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L 


STANFORD 
UNIVERSITY 

LIBRARIES 


CfU-^.     //-r^/ 


77 


The    American 
Review  of  Reviews 


AN     INTERNATIONAL     MAGAZINE 


EDITED    BY    ALBERT    SHAW 


Volume  XXXVI.  July-December,  1907' 


THE   REVIEW   OF    REVIEWS    COMPANY; 
NEW   YORK:     13  ASTOR  PLACE 


COPYRIGHT,    1907,  BY  THE  REVIEW  OF   REVIEWS  CO. 


X064  51 


INDEX   TO   THE   THIRTY-SIXTH   VOLUME   OF 

THE  AMERICAN 
REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 

JULY-DECEMBER,  1907. 


KiSTiAnoN.  Work  of  the,  137. 

I  Narigation,  Recent  Experiments  in,  279,  665. 

loistao  and  Tibet  in  Ehiropean  Politics,  535. 

I  and  South  America,  Shortest  Route  Between, 

lOO. 

a:  Cape  to  Cairo  Railwav,  607. 

ultnral  Education  in  Macdonald  College,  Quebec, 

'anada.  576. 

ica.  North  and  South,  WJiy  They  Are  Diflferent, 

kan  People,  New  German  Estimate  of,  350. 

ration.  Compulsory.  Between  Nations,  373. 

f  Exploration:    Will    the   America   Fly    to    the 

»ole?  239. 

itini.  The  Progress  of,  245. 

American,   An    Artist's   Plea   for,    by   Paul   de 

ion^re,  688. 

American  Painting  To-day,  689. 

ic  Ubor,  South  America  and,  622. 

ic  Ubor  Riots  on  Pacific  Coast,  403. 

io  Race  Problem,  394,  395. 

tv  Monthly,  Fiftieth  Anniversary  of,  735. 

aJia.  Political  Creed  of.  24a 

alia,  Tniversity  Life  in,  625. 

ia-FIungary,  Affairs  in,  18,  152,  533. 

WMiXG,  Progress  and  Records  in,  279,  665. 

ttJohn.  Resourcefulness  of  Central  America,  69. 

o,  George  W.    Charles  S.  Mellen :  Railroad  Or- 

aniier.  169. 

Wir^BryanDebate  on  "  Imperialism,"  370. 

»ll  Frank  W.     The  Farmer's  Debt  to  Science, 

86, 

*rds.  Crusade  Against,  345. 

'  W.  J.  Trust  Companies  and  the  Panic,  680. 

u  Tbe  New,  124,  381,  510,  635,  753. 

«  *  Maine  Railroad   Acquired   by   New   York, 

•^ew  Haven  d  llartford  Railroad,  6. 

n.  ^^iDtion  of  Gas  Problem  in,  594. 

deis.  Loois   D.      How   Boston   Solved    the   Gas 

E*roW«n,  594. 

n  tnd  Taft  as  Presidential  Possibilities.  397. 

n-BerwTdge  Debate  on  "  Imperialism,"  370. 

■tt,  CoWn  B.    San  Francisco's  Regwieration,  195. 

J.  E.  H.   HcKinley  Memorials  in  Sculpture,  467. 

Ma.  Daniel  H.,  American  Architect,  362. 

»8  Otttlook,  A  Sound,  S, 

»*«.  Retirement  from,  557. 

ws^  Slackening  Pace  in,  389. 

^A  8  Confederation,  Fortieth  Anniversary  of,  234. 
™  Position  on  Japanese  Immigration,  537. 
««4ii  Railway  Commission,  366. 
to  Cairo  Railway.  607. 
^  X«d  of  Encouragement  for,  7. 
»f  on  Current  Topics,  31, 160, 284,  418, 544, 669. 
™  America,  Independent  States  of,  69. 
f«  Anerica.  Resourcefulness  of,  69. 
f»  American  Peace  Conference,  412,  658. 
™  American  Politics.  15. 

S^  Arthur.     Developing  a  National   Type  of 
Uoi»,  321. 

go  Charter  Rejected,  402. 
^wd.  Decay  of,  731. 

J^:  The  Study  of  the  Human  Plant,  204, 
E«t  rntrainei,  and  Industry,  604. 
^  Wute  of.  94. 


Chilean  Ministry,  New,  614. 

China,  Affairs  in,  404,  405. 

China  Becomes  a  Constitutional  Monarchy,  537. 

China.  Educational  Evolution  in,  620. 

China's  Indemnity  to  United  States,  Reduction  of,  12. 

Chinese  Suspicions  of  Japan,  404. 

Civilization :    Is  It  Really  Traveling  Westward?  48a 

Clearing  House,  Scope  and  Functions  of,  684. 

Clemens,  Samuel  L.  (Mark  Twain),  Doctor  of  Let- 
ters, 167 ;  His  Trip  to  England,  145. 

Cleveland,  City  of,  Tom  Johnson  and,  612. 

Cleveland  Municipal  Campaign :  Burton  vs.  Johnson, 
399 

Coal  Supply,  Our,  How  Long  Will  It  Last?  335. 

Cochrane,  John  Llewellyn.  How  Long  Will  Our  Coal 
Supply  Last?  335. 

College  in  the  South,  The.  Task  of,  246. 

Commons,  John  R.  The  Wisconsin  Public  Utilities 
lAW,  221. 

Confederate  Veterans,  The  South's  Care  for,  40. 

Congo,  King  Leopold  and,  406. 

Congo,  Upper,  Railways  of,  253. 

Congo,  Will  Belgium  Annex?  407. 

Congress:    New  Southern  Senators,  263. 

Cooper,  Fennimore,  the  Story  Teller,  50S. 

Cooperative  Consumers'  Associations  in  Russia,  201. 

Copper,  Collapse  of,  392;  the  Copper  Situation,  605. 

Corporate  Misconduct  and  Its  Effects,  499. 

Corporation  Control,  517-518. 

Corrigan,  John.  The  Prohibition  Wave  in  the  South, 
328    '^ 

Corwine,  William  R.  Does  the  Country  Want  Tariff 
Readjustment?  47. 

Criminals,  Youthful,  495. 

Crops  of  1907,  79,  515. 

Currency  Reform  Problem,  Our,  88. 

De  Lonopbe,  Pauu  An  Artist's  Plea  for  American 
Art,  688. 

Diamond  "  Field."  Discovered  in  Arkansas,  268,  301. 

Disease,  Contagious,  Do  Doctor's  Carry?  630. 

Drama,  American,  Richard  Mansfield  and  His  Influ- 
ence on,  424. 

EcoLE  DES  Beaux  Abts  and  Its  Influence  on  Our 
Architecture,  737. 

E]conomic  Motives  in  Conditions  Everywhere,  3. 

Education :   French  School  Girls  of  To-day,  626. 

Education  :  Macdonald  College,  Quebec,  Canada,  Agri- 
cultural Work  of,  576. 

Education :   University  Life  in  Australia,  625. 

Egypt,  Old  and  New,  741. 

Elections  in  Various  States,  656. 

Episcopal  Church  in  America,  Three  Hundred  Years 
of,  461. 

Europe,  Population  in,  The  Century's  Movement  of, 
245. 

European  Politics,  277,  661. 

Byes,  Fraud  Upon,  509. 

Fabm,  The,  the  True  School.  493. 

Farmer's  Debt  to  Science,  186. 

Feminism,  Modem,  An  Opportunity  for,  627. 

Finance :    The  Wrong  of  the  Great  Surplus,  369, 

Financial  Panic,  The,  .643-654,  672,  677. 

Financial  Revelation,  The  West's,  677. 


JV 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  XXX^I. 


Financial  Situation:   Increased  Demand  for  Capital, 

259. 
Fiti-Gerald.  W.  G.     Morocco,  the  Derelict  of  Diplo- 
macy, 63. 
Fletcherism,   Yale's  Ebcperiments  With,  609. 
Foreign  Political  Notes,  277,  661. 
France:  Affairs  in.  531. 
Oleraenceau,  Premier,  Triumph  of,  151. 
Commercial  Conditions  in,  374. 
Ki'onomic  Troubles  in,  10,  17. 
(termany.  Relations  with,  271-272. 
(treat  Britain  and  Spain.  Treaty  with,  21. 
Japan,  Treaty  with.  Relative  to  Mutual  Interests 

in  Far  Fast,  20.  _ 

Modem.  **  Red  and  Black '»  in,  233. 
School  Girls.  French,  of  To-day,  626. 
Cnitetl  Statts.  Tariff  Relations  with,  2«K). 
Wine  Growing  Districts,  Trouble  in,  10,  17-18.  231. 
Fmuois  Joseph.  Emperor,  of  Austria-Hungary,  552. 
Freeman,  I>»wis  R.     West  Indies  in  Commerce,  305; 
Railroads  and  Railroad  Building  in  South  Amer- 
ica, 177. 
Frost.   I.ines  of,  Through  the  Ignited   States,  During 

the  Spring.  80-Sl. 
Fyles,   Franklin.     Richard  Mansfield   and   His  Influ- 
ence on  the  American  Drama,  424. 

GARTiEia).   Harry  A.,  Chosen  President  of  Williams 

(^ollege,  144. 
Gns  Problem,  How  Boston  Solved  the,  ."04. 
tJorman-American  Republic  That  Failed,  The,  3.13. 
Germans  and  Denationalization,  633. 
Gvrmam*:  Affairs  in,  5.33. 

American  Tariff  and  Other  Relations  with,  260,  483. 

Berlin    (^ourt    Scandals,    The    von    Moltke-Harden 

Kimlnnd,  Russia  and  the  German  Kaiser,  485. 
Fill  hers  and  Sons,  Battle  of,  in,  95. 
FrniutN  Relations  with,  271-272. 
UoliUlon  of,  276,  489.  _ 
Political  Changes  in,  153. 
Trades-rnionism  in.  Growth  of,  744. 
Grnn«nv*8  Poorly  Paid  Professional  Men,  Unionizing 

Utldrr.*   Jeannette    L.      Victoria:    Queen,    Wife    and 

Mother.  703. 
U)n««*on.  William  H.    The  South*s  Care  for  Her  Con- 

fetlerate  Veterans,  40.      ^  ^^ 
Uold.  Fall  of,  A  (.Congressional  Commission  on,  501. 
UvmKI.  Maxim,  Decline  of,  99. 
U*«vt'rnment  by  Impulse,  225. 
Uivul   Britain: 

Vuierlcau  Business  in,  122. 

Colonial  Affairs,  150. 

Ci»lonle8,  Self-governing.  411. 

Vijjiland,  Russia,  and  the  German  Kaiser,  485, 

Foi*<»lgn  Relations.  410. 

j  louse  of  rx)rds,  Plea  for  an  Unreformed,  255. 

hnlla.  Woes  of,  150. 

I  Huh  Bill,  Liberal,  16. 

Notes  on  Affairs   in.  409. 

iNilUics  and  Parliamentary  Affairs.   149,  409,  661. 

i*iH»l>lem8  Before  British  Ministry,  270. 

Urtllway  Strike,  The  Threatened,  662. 

idomia.  Agreements  with,  615. 

I'l'i^nty  with  France  and  Spain.  21. 
UiiHuie,  Frank.     Scope  and  Functions  of  the  Clearing 

Mouse.  684. 
<hi^tt.  Kdvard,  429. 

M  vut'K  Conference,  Second,  and  Its  Work,  21, 147-148, 
U71,  274,  405-406,  529-530,  660,  727. 

Haiin»r,  Charles  M.  The  West's  Financial  Hevela- 
llon,  677;  The  Middle  West  and  Wall  Street.  83. 

Umi'ls,  G.  W.     Edvard  Grieg,  429. 

H.iNWOod  Acquittal,  The,  2(J."». 

UvaiHt.  William  R.    Fight  of.  Against  Coal  Trust,  14. 

£K^ut*y,  Francis  J.,  San   Francisco's  Star  Prosecutor. 

T.     How  Germany   Makes  Toys   for 
Christmas,  708. 
i,  New  Ambassador  to  Germany,  659. 


Hill,   David  Jayne.     The  Net  Result    at    Th 

Conference,  727. 
Holt,  Byron  W.     The  Present  Financial   Crl 
Horse,  Developing  a  National  Type  of,  321. 
Housekeeping,  CoSperative:  Why  It   Fails,  8 
Hughes,  Governor,  as  a  Presidential    Possibil 
Hungary,  Race  Troubles  in,  152. 

Iceland's  Fight  for  Autonomy,  628. 

lies,  George.     Why  Is  Interest  High?  342. 

Immigrant  Woman,  The.  .367. 

Immigration  and  I^bor.  6.V>. 

Imperialism:    Bryan-Beveridge  Debate,    370. 

India :  A  Nation  in  the  Making,  43.3. 

Industrial  Efficiency,  Have  We  Passed    the  Zc 

8J>. 
Infant  Mortality.  Most  Important  Factor  in. 
Insurance  Matters.  13. 
Internationalism,  An  Age  of,  .528. 
Interest:  Why  Is  It  High?  342. 
Interstate  Commerce  Commission's  Report  oi 

man  Investigation,  1.'%). 
Ireton,   Robert    Kmmett.      The   legislatures   i 

Railroads,  217. 
Italian  Children,  Education  of,  America's  Int« 

375. 
Italian  Woman,   Extraordinary  Civil    Status 
Italy,  Religious  Revival  in,  .377. 
Ivins,  William  M.    Rubber  as  a  World  l*iH>duc 


Jamkstown  Tercentennary  Exposition,   143,  3J 

Effects  at,  519. 
Japan :   X  Woman's  Cuiversity  in,  248. 
Affairs  in,  278,  404. 
New      American      Ambassador      to       (Thon 

O'Brien).  25. 
Talk  of  War  with.  Folly  of,  130.  278. 
Japanese-American   Feeling,   24,   131,  5itt>. 
Japanese,  Naturalization  of,  247. 
Japanese  View  of  Exclusion,  A,  487. 
Jewish  Community    (Woodbine,   N.  J.),    Self-i 

ing,  3.54. 
Jews,  Apostasy  Among.  356. 
Jews,  Low  Death  Rate  Among,  490. 
Johnson,  Charles  Culver.     Milk  Supply  as  a  N 

Problem,  .58.5. 
Johnson,  John  A.,  Governor  of  Minnesota.  47< 
Johnson.  Tom.  and  the  Citv  of  Cleveland,  612. 
Johnston,  Charles.    Three  Hundred  Years  of  th^ 

copal   Church   in   America,   461. 
Judson,  Fre<lerick  N.     The  I^abor  Decisions  of 

William  H.  Taft,  212. 


KiNNOSUKE,  Adachi.    The  Japanese  in  Korea, 

Knaufft,    Ernest.      American    Painting   To-day. 

Art  Effects  at  the   Jamestown   Ebcposition 

Saint  Gaudens  and  American  Sculpture,  2 

Korea : 

Alleged  "  T^ooting  "  of.  501. 
Diplomatic  Duel  for.  357. 
Japanese   Absorption   of,   277-278,  472. 
Problem  in,  404. 

I^BOR,  Migrations  of.  733. 
Labor  Problem,  Personal   Factor  in,  87. 
T^and  Policies  and  Land  Grabbing,  379. 
liandis,  Kenesaw  Mountain.  Judge,  498, 
Lanier.  Robert  S.   Has  Arkansas  a  Diamond  **  Fi 

301. 
T-jj tin-America  as  a  Field  for  Capital,  212. 
Tjatin-American  Notes.  1.54. 
Ix»ading  Articles  of  the  Month,  87,  22.5,  348,  470 

731. 
Lees.  Frederic.     The  Study  of  the  Human  Plant 
legislation.  Industrial,  and  Its  Cost.  2.54. 
LinnsBUS.  After  Two  Hundred  Years,  105. 
Liquor  Business,  New  Plan  for  State  Control  of 
Literature:  Is  It  Dying?  115. 
Lumber  Industry  of  America,  561. 
Lusiiania,  the  New  Speedy  Transatlantic  Liner, 


INDEX  TO  (VOLUME  XXX  1^1. 


Modem  :  Is  He  a  Poor  Father?  378. 
field,    Richard,   and  His   Influence  on   American 
>raiBa,  424. 

and   I>iairrams : 
rtic  Circle,  Showing  Alternative  Routes  for  Well- 
nan   Balloon  Expedition.  241. 
[»e  to  Cairo  Railway,  607. 
iJ  Areas  of  United  States,  335. 
rest  Regions  of  the  United  States,  563. 
Ka,   Modem,  and  Its  Political  Divisions,  432. 
erboroui^h-Metropolitan     Street     Railway     Com- 
Moiv,    Showing    Successive   Mergers,   New   York, 

•an. 

mber   Producing  Districts  of  the  United  States, 

H-occo  and  the  French  Field  of  Operation,  273. 
w  York-  New  Haven  &  Hartford  Railroad  Sys- 
r^^m,   175. 
rsia,  TM\ 

ibber  Prodacing  Area  of  the  World,  52-53. 
pst  Indies,  in  Relation  to  North  and  South  Amer- 
ica. 3I>4- 

beat  TerritoTy  Infested  by  Green  Bugs,  70. 
rk  Twain."      (See  under  Clemens,  Samuel  L.). 
m,  Marcus  M„  An  Example  for  Retired  Business 
Men.    r»-iG. 

csw  Marcos  M.     Retirement  from  Business,  557. 
nage  I^ws,  French.  Proposed  Reforms  in,  230. 
rin,  Winthrop  L.    The  Navy  Department  and  Its 
Work.  614. 

rland  Governorship  Contest,  264. 
■h.  BViction,  and  Its  Precursors,  497. 
tini   IvPtters,   Some  Newly  Discovered,  238. 
inley  Memorials  in  Sculpture,  467. 
a**,  Slarion.     Are  Secret  Societies  a  Danger  to  Our 
High  Schools?  338. 

en,  C^liarles  S.     Railroad  Organizer,  169. 
ico.   Railroad  Control  in,  747. 
lie  W«!t  and  Wall  Street.  83. 

Supply  as  a  National  Problem,  585. 

Sapply,  The  City  and  Its,  360. 
Vtt,  Samuel  E.     Mark  Twain,  Doctor  of  I-^tters, 

i«rr. 

ammedanism.  World   Renascence  of,  492,  745. 

occo:    Affairs  in.  408. 

rancp  in.  271.  273. 

rwich  I^initive  Expedition  Against,  102,  407. 

ituation  in,  532. 

he  "  Derelict  "   of  Diplomacy,  63. 

oring.  Progress  in,  279. 

licipal :     iialveston     Plan     of    City    Government, 

Spr^d  of,  623. 
licipal  Ownership  of  Telephones  in  Great  Britain, 

ISM- 


rr  and  the  Panama  Canal,  136. 

ry  Draartment  and  Its  Work,  714. 

ry.  Good.   Need  of,  136. 

ry  :  The  Pacific  Cruise,  1^5,  400,  660-(>01. 

tions.    Small:    Are  They   Doomed   to   Destruction? 

340. 
tural  Resources,  Conservation  of,  515. 
Isoo,  Milton  O.    Lumber  Industry  in  America,  riil. 
(T   York  City :   Hearst-McClellan  Election  Uetount 

Bill  14. 
w  York  City  Street  Railroads,  518-521. 
w   York   City    Public   Service  Commission,   Recent 

Work  of,  2m.  521-523. 
w  York  Life  Insurance  Company  :   Election  of  D.  P. 

Kingaley  as  President,  13. 
w  York,  New  Haven  9l  Hartford  Railroad,  Under 

President  Mellen.   169. 
w  York  State,  Public  Utilities  Commissions  of.  140. 
■TT  York  State  I^egislature :    Railroad  2-cents-a-mile 

Bill  Vetoed,  5,  9;  Measures  in,  10;  Gas  Legisla- 
tion. 261. 
>rth  Carolina  and  "  States'  Rights,"  260. 
jrway.  Language  Struggle  in,  739. 

iiruABT.  30,  159,  283.  417,  543.  668. 
1  Transportation  Industry.  738. 


Oklahoma*s  Election :    Adoption  of  New  Constitution. 

402. 
Oulahan,  Richard  V.    William  H.  Taft  as  a  Judge  on 

the  Bench.  208. 

Painting,  American,  To-day,  689. 

Panama  Canal,  Our  Navy  and  the,  136. 

Panama,  Progress  at,  657. 

Papacy,  Present  Crisis  of,  in  Italy,  507. 

Papal  Utterances,  Iniportant,  411. 

Parenthood :  Is  the  Modern  Man  a  Poor  Father?  378 

Peace,  Economic  Motives  for,  12. 

Peace,  Universal :  Is  It  Possible?  226. 

Persia :  Anglo-Russian  Agreement  Regarding,  535. 

Persia,  Regeneration  of,  599. 

Phelan.  James  D.    The  Case  of  San  Francisco,  37. 

Philippines : 

Assembly,  Opening  of,  537. 

Elections  in,  277. 

Railroad  Development  in,  477. 

Secretary  Taft  and,  396. 
Philippine  Question:  Have  We  a?  397. 
Pius  X.,  The  legend  of,  491. 
Playgrounds  in  Chicago,  364. 
Play,  Ethical   Significance  of,  256. 
Plants:  Are  They  Possessed  of  Senses?  120. 
Polish  Autonomy  and  "  International  Complications," 

111. 
Polish  Emigration,  Rapid  Increase  in,  119. 
Politics,    National,    13,    142,   397-398,    527.   657;    the 
Chandler  and  Gray  Booms,  400-401 ;  Bryan's  Can- 
didacy, 401. 
Politics:  State  Campaigns,  525-526. 
Population  in  Europe,  Century's  Movement  of,  245. 
Portraits : 

Albert,  Marcelin,  17,  231. 

Albert,  Prince  Consort  of  Queen  Victoria,  705. 

Alexander,  E.  P.,  43. 

Alexis,  Czare witch,  of  Russia,  22. 

Armor,  Mrs.  Mary  Harri.s,  331. 

Austria,  Emperor  Francis  Joseph  of,  553. 

Avery,  Elroy  M.,  510. 

Baker,  George  F.,  645. 

Bankhead,  .John  H.,  27. 

Barney,  Charles  T.,  650. 

Bassett,  Edward  M.,  141. 

Beeks,  (iertrude.  136. 

Belgians,  licopold.  King  of,  706. 

Benson,  Arthur  Christopher,  759. 

Berezin,  Michael,  2. 

Berkeley,  Bishop  George,  462. 

Birdseye,  Clarence  F.,  126. 

Bjfimsen,  Bjornstjeme,  740. 

Bolquadze,   Mr.,  ?. 

Booth,  General  ^Villiam,  149. 

Borah,  W.  E.,  6. 

Borne,  Federico  Puga,  614. 

Bowman,  Bishop  Thomas,  157. 

Brownson,  Rear- Admiral  Willard  U.,  717. 

Bumham,  Daniel  H..  363. 

Bums,  William  J.,  200. 

Burton,  Theodore  E.,  389. 

Butler,  Nicholas  Murray,  391. 

Capps,  Rear-Admiral  Washington  L.,  719. 

Carlos,  King  of  Portugal,  and  Queen  Am61ie,  19. 

C^arlyle,  W.  L.,  323. 

Carus,  Paul,  383. 

Casson,  Herbert  N.,  382. 

Central-American  Peace  Conference  in  session,  G5.-. 

Champlain,  Samuel  de,  637. 

Chanler,  Lewis  Stuyvesant,  401. 

China,  Dowager  Empress  of,  260. 

Clark,  Francis  E.,  756. 

Clarke,  Dumont,  046. 

Clemenceau,  Premier,  151. 

Clemens,  Samuel  L.  ("Mark  Twain"),  149,  168. 

Cleopatra,  Queen,  743. 

Cole,  Timothy.  760. 

Colt,  Samuel  P..  59. 

Comer,  Braxton  B.,  262. 

Converse,  Elisha  Slade,  60. 

Cooke,  Jay,  753. 


vf 


INDEX  TO  yOLUME  XXX^I. 


Cortelyon,  George  B..  643. 

CJovington,  W.  A.,  332. 

Cowles,  Rear-Admiral  William  S.,  717. 

Crothers,  Austin  L.,  657. 

Curry,  Governor,  541. 

Curtiss,  Charles  P.,  186. 

D'Abruzsi,  Duke,  20. 

Dale,  Charles  H.,  59. 

Dana,  Charles  A.,  124. 

Darrow,  Clarence  S.,  5. 

Davis,  Jefferson,  Statue  of,  41. 

Decker,  Martin  S.,  140. 

Dewey,  Admiral  George,  717. 

Dolan,  Thomas,  524. 

Drago,  Luis  Maria,  148. 

Dunne,  F.  H.,  195. 

Durland,  Kellogg,  757. 

Edwards,  Augustin,  623. 

Egan,  Maurice  Francis,  29. 

Kustis,  John  E.,  141. 

Evans,  Admiral  Robley  D.,  135,  660. 

Fairchild,  James  H.,  381. 

Finley,  W.  W.,  261. 

Fletcher,  Horace,  609. 

Fort,  John  F..  657. 

Francis  Joseph,   Emperor  of  Austria,  553. 

Franz,  Governor,  541. 

Fulton,  Robert,  389. 

Garfield,  Harry  A.,  144. 

Gilbert,  Alexander,  646. 

Gilman,  Mrs.  Charlotte  Perkins,  9a 

Glenn.  Governor,  262. 

Golovin,  Theodore,  2. 

Goodyear,  Charles,  51. 

Gordon.  John  B.,  Statue  of,  45. 

Gorki,  Maxim,  100. 

Gould,  George  M.,  124. 

Grieg,  Bdvard,  429. 

GriflSs,  William  E.,  639. 

Grubb,  Eugene  H.,  323. 

Gu^de,  Jules,  531. 

Gulick,  Luther  H.,  125. 

Gummere,  Samuel,  272. 

Hadley,  Arthur  T.,  386. 

Ilagron,  General,  272. 

Haney,  William  H.,  638. 

Harden,  Maximilian,  6(>3. 

Harrison.  Frederic,  383. 

Haskell.  Charles  N.,  402. 

Hawley,  J.  H.,  6. 

Haywood,  William  D.,  4. 

Heilprin,  Angelo,  159. 

Heinze,  F.  Augustus.  542. 

Heney,  Francis  J..  199. 

Hepburn,  Alonzo  B..  646. 

Herv6.  Kdouard,  531. 

Hi-Hyeung,  Emperor  of  Korea,  130. 

Hill,  David  Jayne,  659. 

Hobart,  Bishop  John  Henry,  461. 

Holden,  P.  G.,  188. 

Hollander,  Jacob  H.,  104. 

Holle,  Ludwig,  153. 

Horsley,  Alfred  (Harir  Orchard),  4. 

Hulbert,  Homer  B.,  35^. 

Ivins,  William  M.,  266,  524. 

Jaur^s,  Jean,  232,  531. 

Joachim,  Joseph,  283. 

Johnson,  John  A.,  142,  477. 

Johnson,  Tom  L.,  656. 

Johnston.  Joseph  F..  262. 

Joline,  Adrian  H..  521. 

Jones,  Sam  P.,  331. 

Kampf,  Arthur,  156. 

Kaneko,  Kentaro.  24. 

Kartashov,  Leo,  2. 

Keep,  Charles  H.,  140. 

Kent,  Duchess  of,  704. 

Kingsley,  Darwin  P.,  13. 

Knox.  Philander  C.  14. 

Korea,  Emperor  of,  130. 

Kom,  Arthur,  97. 

Lacroiz,  General,  272. 

Labovary,  Jacques,  617. 


Landis,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  138. 

Lane,  Franklin  K.,  140. 

Langdon,  William  J.,  199. 

Lee,  Stephen  D..  43. 

Lemire,  Abbe,  232. 

Leopold,  King  of  the  Belgians,  706. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  755. 

Linnteus  (Carl  von  Linn4),  105. 

London,  Bishop  of,  528. 

McCarroll.  William.  141. 

Macdonald.  A.  A..  237. 

Macdonald,  Sir  William,  57a 

McGaffey,  Ernest,  127. 

Mcllhinny,  John  A.,  541. 

Maclean,  Sir  Harry,  68,  155. 

McLougnlin,  John.  6a5. 

Mahan,  Captain  Alfred  T.,  754. 

Maltbie,  Milo  R.,  141. 

Mansfield,  Richard,  425,  427. 

Marconi,  Guglielmo,  538. 

Marks,  Marcus  M.,  556. 

Mason,  Rear-Admiral  Newton  E.,  719 

Mathews,  Shailer,  127. 

Maxoodov,  Sadtretdin.  2. 

Mazzini,  Giuseppe,  238. 

Mellen,  Charles  S.,  7,  171. 

Metcalf,  Victor  H.,  715, 

Miller,  Frederick,  5. 

Miyakawa,  Masuji,  639. 

Montt,  President,  of  Chili,  614. 

Moore,  Edward  A.,  511. 

Morgan,  Edward  M.,  281. 

Morgan,  James,  635. 

Morgan,  J.  Pierpont,  645. 

Morgan,  John  T..  30. 

Morocco,  Southern,  Viceroy  of,  65,  408. 

Morocco,  Sultan  of,  62,  6f. 

Mover,  Charles  H.,  4. 

Muhlenberg,  William.  463.  j 

Mulai  Abd-El-Aziz  XIV.,  Sultan  of  Morocco,  62.  <? 

Mulai  El  Hafid,  Viceroy  of  Southern  Morocco,  61 

408 
Nash,*  William  A.,  646. 
Newberry,  Truman  H.,  7ia 
Nugent,  John  F.,  5. 
O'Brien,  Thomas  J.,  25. 
Oospensky,  Victor,  2. 
Orchard,  Harry,  4. 
Osborne,  Thomas  M.,  140. 
Oscar,  King  of  Sweden,  and  Queen  Sophia,  26. 
Osgood,  Herbert  L.,  128. 
Perkin,  Sir  William,  158. 

Persian  Crown  Prince.  Sultan  Achmed  Mirza,  601 
Pettibone,  George  A.,  4. 
Pettus,  Edmund  W.,  264. 
Phelan,  James  D.,  ^. 

Pinchot,  Gifford,  and  President  Roosevelt,  517. 
Pocahontas,  Statue  of,  28. 
Porter,  Pleasant,  413. 
Portugal,  King  and  Queen  of,  19. 
Poznanski,  Nicholas,  2. 
Pritchard,  Jeter  C,  261. 
Prudhomme.  Sully,  619. 
Ptolemy  Philadelphos,  74a 
Ptolemy  Philometer,  743. 
Purdy,  Milton  D.,  139. 
Pushkin,  Alexander,  512. 
Rae.  Rear- Admiral  Charles  W.,  719. 
Richardson,  Eldmond  F..  5. 
Ridgely,  William  B.,  65a 
Riston,  Adelaide,  512. 
Robertson,  James  Wilson,  57a 
Robinson,  Douglas,  521. 
Rockefeller,  John  D.,  392. 
Rockefeller,  William,  393. 
Rogers,  H.  H.,  390. 

Roosevelt.  President  541 ;  with  Gifford  Pinchot,  51^ 
Root,  Elihu,  and  party  in  Mexico,  539. 
Ross.  Edward  A..  500,  759. 
Russell.  Charles  Edward,  758. 
Ryan,  Thomas  F.,  519. 
Sacue,  James  E.,  140. 
Saint  Gaodens,  Augustus,  292. 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  XXXyi. 


Vll 


why,  C.  W.,  125. 

tysov,   Sergius,  2, 

Kent,   Herbert  H.,  610. 

aff.  Oen.  Morris,  754. 

urx,   Carl,  753. 

tt.  Chariea,  264. 

bury.  Bishop,  401. 

tth.  Hoke,  143,  328. 

ith«  Justin  H.,  511. 

eckeU,  Rudolph,  198. 

vensTFrank  W.,  140. 

woa,   Frederick  C.  38a 

Tens,  W.  B.,  350. 

oe,  W.  A.,  6. 

lart,  J.  E.  B.,  Statue  of,  40. 

atlovslnr.  V.,  2. 

eden,  Kin^  and  Qaeen  of,  26.  ^^ 

re  William  H..  208 ;  with  Mrs.  Taf t  and  son,  267. 

rlor,  Edward  R..  280. 

belnoxoY,   Michael,  2. 

wnsend,  Edward,  64a 

pper.  Sir  Charles,  237. 

mer,  Asa,  189. 

:Vain,  Mark,*'  149,  lOa 

Tejola,  Gonxalo,  614. 

kmb^ry,  Armioius,  616. 

n  IHijn,  O.  M..  a 

Ln  Troostwijk.  W.  Doude,  148. 

•rninu  Lois  A.,  614. 

rtoria.  Queen  (in  1840),  703.  707. 

la  Schon,  Wilhelm,  664. 

adsworth,  James  W.,  Jr.,  XL 

eLskirchner,  Dr.,  152. 

endelL  Barrett,  640. 

eyertueoser,  Frederick,  573. 

hite.  Bishop  William.  461. 

liite.  James  Gilbert,  44a 

IkiUoa:,  Brand,  624. 

liitney,  T.  H.,  141. 

liitaeU,  Lieon,  5. 

^ttier,  John  Greenleaf,  73a 

Tdener,  P.  A  B.,  519. 

lleT,  Harrey  D.,  384. 

lll^ox,  William  R.,  141,  522. 

William  II.,  Emperor  of  Germany,  275. 

Illiams,  John  Sharp,  263. 

lIlaoQ,  Ao^ustiis  E,  657. 

rilson.  Ed^r,  5. 

TiIjwii,  Woodrow,  145. 

rinnixirton-Insram,  Rt  Rev.  Arthur  F.,  528. 

*ood.  Fremont,  5. 

Toodward,  James  T..  64a 

vriicht.  Seaborn,  333. 

amajDoto.  Admiral,  135. 

uan  Sbih-Kal,  Viceroy  of  Pechili,  lOL 

elaya.  Jose  Santos,  lo. 

tuiraL  Parliamentary  Deadlock  in,  19. 

oc-eton  Preceptorial  System,  608. 

acetoa  UniTersity,  President  Wilson's  New  Plans 

for  Social  Reorganization  of,  145. 
«rftt  of  the  World,  The.  3.  131,  259.  387,  515,  643. 
ihibiti^m  in  Georgia,  143. 
th^Mtion  Wave  in  the  South,  328. 
wperity.  The  Question  of,  146. 
idhoaune.  Sally,  Valuation  of,  619. 
t»lic  Utilities  Commissions  of  New  York,  140. 
Mic  Utilities  Law  of  Wisconshi,  221. 

zuoAD  Development  American,  Tendencies  of,  348. 
Proad  Rates  and  Just  Regulation,  7. 

Re«rnlation  and  *"  States'  Righte.*'  260,  262. 
Senrice.  American  and  European,  Compared, 
5a*^'i2Sw  526. 

,  American,  Cost  of,  365. 
and  Reaction.  38a 
Irmdi  Makini^  Money,  303. 
troaik.  Retaliation  by.  10. 
boada.  The  L^tdsUtures  and  the.  9,  217. 
IrtTE.  Aerial  Mountain,  504. 
'  of  Current  Bmits,  27.  155.  280,  413,  539,  666. 
m  Tboneht,  Modem  Attitude  Toward,  750. 
Ncfltfctcd,  Education  of,  782. 


Robertson.  Dr.  James  Wilson,  of  Macdonald  College. 

Quebec,  576. 
Roentgen  Ravs,  Dangers  of,  632. 
Rome,  Municipal  Elections  in,  151. 
Roosevelt,    President,    Address   of,   at    Provincetown, 

Mass..  268. 
Roosevelt.   President.   Mississippi    River   Journey   of, 

456. 
Root.  Secretary,  Activities  of.  400;  His  Trip  to  Mex- 
ico, 530;  His  Work  as  Cabinet  Officer,  527. 
Rosenthal.  Herman.    Codperative  Consumers'  Associa- 
tions in  Russia.  201 ;  The  Regeneration  of  Persia. 
599. 
Roumanian  Farmer  and  the  Russian  Revolution.  617. 
Roumanian  Peasant  and  the  Jew,  117. 
Rubber  as  a  World  Product.  51. 
Russia  and  England.  Agreements  Between.  615. 
Russia :  Chaos  In.  153. 

Duma.  Second.  Record  of,  22-24.  250. 

Duma,  The  Third,  534,  664,  751. 

Duma,  The.  and  Our  Congress,  228. 

Election  Law.  An  Iniquitious  New.  23. 

BiUgland.  Russia,  and  the  German  Kaiser.  485. 

Foreign  Relations  of,  405. 

Marking  Time  in.  405. 

Poverty  and  Politics  in,  11. 

Reform  in,— Is  It  Possible?  227. 

School  Situation.  Chaos  in,  496. 

Why  Russia  She  Lags  Behind.  351. 

St.  Claiil  David  F.    James  Gilbert  White.  American 

Engineer,  447. 
Saint  Gaudens  and  American  Sculpture.  290. 
Salvation  Army  in  Berlin.  482. 
San  Domingo's  Finances.  103. 
San  Francisco's  Star  Prosecutor,  Francis  J.  Heney. 

244. 
San  Francisco's  Struggle  Against  Graft.  37.  144,  195. 

244. 
Saunders.  William  F.     President  Roosevelt's  Missis- 
sippi Journey.  456. 
Scandinavian  Problems.  Some.  271. 
Schools.  Forest,  in  Germany,  121. 
Sculpture,  McKinley  Memorials  in,  467. 
Sculpture,  American,  Saint  Gaudens  and,  290. 
Secret   Societies:  Are  They  a  Danger  to  Our  High 

Schools?  338. 
Seeds,  Latent  Life  of,  631. 
Senators,  New  Southern.  263. 
Socialism.  H.  G.  Wcjils  on.  496. 
South  America  and  Asiatic  Labor.  622. 
South  America  and  Europe,  Shortest  Route  Between. 

108. 
South  America,  Railroads  and  Railroad  Building  in. 

177. 
Spain :  Treaty  with  Great  Britain  and  France.  21. 
Spanish  Elections,  Side  Lights  on,  107. 
Speare,  Charles  F.     The  Toll  of  the  Tourist,  723. 
Spiritualism,  Scientific,  Progress  of.  in  Italy,  505. 
Standard  Oil  and  Publicity,  517. 
Standard  Oil  Fine.  265. 

Standard  Oil,  Government  Action  Against,  138. 
Standard  Oil  on  Its  Industrial  Side,  610. 
Suggestion,  a  Powerful  Factor  in  Treating  the  Sick. 

114. 
State  Legislation.  143. 
Steel  Business  Situation,  393. 
Stock  Market,  Slump  in,  259. 
Stock  Market,  The  President  and,  268. 
Sweden :  Affairs  in,  26. 

Taft,  Judge  Wiluah  H.,  Labor  Decisions  of,  212. 

Taft,  William  H.,  Address  by,  at  Columbus,  Ohio.  268. 

Taft,  William  H.,  as  a  Judge  on  the  Bench  208. 

Taft.  Secretary,  and  the  Philippines  397. 

Taft,  Secretary :  His  Trip  to  the  Far  East,  527,  536. 

Tariff,  Bryan-Beveridge  Debate  on.  603. 

Tariff.  Dull  Tiroes  and  the,  656. 

Tariff  Readjustment,  Does  the  Country  Want?  47. 

Tariff  Regulations  with  Germany,  269. 

Tariff  Relations  with  France,  269. 

Tariff.  Wood  Pulp  and  the.  656. 


Vlll 


INDEX  TO  yOLUME  XXXl^L 


Telegrraph,  SendingPictures  by,  97. 

Telegraph  Strike.  The,  264. 

Telegraphy,  Wireless:  First  Message  Across  Atlantic 
Ocean,  538. 

Telephones  in  Great  Britain,  Municipal  Ownership 
of.  4JH. 

Tobacco  Trust,  Action  Against,  137. 

Tourist:   What   He   Spends  Abroad,   723. 

Toy  Making  in  Germany,  708. 

Trades-unionism  in  Germany,  Growth  of.  744. 

Trusts  and  Their  Treatment  ( Bryan-Beveridge  De- 
bate), 90. 

Trust  Companies  and  the  Panic.  680. 

