  writing  magazine 
articles.  Notwithstanding  its  quaint  division 
into  some  score  sections,  each  under  a  separate 
letter  of  the  alphabet,  from  A  to  Q,  the  article  is 
better  worth  reading  than  anything  that  has  been 
written  by  anybody  during  the  whole  of  this 
crisis.  Dr.  Morrison's  narrative  of  the  incidents 
of  the  siege  may  surpass  Sir  Robert  Hart's  ac- 
count of  the  same  episode  in  contemporary  his- 
tory; but  the  importance  of  the  article  does  not 
lie  in  its  description  of  the  siege — it  is  to  be 
found  in  his  diagnosis  of  the  causes  which 
brought  about  the  siege,  and  his  prediction  as  to 
the  results  which  may  confidently  be  anticipated 
in  the  future  from  the  forces  now  at  work  in  the 
Chinese  empire.  Briefly  speaking,  Sir  Robert 
Hart's  opinion  is  that  no  power  on  earth  can  pre- 
vent the  sentiment  which  produced  the  Boxers 
•dominating  China  and  defying  Europe.  Never 
have  the  exponents  of  the  **  yellow  danger"  had 
«o  weighty  a  declaration  in  their  favor  from  so 
eminent  an  authority. 

EUROPE   TO   BLAME. 

And  what  makes  it  all  the  worse  to  bear  is 
that  Sir  Robert  Hart  is  quite  certain  that  Euro- 
peans have  only  themselves  to  blame  for  all  that 
has  happened.  First  of  all,  they  treat  the  Chinese 
unjustly,  and  then  prod  them  into  adopting  the 
very  tactics  which  will  end  in  their  expulsion 
from  China.     He  says: 

*  *  What  has  happened  has  been  the  logical 
effect  of  previous  doings.  Europe  has  not  been 
ungenerous  in  her  treatment  of  China — but,  even 
so,  has  wounded  her.  A  more  tactful,  reason- 
able, and  consistent  course  might  possibly  have 
produced  l)etter  results;  but  in  no  case  could 
foreigners  expect  to  maintain  forever  their  extra- 
territorialized  status  and  the  various  commercial 
stipulations  China  had  conceded  to  force. 

• '  W^n  Hsiang,  the  celebrated  prime  minister 
of   China  during  the  minority  of  Tung  Chih  in 


the  early  sixties,  often  said :  <  You  are  all  too 
anxious  to  awake  us  and  start  us  on  a  new  road, 
and  you  will  do  it — but  you  will  all  regret  it;  for, 
once  awaking  and  started,  we  shall  go  fast  and 
far — farther  than  you  think — much  farther  than 
you  want  !*     His  words  are  very  true." 

THE  BOXERS  A  VOLUNTEER  MOVEMENT. 

The  Chinese  were  very  slow  to  assimilate 
European  ideas,  but  by  persistent  pressure  Euro- 
peans succeeded  in  introducing  into  the  Chinese 
mind  that  it  would  be  a  famous  piece  of  state- 
craft to  invent  the  Boxers.     Sir  Robert  says  : 

<*  The  teaching  thus*  received  began  gradually 
to  crystallize  in  the  belief  that  a  huge  standing 
army  on  European  lines  would  be  wasteful  and 
dangerous,  and  that  a  volunteer  association  (as 
suggested  by  the  way  all  China  ranged  itself  on 
the  government  side  in  the  Franco-Chinese  affair) 
covering  the  whole  empire,  offering  an  outlet  for 
restless  spirits  and  fostering  a  united  and  patri- 
otic feeling,  would  be  more  reliable  and  effective; 
an  idea  which  seemed  to  receive  immediate  con- 
firmation from  without  in  the  stand  a  handful  of 
burghers  were  making  in  the  Transvaal — hence 
the  Boxer  Association,  patriotic  in  origin,  justifi- 
able in  its  fundamental  idea,  and  in  point  of  fact 
the  outcome  of  either  foreign  advice  or  the 
study  of  foreign  methods.'' 

The  Boxer  Association,  therefore,  in  the  opin- 
ion of  this  expert  observer,  corresponds  very 
closely  to  the  outburst  of  patriotic  sentiment 
which  forty  years  ago  produced  the  British  vol- 
unteer movement. 

BUT   POSSESSED    OF HYPNOTIC  ? — POWERS. 

He  mentions,  however,  that  the  Boxers  either 
possess,  or  lay  claim  to  possess,  supernatural 
powers,  to  which  England's  volunteers  never  as- 
pired.    He  says  : 

*  <  Something  akin  to  hypnotism  or  mesmerism 
seems  connected  with  Boxer  initiation  and  ac- 
tion ;  the  members  bow  to  the  southeast,  recite 
certain  mystical  sentences,  and  then,  with  closed 
eyes,  fall  on  their  backs.  After  this  they  arise, 
eyes  glazed  and  staring,  possessed  of  the  strength 
and  agility  of  maniacs,  mount  trees  and  wadls, 
and  wield  swords  and  spears  in  a  way  they  are 
unable  to  at  other  times  ;  semi -initiation  is  said 
to  render  the  body  impervious  to  cut  or  thrust, 
while  the  fully  initiated  fear  neither  shot  nor 
shell  ;  the  various  subchiefs  are  of  course  fully 
initiated,    but   the   supreme  chief  is    described 


718 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiEiV  OF  REVIEWS. 


as  more  gifted  still :  he  sits  in  his  hall,  orders 
the  doors  to  be  opened,  and  while  remaining 
there  in  the  body  is  said  to  be  elsewhere  in  spirit, 
directing,  controlling,  suggesting,  and  achiev- 
ing. One  of  the  best  shots  in  a  legation  guard 
relates  how  he  fired  seven  shots  at  one  of  the 
chiefs  on  the  Northern  Bridge,  less  than  200 
yards  off.  The  chief  stood  there  contemptuously, 
pompously  waving  his  swords,  and  as  if  there- 
by causing  the  bullets  to  pass  him  to  right  or 
left  at  will ;  he  then  calmly  and  proudly  stalked 
away  unhit,  much  to  the  astonishment  of  the 
sharpshooter.  Though  professing  to  know  noth- 
ing beyond  the  domain  of  sense,  the  Chinaman 
is  really  an  extravagant  believer  in  the  super- 
natural, and  so  he  readily  credits  the  Boxer  with 
all  the  powers  he  claims.'' 

PARTITION,   CONVERSION,   OR    THE    WHIRLWIND. 

The  Boxers  being,  therefore,  the  legitimate 
and  inevitable  outcome  of  the  grafting  of  West- 
ern European  ideas  upon  Chinese  patriotic  senti- 
ment, we  have  to  face  the  certainty  of  the  fact 
that  the  movement  in  its  essence  will  not  die  out, 
but  will  increase  and  spread  until  it  assumes  pro- 
portions which  will  defy  us.  Sir  Robert  Hart 
says : 

*  *  Twenty  millions  or  more  of  Boxers,  armed, 
drilled,  disciplined,  and  animated  by  patriotic — 
if  mistaken — motives  will  make  residence  in 
China  impossible  for  foreigners  ;  will  take  back 
from  foreigners  everything  foreigners  have  taken 
from  China ;  will  pay  off  old  grudges  with  in- 
terest, and  will  carry  the  Chinese  flag  and  Chi- 
nese arms  into  many  a  place  that  even  fancy  will 
not  suggest  to-day — thus  preparing  for  the  future 
upheavals  and  disasters  never  even  dreamed  of. 
In  fifty  years'  time  there  will  be  millions  of 
Boxers  in  serried  ranks  and  war's  panoply  at  the 
call  of  the  Chinese  Government ;  there  is  not 
the  slightest  doubt  of  that!  And  if  the  Chinese 
Government  continues  to  exist,  it  will  encourage 
— and  it  will  be  quite  right  to  encourage,  up- 
hold, and  develop  this  national  Chinese  move- 
ment ;  it  bodes  no  good  for  the  rest  of  the  world, 
but  China  will  be  acting  within  its  right,  and 
will  carry  through  the  national  programme  I 
Nothing  but  partition,  a  diflScult  and  unlikely 
international  settlement,  or  a  miraculous  spread 
of  Christianity  in  its  best  form — a  not  impossible, 
but  scarcely  to  be  hoped  for,  religious  triumph 
— will  defer,  will  avert  this  result.  Is  either  the 
one  or  the  other  within  the  limits  of  practical 
politics  or  practical  propagandism  ?  I  fear  not ! 
And  if  not,  what  ?  Then  the  lawlessness  of  the 
present  uprising  must  be  condoned  and  the  Man- 
cliu  dynasty  supported  :  to  this  end  it  will  be 
made    to  *  lose    face '  as   little   as    possible — but 


trade  in  arms  will  not  cease,  and  our  sons  and 
grandsons  will  reap  the  whirlwind. " 

As  to  the  immediate  question  what  shoald  be 
done,  he  says : 

MEANTIME,    PATCHING    UP. 

*  <  The  first  question  now  to  be  settled  by  the 
treaty  powers  is  how  to  make  peace, — for  China 
is  at  war  with  all, — and  what  conditions  to  impose 
to  safeguard  the  future,  for  the  stipulations  of 
the  past  have  been  set  at  defiance  and  obliterated. 
There  would  seem  to  be  a  choice  between  three 
courses — partition,  change  of  dynasty,  or  patch- 
ing up  the  Manchu  rule." 

Of  these  three  courses  he  decides  that  the  last 
is  the  only  one  open  to  us  ;  and  although  he 
goes  on  to  talk  about  compensation  and  punish- 
ment, the  logic  of  his  article  points  unmistak- 
ably to  our  accepting  whatever  terms  we  can  get 
from  the  Chinese,  and  making  the  best  of  them, 
knowing  that  if  we  go  farther  we  shall  fare 
worse.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  German  Em- 
peror will  read  Sir  Robert  Hart's  article,  and 
readjust  his  policy  to  the  facts  to  which  this  su- 
preme expert  bears  unimpeachable  testimony. 

A  Slfirnlfloant  Russian  Declaration. 

In  immediate  connection  with  Sir  Robert  Hart  s 
paper,  it  is  well  to  read  the  short  article  which 
Professor  Martens  has  contributed  to  the  Monthly 
Me  view  on  the  subject  of  the  Hague  Conference 
and  China.  In  this  paper.  Professor  Martens, 
whose  authority  on  international  law  cannot  be 
disputed  by  any,  declares  himself  in  most  un- 
qualified fashion  against  any  attempt  to  utilize 
the  present  crisis  for  the  purpose  of  still  farther 
increasing  the  domination  of  Europe  over  the 
Chinese.  After  setting  forth  the  admitted  facts^ 
as  to  the  privileges  which  Europe  has  extracted 
by  force  from  the  Chinese,  he  continues  : 

<*  Therefore  I  maintain  that  the  civilized  pow- 
ers, in  settling  their  account  with  China,  should 
not  endeavor  either  to  increase  the  privileges  of 
their  countrymen  in  China,  or  favor  by  the  ex- 
action of  new  immunities  the  propagation  of  the 
Christian  religion  among  the  Chinese,  or  under- 
mine the  authority  and  the  prestige  of  the  Chi- 
nese  Government,  or  increase  in  the  hearts  of 
the  Chinese  people  their  hatred  and  animosity 
against  all  foreigners. 

» '  We  cannot  recognize  any  right  whatever 
belonging  to  the  Christian  nations  of  imposing 
upon  the  Chinese  an  unscrupulous  exploitation  of 
their  natural  riches  ;  we  are  unable  to  concede 
to  Protestant  and  Catholic  missionaries  the  right 
of  propaganda  at  the  expense  of  tlie  strength  of 
the  Chinese  state  ;  we  recognize  absolutely  no* 
legal  title  justifying  the  systematic  poisoning  of 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


719^ 


the  Chinese  by  opium,  the  importation  of  which 
is  imposed  by  force  upon  China ;  lastly,  we  ex- 
press in  all  sincerity  our  conviction  that  the  Chi- 
nese have  the  same  right  to  insist  that  <  China 
should  belong  to  Chinamen '  as  the  Russians  or 
English  that  their  country  should  belong  to 
them." 

It  would  be  diflBcult  to  put  into  shorter  com- 
pass a  policy  more  absolutely  antagonistic  to  that 
which  the  German  Emperor  appears  to  be  pur- 
suing in  China  at  the  present  moment. 


PRINCE  CHING  AND  U  HUNG  CHANG,  THE 
CHINESE  PEACE  NEGOTIATORS. 

THE  two  Chinese  peace  negotiators,  Prince 
Ching  and  Li  Hung  Chang,  are  the  subjects 
of  a  brief  notice  by  Horr  von  Brandt  in  the 
Deutsche  Revue  for  November.  Prince  Ching,  as 
a  descendant  in  the  fourth  generation  of  the  Em- 
peror Laokwang,  who  died  in  1850,  could  claim 
only  the  rank  of  a  prince  of  the  fourth  class ; 
for,  according  to  the  Chinese  Blue- Book,  **the 
members  of  the  Imperial  family  of  the  present 
dynasty  fall  into  four  classes  of  princes — four  of 
dukes  and  four  of  the  nobility.  The  titles  that  have 
been  granted  are  always  reduced  in  degree  in  de- 
scending from  father  to  son,  or  that  the  son  of  a 
nobleman  of  the  fourth  class  of  the  Imperial  fam- 
ily inherits  no  title  whatever.  Of  course,  titles 
higher  than  the  one  inherited  may  be  granted  for 
merit,  or  for  other  reasons.  This  was  the  case 
with  Prince  Ching.*'  He  was  raised  to  the  rank 
of  a  prince  of  the  second  class  in  1884,  and  super- 
seded in  the  same  year  the  Prince  Kung  as  presi- 
dent of  the  Tsungli-Yamen — a  position  he  still 
holds.  *'  Very  industrious  and  conscientious,  of 
agreeable  manners  and  pleasant  bearing,  he  yet 
lacks  the  quick  perception  and  the  energetic  will 
tliat  formerly  showed  the  Prince  Kung  to  be  a 
real  statesman,  even  according  to  European  stand- 
ards." 

Better  known,  says  Herr  von  Brandt,  is,  or 
should  be,  Li  Hung  Chang.  For  nearly  fifty 
years  he  has  been  prominent  in  the  affairs  of  his 
country,  always  on  the  side  of  law  and  order  as 
against  riot  and  unrest.  During  the  Taiping 
Rebellion  he  organized  a  regiment  of  volunteers 
at  his  own  cost ;  and  later,  as  governor  of  Kiangsu, 
he  operated  with  the  **  always -victorious"  army 
commanded  by  Gordon.  Subsequently,  he  sub- 
dued the  Niefei  rebels  in  Shantung.  In  1868  he 
was  appointed  superintendent  of  commerce  of  the 
Southern  ports,  and  two  yeara  later  governor- 
general  of  Chili.  As  such,  for  twenty -five  years 
he  rigorously  mamtained  order  in  that  province, 
speedily  quellmg  the  Mongol  uprising  of  1891  -92. 
In  Tientsin,  through  which  all  foreign  diplomats 


LI  HUNG  CHANO. 

had  to  pass  on  their  way  to  Peking,  he  had  many 
opportunities  of  coming  into  contact  with  West- 
ern personalities  and  ideas  ,  and  it  is  noteworthy 
that,  whenever  difficulties  arose  with  other  coun- 
tries, it  became  his  task  to  smooth  them  over — a 
task  that  required  not  only  a  knowledge  of  the 
foreign  demands  and  interests,  as  well  as  a  ready 
tact  in  dealing  with  the  foreign  diplomats,  but 
even  more  courage  and  influence  with  liis  own 
government  and  its  parties,  which  often  had  to  bo 
coerced  into  granting  xtiozi  unwelcome  conces- 
sions. Thus  it  happened  that,  for  more  than  a 
score  of  years,  Li  was  the  mediator  between  tho 
conflicting  interests  of  his  country  and  the  out- 
side world,  rendering  equally  great  services  to 
both  parties.  In  1876  he  concluded  the  conven- 
tion of  Chefoo,  by  which  the  difficulties  with 
England,  arising  from  the  attack  on  the  mission 
of  Yunnan,  were  settled.  In  1884  he  concluded 
the  so-called  Li-Fournier  Convention,  in  which 
he  endeavored  to  prevent  the  outbreak  of  hos- 
tilities between  France  and  China  on  account  of 
A  nam,  concluding  two  years  later  the  Conven- 
tion of  Tientsin,  which  ended  the  hostilities.     It 


720 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI/IEIV  OF  REI^/EU^S. 


was  due  to  him  that  Korea  was  opened  up  in 
1882  ;  he  conducted  the  negotiations  that  led,  in 
1887  to  the  evacuation  of  Port  Hamilton,  and 
Russia's  withdrawal  from  Korea.  He  concluded 
with  Japan  the  Convention  of  Tientsin,  by  which 
the  conflict  between  the  two  countries  was  staved 
off  for  about  ten  years.  He  tried  his  utmost  to 
prevent  the  war  with  Japan  in  1894,  and  finally 
not  only  undertook  the  diflScult  task  of  conclud- 
ing with  the  victor  the  treaty  of  Simonoseki,  but 
also  fulfilled  the  still  more  diflBcult  task  of  induc- 
ing his  government  to  accept  the  treaty,  by 
which  it  ceded  to  the  enemy  Formosa  and  the 
peninsula  Leaotung.  Called  to  Peking  to  the 
Tsungli-Yamen,  he  succumbed  to  the  foolish  at- 
tacks of  the  English,  who  forced  from  his  posi- 
tion the  only  man  possessing  the  courage  and  the 
power  requisite  to  prevent  a  conflict  with  the 
foreign  countries,  because  it  was  said  that  he 
had  sold  himself  to  Russia.  Why  Li  finally  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  two  Kwangs  needs 
a  better  explanation.  Possibly  he  himself  pre- 
ferred and  desired  service  in  the  provinces,  and 
his  government  honored  the  wish  of  its  old  and 
tried  servant ;  more  probably  Li  not  only  had  an 
intimation  of  the  coming  reaction,  and  thought 
it  best  to  get  out  of  its  way;  but  the  leaders  of 
the  reactionary  party  also  endeavored  to  get  out 
of  their  way  the  only  man  who  could  effectively 
have  crossed  their  plans.  But  it  is  certain  that, 
had  Li  been  in  Peking  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
riots,  he  would  have  had  to  pay  by  his  death, 
ostensibly  for  his  reputed  friendliness  toward  the 
foreigners  ;  in  reality,  for  his  sensible  treatment 
of  foreign  affairs. " 


A  RUSSIAN  AMONG  CHINESE  SECTARIES. 

MDELINES  contributes  to  the  first  Sep- 
•  tember  number  of  the  Xouvelle  Revue  an 
interesting  article  describing  the  experiences  of  a 
Russian  engineer,  M.  Lobza,  among  an  impor- 
tant Chinese  sect  called  **The  Protectors  of  the 
Persecuted.'* 

The  headquarters  of  the  sect  was  at  a  town 
in  Manchuria,  called  Nyn-Guta,  and  there  M. 
Lobza  made  violent  efforts  to  discover  the  points 
of  difference  which  separated  the  sect  from  the 
oflBcial  religion  of  Buddha.  After  being  most 
politely  put  off  by  one  of  the  principal  men  of  the 
sect,  M.  Lobza  turned  his  attention  to  a  miserable 
temple  on  the  outskirts  of  the  town,  the  priest 
of  which  he  knew  to  be  connected  with  the  heads 
of  the  sect.  The  task  which  the  Russian  had 
set  himself  was  rendered  unusually  difficult  be- 
cause the  governor  of  Nyn-Guta  had  ordered  all 
his  officials  to  enter  into  no  relations  with  Rus- 
sians, and   never   to   reveal   to   them   anything 


of  the  private  life  of  the  people.  M.  Loba 
visited  the  temple,  and  he  told  the  priest  of  it 
that  the  architecture  of  the  temples  of  Nyn-Guu 
had  made  a  profound  impression  on  him,  owing 
to  tlieir  originality  ;  that  he  took  a  great  interest 
in  the  religion  of  the  Chinese,  and,  above  all,  in 
the  belief  of  this  particular  sect,  which  he  would 
be  glad  to  have  explained  to  him.  The  prieet 
explained  that  the  temple  was  dedicated  to 
Poussa,  the  only  divinity  of  the  sect,  members  of 
which  did  not  attend  other  places  of  worship. 
The  sect  were  distinguished  by  their  sobriety ; 
they  smoked  neither  opium  nor  tobacco,  did  not 
drink  any  Chinese  brandy,  and  called  one  anoth- 
er brothers.  The  sect  is  spreading  very  widely 
through  China  ;  in  each  town  the  members  elect 
a  chief,  who  holds  his  office  for  life,  and  whose 
business  it  is  to  supervise  the  morality  of  hia  co- 
religionists. Membership  of  the  sect  is  only  ob- 
tained with  the  consent  of  all  the  members  of 
the  particular  town,  and  the  admission  of  a  new 
adherent  is  celebrated  with  great  pomp.  In  the 
prayers  which  the  priest  addresses  to  Poussa  oa 
behalf  of  each  new  member,  it  is  remarkable  thit 
there  is  no  petition  that  the  convert  should  be- 
come a  great  trader,  and  this  is  held  to  prove 
that  the  sect  despises  riches.  On  admission,  the 
new  member  changes  his  name  by  putting  the 
syllable  **lai"  in  the  middle — a  practice  which 
enables  members  to  recognize  one  another  easily 
wherever  they  may  be.  Members  of  the  sect  are 
very  benevolent,  and  assist  one  another  in  old 
age  and  trouble. 

A  mandarin's  version. 

So  much  M.  Lobza  learned  from  the  prieet 
He  also  consulted  an  official  of  his  acquaintance 
who  belonged  to  the  third,  or  blue- ribbon  class. 
This  gentleman  received  M.  Lobza  with  great 
ceremony,  and  at  fii-st  was  extremely  unwilling 
to  speak  about  the  sect ;  but  when  be  found  that 
M.  Lobza  already  knew  a  good  deal  on  the  sub- 
ject, he  spoke  more  freely.  He  declared  himself 
an  opponent  of  the  sect,  the  members  of  which 
he  described  as  weak  men,  dissimulating  their 
vices  and  their  crimes  under  the  mask  of  lofty 
doctrines.  The  society,  he  declared,  was  dan- 
gerous in  the  extreme  ;  and  he  explained  that, 
when  a  neophyte  entered  the  sect,  he  was 
obliged  to  take  an  oath  never  to  divulge  its  mys 
teries,  under  pain  of  being  killed  by  his  com- 
rades. This  appears  to  have  proved  to  th« 
Chinese  official  that  the  sect  was  altogether  bail ; 
he  added  that  the  Chinese  authorities  greatly 
disapproved  of  it,  and  forbfiwie  any  one  to  belong 
to  it.  Ten  years  ago,  he  went  on,  the  sect  had 
instigated  a  revolt  in  Peking,  and  had  attempted 
the  life  of  the  Emperor. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


721 


Naturally,  the  Russian  was  much  puzzled  by 
these  two  completely  different  stories.  But  one 
circumstance  made  him  suspect  the  account  given 
by  the  mandarin — namely,  that  he  blamed  the 
sect  for  their  love  of  equality.  **  This  wretched 
people/*  he  said,  <*  consider  the  old  man  and  the 
youth,  the  mandarin  and  the  peasant,  the  rich 
inan  and  the  mendicant,  as  being  equal,  and  hav- 
ing a  right  to  the  same  honor.'*  M.  Delines, 
liowever,  does  not  entirely  solve  the  question 
whether  the  priest  or  the  mandarin  is  to  be 
believed,  though  it  is  evident  that  he  is,  on  the 
whole,  inclined  to  accept  the  account  given  by 
the  priest. 

CONCERNING  MISSIONS  IN  CHINA. 

THE  Deutsche  Revue  for  October  has  an  article 
by  Herr  von  Brandt  in  further  support  of 
his  assertions  that  the  conduct  of  the  missionaries 
m  Cliina  is  to  some  degree  responsible  for  the 
recent  troubles,  and  that  the  Protestant  mission- 
aries are  more  to  blame  than  the  Catholic.  His 
criticism  is  based  on  a  residence  of  eighteen  years 
in  China,  ana  thirty-three  years  in  Eastern  Asia. 
He  finds  **  much  to  prove  that  in  China,  Ameri- 
can and  English  missionaries  have  meddled  with 
the  affairs  of  the  country  in  a  way  detrimental 
not  only  to  their  legitimate  activity,  but  also  to 
the  interests  of  all  the  foreigners,  and  have  tried 
to  gain  political  influence.  There  is  no  doubt 
about  the  fact  that  in  the  affair  of  Kan-Yu-Weis 
in  Peking,  in  1848,  two  missionaries,  Messrs. 
G.  Reid  and  T.  Richards,  took  a  prominent  part ; 
and  since  the  Taiping  Rebellion  the  Protestant 
missionaries  have  been  regarded  suspiciously  by 
the  Chinese  Government."  In  support  of  his 
statements  Herr  von  Brandt  cites  a  number  of  au- 
thorities, among  them  the  work  of  Lord  Curzon, 
— the  present  Viceroy  of  India, — '*  Problems  of 
the  Far  East." 

Further  causes  for  the  unpopularity  of  the  mis- 
sionaries among  the  Chinese  are  their  mode  of 
living, — which,  however  plain,  seems  luxurious 
to  the  frugal  natives, — and  especially  the  increas- 
ing employment  of  unmarried  women  and  young 
girls."  In  a  country  like  China, — which  differs 
<»n  the  one  hand  materially  from  us  in  its  views 
on  the  emancipation  of  women,  and  on  the  other 
hand  shows  an  element  almost  of  brutality  m  the 
character  of  its  natives, — the  spectacle  of  unmar- 
ried persons  of  both  sexes  living  and  working 
together,  in  public  and  in  private,  and  of  young 
women  undertaking  long  journeys  into  the  in- 
terior without  suitable  companions,  must  cause 
aerious  misunderstanding.  '<The  pure-minded 
may  despise  such  misunderstanding  ;  but  in  many 
cases  it  has  more  to  do  with  the  anti- missionary 


feeling  in  China    than    even  the    most    bitter 
national  enmity  or  any  theologic  differences." 

SHOULD    MISSIONS    BE   CONFINED   TO   TREATY    PORTS. 

The  social  importance  of  Christianity  Herr  von 
Brandt  rates  very  high  ;  what  he  condemns  is 
the  false  system,  which  finds  a  guarantee  of 
success  in  the  multiplying  of  missions  and  mis- 
sionaries, and  lays  more  stress  on  the  quantity 
than  the  quality  of  its  workei*s.  **  There  is  an- 
other point  which  shows  the  shortcomings  of  the 
present  system — that,  as  soon  as  there  is  a  per- 
secution, the  pastors  feel  compelled  to  leave  their 
flocks.  The  pastor  should  remain  with  his  flock, 
and  share  its  good  or  ill  fortunes  ;  but,  in  order 
to  do  this,  he  should  restrict  his  activity  to  places 
where  he  could  be  easily  and  permanently  pro- 
tected. Why  not  confine  the  missions  to  the 
treaty  ports  and  immediate  vicinity,  and  leave 
the  evangelizing  of  the  country  to  the  Chinese 
converts  ?  The  foreign  missions  have  either  suc- 
ceeded, within  the  sixty  years  of  their  activity, 
to  train  for  such  purposes  a  goodly  number  of 
natives,  or  (and  this  would  be  the  most  severe 
criticism  on  their  activity)  they  have  not  ob- 
tained such  results,  and  the  immense  sums  spent 
in  missionary  work  have  been  thrown  away. 
Such  a  wise  restriction  would  relieve  the  foreign 
powers  of  the  necessity  of  standing  sword  in 
hand  ready  to  protect  the  spiritual  interests,  and 
would  thereby  clear  away  a  danger  continually 
threatening  their,  relations  to  China  as  well  as  the 
f)eace  of  the  world.  The  missionary  may  an- 
swer, with  the  words  of  Jesus,  **Go  ye,  there- 
fore, and  teach  all  nations."  But  why  should  he 
not  be  reminded  of  these  other  injunctions  ;  '  '^  But 
when  they  pei-secute  you  in  this  city,  flee  ye  into 
another ;"  and  again,  **  And  whosoever  shall  not 
receive  you,  nor  hear  you,  when  ye  depart  thence, 
shake  off  the  dust  of  your  feet  for  a  testimony 
against  them." 

Referring  to  the  amount  of  blame  to  be  at- 
tached to  the  Catholic  and  the  Protestant  mis- 
sionaries respectively,  Herr  von  Brandt  con- 
cludes by  saying  that  <Mt  is  not  a  question  of 
dogmatic  differences  or  quarrels  between  follow- 
ers of  the  different  confessions,  but  whether  mis- 
sionary activity  shall  be  introduced  again  into 
China  with  fire  and  sword,  and  be  protected  in 
the  future,  and  the  Cross  be  raised  on  the  ruins  of 
burned  and  plundered  cities  ;  and  to  this  I  have, 
in  the  name  of  what  we  call  our  civilization  and 
humanity,   only  one   answer — a  most   emphatic 

No:" 

For  a  good  statement  of  the  missionaries^  side 
in  this  controversy,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the 
article  in  the  September  Review  of  Reviews 
(page  302),  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  James  S.  Dennis. 


722 


THE  /iMERICy4N  MONTHLY  REyiEiV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


THE  CHINESE  "MOTHER  GOOSE." 

IN  the  Home  Magazine  for  November,  Prof. 
Isaac  T.  Headland,  of  the  Peking  University, 
gives  metrical  versions  of  a  number  of  Chinese 
nursery  rhymes  similar  to  the  **  Mother  Goose  " 
melodies  of  English-speaking  children.  He 
says  : 

<  *  It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  Mother  Qoose, 
as  we  have  it  at  the  present  time,  is  the  product 
of  that  good  old  Boston  lady  whose  mischievous 
son-in-law,  Mr.  Thomas  Fleet,  published  the  first 
two  copper  editions  of  that  book  *  at  his  printing- 
house  in  Pudding  Lane.*  Mother  Goose  is  an 
omnipresent  old  lady.  She  is  an  Asiatic  as  well 
as  a  European  or  American." 

Here  is  one  of  the  rhymes  that  Professor  Head- 
land heard  repeated  by  Chinese  elders  to  chil- 
dren : 

He  climbed  up  the  candlestick. 

The  little  monsey  brown. 
To  steal  and  eat  tallow. 

And  he  couldn't  get  down. 
He  called  for  his  grandma. 

But  his  grandma  was  in  town. 
So  he  doubled  up  into  awheel 

And  roUed  himself  down. 

By  way  of  comment  on  this  rhyme,  Professor 
Headland  remarks  : 

**Now,  I  think  that  it  must  be  admitted  that 
there  is  more  in  this  rhyme  to  commend  it  to  the 
public  than  there  is  to  *  Jack  and  Jill.'  If,  when 
that  remarkable  couple  went  for  the  pail  of  water. 
Master  Jack  had  carried  the  water  himself,  he 
would  have  been  entitled  to  some  credit  for  gal- 
lantry ;  or,  if  in  falling  he  had  fallen  in  such  a 
way  as  to  prevent  Miss  Jill  from  *  tumbling,* 
or  even  in  such  a  way  as  to  break  her  fall  and 
make  it  easier  for  her,  there  would  have  been 
some  reason  for  the  popularity  of  such  a  record. 
As  it  is,  there  is  no  reason  except  the  fact  that  it 
is  simple  and  rhythmic,  and  children  like  it. 
This  rhyme,  however,  in  the  original,  is  equal 
to  *  Jack  and  Jill '  in  rhyme  ;  contains  as  good 
a  story,  exhibits  a  more  scientific  tumble,  with  a 
less  tragic  result,  and  contains  as  good  a  moral 
as  that  found  in  *  Jack  Sprat. ' 

<  *  That  little  rhyme  is  as  popular  all  over  North 
China  as  *  Jack  and  Jill '  is  throughout  New 
York  or  New  England.  Ask  any  little  Chinese 
child  if  he  ever  heard  of  *  The  Little  Mouse,'  and 
he  reels  it  off  to  you  as  readily  as  the  American 
child  does  *  Jack  and  Jill. '  Does  he  like  it  ?  It 
is  a  part  of  his  life.  You  repeat  it  to  him,  giving 
one  word  incorrectly,  and  he  will  resent  it  as 
strenuously  as  your  little  boy  or  girl  would  resent 
it  if  you  said  : 

'Jack  and  JiU 
Went  doimi  the  hm.' " 


AN    UNPRINTED    <<  MOTHKR-OOOSE "    COLLECTIOH. 

Some  of  the  diflBculties  experienced  by  col- 
lectors of  Chinese  nursery  rhymes  are  obviooa 
enough.  For  example :  *  *  Chinese  nursery 
rhymes  have  never  been  printed  in  the  Chinese 
language  ;  but,  like  our  own  Mother  Goose  be- 
fore the  year  1719,  they  are  carried  in  the  minds 
and  hearts  of  the  children.  This  brings  to  mind 
the  first  diflBculty  we  experienced  in  collecting 
rhymes — the  diflBculty  of  getting  the  rhyme  com- 
plete. Perhaps  you  cannot  repeat  the  whole  of 
the 

*  House  that  Jack  buUt,* 

though  that  has  been  printed  many  times,  and 
you  learned  it  all  in  your  youth.  The  difl5culty 
is  multiplied  tenfold  in  China,  where  they  have 
never  been  printed^  and  where  there  have  grown 
up  various  versions  of  them,  modified  from  some 
original  which  the  nurse  had  no  doubt  partly 
forgotten,  but  still  was  corapelle<l  to  entertaio 
the  child.  I  have  found  not  less  than  four  dif- 
ferent versions  of  tho  *  Mouse  and  the  Candle- 
stick.'" 

Among  the  accretions  to  these  ancient  jingles 
some  are  objectionable  on  the  score  of  vulgarity, 
but  these  objectionable  passages  can  usually  be- 
cut  off  and  discarded  without  injury  to  the  orig- 
inal rhyme. 

<<  It  will  be  noticed  that  among  the  nursery 
rhymes  of  all  countries  many  refer  to  insects, 
birds,  animals,  persons,  parts  of  the  body,  cer- 
tain  actions,  or  trades,  food,  and  children. 
Among  the  insects  referred  to  in  Chinese  rhymea 
we  have  the  cricket,  cicada,  spider,  snail,  firefly, 
lady-bug,  and  butterfly.  Among  the  fowls  we 
have  the  bat,  crow,  magpie,  cock,  duck,  and 
goose.  Among  the  animals  we  have  the  mouse, 
dog,  cow,  horse,  mule,  and  donkey,  with  addi- 
tional rhymes  on  the  snake  and  the  frog  ;  and 
there  are  rhymes  without  number  on  places, 
things,  and  persons,  men,  women,  and  children. 

<*  Those  who  hold  that  the  Chinese  do  not  love 
their  children  have  never  consulted  their  nursery 
lore.  There  is  no  language  in  the  world,  I  ven- 
ture to  believe,  which  contains  children's  songs 
expressive  of  more  keen  and  tender  affection 
than  some  of  those  found  among  the  nursery 
rhymes  of  China.  This  fact,  more  than  any 
other,  has  stimulated  us  in  collecting  them.  They 
have  been  prepared  with  the  hope  that  they  will 
present  to  the  English-speaking  people  a  phase 
of  Chinese  home  life  which  they  have  never 
seen,  and  which  I  doubt  if  they  are  prepared  to 
expect.  So  much  has  been  written  about  tbe 
murder  of  girl  children  that  a  large  proportioii 
of  our  English  and  American  friends  look  npon 
the  Chinese  as  a  nation  of  baby-haters.      As  » 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


728 


sample  of   the  rhymes  expressive  of  affection, 
we  need  only  give  the  following  : 

My  baby  is  sleeping ; 

My  baby^s  asleep. 
My  flower  is  resting, 

ril  give  you  a  peep. 
How  canning  he  looks. 

As  he  rests  on  my  arm. 
My  flower*s  most  charming 

Of  all  them  that  charm. 

ANATOMICAL    UHYME8. 

The  Chinese  have  also  many  nursery  verses 
pertaining  to  the  different  parts  of  the  body  : 

*  *  They  have  rhymes  to  repeat  when  they  take 
hold  of  the  five  fingers,  and  rhymes  when  they 
take  hold  of  the  toes ;  rhymes  when  they  grab 
the  knee,  and  expect  the  child  to  refrain  from 
laughing,  no  matter  how  its  knee  is  tickled  ; 
rhymes  which  correspond  to  our  *  knock  at  the 
door,  peep  in,'  etc.,  when  the  forehead  repre- 
sents the  door,  and  the  five  senses  represent  other 
things — ending,  of  course,  by  tickling  the  child's 
neck  ;  and  there  is  no  book  in  China,  not  even 
their  sacred  books,  which  is  so  universally  known 
as  their  nursery  rhymes.  These  are  understood 
and  repeated  by  the  educated  and  the  illiterate, 
the  children  of  princes  and  the  children  of  beg- 
gars ;  children  in  the  cities  and  children  in  the 
country  villages,  and  they  produce  like  results 
in  the  minds  and  hearts  of  them  all ;  the  children 
laugh  over  them,  look  sober  over  them,  or  are 
sung  to  sleep  by  them.'* 


THE  VALUE  OF  MOUNTED  INFANTRY. 

*<  pOUR  Legs  Instead  of  Two"  is  the  title 
r  of  an  article  contributed  to  the  Novem- 
ber Forum  by  Mr.  A.  Maurice  Low.  Tlie  writ- 
er's main  thesis  is  the  necessity  of  mounting 
bodies  of  infantry,  in  order  to  secure  the  mobil- 
ity now  deemed  so  important  in  effective  war- 
fare. 

To-day,  time  is  the  great  factor,  in  fighting,  as 
well  as  in  so  many  other  activities  of  modem 
life.  The  question  of  **  getting  there  first,"  as 
General  Miles  puts  it,  is  the  all- important  thing. 
The  Boer  War  has  shown  that  modern  weapons 
give  an  overwhelming  advantage  to  the  defensive: 

'<  Because  a  bayonet  charge  is  obsolete;  be- 
cause works  cannot  be  carried  by  storm  as  they 
used  to  be  ;  because  the  picturesque  and  dashing 
cavalry  charge  will  no  longer  afford  a  theme  for 
the  painter  or  poet, — it  follows  that  the  only  way 
by  which  a  position  can  be  carried,  unless  the 
attacking  force  is  in  overwhelming  numbers,  is 
by  a  series  of  flanking  movements  ;  and  the  suc- 
cess of  the  flanking  movement  will  depend  upon 
the  mobility  of  the  assailant,  who,  while  making 


his  attack  on  one  or  both  flanks  in  torce,  must 
make  a  feint  in  front  which  must  have  all  the 
appearance  of  an  attack  in  force. 

FOOT-SOLDIERING   OUT   OF   nATK. 

<<The  foot-soldier  is  an  anachronism,  as  ar- 
chaic as  the  man-at-anns  with  his  halberd  or  the 
archer  with  his  cloth -yard  shaft.  The  modern 
foot-soldier  is  not  only  a  fighting-machine, — he 
is  also  a  beast  of  burden  ;  and  no  man  can  be 
both  with  success.  The  American  infantryman 
equipped  for  war  is  weighted  down  with  rifle, 
bayonet,  ammunition,  clothing,  shelter-tent,  wa- 
ter-bottle, and  haversack,  in  all  some  60  pounds 
in  weight.  It  is  a  common  belief  that  a  soldier 
is  so  strong  and  hardy  that  he  does  not  feel  his 
burden  ;  that  he  can  march  10  or  15  miles  with 
60  pounds  about  his  body  and  not  mind  it ;  that 
like  the  well-trained  athlete,  who  thrives  under 
violent  exercise,  he  enjoys  having  to  transport 
all  this  paraphernalia.  Now,  as  a  matter  of  fact, 
that  is  the  one  thing  of  all  others  which  the  sol- 
dier despises.  He  doesn't  mind  the  fighting  ;  he 
can  put  up  with  heat  or  cold  ;  and  although  he 
may  growl  when  his  rations  are  short,  he  accepta 
that  as  part  of  the  day's  work  ;  but  to  turn  him- 
self into  a  porter,  to  be  a  coolie  and  the  bearer 
of  burdens,  is  the  thing  he  abominates. 

*  *  There  is  nothing  more  depressing  to  thd 
spirits,  nothing  more  devitalizing,  nothing  which 
makes  a  greater  drain  on  a  man  than  a  march. 
There  is  nothing  picturesque,  nothing  exhilarat- 
ing, nothing  to  break  the  horrible  monotony  of 
this  seemingly  interminable  plodding  through 
baking  dust,  or  clogged  mud,  or  chilling  snow. 
All  the  color  of  war  has  gone.  There  are  no 
bands  to  make  men  forget  their  fatigue,  no  wav- 
ing plumes  and  flattering  flags  to  excite  the  im- 
agination, no  spectators  to  stimulate  pride ; 
there  is  no  scenery  even.  War  is  now  a  mono- 
chrome ;  every  one  dresses  the  same,  khaki  loses 
its  semblance  of  color  and  takes  on  the  color  of 
the  dirt  or  mud  of  the  country  through  which 
the  army  marches,  and  no  man  sees  more  than 
the  man  in  front  of  him  or  the  man  on  each  side 
of  him.  Hour  after  hour  this  goes  on  ;  rifles 
become  heavier,  ammunition- belts  chafe  more 
gallingly,  haversacks  and  water-bottles  strike  in 
a  tender  spot,  shoes  get  filled  with  grit,  which 
makes  each  step  an  agony.  If  after  a  long 
march  men  are  thrown  into  action  they  have  lost 
their  vim  and  their  power  of  resistance,  and  it 
is  only  by  sheer  nerve  that  they  are  able  to  stand 
up  to  the  rack.  Nine  times  out  of  ten  infantry 
are  sent  into  action  with  their  nerves  unstrung, 
simply  because  they  have  been  broken  down  by 
the  strain  which  has  been  put  upon  tbem.  To 
get  the  best  results  out  of  men,  they  should  go 


724 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI/IEli^'  OF  RE^IEiVS. 


into  action  in  a  perfect  physical  condition  ;  but 
they  are  generally  weakened  by  the  drain  made 
upon  them. 

PUT    EACH    MAN    ON    A   HOBSE. 

« *  The  remedy  for  this — a  remedy  which  will 
not  only  increase  the  actual  physical  strength  of 
an  army,  but  will  also  give  it  that  mobility  which 
is  all-essential — is  to  give  each  man  his  own 
means  of  transport;  that  is,  to  mount  him.  The 
armies  of  the  future  will  be  armies  of  mounted 
infantry.  It  must  be  understood  that  I  clearly 
differentiate  between  mounted  infantry  and  cav- 
alry. The  infantry  will  still  be  infantry,  although 
they  are  mounted  ;  and  the  sole  object  m  mount- 
ing them  will  be  to  provide  them  with  a  means 
of  transport,  and  will  enable  them  to  cover  the 
ground  more  rapidly  and  relieve  them  of  the 
necessity  of  being  their  own  beasts  of  burden. 
Instead  of  carrying  60  pounds  about  their  per- 
sons, this  weight  will  be  carried  by  their  horses, 
lustead  of  making,  say,  ten  miles  a  day  with 
great  fatigue,  great  bodily  discomfort,  great  de- 
pression of  spirits,  they  will  be  able  to  make 
from  two  to  three  times  that  distance,  and  at  the 
•end  of  a  march  they  will  be  as  fit  as  when  they 
started.  The  mounted  infantryman  will  not  be 
a  cavalryman  in  any  sense  of  the  word.  He  will 
be  armed  as  he  now  is  with  a  rifle  ;  he  will  be 
trained  as  he  now  is  to  fight  on  foot ;  the  infan- 
try tactics  will  be  the  only  tactics  he  knows  ;  but 
he  will  be  conveyed  instead  of  being  a  conveyor. 

*<A  regiment  of  1,000  men  will  march  on 
their  horses  until  such  time  as  it  becomes  neces- 
sary to  go  into  action.  When  the  regiment  de- 
ploys, one  man  in  every  five  will  be  detailed  to 
look  after  the  horses.  This  is  an  initial  loss  of 
20  per  cent,  of  the  fighting  force  of  the  regi- 
ment, and  the  regiment  is  thereby  weakened  to 
that  extent.  Nominally,  its  effectiveness  is  re- 
duced ;  in  practice,  however,  I  venture  the  as- 
sertion that  a  regiment  of  800  men  which  has 
been  brought  to  the  scene  of  action  mounted  will 
he  more  than  a  match  for  1,000  men  who  have 
marched  one,  two,  or  three  days,  or  an  equal 
number  of  weeks. 

**  It  took  the  English  four  months  to  learn  the 
lesson  of  mobility  and  to  comprehend  that  men 
on  foot  were  no  match  against  men  on  horse- 
back. When  the  lesson  was  learned  the  tide  of 
defeat  was  turned  into  victory.  General  French's 
flying  column  of  mounted  men  marched  ninety 
miles  under  a  tropical  sun  in  a  little  over  four 
days,  fought  two  minor  engagements,  forced 
Cronje  hastily  to  retire  from  Kimberley  and 
later  surrender,  and  so  weakened  Joubert  in 
front  of  Lady  smith  that  Buller  was  able  to  raise 
the  siege." 


THE  COUNT  VON  MOLTKE. 

ON  October  26,  the  hundredth  anniversary  of 
the  birth  of  Moltke  was  celebrated  through- 
out Germany.  In  consequence  of  this,  Nord  und 
Sud  has  a  very  interesting  artide  on  the  greti 
strategist,  by  Alfred  Semeran.  The  writer  men- 
tions, as  a  curious  fact,  that  Blikher  and  Moltke 


COUNT  VON  MOLTKB. 


had  many  points  in  common.  Both  were  bom 
in  Mecklenburg  ;  both  these  men,  who  rendered 
such  service  to  Germany,  left  home  at  an  early 
age,  and,  finding  no  opening  for  their  ambitioo 
in  their  own  country,  entered  foreign  service. 
Both,  still  as  young  men,  reentered  the  Prussian 
army,  BlQcher  leaving  the  Swedish  and  Moltke 
the  Danish  army,  and  then  led  that  Prussian  array 
from  victory  to  victory.  What  Bliicher  began 
at  the  opening  of  the  century  Moltke  triumphantly 
completed  at  its  close.  The  one  drove  the  French 
headlong  over  the  Rhine,  and  the  other  wresUed 
from  them  the  territory  that  had  been  forcibly 
taken  200  years  previously,  and,  together  with 
Bismarck,  fulfilled  the  dream  of  years — ^namely, 
the  union  of  the  German  empire.  Bliicher's 
strong  arm  and  Moltke's  keen  brain  both  did 
their  utmost  for  Germany^s  honor  and  power. 

Moltke  was  the  third  son  in  a  family  of  eight 
His  father  was  a  lieutenant-general  in  the  Danish 
army.  He,  with  his  elder  brother,  spent  a  rather 
joyless  youth  in  Copenhagen.  Writing  of  this 
time,  he  said  that  the  only  advantage  he  obtained 
from  the  rigid  discipline  and  rigorous  rules  un- 
der which  he  lived  was  that  he  early  learned  to 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


725 


bear  every  hardship.  He  entered  the  Prussian 
service,  and  in  1835  became  a  captain.  From 
that  year  until  1 839  he  served  the  Porte,  still  re- 
maining in  the  Prussian  army.  He  was  asked  to 
prepare  a  report  on  the  reorganization  of  the 
Turkish  army.  After  that  he  drew  up  plans  for 
the  fortification  of  the  Dardanelles  and  its  banks  ; 
he  then  directed,  together  with  Hafiz  Pacha,  the 
defenses  of  Varna.  He  had  also  to  prepare  a 
plan  for  the  defense  of  Constantinople.  In  1858 
he  was  made  chief  of  the  general  staff.  It  was 
in  the  campaign  against  Austria  that  he  became 
known  to  fame  as  a  great  general ;  and,  says  Mr. 
Semeran,  in  the  war  against  France  he  showed  he 
was  the  greatest  leader  of  his  time,  and  by  far  the 
greatest  strategist.  He  was  not  only  a  great 
leader,  writer,  and  orator ;  he  was  also  a  great 
man,  and  all  his  triumphs  never  made  him  proud. 


THE  REVIVAL  OF  ITALY. 

AFTER  the  dismai  recital  of  Italian  woes, 
culminating  in  Milan  riots  and  anarchist 
regicide,  it  is  most  comforting  to  turn  to  Mr. 
Bolton  King's  roseate  account,  in  the  Conitm- 
porary,  of  the  position  in  Italy.  He  announces 
< '  the  signs  of  a  great  political  and  social  and 
economic  revival." 

INDUSTRY    BOUNDING   AHEAD. 

First  he  puts  <<  the  almost  startling  industrial 
expansion  of  the  last  two  or  three  years."  Here 
are  a  few  of  the  facts : 

**  The  exports  for  the  present  year  promise  to 
be  one- third  greater  than  the  average  for  1891- 
97,  and  the  increase  is  almost  entirely  in  manu- 
factured produce.  Already  Italy  exports  nearly 
as  much  of  this  as  she  imports.  Her  textile  in- 
dustries are  advancing  by  leaps  and  bounds. 
Silk  is,  of  course,  the  most  important  of  them. 
Three  years  ago  the  silk  exports  were  worth  £13,- 
250,000  ;  last  year  they  were  £17,250,000,  and 
this  year  they  promise  to  be  over  £20,000,000. 

**The  cotton  industry,  which  for  export  pur- 
poses was  hardly  existent  ten  years  ago,  nearly 
doubled  its  exports  between  1897  and  1899,  and 
in  the  latter  year  they  were  worth  nearly  £2,- 
500,000 — no  great  amount,  it  is  true,  but  enough 
to  show  the  rapid  growth  of  a  young  industry. 
The  total  output  of  the  cotton -mills  was  estimated 
in  1897  at  £12,000,000 — or  six  times  what  it 
was  in  1876. 

«<The  production  of  steel,  quite  in  its  infancy 
twenty  years  ago,  is  now  an  important  one.  The 
number  of  workmen  in  iron  or  steel  foundries 
has  gone  up  from  under  6,000  in  1881  to  77,000 
in  1897,  and  in  the  latter  year  their  output  was 
worth  £2,250,000. 


**  Italian  industry  has  two  great  assets — its 
rivers  and  its  artisans.  The  rivers  supply  an  al- 
most unlimited  quantity  of  energy  for  generating 
electricity.  At  present  it  is  hardly  tapped  ;  the 
amount  of  constant  supply  of  energy  is  estimated 
at  40,000,000  horse-power." 

But  this  enormous  force  is  being  rapidly  util- 
ized in  North  Italy  in  factories,  in  lighting  to  an 
extent  unknown  in  England,  in  railways,  and  in 
agriculture.  As  a  workman,  ^*the  Italian  is 
proving  himself  to  possess  a  quickness  and  adapt- 
ability of  the  highest  quality.'* 

COOPERATION    RAPIDLY   ADVANCING. 

As  social  counterpart  to  this  industrial  expan- 
sion, Mr.  King  adduces  * » the  very  remarkable 
diffusion  of  cooperation.'' 

<*The  People's  Banks  in  1898  had  a  capital  of 
£4,000,000  and  deposits  of  £15,000,000,  and 
did  a  business  in  loans  and  discounts  of  £33,- 
000,000.  There  are  between  300  and  400  pro- 
ductive cooperative  societies,  some  of  them  doing 
a  business  of  over  £8,000,  and  possibly  more. 
There  are  over  400  societies  of  masons  and  labor- 
ers, with  an  estimated  membership  of  over  250,- 
000  (though  this  is,  perhaps,  much  exagger- 
ated). .  .  .  There  are  about  1,000  distributive 
cooperative  societies.  There  are  400  cooperative 
creameries,  which  are  revolutionizing  the  butter 
and  cheese  industry  in  parts  of  Piedmont  and 
Venetiaj  as  they  have  revolutionized  it  in  Den- 
mark and  Ireland.  Five  years  ago  the  savings- 
banks  had  £83,000)000  dcposiU.  and  probably 
they  have  now  £100,000,000.  The  fnendly  so- 
cieties number  1,000,000  members,  and  their 
funds — wofully  small  in  proportion — ^probably 
exceed  £2,000,000." 

**THE   COOPERATIVE    SAINT." 

Mr.  King  thinks  the  most  interesting  form  of 
cooperation  is  to  be  found  in  the  Bergamo  and 
Parma  systems — each  a  network  of  societies  for 
helping  on  the  peasant ;  societies  for  loan,  socie- 
ties for  advancing  and  recommending  the  best 
seed  and  manures,  for  securing  the  best  breeds 
of  cattle,  for  assisting  emigration,  for  finding 
employment,  for  disseminating  information,  for 
cattle  insurance,  etc.  In  Parma,  they  have  an 
industrial  counterpart  to  a  diocesan  bishop  : 

*  *  The  center  of  the  whole  work  is  the  travel- 
ing teacher  of  agriculture,  paid  partly  by  the 
savings-bank  of  Parma,  partly  by  the  provincial 
council,  but  left  a  very  free  hand,  and  therefore 
giving  more  useful  and  practical  instruction  than 
the  French  professors  of  agriculture,  or,  perhaps, 
than  some  of  our  own  county  council  lecturers. 
The  whole  expense  of  the  '  chair, '  including  the 
salary  of  the  teacher  and  his  assistant,  is  £400 


726 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REl/IElt^S. 


a  year.  For  this  he  gives  lectures,  visits  farms, 
answers  questions  by  correspondence,  organizes 
fruit  shows,  manages  18  experimental  and  demon- 
stration plots,  conducts  a  school  of  pruning  and 
grafting,  introduces  bulls  and  rams  of  improved 
stocks,  organizes  cooperative  creameries,  keeps 
guard  against  the  vine  disease,  supervises  the  vil- 
lage banks,  edits  a  monthly  agricultural  paper 
with  450  subscribers — and  all  for  £160  a  year. 
No  wonder  that  among  the  peasants  he  goes  by 
the  name  of  il  Santa  della  Cooperazione.^^ 

POLITICAL    AWAKENING. 

The  political  prospect  appears  to  Mr.  King 
not  less  promising.  He  observes  with  pleasure 
the  rapid  growth  of  the  Extreme  Left  and  its 
triumph  at  the  polls.  This,  he  says,  means  *  *  the 
doom  of  political  corruption,  the  impossibility  of 
reaction  ;  sooner  or  later  the  abandonment  of  the 
existing  military  system  and  its  crushing  taxa- 
tion, the  dawn  of  an  earnest  social  policy."  The 
popular  parties  have  <  *  attracted  most  of  what  is 
best  in  Italian  thought."  Not  much  is  known  of 
the  new  King  as  yet ;  but,  says  Mr.  King,  <  *  what 
is  known  is  mostly  to  his  good."  Republicanism 
has  gone,  and  Socialism  has  become  municipal. 


PEl^SIONS  FOR  ITAUAN  OPERATIVES. 

IN  our  July  number,  under  the  title  * 'Old- 
Age  Pension  Systems, "  we  reviewed  a  very 
instructive  article  by  Prof.  Luigi  Rava,  of  the 
University  of  Bologna,  published  a  short  time 
previously  in  Nuova  Antologia.  Professor  Rava's 
paper  was  a  summary  of  the  present  state  of 
legislation  in  Europe,  and  in  some  European 
colonies,  for  providing  working- people  with  an 
income  in  their  old  age.  Among  the  systems 
reviewed  was  the  Italian,  and  some  details  were 
given  as  to  the  organizatior  and  working  of  the 
institution  through  which  pensions  are  to  be  pro- 
vided for  Italian  operatives.  We  add  here  fur- 
ther particulars  supplied  by  an  article  in  La 
Rassegna  Nazionale  (Florence,  October  16),  hav- 
ing the  title  <*The  Provident  Bank  and  the 
Savings-Ban  ks." 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  Provident  National 
Bank,  although  largely  aided  by  the  Italian  Gov- 
ernment, **  is  not  an  institution  of  the  state.  It 
is  a  cooperative,  self-governing  savings-bank, 
founded  for  the  purpose  of  mutual  assurance. 
The  state  is  a  cooperator — a  disinterested  co- 
operator — in  the  bank,  and  completes  with  its 
aid  the  interest  and  sum  of  individual  savings. 
The  state  is  tlie  creator  of  the  institution,  and  is 
surety  for  its  right  conduct,  and  is  implicitly 
pledged  to  liquidate  the  pensions  after  twenty- 
five  years  of  participation,"  but  not  at  any  pre- 


determined rate  of  increase.  It  seems  rather 
hard  to  draw  the  line  between  a  bank  of  that 
sort  and  **  an  institution  of  the  state  ;  "  bat  the 
purpose  of  the  writer  in  emphasizing  the  separa- 
tion of  the  bank  and  the  state  probably  was  to 
dispel  any  fear  that  politics  might  get  into  the 
bank's  management  and  the  hands  of  state  offi- 
cials into  its  coffers. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  registry  for  subscrib- 
ers— mutual  and  reserved.  The  sum  to  the  credit 
of  a  subscriber  in  the  mutual  register  is  trans- 
ferred, on  his  death,  to  the  fund  available  for 
pensions  to  the  mutual  subscribers.  In  this  form 
of  registry  the  survivors  profit  by  the  install- 
ments paid  by  associates  who  do  not  live  to  draw 
their  quotas  of  pension.  In  the  reserved  register, 
tlie  aggregate  of  installments  (without  any  quota 
of  pension  or  interest)  may  be  drawn  out  by  the 
family  of  the  deceased.  The  pensions  available 
in  this  register  are  less,  of  course,  than  those  iu 
the  mutual  register.  Professor  Rava  thought 
that,  in  the  actual  working  of  the  plan  formu- 
lated by  law,  the  aid  supplied  by  the  state,  as 
compared  with  the  payments  by  the  beneficiaries, 
would  be  in  the  proportion  of  8  to  6  or  7.  That 
is,  somewhat  more  than  half  of  a  subscriber's 
pension  would  be  paid  by  the  government. 

CALCULATED    RESULTS. 

Comparing  Signer  Manassei*s  tables  in  La  Bos- 
segna  Naziovale  with  the  calculations  of  Professor 
Rava,  we  notice  that  the  estimated  pension  is 
somewhat  smaller  in  the  former  than  in  the  lat- 
ter for  the  same  age  and  payments,  although  the 
assumed  rate  of  interest  (3f  per  cent.)  is  the  same 
in  both.  Professor  Rava,  for  example,  calcu 
lated  that  a  subscriber  in  the  mutual  register 
who,  beginning  at  the  age  of  25,  paid  half  a 
lira  (franc)  a  month  would,  at  60  years  of  age, 
be  entitled  to  a  pension  of  62  lire  per  year,  as 
the  return  on  his  deposits,  and  also  73  lire  per 
year,  as  the  government's  contribution.  The  es- 
timated total  pension  would  be  135  lire.  Signer 
Manassei's  tables  give,  for  the  same  time  and 
sums,  117  lire.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  pensions 
do  not  increase  in  proportion  to  the  payments. 
The  estimated  pension,  in  Signer  Manassei's  u- 
ble  (mutual  register),  for  12  lire  per  year  is  179 
lire;  while  the  double  of  the  117,  previously 
quoted  for  6  lire,  would  be  234 — a  difference  of 
65  lire.  Again,  the  estimated  pension  for  18 
lire  per  year,  beginning  at  the  same  age  as  be- 
fore, is  241  lire  ;  but  the  treble  of  the  pension 
for  6  lire  is  351  lire — a  difference  of  110.  Prob- 
ably the  differences  are  to  be  explained  by  a  rela- 
tive decrease  in  the  government's  contHbutions. 
Apparently  the  government  gives  most  freely  to 
those  who  need  most,  as  shown  by  their  saving  least 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


lin 


OOOPBBATION  OF  COUNTRY  BANKS. 

In  oar  previous  notice  of  this  institution,  we 
«aid  that  '*its  pensions  are  not  to  be  measured 
by  the  needs  of  American  living  and  American 
expenses.'*  In  no  other  country  of  Europe  can 
available  government  aid  go  farther  towards  sat- 
isfying necessary  wants  than  in  Italy.  But  par- 
ticipation in  such  aid  is  not  compulsory  in  the 
Italian  pension  system,  as  it  is  in  the  German 
system  ;  and  it  is  yet  uncertain  that  the  working- 
people  of  Italy  will  spare  enough  of  their  small 
•earnings  to  insure  the  success  of  the  intended 
»)eneficence.  When  one  earns  but  little,  it  is 
hard  to  lay  aside  even  a  little  of  that  little  for 
future  needs.  But  those  who  approve  the  Ital- 
ian Provident  Bank  seem  to  find  encouragement 
in  the  outlook.  The  mutual- aid  societies  have 
turned  over  their  funds  to  the  national  institu- 
tion ;  and  the  provincial  savings-banks,  instead 
of  regarding  it  as  a  rival  to  be  circumvented,  are 
coming  to  its  help.  The  plan  of  these  savings- 
banks  seems  to  be  to  act  as  feeders  to  the  national 
bank  by  transferring  to  it,  with  the  consent  of 
the  def/ositors,  a  part  of  their  deposits.  The 
provincial  savings-banks,  no  doubt,  can  do  much 
towards  making  the  scheme  practical  by  offering 
I  heir  counters  for  the  receipt  of  such  deposits. 
The  national  bank  could  hardly  afford  to  estab- 
lish separate  agencies  throughout  the  provinces, 
and  the  absence  of  sufiQcient  agencies  would  leave 
the  .  bank  without  necessary  tributaries.  The 
Provident  National  Bank  is,  as  yet,  an  experi- 
ment. If  it  proves  to  be  a  successful  experi- 
ment, the  results  will  be  far-reaching. 


THE  REMAKING  OP  IRELAND. 

THE  economic  regeneration  of  Ireland,  which 
is  being  initiated  on  cooperative  lines  by 
Mr.  Plunkett  and  the  Irish  Agricultural  Organi- 
zation Society,  is  the  subject  of  a  pleasing  sketch 
in  Blackwood  by  Mr.  Stephen  Gwynn  He  tells 
what  he  saw  during  **  a  month  in  Ireland,**  nota- 
bly in  Donegal  and  Mayo.  He  describes  the  co- 
operative creamery  at  Killygordon. 

MILK- AND -WATEB    BEPBISALS. 

Incidentally  he  mentions  a  difficulty  character, 
istically  Irish,  which  comes  out  in  the  following 
letter  from  a  local  creamery  : 

Sib, — There  was  a  man  sending  in  milk,  and  we  sus- 
pected him  of  watering.  We  had  the  analysis  taken, 
and  it  showed  25  per  cent,  of  water.  We  told  him  he 
should  be  ashamed  of  himself,  and  he  came  to  the  com- 
mittee, and  he  knocked  down  two  members  of  the  com- 
mittee and  blacked  their  eyes.    Sir,  what  are  we  to  do  ? 

Happily,  this  is  an  exceptional  case.  Mr. 
Gwynn  tells  how  the  society  has  taught  the  peo- 


ple to  spray  their  potatoes  on  the  first  sign  of 
disease  ;  and,  but  for  the  spraying,  there  would 
not  have  been  a  stalk  left  in  the  potato-fields. 

THE    BUBAL   BANK. 

The  rural  banks,  as  he  fitods  them,  have  been 
remarkably  successful.     Here  is  a  typical  case  : 

<  <  A  man  owning  a  couple  of  fields  had  sold  a 
cow  to  pay  his  rent,  and  had  no  money  with 
which  to  restock  ;  but  for  the  bank,  the  grass 
was  going  to  waste.  He  borrowed  £10,  paid  18«. 
for  a  pair  of  *  suckers,'  and  £8  135.  for  a  pair  of 
young  beasts.  The  pigs  he  sold  in  four  months 
for  £4  10^.  The  heifers  he  sold  in  ten  months 
for  £20.  He  then  repaid  his  loan — which,  with 
interest  at  6  per  cent.,  made  10  guineas,  and  was 
left  with  £14  to  the  good." 