Trust  Conference  at  Chicago,  390,  6i">4-655. 


TNn'EBSiTT   President,   American,   German   View   of. 

110. 
Vasconcellos,  Juan  Leite  da,  98. 
Venezuela :  Asphalt  Case,  Decision  in.  270. 
Venezuela:  Foreign  Claims  Cnse,  270. 
Venezuelan     Congress.     President     Castro's    Message 

to,  15. 
Victoria :  Queen,  Wife  and  Mother,  703. 


Francis  Joseph  of  Anil 


Von  Schierbrand.  Wolf. 
Hungary.  552. 

Watebway  Improvement,  387-388.  516. 

West  Indies  in  Commerce,  305. 

Western  Federation  of  Miners,  Trial  of  Officers  ol 

White,  James  Gilbert,  American  EJngineer,  447. 

Williams  College,  New  President  of  (Harry  A.  (] 

field),  144. 
Wisconsin  Public  l^tilities  I^w,  221. 
Whittier.  John  Greenleaf.  Centenary  of,  736. 
William  II.,  German  Emperor.  Two  Addresses  of.  3 

Trip  to  Ehigland,  663;   Religious  Philosoph: 

748. 
Woman  Suffrage  in  Colorado.  479;  Woman  Suffi 

Throughout  the  World.  481. 
Woman's  University  in  Japan,  248. 
Woodbine,  N.  J.,  Jewish  Community  at,  354. 
Wood  Pulp  and  the  Tariff,  656. 
Woodruff,    Clinton    Rogers.      Crusade    Against 

boards,  345. 
Yuan  Shih-Kai,  China's  Foremost  Statesman,  1( 

ZUMBBO.  W.  M.    India ;  A  Nation  in  the  Making,  \ 


THE   AMERICAN   MONTHLY   REVIEW  OF    REVIEWS. 

EDITED  BY  ALBERT  SHAW. 
CONTENTS  FOR   JULY,  1907. 


Officers  of  the  Second  Duma... Frontispiece 
The  Progress  of  the  World— 

The  Economic  Motive  Everywhere 3 

The  Need  of  Moderation 3 

The  Idaho  Trial 4 

Fair  Play  Better  than  Strife ^. 4 

A  Veto  by  Governor  Hughes. ...  7. 5 

A  New  England  Instance 6 

Rates  and  Just  R^ulation 7 

Capital  Must  Be  Lncourased 7 

A  Sound  Business  Outlook 8 

Rale  Fixing  by  States 9 

A  Sane  and  Brave  Position 10 

A  Campaign  of  Retaliation 10 

French  Economic  Troubles 10 

Poverty  and  Politics  in  Russia II 

Economic  Motives  for  Peace 12 

Fair  Treatment  of  China 12 

Our  Attitude  Toward  the  East 13 

The  Insurance  Situation. 13 

Presidential  Candidates 13 

Bryan  and  Hearst 14 

Central  American  Politics 15 

Re-enter  President  Castro 15 

FaUitre  of  the  Liberal  Irish  Bill 16 

...  16 

...  17 

...  18 

...  18 

...  18 

...  19 

...  20 

...  20 

...  21 

...  21 

...  22 


Does  the  Country  Want  Tariff  Re- 
adjustment?     47 

By  William  R .  Corwine. 
# 

Rubber  as  a  World  Product 51 

By  William  M.  Ivins. 
With   portrait!   and   other   llluatrationa. 

Morocco,  the  Derelict  of  Diplomacy    63 

By  William  G.  Fitz-Cerald. 
With  portraits  and  other  lllustratlona. 

Resourceful  Central  America 69 

By  John  Barrett. 
With  llluatratlona. 


Provisions  of  the  Bill 

The  Revolt  of  the  French  Midi 

The  Problem  Before  M.  Clemenceau. 

His  Vigorous  Action 

A  Revolution  in  Austria 

Absolutism  in  Portugal 

Anniversaries  in  Italy 

The  Franco- Japanese  Agreement 

The  New  Triple  Alliance. 

The  Hague  Conference  Opens 

The  Second  Russian  Duma  Dissolved 

An  Iniquitous  New  Ejection  Law 23 

The  Duma's  Dignified  Conduct 23 

Record  of  the  Duma 24 

Japan  and  die  United  States 24 

A  Perfect  Official  Understanding 25 

Peaceful,  Happy  Sweden 26 

With  portraiu,  cartoons,  and  other  illustrations. 

Record  of  Current  Events 27 

with  portraits. 


A  Year  of  Delayed  Harvests. 

With  maps. 


The  Middle  West  and  Wall  Street. 

By  Charles  Moreau  Harger. 

Leading  Articles  of  the  Month— 


79 


83 


87 


31 
37 


Cartoons  on  Current  Topics 

The  Case  of  San  Francisco 

By  James  D.  Phetan. 
With  portrait. 

The  South's  Care  for  Her  Confederate 
Veterans 40 

By  William  H.  Classon. 
With   portraits  and   other   Illustrations. 


The  Personal  Factor  in  the  Labor  Problem 

Our  Currency -Reform  Problem 88 

The  Zenith  of  Our  Industrial  Efficiency 89 

The  Bryan.Beveridffe  Debate. 90 

Why  Co-operative  Housekeeping  Faib 93 

The  Waste  of  Children 94 

The  Battle  of  Fathers  and  Sons  in  Germany. .  95 

Sending  Pictures  by  Telegraph 97 

A  Great  Scientific  Man  of  I^ortugal 98 

"Gorki's  Finish " 99 

Yuan  Shih-kai,  China's  Foremost  Statesman  . .  101 

France's  Punitive  Elzpedition  Against  Morocco  102 

San  DomiiMo's  Finances 103 

Linnaeus,  after  Two  Hundred  Years 105 

Side-Lights  on  the  Spanish  Elections 107 

The  Shortest  Route  from  Europe  to  South 

America. 108 

A  German  View  of  Our  University  Presidents  1 10 

The  Autonomy  of  Russian-Poland Ill 

Why  North  and  South  America  Are  Different  1 13 

StKjgestion,  a  Factor  in  Treating  the  Sick 1 14 

Is  Literature  Dying  7 115 

The  Most  Important  Factor  in  Infant  Mortality  1 16 

-m       «  .         r.  .  ...        .  ,17 

119 
120 
121 
122 


The  Roumanian  Peasant  and  the  Jews 

Increase  in  Polish  Immigration 

Are  Plants  Possessed  of  Senses? 

The  German  Forest  Schools 

Britain  as  a  Field  for  American  Business. . 
With  portraits  and  other  illustrations. 


The  New  Books 

With  portraits. 


124 


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iitii 

THE    AMERICAN    MONTHLY 

Review  of  Reviews 


Vol.  XXXVI. 


NEW  YORK,  JULY,  1907. 


No.  1 


THE   PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


The  EecfMumie  '"  ^  scason  that  is  Comparatively 
iMio€  free  from  catastrophes  of  war,  and 
Mryw  tre.  ^^^  more  profound  disturbances 
that  from  time  to  time  affect  mankind,  there 
are  nevertheless  many  lesser  indications  of 
strife  and  unrest.  In  order  to  understand 
these  anVhc,  It  [^  worth  while  to  ask  if  tlierit 
are  not  some  underlying  causes  of  a  commsm 
nature.  We  are  living  In  a  business  ai:t%  un- 
der general  conditions  that  arc  rapidly  chanj^- 
ine  \n  almost  every  pare  of  the  world.  The 
filain  people  of  all  countries,  considered  in 
the  mo^ss,  are  no  longer  content  merely  to 
toil  and  e>£ist*  They  wish  to  improve  their 
lut,  and  rhcy  arc  determined  to  have  a  larger 
share  tn  tlie  good  things  of  this  lite.  SciL*ncf 
and  fnventiun  have  brought  about  a  stupen- 
dous increase  in  the  production  of  wealth, 
and  the  average  man  everywhere  is  strujLJiglin^ 
i:i*r  »  better  distribution,  To  that  end  he 
Wf^ks  %  liniier  grasp  upon  the  agencies  ot 
j^tiVfrnment,  in  order  that  unfair  handicaps 
ntay  be  removed,  and   freedom  of  economic 


opportunity  be  better  assured.  In  our  own 
country,  the  great  populist  and  free-silver 
movements  of  a  decade  ago  were  simply  the 
organized  expression  of  men's  discontent  with 
their  situation  in  life.  They  sought  to  bring 
about  a  better  adjustment  of  relations  be- 
tween creditors  and  debtor^,  between  capital 
and  labor,  between  the  great  corporations  and 
private  individuals.  The  present  great  move- 
ment in  this  country  for  regulating  the  rail- 
roads and  the  public-service  companies  that 
control  street  transit  and  other  facilities  of 
a  monopolistic  nature  owes  its  strength  to 
the  widespread  determination  of  the  people 
to  get  for  themselves  as  much  benefit  as 
possible  out  of  the  agencies  of  civilization. 


The 


FAIt   PLAT    rXDBR    THE    nOVKRNMKXT    KOR    CAPITAL    AS 
WKIJ.    AS    IJkBOR. 

From  tbe  nimle   (Toledo) 


Since  the  desire  for  the  things 
Heed  of  that  belong  to  a  better  standard 
era  ion.  ^^  jiving  and  a  more  agreeable 
condition  of  life  is  not  only  general  but  very 
intense,  there  must  inevitably  follow  a  good 
deal  of  clash  and  strife.  It  is  difficult  to 
hold  men,  under  these  circumstances,  to  rules 
of  moderation.  Capital  combines;  becomes 
greedy;  abuses  its  opportunities.  Its  excesses 
provoke  reaction.  Labor  organization,  on  its 
side,  becomes  exacting,  tyrannical,  and  des- 
perate in  its  methods.  Even  in  well-regu- 
lated communities  it  is  hard  to  maintain  the 
supremacy  of  law  and  a  just  balance  between 
contending  forces  in  such  periods  as  this 
present  era  of  economic  and  social  change. 
And  if  it  is  hard  to  hold  law  and  govern- 
ment firm  in  their  place  and  function  in 
orderly  communities  like  Massachusetts,  it 
is  not  strange  that  excesses  should  occur  and 
that  public  order  should  suffer  in  communi- 
ties not  so  well  established.  The  struggle 
between  capital  and  labor  in  the  Far  West 
has  gone  forward  under  conditions  which 
have  not  found  the  agencies  of  public  au- 
thority strong  enough  to  hold  firm  sway. 
The  murder  trials  now  in  progress  at  Boise 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS 


Charles   11.    Moyer, 
President. 


Copynplit.  H.  Myers. 
George    A.    I'eltilMjne, 
Member   Kxecutlve   Hoard. 


William   I).   Haywood, 
Secretary    and    Treasurer, 


THE   OFFICERS    OF    WESTERN    FEl)ERATIO*J     OF    MINERS    ON    TRIAL    IN    IDAHO. 


City,  Idaho,  whatever  may  he  their  outcome, 
throw  light  upon  the  dangers  that  society 
must  encounter  in  new  and  sparsely  settled 
countries,  where  the  strife  hetween  capital 
and  labor  becomes  intense,  and  where  each 
side  takes  the  law  into  its  own  hands  and 
strives  for  victory   regardless  of  methods. 


The 
Idaho 
Trial. 


"Fitli     iJuRSLF.V      (ilAR-kV     ORlHARIl), 


The  confession  of  Orchard  is  an 
amazing  story  of  crimes  com- 
mitted on  behalf  of  the  Western 
Federation  of  Miners  against  the  mine-own- 
ing employers,  and  against  the  public  au- 
thorities where  they  were  regarded  as  favor- 
able to  capital.  It  is  not  for  us  at  this  stage 
of  the  great  contest  before  the  judge  and 
jury  to  express  any  opinion  upon  the  truth- 
fulness of  testimony.  But  no  one  will  deny 
the  notorious  fact  of  long-continued  turbu- 
lence throughout  the  mining  camps  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  States,  and  of  intense  strife 
carried  on  in  a  high-handed  spirit  on  both 
sides.  The  thing  to  be  desired  is  justice  and 
fair  play,  with  much  freedom  of  opportunft)^ 
for  both  capital  and  labor  under  the  guar- 
anty and  protection  of  laws,  executive  offi- 
cers, and  judges  that  will  do  their  dutj^  fear- 
lessly and  faithfully.  It  is  fortunate  that 
conditions  in  our  Western  States  are  upon 
the  whole  gradually  improving.  The  proc- 
ess is  a  painful  one,  but  things  are  moving 
in  the  right  direction.  Every  time  some 
acute  phase  of  the  endless  struggle  for  eco- 
nomic advantage  can  be  met  and  passed  in  a 
spirit  of  reasonableness  and  compromise 
there  is  much  gain. 

Fair  Play     ^^  '^  *  difficult  thing  to  inducc 
^^stri/J'"''    "^^"  ^^°  ^^^  prepared  for  con- 
flict   not    to   fight    to   the   finish 
when    a    dispute    actually    arises.      It    takes 
breadth  of  view   and   moderation   to  accept 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


methods  of  conciliation  or  arbitration  rather 
than  to  strike  or  to  fight.  But  the .  peaceful 
way  of  settling  differences  is  much  better  for 
everybody  concerned.  The  movement  for 
better  economic  conditions  may  be  a  little 
retarded  sometimes,  but  its  average  advance 
cannot  be  checked.  Labor  will  be  better  off, 
therefore,  to  join  hands  with  capital  in  se- 
curing the  largest  possible  production,  using 
all  due  vigilance  and  intelligence  to  improve 
conditions  from  time  to  time.  In  a  period  of 
readjustment  like  this,  it  is  a  hopeful  sign  to 
find  masters  of  industry  and  capital  standing 
up  with  clear  vision  and  right  sympathy  for 
the  best  possible  treatment  of  wage-earners 
and  of  the  public.  It  is  not  less  a  hopeful 
thing  to  find  trusted  leaders  of  the  people 
who  will  never  countenance  confiscation  and 
who  will  protect  the  rights  of  capital  as 
earnestly  as  the  rights  of  labor. 


M  Veto  by 
Qootmor 
Hugkts. 


For  example,  Governor  Hughes, 
of  New  York,  has  attained  a  po- 
sition that  no  one  will  question 
or  assail  as  a  champion  of  the  rights  of  the 
people.  His  position  in  that  regard  will  be 
stronger  rather  than  weaker  by  reason  of 
his  notable  action  last  month  in  vetoing  the 
bill  that  had  passed  the  New^  York  Legis- 
lature fixing  2  cents  a  mile  as  the  maximum 
passenger  rate  on  railroads  in  that  State. 
We  shall    in    subsequent    paragraphs    refer 


JUDGE    FREMONT     WOOD,    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES 

DISTRICT  COURT. 

(Who  is  trying  the  Idaho  cases.) 

again  to  the  bill  itself  and  to  the  activities  of 
Governor  Hughes  and  the  New  York  Legis- 
lature. The  point  we  wish  to  emphasize 
just  here  is  the  value  on  the  part  of  a  high 
official    of    the    quality    of    fairmindedness. 


THE  LAWYERS   FOR  THE  DEFENSE   IN   THE  IDAHO  CASES. 
Reading  from  left  to  right:  Bdgar  Wilson,  Boise;  Leon  Whitsell,  Wnllace ;    .Tno.    F.   Nugent,    Boise; 
Miller,  Sp<ik«fl«$  CImML1^J^<^ow,  Chicago;  Edmund  F.  Itichardson,  Denver. 


Fred. 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


O.  M.   Van   Duyn. 
Senator  \V.  E.  Borah.  W.  A.  Stone.  J.  11.  Ilawley. 

THE   LAWYERS   FOR  THE   PROSECUTION     IN    THE   IDAHO   CASES. 


Governor  Hughes  had  been  largely  respon- 
sible for  the  Public  Utilities  act,  which  was 
strongly  opposed  by  the  railroads  and  the 
franchise-holding  corporations.  It  was  quite 
commonly  assumed  that  he  would  sign  the 
2-cent-fare  bill  as  in  line  with  his  general 
attitude  toward  railroads  and  corporations. 
But  in  his  message  vetoing  the  bill  he  showed 
a  well-nigh  perfect  poise  of  temper,  as  well 
as  lucidity  of  mind. 


A  New 
England 
Instance. 


New    England,    meanwhile,    has 
been  much   interested   in   the  ac- 
quisition of  the  Boston  &  Maine 
railway    system    by    the    New    York,    New 
Haven  &  Hartford  system.    Our  readers  will 
remember   that   the   last  campaign    in    New 
Hnmpshire  turned  upon  the  activit}*^  of  the 
&    Maine    railroad    in    the    politics 
?tate.     It  is  a  striking  evidence  of  a 
der  of  things  that  President  Mellen, 


of  the  New  Haven  road,  who  now  comes 
into  control  of  the  entire  network  of  New 
England  transportation  lines,  repudiates  al- 
together the  old  methods  of  corporation  poli- 
tics. He  has  frankly  discussed  the  merger 
with  Governor  Ciuild  and  committees  of  the 
Massachusetts  Legislature,  and  the  public 
that  is  dependent  upon  the  railroads  con- 
cerned is  not  left  in  any  mystery  as  to  what 
is  going  on.  A  few  years  ago  a  merger  of 
this  kind  would  havT  been  attended  by  a 
rearrangement  of  securities,  with  large  issues 
of  stock  representing  no  new  capital,  and 
with  bonds  floated  for  the  personal  benefit 
of  a  ring  of  insiders.  In  short,  the  sort  of 
financing  that  was  practiced  a  few  years  ago 
in  connection  with  a  change  in  control  of 
the  Alton  road,  and  that  has  been  exemplified 
in  a  larne  number  of  even  more  flagrant  in- 
stances, is  what  would  have  happened  in 
connection  with  the  transfer  of  the  Boston 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


&  Maine  to  the  system  of  which  Mr.  Mellen 
is  president.  The  real  owners  of  the  securi- 
ties of  the  railroad  companies  concerned  are 
better  protected  when  a  merger  is  carried 
out,  as  in  this  case,  openly  and  under  the 
honest  regulation  of  the  public  authorities, 
than  when  it  means  stock-watering  and 
financial  manipulation,  as  under  methods 
that  have  until  lately  been  prevalent. 

Ratea  Whether  Governor  Hughes  was 
<Mtf  jir«f  nearer  right  or  nearer  wrong  in 
^*  ^'  his  reasons  for  vetoing  the  2-cent- 
fare  bill,  it  is"  to  be  remembered  that  the 
Public  Utilities  bill,  which  became  a  law 
early  in  June,  and  goes  into  eflFect  on  July  i, 
provides  an  efficient  method  by  which  rates 
may  be  made  equitable  in  case  they  are  too 
high.  Many  States  have  now  passed  2-cent- 
farc  bills;  and  railroad  men  are  declaring 
these  measures  to  be  confiscatory  in  their 
prindple.  For  certain  small  railroads,  sepa- 
rately owned  and  operated,  such  a  rate  is 
obviously  unjust.  On  large  systems  the  2- 
cent  rate  is  not  too  low  for  main  lines.  There 
arc  sc\'eral  different  theories  as  to  passenger 
rate-making,  for  all  of  which  strong  argu- 
ments can  be  presented.  The  great  desid- 
eratum is  moderation  and  fairness  all  around. 
Railroads  as  public  servants  should  give  the 
public  a  service  of  efficiency  and  should  treat 
all  comers  on  the  same  terms.  But  when 
good  service  and  fair  treatment  are  secured, 
it  should  be  remembered  that  railroads  are 
pn'vate  business  enterprises;  that  capital  so 
engaged  has  to  assume  peculiar  risks,  and 
that  the  railroad  business  ought  to  be  profita- 
ble in  good  times. 

f^^^^^i  Much  more  necessary  than  an  at- 
Jtest  Be  tack  upon  average  rates  charged 
**""'^"^*^*  to  the  public  is  a  movement  in 
the  interest  of  the  moderate  investor  in  rail- 
road bonds  and  stocks,  in  order  to  break  the 
absolutism  of  the  so-called  "  magnates," 
whose  high-handed  methods  of  manipulation 
have  given  them  vast  fortunes,  while  the 
position  of  the  real  owners  of  the  railroad 
properties  has  been  precarious.  It  is  not  uni- 
fonn  2-cent  rates  for  passengers,  or  an  aver- 
age reduction  of  rates  for  freight,  that  the 
users  of  railroads  chiefly  need  at  present. 
What  they  principally  need  is  better  service. 
The  railroads  have  fallen  far  behind  the 
general  progress  of  the  country.  They  must 
be  rebuilt  and  improved  at  great  expense. 
This  will  require  new  capital  in  large  quan- 
tities.   European  as  well  as  American  invest- 


MR.  CHARLES   S.    MELLEN. 

(President  of  the  New  York,  New  Haven  &  Hartford 

Railroad.) 

ors  must  be  willing  to  put  their  money  into 
railroads.  They  will  be  chary  about  doing 
this  if  public  regulation  is  construed  as 
meaning  a  forcing  down  of  average  rates. 
The  best  way  to  help  the  railroads  is  to  stop 
the  methods  which  have  brought  American 
railroad  financiering'  into  distrust  every- 
where in  the  world.  The  great  struggle  for 
public  control  and  regulation  of  railroads 
now  bids  fair  to  bring  us  into  an  era  of  com- 
mon sense  ,and  good  understanding  under 
the  leadership  of  public  men  like  President 
Roosevelt  and  Governor  Hughes,  who  stand 
for  justice  and  fair  play  all  around.  As  we 
have  remarked  before,  the  transgressions  of 
the  railroad  companies  have  been  so  egregious 
that  the  only  wonder  is  that  the  American 
people  have  not,  in  their  reaction  against 
railroad  politics  and  'other  abuses,  proceeded 
in  a  much  more  drastic  way  than  the  work 
of  the  recent  legislatures  exhibits.  The 
storm  is  now  nearly  past.  Anti-corporation 
wrath  has  subsided ;  the  strength  of  law  and 
of  government  in  America  has  been  vindi- 
cated, and  the  time  has  come  for  scientific 
adjustment  and  the  settlement  of  each  par- 
ticular question  as  it  arises,  upon  its  actual 
merits.     There  may  be  some  fufther  legisla- 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REk'lElVS. 


^     / '/ 


(50VKRN0U    HICIIKS    TIUU'OIIT    THKRR    WKRK    TOO    MANY    DANOKROUS    KXHIXtRIVi^   AROr.ND. 

(Apropos  of  his  vote  of  tho  2-ct'nt-fare  bill.) — From  th^  Jlerald  (New  York). 


tlon  at  Washington,  and  indeed  there  ought 
to  be.  But  it  will  not  be  brought  about  in 
any  spirit  of  hostility  to  railroads,  nor  will 
it  endanger  anybody's  actual-  investments. 
Property  in  railroads  has  the  same  right  of 
public  protection  as  property  in  any  other 
form.  The  outcome  of  the  great  agitation 
will  be  beneficial  in  all  directions. 

A  Sound     ^^^  reaction  that  has  made  Wall 
Business      Street  a  dull   and   gloomy  place 
Outlook.      ^^,|u  pj.Q^g  jQ  YxsLve  been  an  ex- 
cellent precursor  of  a  new  and  more  whole- 
some activity  in  financial  aflfairs.    The  sober- 
ing   influence    has   been    felt    in    the    entire 
business  life  of  the  country.     There  is  not 
quite  so  much  haste  to  become  rich  suddenly, 
and    the    disposition    to    spend    recklessly    is 
abating.      In    a   general   way   the   economic 
progress  of   the  American   people  since  the 
year     H)00     has    been     without     precedent. 
There  will  be  some  slackening  of  the  wheels, 
but    present    indications    do    not   justify    the 
prophets  of  disaster,     l^he  demand  for  labor 
*~  various  directions  will  probably  suffice  to 
b  whatever  the  railroads  may  dispense 
in  thehr  curtailment  of  new  construc- 


tion. The  spring  and  early  summer  have 
been  cold  and  wet,  and  the  peculiar  weather 
conditions  \^  ill  have  had  unfavorable  effects 
upon  the  products  of  farm  and  garden  as  well 
as  upon  the  trade  of  merchants.  But  crops 
will  be  large,  even  if  considerably  less  than 
those  of  one  or  two  preceding  years ;  and  the 
country  will  go  forward  hopefully  and  busily, 
in  a  less  speculative  mood,  but  with  full  con- 
fidence and  with  everything  to  be  thankful 
for.  Prosperity  was  so  great  that  legitimate 
success  was  leading  to  unwise  speculation. 
Real-estate  booms  of  the  dangerous  sort  were 
to  be  noted  in  various  parts  of  the  country. 
The  craze  for  shares  of  stock  in  copper  mines 
and  gold  mines  was  making  it  easy  for  un- 
scrupulous promoters  to  fleece  myriads  of  in- 
vestors who  were  greedy  to  share  in  the 
"  get- rich-quick  "  opportunities  of  the  day. 
The  slump  in  Wall  Street  has  served  as  a 
warning  to  the  country,  and  the  speculative 
craze  has  subsided, — not  soon  enough,  in- 
deed, for  hundreds  of  thousands  of  unlucky 
dupes,  but  soon  enough  at  least  to  save  the 
country  from  dire  disaster.  There  are  no  signs 
of  serious  trouble  in  the  general  business  situ- 
ation.   The  farmers  are  so  much  ahead  from 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


9 


a  decade  of  great  prosperity  that  they  can 
easily  bear  one  year  of  late  harvests  and 
diminished  yields.  Our  article  on  that  sub- 
ject, to  be  found  on  page  79,  covers  the 
crop  situation  in  detail.  The  railroads  can 
bear  some  reduction  in  the  volume  of  freight 
traffic,  in  view  of  their  total  inability  last 
year  to  handle  the  business  that  was  urged 
upon  them.  The  great  industrial  organiza- 
tions, like  the  United  States  Steel  Corpora- 
tion, are  fully  occupied.  The  less  feverish 
conditions  of  trade,  furthermore,  are  awan- 
rageous  when  viewed  from  the  standpoint  of 
labor  conditions.  When  some  slackening  ap- 
pears or  is  looked  for,  it  is  usually  easier 
to  settle  disputes  by  amicable  agreement  or 
by  arbitration.  The  quieter  times  in  business 
make  men  conservative;  and  labor  is  more 
ready  to  see  the  value  of  a  steady  job  at  good 
pay,  and  less  willing  to  plunge  into  so  un- 
certain an  experiment  as  a  strike. 


long  are  exempted  from  the  requirement  of  a 
2j4-cent  fare;  but  in  most  of  the  States 
where  this  kind  of  legislation  was  enacted 
there  was  no  effort  made  to  distinguish  be- 
tween the  weak  and  the  mighty  among  rail- 
road corporations,  nor  between  the  just  and 
the  unjust.  These  maximurti-fare  laws  were 
adopted  by  Alabama,  Arkansas,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  West  Virginia  among  Southern 
States;  by  Indiana,  lUinois,  Michigan,  Iowa, 
Nebraska,  Missouri,  and  the  Dakotas  in  the 
Middle  West,  and  by  Pennsylvania  and  New 
York  in  the  East. 


Rate 


During  the  past  half-year  in 
nxiMb9  about  one-third  of  the  States  of 
the  Union  laws  have  been  passed 
which  attempt  to  fix  a  maximum  passenger 
fare  to  be  charged  by  railroads.  In  some  in- 
stances the  rate  so  established  is  2}4  cents  a 
mile,  in  one  or  two  it  is  2^4  cents,  but  in  a 
majority  of  cases  it  is  2  cents  "  flat."  Illi- 
nois, Iowa,  and  Michigan  conceded  a  higher 
rate  to  roads  that  were  shown  to  be  earning 
less  than  a  certain  sum  per  mile,  and  in 
North  Carolina  roads  less  than  sixty  miles 


A  Sane  and   ^^  impressed  the  country  as  signifi- 
Braue       cant  that  the  only  gubernatorial 

Position.  ^         I  ^  /•  I      •  1      • 

veto  of  2-cent-fare  legislation  in 
any  of  the  States  should  come  from  Governor 
Hughes,  of  New  York,  the  one  State  execu- 
tive who  during  the  present  year  had  suc- 
ceeded against  powerful  opposition  in  wrest- 
ing from  an  unwilling  Legislature  a  law  that 
foreshadowed  a  new  era  in  the  State  regula- 
tion of  public-service  corporations.  This  ac- 
tion of  Governor  Hughes  was  based  on  a 
sound  proposition  in  government, — that  the 
rates  charged  for  public  service  should  not  be 
arbitrarily  disturbed,  nor  the  earnings  of  pub- 
lic-service corporations  arbitrarily  reduced, 
unless  it  be  shown  as  the  result  of  a  full  and 
impartial  investigation  that  existing  rate 
schedules  are  clearly  unreasonable  and  unjust. 
In  the  case  of  the  New  York  railroads  there 
had   been   no  legislative  investigation  what- 


WHAT'S    THE    MAITKR    WITH    THE    WEATHEH,    AXYWAY? 

From  the  Plain  Dealer  (Cleveland). 


10 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


ever.  It  is  quite  possible  that  a  2-cent  fare 
would  have  been  reasonable  for  certain  lines 
and  at  the  same  time  unreasonable  and  unfair 
for  other  lines.  The  new  Public  Service 
Commissions  in  New  York  State  have  been 
created  by  law  for  the  very  purpose, — ^among 
others, — of  determining  what  rates  are  just 
to  both  the  corporations  and  the  public. 
Governor  Hughes  was  fully  justified  in  his 
insistence  that  the  matter  be  left  to  the  com- 
missioners and  hot  be  made  the  subject  of 
crude  and  sweeping  legislation. 

^  Yet  it  is  a  well-known  fact  that 

Ccmpxian     most  of  the  legislatures  through- 

of  Retaliation.        ^    ^,  ..        .u   ^  ^  j    >. 

'  out  the  country  that  enacted  2- 

cent-fare  laws  followed  practically  the  same 
course  of  procedure  as  the  New  York  law- 
makers did,  although  it  must  be  said  that  they 
seem  to  have  been  spurred  to  action  by  a  vig- 
orous public  sentiment,  while  in  New  York 
hardly  a  newspaper  of  any  prominence  had 
demanded  or  supported  the  2-cent-fare  bill. 
The  truth  is  that  the  motive  behind  most  of 
this  legislation  was  retaliation  for  real  or 
imagined  wrongs  which  the  public  had  long 
endured  at  the  hands  of  the  railroads.  On 
the  part  of  the  legislatures  this  retaliatorj' 
spirit  found  vent  in  a  drastic  exercise  of 
power.  The  railroads  must  be  punished  for 
their  sins  and  in  2-cent-fare  laws  the  legis- 
latures believed  that  they  had  an  effective 
way  of  imposing  penalties.  The  railroads, 
on  their  part,  exhibited  a  similar  spirit, — as 
was  not  to  be  wondered  at.  They  could 
make  reprisals  by  withdrawing  all  kinds  of 
cheap  excursion  rates  and  this  they  at  once 
proceeded  to  do  in  the  Middle  West,  while 
in  Pennsylvania  certain  suburban  commuta- 
tion rates  were  canceled.  Up  to  the  present 
time  the  public's  losses  in  the  contest  seem 
to  overbalance  its  gains,  and  we  are  certainly 
no  nearer  a  solution  of  the  rate  problem  than 
we  were  before  the  legislatures  began  their 
campaign. 

j^^        The  greatly  prolonged  session  of 
New  York     the   New  York   Legislature  had 

Legislature.  i    .  ^      ^ 

several  important  matters  on  its 
hands  last  month.  After  the  passage  of  the 
Public  Utilities  bill  Governor  Hughes  re- 
called attention  to  certain  subjects  of  which 
he  had  treated  in  his  message  as  requiring 
action  by  the  lawmaking  body.  The  Legis- 
lature had  failed  to  ace  on  these  matters  and 
seemed  surprised  at  the  Governor's  persist- 
ence. Nevertheless  it  proceeded  to  comply 
with  his  request.     The  bill  for  a  recount  of 


the  votes  cast  at  the  New  York  City  mayor- 
alty election  of  1905  was  passed,  together 
with  a  supplementary  bill  permitting  Mayor 
McClellan  to  ask  for  the  opening  of  any 
ballot  boxes  that  the  contestant,  Mr.  Hearst, 
does  not  ask  to  have  opened.  Another  meas- 
ure that  engaged  the  attention  of  the  legisla- 
tors for  the  greater  part  of  June  was  the  re- 
apportionment of  the  State  Senate  districts, 
made  necessary  by  the  decision  of  the  Court 
of  Appeals  that  the  apportionment  law  of 
1906  was  unconstitutional.  In  the  reshaping 
of  districts  a  violent  controversy  arose  be- 
tween the  leaders  of  the  Senate  on  the  one 
harid  and  the  Republican  members  of  ^  the 
Assembly,  headed  by  Speaker  Wadsworth,  on 
the  other.  Both  sides  were  defiant,  and  at 
one  time  an  all-summer's  deadlock  was 
threatened. 

French       ^^  ^^^  general  struggle  for  eco- 
Eoonomio     nomic  benefits  is  at  the  basis  of 
our   social   and   political   contro- 
versies  in  this  country,  the  same  thing  is  to 
be  observed  abroad.    The  critical  situation  \n 
France  last  month  was  due  to  no  political 
sentiment  or  governmental  theory,  but  purely 
to  a  practical  business  condition.    The  south 
of   France   depends   very   largely    upon    the 
wine   product.     Not  only   are   the   hillsides 
planted   in  vineyards,   but  broad   valleys  of 
level  land  which  one  would  expect  to  find 
devoted  to  grass,  wheat,  and  other  cereals 
are  devoted  to  vines  and  nothing  else.     The 
destruction  many  years  ago  of  the   French 
vineyards   by   the   philoxera   was   a   terrible 
blow  to  the  farmers  of  that  thrifty  country. 
Thanks    to    the    successful    importation    of 
American   vines,    the   production   of   grapes 
has  not  only  been  restored,  but  greatly  in- 
creased  in   extent  and  quantity.     Overpro- 
duction, and  changes  in  the  conditions  of  de- 
mand and  supply,  have  brought  the  price  of 
their  crop  so  low  that  it  is  now  produced  at 
a  sheer  loss.     The  grape  producers  believe 
that  this  condition  is  due  to  the  adulteration 
of  wines,  and  to  other  causes  that  the  govern- 
ment can  remedy.     Hence  a  tremendous  up- 
rising of  the  peasantry  and  of  the  people  in 
the  towns  and  cities  who  are  dependent  upon 
the  wine   industry  as  their  principal   trade, 
with  a  resulting  situation  upon  which  further 
comment  will  be  found  on  a  subsequent  page. 
The  real  remedy,  of  course,  lies  in  the  larger 
cultivation  of  other  crops.    But  the  situation, 
meanwhile,  illustrates  the  fact  that  all  gov- 
ernments are  now  compelled  to  give  their 
principal  attention  to  problems  that  concern 


THF.  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


11 


Cofryriifht.  1907,  by  dnderwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

HON.    JAMES    W.    WADSWORTH,  JR. 
(Speaker  of  the  New  York  Asuembly,  whose  position  on  the  reapportionment  question  threatened  to 
prolong  the  deadlock  of  the  I/egislaturc  last  month.) 


the  economic  condition  of  the  masses  of  the 
people,  who  arc  determined  to  allow  no  con- 
ditions that  law  and  government  can  remedy 
to  stand  in  the  way  of  their  increasing 
prosperity. 


rtetrta  and 

-hHitica  Ifi 

Buuia. 


)/, 


Russia  the  protracted  discord 
that  was  again  illustrated  last 
month  hy  a  reassert  ion  of  the 
Czar*s  autocratic  power,  though  seemingly 
<iue  to  political  rather  than  to  economic  con- 
ditions, is  in  real  it}'  a  discord  that  grows  out 


of  the  discontent  of  the  people  with  their 
poverty.  They  demand  reasonable  advan- 
tages for  their  private  economic  advancement. 
The  old-fashioned  land  sj^stem  of  Russia 
does  not  satisfy  the  peasarlts,  and  they  de- 
mand a  government  which  will  remove  ob- 
stacles, and  give  them  a  chance  to  prosper. 
So  long  as  the  army  remains  obedient  fo  the 
Czar  and  the  bureaucracy,  it  will  be  prac- 
tically impossible  for  the  Russian  people  to 
make  successful  assertion  of  their  constitu- 
tional rights^     It  is  not  so  much  theoretical 


12  THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^/ElV  OF  REVIEWS, 

liberty  in  the  political  sense  that  the  Russian  that  will  makoi  for  peace  and  harmony, 
people  are  struggling  for  as  freedom  from  Meanwhile  the  multiplication  of  treaties  and 
poverty,  with  its  unbearable  associations.  A  so-called  ententes  among  the  nations  are  so 
few  generations  ago  most  men  in  European  diminishing  the  probabilities  of  war  in  par- 
countries  worked  very  hard  and  were  ex-  ticular  quarters  that  the  reduction  of  arma- 
tremely  poor.  The  fight  against  poverty  has  ments  and  of  expenditures  for  military  and 
been  very  largely  gained  in  the  foremost  na-  naval  purposes  will,  within  five  years,  be  a 
tions.  In  countries  like  ours  it  is  not  merely  more  welcome  subject  of  discussion  than  at 
that  everybody  has  secured  the  necessaries  of  the  present  time.  The  masses  of  men  in  all 
life,  but  that  the  masses  of  people  are  de-  civilized  countries  will  increasingly  object  to 
manding  an  increasing  share  of  the  luxuries,  paying  heavy  taxes  for  a  kind  of  expenditure 
In  Russia,  on  the  other  hand,  the  bare  neces-  that  brings  them  no  benefit.  Proposals  like 
sities  are  not  as  yet  fully  guaranteed.  The  that  of  President  Roosevelt,  who  suggested  a 
demand  for  modern  forms  of  government  limit  to  the  size  of  battleships,  could  be 
derives  most  of  its  strength  from  the  growing  adopted  without  relative  disadvantage  to  any 
conviction  of  the  people  that  in  no  other  way  power,  and  with  immense  benefit  to  the  tax- 
can  the  handicaps  be  removed  which  keep  payer.  The  economic  arguments  for  peace 
the  Russian  people  so  miserably  poor.  will  strongly  reinforce  the  ethical  and  hu- 

•  manitarian. 
Economh     ^^^  movement  for  international 

Motives  for  peace,  furthermore,  derives  its  ^^^  The  constant  practice  of  justice 
greatest  strength  from  economic  ^Tch/"*  *"^  fairness  in  ordinary  dealings 
arguments.  War  is  wasteful  of  capital,  and  ^  ""'  will  do  as  much  as  anything  to 
the  masters  of  industry  and  trade  are  opposed  lessen  the  danger  of  future  troubles.  Our 
to  militarism  as  a  relic  of  barbarous  and  un-  Government  has  just  now  given  the  world  a 
economic  ages,  when  fighting  and  plundering  valuable  illustration  of  such  dealings.  With- 
were  the  chief  occupations  of  mankind,  out  any  eflFort  at  sensational  posing  in  the 
Workingmen  everywhere  are  opposed  to  war,  role  of  a  nation  of  superior  virtue,  we  have 
because  it  makes  for  poverty  and  misery,  re-  informed  the  government  of  China  that  we 
tarding  all  those  modern  processes  that  are  do  not  intend  to  collect  the  full  indemnity 
increasing  the  welfare  of  the  average  individ-  awarded  to  us  after  the  expedition  for  the 
ual.  It  is  important  that  wars  should  cease  relief  of  Peking.  We  were  allotted  about 
between  nations,  just  as  it  is  important  that  $24,000,000,  to  be  paid  in  small  installments 
agrarian  and  industrial  troubles  in  France  through  a  long  term  of  years,  with  interest 
should  not  lead  to  civil  war,  or  that  the  which  would  bring  the  sum  payable  by 
struggle  for  modern  government  in  Russia  China  to  a  total  of  about  $40,000,000.  We 
should  not  result  in  a  great  revolutionary  have  ascertained  that  approximately  $11, 000,- 
contest.  All  sensible  people  should  be  glad  000  will  fully  reimburse  the  missionaries  for 
that  the  second  conference  of  the  nations  is  damages  sustained,  as  well  as  repay  our  Gov- 
now  in  session  at  the  capital  of  Holland,  ernment  for  its  expenditure  in  connection 
Wise  and  thoughtful  men  must  deeply  desire  with  the  joint  expedition.  About  $8,ooo,ocx) 
that  this  conference  should  have  important  has  already  been  paid,  and  in  the  near  future 
results.  It  is  not  likely,  however,  that  it  will  we  shall  cease  to  collect  further  installments, 
do  very  much  toward  a  lessening  of  the  Secretary  Root  has  informed  the  Chinese 
burdens  entailed  upon  nations  by  keeping  up  Minister  to  this  effect,  stating  that  President 
great  military  preparation.  The  important  Roosevelt  will  ask  Congress  to  sanction  this 
thing  is  that  the  conference  is  actually  in  step  of  justice.  Undoubtedly  Congress  will 
existence,  that  it  brings  together  able  and  in-  g^vc  its  approval.  It  is  not  for  the  United 
fluential  public  men  from  all  nations,  and  States  to  suggest  that  the  great  European 
that  it  helps  to  establish  a  habit  of  seeking  powers  which  exacted  from  China  a  total  in- 
peaceful  and  legal  remedies  for  international  demnity  exceeding  $300,000,000  should  show 
disputes.  If  this  conference  should  do  noth-  a  like  sense  of  justice.  For  a  good  while  our 
ing  else  but  provide  a  permanent  court  to  authorities  at  Washington  have  been  con- 
which  international  matters  could  be  referred,  sidering  ways  by  which  they  could  expend 
it  would  have  achieved  something  of  impor-  the  surplus  of  the  indemnity  for  the  mutual 
tance,  and  would  have  been  well  worth  benefit  of  the  two  countries.  It  had  been 
while.  But  it  will  almost  certainly  achieve  suggested  that  American  consulates  should 
a  number  of  useful   and   important   results  be  built  in  the  various  Chinese  cities.    It  had 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVOJiLD. 


13 


also  bfcn  urged  with  much  weight  that  the 
money  be  used  for  bringing  young  Chinamen 
of  talent  to  this  country  and  educating  them 
in  our  schools  and  colleges.  A  better  way, 
however,  has  been  found  by  the  Administra- 
tion ;  and  China  will  appreciate  it. 

Our  Attitude  ^^^  attitude  of  the  American 
Taamra  Government  toward  China  and 
Japan  has  for  a  long  period  been 
one  of  consistent  friendliness.  It  is  the  fixed 
policy  of  this  country  to  prevent  the  estab- 
lishment on  our  shores  of  large  bodies  of 
Asiatic  laborers,  whether  Chinese  or  Japa- 
nese. The  reasons  for  this  policy  are  sound 
and  far-reaching.  It  is  very  foolish  to  per- 
mit the  minor  frictions  that  arise,  whether  in 
California  or  in  Japan,  on  account  of  this 
policy  to  be  magnified  into  causes  of  misun- 
derstanding between  nations  and  govern- 
ments. When  it  becomes  perfectly  clear  that 
this  policy  is  to  be  maintained  without  weak- 
ening or  wavering,  it  ought  not  to  be  difficult 
to  secure  for  visitors,  students,  or  business 
men  from  the  Orient  the  most  courteous 
treatment  while  under  our  jurisdiction. 


The 
Insurance 
Situatioit. 


The  great  disturbance  of  the  pub- 
lic mind  concerning  insurance 
management  has  for  the  most 
part  abated.  Many  States  have  made  new 
insurance  laws,  and  the  companies  themselves 
have  seen  the  need  of  financial  reform  and  a 
stricter  regard  for  the  rights  of  policy-hold- 
m.  The  New  York  Life  last  month  com- 
pleted the  tedious  process  of  counting  the 
votes  sent  in-  by  policy-holders  under  the 
nen-  law  for  its  board  of  directors.  The 
administration  ticket  proposed  by  the  present 
management  of  the  company  received  some- 
what more  than  236,000  votes,  and  the  op- 
position ticket  launched  by  the  International 
Committee  received  about  98,000.  There 
were  a  number  of  vacancies  to  be  filled  by 
new  men,  and  the  ticket  as  elected  is  one  that 
will  command  confidence  everywhere.  The 
board  met  on  June  17,  and  elected  Mr.  Dar- 
win P.  Kingsley  president  of  the  company  to 
succeed  Mr.  Alexander  E.  Orr,  who  had 
accepted  the  presidency  as  a  temporary  matter 
after  the  retirement  of  Mr.  McCall.  Mr. 
Kingsley  had  been  connected  with  the  com- 
pany in  various  official  capacities  for  almost 
twenty  years,  and  has  recently  been  first  vice- 
president.  He  has  the  advantage  of  being  a 
practical  insurance  man,  and  he  is  com- 
mended by  all  who  know  him  as  a  man  of 
»  fxceptional    efficiency    and    high    character. 


'^^^^^1 H*  ^r             "^^^^1 

^^^^B     B^p   ^      ^^^^^^^^^^IHI 

Pl»oto«:raph  by  Pach  Bros.,  N.  Y. 
PRESIDENT   DARWIN    P.    KINGSLEY,   OF   THE    NEW 
YORK    LIFE    INSURANCE    COMPANY. 

With  Mr.  Paul  Morton  at  the  head  of  the 
Equitable,  and  Mr.  Charles  A.  Peabody  as 
president  of  the  Mutual,  the  three  great 
companies  are  now  directed  by  men  of  repre- 
sentative business  ability,  of  scrupulous  integ- 
rity, and  of  a  full  sense  of  the  responsibility 
that  belongs  to  the  management  of  a  society 
for  the  protection  of  families. 

Preaf-  There  now  remains  only  a  year 
dentiaJ  until  the  holding  of  the  national 
Candidates,  presidential  conventions.  It  con- 
tinues true  to-day,  as  for  a  good  while  past, 
that  Mr.  Roosevelt  and  Mr.  Bryan  are  the 
only  leaders  who  have  an  appreciable  per- 
sonal following.  But  for  the  third-term 
question,  and  his  own  absolute  declaration 
that  under  np  circumstances  would  he  accept 
the  nomination,  Mr.  Roosevelt  would  be 
chosen  without  an  opposing  voice  in  the  con- 
vention. As  matters  now  stand,  the  Repub- 
licans are  cautiously  taking  account  of  their 
available  supply  of  Presidential  timber. 
Pennsylvania  has  brought  forward  Senator 
Knox,  and  it  is  possible  that  his  candidacy 
will  take  on  a  serious  character.  As  Attor- 
ney-General and  Senator  his  force  and  abilit> 
as  a  public  man  have  been  well  shown.  That 
Ohio  will  line  up  for  Secretary  Taft  seems 
no  longer  a  matter  of  doubt.  This  energetic 
public  servant  has  been  traveling  and  speak- 


14 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiEW  OF  REyiElVS. 


ing  in  the  West,  and  there  is  no  difference  of   that  Mr.  McClellan  would  try  to  secure  fur- 


opinion  anywhere  as  to  his  exceptional  fitness 
for  the  highest  office  in  the  gift  of  the  people. 
Governor  Hughes,  of  New  York,  has  within 
the  past  few  .weeks  commanded  the  attention 
of  the  entire  country  by  his  veto  of  the  2-cent 


ther  delay  by  questioning  the  constitutionality 
of  the  Recount  bill,  and  carrying  it  up  to  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  The 
position  of  the  Mayor  does  not  commend  itself 
to  any  considerable  element  of  the  public 


rate  bill  and  the  calm  strength  he  has  shown  While  the  majority  of  New  Yorkers  would 
in  securing  the  tardy  and  reluctant  adherence  rather  have  McClellan  than  Hearst  for  May- 
of  the  Legislature  for  his  public-spirited  or,  there  is  no  sympathy  with  the  Mayor's 
program.  There  is  a  pronounced  movement  unwillingness  to  permit  a  recount  of  the  votes 
in     New     York     to     bring     him     forward   under  fair  and  careful  conditions.     If  Mr. 

Hearst   should    be 


as  a  Presidential 
candidate.  It  is 
fully  expected  that 
Illinois  will  pre- 
sent the  name  of 
Speaker  Cannon  to 
tbtf  convention,  and 
Vice  -  President 
Fairbanks  will 
have  the  support 
of  Indiana  if  he 
determines  to  per- 
sist in  his  candi- 
dacy. Several 
other  Republicans 
have  been  promi- 
nently mentioned, 
but  their  support- 
ers have  not  yet 
brought  them  for- 
ward in  so  dis- 
tinct a  manner. 
There  are  great 
numbers  of  men 
in  various  parts  of 
the  country  who 
hold  strongly  to 
the  opinion  that 
Mr.  Roosevelt  will 
b  e  compelled  i  n 
spite  of  himself  to 
accept  a  renomination.  There  is  no  evidence, 
however,  that  he  has  shifted  his  position. 


Copyright,  1906,  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  V. 
SENATOR   PHILANDER   C.    KNOX,  OF   PENNSYLVANIA. 


Bryan 

and 

Hearst, 


There  is  sporadic  talk  in  Demo- 
cratic circles  here  and  there  of 
some  other  candidate  than  Mr. 
Bryan;  but  as  yet  no  such  suggestions  have 
for  a  moment  secured  pubh'c  attention.  The 
demand  for  the  recount  of  the  mayoralty  vote 
in  New  York  City  has  succeeded ;  and  this, 
as  far  as  it  goes,  is  a  great  victory  for  Mr. 
Hearst.  He  moved  promptly  last  month  for 
the  opening  of  the  boxes  in  every  election  dis- 
trict of  the  city.  The  Mayor's  term  in  New 
York  is  four  years,  and  IVIr.  McClellan  has 
served  a  year  and  a  half.    It  was  announced 


counted  in,  there 
might  be  a  consid- 
erable revival  of 
his  prestige.  But 
it  is  not  at  all 
likely  that  he  will 
emerge  next  year  as 
a  Presidential  can- 
didate. His  news- 
papers last  month 
were  announcing  a 
great  victory  for 
him  in  the  fact 
that  the  federal 
Government  is  at 
last,  after  some 
years*  delay,  on  the 
point  of  bringing 
action  against  the 
anthracite  -  coal 
combination,  which 
is  made  up  of  the 
coal-carrying  rail- 
roads. It  will  be 
remembered  that 
Mr.  Hearst  filed 
information 
against  the  coal 
trust  and  secured 
an  investigation  by 
by  the  United  States  District-Attorney  for 
New  York,  which  sustained  his  charges. 
Of  all  the  trusts  and  combinations  in 
the  entire  country,  the  one  most  obvious 
in  its  monopolistic  character  and  most  op- 
pressive of  the  public  has,  for  many  years 
past,  been  the  anthracite-coal  combination 
maintained  by  a  group  of  railroads  which 
have  regulated  the  output  of  the  mines,  par- 
celed out  among  them  the  business  of  trans- 
porting the  coal,  and  prescribed  the  selling 
price  at  a  point  far  above  that  which  natural 
conditions  of  trade  would  have  fixed.  For 
his  persistent  attacks  upon  this  monopoly, 
and  for  n^any  other  efforts  in  the  public  in- 
terest, Mr.  Hearst  is  entitled  to  credit. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  iVORLD. 


16. 


on  April  24,  at  Amapala,  in  Honduras.  It  is 
sufficient  to  say  that  'political  conditions  in 
these  countries  are  still  very  much  unsettled 
and  that  the  good  offices  of  the  United  States 
and  Mexico  are  always  available  and  fre- 
quently being  used  to  smooth  the  way  to 
peace.  On  page  69  of  this  issue  Hon. 
John  Barrett,  Director  of  the  International 
Bureau  of  the  American  Republics,  gives 
a  graphic  description  of  economic  and  social 
conditions  in  the  five  Central-American 
republics.  Secretary  Root's  forthcoming  visit 
to  Mexico  (he  will  start,  it  is  reported,  late 
in  the  summer),  while  it  has  no  special  politi- 
cal significance,  is  no  doubt  in  line  with  his 
visits  to  the  South- American  republics  and 
Canada,  and  intended  to  impress  upon  these 
countries  the  friendly  feelings  toward  them 
on  the  part  of  the  Government  and  the  peo- 
ple of  the  United  States. 


Re-enter 


GEN.  JOSfe   SANTOS    ZELAVA,    PRESIDENT  CF 
NICARAGUA. 


While  the  International  Peace 
President  Conference  at  The  Hague  is  de- 
"*'^'  bating  whether  it  shall  consider 
the  famous  Drago  or  Calvo  Doctrine,  which 
would  make  impossible  the  use  of  force  in 
the  collection  of  contract  debts,  it  is  interest- 
ing to  note  the  message  of  President  Castro 
read  in  the  Venezuelan  Congress  on  June  6. 
Referring  to  the  foreign  relations  of  the  re- 


Caem/ 
Ammkmn 

P^itkt. 


There  is  a  persistent  endeavor  on   fT^^ 


the  part  of  newspaper  correspond 
ents    and    students    of    Central- 
American   politics    to   mark    President   Jose 
Santos  Zclaya,  of  Nicaragua,  as  a  dreamer  of 
ambitious  schemes,  which  include  the  unifica- 
tion of  all   the   Central-American   republics 
into  one  confederation.     Of  this  confedera- 
tion, say  the  reports,  of  course  General  Ze- 
la)-a  would  be  the  head.     It  is  not  easy  for 
Americans  to  understand  the  present  political 
situation  in  Central  America,     That  Senor 
Zcbya  is  an  ambitious  man,  quite  capable  of 
^h  a  dreann  as  has  been  attributed  to  him, 
^cver.  is  perfectly  comprehensible  to  Amer- 
ican students  of  the  situation  between  Mexico 
and  the  Isthmus.      It   is   unnecessary,   and 
nwght  be  confusing,  to  go  into  the  details  of 
tHe  alleged  barbarous  practices  of  President 
Cabrera,  of  Guatemala,  the  confused  diplo- 
n^atic  relations   between    that   country   and 
Mexico,  and  the  desultory  fighting  through- 
out Salvador,    Honduras,    Nicaragua,    and 
Guatemala  which  followed  almost  immediate 


THE    NKW    rOl.OSSrS    OF    RIIODKS. 


The  ProsUlent  of  NIcarajjua  would  l)o  tho  connoft- 
\t\K  link  iM'twoen  tho  two  contlnonts  with  a  union  of 

^y  upon  the  conclusion  of  the  treaty  of  peace   central  Aniorica. 

Iwwecn  Nicaragua  and  Salvador,  negotiated  From  tb«  Journal  (Minneapolis). 


16 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REk'IElV  OF  REyiElVS. 


Fa/iur,  of    ^  SPoA  many  thought- 
<*•  "*»"«'    ful    Englishmen,    even 

In 8/1  Bill 4  I  T  •!  1 

among  ardent  Liberals 
themselves,  have  begun  to  wonder 
when  there  will  be  an  end  to  the 
discomfiture  and  apparent  impo- 
tence of  the  present  Liberal  gov- 
ernment. The  large  features  of 
the  Liberal  program,  which  had 
behind  them  the  strongest  majority 
in  the  House  of  Commons  ever 
known  in  Britain,  have  already- 
failed.  The  Education  bill,  the 
Irish  bill,  and  other  measures  have 
been  killed  by  the  House  of  Lords 
or  else  repudiated  by  those  whom 
they  were  intended  to  benefit.  As 
a  result  of  the  "  half-hearted " 
Irish  bill  there  is  now  a  split  be- 
tween the  Irish  members  and  the 
administration  which  amounts  to  a 
practical  dissolution  of  the  alliance 
between  these  groups.  The  Birrell 
bill  for  the  improvement  of  the 
government  of  Ireland,  introduced 
late  in  May  in  the  Commons,  was 
intended  to  be  a  half-way  house  to 
Home  Rule.  It  had  been  blocked 
out  by  Mr.  Bryce,  now  Ambassa- 
dor to  this  country,  and  finished 
by  Irish-Secretary  Birrell.  After 
much  redrafting  and  amending  in 
order  to  make  it  meet  as  nearly 
as  possible  the  views  of  Ei\glish- 
men  and  the  Irish  Nationalists,  it 
public,  Sefior  Castro  declares  that  these  are    was  finally  believed  that  it  had  the  approval 


MK.   RGDMOND  AND  THE  IRISH   BILL. 

Augustine  the   Wizard    (cheerfully):   "  IIow   does   this 
strike  you?" 

Mr.  John  Kkdmoxd  :  "  irm  !     Not  so  bad — as  far  as  It 
goes !  " 

From  Punch   (London). 


all  friendly  and  increasingly  cordial. 

The  labors  of  this  government  are  pervaded 
by  a  spirit  of  harmony  and  courtesy.  With  firm 
and  sure  steps  we  are  treading  the  path  of  law 
and  honor,  and  we  are  religiously  observing  our 
engagements  with  foreign  countries.  This  gov-- 
ernment's  intercourse  with  the  diplomatic  repre- 
sentatives here  is  therefore  perfectly  cordial. 

The  Venezuelan  President,  whose  strength 


of   these   divergent   elements,    including   the 
leaders  of  the  Irish  Parliamentary  party. 


Proylalont 

of  the 

BUI. 


The  central  feature  of  this  bill 
was    the    creation    of    a    Repre- 
sentative   Council     for    Ireland. 
This  was  to  consist  of  107  members,  eight>'- 
two  elected  by  the  Irish  householders    (in- 


appears  to  be  gradually  returning  after  his  eluding  peers  and  women),  and  twenty- 
long  and  severe  illness,  has  many  great  plans  five  nominated  by  the  crown.  Eight  of  the 
for  the  advancement  and  improvement  of  his  existing  Irish  departments  were  placed  under 
country.  In  an  interview  recently  granted  its  control  and  a  new  one,  the  education 
to  an  American  business  man  he  declared  that  department,  created.  In  addition  to  the 
extensive  railroad  building  is  in  contempla-  $io,ooo,<xx)  of  annual  expenditure  con- 
tion  to  open  up  the  richest  parts  of  the  repub-  trolled  by  these  departments,  the  bill  pro- 
lic.  He  also  announced  that  he  had  "  elimi-  vided  for  an  increase  of  $3,250,000  to  be 
nated  all  graft."  With  due  allowance  for  spent  on  public  works  and  "  general  improve- 
the  patriotic  exuberance  of  Senor  Castro's  ment."  The  provisions  of  the  bill  did  not 
phraseology,  Americans  will  sincerely  hope  extend  to  the  constabulaiy,  the  courts,  the 
that  a  new  era  is  about  to  begin  for  our  sister  prisons,  or  the  Land  Commission.  The 
republic  on  the  Caribbean.  Lord-Lieutenant  was  to  have  general  super- 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


17 


UARCELIN    ALBERT,    LEADER    OF    THE    RIOTING    FRENCH    WINE-GROWERS,    HARANGUING   A   CROWD   OF 

VINEYARDERS  OF  THE   MIDI. 


visory  control.     At  first  the  bill  apparently 
met  the  favor  of  the  Irish  leaders,  including 
Mr.    John    Redmond    and    Mr.    Timothy 
Hcaly.       Later,    however,   opposition    devel- 
oped, and,  at  the  Irish  National  Conference 
in  Ehiblin  (May  21)  the  bill  was  denounced 
and  rejected  as  "  unfit  and  insufficient."  The 
measure  would  undoubtedly  have  been  killed 
by  the  House  of  Lords  had  it  reached  that 
body.     Its  rejection,  however,  by  the  Irish 
people    themselves   suggests    that   in    future 
any  instrument  for  the  government  of  Ire- 
land in  accorda/ice  with  the  ideas  of  Irish- 
men ought  to  be  framed  by  Irishmen  them- 
selves.     Why  should   not  the   Irish   frame 
their  own  Home  Rule  bill  and  introduce  it 
in  the  House  of  Commons?    Then  the  Brit- 
ish Empire  at  large  would  at  least  have  the 
satisfaction  of  knowing  what  the  Irish  want. 

Vm  unoit  of  '^^^  course  of  French  national 
tkt  Fnnek  politics  during  the  past  decade 
'*''  would  appear  to  have  followed 
two  main  lines:  Contests  over  the  political 
and  economic  position  of  the  French  church 
and  the  growth  and  ascent  to  power  of 
French  labor-unions.  The  immense  power 
of  organized  labor  in  the  republic  has  been 
demonstrated  on  more  than  one  occasion. 
A  number  of  strikes  of  serious  proportions 
dunng  recent  months,  including  those  of  the 
bakers  in  Paris  and  the  seamen  of  the  Medi- 
terranean ports,  have  been  disposed  of  * 
after  a  tensenci      '  feeling  which  has  at 


bordered  on  civil  war.  The  revolt  of  the 
Midi,  however,  as  it  has  been  called,  over 
the  wine  question,  is  by  far  the  most  serious 
purely  domestic  problem  which  has  faced  the 
republican  government  for  many  a  year.  It 
has  not  been  going  well  with  the  wine- 
growers of  southern  France  since  the  adul- 
teration of  wines  has  attained  its  present  pro- 
portions. Other  economic  conditions  have 
combined  to  make  the  lot  of  the  wine-grower 
very  hard.  In  the  first  place,  the  Frenchman 
is  not  drinking  as  much  as  he  used  to ;  in  the 
second  place,  when  he  does  drink  he  is  more 
likely  to  drink  beer  than  wine;  and  in  the 
third  place,  during  the  past  twelve  months 
the  wine  business  of  Algeria,  formerly  an  im- 
porter of  the  French  product,  has  attained 
such  a  magnitude  that  the  colony  now  exports 
wine, — duty  free, — to  the  republic.  To 
crown  the  misfortunes  of  the  vineyarder, 
pure-food  legislation  in  England  and  the 
United  States  particularly  has  tended  to  de- 
crease the  export  of  French  wines.  All  these 
conditions  have  combined  to  reduce  the  rates 
at  which  the  vine-growers  of  the  departments 
of  Gard,  Aude,  Herault,  and  Pyrenees  Orien- 
tates have  been  able  to  dispose  of  their  vin- 
tage, so  as  to  make  a  bare  living. 


The  Problem   ^^^  ^  '°"S  time  Frenchmen  have 
Before  M,     been   particularly  prone   to  hold 
the  central  government  responsi- 
^nything    goes    wrong.      Conse- 
wine-growers  appealed  at  once 


dlfneneeau. 


18 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


to  Paris,  demanding  not  only  that  existing 
legislative  and  administrative  measures  for 
repressing  the  adulteration  of  wine  be  carried 
out  strictly,  but  that  new  laws  be  enacted 
looking  toward  the  "  absolute  suppression  of 
all  vinous  beverages  other  than  perfectly 
natural  wine."  Great  popular  demonstra- 
tions, meetings,  processions,  and,  later  on, 
riots  in  the  cities  of  Narbonne,  Perpignan, 
Montpellier,  and  Florensac,  emphasized  the 
earnestness  of  the  people  in  these  demands. 
Not  content  with  demonstrations,  these  peas- 
ants, under  the  leadership  of  Marcelin  Al- 
bert, a  wine-grower  of  Argelliers,  a  remark- 
able leader  who  has  been  developed  by  the 
situation,  announced  to  Premier  Clemenceau 
that  unless  their  demands  were  granted  by  the 
loth  of  June  they  would  refuse  to  pay  taxes. 
And  they  carried  their  threat  into  effect. 
The  southern  Frenchman  is  good  material  for 
revolutionary  propaganda.  It  was  from  the 
Midi,  it  will  be  remembered,  that,  on  that 
fateful  day  in  July,  1792,  the  Marseillaise 
began  their  historic  march  to  Paris  to  the 
tune  which  has  since  that  day  been  the  march- 
ing song  of  revolution  the  world  over.  The 
mayors  and  municipal  councillors  of  a  num- 
ber of  the  cities  of  the  four  departments  in- 
volved  resigned,  and   for  a  time  the  whole 


wine-growing    district    was    given    over  to 
anarchy. 


Hia 


Premier  Clemenceau,  with  his  ac- 
vigoroua      customed   vigor,   took   immediate 

Action.  ^     •  ^  t 

measure  to  insure  a  restoration  ot 
order.  Certain  legislation  against  wine 
adulteration  was  at  once  introduced  and 
passed  through  the  Parliament,  and  troops 
were  dispatched  to  the  scenes  of  violence. 
The  two  leaders,  Albert  and  Dr.  Ferroul, 
were  arrested.  Thereupon  the  Mayors  who 
had  resigned,  resumed  office.  Serious  riotinc 
in  several  of  the  cities  of  the  Midi  marked 
the  month  of  June,  so  serious,  at  times,  that 
the  presence  of  a  large  force  of  soldiers  was 
necessary  to  prevent  actual  civil  war.  Upon 
a  taunting  interpellation  in  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies  put  by  the  Socialist  leader  Jaures  as 
to  the  support  given  the  administration  by 
the  country,  a  vote  of  confidence  w-as  taken, 
resulting  in  an  approval  of  the  government  by 
a  majority  of  4  to  i.  It  is  believed  that  other 
than  economic  influences  are  behind  the  move- 
ment in  southern  France.  It  is  even  whis- 
pered that  all  the  elements  of  opposition  to 
the  republic,  including  the  Monarchists  and 
Clerical  party,  have  combined  to  discredit 
republicanism. 


A  D^..^i..*s^^  The    first    Austrian    Reichsrath 

A  /(evolution      .  .  i       i       •        /•  i        • 

in  elected  on  the  basis  or  equal  uni- 

versal suffrage  began  its  sessions 
on  June  17.  The  venerable  polyglot  Aus- 
trian Parliament  has  been  revolutionized. 
Universal  suffrage  has  done  away  with  al- 
most all  the  old  lines  of  cleavage.  Its  most 
significant  result  has  been  the  triumph  of  tfie 
Socialists, — or  Social-Democrats,  as  they  arc 
known  in  Europe, — who  have  increased  their 
membership  from  less  than  a  dozen  to  ninety- 
six.  Questions  of  race  prejudice  will  no 
longer  divide  the  Parliament.  The  division 
will  be,  hereafter,  horizontal,  by  classes. 
Instead  of  pan-Slav  versus  pan-German, 
we  shall  read,  in  the  future  of  Social- 
Democrat  against  Conservative  or  Mon- 
archist. Hungary  also  desires  universal  suf- 
frage. While  celebrating,  on  June  8,  the 
fortieth  annlversar>'  of  the  crowning  of  Em- 
peror Francis  Joseph  as  King  of  Hungary, 
the  Magyar  Social-Democrats  and  many  pa- 
triotic organization^  petitioned  his  Majesty 
UNIVERSAL  srFFRAGK  FOR  iirNUARY— THE  VIEW  OF  for  unlversal  Suffrage  in  their  own  part  of 
THE  MAGNATES.  the  Dual  Monarchy.  It  is  inte;*esting  to  note, 

Wekeule     (Hungarian    promicr) :    "  Thert^'s    a    In  passing,  that  the  Hungarian  Government 

frlphtfiil  storm  raping  In   Austria.     I  am  afraid   it 
will  eventually  hit  us." 


From  HiimorUtifichc  Dlactter  (Vienna). 


is  continuing  its  campaign  against  Mag>'ar 
emigration.   Early  last  month  the  government 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


21 


THE    PROPOSED    PALACE   OF    PEACE    AT   THE    HAGUE. 
(Prom  the  design  by  M.  Cardonnier,  of  Lllle,  who  won  the  first  prlze.i 


nance  of  the  situation  held  by  each  and  the  terri- 
torial rights  of  the  two  contracting  parties  on 
the  Asiatic  continent 

In  the  speech  of  the  French  Minister,  in 
communicating  this  docunicnt  to  the  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies,  there  were  intimations  of 
the  conclusion,  in  the  near  future,  of  a  sim- 
ilar understanding  between  Russia  and 
Japan  and  a  veiled  expression  of  hope  that 
the  United  States  and  Japan  could  also  ar- 
rive at  some  such  mutual  understanding. 

jy^^  It  is  in  western  Europe,  how- 
Bjt*  ever,  that  the  most  significant 
and  far-reaching  realignment  of 
the  powers  has  been  recently  made.  By  an 
wdeistanding,  amounting  to  a  treaty  of  de- 
fense and  offense,  the  Anglo-Spanish,  Anglo- 
f^tench,  and  Franco-Spanish  ententes  have 
Ittn  combined  into  a  general  agreement  re- 
?af^ing  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Atlantic. 
This  agreement,  acute  observers  inform  us, 
*n»unts  to  a  second  Triple  Alliance, — an 
alliance  of  Great  Britain,  France,  and  Spain. 
The  understanding  had  its  birth  in  the  feel- 
ing after  the  Algedras  Conference,   when 


France  and  Spain  became  convinced  that  it 
was  with  England  rather  than  with  Ger- 
many that  they  should  cast  in  their  lot  if 
they  wished  to  secure  their  own  coast  lines 
and  their  dependencies  in  north  Africa,  in- 
cluding, in  the  case  of  Spain,  several  groups 
of  islands  in  the  Mediterranean  and  Atlan- 
tic. England  gains  from  this  arrangement 
an  acknowledgment  of  her  title  to  Gibral- 
tar, Malta,  and  Cyprus,  and  is  relieved  of 
the  necessity  of  maintaining  a  strong  fleet  in 
the  Mediterranean,  since  France  must,  in 
her  own  interest,  always  protect  that  sea.  In 
view  of  this  new  "  triplice "  and  the  luke- 
warmness  of  Italy  toward  her  neighbors  in 
the  Dreibund,  the  subject  of  speculation  is. 
What  will  be  the  German  Kaiser's  next 
move? 

Tht,  Hague  '^^^  sccond  Hague  Conference 
Conference  to  discuss  the  different  phases' of 
''*"''  the  international  peace  question 
began  its  sessions  on  June  15.  Forty-six 
states  had  been  invited  to  send  delegates  to 
the  conference  at  the  Dutch  capital.  The 
opening  sessions,  which  were  presided  over 


22 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REFlEW  OF  REl^/EH^S. 

The  Second  ^"^6  morc  has  reaction  tri- 
Ruaaian  Duma  umphcd  in  Russia  ovcF  thc  liberal 
intentions  of  Czar  Nicholas.  The 
second  Duma,  which  was  elected  in  Fcbnian 
last  and  organized  the  following  month,  was 
dissolved  by  imperial  rescript  early  on  the 
morning  of  Sunday,  June  i6.  The  text  of 
the  ukase  dissolving  the  Duma  is  very  brief. 
As  posted  on  the  doors  of  the  Tauride  Palace 
and  over  the  desks  of  all  the  members  it 
reads  as  follows: 

According  to of  the  funda- 
mental laws  of  1906  we  ordain :  Firstly,  that  the 
imperial  Duma  be  dissolved ;  secondly,  that  new 
elections  of  members  to  another  Duma  be  held, 
beginning  September  14,  and.  thirdly,  that  the 
new  imperial  Duma  be  convoked  November  14 
of  the  present  year.  Nicholas. 

Peterhof,  June  16,  1907. 

In  the  manifesto  accompanying  this  order 
of  dissolution,  which  was  countersigned  by 
the  president  of  the  Council  of  Ministers, 
Stolypin,  the  Emperor  set  forth  in  detail. his 
motives  for  dissolving  thc  Parliament,  He 
referred  to  the  Duma's  rejection  of  the 
"  temporary  laws,"  its  refusal  to  condemn 
terrorism,  its  delay  in  ratif>'ing  the  budget, 
the  exhibition  of  revolutionary  spirit  on  the 
part  of  a  number  of  its  members,  and,  finally, 


ALEXIS,  THE  YOUNG  IIEfR  TO  THE  RUSSIAN  THRONE. 

(The   latest  photograph   of  the  Czarewitch,  who   Is 
now  throe  yoars  of  ape.) 

by  Count  Nelidoff,  Russian  Ambassador  to 
France,  were  somewhat  overcast  by  the  news 
of  the  dissolution  of  the  Russian  Duma  and 
its  possible  consequences.  While  the  pro- 
grams are  being  prepared  to  indicate  the  sub- 
jects for  discussion  the  outside  world  looks 
forward  with  most  interest  to  the  debate  over 
the  question  of  the  limitation  or  reduction 
of  armament,  a  subject  which  is  almost  cer- 
tain to  be  brought  up  for  informal  if  not 
official  discussion,  and  the  Drago  Doctrine,  a 
topic  of  special  interest  to  Latin-American 
states.  This  also  has  had  no  official  recog- 
nition on  the  advance  program,  but  wiil 
probably  receive  earnest  consideration.  Much 
interest  in  both  Europe  and  this  country  is 
evident  in  the  proposed  new  permanent  Palace 
of  Peace  at  The  Hague,  which  will  be  erected 
in  the  near  future.  We  reproduce  on  the  pre- 
ceding page  the  prize  design  for  this  building 
the  famous  French  architect,  Cordonnier. 


^\^Nra 

fMTw^r^^ 

i^lLi 

J^cL^M'"     "1^^    ^ 

^^"'^1 

k        ^pi^H^P^^er^^^P  j^^ 

Y       1 

p^^K^^^Hft 

ti     'J 

K^  ^^HP^  JkV  f\ 

^-     i^ 

^^^^^^^r^9'       r  * 

^*     ^     'T^^ 

^^HSB              m       fif 

f 

^^' 

1 

V^b||b' 

^^^^^H 

ilHi 

PLAYING    WITH    FIRE. 

Since  this  cartoon  was  published  the  knife  of 
dissolution  has  fallen.  But  the  back^onnd  l8 
crowded  with  other  Dumas. 

From  Wnhrc  Jacoh  (Stuttgart). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


23 


IF  HE    WOULD  ONLY   OOMK  TO   LIFE. 

And   would 


Thi  Cxab    (to   Premier   Stolypln)  : 
thej  km  me  also?*' 

Stoitpin:  *' Impossible,  sire."    (Aside.) 
tbej  wonld  bring  him  to  life." 

Prom  Antiterdammcr  (Amsterdam) 


"I  wish 


it5  Mure  to  comply  immediately  with  the 
goveniincnt's  demand  for  the  exclusion  of 
the  fifty-five  Social-Democratic  deputies 
charged  with  conspiracy  against  the  Emperor 
sod  the  administration.     He  said : 

The  Duma  did  not  lend  its  moral  support  to 
the  government  in  the  restoration  of  order,  and 
Russia  continues  to  suffer  the  shame  of  an  epoch 
<rf  crimes  and  disasters.  The  examination  of  the 
hndget  created  an  obstacle  to  the  timely  satisfac- 
tica  of  many  of  the  vital  needs  of  the  people. 
Tk  r^t  of  interpellation  was  transformed  by 
a  tymdcrable  party  in  the  Duma  into  a  means 
of  %fatmg  against  the  government  and  exciting 
<wnsf  toward  it  among  large  classes  of  the 

hiidmUMs  ^^  these  evils  the  Emperor 
**^*'**  ascribes  to  defects  in  the  present 
electoral  law.  He  therefore  has 
Wdcd  to  change  the  basis  of  suffrage.  "  We 
give  Russia  a  new  electoral  law  and  order 
its  promulgation  in  the  Senate."  In  order, 
Ac  Czar  continued,  to  prevent  the  non- 
Russian  nationalities  from  becoming  a  de- 
cisive factor  in  the  settlement  of  purely  Rus- 


sian questions,  the  representation  of  these 
nationalities  will  be  decreased  under  the  new 
law,  and  in  the  frontier  regions,  "  where  the  • 
standard  of  civil  development  is  low,"  elections 
will  be  temporarily  suspended.  **  Almighty 
God,"  concludes  Emperor  Nicholas,  "  has 
intrusted  us  with  imperial  authority  over  our 
people,  and  before  His  throne  we  must  an- 
swer for  the  fate  of  the  Russian  state."  The 
proposed  new  law  cuts  in  half  the  Polish 
delegation,  practically  excludes  peasants,  and 
disfranchises  Siberia.  Only  the  constituen- 
cies of  conservative  and  monarchist  sympa- 
thies are  given  an  equal  or  increased  repre- 
sentation. As  a  result  of  these  various 
changes  the  next  Duma  will  number  442,  in- 
stead of  524.  Thus  ends,  at  least  for  the 
present,  constitutionalism  in  Russia.  Noth- 
ing remains  except  broken  promises  and  a 
rankling  memory.  In  the  autumn  of  1905 
Czar  Nicholas  promised  that  the  electoral 
system  then  established  should  never  be 
changed  except  with  the  Duma's  assent.  In 
the  summer  of  1907  he  not  only  dispenses 
with  that  assent  but  announces  an  iniqui- 
tously  unfair  law  which  will  make  the  next 
Duma  a  mere  bureau  to  indorse  his  will. 
Alas  for  royal  promises! 

The  Duma's  J^^^  ^ock  of  offensc  upon  which 
Dignified  the  second  Russian  Duma  was 
wrecked  last  month  is  to  be  found 
in  the  conspiracy  against  the  life  of  the  Czar 
which  was  alleged  to  have  originated  at  the 
convention  of  the  Social-Democrats  held  in 
London  the  month  before.*  Premier  Stolypin 
addressed  to  the  Duma  (on  June  14)  what 
amounted  to  an  ultimatum,  threatening  to 
dissolve  that  body  immediately  unless  it  sus- 
pended its  Miviolability,  not  only  in  the  case 
of  the  sixteen  Social-Democrats  against  whom 
definite  charges  had  been  made,  but  also  in 
the  case  of  the  thirty-nine  other  members  of 
that  party  in  Parliament.  Under  the  leader- 
ship of  the  Constitutional  Democrats,  who 
during  the  entire  session  of  Parliament  had 
exhibited  that  moderation  and  capacity  for 
leadership  which  entitled  them  to  their  as- 
cendency, the  chamber  referred  the  question 
of  this  demand  to  a  committee,  which  was  in- 
structed to  report  the  following  day.  At  the 
time  appointed  the  committee  reported  that 
it  had  been  unable  to  review  all  the  facts  and 
asked  for  more  time.  The  Duma  mean- 
while adjourned  until  the  hour  at  which  the 
report  was  to  be  made.  The  government 
and  Premier,  however,  without  waiting  for 
any  further  consideration  of  the  matter,  pro- 


i 


24 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


Pliotorniph  by  Pach.  N.  Y. 

BARON    KENTARO   KANEKO. 
(Who,    It   was   roported    last    month,   will    sureopd 
Viscount  Aokl  as  Japanese  Ambassador  to  the  United 
States.) 

mul gated  the  ukase  of  dissolution.  Nine  of 
the  accused  deputies  were  at  once  arrested,  the 
other  seven  being  in  hiding.  Extensive  pre- 
cautions were  taken  by  the  administration 
throughout  the  entire  empire  to  prevent  dis- 
order. A  few  mutinies  and  small  riots  oc- 
curred, but  no  movement  of  large  extent. 
Indeed,  the  country  received  the  news  with 
great  calmness,  and  it  seems  "likely  that 
some  time  will  elapse  before  the  active  re- 
sponse of  the  nation  is  heard.  It  is  signifi- 
cant that  all  the  reactionary  organizations, 
including  the  famous,  or  infamous,  Union  of 
the  Russian  People,  openly  rejoice  at  this 
suppression  of  constitutionalism.  The  Czar 
is  reported  to  have  telegraphed  to  the  notori- 
ous Dr.  Dubrevin,  president  of  this  Union 
of  the  Russian  People,  expressing  the  hope 
that  this  organization  would  "  teach  Russians 
to   be   law-abiding,   obedient,   and   orderly." 