Mr.  Gwynn  holds  that  these  successes  disprove 
the  familiar  charge  that  *Hhe  Irish  have  no  capa- 
city for  business.'* 

THE   INITIATIVE   OF   THE   PBIE8T8. 

It  is  interesting  to  know  the  part  which  Ro* 
man  Catholic  priests  have  played  in  this  promis- 
ing new  departure.  Mr.  Gwynn  says  of  the  in- 
itiative  in  Mayo  : 

'*Here.  as  everywhere  else,  the  priest  had 
addressed  his  people  from  the  altar,  and  told 
them  there  was  a  gentleman  that  had  things  to 
say  to  them  that  they  would  do  well  to  listen  to, 
and  the  first  work  of  the  propaganda  had  been 
done  outside  the  chapel — by  a  Catholic  among 
Catholics  for  Ireland,  with  no  taint  or  suspicion 
of  any  party  purpose." 

The  society  has,  Mr.  Gwynn  claims,  done  for 
Irish  agriculture  what  has  been  done  in  France, 
Denmark,  Canada,  and  other  countries  by  the 
state^ — at  a  cost  to  subscribers  in  nine  years  of 
$75,000. 

IBISH    ABTISTIC    SENSE. 

There  is  reserved  to  the  close  of  Mr.  Gwynn's 
most  cheering  paper  an  account  of  the  woolen 
industry  in  Donegal.      He  says  : 

*  *  A  member  of  the  Congested  Districts  Board 
fell  in  with  Mr.  Morton,  of  the  famous  Darvel 
carpet  making  firm,  and  heard  of  his  factories  at 
work  in  the  remote  parts  of  the  Highlands. 
*  Why  should  not  the  same  be  done  in  the  west 
of  Ireland?'  he  asked;  and  Mr.  Morton  was 
willing  to  make  the  experiment,  if  a  place  could 
be  found  with  railway  and  sea  communication. 
Killybegs  was  pitched  upr)n,  and  the  work  was 
started  in  a  provisional  way — the  board  guaran- 
teeing a  considerable  sum  if.  at  the  expiration  of 
two  years,  it  seemed  unprofitable  to  go  on  with 
it.  But  there  was  no  want  of  workers  with 
fingers  that   naturally   took   to   the   swift,   deft 


728 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


work,  and  the  expiration  of  the  two  years  found 
the  firm  completing  a  fine  factory.  It  was  only 
newly  opened  when  I  passed  through,  and  I  was 
lucky  enough  to  meet  Mr.  Morton  himself — an 
employer  of  artistic  labor  with  all  the  instincts 
of  an  'artist.  What  struck  him  most  was,  it 
seemed  to  me,  the  inborn  arti&tic  sense  of  the 
Irish  peasants,  their  manifest  pleasure  in  watch- 
ing the  pattern  grow  on  the  loom  ;  and,  next  to 
that,  the  fact  that  the  hills  about  the  district 
were  exactly  fit  to  feed  the  right  class  of  sheep 
and  produce  the  right  wool." 

THE    BEAUTIES    OF   A    FACTORY. 

A  week  later,  he  saw  the  factory  in  operation  : 
**A  prettier  sight  it  would  be  hard  to  find. 
There  was  a  great  room,  perhaps  200  feet  by 
150,  lit  like  a  studio,  clear,  clean,  with  pine- 
boarded  walls.  At  tlie  farther  end  were  the 
looms,  nine  of  them — with  seven  or  eight  girls 
sitting  in  a  row  before  each  ;  and  beyond  the 
looms  were  piled  the  great  masses  of  rich-colored 
wool — reds,  greens,  blues,  and  browns  ;  and  on 
every  loom  rose  the  rich  glow  of  the  costly 
carpet.  .  .  .  But  the  beauty  of  the  place  lay 
in  the  human  factor — the  rows  of  young  girls 
set  there,  bareheaded,  against  this  gorgeous 
backing." 

THE  LIMITS  OF  MUNICIPAL  TRADINO  IN 
ENGLAND. 

THE  birth  of  28  London  boroughs  in  a  single 
day — November  1 — ought  to  give  a  power- 
ful impetus  to  every  form  of  municipal  interest, 
and  to  make  the  question  of  municipal  trading, 
which  has  occupied  a  select  committee  of  both 
houses  of  Parliament,  and  which  the  current  num- 
ber of  the  Edinburgh  Review  discusses  at  length, 
onex)f  special  public  concern.  The  reviewer  tries 
to  find  if  a  line  can  be  drawn  between  those  mat- 
ters which  can  best  be  intrusted  to  municipalities 
and  those  which  may  safely  be  left  to  private  en- 
terprise. He  considers  that  water  and  light  are 
essentials  which  may  be  therefore  municipalized, 
but  that  locomotion  is  not  an  essential.  He 
touches  on  the  question  whether  municipalized 
concerns  should  be  run  for  cheapness  or  for 
profits  applicable  to  the  reduction  of  the  rates. 
He  quotes  the  view  of  the  lord-provost  of  Glas- 
gow that  the  second  alternative  is  dangerous  ;  the 
corporation  of  Glasgow  applying  the  profits  of 
each  undertaking  to  that  undertaking.  The 
writer  gravely  doubts  whether  municipal  dwell- 
ings do  not  work  more  harm  than  good.  He  ac- 
cepts the  definition  of  the  lord-provost  of  Glas- 
gow, that  the  functions  of  the  municipality  are 
rather  functions  of  service  than  functions  of  trade. 


A   PENNY   TELEPHONE. 

In  respect  of  the  telephone,  the  writer  seems 
inclined  to  nationalize  and  municipalize  the  system 
at  the  same  time.     He  says  : 

**  After  repeated  application,  Glasgow  has  ob- 
tained a  license  from  the  postmaster- general,  and 
is  in  a  position  to  work  an  exchange  over  an  area 
equal  to  that  worked  in  Glasgow  by  the  National 
Company.  Only  from  the  spread  of  this  system 
and  the  subsequent  introduction  of  the  principle 
of  competition  can  we  look  for  such  a  perfection 
of  telephonic  facilities  as  will  enable  all  classes  of 
the  public  to  communicate  with  each  other  as 
freely  and  as  cheaply  as  they  do  by  post.  Already 
in  Glasgow  it  is  proposed  to  establish  numerous 
call- offices,  where  for  a  penny  any  one  will  be  able 
to  communicate  with  the  entire  area.  The  ex 
tension  of  such  a  system  to  the  United  Kingdom 
is  a  task  immeasurably  less  difficult  than  tbe 
establishment  of  the  penny  post,  and  if  properly 
worked  there  is  every  prospect  that  it  would  be  a 
source  of  actual  profit  to  those  who  undertake  it 
But  the  position  requires  to  be  boldly  handled ; 
the  interests  of  a  body  of  monc^wjlists  cannot  be 
allowed  to  override  the  advantage  and  convenience 
of  the  public  at  large  ;  and  the  efforts  of  the  cen- 
tral government  should  be  supplemented  by  the 
energy  and  enterprise  of  local  associations.'* 

MUNICIPALIZATION    STBIOINQ   ON. 

But  the  writer  calls  attention  to  **  a  far-reach- 
ing attempt  by  municipalities  to  invade  tlie  prov- 
ince of  individual  enterprise,"  and  quot^  the  fol- 
lowing instances  : 

<  *  By  an  act  of  last  year,  power  was  given  to  a 
Midland  corporation  to  provide  Turkish  baths. 
In  a  bill  of  the  recent  session  power  was  sought, 
among  other  things,  to  provide  apparatus  for 
games  and  athletics,  to  be  used  presumably,  but 
not  necessarily,  on  recreation -grounds  established 
by  the  authority.  In  another,  power  was  sougU 
to  provide  refrigerators  and  cold -ice  stores  for 
the  preservation  of  marketable  articles,  and  to 
sell  ice.  In  another,  it  was  proposed  to  provide 
bathing- tents.  In  another,  tailoring  was  con- 
templated ;  saddlery  in  another.  In  several 
power  was  asked  for  to  construct  and  manage  re- 
freshment-rooms in  parks.  By  many  corpora- 
tions the  power  of  manufacturing  as  well  as  sup- 
plying electrical  fittings  was  demanded,  and  in 
three  cases  efforts  were  made  to  acquire  the  privi- 
lege of  providing  entertainments  and  chi^guig 
for  admission." 

The  House  of  Lords,  on  Lord  Morley's  advice^ 
has  refused  assent  to  bills  authorizing  the  mana- 
facture  as  well  as  the  supply  of  electric  and  water 
fittings. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


729 


tAe  lobd- provost  of  qlasgow's  rule. 

Among  the  dangers  attending  so  wide  an  ex- 
tension of  municipal  enterprise,  the  writer  points 
out  the  diflSculty  of  finding  unpaid  municipal 
councilors  with  time  and  ability  equal  to  the  new 
demands,  and  the  peril  of  stunting  individual 
enterprise.  This  is  the  position  to  which  the 
writer  leans  : 

**We  believe,  then,  that  it  behooves  Parlia- 
ment to  impose  some  carefully  framed  limit  on 
the  trading  efforts  of  municipalities  within  the 
areas  administered  by  them.  It  may  be  that 
Lord  Crewe's  committee  may  find  some  sounder 
basis  for  fixing  that  limit  than  was  suggested  to 
them  by  the  lord -provost  of  Glasgow.  But  there 
is  much  wisdom  in  the  definition  he  laid  down, 
and  he  supported  it  with  good  sense  fortified  by 
long  experience.  He  said  that  the  municipalities 
might  safely  be  intrusted  with,  but  confined  to, 
the  supply  of  things  which  were  in  their  nature 
suitable  to  a  monopoly — which  were  articles  of 
necessity,  and  which,  required  control  of  the 
streets  or  portions  of  the  public  property  of  the 
municipality. '' 

OOINO    BEYOND   BOUNDS. 

Where  the  municipality  extends  its  enterprise 
outside  its  own  boundaries, — as  where  it  supplies 
water  or  light  or  locomotion  to  its  neighbors, — a 
new  difficulty  arises.  May  it  make  a  profit  out 
of  its  neighbors'  necessities?  In  the  case  of 
ti*amways,  the  question  is  becoming  grave  : 

**  Glasgow  is  already  working  13  miles  outside 
the  city  boundary,  and  expects  soon  to  be  work- 
ing 34.  Huddersfield  obtained  powers  this  year 
to  establish  spurs  oi  its  own  system,  extending 
in  many  directions  into  many  areas.  And  unless 
some  proper  check  can  be  established,  we  may 
expect  ere  long  to  see  a  large  number  of  town 
councils  in  the  position  of  a  board  of  directors 
owning  and  controlling  a  network  of  tramways 
over  a  wide  district,  and  comparable  in  difficulty 
and  importance  with  many  minor  systems  of  rail- 
ways. .  .  .  Some  check — such  as  insistence  on 
joint  management  and  a  sharing  of  responsibil- 
ity by  all  the  authorities  affected — will  have  to 
be  devised,  and  the  higher  the  authority  devis- 
ing it  the  better." 

SIR    HENRY    fowler's    DICTUM. 

The  reviewer  cites  another  outline  of  suggested 
limitation  : 

•*Sir  Henry  Fowler,  a  friend  of  municipal 
administration  if  ever  there  was  one  .  .  .  would 
limit  it  to  such  undertakings  as  are  clearly  for 
the  common  good  and  the  general  use  of  the 
whole  community,  and  wliich  it  is  for  the  public 
advantage  to  place  under  public  control." 


But  he  would  not  allow  the  general  user  to  de- 
cide what  came  under  this  definition.  The  re- 
viewer raises  the  question  whether  municipal 
employees  should  be  allowed  to  retain  their  mu- 
nicipal franchise.  He  presses  for  the  imposition 
by  Parliament  of  **wi8e  and  temperate  condi- 
tions "  for  the  regulation  of  the  whole  matter. 


WHAT  COMPETITION  COSTS  US. 

ONE  of  the  prize  essays  of  the  Cosmopolitan 
series  appears  in  the  November  number 
of  that  magazine,  under  the  title,  **  What  Com- 
munities Lose  by  the  Competitive  System."  Mr. 
Jack  London,  the  author,  assumes  that  man  be- 
came the  foremost  animal  because  of  his  gregari- 
ous instinct  and  his  consciousness  of  it ;  and  he 
argues  that  the  various  forms  of  combination  oi 
cooperation,  which  are  the  evolution  of  this  gre- 
garious instinct,  must  go  on.  Mr.  London  cites 
a  hundred  instances  of  the  gigantic  losses  to  the 
human  community  through  the  competitive  sys- 
tem. Ten  thousand  acres  of  land  under  one  ex- 
ecutive utilizing  the  most  improved  methods  of 
plowing,  sowing,  and  harvesting  will  produce,  he 
says,  far  greater  returns  at  less  expense  than  canr 
an  equal  number  of  acres  divided  into  a  hundred 
plots,  and  worked  individually  by  a  hundred  men. 
The  latter  prevailing  system  causes  the  whole 
community  to  suffer  a  distinct  pecuniary  loss. 

For  instance,  Mr.  London  computes  the  cost 
of  fences  in  the  State  of  Indiana  at  $200, 000, 000. 
<  <  If  placed  in  single  file  at  the  equator,  they 
would  encircle  the  globe  fourteen  times. "  Under 
an  ideal  system  of  cooperative  farming  these 
fences  would  be  done  away  with,  and  the  com- 
munity would  gain  the  amount  of  their  cost  and 
the  land  which  they  render  untillable. 

IS    THE    **  drummer"    NEEDED? 

Mr.  London  considers  the  success  of  the  great 
department  stores  a  striking  proof  of  his  theory. 
He  carries  his  enmity  to  competition  to  the  logi- 
cal end,  and  deplores  the  loss  of  human  effort  by 
the  work — unnecessary,  as  he  thinks — of  **  drum- 
mers" and  the  expense  of  advertising.  He  esti- 
mates that  there  are  50,000  drummere,  and  places. 
a  conservative  figure  of  $5  per  day  per  man  to 
cover  their  expenses  and  earnings.  Since  the 
producer  must  sell  his  wares  at  a  profit  or  else  go- 
out  of  business,  the  consumer  must  pay  the  actual 
cost  of  the  article — whether  it  be  the  legitimate 
cost  or  not — plus  the  per  cent,  increment  neces- 
sary for  the  continued  existence  of  the  producer's, 
capital.  Therefore,  the  community,  being  the 
consumer,  must  support  these  50,000  t5-a-day 
drummers  ;  this  aggregated  forms  a  daily  loss  to- 
the  community  of  $250,000,  or  an  annual  loss  ol 


780 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


upwards  of  $100,000,000.  Mr.  London  holds 
that  these  drummers  are  not  in  any  sense  legiti- 
mate creators  of  wealth,  and  that  the  cost  they 
add  to  the  articles  they  sell  is  an  unnecessary  one. 
He  goes  on  to  point  out  analogous  losses  in  house- 
hold economics  in  the  larger  affairs  of  trade  and 
commerce,  causing  the  trade  and  commercial 
crises,  and  even  in  the  esthetic  side  of  human 
life.  At  present,  he  says,  the  artist  exerts  him- 
self before  a  pitiably  small  audience.  The  gen- 
•eral  public  has  not  time,  in  the  fierce  rush  of  com- 
petition, to  pay  attention  to  esthetic  matters  ; 
.and,  so  long  as  society  flourishes  by  the  antago- 
nism of  its  communities,  Mr.  London  thinks  that 
Art  in  its  full,  broad  scope  will  have  neither  place 
nor  significance.  *  *  The  artist  will  not  receive 
justice  for  his  travail,  nor  the  people  compensa- 
tion for  their  labor  in  the  common  drudgery  of 
life. 

**  Variety  is  the  essence  of  progress  ;  its  mani- 
festation is  the  manifestation  of  individuality. 
Man  advanced  to  his  dominant  position  among 
the  vertebrates  because  his  *  apelike  and  probably 
arboreal  ancestors  *  possessed  variety  to  an  unusual 
degree.  And  in  turn,  the  races  of  man  possess- 
ing the  greatest  variability  advanced  to  the  center 
of  the  world-stage,  while  those  possessing  the 
least  retreated  to  the  background  or  to  oblivion." 


THE  UPSHOT  OF  THE  PARIS  EXPOSITION. 

PROFESSOR  PATRICK  GEDDES,  in  the 
Contemporary  Review^  attempts  a  tremen- 
dous feat.  The  Paris  Exposition  is  the  epitome 
of  the  modem  world  ;  Mr.  Geddes  sets  himself 
to  epitomize  this  epitome  in  fifteen  pages.  We 
dare  not  venture  on  a  third  epitome — to  extract, 
as  it  were,  the  cube  root  of  this  latest  world - 
show. 

THE    GERM    OP    AN    INTERNATIONAL    UNIVERSITY. 

We  may,  however,  select  two  instances,  with 
which  he  concludes,  of  its  contribution  to  general 
progress.     He  says  : 

**A  year  ago,  at  the  Dover  and  Boulogne 
meetings  of  the  British  and  French  associations, 
the  long  talked  of  International  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science  .  .  .  began  to  take 
form  in  large  general  committees,  which  soon 
became  definitely  constituted  in  London  and 
Paris,  and  thence  extended  to  America,  Belgium, 
Switzerland,  and  later  to  Russia  and  Germany — 
in  all  countries  with  encouragingly  large  uni- 
versity and  public  support.  Hospitably  received 
by  the  exposition  authorities,  and  headed  by  the 
leaders  of  French  education,  this  first  assembly 
of  the  association  has  continued  throughout  the 
summer,    in   its   four    languages,    the   work   of 


interpretation  and  guidance  to  the  exposition  in 
many  of  its  departments.  Even  in  these  days  of 
university  extension  it  was  something  that  the 
venerable  rector  of  the  Sorbonne  should  take  his 
turn  among  younger  teachers.  Here,  Uien,  has 
been  in  actual  operation  in  the  exposition,  throagh- 
out  the  greater  part  of  its  duration,  a  living 
germ,  at  least,  of  an  international  university — 
university  in  the  antique  sense,  open  to  all  who 
gladly  learn  and  teach.  Besides  this  iuterpreta- 
tive  function,  beginnings  have  been  made  towards 
the  record  and  the  diffusion  of  some  of  the  best 
features  of  the  exposition,  and  the  bringing  of  its 
manifold  results,  and  its  perhaps  even  richer 
suggestiveness,  to  bear  upon  the  many  points 
where  these  may  be  of  use,  here  in  edacation, 
there  in  science  or  art.  As  the  links  which  are 
thus  becoming  established  among  the  members 
of  so  many  congresses  and  professions,  of  so 
many  universities  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  of  so 
many  regional  scientific  societies,  develop  into  a 
network,  new  possibilities  .become  apparent;  and 
these,  like  the  exposition  itself,  both  as  regards 
special  ad  vance  and  general  cultu  re.  A  t  the  com  - 
ing  international  exposition  of  Glasgow,  which 
will  open  with  next  summer,  the  interpretative 
and  critical  functions  will  be  easier,  and  the  con- 
structive ones  more  possible  ; — as  regards  future 
exhibitions,  of  course,  increasingly  so." 

A  MILLIONFOLD  WITNESS  TO  INTERNATIONAL  AMITY. 

Most  important  of  all, — * '  the  essential  matter, " 
in  short, — Mr.  Geddes  takes  to  be  *'the  i^eneral 
tone  and  temper  of  the  exposition."     He  says  : 

*  *  That  this,  by  far  the  vastest  and  the  most 
representative  gathering  of  men  and  of  things, 
of  all  kindreds,  kingdoms,  nations,  and  lan- 
guages, in  the  entire  course  of  history,  should 
have  come  and  gone  almost  without  accident, 
without  disorder,  without  any  evil  fairy  at  the 
feast,  is  much ;  that  it  should  have  brought 
together  some  representation  of  well-nigh  idl  the 
forces  of  material,  intellectual,  and  even  moral 
progress,  is  more  ;  that  it  should  have  so  multi- 
plied personal  relations,  so  strengthened  general 
good-feeling  and  international  amity,  is  most  of 
all.  That  France  and  Germany,  for  central  in- 
stance, should  have  had  more  amicable  relations 
of  every  kind  during  the  past  six  months  than  in 
the  whole  previous  generation,  is  itself  no  small 
result — itself,  in  the  opinion  of  many  best  quah- 
fied  to  judge  on  both  sides  of  the  Vosges  and 
Rhine,  worth  all  the  trouble  and  cost  of  making 
the  exposition.  ...  It  is  much  that  there  should 
be  henceforth  in  our  generation  these  millionfold 
witnesses  to  the  essential  and  organic  unitr, 
the  true  internationalism,  of  civilization  and 
progress." 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


781 


THE  BUILDING  OF  OUR  NATIONAL  CAPITAL. 

IN  the  December  World's  Work  is  described 
**The  Building  of  a  Great  Capital,"  in 
honor  of  the  celebration,  in  December,  of  the 
Centennial  of  Washington  City. 

THE   SITE   8ELBCTE0    BT   WASHINGTON. 

**The  site  of  the  present  city,  covering  the 
lower  portion  of  the  district,  was  selected  by 
Washington  in  January,  1791  ;  but  it  had  been 
^raired  by  him  many  years  before.  When 
A  boy,  he  saw  it  while  riding  the  country  on 
horseback,  and  he  spoke  of  it  when  as  a  young 
man  he  camped  with  Braddock  on  the  hill 
"where  the  Naval  Observatory  now  stands. 

**  Washington,  always  more  of  a  merchant 
■and  engineer  than  artist,  had  thoughts  of  a 
^reat  commercial  city  there,  with  the  navigable 
Potomac  reaching  to  the  sea  to  help  it  in  the 
race  for  supremacy  ;  and  it  was  with  more  than 
his  usual  zeal  and  hopefulness  that,  in  the  early 
spring  of  1791,  Washington  set  about  planning 
the  future  seat  of  government.  The  private 
owners  of  the  land  proved  a  source  of  vexation 
and  of  some  delay.  Many  of  these  were  the  de- 
scendants of  a  little  band  of  Scotch  and  Irish 
who  had  setolo'^  on  the  land  a  hundred  years 
before,  and  had  iniierited  from  their  fathers 
ability  to  drive  a  hard  bargain. 

OLD   DAVID   BURNS   AND    HIS   FABM. 

"Aged  David  Burns,  a  justice  of  the  peace 
and  a  tobacco  planter  in  a  small  way,  proved  the 
most  stubborn  and  greedy  of  all.  Even  Washing- 
ton was  at  first  unable  to  do  anything  with  '  *  ob- 
stinate Mr.  Burns,''  who  did  not  want  a  capital  at 
his  front  door,  and  did  not  care  whether  or  not 
the  seat  of  government  came  to  the  banks  of  the 
Potomac.  Washington  argued  with  him  for 
several  days,  explaining  to  him  the  advantages  he 
was  resisting ;  to  all  which,  so  the  tradition  runs. 
Bums  made  reply : 

*  *  *  I  suppose  you  think  people  here  are  going 
to  take  every  grist  that  comes  from  you  as  pure 
grrain  ;  but  what  would  you  have  been  if  you  had 
not  married  the  widow  Custis  ?  * 

''  Bums  at  last  capitulated,  and  transferred  his 
GOO  acres,  which  he  did  not  wish  to  see  spoiled 
for  a  good  farm  to  make  a  poor  capital,  on  the 
same  terms  that  had  been  made  with  the  other 
owners  of  the  site — the  government  to  have  one 
lot  and  the  original  owner  one  lot  alternately,  the 
latter  being  also  paid  $125  per  acre  for  such  part 
of  his  land  as  might  be  taken  for  public  use. 
Burns  stipulated  that  the  modest  house  in  which 
he  lived  should  not  be  interfered  with  in  the  lay- 
ing out  of  the  city  ;  and  since  this  condition  was 
agreed  to  by  Washington,  Burns*  cottage  stood 


until  a  few  years  ago,  one  of  the  historical  curi- 
osities of  the  capital." 

THE   DESIONEB    OF   THE   CITY. 

Washington  chose  Maj.  Pierre  Charles  L' En- 
fant to  lay  out  the  plan.  This  skillful  French 
military  engineer,  who  had  come  to  America  in 
1777,  had  the  foresight  to  design  a  city  on  lines 
which  would  not  be  inadequate  for  the  capital  of 
an  immense  nation.  The  rather  provincial  taste 
of  the  American  public  men  forced  L* Enfant  to 
lay  the  city  out  in  squares,  even  Jefferson  insist- 
ing on  this  unpleasantly  rectangular  scheme.  But 
the  engineer  put  in  so  many  avenues  running  at 
acute  angles  that  the  monotonous  effect  was 
happily  destroyed,  and  **the  opportunity  pre- 
sented of  making  the  capital  the  magnificent  city 
it  has  since  become." 

THE   DESIGNS   FOB    THE   CAPFTOL. 

*«For  the  Capitol,  sixteen  designs  were  sub- 
mitted by  as  many  architects  ;  but  all,  after  care- 
ful examination,  were  counted  unworthy  of  seri- 
ous consideration.  Soon,  however,  Stephen  L. 
Hallett,  a  French  architect  residing  in  New  York, 
sent  to  the  commissioners  a  sketch  of  a  design 
which  met  with  favor,  and  he  was  invited  to  per- 
fect it.  Hallett  had  not  completed  his  labors  when 
Dr.  William  Thornton,  an  Englishman  who  had 
lately  taken  up  his  residence  in  America,  sub- 
mitted a  design  to  Washington  and  Jefferson 
which  so  pleased  them  that  the  President  re- 
quested its  adoption  ;  suggesting  that,  as  Thorn- 
ton had  no  practical  knowledge  of  architecture, 
the  execution  of  his  design  be  intrusted  to  Hallett. 

*'  Thornton's  design  thereupon  was  accepted  by 
the  commissioners,  and  Hallett  was  appointed 
supervising  architect,  with  a  salary  of  $400  per 
year.  The  corner-stone  of  what  was  to  be  the 
north  wing  of  the  Capitol  was  laid  on  September 
18,  1792,  wlien  Washington  delivered  an  oration 
and  the  Grand  Master  of  the  Maryland  Free 
Masons  an  appropriate  address.  *  After  the  cere- 
mony,' to  quote  a  contemporary  account  of  the 
affair,  <  the  assemblage  retired  to  an  extensive 
booth,  where  they  enjoyed  a  barbecue  feast.* 

THE    NATIONAL   CAPITAL    IN    1799. 

**When  Washington  last  beheld  the  city 
which  bears  his  name,  shortly  before  his  death, 
in  1799,  it  was  a  straggling  settlement  in  the 
woods,  almost  wholly  devoid  of  streets,  with 
thirty  or  forty  residences, — most  of  these  small 
and  uncomfortable, — and  an  unfinished  capitol 
and  President's  house.  Indeed,  Washington 
long  remained  a  sparsely  built,  unsightly  city 
and  a  comfortless  place  of  residence.  For  more 
than  a  generation  its  growth  in  population  was 


732 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEiV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


less  than  six  hundred  a  year — a  rate  of  increase 
that  would  now  put  to  shame  almost  any  village 
in  the  land  ;  and  so  late  as  1840  De  Bacourt,  the 
French  minister,  could  write  that  Washington 
was  *  neither  a  city,  nor  a  village,  nor  the  coun- 
try,* but  *a  building-yard  placed  in  a  desolate 
spot,  wherein  living  is  unbearable.  * 

'*A11  this  was  changed  by  the  struggle  for 
the  Union,  which  doubled  the  population  of 
Washington  and  brought  in  freedom  and  North- 
ern enterprise  ;  but,  more  important  still,  by  a 
thousand  moving  and  glorious  associations,  en- 
deared the  capital  to  the  people  of  the  whole 
country.  Then  came  its  remaking  by  Shepherd 
and  his  associates.  Now  it  is  a  truly  imperial 
city,  and  the  judgment  of  Washington  and  the 
genius  of  L'Enfant  have  been  vindicated." 


THE  SOURCES  OF  THE  JORDAN  RIVER. 

IN  the  Biblical  World  for  November,  the  Rev. 
Dr.  J.  L.  Leeper  thus  describes  the  region 
in  which  the  Jordan  River  takes  its  rise  : 

*  *  Our  winding  path  led  through  a  forest  of 
oaks,  over  mossy,  parklike  verdure,  and  present- 
ly by  rippling  waters  and  over  humming  runlets 
underground.  Soon  rills  became  rivulets,  and 
rivulets  rushing  torrents,  spanned  by  bridges, 
broken  by  cascades,  overhung  by  blooming  olean- 
ders and  tall  poplars,  skirted  by  ruins,  ancient 
and  modern — the  huts  of 
the  present  and  the  palaces 
and  castles  of  former  gen- 
erations suggesting  a  *  Sy- 
rian Tivoli.'  This  was 
Banias,  the  easternmost 
source  of  the  Jordan  Riv- 
er. It  is  just  beyond  the 
limits  of  Holy  Ground,  be- 
ing about  an  hour  from 
Tell-el-Kadi.  For  beauty 
of  situation  it  is  not  eq  ualed 
in  Palestine,  and  for  a 
tangled  web  of  associations 
it  is  scarcely  equaled  in 
history,  having  been  in 
turn  sacred  alike  to  Baal- 
ite,  Jew,  Greek,  Roman, 
and  Moslem." 

THE    BOCKS    AT    BANIAS. 

*<The  head  of  all  is  a 
limestone  cliff,  80  feet  in 
height,  discolored  by  the 
iron  water  which  seeps 
through  it.  In  the  face  of 
the  cliff  is  a  deep  cavern, 
to  the  right  of  which  are 


carved  niches,  the  remnants  of  a  rock-cut  temple, 
which,  though  now  empty,  speak  of  images  and 
idol  worship.  Over  one  is  the  inscription,  *  Paxi 
TE  KAi  NuMPHAS,"  dedicating  the  sanctu&ry  to 
Pan  and  the  nymphs.  One  recess  is  adorned 
with  an  arched  and  fluted  roof,  while  several 
tablets  with  mutilated  inscriptions  appear  in  an- 
other. To  the  left  (the  right  in  the  illustration) 
of  the  cavern  and  on  the  summit  of  the  cliff  is  a 
Mohammedan  shrine  to  the  mysterious  saint 
Sheikh  Khudr,  or  St.  George,  which  stands,  it 
is  claimed,  over  the  substructure  of  the  white- 
marbled  temple  which  Herod  the  Great  erected 
to  the  memory  of  Augustus. 

**  At  the  base  of  the  cliff  is  a  huge  mass  of 
dSbriSy  formed  by  masses  of  fallen  rock,  and 
doubtless  also  of  portions  of  these  temples, 
which  excavation  will  alone  reveal.  The  cave  is 
still  there,  and  was  well  filled  with  water.  The 
stream  may  once  have  flowed  directly  from  the 
cavern,  but  now  it  percolates  through  the  dehrvs  a 
copious  flood  of  sparkling  water,  and  gathers  m  a 
reservoir  below,  reminding  one  of  the  river  Rhone 
flowing  out  from  under  the  glacier  by  that  name.'* 

In  the  vicinity  are  to  be  found  many  traces  of 
former  grandeur — fragments  of  sculpture,  broken 
columns,  and  even  native  huts  in  part  constructed 
out  of  the  masonry  of  antiquity.  As  Dr.  Leeper 
says,  this  spot  has  been  a  quarry  for  sixty  genera- 
tions. 


W.3^L  ^ 

■m  .-.        ^SH«^ 

Courtesy  of  the  Uairetsity  of  Chica^^  Press. 

TBB  BOUROB  OF  THK  JORDAN  AT  BANIAS. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


733 


AFRICA  AS  A  GAME-PRESERVE. 

IN  the  National  Geographic  Magazine  for  No- 
vember, Mr.  John  B.  Torbert  writes  briefly 
on  **  Africa,  the  Largest  Game -Preserve  in  the 
World."  It  will  be  news  to  many  of  our  read- 
ers, perhaps,  that  on  May  19  of  the  present  year 
a  convention  was  signed  in  London  by  the  diplo- 
matic representatives  of  Great  Britain,  Germany, 
Spain,  Belgium,  France,  Italy,  and  Portugal 
for  the  protection  of  the  wild  animals,  birds,  and 
fishes  of  Africa.  This  convention,  after  ratifica- 
tion by  the  several  powers,  is  to  remain  in  force 
fifteen  years.  The  European  nations  having 
colonial  possessions  in  Africa  have  thus  formed 


THE  AFRICAN  OAME-PRBSERVE  AS  HZED  BY  TREATY. 

(The  shaded  portion  of  the  map  shows  the  area  over  which 
the  provisions  of  the  convention  of  May  19  apply.) 


themselves,  as  Mr.  Torbert  puts  it,  into  a  power- 
ful game -protective  association,  with  jurisdiction 
over  the  most  extensive  game-preserve  in  the 
world. 

HOW    THE   ANIMALS    ARE    PROTECTED. 

**The  area  over  which  the  provisions  of  the 
convention  are  to  apply  includes  all  that  portion 
of  the  Dark  Continent  extending  from  the 
twentieth  parallel  of  north  latitude  to  the  southern 
line  of  the  German  possessions  in  southwestern 
Africa,  and  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  the  In- 
dian Ocean  and  the  Red  Sea.  Under  the  terms 
of  the  convention,  the  hunting  and  destruction 
of  vultures,  secretary-birds,  owls,  giraffes,  go- 
rillas, chimpanzees,  mountain  zebras,  wild  asses. 


white-tailed  gnus,  elands,  and  the  little  Liberian 
luppopotamus  is  prohibited.  The  young  of  cer- 
tain animals,  including  the  elephant,  rhinoceros, 
hippopotamus,  zebra,  antelope,  gazelle,  ibex,  and 
chevrotain  are  protected,  and  also  the  same 
species  when  accompanied  by  their  young.  Par- 
ticular emphasis  is  laid  on  the  protection  of 
young  elephants,  and  all  elephants'  tusks  weigh- 
ing less  than  twenty  pounds  are  to  be  confiscated 
by  the  government  if  the  animal  was  killed  after 
the  convention  went  into  effect.  The  eggs  of 
the  ostrich,  among  those  of  a  large  number  of 
other  birds,  are  to  be  protected  ;  but  those  of 
the  crocodile  and  of  poisonous  snakes  and  pythons 
are  to  be  destroyed.  A  limited  number  of  lions, 
leopards,  hyenas,  otters,  baboons,  and  other 
harmful  monkeys,  large  birds  of  prey,  crocodiles, 
poisonous  snakes,  and  pythons  may  be  killed. 

*  *  The  method  of  taking  or  killing  game  is 
regulated  to  the  extent  that  the  use  of  nets  and 
pitfalls  is  forbidden,  and  dynamite  and  other 
explosives  must  not  be  used  for  taking  fish. 
Only  persons  holding  licenses  issued  by  the  local 
governments  are  allowed  to  hunt  wild  animals 
within  the  protective  zone,  and  these  are  revo- 
cable where  the  provisions  of  the  convention 
are  in  any  way  violated. 

<*  Another  provision  of  the  convention  is  that 
the  contracting  parties  shall,  as  far  as  possible 
in  their  respective  territories,  encourage  the  do- 
mestication of  zebras,  elephants,  and  ostriches." 


LIFE  AROUND  THE  POLES. 

MDASTRE  contributes  to  the  first  October 
•  number  of  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes 
one  of  his  informing  articles  on  life  and  all  things 
livincr  in  the  vast  regions  which  surround  both 
the  North  and  South  poles. 

THE    GREAT    ANTARCTIC    GLACIER. 

To  M.  Dastre's  mind,  the  principal  interest  of 
arctic  and  antarctic  exploration  is  not  the  solving 
of  certain  scientific  problems  so  much  as  the 
study  of  the  animal  and  vegetable  life  of  the 
polar  zones.  In  both  polar  regions  there  are 
four  different  variations  of  the  landscape — the 
main  ice-floe,  the  inland  seas,  the  mainland,  and 
the  ocean.  In  these  four  spheres  is  abundant 
room  for  the  habitation  of  animals  and  plants. 
Of  the  two  polar  regions,  the  antarctic  is  the  most 
simple  ;  it  is  an  immense  expanse,  perpetually 
frozen,  of  which  the  center  is  occupied  by  a  vast 
continent,  and  the  circumference  is  girdled  with 
ice  which  forms  the  ice-floe.  The  main  continent 
is  covered  with  a  mantle  of  snow,  which  drifts 
round  the  rocky  summits  and  smooths  the  sharp 
angles  of  the  configuration  of   the   soil.      The 


784 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI/IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


spectacle  is  that  of  a  colossal  glacier  which  dis- 
gorges itself  into  the  sea  or  on  the  ice-floe. 

REMABKABLB    FAUNA   AND    FLOBA. 

If  this  view  of  the  antarctic  continent  is  cor- 
rect, the  wonder  is  that  any  animal  or  vegetable 
life  should  be  maintained  in  so  uninhabitable  a 
region.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  the  ice- 
floe, at  any  rate,  presents  remarkable  fauna  and 
flora.  The  geographical  conditions  of  the  arctic 
zone  are  quite  different  from  those  of  the  ant- 
arctic ;  it  is  regarded  as  certain  that  a  deep  sea 
occupies  the  center.  A  characteristic  of  the 
arctic  is  the  continuity  of  the  ice-floe  with  the 
lands  which  are  not  always  frozen  over  ;  this  is  a 
matter  of  great  importance  from  the  point  of 
view  of  the  distribution  of  animals  and  plants. 
The  ice-floe  is  a  very  poor  substitute  for  the 
solid  earth  ;  it  is  continually  breaking  up  into 
crevasses,  grinding  itself  into  chasms,  and  re- 
uniting, apparently  capriciously,  but  really  in 
obedience  to  the  forces  of  winds  and  submarine 
currents.  It  follows  that  the  ice -floe  can  only 
furnish  a  very  precarious  habitation  for  terres- 
trial animals,  and  its  fauna  is  therefore  practi- 
cally a  marine  one.  It  is  the  principal  glory  of 
Nansen  to  have  realized  the  supremely  important 
fact  that  the  ice  floe  moves  in  obedience  to 
definite  laws,  and  that  its  direction  can  be  pretty 
accurately  foretold. 

A    FLOATING    PRAIRIE. 

But  it  is  time  to  pass  on  to  the  animals.  Cu- 
riously enough,  the  ice-floe  in  the  polar  regions 
rests  upon  a  relatively  warm  sea,  the  waters  of 
which  are  favorable  to  various  forms  of  subma- 
rine life.  The  depths  of  the  arctic  sea  are  actually 
a  little  warmer  if  anything  than  those  of  the 
oceans  farther  south.  Even  under  the  ice  may 
be  found  a  kind  of  green  moss  which  exhibits 
the  elementary  vegetable  life  related  to  the  most 
simple  kinds  of  seaweed.  Under  the  microscope 
the  tiny  atoms  which  make  up  the  whole  layer 
reveal  the  most  beautiful  cells  and  granulations. 
Light,  which  is  an  almost  essential  condition  of 
vegetable  existence,  is  obtained  in  summer  when 
the  impenetrable  layers  of  frozen  snow  formed 
during  the  winter  disappear.  Thanks  to  this 
curious  kind  of  moss,  the  ice-floe,  in  place  of  a 
horrible  desert,  becomes  an  immense  floating 
prairie,  on  which  a  prodigious  quantity  of  little 
animals  find  nourishment ;  these  creatures  in- 
clude jelly-fish,  mollusks,  an<i  Crustacea,  which, 
in  their  turn,  furnish  food  to  animals  of  greater 
size,  such  as  members  of  the  seal  tribe,  whales, 
and  various  birds.  We  thus  have  a  chain  of 
organized  life  depending  ultimately  upon  millions 
of  tiny  points  of  albuminous  seaweed. 


THE  MODERN  FORTUNE-TELLER. 

M  JULES  BOIS,  well  known  as  a  writer  on 
•  witchcraft,  satanism,  and  kindred  sub- 
jects, contributes  to  the  first  September  number 
of  the  Nouvelle  Revue  a  striking  article  on  for- 
tune -telling.  He  gives  a  rapid  sketch  of  the 
greatest  living  fortune-teller — the  remarkable 
woman  who,  under  the  name  of  Madame  de 
Thebes,  exercises  her  art  in  modern  Paris.  '  *  Do 
not  laugh,"  she  once  said  to  an  interviewer  ;  **  I 
touch  the  bedrock  of  human  sorrow.  Eight  out 
of  ten  married  women  who  consult  me  would 
fain  be  widows,  and  ail  about  me  the  death  of 
others  is  longed  for,  if  not  actually  sought.'' 
Madame  de  Thebes  is  a  palmist ;  most  of  her 
rivals  tell  fortunes  by  cards,  and  from  time  im- 
memorial Paris  has  been  the  center  of  somnam- 
bulism. The  most  famous  *  *  somnambule "  of 
this  century  was  Madame  AuflBnger  ;  and  M.  Bois 
declares  that  on  innumerable  occasions  she  not 
only  foretold  the  future,  but  gave  the  date  on 
which  notorious  criminals  and  murderers  would 
be  brought  to  justice. 

As  to  the  great  Frenchmen  who  frequently 
consulted  fortune-tellers,  the  writer  gives  a  long 
list,  from  Napoleon  I.  to  Balzac,. Hugo,  Dumas, 
and  Napoleon  III.  There  is  in  the  French  co<ie 
an  act  specially  forbidding  the  fortune  teller  t«» 
practise  his  or  her  art ;  but  the  law  is  rarely,  if 
ever,  put  in  motion,  and  every  Paris  paper^  in- 
cluding the  Figaro^  publishes  the  attractive  ad- 
vertisements of  these  **dealei"s  in  hope  ;  '*  and, 
what  is  more,  French  men  and  women,  belong- 
ing to  every  class  of  society,  consult  regularly 
palmists,  sorcerers,  somnambulas,  and  tellers  of 
cards.  The  late  General  Boulanger  was  a  firm 
believer  in  occultism,  and  none  of  those  who 
knew  him  can  doubt  that  his  pitiful  end  was 
partly  brought  about  by  the  fact  that  he  had 

clearly  marked  in  his  hand  the  **  suicide's  line  " 

a  fact  of  which  he  unfortunately  became  aware 
early  in  his  career.  President  Camot  was  also 
told  by  a  fortune-teller  that  he  would  be  assassi- 
nated, and  so  was  the  late  President  Faure. 
about  whose  death  so  many  stories  are  current. 


THE  OXFORD  UNDERGRADUATE. 

AN  entertaining  account  of  undergraduate  life 
at  Oxford  appears  in  the  October  number 
of  the  National  Review,  It  seems  that  even  in 
that  conservative  university  atmosphere  there  is 
evidence  of  change  within  the  past  half -century. 
*' Fifty  years  ago  rich  men,  or  at  any  rate, 
men  with  a  competence,  had  almost  a  monopoly 
of  the  'Varsity;  nowadays  the  doer  has  been 
opened  to  many  needy  students,  and  it  would 
hardly  be  too  much  to  say  that  the  majority  of 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


785 


'Varsity  men  are  very  far  from  being  well  off. 
This  great  change  in  the  social  composition  of 
the  universities  has  had  its  effect  on  the  unwrit- 
ten law. 

*  *  One  of  the  best  features  of  Oxford  is  this, 
that  a  man's  parentage  is  never  discussed  or  in* 
quired  into.  It  is  taken  for  granted  that  he  is  a 
^ntleman,  whatever  his  appearance  may  be, 
unless  he  proves  himself  to  be  the  contrary. 
This  is,  of  course,  only  a  general  rule,  to  which 
there  are  exceptions.  Sometimes  we  may  hear 
a  man  express  contempt  for  his  neighbor  because 
be  is  a  nobody,  and  complain  that  the  university 
is  open  to  *  all  sorts  of  bounders '  nowadays. 
Such  men  are,  happily,  rare  ;  in  general,  patri- 
cian and  plebeian  live  on  terms  of  amity  with 
one  another,  and  meet  on  terms  of  equality  with 
one  another  to  their  common  advantage.'' 

THE  TROUBLES  OF  THE  FRESHMAN. 

The  unwritten  law  of  the  university  includes 
an  appalling  series  of  rules  respecting  conduct 
and  dress,  as  **Mr.  Verdant  Green"  learned  to 
his  cost.  The  undergraduate  of  to-day  has  quite 
as  many  details  of  etiquette  to  master. 

'*A  common  mistake  of  freshmen,  and  one 
which  never  fails  to  arouse  the  laughter  of  the 
onlookers,  is  to  go  for  a  walk  in  cap  and  gown. 
The  guileless  youth  in  his  first  term  has  a  vague 
idea  that  he  is  always  liable  to  be  proctorized  if 
he  appears  without  his  academicals,  and  he  con- 
sequently sets  forth  for  a  constitutional,  a  square 
mortar-board  adorning  his  head,  and  thirty 
inches  of  black  alpaca  dangling  gracefully  from 
his  shoulders.  Occasionally  one  may  see  a 
wretched  man  on  the  top  of  Headington  Hill,  in 
cap  and  gown,  the  cynos  ire  of  ever^'  eye  ;  even 
the  dirty  little  ragamuffin  of  the  Oxford  streets 
has  wit  enough  to  see  the  jest,  and  points  gibes 
at  the  unfortunate  victim. 

*  <  To  carry  a  stick  while  in  cap  and  gown  is 
universally  barred.  This  rule  is,  perhaps,  a  cor- 
relative of  the  last. 

**  It  is  probably  the  cap  and  gown  which  give 
most  trouble  to  the  freshman.  He  has  been 
known  to  go  down  to  the  river  in  them,  and  has 
sat  in  a  tub  all  the  afternoon,  gravely  wonder- 
ing what  every  one  was  laughing  at. 

'•The  imdergraduate  is  a  hardy  and  cleanly 
animal ;  whatever  he  may  have  been  at  school, 
at  Oxford  he  is  the  champion  of  soap  and  cold 
water — hence  one  of  his  unwritten  laws.  Every 
one  is  supposed  to  have  a  cold  bath  every  morn- 
ing. This  is  a  law  to  which  every  one  con- 
forms— at  least  outwardly.  If  one  does  not,  the 
college  may  perhaps  treat  him  to  a  cold  bath  in 
the  college  fountain,  or  duck-pond,  if  it  pos- 
sesses  one,    some   cold   winter's   night  on    the 


break-up  of  a  wine -party.  The  addition  to  the 
matutinal  tub  of  hot  water  from  a  kettie  la 
looked  upon  with  suspicion,  as  a  practice  derog- 
atory to  the  dignity  of  undergraduates.  Hence, 
almost  every  one  prefers  to  bathe  in  cold  water, 
even  in  winter.  In  secret,  doubtless,  many  put 
in  so  much  hot  water  and  so  little  cold  that  the 
cold  is  swamped  ;  but  this  must  be  done  by 
stealth." 

UNDERGRADUATE     IDEALS. 

Of  the  ideals  of  the  undergraduate,  Mr.  Brod- 
rick  says:  '^It  is  certainly  true  that  very  few 
undergraduates  have  any  very  clearly  defined 
ideals.  The  average  young  Oxonian  is  quite 
content  to  live  on  quietly  at  Oxford  ;  with  good 
plain  food,  plenty  of  exercise,  and  sufficient  read- 
ing to  give  him  an  appetite  for  amusing  himself^ 
he  is  perfectly  happy.  Oxford  is  such  an  ab- 
sorbing place  that  if  the  undergraduate  is  fond  of 
idealizing,  he  will  probably  connect  his  ideal  with 
alma  mater.  He  thinks  there  is  no  place  in  the 
world  like  Oxford,  no  life  like  'Varsity  life.  He 
idealizes  the  Oxford  Theater,  the  Union,  or, 
maybe,  one  of  the  more  or  less  exclusive  under- 
graduate clubs,  the  Oxford  cabs,  the  country 
round  Oxford.  The  one  thing  that  he  grumblea 
at  is  the  dinner  in  hall ;  all  else,  except,  perhaps, 
the  proctorial  system,  is  perfection.  If  he  has 
any  thought  beyond  his  'Varsity  career,  he 
dreams  of  a  snug  little  place  under  the  govern- 
ment, an  office  where  the  clerks — like  the  foun- 
tains in  Trafalgar  Square — play  f rora  ten  to  four. 
A  charming  littie  wife,  perhaps,  as  well,  who  will 
permit  smoking  in  the  drawing-room  ;  but  as  a 
rule  he  is  content  to  let  his  thoughts  play  freely 
over  Oxford,  and  resigns  himself,  with  what  grace^ 
he  may,  to  reading  enough  to  get  through  the> 
necessary  examinations,  spending  his  leisure  joy- 
ously. " 

A  SUCCESSOR  TO  POE  AND  LANIER. 

IN  that  excellent  quarterly.  Poet-  Lore,  of  Boston, 
Miss  Helena  Knorr  reviews  the  work  of  the- 
young  American  poet,  Richard  Hovey,  whose  un- 
timely death  has  cut  short  a  career  of  unusual 
promise.  Like  Poe  and  Lanier,  his  acknowl- 
edged masters,  Hovey  left  his  work  uncompleted, 
and,  as  Miss  Knorr  shows,  the  three  poets  had 
much  in  common. 

< '  They  had  the  most  exalted  view  of  the  office 
of  the  poet  as  a  bringer  of  light.  They  believed 
in  the  divine  mission  of  poetry  to  ennoble  the  life 
of  man.  Moreover,  they  were  artists  in  verse  as 
well  as  singers — searching  for  new  effects  in 
sound  and  rhythm,  craftsmen  tirelessly  experi- 
menting upon  new  forms.  The  technique  of 
verse  was  a  serious  business  to  them.     They  held. 


736 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REylEU^  OF  REl/lElVS. 


poetry  to  be  an  art  amenable  to  fundamental 
laws  ;  tlieorizcd  on  it,  and  practised  it  diligently 
to  that  end.  They  made  poetry  their  chief  con- 
^cem.  The  younger  learned  from  the  elder,  and 
carried  on  the  work  of  the  predecessor  to  further 
perfection. 

A   COMPARISON    OF    POETIC    GIFTS. 

<*  Yet  with  all  these  formal  resemblances  there 
are  decided  points  of  difference  that  mark  off 
Hovey's  work  from  that  of  the  two  elder  singers. 
Foe  left  a  body  of  verse,  small  in  volume,  but  of 
a  texture  so  fine  and  faultless,  of  a  music  so 
haunting,  as  to  place  him,  in  the  opinion  of  many, 
at  the  head  of  our  poets.  More  than  any  one  of 
them  he  is  distinctly  a  poet, — a  maker  of  beauti- 
ful verse, — and  nothing  else.  Life  touches  him 
little.  His  range  is  narrow,  and  remote  from 
earthly  interests.  Even  had  he  lived  longer  and 
produced  more  verse,  it  is  doubtful  if  he  could 
have  written  poems  with  warm,  red,  human  blood 
pulsing  through  them.  He  limited  himself  to 
the  creation  of  mere  beauty.  Lanier,  like  Foe, 
An  artist  in  verse,  was  also  a  musician  :  haunted 
by  elfin  music,  and  vainly  striving  to  bind  the 
f^lusive  melodies  into  rhyme.  A  worshiper  of  the 
beautiful  ;  a  lofty  spirit  standing  awestruck  be- 
fore the  holiness  of  beauty.  His  genius  was  es- 
sentially lyric,  with  perhaps  a  leaning  toward  the 
epic.  He  would  have  given  us,  as  best  fruit  of 
his  endeavoi*s,  more  splendid  *  Hymns  of  the 
Marshes.'  His  work,  less  clearly  articulated,  is 
■also  more  incomplete  than  Foe's  ;  it  may  not  be 
too  hazardous  to  say  that,  like  Foe,  he  gave  us  of 
the  best  he  had,  and  that  he  would  have  pro- 
■ceeded  along  the  lines  on  which  he  had  begun. 
Richard  Hovey  not  only  left  a  larger  body  of 
verse  than  either  of  these  two,  but  his  range  was 
also  much  wider,  including  both  the  lyric  and  the 
dramatic,  and  passing  from  the  tinsel  of  *  Barney 
McGee '  to  the  rapturous  exaltation  of  Taliesin's 
*  Hymn  of  Joy.*  We  find  in  the  lyrics  not  only 
Foe's  passion  for  beauty  and  his  delight  in  mere 
verbal  ingenuity,  together  with  Lanier's  nature 
worship,  but  the  note  of  human  passion,  absent 
in  Foe  and  held  in  abeyance  in  Lanier,  is  dis- 
tinctly struck  in  Hovey's  dramas." 

THE    VERDICT    OF   CRITICISM. 

After  a  critical  analysis  of  Hovey's  poems  and 
dramas,  Miss  Knorr  concludes  : 

**  What  Richard  Hovey  would  have  done,  had 
the  full  measure  of  a  man's  years  been  granted 
him,  we  do  not  know.  What  he  intended  to  do 
does  not  concern  us  here.  A  man's  intentions 
never  count  for  much  except  to  his  intimate 
friends.  Fromissory  notes  are  not  a  bid  for  im- 
mortality.    But  this  we  can  say,  even  now,  that 


Richard  Hovey  was  one  of  the  most  richly  en- 
dowed poetic  personalities  this  country  has  yet 
produced,  combining  lyric  fervor  with  the  dra- 
matic instinct  to  a  degree  not  found  in  any  other 
of  our  poets,  and  adding  to  these  the  scholar's 
equipment  with  the  artist's  sense  of  form.  The 
future  smiled  fair  upon  him.  He  gave  to  the 
world  one  fine  drama  and  one  splendid  poem. 
Then  he  was  called  off,  leaving  his  chief  work  a 
fragment.  He  must  be  named  with  poets  like 
Lanier,  whose  work  is  incomplete,  whose  promise 
was  greater  than  their  achievement,  and  whc^ 
untimely  loss  American  literature  will  mourn  for 
many  a  day  to  come." 


THE  PROCESS  OF  INFECTION. 

IN  his  article  on  **  Infection,"  in  the  Central- 
Mail  fur  Bakteriologie  for  August  22,  Dr. 
Alexis  Radzievsky  describes  the  way  in  which 
microscopic  organisms  produce  disease  and  death. 
F'or  the  past  fifty  years  bacteria  have  been  kept 
very  prominently  before  the  public.  Since  their 
discovery  the  germ  theory  of  disease  has  been 
developed,  giving  us  a  rational  working  basis  for 
the  prevention  and  cure  of  germ  diseases  ;  the 
antiseptic  treatment  of  wounds  has  made  a  radical 
change  in  surgery,  while  the  application  of  the 
same  principles  along  lines  of  less  vital  im{>ort&nce 
has  demonstrated  much  that  is  of  interest  as  well 
as  profit.  The  various  flavors  of  wines  are  due 
to  certain  kinds  of  bacteria  ;  butter,  good  or  bad, 
owes  its  flavor  to  the  bacteria  that  pervade  it,  and 
different  kinds  of  cheeses  may  be  made  as  de- 
sired by  inoculating  them  with  the  right  bac- 
teria. 

These  organisms  are  so  small  that  it  is  fre- 
quently necessary  to  study  them  by  means  of 
lenses  magnifying  1,200  diameters.  They  live 
everywhere — floating  about  in  the  air,  mingled 
with  the  dust  that  blows  in  the  streets,  in  water, 
in  milk,  and  in  the  earth.  They  are  always 
ready  to  take  advantage  of  favoi-able  circum- 
stances for  growth,  and  their  growth  may  mean 
death  to  the  organism  invaded.  The  chief 
sources  of  invasion  are  the  mouth,  the  skin,  and 
the  lungs. 

The  question  may  be  asked.  Why  do  we  not 
all  die  ?  Because  skin  or  lung  that  is  perfectly 
whole  and  healthy  is  bacteria- proof.  Cuts  and 
bruises,  or  any  unhealthy  tissues,  are  favorable 
for  the  invasion  of  bacteria.  Sunshine  and 
oxygen  are  antagonistic  to  them. 

Under  the  term  infection  are  brought  together 
all  the  changes  that  are  induced  in  animal  organ- 
isms by  microbes.  It  is  believed  that  the  most 
important  changes  depend  upon  the  action  of 
specific  poisons  in  the  infected  animals. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


737 


ACTIVITIES   OF    MICROBES. 

Having  once  gained  entrance  to  the  body, 
these  organisms  grow  rapidly  and  divide,  so  that 
enormous  numbers  are  formed  ;  while,  as  a  re- 
sult of  their  natural  life  processes,  various  mat- 
ters are  thrown  off  which  act  upon  us  as  poisons. 
The  life  history  of  the  microbe  is  short,  and  they 
soon  begin  to  die  in  constantly  increasing  num- 
bers. We  have  to  consider,  then,  three  ways 
in  which  microbes  produce  the  effects  of  disease  : 
first,  by  invadmg  the  tissues  in  large  numbers 
and  feeding  upon  them  ;  second,  by  throwing 
out  poisonous  matter  ;  and,  third,  by  the  decom- 
position of  their  dead  bodies.  It  is  thought  that 
the  cholera- germ  is  fatal  because  it  dies  between 
the  cells  that  form  the  lining  tissue  of  the  intes- 
tines, through  contact  with  the  living  tissue,  or 
through  the  action  of  normal  blood -serum  which 
is  intensely  antagonistic  to  bacteria.  This  action 
is  so  intense  that,  even  after  death  from  cholera, 
the  peritoneal  fluids  have  still  been  found  to  be 
sterile. 

The  animal  organism  reacts  in  defense  of  it- 
self, and  under  the  influence  of  the  infecting 
microbes  bactericidal  substances  are  formed  in  the 
tissues,  which  gradually  become  stronger,  as  well 
as  increase  in  quantity,  and  become  diffused 
through  the  whole  system,  where  they  resist  the 
attacks  of  the  microbes,  so  that  the  mere  presence 
of  the  microbes  calls  an  opposing  force  into  ac- 
tion. Dead  microbes,  which  are  found  in  quan- 
tities at  certain  stages  of  these  diseases,  are  de- 
stroyed by  the  action  of  the  normal  fluids  of  the 
body.  But  in  case  the  microbes  overcome  the 
natural  resistance  offered,  they  will  ultimately  die 
from  the  effects  of  the  substances  which  they 
themselves  excrete,  and  in  that  case  the  chances 
of  recovery  will  depend  upon  the  endurance  of 
the  individual  infected. 


NEURASTHENIA  IN  STATESMEN. 

THE  infelicities  of  political  life  have  been 
used  more  for  pointing  morals  than  adorn- 
ing tales.  They  lack  the  decorative  quality. 
Now  comes  Dr.  Calatraveno,  a  hygienic  moralist, 
and  tells  us,  in  Revista  Conltmpordnea  (Madrid, 
September  30),  that  political  life  is  especially 
subject  to  neurasthenia.  The  statesman  or  poli- 
tician who,  after  some  years  of  political  activity, 
has  not  suffered  from  the  encroachments  of  this 
insidious  disease  Dr.  Calatraveno  regards  as  a 
rare  exception. 

*♦  There  is,  in  Spanish  society,"  says  the 
learned  doctor,  **a  type  sui  generis^  with  char- 
acteristics perfectly  marked,  with  a  personality 
and  physiognomy  of  its  own,  that  offers  symp- 


toms so  well  defined  for  its  recognition  that  it 
cannot  be  confounded  with  any  other.  This 
type  is  the  politician." 

Dr.  Calatraveflo  (let  us  remember)  is  writing 
of  Spain  and  Spaniards.  *<  And  one  of  the  in- 
firmities," he  says,'  **  that  torment  the  life  of  this 
type  of  people  is,  without  any  sort  of  doubt,  neu- 
rasthenia." 

THE    NERVOUS   STRAIN    IN    POLITICS. 

Of  course,  the  cause  of  the  affection  is  to  be 
found  in  the  nervous  strain  to  which  politicians 
as  a  class  are  constantly  subject — the  feverish 
hopes  and  expectations,  the  biting  disappoint- 
ments, the  sense  of  being  never  wholly  at  ease. 
All  these  excitements  and  irritations  produce 
**  constant  hyperjemia,  which  finally  converts 
these  unfortunate  beings  into  neurasthenics,  pre- 
disposing them  to  cerebral  congestion.  ...  In 
the  measure  that  the  politician  advances  in  his 
career  he  offers  to  us  more  distinct  characteristics 
of  neurasthenia.  Look  at  the  minister  who  has 
hardly  a  moment  at  his  disposal.  .  .  .  Without 
quiet  meals,  without  restoring  sleep,  always  on 
the  go,  at  all  hours  the  object  of  the  bitterest 
criticisms  ;  .  .  .  maltreated,  at  times  unjustly, 
by  the  press;  mortified  by  caricature;  separated 
from  the  caresses  of  his  family  ;  alienated  from 
his  best  friends, — he  lives  isolated  from  the  world 
in  the  midst  of  the  throng  that  surrounds  him  ; 
hated,  in  spite  of  their  false  protests,  by  his  flat- 
terers, who  are  the  first  to  disparage  him  ;  and 
in  this  cruel  and  envenomed  existence  passes  his 
days,  always  fearing  to  lose  power,  always  dis- 
quieted by  the  threat  of  revolt,  at  every  hour 
tortured  by  anxieties,  ingrates,  and  enemies." 

A  situation,  certainly,  that  is  not  favorable  to 
good  health — physical,  mental,  or  moral.  Three 
symptoms  are  mentioned  by  our  moralist  as  con- 
spicuously noticeable  in  subjects  of  this  class  : 

1.  The  delirium  of  greatness — that  is  to  say,  a 
disturbance  of  the  judgment,  in  which  the  patient 
thinks  he  is  fit  for  anything  if  it  is  great  enough, 
and  is  ready  and  eager  to  take  any  portfolio  of 
state,  though  he  has  had  no  experience  or  train- 
ing to  qualify  him  for  the  post. 

2 .  Fa  ilu  re  of  will-  power — especially  of  courage. 
It  is  a  strange  association,  but  the  lives  of  many 
public  men  have  demonstrated  the  fact  that 
bloated  conceit  and  poverty  of  will  are  constantly 
hugging  each  other  in  public  life. 

3.  Volubility  everybody  recognizes — at  least, 
in  the  United  States.  And  it  seems  that  this 
symptom  of  cerebral  degeneration  is  not  peculiar 
to  Americans.  Even  people  of  such  grave  dig- 
nity as  Spaniards  of  the  upper  class  are  subject  to 
the  infirmity  when  they  are  victims  of  neuras- 
thenia. 


738 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REf^/EH/S. 


THE  PRESIDENTIAL  CAMPAIGN  OF  1900. 

AN  article  on  *'The  American  Presidential 
Election"  is  contributed  to  the  Contemn 
porary  Review  for  November  by  Dr.  Albert 
Shaw.  Writing  on  the  eve  of  the  election,  Dr. 
Shaw  characterizes  the  campaign  of  1900  as  the 
most  quiet  and  apathetic  campaign  that  the  coun- 
try has  had  for  at  least  half  a  century.  By  way 
of  explanation  of  this  fact,  he  says  : 

<*  Taking  the  country  at  large,  party  feeling 
has  not  run  high  in  the  past  four  years.  There 
are  actually  no  fundamental  questions  before  the 
American  people  that  are  worthy  to  divide  them 
sharply  into  two  hostile  political  camps.  There 
is,  however,  a  highly  organized  business  of  poli- 
tics which  keeps  the  machinery  of  the  Republi- 
can and  Democratic  parties  in  working  condition 
irrespective  of  living  questions  and  issues.  It 
simply  happens  that  there  are  two  vast  clans  of 
politicians  contending  with  one  another  through- 
out the  country  for  elective  and  appointive 
offices,  and  the  control  of  governmental  work  in 
a  million  school  districts  and  road  districts  ;  a 
hundred  thousand  villages,  towns,  and  townships, 
all  carrying  on  local  self  -  government  on  the 
party  plan  ;  some  thousands  of  counties  ;  half  a 
hundred  elaborately  governed  States  or  common- 
wealths ;  and,  finally,  the  nation  itself,  with  its 
scores  of  thousands  of  postmasterships  and  other 
appointive  positions  that  are  still  used  as  the 
spoils  of  party  victory.  Most  of  these  politicians 
are  sincerely  loyal  to  the  party  name,  just  as  one 
man  may  be  a  tenacious  Baptist  without  having 
the  slightest  reason  for  not  being,  like  his  neigh- 
bor, a  tenacious  Methodist,  except  that  he  was 
born  into  a  Baptist  instead  of  a  Methodist  family. 

THE    PERSISTENCE   OF   PARTY    ORGANIZATION. 

«*  Nobody  can  understand  American  politics 
at  the  present  time  who  fails  to  perceive  that 
party  lines  do  not  represent  fundamental  differ- 
ences of  opinion  about  public  affairs,  and  that 
party  organization  owes  its  unimpaired  vigor 
more  than  anything  else  to  the  fact  that  there 
are  so  many  professional  politicians  who  have  a 
direct  interest  in  controlling  nominations  and 
managing  elections.  The  election  laws  in  most 
of  the  States  are  so  shaped  as  to  favor  these  per- 
manent leagues  of  professional  politicians  as 
against  the  independent  citizen,  whose  concern  in 
politics  is  only  for  the  public  welfare.  It  is 
made  so  difficult  for  such  citizens  to  act  effect- 
ively on  their  own  behalf  that  they  are  almost 
always  obliged,  as  a  practical  expedient,  to  vote 
for  the  candidates  of  one  clan  of  politicians  or 
else  for  the  candidates  of  the  other,  merely  seek- 
ing the  lesser  of  evils.     If  it  were  not  for  the 


politicians  and  their  perfunctory  activities,  dd 
party  lines  would  have  disappeared  as  meaning- 
less, and  we  should  have  witnessed  this  year  either 
a  realignment  upon  fresh  Issues,  or  else  one  of 
those  so-called  *  eras  of  good  feeling,'  or  acquies- 
cence, which  have  once  or  twice  been  witnessed 
in  American  politics,  by  virtue  of  which  a  Presi- 
dent has  been  accorded  a  second  term  with  some- 
thing like  unanimous  consent.  Such  moments, 
of  acquiescence  are,  of  course,  transitional  ;  uid 
they  are  naturally  followed  by  divisions  of  opin- 
ion upon  some  fresh  question  of  more  or  less 
consequence.  Mr.  McKinley's  administration  has 
been  exceptionally  free  from  party  bias,  on  the 
one  hand,  and  almost  free  from  bitter  partisan 
assault  on  the  other.  I  do  not  refer,  of  course, 
to  the  hostile  criticisms  of  individual  men  or 
newspapers,  or  to  small  though  highly  articulate 
coteries,  like  the  Anti- Imperialistic  League.  It 
is  rather  to  the  general  tone  of  public  opinion 
and  the  general  attitude  of  the  members  of  the 
Democratic  opposition  in  the  two  houses  of 
Congress  that  I  refer.  Certainly  no  President 
in  the  memory  of  our  own  generation  has  been 
so  free  from  personal  attack  or  so  widely  known. 

ACQUIESCENCE    IN   THE    RESULT. 

*  <  It  has  been  evident,  through  the  four  or  five 
long  months  of  the  electoral  campaign,  that  in 
reality  the  entire  country  was  ready  to  acquiesce 
very  cheerfully,  and  with  a  great  sense  of  com- 
fort and  security,  in  the  reelection  of  Mr.  Mc- 
Kinley.  Many  men  formerly  known  as  leading 
Democrats  have  been  supporting  him  openly  ; 
and  a  still  greater  number,  while  abstaining  from 
an  active  part  in  the  campaign,  have  allowed  it 
to  be  known  or  inferred  that  they  were  privately 
favorable  to  Mr.  McKinley's  reelection.  It  was 
generally  believed  that  a  second  term  of  Mr. 
McKinley's  administration  would  be  still  more 
free  than  the  first  from  conscious  and  intentional 
partisanship,  and  that  its  object  would  be  to  lay 
most  substantial  foundations  for  another  century 
of  American  progress. " 


THE  OREAT  FINANCIER,  J.  PIERPOMT 
MORGAN. 

IN  the  December  Munsey's,  Mr.  John  Paul  Bo- 
cock  has  a  brief  but  interesting  article  on 
'<  America's  Foremost  Financier,"  Mr.  J.  Pier- 
pont  Morgan.  Mr.  Bocock  describes  the  head 
of  the  banking  firm  of  J.  Pierpont  Morgan  & 
Co. ,  the  greatest  power  in  Wall  Street,  as  a  man 
distinguished  not  only  for  his  large  charity,  but 
for  his  even  more  unusual  modesty,  or  hatred  of 
notoriety — whatever  it  is  that  makes  him  insist 
on  the  anonymity  of  his  great  gifts.     Although 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


789 


MR.  J.  PIERPONT  MORGAN. 

he  has  given  away  some'$5,000,000,  not  a  single 
institution  which  has  benefited  by  his  generosity 
JDears  his  name. 

His  abhorrence  of  notoriety  is  one  of  the 
etrong  factors  in  his  personal  equation.  Others 
-are  his  imperious  will,  his  acuteness  of  thought, 
-and  his  brevity  of  speech.  Another  powerful 
factor  is  his  physique.  Six  feet  in  height,  with 
the  shoulders  and  chest  of  an  athlete,  he  is,  with 
4dl  his  two  hundred  and  more  pounds  weight,  so 
-quick  in  his  movements  as  to  force  upon  all  be- 
holders the  conclusion  that  here  indeed  is  a  man 
both  intellectually  and  physically  in  touch  with 
the  foremost  forces  of  his  time. 

AN   ACCESSIBLE    MAN. 

A  railroad  president  from  a  not  far  distant 
5tate,  whose  name  was  also  identified  with  an 
institution  of  learning,  called  one  morning,  not 
many  years  ago,  at  23  Wall  Street,  and  asked  to 
«ee  Mr  Morgan.  A  peculiarity  of  the  banking- 
house  is  that  almost  anybody  can  see  Mr.  Morgan 
-who  wants  to;  he  does  not  sit  in  a  sanctum,  shut 
away  by  mahogany  doors  from  tlie  surging  life 
•of  the  place.  Behind  a  long  glass  partition,  to 
the  right  as  one  enters,  and  beginning  about 
thirty  feet  from  the  street  entrance,   stand  the 


desks  of  the  partners :  Robert  Bacon,  C.  H. 
Coster,  who  died  recently,  George  S.  Bowdoin, 
Temple  Bowdoin,  and  W.  P.  Hamilton,  the  latter 
Mr.  Morgan*8  son-in-law.  At  the  far  end  of  the 
line  sits  Pierpont  Morgan  himself,  by  a  broad, 
low  desk,  in  a  pivot  chair,  on  which  he  swings 
himself  freely  as  his  attention  is  directed  now 
here,  now  there.  Desk  and  chair  are  alike  plain, 
businesslike,  and  unsuggestive  of  magnificent 
enterprises. 

Around  the  room  are  men  waiting,  hat  in 
hand,  watching  the  opportunity  to  approach  and 
speak.  Mr.  Morgan  holds  a  long,  gold  banded 
cigar  between  the  fingers  of  his  left  hand,  en- 
joying a  dry  smoke.  His  clothes  are  those  of 
the  man  of  the  world  ;  his  closely  trimmed  gray 
hair,  smooth -shaven  face,  and  heavy  mustache 
show  that  he  takes  care  of  himself.  To  him  en- 
tered the  railroad  president,  smiling,  self-assured, 
prepared  to  be  eloquent,  but  not  to  be  abashed. 

<*  This,  sir,*'  said  he,  presently,  referring  to  the 
proposition  he  had  just  outlined,  <  <  is  a  gilt-edged 
opportunity.  You  must  not  think  our  stock  is 
going  begging.  I  am  ready  to  put  the  matter 
through  myself,  but ** 

'*  1  don't  see,  then,  that  you  need  me  at  all," 
said  Mr.  Morgan,  quietly.  And  he  turned  to  the 
next- comer. 

On  a  fair  estimate  of  his  annual  gains,  each 
minute  of  his  working- hours  is  worth  at  least 
$40.  It  ought  to  be  dangerous  to  waste  the 
time  of  such  a  man — and  it  is. 

Mr.  Morgan's  chief  recreation  is  yachting. 
He  was,  for  years,  commodore  of  the  New  York 
Yacht  Club.  His  new  yacht,  TheXJorsair^  is  a  big 
black  ocean-going  steamer  of  1,136  tons,  which 
cost  $500,000.  Once  aboard  her,  Mr.  Morgan 
throws  o£^  business  cares,  and  becomes  a  genial 
host  and  companion. 

HIS    VAST   INTERESTS. 

<  <  Of  the  corporations  whose  management  Pier- 
pont Morgan  dictates,  the  most  important  are  the 
railroads.  In  others,  like  the  General  Electric 
Company,  he  retains  an  abiding  interest.  In 
otners  still,  like  the  Federal  Steel  Company  and 
the  National  Tube  Company,  he  was  interested 
only  in  their  formative  period,  when  they  needed 
both  promoting  and  financing. 

<<  Of  the  way  in  which  the  Federal  Steel  Com- 
pany was  formed.  President  Gary  said  to  the  In- 
dustrial Commission,  sitting  in  Washington,  a 
few  weeks  ago  :  <  Mr.  J.  Pierpont  Morgan  really 
effected  the  union,  and  brought  the  separate 
companies  together.  Between  $200,000,000  and 
$300,000,000  was  given  to  him,  and  with  this  he 
bought  a  controlling  interest  in  each  of  the 
corporations,  paying  his  own  expenses. '  " 


THE   PERIODICALS   REVIEWED. 


THE  CHRISTMAS  HOLIDAY  MAGAZINES. 

THE  great  illustrated  magazines  of  December.  1900, 
follow  out  the  usual  Christmas  themes,  with  no 
startling  deviations ;  but  in  the  colored  pictures,  which 
have  come  to  be  the  most  distinctive  feature  of  the 
Christmas  number,  there  is  to  be  noted  a  decided  ad- 
vance in  both  refinement  and  richness  beyond  the  lim- 
its in  color-printing  of  previous  years. 

THE  CENTURY. 

The  Century  for  December  begins  with  Milton's  ode 
on  the  Nativity— a  classical  poem  which  presents,  with 
probably  more  felicity  and  dignity  than  any  other  piece 
of  English  literature,  the  finest  Christian  spirit  of  the 
Christmas  time.  The  colored  illustrations  the  Century 
has  provided  to  embellish  the  Miltonian  ode  are  prob- 
ably more  striking  in  color  effect  than  anything  ever 
before  attempted  in  a  magazine,  which  at  the  same 
time  should  maintain  the  delicacy  of  the  artistes  con- 
ception. The  artist  in  this  case  is  Mr.  F.  V.  Du  Mond. 
At  the  other  end  of  the  scale  cf  Christmas  features, 
though  excellent  enough  in  its  way,  is  Mr.  Charles  Bat- 
tell  Loomis'  Christmas  extravaganza,  **  While  the 
Automobile  Ran  Down."  \%  -ch  the  exception  of  these 
two  contributions,  the  Century  has  no  distinctively 
Christmas  allusions,  and  confines  itself  to  making  an 
excellent  number,  which  includes  a  charming  story  by 
Mrs.  L.  B.  Walford,  the  first  chapter  of  Augustine  Bir- 
rell's  discursive  essay,  "Down  the  Rhine;"  Sir  Wal- 
ter Besant's  portrayal  of  "  Eiast-London  Types,"  some 
authoritative  iccounts  of  the  relief  of  Peking,  and  other 
no  less  agreeable  contributions. 

HARPER'S. 

The  opening  and  chief  Christmas  feature  of  Harper^s 
Magazine  is . :  beautiful  and  impressive  allegory,  "  The 
Pilgrimage  of  Truth,"  translated  from  the  Danish  of 
Erik  B5gh,  by  Mr.  Jacob  A.  Riis,  embellished  with 
six  reproductions  from  colored  drawings  by  Howard 
Pyle.  In  the  pleasant  endeavor  to  appropriate  Christ- 
mas for  the  enjoyment  and  the  dignifying  of  the  young 
people,  Mr.  E.  S.  Martin  contributes  an  essay  on  **  Par- 
ents," which  is  written  from  the  stand^ioint  of  the 
youngsters  themselves.  The  notable  occurrence  of  this 
month  for  Harper's  is  the  revival  of  the  "Editor's 
Ea.sy  Chair,"  which  has  been  vacant  since  the  death  of 
Mr.  George  William  Curtis,  in  1892.  With  this  number 
the  "Easy  Chair"  is  again  occupied,  and  now  by  Mr. 
W.  C.  Howells.  The  department  is  a  revered  institu- 
tion in  the  Harper  establishment,  having  been  founded 
fifty  years  ago,  with  Mr.  Donald  G.  Mitchell  ("Ik  Mar- 
vel ")  as  the  first  occupant.  After  Mr.  Mitchell's  retire- 
ment, Mr.  Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich  sat  in  the  "Easy 
Chair"  for  two  months ;  then  came  Mr.  George  William 
Curtis,  so  that  there  have  been  practically  only  two 
editors  before  Mr.  Howells.  In  this  month,  too,  the 
"  Editor's  Study,"  another  old  and  sacred  department 
of  Ilan^cfs  MagazlnCy  is  begun,  under  the  personal 
conduct  of  Mr.  Henry  M.  Alden,  the  editor  of  the  maga- 
zine. Mr.  Alden,  whose  title  as  Dean  of  American 
Magazine  Editors  is  undisputed,  tells  us  that  the  "Edi- 
tor's Study "  is  revived,  not  for  the  disclosure  of  the 


editor,  "  but  that  through  him  the  magazine  may  itself 
become  articulate,  speaking  familiarly  to  its  reiulen*, 
or  prompting  the  editor's  speech  through  the  intima- 
tions of  its  own  spirit" 

8CRIBNER'8. 

Scritmer*s  gives  special  reference  to  the  Christmas 
season  in  the  opening  verses,  "The  Child,"  by  Bertha 
6.  Woods,  and  the  accompanying  frontispiece  iUui»t ra- 
tion, in  strong  yet  delicate  colors,  from  a  drawing  by 
Jessie  Wilcox  Smith.  A  remarkable  instance  of  the 
use  of  lithography  in  a  magazine  of  the  large  circulation 
of  Scrihner'8  is  seen  in  tHe  reproductions  in  color 
accompanying  Mr.  John  La  Farge's  essay  on  the  art  of 
Puvis  de  Chavannes.  Mr.  Frank  R.  Stockton  haa  a 
most  audaciously  amusing  story,  "  The  Vice-Consort  ; " 
there  are  several  other  short  stories  by  Ernest  Seton- 
Thompson,  Alice  Duer,  Henry  Van  Dyke,  Arthur  Col- 
ton,  and  Octave  Thanet;  and,  from  a  pure  literary 
point  of  view,  most  important  of  all,  Mr.  W.  C-  Brown- 
ell's  essay  on  the  art  of  George  Eliot.  Mr.  Brownell 
places  George  Eliot  "certainly  at  the  head  of  psycho- 
logical novelists." 

M'CLURE'8. 

The  December  McClure''8  shows  the  influence  of  the 
holiday  season  in  an  unusual  sumptuousness  of  im- 
aginative illustrations,  and  in  the  kindergarten  tragedy 
by  Josephina Dodge  Daskam,  "TheMadnessof  Philip." 
The  great  event  of  this  December  number  is  the  begin- 
ning of  Mr.  Kipling's  new  novel,  "  Kim,"  in  which  the 
story-teller  goes  back  to  his  India,  the  scene  of  his 
earliest  and  greatest  artistic  triumphs.  The  iUa»trii- 
tions  are  by  Mr.  Lockwood  Kipling  and  Edwin  Liord 
Weeks.  Another  new  feature  is  from  Mr.  Anthony 
Hope,  "More  Dolly  Dialogues,"  charmingly  illustrated 
by  Howard  Chandler  Christy.  Mr.  John  Barrett  ^ves 
an  account  of  a  true  incident  of  a  Christmas  dinner  in 
Siam,  under  the  title  "  When  Cholera  Came."  There  is 
an  important  character  study  of  "The  Chinaman," 
adapted  from  M.  Pierre  Leroy-Beaulieu's  new  book, 
"  The  Awakening  of  the  East."  Mr.  Hamlin  Garland 
writes  on  "The  People  of  the  Buffalo,"  and  Mr.  Ray 
Stannard  Baker  gives  a  most  readable  account  of  the 
researches  of  Sir  John  Murray  in  the  science  of  ocean- 
ography, under  the  title  "The  Bottom  of  the  Sea." 


THE  COSMOPOLITAN. 

THE  December  Cosmopolitan^  beyond  a  Madonna 
frontispiece  and  some  verses  by  Katrina  Traak, 
gives  no  especially  Christmas  features. 

A  seconc^  frontispiece  is  an  excellent  bird's-eye  view 
of  the  city  of  Washington,  prefacing  Mr.  F.  W.  Fits- 
pat  rick's  article  on  the  *'  Centennial  of  the  Nation's  Capi- 
tal," in  which  he  tells  of  the  founding  of  Washington 
City,  and  of  its  beauty,  apropos  of  the  coming  C«nt«n* 
nial  celebration,  next  month.  Mr.  Fitzpa trick  consid- 
ers our  national  capital,  just  as  George  Washington 
planned  it,  •*one  of  the  finest  cities,  if  indeed  not  the 
finest  city,  in  the  world."  This  number  of  the  Co9rM^ 
poUtan  contains  the  very  Important  article  on  *'Tho 
Peking  Legations,"  by  Sir  Robert    Hart,   which   we 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI/IEIVED. 


741 


quote  from  elsewhere  in  this  number  of  the  Review  or 
Reviews,  crediting  the  Fortnightly  Review,  London, 
which  was  the  English  medium  in  which  the  article 
appeared.  A  South  African  war-story  by  Riidyard 
Kipling  appears  in  this  issue  of  the  Co%movoXitan,  en- 
titled "  The  Way  That  He  Took  ;*'  Louis  E.  Van  Nor- 
man writes  on  "  Life  and  Art  in  Warsaw,"  and  Epi- 
phanius  Wilson  describes  "  Some  Examples  of  Spanish 
Wood-Carving." 

MUNSEyS  MAGAZINE. 

MUNSEY^S  for  December  has  no  Christmas  allu- 
sions. The  magazine  begins  with  a  very  finely 
illustrated  article  by  Isaac  Headland  Taylor,  on  Japan, 
which  he  calls  '*  The  Britain  of  the  East,"  in  which  Pro- 
fessor Taylor  tells  of  the  island's  ambition  to  play  the 
part  of  an  Oriental  England ;  of  the  great  development 
of  her  armed  strength  on  sea  and  land,  and  her  wonder- 
ful progress  in  education  and  industry.  Professor  Taylor 
calls  attention  to  the  fact  that,  when  Japan  shall  have 
completed  the  proposed  addition  to  her  navy,  she  will 
be  four  times  as  strong  as  she  was  when  she  drove 
China  out  of  the  Eastern  Seas.  Mr.  Walter  H.  Stevens 
tells  over  "The  Story  of  the  Galveston  Disaster,"  Mr. 
Robert  E.  Park  describes  "The  German  Army"  as 
**  the  Most  Perfect  Military  Organization  in  the  World," 
and  John  Paul  Bocock  writes  on  "  Americans  Foremost 
Financier,"  Mr.  J.  Pierpont  Morgan.  We  have  quoted 
from  this  article  in  another  department. 


LIPPINCOTTS. 

THE  December  LippincotVs  begins  with  a  complete 
novel  by  Amelia  E.  Barr,  "Souls  of  Passage,"  a 
Scotch  story,  with  the  scene  laid  in  Glasgow. 

Lieut.  John  M.  Ellicott,  U.S.N.,  gives  an  interesting 
explanation  of  "  The  Strategic  War  Game  "  as  it  is  played 
in  the  United  States  Naval  War  College  at  Newport,  R.  I. 
This  in.Htitution  has  a  president  and  a  college  sta£F  on 
duty  the  year  round,  and  a  class  of  twenty-five  to  thirty 
officers,  ordered  in  attendance  from  June  to  September, 
inclusive.  The  class  is  composed  mainly  of  officers  of 
executive  and  command  rank,  and  is  divided  for  work 
into  committees  of  six  to  eight  members,  the  senior  in 
each  bein^  chairman.  Every  strategic  situation  is  played 
many  times  over  by  different  officers ;  so  that  while  the 
mind  of  each  individual  player  is  being  trained  to 
study  and  solve  war  problems,  the  consensus  of  their 
solntiouM  gradually  but  surely  points  out  certain  dis- 
positions of  forces  of  unfailing  strategic  advantage. 

Miss  Agnes  Repplier,  in  a  witty  essay,  "As  Adver- 
tised," finds  that  we  Yankees  are  briefer  and  more 
businesHlike  in  writing  advertisements  than  the  Eng- 
ll*»h.  "Our  housemaids  in  search  of  situations  do  not 
mention  their  height.  Our  householders  in  search  of 
servants  do  not  express  their  unfaltering  devotion  to 
the  Protestant  faith.  Our  typewriters  do  not  set  forth 
the  fact  that  they  are  clergymen's  dnu^hters.  An 
English  gentleman,  wishing  to  teach  the  higher  mathe- 
matics, thinks  it  worth  while  to  state — at  his  own  cost 
— that  he  has  married  a  French  wife,  and  always  speaks 
French  at  home."  This  number  contains  a  Christmas 
story  by  Patrick  Vaux,  "  The  Bluffing  of  Johnny  Cra- 
pAud;"  a  pretty  children's  story,  "  The  Little  Queen  and 
the  Gardener,"  by  Evelyn  Sharp,  and  an  article  on 
"Anti-Masonic  Mystification,"  by  Dr.  Henry  Charles 


OUTING. 

THE  December  Outing  shows  by  its  varied  and  at- 
tractive contents  that  the  magazine  has  "struck 
its  gait"  under  the  new  editorship  of  Mr.  Caspar  Whit- 
ney, and  this  issue  shows  a  most  striking  excellence  in 
the  particular  field  of  the  magazine.  Mr.  George  Bird 
Grinnell,  writing  on  "The  Present  Distribution  of  Big 
Game  in  America,"  shows  where  and  when  the  last 
remnants  of  th^  buffalo  in  America  have  been  deci- 
mated or  exterminated.  At  present,  he  says,  a  few 
animals  still  linger  in  the  Yellowstone  Park  ;  and  these 
were  almost  exterminated  between  1890  and  1894,  owing 
to  the  failure  of  Congress  to  pass  adequate  laws  for 
their  protection.  They  now  number  about  25.  A  very 
few  live  in  the  arid  country  of  Montana,  although  it  is 
doubtful  how  many  survived  a  raid  of  the  Indians  in 
1808,  when  32  were  killed.  One  or  two  little  bands  are 
supposed  to  be  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  and.  a 
herd  of  wood  buffalo  are  in  the  north,  between  the  Great 
Slave  Lake,  Peace  River,  aud  the  mountains  to  the 
westward.  These  are  variously  estimated  to  number 
50  and  150,  and  it  is  certain  they  will  be  exterminated. 

Mr.  Howard  C.  Ilillegas  gives  some  wonderful  stories 
of  Paul  Krtiger  in  his  capacity  as  a  mighty  hunter.  It  • 
is  said  that  on  the  original  trek  to  the  Transvaal, 
Krttger  personally  shot  no  less  than  fifty  lions.  When 
he  was  fifteen  years  old,  he  and  one  of  his  sisters  were 
attacked  by  a  South  African  panther,  and,  with  only  a 
knife  for  a  weapon,  Kriiger  attacked  and  killed  it. 
His  strength  was  almost  superhuman  ;  and  the  Boers 
all  credit  the  story  that  when  his  horse  collided  with  a 
large  wounded  buffalo  in  a  pool  of  water,  Krtiger 
quickly  regained  his  feet,  seized  tho  buffalo  by  the  horns, 
and  held  its  nose  under  the  water  until  it  was  dead. 

There  are  other  excellent  featuras  in  this  number  of 
Outing.  For  instance^  Mr.  David  Gray's  article  on 
"  The  Outlook  for  Fox-Hunting  in  America,"  Mr.  Emer- 
son Hough's  account  of  "  The  Old-Time  Prairie-Chicken 
Hunt,"  Vance  Thompson's  on  "Stag  and  Wolf- Hunting 
in  France,"  and  Guy  H.  Scull's  "Vacant  Hours  in 
War."  

THE  BOOKMAN. 

IN  its  December  issue,  the  Be  ok  man  has  two  articles 
on  Mr.  J.  M.  Barrie,  Mr.  William  Wallace  writing 
critically  of  the  novelist's  work,  aud  Mr.  Walter  Hale  of 
"J.  M.  Barrie's  Country." 

Flora  Mai  Holly  contributes  some  "  Noles  on  Ameri- 
can Editors,"  giving  a  series  of  short  biographical 
sketches  of  the  editors  of  the  more  prominent  maga- 
zines. Those  she  considers  worthy  of  a  place  in  the 
Bookman^s  roster  of  the  sanctums  are  :  Mr.  Henry  M. 
Alden,  of  Uarpefs;  Richard  Watson  Gilder,  of  the 
Century;  Edward  L.  Burlingame,  of  Scrlbner^s;  Dr. 
Albert  Shaw,  of  the  Review  of  Reviews  ;  John  Bris- 
ben  Wt.lker,  of  the  CoHmopoUtan ;  Bliss  Perry,  of  the 
AtUtntic;  Walter  H.  Page,  of  the  World's  Work;  Ed- 
ward W.  Bok,  of  the  Ladies'  Home  Journal ;  Harrison 
S.  Morris,  ot  LippincotVs;  Samuel  S.  McClure,  of  Mc- 
Clurc's  M<igozin6;  Caspar  Whitney,  of  Of/ f/n(;;  Frank 
A.  Munsey,  of  Munsey's;  Miss  Elizabeth  G.  Jordan,  of 
Harper's  Bazar;  Miss  J.  W.  Tompkins,  of  the  Puritany 
and  Miss  Jeannette  L.  Gilder,  of  the  Critic, 

Prof.  Harry  Thurston  Peck  gives  a  brief  estimate  of 
Mr.  Charles  Dudley  Warner,  and  there  is  an  unusually 
full  and  adequate  treatment  of  the  new  books  of  the 
month. 


742 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REyiElVS. 


FRANK  LESLIE'S. 

IN  the  December  Frank  Leslie's,  Mr.  Arthur  Henry 
has  an  interesting  account  of  marine  life  as  he 
saw  it  in  the  waters  about  Wood's  Holl,  Mass.,  and  of 
catching  sharks  and  swordflsh.  A  most  promising  se- 
ries begins  in  this  number  of  Frank  Leslie%  from  the 
pen  of  Mr.  E.  Hough,  author  of  **  The  Story  of  the  Cow- 
boy," and  other  books.  The  hero  of  each  story  in  the 
series  is  to  be  a  typical  character  of  the  early  West. 
The  first  installment,  "  The  Scout,"  deals  with  the  cap- 
ture of  Little  Wolfs  band,  as  the  facts  were  given  to 
the  author  by  Billy  Jackson,  the  half-breed  Piegan, 
who  practically  e£Fected  the  capture.  Jackson  was  one 
of  Reno's  scouts  at  the  battle  of  the  Little  Big  Horn, 
when  Custer  was  lost. 

Mr.  William  Davenport  Hulbert  gives  a  good  ac- 
count of  **  Life-Saving  on  the  Great  Lakes,"  with  pic- 
tures of  the  crews  and  apparatus  of  the  life-stations ; 
and  Burton  J.  Hendrick  traces  the  history  of  British 
progress  in  South  Africa  in  the  past  two  decades,  under 
the  title,  "  Twenty  Yearsof  Empire-Building  in  Africa." 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

THREE  of  the  articles  in  the  November  North 
American  have  to  do  with  various  phases  of  the 
problem  of  the  far  East.  Captain  Mahan  discusses  the 
**  Effects  of  Asiatic  Conditions  upon  International  Poli- 
cies," with  special  reference  to  the  relations  of  the 
United  States  in  the  Pacific  ;  Signer  Crispi,  the  veteran 
Italian  statesman,  writes  on  **  China  and  the  Western 
Powers,"  defining  the  grounds  and  scope  of  Italy's  inter- 
Tention  in  China ;  and  Count  Okuma,  formerly  Japan's 
prime  minister,  describes  VThe  Industrial  Revolution 
in  Japan,"  pointing  out  the  bearings  of  the  arguments 
for  and  against  a  protective  tariff  on  Japanese  Industrial 
conditions. 

ITAUAN  POLITICS. 

The  brilliant  young  Italian  writer,  Gabriele  d'Annun- 
aio,  in  an  article  entitled  "The  Third  Life  of  Italy," 
makes  this  pessimistic  comment  on  the  political  capa- 
city of  his  countrymen : 

"  The  Italians,  now  that  they  have  finally  succeeded 
In  crowning  with  unity  the  aspirations  that  had  in- 
flamed the  purest  spirits  through  the  course  of  cen- 
turies, and  in  realizing  the  sublime  dream  of  Dante 
and  of  MachiaVelli,  now  offer  us  a  singular  instance  of 
political  dissension,  of  general  discontent,  of  disaffec- 
tion for  their  native  land,  of  aversion  for  the  state,  of 
weariness  such  as  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  in  the 
history  of  any  other  nation." 

THE  PEACE  MOVEMENT. 

Baroness  Bertha  von  SUttner  defines  the  "Present 
Status  and  Prospects  of  the  Peace  Movement."  Refer- 
ring to  recent  events  in  South  Africa  and  in  Eastern 
Asia,  this  writer  says  : 

"  The  warlike  events  that  surge  about  us  and  threaten 
us  furnish  no  proof  against  the  principles  of  the  peace 
movement.  They  merely  prove  that  these  principles 
have  not  yet  entered  fully  into  the  conscience  of  nations 
and  of  their  leaders ;  that  the  movement  is  not  yet  suf- 
ficiently advanced  in  its  spread,  its  organization,  its 
methods  of  action,  to  verify  the  hopes  fostered  by  the 
conference  at  The  Hague  for  an  early  eradication  of 
old,  deeply  rooted  institutions  of  brute  force.    In  other 


words,  wfi  have  been  mistaken,  not  in  the  f  nndamenUl 
statements  we  have  made,  but  in  the  conception  that 
they  were  more  widely  accepted  than  they  have  proved 
to  be." 

THE  CENTURY'S  COMMERCIAL  DEVELOPMEKT. 

Mr.  O.  P.  Austin,  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  StMistics  of 
the  Treasury  Department  at  Washington,  contribute! 
an  interesting  survey  of  "  A  Century  of  Internataonsl 
Commerce,"  with  particular  reference  to  the  oommer- 
clal  development  of  the  United  States.  Mr.  Austin 
finds  that  our  imports  in  1900  are  about  ten  times  what 
they  were  in  1800,  while  our  exports  this  year  amount 
to  twenty  times  as  much  as  the  nominal  figures  of  1800. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

M.  Benjamin  Constant,  the  French  painter,  oontTib- 
utes  notes  on  the  famous  art  collection  of  Sir  Richard 
Wallace  ;  the  Chaucer  article,  apropos  of  the  five-hmH 
dredth  anniversary  of  the  poet's  death,  is  furnished  by 
Prof.  John  W.  Hales,  of  King's  College,  London  ;  Mrs. 
Schuyler  Van  Rensselaer  begins  a  series  of  pai>erB  de- 
signed to  show  how  New  York  has  suffered  at  the 
hands  of  its  historians;  Prof.  James  H.  Hyslop  re- 
views M.  Floumoy's  *'  From  India  to  the  Planet  Mars :  ~ 
Mrs.  Flora  McDonald  Thompson  writes  on  **  Retrogres- 
sion of  the  American  Woman  ; "  and  Dr.  Oskar  Mann. 
Orientalist  in  the  Royal  Library  at  Berlin,  contributes 
a  paper  on  Mohammedanism,  in  the  series  on  "The 
Great  Religions  of  the  World." 


I 


THE  FORUM. 

N  the  Forum  for  November  appears  a  paper  by  Mr. 
A.  Maurice  Low  on  the  use  of  mounted  inf anUy  in 
warfare,  from  which  we  have  quoted  at  some  length  in 
our  department  of  "  Leading  Articles  of  the  MontL' 
In  the  same  department,  last  month,  we  dealt  with 
the  Rev.  L.  J.  Davies'  article  on  "The  Taming  of  the 
Dragon,"  which  also  appears  in  the  November  F'arur^ 

TRUSTS  AND  THE  IRON  INDUSTRY. 

Writing  on  the  subject  of  trusts.  Director  of  the  M5nt 
Roberts  comments  on  the  alleged  power  of  combina- 
tions to  raise  prices,  as  instanced  during  the  ^'boom"* 
otie^.    He  says: 

"  The  field  most  thoroughly  covered  in  1809  by  com- 
binations was  the  iron  industry,  and  the  advance  in 
prices  in  that  line  for  the  first  nine  months  of  the  y^ir 
was  phenomenal.  But  it  was  by  no  means  unprece- 
dented. A  similar  boom  in  iron  goods  occurred  twenty 
years  before,  under  similar  business  conditions.  The 
files  of  the  Iron  Age  show  that,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
year  1879,  No.  1  foundry  pig  was  quoted  at  $16.50  to  $1§ 
per  ton  in  Philadelphia ;  bar  iron,  $1.65  per  hundred ; 
nails,  $2  per  keg ;  steel  rails,  $42  per  ton.  By  July 
there  had  been  an  advance  amounting  to  $2  per  ton  <ai 
the  pig ;  by  the  latter  part  of  August  another  dollar 
had  been  added ;  but  in  the  month  of  September  came 
a  jump  of  $10  per  ton.  Four  months  later, — ^Le.,  Jan- 
uary 22,  1880,— pig  iron  was  quoted  at  $41  to  $4*>  p» 
ton  ;  steel  rails  at  $80  to  $85,  bar  iron  at  $3.75  per  bun- 
dred,  and  nails  $5.25  per  keg.  This  was  before  the  era 
of  trusts." 

In  an  article  on  *'  The  Revival  and  Reaction  in  Iroo." 
Mr.  Archer  Brown,  who  is  well  informed  on  the  ten- 
dencies of  the  trade,  expresses  the  conviction  that  th« 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI^IEIVED. 


748 


American  iron  and  steel  industry,  "instead  of  having 
reached  ite  climax,  is  on  the  eve  of  a  greater  develop- 
ment than  anything  the  world  has  seen.*' 

THE  QUESTION  OF  BBEAD. 

In  an  account  of  the  bread  and  bread-making  exhibits 
at  Paris,  Mr.  H.  W.  Wiley,  of  the  Department  of  Agri- 
cultare  at  Washington,  declares  that  *'  the  great  evils 
of  oar  time  are  not  intemperance,  bribery,  and  trusts, 
but  the  frying-pan,  bicarbonate  of  soda,  and  pie."  He 
estimates  that  not  more  than  25  per  cent,  of  the  bread 
annually  consumed  in  this  country  is  properly  prepared 
or  baked.  In  the  interest  of  health,  economy,  and  good 
living,  Mr.  Wiley's  plea  for  reform  in  our  bread-mak- 
ing processes  should  not  go  unheeded.  Mr.  Wiley  in- 
sints  that  bread-making  is  as  much  of  an  art  as  tailor- 
ing, and  that  we  have  as  much  right  to  bread  made  by 
experts  as  we  have  to  tailor-made  coats  and  gowns. 
He  urges  that  domestic  bread-making  be  wholly  dls- 
X>ensed  with,  and  that  in  every  community  bakeries  be 
instituted,  under  competent  control,  prepared  to  offer 
the  best  bread  at  the  lowest  prices. 

OTUEB  ABTICLE8. 

Mr.  Williams  C.  Fox,  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Re 
publics,  explains  the  objects  of  the  Pan-American  Con- 
ference called  to  meet  at  the  City  of  Mexico  in  October, 
1901 ;  Chief- Justice  Sir  Robert  Stout,  of  New  Zealand, 
compares  the  constitutions  of  the  United  States  and  the 
Australian  Commonwealth  ;  Maj.  Arthur  Griffiths  de- 
scribes the  ^intelligence  department''  of  the  British 
array  organization  ;  Mr.  Budgett  Meakin  writes  on 
*'  Yesterday  and  To-day  in  Morocco ; ''  and  an  essay  on 
Chaucer  is  contributed  by  Dr.  Ferris  Greenslet,  of 
Columbia  University.     

THE  ARENA. 

THE  November  Arena  opens  with  four  articles  on 
the  race  question.  Two  of  these  articles  are  con- 
tributed by  white  men— Mr.  Walter  L.  Hawley,  of  New 
York,  and  Mr.  Walter  Guild,  of  Alabama ;  and  two  by 
colored  men— Mr.  George  Allen  Mebane,  formerly  a 
member  of  the  North  Carolina  Legislature,  and  Prof. 
W.  8.  Scarborough,  of  Wilberforce  University. 

DIRECT  LEGISLATION. 

Dr.  Ellis  P.  Oberholtzer,  for  the  benefit  of  those  peo- 
ple who  are  just  now  beginning  to  realize  the  fact  that 
the  referendum  has  long  had  an  established  function  in 
American  political  life,  enumerates  some  of  the  meas- 
ures submitted  by  our  legislatures  to  popular  vote 

**  The  selection  of  sites  for  county  capitals  ;  the  adop- 
tion of  city  charters ;  the  annexation  of  territory  to  a 
county,  town,  or  city ;  the  creation  of  a  loan  to  erect 
court-houses  or  jails,  repair  the  roads,  or  enable  the  local 
€X>rporation  to  engage  in  other  works  of  public  improve- 
ment; to  build  or  furnish  schoolbouses,  purchase  or 
improve  water  systems  or  lighting-plants  ;  the  prohibi- 
tion of  the  sale  of  intoxicating  beverages  within  town 
or  county  limits, — all  are  matters  concerning  which  the 
sense  of  the  people  is  frequently  sought  and  secured." 

It  is  clear  that  Switzerland  has  no  monopoly  of  the 
referendum  as  an  active  principle  in  practical  politics. 

TRANSPORTATION  OF  THE  WHEAT  CROP. 

Mr.  George  Ethelbert  Walsh  shows  that,  with  ade- 
quate transportation  facilities  all  over  the  world,  fam- 
ines in  India  or  in  any  other  country  would  be  impossi- 


ble. Granaries  are  large  enough  to  supply  the  needs  of* 
all  countries.  Crops  do  not  fail  in  all  pajrts  of  the  world 
at  once.  In  short,  production  keeps  pace  with  demand, 
from  year  to  year,  but  the  g^rain  is  not  properly  distrib- 
uted. **  The  engineer  and  railroad  and  steamship  con- 
structor have  a  duty  to  fulfill  in  the  near  future  that, 
will  save  the  lives  of  millions  from  starvation." 


GUNTON'S  MAGAZINE. 

IN  Ountofi'8  for  November,  the  editor  interprets  the 
triumph  of  Mr.  Chamberlain  in  the  recent  British 
elections  as  an  indication  of  "  the*  real  tendency  of 
political  development  in  England,  away  from  the  bar- 
ren policy  of  laUsez  fairc  towards  an  integrating, 
aflirmative,  protective  policy,  which  industrially  will 
bring  England  into  line  with  the  United  States.** 

THB  COUNTRY  PRESS  AND  PUBUC  OPINION. 

Mr.  Daniel  T.  Pierce  pronounces  the  rural  newspapers 
of  the  country  the  truest  reflectors  of  public  opinion, 
and  next  to  them  he  ranks  the  papers  published  in 
cities  of  from  10,000  to  50,000  inhabitants.  He  says : 
**  The  country  newspaper  not  only  reflects  public  opin- 
ion,— it  anticipates  it.  Its  editor  is  in  close  relations 
with  his  readers ;  he  knows  many  of  them  personally, 
and  his  interests  are  identical  with  theirs.  The  editor 
of  the  great  metropolitan  daily,  on  the  other  hand, 
looks  down  upon  his  stranger -constituency  from  an 
elevation  of  reserve  and  self-esteem.  This  attitude  of 
superiority  may  be  warranted,  but  it  does  not  recom- 
mend our  *  great  newspapers*  as  echoes  of  the  public 
voice." 

THE  ASCENDENCY  OF  THE  SCOT. 

"The  Silent  Partner  in  the  Anglo-American  Alli- 
ance** is  the  title  of  an  article  in  which  Mr.  Joseph 
Sohn  emphasizes  the  importance  of  the  silent  influence 
exerted  by  the  Scottish  element  in  every  portion  of  the 
English-speaking  world.  Mr.  Sohn  has  explored  the 
biographical  and  genealogical  fields  opened  up  by  the 
publication  of  the  *'  Dictionary  of  National  Biography,** 
and  has  been  impressed  by  the  ascendency  of  the  Scot- 
tish strain  in  almost  every  profession  and  calling.  He 
includes  in  his  article  a  list  of  eminent  Americans 
whose  ancestrv  was  partially  Scotch,  beginning  with 
Paul  Jones  and  ending  with  Governor  Roosevelt.  Mr. 
Sohn  feels  ^  arrauted,  in  the  light  of  all  the  facts,  in 
the  conclusioix  that  the  destinies  of  Anglo-Saxon  union, 
must  inevitably  be  controlled  by  the  **  canny  Soot.** 


THE  INTERNATIONAL  MONTHLY. 

IN  the  November  number  of  the  InttmatUmal 
Monthly,  the  essay  on  »*The  Primitive  Objects  of 
Worship**  is  continued  from  the  October  issue.  The 
author  of  the  essay  is  M.  Marillier,  the  learned  French 
writer  on  the  origin  of  religion. 

A  STUDY  OP  CALIFORNIA. 

Prof.  Josiah  Royce  contributes  to  the  November 
number  a  paper  entitled  *'The  Pacific  Coast:  A  Psy- 
chological Study  of  Influence.**  Professor  Royce*s  ex- 
position  of  the  efifect  of  climate  on  the  Jalifomians  is 
most  interesting.  Consider,  for  instance,  the  independ- 
ent position  in  which  the  Califomlan  farmer  flnd» 
himself : 

*'  It  is  of  little  importance  to  him  who  his  next  neigh> 


744 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


bor  is.  At  pleasure  he  can  ride  or  drive  to  And  his 
friends ;  can  choose,  like  the  Southern  planter  of  for- 
mer days,  his  own  range  of  hospitality  ;  can  devote  him- 
self, if  a  man  of  cultivation,  to  reading  during  a  good 
many  hours  at  his  own  choice ;  or,  if  a  man  of  sport, 
can  find  during  a  great  part  of  the  year  easy  oppor- 
tunities for  hunting  or  for  camping,  both  for  himself 
and  for  the  young  people  of  his  family.  In  the  dry  sea- 
son he  knows  beforehand  what  engagements  can  be 
made,  without  regard  to  the  state  of  the  weather,  since 
the  state  of  the  weather  is  predetermined.*' 

LI  HUNG  CHANG. 

Apropos  of  the 'selection  of  Earl  Li  Hung  Chang  as 
one  of  the  negotiators  on  the  part  of  China  for  the  settle- 
ment of  the  questions  growing  out  of  the  late  disonlers, 
the  Hon.  John  W.  Foster's  sketch  of  the  aged  viceroy's 
career  is  instructive.  Mr.  Foster  authenticates  the  story 
that  in  the  time  of  Li's  greatest  power  *' Chinese"  Gor- 
don urged  him  to  make  himself  Empteror,  and  offered  to 
lead  his  troops  to  Peking  for  that  purpose.  Li  was, 
however,  proof  against  this  and  similar  temptations. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Marc  Debrit,  the  editor  of  the  Geneva  JoiirTial,  writes 
on  the  futility  of  appeals  by  weak  nations  to  interna^ 
tional  congresses  for  redress  of  wrongs ;  Mr.  John  La 
Farge  on  **Ruskin,  Art,  and  Truth  ;"  Prof.  Franklin 
H.  Giddings  on  *'  Modern  Sociology,"  and  Prof.  W.  G. 
Sumner  on  "  The  Predominant  Issue  "  (expansion). 


THE  CONTEMPORARY  REVIEW. 

IN  the  Contemporary  for  November,  the  opening  ar- 
ticle is  by  Dr.  Albert  Shaw,  on  the  Presidential 
campaign  in  the  United  States.  This  and  the  paper  on 
Italy  by  Mr.  Bolton  King,  together  with  the  epitome  of 
the  Paris  Exposition  by  Prof.  Patrick  Geddes,  have 
received  notice  elsewhere. 

EXIT  ARC-LIGHT  :    ENTER  WEL8BACH. 

A  writer  calling  himself  **Ex  Fumo  Lucem^  is  al- 
lowed to  announce  that  the  incandescent  gas-lights  are 
superseding  the  electric  arc  in  street  -  illumination. 
Berlin  and  Paris  have  rejected  the  arc-light  and  re- 
verted to  gas  and  Welsbach.  LiverjHXjl  manufactures 
its  own  electricity,  but  has  lighted  its  streets  with  the  in- 
candescent gas.  Gas  companies  will  doubtless  be  grate- 
ful to  the  writer.  A  wider  public  will,  at  any  rate, 
appreciate  an  opening  paragraph  of  his  article  : 

**  Several  attempts  have  been  made  to  fix  upon  the 
century  some  peculiarly  distinctive  appellation.  It  has 
been  styled  the  Age  of  Steel,  the  Age  of  Steam,  and  so 
forth  ;  but  it  might  as  fairly  be  called  also  tlie  Age  of 
Light,  inasmuch  as  it  has  witnessed  the  birth  and  de- 
velopment of  one  of  the  boldest  conceptions  of  human 
mechanical  skill  and  power  of  organization—the  sys- 
tematic provision  of  artificial  light  in  any  desired 
quantity,  for  any  purpose,  distributed  through  every 
town  and  available  at  any  hour,  for  the  mere  turning 
of  a  tap  or  a  button.  The  dreams  of  all  the  Utopians 
of  past  ages  never  compassed  any  such  impressive 
reality.  They  never  do.  The  dreams  of  dreamers  re- 
main dreams,  while  the  workers  continually  endow 
the  race  with  unexpected  boons." 

THE  MORAL  OF  THE  INDIAN  FAMINE. 

Under  the  title,  *'An  Empire  Adrift,"  Mr.  Vaughan 
Nash  gives  to  the  Contemporary  his  impressions  and 


suggestions  concerning  the  state  of  India.    He  presents 
a  gloomy  report.    He  says : 

'*  I  spent  eleven  weeks  in  the  famine  districts  in  the 
hot  weather,  as  correspondent  of  the  Manchester 
O^uardlaTij  trying  to  ascertain  the  bearing  of  our  ad- 
ministration on  these  life  and  death  problems.  I  bad 
the  advantage  of  hearing  the  opinions  of  a  lar^pe  num- 
ber of  British  officials  and  native  gentlemen;  and  wb«i- 
ever  I  had  an  opportunity  I  got  into  talk  with  the  vil- 
lagers about  their  farms,  debts,  means  of  living,  and 
general  position.  From  all  I  saw  and  heard,  the  cno* 
elusion  was  irresistible  that  India  is  drifting  on  the 
rocks;  that  her  wealth  is  not  increasing  (the  traders 
and  money-lenders  were  never,  indeed,  so  rich  sa  they 
are  to-day,  but  the  cultivators  are  growing  poorer) ;  that 
the  dissolutioit  of  village  institutions  and  the  ^rowiDR 
power  of  the  money-lender,  who  is  swallowing^  up  India 
in  enormous  mouthfuls,  are  the  signs  of  a  social  and 
economic  break-up,  for  which  no  benefits  that  we  mar 
confer  can  compensate.  Railways  and  money-lenders 
have  taken  away  the  surpluses  which  used  to  form  the 
reserves  for  bad  years.  The  landlord  institution  that 
we  planted  has  been  a  failure,  if  not  a  curse  ;  the  in- 
debtedness of  the  cultivators  is  piling  up  faster  than  tb« 
public  debt ;  in  a  word,  the  symptoms  point  to  a  state 
of  exhaustion— exhaustion  which,  at  the  touch  of  fam- 
ine, becomes  collapse.**    

THE  AMERICAN  HISTORICAL  REVIEW. 

IN  the  current  issue  of  the  American  Historical  He- 
view  (quarterly)  are  four  original  contribatloos. 
besides  reprints  of  documents,  reviews  of  new  book^ 
notes  of  investigations,  etc. 

Mr.  John  B.  Sanborn  sums  up  the  various  influesees 
that  worked  to  retard  homestead  leg^lation  during  the 
forty  years  preceding  the  Civil  War.  Opposition  caiw 
from  the  advocates  of  State  sovereignty  and  strict  ooii- 
struction,  from  the  Know  nothing  opponents  of  immi- 
gration, and  from  the  Southern  slaveholder. 

Considerable  has  been  written,  from  time  to  time, 
about  the  **  free-State**  immigration  to  Kansas  in  1S54- 
55,  but  little  definite  information  has  been  publisjivd 
regarding  organized  proslavery  attempts  to  poaacfes  tJiis 
"  debatable  land.**  In  this  number  of  the  Hi«<orioai 
RevicWy  however,  Mr.  Walter  L.  Fleming  gives  a  cir» 
cumstantial  account  of  the  expedition  organised  and 
led  by  Col.  Jefferson  Buford,  of  Alabama,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  holding  Kansas  **  against  the  Free-soil  hordes." 
The  colonization  scheme  was  a  failure,  financially  ax»l 
poli  tically.  It  seemed  that  the  institutions  of  the  Soutk 
could  not  be  transplanted  to  Kansas. 

The  other  contributed  articles  in  this  number  an  a 
study  of  the  English  and  Dutch  towns  of  New  Nether- 
land,  by  Mr.  Albert  E.  McKinley,  and  a  po6tM:ri(^  to 
the  work  of  the  American  commission  on  the  Venezne- 
Ian  boundary,  by  Prof.  George  L.  Burr. 


THE  NINETEENTH  CENTURY. 

IN  the  Nineteenth  Century  for  November,  Mr. 
Samuel  Waddington  discusses  the  precise  locality 
of  *'the  cradle  of  the  human  race.**  He  reckons  that 
man  first  appeared  in  the  Eocene  period,  which  began 
4,000,000  years  ago.  His  first  habitat  is  put  by  Hflckri 
in  Southern  Asia,  by  Wallace  in  Central  Asia,  by 
Wagner  in  Europe,  and  by  Darwin  in  Africa.  Tbc 
writer's  own  view  is  as  follows  : 


THE  PERIODICALS  REI/IEIVED. 


745 


"  The  cradle  of  the  human  race  was  probably  the  vast 
tract  of  unbroken  land  lying  between  the  Ural  Moun- 
tains on  the  west  and  the  Bering  Straits,  the  sea  of 
OkhoUtk,  and  Manchuria  on  the  east.  ...  In  this 
vast  region  between  Manchuria  and  the  Ural  Mountains 
there  are  high  tablelands  and  other  districts  that  are 
oomparatively  destitute  of  trees  ;  and  it  is  not  improb- 
able that  primitive  man  got  separated  from,  or  driven 
ont  of,  the  forest  and  was  compelled  to  give  up  tree- 
climbing  and  to  take  to  walking  on  these  wild  plateaux 
and  prairies.  After  scrambling  along  un  his  *  back 
hands*  or  *hind  feet*  for  a  long  time,  the  latter  at 
length  would  develop  the  strength  and  form  of  the 
human  foot,  and  would  lose  the  shape  and  character 
peculiar  to  the  ape.  But  this  would  not  take  place  so 
long  as  he  was  living  in  woods  and  was  accustomed  to 
use  his  *  back  hands*  in  clasping  boughs  and  climbing 
trees  to  reach  the  fruit  that  grew  thereon.  It  would 
not  have  taken  place  if  his  cradle  had  been  a  tropical 
forest." 

MAX  MdLLEB  ON  CHINESE  MISSIONS. 

His  death  lends  a  melancholy  interest  to  Professor 
Max  Milller*s  concluding  survey  of  the  religions  of 
China.  The  ordinary  reader  will  be  surprised  to  find 
Christianity  present  in  China  as  far  back  as  686  A.D., 
and  in  the  friendliest  relations  with  Buddhism.  After 
glancing  at  the  compromising  evangelism  of  the  Jesuits 
in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries,  the  writer 
comes  down  to  modern  missions  and  refers  to  the 
offense  they  often  unwittingly  caused.  He  says,  for 
example : 

**The  European  missions  would  send  out  not  only 
married  but  unmarried  ladies,  and  persisted  In  doing 
so,  though  warned  by  those  who  knew  China  that  the 
Chinese  recognize  in  public  life  two  classes  of  women 
only  :  married  women,  and  single  women  of  bad  char- 
acter. What  good  reaults  could  the  missions  expect 
from  the  missionary  labors  of  persons  so  despised  by 
the  Chinese  ?  .  .  .  After  our  late  experience  it  must  be 
quite  clear  that  it  is  more  than  doubtful  whether  Chris- 
tian missionaries  should  be  sent  or  even  allowed  to  go 
to  countries,  the  governments  of  which  object  to  their 
presence.  It  is  always  and  everywhere  the  same  story. 
Kirst  commercial  adventurers,  then  consuls,  then  mis- 
aioaaries,  then  soldiers,  then  war." 

CALVINISM  AND  THE  CELT. 

In  a  beautiful  but  pathetic  paper  on  the  Gael  and  his 
heritage,  which  abounds  in  reminiscences,  tales,  and 
songs  of  the  ancient  time,  Fiona  Macleod  says  : 

**  I  do  not  think  any  one  who  has  not  lived  intimately 
io  the  Highlands  can  realize  the  extent  to  which  the 
blight  of  Calvinism  has  fallen  upon  the  people,  cloud- 
ing the  spirit,  stultifying  the  mind,  taking  away  all 
JoyoQsness  and  light-hearted  gayety,  laying  a  ban  upon 
music  even,  upon  songs,  making  laughter  as  rare  as  a 
clansman  landlord,  causing  a  sad  gloom  as  common  as 
a  mined  croft." 

THE  AUDIENCE  AT  OBERAMMEROAU. 

L.  C.  Morant  writes  on  what  he  describes  as  **  the  vul- 
garizing of  Oberammergau."  He  has  no  fault  to  find 
with  the  peasant  actors.  **  Nothing,"  he  says,  "can  ex- 
ceed their  reverence  and  devotiou.  They  are  not  yet 
spoiled." 

"The  disillusion,  if  disillusion  there  is,  is  the  work  of 
tlie  audience,  and  of  the  Americans  in  particular.  .  .  . 


From  beginning  to  end,  a  devotional  spirit,  or  even  a 
spirit  of  reverence,  never  breathed  its  softening  influ- 
ence over  that  crowded  house.  .  .  .  Perhaps,  roughly 
speaking,  there  are  400  people  who  go  to  the  play  with 
a  devout  mind  'and  a  reverent  intention,  and  the  audi- 
ence numbers  4,000.  The  leaven  is  insufficient  to  work 
any  transformation,  and  the  Passion  Play  Is  abused." 

The  writer  closes  with  an  outburst  of  wrath  at  the 
Pope  for  having  given  Mayer,  who  thrice  acted  Jesus 
Christy  and  all  his  children  a  pardon  for  all  their  sins. 

FRENCH  CANADIANS  AND  THE  EMPIRE. 

Mr.  J.  6  Snead  Cox  explains  the  French  Canadian 
attitude  of  latent  misgiving  concerning  the  dispatch  of 
Canadian  volunteers  to  South  Africa.  It  was  one  of 
fear  of  imperial  federation.  In  his  own  words  :  "The 
people  of  the  French  province  are  loyal  to  Canada  with 
a  passionate  loyalty  as  to  the  only  home  they  know ; 
they  are  grateful  to  Great  Britain  for  her  faithful 
guardianship,  and  proud  of  her  protection ;  they  look 
forward  neither  to  the  establishment  of  a  great  French 
state  on  the  St.  Lawrence  nor  to  annexation  to  the 
United  States ;  but  they  view  with  deep  distrust  the 
prospect  of  constitutional  changes  within  the  empire 
which  may  diminish  their  relative  importance  and  in- 
fluence as  a  separate  community.** 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW. 

THE  Fortnightly  Review  for  November  is  an  ex- 
tremely good  number,  containing  several  articles 
much  above  the  average ;  and  one,  that  of  Sir  Robert 
Hart,  noticed  elsewhere,  of  the  very  first  political  im- 
portance. 

"  DISILLUSIONED  DAUGHTERS." 

Among  the  minor  papers  there  is  a  very  interesting 
essay  entitled  "Disillusioned  Daughters,"  which  for 
some  mysterious  reason  is  printed  in  smaller  type  than 
the  rest  of  the  magazine.  The  writer,  Pleasaunce 
Unite,  is  a  believer  in  the  women  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, and  exhorts  Englishwomen  of  to-day  to  pay  more 
attention  to  housework.    She  says : 

**  Healthful  employment  for  girls,  economy  without 
ugliness,  and  an  immense  advance  in  simplicity  and 
beauty  of  living, — these  are  only  a  few  of  the  advan- 
tages to  be  looked  for  from  a  revolution  in  feminine 
education,  which  shall  restoi-e  to  domestic  pursuits  the 
honor  that  was  theirs  in  the  eighteenth  century." 

Incidentally,  she  draws  a  picture  of  a  villa  resident 
who  has  five  grown-up  daughters,  and  who  is  worri^ 
to  death  with  incompetent  servants.  The  remedy,  she 
declares,  lies  ready  to  his  hand  : 

**  But  let  these  girls  once  realize  how  much  happier 
and  prettier  they  would  be  if  they  spent  their  mornings 
making  beds  and  cleaning  silver,  and  the  slovenly 
house  and  parlor  maids  would  find  their  occupation 
gone." 

ENGLAND  IN  BELGIUM. 

One  of  the  most  important  articles  relating  to  foreign 
politics  is  an  anonymous  paper  upon  '*  England  and 
Belgium."  The  writer  sets  himselt  to  explain  how  it 
is  that  the  English  at  the  present  moment  are  so  uni- 
versally denounced  by  the  Belgians.  Of  the  fact,  there 
seems  to  be  no  doubt.    The  writer  says  : 

"  General  Brialmont's  authority  may  be  taken  when 
he  said  that  *  there  was  not  a  public  man  in  Belgium  who 
would  utter  a  word  of  palliation  or  excuse  for  England.'** 


746 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


He  is  loathf  however,  to  admit  that  such  universal  un- 
popularity could  be  due  solely  to  the  infamy  of  the  war 
in  South  Africa,  and  he  sets  himself  to  explain  the 
various  other  reasons  for  England's  slump  in  popularity 
with  the  Belgians.    He  says : 

**The  English  had  lost,  in  many  ways,  the  popularity 
they  once  possessed  in  Belgium ;  and  impartiality  de- 
mands the  admission  that  it  was  very  much  their  own 
fault.  .  .  .  The  value  of  the  English  visitor  and  toUrist 
to  Belgium  has  declined,  while  at  the  same  time  there 
has  been  no  decline  in  their  belief  that  they  are  indis- 
pensable to  the  prosperity  of  that  country.  Hence, 
their  comments  at  the  expense  of  its  people  are  vul- 
gar and  free.*' 

BELGIAN  DEFENSES. 

Many  of  the  Belgians  have  got  the  idea  that  they 
"Would'  prosper  much  better  if  they  were  no  longer  a 
protected  state.  This  aspiration  to  complete  independ- 
•ence  leads  them  to  resent  the  position  which  England 
holds  in  relation  to  their  neutrality.  The  writer  is, 
however,  very  sure  that  they  are  making  a  great  mis- 
take, and  tells  them  so  with  a  plainness  which  is  not 
exactly  calculated  to  increase  the  popularity  of  his 
country  in  Antwerp  and  Liege.  What  Belgium  should 
do,  he  says,  is  not  to  talk  about  an  independence  which 
she  could  not  defend,  but  to  set  about  at  once  strength- 
ening her  defenses.  In  this  respect,  he  declares,  a  great 
deal  remains  to  be  done : 

**  She  cannot  escape  the  strict  application  of  the  exist- 
ing law  of  conscription  and  compulsory  service.  Her 
peace  army  is  50,000  men  short  of  the  necessary  number ; 
she  has  no  real  reserve,  and  she  requires  one  of  150,000 
men.  The  citadel  of  her  national  freedom  (Antwerp), 
notwithstanding  some  admirable  forts,  presents  an  un- 
defended gap,  through  which  a  German  cavalry  force 
of  20,000  men  could  seize  the  city  by  a  coup  de  main, 
when  the  protecting  forts  would  not  dare  to  fire  on  the 
place  which  personifies  the  commercial  wealth  of  the 
<x)untry.  Let  this  gap  be  closed  by  the  construction  of 
the  five  forts  still  traced  only  on  paper." 

The  Rev.  S.  H.  W.  Hughes-Games  discusses  pleas- 
antly, and  with  much  appreciation,  the  life  and  poetical 
work  of  the  Rev.  Thomas  B^ward  Brown,  the  poet  and 
scholar  who  made  it  the  ambition  of  his  life  to  embody 
in  literary  form  the  vanishing  traits  of  Manx  life. 


THE  MONTHLY  REVIEW. 

THE  Monthly  Review  for  November  is  illustrated 
with  a  colored  map  of  the  trans-Siberian  Rail- 
way, and  various  portraits  of  Dutch  worthies  illustrat- 
ing a  paper  on  the  naval  exhibition  at  The  Hague  ;  and 
also  some  illustrations  of  the  art  of  primitive  China. 

A  further  novelty  is  Mr.  W.  Hall  Griffen's  transla- 
tion of  an  Italian  manuscript  describing  the  trial  and 
death  of  those  concerned  in  the  murder  of  Pompilia. 
The  translator  says  it  is  the  best  prose  account  of  the 
whole  case  which  is  known  to  exist. 

THE  TRANS-SIBERIAN  RAILWAY. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  papers  is  Mr.  A.  R.  Col- 
quhoun's  account  of  his  journey  on  the  trans-Siberian 
Railway  to  Port  Arthur.    Mr.  Colquhoun  says  : 

»'The  trans  Siberian,  however  badly  laid,  however 
•costly  in  construction,  has  conferred  inestimable  bene- 
fits on  the  nation  to  which  it  owes  its  being." 

Englishmen  are  l)ecoming  accustomed  by  this  time 


to  read  that  the  great  market  opened  up  by  the  ndlway 
has  been  taken  advantage  of  by  the  euterprisiDg  Ger- 
man : 

*'The  best  teachers,  artisans,  and  skilled  workmen 
are  Teutons.  The  writer  in  his  journey  met  innomer- 
able  commercial  travelers  and  agents  of  German  natioo- 
ality,  but  only  one  firm  of  British  traders,  a  few  British 
and  American  prospectors,  and  a  half  dozen  ElngU^h 
engineers  employed  on  the  ice-breaker  at  Lake  Baikal 
There  is  no  paper  in  Russia  printed  in  English,  and  the 
language  is  practically  only  available  at  the  Russian 
ports.  In  Siberia  it  is  unknown  except  among  the 
Germans.    The  French  are  not  in  evidence  at  all." 

Altogether,  Mr.  Ck>lquhoun  thinks  that  the  Russians 
themselves  in  making  the  railway  have  been  already 
crowned  with  success,  which  even  now  much  exceeds 
the  hopes  of  the  initiators  of  the  scheme.  It  Ib  impos- 
sible to  exaggerate  the  possibilities  of  the  railway  when 
it  is  at  length  completed,  strengthened,  and  pat  in  order. 

CHINESE  ART. 

The  other  out-of-the-way  paper  is  that  devoted  to  the 
account  of  Chinese  masterpieces  of  art.  Japan  is  reoo^ 
nized  as  one  of  the  greatest  artistic  nations  of  xht 
world,  but  Chinese  art  is  little  imderstood.  The  writer 
of  this  article,  Mr.  C.  J.  Holmes,  is  very  enthnsia»tie 
about  the  art  of  primitive  China.  He  says  that  the 
finer  bronzes  emerge  with  credit  from  the  ordeal  of 
being  compared  with  the  very  greatest  works  of  paiD^ 
ers  and  sculptors  of  Europe  in  subtleness  of  design  and 
perfection  of  workmanship,  that  remain  onsurpasspd 
by  any  Occidental  metal-work.  Even  their  painting 
are  very  remarkable,  for  they  are  limited  by  material, 
technical  method,  and  subject-matte'r. 