Record      While  very  little  practical  or  use- 

of  the       ful  legislation   was  accomplished 

*"""'       by  this  second  Duma  in  its  short 

life  of  three  months,   its  very  existence  as 

a  deliberative  and  educational  body  has  been 

of    immense    value    to    the    country.      Both 


Dumas  have  set  the  Russian  people  thinking. 
It  is  interesting  to  record  that  the  press  of 
Moscow  and  St.  Petersburg,  with  the  excep- 
tions of  the  official  Rossia  and  the  reactionary 
Novoye  Vretnya,  criticise  the  government's 
action  in  dissolving  Parliament  without  wait- 
ing for  the  report  of  its  committee  on  the 
suspension  of  members  charged  with  crime. 
The  latter  journal  criticised  the  second 
Duma  as  "a  body  of  popular  ignorance, 
Constitutional  Democrats,  Jesuitism,  and 
revolutionary  stupidity."  The  Slovo,  how- 
ever, which  has  up  to  the  present  sternly 
condemned  all  alleged  revolutionary  activity 
on  the  part  of  the  Duma,  declares  that  the 
Premier's  ultimatum  was  contrary  to  the  dig- 
nity of  Parliament  in  a  constitutional  mon- 
archy. "  The  government's  action  is  uncon- 
stitutional and  insincere."  Meanwhile,  the 
non-Russian  nationalities  of  the  empire  have 
made  some  orderly  progress.  The  Finnish 
national  Landtag,  the  first  national  assem- 
bly of  the  world  in  which  women  deputies 
appear  and  the  first  in  which  the  Socialists 
are  the  strongest  party,  began  its  sessions  on 
May  23.  It  would  seem  to  be  another  illus- 
tration of  the  age-long  misfortune  of  Poland 
that  the  Polish  Home-Rule  bill,  introduced 
in  the  Duma  on  April  23,  should  have  been 
caught  by  the  dissolution  and  left,  as  it  were, 
hanging  in  the  air.  A  digest  of  this  bill, 
with  Russian  and  Polish  comment.  Is  found 
on  another  page  this  month. 

Mo  strain  Be-    isolated  instances  of  anti-Japan- 
tween  Japan  and  ese  feeling  on  the  Pacific  Coast, 

United  states.     •      i    j-  ^^      i  i 

includmg  attacks  on  several 
Japanese  restaurants  in  San  Francisco  by 
labor-union  rioters,  while  occasioning  a  great 
deal  of  war  talk  in  the  sensational  press  of 
both  this  country  and  Japan,  have  not  had 
the  slightest  influence  upon  the  correct  dip- 
lomatic attitude  and  the  highly  friendly 
feelings  between  the  governments  of  Wash- 
ington and  Tokio,  nor  between  the  great 
masses  of  the  Japanese  and  American  peo- 
ples. Undoubtedly  a  strong  feeling  exists 
in  California  and  our  other  Pacific  States 
against  the  immigration  of  Japanese  or  other 
Oriental  people  in  large  numbers.  Undoubt- 
edly, also,  the  labor-union  sentiment  of  the 
large  cities  on  the  Pacific  is  particularly  hos- 
tile to  Japanese,  since  these  people  are  not 
organized  into  unions.  But  the  whole  situ- 
ation has  undoubtedly  been  grossly  exagger- 
ated. That  there  exists  a  popular  sentiment 
of  any  depth  in  this  country  unfriendly  to 
the  Japanese  people  is  no  more  true  than  that 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


25 


PboCDfnph  1«f  the  MtoeaSelbr.  N.  Y. 

HON.   THOMAS  J.   o'bRIEN,  OF  MICHIGAN. 
(Who  succeeds  Hon.  Luke  B.  Wright  as  our  Ambassador  to  Japan.) 

thfrc  exists  among  the  people  of  Japan  an  which  followed  hostilities,  it  will  be  remem- 

unfriendly    feeling  to  our  own   population,  bered,    Baron    Kaneko    took    a    prominent 

Close  observers   of   conditions    in    the   Mi-  part  in  the  negotiations  which,  upon  the  ini- 

kado's  empire  believe  that  much  of  the  pop-  tiative   of    President    Roosevelt,    finally    re- 

ular  and  journalistic  jingoism  in  Japan  has  suited    in    the   conclusion    of    peace.      This 

been  fomented  for  political  purposes  at  home,  statesman's     friendly     feelings    toward     the 

The  so-called  Progressive  party,  under  the  United    States    (he    is   himself   a    Harvard 

leadership    of   Count   Okuma,    perhaps   the  graduate  and  speaks  English  perfectly)   are 

niost  prominent  Japanese  Chauvinist,  is  wag-  well   known.     No  better   method  could  be 

ing  a  bitter  campaign  against  the  party  in  desired  on  the  part  of  the  Tokio  government 

power,  its  animosity  extending  even  to  the  of    emphasizing    Japan's    friendly    feelings 


present  Japanese  Ambassador  at  Washing- 
ton, Viscount  Aoki. 


toward  the  United  States  and  the  Amer- 
ican people.  We  ourselves  are  sending  one 
of  our  ablest  diplomats  of  the  new  Amer- 
ican school  to  the  Japanese  capital.     Min- 

tiUi.'X.:j-      — " ^^^^^    Thomas    J.    O'Brien,    of    Michigan, 

"***  would  be  recalled  and  succeeded  who    has    up    to    the    present    been    United 

V  Baron    Kentaro    Kaneko.      During    the  States  Minister  to  Denmark,  goes  to  Tokio 

Russo-Japanese   War   and    the   negotiations  to    be    our    Ambassador,    succeeding    Hon. 


ANrfett      ^^    ^^    generally    believed    last 
!9tM       month'   that    Ambassador    Aoki 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REk'lEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


KING  OSCAR  AND  QUEEN   SOPHIA,  OF  SWEDEN. 
(Who  have  Just  celebrated  their  golden  wedding.) 


Luke  E.  Wright  A  further  evidence 
of  the  correct  and  friendly  attitude  of  the 
Mikado's  government  was  the  official  direc- 
tions issued  on  June  13  to  the  newspapers  of 
the  empire  to  abstain  from  the  publication 
of  any  matter  of  an  inflammatory  or  agitat- 
ing nature  upon  the  Pacific  Coast  question. 
One  of  the  results  of  the  recent  Franco- 
Japanese  understanding  (signed  at  Paris  and 
Tokio  in  May)  was  the  tender  by  France 
of  her  good  offices  to  the  United  States  in 
case  she  might  be  of  service  in  promoting  a 
better  understanding  between  the  United 
States  and  Japan  covering  their  respective 
interests  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  particu- 
larly in  the  Far  East.  The  attitude  of  the 
United  States  Government  in  this  matter  is 
that  of  cordial  appreciation  of  French  inter- 
est but  inability  to  recognize  any  features  of 
present  or"  past  situations  between  the  two 
nations  which  might  preclude  the  most 
straightforward  and  direct  dealing.  From  a 
diplomatic  viewpoint  the  San  Francisco  in- 
cident is  already  closed.  Those  Japanese  in- 
dividuals who  have  suffered  as  a  result  of 
mob  attack  in  San  Francisco  can,  under  the 
State  code  of  California,  recover  damages 
""        the  city  authorities. 


Peaetful, 
Happy 
Sweden, 


While  Russia  seethes  with  dis- 
content and  revolution  her  Scan- 
dinavian neighbor  nations  are 
pursuing  their  quiet,  orderly  way,  peacefully 
celebrating  events  of  social  and  scientific  im- 
port. The  health  of  King  Oscar  of  Sweden 
has  so  improved  that  early  in  June  he  re- 
sumed the  reins  of  government,  which  he 
relinquished  on  December  14  last,  when  he 
appointed  Prince  Gustav,  the  crown  prince, 
to  act  as  regent.  On  June  6  he  and  his 
Queen  Sophia  celebrated  their  golden  wed- 
ding. The  Swedish  monarchs  are  much  be- 
loved, and  it  seems  appropriate  that  the  large 
sum  of  money  raised  as  a  gift  by  the  nation 
to  commemorate  this  occasion  should  have 
been  devoted  by  them  to  pay  the  admission 
for  poor  patients  to  the  sanitarium  for  con- 
sumptives which  was  founded  on  the  twenty- 
fifth  anniversary  of  the  King's  reign  with 
money  raised  by  the  nation  in  the  same  way 
and  presented  to  the  King.  During  late 
May  and  early  June,  also,  patriotic  Swedes 
all  over  the  world  celebrated  the  two-hun- 
dredth anniversary  of  the 'birth  of  Linnaeus, 
the  famous  Swedish  botanist  and  naturalist. 
An  interpretation  of  Linnaeus*  work  will  be 
found  in  our  "  Leading  Articles." 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT   EVENTS. 


{From  May  20  to  June  19,  1907.) 


POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT— AMERICAN. 

May  21. — Hearings  before  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission  on  charges  by  the  Cen- 
tral Freight  Association  of  discrimination  in 
railroad    rates    in    favor    of   the    Standard    Oil 

Company   are   begun   in   Washington Mayor 

Busse,   of    Chicago,   transfers  the  entire  police 


HON.   JOHN    H.   BANKHEAD,   OF  ALABAMA. 

(Appolntod  United  States  Senator  to  fill  the  vacancy 
caused  by  the  death  of  Senator  Mor^^an.) 

force  of  the  Tenderloin  district  in  an  attempt 
to  better  conditions  there. 

May  22— The  New  York  Legislature  passes 
the  Public  Utilities  bill. 

May  2X — Governor  Hughes,  of  New  York, 
<«nds  a  special  message  to  the  legislature,  urg- 
ing the  passage  of  the  bill  for  recounting  the 
votes  in  the  New  York  City  mayoralty  election 

of  1905 The  New  York  Legislature  passes  a 

>ccm-fare  bill. 

May  27.— The  United  States  Supreme  Court 
adjourns  until  October  14. 

June  4. — President  Roosevelt  appoints  John 
C.  Capers,  of  South  Carolina,  as  Commissioner 
of  Internal  Revenue  ad  interim. 

June  5.— An  order  issued  by  President  Roose- 
velt prohibits  persons  in  the  classified  civil  ser- 
vice from  taking  an  active  part  in  politics. 

June    6. — Pennsylvania    Republicans    indorse 


the  candidacy  of  Senator  Knox  for  the  Presi- 
dency....  Governor     Hughes,     of     New     York, 

signs    the    Public    Utilities    bill Mayor    Mc- 

Clellan,  of  New  York,  sends  to  the  State  Legis- 
lature a  statement  of  his  position  on  the  Re- 
count bill. 

June  12. — Secretary  of  the  Treasury  Cortcl- 
you  calls  on  the  depository  banks  for  $30,000,000 
to  be  used  in  the  redemption  of  Government 
bonds The  Government  brings  suit  in  Phila- 
delphia to  dissolve  the  alleged  combination  of 
anthracite  coal  railroads. 

June  13. — Mayor  Eugene  Schmitz.  of  San 
Francisco,  is  found  guilty  of  extorting  money 
from  keepers  of  French  restaurants. 

June  17. — Federal  Judge  McPherson.  of  Kan- 
sas-City,  enjoins  the  State  of  Missouri  frrm  en- 
forcing a  maximum  freight  law  and  in  the  2- 
cent  passenger  rate  case  orders  that  the  law  be 
tried  out  for  three  months. ..  .Governor  Comer, 
of  Alabama,  appointed  ex-Congressman  John 
H.  Rankhead  (Dcm.)  United  States  Senator  to 
fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  John  T. 
Morgan. 

^  June  18. — Governor  Hughes,  of  New  York, 
signs  the  bill  providing  for  a  recount  of  the 
votes  cast  in  the  New  York  municipal  election 
of  1905.... The  Federal  Grand  Jury  indicts  the 
Central  Vermont  Railroad  for  giving  rebates 
on  coffee  shipments. 

POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT-FOREIGN. 

May  20. — The  Russian  Duma  passes  a  reso- 
lution denouncing  the  plot  against  the  Czar; 
Premier  Stolypin  gives  an  account  of  the  dis- 
covery of  the  plot. 

May  21.—  The  Irish  Nationalist  Convention  at 
Dublin  unanimously  rejects  the  Birrell  Home 
Rule  bill.... Mr.  T.  W.  Russell.  M.  P.,  is  ap- 
pointed vice-president  of  the  Irish  Department 
of  Agriculture. 

May  22. — The  Finnish  Diet,  which  was 
elected  under  the  new  constitution,  assembles 
....The  French  cabinet  agrees  on  a  bill  to  sup- 
press adulterated  wines  in  the  interest  of  grow- 
ers in  the  south.... The  annual  convention  of 
the  United  Irish  League  of  Great  Britain  is  held 
in  Dublin. 

May  23. — Premier  Stolypin,  of  Russia,  ex- 
plains the  government's  scheme  of  land  reform 
to  the  Duma. ..  .Nineteen  women  members  are 
present  in  the  new  Finnish  Parliament. 

May  24. — The  second  ballots  in  the  Austrian 
general  election  result  as  follows :  Socialists, 
83;  Christian  Socialists,  67:  German  Clericals. 
29;  German  Progressives,  23;  German  Radicals, 
24;  German  Agrarians,  21;  the  remaining  152 
are  divided  among  fifteen  different  groups. 

May  25. — The  Czar's  speech  is  read  at  the 
formal  opening  of  the  Finnish  Parliament.... 
Premier  Stolypin,  of  Russia,  summons  to  St. 
Petersburg  the  governors  of  provinces  where 
agrarian  uprisings  are  serious. 

May  27. — The  Viceroy  of  India  withholds  his 


2S 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEiV  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


1  i«m  UiC  NEliii^Jiial  Pft«  A»«fl4tiiafi.  W««tilnxtQri. 


THE  POCAHONTAS   STATUE  UNVEILED  LAST  MONTH 
ON  JAMESTOWN  ISLAND,  VA. 

consent  to  the  Punjaub  Colonization  bill.... 
The  Government  of  Ecuador  is  collecting  forces 
in  the  central  provinces  to  crush  the  rebellion. 

May   28. — The   Australian   premiers   assemble 

in     conference     at     Brisbane The     Russian 

Duma  rejects  a  resolution  condemning  terror- 
ism by  a  vote  of  219  to  146 Lord  Methuen 

is  made  British  commander-in-chief  in  South 
Africa. 

May  30. — The  Russian  Social-Democrats  in 
session  in  London  decide  to  sever  all  relations 
with  the  Constitutional  Democrats  and  other 
Liberal  parties  in  Russia. 

May  31. — King  Charles  of  Portugal  consents 
to  receive  deputations  from  the  houses  of  Par- 
liament and   supports   their  views. 

June  2. — The  Russian  Social-Democratic  con- 
gress in  London  passes  a  resolution  condemning 
terrorism  and  favoring  a  continuance  of  the 
Puma. 


June  3. — The  British  Prime  Minister  an- 
nounces the  withdrawal  of  the  Irish  Home  Rule 

bill The  Russian  Duma  rejects  two  stringent 

measures  ordered  by  Premier  Stolypin  to  sup- 
press sedition. 

June  5. — A  bill  is  introduced  in  the  French 
Chamber  of  Deputies  to  raise  the  tariff  on  oil 
in  order  to  stimulate  the  alcohol  trade  and  aid 
the  wine-growers. 

June  8. — Radical  members  of  the  Russian 
Duma  are  defeated  in  an  attempt  to  instruct  the 
agrarian  commission  to  adopt  the  principle  of 
compulsory  expropriation. 

June  10. — The  Amnesty  bill  in  the  Russian 
Duma  is  referred  to  a  committee  by  a  vote  of 
260  to  165.... The  Progressive  party  in  Japan 
adopts  anti-American  resolutions  for  use  in  the 
spring  elections ....  Mayors  and  city  councils  in 
the  south  of  France  resign  as  a  protest  against 
the  government's  attitude  toward  the  wine- 
growing districts. 

June  II. — The  Nationalist  party  in  the  British 
House  of  Commons  decides  to  oppose  the  gov- 
ernment's Army  bill  and  to  open  a  campaign  for 
Home  Rule. 

June  12. — The  strike  of  the  municipal  govern- 
ments in  the  south  of  France  continues. 

June  13. — The  French  Chamber  of  Deputies, 
by  a  vote  of  310  to  261,  adopts  the  first  clause 
of  a  bill  for  the  relief  of  wine-growers,  designed 
to  prevent  fraud. 

June  14. — PremFer  Stolypin,  of  Russia,  pre- 
sents to  the  Duma  a  demand  for  the  suspension 
of  Social-Democratic  members,  in  order  to  try 
them  for  treason The  Norwegian  Parlia- 
ment votes  to  grant  female  suffrage  to  about 
300,000  persons ;  the  voters  must  be  twenty-five 
years  old,  and  either  they  or  their  husbands 
must  pay  taxes  on  an  income  of  $118  in  cities 
and  $84  in  the  country. 

June  15. — The  Russian  Duma  is  dissolved;  a 
motion  in  the  upper  house  to  reform  the  ruling 
Senate  by  the  appointment  of  a  Senate  Premier 
outranking  the  cabinet  ministers  and  the  re- 
moval of  the  body  from  the  control  of  the  Min- 
ister of  Justice  is  defeated  by  a  vote  of  75  to  71. 
June  17. — The  Austrian  Reichsrath  assembles. 
June  18. — The  French  Chamber  of  Deputies, 
by  a  vote  of  412  to  158,  sustains  Premier  Cle- 
menceau's  decision  to  suppress  by  force  the  agita- 
tion  in   the   wine-growing   district   of  southern 

France A    battalion  of  sappers  mutinies    at 

Kiev,  Russia;  the  outbreak  is  suppressed;  the 
province  of  Vologda  is  declared  in  a  minor  state 
of  siege;  a  convention  of  Social-Democrats  is 
broken  up  by  the  police. 

June  19.— Meetings  of  Russian  railway  dele- 
gates are  dispersed  by  Cossacks. 

INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS. 
May  25. — France  makes  public  her  demands 
on  Morocco,  which  include  the  settlement  of 
all  claims,  the  carrying  out  of  the  convention  at 
Algeciras  in  1902,  and  the  punishment  of  vari- 
ous    trouble-makers Secretary     Root     takes 

action  through  the  United  States  Department 
of  Justice  for  the  protection  of  Japanese  from 
ill  treatment  in  San  Francisco,  and  also  calls  on 
the  State  of  California  to  perform  its  duty  under 
the  treaty  with  Japan. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


29 


June  I. — It  is  announced  from  Paris  that 
France  is  waiting  for  the  United  States  to  take 
the  initiative  in  negotiations  for  a  tariff  ar- 
rangement  A   proclamation  putting  the  new 

commercial  agreement  with  Germany  into  effect 
is  issued  by  President  Roosevelt  (see  page  47). 
June  7- — The  United  States  declines  the  good 
offices  of  France  to  further  a  convention  with 
Japan,  on  the  ground  that  no  alliance  is  needed ; 
the  text  of  the  Franco-Japanese  convention  as 
printed  in  Paris  guarantees  the  integrity  of 
China  and  the  maintenance  of  the  status  quo 
in  the  Far  East. 

June  10. — The  Franco-Japanese  convention  is 
signed  at  Paris  by  the  F'oreign  Minister,  M. 
Pichon,  and  Minister  Kurino. 

June  II. — It  is  reported  that  Nicaraguans, 
assisted  by  Salvador  revolutionists,  have  cap- 
tured Acajutla The  British  Foreign  Secre- 
tary, Sir  Edward  Grey,  informs  the  House  of 
Commons  that  he  hopes  to  obtain  for  Great 
Britain  the  advantages  which  Germany  has  de- 
rived from  the  United  States  under  the  new 
tariff  agreement. 

June  12. — Advices  from  London  indicate  that 
an  accord  has  been  reached  between  Great  Brit- 
ain and  America  regarding  certain  questions  at 
the  peace  conference  to  be  held  at  The  Hague. 
June  15.— The  Second  Peace  Conference  at 
The  Hague  is  opened  bv  the  Dutch  Minister  of 
Foreign  Affairs;  M.  Nelidoff.  is  chosen  presi- 
dent; he  characterizes  the  idea  of  universal 
peace  as  purely  chimerical. 

June  18--— The  British  Foreign  Office  proposes 
to  the  United  States  the  extension  of  the  New- 
foundland modus  invendi  to  cover  the  next  sea- 
son's fisheries. 

June  IQ. — General  Porter,  at  the  second  ses- 
sion of  the  Hague  Conference,  announces  that 
the  United  States  reserves  the  right  to  intro- 
duce the  question  of  limitation  of  armament  and 
the  Drago  Doctrine. 

OTHER  OCCURRENCES  OP  THE  MONTH. 

May  29. — The  funeral  of  Mrs.  McKinley, 
the  widow  of  the  President,  is  held  at  Canton, 
Ohio;  President  Roosevelt,  four  members  of 
the  cabinet,  and  other  well-known  persons  at- 
tend. 

May  30. — A  Wliite  Star  Line  service  is 
^>pened  between  New  York  and  Southampton 
*>y  the  steamship  Adriatic President  Roose- 
velt speaks  at  Indianapolis  at  the  unveiling  of  a 
nionument  to  General  Lawton. 

May  31. — A  general  strike  of  the  French 
na\'al  reserves,  comprising  practically  all  sea- 
men. 'longshoremCTi,  and  fishermen,  begins  at 
ill  French  ports ....  President  Roosevelt  makes 
three  addresses  at  Lansing,  Mich. 

June  I.— The  Waters-Pierce  Oil  Company,  of 
Missouri,  is  adjudged  guilty  of  violating  the 
anti-trust  laws  of  Texas,  convicted  of  having 
fjjtered  the  State  by  fraud,  and  fined  $1,623,900; 
tnc  State's  request  for  ouster  proceedings  is 
granted. 

June  3. — An  advance  in  wages  averaging  5 
P^  cent  goes  into  effect  in  practically  every 
conon  mill  in   northern  New   England;   nearly 

jttVno  operators   are   affected The   jury   in 

uic  trial  of  Haywood  for  the  assassination  of 


ex-Governor  Steunenberg,  of  Idaho,  is  com- 
pleted   and    sworn    in The    Jefferson    Davis 

memorial  is  unveiled  at  Richmond  (see  page 
40). 

June  4. — The  monthly  government  crop  re- 
port shows  the  lowest  average  for  the  growing 
crop  in  ten  years. 

June  5. — The  strike  of  French  seamen  comes 

to  an  end Richard   Croker's  Orby  wins  the 

Derby.... The  Empress  of  Japan  makes  an  ad- 
dress at  a  meeting  of  the  Red  Cross  in  Tokio 
....Alfred  Horsley,  known  as  Harry  Orchard, 
confesses  on  the  stand  in  the  Haywood  trial  at 
Boise,  Idaho,  to  a  series  of  revolting  crimes. 

June  6. — The  golden  wedding  of  King  Oscar 


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DR.     MAURICE    FRANCIS    EGAN. 
(Appointed  United  States  Minister  to  Denmark.) 

and    Queen    Sophia    is  -celebrated    throughout 
Sweden. 

June  7.--The  first  International  Horse  Show 
is  opened  in  London. 

June  8. — The  Czar  of  Russia  approves  the 
recommendation  of  the  Council  of  Ministers  in 
favor  of  building  a  railroad  from  Tomsk  to  Ber- 
ing Strait  and  a  tunnel  under  the  Strait Es- 
timates of  damage  caused  by  the  cyclone  at 
Kurrachi.    India,    are    between    $3,000,000    and 

$6,000.000 Twenty-one  persons  are  killed  by 

a  cloudburst  which  destroys  the  village  of  Gra- 
dyville,  Ky. 

June  9. — In  a  race  from  New  York  to  Ber- 
muda, the  schooner  yacht  Dervish  wins,  her  time 
for  the  650  miles  being  91  hours  and  50  minutes. 

June  10. — The  eighth  International  Red  Cross 
Confeience  begins  its  session  in  London.... 
Twenty-eight  persons,  including  twelve  women 
and  children,  are  lost  in  the  sinking  of  a  French 


30 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^/EH^OF  REl^/ElVS. 


schooner  off  Barbadoes President  Roosevelt 

makes  two  addresses  and  reviews  naval  and 
military  parades   at  the  Jamestown   Exposition 

A    launch    from   the    battleship   Minnesota, 

with  six  midshipmen,  a  second-lieutenant  of 
marines,  and  five  enlisted  men  aboard  is  sunk  in 
Hampton  Roads. 

June  12. — President  Roosevelt  arrives  at  Oys- 
ter Bay,  his  summer  home. 

June  13. — The  'longshoremen's  strike  in  New 
York  City  is  formally,  declared  off;  about  12,000 
strikers  apply  for  work  at  the  various  piers. 

June  17. — Darwin  P.  Kingsley  is  elected  pres- 
ident of  the  New  York  Life  Insurance  Com- 
pany, succeeding  Alexander  E.  Orr. 

June   19. — The  city  of  Hamburg  votes  $14,- 

375,000  for  the  extension   of  the  port The 

German  Kaiser  reviews  nearly  all  the  warships 
of  the  German  navy  at  Kiel. 
OBITUARY. 

May  20. — Dr.  Frank  Lowber  James,  a  leading 

authority   on    microscopy,    66 Dr.    John    H. 

Packard,  a  well-known  Philadelphia  physician 
and  author,  75 Sir  T.  W.  White,  Bart.,  79- 

May  21. — Sir  Joseph  Fayrer,  Bart.,  physician 

extraordinary  to  the  King  of  England,  83 

Ex-Congressman    John    Quincy    Underbill,    of 

New  York,  59 William  F.  Luxton,  a  leading 

journalist  of  Manitoba,  62. 

May  22. — George  Henry  Fink,  known  as  the 
father   of  the   British   House  of  Commons,  72 

Dr.    Augustus    Charles    Bemays,    a    noted 

surgeon  of  St.  Louis,  63 Samuel  Lord  Mor- 

ison,  a  well-known  New  York  engineer,  55 

Mrs.   Ella  Farman   Pratt,   author  of  books   for 

young  people,  64 Justice  James  W.  Dunwell, 

of  the  New  York  Supreme  Court,  58. 

May  24. — Ex-United  States  Senator  John  Pat- 
ton,  of  Michigan,  56 General  Henry  S.  Tur- 

ill,  U.  S.  A.,  retired,  65. 

May  25. — Rev.  Edward  Payson  Terhune,  of 
New  York,  76 Theodore  Tilton,  author,  edi- 
tor, and  lecturer,  72 Joseph  L.  Stickney,  the 

war   correspondent,    58.  ...Baron    von   Roggen- 

bach,  late  Foreign  Mmister  of  Baden,  78 W. 

M.  Wood,  former  editor  of  the  Times  of  India, 

78 Most   Rev.   Augustin  Tovar,   Archbishop 

of  Lima,  Peru. 

May  26. — Mrs.  Ida  McKinley,  widow  of  the 

President,    59 Prof.    Albert    Harkness,    the 

classical  scholar  and  author,  84 Col.  Alex- 
andre Cesarin,  painter,  sculptor,  writer,  and  sol- 
dier  Dr.   Emile   R.    Steinbach,    the   Austrian 

writer  on  legal  subjects,  59. 

May  29.— Rt.  Rev.  A.  T.  Lloyd,  D.  D..  Bishop 
of  Newcastle,  63.  I 

May  31. — Karl  Blind,  the  German  patriot,  8t. 

June  I. — General  Billot,  three  times  French 
Minister  of  War,  79. 

June  2. — Ex-United  States  Senator  William 
P.  Sheffield,  of  Rhode  Island,  88....Jud-e  Wi'- 
liam  K.  Townsend,  of  New  Haven,  Conn.,  50 
....William  J.  Fryer,  a  well-known  architect 
and  consulting  engineer  of  New  York,  65. 

June  3. — Gen.  Thomas  Howard  Ruger,  U.  S. 
A.,   retired,   74. 

June  4. — Dr.  Felix  Formento,  a  prominer.t 
New  Orleans  physician,  70...  .Erskine  Uhl,  sec- 


retary  of   the   International   Committee  of  the 
Y.  M.  C.  A.,  66. 

June  6. — Helen  M.  Gougar,  temperance  leader 
and  lecturer,  64. 

June  7. — Prof.  Alfred  Newton,  pioneer  in 
English  legislation  for  the  protection  of  birds, 
78 Edward  John  Routh,  of  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land, a  famous  mathematical  coach,  76.  ...Ex- 
Judge  Lewis  B.  France,  of  Denver,  author  of 
books  of  outdoor  life,  74. 

June  8.— Dr.  W.  G.  Neville,  president  of  the 
Presbyterian  College  of  South  Carolina,  52 — 
Germania  Goodrich  Alvord,  for  many  years 
superintendent  of  public  schools  in   Illinois,  84 

George  W.  Liniger,  of  Omaha,  art  collector 

and  Egyptologist,  72. 


THE  LATE   JOHN  T.   MORGAN. 

(For  thirty  years  United   States  Senator  froiv 
Alabama.) 

June  9. — Julia  Magruder,  the  novelist,  53. 

June   II. — United   States  Senator  John   Tyler 

Morgan,     of    Alabama,    82 Clovis     Hugues. 

French  poet  and  publicist,  55. 

June  12. — Henry  G.  Hanks,  a  California  pio- 
neer and  former  State  mineralogist,  81. 

June  13. — Mrs.  W.  G.  Jones,  for  many  years 
a  popular  New  York  actress,  79. 

June  14. — General  Bartolome  Maso,  Presi- 
dent of  the  embryo  Cuban  Republic  before  the 
Spanish-American  War.  7$. 

June  17. — Associate  Justice  Charles  Fuller 
Woodward,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Maine,  59. 

June  18.— Prof.  Alexander  Stewart  Herschcl, 
the  distinguished  British  astronomer. 

June  19. — Henry  Bruce  Beach,  of  Hartford, 
inventor  of  the  well-known  Beach  boiler,  90. 


CARTOONS  ON   CURRENT  TOPICS. 


IX   BARRACKS   AT   TUB   HAGUE. 

The  two  quacks,  England,  and  America,  are  represented  as  calling  attention  to  the  diplomatists  (Euro- 
pean big  guns).  They  are  somewhat  preoccupied  discussing  among  themselves  the  question  of  whether 
thfir  volr«s  shall  be  silenced  In  military  wars.  But  whatever  happens,  they  will  still  be  kept  for  royal 
»lote«  and  for  suppressing  civil  wars  !-~IiVom   Papapallo  (Bologna). 


THE   BATTLESHIP  ACCORDION.  **  COME    DOWX  !  '* 

^hen  folded  up,  nothing  could  look  more  like  dis-         Baroness  von  Suttner   (carrying  an    invitation   t 

tnnam^nt.      This  cartoon    (from   Ulk,  Bertin)    Indl-  the   Peace   Conference)    Invites   Mars   to  come   do* 

ate?  the  German  suspicion  of  EIngland's  peace  pro-  from  his  pedestal. — From  Luatige  BlQttcr  (Berlin 
teitatloof. 


THF.  AMntlCAN  MONTHLY  REt^lEW  OF  REyiEtt^H 


*' siTTiNo  ON  TUB  LID"  IN  JAPAN.     From  the  I nquircT  (Philadelphia). 


t'SN'T    KNOW    it's    LOAUKD. 

Itrooklj/n  Eagle  (New  York). 


LiTiLK  Jap  (to  I'ncle  Sam)  :  "Don't  "step  on  the 
tail  of  my  coat!" — From  the  }iew»  (Baltimore). 


CARTOONS  ON  CURRENT  TOPICS. 


33 


THE    JAPANR8U    BOOIE    MAN    DOBSN'T    ROARB    UNCLE    BAM. 

The  face  of  the  real  Jap  shows  reassuringly  behind  the  war  monster    the  Jingoes  would  have  us  believe  In, 

From  the  Satimlnu  Qlohc  (T'tica,  N.  Y.). 

1 


-^iiisSi 


-•^v-:- 


WHO    SAID    "TROUBLE"? 

From  the  Evening  Mail  (New  York). 


WHAT  «;ni:s  I'l*  must  tomk  down! 
From  the  .Ycic«  (Baltimore). 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REyiEWS. 


MO  OCCASION  FOB  GRNEBAL  ALARM. 

PRB8IDENT  RoosBVBLT  I  **  Don't  be  afraid,  gentlemen  ;  he  will  hurt  only  the  crooks.* 
From  the  Saturday  Olobe  (ITtIca,  N.  Y.). 


ROBBIXO  PETEB  TO  PAY  PETEB. 

••  We've  been  tlnod  160,728.489.37,  John  !  " 

"  Good !     Put  oil   up  a  cent  and   a  half    till  the 

t\ru*\  ^mlfJ  '    '      Trom  tbf  AVjr*  (Baltimore). 


A    RKMIMSOKNCK    OF    THE    NEW    YORK    Li:OiaLATIVB 

srssiox   OK    11K>7. 
Prom  the  Prrtu  (New  York). 


LCtSAL   ^AR  ON  THE   HARD  COAL  TRUST. 

Work  for  the  breaker. 
From  the  Imquitrr  (Philadelphia). 


CARTOONS  ON  CURRENT  TOPICS. 


35 


MAP  OF  THf    WESTERN    HEMISPHERE   AS    IT    LOOKS    TO 
ILMNOI8. 

From  the  inter-Orean   (Chicago). 


*•  WHEREAT    I    WAS    MUCH    CAST    DOWN." — ThCOdore 

Roosevelt,   "Hunting  Big  Game." 
From  the  Ilirald  (New  York). 


rxcLK  S.\M  (to  the  President)  :  **  Here,  Theodore, 
drop  that  and  get  back  to  your  old  Job." 
From  the  Blade  (Toledo). 


T'lKT-JY    r;(M»D    AT    **  WI.NVINC    THE    WEST"    HIMSELF. 

From  the  filade  (Toledo). 


REnrRoriTT. 
One  good  lift  deserves  another, 
^wn  the  Journal   (Minneapolis). 


VACATICJN  TIME  ON   SAGAMORE   HILL. 

From  the  Tribune    (Minneapolis). 


36  THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


A   NEW    FIGURE   ON   THE    MAP. 

An  Uncle  Sam  of  Central  America  would  be  wel- 
comed by  lilB  friends  to  the  north. 

Prom  the  Journal  (Minneapolis). 


"CAN    IT    BE    POSSIBLE?" 

From  the  Evening  Mail  (New  York). 


ANOTHER    ENTRY. 

From  the  Press  (New  York). 


Bureaucrat  :  "  Thank  Heaven  I'm  In  Russia  I  * 
From  the  Evening  Telegram   (New  York). 


THE  CASE  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

BY    JAiMES    D.    PHELAN. 


§AN  FRANCISCO  is  a  typical  American 
community.  There  is  nothing  abnormal 
about  it.  It  was  founded  by  the  pick  of 
American  manhood.  Attracted  by  the  gold 
discovery,  there  also  came  to  San  Francisco 
in  the  early  days  a  turbulent  and  disorderly 
element,  and  when,  by  ballot-box  stuffing, 
this  element  secured  the  municipal  offices,  the 
famous  Vigilance  Committee  was  organized 
and  a  strong  and  clean  government  estab- 
lished, which  lasted  for  a  generation.  What 
is  not  generally  understood,  is  the  fact  that 
the  Vigilance  Committee  condemned  no  one 
without  an  orderly  trial.  It  was  extra-legal, 
but  wrought  no  injustice. 

After  the  lapse  of  time,  as  in  other  Ameri- 
can cities,  corrupt  political  bossism  tempora- 
rily »tablished  itself,  but  was  speedily  put 
down.     We  are  just  witnessing  one  of  those 
recurrent  episodes.    After  ten  years  of  clean 
government  the  Schmitz-Ruef  administration 
was  given  a  brief  lease  of  power  by  the  mis- 
guided votes  of  labor-unianists,  and  corrup- 
tion became  rampant.     Practically  a  unani- 
mous press  condemned  it,  and  under  the  lead- 
ership of  Rudolph  Spreckels  the  citizens  have 
destroyed  it  by  simply  using  legal  methods, 
indictment    and    trial    by   judge    and    jury. 
District-Attorney  Langdon,  who  was  elected 
on    the    Union-Labor    ticket;    Francis    J. 
Hcney,  Assistant  District-Attorney,  appointed 
as  special   prosecutor  and   who   had   distin- 
tingubhed  himself  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
Oregon  land  frauds,  and  William  J.  Burns, 
secret    service     detective,     simply    collected 
legal    evidence    and    made    the    task    easy. 
So,  far  from  irregular  Vigilance-Committee 
methods,  which  are  believed  by  the  people  of 
the  East  to  have  recently  prevailed  in  San 
Francisco,  the  prosecution  has,  while  destroy- 
ing graft  and  corruption,  maintained  the  dig- 
nity and  proved  the  efficacy  of  the  law.    San 
Francisco  is  a  law-abiding  community,  and, 
as  in  this  instance,  has  rendered  a  conspicu- 
ous service  to  the  cause  of  law  and  order 
which  other  communities  might  well  emulate. 
It  has,  by  the  conviction  of  Schmitz,  pre- 
served the  fine  traditions  of  its  past  and  saved 
the  honor  of  its  name. 

In  the  prosecution  of  offenders,  as  Presi- 
doit  Roosevelt  has  said  in  encouraging  Mr. 
Hene?  in  San  Francisco  and  in  Oregon,  the 
keynote  of  the  campaign    has   been,    "  My 


spear  knows  no  brother."  Since  the  prosecu- 
tion began  to  expose  the  criminality  of 
Schmitz  and  Ruef  and  their  satellites  many 
citizens  of  heretofore  good  reputation,  as  of- 
ficers of  public-service  corporations,  have  been 
caught  in  the  dragnet.  They  had  given 
bribes.  The  prosecution  has  won  the  confi- 
dence of  the  people  by  declaring  that  the 
law  is  no  respecter  of  persons,  and  the  guilty, 
whoever  they  may  be,  must  suffer  alike.  As  a 
result,  San  Francisco  will  now  enjoy  good 
and  stable  government  for  ten  years,  or  until 
men  forget  the  lesson  of  this  prosecution. 
Meantime,  and  until  the  election  in  Novem- 
ber and  the  inauguration  of  a  new  govern- 
ment in  January  next,  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors, thirteen  out  of  the  eighteen  of  whom 
have  made  full  confessions  of  guilt,  will  sit 
and  act  under  the  suggestions  of  the  District- 
Attorney  and  the  grand  jury.  They  have 
been  promised  immunity  for  good  behavior. 
This  was  the  only  practical  course  open,  be- 
cause, in  the  first  place,  their  confessions 
made  possible  the  indictment  of  the  principal 
offenders  in  office  and  out  of  office  who 
tempted  them  with  bribes,  and,  secondly, 
should  they  have  been  removed,  the  corrupt 
Mayor  would  have  had  the  power  of  ap- 
pointment; s6  that  conditions  would  inevita- 
bly have  been  worse. 

I  have  said  that  the  workingmen  were 
misled.  They  believed,  in  voting  for  their 
candidates,  that  they  would  secure  a  govern- 
ment devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  common 
people.  Unfortunately,  the  idea  of  class 
government  had  been  impressed  upon  them, 
but  in  every  instance  they  have  been  betrayed. 
Their  Mayor  served  only  the  corrupt  cor- 
porate interests,  and  their  Supervisors  vio- 
lated their  pledges,  as,  for  instance,  in  voting 
for  the  gas  rate,  allowing  85  cents  a  thou- 
sand in  consideration  of  a  bribe  when  the 
platform  on  which  they  were  chosen  called 
for  a  7 5 -cent  rate.  For  a  bribe  they  per- 
mitted disfiguring  and  dangerous  overhead 
trolley  and  poles  to  be  used  by  the  street- 
railway  corporations,  which  hoped  to  save 
platform  expense  by  the  introduction  of  cars 
of  a  larger  size,  manned  by  the  same  employees 
as  the  smaller  cars  of  the  cable  system,  thus 
increasing  the  labor  of  the  men  without  in- 
creasing their  pay.  So  the  Union-Labor  z( 
ministration  has  been  a  great  injury  to  tl 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


men  who  voted  for  its  election  and  to  the 
city  at  large,  a  fact  which  the  workingmen 
now  realize.  Their  best  and  most  disinter- 
ested leaders,  as  well  as  the  national  conven- 
tions of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
have  deprecated  the  entrance  of  the  unions,  as 
such,  into  politics,  on  account  of  the  tendency 
such  a  course  has  to  destroy  the  beneficent 
and  helpful  purposes  of  organized  labor. 
If  there  was  an  idea  in  the  minds  of  the  men 
that  in  case  of  strikes  and  lockouts  the  munici- 
pal government  could  and  would  help  them, 
that  idea  is  exploded,  because  law  and  order 
must  and  will  be  maintained  in  every  Ameri- 
can community,  no  matter  what  may  be  the 
character  of  the  administration.  The  courts 
will  maintain  it  and  the  State  and  federal 
governments  are  within  easy  call.  It  is  gen- 
erally agreed  among  the  men  themselves, 
after  bitter  experience,  that  strikes  suffer 
rather  than  gain  by  acts  of  violence.  It  is 
conceded  that  it  is  the  plain  duty  of  the 
sworn  officers  of  the  law  not  only  to  punish 
acts  of  violence  but,  better,  to  prevent  such 
acts,  and  thus  save  the  hot-heads  and  the  ir- 
responsible from  the  consequences  of  their 
own  folly. 