**  Nevertheless,  outside  the  very  greatest  names  ol 
Europe,  it  is  surprising  how  small  a  number  of  painters 
can  be  said  to  possess  the  qualities  which  characteriK 
the  great  periods  of  Chinese  art.  The  evidence  of  th<4r 
porcelain  is  enough  to  prove  that  the  Chinese  have  been 
masters  of  color  to  a  degree  unknown  in  the  West.  Id- 
dividual  European  artists  have  been  magnificent  coloi^ 
ists ;  but  in  no  nation,  not  even  in  the  Japanene,  tuu 
the  color  faculty  been  developed  so  invariably  and  >o 
uniformly." 

The  article  by  Professor  Martens,  on  The  Ha^irae  Coo- 
ference  and  China,  has  been  quoted  in  another  de- 
partment.   

THE  EDINBURGH  REVIEW. 

THE  October  number  of  the  Edinburgh  comes  as  a 
relief  to  nerves  wearied  with  the  incessant  din  ctf 
electioneering.  Perhaps  the  most  important  article  la 
the  number  is  a  study  of  municipal  trading,  which  de- 
mands separate  notice. 

HOW  IDEAS  COME  TO  A  GEKIUS. 

An  appreciation  of  Hermann  von  Helmholtz  rwak^ 
him.  Clerk  Maxwell,  and  Lord  Kelvin  as  the  three  chirf 
agents  in  the  revolutionary  progress  of  the  second  half 
of  the  closing  century.  "All  bore  the  stamp  of  nniver- 
sality  distinctive  of  greatness.**  Their  work  led  to  the 
cherishing  of  *'a  more  plastic  idea  of  the  universe.* 
How  so  great  a  genius  received  his  ideas,  is  a  matter  of 
general  interest. 

"Lucky  ideas,"  he  said,  "often  steal  into  the  Hneof 
thought  without  their  importance  being  at  first  nnder- 
stood  ;  then  afterwards  some  accidental  circumstanoe 
shows  how  and  under  what  conditions  they  originated ; 


THE  PERIODICALS  RE^IEIVED. 


747 


they  are  present,  otherwise,  without  oar  knowing 
whence  they  came.  In  other  cases  they  occur  suddenly, 
without  exertion,  like  an  inspiration.  As  far  as  my  ex- 
perience goes,  they  never  come  at  the  desk  or  to  a  tired 
brain,  but  often  on  waking  in  the  morning,  or  when 
ascending  woody  hills  in  sunny  weather.  The  smallest 
quantity  of  alcoholic  drink,**  he  added,  **  seemed  to 
frighten  them  away.** 

WHO  18  THE  CHIEF  POET  OF  THE  CENTURY  f 

Another  article  recalls  Matthew  Arnold*s  prophecy, 
that  **when  the  year  1900  is  turned,  and  our  nation 
comes  to  recount  her  poetic  glories  in  the  century 
w^hich  has  then  just  ended,  the  first  names  will  be 
Wordsworth  and  Byron.**  The  reviewer  grants  that 
**  Wordsworth  now  stands  far  higher**  than  Byron. 
Nevertheless,  he  agrees  with  Tennyson  that  Byron  and 
Shelley,  with  all  their  mistakes,  *^did  yet  give  the 
world  another  heart  and  a  new  pulse.**  He  concludes 
that  **  the  time  has  surely  now  come  when  we  may  leave 
discussing  Byron  as  a  social  outlaw,  and  cease  groping 
after  more  evidence  of  his  misdeeds ;  **  rather  should 
we  assign  him  the  permanent  rank  in  our  literature 
which  the  powerful  impression  he  made  on  it  Justifies. 


GLOOMY  GENERAUZATION  FOR  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

A  review  of  recent  works  on  C8esar*s  Gallic  War  leads 
the  writer  to  indulge  in  a  generalization  which  may  be 
commended  as  a  corrective  to  the  shallow  optimism 
prevailing  in  some  quarters  concerning  the  future  of 
£ngland*s  South  African  conquests.  After  recounting 
the  desperate  resistance  of  the  Gauls  after  Ceesar*s  first 
conquests,  the  writer  proceeds  : 

**  Such  is  the  course  of  all  conquests.  The  conquered, 
crushed  by  military  disasters,  submit  for  the  moment ; 
then,  recovering  from  panic  and  realizing  what  the  loss 
of  independence  really  means,  they  attempt,  under  some 
Vercingetorix,  a  new,  a  more  desperate,  and  perhaps  a 
more  general  resistance.** 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

There  is  a  clear  survey  of  the  process  of  the  Chinese 
Imbroglio,  and  a  suggestive  examination  of  medical 
shortcomings  in  the  South  African  campaign.  The 
literary  prospects  of  the  drama  are  said  to  owe  much  to 
**  work  so  experimental  in  purpose,  so  classic  in  treat- 
ment, so  flexible,  so  vivid,  k>  full-fed,  as  the  brilliant 
group  of  plays**  written  by  M.  Eldmond  Rostand. 


THE  CONTINENTAL  REVIEWS. 


REVUE  DES  DEUX  MONDES. 

WE  have  mentioned  elsewhere  M.  Dastre*s  article 
on  the  fauna  and  flora  of  the  polar  regions,  ap> 
pearing  in  the  first  October  number  of  the  Revue  des 
Deux  Mandea. 

THE  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTION. 

M.  des  Noyers  describes  the  methods  of  a  Presiden- 
tial campaign  in  the  United  States.  Without  insist- 
ing, he  says,  on  the  weak  side  of  an  electoral  system  of 
which  the  inconveniences  are  due,  abov^  all,  to  the 
abuses  introduced  into  the  work  of  the  founders  of  the 
republic,  it  is  impossible  to  avoid  being  struck  by  its 
complications  and  by  its  delays.  Both  these  character- 
istics are  explained  in  great  measure  by  the  rudimen- 
tary condition  of  communication  between  the  different 
States  of  the  Union  at  the  epoch  when  the  American 
Constitution  was  set  up. 

THE  TRUE  PARLIAMENTARIANI8M. 

M.  Benoist  takes  the  opportunity  to  reply  to  several 
criticisms  which  have  been  leveled  against  his  theory 
of  the  true  parliamentarianism,  which  he  expounded  in 
the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondcs  for  August.  The  Marquis 
Tanari,  an  Italian  Senator,  is  selected  by  M.  Benoist 
for  the  honor  of  a  special  reply.  He  admits  that  noth- 
ing is  more  certain,  from  M.  Benoist^s  point  of  view, 
than  that  we  cannot  aim  at  destroying  parliamentarian- 
ism ;  we  should,  on  the  contrary,  construct  it.  It  is  the 
phrase  "from  his  point  of  view**  which  annoys  M. 
Benoist,  who  had  laid  down  absolutely  the  conception 
that  geography  exercised  an  important  infiuence  upon 
the  development  of  parliamentary  institutions,  the 
home  of  which  is  primarily  in  the  West.  M.  Benoist 
goes  on  to  describe  very  vividly  that  particular  form  of 
democracy  which  appears  in  Great  Britain.  There, 
rather  than  a  democratic  equality,  he  thinks  there  is  a 
sort  of  Britannic  equality,  or,  so  to  speak,  a  common 
pride  in  the  Civls  Drltannus  sumr—an  equality  more 
real,  he  admits,  than  the  one  which  is  so  loudly  asserted 


in  speeches  and  articles  in  France.  He  agrees  with 
Signor  Tanari  that  England  lives  by  tradition ;  but,  as 
he  wetll  points  out,  it  is  a  tradition  which  is  purely 
formfd,  and  it  is  rather  a  survival  than  a  living  thing. 
It  would  be  dangerous,  in  M.  Benoist*s  opinion,  for 
France  to  throw  herself  blindly  into  an  imitation  of 
British  political  forms,  because  of  the  radical  difference 
between  the  French  and  the  English  people.  In  sum- 
mingup,  M.  Benoist  points  out  that  parliancentarianism 
on  the  English  pattern  has  changed  its  form  even  in 
England  while  growing  old ;  on  the  Continent  it  has 
changed  its  form  still  more  completely.  Moreover, 
though  it  has  worked  well  for  two  centuries  in  Eng- 
land, it  has  not  succeeded  in  working  well  on  the  Con- 
tinent, and  the  mother  of  parliaments  has  not  produced 
a  child  which  resembles  herself. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Among  other  articles  must  be  mentioned  an  interest- 
ing account  by  M.  Radau  of  experimental  astronomy, 
with  special  reference  to  the  work  done  at  the  great 
observatory  at  Meudon  ;  M.  Goyau  contributes  one  of 
his  interesting  historical  studies  on  the  sentiment  of 
patriotism  and  humanitarianism  which  prevailed  in 
France  in  those  eventful  years  of  the  war  in  18T0-71; 
and  M.  Bruneti^re  writes  on  the  literary  work  of  Cal- 
vin, in  which  he  studies  the  origin  of  that  exclusively 
French  reform  movement  which  was  never  political, 
but  theological  and  moral. 


REVUE  DE  PARIS. 

THE  Revue  de  Paris,  although  perhaps  not  quite 
up  to  its  usually  high  standard,  nevertheless  con- 
tains not  a  few  articles  of  interest  and  importance. 

IN  TUN-NAN. 

M.  Francois  begins  in  the  first  October  number  a  series 
of  letters  from  Yun-nan,  which  range  in  date  from  Octo- 
ber in  last  year  to  May  in  the  present  year.    His  descrip- 


748 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REyiElVS. 


tion  of  Yun-nan-Sen  is  ioteresting,  and  In  view  of  the 
unrest  in  the  south  his  account  of  the  conduct  of  the 
mandarins  is  only  what  one  would  expect.  As  M.  Fran- 
cois is  the  French  consul  at  Lang-Chau,  special  interest 
attaches  to  his  account  of  his  squabbles  with  the  local 
viceroy  on  the  subject  of  the  likin  exactions,  when  he 
was  accused  of  importing  arms  contrary  to  treaty  oblfgar 
tions. 

FRANCE  AND  GERMANY. 

It  seems  only  the  other  day  that  the  powerful  intellect 
of  Friedrich  Nietzsche  was  extinguished  ;  and  now  we 
have,  prepared  by  M.  Lichtenberger,  an  analysis  of  his 
judgments  on  France  and  Germany.  The  philosopher 
was  better  known  and  certainly  more  popular  in  France 
than  in  his  native  country.  This  is  largely  due  to  the 
fact  that,  on  the  morrow  of  the  Franco-German  War,  he 
had  the  courage  to  extol  the  imperishable  grandeur  of 
French  genius,  and  at  the  same  time  to  attack  with  bit- 
terness that  German  culture  of  which  his  compatriots 
were  so  inordinately  proud.  He  passed  with  the  great 
public  as  one  who  despised  everything  that  a  good  Ger- 
man reveres,  as  the  enemy  of  religion,  morals,  and 
Fatherland  ;  in  fact,  as  a  dangerous  madman,  whose 
extravagances  people  did  not  even  discuss.  Gradually, 
however,  his  influence  made  itself  felt  in  (Germany. 
But  M.  Lichtenberger  explains  that  his  diatribes  against 
the  Grermany  of  to-day  must  not  be  taken  too  literally ; 
and,  moreover,  it  would  be  well  if  Frenchmen  had  no 
illusions  as  to  the  exact  nature  of  the  opinion  he  pro- 
fessed for  them.  He  did  not  believe  at  all  in  the  ab- 
solute superiority  of  France  over  Germany;  he  pre- 
dicted that  the  twentieth  century  will  be  an  era  of 
gigantic  struggles  for  the  leadership  among  the  differ- 
ent European  nations.  Although  he  wisely  abstained 
from  prophesying  which  would  be  the  victor,  it  is  never- 
theless pretty  clear  that  he  did  not  regard  France,  as  an 
organized  nation,  to  be  very  strong ;  indeed,  he  observed 
In  modem  France  the  disquieting  symptoms  of  anarchy. 
He  seems  to  have  shared  the  belief  of  most  of  his  com- 
patriots in  the  decadence  of  the  French  race,  though  ~ 
and  in  this  he  differs  from  his  compatriots—he  did  not 
regard  that  decadence  as  necessarily  an  inferiority. 
Just  as  in  autumn  the  leaves  of  the  trees  turn  yellow 
and  fall,  only  to  grow  green  again  in  spring,  so  the  de- 
cadence of  a  people  may  be  a  necessary  prelude  to  a 
transformation  leading  to  a  new  and  higher  life.  From 
that  point  of  view,  the  words  "decadence"  and  "corrup- 
tion" are  unjust. 

OTHER  ARTICLES. 

Among  other  articles  may  be  mentioned  an  exceed- 
ingly interesting  study  by  General  Drt^gomiroff  of  the 
famous  Marshal  Suvaroff,  whose  memory  was  recently 
honored  in  Russia.  M.  de  Koussiers  contributes  some 
remarkable  statistics  on  the  commercial  growth  of 
Hamburg— a  striking  illustration  of  the  enormous 
strides  t^iken  by  German  commerce.  M.  Corday  has  a 
well-written  article  on  the  characteristics  of  village  life 
in  France,  which  appears  to  have  passed  through  a  pro- 
cess somewhat  similar  to  that  which  has  depopulated 
the  villages  in  England  ;  while  M.  Houllevigue  writes 
upon  the  place  which  machinery  takes  in  modem  so- 
ciety. 


NOUVELLE  REVUE. 

THE  NouvelU  Revue  is  adopting  the  American  sys* 
tem  of  many  short  articles,  there  being  twelve 
contributions  in  the  first  October  number  and  nine  in 
the  second.  With  the  exception  of  Captain  Gilbert  s 
interesting  but  highly  technical  analysis  of  the  Trans- 
vaal campaign,  the  Anglo-Boer  War  is  not  touched 
upon,  and  international  politics  are  conspicuous  by 
their  absence.  The  place  of  honor  is  given  to  M.  Saint- 
Sa^ns,  the  famous  French  composer,  who  contributeti 
some  curious  pages  on  spiritualism  and  materialism,  as 
explained  and  set  forth  by  Hiru  and  Buschner. 

NIETZSCHE*S  VIEW  OF  WOMEN. 

Foreign  thought  and  foreign  science  are  attracting 
more  and  more  notice  in  France,  and  M.  Grappe  con- 
trives to  give  his  compatriots  a  clear  account  of  woman 
according  to  Nietzsche.  The  German  philosopher  is 
believed  by  many  people  to  have  been  a  profound  mi- 
sogynist. According  to  the  French  critic,  this  is  quite  a 
mistake ;  and,  far  from  disliking  or  despising  woouid- 
hood,  he  in  one  of  his  works  observetl :  "The  perfect 
woman  is  a  far  higher  type  of  humanity  than  the  per- 
fect man  ;  but  then  the  perfect  woman  is  far  rarer  than 
is  the  perfect  man."  His  theory  as  to  the  education  of 
girls  appears  in  these  days  quite  old-fashioned.  He 
would  wish  to  see  every  budding  woman  educated  and 
trained  by  her  own  mother ;  he  dislikes  women^s  a>l- 
leges  and  girls*  schools.  "  Whatever  you  do,**  he  said. 
"  do  not  masculinize  the  education  of  your  girls.^  He 
considered  women  gifted  with  extraordinary  iDtuitkm. 
On  the  other  hand,  he  wished  that  those  who  became 
the  apostles,  the  masters  of  the  world,  should  remain 
single. 

WHO  WAS  THE  REAL  DAUPHIN  f 

M.  d^Orcet  once  more  puts  the  question,  Was  the 
child  who  died  in  the  Temple  Prison  really  Ix»uis  XVU.? 
He  answers*this  all-important  question  in  the  negati\^, 
and  declares  quite  positively  that  the  boy  whooe  mar- 
tyrdom is  the  most  ignoble  and  horrible  incident  of  the 
great  French  Revolution  was,  to  the  full  knowledge  of 
Marie  Antoinette  and  of  Louis  XVI.,  a  child  who,  though 
he  may  not  have  known  it  himself,  was  only  playing  a 
part — the  true  dauphin  having  Ix^n  confided  to  a  Scotch 
retainer,  who  finally  took  him  to  Canada,  from  whence 
he  never  returned,  but  lived  and  died  under  the  name  of 
Rion. 

RUSSIAN  PHILANTHROPr. 

M.  Raf^alovich  contributes  to  the  second  number  of 
the  Hevxie  a  most  interesting  and  instructive  article 
on  that  portion  of  the  Russian  section  at  the  exhibi- 
tion dealing  with  Russian  private  and  political  philaa- 
thropy.  According  to  this  writer,  the  British  work- 
iugman  might  well  envy  his  Russian  brother,  wbo^ 
government  watches  over  him  with  paternal  solicitude, 
and  provides  him  with  an  excellent  lodging  at  cost  price; 
while  his  mind  is  as  little  neglected  as  his  body,  there 
being  many  institutions  which  have  for  their  object 
the  intellectual  and  moral  development  of  the  worker 
It  may  surprise  many  to  learn  that  in  Russia  drunken- 
ness has  in  a  great  measure  decreased,  owing  to  the 
determined  action  of  the  government,  which  has  now 
for  nearly  100  years  monopolized  the  sale  of  spirits. 


Illustration  to  "  The  Man  With  the  Hoe.'*    From  a  pen-drawing  by  Howard  Pyle 
(Doubleday^^Page  A  Ca) 

ART   IN   THE   HOLIDAY   BOOKS. 

BY  ERNEST  KNAUFFT. 
(Editor  of  the  Art  Student.) 


'^ 

i^ 

i 

i 

m 

m 

IT  is  the  custom  of  the  publisher  to  issue  some  of  his 
finest  books  at  the  holiday  season  ;  and,  to  the  end 
that  they  may  be  made  as  attractive  as  possible,  he 
plans  to  have  them  embellished,  inside  and  out,  with 
illustrations,  head-bands,  end- 
papers, and  decorative  covers. 

Much  thought,  originality, 
and  technical  skill  are  required 
in  the  production  of  these  illus- 
trations and  covers,  and  the 
problems  which  confront  the 
artist,  and  the  mechanical  proc- 
esses employed  to  render  his  de- 
signs are  worthy  of  a  little  con- 
sideration. 

Books  which  have  recently 
become  popular  are  frequently 
selected  by  the  publishers  for 
special  holiday  ddltions  de 
luxe ;  such  1xx)ks,  this  year,  are 
David  Harum  and  Eleanor, 
Other  books  frequently  chosen 
are  the  classics ;  this  season  we 
have  As  You  Like  It,  Knick- 
erbocker's History  of  New  York^  The  Cricket  on  the 
Hearth^  Hans  Christian  Andersen's  Fairy  TaleSj  and 
The  Psalms  of  David. 

Volumes  in  which  the  subject-matter  is  mainly  pic- 
torial make  admirable  Christmas  books  ;  such  are  Gib- 
son's A,mericanSj  Wenzell*s  The  Passing  Show,  and 
Nicholson's  Characters  of  Romance. 

Appleton*s  have  printed  an  Edition  de  luxe  of  Dairld 
Harum  on  plate  paper,  the  type  in  black  ink,  with 
vignette  and  full-page  illustrations  in  sepia  ink  ;  the 
figure  subjects  being  by  B.  West  Clinedinst,  and  the  land- 
scape vignettes  and  the  chapter  heads  by  C.  D.  Farrand. 
The  public  recently  had  the  privilege  of  seeing  the  Cline- 
dinst drawings  at  Keppel's,  and  these  drawings  proved 
that  the  artist  was  able  to  place  himself  in  sympathy 
with  the  rural  characteristics  of  David  and  his  friends  ; 
and  that  his  pen  technique  is  virile  in  a  time  when 
many  artists  are  forsaking  the  line  for  the  more  easily 
manipulated  wash.     Free  and  sketchy,  they  have  the 


Cover  deai^rn  (reduced) 
by  Blanche  McManus 
(The  Century  Co.). 


appearance  of  spontaneous  creations,  not  of  mere  studies 
from  models.    Mr.  Farrand's  landscapes  are  charming. 

Harper  &  Brothers  have  similarly  issued  the  Edition 
de  luxe  of  Eleanor^  illustrated  by  Albert  E.  Sterner, 
one  of  our  most  graceful  draughtsmen.  His  work  is 
full  of  sentiment.  He  possesses  that  faculty  which  is 
both  rare  in  artists  and  seldom  recognized  by  the  public 
as  a  desideratum  for  the  illustrator  ;  that  is,  a  sort  of 
reticence— such  as,  in  literature,  is  found  in  the 
writings  of  Wordsworth,  preventing  him  from  en- 
tangling his  main  subject  with  superfluous  words  or 
tangent  thoughts.  Mr.  Sterner  will  be  satisfied  to 
suggest  in  any  one  drawing  a  single  trait  of  femininity, 
a  single  characteristic  of  masculinity,  where  a  more 
commonplace  illustrator  would  be  apt  to  load  his  draw- 
ing with  subject-matter  enough  for  a  cyclorama.  Those 
who  expect  Mr.  Stemer's  simple  outline  of  the  profile 
of  Lucy,  his  suggestive  sketch  of  an  attitude  of  Eleanor, 
his  study  of  a  single  pose  of  Manisty,  to  convey  to  us 
the  analyzation  of  as  many  ment-al  conflicts  as  Mrs. 
Humphry  Ward  is  able  to  chronicle  in  a  score  of  suc- 
ceeding chapters,  would  expect  to  see  the  Moses  of 
Michael  Angelo  at  once  smite  the  Egyptian,  break  the 
tablets  of  stone,  and  strike  the  rock  in  the  wilderness. 

If  this  difficulty  exists  in  depicting  a  heroine  of  fic- 
tion, what  shall  we  say  of  the  difficulty  of  portraying 
heroes  of  the  Bible  ?  The  time  is  past  when  the  public 
accepted  the  very  superficial  drawings  of  Dor6,  because 
of  the  unqualified 
praise  they  received 
from  the  clergy.  In 
these  days  of  higher 
criticism,  we  expect 
archaeological  accura- 
cy in  costume  and 
scenery  as  well  as  in- 
vention in  portraying 
characters.  When  the 
artist  arrives  who 
combines  the  inven- 
tion of  Blake  with  the  ^"t?r"hv  wmTJ?w  '°iL'^h^?f" 
.       ,  Like  It,"  by  will  Low.    Fromahalf- 

accuracy  of  Alma-         tone  printed  in  color  CDodd,  Mead  & 
Tadema,  his  Bible  il-        Co.). 


750 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


lustrations  will  probably  take  the  world  by  storm.  The 
great  Book  has  always  been  a  favorite  of  illustrators. 
Dttrer*s  Apocalypse  (which,  by  the  way,  R,  H.  Russell 
will  reproduce  this  season  under  the  editorship  of  Fitz 
Roy  Carrington)  is  one  of  the  early  victories  of  illustrat- 
ing, in  which  category  we  should  really  include  Rem- 
brandt's great  etchings,  though  they  were  published  as 
separate  prints.  The  Dalziel  Bible  is  a  monument  to  the 
illustrators  of  1860  (see  the  author's  article  on  **  John  Gil- 
bert and  the  Victorian  Era  of  Illustrating"  in  the  Re- 
view OF  Reviews  for  December,  1897).  The  Tissot  Life 
of  Christy  now  published  by  the  S.  S.  McClure  Company, 
evinces  the  profound  impression  which  the  Scriptures 
may  produce  on  a  modem  mind.  It  is,  indeed,  worthy 
of  record  that  one  of  the  most  sumptuously  illustrated 
books  in  the  history  of  the  world,  which  is  now  in 
preparation  at  Amsterdam,  is  a  Bible  illustrated  by 
the  greatest  living  artists,  including  Adolph  Menzel, 
E.  A.  Abbey,  John  Sargent,  and  Alma-Tadema. 

We  are  not  surprised,  therefore,  that  Mr.  Louis 
Rhead,  who  has  heretofore  illustrated  PilgrinVs  Prog- 
ress and  Mr,  Badman  by  Bunyan,  should  have  derived 
his  inspiration  this  year  from  the  Psalms.  The  Rheads 
(they  are  three  brothers — ^Louis,  Frederick,  and  George) 
select  well-known  classics  and  build  their  edition  detail 

by  detail,  designing 
the  cover,  initial  let- 
ters, and  the  illustra^ 
tions.  They  take  a 
keen  interest  in  their 
work  not  always  to  be 
found  among  illus- 
trators. For  instance, 
having  clearly  proven 
that  the  Island  of  To- 
bago, and  not  Juan 
Fernandez,  was  the 
scene  of  Robinson 
Crusoey  they  made  a 
special  trip  to  it  be- 
fore they  began  to  il- 
lustrate the  edition  of 
De  Foe's  masterpiece 
which  R.  H.  Russell 
publishes. 

"And    Oloffe    bethought    him    and  ^^  was  not  an  easy 

climbed  up  to  the  top  of  one  of  the      task   for  Mr.  Low  to 

tallest  trees,  and  saw  that  the  smoke      execute    the    illus- 

spread  over  a  great  extent  of  coun-      trating    of    As    You 

try;  and,  as  he  considered  It  more       j  .j^    j.        Ahhovjil 

attentively,  he  fancied  that  the  great      "^^  ^  ^^'  ,  ^^°fy   ** 

volume  of  smoke  assumed  a  variety      ready  had  made  the 

of  marvelous  forms,  where  In  dim      field    his   O  W  n  .     He 

obscurity  he  saw  shadowed  out  pal-      had,  besides,  executed 

acesand  domes  and  lofty  spires  "-      ^im  illustrations  in  SO 

Illustration  (reduced)  to  "Knlcker-  .  x     » 

bocker's   History   of   New    York.-      consummate    a   t^ch- 

From  a  pen  stipple  drawing  by  Max-      nique  that  little  was 

field  Parrlsh  (R.  H.  Russell).  left  to  be  desiredSvhen 

Looking  at  Mr.  Parrish's  work,  It     they  were  reproduced 

will  be  seen  that  In  the  Illustrator's      in   the    pages   of    the 

field  there  Is  an  opportunity  to  aug-      book.      "NVe    seem    to 

«»«"*  ^he  statements  of  the  text  with      ^^.^^  ^he  originals.    In 

graphic   addenda.     We   Indulgently        ,  ^ 

overlook  any  failure  to  Illustrate  rig-      y-"®  ^^^^  ^^  ^^'  ^^^  ^ 

orouBiy  the  text,  in  view  of  Mr.  Par-      Illustrations,  we  can- 

rlsh's  ability  to  make  a  design  out  of      not  but  feel  that  we 

a  motive  the  words  may  suggest.  Who,      have    only    a    substi- 

for  example,  would  object  to  the  sky-      ^    .    *      ^v     fj-ij^nnls. 

scraper   buildings    In    Mr.    Parrish's      tut€  for  tJie  originals, 

frontispiece  on  the  score  that  they  are      ^*  blurred  miniature 

such  as  Washington  Irving  never  saw.      of  the  paintings, — for 


it  was  in  monochrome  oil  that  he  executed  his  pictures. 
And  it  seems  as  though  the  verj'  process  of  painting  had 
divested  the  compositions  of  their  spontaneity.  The  a^ 
tist,  too,  has  so  obviously  painted  his  figures  from  modeU 
that  we  are  aware  of  the  shoes  being  unsoiled  by  the  dust 
at  travel,  the  garments  but  recently  purchased  at  the 
costumer's.  There  is  not  a  worn  shoe  on  the  twenty-sti 
figures.  On  the  other  hand,  this  is  not  neoe^arily  an 
organic  blemish.  We 
are  frequently  aware, 
in  theatrical  represen- 
tations, that  an  actor's 
clothes  are  not  act- 
ually dust- begrimed 
or  water-soaked ;  yet 
if  there  are  certain 
pantomimic  touches 
given  by  the  actor,— 
if  those  touches  are 
the  result  of  artistic 
sensibility, — ^we  sup- 
ply much  illusion 
from  our  own  experi- 
ence. And  there  are 
very  many  such  pan- 
tomimic touches  in 
Mr.  Low's  book,  and 
the  out-of-doors  eflfect 
in  the  landscapes  is 
certainly  striking. 

Maxfield  Parrish, 
too,  worked  in  no 
virgin  soil  when  he 
undertook  to  illus- 
trate Knickcrbock' 
er^s  History  of  New 
York.  Darley  had 
most  sympathetically 
illustrated  an  early 
edition,  E.  W.  Kem- 
ble  had  superadded 
his  humor  to  Irving's  in  an  edition  published  ib 
1893,  and  the  Grolier  Club  had  printed  in  1885-'«  aa 

exquisite  editioD, 
decorated  by  Ho(w- 
ard  Pyle  and  W.  E. 
Drake ;  but  Parrish 
has  a  delightful  styk 
all  his  own. 

Howells'  Their  sa- 
ver Wedding  Jour- 
ney is  published  hj 
Harper  &  Brothers 
with  illastraiions  by 
William  T.  Smedley 
— who,  though  still 
a  young  man,  is  » 
veteran  illustrator, 
having  produced  * 
large  volume  o£ 
work  daring  the  la^ 
twenty  years^  Hi* 
drawing  is  mon 
careful  than  much 
of  the  slipshod  wori 
Cover  design  (reduced)  by  Thomas  of  the  younger  men 
Watson  BaU  (Houghton,  Mifflin  A  ^"^  lilustrale  **5*> 
Co. ).  ciety  "  subjects. 


**Mr.  Vanslyperkin,"  from  '^Chuvey 
ters  of  Romance.**  From  a  litho- 
graph (reduced)  after  a  paaeel 
drawing  by  WUUam  lOefaolioA 
(R.  H.  RusseU). 

We  miss  in  these  lltliogra|»hs  xhi 
snreness  of  form  obtained  by  tbe 
triple  tracery  of  a  line  in  Mr.  Nldioi 
son's  woodcuts— first,  Ita  drawiag  oc 
the  block ;  «nd,  second  and  third.  1^ 
following  on  one  side  and  then  on  ths 
other  with  the  graver.  We  tnst  ttet 
Mr.  Nicholson  will  retarn  to  his  vooi- 
engraving,  or  else  interest  himself  ta 
auto-lithography  and  draw  directly 
on  the  stone. 


A  LITTLE 


TOVR  IN 


FRANCE  I 


ART  IN  THE  HOLIDAY  BOOKS. 


761 


"David  Tending   Hla  Sheep."  —  Illustration   to  the  "Psalms  of 
David."      From  a  pen-drawing  by  Louis  Rhead  (Fleming  H. 
Revell  Company). 
The  Rhead  Brothers  work  in  what  is  called  the  old  woodcut 

Btyle,  a  revival  of  the  manner  of  seventeenth-century  illustrations. 

Joseph  Pennell  is  an  illustrator  who  has  not  only  had 
a  vast  experience,  illustrating  from  one  to  three  books 
a  year  for  a  quarter  of  a  century,  but  he  is  an  author- 
ity in  literature  on  the  subject  of  illustration,  having 
written  Pen  Drawing  and  Pen  Draughtsmen  and 
Modem  IHiistratlon.  When,  therefore,  he  makes  the 
drawings  for  a  book,  he  takes  into  consideration  to 
what  size  they  are  to  be  reduced  and  on  what  paper 
they  are  to  be  printed,  so  that  there  is  no  smearing  or 
blurring  when  the  pictures  appear.  New  Yorkers  re- 
cently had  an  opportunity  to  see  his  original  drawings 
illustrating  Percy  Dearmer's  Highways  and  Byways 
in  Normandy;  and  it  is  interesting  to  note  with  what 
simple  means  Mr.  Pennell  gets  his  eflFects — ^a  few  free 
outlines,  a  few  solid  blacks,  united  by  a  few  parallel 
lines,  and  the  design  seems  to  complete  the  rendition 
of  some  phase  of  nature.    This  book  was  published  by 

Macmillan  &  Ck>.,  but 
for  the  winter  season 
Houghton,  Mifflin  & 
Co.  have  put  forth 
Henry  James^  L title 
Tour  in  France^  il- 
lustrated by  Mr.  Pen- 
nell in  the  same  mas- 
terly shorthand. 

Mr.  Gibson\s  pub- 
lisher, R.  H.  Russell, 
now  regularly  issues 
a  volume  of  sketches 
by  this  favorite 
American  draughts- 
man ;  and  although 
these  contain  no  text 
beyond  the  legends 
that  ex  plain  the  draw- 
ings, they  are  as  anx- 
iously awaited  by 
the  public  as  were, 
in  England,  Mr. 
Punch's  Pocketbook 
and  Almanac  when 
Leach  embellished 
their  pages  back  in 
the  sixties. 
Mr.  Gibson's  draw- 


•  Steady,"  frrowled  Kenton,  '*  wait  till 
they  csome  nigh  enouKh.'*— Illustra- 
tion (reduced)  to  "  Alice  of  Old  Vin- 
cennea."  Half-tone  from  a  wash 
drawing  by  F.  C.  Yohn  (The  Bowen- 
Merrtll  Co.). 


ings  are  true  portraits  of  American  society  people; 
his  men  and  women  are  never  "impossible,''  no  mat- 
ter how  exaggerated  the  caricature.  His  drawings 
are  marvels  of  pen-work.  In  Hie  Americans  we  do 
not  find  that  Balzac-like  comedy  sequence  that  we  found 
in  last  year's  Education  of  Mr.  Pipp ;  but  the  Ameri 
can  girl  and  her  admirers, — American  and  foreign, — 
her  weary  father  and  her  scheming  mother,  are  depicted 
in  all  sorts  of  humorous  situations. 

Mr.  Wenzell,  though  we  believe  him  German  by 
birth,  has  so  long  been  identified  with  America  that  he 
ranks  easily  next  to  Gibson  as  a  delineator  of  society 
people.  This  year,  however,  his  collection  of  drawings, 
The  Passing  ShoWj  deals  mainly  with  the  social  life  of 
England  and  France,  where  he  has  been  traveling. 
Mr.  Nicholson  is  an  English  artist,  but  Mr.  R.  H.  Rus- 
sell has  so  thoroughly 
introduced  him  to  the 
American  public  that 
he  claims  a  place  in 
our  pantheon.  Even 
though  his  Charac- 
ters of  Romance 
form  a  set  of  prints, 
and  are  not  adjuncts 
to  a  book,  here,  as  in 
much  of  his  previous 
work,  he  has  proved 
himself  eminently  the 
picture-book  maker ; 
and,  besides,  these 
characters  of  Don 
Quixote,  Madge 
Wildfire,  John  Silver 
and  Mulvaney  are 
creations  inspired  by 
books.  Heretofore, 
the  major  part  of  Mr. 
Nicholson's  work  has 
been  engraved  on 
wood  by  his  own 
hand.  The  Characters  of  Romance  are  lithographic 
reproductions  of  his  pastel  drawings. 

Dickens'  Christmas  Carol  and  Cricket  on  the  Hearth 
have  been  admirably  illustrated  by  Frederick  Simpson 
Coburn,  a  Canadian  artist,  who  draws  in  pen  and  ink 
with  a  technique  as  free  as  A.  B.  Frost's,  while  his 
drawings  in  body  color  reproduce  admirably. 

Mr.  Coburn  is  not  the  only  Canadian  who  excels  as  an 
illustrator.  Ernest  Se ton-Thompson  (he  came  to  us  via 
Canada,  though  born  in  England)  has  of  recent  years 
taken  the  publishers  by  storm,  and  Soribners  and 
Doubleday,  Page  &  Company  seem  to  issue  a  book 
by  him  every  six  months— so  that  he  has  almost  mo- 
nopolized the  animal  field.  And  now  comes  Mr.  Arthur 
Heming,  another  Canad  ian.  Without  any  introduction, 
he  swoops  down  upon  New  York,  and  his  drawings  are 
not  only  acceptable  to  the  publisher,  but  when  put  in 
the  latter's  window  are  immediately  bought  by  the 
public.  His  illustrations  to  Mooswa-y  and  Other  of  the 
Boundaries  are  dramatic  in  the  extreme.  It  seems  as 
though  Mr.  Heming  had  obtained  the  maximum  cf  ani- 
mal expression  in  the  drawing  we  publish. 

Ernest  Se  ton-Thompson  is  an  example  of  the  author- 
artists.  Mr.  Seton  (for  that  is  his  name,  the  Thompson 
being  a  pseudonym),  indeed,  avows  that  he  is  not  an 
artist,  but  a  scientist,  who  has  used  his  illustrations  to 
convey  information.     Be  this  as  it  may,  his  little  black- 


Cover  design  (reduced)  by  A.  Kay 
Womrath  (John  Lane). 


752 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


and-wbite  drawings, 
made  with  a  brash, 
and  not  with  a  pen, 
are  as  decorative  as 
the  similar  brush 
drawings  of  the  Jap- 
anese. He  has  made, 
for  this  season,  some 
of  the  drawings  illus- 
trating A  Woman 
Tenderfoot^  by  his 
wife,  Grace  Gallatin 
Seton-Thompson. 

If  Mr.  Seton-Thomp- 
son is  cited  as  a  pro- 
lific illustrator,  what 
shall  we  say  of  Oliver 
Herford  f  One  would 
fancy  that  every  pub- 
lisher in  the  city  is 
issuing  one  of  his 
books.  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's  Sons  publish 
Overheard  in  a  Gar- 
den, and  The  Century 
Company  issue  his 
ArtfvX  Anticks.  He 
is  an  authoi>artist,  il- 
lustrating his  own 
verses.  His  style  Is 
inimitable,  thoroughly  spontaneous,  delicate  and  re- 
fined. His  most  absurd  creations  seem  as  real  as  some 
careful  studies  from  models  by  the  serious  illustrators. 
Mr.  Williams  writes,  in  the  succeeding  article,  of  the 
success  of  the  romantic-historical  novel  —  the  story 
*'  o  f    hairbreadth    es- 


Oover  design  (redac«d)  by  Emery 
Leverett  WillUtms,  the  Illustrator 
of  the  book  (R.  H.  Russell). 
The  text  of  **  An  Alphabet  of  Indi- 
ans *•  has  been  written  by  Mrs.  Wil- 
liams with  a  naXveU  that  makes  it 
as  direct  In  conveying  information 
as  the  children's  histories  of  Oliver 
Goldsmith. 


NORTH  AMERiCAHS 
_  Q^  YESTERDAY 


capes  by  field  and 
flood."  These  tales 
have  given  the  illus- 
trators an  opportunity 
to  do  some  of  their 
most  spirited  work. 

Mr.  Howard  Pyle, 
who  designed  the  dra- 
matic poster  of  two 
men  fencing  for  To 
Have  and  to  Holdy 
has  this  year  illus- 
trated Hngh  Wynne 
(The  Century  Co.). 
He  is  thoroughly  at 
home  with  his  Revo- 
lutionary subjects. 

Mr.  F.  C.  Yohn  has 
illustrated  Alice  of 
Old  Vlncennes  in  a 
spirited  manner,  giv- 
ing us  again  the  old 
trapper-h  untsman-sol- 
dier,  with  his  flint- 
lock, who  in  Cooi)er*s 
novels,  drawn  by  F.  O. 
our  boyhood  days. 

A  new  name  among  the  illustrators  is  that  of  Henry 
Brokman,  who  has  supplied  a  number  of  pictures  for 
Marion  Crawford's  Rulers  of  the  South.  As  he  trav- 
eled with  Mr.  Crawford  in  a  Southern  itinerary,  his 
illustrations  carry  with  them  the  stamp  of  authenticity. 


v;i;i  '.Q>-a*!iiti,''.''l'.;i 


Cover  design  (reduced)  by  Frederick 
8.  Dellenbraugh,  the  author  of  the 
book  (O.  P.  Putnam's  Sons). 

C.  Darley,  used  to  delight  us  in 


Emery  Leverett  Wil- 
liams, the  young  author 
and  illustrator  of  An  Al- 
phabet of  Indians  (R.  H. 
Russell),  died  shortly  af- 
ter his  book  was  finished. 
He  had  studied  art  in  Bos- 
ton, and  then  in  New 
York.  Lik£  Mr.  Hem- 
ing,  Mr.  Williams  desired 
to  live  among  the  people 
who  were  to  be  his  theme. 


Cover  design    (reduced)    by 

Clande  Fayette  Bragdon  (F. 

A.  Stokes  A  Co.). 

Mr.  Bragdon  Is  a  designer 

and  architect  in  Rochester, 

N.  T.,  and  has  produced  many 

effective   posters   and  book* 

plates. 

mechanical,  are  rare- 
ly successful.  Under 
certain  circumstan- 
ces, where  the  artist 
draws  on  the  litho- 
graphic stone  himselt 
— as,  for  example,  do 
Ch6ret,  Lep^re,  and 
Reviftre  in  Paris,— or 
when  the  different 
tints  are  carefully  en- 
graved on  wood,  as 
William  Evans  used 
to  engrave  the  designs 
of  Caldecott  and  Wal- 
ter Crane,  or  as  Bong 
engraves  German  col- 
or -  work  to-day  ;  or, 
best  of  all,  as  Mr. 
Nicholson  engn*A^es 
his  own  designs  on 
wood,  the  result  is 
charming.  But  when 
the  artist  makes  a  de- 
sign in  a  dozen  or  so 
colors,— .e  specially 
when  he  makes  it  ten 
times  the  size  it  is 
finally  to  appear,  and 
the  translating  of  it  is 


Theodore  Roosevdts 

RoincK  Life 

eoul  the 

Huntiiv^Traal 


WttkNuue«)4Mur  lUiutelkaa 
}gy  Frederick  Reminj^ton 


Cover  design  (redaoed)  by  The 
Decorative  DestgnerB  (The  Oi». 
tury  Co.). 

He  went  out  to  Xortb  Da- 
kota, and  lived  near  an  In- 
dian reservation  for  over  a 
year,  studying  the  racial 
type  and  customs.  The 
hardships  he  underwent  in 
pursuit  of  fidelity  to 
nature  undermined  his 
health,  and  finally  caused 
his  death. 

In  their  endeavor  to  ob- 
tain novel  and  striking  re- 
sults, the  publishers  resort 
to  experiments  in  many 
new  processes.  Among 
these  the  colored  illustra- 
tion is  much  sought  after. 
The  processes  to-day,  being 


"  But  sappoee  Thomas  J  effersoa  i 
to  come  back  here  now.**— nia 
tion  (reduced)  to  **Mr.  Dooky^ 
Philosophy.**     From    a   pen^aad- 
wash  drawing  by  E.  W.  Kembte 
(R.H.  Russell). 
Mr.  Kemble  excels  in  necro  diar> 

acter  studies,  and  we   miss  ftvm 

R.  H.  Russeirs  catalogue  this  years 

*'  Kf  mble  <3oon  **  book. 


ART  IN  THE  HOLIDAY  BOOKS. 


753 


left  to  photography  and  acids, — the  result  is  not  apt 
to  be  satisfactory  ;  particularly  when  the  three-color 
process  is  used,  wherein  the  browns  have  a  bumed-up, 
Binged  appearance.  The  three-color  process  consists 
of  photographing  the  drawings  on  achromatic  plates, 
each  of  which  is  sensitive  to  only  one  color— one  to  red, 
one  to  yellow,  one  to  blue.  These  plates  are  then  half- 
toned  ;  and  when  impressions  are  print- 
ed from  them,  one  upon  the  other,  the 
greens  are  obtained  by  printing  blue 
over  yellow,  the  browns  and  blacks  by 
an  admixture  of  all  three  colors  in  dif- 
ferent degrees  of  intensity.  The  process 
is  most  successful  when  the  plates  are 
made  from  photographs  from  nature, 
such  as  flowers,  birds,  etc.  Here  a  cer- 
tain scientific  accuracy  is  valuable.  In 
using  crayon-work  in  lithography  (op- 
posed to  the  flat  tones  of  chromo-lithog- 
raphy),  a  fair  result  is  obtained.  In 
this  case,  though  the  artistes  drawings 
are  reduced  by  photography  as  guides 
for  the  workmen,  the  actual  drawing  Is 
put  on  the  stone  by  hand.  This  is  the 
process  used  by  Scribners  in  reproduc- 
ing the  pastel  drawings  made  by  Mr. 
Christy  to  illustrate  The  Old  Qentle- 
man  of  the  Black  Stock,  The  photo- 
f^ttpbic  reduction  of  drawings,  whether 
for  relief  engraving  or  photography,  per- 
mits the  artist  to  make  his  originals 
any  size  he  desires.  Mr.  Christy  seems 
to  go  farther  than  most  of  his  contem- 
poraries, sometimes  making  his  draw- 
ings two  and  one-half  feet  high. 

The  making  of  a  book-cover  is,  sin- 
inilarly  enough,  more  distinctly  separat- 
ed from  the  printing  of  the  book  than 
one  would  suppose,  in  these  days  of  me- 
chanical progress.  It  is  a  slow  process, 
involving  much  hand-work.  The  first 
stage  in  the  operation  is  for  the  designer 

to  sub- 
mit a 
sketch 
to  the 
p  u  b- 
lisher. 
This 
maybe 
made 
on  pa- 
per or  any  other  ma- 
terial, so  long  as  it 
shows  the  style  and 
position  of  the  letter- 
ing of  the  title,  and 
the  form  and  color  of 
any  ornament  that 
may  be  used.  But  the 
professional  designers 
of  to-day  usually 
make  the  drawings  on 
the  cloth  which  is  to 
cover  the  book  ;  and  so 
neat  are  they  in  work- 
manship, that  a  design 
thus  submitted  is 


Cover  de8lgn(rediiced)for  "First 
Aid  to  the  Young  Uou»e- 
keeper.**  by  Margaret  Arm- 
strong (Cha8.8crlbner'88on8). 

Ml8B  Armstrong  has  designed 
covers  for  "Peter  Ibbeteon,** 
••TrUby,"  "A  Ledy  of  Qoallty,** 
Dickens*  *<  Christmas  Carol." 
"Plppa  Passes,**  and  •*Uule 
Rivers.** 


•The  Girl  in  Gray,**  by  J.  M.  Plagg 
(reduced).  Prom  "Yankee  Girls 
Abroad.**  Pen-outline  and  splat- 
ter-work used  for  a  poster,  the 
plate  In  the  book  being  In  chromo- 
lithography,  from  an  original  in 
water -color  (New  Amsterdam 
Book  Co.). 


Cover  design  for  "The  Old  (Jentle- 
man  of  the  Black  Stock,"  by  Mar- 
garet Armstrong.  The  white  In 
this  cover  was  not  printed,  but  Is 
an  inlay  of  paper  premed  Into  the 
doth  and  then  printed  upon  with 
black  and  stamped  with  gold 
(Chas.  Scribner's  Sons). 


often  almost  exactly  like 
a  finished  book  from  the 
bindery. 

We  have  spoken  of  the 
style  of  lettering  and  its 
position,  for  these  prob- 
lems are  paramount  to  the 
designer. 
There  is 
more  art 
involvedin 
the  selec- 
tion of  a 
pleasing 
letter  than 
the  public 
is  aware 
of.  Some 
of  the  Re- 
naissance 
m  o  n  u  - 
ments—as, 
for  i  n- 
stance,  a 
tomb  by  da 
Settig- 
nano— are 
a    delight 

to  the  artist  merely  because  of  their 
inscriptions,  in  which  the  letters  are 
beautifully  formed.  The  letters  most 
used  to-day  are  of  three  kinds:  the  Latin 
letter,  such  as  that  used  on  Afield  mid 
Afloat;  the  eighteenth-century  script, 
such  as  that  used  on  First  Aid  to 
Young  Housekeepers ;  and  the  Grothic 
or  black  letter,  which  is  not  very  popu- 
lar this  year  with  designers.  The  artist, 
in  his  endeavor  to  be  appropriate,  has 
to  discriminate  in  choosing  his  letter. 
He  may,  for  example,  use  the  Latin  let- 
ter for  a  history,  the  script  letter  for 
a  book  on  lace,  and  the  Gothic  letter 
for  a  medieval  legend.  Mr.  Archibald, 
in  making  the  cover  design  for  The 
DukCy  has  used  an  italic  for  the  article 
and  a  Roman  letter  for  the  noun.  After 
he  has  chosen  his  letter,  the  placing  of 
the  words  upon  the  cover  becomes  a 
second  problem.  Monosyllabic  titles,  as  ^ 
The  Spy^  The  Sea,  are  easy  to  place,  but  * 
a  designer  would  have  a  difficult  problem 
to  work  out  in  lettering  the  Knickerbocker's  History 
of  New  York.  A  design  beautiful  in  execution  may  be 
spoiled  by  bad  placing.  Letters  must  not  be  so  close 
together  that  they  tax  the  eye  in  reading ;  nor  should 
they  be  so  far  apart  as  to  seem  disconnected,  so  that  we 
have  to  **  spell  out  the  word,^^  as  Mr.  Strange,  the  ex- 
pert, says.  And  they  should  seem  to  be  an  integral 
part  of  the  design.  One  of  the  faults  of  the  modem 
book-cover  is  that  the  designer  is  frequently  not  an  ex- 
pert letterer,  and  the  die-cutter  is  not  an  expert  in  any- 
thing else ;  so,  when  he  cuts  the  designer's  letters  he 
straightens  them  out  and  makes  them  mechanically 
perfect,  while  he  facsimiles  the  designer's  decorations 
with  all  their  free-hand  irregularity  ;  and  the  result  is 
that  the  two  styles  do  not  agree. 
Next  to  the  lettering,  the  ornament  of  the  book  is  to 


754 


THE  /iMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REyiE]VS. 


be  considered.  Here  the  designer  is  limited  by  two 
things— the  number  of  colors  he  may  use  and  the 
roughness  of  the  binding  cloth,  which  prevents  deli- 
cacy of  design. 

The  designer  first  casts  about  for  a  motive.  This 
may  be  decorative,  conventional,  or  emblematic.  Miss 
Armstrong,  in  designing  some  of  Scribners*  covers^  has 
used  emblematic  motives,  and  has  placed  two  old-time 
silhouettes  on  the  cover  for  The  Old  Oentleman  of  the 
Black  Stock;  while,  in  her  First  Aid  to  the  Young 
Housekeeper,  she  has  made  use  of  the  teapot,  cake- 
basket,  knife  and  fork,  gridiron,  and  dinner-bell.  Miss 
Sarah  McConnell,  with  the  same  end  in  view,  has  in- 
troduced the  Shakespeare  coat-of-arms  in  hir  cover  for 
Mr.  Mabie's  Shakespeare. 

Sometimes  an  illustration  from  the  book  is  utilized 
and  translated  into  simple  masses  capa- 
ble of  being  printed  on  the  cloth  of  the 
cover.  Mr.  Berkley  Smith,  in  his  cover 
for  Stockton^s  Afield  and  Afloat^  has 
redrawn  one  of  Peter  NewelFs  inimita* 
ble  illustrations  to  the  story — two  men 
and  a  horse  crossing  a  ford,  seen  from 
above  as  though  from  a  balloon.  Such 
a  device  serves  as  a  poster  for  a  book,  so 
that  when  it  is  seen  on  the  bookseller^s 
counter  the  cover  reveals  the  comic  char- 
acter of  the  contents.  The  decorative 
designers  have  also  embodied  the  senti- 
ment of  Theodore  Roosevelt's  Ranch 
Life  in  their  clever  design  of  a  bronco- 
buster,  redrawn,  too,  after  the  illus- 
trator, Frederick  Remington. 

Miss  Armstrong,  who  is  the  daughter 
of  Maitland  Armstrong,  the  mural  deco- 
rator, has  designed  many  of  the  covers 
this  year.  Perhaps  her  most  ambitious 
one  is  that  for  Paul  L.  Ford's  Wanted: 
A  Matchmakery  for  which  she  has  also 
made  a  border  for  the  tyi)e-page,  which 
has  been  printed  in  green  and  repeated  oik  every  page. 

Mr.  Berkley  Smith,  the  son  of  the  well-known  artist, 
F.  Hopkinson  Smith,  like  Miss  Armstrong,  a  favorite 
designer  among  the  publishers,  has  made  the  covers  for 
Afield  and  Afloat  and  The  Story  of  a  Yankee  Boy 
(Scribner's  Sons.) 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  book-cover  de- 
signer works  in  color  masses  as  well  as  in  line,  and  in 
the  selection  of  his  colors  lies  the  good  or  bad  exercise 
of  his  art.  In  T.  Guernsey  Moore's  cover  for  Colonial 
Days  and  WaySy  the  combination  of  the  other  tints 
with  the  old  blue  china  of  tlie  jug  which  holds  the  tulips 
makes  a  particularly  harmonious  ensemble. 

Mr.  Bruce  Rogers  has  designed  for  Houghton,  Mif- 
flin &  Co.  the  cover  for  Michael  Angclo's  Sonnets. 

Other  American  designers  of  book-covers  are :  Will  H. 
Bradley,  E.  G.  Goodhue,  F.  R.  Kimborough,  Mrs.  Henry 
Whitman,  Alice  E.  Morse,  B.  A.  Matthews,  Edith  Doug- 
las, E.  Aspell. 

The  designer's  sphere  is  not  limited  to  the  cover.  He 
may  design  the  end-papers  for  the  book.  These  are 
sometimes  mere  geometrical  or  floral  repeats,  partak- 
ing of  the  character  of  wall-paper  patterns.  But  they 
may  consist  of  figures,  grotesques,  or  motives  pertinent 
to  the  contents  of  the  lxx)k.  Such  a  design  is  Mr.  Low's 
for  the  end-papers  in  ^8  Yon  Like  It^  where  the  quo- 
tation, *'  Books  in  the  running  brooks,  sermons  in 
stones,"  is  lettered  upon  streamers. 


AFIELD 


AND 
LOAT 


Cover  design  by  Berkley  Smith, 
the  figures  taken  from  one  of 
Peter  Newell's  illustrations  to 
the  story  (Chas.  Scribner's  Sons). 


An  end-paper  is  usually  designed  with  a  view  to  a 
more  regular  repeat  than  in  Mr.  Low's.  A  book-cover, 
also,  based  on  the  principle  of  the  repeat,  is  apt  to  be 
satisfactory  :  Miss  Blanche  McManus  has  made  a  clever 
repeated  design  in  her  cover  for  Rab  and  His  Friends. 
There  are  a  few  artist-authors  who  have  made  their 
own  book-covers.  Frederic  Crowninshield  has  designed, 
with  simple  lettering,  laurel,  and  a  lyre,  the  cover  for 
his  book  of  poems,  Pictoris  Carmina.  He  has  al!*o 
illustrated  the  text ;  or  rather  the  poems  have,  in  some 
cases,  been  written  up  to  the  illustrations,  which  are 
photogravures  from  original  paintings.  The  photo 
gravure  is,  like  the  half-tone,  made  by  a  chemical  process 
directly  from  a  photograph  of  the  original  design.  Bat 
while  the  half-tone  is  printed  on  an  ordinary  printing- 
press,  it  being  a  block  in  relief,  type-high,  the  photo- 
gravure is  printed  like  a  visiting-card, 
a  copper-plate  engraving,  or  an  etching ; 
that  is,  it  is  run  through  a  hand-press 
under  a  roller  and  the  paper  pressed  into 
the  design,  which  is  intaglio.  Being 
handworked,  it  is  superior  to  the  half- 
tone. It  gives  us  more  nearly  the  color 
values  of  the  original.  Mr.  Low's  illus- 
trations reproduce  well  bj'  this  process. 
As  we  said,  the  die-cutter  makes  the 
plates  for  a  book-cover.  The  process  has 
been,  until  recently,  entirely  a  hand  one. 
The  design  is  traced  and  then  trans- 
ferred and  reversed  on  a  brass  plate,  and 
the  engraver  cuts  away  all  the  brass, 
except  that  covered  by  the  design.  Re- 
cently, designs  have  been  transferred  by 
photography  to  the  brass,  and  etched  as 
is  a  pen -drawing  or  half-tone.  This 
process  is  cheaper  than  when  the  design 
is  engraved  by  hand.  The  brass  plate, 
which  is  called  the  die,  is  then  put  in 
the  bookbinder^s  press,  and  printed  from 
as  one  prints  type,  the  ink  which  is  used 
being  thicker  than  ordinary  printing-ink.  Of  course, 
when  several  colors  are  used,  a  separate  die  and  a  sepa- 
rate printing  are  required  for  each  color.  In  fact,  each 
color  usually  requires  two  printings,  one  over  the  other. 
Previous  to  this  year,  the  printing  of  white  on  a  tinted 
cloth  cover  has  been  a  vexatious  problem,  the  first 
two  or  three  impressions  of  the  ink  never  thoroughly 
covering  the  cloth  ;  six  impressions  are  the  average  for 
white.  Recently,  however,  there  has  been  imported 
from  Grermany  a  preparation  of  white  that  conies  in 
sheet-form,  like  gold-leaf,  and  is  similarly  applied,  the 
result  being  an  almo.st  pure  white.  Grold  is  obtained 
by  printing  as  follows  :  Let  us  suppose  the  word  '*the* 
is  to  be  put  on  a  book.  The  cloth  cover  or  ''case"  is 
sponged  with  .size  (white  of  egg,  or  glue),  a  workman 
cuts  a  sheet  of  gold-leaf  into  small  parts,  and  la3rs  one 
of  these  a  little  larger  than  the  word  "  the  "  where  the 
word  is  to  come  ;  if  on  the  back  of  the  book,  the  space 
may  be  judged  by  the  eye ;  if  on  the  front,  the  word 
may  have  been  stamped  on  first ;  this  is  called  **  blind 
stamping."  The  cover  is  then  put  into  a  press,  where 
the  heated  die  is  forced  down  upon  the  gold.  When 
taken  from  the  press  the  gold  is  rubbed  with  a  soft  rub- 
ber, which  takes  the  leaf  off,  except  where  the  hcsated 
stamp  has  pressed  it  into  the  cloth.  The  gold  need  for 
cloth  covers  is  of  almost  as  good  quality  as  that  osed 
for  leather  covers,  still  many  critics  feel  that  a  cloth- 
bound  book  should  not  have  gold  stamping  upon  it. 


THE  CHANGE  IN  CURRENT  FICTION. 


BY   TALCOTT   WILLIAMS. 


THE  conditions  of  literature  are  of  as  much  weight 
in  its  total  product  or  its  yearly  output  as  its  in- 
Bpiration.  A  change  has  come  over  American  fiction  dur- 
ing the  last  decade.  For  it,  now  international  copyright 
and  now  national  growth  are  held  responsible.    Yet  it 

is  probably  due  quite 
as  much  to  sundry 
changes  in  the  mak- 
ing of  books  as  to  any 
new  impulse  for  writ- 
ing them,  or  any  in- 
creased return  due  to 
the  protection  of  the 
American  writer 
from  international 
competition. 

In  the  last  fifteen 
years,  the  typeset- 
ting-machine has  sup- 
planted the  composi- 
tor. Wood-pulp  has 
reduced  the  price  of 
book-papers  more 
than  one-half.  The 
setting  of  a  newspa- 
per column  costs  in 
wages  about  one- 
third  of  what  it  did 
fifteen  years  ago,  ex- 
cept where  combina- 
tions of  labor  have 
prevented  the  public 
from  reaping  the  ad- 
vantages of  mechanical  discovery.  Mechanical  pro- 
cesses have  reduced  the  expense  of  folding,  stitching, 
and  binding  to  a  degree  not  easily  estimated,  but 
which  changes  materially  the  cost  of«an  edition  of 
a  thousand  volumes,  and  adds  still  more  than  this  to 
that  margin  which  can  be  left,  after  meeting  the  ex- 
pense of  production,  for  the  profit  of  the  publisher  and 
the  pay  of  the  author.  An  economic  law — which  makes 
it  wise  that  a  popular  author  should  select  birth  and 
date  as  far  along  in  the  process  of  the  suns  as  he  can 
compass — steadily  increai*es  the  return  for  the  writer, 
and  decreases  the  outlay  for  the  material  process  of  pub- 
lication. When  manuscripts  had  to  be  copied  by  hand, 
the  author  got  nothing  save  for  a  brief  space  in  Rome. 
He  got  little  in  print  until  paper  had  been  cheapened 
and  the  press  had  become  a  machine  able  to  make  about 
250  impressions  an  hour — a  token.  His  pay  has  risen 
since  with  every  advance  in  machinery  and  typesetting. 
The  remuneration  of  the  author  is,  to  put  it  exactly,  a 
function  of  the  variant  whose  expression  is  the  cost  of 
multiplying  copies  of  his  work. 

The  newspaper  and  magazine  have  lost  the  benefit  of 
this  decrease  in  the  work  of  producing  printed  matter, 
because  they  have  increased  their  size.  The  average 
two<ent  daily  paper  was  giving  its  readers  from  50  to 
60  pounds  of  paper  and  printing  in  1885.  In  1899  the 
same  newspaper,  though  it  has  been  unable  to  increase 


IHostratlon  (reduced)  for  "Madame 
Bohemia."  Half-tone  from  a  wash 
drawing  by  Charlotte  Harding  (J.  B. 
Lippinoott  Co.). 


its  price,  in  most  newspapers  has  found  its  price  dimin- 
ished, atid  in  all  has  found  it  either  impossible  or  inex- 
pedient to  increase  the  cost  of  an  average  column  of 
advertising,  is  now  giving  its  readers  yearly  from  150  to 
160  up  to  170  pounds  of  inked  paper,  which  is  assumed 
to  be  read.  The  magazine  has  increased  by  nearly  the 
same  bulk,  and  added  still  more  to  the  cost  of  its  illus- 
trations and  its  contributions.  The  result  is  that  the 
increased  cheapness  of  product,  as  nearly  always  hap- 
pens in  modem  manufacture,  has  become  a  free  gift  to 
the  public,  so  far  as  the  capitalist  is  concerned.  His  in- 
vestment is  larger.    His  margin  of  return  is  less. 

But  the  novel,  like  the  theater,  has  a  definite  size, 
limited  by  the  power  of  continuous  human  attention  in 
one  case,  and  by  the  speaking  voice  and  the  hearing  ear 
in  the  other.  The  theater  of  to-day  cannot  hold  more 
people,  and  does  not  hold  much  more  money  than  the 
theater  of  Garrick.  New  York  theaters  were  having  in 
dollars  in  the  box-office  in  the  Wa  returns  which  would 
not  be  despised  to-day  by  any  manager.  The  cost  of 
the  manager's  productions  grows.  The  people  can  see 
and  hear  but  within  a  certain  si>ace,  and  therefore  can- 
not increase.  The  novel  is  as  rigorously  bounded  by 
leisure  and  attention.  Three  centuries  ago,  a  novel  of 
400,000  words  was  none  too  long,  and  some  of  the  ro- 
mances at  the  dawn  of  fiction  ran  up  to  600,000  words. 
A  century  and  a  half  ago.  Fielding  and  Richardson  still 
had  a  canvas  of  some  400,000  words  available.  It  had 
shrunk  to  about  260,000  words  for  Scott.  Thackeray, 
Dickens,  and  Eliot,  particularly  the  latter,  had  the 
privilege  of  running  to  800,000  words.  Eleanor,  by 
Mrs.  Humphry  Ward,  has  about  150,000  words;  David 
Harum  about  the  same,  The  Master  Christian  about 
235,000.  After  a  movement  toward  the  short  story 
which  seemed  likely  to  carry  the  cycle  during  the  last 
twenty  years  in  successive  lapses  down  to  the  Kipling 
story  of  2,000  to  8,000 
words,  there  has 
been  a  reaction. 
The  short  story  has 
ceased  to  attract,  as 
was  expected. 
Whether  it  was  due 
to  this  or  not,  the 
publication  a  year 
ago  of  Mr.  KiplingV 
works  in  ten  vol- 
umes— substantial- 
ly ten  volumes  of 
short  stories- 
proved  by  common 
report  a  failure. 
While  it  sold  at  a 
rat*^  which  would 
have  been  a  com- 
mendable success 
for  a  less  ambitious 
enterprise,  m  e  a  s  - 
ured  by  Mr.  Kip-  Cov»»r  deslirn  (reduced >  by  E.  S.  Hollo- 
ling's    reputation  way  (J.  a  L'ppincott  Co. ). 


756 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REyiElVS. 


the  sales  were  not  satisfactory.  Saccessful  fiction 
has  returned  to  a  space  of  aboat  150,000  words  as  its 
fairest  limit.  This  was  the  space  selected  by  Soott  for 
bis  more  popular  stories,  like  Ivanhoe  or  BedgaunUet; 
while  PeverU  of  the  Peak  or  The  Antiquarian  reached 
250,000  words— the  last,  on  the  whole,  the  most  typically 
Eni^lish  of  Scott's  novels.  Any  publisher  will  tell  the 
expectant  author  that  there  are  certain  limits  which 
cannot  be  adopted.  The  story  of  15,000  or  20,000  words 
may  be  sold  to  a  magazine,  for  it  can  be  published  in 
three  numbers.  A  story  of  50,000  words  is  too  long  for 
a  magazine  and  too  short  for  a  book.  Anything  short 
of  100,000  words  offers  serious  difficulties,  because  it  fits 
no  special  sale.  The  right  length  is  a  story  which 
reaches  150,000  words,  and  does  not  pass  200,000.  The 
reader  will  accept  more  from  some  authors,  but  he  dis- 
likes a  larger  measure  from  any. 

This  retrenchment  in  the  size  of  the  novel  from  the 
canvas  open  to  the  masters  of  half  a  centnry  ago, 
and  used  for  the  larger  and  better  effects  of  the  mas- 
ter of  all  a  century  ago,  has  therefore  supplement- 
ed the  decrease  in  the  mechanical  cost  at  the  one 
most  vital  point  in  the  conditioning  fac- 
tors of  the  novel— its  publication.  The 
same  novel  costs  to-day,  for  the  mere  out- 
lay of  publication,  bulk  for  bulk,  about 
one-half  of  what  it  cost  from  15  to  50  years 
ago,  which  really  bounds  by  its  farther  date 
the  free  use  of  steam  power  in  book  print- 
ing. This  alone  would  have  made  the  pub- 
lication of  the  individual  novel  a  lighter 
task.  It  has  been  aided  by  a  decrease  in 
the  size  of  the  novel,  which  after  various 
oscillations  seems  to  have  settled  on  the 
single,  thickish,  12mo  volume,  about  SOO 
words  to  the  page,  which  is  to-day  the  type 
of  the  novel.  Cut  on  both  sides,  in  cost 
and  in  bulk,  the  ease  of  publication  has 
prodigiously  increased  the  number  of  nov- 
els. Yet  our  output  remains  small  by  the 
side  of  England's.  We  are  twice  the  popu- 
lation, richer,  and  with  more  readers.  In 
18d9  there  were  457  novels  by  Americans 
published  here.  English  presses  issued 
1,875.  But  the  number  grows.  Five  years 
ago,  in  1895,  we  issued  but  287  and  England 
1,584.  Our  output  rose  one-half,  theirs  a 
fifth.  Yet  this  is,  in  fact,  a  contrast  of 
good  times  and  bad.  In  1890  the  American 
novels  were  over  400.  They  were  outnum- 
bered then  by  some  500  foreign  reprints. 
In  1899,  the  foreign  reprints  (292)  were  one- 
half  as  numerous.  After  all,  in  1833,  with 
a  population  of  14,000,000,  we  published 
but  19  novels.  In  the  80*8,  our  reprints  of 
foreign  novels  ran  steadily  at  about  600 
a  year— two-thirds  of  the  whole.  To-day, 
they  are  a  third.  Yet  even  with  this,  up 
to  five  years  ago  the  English  growth  ex- 
ceeds ours.  In  ten  years  the  yearly  issue 
of  English  novels  has  more  than  doubled. 
Our  own  indigenous  product  has  risen 
alx)ut  one-half.  The  increase  here  has,  at 
least  in  part,  come  from  the  changes  just 
recited. 

Where  $800  could  not  once  launch  much 

•more  than  one  novel,   it  will  to-day  set 

afloat   two,  perhaps    three.     In  England 


there  has  been  a  change  in  the  same  direc^on.  The 
novel  at  3l8.  6d.  was  succeeded,  nearly  a  decade  ago, 
by  the  68.  novel;  and  this,  in  its  turn,  is  giving  place  to 
the  crown  and  half-crown  issue.  Here,  being  more  con- 
servative, we  have  kept  the  old  price,  $1.50,  but  sell  at 
$1.  Not  only  has  the  number  of  people  who  can  afford 
to  pay  for  publishing  their  novels  received  an  increase, 
which  is  the  burden  and  curse  of  every  reviewer,  but 
the  publisher  with  the  same  amount  of  capital  can  risk 
carrying  from  two  to  three  times  the  number  of  novels 
on  his  list  which  were  once  safe. 

There  has  been  added  to  this  an  equal  increase  in  the 
ease  with  which  the  novel-reader  is  reached.  Where 
novels  were  once  sold  in  book-stores,  they  are  now  sold 
in  great  marts,  where  the  entire  range  of  household  and 
domestic  and  personal  needs  is  met.  This  is  ordinarily 
spoken  of  asaa  loss  both  to  book  and  reader.  It  is  a 
gain.  It  shares  with  and  is  pa^  of  the  same  movement 
which  has  introduced  the  novel  to  the  pages  of  the 
newspaper  and  the  magazine,  and  made  it  the  basis  of 
more  than  one  successful  play.  It  has  widened  the 
social  strata  which  the  novel  reaches,  from  the  few  who 


tM*T,7^ 


niustration  from  "  The  Old  Gentleman  of  the  Black  Stock  **  (Charles  Scrtbner*!  Saasl. 
Prom  a  colored  lUostratlon  In  the  book,  which  U  a  lithographic  reprodactlim  of 
a  pastel  by  Howard  Chandler  ChristF. 


THE  CHANGE  IN  CURRENT  FICTION. 


757 


read  to  think,  to  the  many  who  take  thought  only  to 
amuse  themselves.  This  advance  has  grown  with  the 
reduction  in  the  cost  of  publication  and  the  increase  in 
the  range  of  readers.  The  sale  in  three  months  of  1,000 
copies  of  a  novel  in  this  country  was,  25  years  ago,  a 
success  which  attracted  an  in- 
stant attention.  A  novel  to-day 
which  has  not  reached  5,000 
copies  in  its  first  month  has 
failed  to  attract  a  general  no- 
tice. Between  1850  and  1880, 
there  were  not  a  dozen  novels 
on  the  American  market  which 
had  reached  a  circulation  of 
100,000  copies.  There  have  been 
as  many  which  have  attained 
this  circulation  in  the  past  five 
years. 

The  rewards  of  the  individual 
novelist  have  proportionately 
grown.  Twenty  years  ago,  Mr. 
Howells  publicly  said  that  it 
would  be  possible  to  seat  at  a 
small  table  every  man  in  this 
country  who  was  clearing  $5,000 
a  year  net  from  exclusively  lit- 
erary work.  I  have  heard  the 
returns  from  a  single  success- 
ful novel  placed  at  $50,000. 
Knowing  the  circulation  which 
it  had  had  and  the  usual  royal- 
ties, this  statement  seems  not 
imprudent.  To  the  sales  which 
make  a  return  of  from  $20,000  to 
$25,000  off  a  single  novel,  there 
is  now  not  unusually  added  the 
still  larger  wage  paid  to  the 
novelist  whose  fiction  becomes 
the  basis  of  a  successful  play. 
Not  long  since,  Mr.  Charles 
Frohman  said  in  substance  that 
it  was  nonsense  to  turn  any- 
where except  to  a  novel  for  a 

play,  since  it  cost  from  $15,000  to  $20,000  to  make  a  play 
known,  and  the  novel  had  already  accomplished  this 
without  effort  and  without  expense.  No  wage  in  liters 
ary  life  is  comparable  to  that  of  the  playwright.  Not 
all  novels  dramatized  succeed  ;  but  when  a  dramatized 
novel  runs  through  the  year,  as  nearly  a  dozen  have 
done  in  the  past  five  years,  the  return  to  the  author 
will  average  about  $500  a  week  while  the  play  is  upon 
the  boards.  After  making  from  $35,000  to  $30,000  from 
a  single  novel,  the  author  may  then  obtain  as  much 
more  during  each  of  the  years  in  which  the  play  based 
upon  it  holds  the  stage.  It  would  be  invidious  to  gossip 
over  names ;  but  there  are  two  recent  plays  which  must 
have  yielded  the  novelist-playwright  from  $75,000]  to 
$100,000,  or  half  the  sum  earned  by  Trollope  in  a  life- 
time of  laborious  romance. 

These  returns  exceed  even  the  sums  paid  at  the  open- 
ing of  the  century  to  English  authors.  The  fees,  how- 
ever, which  were  paid  to  Byron  and  to  Scott,  to  Rogers 
and  to  Campbell— fees  which  seemed  incredible  as  liter- 
ary rewards  up  to  20  years  ago— were  paid  to  the  few 
for  works  read  by  the  few.  No  one  of  the  works  which 
Murray  and  Constable  published  had  editions  compara- 
ble with  those  of  to-day. 

But  the  impulse  to  letters  as  such,  to  style,  to  the 


Beth."— Frontispiece  (reduced)  for  "Marr'd  In  Mak- 
ing." Half-tone,  from  a  drawing  by  Mrs.  Elenor 
Plaisted  Abbott  (J.  B.  Llpplncott  Company). 


higher  walks  of  literature,  has  by  no  means  come  which 
was  expected  when  the  reduction  in  the  cost  of  manu- 
facture, the  increase  in  the  area  of  readers,  and  protec- 
tion against  foreign  competition  all  came  in  simultane- 
ously a  decade  ago  with  the  typesetting-machine,  cheap 
paper,  the  sale  of  books  in  de- 
partment stores,  and  interna- 
tional copyright.  It  was  anti- 
cipated that  an  individual  and 
national  type  of  production 
would  be  developed ;  but  those 
forgot  the  method  and  manner 
of  nature  who  predicted  this. 
Mr.  Wallace  long  since  showed 
that  it  is  the  island  and  isolated 
spot  that  produces  the  special- 
ized and  individual  species. 
The  mountain  glen  will  change 
most  of  its  fiowers,  half  its  in- 
sects, and  all  of  its  trees  in  a 
steep  climb  of  a  thousand  yards. 
Given,  however,  the  plain,  an 
unbroken  and  illimitable  ex- 
panse of  fertile  soil,  a  continu- 
ous demand,  and  the  even  condi- 
tions of  lands  level  for  leagues, 
and  a  single  plant  usurps  all 
the  space.  The  daisy  will  pain  t 
an  entire  principality  of  open 
land  white  or  yellow.  The 
mountain-side  varies  its  fiower 
at  almost  every  yard,  but  from 
it  one  looks  down  upon  a  plain 
painted  blue  or  purple  or  yel- 
low by  the  sweep  of  a  single 
plan  t.  The  like  has  come  in  let- 
ters. This  increase  in  the  num- 
ber of  novels  and  this  multi- 
plication in  their  readers  have 
been  succeeded  by  the  sweeping 
success  of  single  novels  and  the 
stillbirth  of  all  others.  English 
and  American  publishers  both 
complain  that  the  market  for  fiction  is  more  unsatisfac- 
tory than  ever.  It  was  once  possible  to  predict,  with  a 
tolerable  accuracy,  that  a  certain  ratio  of  excellence  fur- 
nished, suitable  skill  in  business,  promotion  and  a  knowl- 
edge in  the  market,  then  some  return  would  be  obtained 
from  most  novels  placed  in  the  market,  particularly  if 
they  were  by  well-known  authors,  and  from  nearly  all  a 
fair  return.  This  has  ceased.  Instead,  the  novel  either 
has  a  prodigious  vogue,  and  springs  to  its  edition  of 
100,000,-150,000,-200,000  ;  or,  it  fails  altogether.  The 
great  herd  of  readers  which  passes  the  crowded  tables 
of  a  department  store  moves,  as  herds  will,  on  a  single 
impulse.  Publishers  find,  as  managers  have  found, 
that  reviews  do  as  little  for  the  novel  as  criticism  for 
the  play.  People  read,  not  because  they  wish  to  read, 
but  because  they  wish  to  read  what  is  being  read. 
They  tell  each  other.  They  move  by  the  thousand  past 
a  given  point  where  they  are  all  turning  the  pages  of 
the  same  novel.  The  man  with  an  ear  quick  to  the  com- 
ments of  readers  knew  David  Harum  was  a  success 
long  before  any  but  the  most  skillful  critics  had  dis- 
covered it.  A  FYiend  of  CcRsar  had  reached  its  third 
edition  before  most  newspapers  had  published  their 
first  notice.  The  success  of  the  novel  has  really  come 
to  be  a  matter  of  universal  suffrage.    Title,  subject. 


758 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


and  the  accidents  of  advertisiDg  decide  the  first  move- 
ment of  the  avalanche ;  and  if  the  conditions  are  favor- 
able the  fortunate  publisher  is  buried  under  orders  be- 
fore a  month  is  out,  balanced  by  the  failures  of  which 
less  are  sold  than  were  once,  few  as  these  were. 

Under  conditions  like  thece,  the  subject  has  become 
the  decisive  factor;  for  while  style  interests  few, 
and  personality  still  fewer,  the  interest  in  a  subject 
is  universal.  Given  a  series  of  Revolutionary  celebra- 
tions which  began  in  1775,  and  are  still  in  progress,  the 
organization  of  Revolutionary  societies  whose  qualifica- 
tions are  as  ingeniously  devised  as  the  cerration  of  a 
yale-lock,  and  there  would  be  created  the  desire  and  de- 
mand for  the  Revolutionary  novel,  which  has  carried 
one  novel-writer  after  another  to  fortune,  if  not  to  fame, 
on  a  rising  tide.  We  are  in  a  new  series  of  centennials 
which  mark  the  post-Revolutionary  epoch,  and  I  pre- 
dict— for  the  signs  are  already  visible  In  book-lists — 
that  in  the  next  decade  the  success  in  a  popular  novel 
will  be  made,  not  on  the  Revolution,  but  on  that  nar- 
rower selvage  of  history  which  began  with  the  Western 
march.  I  dare  predict  that  in  1950  the  successful  novel 
of  the  day,  with  a  circulation  which  may  by  that  time 
be  reckoned  by  the  half-million  or  million,  will  be  an 
Argonaut,  a  California  Forty-niner. 

The  Revolutionary  romance  has,  therefore,  been  the 
natural  product  of  the  Revolutionary  centennial. 
Realism  has  succumbed,  not  to  a  change  in  popular 
taste,  but  to  a  succession  of  popular  celebrations.  In- 
evitably, too,  where  the  individual  author  once  decided 
the  sale  and  circulation  of  his  novel  for  a  generation,  as 
did  Dickens  from  the  start,  and  Thackeray  and  Eliot 
after  their*  vogue  was  secured,  there  is  to-day  a  strange 
caprice.  Trilby  succeeded,  and  its  successor  fails. 
The  subject  is  paramount.  Religion  is  a  universal  in- 
terest, and  Bohcrt  Elsmere,  the  Chriatiariy  and  the 
Master  Christtnn — poles  apart^-each  find  the  same 
vast  market.  The  new  American  delight  in  our  own 
rural  life  succeeds  David  Harum  by  Eben  Holden. 
The  publisher  has  learned,  to  his  cost,  two  things.  The 
success  of  one  novel  is  no  guarantee  of  a  like  sale  for 
the  next  by  the  same  author.  These  vast  sales  which 
overspread  a  season,  and  choke  all  else,  end  as  suddenly 
as  they  began.  The  tide  turns.  The  bundles  come 
back  as  they  once  went  out.  A  "remainder"  of  40,000 
copies  left  In  one  instance  attests  the  fashion  in  which 
the  ebb  may  curtail  the  profits  of  the  flood. 

These  things  alter  the  native  perspective  of  the  field 
of  fiction.  It  is  still  tilled  in  England  as  it  once  was. 
Eleanor  is  a  novel  of  another  generation.  Mrs.  Hum- 
phry Ward  is  little  likely  to  win  a  circulation  in  six  fig- 
ures. Her  one  great  success  came  to  its  own  by  its  sub- 
ject, not  by  its  style.  Elearwr  is  written  with  a  patient 
care,  save  that  a  heroine  of  twenty-six  is  given  the  ap- 
I)earance  and  the  adjectives  of  forty ;  but  this  novel 
thinks.  It  does  not  feel.  Its  interest  is  of  scene,  and  not 
of  subject.  Mrs.  Ward  has  brought  together  the  Eng- 
lish woman  and  the  American  girl,  and,  with  the  un- 
hesitating instinct  of  the  artist,  sees  that  the  higher 
breeding  comes,  not  from  a  sense  of  superiority,  but 
from  a  sense  of  equality ;  for  the  American  girl,  with 
all  her  lack  of  lower  convention,  has  the  higher  distinc- 
tion. The  Englishman,  Manisty,  enamoured  of  home, 
his  cousin  Eleanor,  the  thinking  Englishwoman  of  the 
new  type,  enamoured  of  him,  and  Lucy  Foster,  the 


New  Ehigland  maiden  to  whom  things  are  as  they  are, 
and  not  as  they  are  believed  to  be,— this  is  as  narrow 
a  range  of  character  as  a  Greek  drama.  Its  knot  is  un- 
tied by  an  excommunicated  priest— austere,  simple,  sci- 
entific, and  sincere.  The  stage  is  set  in  Italy— new 
Italy,  whose  case  has  had  no  better  defense,  nor  the  old 
better  description.  But  for  all  the  skill  with  which  this 
is  done,  the  sensitive  reader  must  feel  that  Mrs.  Ward 
is  at  the  end  of  a  literary  period,  while  the  more  shape- 
less American  novel  is  at  its  beginning. 

So  far  as  workmanship  goes  between  Mr.  Maurioe 
Hewlett's  Richard  Yea  and  Nay  and  Mr.  William 
Steams  Davis*  A  Friend  of  Cassar^  no  oompariaon  is 
possible.  It  is  not  a  question  of  years,  but  of  method. 
The  Englishman  carries  his  English  king  through  his 
crusade  with  a  firm  grip  on  period,  diction,  character, 
and  atmosphere.  A  Friend  of  Cassar,  the  book  of  a 
very  young  man,  nigh  twenty  years  Mr.  Hewlett's  jun- 
ior, is  loaded  with  detail  and  awkward  in  method.  The 
archfeology  is  painfully  accurate  and  the  atmoaphere  as 
painfully  awry ;  but  this  picture  of  Rome,  as  Ciesar 
comes,  moves  straight  on  to  an  every-day  human  inters 
est,  which  has  kept  it  selling  for  weeks  as  one  of  the 
leading  books  in  every  store.  Mr.  Francis  Marion  Craw- 
ford lacks  for  nothing  as  craftsman  In  the  Palace  of 
the  King ;  but  it  is  the  craft  of  the  theater  and  not  of 
the  novel.  On  the  stage  as  a  play,  for  which  it  was 
written  before  it  is  on  the.  market  as  a  book,  Miss  Mary 
Mannering  has  given  the  pages  an  interest  they  might 
never  have  had  without  her ;  for  Philip  of  Spain  is 
studied  more  in  his  make-up  than  his  manner,  and  the 
action  and  reversed  catastrophe,  none  too  fast  nor  too 
surprising  on  the  boards,  does  not  move  between  thenu 

Mr.  Henry  Harland,  like  Mr.  Crawford,  has  learned 
his  trade  abroad.  The  Americans  who  follow  received 
models  generally  have.  Mr.  Irving  Bacheller  has 
learned  his  selling  fiction  to  the  Sunday  supplements. 
For  over  a  month,  The  CardinaVs  Snuff -Box  and  Eben 
Holden  have  been  in  all  lists  of  the  "best-selling 
books"— not  neck  and  neck,  for  the  latter  leads.  Mr. 
Harland  thoroughly  understands  his  technical  task,  the 
novel  of  dialogue  in  which  a  man  and  woman  impart 
their  souls  and  passions  in  Amabiean  speech.  Mr. 
Bacheller's  book  lumbers  as  a  novel.  It  moves  as  a 
story.  It  wins— this  recital  of  York  State  life— for  the 
same  reason  that  every  man  turns  first  in  his  daily 
newspaper  to  the  fire  or  meeting  he  attended  last  night 
Mr.  Bacheller  has  torn  a  page  out  of  American  life  and 
printed  it ;  and  the  sales  rise,  week  by  week,  in  spite  of 
technical  defects.  There  is  this  feel  of  the  story-telling 
power  and  this  lack  of  the  novelist's  skill  through  all 
the  fiock  of  American  fiction.  You  cannot  open  a  page 
of  two  new  colonial  novels,  Mr.  J.  A.  Altsheler's  In 
Hostile  Red—ot  Monmouth— or  Mr.  Henry  Thew  Ste- 
phenson's Patroon  Van  Volkenherg,  without  seeing 
this.  Random  as  is  Mrs.  Flora  Annie  Steel  through 
the  long  panorama  on  which  in  Hie  Hosts  of  the  Lord 
she  has  sought  to  draw  the  working  of  the  English  raj, 
still  you  see  she  is  unconsciously  working  by  certain 
rules. 

These  things  give  hope.  The  storj^-telling  American 
is  finding  a  new  field.  There  is  a  narrow  space  in  every 
advancing  art  where  originality  and  technical  knowl- 
edge lap.  The  English  novel  of  to-day  has  found  It 
The  American  story  is  approaching  it. 


NOTES   ON  THE    NEW   BOOKS  OF   FICTION. 


NOVELS  OP  THE  INNER  LIFE. 

AMONG  the  novels  of  1900  which  deal  with  the 
psychology  of  their  characters  an  the  chief  thing 
of  importance, — and  this  group  is  in  America  relatively 
smaller  than  in  previous  years,  owing  to  the  vogue  of 
the  adventure  story,— the  two  most  prominent  are  Mr. 
James  M.  Barriers  Tommy  and  Orizel  (Scribners),  and 
Mrs.  Humphry  Ward's  Eleanor  (Harpers).  Mr.  Barrie 
takes  up  the  history  of  T.  Sandys  where  he  left  him  in 
the  closing  chapter  of  Sentimental  Tommy.  Tommy 
becomes  a  famous  author  in  London,  lionized  by  society 
and  by  the  critics.  Grizel  loves  him  with  the  love  of  a 
noble,  fall- hearted,  and  true  woman  ;  but  Tommy  is  not 
good  enough  for  her,  or  is  too  good,  as  you  please.  He 
is  somewhat  too  much  of  an  artist  and  decidedly  too 
little  of  a  man  to  make  **  the  perfect  lover.*'  His  dan- 
i^eroos  delicacy  of  nerves,  his  quick  power  of  idealiza- 
tion, his  dramatic  self-consciousness,  lead  him  to  make 
fierce  love  to  Lady  Pippenworth  while  he  is  Grizel's 
sweetheart.  Then,  strengthened  by  remorse,  Tommy 
marries  Grizel,  and  there  are  months  of  happiness,  to 
end  in  the  tragedy,  with  its  shameful  surroundings, 
which  kills  off  Tommy,  without  a  great  deal  of  sorrow, 
it  must  be  said,  from  Grizers  well-wishers.    Mr.  Barrie 


niostration  for  "  Eleanor."    Half-tone  (reduced).    From  a  crayon 
drawing  by  Albert  E.  Sterner  (Harper  &  Bros.). 


makes  this  character,  whicli  is  all  his  own,  with  a  rare 
literary  subtlety  which  is  also  his  own.  Even  the  dark- 
est spots  in  his  hero's  career  are  relieved  with  the  great 
tenderness  and  the  delicate  humor  which  illumine  every 
work  of  Mr.  Barrie's ;  and  while  there  will  be  many, 
doubtless,  who  profess  hatred  for  Tommy,  and  even  a 
positive  dislike  to  the  story,  there  will  be  few  indeed 
who  do  not  admire  Mr.  Barrie's  part  in  it. 

In  Eleanor f  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward  gives  us  a  far  more 
human  story  than  any  she  has  produced  since  her  first 
large  achievement  of  Robert  Elsm^ire^  and  including 
it.  With  her  great  learning,  her  wide  capacity  for  ob- 
servation, her  ingenui- 
ty, her  earnestness  of 
purpose,  and  her  unde- 
niable literary  art, 
there  has  been  some- 
thing left  to  be  desired 
in  each  of  her  stories. 
To  some  readers  they 
appeared  coldly  intel- 
lectual, with  a  lack  of 
warm,  red  blood,  and, 
from  an  artistic  point 
of  view,  almost  stiff. 
In  Eleanor^  with  the 
same  intellectual  grasp 
of  her  scenes  and  her 
characters,  there  is  far 
more  geniality  afid  life. 
The  heroine  is  a  wo- 
man with  a  wonderful 
charm,    arising,  not 

from  her  beauty,  nor,  perhaps,  as  much  from  her  soul 
as  from  her  intellect.  She  is  more  like  Dorothea 
Brooke,  in  Middlemarchj  than,  probably,  she  is  like 
any  other  real  or  imagined  woman ;  and  there  are 
many  phases  of  the  story  which  remind  one  of  George 
Eliot's  masterpiece.  In  the  very  detail  of  Eleanor's 
devoted  cooperation  with  Edward  Manisty  in  his  work, 
and  the  belief  in  that  work,  far  more  devoted  and 
unreserving  than  his  own,  one  is  reminded  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Casaubon ;  but  Manisty  is  no  septuagenarian. 
He  is  a  young  man,  a  publicist,  with  some  disappoint- 
ments in  his  career,  engaged  on  his  great  work  of  de- 
fending the  Papacy  and  its  history.  The  scene  is  laid  in 
Rome,  and  Mrs.  Ward  utilizes  her  learning  to  give  us 
a  significant  and  fascinating  picture  of  Papal  Italy. 
Manisty,  the  hero,  is  a  most  complex  character,  a  thor- 
ough egotist,  with  the  charm  for  women  that  able  and 
consistent  egotists  are  apt  to  have.  There  enters  on  the 
scene  of  Eleanor's  love  for  him  an  American  girl,  Lucy 
Foster.  Both  of  them  love  Manisty,  and  also  each  other. 
Mrs.  Ward's  characterization  of  the  American  figure  in 
the  story  is  extraordinarily  good.  Most  of  the  admirers 
of  the  novelist  are  predicting  that  Eleanor  will  prove 
her  masterpiece.  It  is  presented  by  the  publishers  in 
two  editions.  The  two-volume  edition  is  illustrated  by 
Albert  Sterner,  and  is  very  strikingly  and  beautifully 
bound  and  printed. 

Miss  Grace  Denio  Litchfield,  in  her  new  story,  The 
Moiling  Finger  Writes  (a  quotation  from  Omar  Khay- 
yam), has  given  a  charming  picture  of  a  New  England 


MRS.  HUMPHRY  WARD. 


760 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REl^IE]VS. 


home,  of  intellectual  and  material  wealth,  and  of  a 
young  girPs  development  into  an  exquisite  symmetry 
of  characteri  in  spite  of,  perhaps  because  of,  a  secret 
love,  which,  in  a  less  beautiful  nature,  might  easily 
have  been  d  isastrous.  The  atmosphere  of  Agnes  Alden^s 
home  is  that  of  the  aristocratic  families  who  have  their 
homes  on  the  outskirts  of  Cambridge,  Mass.  Agnes  is 
a  girl  of  keen  intellectual  perceptions,  and  of  an  up- 
lifted soul,  who  might  probably  have  fallen  in  love 
with  the  good-natured  and  manly  Godfrey  Kilpatrick, 
whom  circumstances  seemed  to  have  appointed  for  her, 
if  she  had  not  met  the  greater  man,  David  M nigra ve, 
married  to  a  cantankerous  though  not  very  bad 
woman.  Agnes  promptly  falls  in  love  with  David,  and 
is  fine  enough  to  keep  it  all  within  herself,  and  to  be  a 
very  present  help  to  both  David  and  Isabel.  ITie  lat- 
ter finally  dies,  and  things  go  as  the  reader  would  wish. 
(Putnams. ) 

In  the  seventy-second  year  of  his  age,  the  marvelously 
versatile  Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell  gives  us  a  new  volume. 
Dr.  North  and  His  Friends  (Century  Co.).  In  Dr. 
North  and  His  Friends  are  introduced  the  person- 
ages whose  admirable  and  witty  conversations  were 
admired  in  an  earlier  volume.  Characteristics.  The 
scheme  of  this  volume  is  to  give  the  conversation  of  a 
group  of  cultured  people  that  gather  around  Dr.  North 
and  his  wife.  The  topics  which  their  wit  and  learning 
play  may  be  concerned  with  literature,  art,  medicine, 
nature,  conduct,  or  religion.  The  whole  is  bound  to- 
gether by  a  slender  thread  of  romance.  While  the  work 
is  not  sufficiently  connected  to  make  it  possible  to  style 
it  autobiographical,  it  undoubtedly  reflects  the  personal 
experiences  and  observations  of  the  author  in  a  some- 
what autobiographical  way. 

In  Enoch  WiUoughhy  (Scribners),  Mr.  James  A. 
Wickersham  portrays  the  outer  and  inner  life,  espe- 
cially the  latter,  of  the  Willoughby  family,  all  of  them 
originally  Quakers,  and  all,  "whether  you  find  them  in 
Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  or  even  Iowa  or  Kansas, 
pretty  surely  of  the  respectable,  well-to-do  sort."  The 
scene  of  the  story  is  laid  fifty  years  ago,  in  the  wilder- 
ness of  Ohio  and  in  the  forests  of  the  South.  The  mo. 
tive  is  found  in  the  strenuous  efforts  of  Enoch  Wil- 
loughby*s  soul  to  decide  whether  Quakerism  or  Spirit- 
ualism have  for  him  the  final  Truth.  There  is  a  little 
love-story  to  relieve  the  stress,  and  there  is  a  good  deal 
of  historic  interest  in  the  accounts  of  these  early  Spirit- 
ualists, who  were  probably  the  founders  of  the  sect  of 
Christian  Scientists. 

Mr.  Richard  Marsh  is  bold  indeed  in  the  conception 
of  his  book,  A  Second  Coming  (John  Lane).  The 
scheme  of  the  book  is  no  less  than  the  description 
of  Christ's  coming  to  England,  and  the  following  which 
He  did  and  did  not  get,  and  of  some  judgments  that  He 
would  undoubtedly  have  pronounced.  Indeed,  such  an 
opportunity  is  seldom  offered  the  novelist  to  dispose 
summarily  of  his  pet  aversions  in  contemporary  life, 
both  personal  and  impersonal. 

The  heroine  of  A  Woinan  of  Yesterday^  Anna  Malli- 
son  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.),  is  the  daughter  of  a  Ver- 
mont clergyman  of  the  strictest  orthodoxy.  Caroline 
A.  Mason,  the  author  of  the  volume,  .studies  the  devel- 
opment of  this  young  girl,  born  in  the  fifties  and  grow- 
ing up  through  the  atmosphere  of  Puritanical  consci- 
entiousness surrounding  her  father's  life  and  home  and 
friends  into  the  broader  views  of  the  end  of  the  century. 

Sir  Walter  Besant's  new  novel,  The  Fourth  Oenera- 
tion  (Stokes),  is  concerned  with  a  definite  problem— the 


justice  of  visiting  the  sins  of  the  fathers  on  sncceeding 
generations.  The  story  is  an  answer,  as  nearly  as  Sir 
Walter  can  give  an  answer,  to  the  question,  Why  musi 
the  innocent  suffer  for  the  faults  of  those  who  have 
gone  before  f  **  I  venture,"  says  Sir  Walter,  **  to  offer 
in  these  pages  an  answer  that  satisfies  myself.  It  Mib- 
stitutes  consequences  for  punishment,  and  puts  effect 
that  follows  cause  in  place  of  penalties."  These  conse> 
quences  "  can  only  affect  the  body,  or  the  mind,  or  tlie 
social  position  of  the  descendants.  They  may  make 
ambition  impossible;  they  may  make  action  impossi- 
ble ;  they  may  keep  a  man  down  among  the  rank  aad 
file,— but  they  cannot  domore." 

In  The  Image  Breakers  (Stokes),  Miss  Gertrude  Dii 
brings  us  into  an  atmosphere  redolent  of 'socialism. 
She  has  lived  much  in  socialistic  colonies,  and  has  en- 
gaged in  first  hand  experiment  with  most  of  the  com- 
munal ideas  which  she  discusses  in  this  story.  Tlie 
story  itself  is  not  fettered  by  her  socialistic  propagao- 
dism  in  a  way  to  hamper  the  action,  and  many  passages 
are  full  of  dramatic  force. 

HISTORICAL  ROMANCES. 

Mr.  Ronald  MacDonald  publishes  his  first  romance, 
The  Sword  of  the  King  (Century  Co.).  Mr.  M»c- 
Donald  comes  to  his  taste  for  story -writing  by  inherit- 
ance, as  he  is  the  son  of  Dr.  George  MacDonald.  Thi 
Sword  of  the  King  is  a  story  of  the  time  when  William 
of  Orange  was  making  his  sturdy  fight  for  the  English 
crown.  The  heroine  tells  the  tale.  She  is  Philippa 
Drayton,  a  brave  and  lovely  girl,  whose  father  side 
with  the  Prince  of  Orange.  Mr.  MacDonald  enrolls 
himself  among  those  modern  apologists  for  the  mon- 
archs  of  England  who  in  their  books  have  found  virtoei 
in  King  John  and  James  II.,  for  he  gives  a  new  and  un- 
expectedly pleasant  phase  of  the  worthy  but  hitherto 
saturnine  William  of  Orange.  The  character  of  Phi- 
lippa Drayton  is  engaging,  and  the  story  is  fall  of  excit- 
ing action  and  adventure. 

Mr.  Henry  Seton  Merriman,  who  has  become  best 
known  to  the  novel-reading  public  by  his  book.  The 
Sowers,  gives  in  The  Isle  of  Unrest  (Dodd,  Mead  & 
Co.)  a  dashing  and  highly  colored  tale  of  Corsica  and 
the  south  of  France..  The  vendetta  and  Sedan  give  am- 
ple opportunity  for  dramatic  action.  The  character  of 
Mademoiselle  Denise  Lange  is  especially  attractiTe, 
with  Mademoiselle  Brun  and  Colonel  Gilbert  scarcely 
less  so.  The  Isle  of  Unrest  will  sustain  Mr.Merrimaa's 
reputation,  and  readers  who  care  for  romance  and  ad- 
venture will  find  an  abundance  of  them  of  a  good 
quality. 

Margaret  Horton  Potter's  historical  novel,  Uncanoh- 
ized  (McClurg),  is  a  romance  of  English  monachiMn.  It 
begins  with  the  beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century,  in 
the  time  of  King  John.  The  author  deliberately  departs 
from  the  traditional  figure  of  that  scapegoat  of  Engli^ 
monarchs,  and  makes  John  out  a  very  fair  sort  of  king 
and  man.  This,  she  tells  us  in  a  prefatory  note,  is  not 
from  the  exigencies  of  her  romance,  but  from  her  own 
convictions,  after  a  careful  study  of  the  records  of  the 
time  her  story  deals  with.  The  hero  is  Anthony  Fits- 
Hubert,  the  illegitimate  son  of  Archbishop  HuberL 
Walter  Anthony,  a  gay  gallant  of  the  court,  is  suddenly 
called  upon  to  expiate  his  father^s  youthful  sin  by  tak- 
ing monastic  vows.  The  story  is  conscientiously  con- 
structed, and  has  the  ulterior  value  of  dealing  with  a 
period  which  has  been  hitherto  practically  neglected  bj 
romancers  of  our  day. 


NOTES  ON  THE  NEIV  BOOKS  OF  FICTION. 


761 


MB.  MAURICE  THOMPSON. 

(Author  of  "Alice  of  Old 
Vincennes.") 


Emma  Mat-shall  has  taken  for  the  heroine  of  her 
story  of  classical  Roman  times,  A  Roman  Maiden 
(George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co.),  the  lost  Vestal,  whose  statue 
alone  among  those  recovered  in  the  Foram  is  unnamed, 
although  the  inscription  recording  her  virtues  was  pre- 
served. The  author  has  gathered  the  incidents  around 
the  supposed  history 
of  this  character— in- 
cidents more  or  less 
connected  with  the 
persecution  and  mar- 
tyrdom of  the  early 
Church  in  Britain  and 
in  Rome. 

Mr,  Jeremiah  Cur- 
tin  has  translated  a 
new  historical  novel 
from  the  pen  of  Hen- 
ryk  Sienckiewicz,  TTie 
Knights  of  the  Cross 
(Little,  Brown  &  Co.). 
Many  readers  have 
considered  that  this 
sounding  romance  is 
the  finest  work  of  the 
author  of  Quo  Vadis. 
The  scene  is  laid  in 
Poland  in  the  four- 
teenth century,  and 
after  a  narrative  of 
thrilling  dramatic 
quality,  it  ends  with  the  final  and  conclusive  victory  of 
the  Slavs  at  Tannenberg  over  the  German  Knights  of 
tlie  Cross,  whose  object  was  the  subjugation  of  Poland 
and  Lithuania. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Altsheler's  new  book.  In  Hostile  Red 
(Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.),  is  a  story  of  the  American 
Revolution,  and  more  particularly  of  the  Monmouth 
campaign.  Mr.  Altsheler's  spirited  figure  of  Mary 
Desmond,  and  the  continual  lively  incident  of  the  nar- 
rative, make  a  very  engaging  work,  and  quite  a  fit  suc- 
cessor to  the  series  of  American  historical  stories  which 
have  recently  made  the  autlior  so  favorably  known. 

Mr.  J.  Breckenridge  Ellis  harks  back  to  the  first 
century  for  the  subject  of  his  romance,  The  Dread  and 
Fear  of  Kings  (McClurg).  The  scenes  are  laid  alter- 
nately in  the  island  of  Capri  and  other  parts  of  It^ily, 
and  the  narrative  of  love  and  adventure  has  for  a  back- 
ground the  reign  of  terror  which  Rome  endured  under 
the  Emperor  Tiberius  and  his  terrible  favorite,  Sejanus. 

A  new  field  is  chosen  by  Judge  Leo  C.  Dessar,  of  New 
York  City,  for  his  first  essay  in  fiction,  A  Royal  En- 
chantress (Continental  Publishing  Co.).  The  heroine 
is  the  famous  Cahina,  the  last  queen  of  the  Berbers, 
who  lived  at  Tunis,  and  won  power  and  glory  in  the 
year  .697  A.  D.  This  beautiful,  able  and  brave  woman 
was  cruel  as  she  was  powerful.  The  author  tells  the 
story  of  the  period  when  she  had  united  all  the  northern 
countries  except  Egypt  into  one  great  nation  ;  when 
she  was  known  as  the  Sorceress  Queen.  The  occult 
powers  claimed  for  this  striking  figure  are  well  utilized 
by  Judge  Dessar  to  heighten  the  picturesqueness  of  his 
heroine. 

Mr.  Maurice  Tliompson  is  best  known  to  American 
readers  as  the  archer,  the  lover  of  nature  and  of  the 
Latin  lovers  of  nature.  His  essay  in  the  field  of  histori- 
cal romance  he  calls  ^Hcc  of  Old  VincenncH  (Bowen- 
Merrill  Co.).  It  is  a  Revolutionary  story,  with  the  scene 


laid  in  Indiana,  with  British  and  Americans,  Indians 
and  Creoles,  engaged  in  supplying  the  fighting  and  the 
love-making.  The  heroine,  Alice  Roussillon,  is  a  charm- 
ing figure — much  more  charming,  indeed,  than  her  con- 
ventional lover.  Alice  is  a  spirited  girl  of  good  family, 
who  is  placed  among  the  hardships  of  pioneer  life  and 
of  Indian  warfare,  who  can  conquer  her  lover  in  sword- 
play,  and  use  a  rifie  with  the  best  of  them.  There  are 
few  chapters  in  which  one  does  not  find  the  excitement 
of  a  duel,  a  battle,  scalping-party,  or  some  equally 
thrilling  incident. 

Mr.  Edward  Bellamy,  the  famous  author  of  Looking 
Backward,  had  written  The  Duke  of  Stockbridge 
(Silver,  Burdett  &  Co.)  even  Ix'fore  the  book  that  made 
him  so  well  known.  In  fact,  it  is  said  that  Looking 
Backward  grew  out  of  this  romance.  Shortly  before  his 
recent  death,  Mr.  Bellamy  authorized  the  publication 
of  the  novel.  It  deals  with-  the  great  revolt  of  the 
debtor-farmers  of  Massachusetts  against  the  laws  which 
dealt  so  severely  with  them  in  1786.  An  officer  of  the 
Continental  army,  who  led  the  revolt,  is  the  hero  of 
the  narrative,  and  his  love  with  a  belle  of  Western 
Massachusetts  makes  a  pretty  story. 

Miss  Molly  Elliot  Sea  well  essays,  in  The  House  of 
^(/remo7if  (Scribners),  an  historical  romance  of  the  time 


MR.   EDWARD  BELLAMY  IN  18». 

(Wbo6«  poHthumoub  novel  "The  Duke  of  Stockbridge,*'  has  Ja^t 
been  published.) 

of  James  II.  Aside  from  the  stirring  incidents  and 
the  many  adventures  and  misadventures,  narrated  with 
much  spirit  and  skill,  tlie  striking  part  of  Miss  Seawell's 
work  is  her  attempt  to  renovate  the  figure  of  James  II.— 
an  even  more  difficult  task  than  that  which  confronts 
the  apologist.s'for  Richard  III.  and  King  John,  but  one 


762 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REP^IEW  OF  REk'/EIVS. 


which  Miss  Seawell  enters  on  with  enthusiasm  and  not 
without  success. 

Mr.  F.  Marion  Crawford  has  chosen  old  Madrid,  in  the 
time  of  Philip  II.,  for  the  background  of  his  romantic 
story,  In  the  Palace  of  the  King  (Macmillan).  His 
figure  of  Dolores  is  a  captivating  one ;  and  her  lover, 
Don  John  of  Austria,  makes  a  noble  and  spirited  hero. 
King  Philip  is  one  of  the  characters  in  the  tale,  and  all 
the  pageantry  and  splendor  of  the  Spanish  court  aid  in 
enriching  the  background. 

Mr.  Maurice  Hewlett  has  his  field,  so  far  as  style  and 
expres.sion  are  concerned,  pretty  much  to  himself.  The 
success  of  his  Forest  Lovers  showed  that  his  archaic 
and  romantic  sentences  were  done  so  well  that  no  apol- 
ogy was  needed.  Now  he  has  entered  the  lists  with 
Sir  Walter  Scott  in  utilizing  Richard  the  Lion-Hearted 
as  a  romantic  figure.  Richard  Yea  and  Nay  (Mac- 
millan) is  a  legitimate  literary  descendant  of  The  For- 
est Lovers,  and  will  undoubtedly  prove  of  absorbing 
interest  to  the  large  public  which  so  enjoyed  that  first 
notable  work  of  Mr.  Hewlett's. 

STORIES  OF  ADVENTURE. 

In  Mr.  Charles  Fleming  Embrees'  A  Dream  of  a 
Throne  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.)  he  uses  the  romance  of 
Old  Mexico  and  the  dramatic  episode  of  a  Mexican  re- 
volt. The  hero  is  a  descendant  of  an  Aztec  royal  fam- 
ily, although  his  boyhood  has  Ijeen  passed  as  a  fisher- 
man's son.  When  he  emerges  into  self-consciousness 
and  manly  strength,  and  feels  the  power  of  the  Church, 
he  heads  a  revolution  which  is  meant  to  place  him  on 
the  throne,  but  which  gets  him  shot  as  a  traitor.  The 
author  is  a  careful  student  of  the  local  color  framing 
his  story,  and  the  Mexican  characters  are  notably  well 
dra^Ti. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Wilson,  who  appears  as  the  author  of  Raf- 
naland  (Harpers),  is  the  son  of  the  late  president  of 
Washington  and  Lee  University  and  jxistmaster-gen- 
eral  in  President  Cleveland's  cabinet.  This  is  the  son's 
first  effort  in  fiction.  It  is  lively  and  imaginative 
enough  to  suit  the  most  exacting.  The  hero  is  enticed 
into  a  balloon,  and  is  conveyed  thereby  to  an  unknown 
Scandinavian  island  near  the  north  pole,  where  he 
finds  a  race  of  gigantic  Norsemen,  with  the  size,  the 
strength,  the  courage,  and  the  appetites  of  the  Vikings. 
The  lucky  aeronaut  falls  in  love  with  the  beautiful 
Princess  Astrid,  and  has  plenty  of  fighting  and  love- 
making  on  his  hands  from  that  time  on.  These  occu- 
pations Mr.  Wilson  describes  in  a  very  capable  way. 

Mr.  Joseph  Conrad  is  one  of  the  group  of  writers  who 
have  come  forward  in  the  last  two  years,  and  who  know 
the  sea  and  the  sailors  on  it  in  all  their  moods.  His  new 
story  is  called  Lord  Jim  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.). 
Prejudice  is  won  in  favor  of  the  hero  at  the  first  sen- 
tence. He  is  a  water-clerk,  an  inch  under  six  feet, 
powerfully  built,  with  a  slight  stoop  and  a  fixed  from- 
nnder  stare  '*  jvhich  made  you  think  of  a  charging  bull." 
How  this  promising  water-clerk  rose  t<:>  a  great  emer- 
gency in  his  life,  and  the  romance  of  the  sea  and  the 
Malaysian  Islands  to  which  his  adventures  bring  him, 
make  a  capital  st^)ry. 

That  indefatigable  fictionist^  Mr.  Cutcliffe  Hyne,  ap- 
pears with  a  new  narrative  in  his  well-known  and  dash- 
ing style.  The  Filibusters  (Stokes)  deals  with  an  ex- 
pedition that  successfully  captures  the  presidency  of  a 
Central  American  republic.  The  author  serves  up  a 
frenh  dish  of  "red-hot'*  incidents  in  every  chapter,  with- 
out any  hampering  of  coincidence. 


Pistols,  muskets,  ami  swords  figure  prominently  oo 
the  escutcheon  of  H.  B.  Marriott  Watson's  new  book, 
ChlorU  of  the  Island  (Harpers).  The  scene  is  laid  in 
the  last  century  in  England,  and  the  etory  is  full  of  the 
thrilling  and  hairbreadth  escapes  of  Warburton,  an 
engaging  fighting-machine  who  loves  the  sister  of  his 
deadly  enemies.  Mr.  Watson  is  a  skillful  hand  at  the 
construction  of  such  a  rattling  story,  and  incidentally 
gives  a  good  picture  of  the  lives  of  Englishmen  in  the 
last  century. 

NOVELS  PICTURING  AMERICAN  COMMUNITIES. 

la  the  past  two  or  three  years  there  have  been  a  remark- 
able series  of  stories,  the  product  of  earnest  and  intelli- 
gent work,  many  of  them,  whose  chief  significance  lay 
in  the  ptctures  they  gave  of  the  peculiar  customs,  peo- 
ples, and  characteristics  of  distinctly  marked  regions  of 
the  United  States.  One  of  the  most  notable  stories  in 
this  general  class  appearing  in  1900  is  Mr.  John  Uri 
Lloyd's  Stringtown  on  the  Pike  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.), 
which,  after  serial  publication  in  The  Bookman,  is  now 
presented  in  book  form.  Mr.  Lloyd  has  taken  for  his 
scene  the  northeastern  part  of  Kentucky,  the  rolling 
hill-lands  similar  to  adjacent  regions  of  Ohio  and  Indi- 
ana, and  very  different  from  the  Blue-grass  district  of 
Mr.  James  Lane  Allen's  tales.  The  time  is  that  of  the 
Civil  War;  and,  although  Mr.  Lloyd's  story  is  full  of  in- 
cident and  life,  it  turns  on  a  most  dramatic  episode, 
where  a  chemical  analysis  decides  the  fate  of  the  hero 
and  alienates  him  from  the  heroine.  Its  final  value  will 
undoubtedly  lie  in  the  exti-emely  veridical  picture  of 
this  Southwestern  rural  community,  with  its  village 
drunkards,  its  sharp  country  lawyers,  and  its  super- 
stitious and  wholly  delightful  negroes. 

Another  story,  with  its  primal  scene  lying  in  Ken» 


MR.  JOHN  rai  LLOTD. 

Author  of  *•  Stringtown  on  the  Pika.") 


NOTES  ON  THE  NEIV  BOOKS  OF  FICTION. 


ioa 


MK.   IllVINO  BACRBLLBH. 

(Author  of  "Eben  Holden.") 


tucky,  and  by  a  well-know u  Keutucky  author,  is  Crittcn- 
don  (Scribners),  by  Mr.  John  Fox,  Jr.  Mr.  Fox  takes  us 
into  the  inner  and  luxurious  mysteries  of  the  Blue-grass 
region,  and  introduces  us  to  the  life  there  in  1898.  He 
raises  a  Kentucky  legion  and  takes  it  to  Cuba  to  help  at 
San  Juan  and  Caney,  along  with  Lawton  and  Chaffee, 

and  Roosevelt  and  the 

Rough  Riders.  All 
of  these  scenes  and  all 
of  these  subjects  Mr. 
Fox  knows  thoroughly 
and  freshly;  and  his 
facile  pen  makes  the 
most  of  them,  and  con- 
trives to  weave  a  pret^ 
ty  love-story  into  the 
whole. 

Al  though  Mr.  Ir- 
ving Bacheller's  Ebcn 
llnldcn  (Ix)throp)  has 
been  referred  to  in  an 
earlier  number  of  the 
Review  of  Reviews, 
and  also  in  Mr.  Wil- 
liams* general  charac- 
terization of  the  books 
of  the  season  in  this 
Deceml)er  numljer,  the 
well-deserved  appreci- 
ation which  i.H  Iwing  l)es<t«wedon  this  excellent  picture  of 
our  New  York  grandfather's  life  makes  the  lxK)k  worthy 
nf  a  further  note.  Mr.  Bacheller's  shrewd,  sturdy  New 
Yorkers  of  the  North  Woods  farm  have  quite  captured 
the  American  public;  nor  is  the  "local  color*'  in  the 
homespun  phases  of  '*  Eben  Holden  "  alone  praisewor- 
t  hy .  The  chapters  that 
(leal  with  the  city  ex- 
|)eriences  of  the  hero, 
and,  indeed,  the  book 
as  a  whole,  are  true  to 
the  ear,  and  hold  the 
attention  to  the  end.  It 
is  nothing  short  of 
wonderful  that  a  man 
of  Mr.  Bacheller's  dis- 
tracting and  continu- 
ous business  preoccu- 
pations .should  have 
produced  such  an  ex- 
cellent piece  of  fiction. 
As  he  himself  says, 
"Chapters  begun  in 
the  publicity  of  a  Pull- 
man car  havejseen  fin- 
ished in  the  cheerless 
solitude  of  a  hotel 
chamber.  Some  have 
had  their  beginning  in 
a  sleepless  night,  and  their  end  in  a  day  of  bronchitis." 
The  region  which  Mr.  Charles  Frederic  Goss,  a  new 
writer,  exploits  in  The  Rtdvmptlnn  of  David  Cornon 
(Bowen-.Merrill  Co.)  is  to  the  west  of  Kentucky,  but  not 
faraway  nor  essentially  diflCerent.  This  boldly  conceived 
tale  which  has  already  proved  so  i>opular  has  its  scene 
laid  in  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century  and  in  the 
western  part  of  Ohio.  Tlie  Indians  had  already  l)een 
disposed  of,  and  the  most  traj^ie  work  of  sul)duing  the 
wilderness  had  Ix^en  accomplished,  when  David  Corson's 


MR.  HAMI.IN  OAKLAND. 


(Author  of  '*  The  Eagle's  He<trt  ") 


MR.  CHAKLKS  PRKORRIC  GOSS. 

(Author  of  "  The  Redemption  of  David 
Corson.") 


Story  begins.  But  there  was  enough  elemental  nature 
around  his  home  to  make  a  wild  and  poetic  setting  for 
Mr.  Goss'  fiction.  David  Corson  is  a  Quaker  preacher, 
who,  according  to  the  admiring  tributes  of  his  neigh- 
bors, could  at  twenty  *'  talk  a  mule  into  a  trottin*  boss  in 
less'n  three  minutes."  The  lucky  young  Quaker  with 
such  facility  of  language  found  it  less  difficult  to  talk  a 
gypsy  girl  into  loving  him.  As  she  already  had  a  hus- 
band of  fierce  aspect  and  physical  attainments,  all  the 
elements  of  an  excit- 
ing story  are  furnished 
in  the  first  few  chap- 
ters. 

Mr.  Hamlin  Gar- 
land has  rarely  pro- 
duced a  set  of  verses 
or  work  of  fiction  in 
which  his  worship  of 
the  great  Western 
country,  its  pictur- 
e.sque  crudities,  and 
its  elemental  strength 
did  not  furnish  the 
foundation.  He  does 
not  dejiart  from  his 
idols  in  The  Eaqle's 
Heart  ( Appletons). 
The  hero  who  turns  his 
face  to  the  West  is 
Harold  Excel  1,  a  pro- 
verbial minister's  son, 
high-tempered  and  ad- 
venturous. He  fails 
to  dominate  the  Chi- 
cago cattle  markets,  and  removes  to  the  far  West  as  a 
government  agent  in  the  Indian  country.  He  is  in  the 
troubles  between  the  sheepmen  and  cattlemen,  and 
passes  through  many  tremendous  adventures  on  the 
mesa.  The  vivid  descriptions  of  cattle-ranching  and 
other  picturesque  phases  of  Western  life  are  such  as  only 
one  who  loves  his  subject  and  who  has  studied  it  can 
give. 

It  is  a  far  cry  from  Mr.  Hamlin  Garland's  cow- 
punchers  and  Western  desixjradoes  to  the  quiet  New 
England  home  folks  of  Mr.  Charles  Felton  Pidgin's 
Quincy  Adam^  Sawyer  (C.  M.  Clark  Pub.  Co.).  The 
hero,  and  the  other  Mason's  Corner  folks,  dwell  in  a 
quiet  Massachusetts  village,  and  the  story  celebrates 
the  virtues  and  failings  of  the  tradesmen,  merchants, 
lawyers,  and  politicians  according  to  the  New  Eng- 
land standard.  The  story  is  a  considerable  one  in 
length,  and  gives  as  a  whole  a  most  perfect  and  compre- 
hensive picture  of  New  England  life,  both  as  to  exter- 
nals and  as  to  intellectual  manners  and  standards. 

Mr.  Elmore  Elliott  Peake's  The  Darlingtom  (Mc- 
Clure,  Phillips  &  Co.)  is  not  so  con.sciously  occupied  in 
portraying  the  external  life  of  the  ccmimunity  as  the 
foregoing:  and  yet  it  does  sum  up  the  manners  and  cus- 
toms and  ways  of  thinking  of  a  new  and  very  little 
known  part  of  the  United  Stat«.H,  and  is  not  weakened 
in  this  way  by  excursions  into  the  out«r  world.  The 
Darlingtons  live  in  northern  central  North  Carolina, 
in  a  region  which  is  rather  void  of  material  or  intellec- 
tual interests,  nave  for  the  railroads  and  the  furniture 
factories  and  other  evidences  of  enterprise  which  these 
railroads  have  lately  brought  into  existence.  The  Dar- 
lingtons naturally  are  a  railroad  family,  and  Mr.  Peake 
cjirries  them  through  such  a  series  of  railroad  adven- 


764 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REFIEIV  OF  REy/EU^S. 


tures  as  to  show  that  Mr.  Kipliug  and  Cy  Warnian  and 
other  exploiters  of  the  locomotive  have  not  by  any 
means  useil  up  all  the  literary  material  of  that  new  lit- 
erary field. 

The  Rev.  '^''illiam  E.  Barton,  whose  Hero  in  Home- 
spun won  such  a  well-deserved  success,  appears  with  a 
second  novel,  Pine  Knot  (Appletons),  which  successfully 
meets  the  critical  scrutiny  naturally  accorded  a  volume 
succeeding  a  first  success.  Mr.  Barton  gives  a  virile 
account  of  the  Kentucky  mountain-folk  in  the  region 
bordering  on  Tennessee,  as  different  from  the  Ken- 
tuckians  of  John  Fox's  stamping-grounds  as  the  China- 
man of  Mott  Street  is  different  from  the  Knickerbocker 
aristocrat  of  Washington  Square.  His  story  precedes 
and  ends  with  the  War  of  Secession,  and  his  account  of 
the  Abolitionist  element  among  the  poorer  mountaineers 
is  especially  readable  and  valuable.  Altogether,  the 
book  is  one  of  the  strongest  and  best  of  the  year  among 
those  works  of  fiction  aiming  especially  to  reflect  local 
color. 

Mr.  Hervey  White's  Qni^ksand  (Small,  Maynard  & 
Co.)  takes  us  far  to  the  North,  into  the  thrifty,  hard- 
working regions  of  New  Hampshire.  The  life  of  the 
sturdy  farmers,  their  struggle  with  the  long  winter, 
with  the  exigencies  of  "schooling'*  their  numerous 
families,  their  churchgoing,  their  literary  societies, 
and  their  jollifications,  are  pleasant  and  conscientiously 
recorded. 

Miss  Jane  de  Forest  Shel ton's  book.  The  Salt-Box 
House  (Baker  &  Taylor),  is  even  more  directly  and  ex- 
clusively occupied  in  recording  the  eighteenth-century 
life  in  a  New  England  hill-town.  The  scene  is  laid  in 
Stratford,  Conn.,  and  the  author  has  carefully  collected 
a  great  number  of  the  less-known  phases  and  odd  cus- 
toms of  rural  life  in  that  period,  the  d&«*cription of  which 
she  has  found  most  convenient  to  put  into  narrative 
form. 

Still  another  State  gives  the  scene  of  Mr.  Nelson 
Lloyd's  The  Chronic  Loafer  {,1.  F.  Taylor  &  Co.).  The 
story  is  told  in  the  dialect  of  central  Pennsylvania,  and 
includes  many  excellent  sketches  of  rustic  life  and  man- 
ners in  this  picturesque  valley  surrounded  by  the  heights 
of  the  Blue  Ridge.  "The  Spelling  Bee,"  "The  Wrest- 
ling Match,"  "The  Haunted  Store,"  "Hirum  Gam,  the 
Fiddler,"  "  Breaking  the  Ice,"  and  other  chapter  titles 
suggest  the  quaint  subjects  that  Mr.  Lloyd's  patriarch 
dilates  upon. 

It  is  to  the  "  Land  of  the  Sky,"  in  the  heights  of  the 
Allegheny  MounUiins,  that  Mary  Nel.**ou  Carter  turns 
for  her  North  Carolina  Slictches  (McClurg).  The  book 
consists  of  a  series  of  sketches  made  up  from  conversa- 
tions with  the  poor  mountain-folk  of  this  region  (Charles 
Egbert  Craddock's  country),  and  furnish  a  very  good 
picture  of  their  meager  life  and  curious  speech.  It  is 
much  the  same  sort  of  folk  that  Mr.  Will  N.  Harben 
describes  in  his  Northern  Georgia  Sketches  (McClurg), 
though  his  accounts  of  them  are  given  in  truer  story 
form. 

STORIES  OF  LONDON  AND  NEW  YORK  LIFE. 

Mr.  n.  C.  Chatfleld-Taylor's  The  Idle  Bom  (Stone) 
has  for  its  subtitle  "  A  Comedy  of  Manners."  The  tale 
won  the  prize  of  a  New  York  magazine  offered  for  the 
i)est  novel  dealing  with  contemporary  society,  using  the 
word  in  its  limited  sense.  The  scene  is  laid  entirely 
within  the  sacred  portals  of  New  York's  "  Four  Hun- 
dred," and  Mr.  Chatfleld-Taylor's  purpose  is  primarily 
to  satirize  the  weaknesses  and  follies  of  the  so-calle<l 


"  smart  set."  Mr.  Chatfleld-Taylor  thinks  that  the  days 
of  Isaac  Watts,  when  the  idle-bom  had  the  fad  of  writ- 
ing verses  which  were  creditable  and  letters  which 
were  readable,  have  been  succeeded  by  days  when  metro- 
politan society  has  the  sole  ambition  of  leading  in  ex- 
travagance. This  quickly  reduces  all  social  excellencf 
to  a  question  of  money,  and  gives  the  author  abundant 
opportunities  for  satire. 

Miss  Grace  Marguerite  Hurd  has  written  a  very  lively 
and  vivacious  story  in  The  Bennett  Twins  (MacmilUni 
These  two  young  people,  Donald  and  Agnes  Bennett, 
leave  their  home  in  Maine  in  their  seventeenth  year,  an«l 
come  to  New  York  to  make  their  fortunes,  one  of  them 
as  an  art  student,  and  the  other  as  a  student  of  music. 
Their  life  and  struggles  in  the  metropolis  are  hn^lo^ 
ously  told,  in  a  way  which  leaves  a  verj-  good  pict^ire  in 
the  reader's  mind  of  the  experiences  through  which 
such  provincial  neophytes  must  pass  in  the  struggle  for 
existence  in  a  great  city. 

Mi.ss  Amelia  E.  Barr's  latest  story.  The  Maid  of 
Maiden  Lane  (Dwld,  Mead  &  Co.),  too,  has  New  York 
as  its  scene  and  essential  atmosphere ;  but  it  is  the  New 
York  of  a  hundred  years  ago,  when  Maiden  LAne  boasted 
handsome  residences  instead  of  rows  of  jewelry  stores 
The  thousands  of  readers  who  have  enjoyed  Mrs.  Barr's. 
A  Bmi)  of  Orange  Ribbon  will  find  in  thia  new  rolumr 
from  her  prolific  but  very  even  pen  a  further  treat 

Margaret  Blake  Robinson's  Souls  in  Paton  (Revell 
"  A  Story  of  New  York  Life,"  is  essentially  of  modern 
metroi)olitan  conditions.  It  is  of  the  New  York  of  the 
missions  of  the  Salvation  Army's  field  that  she  writer 
with  much  kindly  humor  and  philosophy.  Her  htn- 
ine.  Miss  Irving,  sounds  much  as  if  she  had  hmi 
modeled  on  Mrs.  Ballington  Booth,  and  Katie  Finnegan 
and  the  other  neighbors  of  Chinatown  are  oonvincingty 
presented. 

Another  novel  of  New  York  life,  SUter  Carrie  (Dou- 
bleday.  Page  &  Co.),  by  Theodore  Dreiser,  brings  n^ 
into  an  atmosphere  of  Rector's  and  the  theaters  rather 
than  Chinatown  and  the  missions.  Mr.  Dreiser**  hero- 
ine, Caroline  Meeber,  comes  from  her  country  home  in 
Wisconsin  through  Chicago  to  New  York.  Carrie's  ca 
reer  in  New  York  City,  first  as  a  struggling  a-spiran: 
for  histrionic  honors,  and  finally  as  a  famous  actn^ 
furnishes  the  plot  of  the  story. 

Mr.  W.  Pett  Ridge's  new  book  is  entitled  A  Breaks 
of  Laws  (Macmillan).  The  hero  is  a  London  cocki^y 
burglar,  who  has  an  honest  love  for  a  decent  younsr 
servant-girl,  marries  her,  reforms,  and  turns  to  irre- 
proachable work.  There  is  a  characteristic  touch  uf 
cleverness  in  Mr.  Pett  Ridge's  management  of  Alfred 
Bateson's  relapse.  He  does  not  make  him  go  to  steal- 
ing again  for  the  sake  of  saving  his  wife  from  starve 
tion,  or  from  evil  associations,  but  simply  becaosv  of 
love  for  his  burglarious  art.  It  appeals  so  strongly  to 
Alfred's  imagination  to  effect  a  clever  stroke  of  roguery 
that  he  leaves  his  wife  and  child,  whom  he  loves,  and 
pilfers  to  his  heart's  content,  until  he  is  put  in  prisoit 
and  finally  goes  to  South  America  a  ruined  man.  Tb*- 
manners  and  the  opportunities  of  the  typical  Londim 
burglar  are  vivaciously  presented. 