Last  November  there  was  an  election  in 
San  Francisco,  when  four  judges  of  the  Su- 
perior Court  were  to  be  elected.  "  Boss  " 
Ruef  was  then  in  the  full  possession  of  his 
usurped  power;  He  dictated  nominations 
and  made  combinations  with  a  view  to  elect- 
ing his  own  men,  and  yet,  when  the  votes 
were  counted,  it  was  found  that  the  people 
had  risen  superior  to  his  machinations  and 
elected  three  good  men  out  of  four,  losing  the 
fourth  by  a  very  narrow  margin.  This  re- 
sult was  very  cheering  to  the  good  citizens 
of  San  Francisco,  and  is  a  safe  augury  of  the 
results  of  the  coming  municipal  election  in 
November,  when,  no  doubt,  honorable  men 
will  be  chosen  to  perform  their  duty  under 
the  law,  which  has  been  exalted  and  made 
more  sacred  by  the  events  of  the  last  six 
months. 

It  is  true  that  outside  the  building  trades, 
— where  harmony  prevails, — there  are  sev- 
eral strikes  in  progress  at  this  time,  in- 
cluding brewery  workmen,  telephone  girls, 
laundry  employees,  and  street-car  men.  The 
latter  is  the  only  serious  strike  and,  with 
non-union  platform  men,  the  cars  are  being 
operated  over  all  the  lines  during  the  day- 
time. On  account  of  high  rents  for  modest 
homes  and  flats,  the  men  sought  higher  com- 
pensation, a  proposition  to  which  the  railroad 
company  did  not  yield.    The  rapid  building. 


however,  will  soon  remove  this  cause  of  cooh 
plaint,  and  it  is  expected  that  by  the  supply 
meeting  the  demand,  a  natural  process,  these 
difficulties  will  adjust  themselves. 

The  Japanese  are  objected  to  on  the  broad 
American  ground  of  non-assimilability,  but 
the  Japanese  question  has  been  imfairly 
introduced  at  this  time.  There  is  prac- 
tically no  racial  prejudice,  but  the  working- 
men  have  been  urged  not  to  patronize  tbe 
Japanese  restaurants,  for  instance,  because 
they  are  conducted  by  non-union  help,  and 
when  union  men  were  found  in  an  es- 
tablishment they  were  rudely  disciplined. 
This  is  a  phase  of  the  boycott,  and  does  not 
rise  to  the  dignity  of  an  international  ques- 
tion. San  Francisco  may  be  exposed  for 
these  reasons  to  occasional  turbulence, — a 
manifestation  of  "  Western  exuberance,"  or 
"  frontier  ruffianism,"  as  it  has  been  called, — 
but  shall  we  condemn  the  air  because  it  is  the 
element  of  storms  and  hurricanes?  These 
tempests  which  sweep  over  democratic  com- 
munities sometimes  clarify  the  atmosphere, 
and  are  soon  over;  and  out  of  our  local 
troubles  will  come  a  cleaner  government,  a 
better  conception  of  the  labor  question  by 
employer  and  employee,  and  a  stronger  loy- 
alty to  the  law,  which,  like  a  rock,  stands 
unshaken  under  the  folds  of  the  flag,  guaran- 
teeing a  square  deal,  equal  rights,  and  stable 
rule. 

San  Frandsco  can,  with  confidence,  appeal 
to  the  people  of  the  East  for  a  better  under- 
standing of  her  case.  She  has  just  suffered 
the  destruction  of  $500,(XX),ooo  of  prop- 
erty, collected  $180,000,000  of  insurance,  and 
has  recovered  in  twelve  months  the  position 
which  she  had  always  enjoyed  as  the  chief 
city  of  the  United  States  on  the  greatest  of 
the  world's  oceans.  The  unparalleled  re- 
sources of  California,  the  commerce  and  trade 
of  the  sea,  the  enterprise  of  her  citizens,  re- 
main intact,  and  the  only  problem  after  the 
fire  was  the  re-housing  of  business.  This  has 
been  done  in  temporary  structures,  and  now 
the  work  of  permanent  construction  is  under 
way.  As  Baltimore  and  Chicago  sought  East- 
em  financial  assistance,  so  now  must  San 
Francisco.  Heretofore  San  Francisco  was 
financially  independent,  and  at  the  time  of 
the  fire  owed  no  money  to  die  East.  The 
rates  of  interest  were  lower  than  in  any  other 
American  city,  and  the  wealth  of  mine  and 
field  poured  in  an  unceasing  stream  into  her 
lap.  That  fact,  uninterrupted  to-day,  en- 
ables her  to  engage  capital.  Neither  did  the 
municipality  as  such  owe  any  money,  for,  ex- 


THE  CASE  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


39 


ceptional  among  the  cities  of  the  world,  the 
debt  of  San  Francisco,  with  $400,000,000  of 
assessed  property  is,  to-day,  only  $5,000,000. 
There  has  been  absolutely  no  diminution 
since  the  fire  in  customs  receipts,  now  about 
$10,000,000  a  year,  nor  in  bank  clearings, 
which  last  year  amounted  to  $2,074,000,000. 
In  evcr>' thing  that  goes  to  make  the  city 
great  San  Francisco,  crippled  as  she  is,  has 
not  only  maintained  her  prestige,  but  in- 
creased the  volume  of  her  trade.  The  simple 
fact  is  that  San  Francisco  is  a  natural  city, 
with  every  resource  necessary  for  the  main- 
tenance of  a  large  population,  and  will  so 
remain  to  the  end.     The  affectionate  regard 


m  which  she  is  held  has  been  demonstrated 
by  the  noble  response  made  by  the  East  when 
her  needs  became  known  in  the  hour  of 
distress.  And  she  is  bent  upon  justifying 
the  faith  of  her  friends  by  her  speedy  re- 
habilitation. So  far  as  human  hands  can 
accomplish  it,  she  will  seek  to  fulfil  her 
destiny,  preordained  by  nature,  by  dedicating 
her  matchless  harbor  and  by  developing  her 
diversified  resources  for  the  uses  of  that  com- 
merce and  trade  which  the  great  ocean  at  her 
doors  requires  and  demands.  There  is  no 
reason  why  San  Francisco  should  not  during 
the  next  five  years  recover  her  losses,  and  in 
the  next  generation  double  her  population. 


FORMER    MAYOR    JAMES    D.    PHELAN,   OF    SAN    FRANCISCO. 

(Mr.  Phelnn,  wlio  has  served  his  fellow  citizens  with  great  acceptability  as 
bead  of  nhe  relief-funds  finance  committee,  visited  New  York  last  month  for 
the  purpose  of  Interesting  Eastern  capital  In  San  Francisco  investments.  He 
consented  tp  prepare  for  Review  op  Rrvirws  readers  the  foregoing  brief  state- 
ment of  conditions  In  bis  city  at  the  present  time.) 


^»,v  \«>v\s  v.v\^  u^  'v*t»^\MA  ^^vv  ,v   \  \M.;.v,^  v;  fc^vavv^xo  ox  juxk  3. 


IH^SVH  IMS   r\Rt   IX^R    HFR    CX)NFEDERATE 

\\  irRVNS. 


V 


..XV    ^  >v.     ^s>  V      .,      \    >.».v    \.v.     V    '^  .'.•-»n  >uc  snr  '•'seLT  waited 
N      \     »   .>     \    ,    ,  '^  V    »'.         s.     »•     •     'i,     k   --x*  nviMiiwKt  to  Jcf- 

.,.v    »   V  X.  ^   »'  w'^    ^.'-irt  -f.'>c  rumx'  '^  the 

.     \     *  V       «>>s..-      V  »     -v^.i     t.tairv   .'^  state 
V      - '  X    X •-:.♦>    "nau    uj^sarr 


k  V         \         s        K  X    V  .     »         \ 


THE  SOUTH' S  CARE  FOR  HER  CONFEDERATE  I^ETERANS.        41 


and  other  noted  leaders  on  the  field  of  battle. 
Now  came  the  fruition  of  long  years  of  pa- 
tient and  devoted  effort  in  the  dedication  of 
the  imposing  monument  to  President  Davis. 
That  this  time  had  come  was  due  to  the 
work  of  the  women  of  the  South,  who,  in 
the  United  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy 
and  the  Davis  Monument  Association,  had 
collected  the  funds  which  made  the  memorial 
possible. 

It  is  estimated  that  there  were  75,000  or 
80,000  people  at  the  reunion,  of  whom  per- 
haps 15,000  were  actual  veterans.  The  others 
were  brothers,  sisters,  wives,  widows,  chil- 
dren, and  grandchildren  of  Confederate  sol- 
diers, and  numerous  interested  visitors.  The 
United  Confederate  Veterans,  the  United 
Daughters  of  the  Confederacy,  the  United 
Sons  of  the  Confederacy,  and  several  auxil- 
iary and  memorial  associations  were  repre- 
sented. Gen.  Stephen  D.  Lee,  of  Missis- 
sippi, the  commander  of  the  Confederate 
Veterans,  presided  at  the  principal  events. 
The  social  features  of  the  reunion  were 
graced  by  the  presence  of  such  notable  South- 
cm  women  as  Mrs.  Margaret  Howell  Hayes, 
daughter  of  Jefferson  Davis;  Miss  Mary 
Custis  Lee,  daughter  of  Gen.  Robert  E. 
Lee;  Mrs.  **  Stonewall "  Jackson,  widow  of 
the  Confederacy's  "  Cromwellian  soldier  " ; 
Mrs.  J.  E.  B.  Stuart,  widow  of  the  dashing 
cavalryman ;  Miss  Daisy  Hampton,  daughter 
of  Gen.  Wade  Hampton,  and  Mrs.  W. 
H.  F.  ("Rooney")  Lee.  Full  of  pathos 
was  the  reception  given  in  the  old  home  of 
Jefferson  Davis,— "  The  White  House  of 
the  Confederacy," — now  a  Confederate  mu- 
seum. Present  were  Davis'  daughter  and 
her  children,  and  many  of  the  prominent  men 
and  women  of  the  Confederacy.  About  them 
were  the  arms  General  Lee  had  borne,  the 
sash  he  had  worn,  cherished  relics  of  fallen 
leaders,  and  tangible  evidences  of  the  terrific 
struggles  of  many  a  battlefield.  Over- 
whelmed by  the  emotions  of  the  occasion, 
many  were  moved  to  tears. 

On  May  30  occurred  the  unveiling  of  the 
equestrian  statue  to  the  well-known  cavalry 
leader,  Gen.  J.  E.  B.  Stuart.  This  was 
erected  by  the  Cavalry  Association  of  the 
Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  and  was  un- 
veiled by  Miss  Virginia  Stuart  Waller, 
Stuart's  granddaughter.  The  principal  ora- 
tor of  the  reunion  was  Col.  Robert  E.  Lee, 
Jr.,  grandson  of  the  Confederate  commander. 
His  address  on  June  l  aroused  great  enthusi- 
asm, bodi  by  reason  of  the  personality  of  the 
speaker  and  by  reason  of  his  vigorous  and 


FIGURE    OF    JEFFERSON    DAVIS    ON    THE    MONUMENT 
AT  RICHMOND. 

striking  presentation  of  Southern  views  on 
the  responsibility  for  slavery,  the  idea  of  se- 
cession, and  the  Civil  War.  But  the  most 
significant  and  culminating  event  was  the 
unveiling  of  the  monument  to  Jefferson 
Davis,  on  June  3,  the  ninety-ninth  anni- 
versary of  his  birth.  This  day  was  wholly 
given  to  the  payment  of  the  tribute  to  the 
memory  of  the  Confederacy's  President.  A 
great  procession  of  veterans  and  others 
marched  to  the  monument,  passing,  on  the 
way,  the  statues  of  the  soldiers,  Lee  and 
Stuart.  At  the  time  of  the  unveiling  a  sus- 
pension of  business  and  traffic  wa3  widely 
observed  for  five  minutes  throughout  the 
South.  After  an  address  by  Gov.  Claude 
Swanson,  of  Virginia,  General  Evans  de- 
livered the  oration  of  the  occasion.  The 
unveiling  was  by  Davis*  daughter  and  her 
two  young  sons.  After  the  unveiling  they 
and  others  of  the  family  were  presented  to 
the  assemblage  and  received  with  wild  cheer- 
ing and  Confederate  yells.  The  monument 
typifies  the  vindication  of  Mr.  Davis  and 
the  cause  of  the  Confederacy  for  which  he 
stood  before  the  world.  To  the  vast  assem- 
blage present  the  Confederacy,  though  dear 
was  yet  deathless. 


l':iE  AMERICAS  MDSTHLY  kE^IEU'  OF  REVIEWS. 


The  reunion  was  marked  by  an  absence 
of  fatality  or  serious  accident  or  crime.  It 
was  a  gathering  of  t>pical  Southern  people 
of  all  classes,  law-abiding,  kindly,  courteous, 
and  peaceable.  Bishop  Gibson,  in  his  sermon 
on  President  Davis  in  St.  Paul's  Church,  on 
the  Sunday  before  the  unveiling  of  the  monu- 
ment, alluded  to  the  large  number  of  men  in 
the  Confederate  army  of  the  moral  and  per- 
sonal t>'pe  of  General  Lee.  He  said  that 
King  Arthur's  Round  Table  had  one  Sir 
Galahad,  but  that  among  the  Confederates 
were  thousands  of  men  as  pure  and  clean  in 
their  lives,  speech,  and  thought  as  their  own 
women  at  home.  This  was  illustrated  in  the 
reunion  at  Richmond. 

Cherishing  the  memories  of  the  past  and 
defending  the  righteousness  of  its  acts,  vindi- 
cating the  character  and  purposes  of  their 
President,  the  Richmond  gathering  was  com- 
posed of  patriotic  American  citizens  of  the 
present.  In  the  decorations  of  the  city  the 
Stars  and  Stripes  were  used  side  by  side  with 
the  colors  of  the  Confederacy.  Speakers 
held  up  to  admiration  the  virtues  and  bravery 
of  the  men  who  wore  the  blue  as  well  as  of 
those  who  wore  the  gray.  The  resolutions 
of  the  reunion  thanked  Congress  and  the 
President  for  returning  the  captured  battle 
flags  and  for  providing  for  the  marking  of 
the  graves  of  Confederate  soldiers  buried  in 
Northern  soil.  Senator  Daniel,  of  Virginia, 
in  his  tribute  to  the  Confederate  soldier,  said : 
**  Boys,  we  are  of  the  same  race  as  the  Yan- 
kee, and  the  same  spirit  which  made  Southern 
arms  glorious  united  the  hearts  of  Northern- 


ers.    The  courage  and  gallantr>'  were   not 
all  on  the  side  of  the  Confederac}." 

THE  CONFEDERATE  ORGANIZATIONS. 

The  events  at  Richmond  have  centered  at- 
tention on  the  surviving  Confederate  vet- 
erans. As  the  years  go  by,  their  ranks  are 
thinning.  According  to  the  best  available 
figures,  the  number  of  separate  enlistments  in 
the  Confederate  army  was  from  1,239,000 
to  1,400,000.  But  many  of  these  were  re- 
enlistments,  and  the  terms  of  service,  were 
varied.  Reduced  to  enlistments  for  a  three- 
years'  term  of  service,  the  estimated  numbet 
is  1,082,119.  There  is  a  lack  of  data  upon 
which  to  base  any  trustworthy  estimate  of 
the  number  of  survivors. 

The  principal  association  of  the  surviving 
soldiers  is  the  United  Confederate  Veterans, 
oriranized  at  New  Orleans  on  June  10,  1889. 
This  body  is  divided  into  the  Army  of 
Northern  Virginia-  Department,  the  Army 
of  Tennessee  Department,  and  the  Trans- 
Missississippi  Department,  each  under  a  de- 
partment commander.  State  organizations 
are  authorized,  and  are  called  divisions.  The 
number  of  separate  camps  is  about  1600,  and 
the  number  of  members  about  75,000.  There 
were  1259  camps  represented  at  the  Rich- 
mond reunion.  Permanent  headquarters  of 
the  association  are  at  New  Orleans,  La. 

Gen.  Stephen  D.  Lee,  of  Columbus, 
Miss.,  the  re-elected  commander  of  the  Con- 
federate Veterans,  saw  a  great  deal  of  active 
service  in  the  war.  He  took  part  in  the 
battles  around  Richmond  in  1862,  in  Second 


THE  SOUTH' S  CARE  FOR  HER  CONFEDERATE  VETERANS. 


43 


Bull  Run,  Sharpsburg,  the  Vicksburg  cam-  posed  of  women  who  are  widows,  wives, 
paign,  and  also  commanded  the  Confederates  mothers,  sisters,  and  lineal  descendants  of 
in  the  successful  battle  of  Chickasaw  Bayou,  Confederate  soldiers,  or  of  those  who  served 
Miss.,  and  other  engagements.  General  Lee  the  Confederate  cause  in  a  civil  capacity. 
was  president  of  the  Mississippi  Agricultural  There  are  local  federations  of  chapters,  gov- 
and  Mechanical  College  from  1880  to  1899. 
As  president  of  the  Mississippi  Historical 
Society,  he  was  influential  in  securing  the 
legislative  establishment  of  a  State  History 
Commission  as  a  subordinate  feature  of  the 
sodety.  Being  given  the  power  of  appoint- 
ing the  commission,  he  gave  it  a  competent 
h«id  in  Prof.  F.  L.  Riley,  of  the  University 
of  Mississippi,  and  thus  did  much  for  the 
encouragement  of  sound  historical  work  in 
that  State.  The  esteem  in  which  he  is  held 
by  his  fellow  soldiers  was  shown  by  his  re- 
election at  Richmond. 

DAUGHTERS    OF   THB   CONFEDERACY. 

The  United  Confederate  Veterans  have  a 
powerful  auxiliary  association  in  the  United 
Daughters  of  the  Confederacy.  This  body 
has  900  chapters  in  the  United  States,  North 
and  South,  with  40,000  members.    It  is  com- 


GEN.    STEPHEN    D.    LEE. 

(Commander-in-Chief  of  the  United  Confederate 

Veterans.) 


GEN. 


P.   ALEXANDER. 


(General  Alexander's  **  Military  Memoirs  of  a 
Confederate*'  hare  recently  been  published  by  the 
Serftners.) 


erned  by  State  divisions,  which  in  turn  are 
subject  to  the  general  organization.  The 
aims  of  the  society  are  social,  literary,  his- 
torical," monumental,  and  benevolent.  It  has 
accomplished  notable  results  in  the  erection 
of  monuments  and  memorial  tablets  to  com- 
memorate leaders  and  historical  places,  has 
coUected  much  material  of  historical  value, 
and  has  maintained  museums  for  re!ics  of  the 
war.  The  members  have  also  added  a  de- 
•  lightful  social  element  to  both  the  local  and 
larger  gatherings  of  the  Confederate  veterans. 

AUXILIARY    SOCIETIES. 

The  United  Sons  of  Confederate  Veterans 
have  numerous  local  camps  throughout  the 
United  States.  They  devote  themselves  to 
historical,  social  and  commemorative  under- 
takings. There  are  many  other  auxiliary  and 
allied  organizations,  such  as  the  Confederate 
Naval  Veterans'  Association,  the  Confed- 
erate States*  Memorial  Association,  the  Cav- 
alry Association  of  the  Army  of  Northern 
Virginia,  and  societies  organized  to  carry  ou*- 
some  particular  work,  such  as  the  JeflFersf 
Davis  Monument  Association. 


44 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REyiElVS. 


CONFEDERATE   MEMORIAL  DAY. 

Everywhere  throughout  the  South  the  sen- 
timent of  loyalty  to,  and  reverence  for,  the 
memory  of  the  Confederate  soldiers  is  pre- 
served and  instilled  in  the  rising  generation. 
Besides  the  erection  of  imposing  monuments 
to  such  leaders  as  Lee,  Davis,  Jackson,  Gor- 
don, and  Stuart,  there  are  found  in  the  public 
squares  of  many  cities  soldiers'  and  sailors' 
monuments  to  the  Confederate  dead.  Like 
the  Northern  States,  the  States  of  the  South 
have  legally  set  apart  a  memorial  day  for  the 
holding  of  commemorative  exercises  by  the 
veterans  and  in  the  schools,  and  for  the  deco- 
ration with  flowers  of  the  soldiers'  graves. 
In  the  South,  however,  all  the  States  have 
not  fixed  upon  the  same  day.  Spring  comes 
early  in  the  Gulf  States,  and  April  26  has 
been  made  Confederate  Memorial  Day  by 
Alabama,  Mississippi,  Florida,  and  Georgia. 
North  artd.  South  Carolina  have  selected 
May  10. '  In  Tennessee,  the  second  Friday 
in  May  has  been  made  Confederate  Day. 
Virginia  keeps  Confederate  Memorial  Day 
on  May  30.  So  that  as  the  spring  advances, 
there  are  several  observances  of  memorial 
day,  beginning  with  the  lower  South,  and 
following  on,  in  the  later  spring,  of  States 
to  the  North,  until  in  Virginia  and  at  the 
national  capital  both  sides  honor  their  de- 
parted heroes  upon  the  same  day.  They  are 
all  the  nation's,  blue  and  gray.  Just  as  many 
of  the  Northern  States  have  made  Lincoln's 
birthday  a  holiday,  so  several  of  the  Southern 
States  have  set  apart  June  3,  the  birthday  of 
Jefferson  Davis.  These  are  Florida,  Georgia, 
Alabama,  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  Texas,  and 
South  Carolina.  In  Louisiana  this  day  is 
kept  as  Confederate  Memorial  Day,  and  in 
Virginia  it  is  observed  as  a  holiday  in  the 
public  schools.  Lee's  birthday,  January  19, 
is  also  a  legal  holiday  in  Florida,  Georgia, 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Virginia, 
Alabama,  and  Arkansas. 

CONFEDERATE   SOLDI ERS'    HOMES. 

Not  only  has  the  South  memorials  and  sen- 
timent for  the  Confederate  dead,  but  also 
practical  and  generous  care  for  the  living. 
Everywhere  aid  is  being  extended  to  the  sur- 
viving soldiers  who  are  without  means  in 
their  declining  days.  To  relieve  them  from 
the  stigma  of  depending  upon  charity  and 
poor  relief,  liberal  provision  of  soldiers'  homes 
and  of  pensions  has  been  made.  Homes  for 
aged  and  infirm  Confederate  soldiers  are 
maintained    by   nearly   all   of   the   Southern 


States.  These  are  of  a  similar  uscfplness, — 
though  necessarily  conducted  on  a  much 
smaller  scale, — to  that  of  the  homes  for 
Union  soldiers  supported  by  the  national  Gov- 
ernment. An  illustration  of  their  work  is 
found  in  the  Jefferson  Davis  Memorial 
Home  established  in  1904  by  the  State  of 
Mississippi  at  Beauvoir,  the  old  home  of  the 
Confederate  President.  Up  to  January  i, 
1906,  III  persons  had  entered  this  home, 
10 1  being  veterans,  nine  wives  of  veterans, 
and  two  widows.  Their  average  age  at  the 
date  of  admission  was  about  seventy-one  years. 
In  the  two  years,  there  were  twenty-one 
deaths,  at  an  average  age  of  seventy-three  and 
one-third  years.  The  Mississippi  Division, 
United  Daughters  of  the  Confederacy,  aided 
in  inaugurating  the  home  by  providing  the 
funds  for  the  erection  and  furnishing  of  four 
buildings.  The  amount  expended  for  the 
home  in  1906  was  nearly  $28,000.  In  con- 
nection with  it,  a  hospital  for  the  treatment 
of  invalid  soldiers  has  just  been  erected. 

North  Carolina  maintains  a  home  for  Con- 
federate soldiers  at  Raleigh.  The  number  of 
inmates  in  1906  was  150,  and  $15,000  was 
appropriated  for  maintenance  and  $5000  for 
improvements.  In  Arkansas,  the  home  has 
from  eighty  to  eighty-five  inmates^  and  for 
the  two  years,  1905  and  1906,  there  was 
expended  in  its  support  $37,850.  TV?fas,  in 
1906,  expended  $86,000  for  the  support  of 
a  home  containing  320  to  340  inmates.  Vir- 
ginia expended  $35,000  for  her  soldiers' 
home  xn  1906.  Florida  maintains  a  home  at 
Jacksonville.  Similar  work  is  being  done  by 
Georgia,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  and  other 
States. 

CONFEDERATE  PENSIONS. 

But  the  most  substantial  provision  which 
the  South  has  made  for  the  veterans  is  that 
of  pensions.  The  circumstances  under  which 
a  Confed(?rate  pension  system  has  been  inau- 
gurated in  every  Southern  State  are  especially 
calculated  to  show  the  practical  devotion  of 
the  South  to  the  cause.  After  the  war  and 
the  period  of  reconstruction,  the  South  was 
ravished  and  exhausted.  But  with  the  first 
returning  conditions,  of  prosperity,  thought 
was  turned  toward  making  provision  for  the 
needy  and  impoverished  Confederate  soldiers. 
Though  the  South  was  paying  tens  of  mil- 
lions in  indirect  taxation  to  the  national  Gov- 
ernment which  was  expended  in  pensions  to 
Union  soldiers,  she  did  not  hesitate  to  make 
her  burden  a  double  one.  The  payment  of 
pensions  to  invalid  Union  soldiers  was  very 


THE  SOUTH'S  CARE  FOR  HER  CONFEDERATE  I^ETERANS. 


45 


generadly  accepted  as  one  of  the  results  of  the 
war.  But  such  acts  as  that  of  1890,  under 
which  vast  sums  have  been  paid  out  to  former 
Union  soldiers  who  received  no  disability  in 
war  and  who  are  perfectly  able  to  support 
themselves  in  comfort,  and  often  in  luxury, 
have  certainly  worked  a  grave  injustice  to 
the  South.  In  so  far  as  the  national  pension 
system  has  come  to  be  a  means  of  distributing 
surplus  revenue  throughout  the  country,  it 
has  surely  been  exceedingly  inequitable  to  the 
South.  But  her  comparative  poverty  and  the 
unjustly  large  sums  taken  from  her  for  the 
national  pension  system  have  not  deterred  the 
States  of  the  South  fi;om  one  after  another 
inaugurating  Confederate  pension  systems. 
And  the  money  for  these  pension  systems  has 
not  been  raised  by  indirect  taxation  as  are 
the  revenues  of  the  federal  Government. 
Southerners  have  voted  pensions,  liberal  for 
their  means,  when  the  pension  tax  appeared 
on  the  face  of  every  man*s  tax  bill.  Willing- 
ness to  vote  pensions  and  constantly  increase 
them  under  those  circumstances  indicates  a 
popular  and  deliberate  approval  of  the  ex- 
penditure and  a  desire  to  make  it,  even  on 
pain  of  doing  without  much  needed  improve- 
ments in  schools,  roads  and  other  public 
institutions. 

THE  GEORGIA    PENSION    SYSTEM. 

Georgia  is  the  Southern  State  which  has 
the  most  liberal  and  comprehensive  pension 
system.  From  1878  up  to  and  including 
1906  she  has  expended  for  this  purpose  $10,- 
275,000,  and  her  annual  expenditure  is  now 
between  $900,000  and  $1,000,000,  a  great 
annual  sum  for  a  single  State  of  the  South. 
Since  1896  she  has  had  at  the  head  of  her 
system  a  Commissioner  of  Pensions  appointed 
hv  jl|^  Governor,  and  the  development  of  her 
syscdto  has  been  in  many  respects,  though  on 
a  smaller  scale,  similar  to  that  of  the  national 
system.  She  began  by  expending,  in  1879, 
$70,580  for  artificial  limbs,  for  disabled 
Confederates.  In  1889  she  began  paying 
regular  pensions  to  disabled  and  diseased 
veterans.  Pension  provision  was  made 
in  1893  for  the  widows  of  Confederate 
soldiers  whose  husbands  died  in  service,  or 
after  the  war  from  disability  or  disease  con- 
tracted in  service.  In  1896  indigent  Con- 
federate soldiers  were  admitted  to  her  pension 
lit.  In  1902  a  further  extension  of  the  pen- 
aon  laws  was  made  for  the  benefit  of  indi- 
gent widows  of  Confederate  soldiers,  though 
die  soldier's  death  had  no  connection  with 
military  service.    The  following  table  shows 


From  the  National  Press  Ass'n. 

MONUMENT    TO   GEN.    JOHN    B.    GORDON. 
(Unveiled  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  on  May  25.) 

the  number  of  each  class  and  the  amount  paid 

in  1906: 

Amount 

Number.  paid. 

Disabled  soldiers 2,833  $lo9,050 

Widows    (death    of    husband    of 

service  origin) 2,551  151,228 

Indigent  soldiers 7,734  463,980 

Indigent  widows 2,210  132,589 

Totals 15,297  $907,747 

There  may  be  some  interest  attaching  to  a 
comparison  of  the  annual  amounts  paid  by 
Georgia  to  Confederate  pensioners  having 
certain  specific  injuries  incurred  in  military 
service  with  the  amounts  paid  by  the  national 
Government  to  Union  soldiers  with  similar 
disabilities  resulting  from  actual  military 
service : 

Georgia  Con- 
federate. Federal. 

For  total  loss  of  sight |150  |1,200 

For  loRB  of  sight  of  one  eye 30  144 

For  total  loss  of  hearing 30  480 

For  loss  of  a  hand 100  360 

For  loss  of  both  hands  or  feet 150  1,200 

For  total  disability  in  one  arm 50  432 

For    incapacity    to    perform    manual 

labor  50  360 

For  loss  of  a  thumb 5  96 

For  loss  of  little  finger  or  little  toe. .        5  24 

For  the  loss  of  four  fingers 20  192 

To  indigent  Confederate  soldiers  who 
served  at  least  six  months  during  the  Civil 
War  Georgia  allows  $6o  a  year.  Indigent 
widows  of  such  soldiers  also  receive  the  same 
amount,  as  do  also  the  widows  of  soldiers 
who  died  in  the  military  sei*vice  of  the  Con- 
federate States,  or  from  causes  originating  »•* 
that  service. 


46 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


MONUMENT  TO  GEN.   J.   E.   B.   STUART. 
(UriTelled  at  Richmond  on  May  30.) 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  growth  of 
the  Georgia  pension  list : 

Amount 

Number.  i)ald. 

1879  (for  artificial  limbs) 1.888  $70,580 

1887  (for  artificial  limbs) 1.170  .')9,19r» 

1889 2.994  158,790 

1890 3.078  183,415 

1895 7.308  420.340 

1900 11..558  078,100 

1905 15,005  893.00!) 

190(5 15,297  907,747 

It  is  a  matter  of  great  regret  that,  like  the 
federal  system,  the  Confederate  pension  sys- 
tem of  Georgia  has  been  subject  to  abuses. 
From  time  to  time  these  have  been  attacked 
in  the  newspaper  press  of  the  State.  In  1902 
the  Georgia  Commissioner  of  Pensions  wrote 
in  his  report:  **  The  pension  rolls,  under  ex- 
isting laws,  are  being  burdened  with  men 
who  never  saw  the  enemy,  and,  in  many  in- 
stances, deserters.  To  allow  such  is  a  dis- 
grace to  the  soldier  and  the  State,  and  it  is 
fastening  upon  the  State  a  class  of  unworthy 
beneficiaries."  On  a  smaller  scale,  the  abuses 
that  have  sprung  up  in  Georgia  are  exactly 
similar  to  those  which  have  characterized  the 
national  system.  For  one  who  is  acquainted 
with  the  history  of  the  national  system,  to 
read  of  them  is  but  the  repetition  of  a  sad  but 
familiar  story.  Occasionally,  complaints  of 
the  abuse  of  the  pension  system  are  heard  In 
other  Southern  States  than  Georgia.  A 
newspaper  of  North  Carolina  a  few  years  ago 
reported  the  State  Auditor  as  saying  that  the 
county  of  Burke  paid  to  the  State  something 


over  $4000  in  taxes  and  received  over  $5000 
in  Confederate  pensions.  The  county  had  at 
that  time  254  pensioners,  and  the  county 
pension  board  had  sent  in  at  least  100  more 
approved  applications  than  were  approved  by 
the  State  Pension  Board.  Complaint  was 
made  that  the  disposition  of  a  number  of  the 
county  boards  was  to  approve  all  the  applica- 
tions which  came  in,  and  that  doctors  were 
to  be  found  who  would  give  certificates  of 
the  required  disability. 

PENSIONS  IN  OTHER  SOUTHERN  STATES. 

In  1906  Alabama  disbursed  $462,732  to 
15,147  Confederate  pensioners.  The  pen- 
sioners of  that  State  were  divided  into  four 
classes,  receiving  respectively  $60,  $50,  $40, 
and  $30.  There  were  127  of  the  first  class, 
142  of  the  second  class,  168  of  the  third  class, 
and  14,710  of  the  fourth  class.  The  first 
class  consists  of  those  who  are  blind  or  have 
lost  two  limbs.  Soldiers  whose  disability  is 
not  so  serious  are  in  the  second,  third,  and 
fourth  classes.  Widows  are  in  the  fourth 
class.  The  system  has  grown  so  important 
that  the  State  Auditor,  from  whose  office  it 
is  administered,  recommends  the  creation  of 
the  office  of  Pension  Commissioner. 

Texas  had  8103  Confederate  pensioners  in 
1906,  of  whom  approximately  one-third  were 
widows.  She  expended  for  them  in  that  year 
$425,000.  Her  appropriation  for  pensions 
for  the  3^ear  ending  August  31,  1907,  is 
$500,000.  Louisiana  provides  artificial  limbs 
for  Confederate  veterans  in  need  of  them. 
Her  pension  system  is  administered  by  a  State 
Board  of  Pension  Commissioners.  On  Feb- 
ruary 15,  1906,  she  had  1925  pensioners,  for 
whom  the  annual  appropriation  was  $75,000. 
North  Carolina,  in  1906,  had  14,400  Con- 
federate pensioners  on  the  roll,  of  whom  4500 
were  widows.  Her  appropriation  for  pen- 
sions in  that  year  was  $275,000,  but  was  in- 
creased to  $400,000  for  1907.  The  pension 
roll  of  Arkansas  was  made  up  of  7340  pen- 
sioners In  1906,  and  about  2650  were  wid- 
ows. The  amount  distributed  to  these 
pensioners  was  $284,000. 

Tennessee  has  an  invalid-pension  law 
which  divides  the  disabled  soldiers  into  five 
classes,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  dis- 
ability. The  amounts  paid  range  from  $300 
per  year  for  such  injuries  as  the  loss  of  both 
arms  or  legs  to  $60  per  year  for  minor  dis- 
abilities. There  are  now  on  her  roll  3899  of 
these  invalid  pensioners,  at  an  annual  cost  of 
$290,CKX).  She  also  provides  pensions  for 
widows  of  soldiers  in  two  classes  at  $72  and 


DOES  THE  COUNTRY  WANT  TARIFF  READJUSTMENT?  il 

$60  per  year.    There  are  now  1025  of  such  Virginia's  appropriation  was  $346,000.  Flor- 

pensionerSy  requiring  an  annual  expenditure  ida  had  about  3200  pensioners  on  the  roll  in 

of  about  $65,000.     The  State  now  appro-  1906  and  paid  out  in  that  year  $294,000. 

priates  for   its  pension  system  $375,000  a  Under  the  new  Florida  law  pensions  range 

year.  from  $100  to  $150.    South  Carolina  had  7750 

TTie  pension  system  of  Mississippi  provides  pensioners  in   the  same  year  and  expended 

for  soldiers  and  sailors,  their  widows  and  $198,000.     Later  information  would  proba- 

servants.    About  $250,000  was  paid  to  7863  bly  show  considerable  increase  in  number  of 

pensioners  in  1906.     The  maximum  amount  pensioners  and  in  amounts  appropriated  in  all 

paid  to  a  pensioner  was  $125  and  the  mini-  of  these  States. 

mum  amount  $28.30.     Six  classes  of  pen-  Thus  it  has  been  shown  that  throughout 

sioners  are  provided  for  by  the  law,  and  the  the  South  the  States  are  loyal  to  the  surviv- 

amounts  paid  were  as  follows:  ing  Confederate  veterans,  not  as  a  matter  of 

Amount  Sentiment   alone,   but   that   the  loyalty  has 

_,_^  ,                                    Number.        .Pf^j^  taken  the  very  practical  form  of  a  loosening 

Fine  ClASS. 114                  914,^OU  f                        .     •                   fr*t      « 

Second  cUss. 338            25,350  of  purse-strings.     Their  generosity  may  oc- 

FSJ!rth^dJL.::::::;:::::::::::3.760          iomoS  casionally  be   abused,   but,   notwithstanding 

fUiS  c!*w ,457            12.933  this  fact,  the  abuses  by  the  unworthy  few  are 

oiZtll  ClABS. o.loU                     otftUVv  .1111                    1                       ri                      i 

not  allowed  to  lessen  the  care  for  the  worthy 

'^^^^' '^'^^         $249,985  majority,    and,    with    increasing    prosperity, 

Virginia,  Florida,  and  South  Carolina  also  ever  increasing  liberality  to  the  Confederate 

have  Confederate  pension  systems,  for  which  veterans    receives    the    sanction    of    public 

they  appropriate  in  the  aggregate  hundreds  opinion  in  all  of  the  States  that  seceded  from 

of  thousands  of  dollars  annually.     In  1906  the  Union  in  1861. 


DOES  THE  COUNTRY  WANT  TARIFF  RE- 
ADJUSTMENT? 

BY  WM.   R.   CORWINE. 
(Secretary  of  the  New  York  Committee  of  the  American  Reciprocal  Tariff  League.) 


The  first  protest  voiced  against  our  pres- 
ent tariff  conditions  came  from  the 
West  This  protest  ^^as  contained  in  reso- 
lutions adopted  at  a  convention  held  at 
Denver  early  in  1905,  at  which  were  assem- 
bled representatives  of  leading  live-stock  and 
agricultuRil  industries  from  the  Central 
West  and  from  the  trans-Mississippi  and 
trans-Missouri  regions.  It  was  felt  in  those 
sections  that  our  own  tariffs  had  brought 
about  a  condition  in  international  trade  that 
had  caused  many  foreign  nations  to  partici- 
pate in  the  tariff  movement,  in  which  Ger- 
many was  the  leader,  which,  if  perfected, 
would  curtail,  if  not  prohibit,  our  exports  to 
Europe.  As  agricultural  products  form  the 
largest  percentage  of  exports,  and  as  these 
»cw  tariff  policies  would  bear  most  heavily 
« those  products,  naturally  the  tillers  of  the 
sa!  and  diose  closely  identified  with  farming 
interests  became  alarmed  over  the  situation, 
and  dcnuuided  that  the  United  States  meet  it 


by  such  change  in  its  tariff  policy  as  would 
enable  reciprocal  relations  to  be  established 
between  this  country  and  the  nations  with 
which  we  traded. 

The  competition  of  other  wheat-growing 
nations  had  already  been  felt  by  our  farmers, 
and  in  Germany,  France,  and  elsewhere  the 
restrictive  measures  of  inspection  and  of  sani- 
tary regulations  against  our  beef  and  hogs 
and  their  by-products  had  served  to  cut  down 
our  sales  very  materially, — in  some  cases  al- 
most to  the  vanishing  point.  Small  wonder, 
therefore,  that  these  important  Western  in- 
terests viewed  with  apprehension  any  further 
restrictions  in  the  shape  of  higher  tariff 
charges  against  our  exportable  surplus. 