Miss  Una  L.  Silberrad's  story  of  life  in  the  poorer 
quarters  of  Ix)ndon,  The  Lady  of  Drenms  (Doubleday. 
Page  &  Co.),  is  the  second  book  from  her  pen,  and  bid^ 
fair,  taken  with  her  first  novel.  The  Enchanter,  t^> 
make  her  a  reputation  of  high  order.  Her  heroine  in 
Tlie  Lady  of  Dreams  is  the  niece  of  a  dissipated  nwic 
whom  she  cared  for  with  a  devotion  that  absorbs  »'- 


NOTES  ON  THE  NEW  BOOKS  OF  FICTION 


r65 


her  outer  energies,  but  which  only  helps  to  develop  a 
dreamy,  poetic,  and  altogether  charming  personality. 
When  the  besotted  man  nttempts  to  kill  her,  a  crisis 
fonies,  leading  to  a  great  love  U)  compensate  for  her 
<ireary  existence.  There  is  a  quality  of  restraint  and 
quiet  power  in  Miss  Silbt-rrad's  work  which  promises 
well  for  her  future. 

In  mucli  lighter  vein  is  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells'  tale  of  London 
folk,  Lore  and  Mr.  LcwlsJunn  (Stokes),  in  which  the 
conditions  of  mcxlern  .student  life  in  the  English  me- 
tro|M)lis  are  viv*iciously  and  happily  descril»ed.  l/cwis- 
haui,  a  tutor  in  a  provincial  .school,  goes  up  to  the 
metropolis,  falls  in  love  with  a  young  girl,  the  daughter 
«»f  R  precious  ra.scal,  and  marries  her.  Ktliel's  father 
I>ost»s  as  a  Spiritualist,  and  his  frauds,  and  Mr.  Wells' 
exposition  of  their  methods,  form  an  entertaining  part 
of  the  story. 

Mr.  Percy  White  takes  us  to  quite  a  different  and 
most  highly  res|)ectable  kind  of  I^ndon  in  his  story, 
Ttw  WcH  End  (Harpers).  He  cleverly  iwrtrays  the 
weaknesses  and  foibles  of  the  I^ndon  "smart  set,"  and 
the  career  of  John  Treadaway,  an  otherwise  respectable 
and  estimable  manufacturer  of  jam,  who  enters  the 
edifice  of  society  through  a  side-door. 

TALES  OP  STRANGE   LANDS. 

Mr.  E.  P.  Dole  has  hit  upon  h  fascinating  legend  of  an 
ancient  goddess-queen  of  Hawaii  as  the  basis  of  his 
story,  Hlwn  (Harpers).  The  heroine,  one  of  the  ancient 
race  of  island  demi-giKls,  has  violated  a  sacred  law,  and 
tries  to  save  her  life  and  that  of  her  unborn  child, 
which  are  forfeit  to  the  terrible  Ku.  The  story  of  her 
escape,  and  the  growth  of  her  son  into  manly  beauty 
and  strength,  and  the  leadership  of  his  people,  is  well 
worth  the  telling ;  and  this  little  volume,  in  its  t-asteful 
binding,  is  altogether 
a  welcome  addition  to 
the  season's  work  in 
fiction. 

Very  like  Mr.  Dole's 
story,  in  its  general  set^ 
ting,  is  Keleay  the 
Surf-Rider  (Fonl, 
Howard  &  Hulbert). 
by  Mr.  Alexander  Ste- 
venson Twombly,  a  ro- 
mance of  pagan  Ha- 
waii. Mr.  Twombly 
knows  bis  Hawaii 
thoroughly,  and  the 
poetic  story,  as  well  as 
his  interesting  use  of 
the  traditions  and 
folk-lore  of  the  island- 
ers, makes  KcUa  a  ^*'»^'=-  ''^  ^^  "^**^'^  T'ouida"). 
volume  of  interest  from  several  points  of  view. 

Iroka:  Tales  of  Japan  (Doubleday  &  McClure  Co.), 
comes  from  a  Japanese  author,  Mr.  Adachi  Kinnosuk^, 
who  has  written  in  English  this  series  of  sketches  por- 
traying the  life  and  folk-lore  of  the  haughty  Samurai 
class.  Mr.  Kinnr>suk^  is  a  Japanese  residing  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  several  of  these  stories  have  been  published 
in  American  peri(MHcals.  That  the  Japanese  taste  for 
delicate  and  quaint  imagery  has  not  l)een  lost  in  this 
author's  transition  to  the  Knglish  language,  is  shown 
particularly  in  such  descriptions  as  that  of  the  cherry- 
blossoms :  "A  bit  of  gau/e  t-orn  off  from  tlie  skirt  of 


that  vain  coquette  called  Spring,  in  her  all-too-hasty 
and  careless  way  of  passing  over  this  earth." 

The  perennially  brilliant  Ouida  appears  in  a  new 
l)ook,  as  good  as  anything  she  has  ever  written  out  of 
all  her  vast  output,  and  almost  entirely  free  from  the 
qualities  which  have  cheapened  the  public  for  many  of 
her  earlier  stories.  The  Waters  of  Edera  (Fenno)  is  a 
story  of  Italy,  based  on  the  devotion  of  the  peasant  to 
his  native  soil.  Ouida's  always  trenchant,  if  sometimes 
mistaken,  \\en  has  an  ea.Hy  task  in  the  thorough  demol- 
ishing of  the  supix)sition  of  an  actual  Italian  unity. 
She  paints  the  Ita,lian  people  as  ground  under  an  ab- 
surd and  cruel  government.  The  {)a.ssages  in  this  l)ook, 
which  show  the  love  of  the  peasant  hero  for  his  birth- 
place, and  its  rivers  and  trees  and  hills,  are  such  as  no 
other  woman  writer  could  produce.  Whatever  one 
may  have  U^  think  of  Mile.  De  La  Kama's  quarrel 
with  civilization,  one  will  want  to  read  this  excellent 
story. 

Mrs.  Flora  Annie  Stt^el's  novels  have  always  l)een 
Indian  scenes ;  but  in  her  last  book.  The  lloats  of  the 
Lord  (Macmlllan),  we  have  a  more  modern  setting  than 
in  the  others.  The  story  produces  an  excellent  picture 
of  English  India,  and  shows  interesting  points  of  con- 
tact between  the  Eurasians  and  the  native  life. 

Mr.  Henry  B.  Fuller,  in  The  Last  Refxcge  (Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.),  returns  to  the  quaint  discursive  style  of 
his  Chevalier  of  Pensleri  Vani,  The  Last  Refuge  is 
a  Sicilian  romance,  telling  of  the  search  of  a  group  of 
people,  the  characters  of  the  book,  for  a  life  of  more 
lK?auty  ;  and  of  their  hegira  to  Sicily,  which  land  is  to 
produce  the  scene  of  a  sort  of  Golden  Age,  so  far  as  the 
inner  life  is  concerned.  Everything  that  Mr.  Fuller 
writes  is  distinguished  by  a  rare  delicacy  of  fancy  and 
expression ;  and  The  Last  Refuge  is  no  exception  to 
this  rule. 

St.  Petcfs  Umbrella  (Harpers)  is  a  series  of  sketches 
of  Magyar  life,  by  K^lmdn  Miksz^th,  who  is  introduced 
to  us  as  second  only  to  Maurus  Jokai  in  popularity 
among  his  countrymen.  The  pictures  of  Slavic  life  in 
this  volume  are  enlivened  by  a  quaint  humor  which 
bring  the  peculiarities  and  characteristics  of  the  Hun- 
garian peasant  into  plea.sant  relief. 

It  is  the  Bohemian  village  folk  that  Madame  Flora  B. 
Kopta  utilizes  in  her  novel  The  Forestnum  of  Vlmpek 
(Lothrop).  Her  studies  of  life  and  character  in  far-away 
communities  buried  in  the  forests  of  Bohemia,  her  inter- 
pretation of  the  passions,  the  joys  and  griefs  of  the 
village  pea.santry,  have  a  decidedly  original  and  grateful 
flavor. 

The  Weird  Orient  (Henry  T.  Coates  &  C^.)  is  the  title 
of  a  writer  hitherto  unknown  to  Americans.  Habbi 
Henry  Iliowizi  is  a  Hebrew  who  grew  up  in  Russia  and 
Houmania,  was  educated  in  (jermany,  and  has  become 
an  important  educating  influence  among  the  people  of 
his  race.  He  has  written  a  volume  of  stories  of  Russian 
life,  and  now  publishes  in  America  this  series  of  Eastern 
tales  of  a  legendary  cast,  which  leave  a  vivid  impression 
of  the  jioetic  imagination  of  the  Moors  among  whom  the 
author  collected  the  material  for  his  work. 

There  is  a  haunting  flavor  in  several  of  Mr.  Lloyd 
Osbourne's  stories,  collected  under  the  title  The  Queen 
Versus  Billy  (Scribners),  which  reminds  us  of  his  step- 
father, Robert  Louis  Steven.son.  The  scenes  of  the  sto- 
ries are  chiefly  laid  in  the  Samoan  Islands,  which  have 
been  Mr.  Osbourne's  home  since  Stevenson  led  the 
family  thither  in  .search  of  liealth.  The  scoundrelly 
white    men,— not  bad,    but  just  scoundreLs,— and  the 


766 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHL  Y  RE^IEiV  OF  REl^/EIVS. 


Stupid  but  affectionate  natives  of  those  lazy  islands, 
and  the  languorous  freedom  from  the  conventions  of 
civilized  life,  are  most  cleverly  used  in  Mr.  Osbourne^s 
literary  workmanship.  Why  "The  Beautiful  Man  of 
Pingalap"  should  be  such  a  good  story  to  read  might 
puzzle  a  critical  analyst  to  decide  ;  and  yet  it  is,  beyond 
a  peradventure. 

In  Elissa  (Longmans),  Mr.  Rider  Haggard  takes  us, 
of  course,  to  Africa  :  but  this  time  to  Phoenicia,  the  city 
in  South  Central  Africa  whose  mysterious  ruins  have 
furnished  much  s{>eculative  food  for  historians  and 
archsBologists.  Here  was  a  great  trading  town,  with 
vast  fortifications.  Mr.  Rider  Haggard  attempts  to 
show,  in  the  incidents  of  his  story,  how  such  an  incom- 
prehensible thing  might  have  existed,  and  how  the  town 
came  to  extinction. 

Sigurd  EckdaVs  Bride  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  by 
Richard  Voss,  is  a  story  of  Scandinavian  life  among  the 
great  snowdrifts  and  icy  atmosphere  of  the  Norwegian 
solitudes.  The  scheme  of  the  tale  is  the  arctic  expedi- 
tion of  the  hero  and  his  friends  in  search  of  the  north 
pole. 

NOVELS  WITH   VARIOUS  MOTIVES. 

Mr.  Eden  Phillpotts  follows  his  Children  of  the  Mist, 
which  was  so  well  received  on  account  of  its  virile  imagi- 
native qualitie.s,  with  So7i8  of  the  Morning  (Putnams), 
— a  love-story,  with  the  scene  laid  in  Devonshire.  Mr. 
Phillpotts  has  been  l)old  enough  to  make  his  heroine  be 
in  love  with  two  men  at  the  same  time.  After  having 
put  her  in  this  most  dangerous  predicament,  he  is  kind 
enough  to  allow  her  to  marry  both  of  them  in  turn. 
The  significant  qualities  of  Mr.  Phillpotts'  work  point, 
in  many  ways,  to  a  similarity  to  Mr.  Thomas  Hardy. 
The  subtile  imaginative  study  of  the  girl's  emotions, 
the  philosophic  attitude  toward  the  fact  of  sex,  and  in 
the  background  the  delicious  portrayal  of  the  Devon- 
shire rustics,  bring  Mr.  Phillpotts  decidedly  into  Mr. 
Hardy's  field.  If  tlie  younger  novelist  finds  no  such 
delicate  and  poetical  setting  as  he  of  Wessex,  no  such 
artistic  interpretation  of  the  nature  world  surrounding 
his  characters, — for  that  matter,  neither  does  any  other 
author  to-day. 

Mr.  Robert  Burns  Wilson  is  known  to  many  readers 
as  a  maker  of  dreamy  and  poetic  verses.  Indeed,  his 
temperament  is  essentially  mystical.  His  last  volume. 
Until  the  Day  Break  (Scribners),  is  a  novel  which  mig*ht 
have  been  expected  from  such  a  lit-erary  nature.  In  the 
prelude,  a  young  author  reads  his  first  story  to  his 
mother.  This  story  is  the  romance  of  the  volume,  and 
at  the  end  the  mother  informs  him  that  the  author  has 
Bimpy  told  a  piece  of  family  history  which  has  not  been 
revealed  to  him  by  human  means. 

A  new  book  appears  from  the  famous  Huilgarian 
author,  Maurus  Jokai,  Dr.  Dumany^s  Wife  (Doubleday 
&  McClure  Co.),  translated  by  F.  Steinitz.  The  scene  is 
laid  during  the  Franco-Prussian  War,  and  offers  Dr. 
Jokai  the  highly  dramatic  opportunities  which  his  gen- 
ius is  prone  to  select.  The  story  deals  with  a  marriage 
made  under  a  misapprehension,  which  is  not  dispelled 
until  years  after. 

The  always  clever  and  vivacious  John  Oliver  Hobbes 
(Mrs.  Craigie)  has  written,  in  Robert  Orange  (Stokes),  a 
sequel  to  The  School  for  Saints.  She  deals  wittily  with 
the  religious,  political,  and  philosophical  questions 
broached  in  the  story,  which  has  for  its  characters  a 
dilettante  politician  as  a  hero,  a  painter,  a  conventional 
peer   of  England,   an  ambassador,   a  political  adven- 


turer, and  Ijord  Disraeli,  whose  figure  has  a  great  at- 
traction for  Mrs.  Craigie. 

Mr.  Harrison  Robertson  begins  his  story.  Red  Blood 
and  Blue  (Scribners),  with  a  Kentucky  shooting  scene 
and  its  surroundings.  The  narrative  is  of  a  low-horn 
youth  with  large  aspirations,  and  it  tAkes  us,  as  Mr. 
John  Fox's  story  does,  from  Kentucky  to  San  Juan  Hill 
and  back. 

In  Mr.  Anthony  Hope's  new  novel,  Quisant^ (Stokes, 
he  leaves  his  half  or  wholly  fanciful  characters  and 
moves  among  Englishmen  of  to-day  and  of  the  earth, 
their  political  affairs  and  business  ent-erprises.  Mr 
Hope  has  evidently  determined,  in  this  work,  to  sacrificf 
the  light  improvisation  and  piquancy  of  his  earlier 
works  to  the  demands  of  a  more  substantial  and  sc>l!fi 
and  more  "regular"  novel. 


MR.  JOKL  CHANDLER  HAUKIS. 

SOME  COLLBCTIONS  OP  SHORT  STORIES. 
The  collection  of  Mr.  Joel  Chandler  Harris'  newest 
short  stories.  On  the  Wing  of  OccaMon*  (Doubleday. 
Page  &  Co.),  includes  a  novelette  of  about  30,000  words 
called  **The  Kidnaping  of  President  Lincoln,"  which 
is  itself  sufficiently  striking  to  give  special  signiflcaoce 
to  this  volume.  No  biography  of  the  great  War  Prt^i- 
dent  has  afforded  a  more  lifelike  picture  of  his  giant 
figure,  or  a  more  vivid  impression  of  his  ready,  homely 
wit  and  large  simplicity.  Four  other  stories  are  in 
the  volume:  "Why  the  Confederacy  Failed,"  "In  the 
Order  of  Providence,"  ''  The  Troubles  of  Martin  Coy,* 
and  "The  Whims  of  Captain  McCarthy."  Another 
reason  to  give  this  volume  some  special  interest  is  the 
announcement  that  Mr.  Joel  Chandler  Harris  has  thU 
autumn  retired  from  newspaper  work,  in  order  to  gi^e 
his  whole  time  to  story -making.  The  immortal  *'  Uncle 
Remus  "  stories,  and  Mr.  Harris'  other  notable  prod^^ 
tions,  were  written  by  him  through  the  past  yearswhik 


NOTE^  ON  THE  NEIV  BOOKS  OF  FICTION. 


767 


he  was  engaged  in  the  most  grinding  work  on  the  AU 
lanta  Constitution. 

Mr.  Eden  Phillpotts  will  en  list  the  sympathy  of  the 
reader  with  his  title,  The  Human  Boy  (Harpers). 
The  eleven  stories  which  make  up  the  little  volume  deal 
with  boy  life  and  characters  in  a  style  not  unlike  that 
of  Tom  Broun  at  Ru^by.  Mr.  Phillpotts'  characters 
are  real  boys — a  quality  so  rare  in  boy  stories  that  noth- 
ing more  need  be  said  to  recommend  his  book. 

The  late  Mr.  Stephen  Crane's  posthumous  volume  is 
named  Wounds  in  the  Rain  (Stokes).  It  consists  of 
various  war-stories  descriptive  of  the  campaign  against 
the  Spaniards  in  Cuba  in  1898.  Let  the  Ix)ndon  Acad- 
cmry  say  what  it  will,  these  stories  are  capital  work,  and 
give  a  real  and  vivid  impression  in  a  new  and  striking 
way,  whether  it  be  of  the  heroism  of  Nolan,  the  Govern- 
ment regular,  or  of  the  brisk  action  of  the  *'  Holy  Moses  " 
and  the  **  Chicken  "  with  a  Spanish  warship.  There  are 
eleven  of  Mr.  Crane's  last-written  short  stories  in  the 
volume,  most  of  which  have  been  published  l^efore  in 
American  magazines. 

Mr.  A.  T.  Quiller -Couch  names  his  new  book  Old 
Fires  and  Profitable  Ohosts  (Scribners),  and  of  the  fif- 
teen stories  which  make  up  the  volume,  most  of  them 
have  to  do  with  the  sea ;  for  Mr.  Qniller-Couch's  pen 
is  apt  to  travel  sea- 
ward, and  he  is  at 
his  best  when  the 
tang  of  Margate 
inspires  him. 
They  are  a  capital 
lot  of  tales.  "Once 
Aboard  the  Lug- 
ger," which  tells  of 
the  kidnaping  of 
the  unwilling  Hev. 
Samuel  Bax  l)y 
the  salty  Nance, 
who  is  sick  of  love 
for  him,  is  espe- 
cially delicious. 

In  the  twelve- 
numbers  which 
make  up  Mr. 
Henry  James'  new 
volume,  The  Soft 
Side  (Macmillan), 
there  is  the  won- 
derful distinction  in  style,  the  subtile  analysis  and 
perfect  method  which  in  any  detached  portion  of  any 
one  of  them  would  at  once  proclaim  him  the  author. 
No  matter  who  quarrels  with  Mr.  James  for  an  ex- 
cess of  attention  to  the  form  at  the  expense  of  the 
matter  of  his  stories,  there  can  never  be  a  lack  of  the 
readers  he  would  wish  to  reach  for  such  exquisite  de- 
lineations as  "Paste"  and  "Maud-Evelyn." 

Mr.  Egerton  Castle,  who  has  Ijecome  widely  known 
as  the  author  of  The  Pride  of  Jennico,  gives  a  number 
of  short  stories  under  the  title  Marahfield  the  Obseri^er 
<Stone).  Mr.  Castle  has  only  recently  l)ecome  celebrated 
as  a  writer  ;  but  before  that  he  was  already  celebrated 
as  one  of  the  first  fencers  of  the  world,  and  as  an  au- 
thority on  the  history  of  swordsmanship.  One  of  the 
stories  in  this  collection  utilizes  his  acquaintance  with 
sword-play  in  a  most  vigorous  description  of  a  fight 
with  the  blades.  Most  of  the  tales  are  of  a  bizarre  and 
weird  cast. 

Mr.  Cy  Wamian  is  known  as  the  literary  prophet  of 


MR.  CY  WARMAN. 


MR.     GILBERT  PARKER. 

(Mr.  Parker,  whose  new  book  of  French- 
Canadian  tAles  iH  noticed  here,  has  juHt 
been  elected  a  member  of  the  British 
Parliament  for  Oravesend. ) 


the  locomotive  since  his  graduation  from  the  engine- 
cabin  to  the  rank  of  a  very  successful  American  author. 
He  has  published  previously  three  volumes  celebrating 
the  railroad  profession  in  verse  and  prose  ;  and  now  this 
group  of  short  stories,  under  the  title  Short  Rails 
(Scribners),  with 
a  score  of  sketch- 
es inspired  by 
the  life  of  the 
railroad  track,  in 
which  Mr.  War- 
man's  ready  hu- 
mor, keen  obser- 
vation, and  thor- 
ough knowledge 
of  his  subject- 
matter  show  to 
good  advantage. 

Mr.  S.  K. 
Crockett's  n  e  w 
lxx)k  is  called 
The  Stichit  Min- 
ister's Wooing 
(  Doubleday, 
Page  &  Co.). 
The  thousands  of 
readers  of  Tlic 
Stickit  Minister, 
which  was  pub- 
lished  seven 
years  ago,  and 
first  won  Mr. 
Crockett  notice 
in  the  literary  world  will  understand  what  to  expect 
in  the  way  of  homely  humor  and  pathos  in  the  pres- 
ent volume.  Apropos  of  the  capacity  Mr.  Crockett 
shows  for  turning  out  readable  stories  with  commend- 
able regularity,  it  is  interesting  to  hear  his  publishers 
say  he  is  at  his  desk  at  five  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and 
that  he  never  misses  a  sunrise.  However,  he  drops  all 
literary  work  after  nine.  Mr.  Crockett  is  "a  broad- 
shouldered  giant  of  six  feet  four.  To  him  book-making 
is  rather  a  diversion  than  a  serious  task." 

Mr.  Robert  Shackleton's  stories  in  Toomey  and  Others 
(Scribners)  are  of  East-Side  life  in  New  York  City.  The 
author  has  a  keen  ear  for  both  the  humor  and  the  pathos 
pf  the  "Avenue  A"  community.  The  opening  story, 
"How  Toomey  Willed  His  Grovernment  Job,"  is  espe- 
cially good. 

Mr.  Gilbert  Parker,  in  dedicating  his  new  volume  of 
short  stories,  The  Lane  That  Uad  No  Turning  (Dou- 
bleday, Page  &  Co.),  to  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier,  pays  a 
tribute  to  that  quaint  comer  of  America,  French  Can- 
ada, which  has  given  this  highly  successful  novelist 
the  great  part  of  his  material.  "  A  land  without  pov- 
erty and  yet  without  riches,  French  Canada  stands 
alone,  too  well  educated  to  have  a  peasantry,  too  poor 
to  have  an  aristocracy.  ...  I  have  never  seen  frugality 
and  industry  associated  with  so  much  domestic  virtue, 
so  much  education  and  intelligence,  and  so  deep  and 
simple  a  religious  life."  Mr.  Parker  announces,  too, 
that  this  volume  marks  the  end  of  his  narrations  of 
French-Canadian  life.  The  stories  show  that  effective 
appreciation  of  the  simple,  shrewd  folk  who  have  been 
the  characters  in  Pierre  and  His  People,  and  rise  at 
times  to  great  pathos.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Mr.  Park- 
er's new  duties  as  a  British  legislator  will  not  entii-ely 
<leprive  us  of  so  good  a  story-teller. 


768 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REi^lEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


•*'1T'8  TEHUtBLE/  MOOSWA  BLCKTED  OUT." 

(Illustration  from  "Mooswa,  and  Other  of  the  Boundaries.*' 


Prom 


a  wash  drawing  by  Arthur  Hemlng  [Chas.  Scrlbner's  Sons].) 

TWO  STORIES  OF  THE  NATURE  WORLD. 

Mr.  C.  G.  D.  Roberts  has  done  a  fascinating  piece  of 
work  in  The  Heart  of  the  Ancient  Wood  (Silver,  Bui^ 
dett  &  Co.)— a  romance  in  which  the  chief  personages 
are  a  bear,  a  maiden  and  a  hunter.  He  does  not  person- 
ify the  animals  who  move  on  his  wilderness  stage ; 
he  shows  them  as  creatures  of  motives  and  reason- 
ings, and  each  is  a  distinct  character  in  the  tale.  The 
book  has  the  nature  charm  of  Mr.  Seton-Thompson's 
and  Mr.  Kipling's  animal  stories,  but  achieves  it  in  a 
different  and  a  new  way. 

Another  new  book  of  animal  stories  of  decided  merit 
is  Mr.  W.  A.  Fraser's  Moo^oa  and  Others  of  the 
Boundaries  (Scribners).  Here  the  characters  are 
nearly  all  the  animals  of  the  North  Woods— Mooswa 
the  Moose,  Wolverine,  Whisky  Jack,  Marten,  Sable- 
Otter,  Black  King  the  bear,  and  so  forth.  The  life, 
the  dangers,  the  pleasures,  and  the  hatreds  of  the  wil- 
derness-folk are  shown  in  much  the  same  method  as 
Mr.  Kipling  used  in  his  Jungle  Books. 

SOME  HUMOROUS  FICTION. 
Mr.  Frank  Stockton  publishes  two  books  this  season 
— ^  Bicycle  of  Cathay  (Harpers),  in  which  we  follow 
the  adventures  of  a  young  schoolmaster  on  a  summer 
tour  awheel  ;  and  Afield  and  Afloat  (Scribners),  a  col- 
lection of  the  novelist's  short  stories.  The  latter  vol- 
ume contains  eleven  of  Mr.  Stockton's  lighter  sketches 
that  have  appeared  in  various  periodicals.  Both  books 
are   pervaded   with    that   whimsical   philosophy   and 


cheerful  inconsequence  which  Mr.  Stockton  utilizes  » 
well  in  adding  to  the  sum  of  human  happiness. 

The  Idiot  at  Home  (Harpers)  is  that  ^ame  cheerful 
institution  who  helped  Mr.  John  Kendrick  Baugs  to 
make  Coffee  and  Repartee  so  much  read  and  quoted 
from.  In  the  present  volume.  The  Idiot  is  seen  and 
heard  among  his  Lares  and  Penates,  his  domestic  caress 
especially  the  children,  and  his  attempts  lo  solve  thenL 
The  solid  value  that  Virginia  Frazer  Boyle's  Devil 
Tales  (Harpers)  have  in  their  contribution  to  negro 
folk-lore  study  might  easily  bring  them  into  anothfr 
classification  of  the  season's  fiction.  The  author  ha^  a 
great  gift  of  making  the  most  of  the  weird  and  uncanny 
superstitions  of  the  Southern  negroes  ;  Mr.  A.  B.  Frost's 
inimitable  illustrations  help  her  more  than  can  be 
^»aid  once  in  a  thousand  cases  of  an  illustrator's  efforts 
and  whether  one  takes  up  the  book  to  laugh,  to  ''  creep ;" 
or  to  study,  one  will  find  it  well  worth  while. 

The  new  Dooley  book,  Mr.  Dooley's  Philosophy 
(Russell),  is  quite  as  funny  as  any  of  Mr.  Dunne's  pre- 
vious accounts  of  the  con  versiitious  with  Hennessy.  In- 
deed, it  is  perhaps  the  l)est  of  all  ;  for  Mr.  I>c>oley  is  es- 
sentially philosophic  in  tenii)erHnient,  and  one  enjoj-* 
the  shrewdness  of  his  conclusions  quite  as  much  as  the 
comical  extravagance  of  their  expre.ssion.  The  subjects 
which  pass  under  review  by  Mr.  Dooley  in  the  present 
volume,  in  his  r61e  of  philosopher,  vary  from  the  jser- 
vant-girl  problem  to  polygamy  and  the  future  of  China. 
Another  product  of  Chicago  helps  to  enliven  the  year 
in  Mr.  E.  S.  Riser's  Qcorgic  (Small,  Maynard  &  Co.i. 

Like  the  Dooley 
.•^ketches,  these  n- 
nmrkable  letters  at 
Georgie's,  on  the  d.)- 
mestic  scenes  of  hU 
own  experience,  are 
the  work  of  a  news- 
paper man,  and  orig- 
inally appeared  in  a 
Chicago  newspaper. 
Mr.  David  Dwighi 
Wells  says  that  his 
farcical  story.  HU 
Loi'dship's  jLtop<f  rd, 
is  a  "truthful  narra- 
tion of  impossible 
facts."  The  story 
deals  with  the  sup- 
posed pursuit  of 
Spanish  spies  in  18» 
from  New  York  to  a 
peaceful  cathedral 
town  in  England. 
The  author's  sense  of 
humor  and  strong  in- 
ventive faculty  are 
never-failing. 

In  Half  Portions 
(Life  Publishing  Co.) 
are  collected  a  number  of  very  short  stories  indeed  that 
appeared  in  Life.  The  skits  are  all  comedy,  the  at- 
mosphere throughout  that  of  well-dreased  Manhattan, 
and  if  one  wants  to  fly  from  moralizing  and  enjoy  a 
half-hour  of  agreeable  nonsense,  they  serve  the  purpose. 


His 


Lordship's 


Leopard 


Cover  deslirn  (reducetl)  by  Miss  Amy 
rolller  (Henry  Holt  &  Co.). 

Miss  Collier  has  here  used  a  gro- 
tesque motif  with  a  full-faced  letter, 
making  a  poster-like  cover.  It  Is 
printed  In  black,  gray,  and  yellow. 
Among  her  other  covers  may  be  men- 
tioned those  for  "The  Gadfly"  and 
'*  King  Circumstance." 


SOME  NEW   EDITIONS. 


HONORS  BALZAC. 


ALONGSIDE  of  the  demand  for  the  very  nevvest 
books  in  fiction,  there  is  plainly  perceptible  a 
growing  appreciation  of  the  approved  masters  of  the 
art  of  novel-writing  ;  and  so  the  publishers  find  a  good 
market  for  freshly  edited  editions  of  Dickens  and 
Thackeray,  Jane  Austen,  Charlotte  Bronte,  and  the 
rest.  Heretofore,  of  the  older  French  novelists,  those 
most  universally  appreciated  by  English-speaking  read- 
ers, and  most<lemand- 
ed  in  translations, 
have  probably  been 
Dumas  and  Victor 
H  ugo.  It  is  evidence, 
perhaps,  of  a  higher 
capacity  of  literary 
appreciation,  that 
there  should,  within 
the  past  decade,  have 
lieen  so  marked  a  re- 
vival of  interest  in  the 
novels  of  Honors  de 
Balzac  that,  volumin- 
ous as  were  his  writ- 
ings, several  publish- 
ers in  England  and 
the  United  States 
have  ventured  upon 
elalx)rate  translations 
in  numerous  volumes 
with  special  introduc- 
tions and  illustrations. 

The  latest  translation  of  these  collected  novels  and 
tales,  constituting  what  in  their  range  of  human  interest 
Balzac  himself  entitled  the  "Com^die  Humaine,'^  is 
issued  by  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.,  bound  up  in  16 
volumes,  well  printed  and  attractively  bound,  and  at  a 
popular  price.  To  the  student  of  literature  and  the 
general  reader,  this  edition  will  be  found  of  decided 
value,  on  several  accounts.  Each  volume  has  a  special 
introduction  by  Prof.  W.  P.  Trent ;  and  the  first  volume 
has  a  general  introduction,  in  characterization  of  the 
life  and  work  of  Balzac.  Besides  this,  it  has  a  biblio- 
graphical note  that  is  well-nigh  indispensable  to  the 
reader  who  takes  up  the  works  of  Balzac  for  the  first 
time  ;  while  it  also  has  a  note  on  the  order  in  which  it 
might  be  desirable  to  read  the  Balzac  stories,— and  this 
is  a  help  for  which  the  reader  will  be  grateful.  Pro- 
fessor Trent  renders  a  very  much  needed  service.  Balzjic 
ought  not  to  be  read  haphazard,  as  one  might  read  some 
other  writers.  While  there  is  no  absolutely  necessary 
or  established  sequence,  there  should  be  some  intelli- 
gent guidance,— and  this  Professor  Trent  has  rendereil. 
Various  translators  have  been  employed  by  Messrs. 
Crowell  &  Co.,  with  apparently  very  gcK>d  results. 

The  same  publishers,  who  have  previously  given  us 
good  translations  of  other  popular  novels  of  Alexander 
Dumas— the  ''Musketeer"  series,  for  example — have 
now  brought  out  in  fresh  and  careful  translation,  and 
with  a  number  of  very  spirite<l  illu.Urations  by  Frank 
T.  Merrill,  the  so-called  Valoiti  Romanccff,  comprising 
the  three  following  volumes  :  Manjueriie  dc  VatolHy 
La  Dame  de  MoiiHoreau,  and  The  Ft^rty-Jixw  (Guards- 
men.    The  first  of  these  l>el(>ng^  U>  the  period  of  the 


Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  and  the  other  two  are 
sequels.  In  their  narrative  sweep,  these  are  incompar- 
able romances,  and  must  always  keep  their  hold. 

Alphonse  Daudet  is,  distinctly,  a  French  writer  to 
whose  charming,  humorous,  and  artistic  works  no 
special  guidance  is  necessary.  The  reader  may  begin 
with  any  odd  volunje  and  end  wherever  he  likes.  Never- 
theless, a  complete  and  definitive  edition  of  Daudet  is  a 
very  de.sirable  thing ;  and  Messrs.  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 
are  bringing  out  such  an  edition  for  the  library  in  ex- 
quisite taste.  The  translations  are  notably  excellent ; 
the  introductions  are  by  different  writers,  a  number  of 
them  being  by  Profes.sor  Trenjt,  while  George  Burnham 
Ives  who  has  translated  several  of  the  volumes,  has 
also  supplie<l  some  excellent  introductions.  Each  vol- 
ume hvis  a  photogravure  frontispiece. 

It  would  be  difficult  indeed  to  jwintoutany  way  in 
which  the  Ha  worth  Edition  of  the  works  of  the  BrontiJ 
sisters  might  have  been  improved.  It  meets  exactly 
the  ta.stes  and  wishes  of  the  lover  of  literature  who  also 
likes  to  find  a  favorite  author  in  a  convenient  and  ap- 
propriate garb.  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward's  introductions 
to  the  successive  volumes  have  the  discriminating 
worth  that  one  might  expect  from  one  who  is  per- 
haps the  best-fitted  of  all  living  writers  to  present  Char- 
lote  Bronte  and  her  only  less  famous  sisters  to  a  new 
generation  of  readers.  The  illustrations  are  for  the 
most  part  photographic  reproduction  of  English  scenes, 
country  homes,  and  places  associated  with  the  life  and 
work  of  the  Bronte  sisters.  No  other  illustrations  could 
be  at  once  so  appropriate  and  so  interesting.  The  Ha- 
worth  Edition  is  in  seven  volumes,  the  first  three  of 
which  comprise  Charlotte  Bronte's  famous  novels,  Jane 
Eyrey  Villettey  and  Shirley.  The  fourth  includes  Char- 
lotte's tale,  The  Professor,  and  also  a  series  of  poems 
by  Charlotte,  Emily,  Anna,  and  Patrick  Bronte.  The 
fifth  contains  Wuthering  Heights^  by  Emily  Bront^ 
and  Agnes  Gray^  by  Anna  Bronte.  The  sixth  is  de- 
voted to  Anna  Bronte's  long  novel,  The  Tenant  of 
'WtldfeU  Hall.  To  each  of  these  six  volumes  Mrs.  Ward 
has  contributed  an  introduction,  to  some  extent  bio- 
graphical, but  chiefly  critical.  The  seventh  and  final 
volume  is  a  republication  of  the  famous  Life  of  C/iar- 
lotte  BrontHy  by  Mrs.  Gaskell,  edited  by  Mr.  Clement 
Shorter,  who  supplies  a  very  u.seful  introduction  and 
various  notes.     (  Harpers. ) 

In  the  minds  of  many  American  readers,  the  publish- 
ing house  of  Thomas  Nelson  &  Sons  is  most  pn>mi- 
nently  identified  with  such  amazing  durability  and 
perfection  of  pai^er,  printing,  and  binding  as  Ijelong  to 
certain  compact  and  beautiful  editions  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures.  CerUiinly,  the  name  is  one  that  has  al- 
ways l)een  }is.sociated  with  things  of  a  sterling  quality 
and  character.  Their  new  editions  of  the  novels  of 
Scott,  Dickens,  and  Thackeray  are  printed  upon  the 
same  quality  of  paper — extremely  thin,  yet  remarkably 
opaque — that  they  have  successfully  used  in  s^>me  of 
their  editions  of  the  Bible.  They  have  succeede<l  in  pro- 
ducing a  tyjw  of  volume  that  is  convenient  f(»r  the 
pocket  or  satchel,  while  also  entirely  suitable  for  the 
library  shelf.  The  tyjje  is  large,  clear,  and  reiwlable  ; 
and  since  the  binding  permits  the  IxKik  to  open  flat, 
like  an  Oxford  Bible,  wide  margins  can  be  dispense<l 


770 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


with.  Pickwlcky  In  845  pages,  and  Vanity  Fair,  in 
784,  make  volumes  only  about  half  an  inch  thick,  the 
page  size  being  almost  exactly  six  inches  by  four. 

An  example  of  excwitly  the  opposite  method  in  book- 
man ufacture  is  the  sumptuous  two- volume  edition  of 
Ramona^  the  famous  story  of  the  California  Indians  that 
will  keep  the  name  of  Helen  Hunt  Jackson  alive,  in  the 
history  of  American  literature  and  of  American  reform 
movements,  with  that  of  the  author  of  Uncle  TonVs 
Cabin,  for  many  generations  to  come.  This  ambitious 
and  beautifully  printed  edition  is  illustrated  by  a  num- 
ber of  photogravure  plates  from  drawings  by  Henry 
Sandham.    (Little,  Brown  &  Co.) 

Messrs.  Harpers,  who  last  year  published  W.  D.  How- 
«ll8'  delightful  novel,  Their  Silver  Wedding  Journey^ 
In  two  volumes,  now  reprint  it  in  most  excellent  form 
in  one  volume.  This  is  a  story  of  summer  travel  in 
Europe  which  brings  together  some  of  Mr.  Ho  wells* 
familiar  characters — now  no  longer  young— and  some 
younger  characters  whose  acquaintance  is  well  worth 
making.  The  great  success  of  David  Harum  has  jus- 
tified the  publishers,  the  Messrs.  Appleton,  in  bringing 
■out  a  new  illustrated  edition  in  admirable  style,  with  a 
special  introduction  by  Mr.  Forbes  Heermans,  of  Syra- 
cuse. The  principal  pictures  are  by  B.  West  Clinedinst. 
In  the  Midst  of  Alarms,  one  of  Robert  Barr's  spright- 
liest  stories,  which  first  appeared  six  years  ago,  is  re- 
printed by  the  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Company,  with 
Illustrations  by  Morrison  Fisher.  It  is  an  irresistible 
piece  of  story-telling. 

Perhaps  Th^  Choir  Invisible  and  Mr.  James  Lane 
Allen's  latest  book,  The  Reign  of  Law,  are  destined,  in 
the  popular  mind  to  be  regarded  as  his  best  work  ;  but 
those  who  learned  first  to  appreciate  Mr.  Allen  in  A  Ken- 
tucky Cardinal  and  its  sequel,  Aftermath,  will  never 
lose  the  sense  of  fresh  charm  and  pleasure  that  came  to 
them  with  those  delightful  stories.  The  two  are  now 
brought  out  under  one  cover,  with  artistic  new  illus 
tratioDS  by  Hugh  Thomson,  and  especially  with  an  au- 
tobiographical introduction  by  Mr.  Allen,  telling  of  his 
childhood  life  on  the  Kentucky  farm.    (Macmillan.) 

Penelope's  Experiences,  by  Mrs.  Kate  Douglas  Wig- 
gin,  are  abundantly  worthy  of  fresh  commemoration  in 
their  latest  attractive  gar]L»  of  holiday  edition,  with 
many  clever  drawings  by  Charles  E.  Brock,  an  English 
artist.  Penelope's  experiences  in  Scotland  are  volumi- 
nous to  the  extent  of  801  pages,  while  those  in  England, 
bound  in  a  separate  volume,  are  recounted  in  176.  Mrs. 
Wiggings  humor,  insight,  and  literary  gift  makes  these 
books  real  additions  to  literature.  (Houghton,  Mifflin 
&Co.) 

Mr.  Thomas  Nelson  Page  is  always  welcome  at  about 
Christmas  time  ;  and  it  is  good  news  that  he  has  taken 
his  story,  The  Old  Oentlerhan  of  the  Black  Stockj  of 
several  years  ago  and  rewritten  and  expanded  it. 
Howard  Chandler  Christy  has  illustrated  it  with 
drawings,  which  are  printed  in  color  with  the  most  ex- 
quisite delicacy.  The  story  itself  is  perfection,  and  the 
book-making  is  a  match  for  the  story.  It  forms  a  com- 
panion for  Mr.  Nelson's  book  of  last  year,  Santa  Claus' 
Partner,  and  is  even,  if  possible,  a  finer  instance  of  the 
book-making  art.    (Scribners.) 

Vesty  of  the  Basins,  by  Sarah  P.  McLean  Greene,  is 
a  story  of  eight  years  ago,  by  the  author  of  Cape  Cod 
Folks,  now  attractively  republished  with  many  illus- 
trations. The  heroine  is  a  fisherman's  daughter,  who 
rises  through  sheer  force  of  character  to  a  broadened 
sphere  of  life.    (Harpers.) 


The  plan  adopted  in  *^  Macmillan's  Library  of  English 
Classics  "  has  been  not  to  present  either  new  introdoe- 
tions  or  new  notes,  but  to  reprint  with  excellent  typof . 
raphy  and  paper,  in  library  form,  some  works  tint 
have  become,  to  quote  a  hackneyed  expression,  **■  nee^ 
sary  to  any  gentleman's  library,"  and  which,  more^ 
over,  have  a  vital  interest  to  each  successive  series 
of  new  readers.  It  is  marvelous,  not  merely  how 
the  number  of  actual  individuals  speaking  and  lead- 
ing the  English  language  has  multiplied  in  the  poit 
half-century,  but  even  more  marvelous  what  a  great 
development  of  education  there  has  been,  and  how 
many  are  the  new  readers  each  year  in  the  Unit«i 
States  and  Canada,  the  British  Isles,  Australia,  New 
Zealand  and  elsewhere,  who  have  reached  that  point- 
in  age  or  awakened  interest — ^where  they  create  a  fresh 
demand  for  the  standard  English  writers.  This  of  itself 
creates  a  condition  sufficiently  explaining  the  reason 
why  great  publishing  houses  can  afford  at  a  reasooabk 
cost  to  supply  fresh  editions  of  desirable  books.  In  the 
past  year  there  have  appeared  in  this  particular  seritt. 
among  other  things,  a  volume  of  Bacon^s  Essays,  oat  (A 
Sheridan's  Plays,  Malory's  Morte  ly Arthur  in  two  vol- 
umes, the  works  of  Laurence  Sterne  in  two  volnm» 
Boswell's  Johnson  in  three,  Carlyle's  French  Revolu- 
tion in  two,  Fielding's  Tarn  Jones  in  two,  White's 
Natural  History  of  Selborne  in  one,  some  essays  of  Tk 
Quincey  in  one,  Lockhart's  Scott  in  five,  Shelton's  Ixn 
Quixote  in  three,  and  some  others. 

The  Messrs.  Appletons'  series  entitled  "  The  WorUf  s 
Great  Books,"  which  we  have  had  occasion  frequently 
to  commend,  as  successive  volumes  have  made  their 
appearance,  brings  us  in  one  volume  the  IH^coursei  ui 
Epictetus,  and  the  Meditations  of  Marctis  Anrfiiw, 
the  translations  being  made  by  Greorge  Liong,  and  tb? 
critical  and  biographical  introductions  by  John  L 
Spalding.  Another  volume  contains  the  Orations  oi 
Demosthenes,  and  the  Orations  and  Essays  of  Cictru. 
Prof.  Munroe  Smith  provides  the  introduction  to 
the  Cicero  orations,  while  Robert  B.  Youngman  intw- 
duces  those  of  Demosthenes.  Another  volume  contAifis 
selected  essays  by  Montaigne,  Milton,  Disraeli,  LaniK 
Irving,  Lowell,  Jefferies,  and  others,  with  an  introdnc^ 
tion  by  Helen  Kendrick  Johnson.  Still  another  groaps 
conveniently  the  classic  stories  of  Nicolettc  and  Aw 
cassln,  Paul  and  Virginia,  Undine,  and  Stntram, 
with  introductions  by  Edward  Everett  Hale,  Andrew 
Lang,  and  Rossi ter  Johnson.  An  especially  weicoroe 
volume  is  that  which  contains  Benjamin  Franklin* 
Autobiography,  his  Sayings  of  Poor  Hiehtird,  and 
his  miscellaneous  Essays  and  Correspondence,  with 
an  introduction  by  Ainsworth  R.  Spofford. 

The  Messrs.  Little,  Brown  &  Co.,  who  issue  Park- 
man's  works  in  admirable  editions,  now  publish  The 
Oregon  Trait  with  the  attraction  of  a  series  of  special 
illustrations  by  Frederick  Remington.  A  more  own- 
plete  mention  will  be  made  at  another  time  of  the  cot- 
tents  of  the  charming  collected  edition  of  Edward 
Everett  Hale  that  the  same  publishers  have  brought 
together  in  ten  volumes.  Of  all  the  books  avaiUWe 
this  year,  hardly  anything  could  be  a  more  welcome  ad- 
dition to  the  library  of  the  American  home  than  this 
set  of  books  by  our  great  and  good  Dr.  Hale,  who* 
mind  and  pen  to-day  are  as  versatile  and  apt  as  any  in 
the  country,  and  who  has  never  touched  any  subject 
that  he  did  not  adorn. 

We  shall  also,  in  a  future  number  of  the  HEvrew, 
find  space  to  say  something  more  explicit  about  the 


SOME  NEU^  BOOKS  OF  HISTORY  AND  TRAyEL 


771 


ImDortant  enterprise  of  the  Messrs.  Crowell  in  bring- 
ing together  the  works  of  Count  Tolstoy  in  a  complete 
and  uniform  edition  in  twelve  volumes  under  the  edi- 
torship of  Mr.  Nathan  Haskell  Dole.  This  set  will  de- 
servedly be  in  great  demand  ;  for  it  well  fulfills  the  re- 
quirements of  a  standard  edition  as  respects  paper, 
presswork,  and  binding,  while  its  price  is  very  mod- 
erate. 

Eugene  Sue  might  be  ranked  with  Dumas  as  a  French 
novelist  of  adventure  whose  books  have  been  constant 
favorites  in  English  translations.  We  have  a  thor- 
oughly attractive  new  edition  of  Eugene  Sue's  Knight 
of  Maltay  with  several  illustrations,  from  the  press  of 


the  H.  M.  Caldwell  Company.  These  same  publishers 
are,  in  a  very  extensive  series  which  they  call  the 
'*  Berkeley  Library,"  providing  handsome  reprints  at  a 
moderate  price,  an  example  of  which,  in  Marryat's 
Mr,  Midshipman  Easy,  happens  to  lie  on  our  table. 
They  have  also  produced  what  they  call  a  "Green  Room 
Edition  "  of  Charles  Dickens'  Talc  of  Two  Cities,  illus- 
trated by  photographs  from  life  of  Henry  Miller  and 
other  members  of  his  company  in  "  The  Only  Way,**  a 
successful  play  founded  on  Dickens'  great  novel.  This 
is  uniform  with  their  "  Green  Room  Edition  "  of  several 
other  novels  out  of  which  popular  plays  have  been 
evolved. 


SOME    NEW   BOOKS   OF   HISTORY  AND  TRAVEL. 


ONE  of  the  most  successful  books  of  the  season,  from 
the  artistic  point  of  view,  is  Mr.  F.  Marion  Craw- 
ford's Rnlers  of  the  South  (Macmillan).  Whatever  else 
the  critics  may  have  had  to  say  about  Mr.  Crawford's 

work  in  the  do- 
main of  fiction, 
it  has  never  been 
charged  with  de- 
ficiency of  "local 
color.'*  Mr. 
Crawford's  prime 
qualification  as  a 
writer  of  the  his- 
tory of  southern 
Italy  is  his  inti- 
mate acquaint- 
ance with  the 
people  of  that  re- 
gion—their lan- 
guage, modes  of 
thought,  and  so- 
cial characteris- 
tics. A  great 
deal  of  Mr. 
Crawford's  in- 
formation has 
been  acquired 
through  other 
channels  than 
the  printed  word. 
He  is  in  no  sense  a  bookish  historian.  Habits  acquired 
long  since,  in  the  process  of  gathering  material  for 
novels  of  Italian  life,  have  undoubtedly  aflfected 
permanently  his  methods  of  work ;  so  that  this 
story  of  ancient  and  medieval  times  in  Sicily,  Cala- 
bria, apd  Malta  is  really  a  story  rather  than  a  formal 
historical  record.  One  great  advantage  of  the  em- 
ployment of  Mr.  Crawford's  vivid  style  in  such  an 
enterprise  as  this  is  the  keen  interest  that  will  be 
aroused  in  the  modem  people  and  institutions  of  the 
countries  considered.  After  reading  one  of  Mr.  Craw- 
fonl's  graphic  chapters,  the  traveler  will  no  longer  neg- 
lect Sicily  or  the  adjacent  regions  of  the  Italian  main- 
land. The  interest  is  still  further  heightened  by  the 
remarkable  original  drawings  of  Henry  Brokman, 
which  are  interspersed  throughout  the  text,  together 
with  numerous  photogravure  plates.  Mr.  Crawford's 
final  chapter  on  the  Mafia  in  Sicily  contains  much  in- 


MB.  F.  MAUION  CRAWFORD. 


formation  derived  from  a  recent  work  by  the  chief  of 
police  of  Palermo,  and  also  from  Sicilians  who  have 
had  intimate  relations  with  the  society.  This  chapter 
will  interest  all  Americans,  who  are  reminded  from 
time  to  time  of  the  existence  of  this  secret  order  and  its 
ramifications  in  certain  cities  of  our  own  land. 

Mr.  Edmund  Noble,  who  has  served  as  the  corre- 
spondent in  Russia  of  the  Ix)ndon  Daily  News,  and  also 
for  many  years  as  the  American  editor  of  Free  Russia, 
has  written  a  brief  and  modest  sketch  entitled  JRusHa 
and  the  Russians  (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.).  In  this 
work  Mr.  Noble  traces  the  growtli  of  the  great  empire  of 
the  Czar,  its  development  into  an  autocracy,  its  "  Euro- 
peanization  "  under  Peter  the  Great,  and  its  remarkable 
expansion  during  the  past  century.  Bearing  in  mind 
the  special  interests  of  American  readers,  Mr.  Noble 
has  given  due  attention  to  the  subjects  of  nihilism  and 
the  revolutionary  movement  in  Russia,  together  with 
the  story  of  Siberia  and  the  exile  system.  The  whole 
subject  of  Russian  liberalism  is  treated  from  a  frankly 
American  point  of  view.  The  concluding  chapter,  en- 
titled "The  Russian  Future,"  covers  those  topics  that 
are  of  immediate  interest  to  Americans  at  the  present 
time  in  connection  with  our  own  relations  to  the  far 
East. 

M.  de  Maulde's  Women  of  the  Renaissance  (Put- 
nams)  is  a  learned  and  detailed  study  of  the  feminist 
movement  of  the  sixteenth  century  as  it  developed  in 
Italy  and  France.  The  writer  endeavors  to  show  the 
attitude  of  women  in  regard  to  sports,  books,  music, 
and  the  theater ;  their  conversational  abilities  and 
their  qualities  as  literary  waiters.  The  anecdotal 
method  of  treatment  is  freely  employed,  and  the  au- 
thor's intimate  acquaintance  with  a  vast  range  of  docu- 
mentary materials  has  enabled  him  to  illustrate  his 
points  in  a  most  interesting  manner.  The  reading  of 
the  book  gives  a  new  point  of  view  for  the  study  of  the 
social  and  political  activities  of  the  period  considered. 

In  a  volume  entitled  Hie  World's  Discoverers  (Little, 
Brown  &  Co.),  Mr.  William  Henry  Johnson  has  made 
a  collection  of  the  narratives  of  all  the  voyages  made 
during  a  thousand  years  for  the  purpose  of  finding  a 
sea,  route  to  the  Indies.  Quite  apart  from  the  author's 
serious  purpose  of  tracing  the  great  movement  of 
Western  exploration,  which  began  in  Europe  early  in 
the  fifteenth  century',  the  voyages  that  he  sketches 
abound  in  thrilling  adventures,  and  will  have  peren- 
nial interest  for  the  youth  of  our  country. 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  REi^IElV$. 


THK  '•  WMITK  HOrSB  OK  THE  CONFKDEBACY,"  AT  KICHMONn,  VA. 
(From  "  Historic  Towns  of  the  Southern  States.") 

Mr.  John  R.  Spears,  the  well-known  journHlist  and 
author,  whose  History  of  Our  Nai>y  and  The  Oold 
Diggings  of  Cape  Horn  are  standani  and  authoritative 
works  of  their  cla«s,  has  been  lecf  by  his  studies  of  Ameri- 
can naval  history  to  write  a  history  of  The  American 
SlavG-Trade  (Scribners).  It  is  not  a  pleasant  chapter 
from  any  point  of  view  ;  but  the  time  seems  to  have 
come  when  a  dispassionate  study  of  the  whole  subject 
may  be  profitably  uudert4iken.  After  reviewing  all  the 
horrors  of  the  slave-trade  (Mr.  Spears  makes  no  attempt 
whatever  to  palliate  or  minimize  them),  the  conclusion 
is  still  irresistible  that  the  evils  to  the  white  race  were 
even  more  grievous  than  those  inflicted  on  the  negro. 
It  is  Mr.  Spears'  belief  that  the  slave-trade  and  the 
slave  system  in  the  South  might  have  been  carried  on 
profitably  without  any  cruelty  to  the  slaves.  He  haa 
even  found  instances  of  slave-ships  making  the  '^  Middle 
Passage"  without  loss  of  life  ;  and  it  is  a  matter  of  fa- 
miliar knowledge  that  many  planters  in  the  South  pro- 
moted the  comforts  and  pleasures  of  their  slaves. 

In  the  series  of  ''American  Historic  Towns"  (Put- 
nams),  the  South  isrepresented  in  anew  volume  includ- 
ing studies  of  Baltimore,  Annapolis,  Fre<lerick  Town, 
Washington,  Richmond,  Williamsburg,  Wilmington, 
Charleston,  Savannah,  Mobile,  Montgomery,  New  Or- 
leans, Vicksburg,  Knoxville,  Nashville,  Louisville, 
Little  Rock,  and  St.  Augustine.  In  his  introduction  to 
the  volume,  Prof.  W.  P.  Trent  anticipates  the  Northern 
reader's  first  feeling  of  surprise  at  the  number  of  South- 
em  towns  of  historical  importance  that  are  included  in 
the  volume.  But  a  moment's  thought  will  convince 
any  one  that  the  towns  thus  selected  compare  favorably 
in  point  of  historical  Importance  with  those  included 
in  the  earlier  volumes  of  the  series,  Historic  Towns  of 
Xcw  England  and  Historic  Towns  of  the  Middle 
States.  As  Professor  Trent  points  out,  nearly  every 
town  descril)ed  has  experienced  the  vicissitudes  of  war  ; 
but  the  commercial  growth  of  the  last  two  decades  is 
well  exemplified  in  the  gratifying  record  of  so  solid 
a  commercial  metropolis  as  Baltimore.  Annajiolis, 
Charleston,  New  Orleans,  and  the  other  towns  of  the 
ante-bellum  South  have  all  played  parts  in  our  national 
history  that  fully  entitle  tliem  to  recognition  in  such  a 
volume  »is  this.  With  the  completion  of  thi^  imi)ortant 
series  dealing  with  the  older  towns  along  or  near  the 
Atlantic  cotist,  the  editor,  Mr.  Lyman  P.  Powell,  is  to 
be  congratulated  on  the  value  and  unique  interest  of 


his  worli  The  publication  of  these  sketches  of  Ameri- 
can towns  should  do  much  to  dissipate  narrow  sectional* 
ism  and  provincialism,  both  North  and  South. 

A  new  volume  by  Mr.  Edmund  H.  Garrett,  uniform, 
with  his  Romance  and  Reality  of  the  PaHtan  OntaU 
deals  with  TJie  Pilgrim  Shore  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.). 
Mr.  Garrett's  descriptions  and  illustrations  l>egin  at 
Dorchester,  and  picture  the  whole  Massachu^settn  coa^t 
as  far  as  Plymouth.  The  lx)ok  contains  a  beautiful 
colored  frontispiece,  and  numerous  full-page  plates  and 
clever  drawings  in  the  text,  by  the  author.  Like  the 
author's  earlier  work,  T?ic  Pilgrim  Shore  is  a  blending 
of  h  istory  and  descript  ion.  A  good  book  for  the  traveler 
who  delights  in  New  England's  historic  haunts,  and  a 
vast  improvement  on  the  made-to-order  guide-lnxik. 

Mrs.  Alice  Morse  Earle,  whose  studies  in  colonial  his- 
tory have  dealt  with  almost  every  phase  of  the  Mx:ial 
life  of  our  ancestors,  has  written  an  elabonite  account 
of  Stage -Coach  and  Tavern  Days  (MacmillanK  in 
which  are  included  descriptions  of  the  ol<l-time  tavprn-s 
the  tavern  landlord,  tiivern  fare,  tavern  ways,  the  early 
stage-coaches,  the  stage-drivers,  and  all  the  varied  ac- 
companiments of  the  traveler's  life  in  colonial  time*. 
Like  the  earlier  volumes  by  the  .same  author,  Stage- 
Coach  and  Tavern  Days  is  illustrate<l  from  old  prints 
and  from  recent  photograpiis  of  ancient  buildings. 

An  example  of  local  history  of  more  than  local  inters 
est  is  a  little  volume  by  Mrs.  F.  Burge  Griswol<l.  en- 
titled   Old   Wlchfordy  the    Venice  of  Amcrii-a    (the 

Young  Churchman 
Company),  and  de- 
scribing the  int^ere^t 
ing   old    village    of 
Wickford,  R.  I. 

It  seems  appropriate 
that,  in  the  "  Story  of 
the  West"  series  (Ap- 
pleton).  The  Story  of 
the  Soldier  .should  be 
told  by  Gen.  (leorge 
A.  Fors:fth.  Recent 
events  have  brought 
into  prominence  for 
the  first  time  the  ca- 
reers of  such  eminent 
soldiers  as  I^awtoti. 
Henry,  Egbert,  Li?^ 
cum,  and  R  e  i  1 1  y . 
whose  long  ycsars  of 
service  on  our  West- 
ern frontier  would 
otherwi.«<e  never  have 
received    recognition. 

The     biographies     of 
"A  Pllin-lni."    Half-tone  (reduced),      ^y^^^     „,g^    j^,^    ^^ 
from    pen-drawing     by     Edmund  .     ,  «  ^i.     • 

Garrett,  Illustrating  his  own  book.  ^»"»na  «»  of  the  IID- 
"The  Pilgrim  Shore  "(Little.  Brown  portant  part  playeil 
&Co.).  by  our  regular  army 

in  the  settlement  and 
development  of  the  West.  Aside  from  the  brilliant 
povels  of  General  King,  our  literature  has  for  the  m<v<.t 
part  ignored  the  regular  soldier.  And  even  in  time  of 
war,  a  disproportionate  amount  of  attention  is  given 
to  the  doings  of  the  volunteers,  to  the  neglect  of  the 
regular  army.  In  this  volume  by  General  Forsyth  we 
have  for  the  first  time  a  connected  popular  history  of 
the  American  soldier,  from  the  inception  of  the  arfii> 
to  the  close  of  the  Indian  wars  in  the  far  West.    Our 


r~^ 

I'- 

i 

-I 

SOME  NEW  BOOKS  OF  HISTORY  AND  TRAVEL 


773 


Illustration  t4>  -The  Story  of  tht* 
Soldier."  Hy  Kiifus  Zogbaum  (I). 
Appteton  A  Co.). 


American  army,  lit- 
tle as  its  deeds  have 
l)een  sung,  has  had 
perhaps  as  many 
thrilling  adventures 
and  daring  act«  to  its 
credit  as  any  body  of 
troops  in  the  world. 
General  For.syth  has 
done  well  to  outline 
the  whole  history  of 
our  army  from  its  be- 
ginning, to  show  us 
what  it  has  actually 
done,  and  how  its 
officers  and  men  have 
conducted  them- 
selves in  times  of 
peril. 

Mr.  Kichard  Hard- 
ing Davis  had  an  ex- 
perience  different 
from  that  of  most  of 
the  war  corrfSi>ond- 
ents  in  South  Africa, 
in  that  he  was  with  both  Briton  and  Boer  in  the 
field.  In  his  new  volume,  With  Doth  Armies  in 
Sftuth  Ajrica  (Scribners),  Mr.  Davis  tells  what  he 
HHw  from  both  points  of  view.  When  Mr.  Davis  went 
to  South  Africa,  his  prepasscssions  were  all  in  favor 
of  the  English,  and  he  had  many  friends  among  the 
English  officers.  He  could  not  be  blinded,  however, 
to  the  outrageous  mismanagement  of  BuUer's  cam- 
paign ;  and  after  the  relief  of  Lmlysmith,  when  he 
joined  the  Boers,  he  learned  for  himself  that  the  opin- 
ions of  their  enemy  entertained  by  many  of  his  English 
friends  were  gross  perversions  of  the  truth.  Mr.  Davis 
indulges  4n  no  panegyric  of  the  Boers,  but  his  com- 
ments on  tlie  actions  of  their  conquerors  are  frank  and 
by  no  means  favorable.  He  especially  condemns  cer- 
tain actions  on  the  part  of  the  English  officers  who 
were  prisoners  of  war  at  Pretoria. 

Mr.  Winston  Spencer  Churchill's  second  volume  on 
the  Boer  war  is  entitled  Inn  HamiltotVti  March  (Tiong- 
mans),  and  is  a  continuation  of  the  letters  to  the  Mftrti' 
iufj  PoHt,  of  I^ndon,  published  under  the  title  London 
to  LitilyHinith,  via  Pretoria.  In  this  volume  Mr. 
Churchill  tells  how  General  Hamilton's  column 
marched  four  hundred  miles  through  the  most  fertile 
IMirts  of  the  enemy's  country,  fought  ten  general  ac- 
tions, and  captured  five  towns.  Owing  to  the  difficul- 
ties of  telegraphing,  the  army  was  attended  by  hardly 
a  single  newspaper  correspondent.  Mr.  Churchill's 
mirrative  is,  therefore,  likely  to  remain  without  a  rival. 
One  of  the  daintily  Illustrated  bcK)ks  of  the  year  is 
A.  Little  Tnnr  in  France,  by  Henry  .Tames  (Houghton, 
Miffiin  &  Co.).  The  notes  which  go  to  make  up  this 
volume  were  gathered  by  Mr.  James  some  years  ago. 
Numerous  drawings  have  l>een  contribute  to  the  pres- 
ent edition  by  Mr.  Joseph  Pennell,  whose  skill  as  an 
interpreter  of  European  architecture  has  Ijeen  fre- 
quently p^^t  to  the  test.  Mr.  James  states  in  his  pref- 
ace that  his  notes  were  originally  made  to  accompany  a 
series  of  drawings :  both  author  and  artist  are  certainly 
to  be  congratulated  on  the  union  now  consummated.' 


Mr.  Ernest  Young,  an  English  gentleman  who  was 
connected  with  the  Siamese  educational  department^ 
has  written  an  entertaining  book,  entitled  Thr.  King- 
dom of  the  Yellow  Robe  (New  York  :  New  Amsterdam 
Book  Company).  This  volume  is  made  up  of  sketches 
of  the  domestic  and  religious  ceremonies  of  the  Siamese, 
including  chapters  on  *' Street  Scenes  in  the  Venice  of 
the  East,"  '^The  Shaving  of  the  Topknot,"  "Courtship 
and  Marriage,"  ** Popular  Anuusements,'*  "The  Culti- 
vation of  Rice,"  "The  Order  of  the  Yellow  Robe,"  and 
"The  Elephants." 