Germany's  tariff  attitude. 

When  Germany  adopted  her  new  general, 
or,  what  is  technically  called  her  autonomous, 
tariff,  she  provided  another,  or  lower,  tariff, 
schedule,   known   as   the   new   conventional 


48 


THE  AMEKfCAN  MONTHLY  REyiEU^  OF  Kcf^rniv^. 


tariflf.  Between  these  two  tariff  schedules 
ample  margin  was  given  for  bargaining  with 
other  nations  in  arranging  reciprocal  treaties 
or  commercial  agreements  by  and  through 
which  there  might  be  established  what  can  be 
termed  a  close  commercial  community  of  in- 
terest. Negotiations  were  immediately  opened 
by  Germany  with  several  nations  on  the  con- 
tinent, and  the  result  was  the  execution  and 
ratification  of  reciprocity  treaties  or  commer- 
cial agreements  with  seven  countries  by  means 
of  which  the  benefit  of  the  lower  or  conven- 
tional tariff  was  accorded  to  these  countries 
in  exchange  for  benefits  of  a  similar  character 
in  reduced  tariff  charges  granted  by  those 
nations  respectively  to  Germany.  The  na- 
tions with  which  Germany  made  these  ar- 
rangements were  Russia,  Austria-Hungary, 
Servia,  Roumania,  Italy,  Switzerland,  and 
Belgium.  Since  then  Germany  has  concluded 
arrangements  with  Bulgaria  and  Sweden, 
while  negotiations  are  pending  with  Spain 
for  a  reciprocal  treaty  with  that  country.  The 
most-favored-nation  clause  had  been  inserted 
in  the  general  treaty  entered  into  between 
France  and  Germany,  after  t^he  termination 
of  the  Franco-Prussian  War,  and  in  the 
treaty  negotiated  with  England,  long  prior  to 
that  time,  there  was  also  a  clause  of  this 
character.  So  far,  therefore,  as  those  na- 
tions were  concerned  it  was  not  necessary  for 
Germany  to  make  special  reciprocal  treaties 
with  them. 

THE   WEST   DEMANDS   A   TARIFF   COMMISSION 
AND   RECIPROCITY. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  those  in  our  coun- 
try producing  a  surplus  of  soil  products  in 
which  there  was  already  great  competition  by 
other  nations  producing  similar  products 
should  feel  alarm  over  the  far-reaching  effect 
of  this  new  tariff  policy  of  Germany  and 
over  the  co-operation  therein  by  other  na- 
tions, the  certain  result  of  which  would  be 
exclusion  from  European  markets  of  our  sur- 
plus, for  which  no  other  market  of^cqual 
magnitude  had  been  or  could  be  provided. 
While  the  Eastern  portion  of  our  country 
was  paying  very  little  attention  to  this  situa- 
tion, the  West  had  become  keenly  alive  to  the 
potentiality  for  danger  to  the  vast  industries 
producing  that  which  is  the  basis  of  our 
wealth.  The '  agricultural  and  live-stock 
papers  in  the  farming  and  cattle  regions 
voiced  the  sentiment  of  their  constituents, 
and  this  sentiment,  growing  more  intense  the 
more  the  situation  was  discussed,  found  ex- 
pression   ultimately    in    a    larr^e    convention 


called  by  agricultural  interests  to  be  held  in 
Chicago  in  August,  1905.  ^ 

There  were  over  600  ddegates  attending, 
the  most  of  whom  represented  agricultural 
and  live-stock  organizations.  There  were  a 
few  from  the  East,  sent  by*  some  of  the  com- 
mercial organizations  which  had  been  invited 
to  appoint  representatives.;  The  convention 
lasted  two  days  and  the  discussion  was  led  by 
Western  men  expressing  qirnestly  the  opin- 
ion that  Congress,  while  recognizing  the 
principle  of  protection,  ought  to  establish  re- 
ciprocal treaties  through  a  dual,  or  maximum- 
and-minimum,  tariff;  ought  to  provide  for  a 
permanent  tariff  commissiX)n,  to  consist  of 
economic,  industrial,  and  commercial  experts, 
and  asserting  the  view  that  the  present  tariff 
afforded  abundant  opportu^ty  for  reciprocal 
concessions  without  injury'  io  industry,  trade, 
or  the  wages  of  labor.  Iii  taking  this  posi- 
tion the  West  felt  and  said  that  they  were 
standing  upon  the  policy  covered  in  the  Ding- 
ley  Act,  in  which,  for  reciprocal  purposes,  a 
reduction  from  the  Dinglcy  tariff  schedules 
not  to  exceed  20  per  cent,  had  been  author- 
ized, and  upon  the  broad  platform  of  Presi- 
dent McKinley  as  proclaimed  by  him  in  the 
memorable  address  which  he  delivered  at 
Buffalo  the  day  before  he  was  foully  assassin- 
ated. They  blamed  the  Senate  for  its  failure 
to  ratify  the  reciprocal  treaties  which  Mr. 
McKinley  had  negotiated,  and  demanded 
that  the  policy  of  reciprocity  be  readopted.  It 
was  stated  that  they  were  not  advancing  any 
new  doctrine  in  asking  relief  from  condition; 
which  seriously  threatened  them,  and  claimed 
that  this  relief  could  be  granted  without  seri- 
ous injury  to  protected  interests. 

When  the  present  Administration  ac- 
complished the  aversion  of  the  threatened 
trade  disaster  by  means  of  the  temporary 
agreement  with  Germany,  which  was  to  last 
until  June  30,  1907,  and  through  which  we 
were  to  receive  the  benefits  of  the  lower  or 
conventional  tariff,  there  was  a  feeling  of  re- 
lief, and  the  hope  was  aroused  that  Congress 
would  take  steps  to  make  permanent  an  ar- 
rangement by  which  the  benefits  of  the  lower 
or  conventional  German  tariff  could  be  en- 
joyed by  this  country  indefinitely. 

THE  AGREEMENT  WITH    GERMANY. 

A  bill  incorporating  certain  amendments 
to  the  Customs  Administrative  Act,  which 
had  been  conceded  by  the  State  Department 
in  the  negotiations  with  Germany,  was  in- 
troduced in  Congress.  This  bill,  with  some 
tin.endments    suggested    by    the    Ways    and 


DOES  THE  COUNTRY  WANT  TARIFF  READJUSTMENT? 


49 


Means  Committee  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, was  passed  by  the  House,  but  was 
not  acted  on  in  the  Senate.  The  agreement 
recently  promulgated  between  this  country 
and  Germany  whereby  the  benefits  of  the 
lower  or  conventional  tariff  are  to  be  contin- 
ued from  the  expiration  of  the  old  agreement 
gives  us  another  breathing  spell  and  another 
opportunity  to  provide  a  tariff  policy  which 
will  avert  commercial  war.  This  agreement 
with  Germany  has  aroused  considerable  op- 
position among  the  "  stand-patters,"  who  are 
opposed,  apparently  unalterably,  to  any 
change  in  or  modification  of  our  present  tar- 
iff. Those  who  assume  this  position,  how- 
ever, will  have  to  reckon  with  the  sentiment 
in  the  West,  which  is  rapidly  becoming  crys- 
tallized in  the  great  agricultural  States  and 
in  the  vast  regions  where  the  cattle  growers 
and  the  live-stock  interests  form  the  principal 
sources  of  support  for  the  people  living  there- 
in. One  has  but  to  travel  in  this  section  to 
find  that  reciprocity  and  tariff  readjustment 
arc  topics  of  current  interest  freely  talked 
about.  It  is  a  live  subject  there.  The 
"  stand-patters  "  will  also  have  to  reckon  with 
many  of  the  manufacturing  centers,  where 
the  sentiment  is  growing  very  rapidly  in  favor 
of  rcdprocity  and  tariff  readjustment. 

SENTIMENT  AMONG  MANUFACTURERS. 

Many  of  the  commercial  organizations  in 
manufacturing  States  have  appointed  special 
committees  to  study  the  subject,  and  in  some 
of  them  the  sentiment  is  not  only  strong,  but 
is  outspoken.    The  growth  of  this  sentiment 
is  evidenced  by  the  action  of  the  National 
Association  of   Manufacturers  in   the  adop- 
tion, at  the  recent  convention  of  that  body 
held  in  New  York  in  May,  1907,  of  resolu- 
tions calling  for  immediate  tariff  revision  and 
for  the  creation  of  a  permanent  tariff  com- 
mission.   The  resolutions^  were  recommended 
by  the  Q)mmittee  on  Tariff  and  Reciprocity, 
>*'hich  made  a  report  giving  the  result  of  a 
canvass  of  the  members,  which  showed  that 
out  of  a  total  of  1800,  55  per  cent,  were  in 
tavorof  revision,  most  of  it  of  a  radical  kind, 
on^fifth  of  that  55  per  cent,  desiring  only 
partial  revision ;  that  only  20  per  cent,  were 
radically  opposed  to  revision ;  that  8  per  cent, 
were  opposed  to  it  on  the  ground  of  expedi- 
fncy,  while  17  per  cent,  were  indifferent,  un- 
informed, and  not  entitled  to  vote.  This  vote 
tabulated  by  industries  showed  56  for,  and 
^^  against,  revision.     This  indicates  a  very 
^wnarkable  growth  in  sentiment  among  man- 
ufacturers. 


The  National  Association  of  Manufactur- 
ers is  the  largest  and  most  powerful  organiza- 
tion of  its  kind  in  the  United  States.  Its 
membership  is  made  up  from  almost  every 
State  in  which  there  are  manufacturing  in- 
dustries. 

**  TAKING    THE    TARIFF    OUT    OF    POLITICS." 

While  the  sentiment  among  agriculturists 
and  manufacturers  is  strong  in  favor  of  tariff 
readjustment,  there  is  also  a  sentiment,  even 
stronger,  that  the  proper  method  for  arriving 
at  a  readjustment  is  through  study  and  analy- 
sis of  tariff  conditions  and  of  our  interna- 
tional trade,  by  a  responsible  body  such  as  a 
permanent  tariff  commission.  The  senti- 
ment in  favor  of  a  commission  of  this  char- 
acter is  even  more  pronounced  among  the 
manufacturers  than  among  the  agricultur- 
ists. It  has  been  the  experience  of  the  writer 
to  talk  with  hundreds  of  executive  officers  of 
manufacturing  corporations  and  firms  in 
widely  different  sections  of  the  country.  A 
large  majority  realize  that  conditions  have  so 
shaped  themselves  that  some  readjustment  of 
our  tariff •  schedules  ought  to  be  made,  and 
they  would  be  most  heartily  in  favor  of  a 
movement  having  this  end  in  view  provided 
they  could  feel  that  there  would  not  be  the 
upsetting  of  business  which  has  heretofore  at- 
tended tariff  discussions  and  tariff  legislation. 
In  other  words,  they  would  hail  as  a  blessing 
anything  which  would  take  the  tariff  out  of 
politics,    to    use   a    much-abused    expression. 

GETTING  REVISION  THROUGH  A  COMMISSION. 

These  men  to  whom  I  refer  realize,  of 
course,  that  this  desirable  end  cannot  be  at- 
tained entirely,  but  they  do  feel  that  the  evil 
effects  upon  business  would  be  minimized  if 
readjustment  of  the  tariff  could  be  approached 
through  a  commission  which  would  have 
power  to  investigate,  study,  and  report  upon 
all  the  factors  entering  into  cost  of  produc- 
tion and  of  marketing,  so  that  such  changes 
as  might  be  recommended,  from  time  to 
time,  would  be  based  upon  actual  analysis  of 
all  ascertainable  facts.  It  is,  of  course,  un- 
derstood that  any  recommendation  either  of 
reduction  of  tariff  schedule  charges  or  of  re- 
classification would  have  to  be  passed  upon 
by  Congress  before  such  recommendations 
could  become  a  law,  but  the  impression  very 
strongly  prevails  that  public  opinion  would 
be  more  favorable  to  recommendations  of  this 
character  (and  that  those  recommendations 
would  be  more  likely  to  be  accepted  by  inter- 
ested parties)   than  to  changes  made  in 


60 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  RE^IElVS. 


usual  manner  after  bitter  and  acrimonious 
discussion  in  Congress,  with  a  final  rounding 
up  of  the  schedules  in  the  haphazard  way 
which  has  hitherto  prevailed.  On  this  point 
reference  to  the  report  of  the  committee  of 
the  National  Association  of  Manufacturers 
shows  that  out  of  1384  members,  expressing 
their  views  on  the  subject  of  a  tariff  commis- 
sion, 1 22 1  were  in  favor  of,  and  153  were 
opposed  to,  such  a  commission.  Taken  by. 
industries,  76  were  favorable  and  one  op- 
posed. On  the  subject  of  reciprocity  alone, 
1260  members  were  in  favor  of  reciprocal 
relations  with  foreign  nations  and  220  op- 
posed, and  on  the  subject  of  continuing 
the  work  of  the  Tariff  and  Reciprocity 
Q)mmittee  1250  members  voted  yes  and 
57  no.  This  expression  of  opinion  shows 
how  the  leaven  is  working.  It  is  of  special 
value  because  it  comes  from  interests  which 
arc  protected. 

A    POWERFUL    UNDERCURRENT. 

In  the  northern  tier  of  States,  or  along  the 
border  of  the  Great  LaLcs,  there  is  a  remark- 
ably strong  sentiment  in  favor  of  reciprocity 
with  Canada.  This  sentiment  permeates  all 
sections,  and  as  a  general  statement  it  is  safe 
to  say  that  the  manufacturing  and  business 
interests  are  overwhelmingly  in  favor  of  reci- 
procity with  their  neighbor  across  the  bor- 
der. They  frankly  express  their  views  on 
this  point. 

The  foregoing  statements  concerning  the 
strength  of  the  sentiment  in  favor  of  reci- 
procity and  tariff  readjustment  are  based 
upon  my  own  actual  experience  in  trips  which 
I  have  taken  in  various  parts  of  the  country, 
not  once,  but  often.  In  these  trips  I  have 
visited  some  of  the  principal  points  in  the 
States  of  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  Pennsylvania, 
Ohio,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michi- 
gan, Wisconsin,  Iowa,  and  Missouri.  Dur- 
ing these  trips,  several  in  number,  I  have  dis- 


cussed the  subject  of  reclprodty  and  tariff 
readjustment  with  manufacturers,  merchants, 
bankers,  transportation  and  other  business 
men,  with  agriculturists,  and  with  editors 
and  special  writers.  I  have  attended  conven- 
tions of  manufacturing,  commercial,  and  agri- 
cultural bodies,  meeting  men  from  all  parts 
of  the  United  States,  representing  every  con- 
ceivable variety  of  interest,  and  as  a  result  of 
personal  contact  with  many  hundreds  of  men, 
individually  and  in  their  representative  ca- 
pacity, I  have  reached  the  conclusion  that 
there  is  a  very  strong  undercurrent  moving 
in  the  direction  which  I  have  indicated  in  this 
article.  Even  in  some  of  the  cities  in  which 
the  so-called  "  stand-pat "  element  is  sup- 
posed to  be  most  strongly  intrenched  there  is 
a  great  deal  of  quiet  thinking  being  done  by 
manufacturers  who,  when  the  time  for  action 
arrives,  will  be  found  to  be  in  favor  of  a  sane 
readjustment  of  the  tariff,  believing  that  only 
through  such  readjustment  and  the  establish- 
ment of  reciprocal  relations  can  we  properly 
expand  our  foreign  markets  to  an  extent  suf- 
ficient to  permit,  at  all  times,  of  an  outlet 
for  our  surplus  products. 

AN  ISSUE  THAT  CANNOT  BE  "  DODGED.** 

The  friends  of  protection,  who  arc  in 
power,  ought  to  meet  this  situation  fairly 
and  not  dodge  it.  If  it  is  not  met,  investiga- 
tion strengthens  the  belief  of  the  writer  that 
before  long  there  will  come  an  upheaval 
seriously  disturbing  to  business,  perhaps  para- 
lyzing it  in  some  directions,  creating  a  con- 
dition of  real  distress.  If  the  situation  is 
faced  squarely,  and  readjustment  is  under- 
taken m  a  businesslike  way,  treating  the  prob- 
lem as  an  economic  one  to  be  solved  rather 
than  as  a  political  one  to  be  played  with,  then 
it  needs  no  prophet  to  predict  great  stimulus 
to  business  through  wider  markets  based  upon 
a  permanent  and  not  a  makeshift  settlement 
of  the  most  important  economic  problem  be- 
fore the  country. 


RUBBER  AS  A  WORLD  PRODUCT. 


BY  WILLIAM   M.   IVINS. 


npHE  modern  world  has  gaped  with  won-        In  his  "  Universal  History  of  the  Travels 

dcr  at  the  fabulous  prices  which  are  and   Expeditions  of  the  Castiliahs,"  Torde- 

paid  for  an  almost  invisible  speck  of  radium,  sillas   (i  549-1 615)    tells  of  it,  and   for  the 

The  Old  World  was  just  as  much  be  won-  first  time  uses  the  word  "  gum  "  in  speaking 

dcrcd  when  the  hunters  for  strange  things  of  the  balls  used  by  the  Haitians,  and  which 

paid  a  guinea  an  ounce  for  a  little  ball  of  he  took  from  their  word  "  gumana/' 


pure  elastic  gum  to 
put  in  their  cabinets. 
And  now  that  this 
gum,  or  "  rubber," 
has  become  one  of 
the  necessaries  of 
life,  more  than  125,- 
000,000  pounds  of 
it  arc  used  in  the 
world  each  year,  the 
highest  grade,  free 
of  impurities,  still 
costs  the  manufac- 
turer $1.50  a  pound, 
which  is  one  of  the 
highest  prices  paid 
for  any  of  the  great 
staple  commodities. 
The  history  of 
rubber  involves  a 
story  of  adventure 
and  hardship,  of 
wrong  and  crurlty 
and  greed,  equaled 
only  by  that  of  the 
precious  metals  and 
the  precious  stones. 
It  is  certain,  from 
some  remarks  in  his 
reports,  that  Colum- 
bus had  his  attention 


CHARLES   GOODYEAR. 

(Discoverer  of  the  modem  process  for  the  viilcaniz.i- 
tion  of  ruhher.) 


After  the  Spanish 
discoverers,  came  the 
French.  In  1731 
the  Paris  Academy 
sent  out  two  French- 
men, La  Condamine 
and  Fresneau,  with 
their  staff,  to  visit 
the  equator,  to  solve 
the  problem  of  the 
earth's  shape  and 
the  oblateness  of  the 
poles.  La  Conda- 
mine was  something 
more  than  an  astron- 
omer, and  to  him  we 
owe  the  discovery  of 
quinine  by  the  Eu- 
ropean world.  In 
1736  he  sent  home 
from  Quito  to  his 
academy  a  little  bit 
of  deep  brown,  al- 
most black,  resinous 
gum,  which  he  said 
was  called  "  caout-* 
chouc,"  and  that  is 
the  name  by  which 
it  is  still  known 
generally  through- 
out the  continent  of 
Europe.  He  said 
which  it  came  was 
which,     I    may    add, 


attracted  to  the  pe- 

cuh'ar  qualities  of  the  gum,  but  it  first  finds  that    the    tree    from 

its  place  in  literature  in  Oviedo  y  V^ilda's  called     the     **  hevc,'* 

"Universal    History    of    the    Indies,**    pub-  has     come     to     be     the     specific     name    of 

lished  in  Madrid,  in  1536.    A  little  later  it  is  the  group  which  produces  the  finest  grades 

described  by  the  great  Jesuit,  Father  Char-  known   as    "  Para "    rubber,   or   the   species 

levoix,  as  a  ball  used  by  the  "  batos  "  in  one  "  Hevea."     Clouth  quotes  him  as  saying: 


of  their  games,  and  to  him  the  curious  thing 
was  that 

The  ball  jumps  higher  than  our  balls,  it  drops 
to  the  ground  and  bounces  again  much  higher 
tnan  the  hand  which  threw  it  to  the  ground;  it 
^11«  again,  rises  anew  (although  not  quite  so 
h»?h),  and  the  height  of  tlie  jump  becomes 
«owly  less  and  less. 


When  the  bark  is  slightly  cut  a  white,  milk-like 
fluid  run  out,  which  hardens  in  the  open  air  and 
becomes  black.  The  natives  make  liehls  of  it, 
which  burn  without  a  wick  and  are  very  bright. 
.  .  .  In  the  province  of  Quito  linen  material 
is  covered  with  this  resin,  and  the  linen  is  used 
like  oilcloth  at  home.  .  .  .  The  same  tree 
grows  on  the  banks  of  the  Amazon  River,  and 
the  Mainas  call  the  resinous  fluid  '*  cachuchu." 


52 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY REI^IEIV  OF  REHEU^S. 


THE    WORLDS    RUBBER    BELT — ^THE    ENTIRE    PRODUCT    ORIGINATES    IN   A    ZONE   EXTENDING 


They  make  shoes  of  it,  which  are  waterproof, 
and  when  these  shoes  are  smoked  they  have  the 
appearance  of  leather. 

Here  at  the  very  outset  ot  its  written  his- 
tory we  have  the  prime  qualities  and  the 
prime  uses  of  rubber  sufficiently  intimated. 
The  elastic  quality  is  one  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance. The  resinous  quality,  which  per- 
mitted it  to  be  used  for  light,  like  a  torch,  is 
its  most  distinct  drawback  in  industrial  use, 
and  the  chief  industrial  uses  still  remain, — 
namely,  those  of  footu-ear  and  clothing, — 
although,  as  we  shall  see,  its  uses  for  me- 
chanical purposes,  and  for  what  is  known  as 
druggists*  sundries,  have  really  become  tre- 
•  mendous. 


LEAF  AND  B» ' 


THE  BLACK  RUBBER  OF  THE 


La  Condamine  also  pointed  out  one  of  the 
uses  to  which  rubber  was  put  in  the  Brazil- 
ian forests.    He  said: 

They  make  pear-shaped  bottles,  on  the  neck  of 
which  they  fasten  wooden  tubes.  Pressure  on 
the  bottle  sends  the  liquid  squirting  out  of  the 
tube,  and  these  bottles  resemble  syringes. 

It  is  interesting  here  to  note  that  this  fact 
has  given  the  specific  name  to  the  rubber 
plant,  and  to  the  whole  rubber  industry  in 
Brazil,  where  rubber  is  known  'as  "  serin- 
gua,"  and  where  a  rubber  gathefer  is  called 
a  "  seringuero,"  and  a  rubber  forest  a  "  serin- 
gal."  Our  English  name  is  due  to  the  Eng- 
lish chemist  Priestley.  In  1770  he  discov- 
ered that  the  material  was  good  for  rubbing 
out  pencil  marks,  and  called  it  to  the  atten- 
tion of  the  English  for  that  purpose,  and  ever 
since  then  it  has  been  known  in  English  as 
"  India  rubber." 

GEOGRAPHY   OF    RUBBEH. 

Since  the  days  of  La  Condamine  between 
300  and  400  shrubs,  herbs,  and  trees  of 
different  genera  and  species  have  been  found, 
which  yield  a  milky  latex,  having  in  greater 
or  less  measure  the  properties  of  caoutchouc 
or  rubber, — that  is  to  say,  its  resinousness, 
its  impermeability  to  water,  its  elasticity, 
and  its  adhesiveness  under  a  normal  temper- 
ature. These  plants  are  distributed  through- 
out a  geographical  zone  which  any  one  may 
easily  pick  out  for  himself.  This  zone 
reaches  around  the  world,  between  the 
Tropics  of  Cancer  and  Capricorn,  constitut- 


RUBBER  AS  A   WORLD  PRODUCT. 


53 


AKOUND   THE    cJLOBE,    LETVVEEN    THE    TROPICS    OF    CANCER    AND     CAPRICORN. 


Inj:  the  equatorial  belt,  which  is  the  true 
rubber  belt.  Here  and  there  a  little  to  the 
north,  as  in  India  and  Mexico,  and  here  and 
there  a  httle  to  the  south,  as  in  Africa  and 
Australia,  rubber  is  found,  but  not  of  the 
best,  and  rarely  in  paying  quantity.  The 
highest  grades  require  tropical  heat  and  much 
humidity  for  the  growth  of  the  plant.  It 
may  be  said  here  in  passing  that  every  one  of 
these  many  plants,  like  the  grape,  yields  a 
product  the  character  of  which  is  determined 
by  the  chemistry  of  the  soil.  The  present 
?reat  sources  of  the  world's  product  of  rub- 
ber are  the  Amazon  Valley  and  the  Congo. 
A  future  great  source  will  undoubtedly  be 
Ce>ion  and  the  Straits  Settlements.  The 
present  crop,  however,  is  entirely  a  natural 
and  uncultivated  one,  whereas  it  is  certain, 
as  we  «ihall  see  later,  from  the  result  of  the 
experiments  and  work  already  done  in  Cey- 
lon, that  at  no  very  distant  time  the  future 
crop  is  bound  to  be  a  cultivated  one. 

THE  BOTANY  OF  RUBBER. 

I  have  spoken  of  the  many  plants  which 
yield  the  gummy  latex.  Those  which  are 
really  most  worth  mentioning,  however, 
come  from  four  great  families, — the  Euphor- 
Wrcp  (which  include  the  Heveas,  Mi- 
cranda,  Manihots  and  Euphorbia),  the  111- 
^nce(t  (which  include  the  Castilloa  and 
Reus),  the  Apocynacecr  (which  include  the 
l^dolphia,  Urceoles,  Hancornia,  Alstonia, 
l^ickxia,  Carpodinus  and  Clitandra)  and 
^^  JscUpiatlecp  (which  include  the  varieties 


known     as     Callotropis,     Cynanchum     and 
Periploca). 

The  Heveas  grow  principally  in  the  great 
Amazon  Valley.  The  Castilloas  grow  in 
the  South  American  upland,  in  Mexico,  and 
some  in  Central  America.  The  Manihots 
and  the  Hancornias  grow  in  the  mountain- 
ous and  sandy  regions  of  South  America, — 
that  is  to  say,  Pernamhuco,  Maranaham,  and 


LEAF,    FRUIT    AND    CAPSl'LE    OF    THE    I.ANDOLPHIA, 
ONE    OF    THE    UEST    VARIETIES. 


54 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEU^  OF  REyiEU/S. 


Bahia  for  the  Hancornias,  and  Ceara  for 
the  Manihots. 

All  of  the  plants  already  spoken  of  are 
trees.  The  characteristic  of  the  African 
yield  is  generally  that  it  comes  from  vines, 
and  chief  among  these  is  the  Landolphia. 
The  principal  source  of  rubber  in  Asia  is 
the  Ficus,  or  fig,  with  which  we  are  all 
familiar  in  our  conservatories  and  hot-houses 
as  the  "  rubber  plant,"  the  leaf  of  which  is 
supposed  to  be  characteristic  of  all  rubber 
plants,  but  is  in  no  sense  so,  differing  mark- 
edly from  both  the  leaf  of  the  Hevea  tree 
and  the  Landolphia  vine. 

The  Carpodini  and  Clitandras  are  some 
of  them  small  herbs,  and  some  small  shrubs, 
which  are  found  in  eastern  and  central  Afri- 
ca, and  these  are  like  the  Guyuale  of  Mexi- 
co, which  three  latter  constitute  the  basis  of 
a  great  organization  for  the  extraction  of 
rubber  which  is  controlled  by  a  group  of 
New  York  financiers,  who  have  already  un- 
dertaken the  extraction  in  Mexico  on  a  very 
large  scale  and  have  entered  into  private 
arrangeinents  with  the  King  of  Belgium  for 
doing  the  same  in  the  Congo. 

It  would  be  interesting  for  those  who  have 
the  time  and  the  inclination  to  study  the 
habits  of  the  Hevea  tree  and  the  Landolphia 


■■■ 

HI 

:•    -.-y    -^^ 

^^1 

^H 

BMr^ .   '  L*n| 

^-  --i. 

^1 

H 

BH^  'a 

1 

H  J   ii 

1^ 

^^^BmI   '  "  "^  I 

^^^5^*  V 

1 

I 

Li 

m^ 

1^ 

^^^^^^^^^^ 

^•%^ 

^ 

^^S^tf  ^ii^S 

EMPTYING 


•^OUTH    AMERICA. 


vine,  but  this  is  scarcely  the  place.  It  sot 
be  said,  however,  that  all  nibber-yiddii^ 
plants  always  grow  best  where  the  soil  b 
moist  and  where  there  is  a  regular  rab- 
falL  It  will  readily  be  seen  that  the  studr 
of  the  habits  of  the  plant  \s  a  aecessary 
preliminary  to  the  introduction  of  a  nev 
system  of  cultivated  production.  It  h» 
been  made  the  subject  of  the  closest  possibk 
study  ever  since  the  directors  of  the  Botani- 
cal Gardens  at  Kew,  in  1875,  sent  Mr. 
Cross  to  Central  America  to  make  a  studr 
of  these  plants  and  their  habits,  wnth  a  vicv 
to  artificial  cultivation  in  India.  There,  at 
the  present  time,  many  millions  of  trees  hav? 
been  planted,  and  a  new  industry  is  grow- 
ing up,  which  bids  fair  to  be  one  of  the  most 
profitable  in  the  world.  On  this  subject  a 
little  book  has  been  written  by  Mr.  HcAcrt 
Wright,  published  at  Colombo,  in  Ceylon, 
which  is  not  to  be  had  elsewhere,  and  which 
I  would  recommend  to  all  to  read  in  am- 
j unction  with  Dr.  Karl  Otto  Weber's 
"  Chemistry  of  Rubber,"  and  Franz  Clouth's 
"  Rubber,  Gutta  Percha,  and  Balata,"  which 
are  the  only  three  books  that  arc  really  neces- 
sary to  the  student,  but  to  which  we  may 
add  Wildeman  &  Gentil's  **  Lianes  Caout- 
choutiferes,"  or  "  Rubber  Vines  of  the  Con- 
go," which  was  published  in  Brussels,  about 
three  years  ago. 

THE   CHEMISTRY   OF   RUBBER. 

But  now  we  may  stop  and  ask  what  pre- 
cisely is  rubber  ?  We  know  that  it  is  a  white 
vegetable  latex;  that  when  drawn  from  the 
plant  it  looks  like  milk.  In  fact,  it  loob 
precisely  like  the  milk  of  the  milk-weed, 
which  is  allied  to  the  rubber-yielding  herbs. 
We  know  that  when  dried  it  loses  its  white 
color,  becomes  coagulated,  and  is  then  a  more 
or  less  elastic  and  sticky  solid.  It  belongs  to 
the  great  class  of  solids  known  to  chemistn- 
as  colloids,  a  good  type  of  which  is  gelatine. 
,  But  the  chemists  agree  that  we  are  in  almost 
complete  ignorance  of  the  real  nature  of  the 
colloidal  state,  and  it  is  this  fundamental 
ignorance  which  leaves  the  industrial  chem- 
istry of  rubber  in  what  is  as  yet  a  very 
primitive  stage. 

It  is  a  carbo-hydrate,  and  I  might  venture 
a  fairly  scientific  definition  of  it  as  follows: 
A  vvhite  or  nearly  colorless  colloid,  with  a 
specific  gravity  of  about  92  at  a  temperature 
of  17  degrees  C,  the  product  of  a  vegetable 
latex,  and  the  quantitative  composition  of 
which  may  be  expressed  by  the  symbol 
^10  "le* 


RUBBER  AS  A   WORLD  PRODUCT. 


Weber  quotes  Seligman  as  having  analyzed 

the  latex  of  the  Hevea  as  follows: 

Percent. 

India   rubber 32 

Pruteid  and  mineral  matter 12 

Water    50 

Before  rubber  can  be  used  at  all,  all  the 
water  has  to  be  dried  from  the  latex.  It  has 
now  been  discovered  that  the  quantity  of 
proteids,  resin,  and  ash  depends  very  largely 
upon  the  chemistry  of  the  soil,  and  not  only 
affects  the  elasticity  and  tensile  strength  of 
manufactured  goods,  but  their  durability, 
and  that  they  constitute  a  very  material  ele- 
ment in  the  mattor  of  "  tractability  "  in  pre- 
paring the  raw  material  for  use.  The  finest 
rubber  from  Para  has,  for  instance,  been 
found  to  contain  less  than  ij/^  per  cent,  of 
resinous  extract,  while  at  the  other  extreoie 
African  flake  contains  over  6o  per  cent.,  and 
this  is  the  chief  determinant  in  their  indus- 
trial and  market  values.  The  rubber  itself, 
which  is  held  in  suspense  in  the  latex,  is 
really  colorless,  exists  in  globules  in  sus- 
pense in  the  water  of  the  compound,  and  is 
hghter  than  the  water.  In  the  coagulation 
of  the  latex,  which  is  a  process  of  fermenta- 
tion accompanied  by  drying,  the  resin  be- 
comes part  and  parcel  of  the  rubber,  and 
where  it  exists  in  large  quantities  the  diffi- 
culty and  tediousness  of  the'  task  of  extract- 
ing it  is  one  of  the  chief  elements  in  the  mar- 
ketability of  the  product.  The  proteid,  or 
albuminous  matter,  which  may  amount  to 
4  per  cent,  of  the  dry  rubber,  is  of  a  most 
complex  nature,  and  that  also  affects  the 
value  of  the  rubber,  for  it  is  responsible  for 
the  development  of  bacteria  in  the  finished 
product,  \%hich  leads  to  its  putrefaction,  or  to 
what  is  known  to  the  trade  as  '*  tackiness." 

What  has  been  said  is  sufficient  to  indicate 
the  tremendous  amount  of  care  and  skill 
which  is  required  in  the  purchase  of  the  raw 
material  from  the  long  list  of  so-called  rub- 
bers, U'hich  differ  vastly  in  their  composition, 
to  say  nothing  of  the  skill  required  in  the 
practice  of  cleansing,  compounding,  and 
manufacture,  lack  of  which  may  affect  the 
product  of  a  mill  disastrously. 

THE  PROCESS  OF  MANUFACTURE. 

Rubber  was  of  far  more  interest  to  the 
botanist  and  to  the  chemist  than  to  any  one 
else  until  toward  the  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.  From  1791  to  181 5  a  num- 
ber of  English  chemists  tried  to  avail  of  a 
rubber  solution  for  the  purpose  of  making 
waterproof  cloth,  but  quite  unsuccessfully. 
Charles  Macintosh,   whose  name   has  now 


HALF-SPIKAL     SYSTEM     OF     TAPPING, 

become  as  closely  identified  with  the  indus- 
try as  that  of  Goodyear,  succeeded  in  1823 
in  dissolving  rubber  in  benzine,  which  was 
the  beginning  of  the  industrj'  of  waterproof 
clothing.  In  1832  the  house  of  Chaffee  & 
Haskins,  of  New  York,  founded  the  Rox- 
bury  India  Rubber  Company,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  doing  a  business  of  the  sort  which 
Macintosh  was  doing  on  the  other  side. 
They,  however,  did  not  succeed,  but  they 
had  in  their  employ  one  Charles  Goodyear, 
who  devoted  his  life  and  his  fortune  to  the 
discovery  of  what  turned  out  to  be  the  most 
practical  of  all  methods  of  overcoming  the 
adhesiveness  or  stickiness  which  militated 
against  the  commercial  uses  of  the  gum. 
Heywood  was  the  first  to  discover  that  sul- 
phur lessened  the  sticky  quality  of  the  raw 
material,  but  it  was  left  for  Goodyear  to 
demonstrate,  in  18^9,  that  by  the  combina- 
tion of  Tubber  and  sulphur  in  proper  quan- 
tities and  under  proper  temperature,  the 
product  would  not  break  at  a  low  tempera- 
ture, and  would  not  become  sticky  at  a  high 


56 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REyiE]VS. 


one.  This  was  the  solution  of  the  problem, 
and  it  is  this  combination  of  rubber  and  sul- 
phur under  die  action  of  diflEerent  tempera- 
tures, resulting  in  a  product  of  different 
hardness  and  elasticity,  which  is  known  as 
**  vulcanization." 

His  discovery  places  Goodyear  among  the 
greatest  of  American  inventors.  Prior  to 
his  time  practically  no  rubber  was  used  in 
the  United  States.  To-day  we  are  using 
quite  one-half  of  the  world's  product,  and 
rubber  may  now  be  regarded  as  a  prime 
necessary  of  life,  and  one  of  the  things  which 
enters  as  closely  as  anything  else  into  the 
satisfactory  solution  of  the  tremendous  prob- 
lems of  transportation  and  communication. 
Without  it  the  air-brake  would  be  an  impos- 
sibility, and  without  it  it  would  be  impossi- 
ble to  insulate  the  wires  which  are  used  in 
all  the  departments  of  electrical  conduction. 
To  say  this  is  enough  to  show  how  essential 
to  industrial  progress  rubber  has  become. 
The  world  might  get  on  without  it  for  shoes 
and  clothing,  if  the  worst  were  to  come  to 
the  worst,  but  for  the  purposes  of  transpor- 
tation under  progressive  conditions  on  the 
railway  train  and  on  the  automobile,  for  pur- 
poses of  insulation  for  electrical  communica- 
tion and  lighting,  and  for  the  purposes  to 
which  it  is  put  by  the  medical  and  surgical 
professions,  rubber  is  an  absolute  essential 
for  which  there  is  no  substitute,  and  that  is 
why  it  has  come  to  play  so  large  a  part  in 
the  history  of  progress, — a  thing  unforesee- 
able, as  the  whole  modem  progress  itself  was 


unforeseeable,  at  the  time  when  La  Conda- 
mine  called  the  attention  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  in  Paris  to  his  interesting  little  balls 
of  gum. 

VOLUME     OF     RUBBER     PRODUCTION. 

There  has  always  been  much  difficulty  in 
making  any  accurate  statistics  of  the  world's 
production  of  rubber,  because  not  only  of 
the  diversity  of  the  markets,  but  of  the  fact 
that  the  same  rubber  may  appear  in  a 
number  of  different  markets,  and  in  one 
statement  after  another,  thus  improperly 
multiplying  itself  for  statistical  purposes. 
Without  attempting  here  to  go  into  the  de- 
tails, it  may  be  said  generally  that  the  mar- 
ket value  of  the  world's  total  production  of 
crude  rubber  is  about  $80,000,000;  that  the 
market  value  of  the  crude  rubber  which 
passes  through  the  port  of  Para  alone  is 
about  $50,000,000;  that  the  total  volume  of 
the  world's  production,  expressed  in  terms 
of  weight,  is  about  125,000,000  pounds,  of 
which  the  volume  of  Para  rubber  is  about 
75,000,000  pounds.  The  value  of  the  prod- 
uct of  the  Amazon  Valley  is  about  65  per 
cent,  of  the  total  product  expressed  in  terms 
of  money,  leaving  about  35  per  cent,  for 
the  rest  of  the  world,  and  in  terms  of  weight 
about  60  per  cent.,  leaving  some  40  per  cent, 
for  the  rest  of  the  world. 

The  European  and  the  American  con- 
sumption of  all  grades  is  about  equal.  The 
balance  was  thrown  out  for  a  while  after 
the  tremendous  development  of  the  automo- 


From  "Ten  Thousand  MUes  In  a  Yacht,"  by  RicharU  Arthur. 

THE  PROCESS  OF  SMOKING  RUBBEK. 


RUBBER  AS  A  WORLD  PRODUCT. 