In  his  new  lM)ok  entitlecl  The  World  of  the  Oreat 
Forest,  Paul  Du  Chaillu  endeavors  to  tell  his  readers 
how  animals,  birds,  reptiles,  and  Insects  talk,  think, 
work,  and  live  in  the  great  forest  of  Central  Africa.  If 
any  human  being  is  endowed  with  the  power  to  discern 
the.se  things,  surely  this  indefatigable  explorer  can  lay 
claim  to  the  distinction.  So  many  years  of  his  life 
have  been  passed  in  the  great  African  forest  that  it  is 
not  strange  that  he  has  come  to  half  believe  that 
beasts  and  birds  have,  indeed,  the  gift  of  speech,  and 
have  reposed  their  confidence  in  him.  The  illustrations 
of  the  volume  are  the  work  of  C.  R.  Knight  and  J.  M. 
Gleeson,  two  artists  of  repuUition  as  animal  painters, 
and  many  interesting  phases  of  animal  life  in  the  Dark 
Continent  are  represented  in  their  drawings.  (Scrib- 
ners.) 

It  may  not  have  been  generally  known  that,  while 
Mr.  Ernest  Seton-Thompsou  was  gathering  material  for 

his  widely  read  Wild 
Animals  I  Have 
Known,  he  was  ac- 
companied on  many 
of  his  trips  by  his 
wife.  The  "woman 
side"  of  these  trips  is 
presented  in  a  strik- 
ing  way  by  Mrs. 
Se ton- Thompson  in  a 
volume  entitled  A 
Woman  Tenderfoot 
(Doubleday,  Page  & 
Co.).  This  book  not 
only  sets  forth  the 
difficulties,  dangers, 
and  pleasures  of 
Rocky  Mountain 
touring  from  a  wo- 
man's ix>int  of  view, 
but  contains  much 
specific  advice  on  the 
subject  of  camping 
dress  and  e^iuipment 
for  women.  Mrs.  Seton-Thompson  offers  her  book  as  a. 
tribute  to  the  West ;  and  Western  women,  we  are  sure, 
will  appreciate  the  spirit  in  which  she  relates  her  ex- 
periences in  the  Western  country.  It  was  with  the  hope 
that  some  women  whoareplanningtogo  to  Europe  next 
summer  may  l)e  tempted  t<^)  go  West  instead,  that  Mrs. 
Seton-Thompson  wrote  her  book.  It  is  said  that  the 
plan  and  details  of  the  "lMK)kmakiiig"  of  the  volume 
are  due  to  the  author.  The  cover  and  title-page  were 
designed  by  her,  while  the  full-page  drawings  were 
made  by  Ernest  Seton-Thompson,  G.  Wright,  and  E. 
M.  Ashe,  and  the  marginals  by  S.  N.  Abbott. 


Cover    denl^n     (reduco<i) 
Ernest    Seum  -  Thuinptton 
day.  Piitfe  &  Co.). 


by     Mrs 
( [>ouble- 


BOOKS   FOR   CHILDREN   AND   YOUNG    PEOPLE. 


THE  word  juvenile  as  applied  to  literature  is  highly 
elastic,  and  from  year  to  year  it  seems  Uy  cover 
books  of  an  ever-increasing  variety.  The  output  of 
books  intended  to  be  read  by  young  people  or  little  chil- 
dren for  their  entertainment  reflects,  as  a  whole,  very 
effectively  the  intellectual  and  moral  deveh)pment  of 
the  community  in  general.  Ft^r  several  years  past, 
juvenile  books,  as  a  rule,  have  been  admirable  in  their 
artistic  eml)ellishment^  showing  how  decidedly  we  are 
improving  as  a  nation  in  our  art  t4iste.  The  btx>ks  for 
very  small  children  are  reflecting  something  of  that 
better  knowledge  of  child-nature  that  has  come  w  ith 
kindergarten  methods  and  the  new  ideas  as  to  etlucation 
and  the  growth  of  the  child-mind. 

The  increase<i  interest  in  outdoor  life  and  observation  is 
reflectetl  in  the  multiplication  of  books  that  enhance  the 
juvenile  interest  in  birds  beasts,  plants,  and  all  nature, 
animate  and  inanimate.  Al)etter  and  more  faithful 
study  of  history  on  the  part  of  the  elders  is  revealed  in 
the  immensely  improve<l  quality  of  the  story-books  that 
deal  with  epochs  and  periods,  and  that  narrate  quasi- 
historical  adventures.  Jt  luis  come  to  be  understo<Ml 
that  no  book  of  rhymes  or  verses  is  good  enough  for  a 
child  that  has  not  merits  evident  to  the  most  mature 
lover  of  literature  ;  and  no  liook  of  history  or  biography, 
however  simply  phrased  or  brightly  written  for  juvenile 
interest,  can  be  called  good  of  its  kind  if  it  could  not 
pass  muster  with— let  us  say— the  editor  of  the  Ameri- 
can Historical  Itivicw.  In  short,  the  idea  has  begun 
to  dawn  on  the  minds  of  those  who  have  to  <lo  with 
juvenile  books  that  they  ought  to  Ix;  judged  on  their 
merits,  like  all  other  books. 


IlluNtratlon  for  Hans  Christian  Andei-sen's  'Fairy  Tales"  (The 
<  Vntury  Co.).  Wood  engraviner  from  a  drawing  by  Hann  Tepner. 
Wo*>d  engraving  has  been  little  used  lately,  but  Is  now  being 
revived  In  Europe.  The  prejiaration  of  this  Danish  artist's  illustra- 
tions has  cKctjplwl  eleven  years,  and  in  them  the  spirit  of  Hans 
Christian  Andei-sen  Is  transnmted  more  thoroughly  than  is  usual 
into  blft<k-and-whlte.  Tlie  Flnurr  King,  with  his  ros«'  scepter,  his 
spinated  shanks,  his  benlirn  vejjetarlan  snille.  is  the  creation  of 
no  Ijjuk  drauKht^man.  The  nrlu'iniil  picture,  after  lx»lng  exhibited, 
will  find  a  restlnK-pla<'e  in  the  Coix'uhauen  .Mtiseiini. 


THE. 


OoLLIWOGtfS 
\  ADVENTUnES. 


^    V 


Cover  design  (reduced)  by  Florence  K.  Upton  (Longmans. 
Green  &  Co.). 

BOOKS  OF  VERSE  FOR  LITTLE  CHILDREN. 

The  venerable  .Mother  (ioose,  as  a  suggestive  point  of 
departure  for  the  making  of  new  juveniles,  is  in  danprr 
of  being  overworked.  We  had  several  up-to-flat^  Mother 
Goose  books  last  year,  not  to  mention  the  amusing  and 
absurd  Father  Ooosc  book.  Now  comes  Iiah\i  (r*n>*€ 
(Laird  &  I.Kie),  by  Fannie  E.  Ostrander,  amusingly  illu.^ 
trated,  and  written  in  catchy,  rollicking  rh>Tne%. 
Mother  Wild  Oooxe  and  Her  Wild  Biant  Shotc  tBif^ 
ton  :  H.  M.  Caldwell  t'ompany)  is  by  L.  J.  Bridgman. 
It  is  printed  in  colors,  with  illustrations  by  the  author. 
It  oarodies  the  familiar  Mother  Goose  rh^-mes,  with 
animals  rather  than  people  as  their  subject i%  and  is  * 
decidedly  succe.ssful  book  of  it«  kind.  Another  parody 
is  entitled  Mother  Goose  Cooked  (John  I>ane).  It  is  by 
John  H.  Myrtle  and  Reginald  Rigby.  Thi.^  come*,  with 
the  characteristic  attractiveness  of  John  Lane's  Viooks 
and  its  grotesque  illustrations  are  it^  striking  feature*. 
Fiddlesticks  (E.  &  J.  B.  Young  &  Co.)  setj^  forth,  with 
new  illustrations  by  Hilda  Cowham,  a  few  of  the  well- 
known  Mother  Goose  verses.  Chinese  Mother  Go*»€ 
Rhymes  (Revell)  is  a  little  volume  translated  and  illni*- 
trated  by  Isaac  Taylor  Headland,  of  Peking  University, 
who  has  lately  been  writing  so  industriou«*ly  atjoat 
China.  Mr.  Headland  tells  us  that  there  are  more  nur- 
sery rhymes  to  1)6  found  in  China  than  in  England  and 
America,  and  that  most  of  them  have  much  in  common 
with  those  of  our  own  Mother  Goose.  Each  rhyme  id 
this  book  is  accompanied  by  an  appropriate  picture 
from  Chinese  life,  reproduced  from  a 'photograph.  The 
Chinese  text  is  also  given,  so  that  the  book  is  in  shafie 
for  a  Chinese  market, — and  surely  the  mandarins  need 
diversion. 

Florence  K.  Upton  gives  us  The  OoUiiDogrf^s  Ptitnr 
AdiH'ntures  (Longmans).  The  GoUiwogg  books  need  no 
coaxing  words;  they  advertise  themselves.  This  year 
GoUiwogg  &  Co.  set  out  to  find  the  north  pole ;  and  after 
many  discouraging  experiences,  the  pole  is  found.  One 
of  the  cleverest  of  the  books  for  very  little  people  is 
cnll'M]  rrrhins  of  the  Sea  (liongmans),  by  Marie  Over- 


BOOKS  FOR  CHILDREN  AND  YOUNG  PEOPLE, 


775 


ton  Corbin  and  Charles  Buxton  Groing.  This  tale  in 
rhyme  must  appeal  strongly  to  children.  It  tells  how 
the  little  8ea-uix;hins  lived,  what  their  sports  were,  how 
they  went  to  school  to  a  mermaid,  and  divers  other  of 
their  adventures,  respecting  which  the  children  will 
ask  :  "Is  it  true  ?  and  are  there  really  sea-urchins  ?** 

A  clever  idea  is  carried  out  in  the  book  of  Proverbs 
Improved  (John  I^ne),  by  Frederic  Chapman,  with 
colored  illustrations  by  Grace  H.  May.  Various  prov- 
erbs, such  as  "Fine  feathers  make  fine  birds,"  are 
amusingly  paraphrased  in  verse,  and  the  pictures  are 
altogether  charming.  Wild  Aninuil  Play  for  Chil- 
dren (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.),  by  Ernest  Seton-Thomp- 
6on,  is  a  little  rhymed  comedy,  with  music  duly  pro- 
vided, and  an  explanation  of  the  needful  costum&s 
which  would  enable  young  children  to  act  the  parts  of 
Wahb,  Tobo,  Mollie  Cottontail,  and  the  other  forest 
friendii.  Jack  of  All  Trades  (John  Jjane),  by  J.  J.  Bell, 
is  a  book  of  absurd  rhymes  with  still  more  absurd  illus- 
trations; and  Child  Verse  (Small,  Maynard  &  Co.),  by 
John  B.  Tabb,  is  a  book  of  charming  little  poems,  some 
of  which  have  appeared  in  St.  Nicholas. 

The  April  Baby's  Book  of  Tunes  is  by  the  author  of 
Elizabeth  and  her  German  Garden  (Macmillan).  The 
April  Baby  is  a  well-known  character,  but  this  new 
book  tells  us  about  her  sisters,  iVIay  and  June,  and  also 
how  the  tunes  came  to  be  written.  It  is  delightfully 
illustrated  by  Kate  Greenaway,  and  to  the  discriminat- 
ing it  is  needless  to  say  it  is  one  of  the  books  of  the 
season. 

SOME  STORY-BOOKS  FOR  LITTLE  ONES. 
Mr.  John  W.  Harrington,  in  The  Jumping  Kanga- 
roo  and  the  Apple-Butter  Cat  (McClure,  Phillips  & 
[Jo.),  has  chosen  a  name  perhaps  unduly  fantastic  for  a 
^ries  of  amusing  and  graphic  tales  regarding  the  life- 
bistories  and  pranks  of  several  domestic  and  field  ani- 
mals who  live  together 
ind  have  experiences 
[x>th  varied  and  exciting. 
Mr.  Conde,  the  illustra- 
x>r  of  this  book,  is  as 
^ond  of  animals  as  Mr. 
Harrington,  and  a  sym- 
pathetic touch  adds 
ralue  to  all  his  work, 
whether  he  portrays  his 
>«*t  frog  or  "apple-but- 
4?r  cat."  Kate  Louise 
3rown  has  W4*itten  a  sto- 
•y  called  Alice  and  Tom, 
Heath),  who  have  many 
riends,  consisting  of  ani- 
iials,  flowers,  and  birds. 
Their  study  of  these 
riends  is  presented  in 
,uch  a  way  in  this  book 
if*  to  provide  very  valu- 
ibie  and  u>*eful  naturt*- 
essons  for  little  children 
c-ithout  the  suspicion  of 
leing    intentionally    in 

tructive.  Jimmy^  Lucy,  ttnd  All  (Lee  &  Shepard)  is 
iie  fifth  volume  of  Sophie  May's  series  of  "Little 
■*rudy'srhildn»ri."  The  well-known  leading  chrtra<*ters 
lAve  a  summer  in  the  mountains  of  Southern  Califor- 
ila,  where  their  experiences  are  all  of  an  improving 
kiitl,  at  the  same  time,  entertaining  nature. 


j^  I"  DHJJNCH  AH 

Cover  defiign  (rt»ducwl). 


Two  little 


Cover  deaign  (reduced). 


It  is  enough  to  say  of  Marjorie's  Doings  (Greorge  W. 
Jacobs  &  Co.),  by  Mrs.  George  A.  PauU,  that  it  is  the 
story  of  the  every-day  life  of  a  little  girl,  simply  and 
naturally  told,  and  quite  certain  to  be  of  interest  to^ 
most  little  people;  and  MabeVs  Mishap  (Jacobs),  by 
Amy  E.  Blanchard,  seems  to  have  some  of  these  same 

qualities.    A  Christmas 
Tree  Scholar  (Crowell), 
by  Frances  Bent  Dilling- 
Q  ^  ham,  contains  a  sheaf  of 

CyfWf (yind^PS  little  stories,  each  of 
which  turns  upon  an 
American  holiday  —  for 
example,  Christmas, 
New  Year's,  Valentine'a 
Day,  Washington'* 
Birthday,  and  the  rest — 
about  a  dozen  in  all. 
Rita  and  Jimmy  are  th& 
chief  characters  in  N.  A. 
M.  Roe's  Two  Little 
Street  Singers  (Lee  & 
Shepard).  The  plot  is  the 
orthodox  one,  of  course ; 
and  after  singing  and 
dancing  with  tambour- 
ines a  while,  Rita  is 
adopted  by  a  spinster 
lady  in  her  pleasant 
country  home,  and  event- 
ually turns  out  to  be  a 
child  of  good  family  and 
is  restored  to  her  father  at  the  right  time,  while  Jimmy, 
after  all,  is  not  her  brother— and  this  discovery  has  a 
certain  usefulness  in  the  last  chapters. 

This  innocent  and  pleasant  little  motive — the  adop- 
tion of  poor  children  by  some  well-to-do  person  through 
providential  circumstances,  with  mutually  beneficial 
results— flgures  this  year,  as  in  all  years,  in  a  due  pro- 
portion of  children's  stories.  Divided  Skates  (Crowell), 
by  Evelyn  Raymond,  like  Tti'O  Little  Street  SingcrSy 
mentioned  above,  is  one  of  these.  Two  children  skating 
downhill,  with  one  skate  apiece,  upset  a  rich  old  maiden 
lady,  whose  affections  heretofore  had  been  confined  to 
an  aged  poodle-dog.  She  is  induced  to  enter  ui>on  a 
career  of  adopting  newsboys, — a  good  career,  too,  and 
by  no  means  a  bad  story. 

Gertrude  Smith's  Arabella  and  Araminta  mayor 
may  not  be  found  in  the  Century  Dictionary  o)  Namcs^ 
but  nevertheless  they  are  standard  characters  in  litera- 
ture ;  and  now  the  writer's  Roggte  and  Heggie  Stories 
(Harpers)  tell  all  about  the  twin-brothers  of  the  afore- 
said Arabella  and  Araminta.  They  are  amusing  stories, 
accompanied  by  beautiful  illustrations  and  to  withhold 
them  from  children  is  nothing  short  of  punishment. 
The  Book  of  Saints  and  Friendly  Beasts  (Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.),  by  Abbie  Farwell  Brown,  tells  us  in 
story  or  in  liallad  of  those  saints  who  had  beasts  or 
birds  for  attendants  or  hel|)ers.  The  idea  is  a  good  one, 
and  hfis  been  developed  with  imagination  and  skill. 
Some  very  charming  stories  alnrnt  little  children  that 
show  f.  keen  knowledge  of  children's  ways  and  expres- 
sions are  written  by  Clara  Vawler,  under  the  general 
title.  Of  Such  Is  the  Kingdom  (Howen-Merrill  Com- 
pany). Littfc  ''Jim  Crow""  (Century),  by  Clara  Mor- 
ris, is  a  volume  that  includes  eleven  stories  treating  of 
the  life  of  children  in  city  and  country,  nearly  all  of 
tluMii  pjn|>ortiiig  to  lie  told  by  the  child  most  concerned. 


776 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  RE^/EIVS. 


SOME  FAIR\  TALES. 
The  ChrUtmas  Angel,  by  Katharine  Pyle,  with  illus- 
trations by  the  author,  is  a  most  worthy  addition  to 
the  juvenile  Christmas  literature.  The  little  Mary  of 
this  story  has  heard  about  Kris  Kringle  and  the  won- 
der-country where  all  the  toys  are  alive ;  and  one  day 
she  finds  a  little  door  in  a  tree,  and  opening  it  with  a 
tiny  key,  she  discovers  that  it  leatls  to  toylaud.  We  can 
only  hint  at  what 
happens  in  the  land 


TT 


The  ROAD  to 
NOWHERE 


Cover  design  (reduced). 


where  gingerbread 
girls  are  alive,  and 
where  the  Noah's 
Ark  inhabitants  are 
all  animated  and  ac- 
tive, while  the  wood- 
en dolls  and  Jacks-in- 
the-box  say  wonder- 
ful things.  The  story 
leads  on,  with  some 
touches  of  pathos,  to 
a  sweet  conclusion. 
(Little,  Brown  &  Co.) 

Andrew  Lang's 
compilation  this  year 
is  called  The  Orey 
Fairy  Book  (Long- 
mans), and  it  is  made 
up  of  tales  from 
Lithuania,  parts  of 
Africa,  Germany, 
France,  and   Greece. 

The  Bead  to  Nowhere  (Harpers)  is  a  book  by  Living- 
ston B.  Morse,  which  is  dedicated  to  Alice  in  Wonder- 
land; and  Mr.  Morse's  characters.  Jack  and  Kitty, 
have  adventures  quite  as  remarkable  as  Lewis  Car- 
roll's Alice  ever  had.  Edna  Morse  supplies  very  pretty 
illustrations. 

The  Little  Dreamer's  Adventure,  by  Frank  S. 
Child  (Lee  &  Shepard),  is  a  sequel  to  Mr.  Child's  story 
of  last  year,  called  The  House  with  Sixty  Closets.  The 
children  meet  and  agree  to  make  a  calendar.  They  call 
it  a  meeting  of  the  days,  and  Anna  Domini  sits  in  the 
chair.  Special  days  from  New  Year's  to' Christmas 
Day  participate  in  the  meeting.  The  Other  Side  of  the 
Sun,  by  Evelyn  Sharp  (John  Lane),  is  a  very  attrac- 
tively illustrated  volume  of  fairy  tales,  dedicated  to 
*' All  the  children  I  know  on  this  side  of  the  sun." 

The  Wonderful  Wizard  of  Oz,  by  L.  Frank  Baum 
(Chicago :  Greorge  M.  Hill  Company),  has  for  the  princi- 
pal character  a  little  girl  named  Dorothy,  who  with  her 
dog  is  carried  by  a  Kansas  cyclone  into  the  land  of  Oz, 
where  she  has  many  adventures  in  looking  up  the  wiz- 
ard whose  business  it  is  to  send  her  back  home  again. 
Yankee  Enchantments,  by  Charles  Battell  Loomis 
(McClure,  Phillips  &  Co.),  is  a  book  of  fairy  tales  of  a 
new  sort  altogether,  in  which  trolley-cars,  automobiles, 
and  liquid  air  are  called  into  requisition. 

SOME   BOOKS   MEANT  TO   INTEREST  YOUNG  CHIL- 
DREN  IN  PLANTS  AND  ANIMALS. 

Squirrels  and  Other  Fur-Bcjarers,  by  John  Bur- 
roughs, is  a  book  that  children  of  an  older  growth  will 
want  to  Hhare  with  the  juveniles.  It  includes  chapters 
on  the  smaller  fur-bearing  natives  of  our  latitude,  such 
as  the  wjuirrel,  woodchuck,  rabbit,  hare,  muskrat, 
skunk,  fox,  wea*»el,  mink,  raccoon,  porcupine,  jjossuni, 
and  wild  mouse.     Mr.  Burroughs  gives  it  the  form  of  a- 


series  of  reminiscences  of  certain  acquaintanoes  of  hi? 
among  the  animals,  and  the  book  is  illustrated  with  r«^ 
productions  of  Audubon's  colored  plates.  (Hou^htoii, 
Mifflin  &  Co.) 

In  a  volume  entitled  Wilderness  Ways  (Ginn  &  Co.) 
William  J.  Long  describes  animals  just  as  he  ha»  found 
and  known  them  in  many  years  of  obeervation.  Ht- 
gives  them  all  Indian  names,  the  better  to  individoalizr' 
them.  Mother  Nature's  Children,  by  Allen  Waljot 
Gould  (Ginn  &  Co.),  is  a  little  book  that  traces  the  love 
care,  and  dependence  of  living  things,  from  human 
beings  down  through  the  animals,  to  the  plants.  For 
each  subject  treated,  there  is  a  picture  to  fix  the  atten- 
tion of  the  child. 

Olive  Thorne  Miller  gives  us  a  First  Book  of  Bf n/* 
(Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.),  in  which  she  describes  bird^ 
nest^ ;  the  growth,  feeding,  and  feathering  of  yonus: 
birds,  and  their  learning  to  fly.  Then  follows  an  ac- 
count of  their  langutige,  migrations,  various  character 
istics,  and  uses  to  mankind.  There  are  useful  instruc- 
tions as  to  the  best  way  to  attract  birds  as  visitors  t-' 
one's  own  home.  The  volume  has  twenty  beantifa! 
illustrations  in  color.  Walter  S.  Phillips,  in  Ju^t 
About  a  Boy  (Stone),  describes  a  lad  who  loves  nat^n-. 
and  with  whom  we  wander  through  woods  or  idle  ot 
the  banks  of  running  streams,  meanwhile  learning 
many  things  about  animals  and  plants. 

Tommy's  Adventures  (Jacobs),  as  related  by  Emily 
Paret  At  water,  were  in  an  anthill,  a  beehive,  with  but- 
terflies, with  crickets,  and  with  spiders.  These  adven- 
tures all  happened  to  him  while  he  was  asleep  in  tbr 
pine  grove.  He  had  been  a  rather  lazy  boy,  but  h;^ 
dream- adventures  had  taught  him  how  the  ant«  and  the 
bees  and  the  other  little  people  worked.  He  took  ib*- 
lesson  to  heart,  and  forthwith  reformed. 

SOME  STORIES  OF  ADVENTURE  FOR  BOYS- 
HISTORICAL  AND  OTHERWISE. 

The  Last  of  the  Flatboats  (Lothrop)  is  a  first-rat< 
book,  by  George  Cary  Eggleston,  the  well-known  brother 

of    Dr.    Edward    K^- 


SQUIRRELS 

and  other  Fur  Bearers. 


JOHN 


gleston,  who  knows  a- 
much  about  old  time^ 
on  the  Ohio  and  Ml«- 
sissippi  rivers  as  Mark 
Twain  himself.  Thi> 
is  a  tale  of  five  yoarikT 
Hoosiers  who  load  » 
flat  boat  and  take  ii 
from  Indiana  to  New 
Orleans  —  a  son  of 
journey  that  Abra- 
ham Lincoln  ono 
made.  There  is  plenty 
of  healthy  advent  arv 
and  excitement  in  tbi^ 
book,  and  also  a  greai 
deal  worth  knowing 
about  the  Mississippi, 
and  the  other  wateiv 
of  which  it  is  the 
»' Father."  There  is 
a  boy  called  *'  Ed  "  in  this  story,  who  has  brains,  and  b*  • 
said  to  be  drawn  on  the  model  of  the  author  of  Thi 
Hoosier  Schoolmaster  himself  ;  that  is  to  say,  the  dis- 
tinguished Dr.  Edward  Eggleston. 

Not  to  take  the  order  of  arrangement  too  seriouslj. 
the  next  adventure  book  in  the  pile  happens  to  be  one 


t'over  destgn  (reduced). 


BOOKS  FOR  CHILDREN  AND  YOUNG  PEOPLE. 


777 


by  Arthur  R.  Thompson,  called  Gold-Seeking  on  the 
DoHon  Trail  (Little,  Brown  &  Ca).  We  accompany  a 
party  made  up  of  two  New  England  boys,  with  their 
father  and  .uncle,  on  a  trip  to  the  Alaska  gold  regions. 
They  go  from  the  Dalton  trail  to  the  Klondike,  shooting 
game  of  all  kinds,  crossing  mountain  ranges,  taking 
long  trips  on  snowshoes,  and  also  having  their  share  in 
the  search  for  gold. 

Kirk  Munroe's  book,  Under  the  Oreat  Bear  (Double- 
day,  Page  &  Ck).),  has  for  its  hero  a  young  mining  en- 
gineer, just  g^raduated,  who  is  sent  by  a  firm  interested 
in  copper  and  iron  to  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to 
make  an  examination  of  certain  mines— an  errand  that 
happens  to  require  secrecy.  The  young  engineer  is 
w^recked  in  mid-ocean,  is  rescued,  reaches  Newfound- 
land, has  adventures  with  icebergs,  Indians,  and  Eski- 
mos, finds  rich  ore  deposits,  gets  back  safely,  is  duly 
rewarded,  and  made  manager  of  the  mines.  Another 
book  by  this  same  author,  called  Brethren  of  the  Coast 
(Scribners),  is  a  story  of  the  West  Indies.  The  title  is 
the  name  given  to  a  band  of  pirates.  The  head  of  the 
pirates  had  been  an  overseer  on  a  plantation,  who  was 
discharged  for  cruelty  to  Cuban  slaves.  The  plantation- 
owner — who  happens  to  be  an  American  married  in 
Cuba— is  captured  and  killed  at  sea  by  the  pirates,  and 
his  boy,  who  was  on  his  way  to  be  educated  in  America, 
is  held  to  be  brought  up  as  a  pirate.  The  boy's  escape 
makes  an  exciting  story. 

The  enterprising  Mr.  Edward  Stratemeyer,  even  more 
than  Mr.  Kirk  Munroe  and  Mr.'  George  A.  Henty,  evi- 
dently values  the  art  of  keeping  strictly  up  to  date  with 
his  material.  We  find  on  our  table  no  less  than  four 
brand-new  Stratemeyer  stories,  one  of  which  is  entitled 
On  to  Peking  (Lee  and  Shepard).  Its  hero  is  a  young 
lieutenant  who  goes  from  the  Philippines  with  the 
N'inth  Regiment  to  take  part  in  the  rescue  of  the  be- 
leaguered European  and  American  company  in  the 
British  embassy  at  Peking.  The  story  carries  with  it 
much  useful  information  about  China.  The  Campaign 
of  the  Jungle  (Lee  &  Shepard)  is  the  fifth  volume  in 
Mr.  Stratemeyer's  **01d  Glory  Series;"  and  in  this 
book  we  follow  the  fortunes  of  Larry  and  Ben  in  the 
expedition  of  General  Lawton  against  Santa  Cruz,  and 
also  in  a  movement  from  Manila  to  San  Isidro,  through 
the  swamps.  Meanwhile,  Mr.  Stratemeyer  has  not 
neglected  the  situation  in  South  Africa,  as  is  shown  in 
hia  book  BePioeen  Boer  and  Briton  (Lee  &  Shepard), 
"which  tells  the  adventures  of  two  boys,  one  American 
and  the  other  English,  whose  fathers  happen  to  be  en- 
gaged  in  farming  and  mining  operations  in  the  Trans- 
vaaL  The  two  boys,  who  are  cousins,  are  oflF  for  a 
banting  trip  when  the  war  breaks  out,  and  find  them- 
selves, on  their  way  home,  between  the  hostile  armies. 
A.  good  picture  is  given  of  life  on  the  ostrich  and  cattle 
farms,  and  also  in  tl.  3  mines  near  Johannesburg.  True 
to  Himself  (Lee  &  Shepard)  is  Mr.  Stratemeyer*8  story 
of  an  American  boy  and  his  sister,  the  father  of  whom 
has  been  wrongfully  accused  of  forgery  and  sent  to 
prison.  The  boy  makes  his  way  in  the  world  bravely, 
and  eventually  finds  the  true  culprit  and  secures  his 
father's  vindication  and  release. 

^guinaldo's  Hostage  is  a  story  by  the  war  correspond- 
ent, H.  Irving  Hancock,  who  has  drawn  upon  his  Phil- 
ippine experiences  for  material  out  of  which  he  has 
i^rritten  a  story  dealing  with  things  from  the  Filipino's 
point  of  view.  The  American  hero  is  captured  by  a  bad 
Kilipino,  saved  from  death  by  a  surgeon,  falls  into  the 
hands  of  Aguinaldo,  and  has  a  thrilling  escape.    The 


story  becomes  the  vehicle  of  much  fresh  information 
regarding  military  and  other  matters  in  the  Philippine' 
Islands.    (Lee  &  Shepard.) 

We  have  two  stories  of  the  Cuban  war  :  one  by  Wil- 
liam O.  Stoddard,  called  Run/ning  the  Cuban  Blockade 
(Stone),  and  the  other  by  Grordon  Stables,  entitled  Re- 
member the  Maine  (Philadelphia :  Greorge  W.  Jacobs 
&  Co.)-  I>r.  Stables  is  a  surgeon  of  the  Royal  Navy,  in 
whose  story  American  exploits  are  dealt  with  in  a  very 
friendly  tone.  Mr.  Stoddat..  s  volume  proves,  upon  ex- 
amination, to  contain  three  stories  :  one  dealing  with  a 
filibustering  expedition  and  throwing  light  on  the  per- 
ilous traffic  of  supplying  guns  and  powder  to  the  Cuban 
insurgents,  the  second  with  the  adventures  of  some 
boys  who  fitted  up  a  yacht  on  the  Florida  coast  and 
participated  in  the  Cuban  imbroglio,  and  the  third  is  a 
wrecking  tale. 

Mr.  George  A.  Henty^s  story.  In  the  Hands  of  the 
Cave^DweUers  (Harpers),  relates  the  exciting  experi- 
ences of  a  rimaway  Boston  lad  who  goes  to  Mexico, 
saves  the  life  of  a  wealthy  ranch-owner's  son  at  San 
Diego,  and  becomes  a  favorite  member  of  the  family. 
In  the  temporary  absence  of  the  ranchman  and  his  son, 
the  young  American  is  left  in  charge  of  the  place,  and 
has  to  meet  a  raid  of  Apache  Indians.  He  shows  brav- 
ery, of  course,  and  marries  the  Mexican  ranchman's 
daughter. 

In  the  Civil  War  period  we  have  Battling  for  At- 
laiita,  by  Byron  A.  Dunn,  this  being  the  third  volume 
of  the  "Young  Kentuckian  Series"  (McClurg).  The 
heroes  are  two  young  soldiers  serving  under  General 
Thomas,  and  the  book  purports  to  be  written  with  great 
care  for  military  and  historical  accuracy. 

We  are  always  safe  in  relying,  each  Christmas  time, 
upon  a  few  new  books  dealing  with  the  adventures  of 
American  boys  in  the  Revolution  period.  Scouting  for 
Washington^,  by  John  Preston  True  (Little,  Brown  & 
Co.),  is  a  tale  of  the  days  of  Sumter  and  Tarleton.  It 
will  please  boys  who  are  fond  of  a  good  horse  and  like 
to  hear  clashing  hoofs  on  frozen  ground.  The  elements 
of  adventure  in  the  Southern  Revolutionary  campaigns 
are  well  exhibited  in  this  story.  With  Wa^thington  in 
BraddocK's  Campaign^  by  Edward  Robins  (George  W. 
Jacobs  &  Co.),  is  a  tale  that  makes  Washington  a  prin- 
cipal character,  dealing  with  him  in  his  early  military 
experiences,  and  reciting  faithfully  the  famous  episode 
of  the  march  through  the  forest  to  Fort  Duquesne,  now 
Pittsburg,  at  the  head  of  the  Ohio  River. 

The  Century  Book  of  the  American  Colonies  (Cen- 
tury) is  another  of  the  welcome  compilations  of  Elbridge 
S.  Brooks.  Its  useful  historical  knowledge  is  woven 
into  the  story  of  a  pilgrimage  of  a  party  of  young  people 
to  the  sites  of  the  early  American  settlements.  It  is 
the  fourth  of  Mr.  Brooks*  books  In  which  Uncle  Tom 
Dunlop  and  his  nephews  and  nieces  absorb  American 
history  by  going  to  places  where  things  have  happened. 
In  this  book  they  proceed  from  New  Orleans  to  New 
York,  and  along  the  New  England  coast  as  far  as 
Maine,  studying  the  history  of  battles,  religious  perse* 
cutions,  and  the  changing  fortunes  of  Spaniards,  Eng- 
lish, French,  and  Dutch  in  their  attempts  at  coloniza- 
tion. The  Young  and  Old  Puritans  of  Hatfield,  by 
Mary  P.  Wells  Smith  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  is  a  con- 
cluding volume  in  a  series  not  intended  for  small  chil- 
dren, but  for  young  people  old  enough  to  take  an  intel- 
ligent interest  in  the  history  of  the  country.  This 
particular  volume  recounts  the  experiences  of  seventeen 
people  taken  captive  by  the  Indians  in  1577. 


778 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REk'lElV  OF  RE^/EIVS. 


America'' 8  Story  for  America'a  ChiXdreny  by  Mara 
*  L.  Pratt,  attempts  to  lead  children  along  the  coarse  of 
American  history  by  a  connected  chain  of  incidents, 
narratives,  and  romantic  biographical  description. 
This  volume  begins  with  the  Northmen,  and  tells  of 
Christopher  Columbus  ;  of  Montezuma,  of  Mexico ;  of 
North  American  Indians,  of  our  early  settlements,  es- 
pecially the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  with  Betty  Alden  much 
in  evidence.  There  is  a  chapter  on  the  Dutch  colonists, 
in  which  Katrina  and  Hans  Van  Tassel  are  brought 
into  the  foreground,  and  another  about  the  Boston  boys 
and  the  growing  spirit  of  insurrection  that  leads  up  to 
the  Revolutionary  War.  It  has  a  story  of  the  War  of 
1813,  and  concludes  with  a  Southern  story  called  "The 
Boy  in  Gray."    (D.  C.  Heath  &  Co.) 

Fifer-Boy  of  the  Boston  Siege,  by  Edward  A.  Rand 
(Boston  :  A.  I.  Bradley  &  Co.),  is  a  Revolutionary  story 
that  deals  with  the  fortunes  of  Tom  Parker,  who  be- 
comes a  flfer  for  the  patriots.  There  is  a  good  descrip- 
tion of  Paul  Revere's  ride,  and  of  the  scenes  and  events 
in  and  about  Boston  that  have  become  historical. 

In  the  Days  of  Alfred  the  Great,  by  Eva  March  Tap- 
pan  (Lee  &  Shepard),  is  a  very  useful  compilation  of 
stories,  some  familiar  and  others  new  to  the  general 
reader,  translated  from  original  sources  by  the  author, 
and  brought  together  in  illustration  of  the  period  of 
the  great  Englishman  whose  thousandth  anniversary 
is  now  approaching. 

In  Beomulfj  the  Hero  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  by  Zen- 
alde  A.  Ragozin  (New  York :  William  Beverly  Harri- 
son), the  Beowulf  legends  are  retold  in  a  charming 
way.  Although  in  an  educational  series,  it  is  quite  as 
suitable  for  the  home  and  family  as  for  the  school. 
In  this  connection  may  well  be  mentioned  several  num- 
bers of  Heath's  **  Home  and  School  Classics,"  admirably 
reSdited  by  such  well-known  authors  as  Edward  Ever- 
ett Hale  and  Elizabeth  Stuart-Phelps.  Among  these 
we  find  Jackanapes,  by  Mrs.  Ewing ;  The  Wonderful 
Chair  and  the  Tales  It  Told,  by  Frances  Browne; 
Chapters  on  Animals,  by  Philip  Gilbert  Hamerton  ; 
Ooody  Two  Shoes,  by  Oliver  Goldsmith,  and  others. 
These  books,  well  printed,  in  paper  covers,  and  at  a  low 
price,  will  be  welcome  in  many  a  household. 
The  House-Boat  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  by  Everett  T. 

Tomlinson  (Lee  & 
Shepard),  is  a  sequel 
to  last  year*s  book 
called  Camping  on 
the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  the  same  four 
boys  who  had  pleas- 
ant adventures  in 
that  story  now  study 
Canadian  history  un- 
der  the  cliffs  of 
Frontenac,  in  addi- 
tion to  their  experi- 
ences of  life  in  a 
house-boat. 

Rival  Boy  Sports- 
men is  a  book  by  W. 
Gordon  Parker  that 
Introduces  a  hero  of 
several  previous 
books  by  the  same 
author.  This  hero  is 
Grant  Barton,  whose 
former   experiences, 


Cover  design  (reduced). 


which  we  must  not  pause  to  relate,  had  hardened  and 
invigorated  him  so  that  in  this  book  he  retoms  to 
school,  establishes  a  rival  club  of  young  sportsmen,  and 
we  have  a  sequence  of  fishing  matches,  boat-races,  and 
all  sorts  of  wholesome  sports.    (Lee  &  Shepard.) 

SOME  STORIES  ESPECIALLY  FOR  GIRLS. 
Myra  Sawyer  Hamlin  has  now  written,  as  the  third 
and  concluding  volume  of  her  popular  Chicopee  series, 
a  book  called  Nan's  Chicopee  Children.  The  heroine 
has  been  doing  nursing  work  in  Porto  Rico,  where  her 
husband,  who  is  a  physician,  had  been  serving  with  the 
army.  A  rich  friend  had  become  interested  in  Nan's 
idea  of  taking  poor  children  into  the  country,  and  helped 
her  to  found  a  summer  home  for  poor  girls  and  boys^ 
The  doctor  builds  a  small  hospital  in  couDection  with 
this  country  home,  and  sends  poor  children  to  it  as  he 
finds  them  in  his  city  practice.  These  little  invalids 
are  Nan's  Chicopee  children,  and  give  title  to  the  book. 
The  idea  of  helpfulness  inculcated  in  this  story  is  one 
that  has  a  prominent  place  in  a  good  many  of  the  books 
written  nowadays  for  girls.    (Little,  Brown  &  Co.) 

Another  of  these  stories  of  philanthropy  is  called  The 
Story  of  Delight,  ly  Evelyn  Raymond.  The  young 
heroine  is  obliged  by  the  death  of  those  nearest  to  her 
to  accept  the  rather  cold  hospitality  of  some  distant 
relatives,  where  she  sees  something  of  the  painful  and 
unpleasant  side  of  life ;  all  of  which  is  intended  provi- 
dentially to  prepare  her  for  the  better  fortune  that 
awaits  her.  The  villaiti  in  the  plot  makes  a  confession 
which  brings  to  our  heroine  an  ample  fortune,  of  which 
her  grandfather  had  been  defrauded ;  and  this  enables 
her  to  go  back  to  her  old  home  at  Seabury,  where  she 
launches  out  into  a  career  of  philanthropy  on  the  most 
approved  lines.    (A.  I.  Bradley  &  Co.) 

Almost  as  Oood  as  a  Boy,  by  Amanda  M.  Douglas 
(Lee  &  Shepard),  is  a  story  about  a  girl  who,  if  her  un- 
selfishness did  not  reach  out  to  the  community  at  large, 
at  least  turned  the  scale  of  fortune  for  her  and  her  fam- 
ily. The  death  of  her  father  had  left  a  straitened  Mtua- 
tion,  and,  in  order  to  be  of  help  to  her  mother,  she  goes 
to  work  in  the  hat  factory  of  an  uncle  in  a  distant  city. 
The  uncle  is  rich,  rheumatic,  and  something  of  an  old 
skinflint ;  but  our  little  heroine  nurses  him  in  illness 
and  completely  wins  him  over,  to  the  great  advantage 
of  her  folks  at  home. 

Not  quite  so  altruistic,  yet  tinged  with  that  spirit^  is 
Helen  Leah  Reed*s  story  called  Brenda,  Her  Sc/ioo?  and 
Her  Club  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.).  It  is  instructive  in  its 
information  about  Boston,  and  it  tells  of  schoolgirl  life 
and  incidents,  with  a  bazaar  organized  by  the  girls  of 
the  story, — all,  of  course,  for  charitable  purposes.  Sim- 
ply saturated  with  altruists  work,  however,  is  the  story 
by  Adelaide  L.  Rouse,  entitled  Helen  Beaton,  ColUgc 
Woman  (Bradley).  Helen,  after  leaving  college,  en- 
gages in  so-called  settlement  work  in  the  city  slums* 
where  her  good  work  is  not  completely  interrapted  by 
her  happy  marriage,  for  the  reason  that  she  marries  a 
young  man  who  is  also  engaged  in  that  kind  of  work. 

A  Plucky  Girl,  by  Laura  T.  Meade  (George  W. 
Jacobs  &  Co.),  is  the  story  of  a  young  person  who  has 
to  do  something  to  support  her  mother.  She  has  the 
fortitude  to  open  a  boarding-house,  which  does  no4 
make  ends  meet;  and  to  save  the  family  situation, 
which  grows  desperate,  she  is  about  to  marry  the  wron^ 
man.  In  due  time  the  right  man,  who  had  not  been 
drowned,  after  all,  reappears,  and  virtue  is  rewarded  all 
around.    The  philanthropic  idea  in  girls*  stories  is  not 


BOOKS  FOR  CHILUi^EN  AND  YOUNG  PEOPLE. 


779 


confined  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard.  The  Girls  of  Bonnie 
Castle^  by  Izola  L.  Forrester  (Jacobs),  is  a  Western 
story.  A  summer  cottage  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan, where  the  girls  have  a  little  club,  worked  out  the 
idea  of  a  summer  home  for  poor  children  from  Chicago. 

The  point  of  view  is  shifted  somewhat  in  Randy's 
Summer^  a  story  by  Amy  Brooks  (Lee  &  Shepard), 
from  the  giver  of  benefits  to  the  receiver.  Randy  is 
herself  a  nice  country  girl  of  fourteen,  and  her  summer, 
with  that  of  her  neighbors,  is  greatly  brightened  by  the 
advent  of  a  sensible  young  lady  from  the  city,  who 
helps  the  country  neighborhood  to  enjoy  itself  in  a 
pleasant  and  rational  way.  The  Play  Lady^  by  Ella 
Farman  Pratt  (Crowell),  is  the  story  of  a  girl  left 
penniless  and  motherless  and  with  the  care  of  an 
invalid  aunt.  She  has  a  comfortable  house,  however, 
And  devifies  the  plan  of  taking  charge  of  a  dozen  or 
more  children  several  mornings  each  week,  relieving 
their  mothers,  and  giving  the  children  their  luncheon 
and  agreeable  amusement. 

Laura  E.  Richards  has  a  new  story,  a  very  charming 
and  touching  one,  entitled  Snoio-White ;  or,  the  House 
€n  the  Wood  (Dana  Bates  &  Co.).  Snow- White  is  a  little 
child  who  wanders  away  and  becomes  lost,  weary,  and 
hungry.  She  finds  at  length  a  little  house  occupied  by 
a  solitary  man,  who  is  a  dwarf.  His  kindness  wins  her 
confidence  and  friendship,  and  she  explains  that  her 
parents  had  gone  to  New  York,  and  that  she  had  run 
away  from  her  governess.  She  proves  to  be  the  child 
of  the  woman  who  had  jilted  him  in  his  youth  and 
driven  him  to  his  life  as  a  hermit.  The  child  is  restored 
to  her  home,  but  maintains  her  friendship  for  the  soli- 
tary  man  in  the  woods. 

A  Child  of  Glee,  and  How  She  Saved  the  Queen,  by 
A.  G.  Plympton  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  is  the  adventure 
of  a  small  girl  from  the  town  of  Biddeford,  Maine,  who 
is  traveling  abroad  with  her  father  and  witnesses  the 
coronation  of  a  child-queen  in  the  kingdom  of  Averill. 
Strange  circumstances  make  her  the  friend  of  the  queen 
and  enable  her  to  circumvent  a  plot.  A  Little  Ameri- 
4^an  Chirl  in  India,  by  Harriet  A.  Cheever  (Little, 
Hrown  Ss  Co.),  is  a  very  interesting  and  instructive 
atory,  the  character  of  which  is  indicated  by  its  title. 

SOME  BOOKS  OF  SPECIAL  INTEREST  TO  BOYS. 

Daniel  Defoe's  Robinson  Crusoe  (Russell)  makes  its 
appearance  in  a  new  edition,  with  illustrations  of  ad- 
mirable freshness  and  originality,  drawn  by  the  Broth- 
ers Rhead.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  artists  made  a 
special  voyage  to  the  Island  of  Tobago,  where  the  scene 
of  the  story  is  laid,  in  order  to  match  the  realism  of  De- 
fects narrative  with  pictures  that  show  the  precise 
sandy  patch  upon  which  Friday  saw  the  footprints. 

The  Boys^  Book  of  Exploration  (Doubleday,  Page  & 
Co.)  is  by  Tudor  Jenks,  and  is  made  up  of  a  series  of 
tales  of  heroes  of  travel  and  discovery,  chiefiy  in  our 
own  generation,  in  all  parts  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  other 
parts  of  the  world.  Mr.  Hezekiah  Butterworth,  in 
Jack's  Carrier  Pigeons  {A.  L  Bradley  &  Co.),  tells  a 
tale  of  the  times  of  the  Mariners'  Home  and  Father 
Taylor,  the  well-known  Boston  preacher,  whose  mis- 
aion  was  especially  to  sailors. 

The  Dclahoides:  Boy  Life  on  the  Old  Santa  F6  Trail 
<Topeka,  Kan  :  Crane  &  Co.),  by  Col.  Henry  Inman,  is 
a  story  of  certain  boys  who  were  grandsons  of  Pierre 
I>elahoide,  an  old-time  French-Canadian  trapper,  who 
had  married  a  Cheyenne  squaw.  Their  life  on  the 
ranch,  their  love  for  animals,  and  their  coming  in  con- 


tact with  famous  men  make,  altogether,  a  thrilling 
story.  By  Way  of  the  Wilderness  (Lothrop)  is  a  story 
by  "Pansy  **  of  a  boy  who  leaves  home  because  of  a  dis- 
agreement with  his  stepmother,  gives  up  his  college 
career,  and  tries  to  make  his  own  way  in  a  hard  world. 
He  gains  experience,  if  not  success,  and  at  the  right 
time  becomes  reconciled  with  his  family.  Playground 
Toni  (Crowell),  by  Anna  Chapin  Ray,  tells  the  story  of 
the  Jewish  quarter  of  a  crowded  city  slum,  where  cer- 
tain young  ladies  have  established  a  playground  in 
connection  with  a  school.  Of  all  the  rieigged  children 
that  they  bring  together,  Toni  is  the  worst.  In  due 
time  he  is  won  by  tact  and  kindness. 

About  the  very  best  books  of  all  for  boys  are  those 
that  Mr.  Dan  C.  Beard  prepares  for  them,  because  Mr. 
Beard  shows  them  how  to  do  things  for  themselves.  Hhe 
Jack  of  All  Tra^s  (Scribners)  is  his  latest  book,  and 
its  suggestions  will  keep  many  a  boy  profitably  busy. 
Incidentally,  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  chapters  de- 
voted to  animal  life  teach  boys  to  regard  dogs  and  the 
other  animals  about  them  with  the  same  sort  of  thought- 
ful kindness  they  might  give  to  their  younger  brothers. 
Boy  Donald  (Lee  &  Shepard),  by  Penn  Shirley,  al< 
though  a  complete  story  in  itself,  is  in  some  sense  a 
sequel  to  earlier  books,  and  it  describes  life  in  Southern 
California.  The  Adventures  of  Joel  Pepper  (L6throp), 
by  Margaret  Sidney,  have  to  do  with  the  scrapes  of  the 
most  harum-scarum  member  of  the  Pepper  family. 
HaJf  a  Dozen  Thinking 
Caps  (Crowell),  by  Mary  F. 
Leonard,  is  the  story  of  six 
active  boys  formed  into  a 
Thinking  Cap  Circle  by  a 
young  lady  just  out  of  col- 
lege. 

James  Otis*  story  of  Aunt 
Hannah  and  Seth  (Crowell) 
tells  of  a  crippled  newsboy 
who  passes  a  bad  nickel  by 
accident  and,  under  fear  of 
arrest,  escapes  to  the  coun- 
try, where  he  makes  himself 
so  useful  to  a  certain  Aunt 
Hannah  that  she  gives  him 
a  home.  He  saves  her  life 
In  a  fire,  and  she.  In  turn, 
sees  the  advertisement  in  a 
newspaper  that  tells  why 
the  lawyers  wanted  him.  It 
was  not  for  passing  the  bad  nickel  by  mistake,  but  to 
inform  him  that  a  legacy  of  15,000  was  awaiting  him. 

FIVE  OTHER  GOOD  BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG. 

Chatterbox:  1900  (Dana  Estes  &  Co.),  edited  by  J. 
Erskine  Clarke,  is,  as  in  former  years,  full  of  entertain- 
ing and  varied  reading  matter  and  pictures.  Sunday 
Reading  for  the  Yming:  1901  (E.  &  J.  B.  Young  &  Co.), 
is  a  volume  of  collected  stories,  not  of  the  biblical  or 
strictly  religious  nature,  but  of  an  instructive  and  use- 
ful quality.  The  Little  Bible  (Doubleday  &  McClure), 
by  J.  W.  Mackail,  is  a  collection  of  Old  Testament  sto- 
ries rewritten  carefully  and  simply  for  young  children. 
From  the  pen  of  George  L.  Weed  we  have  A  Life  of  St. 
Paul  for  the  Young  and  A  Life  of  St.  John  for  the 
Young  (Jacobs),  each  of  these  taking  up  in  chronologi- 
cal order  the  incidents  and  scenes  in  the  life  of  its  sub- 
ject, with  such  citations  from  their  words  and  teachings 
as  may  well  help  the  young  to  realize  their  greatness. 


Cover  deslRn  (redaoed)  by 
Charles  (^peland  (Thomas 
Y.  Crowell  A  Co.,  Boston). 


INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS. 


Unless  otherwise  specified,  all  references  are  to  the  November  numbers  of  periodicals. 
For  table  of  abbreviations,  see  last  page. 


Abrahamic  Covenant,  L.  Link,  PQ,  October. 

Actor*s  Value,  A.  Laidlaw,  West. 

Adams,  Samuel,  W.  LeR.  Flory,  AMonM. 

Adirondack  Park  Region,  L.  Hubbard,  Jr.,  O. 

Africa  as  the  Largest  Game-Preserve  in  the  World,  J.  B. 

Torbet,  NatGM. 
Agricultural  Education,  Newer  Ideas  in,  L.  H.  Bailey,  EdR. 
Airship,  (Jount  Zeppelin's,  E.  Wolf,  McCl. 
Alcohol  Physiology  and  Temperance  Reform,  W.  O.  At- 

water,Harp. 
Algeria,  Political  Reforms  In,  A.  Cast^ran,  Nou,  October  1. 
Algiers,  Elizabeth  F.  Risser,  Over,  October. 
Allifirator-Hunting  in  Florida,  A.  Maude.  WWM. 
Anglo-American  Alliance,  J.  Sohn,  Onni. 
Animals  in  Warfare,  W.  Kelly,  Jr.,  Mun. 
Arbitration  Alliance,  International,  M.  D.  Cktnway,  9C. 
Arctic  Hunter,  Day's  Work  of  an,  A.  J.  Stone,  W  VV. 
Architecture- 
American  Architecture,  E.  Flagg,  Arch. 

Building,  Finest,  in  the  World,  F.  Dolman,  Str. 

Fontainebleau,  Palace  of,  R.  Sturgis^rch. 

French  Architecture,  Modern,  A.  D.  F.  Hamlin,  Arch. 

Quaint,  Old-Fashioned  House  for  $0,000,  C.  B.  Keen  and 
F.  E.  Mead,  LHJ. 

Villa  Farnese  at  Caprarola,  Marie  D.  Walsh,  Arch. 

Wauters,  Emile,a  Painter  of  Architecture,  G.  S^rae,  Arch. 
Army  Transportation,  Problem  in,  A.  W.  Butt,  Cos. 
Art: 

Adams,  Charles  Partridge,  Daisy  P.  Hall,  BP. 

Allen,  Charles  John,  Sculptor,  £.  R.  Dibdin,  MA. 

Anderson.  Hendrick  C,  Mrs.  S.  Van  Rensselaer,  Cent. 

Art  and  the  Woman,  Mac. 

Art  Culture.  Duty  of,  W.  von  Seidlitz,  Deut. 

Art  for  the  Home,  G.  E.  Walsh,  AI. 

Art  Sales  of  the  Season— I.,  Pictures,  W.  Roberts.  MA. 

Art  Students'  League  of  New  York,  Mary  Twombly, 
Bkman. 

Caricature,  American,  I.  A.  Pyle,  Mod. 

China,  Dresden,  AI. 

Collins,  G.  W..  Pencil-Drawings  of.  Art,  October. 

Colors,  Some  Prints  in,  J.  H.  Slater,  AJ. 

Cups,  Sporting— III.,  IntS. 

Decoration  of  London  Restaurants,  F.  Miller,  AJ. 

Designs,  Making,  J.  W.  Wentworth,  AI. 

Drawn-Work,  Lesson  in,  A  A. 

Du  Maurier,  Artistic  Position  of,  L.  Lusk,  AJ. 

Figure-PainUng  in  Oil,  AA. 

Furniture,  Lacquered,  at  Buckingham  Palace,  F.  S.  Rob- 
inson, MA. 

Glass  and   Ceramic   Industry  at   the   Paris  Exposition, 
W.  Fred,  Art,  October. 

Heine  as  an  Impressionist,  E.  B.  Shuldham,  Temp. 

Hutchison,  R.  Gemmell,  G.  Setoun,  A  J. 

Indian  Tepees,  In,  E.  A.  Burbank,  BP. 

Inness,  Martin,  and  Vedder,  N.  H.  Moore,  Mod. 

Landscape  in  Water-Colors,  A  A. 

Metal  and  Glass,  Designs  in,  M.  Moore,  AE,  October. 

Mexico,  Art  Eklucatiou  in,  Amanda  Matthews,  AE,  Octo- 
ber. 

Ministry  of  Art^.  Dorchester,  Jr.,  MRNY. 

Monet,  Claude,  W.  Dewhurst,  Art,  October. 

Palntirg,  Spanish  School  of,  A  A. 

Paris  Efxhibitlon,  Orandt  Prix  for  Painting  at  the,  H. 
Frantz,  MA. 

Peacock,  Ralph,  and  His  Work,  W.  S.  Sparrow,  IntS. 

Photo-Engraving  of  Pictures,  W.  C.  WhitUm,  BP. 

Philadelphia,  Art  Education  in,  Georgia  F.  Arkell,  AE, 
October. 

Rochegrosse,  G^eorges.  and  Historical  Painting,  C.  Man- 
clalr,  RRP,  October  15  and  November  1. 

Schneider,  Otto  J.,  Etchings  of,  M.  T.  Everett,  BP. 

Subject  in  English  Painting,  R.  de  la  Sizeranne,  Art, 
October. 

Tapestries,  Ancient,  Revival  of,  Lida  R.  McCabe,  AI. 

Tool-Chest,  HomejHow  to  Make  the,  O.  E.  Walsh,  AI. 

Van  Eycks,  The,  W.  H.  J.  Weale,  NlneC ;  Katherlne  W. 
Elwes,  West. 

Volk,  Douglas:  His  Work  as  a  Teacher,  F.  W.  Cobum, 
AE,  October. 

Wallace  Collection,  Glance  at  the,  J.  J.  B.  Constant,  NAR. 

Wispelaere.  Philip  de,  Wood-Carver,  Art,  October. 

Wood-Carving,  Maori,  C.  J.  Praetorius,  IntS. 
Astronomy,  Experimental,  at  Meudon,  R.   Radan,  RDM, 

October  15. 
Australasian  Federation,  United  States  and  the.  Compared, 
R.  Stout,  Forum. 


Australia,  Leaders  of  Thought  and  Action  in,  YH. 
Australia :  Resources  and  Attractions  of  Queensland,  RRH, 

Au!*trl(i,  Km  peril  r  of.  E.  I.  Primo-Stevensixi,  Oat* 

A^ir-t  rtpin  InturajK^Uon  %Var,  K*  Maj^t*)',  Mtid, 

Bnlkinii  nnij  Carrlt^r-Pia^^n  Service  In  the  FranooHG^rmsn 

Wjir.  Di-ut. 
Bniik  CifTk'!*  Dpporl unities,  J.  C.  Emory,  BaakNV. 
Bankt^rH'  A^^^orlntioii,  American,  Atiniml  Convention  ot 

BftlikNY,  OrtolH^r. 
Baiiklnj;  M*^iIhh1h,  Mmit-rn,  A-  R.  Barrett,  BankKY- 
Biiti  k  1 1  k;  ;  s  <  *-  n  r  h  y  fur  Circulating  Notes— II . ,  C-  A-  Omaok 

BziiikN'V.  til  tittii^r. 
BnnkiduSjhU-m.  Njitinndl,  L.,r  0age,  BankNY. 
BjitTh'sfjip-BuildiiiK.  Rapid,  W.  FawcetU  PopS- 
Flri  fimvi'ii  n^  n  Mfui,  H.  Davlea,  Mod. 
FSi-lu:iiim,  Kntflanrl  jukJ,  Fort. 

Bt!lKiura,  Home  Inrhi^trit^s  In,  A.  Julian,  ErfS,  Oetob*^  L 
Beliclu"!*  Literary  Movemeat  in,  K.Gilbert*  BBP^Oc^tob^ 

Iftwrirl  No  vein  Ik  r  I. 
Bt'HlTi,  rlty  CoiiTiiil  of,  E.  J.  James,  A  JS. 
BHitf ,  Survit'b  of  Nt'gnth'i^  CrltlclBui,  J.  R.  Wilson,  Hook. 
Hiltlii  itl  Law  -VIL,  IK  \\\  Am  ram,  GBaR. 
H.  li  I*  TH.  Wj^tHNTiiW,  ftir  Nftval  Servrct\  B,  H.  Tli  w*alt*,  Sni' 
Hi  in  nil  lit*.  AleXHiidr^'  PorftrlL-vlt^^h,  M.  Delines,  III', 
iic>>  h  nm\  itirU,  itoHciUiK  for.  E.  T.  Tijiiilin«<^ri.  AUmit. 
BiViilMjikhiff  at  tlu'  l-'jiriH  Ki|>i>sitioii.  H.  \V\  Wllt-y,  FufTinu 
Browiiiiif,  Kol>f*rt.  Theology  nf,  II,  White,  VL,  i^pteinti»R 
Bn  Av  n .  J  i< '  V .  T  hi  I  m^u  »  E. ,   S ,  H .  W .  H  ii  gbi's;-G  a  m  *■«,  For  t, 
HrymiL  \\  illliim  L\,  In  X\w  FfMUprfnts  of,T.F.  WoLfts^Un^ 
HnrktTsilctrf  llH^btf^,  fStfirtJiiri^?  lif.  s.  Crant?,  Lipp« 
Bums,  IjLSH-Knovvn  Laiirlaf,  B.  Ms^cfirvfjor,  L«ii»H. 
BoahiJulL  llonirf,  i4.  D.  f\  SainH  mmL  H^.  October. 
BjTon,  Lord,  Works  of,  Kiliii,  i  t-  ^-►S-  r. 
(^aliforiiiu.  Tflxiii^  Churclif*  in,  uvt-r,  OcLober, 
Culvif>*H  Liteniry  Ai^hievementfl,  F-  Bniueti6rc^  RDM*Oe^ 

to  bur  If*, 
Cftmbtidctj,  Lit^^rnry  Memnrlrs  of,  W.  D.  HowtrlU,  HailL 
Uaoiulii,  Eiglit  Ut?tjvr&l  Election*  in,  A.  ii,  U.  CoiqaMua, 

Canftaii,  Freni  h,  rind  the  Empire.  J.  Q.  S,  Coi,  Nini^C, 

Cai I iu\ ti.  Li brii rlrs  in ,  J ,  Bh I ri ,  J  r , ,  Can. 

CaiJ+'  Nome,  Womun'a  Ejiiferkiice  at,  Eleanor  B,  Cal4«tiL 

CaiiKnl  Concppt,  DiPtnistflion  of  tlip,  F.  A.  Fetter,  OJEirtiib 

(  uriH'ts  Wenvlrn^^r,  hi  Uont-gAl.  Uary  (ft»rife».  Cf^ib. 

t  'iikJt^L  ( ;  raridL',  Hums  of.  AJir**  K.  Cnirie,  Ov«*r,  October. 

rriMj,+  ltlrh^>r  Wiir  II oil  of  liiihistry,  F.  H,  HU<ihln.  NliifCV 

r?*i,i,  j^mlm  Wprc  of  Chd*ii«n  Origin,  M.  Cami^be1l.€MtL 

I'itM  W  UoarLtl'upto  C^Eirimla,  J,  Inn^BtCan, 

Citv,ilr> .  Nifiie  i^n  i1n-  K  volution  of,  P.  N.  Mntide^  TSM.    , 

Cnvi-Binls  <hf  'I'riiiiilud,  Huntiugthe.  W,T.  Ilornaday,  F^U 

ChaiFfcln  rliiio.  *loi^-ihli,  H.  WImtos,  Fori, 

CluiriUiblo  Wt>rk,  TraliiiiiK  fi^r,  Ht^lun  BoBanttuet^  ChJhf* 

U  hn  1-1  lit'  1^,  CoUTi  t  y ,  of  K  n  hwbw,  i '  har, 

Cliarlty,  OrgaTiizecL  In  SmitU  Cities^  Char. 

i'ii^irhy  :  Hrevyntlv*?  Work,  J.  Lef.Chaf. 

1  Ilhh.  tT.  Owiffrpy.  R  Qrvunnlet.  Forum;  J,  W.  HAlea.KATL 

1  huiiijni*^iia  Boj-a'Clob,  J.  A,  Bnbliitt,  t'ltBOi. 

{  hM  iL'it,  ^K^lal  8etU«mouts  In,  Frani^e^B,  Kinbre«^  Oti^t 

(  hik .  sui'lal  Condition  of,  C\!3ubcrwi*eaux,  R*?r3,Oetoh©rlfiv 

China: 

Asiatic  Conditions  and  International  Policies,  A.  T.  Ma^ 
han,  NAR. 

Boxers  in  Manchuria,  J.  Ross,  MisR. 

Buddhism  and  Christianity  in  China,  M.  MtlUer,  NineC. 

Carriers^hinese,  H.  C.  Smart,  Can. 

Causes  Which  Led  to  the  Siege  of  the  Foreign  Legations 
at  Peking,  R.  Allen,  Corn. 

China,  W.  B.  Parsons,  PopS. 

China  and  International  Relations,  Edin,  October. 

Chinese  Crisis,  QR,  October. 

Chinese  Situation  Forty  Years  Ago,  F.  W.  Fitapatrick.  InL 

Christian  Missions  and  European  Politics,  G.  M.  Fla> 
mingo,  OC. 

Education,  Chinese,  OO. 

Educators,  American,  in  China,  O.  B.  Smyth,  Ont. 

Europe  in  China,  E.  Tallichet,  BU. 

'»  Foreign  Devils,"  Rival.  H.  KnoUys,  Black. 

Hart,  Sir  Robert,  H.  C.  Whittlesey.  Atiaat. 