67 


*tadis  Robber  World."  "^*^ 

VIEW    OF    A    RUBBER    ESTATE    AT    KLANG-SELANGOR,    FEDERATED   MALAY   STATES. 


bile  industry  in  Europe,  but  the  consumption 
is  about  equally  divided  now  between  Europe 
and  the  United  States.  This  country,  how- 
rvcr^  CfiR'iujTics  a  larjjer  proportion  of  the 
Pam  gradrs*  For  instance,  out  of  the  crop 
«f  1904,  uhich  was  a  crop  of  highest  prices, 
the  Airicric;in  consumption  of  Para  grades 
was  csttittiated  to  have  been  abnut  $28,iX>o»- 
OOOj  white  the  European  consumption  of  the 
«uiir  ^rJIktcs  was  estimate" to  be  about  $23,- 
ooOiPOO.  During  that  year  America  con- 
mmtAi  both  In  volume  and  value*  54*4  per 
cent*  of  the  Para  crop,  and  Europe  45.6  per 
cent,  l*he  statistics  for  the  Para  crop  may 
be  tneate^l  as  fairly  reliable,  but  this  cannur 
be  tuid  With  regard  to  any  of  the  other  crop>, 

THE  fcUBB£R  MARKETS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

The  ^%-fjrIcf's  great  rubber  markets  for  dis* 
ttibimon  to  consumers  are  New  Voric,  Liver- 
pocJ,  London,  Antwerp,  Hamburg,  Li^^hon, 
«id  Havre.  The  Liverpool  imports  of  all 
pi^e»  are  about  40  per  cent,  of  the  Pani 
erop;  of  <»lber  grade.*  it  handles  betsvrrn 
6000  and  b$00  tons  of  2000  pounds  each. 


or,  taking  the  year  1905  as  an  illustration, 
there  was  received  in  Liverpool: 

Tons. 
Of  South  American   grades  other   than   those 

from  Parft 1,249 

Of    Gold    Cpast    kinds    (Lump,  -Flake,    Addah. 

Niggers  an'a  Ivory  Niggers) *. "i'.TSl 

or  Sierra  Leone  kinds  (Including  Nassai,  Cana- 

krl,  Lahou  and  Mahou  Twists) 834 

Nigger  kinds  (Brown  Niggers  and  Flakes) ....  1,000 
l^hou    kinds    (Twists,    Niggers    and    Bassam 

Cake)    475 

r^gos  kinds  (Lumps  and  Niggers) 126 

Various  other  African  grades 919 

Many  of  these  same  grades  get  into  the 
London  market,  but  indirectly.  While  Lon- 
don is  the  direct  market  for  Rangoon,  As- 
sam, Penang,  Borneo,  Mozambique,  and 
^Madagascar  grades  andv  some  South  Ameri- 
can grades,  whicfi  come/)ut  at  points  below 
Bahia,  the  total  receipts  of  such  grades  in 
London  by  way  of  direct  import  are  about 
1 500  tons  a  year. 

All  of  the  rubber  from  the  Congo  Free 
State  goes  to  Antwerp,  the  direct  imports 
into  the  latter  market  having  averaged  about 
5  5(X)  tons  yearly  for  the  last  seven  years. 
And  this  Congo  or  Antwerp  crop  of,  say, 
1 1  ,(XX),ooo  pounds,  may  be  taken  as  of  an 


58 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REyiEWS. 


From  the  "  India  Rubber  World." 

LARGEST    PARA    RUBBER    BISCUITS    EVER    MADE. 

(They  weigh,  respectively,  1180,  360,  and  145  pounds 
each.) 

average  value  during  this  period  of  70  cents 
per  pound,  or,  say,  $7,700,000.  This  is  all 
controlled  and  handled  by  what  we  in  this 
country  should  call  a  combination,  or  trust, 
of  the  closest  kind.  The  business  office  of 
one  firm  constitutes  virtually  the  market  for 
the  entire  receipts,  the  result  of  one  of  the 
so-called  auctions  showing  that  92  per  cent, 
of  all  of  the  rubber  offered  at  this  auction 
passed  through  a  single  house.  The  market 
is  a  most  perfectly  controlled  and  organized 
one,  lacking  ever>^  element  of  freedom  which 
exists  in  New  York,  Liverpool,  London,  and 
Hamburg. 


The  market  at  Hamburg  is  a  constantly 
growing  one,  the  direct  imports  into  that 
port  for  the  year  1905,  the  last  for  which 
I  have  been  able  to  secure  reliable  statistics, 
having  been  6500  tons,  consisting  wholly 
of  West  African,  East  African,  East  Indian 
and  South  and  Central  American  kinds. 
Hamburg  is  a  free  market,  and  in  respect  of 
kinds  other  than  the  Para  grades  now  fairly 
ranks  with  Liverpool. 

The  product  of  Portuguese  African  rub- 
bers, known  as  Benguelas  and  Loandos,  ii 
about  2200  tons  per  annum  at  the  present 
time,  and  these  grades  are  very  highly  es- 
teemed by  American  manufacturers. 

The  rubber  coming  from  French  Africa 
arrives  at  Bordeaux  and  Havre,  and  aggre- 
gates about  1200  tons  per  annum,  while  the 
Central  American  rubbers,  which  now  go 
principally  to  England,  amount  to  about 
1000  tons  yearly. 

THE    CONDITIONS    OF    PRODUCTION. 

Prior  to  the  opening  of  the  Congo,  or 
prior  to  the  establishment  of  the  Congo  Free 
State,  some  East  Indian,  a  little  African,  and 
some  Mozambique  and  Madagascar  rubbers 
were  brought  into  the  consuming  markets, 
but  these  grades,  other  than  South  and  Cen- 
tral American,  did  not  constitute  an  impor- 
tant factor  in  the  trade.  For  the  last  tvvcnt> 
years,  however,  they  have  constituted  such 
a  factor,  and  had  it  not  been  for  their  pro- 
duction in  such  large  quantities  either  cer- 
tain   lines   of   industry   must   have   sufferc.l 


From  the  "India  Rubber  World." 


CUTTING    RUBBER    FOR    PURPOSES    OF    INSPECTION. 


RUBBER  AS  A    WORLD  PRODUCT. 


59 


severely,  or  Para  rubber  must  have  gone  to 
a  most  exorbitant  price. 

The  production  of  rubber  is  pecub'ar  in 
this,  that  it  cannot  be  compared  with  any  of 
the  great  agricultural  crops,— cotton,  wheat, 
com,  or  rice.  If  in  any  year  the  price  of 
these  advances  materially  the  result  is  an  in- 
vitation to  larger  planting,  with  a  succeed- 
ing larger  crop  and  the  consequent  re-estab- 
lishment of  the  balance  of  price.  As  the 
consurning  demand  increases,  the  planting  in- 
creases. In  other  words,  the  supply  is  de- 
termined by  demand,  the  supply  itself  is 
subject  to  control  in  that  it  may  be  almost 
indefinitely  increased  according  to  the  oppor- 
tunity of  profit  which  the  situation  may  offer. 
Such,  however,  is  not  the  case  with  the  rubber 
crop.  First  of  all,  cultivated  rubber  as  yet 
plays  no  real  part  in  the  world's  markets,  not 
more  than  lOO  tons  having  yet  come  into 
consumption  in  any  one  year.  Now,  as  to 
the  uncultivated  plants,  the  great  trees  and 
vines  which  yield  the  bulk  of  the  product 
are  not  available  until  they  are  at  least  fif- 
teen years  of  age,  and  then  in  the  case  of  the 
Hevea  may  yield  for  twenty  years.  In  tak- 
ing the  latex  from  the  Castilloa,  however,  as 
well  as  from  the  Landolphia,  the  custom  has 


"^  M«-    CilAKT-ES    H.  DALE. 

(Pr«idenl  of  the  ^^^^^^^^^  Manufacturins  Com. 


COL.    SAMUEL   P.    COLT, 
r President  of  the  United  States  Rubber  Company.) 

been  to  kill  the  plant.  It  will  be  readily  seen, 
therefore,  that  the  industry  of  the  rubber 
gatherer  is  still  of  the  crudest  and  most  prim- 
itive kind.  It  might  be  compared  with  that 
of  the  huckleberry  picker  here.  The  result 
is  that  the  crop  cannot  be  varied  from  a  large 
crop  to  a  small  crop  in  any  year,  as  in  the 
case  of  wheat  and  cotton.  The  problem  is 
not  one  of  cultivation,  but  one  almost  ex- 
clusively of  labor  on  the  one  hand,  and  of 
pushing  farther  and  farther  into  the  forests 
on  the  other. 

The  average  annual  increase  of  the  Para 
crop  during  the  last  twenty  years  has  been 
8  per  cent.,  and  during  the  last  five  years 
about  4  per  cent.  The  largest  increase  in 
any  single  year  was  17  per  ctnt.  The 
Congo  crop  has  remained  practically  the 
same  for  the  last  seven  years,  and  has  a 
tendency  to  decrease  rather  than  increase. 

The  rubber  forests  on  the  Amazon  are 
well  preserved,  although  the  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  Castilloa  trees,  from  which 
what  is  commercially  known  as  caucho  is 
taken,  are  annually  killed.  In  the  Congo  it 
is  found  necessary  to  push  farther  and  farther 
into  the  interior,  and  it  is  the  necessity  for 
the  rubber  tribute  exacted  by  the  Belgian 
trading  companies  that  has  led  to  the  dread- 
ful tyranny  to  which  it  has  been  necessary  to 


60 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REf^IElVS. 


resort  in  order  to  compel  the  natives  to 
gather  a  crop,  which  is  growing  year  by  year 
more  difiicult  of  production. 

The  fact  is  that  in  the  great  Amazon  re- 
gion, as  well  as  in  the  Congo  Free  State,  the 
labor  problem  is  a  fundamental  one.  Neither 
country  is  white  man's  land.  No  one  can 
live  and  work  in  these  river  bottoms  except 
a  native.  The  mortality  in  the  State  of 
Amazonas,    in    Brazil,    for   example,    corre- 


THE    LATE    MR.    EMS II A     SLADE    CONVERSE. 
(Founder  of  the  Boston   Rnl>l>er   Shoe  Company,) 

sponds  with  almost  diabolical  exactness  to 
the  number  of  tons  of  rubber  produced,  so 
that  it  is  said  that  every  ton  of  Brazilian 
rubber  costs  a  human  life,  and  although  there 
are  no  such  atrocities  In  Brazil  as  have  been 
charged  against  the  Congo,  It  is  nevertheless 
true  that  the  laborers  who  are  brought  into 
the  rubber  fields  from  the  coast  do  not  aver- 
age more  than  three  years  of  life,  and  are,  if 
not  in  law,  at  least  in  fact,  subjected  to  hard- 
ships never  known  or  endured  by  the  slaves 
in  the  United  States,  or  even  by  the  slaves 
in  the  coffee  regions  of  Brazil.  This  Is 
not  the  place,  however,  to  discuss  this  prob- 
lem, any  more  than  It  is  to  discuss  the  matter 
of  the  atrocities  In  the  Congo,  but  the  greed 
of  man  as  expressed  in  terms  of  rubber  has 
proved  itself  almost  fiendish,  and  the  re- 
quirement for  this  necessary  of  life  probably 


holds  more  men  to-day  in  abject  slavery  than 
any  other  field  in  the  world's  work. 

HISTORY  OF  AMERICAN   MANUFACTURE. 

Manufacture  of  rubber  in  the  United 
States  is  divided  generally  into  a  few  great 
classes.  They  are  boots  and  shoes,  clothing, 
mechanical  goods,  hard  rubber  goods,  and 
druggists'  sundries.  In  point  of  value  the 
boot  and  shoe  industry  and  the  mechanical 
industry  are  the  most  important.  A  fair  es- 
timate of  the  total  product  of  rubber  boots 
and  shoes  in  the  United  States  last  year,  cal- 
culated at  net  prices  to  jobbers,  is  about  $50,- 
000,000,  while  that  of  mechartical  goods, 
upon  the  same  basis,  is  about  $45,000,000. 

In  order  to  make  clearer  what  is  meant 
by  mechanical  goods,  it  may  be  said  that  the>^ 
are  vehicle  tires  of  all  sorts,  belting,  pack- 
ing, and  hose.  The  druggists*  sundries  are 
altogether  too  numerous  even  to  think  of 
classifying,  but  in  point  of  social  value  they 
constitute  a  large  factor  in  the  uses  of  rubber. 

COMBINATIONS    AND    TRUSTS. 

There  have  been  two  great  consolidations 
in  the  rubber  manufacturing  business  in  this 
country.  The  first  was  that  of  the  United 
States  Rubber  Company,  which,  beginning 
in  1892,  has  now  absorbed,  with  the  single 
exception  of  one  large  concern  in  Boston, 
practically  the  entire  rubber  boot,  shoe,  and 
clothing  industry  in  this  country.  In  1899 
a  consolidation  of  a  number  of  the  leading 
manufacturers  of  mechanical  goods  wa$  ef- 
fected, under  the  title  of  the  Rubber  Groods 
Manufacturing  Company.  That  company, 
however,  did  not  absorb  so  large  a  propor- 
tion of  the  field  to  which  it  devoted  itself  as 
did  the  United  States  Rubber  Company. 
About  a  year  ago  the  United  States  Rubber 
Company  acquired  the  control  of  the  Rubber 
Cjoods  Alanufacturlng  Company,  and  thus 
is  to-day  the  largest  manufacturer,  directly 
and  through  its  sub-companies,  not  only  in 
America,  but  in  the  world.  Its  total  net  sales. 
— that  is  to  say,  the  aggregate  of  net  sales, — 
of  all  of  Its  companies,  amounted  during  the 
past  business  year  to  $59,452,000.  Its  cap- 
ital stock  is:  First  preferred,  $36,263,000; 
second  preferred,  $9,848,600;  common, 
$25.000,000, — a  total  of  $71,111,600. 

The  great  builders  of  this  business  have 
been  the  late  Elisha  Slade  Converse,  of  Bos- 
ton, who  founded  the  Boston  Rubber  Shoe 
Company ;  Colonel  S.  P.  Colt,  the  president 
of  the  United  States  Rubber  Company,  and 
Mr.  Charles  H.  Dale,  the  president  of  the 


RUBBER  AS  A   WORLD  PRODUCT. 


61 


Rubber  Goods  Manufacturing  G)mpany. 
Both  Colonel  Colt  and  Mr.  Dale  are  men 
of  distinguished  abilities.  The  late  Mr. 
Converse,  who  was  regarded  as  the  dean  of 
the  trade,  and  who  had  gone  into  it  as  early 
as  Goodyear 's  time,  aiforded  one'  of  the  best 
examples  of  the  value  of  character  and  tem- 
perament in  building  a  great  business. 

A  GREAT  FUND  OF  RECLAIMED  RUBBER. 

No  article  on  rubber  would  be  complete 
without  some  reference  >p  its  re-use.  It  is 
doubtful  whether  the  annual  crop  of  new 
rubber  would  be  sufficient  to  meet  the  world's 
requirements  at  reasonable  prices.  It  was 
early  found  that  rubber  was  impervious  to 
"moth  and  rust."  In  its  manufactured 
form,  in  combination  with  sulphur,  it  was 
bound  after  a  while  to  lose  its  elasticity  and 
the  fabric  of  which  it  was  a  part  to  undergo 
a  disintegration,  but  .  not  a  decomposition. 
The  rubber  remained.  It  was  not  of  the 
same  value,  either  for  elasticity  or  for  tensile 
strength,  but  it  was  still  of  great  value,  and 
how  to  recover  it  became  the  question.  This 
led  to  a  series  of  experiments  in  the  devulcan- 
Ization  of  rubber,  begun  by  Helmholtz, 
which  is  now  conducted  on  a  large  scale  by 


two  processes,  one  an  acid  and  the  other  an 
alkaline  process,  concerning  the  respective 
merits  of  which  there  is  great  controversy. 
As  yet,  however,  most  of  the  reclaimed  rub- 
ber, so-called,  is  produced  by  the  acid  process. 
Many  will  be  surprised  to  learn  that  the 
annual  product  of  the  reclaimed  material 
amounts,  in  the  United  States  alone,  to 
nearly  50,000,000  pounds,  and  this  must  be 
added  to  the  annual  rubber  crop  as  a  large 
factor  in  determining  price.  It  is  used  in 
varying  proportions  in  making  compounds 
for  the  manufacture  of  all  grades  of  goods 
excepting  those  requiring  the  greatest  elas- 
ticity and  the  highest  tensile  strength,  and 
has  ai  value,  according  to  quality  and  accord- 
ing to  range  of  prices  for  new  rubber,  of  be- 
tween 10  and  15  cents  a  pound.  No  one 
knows  when  the  rubber  particle  or  molecule 
really  disappears.  It  may  be  powdered  and 
lost  through  friction,  but  as  long  as  rubber 
scrap,  or  shoddy,  exists,  the  rubber  which  is 
in  it  also  exists  in  a  form  susceptible  of  re- 
use. In  this  way  there  has  become  estab- 
lished in  this  country  what  may  be  regarded 
as  a  permanent  fund  of  reclaimed  or  re- 
claimable  rubber,  to  which  each  year's  new 
crop  is  adding. 


a4H7rMTi*»iirc  auii»EiR  hoots:   tite    '  maxing-hwjMj     vvhpkf    rtLE    i^nr-.    ake    \^!sem0led. 


^v 

^•^ 

m 

f 

' 

4. 

m'jf 

■ 

^^^^^B 

^^^^^^B 

^^^^H 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^1 

"the    most    lofty    lord,     ml  LAI     AHD-EL-AZIZ     \IV.   KEfJEXT   OF    ALMIGHTY   GOD  ON    THIS    EARTH." 

(The  Sultan  of  Morocco  Is  robod  as  usual  In  snow-white  silk  with  under  petticoats  of  orange  and  cloth 
02  of  gold.     Uls  Xace  la  elaborately  painted  and  made  up.) 


MOROCCO,  THE  DERELICT  OF  DIPLOMACY. 


BY   W.   G.    FITZ-GERALD.* 


npHE  strangest  thing  I  know  is  xhat  Mo- 
rocco, the  world's  richest  prize,  should 
have  remained  intact  unto  this  day.  Thirteen 
legations  and  consulates-general,  costly  out 
of  ail  proportion  to  immediate  needs,  watch 
the  staggering  derelict  on  the  spot  in  Tangier, 
And  have  we  not  seen  the  two  greatest  mili- 
tary powers  on  earth  at  daggers  drawn  over 
the  spoil,  and  a  terrible  crisis  averted  only  by 
Mi,.  L*it:king  down  of  France  at  Von  Rulow's 
Will,  followed  by  the  *'  breaking  "of  Tiu-- 
ophrie  Dclcas5L%  the  strongest  Foreign  Min- 
ister France  ever  had  ? 

XoH'  people  are  asting:  *'  Why  all  this  e\- 
cKement  over  a  semi-savage  Barbarj^  state 
which  many  of  u^i  picture  as  a  worthless 
t!  esc  IT  peopled  only  by  blacks?"  Because, 
iunn  I  he  vici%Txjints  of  strateg}%  climate^  and 
mine  ml  ind  agricultural  wealth,  Morocco 
stands  unique^  w*ith  a  potential  trade,- — given 
.1  couple  ot  decades  of  development, — of 
>ioo,ooo»aoo  a  jear. 

[^oolcifig  round  we  see  all  the  n^itiansi 
stfyggtlflg  iow  existence,  for  new  markets,  for 
nor  outlets  lor  thetr  people,  Germany  took 
ihe  Dudiies  from  Denmark,  Alsace-Uirrainc 
fnitn  France,  and  Kiao-chau  from  China, 
France  in  her  t\irn  seized  Algeria  from  the 
Dey^,  die  Sa%^oy  from  Italy,  and  Tunis  from 
its  beys,— ^of  course  **  to  keep  order  anil 
^upprtw  piracy  in  the  Mediterranean  1  " 
(irrat  Br»t:iin  seized  the  Transvaal  and  the 
Orange  Free  State;  Italy  covets  Tripoli; 
RufiiA  laid  hands  on  Manchuria. 

Vet  nwie  dared  touch  Morocco;  for  Tan- 
jiVr  anil  Ceuta  are  the  keys  of  the  world's* 
htghw^;  so  that  invasion  of  the  Moorish 
Emplfv  uxiuld  have  raised  Armageddon. 
Anki  the  trmjbled  seas  of  diplomacy  surrly 
never  beheld  *o  rich  a  "  derelict."  Three 
hundred  thniisand  square  miles  of  earth's 
mmt  fertile  land  lying  at  Europe's  ver>^  door, 
and  with  I3cx>  miles  of  coast  line,^a  pcr- 
petitaJ  Riviera » — on  two  of  the  world's  most 
iiDportmoc  waten^ays.  the  Mediterranean 
and  the  Atlantic.     A  prize  indeed ! 

A  penary  that  would  feed  an  empire, 
Liniftless  fisheries,  especially  below  Anadir, 
wbere  the  Germans  are  no\v  making  rich 
Kiuh.  Copper  mines  richer  than  the  fabvj- 
\misif  rich   Rio  Tinto  property,  just  across 

*Hr  Rti-Gi'r.ild  hnff  but  t^wnt^y  rrfuniprl  fnim 
Ui  nlfttb  ^^pt^nion    Into   tin*   Interior  nf    '  SiiTiH**f- 


the  Straits.  And  ten  millions  of  a  hardy 
fighting  race  that  might  well  yield  a  superb 
army  of  half  a  million  troops,  such  as  could 
be  swiftly  disposed  in  European  fields  should 
occasion  arise.  A  recruiting  ground  of  this 
kind  may  well  counterbalance  the  rapid  in- 
crease pi  Germany's  population  over  that  of 
her  rival. 

How  few  of  us  realize  that  only  nine 
miles  separate  Morocco  from  Europe,  at  the 
narrowest  point  of  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar? 
And  who  shall  say  in  these  days  of  daring 
engineering  that  this  span  may  not  soon  be 
bridged,  and  Europe  united  with  Africa  by 
rail? 

A  prize,  indeed,  this  Morocco, — one  even 
remotely  comparable  to  it  does  not  exist.  The 
climate  is  the  lovely  climate  of  southern 
Spain;  the  richness  of  the  soil  would  make 
our  farmers*  mouths  water,  for  it  will  grow 
and  grow  with  phenomenal  luxuriance  every- 
thing from  w-heat  and  barley  to  oranges, 
sugar,  tea,  coflFee,  cotton,  cork,  and  wine. 
If  Algeria,  with  half  the  area  and  population, 
and  no  rivers  worthy  the  name,  has  a  trade 
of  $i25,ocx),ooo  a  year,  what  would  that  of 
Morocco  be  worth  if  properly  developed? 

Even  to-day,  under  conditions  recalling  the 
regime  of  the  Shepherd  Kings  of  Egypt,  with 
crooked  sticks  instead  of  ploughs,  and  camels, 
mules,  and  donkeys  instead  of  freight-cars, 
the  empire's  trade  totals  $2o,ocx),ooo.  And 
during  our  Civil  War  it  grew  a  considerable 
quantity  of  cotton,  so  excellent  that  as  much 
as  $1  a  pound  was  paid  for  it  on  the  Liver- 
pool Exchange. 

THE  INROADS  OF  FRANCE, 

For  fifty  years  France  has  striven  passion- 
ately for  this  prize, — always  by  the  *'  pene- 
tration pacifique  "  methods  however,  lest  her 
neighbors  recall  uneasily  the  old  dream  of 
"  the  Mediterranean  as  a  French  lake," — 
burrowing  on  the  southeastern  frontier;  lop- 
ping off  oasis  after  oasis,  w'hose  pastoral  peo- 
ple suddenly  find  their  cotton  goods  labeled 
"  Rouen,"  instead  of  "  Manchester." 

The  whole  empire  swarms  with  French 
''  scientific  missions,"  mapping  and  taking 
notes.  True,  these  missions  often  lead  to 
tragedy,  as  m  the  case  of  Dr.  Mauchamp, 
recently  murdered  in  Marraksh ;  but,  then, 
colonial  expansion  'calls  for  many  martyrs. 


64 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^/EU^  OF  REl^/EU^S. 


And  Bu  Hamara,  the  pretender  to  the  throne, 
IS  spending  French  gold  in  the  bazaars;  has 
French  officers  and  French  artillery. 

Slowly,  but  with  a  steadfastness  that  com- 
mands the  admiration  of  even  her  enemies, 
France  is  swallowing  Morocco.  A  few  more 
episodes  like  the  killing  of  zealous  Dr. 
Mauchamp  in  the  southern  capital,  the  ston- 
ing of  de  Girancourt,  the  assassination  of 
Charbonnier  in  Fez, — and  instead  of  a  Ujda 
or  Lalla  Marnia  being  occupied,  a  whole 
corps  d*armee  will  be  thrown  into  Morocco; 
a  move  rendered  necessary  by  the  upheaval  of 
fanatical  natives  and  a  massacre  of  all  the 
resident  Christian  traders  and  consuls,  such 
as  one  looks  for  from  day  to  day. 

For  the  French  in  particular  are  hated 
from  Tangier  to  the  Atlas,  as  "  Nazarenes  " 
who  have  strangled  Morocco's  Moslem 
neighbors.  "  Wa  wold-el-Harem  "  ("Sons 
of  the  illegitimate*')  the  Moors  call  the 
French  since  the  forcible  occupation  of  the 
Regency  of  Tunis, — an  event  that  stirred  pro- 
foundly Morocco's  high-spirited  population. 

Yet  nothing  seems  to  stay  the  march  of 
French  diplomacy  in  this  matter ;  and  it  aims 
at  a  stupendous  scheme  of  empire  which  is 


but  dimly  realized  even  in  Europe.  France 
is  working  her  way  southward  through  the 
rich  date  country  of  Tafilat  until  she  reaches 
the  Atlantic  at  Cape  Bojador.  Then  she  will 
have  her  prey  completely  enveloped. 

Italy's  complaisance  is  won  by  promise  of 
a  free  hand  in  Tripoli.  So  easy  is  it  to  give 
away  other  people's  property!  Tripoli,  of 
course,  belongs  to  Turkey.  And  Spain  is 
hand  and  glove  with  her  northern  neighbor, 
who  holds  the  bulk  of  her  securities,  o>wis 
all  her  railroads,  and  has  a  surprisingly  loud 
voice  in  all  Madrid  matters.  This  is  vcn' 
useful  indeed,  for  unless  Spain  were  friendly, 
some  3CX),ooo  men  would  be  required  to 
guard  the  Pyrenean  frontier  in  case  of  war 
between  France  and  any  other  great  power. 

Besides,  has  it  not  been  suggested  that 
Spain  may  one  day  have  the  mighty  fortress 
of  Gibraltar  restored  to  her,  regardless  of 
the  fact  that  England  has  spent  $300,cxx),ooo 
upon  it?  And  may  not  Spain,  too,  by  way 
of  returning  the  compliment,  cede  Ceuta  to 
her  friend, — that  stupendous  qatural  citadel 
on  the  RiflF  coast  of  Morocco,  which  many 
eminent  authorities  call  the  true  key  to  the 
Mediterranean? 


THF    TKIN.  K*.  Y    i   VSTl  F    OK    TTl  W  VT    IX     THF    CKFAT  ATI  AS    MOrXTAIXS, 

<Owr-v>l  by  Kadi  M  At-vl  cI  M.:wk  ol  C.-wi.  a  iK^werful  sup{*ort«r  of  Mvlai  el  Halld.) 


MOROCCO.  THE  DERELICT  OF  DIPLOMACY. 


66 


HIS      HIGHNESS      MULAI     EL     HAFID,     VICEROY     OF    SOUTHERN    MORCKXO  AND  BROTHER  OF  THE  SULTAN, 

WITH    HIS    SCRIBES    AND    SLAVES. 


True,  having  gained  Morocco,  the  con- 
queror can  go  no  farther  westward ;  but  what 
about  eastward  and  southward?  As  mis- 
trcft  of  Morocco  she  will  be  at  liberty  to  con- 
soltdbtte  her  vast  African  empire,  and  go 
6ionm  1600  miles  to  Timbuctu  and  Lake 
TckjA  ^^^  ^hen  north  again  to  the  great 
I  iiljliimn  city  of  Ghadames,  in  the  hinter- 
lailifHiif  Tripoli. 

Aid  to  all  this  Senegambia,  and  France 
w3;dben  have  some  30,000,000  warlike  peo- 
ple tuder  her  sway.  These,  stiffened  with  a 
FfVacb  backbone,  will  surely  produce  500,- 
ooodcilled  fighting  men,  equal  at  least  to  the 
Algerian  ^  Spahis  or  the  Senegalese  sharp- 
shooters w^hom  France  now  rates  so  highly. 
Where  will  Great  Britain's  tenure  of  Egypt 
be  then,  or  how  shall  she  hold  her  ancient 
colonies  on  the  West  Coast? 

THE  COMING  FRENCH  EMPIRE  IN  AFRICA. 

I  To  this  mighty  scheme  Morocco  is  the 
\ke\^ ;  and  once  let  France  get  it  in  her  posses- 
sion, and  she  will  surely  close  all  doors  from 


Tunis  to  Senegambia,  a  coastal  range  of  3200 
miles.  She  will  then  have  a  monopoly  of 
trade  totaling  between  $400,000,000  and 
$450,000,000,  and  an  empire  exceeding  that 
of  Hindostan,  whose  very  name  has  for 
thousands  of  years  been  a  synonym  for  riches. 
And  this  new  empire  will  lie  at  France's  own 
door,  delightfully  salubrious  in  climate  and 
with  barely  30,000,000  of  a  native  popula- 
tion to  keep  in  order. 

Now  contrast  this  wn'th  England's  trade 
with  India,  which  is  but  $350,000,000. 
Moreover  it  entails  the  burden  of  ruling 
300,000,000  of  many  races  and  creeds,  6000 
miles  from  home,  and  that  in  a  climate  so 
unhealthy  that  white  children  cannot  be 
reared  in  all  the  1500  miles  from  the  Him- 
alayas to  Cape  Comorin ! 

A  few  far-sighted  statesmen  in  Germany 
and  England  to-day  foresee  clearly  this  vast 
French  empire,  fairly  consolidated  under  the 
tricolor,  in,  say,  the  middle  of  this  century. 
It  will  embrace  Tunisia,  Algeria,  Morocco, 
Senegambia,     the    French     Sudar,     French 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REk'lElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Guinea,  and  the  French  Congo;  the  whole 
with  a  trade  exceeding  $6oo,ocx),cxx). 

There  will  be  French  colonists  in  swarms, 
and  railroads  from  Tunis  into  Senegambia, 
and  from  the  Atlantic  coast  of  Morocco  to 
the  foot  of  the  Great  Atlas,  ^where  the  limit- 
less mineral  wealth  of  that  giant  chain  will 
be  tapped  for  600  miles.  There  will  proba- 
bly be  health  resorts  at  Tangier  and  Moga- 
dor,  with  great  naval  stations  in  between. 
Little  heed  need  be  paid  in  this  latter  con- 
nection to  verbal  pledges  or  even  written 
guaranties.  French  ministers  in  1881  gave 
positive  assurances  that  there  was  no  inten- 
tion of  fortifymg  Bizerta, — and  that  Tuni- 
sian port  is  to-day  one  of  the  strongest  forti- 
fied positions  and  naval  arsenals  in  the  whole 
Mediterranean ! 

Then  consider  the  enormous  trade  which 
the  mere  reconstruction  of  the  Moorish  Em- 
pire will  bring  to  the  French.  Steel  bridges 
will  be  needed  for  the  rivers;  whole  moun- 
tains of  cement  for  breakwaters;  and  ma- 
chinery, rails,  locomotives,  and  cars. 
Dredgers  will  be  called  for  to  remove  silt 
from  the  eight  ports;  and  lighthouses,  steam 
launches,  clothing,  ammunition,  arms,  and 
artillery  will  be  also  needed. 

WHY     MOROCCO    IS     DERELICT. 

But,  it  will  be  asked,  what  has  brought 
about  the  present  crisis  in  the  Moorish  Em- 
pire? Why  has  it  become  derelict,  with  the 
Sultan*s  name  a  derisive  by- word,  and   all 


the  tribes  in  anarchy  and  rebellion  ?  It  is  not 
a  very  old  story.  Mulai  Hassan,  the  father 
of  the  present  Sultain  Abd-el-Aziz,  was  a 
strong  ruler,  who  sent  out  into  the  thirty-t>\o 
provinces  kadis  or  governors  whom  he  knew 
could  govern,  and  whom  he  knew  he  could 
handle  in  turn.  He  sent  native  youths  to 
be  educated  in  Italy  and  England ;  sent  me- 
chanics to  Cockeriirs  works  at  Seraing,  in 
Belgium,  and  his  warriors  to  take  engineer- 
ing courses  at  Chatham. 

Even  after  his  death,  and  while  yet  Abd- 
el-Aziz  was  in  the  tutelage  of  the  harem,  the 
empire  was  ruled  by  the  powerful  Vizier  Si 
Ahmed  ben  Moussa,  who  maintained  order 
from  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Sahara, 
fought  locusts  and  plagues,  and  was  work- 
ing out  his  country *s  salvation  when  he 
died.     • 

Then  came  the  memorable  mission  of  El 
Mnibbi,  the  War  Minister,  to  the  Court  of 
St.  James,  only  to  bring  back  with  him  ideas 
of  reform  far  too  radical  and  violent  for  the 
country  to  swallow.  He  found  his  young 
master,  the  Sultan,  more  than  willing  to  co- 
operate with  him;  and  one  unfortunate  re- 
sult of  this  frame  of  mind  was  the  purchase 
of  toy  railroads,  French  motor-cars,  gold  and 
silver  cameras,  bicycles,  and  the  like  heathen 
truck,  which  greatly  shocked  the  old  viziers 
and  Elder  Men  who  stand  behind  the  throne. 
Moreover,  Mnibbi  being  a  K.  C.  M.  G.  and 
a  British  protege,  with  very  British  leanings, 
France  objected  to  him,  and  he  was  presently 


THE   RAG-TAG   "ARMY       OF    MOROCCO. — NEVER   PAID  AND  LIVES  BY   LOOT   AND   BRIGANDAGE. 


mkdCCd.  th£  derelict  of  diplomacy. 


67 


deposed  and  "  permitted  "  to  make  the  pil- 
grimage to  Mecca. 

After  this  matters  went  from  bad  to  worse, 
ending  in  the  Algeciras  Conference,  which  is 
likely  to  cost  the  young  Sultan  his  throne, — 
however  necessary  were  all  the  reforms  to 
which  the  decision  of  the  conference  pointed. 
At  present  Abd-el-Aziz  is  looking  for  support 
to  Geraiany,  especially  since  the  Kaiser  took 
the  unprecedented  step  of  landing  in  Tangier 
to  make  a  momentous  speech  to  the  German 
traders  there. 

THE  sultan's  strategy. 

The  Sultan  is,  in  fact,  playing  the  easiest 
and  most  profitable  game  which  the  monarchs 
of  weak  and  choatic  states  can  play  in  the 
face  of  the  great  powers.  In  a  word,  he  is 
setting  off  Germany  against  France ;  and  one 
result  of  this  is  that  the  Franco-Spanish  naval 
denuMist ration  last  December,  so  far  from 
impressing  the  Makhzen,  or  Moorish  cabi- 
net, was  the  signal  for  a  serious  outburst  of 
Francophobia.  Great  Britain  might  have 
done  something  useful,  for  she  possessed  the 
confidence  of  the  Moors;  but  now  she  has 
definitely  given  France  a  free  hand,  a  cir- 
cumstance which  the  Sultan  views  with  dis- 
may as  an  act  of  treachery. 

The  situation  at  present  is  an  utter  im- 
passe, Abd-cl-Aziz  has  indorsed  all  the  de- 
cisions of  Algeciras  and  is  pledged  to  carry 
them  out.  Of  course,  he  could  do  nothing 
else  without  backing  from  some  European 
pow^er,  and  that  the  conditions  of  the  con- 
ference forbade.  Unaided,  it  is  equally  im- 
possible for  him  to  carry  out  his  pledges,  and 
again  the  conference  has  made  aid  impossible. 

The  shereefian  finances  are  exhausted,  and 
the  last  remnants  of  prestige  destroyed  by  the 
young  Sultan's  acceptance  of  the  Algeciras 
mandate.  For  the  same  reason  his  rule  hard- 
ly mii£  beyond  the  limits  of  his  palace  In  Fez. 
AQ  Mdmccos  orthodox  millions  regard  the 
cnafidste  of  Algeciras  as  the  first  tiec;si%'e  step 
tmiard  European  absorption  and  the  end  of 
Moslrm  njle  in  "  Sunset-Land." 

For  tbh  reason  their  attitude  is  one  of  bit- 
ttre**  apportion  ;  and  undoubtedly  any  aiiita- 
for  CiQ  /otisc  them  to  a  dan^'erous  pirch  of 
taifl^cuni.  1*he  young  Sultan's  adherents 
■t(9^mt  mre  u  mere  handful  of  mercenaries, 
-^-^naiiily  offictals  who  live^  make  money ,  and 

'  li  nut  by  his  despotic  appointment.     F(»r 

^farrfthe  pretender  the  court  dare  not  le;ivc 

t hf^ nirfhr rn  capital;  and  down  in  Marrak^h 

■s    half-brother,    Mulai   el    Halid, 

^     ^  the  Southj  and  the  strongest  mem- 


UNIQUE   PORTRAIT  OF  THE   SULTAN   OF   MOROCCX)  IN 

THE    HALF    TURKISH,    HALF    GERMAN 

UNIFORM     SPECIALLY    DESIGNED 

FOR   HIM. 

her    of    his    family,    was    recently    declared 
"Sultan  of  all  Morocco!" 

THE  country's  DESPERATE  STATE. 

It  is,  indeed,  a  pitiful  situation,  and 
throughout  the  land  respectable  men  keep 
order  and  curse  their  "  half-Nazarene " 
ruler;  while  the  disreputable  element  are 
fighting,  looting,  and  making  "  powder  talk.*' 
They  recall  the  good  old  times,  ages  back, 
when  the  holy  city  of  Mequinez  was  built  by 
the  Christian  slaves  of  Mulai  Ismail,  who 
would  occasionally  build  up  alive  into  the 
tabia  walls  one  of  his  white  captives  when 
he  thought  the  man  was  shirking  his  work. 
To-day  Morocco  seethes  with  anarchy  and 
corruption. 

It  is  a  land  of  arbitrary  kadis  and  evil- 
working  bashas;  land  of  plenty  that  satisfies 
nobody,  a  plenty  often  succeeded  by  famine 
that   lays  whole   districts   waste;   a  chaotic 


68 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEU^  OF  REVIEWS. 


KADI    Sre    HARRY    MACLEAN. 

(Comnumder-in-Chit^f    of    the    Mix>rish    Army,    with 
his  favorite  hound,  t 


world  of  warring  tribes,  equally  careless  of 
life  and  death;  a  land  where  the  rich  grind 
the  faces  of  the  poor,  the  governors  grind  the 
rich,  and  the  Sultan  or  his  viziers  grind  the 
governors 

The  government  will  not  allow  grain  to 
be  sent  from  one  part  of  the  country*  to  the 
other,  and  consequently  a  district  may  be  so 
rich  in  com  one  year  that  the  har\est  rots 
for  lack  of  labor  to  gather  it.  and  the  follow- 
ing season  may  see  positive  star\ation  in  the 
same  section.  Indu<rr>-  is  paralyzed:  for  no 
sooner  does  a  man  show  signs  of  wealth,  than 
the  local  governor  comes  down  upon  him  for 
blackmail,  and  if  he  does  not  pay  he  is  thrown 
into  a  dunge<3n  and  left  to  starve. — if.  indeed, 
he  be  not  decapitated  and  his  head  stuck  upon 
a  spike  above  the  cit>*s  gate  as  a  warning  to 
others. 

Ever\-  c:t>-  governor  and  tribal  kadi  pays 
the  Sultan  heavily  t<^r  his  position,  on  the 
understanding,   of   course,    that   he   will    get 


his  capital  back  with  immense  interest  irom 
the  unhappy  people  he  is  called  upon  to 
"  govern."  Even  the  Sultan  himself  is  much 
given  to  "  eating  up  "  a  country.  Old  Mu- 
lai  Hassan,  when  he  took  the  fateful  journey 
to  Tafilat  that  brought  about  his  death,  trav- 
eled with  an  army  of  40,000  men  and  75,000 
horses,  mules,  camels,  and  asses,  and  fairly 
ate  entire  districts  clear  of  food.  Little  won- 
der that  on  the  return  journey  the  Sultan 
had  to  bribe  some  of  the  fiercer  tribes  with 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  to  keep  his 
own  hordes  from  annihilation  on  their  way 
north.. 