Justice,  Plea  for,  A.  E.  Spender,  West. 

Language,  Chinese,  F.  Poole,  Lipp. 

Li  Hung  Chang.  M.Von  Brandt, Dent:  J.  W.  Foster, IntM. 

Mother  Goose,  Chinese,  I.  T.  Headland,  Home. 

Pagodas  of  China,  By  the,  R.  E.  Speer,  FrL. 

Parties  and  Their  Leaders,  I.  T.  Headland,  Ains. 


INDEX   TO  PERIODICALS. 


781 


Peking  Legations:  A  National  Uprising  and  International 
Epiiiode,  K.  Hart,  Fort. 

Peking,  Diary  of  the  Siege  of,  Mrs.  E.  K.  Ixjwry,  McCl. 

Pleasures  and   Amosements,  Chinese,  Qten,  Tcheng-Ki- 
Tong,  EM,  October. 

Powers'  SUkes  in  China,  WW. 

Problem,  Chinese,  P.  Leroy-Beanllen,  RDM,  November  1. 

Review  of  the  Situation,  I.  T.  Headland,  MRNY. 

Shanghai,  Siege  of.  In  1858,  LeisH. 

Sports  and  Games,  Chinese,  L  T.  Headland,  O. 

Tamingof  the  Dragon,  L.  J.  Davies,  Fomm. 

Ward,  Frederick  Townsend,  the  American  Gordon,  T.  R. 
Dawley,  Jr.,  Mod. 

Western  Powers,  China  and  the,  F.  Crispi,  NAR. 

Wou-San-Kwei— a  Chinese  Satrap,  D.  C.  Boolger,  Com. 
Choir  Pieces,  Words  of,  W.  S.  Pratt,  Hart. 
Christian  Instinct,  E.  F.  Burr,  Horn. 
Christianity  and  Race  Evolution,  J.  H.  Willey,  MRNY. 
Christianity,  Ethics  of,  W.  B.  Greene,  Jr.,  PQ,  October. 
Christianity,  Antecedents  of,  R.  Mariano,  N A,  October  1. 
Christ's  Time,  Inner  Lafe  of,  G.  F.  Genung,  Bib. 
Church  for  the  Times,  E.  H.  Dewart,  Hom. 
CiUes,  Battle  of  the,  A.  I.  Street,  Ains. 
Civil  Engineering  as  a  Profession,  L.  F.  Vemon-Harcourt, 

NatR. 
Cioud.Bursts  in  Arizona,  J.  J.  E.  Llndberg.  W WM. 
Coal  and  Metals,  R..G.  L^vy,  RDM,  November  1. 
CoaL  Sea-Bome,  Loading  and  Carrying  of,  F.  S.  Snowdon, 

Eng. 
College  Endowments,  J.  Blgham.  MRNY. 
Colleges,  ni-Got ten  Gifts  to,  Vlda  D.  Scudder,  Atlant. 
College,  The  Christian,  A.  T.  Perry,  Hart. 
Commerce,  International,  Century  of,  O.  P.  Austin,  NAR. 
Competitive  System,  What  Communities  Lose  by  the,  J. 

London,  Cos. 
Corporations,  Public-Service,  W.  Z.  Ripley,  QJEcon. 
Corsica,  Quaint  Town  of,  Cham. 

Congo  Free  State,  Visit  to  the.  Count  C.  d'Ursel,  RDM,  No- 
vember 1. 
Congressional  LIbrfir>\  Marie  A»  OonnoTJ,  Rob. 
CJofjutHfttititiople,  Hobt  rt  CoJlcgt?.  <l.  Wiinlibum,  Iliift. 
QoneutnpUcHi,  Our  Bh*:p  und,  J,  Griint.  S^ttii. 

Sootlgurty  arid  Slmiliirityj  VV.  FiUi,  PlilL 
rokvrt  RU'Uanl.  Tbv  Real  W.  M.  Cleuu'nfl.  Honii^ 
**  CromwftU/*  Mtir ley's  Rbd  R<>u««v^eltX  DUL  NtiVfUiberl. 
Cabtt  Ei«a  Field  for  Emlgrhtimi.  Cliam. 
CJ^ba>  ClosLng  Days,  Prwbli'niM  of,  Lrf^^unora  R,  Ellis.  >fod. 
CubA:  Tlie  Gresiest  Charity  Skihvme  of  the  Century,  F.  A. 

Munwy,  MuDh. 
Dtilture,  Xfw,  for  New  Condi  Ifotirt.  M.  H-  LIddell.  \\\X^ 
Cttrrpiicy  r  Coin  OblUutiuRii  of  the  United  Stjit^^*i,  BLiiikXY. 
dUTcncy,  t;nU«?d  .Statt^*.  F.  A,  V  under  Up.  BttukL. 
Dtf.Hll«.  the  Me^liHEu  P,  I'.  Flmiriioy,  PQ,  Ocii*tMfr. 
Debt** of  Hciiifir,  W.  A.  MLCkan.  OHui?. 
DeoMjrnwT:   Is  It  h  Full  lire  U\  the  SpanHi-Anicrkan  Re- 

irablii  >*?    J.  M.  Si^iitfier,  MRNY. 
DrimxTufy.UririiDi zed.  find  Reiki  PurUiimeiitaryliitni,  C  Be- 
_    iMi(sURb.\I,(XHot>erl5. 
DmiocracyH,  Vlndicallon  of.  Fort. 
•*  Dtctlonary  of  XutiojiHl  Hkpiirnpbi'j"  H.  EUia,  Crit, 
Divtbea,  Eminent.  Jitudy  f»f.  J,  \V.  \\%:»bb,  M  UN  V. 
DocniAtlftm,  TenderK-Je4i  of,  U,  BuiiriwrmHniK  Ueui. 
Dnuna,  Amt'tlrun,  s^ome  Phafiesof  the,  L.  Mea*l.  MnJ. 
Dtkhih^  Lltertity  Prosrunt**  of  the.  Mr.  H^i^tnnd  mid,  E^in. 
Dr».ina;  MocSeni  EriifVlsh,  C.  HaHtiiiK>*,  Kon,  Ottolw-i- 1«. 
Dr&ntttttc  Art  in  EtiiclatKt  and  Amerka.  V.  ^tott^  Mun, 
DrebH,  EitraviiifftiH'esin.Ouein^nlon  fUnusden,  Miici". 
Duck-SbootingMeUiod!*,  J.  D,  Kimp.  D. 
Dn«^Iit.  Elifht^-enth-Centnrjf,  K,  Miichniy,  NIM. 
Daiiab  Perwins:  UowThey  Sy*^!ik,  E.  F.  Ed«ett,  Str. 
DtinroblQ  Ca*tK  K-  ^-  G<>wtr,  FMM, 
^of  if^lrt^H^al  Furielinn,  W,  <;.  F.  Waliaoe,  PQ.  Oi  tn^if^r. 
Ev  M-  >^  H  ■>  -.  3|Ht^ni«ti  StHLtfiuiam  Draaiutlftl,  Poet,  Furmr  H. 

i^BnittJvr,  PL,  September. 
Eldiicatlon : 

Arithmetic,  Some  Historical  Points  on.  S.  Harvey,  Ed. 

Boys,  Private  Schools  for,  L.  C.  Hall,  EdR. 

Bdncatioo  and  Morals,  B.  Winchester,  Ed. 

Bdncatlon  as  World-Building,  T.  Davidson,  EdR. 

Sngland,  EducaUonal  Movements  in— lY.,  W.  K.  HllL, 
SchooL 

English  Composition  In  Secondary  Schools,  Mabel   L. 
Warner,  Ed. 

France,  Training  Teachers  in,  Lncy  M.  Salmon,  EdR. 

Oerman  Higher  Schools,  E.  E.  Brown,  EdR. 

Higher  Education,  Ethnic  View  of.  I.  W.  Howerth,  EdR. 

Higli-School  Reform,  C.  M.  Clay,  Ed. 

High  Schools,  Problems  Which  Confront,  R.  O.  Huling, 
H.  L.  Boltwood.  C.  C.  Ramsay,  A.  W.  Bacheler,  Ed. 

matory,  Difflculties  in  Teaching*  J.  T.  McManls,  School. 

HIstory-Teachlng,  Concreteness  in.  H.  E.  Bolton,  School. 

Lfoodon  School  Board,  Three  Tears^  Pro|^^esivism  at  the, 

_T.  J.  Blacnamara,  Fort. 

Physics  a  **  Training  for  Power,"  H.  Crew,  School. 

Secondary  Bdncatlon  in  the  United  SUtes-III.,  The  High- 
School  Period,  E.  E.  Brown,  School. 


.Sf-r-rmiliirr  Schools  for  Qlrls,  Private*  Loniae  S.  B.  Sann- 

derfl.  liilk, 
Tt'jicJjijitf  iM  it  ProfeftF^loTi.  Cnr*ilvn  S^hlriTridru  EdR. 
Ednnrdti,  JonaiJuiit,  Enrly  laeulirtni  of,  ll.N.<Jttrdlner,Phll. 
Etfypt:  From  Akx^ndrla  to  Ui*?  First  Cutamcl  of  the  Nile, 

F.  >K  DavL^nott^Chatit. 
EUf  tririty  tn  th^*  [MnHng-Offlre.  W.  H.TapIer,  CasM. 
I-JIcj  ti  Ir  TrjimwnyH  in  It^Ty.  E,  Hi^niLml,  Eng. 
EU'Mhiniiin  MyetrHts,  C.J.  Wfrfwl,  OC. 
EUruUoiiists,  Wonimi,  J.  J).  MUler.  NutM. 
Englnnd :  mi^  Ureal  Hrltain. 
EiikI»*»"1"    How   Certnin    Ht'brewii  WundertMi    to   Britain* 

M,  W.  Sptcicer,  AngA. 
ETHtliind,  Qaetfre^l  8trei-tH  In,  NIM- 
Kiiiilmid:  TheCliHiUe  Tort-s,  Blark. 
Eiiu-rpriii^  and  Proiit,  F,  a.  HHwky.  QJEcon. 
'*  Eurrtm?  Is  No  More,"  M.  Debrit,  lot  At. 

EjcplalJoii  in  Human  Redemption.  PJat'e  of.  (t.  R.  Gow,  AJT. 
Fiirtnry  Lci^t^lHlUm,  Courl*)  ao^Jn,  <!►  W.  Altfi  r,  A  J  8. 
Fiitiili!'ni  of  the  C  VuUiry,  i.\  F«rLnj6rf>n»  Mitiit. 
Kjfthefte*.  ConwrvRikm  of  Our,C.  M.  Hin^  kford,  Jr.,  O. 
F3U-<*eriild.  Edwnril,  B.  Turn^y,  Allmit. 
Flynt,  Tutor,  New  EnjfUnd'fe  Fir*t  HnmoHst,  D.  M.Wilson. 

Fouil'iOI:  Evolntlnn  in  Tftctirt*  and  Plaiy.  W.  Csvmp;  Devel- 
opment of  the  Kicking  Game,  G.  H.  Brooke;  A  Manual 
in   Punting,  P.  D.  Haughton;   The  Player*s  Harness^ 
C.  Chadwick,  O. 
Frnnre: 
Army  IMnnetivert,  H.  «,  S^fimerset,  Nln^C, 
lirM  tniiy,  Piv^riii,  A.  de  Cmae.  RRP.  Ott^klw-r  16l 
h:ii'<  timi^,  pj^jt  liologv  or  the,  P,  PoiEhr.  It  It  P.  OH^berlS. 
l"[i'rnins(Hiin  U>  tlie  Army,  L.  Je^ndr^,  KKP,  November  1. 
Mjlltary  gut nt Ion,  A.  V(?tigliilr<.\  Bir. 
Wir  In  iljy  KiKiiteejith  CVriCnry,8,  t*.  Trtllentyrc,  Corn, 
Fnuite,  M*  AnHt-<tie,  New  Nov*'lBOf,  QR,  October, 
Froiikllo,  Beojamiu  ;  Hla  Heli^lioti  to  MiUfk-,  O.  G,  8anneck«. 

FrederE -k  flae  Qn-at-IIL.  W.  OV.  Mnrrln,  USM. 

FH.Mifl^ljjp  III  t«i  *'Ti  Uj,^  Si'xrs,  L*  K.  Stibburd,  We«f. 

"FrMFii  liMlhi  u*\\,*'  ilriii.i  Mars/*  J.lI.HysIop,  XAB. 

Fniir-finivvitm  Jri  Aih*  rii^n,  T.  t)rei»er*  Hurp, 

OiU'l,  T1m\  imd  Hli*  HeritHfft',  Fiohii  Mfkcieod,  NtneC, 

fiiilvesitnn  Tr-fiKi*d>,  J.  Fiiy,  i'm. 

GEiiiie-Blrd  ShootlTig  in  8outh  Africn,  H.  A.  Rrpi^n,  O* 

fiunie,  MiiMtiirtio.of  Kuroiie*  W.  a.  BttlUie'Urtfifimiin,  O. 

Giirden-Mflktoff,  E.  ^.  Prior,  IntS. 

(Jiii-flen,  My  Mirl^mter,  M* Thomp«>n,  Cent* 

Giifi-Liebt,  Cull  tern. 

Uuul.  lioomri  Cnnqueet  of,  Ed  In,  Oct4il>er, 

Genmin  Smlf^llnt^  and  the  Agrarian:  Question,  E.  Milhaiid, 

RHfle,  OeU^tK-r. 
Gi?rp>',  Elbridnc  T.,  and  the  Society  for  Mie  prevention  of 

Cru*4t>'  to  Children,  J.  H,  Adnms,  Alos, 
Oolf,  S^jpreud  of,  WW. 
UciHiH^l,  Fourilu  Tatian*8  RcarrangemeDt  Of  the,  B,  W,  Ba- 

f-nn,  AJT. 
GoUiH-hHlki  The  First  American  Plmilit,  E.  Bw&yne.  Mus^ 

OctolM^r. 
Great  Brltiitn :  see  ftl*o  TtunsvAal. 

Afliniriif<r«iT.Jve  Be  form,  VV,  E.  SnelK  We«t* 

Army  and  lt*i  Cri tit's,  J.  W.  PorteHrue,  Mtic, 

Army,  How  to  popnlnrljse  the.  PMM. 

Army  Orifsudxntiotj,  G.t'hejHOey,  JMi^l, 

ArtiM  Ht"4^r^«nl?.Hrion,  Black. 

lleUlum,  En t£ bind  »oiU  Forr. 

lirit  Isb  <'Kar:  The  Uenenil  Elector,  W.  T.  Stead,  AMHH. 

Cublnt'l  Ciovenimenl  or  DejKirtmeiitall&m  7  J.  A,  U.  Mazw 
rkitt,  Ninei\ 

t;iinmift,  Sftcdflre^  of,  E-  E.  WiUinmH,  NatH. 

c'htittilH'rlBln.  Joseph.  Trinuiiih  of.  Gunt. 

C  (uin:hmeii  \w  tht*  iJliefiil  pjirty,  H,  C.  Gurrod,  Wef^t, 

(^.iiiimtTiL'Inl  lltf'laH^'Tih  uf  En^rlund,  L7,  A- ForVs*,  LQ, 

Elir  tJ,,rj*M  riTij,^  \V..ii].Mi.  KlizulM^th  L.  Bank  ft,  KineC. 

El"  tt^in,  i'sitiioiir    uthI  AM<^r,  J.  A.  Kpenrler,  (*olitem* 

En^^nndV  I'oftopnlnrity,  Lrmi  Kpwtnn.  Dent. 

Kriiflhli  t  Aim,  B.  Kaniiffj^^^rgovlti'lj.  BliKlJttoWr  15, 

Eotf  Mftbroim  :  Why  He  Succeed*  -  1I..W.  H.  FiUhtslU  RRM, 
Seprem^ver. 

<;,Tiink3  Ktretion,  Ed m. October;  QR,  Otttob«r« 

Iiii|nTiall'*ra  U)  Eitremiii,  Weet. 

ItHltJHtrltil  Snpremftry,  Que«tii>n  of,  J.  TInmlcy,  Cham, 

liiiilUkfi^iirp  DojiurrraeTit,  EtikUhIi,  A   UrifliiLs,  Forum* 

[nvHsion  of  Enieliuid,  rmhk^ni  of  jtu.  \V\  E.  CairtieA,  NatR. 

LibenilKTn*  IkjwrifiUl  of,  E.  lJi<  t'y.  Fort. 

XatloiuLl  DereiiBL\  Unh*er*itle«  and.  T.  F.  G.  Huddlwston. 
NatH. 

Kiivy.  Hank  and  File  of  the,  C  Be  re*  ford,  Str. 

Parlinment,  New^  BUek. 

P)tr!famt.-nL.  Qualnl  ^ide  of,  HHag, 

Piillnntbropy  <w.  Leglalatioo,  A.  OniM^,  West, 

i^ost-Offl**!?*  Report  of  tlie,  BunkL. 

Prnbkmm  Faeing  EoglAnJ,  W,  T.  8 tend,  RRL, 

Ke4'OUKtnutiL*n  or  Cfttsfttrophe  ?  NfttR. 

S?c'bmd    Boord.  Modenttea   und   the,  W*  C.   Bridfenyin^ 
NatK, 


782 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiEl^  OF  RE^IEl^S. 


Schools.  HJcber  Bleaentarr,  E.  L.  Stanley*  Coainn. 

Sokliers.  British,  Black. 

Tariff  lofbrmaUoD.  A.  Warren.  West. 

Vohxateer  Force.  CoostitntioD  of  the,  E.  Balfoor,  USM. 


Voiimtecrs,  Traiainf  of  the,  USM. 
rreek  Beiicioti  and  Mjrtbologr.  P.  Cams.  tHJ. 
-Gtu^  Greats  How  the  United  States  TesU  Its,  C.  3L  Ho> 


GorenuHome. 

HaUof  Fame.  EL  3C  XacCracken,  AMRR. 

UambnrE.  Port  €gf,  P.  de  Rooaiera.  RPar.  October  IS. 

lUnaa.  Marcos  Alonzo.  W.  A.  White,  McCL 

Harcoort.  i^ir  William,  Pariiamentanr  Anecdoies  of,  W. 
SidefooCikam.  Cham. 

Hawaii  Ftnt— 111..  E.  S.  Goodhne.  AnxA. 

Uebrrw  Law,  Development  of  the.  E.  Peck,  Bib. 

Hrlmholtx.  Hermann  too.  Edin,  October. 

Hone.  American  Heavy  Hamees.  Making  the.  F.  M.Ware,  O. 

Hospitals.  l>topenaarics,  and  Nnrsinfc— IL.  H.  M.  Hard.  Char. 

HooMrkccping,  Stndy  of,  in  Boston,  Mary  £.  Tmeblood, 
NEng. 

Horer.  Richard :  His  Promiae  and  Work,  Helena  Knorr, 
PL.  September. 

HiMlson's  Bay  Company  To-day.  B.  Willson.  Com. 

Huso.  Victor,  Love-Letters  of  (IfflO-lSS).  Harp. 

Human  Race,  Cradle  of  the,  S.  Waddiogton.  NineC. 

Homan  YitaUty,  Vibrations  of,  H.  Baradoc.  RRP.  Korem- 
berL 

Horricane,  Mechanism  of  the,  J.  Montague,  Home. 

Horricanes  on  the  Coast  of  Texas.  A.  W7 Greeley.  XatGM. 

Idealism,  Prscticable,  A.  Bootwood,  LQ,  October. 

Inunigranta.  B.  J.  Hendrick.  FrL. 

IndU:  An  Empire  Adrift,  V.  Nash,  Contem. 

India,  Famines  in,  G.  Bradshaw,  Long. 

Indian-Land,  Trip  to,  Helen  K.  Mills.  Kind. 

Infantry.  Mounted,  B.  H.  Carr-Ellison,  USM. 

Inns.  Little,  of  France  and  England,  E.  C.  Peizotto.  Cos. 

Inqoiry.  Spfait  of.  Unshackling  of  the,  E.  Kraose,  OC. 

Inspiration,  R.  H.  Newton,  Mind. 

Insurance  Against  Death,  Old  Age,  and  Sickness,  L.  Fon- 
taine, Re^,  October  15. 

Irish  Church  from  the  Danish  to  the  Anglo>Norman  InT»- 
sion,  E.  A.  d*Alton,  Dub,  October. 

Iron.  Reriral  and  Reaction  in,  A.  Brown,  Forum. 

Irrigation  for  the  East,  I  A. 

Irrigation  in  Nebraska,  lA. 

Irrigation  in  Washington,  A.  A.  Batcheller,  I  A. 

Irrigation  in  the  West.  W.  E.  Smythe.  Atlant. 

Irrigation :  Limited  Water-Supply  of  the  Arid  Region,  F.  H. 
Newell,  NatGM. 

Italy: 
Colonisation  and  Agrarian  Reform,  M.  Ferraris,  NA,  Oc- 
tober 1. 
Humbert  L,  Commemorations  of,  G.  Pompllj,  NA,  Octo- 
ber 1 ;  L.  Vitali,  RasN.  October  1. 
Italian  Unity,  Completion  of.  1861-71.  Edin,  October. 
ItAly,  Third  Life  of,  G.  d'Annunaio.NAR. 
Sarings-Banks,  Italian,  P.  Manassei,  RasN,  October  18. 
Situation  in  Italy.  B.  King,  Contem. 
Socialists,  Congress  of,  G.  Plnardi,  RSoc,  October. 
Vatican  and  QuirinaL,  Struggle  Between,  G.  M.  Flamingo, 
Dent. 

Japan,  Elducation  in,  Louise  E.  Dew,  Kind. 

Japanese  Navy.  C.  C.  P.  Fitzgerald,  NatR. 

Japanese  Theater,  J.  Hitomi,  RRP,  October  15. 

Japanese— *^*  The  French  of  the  Far  East,**  Cora  L.  Daniels, 
Mod. 

Japan,  Industrial  Rerolution  in.  Count  Okmna,  NAR. 

Jesus.  Story  of— n..  C.  Howard,  LHJ. 

Joachim.  Joseph,  Edith  L.  Winn.  Mus. 

Job.  Book  of.  Literary  Study  of  the.  W.  E.  Smyser,  MRXT. 

Jordan  River.  Sources  of  the^.  L.  Leeper,  Bib. 

Journalism  of  New  York,  H.  Davis,  Mun. 

Kaut,  Abstract  Freedom  of,  R.  B.  Perry,  Phil. 

Karl  A  v..  King  of  Sweden  and  Norway,  C.  S<-hefer,  Deut. 

Keeler,  James  Edward,  W.  W.  Campbell.  PopS. 

Kefewick  Teaching  and  Effective  Gospel  Preaching,  A.  T. 
Pierson,  Horn. 

Key,  Francis  Scott.  Recollections  of,  Anna  K.  Bartow,  Mod. 

Khakimania,  Effectsof,  Upon  Our  Dress,  H.  Shuddick,  West. 

Kindergarten,  Ethical  and  Religious  Import  of  the,  W.  M. 
Bryant,  KIndK. 

Kindergartens  in  the  Southland,  Mrs.  Anna  Murray.  Kind. 

Kindergarten  Work,  Simplicity  in.  Mary  J.  Garland,  KindR. 

Klondike,  Impreshions  of,  C.  C.  Osborne,  Mac 

Laocxk  Abbey,  A.  H.  Diplock,  Gent. 

l.uke-Dweller«,  Dr.  Jessopp.  NineC. 

Lamb.  Charles,  QR.  October. 

Law,  lioman.  Spirit  of  the,  G.  Ravens,  GBag. 

Lawyer  and  the  Corporation.  B.  Wiuchebter.  Mod. 

L^'tfinlation,  Direct,  in  America.  E.  P.  Oberholtzer,  Arena. 

Leszczynska,  Stanislas  and  Marie,  P.  Boy6,  RPar,  Novem- 
Ikt  1. 

Ll»*erly  through  Sovereignty.  J.  Lee.  NEng. 

LIthI.  Jenny,  in  St.  Loui».  T.  Papin,  Mu». 

Liu-riiry  Center  of  the  English  Language,  Future.  B.  Mat- 
thews, Bkman. 


Literature,  Amcticnn*  TcndeBciea  of!.  C  L.  Moa>«.  I>inl« 

November  L 
Literature:  D6b«tsof  Great  Writers.  D.  d*AlBMna.  RBP, 

November  1. 
Literature :  Montaigne  and  Eaay-Writtng  in  France,  F.  M. 

Warren.  Chant. 
Literature :  SUvonic  StlhoBettes.  C.  Brintoo.  Crit. 
LiverpooL  Street-Trading  Children  of.  T.  Bnrke.  Oontc^ 
Locke*s  Relation  to  Descartes.  F.  Thilly.  PhlL 
London  Omnibuses.  W.  B.  Robertscm.  CaaB. 
Longinns  and  the  Treatise  on  the  Sublime.  QR.  October. 
Luke.  Gospel  of.  Purpose  and  Plan  of  the.  E.  D.  Burton,  BUl 
Machinery,  Part  Played  by,  L.  Hoollevigne.  RPar,  Octo> 

berlS). 
Machine^Shoo  Cost  Reduction.  H.  Cokely.  Eng. 
Mahometan  Rule.  Sufferings  of  Christians  Under,  Boa. 
Malaria  and  the  Mosonito.  QR.  October. 
Marshall,  Emily,  wTPemne,  LHJ. 
Maryland,  Early,  Bar  of.  E.  S.  RUey,  GBag. 
Master.  Life  of  the-XL,  The  Crucifixion  of  the  IfrmiiTi. 

J.  Watson.  McCL 
■*i^.''Tr,.ii  i:.-'.'.  ■'  -^-1  theG«»^-  ■.-.-. 

y\  lis  ac-n  tr.^  Gi^nusodTB^  Mvm,  Qcy>h^-t^ 
M^^  PUffrimagis :  Bovll  iBCbodnelcd.  A.  fLWmu  W^WM. 
Mt^iical  Jurispredenee  In  AA0fle%  CL  Brll,  San. 
MriJrio.  Xatio^l  Drink  of,  Clara  S.  Brnwm.  OvW.  Oeti^btir. 
M  i  LL  John  Stuart,  A  Letter  to,  W,  M.  t^aiOela,  Atbk^ 
MJiid  Beadef.  Hov  to  Become  a.  H^  Sut&rtlaftd.  Batm^^ 
M  Inft  ManagctDent,  Prini.'ipies  ot  A.  Q.  Ch&rletti«,  Sbg^ 
Mi»lon9: 
Americaa   Boards  Annual  SvrreT  of  0ie  Work  of  the. 

J.Smlth^ajid  J.L.Baftoa,MlsEl. 
American  Mlsiionary  Assoclatioii^  C.  J.  Ryder,  NatM. 
Banu  Manteke.  Africa,  Starr  of.  H.  Bicb&rda,  MMlk 
China.  Fnture  Pollry  In,  A.  J.  Bmvra.  ilt^R^ 
Chioa.  Mmj ]^  of  the  Atn^rlizan  Hoard  tn.  MlaH. 
Chtfia :  l\i^  StttutioQ  and  the  OnUoofe,  J.  SBilih«l|J^. 
!l.  ...  :.  M  -SMrior.O,M.Giil*ck,3illiJt 
J ,   .  ,   :  r    ,     ; ,  -  Work  A  moDg  the,  A.  T.  Pterwin,  HIsE, 
M>  ^    ..  >:  '  ^011:^.  Probtemsor^F»  W.G.MJtaterttSj^MlsR. 
.Seviu>.  .MrUiHK)  it)  ^1lR6io(i'Work.  D.  Z.  &licfie«d«  MitR. 
NicamgtiA  Mij^5]on.  <.  ri'ii^  m  the.  P.dvSebwvlnltz,  MisB. 
tif^bcH  <  oil*«*  :  How  It  Wat  I*tillU C.  BamUji.  ItlalL 
Mifbile.  From.  U>  Xt^w  Orle*nff,  Elije  H,  Oterfvr,  Int^ 
5li  ihjMiimt^lAnUcm  In  th^  Ntiitt««nt£0«ntQrr,  O,  Mantis  XAJL 
>lriTi<^3',  ItiUmstioiiAU  J.  H.  Cuntt.  Bw&kKT. 
Mo  fit  2!<t.  Michel,  Crrareft  and  Ghosts  of,  B.  ^fboMU  Orer, 

Cnuber. 
MooK^Ji  Market,  In  a.  NIM. 
Morocco,  Fast  atid  I'rewnt,  QR,  October. 
MoFoeco,  Y«stenilji^  jind  Tr>.day  Ik,  B.  MfiaJCln*  Fdtikiil 
Motorcycle?^  Field  for,  M.  C.  Kr*ra]i.  O. 
Moniripal   GoT^rnmrnt   Now  &nd  a  Unndrvd  Xvmt*  Aaql. 

C,  ifTWfMxInjtl,  Pops, 
MtiQlcip<a  TnidirjK.  Eitin,  Of^toher. 

Mu-^inil  Int*fn>i^*iiUotij  Competent,  W.S.  B-  M«ili«w«*  Mob. 
Xupoleorilc  Question,  H.  UIuijidd,  iienf. 
SfifNfte^tn  in  ihe  Near  EasU  W.  MHIrn  We»t. 
NaUniwbl  <iuard  :  In  Wiiat  Wa>'C«ii  It  H«  Ms4e  an  Effv^tiTv 

H*'^rvt-  >  W.  B.  B«rid,  L.  I>.  Greene,  JMSL 
Kdtiouft,  Rivalry  of:  W^jrld  PoUtica  of  T^y^Mf^V-Vin^ 

£.  A.  StAri,  Chant. 
Navy.  Mysteries  of  the,  A.  T.  Vance,  NatM. 
Navy,  United  States:  The  ifomef *t  Stins  and  Wins,  P.  8.  P. 

Conner,  NEnK.  

NebraslLa:  Riches  of  a  Rnral  State,  W.  R.  Li^hton^  WW. 
New  England  Travels.  Early  Writer  of,  L.  Uayward.  NEns. 
Nevin.  Ethelbert.  W.  S.  Cather,  LHJ. 
New  Testament,  Revised  Version  of  the.  Present  PoeitSoo  of 

the,  J.  H.  MonltoD,  LQ,  October. 
New  York  and  Its  Historians,  Mrs.  S.  Van  Rensselaer.  NAR. 
New  ToriL  City,  Cross  Streets  of.  J.  L.  Williams,  Scrih. 
New  Yorit  City,  Waterways  of .  M.  Foster,  Man. 
New  York,  Journalism  of,  H.  Davis,  Man. 
New  York  I^fo-Insurance  Company,  BankL. 
New  York  Zoological  Park.  W.  T.  Homaday,  Cent. 
Nietzsche,  Friedrich :  His  Life  and  Teaching,  B.  Hnme«  XA 
Nietzsche,  Friedrich,  Poetry  of.  T.  F.  OodnrLNA,  October  L 
Nietzsche,  Friedrich,  Philosophy  of.  Prof.  BasellottL,  KA. 

October  16. 
Nordica :  A  Study,  W.  Armstrong,  Mns. 
North  Pole,  Nearer  the,  S.  Bompiani.  Out. 
Novel,  Detective.  Oerm  of  the,  H.  L.  Williams.  BB. 
Oberammergau  Passion  Play.  J.  J.  Walsh,  Catn. 
Oberammergau,  Vnlfcarism  of,  L.  C.  Morant,  NlneC. 
Oc*ean  Liner,  Romance  of  a,  YM. 
Ocean  Liners  in  Time  of  War,  D.  T.  Timins,  Cass. 
Old  Testament  Prophets,  W.  R.  Betteridee,  AJT. 
Ostriches.  RaisinK,  in  Florida.  D.  A.  Wilfey.  Int. 
Oxford,  Town  and  Gown  Rows  at,  M.  R.  Roberts,  Case* 
Pacific  Coast,  The:  A  Psychological  Study  of  Influeaflek 

J.  Royce,  IntM. 
Pan-American  Conference,  Next,  W.  C.  Fox,  Fonun. 
Pan. American  Exposition,  Anna  B.  McOiU,  Oath. 
Paris  Exposition : 
Art  at  the  Exposition,  R.  de  la  Sizeranne,  RDM. October  IS>, 


INDEX  TO  PERIODICALS. 


783 


Bread-Making  at  the  Exposition,  H.  W.  Wiley,  Forum. 

Camera  at  tlie  Fair,  D.  L.  ElmenHorf,  Scrib. 

Congress  of  ttie  History  of  Religions,  J.  de  CktOBsanges, 
RRP,  October  16. 

Exhibition,  Closing,  P.  Qeddes,  Contem. 

Landscape  Features,  S.  Parsons,  Jr.,  Scrib. 

Locomotive  Exhibit,  C.  Rons-Marten,  Eng. 

Negroes,  American.  Exhibit  by,  W.  E.  B.  Da  Bols,  AMRR. 

Russian  Philanthropy,  A.  Raffalovitch,  Nou,  October  16. 

Tools.  Foreign  Machine,  J.  Horner,  CasM. 

Trocadero,  School  of  the,  M.  Talmeyr,  RDM,  November  L 

World's  Fairs,  Greatest  of,  C.  E.  Russell,  Mun. 
Parliament,  Men  and  Manners  in,  YM. 
Pascal,  Inner  Life  of,  N.  Luccoclc,  Chant. 
Patriotism  and  Humanitarianism,  1870-71,  O.  GK>yaa,  RDM, 

Octol)er  15. 
Peace  Movement,  Status  of  the.  Bertha  von  Stlttner,  NAR. 
PeusioQ  Funds,  Railway,  in  England,  BanicL. 
Petroleum  Pipe-Line,  Russian,  E.  H.  Foster,  CasM. 
Philippines:  Manila  01>servatory,  J.  Algu6,  NatGM. 
r  ;•::.,.:,  ^.>,  Nnlt-n  uu  f!.-  Fi^ln  Miu  vn  Vr.*-.  J.  Pnr|ier,  JMSI. 
lili^i^l'j!lt'S^  i*rutii*:irii  <tr  \h*'..  iLf  .  T'<>lt(  r,  l>nf. 
PhSUppine*!  Th*?8ulu  ArchiiielAiiu.  P,  VVbltmttrsb*  Out. 
Phoififffmphy: 

Asf»plateiiaiaer,  F.  Hansen.  Pl'ioT. 

Camera  in  ScienCPt  Aft,  umi  Pastime.  J.  Ch  Abel,  Mod. 

FlEhlng  with  a  Ciunym,  li»  \\\  Shuft^lilt,  Cna. 

Imugvn;  A  New  Ik^vi  l,.|.t  p.  J   /inedlrku,  WPM, 

Irifwct  Htudfe*  with  tin   TiMih  re^.  i'.  M.  W'vv.iX.  O. 

Iiitijmiflt'j4U<jn,  New  AhiijiP.l  .tf,  r.  HaiiHcn.  ATH, 

KalQi^  pictures,  Rovnhitiun  tri,  A.  W.  l*Qianori.',  WW_ 

Neg^inive  )fj»  a  F;i<  t**r  in  t lie  Flnisln*€l  Prlut^  APB* 

Ne|r*tlve  Faking,  H.  Scofleld,  UPM. 

Pen^ptitliviv  AI^Httl,  U.  Alblen.  APR 

Phikii<flTj|ii«  PhotwgrnpUk"  S*Ucm,  W.  B.  Dyer,  BP. 

Pk^tiiHfil  Movement..  A.  lie  wilt,  PlinT. 

Hebrodu<[rtk>n«  Din*at,  of   Urawiiiijs,  Mups,  Enert-BVliigs, 
e&.a%  Alberiiil.  APR. 

Bbqlter,  Testing  tb«  ^?p4^d  nf  a,  W.  A.  Ingriim,  PbtiT. 

Sw^  natl  ijiiKjUlnn.  A.  Lotkett,  W  PM. 

8l»in«.itoine  Us«ful.  J*  H.  HiLh:tfitrt,  APB, 

BU^^.  L*nses.  a  nil  Pprftpct^tivi\  J.  H.  A,  HHUgh.  ^'PM« 

TeiUlfc  Di?4*iKnfi  by  PbiJttijcmi>hli^  MetlimU,  WP:m. 

Wooda,  In  iha^  with  a  Ciu ruTa,  E,  H.  Hiiynoj-,  liiuiu^. 
Pbj'gk-al  Scheme,  ThelKtli^  nnd  i:lirJsi(lfin.  K.  AL  O^ivIk  T'Q. 
Pbyeitiil  Science  ix  Mat  tor  m\i\  i-'urm.  t',  Ah4*riU',  l>uU  tlct. 
Pi  Fiiio  M  et  hod^.  < "  oni  \Mi  nv  live,  W ,  L .  i  'i  1 1  b  i  >i]  j  i ,  IVJ  u»,  U*i  to  be  r, 
*^  Pick  « irk  J*  WrJUtitf  *ir-  H„  H.  llnll,  Uli. 
PhiisMupjh  r»  \ .  ^i^ill  or  the,  W,  A.  t  iiiiticiti.  ANut.  Oetolier, 
PkiitJ.-.  Sti»  I V  i-r  tl,-.  C.de  Frt?3f(.tiJ4.n,  Deut. 
PUyi^rf^hl^^.  ri<'  il'  ijir*  and.  Fort, 
Pi*try*  i-liml^p^i  Pitirinilc,  QK.  Ot  tnbc^r 
Ptolar  EiperlttioriH,  E.  Oln-rtl,  fiji^K,  Ort«l»cr  16. 
P^rtlticHl  AtTfiit-fl  in  th*^  UtiiUd  t^tJite^^ : 

Attierk'an  P«rtie«,  Deft^nrte  nf,  \V.  (i.  Bmwn,  Atlant. 

lirvBit  and   MelCinley— the  Partliiif  of  tlii?  Wuji,  J.  L. 
Whittk',  Fort. 

ftryanlHiji,  S.  HnMika,  Contem. 

Ormipftign^,  N/ilioiiHl*  Cost  nf ,  WW. 

C^mpftiKn  UrAtora.  L.  H^  Li  ttie,  Mun, 

CftyiiJJkiKiiit  Picturt'iiqtio  Fi^turt^d  ol  the,  M,  Mannefilig, 
KjilM. 

<  Eirii  iii  nn?«^  HhtnrirnJ  CtttnpaiRti,  WW. 

I  ftrtijoiiii  in  Amt^rioMii  Politir  s,  M.MaJiiif'Hng,  KniM* 

l>cmocratliG  Caiupfilun,,  Muimgi^mput  of  tiie,  W.  J.  Ablmt, 
AMBH, 

BeuirK^ratic  Sticfess.  ReapnnH  ff>r,C,  A.  Townts  Ftirutii. 

Kiwtimn  Day.  L.  J.  l^itii^.  KrL, 

Ftat'Money  Movi^meiit,  A,  O,  ElJnflOTi,  BiinkNV. 

JpAUe,  I'TPdominivnt.  W.  4  k  Hntuiirr.  IntM. 

PmJdtttitlv!  Cbntic^^n,  Law  of,  WAV. 

Prewidpntial  Kkction,  A.  Shaw.  iYmt^m;  QR,  Optobcr, 

RtpublUan  KatiiKinl  t'ommllU'*'.,  Wfprk  of  the,  AMHU. 

Eebublkawfl:  Why  Tlity  Sboulil   Iju    Indorb*d,  C  I>lck, 
Fortini, 
Pnlltknl  klciu4,  EvoUition  nf,  A.  E.  Daviea,  AnjrA. 


f  rt  1  i  t  i  rii  I  lUieur y  a  ml  1  * r  uf  ti  re,  He(  eu  T ,  U  f i .  t  >i'  r r  1 1  m:-  r. 

Purt/.  UJru,  Political  Hci'^rniingj*  ii>,  J.  Finky,  AMKR. 

Frt4u:ljUig,  Esmsilrtrv.  n.  H.  Dubbliik,  Pg,  0»  toher. 

Vf^m,  Tht.  ani^  pij>.li<  f  (jiiuiun,  D,  T.  Pit^rcts  <fUot.. 

FriHijfc.Uoiitwifi  of  ttit'  lVi,-j.  U.  Le  ii.  NurtfHlL^  PMM, 

Priaiiu  Lalxiriitorivs.  C    K.  Herj^lerwin,  AJi<. 

Priton,  KcHn'ittioo  of,  T.  Honkiii^^,  PMM, 

PTMiitTity  Probed,  II.  Maku\  Areiui, 

^ychotogy.  The  New,  K.  N.  Prlre.  Mind. 

ra^ir.  Edwani  H.,iifi  a  Uevotioiial  Writipr,  F,  Plfttt,  LQ. 

VwW,  PtOTii?«r  Women  of,  Mary  n.  Pf*pr«*r,  Chant. 

Rac^  Problems  at  tlio  Moutb,  Monti^omt'iy  Confercnt'c  on, 

?f.  L.  Aud*?ra<jiK  PU.  OctoWr. 
RiCe  (jue&ttori  J?  Hjiv*^  We  an  AmerirjLii:  Thf  Negm  Viriili- 

^twl,   y.   A.   MebrtOP"!    Pa>.siTig  of   K\w    Kiicp   Probbm^ 

W,   L.    Hawkey;     LriWh^neni^iLP^    vn.    Liivvh^H.nnej^R,   W,   S. 

SdMirlxTrou^h  ;  A  Pleu  fmin  Wi*'  Smiih,  \S\  (tijfhl.  Art- [in, 
Rfiilways,  Goveroiuent.  Uwm^rsiiijj  of     III.    1^  1..  Ulrloutl- 

wu.Can. 
Ueformed  Church  and  Standards,  N.  M.  Steffens,  PQ. 


IMiiiiMn:   First,   That  Whieb  la  Natmml,  J.  F.  ChafTofv 

H<  jiuion,  Tt>stiinony  of  Sclcnve  to,  A>  A.  McGlnii?y,  Cath. 
Hvvulriilon,  avrgOAUt  Ma4^UoimM  in  the,  J.  P,   Mac  Lean. 

AMonM. 
Rock  Fun  nation,  Artifloinl^  O.  A.  ^^U  Sir. 
HimiHo  C*ntlio|irChnrcbt  Ht^fonu  Wiibin  the,  ConteiUt 
Homo  \\f*  11.  i^jlitlc'dl  Hogey,  W.ii.  Duviu*  WW. 
Hnof-tiftrrlens.  H,  Do  I  Inf.  ^tt. 
Kue^kln,  .\r1  nnd  Truth  of,  J.  l>a  Farge,  IntM. 
Hu^^t■li,  Lor4,of  Kllloifven,  UBag. 

Awiikerilng  of  RuahIju  M*  A.  Morrlison,  IjfimH. 

t;rpLHls  nf  ftuMiit- 1,.  Tlie  Old  FHith.  E.  W    U>wr5%  Oent. 

Flonn-'ini  i^nsis  in  the  Kusssian  CapltaK  G.  Afana««ji^v» 

Futnrf^of  HiOi'^la,  E.  Koblo,  Atlnnt. 
Gn^ek  t'tiiirtli  of  HubpIh-IL,  li,  Mi^aklm, MifiR. 
KuisiKln'i^  Mur^^b  to  lli<^  EaM.  Anna  N.  lion  jam  Iti,  A  ins. 
Rut*i*-Ainf*rkttu  Diplutuiivy,  True  Matij  of,  O*  A.  Uofr- 

Unil,  Ani^A. 
,    Silrtni*i:j  lijiiJT^iay,  Ureat.  H.  Norma u^ Scrib. 
BrtliHiii  iij  tUiirnjTo,  K.  L.  M^^lemly,  AJ^. 
fclamojio  IhliitOiiH,  L,  V,  M^^rgttn,  SiiK^M. 
SarefleIrL  Patrick.  R.  H.  (r§H(^n,  Corn. 
Bu  1  tiTi m I i H  II 1  Ki  K i n f I  red  ?>hI i  vn  1  s.  J ,  t  L  Fra s!**r.  Fort . 
St:kvnoi\  Hriti»li  AsaticisitJon  for  the  Arlviujcrm*^nt  of,   A«l- 

(lr*-iw«r  ihti  PrtisJdtnt  H»U't>re  tbe-11.,  V\\  Turn  is  r,  PojiH. 
&ftenti  do  Singulation  null  Unity  of  Tnitb,  fi.  E.  Froude,  Dub. 
SLOiliiiid.   Yfi^  I'hurrli  0%  Lrnion  of  rb*%  ima  tbt*  Uulii?d 

PiT!i  ijyl  trinii  t'bun  1a,  J .  On*,  rtnd  J .  Deoncy,  LQ,  Of  lober- 
Ri  otlnnd.  KeiHtoration  H^g^1tn«  In*  Edin,  OctoUtrr. 
^codatiih  r^nmi^  Srrnt^ftin  tile  tllgh lamia,  A.  I.  Btiaud,  Bad- 
flcottifch  lllMory.  Early,  UR,  Ortnlwr. 
ShAke»iieiiri-'«  '*  UUliiird  Uie  Third,'*  J.  L,  Etty^  Mao, 
8hak<*Biitmn^'?i  Time.  Domestic  Life  of- Ml.,  M.  LauJer,  Mod. 
Bimkf*i>*.4ire.  WilHiitn-XIIi.,  H.  W.  IVIabiP,  Out. 
Shii»-i.-flrryrriw  Trade  Under  Amurkan  and  Foreign  Flagi,. 

U.  H.  WftUlmn,  rbimt* 
Shoittlng,  Fk'ld,  Prai^tit't'  for,E.  W.  Ratidy&.  O, 
t^iflney,  fyir  Philip,  lJott*«  «f,  H.  C,  Sbelk'V.  NEng. 
8lHTt?py,  Up  frotu-An  Autobiugraijby,  u.  T.  Wajihlngtont. 

Out. 
Slnvp-Trnderw,  Oc^ftti,  !>aftt  of  the,  Ci.  S.  Hour  well,  XEng. 
Blceiiing'ApjirtmFoiH,  l^hildreTi'd,  Hygk'tne  of,  J.  liyrms  Saa. 
S tij o kf  A 1  fu  ti?i iK'n i ,  W .  IL  Bryn n ,  (.'it sM , 
ynciiil  CoiJVrol    XIX.,  E.  A.  Hon6,  AJH. 
Scjtiiillsim.  .1  Uriel  leal  A^spetfi  rtf ,  ti.  Sort^l,  RBctc,  October. 
Sociitl  SitMiiiuniH  jind   Woi-king-uivu'a  Colk^gea,  Ez^gliiih« 

A.  Fliorj,  RDM,  thloVterlfu 
Sficioiogy,  MfidfTO,  F.  H.  OicUlfngs.  IniM. 
hoc  io  lug  y .  s^ro  pu  of,—  V I  „  A .  \\' .  Siow  1 1 ,  A  J  ?? . 
Siildit-r,  fii^riuHn,  Milking  h,  H.  S.  Hftki^r,  Mcl'l. 
South  A  merit  a,  Pampas?  rouotry  of,  ¥.  Marier.  BU. 
South  Anii'i't.  a,  Yajkki  "'  Millionaires  in.  D.  WbH<%  Ains. 
South,  Ori*'nliil  i  bvn|>  Laln*r  in  Liu  .  Mny  W.  Mount,  Uunt, 
SpKln:  Sim  Udt  f<friMj,  Mim.  >!.  L.  WrnKh,  ^iiro. 
Bpjiln>  F*ir«  jjfu  Fipoiot'ts  <i.  Marn  liez,  HI^P.  0(?tnher, 
Spi4ni!tb  Auic^ricH,  Course  ff  Kv^Mit?*  in,  KM,  Ot^t*tber. 
S  prri'  li ,    A  raiTi  eAii  —  1 1  ► »   Bos  Lun  I  sma ,    ^ .    D.    M  cCormf ok. 

BkmAn. 
BpJrituiii  Element  in  Art,  Q.  F.  Powera,  FrL. 
H  por  t ,  E 1 1/Ji  t«?tha  n ,  Q  U ,  Ol  t  II I  *er . 
Sport*tm»n  in  Purple.  H.  aiarfiirinne.  Bad. 
Stnift.  Our  f?choola  for  tht*.  H.  flowarfk  Cent, 
1?  I  n  ni :  Hi  n  h  ry  and  M  u  1 1 1  rtl  t-  S  y  » r  n  m  s ,  ^.  Kt^ wcomb,  Po  p8. 
Stars,  Evolutlnn  of  thc^  J.  E.  Oun*,  tiunt, 
eteaiU't  onili^n j*tng  I'liui  t ,  ( Vntrn  1 1  zed . H.  O , V,  OUl  bam,  Eng* 
Btoam-Eii^iou  Prnclleo,  LViiitinentAk  W.  D.  Wao8bn>ugh* 

eteinitK  Bod  Other  ClieHS-Plnyera,  A.  Guest,  Con t<?m. 

Strike,  ri>ttUMinerii\  E.  \V,  Mayn,  FrL, 

8uderiioiTin,  Ik^rmnon.  PlavM  uf,  Dora  N.  Jones,  Weat> 

Sullivafi,  111  Juml  Joltn,  F.  R.  Sunlrfirii.  NEut?. 

^ympiionv  Sim  t'  Be**tbnveii,  IL  iini>i^rt,  Mn?". 

Taxi  !^.  hi:^tiibotkio  of  thi,  E.  AlklOMTii.  Pn|i>^. 

Tflrjpbitne,  lioniaore*iif  tbi%  J,  P.  Bixnek,  \fnn. 

Tt  le*io|H\  Orewt,  Building  ut  a.  11,  J.  Sliepjiifnio,  Tiib. 

Tbtti'krntv-  L,  Mury.f*  Ibiraieareier,  RPnr,  Novi^mber  L 

Tbelnfe!;  Her  Kuinnand  Hit  Meraoripft,  I>.  Htinter.  Cos. 

Tb>r4i>LTiinl  Si*nilimrlei4.  Intliu^ni't!* i>f  Mlsjjjim?  *m.  VV.  Walk*- 

Theology  and  Modem  Thought.  W.  H.  Kent,  Dub,  October. 
Theology,  Authority  as  a  Principle  of,  J.  Kaftan,  AJT. 
ToUtoy  Criticised  by  an  Italian  Bishop,  G.  Gabrieii,  RasN* 

October  1. 
Toronto,  Canada.  J.  L.  Hughes,  NEng. 
Transvaal :  see  also  Great  Britain. 

Annexation,  After  the,  Black. 

Artillery  in  Natal— Colenso,  C.  H.  Wilson,  USM. 

Buller,  on  the  Move  with,  Black. 

Federation  in  South  Africa,  OR.  October. 

Lessons  of  the  War,  Lord  Thring,  C.  k  Court,  and  A.  8. 
Hurd,NineC. 

Settlers,  South  African,  A.  White,  Contem;  Mac. 

Sick  and  Wounded  in  South  Africa,  Edin,  October. 


"J 


784 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


Bide-LlKhts  oti  the  Bftttle*FUld.  REM.  September. 

Soutti  AfriCH*  ynnbeo  Correspond i-iit  In,  J.  RttU^h.  Cent. 

War  0|jerfttlontt  in  South  Atrlcn,  BJucit  ?  Eain.  October, 
TrevULh^k.  Uichiinl,  A-  Tllli^y,  t'ifcsM. 

Tm^te :  C^an  Tln?tu  Be  a  M<.k>^  Trm*t  T    G.  H.  Roberta.  Fnrum. 
Tru^tfl;  Fu€t«  EsUibUHhed  and  Prolitetmi  UtiBolved,  J.  W. 

JenkMJJEc-an, 
Truiitstu  Eiitfl*nd,  R,  Dotiftld.  AMRR. 
Uiiltt^d  !^tjitv>»  tind  tbe  Aui»lralii^iM.u  Federitttoa  Compared, 

H.  J^ tout.  For utn. 
Unlti*d  ShiR-i :  Gnjwtli  as  a  Wor!d- Power,  F.  Emory.  WW. 
VTiiiN  d  Srnt*'!*;  Uiir  Pliue  AmfHis  \\\v-  Xutlonw.  WW. 
Unit"  4  sui!*">.  Pupulatiaii  ol  thf.  During  tbe  NeitTtsu  tlen^ 

Vfti'cliiJiUuii,  Not.t'Bou  fbt*  t^ubji^ct  of,  A.  L*  Hnlnce^  J  MSI. 

YiA«rabt»nds.  C 'e^ik  erciluji;,  M*  M*  TurnhulU  treiit, 

V«ndt?ttt!.,  f*rfivent;nl,  in  tht^  UiUi  Century,  Count  RemAcle, 

liHar,  Oc;1til»*!r  J5aiid  Nnvettil>er  I, 
Terse.  Am«rk'«ij.  Ci^ntury  uf,  l>iHLOct4>b«r  16, 
Tirtfil  Mfid   tlie   Di\liie  Ptt&torHi,  Countess  M.  Ce«»FOBoo, 

t'onU*m, 
VlrffiniiL.  M^sa  Job  niton 'a.  T.  Dljcon,  Jr.,  Btdoiin, 
Vij(i.'4v<'ulttirt^  Mt&.  W*  Croyk***  ^'ineC. 
Volte- Teat  ldri(f,  8cienliflc,  K,  Hiickett.  M us,  October. 
Wftgu^r  and  Legend 9  of  the  Grail,  JenneUe  Fryce,  We^t. 


W&les,  History  of  a  Small  Estate  in,  8.  Leiffhton,  KatR. 

War  Before  and  After  tlie  Renaissance,  H.  E.  Maiden,  US3L 

War  Correspondent,  H.  F.  P.  Battersbir,  NatR. 

Warfare:  Cavalry  vs.  Infantrv,  A.  M.  Low,  Fomzn. 

Warner,  Charles  Dudley,  DiaL  November  1. 

Water-Filtration,  Benefit  of  Alum  in,  C.  V.  ChapizL,  San. 

Water,  Filtration  of,  for  PnbUc  Use,  J  MSI. 

Water-power  and  Electricity,  Cham. 

Water  Supplies.  Public,  T.  H.  McKenzie,  San. 

Webster,  Daniel,  J.  B.  McMaster,  Cent. 

Westminster  Confession's  Right  to  Constnie  Itself «  E.  D&:- 

iel,  PQ,  October. 
Wheat  Crop,  Evolution  of  a,  H.  Bindloss,  Mac- 
Wheat  Crop,  World's,  TransporUtion  of  the,  G.  E.  W^ 

Arena. 
White  House,  Future  of  the,  T.  A.  Bingham,  LH  J. 
Wisconsin,  Facts  About,  Jessie  G.  Finney,  AMonM. 
Woman,    American,    Retrogression  of    the.    Flora  31  I 

Thompson.  NAR. 
Women,  Elizabethan,  Q.  Bradford,  Jr.,  PL,  September. 
World  Politics.  Moral  and  Social  Tasks  of,  M.  Maorrs- 

brecher,  A  J  8. 
World's  Unity  League,  B.  O.  Flower,  Arena. 
Worship,  Primitive  Objects  of— II.,  L.  Marillier,  IntM. 
Yorkshire,  Plcturebque,  J.  Telford,  LQ,  October. 


Abbreviations  of  Magazine  Titles  used  in  the  Index. 
[All  the  articles  in  the  leading  reviews  are  indexed,  but  only  the  more  important  articles  in  the  other  magazines.] 


Alns. 
ACQR. 

AHR. 

AJS. 

AJT. 

ALR. 


Ainslee's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 
American  Catholic  Quarterly 

Review,  Phila. 
American  Historical  Review, 

N.Y. 
American    Journal   of    Soci- 
ology, Chicago. 
American    Journal    of    The- 
ology, Chicago. 
American    Law  Review,   St. 
Louis. 
AMonM.American  Monthly  Magazine, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
AMRR.  American  Monthly  Review  of 

Reviews.  N.  Y. 
ANat.     American  Naturalist,  Boston. 
Ang  A.     Anslo  -  American    Mugazine, 

Annals.  Annals  of  the  American  Acad- 
emy of  Pol.  and  Soc.  Science, 
Pblla, 

Anthony's  Photographic  Bui. 
letin,  N.  Y. 

AruhiterLuml  Record,  N.  Y. 

Arena,  N.  Y. 

Art  Amiiteur,  N.  Y. 

Art  Eduttttloo,  N.Y. 

Art  iutert-hiinge,  N\  Y. 

Art  Journal,  fjondon. 

AfUat.  London. 

Atluntk'  M^ktJtlih,  Bontoti. 

Bu  il  1  [|  i  n  1 1 J  T1. «  Li>n  il  on . 

Hnukt^rs"  MiiKaKine,  l^imdon. 


APB, 

Arch, 

Ar«3ua. 

AA, 

AE. 

AL 

AJ, 

Art, 

AtlftUt, 

Boti. 

BankL. 


BankNYliiinkers'  Miigaxine,  N.  Y. 

Bib,  B  i  bl  i « Kt\  \\\^  rid ,  C  h  i  -  ii  ^rn , 

BiSftc,       Htbliothot-a  S*uTa.  Obrrlln.  0. 

B  U ,  Bl  Ij  1  if  I  th  fci^  n  e  U II H  ery  f  1  i  e.  I .  PI  u- 

sanne. 

Black.  Blackwood's  Magazine,  Edin- 
burgli. 

BB.  Book  Buyer,  N.  Y. 

Bkaum.  Bookman,  2w.  Y. 

BP.  Brush  and  Pencil,  Chicago. 

Can.        Canadian  Magazine,  Toronto. 

Cass.       Canseil's  Magazine,  London. 

CasM.     Cassier's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Cath.       Catholic  World,  N.  Y. 

Cent.       Century  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Cham.  Chambers's  Journal,  Edin- 
burgh. 

Char.       Charities  Review,  N.  Y. 

Chant.     Chautauquan,  Cleveland,  O. 

Cons.  Conservative  Review,  Wash- 
ington. 

Contem.  Contemporary  Review,  Lon- 
don. 

Com.      CornhiU.  London. 

Cos.         Cosmopolitan,  N.  Y. 

Crit.        Critic,  N.  Y. 

Deut.       Deutsche  Revue,  Stuttgart. 

Dial.        Dial,  Chicago. 

Dub.        Dublin  Review,  Dublin. 

Kdin.      Edinburgh  Review,  London. 

Ed.  Education,  boston. 

Ed  R.        Educational  Review,  N.  Y. 


Eng. 

EM. 

Fort. 

Forum. 

FrL. 

Gent. 

GBag. 
(*unt. 
Harp. 
Hart. 

Home. 

Hom. 

HumN. 

Int. 

IJE. 

IntM. 
Inta. 
lA. 
JMSL 


JPEcon. 

Kind. 

KindR. 

LHJ. 
LeisH. 

Long. 
Luth. 

McCl. 
Mac. 

MA. 

MRN. 

MRNY. 

Mind. 

MisH. 

MisR. 

Mod. 

Mon. 

MonR. 

MunA. 

Mun. 

Mus. 

NatGM. 

NatM. 

NatR. 

NC. 

NEng. 

NIM. 

NW. 

NineC. 
NAR. 


Engineering  Magazine,  N.Y. 

Eapaila  Moaerna,  Madrid. 

Fortnightly  Review,  London. 

Forum,  N,Y. 

Frank  Leslie's  Monthly,  N.  Y. 

Gentleman's  Magazine,  Lon- 
don. 

Green  Bae,  Boston. 

Gunton's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Harper's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Hartford  Seminary  Record, 
Hartford,  Conn. 

Home  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Homiletic  Review,  N.Y. 

Humanity  Nouvelle,  Paris. 

International,  Chicago. 

International  Journal  of 
Ethics,  Phila. 

International  Monthly.  N.  Y. 

International  Studio^  N.  Y. 

Irrigation  Age,  Chicago. 

Journal  of  the  Military  Serv- 
ice Institution,  Governor's 
Island,  N.  Y.  H. 

Journal  of  Political  Economy, 
Chicago. 

Kindergarten  Magazine,  Chi- 


indergarten  Review,  Spring- 
field. Mass. 

Ladies'  Home  Journal,  Phila. 

Leisure  Hour,  London. 

Lippincott's  Magazine.  Phila. 

London  Quarterly  Review, 
London. 

Longman's  Magazine,  London. 

Lutheran  Quarterly,  Gettys- 
burg, Pa. 

McClure's  Masazine,  N.  Y. 

Macmillan's  Magazine,  Lon- 
don. 

Magazine  of  Art,  London. 

Methodist  Review,  Nashville. 

Methodist  Review,  N.  Y. 

Mind,  N.  Y. 

Missionary  Herald,  Boston. 

Missionary  Review,  N.  Y. 

Modern  Culture,  Cleveland,0. 

Monist,  Chicago. 

Monthly  Review,  N.  Y. 

Municipal  Affairs,  N.  Y. 

Munsey's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

Music,  ('hicago. 

National  Geographic  Maga- 
zine, Washington,  D.  C. 

National  Magazine,  Boston. 

National  lieview,  London. 

New-Church  Review.  Boston. 

New  England  Magazine,  Bos- 
ton. 

New  Illustrated  Magazine, 
London. 

New  World,  Boston. 

Nineteenth  I'entury,  London. 

North  American  Review,  N.Y. 


Nou.        Nouvelle  Revue.  Paris. 

NA.  Nuova  Antologia,  Rome. 

OC.  Open  Court,  Chicago. 

O.  Outing,  N.  Y. 

Out.         Outlook,  N:  Y. 

Over.       Overland  Monthly,  San  Frmo- 

clsco. 
PMM.      Pall  Mall  Magazine.  Loodoa 
Pear.       Pearson's  Magazine.  \.  Y. 
Phil.        PhlloMophlcal  Reviev.  .V.  Y. 
PhoT.      Photographic  Time*.  S.  Y. 
PL.  Poet-Lore,  Boston. 

PSQ.       Political    Science   Quarterly, 

Boston. 
PopA.     Popular   Astronomy.   NOTth- 

Held,  Minn. 
PopS.      PoDular    Science     Monthly, 

PRR.  Presbyterian  and  Reformed 
Review,  PhiU. 

PQ.  Presbyterian  Quarterly,  Char- 

lotte,N.C. 

Q  JEcon.  Quarterly  Journal  of  Econooi- 
ics,  Boston. 

QR.  Quarterly  Review.  London. 

RasN.     RasseffuaNazionale.  Florence. 

Record.  Record  of  Christian  Work, 
East  Northfleld,  Mass. 

RefS.       R^forme  Sociala,  Paris. 

RRL.       Review  of  Reviewa,  London. 

RRM.  Review  of  Reviews,  Mel- 
bourne. 

RDM.  .  Revue  des  Deox  Mondei, 
Parhi. 

RDP.      Revue  du  Droit  Pnblic,  Psri*. 

RGen.     Revue  G6n6rale,  Bruasela 

RPar.      Revue  de  Paris,  Pari«. 

RPP.  Revue  Politique  et  Parlencs- 
taire,  Paris. 

RRP.      Revue  des  Revnea.  Paris. 

RSoc      Revue  Socialiste,  Paris. 

RPL.  Rivista  PoliUca  e  Lettersrii, 
Rome. 

Ros.        Rosary,  Somerset,  Ohia 

San.         Sanitarian,  N.  Y. 

School.    School  Review,  Chicago. 

Scrib.      Scribner's  MacasineTN.  Y. 

SR.  Sewanee  Review,  N.  T. 

Str.  Strand  Magazine,  London. 

Sun.        Sunday  Magazine,  Londoi. 

Temp.     Temple  Bar,  London. 

USBf.  United  Service  MsgsiiBe. 
London. 

West.      Westminster  Revlew.LoodoiL 

Wern.     Werner's  Magazine,  N.  Y. 

WWM.  Wide  WorldMagaslne,  Los- 
don. 

WPM.  Wlhwn^s  Photographic  Xigs* 
zine,  N.  Y. 

WW.      World's  Work.  N.  Y. 

Yale.       Yale  Review,  New  Haven. 

YM.        Young  Mad,  London. 

YW.       Young  Woman,  London 


mSSmm 

'TuIOS  005  51ft  ftl3 


CECIL  H.  GREEN  LIBRARY 

STANFORD  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 

STANFORD,  CALIFORNIA  94305-6004 

(650)  723-1493 

grnclrcdsulmail.stanford.edu 

All  books  are  subject  to  recall. 


DATE  DUE