Morocco,  then,  is  dying,  and  will  soon 
come  to  earth  with  a  crash  that  will  shake 
half  Europe.  Her  Sultan  is  surrounded  with 
clamant  intriguers,  from  whom  not  even  the 
faithful  adventurer  Kadi  Sir  Harry  Maclean 
K.  C.  M.  G.,  may  protect  him.  Mission 
after  mission  goes  up  to  Fez  bearing  presents, 
— and  demands. 

France  insists  that  the  shcreefian  army  be 
supplied  with  French  instructors,  and  to  this 
the  British  object.  The  young  sons  of  the 
Shereef  of  Wazan  have  accepted  French  pro- 
tection, and  have  thrown  all  their  influence 
into  the  interests  of  their  adopted  country. 
Such  is  the  present  condition  of  Morocco, 
— '*  that  pearl  upon  the  northwest  shoulder 
of  the  African  continent."  No  wonder  the 
late  Lord  Salisbur>'  declared  on  a  memorable 
occasion  it  was  about  to  become  "  a  great 
trouble  to  Europe."  France  is  absolutely 
committed  to  its  acquisition;  and  assuming. 
— which  is  most  improbable, — that  Germany 
will  permit  so  momentous  a  step,  an  upheaval 
will  assuredly  take  place  which  must  have 
far-reaching  effects,  for  the  universities  of 
Fez  play  an  important  part  in  the  pan- 
Islamic  movement,  being  in  constant  com- 
munication with  Cairo,  India,  and  other  cen- 
ters of  the  Moslem  world. 

And,  lastly,  supposing  that  France  does 
succeed  in  gaining  the  ke>-  to  the  mighty  em- 
pire she  has  had  in  mind  for  half  a  century, 
we  shall  then  probably  see  trouble,  for  Great 
Britain  will  be  seriously  embarrassed  on  the 
sea  both  as  regards  her  nav>'  and  her  mer- 
chant marine.  At  least  one-half  of  her  stu- 
pendous (Kean-borne  traffic  of  five  billions 
passes  within  measurable  distance  of  Moroc- 
co: and  there  will  be  no  friendly  spot  from 
Tunis  to  Senegambia;  while  as  to  her  naval 
bases,  we  shall  see  Gibraltar  watched  by 
Tangier  and  p<.^^ibly  Ceuta;  Malta  by  Tou- 
lon and  C^ran,  and  Cyprus  and  Eg3rpt  by 
Bi/erta, 


RESOURCEFUL  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


BY  JOHN  BARRETT. 

(Director  of  the  International  Bureau  of  the   American  Republics.) 


npHE  best  way  to  understand  or  study  any 
section  of  this  world  which  may  be 
little  knov^-n  is  to  locate  it  on  the  map  clearly 
and  then  make  comparisons  as  to  its  size  with 
sections  better  known. 

Central  America  is  sometimes  described  as 
all  that  portion  of  the  North-American  con- 
tinent lying  between  the  Rio  Grande  and 
the  Atrato  rivers;  the  former  dividing  Mex- 
ico from  the  United  States  and  the  latter 
forming  practically  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween Panama  and  Colombia.  Politically, 
however,  it  comprehends  the  five  independ- 
ent states  of  Guatemala,  Honduras,  Sal- 
vador, Nicaragua,  and  Costa  Rica.  In  the 
order  named,  they  lie  directly  south  and  east 
of  Mexico,  between  the  Caribbean  Sea  and 
the  Pacific  Ocean.  Salvador  is  the  only  one 
of  the  five  that  borders  solely  on  the  Pacific, 
or  that  has  not  shores  washed  by  both  waters. 


As  the  average  newspaper  reader  sees  the 
names  of  these  republics  mentioned  in  the 
dispatches  he  thinks  of  them  as  indefinitely 
existing  somewhere  to  the  distant  south  of 
the  United  States.  He  believes  that  they  are 
nearer  Mexico  than  Patagonia,  but  he  hesi- 
tates before  he  goes  on  record  to  that  effect. 
In  fact,  all  these  countries,  grouped  as 
Central  America,  are  so  close  at  hand  that 
they  are  within  a  few  days'  steaming  of  New 
Orleans,  Mobile,  or  Galveston.  They  are 
much  nearer  geographically  to  our  gulf 
coast  than  Panama,  which,  on  account  of  the 
advertising  it  has  enjoyed  from  the  canal, 
now  seems  only  a  few  hours  from  New  York. 
Panama,  as  it  looks  on  the  map,  should  be- 
long to  Central  America, — it  certainly  is 
not  part  of  South  America.  Having  for- 
merly been  a  portion  of  Colombia,  the  greater 
part  of  which  is  in  South  America  proper, 
it  naturally  has  never  been  classed 
as  belonging  to  Central  or  North 
America. 

APPROACHES   TO   CENTRAL   AMERICA. 

A  strong  influence  that  has  worked 
to  make  Central  America  seem  far 
away  has  been  the  necessity,  in  the 
past,  of  reaching  the  different  capitals 
or  principal  cities  either  by  sailing 
from  San  Francisco  on  a  journey  oc- 


f.    *TIAHTIC    orr. 


TH£   INDF.PENDENT    STATES    OF    CENTRAL  AMERICA,    SHOWING    THEIR    RESPECTIVE    CAPITALS. 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^lEiV  OF  RE^lElVS. 


THE  OLD    MODE   OF    TRANSPORTATION    IN    NICARAGUA. 


cupying  from  ten  days  to  two  weeks  down 
the  Pacific  Coast  past  Mexico,  or  by  crossing 
the  Isthmus  of  Panama  and  proceeding  north. 
The  physical  conformation  of  Central  Amer- 
ica is  such  that  the  high  and  accessible  lands 
suitable  for  cities  and  the  better  classes  of 
population  are  much  nearer  the  Pacific  Ocean 
than  the  Caribbean  Sea.  The  shores  and 
the  interior  facing  on  the  latter  sea  are 
generally  low,  and,  until  recently,  when 
banana  cultivation  began  to  open  them  to 
the  world,  they  were  a  wild,  swampy,  mos- 
quito jungle. 

The  few  railroads  have  started  from  the 


"»NF-  OF  THE  OLD  MISSION  CHl^RCHES  OF  NICARAGUA. 


Pacific  Coast  and  wound  their  way  to  the  cap- 
itals and  commercial  centers,  but  now  rapid 
progress  is  being  made  toward  rail  connec- 
tions with  the  Caribbean  side.  Costa  Rica  i« 
already  well  provided  in  this  respect,  and  its 
beautiful  capital  of  San  Jose  is  easily  reached 
in  a  day's  ride  through  impressive  sccncn' 
from  Port  Limon.  Guatemala  hopes  to  have 
its  railr<5ad  to  the  Gulf  of  Honduras  com- 
pleted next  fall.  Nicaragua  is  planning  a  line 
that  will  connect  the  Caribbean  Sea  with  its 
great  interior  lake,  while  Honduras  has  be- 
gun a  road  that  is  destined  to  provide  an  ap- 
proach on  the  same  side  to  Tegucigalpa.  In 
a  few  years  it  should  be  possible  to  cross  by 
rail  each  Central-American  country  from 
sea  to  sea.  An  era  of  continued  peace,  which 
ought  to  be  at  hand,  would  see  this  desired 
condition  of  communication  soon  accom- 
plished. 

COMPARATIVE    SIZE    OF    CENTRAL-AMERICAN 
STATES. 

Very  few  people  have  a  correct  impression 
of  the  size  of  Central  America  as  a  whole  or 
of  its  states,  taken  separately.  California 
seems  like  a  large  State.  It  extends  770 
miles  along  the  Pacific  and  has  an  extreme 
width  of  375  miles.  If  California  were  laid 
end  for  end  on  Central  America  it  would 
cover  it  with  the  exception  of  Salvador,  which 
is  just  the  size  of  New  Jersey  and  occupies  a 
little  over  7000  square  miles.  Stated  in  an- 
other wavr  if  Central  America  were  lifted  up 
bodily  and  laid  down  on  our  Atlantic  Coast 


RESOURCEFUL  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


71 


A  TYPICAL  GROUP  OF  COSTA   RICANS. 


It  would  just  hide  all  New  England,  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey.  In 
short,  it  has  a  combined  area  of  approximately 
167,000  square  miles.  Individually,  aside 
from  Salvador,  already  mentioned,  the  states 
could  be  compared  as  follows:  Honduras  to 
Pennsylvania,  45.000  square  miles;  Guate- 
mala to  Mississippi,  47,000;  Nicaragua  to 
New  York,  49,000;  Costa  Rica  to  Vermont 
and  New  Hampshire,  18,000. 

Data     as      to     the    population     of    these 
states     are      somewhat     contradictory,     but 
the    ofRcial     figures    given    to    the    Inter- 
national    Bureau    of    American     Republics 
by   the    diplomatic   representatives    of    these 
countries     at     Washington    are    here    used. 
Guatemala  heads  the  list  with  i  ,364,678  peo- 
ple.   Then  comes  Salvador,  with  i  ,006,848 ; 
Honduras,    with   543,74^  J  Nicaragua,   with 
423,200,    and    Costa    Rica,    with    331,340, 
— a     grand      total     of     3,671,807.        This 
nearly  exceeds  that  of  either  Texas  or  Ten- 
nessee, and  is  about  twice  that  of  California. 
Such  a  population  should  disabuse  the  minds 
of  many  persons  that  Central  America  is  a 
sparsely  settled,  savage  land.    Of  course,  there 
arc  considerable  portions  of  the  low  lands 
and  along  the  seacoasts  where  the  inhabitants 
are  few,  and  even  these  live  in  most  primitive 
manner,  but  on  the  plateaus  and  higher  sec- 


tions of  the  interior  are  cities  and  towns  of 
advanced  civilization,  with  up-to-date  fea- 
tures of  municipal  life,  and  an  agricultural 
population  that  leaves  little  valuable  land 
unoccupied. 

CONDITIONS   OF    POPULATION    AND  DEVELOP- 
MENT. 

It  is  a  surprise  to  the  man  who  has  not 
studied  Central  America  to  learn  that  Salr 
vador,  with  only  7000  square  miles,  has  more 
than  1,000,000  inhabitants.  This  indicates  a 
density  of  population  far  greater  than  that 
of  New  Hampshire  or  Vermont,  and  means 
that  there  are  not  many  "  deserted  farms " 
for  sale  in  Salvador!  Guatemala,  with  an 
increasing  population  that,  since  the  last  cen- 
sus, has  probably  now  reached  nearly  1,500,- 
000,  cannot  be  regarded  as  a  land  of  untrav- 
ersed  jungle,  for  the  density  of  population  is 
greater  than  that  of  Louisiana.  Honduras 
has  the  largest  area  of  unused  country,  with 
Nicaragua  next,  but  the  development  of  the 
banana  industry  and  the  demand  for  valuable 
timber  grown  in  the  low  interior  sections  are 
destined  to  make  every  unknown  part  accessi- 
ble and  open  to  exploitation. 

Too  strong  emphasis  cannot  be  placed  on 
the  varied  riches  and  possibilities  of  these 
five  republics.     Taken  as  a  whole,  they  pos- 


72 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^lElV  OF  REl^lEWS. 


scss  more  agricultural  and  timber  wealth  than 
mining  potentialities,  but  they  are  developing 
rapidly  along  all  three  lines  in  a  way  to 
prove  that  they  have  not  been  appreciated 
heretofore,  either  in  Europe  or  in  the  United 
'  States. 

The  number  of  recent  disturbances  in  Cen- 
tral America  has  given  the  impression  abroad 
that  these  nations  are  always  in  a  state  of 
strife,  and  hence  that  commerce  and  material 
progress  have  little  to  encourage  them.  A 
consideration,  however,  of  the  figures  of  their 
foreign  trade  with  the  world  at  large,  and 
tvith  the  United  States  in  particular,  demon- 
strates that  despite  warlike  struggles  at  fre- 
quent intervals  they  have  time  and  money  to 
do  a  very  fair  business  with  the  outside  world. 

CLIMATIC    CHARACTERISTICS    OF   CENTRAL 
AMERICA. 

People  are  always  asking:  What  is  the 
i climate  of  Central  America;  is  it  not  un- 
favorable to  North  Americans  or  to  per- 
sons accustomed  to  a  temperate  climate? 
Were  the  entire  area  of  Central  America  sim- 
ilar to  the  part  along  the  Caribbean  coast,  I 
should  be  inclined  to  speak  disparagingly  of 
it,  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  large  sec- 
tions are  located  either  at  such  an  altitude  or 
in  such  relation  to  prevailing  winds  that  the 
temperature  seldom  becomes  too  hot  for  ordi- 
nary comfort,  and  never  too  cold.  Even  in 
the  lower  and  so-called  fever,  malarial,  and 


THE     NATIONAL    THEATRE    OF    COSTA    RICA    AT    SAN    J0s£. 


THE  CATHEDRAL  AT  GUATEMALA   CITY. 

mosquito  districts,  it  is  wonderful  what  a 
change  can  be  wrought  by  clearing  away  the 
jungle,  providing  good  sewerage  and  pure 
water,  and  generally  developing  a  sanitar}' 
environment.  Then,  the  terrors  of  excessive 
heat  seem  to  disappear  and  the  tropics  become 
a  source  of  delight. 

What  has  been  done  at  Panama  can  be 
duplicated  everywhere  in  Central  America  if 
the  same  methods  arc 
employed.  There  is 
hardly  a  depressing, 
forbidding  port  of 
Guatemala,  Honduras, 
Salvador,  Nicaragua, 
and  Costa  Rica  which 
could  not  be  made 
healthy  and  habitable 
for  foreigners  if  a  well- 
developed  plan  for 
sanitation  were  carried 
to  complete  execution. 
This  is  sure  to  come 
some  day,  with  the  re- 
sult that  the  whole 
so-called  "  Mosquho 
Coast "  and  the  re- 
mainder of  the  Carib- 
bean shore  of  Central 
America  will  be  busy 
with  prosperous  com- 
m  e  r  c  i  a  1  entrepots^ 
which,  in  turn,  will 
be   connected    by   rail- 


RESOURCEFUL  CENTRAL  AMERICA, 


73 


roads  with  all  parrs  of  the  hitherto  impen- 
etrable jungle,  as  well  as  with  the  moun- 
tain capitals  and  towns.  In  fact,  I  look  to 
see,  during  the  next  twenty  years,  a  trans- 
formation in  Central  America  which  will  as- 
tonish the  world  and  make  it  difficult  to 
realize  that,  in  1907,  it  was  conunonly  re- 
garded as  a  terra  incognita, 

HOW  TO  REACH  CENTRAL-AMERICAN   CITIES. 

The  query  is  often  propounded  to  the  In- 
ternational Bureau  of  American  Republics: 
How  does  a  visitor  go  to  the  principal  cities 
of  Central  America,  and  what  are  the  condi- 
tions of  travel?  The  best  way  to-day  to 
reach  Guatemala  City,  the  capital  of  Guate- 
mala; San  Salvador,  the  capital  of  Salvador; 
Tegucigalpa,  the  capital  of  Honduras,  and 
Managua,  the  capital  of  Nicaragua,  is  either 
by  the  way  of  Panama  and  the  Pacific  or  by 
San  Francisco  and  the  Pacific,  except  that 
the  new-  rail  route  across  the  isthmus  of  Te- 
huantepec  may  presently  provide  connections 
that  will  he  quicker  than  the  route  via  Sart 
Francisco  or  Panama.  San  Jose,  the  capital 
of  Costa  Rica,  has  direct  rail  connections  with 
Port  Liroon,  on  the  Caribbean  shore,  and  will 
soon  have  a  through  railroad  to  Punta  Arenas 
on  the  Pacific  Gulf  of  Nicoya.  The  port  of 
Guatemala  City  is  the  town  of  San  Jose,  from 
which  a  railroad  runs  to  the  capital.  The 
line  from  the  Caribbean,  soon  to  be  com- 
pleted, begins  at  Puerto  Barrios.    Northvvest- 


THE  BANK   OF  COSTA  RICA. 


tHE    WHITE    HOUSE,    SAN    SALVADOR. 

ern  Guatemala  is  reached  through  the  ports 
of  Ocos  and  Champerico,  and  a  railroad  ex- 
tends from  the  latter  place  to  several  impor- 
tant towns  of  the  interior.  The  principal 
port  of  Salvador  is  Acajutla,  from  which  a 
railroad  carries  one,  in 
five  hours,  to  the  city 
of  San  Salvador.  From 
La  Libertad  there  is 
a  fair  mountain  road, 
but  it  has  been  little 
used  since  the  railway 
was  completed. 

The  capital  of  Hon- 
duras has  its  port  at 
Amapala,  on  the  Pa- 
cific Gulf  of  Fonseca, 
and  a  good  macadam- 
ized road  extends  from 
San  Lorenzo  to  Te- 
gucigalpa, on  which 
automobiles  are  oper- 
ated. •  A  railroad  is 
planned  and  partly 
constructed  to  connect 
Tegucigalpa  not  only 
with  the  Gulf  of  Fon- 
seca, but  also  with 
Puerto  Cortez,  on  the 
Caribbean   Gulf   of 


74 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Honduras.  When  these  roads  will  be  coii- 
plcted  is,  however,  uncertain.  The  chief  port 
of  Nicaragua  is  Corinto,  on  the  Pacific  side. 
From  this  port,  a  railroad  runs  to  Managua, 
and  thence  to  Granada,  on  Lake  Nicaragua. 

PRECAUTIONS  FOR  TRAVELERS. 

The  capital  towns  of  the  Central-Ameri- 
can republics  vary  in  population,  but  all  pro- 
vide hotels  and  clubs  that  are  comfortable. 
New  York  and  Paris  hostelries  do  not 
abound,  as  there  is  no  demand  for  them,  but 
unless  a  man  is  a  chronic  "  kicker  "  he  need 
not  be  unhappy  in  his  Central -American  sur- 
roundings. Whoever  goes  there  should  be 
provided  with  an  abundance  of  light  cloth- 
ing, such  as  white  duck,  brown  khaki,  or  thin 
flannel.  He  must  guard  against  the  sun  in 
the  middle  of  the  day,  and  should  wear,  un- 
less he  carries  an  umbrella,  a  pith  hat  or 
some  kind  of  sun  helmet.  After  the  sun  is 
well  down,  the  air  cools  off  immediately,  and 
the  nights  are  generally  cool.  Except  m  tne 
higher  altitudes,  a  mosquito  net  is  absolutely 
necessary,  and  no  traveler  along  the  coast  or 
in  the  low  interior  should  be  caught  without 
one.    If  any  time  is  spent  in  this  section,  it  is 


also  well  to  take  regular  doses  of  quinine,  ac- 
cording to  one's  capacity  or  health,  in  order 
to  guard  against  malaria.  Ordinary  care 
should  also  be  exercised  in  the  kind  of  food 
consumed,  and  even  more  care  in  die  kind 
of  water  that  is  drunk. 

I  do  not  wish  to  frighten  anybody  or  make 
it  appear  that  there  is  any  particular  danger 
while  traveling  in  these  countries.  I  desire 
rather  to  make  a  few  simple  suggestions, 
which,  if  followed,  will  make  travel  and  life 
there  more  safe  and  agreeable.  As  to  myself, 
I  can  say  that  during  many  years*  residence 
as  United  States  Minister  in  different  tropi- 
cal countries  of  the  Orient  and  America,  in- 
cluding a  year  at  Panama  (before  it  was 
made  healthy  and  sanitary  through  the  great 
work  of  Colonel  Gorgas),  I  never  experi- 
enced a  day*s  sickness  from  any  kind  of  trop- 
ical complaint.  I  exercised  common-sense 
care  of  myself,  and  nothing  more.  To-day,  I 
visit  the  heart  of  the  tropics  with  far  less  hesi- 
tation than  I  do  New  England  in   winter. 

TRADE^  COMMERCE^  AND  FINANCIAL  STATUS. 

That  this  discussion  of  Central  America 
may  contain  some  exact  information  about  its 


l»Mi   n|     illl     IMIHMM    \u    111)1    «,o\|UvNM»NI    r.NJ.AvK  OK    HONDURAS,   AT  TEGUCIGALPA, 


RESOURCEFUL  CENTRAL   AMERICA. 


75 


SORTING   COFFEE,    SAN    SALVADOR. 


trade,  commerce,  and  general  business,  the 
latest  statistics  and  figures,  prepared  in  the 
International  Bureau  of  American  Republics, 
of  which  the  writer  is  the  director,  are  given 
in  summarized  form.  The  total  foreign 
commerce,  exports  and  imports,  of  the  five 
republics  amounted  last  year  to  the  consid- 
erable total  of  $56,133,000.  Of  this,  exports 
were  ?l32, 1 70,000  ^nd  imports  $23,963,000, 
or  a  favDrable  balance  of  nearly  $10,000,000. 
The  share  of  the  L  nited  States  in  the  above 
tfade  Ts  ifitcrestinji  to  note,  because  it  aver- 
aged alxnit  haU,  The  total  was  $26,376,000, 
of  H^iach  exports  to  the  United  States  were 
5i4v992»OtTO,  and  imports  from  the  United 
Srttes  $!  I,. 184,000, 

Taking  t-ach  crinntry  in  turn  for  the  pur- 
pose of  providing  accurate  and  specific  infor- 
madon,  it  is  noted  that  the  total  trade  of 
Guatemala  with  the  world  is  $i'5 ,082,000, 
of  which  $6,844,000  are  imports  and  $8,238,- 
000  are  exports.  Of  this,  the  portion  of  the 
United  States  \s  $5,582,000,  divided  as  fol- 
lows: Imports,  $2,707,000;  exports,  $2,875,- 
000.    The  budget  for  1906-07  estimates  the 


revenues  of  the  government  at  $25,000,000. 

Salvador  enjoys  a  foreign  commerce  of 
$9,986,000,  divided  into  exports  of  $5,640,- 
000  and  imports  of  $4,346,000.  The  share 
of  the  United  States  is  $2,580,000,  with  ex- 
ports of  $1,225,000  and  imports  of  $i,355,- 
000.  The  annual  budget  for  1906-07  esti- 
mates the  national  revenues  at  $8,644,295. 

Honduras  conducts  an  external  trade  with 
the  world  of  $7,857,000,  of  which  exports 
are  $5,564,000  and  imports  $2,293,000. 
The  United  States'  proportion  of  this  trade 
is  valued  at  $6,322,000,  or  much  the  largest 
part,  of  which  exports  to  the  United  States 
are  $4,632,000  and  imports  therefrom 
$1,690,000.  The  last  budget  places  the  reve- 
nues at  $3,043,000.  Although  the  foreign 
debt  is  heavy,  Honduras  has  marvelous  re- 
sources, which,  developed,  will  enable  her  to 
meet  her  obligations. 

Nicaragua's  foreign  commerce  reaches  a 
total  of  $7,128,000,  of  which  $3,926,000 
represents  exports,  and  $3,202,000  imports. 
Of  these,  the  share  of  the  United  States  is 
nearly    half,    as    the    total    is    $3,757,000, 


76 


THE  AMERICAS  MONTHLY  kE^IEl^  OF  REf^/EU^S. 


with  exports  at  $2,089,000  and  imports  at 
$1,668,000.  The  annual  income  for  gov- 
ernment expenses  is  about  $20,000,000. 
Nicaragua  gives  every  ev'idencc  of  being 
on  the  highway  to  great  material  progress, 
and  is  offering  exceptional  opportunities 
for  the  investment  of  capital  in  both  min- 
ing and  agriculture.  Great  public  improve- 
ments are  also  contemplated  that  will  add 
much   to  the  prosperity  of  the  country. 

Although  Costa  Rica  ranks  fourth  in  area 
among  the  Central-American  republics,  she 
stands  a  good  second  in  foreign  trade.  This 
amounted,  in  1906,  to  the  large  sum  of  $16,- 
000,000,  of  which  the  exports  were  $8,802,- 
000  and  imports  $7,278,000.  The  United 
States  shared  to  the  extent  of  about  half,  or 
$8,135,000,  with  exports  and  imports,  re- 
spectively, at  $4,171,000  and  $J .964,00a 
The   revenue   for   i9o6-'o7   is  estimated  at 

$3,372,795. 

Ever>'body  who  visits  Costa  Rica  carries 
away  a  good  impression  and  has  great  con- 
fidence in  its  future.  The  banana  business 
has  grown  to  such  size  that  it  has  become  a 
decided  source  of  wealth  to  the  country  and 
people.  Mining  has  not  been  conducted  on 
a  large  scale,  but  considerable  mineral  wealth 
is  believed  to  exist  in  the  mountains. 


PWNCIP.\L  PRODUCTS  SOLD  AND  BOUGHT. 

The  character  of  the  trade  of  Central 
America  with  the  world  and  with  the  United 
States  can  be  best  appreciated  by  noting  some 
of  the  principal  articles  which  are  exported 
and  imported.  Central  Americans  sell  abroad 
coffee,  bananas,  rubber,  cacao,  dyewoods, 
valuable  lumber,  like  mahogany  and  other 
cabinet  woods,  hides  and  skins,  rice,  sugar, 
indigo,  balsam,  tobacco,  and  minerals.  They 
buy  cotton  and  woolen  cloth,  machinery,  rail- 
way, electric  and  mining  outfits,  wheat  flour, 
drugs,  and  medicines,  iron  and  steel  manu- 
factures, sacks  for  export  of  coffee  and  fruit, 
canned  provisions,  and  a  host  of  lesser  arti- 
cles- The  list  is  long  enough  to  show  that 
there  are  great  opportunities  in  Central 
America  for  the  manufacturers  and  exporters 
of  the  United  States  if  they  will  make  vigor- 
ous efforts  to  exploit  it  along  legitimate  lines. 
As  this  trade  will  next  year  reach  a  total 
valuation  of  $60,000,000,  it  should  be  care- 
fully investigated  by  all  those  interested. 

The  prindpal  centers  of  trade  and  indus- 
try in  Central  America  include  Guatemala 
City,  which  has  96,000  people;  Coban, 
Toonicapan,  and  Quezaltenango,  in  Guate- 
mala, M-ith  about  25,000  each;  Tegucigalpa 


MERCED   STREET   IN    GUATEMALA   CITY. 


RESOURCEFUL  CENTRAL  AMERICA. 


77 


with  about  34,000,  and  Comayagua  with 
10.000,  in  Honduras;  Leon  with  60,000, 
Granada  with  30,000,  and  Managua  with 
25,000,  in  Nicaragua;  San  Salvador  with 
60.000,  and  Santa  Ana  with  48,000,  in  Sal- 
vador, and  San  Jose  with  25,000,  Heredia 
with  10,000,  and  Limon  with  7000,  in  Costa 
Rica.  Many  of  these  towns  are  also  seats 
of  notable  institutions  of  learning,  such  as 
the  schools  of  law  and  medicine  at  Guate- 
mala City,  the  Institute  of  Jurisprudence  and 
Political  Science  at  Tegucigalpa,  the  Na- 
tional University  at  San  Salvador,  the 
schools  of  law,  medicine,  and  pharmacy  at 
Managua  and  Leon,  and  the  schools  of  law 
and  medicine  in  San  Jose. 

If  any  one  assumes  that  because  there  are 
occasional  revolutions  in  Central  America 
and  the  climate  is  somewhat  tropical,  there  is 
not  a  considerable  element  of  highly  educated 
and  refined  men  and  women  in  the  chief 
cities  and  towns,  he  labors  under  great  error. 
A  large  proportion  of  the  well-to-do  people 
have  traveled  abroad  and  send  their  sons  or 


NATIVES  OF  SAN   SALVADOR. 

men,  who  are  well  known  throughout  all 
Latin  America  and  who  are  becoming 
better  known  in  the  United  States.  The 
society  found  by  the  visitor  in  the  Central- 
American  capitals  is  always  more  interest- 
ing and  cultured  than  he  expects  to  meet 
before  he  has  acquired  familiarity  with 
actual  conditions.  Guatemala  City,  for 
instance,  is  a  remarkable  capital,  with 
nearly  100,000  people,  which  will  become 
a  popular  point  for  travelers  and  tour- 
ists from  the  United  States  when  the  Pan- 
American  Railroad  or.  the  new  line  from  the 
Caribbean  shore  is  completed.  In  fact, 
Guatemala  has  a  splendid  future  before  it, 
but  the  world  has  only  recently  begun  to 
appreciate  its  resources  and  possibilities. 
Much  might  also  be  said  of  the  conditions 
and  attractions  of  the  other  Central-Ameri- 
can capitals,  like  San  Jose,  Managua,  Teguci- 
galpa, and  Safi  Salvador,  but  there  is  not 
space  in  this  brief  article. 


IfAlJ-n    WiLi.ANifc,    >.\l.\A.lHhK. 


BENEFITS  OF   AN 


INTERCONTINENTAL   RAIL- 
WAY. 


'^.mrtx  ^>  the  L^^nfted  States  and   lairope 

■  i-.-^iuial    advantages    in    addition    to  No  matter  how  many  steamship  lines  may 

fiSrlSfc  schools.     Each  country  has  pro-  be    put    in    operation    between    the    Pacific, 

^ttccd  writers,    historians,    poets,    novelists.  Gulf,    and    Atlantic    ports    of    the    United 

jurists,  doctors  and  surgeons,  as  well  as  states-  States  and   Central   America,   the   principal 


78 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REt^/EtV  OF  REyiElVS. 


THF.    NATIONAL   UNIVERSITY   OF   SAN    SALVADOR. 


iMtics  and  points  of  this  section  of  the 
North- American  amtinent  will  never  be 
I rache\l  rapidly  and  by  larpe  numbers  of  peo- 
ple until,  the  Pan-American  Railway  system 
is  a»n>itructed  innw  Mexico  down  through 
tJuatrmala,  Salvador,  Honduras,  Nicaragua, 
ttiul  \.\>sta  Rica  to  Panama.  The  line  now 
I  caches  practically  to  the  border  of  Guate- 
«^><Ua»  anvl  there  are  no  insurmountable  diffi- 
culties in  amnevtin^  it  with  the  small  systems 
tUM\ul\  in  ojH^ration,  or  in  course  of  construc- 
'»*»i^»  in  these  different  states.  If  the  movc- 
UUMU  which  has  been  so  strongly  urged  by  cx- 
>^*i\atvM  lleniy  Ci.  Davis,  of  West  Virginia, 
*|«ul  winch  has  been  approved  by  the  different 
•  <u>  AuvtMican  Conferences,  is  carried  to  a 
y'M>.v»MM\»atuMK  it  will  be  one  of  the  greatest 
'*»»NNaul  Htops  to  Pan  American  unity.  In 
Y^^  Venn,  it  hIuuiKI  he  jM^ssihle  for  a  traveler 


v\»  1 


ew  ^  ork  and  make  the 

<^>    each    ot    the    Central-American 

»v  vouiioH.^hle  PviUinan  trains. 

^H»  sraix  i^Vnttal  America  was  under 

^^><hv»nts,    ho^'iivnin^    with    the    in- 

«v»  M\y\  }K^y\:!x  de  Alvarado  on 

»»>vl  v;»l  Vlon/alos  de  Avila  on  the 

tN»»n»\M  \.u\u*  vlv»\\i\  t'rom  Mexi- 


''  ^  ^'^  '^''v   <ho  \mw\  vame  up  fnmi  Pana- 


ma, taking  possession  of  what  is  now  Costa 
Rica  and  Nicaragua.  For  long  years,  Central 
America  was  known  as  the  Kingdom  of 
Guatemala,  w^ith  governors  appointed  by  the 
Spanish  Government,  After  their  independ- 
ence was  consummated  in  the  year  182 1, 
and,  until  1847,  these  countries  remained  as 
one  republic.  Since  they  separated  there  have 
been  various  efforts  to  unite  them  again  into 
one  nation,  but  none  of  these  has  been  com- 
pletely successful. 

THE  BUREAU  OF  THE  AMERICAN  REPUBLICS, 

The  International  Bureau  of  the  Ameri- 
can Republics,  in  Washington,  which  has  the 
twofold  purpose  of  developing  commerce  and 
trade  and  of  promoting  better  relations  and 
closer  acquaintance  among  all  the  nations 
of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  w^ill  be  glad  to 
answer  any  inquiries  from  the  readers  of  the 
Review  of  Reviews  about  the  resources,  pos- 
sibilities, and  general  development  of  the  Cen- 
tral-American republics  which  maybe  suggest- 
ed by  this  brief  description,  while  the  able 
ministers  in  Washington  and  consuls-general 
in  New  York  City  of  these  countries  are  al- 
ways ready  to  consider  legitimate  and  serious 
questions  from  those  who  may  be  interested. 


A  YEAR   OF   DELAYED   HARVESTS. 


npHE  first  half  of  1907  will  be  notable  in 
agricultural    annals    for    its    unseason- 
able weather,   the   uncertainty  of   its   crop 
outlook,  its  delayed  harvests. 

Naturally  the  present  harvest  interest  of 
the  United  States  concerns  wheat,  now  being 
gathered  over  the  southern  half  of  approxi- 
mately 45,ocx),ooo  acres  sown  in  this  coun- 
try to  that  cereal,  and  which  shares  with  corn 
the  precedence  among  farm  products  in 
Amenca«  Further,  it  is  of  wheat  alone  that 
production  estimate  can  be  made  at  this  date. 

OLD-WORLD  HARVEST  DISCOURAGEMENT. 

Ai  the  beginning  of  the  growing  season 
unfavorable  conditions  were  manifest,  not 
aloof  in  America  but  to  some  degree  in  all 
the  Oy-WorliJ  grain- raising  area.  In  cen- 
tral Rii$$:a  and  the  Danubian  provinces  the 
whrat-plant  had  been  damaged;  Germany 
rqwrted  wheat  suffering  from  winter  kill- 
ing; southern  Russia  and  the  Balkan  states 
had  late  seeding  and  lessened  acreage  because 
of  excessive  rains;  interior  France  gave  dis- 
couraging bulletins;  parts  of  Bulgaria  told 
of  the  severest  winter  effects  in  forty  years, 
while  bad  weather  lessened  India's  promise. 
Argentina  alone  seemed  satisfied  with  crop- 
so^^ing  operations. 

European  crop  news  became  more  favor- 
able in  mid-June,  when  needed  rains  broke 
droughts  in  Russia  and  some  other  parts  of 
Europe,  but  the  wheat  situation  continued 
below  normal. 

In  America  two  compelling  factors  have 
grcady  influenced  the  yield :  The  northward 
movement  of  the  "  green  bug,"  or  grain 
louse,  and  the  southward-reaching  line  of 
killing  frost  at  an  unprecedented ly  late  date. 

THE   "  GREEN-BUG  "   RAVAGES. 

As  early  as  March,  a  month  marked  by 
exceptionally  high  temperature  throughout 
the  Middle-West  grain-belt,  the  "  green 
bug^s "  ravages  were  reported  from  northern 
Texas,  with  the  pest,  fostered  by  the  early 
opened  spring,  rapidly  working  into  Okla- 
homa. By  April  it  had  reached  Kansas  and 
vas  damaging  the  southern  counties  of  that 
State.  A  campaign  of  extermination  was 
begun  by  the  entomological  department  of 
Kansas  University-,  assisted  by  millers,  grain 
<iealeT8,  and  commercial  clubs.   Over  12,000 


boxes  of  parasite  enemies  of  the  grain  louse 
were  distributed  in  seventy  counties  where 
need  was  greatest.  This  agency,  together 
with  the  unfavorable  weather  of  May, 
checked  the  main  army's  northward  progress, 
but  not  until  it  had  damaged  seriously  the 
southern  portion  of  the  winter-wheat  area, 
particularly  in  Texas,  Oklahoma,  and  south- 
ern Kansas,  where  thousands  of  acres  were 
totally  destroyed.  It  infested  similarly 
southeastern  Colorado,  where  in  early  June 
farmers  plowed  under  much  wheat  because  of 
injury  to  the  plant.  Southern  Nebraska  also 
at  this  date  was  reporting  impairment  of 
wheat  from  the  insect's  inroads.  Ohio  and 
Indiana  about  this  time  noted  its  presence  in 
oat-fields,  and  it  was  reported  on  the  western 
edge  of  Missouri. 

The  "  green  bug  "  is  an  importation,  first 
described  in  Italy  in  1852.  In  1884  it  was 
found  in  Maryland,  though  not  in  damaging 
numbers.  In  1890  it  appeared  in  Indiana, 
devastating  the  oats  in  some  counties.  It  also 
in  that  year  infested  Southern  wheat-fields 
and  was  recognized  as  a  pest,  its  operations 
reaching  north  to  latitude  39°  30'.  In  1901 
it  appeared  in  Texas,  lessening  materially  the 
crop  yields.  Then  it  created  no  anxiety  until 
the  peculiar  climatic  conditions  of  the  winter 


APPROXIMATE       WHEAT      TERRITORY      INFESTED      BY 
GREEN   BUGS  TO  JUNE   12,    I907. 


80 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


UNE  OF   KILLING  FROST  ON    MAY  27,    I907. 
(Note  the  low  latitudes  reached  In  the  West.) 


of   1906-7  brought  it  into  renewed  general 
activity. 

LATE  FROSTS  IN  SPRING. 

While  this  injury  was  progressing  north- 
ward, the  lowest  spring  temperature  on  rec- 
ord was  reaching  down  toward  the  Gulf  in 
lines  that  surprised  and  discouraged  farm 
managers.  Ordinarily,  mid-April  ends  the 
frost  damage  in  the  Western  wheat-belt. 
This  year  freezing  temperature  came  as  late 
as  May  27  over  a  large  portion  of  that  area; 
June  2  recorded  the  lowest  average  tempera- 
ture of  any  June  day  in  the  books,  while  the 
average  for  April  and  May  was  below  the 
average  of  those  months  in  any  previous  sea- 
son. Even  in  the  South  crop  experts  declare 
the  season  to  have  been  the  most  "  back- 
ward "  since  1855.  The  frost-line  on  May 
27  dipped  down  to  the  ver\'  edge  of  Oklaho- 
ma, overlapping  the  northward  movement  of 
the  grain  louse.  One  night's  low  temperature 
ruined  over  5CK),ooo  acres  of  wheat  in  Kansas 
alone. 

The  effect  of  this  delay  in  summer's  ap- 
proach was  twofold:  First,  the  winter-wheat 
acreage,  which  reaches  as  far  north  as  middle 
Nebraska,  was  retarded  in  growth,  and  by 
the  final  shcKk  on  May  27  was  greatly  im- 
paired in  the  heading  process;  second,  spring- 


wheat  seeding  in  the  Dakotas  and  in  the  rap- 
idly growing  wheat  territory  of  Western 
Canada  was  held  back  to  an  untimely  date. 
The  increased  area  of  Western  Canada 
farms,  however,  may  oflFset  to  some  extent 
the  deficiency  in  condition,  though  last  year's 
total  of  120,000,000  bushels  is  only  to  be 
reached  by  very  favorable  conditions  hciu»- 
forth. 

SPECULATIVE  MARKETS*  FLUCTUATIONS, 

Speculative  markets  reflected  weather  va- 
garies in  rapidly  rising  grain  prices.  July 
wheat  options  in  Chicago  and  Kansas  Cit>' 
were  quoted : 

Kansas  CItj.  Chicago. 

March  15 75K  77% 

April  1 7134  7SH 

April   15 : T\\  81 1, 

Mey   1 7.V^  83»i, 

May   15 SC.v^  93V. 

Ma.v  21 \\:\\\  lOlC 

June  12 84%  90vi 

The  realization,  on  May  21,  of  the  far- 
mer's dream  of  "  dollar  wheat "  followed  a 
week  of  pessimistic  reports  of  damage  from 
frost  and  bugs, — but  it  vanished  when  early 
June  rains  and  sunshine  in  part  had  dissi- 
pated the  anxiet>\ 

The  Government  report  on  June  10  \%-as 
awaited  with  intercut.  The  average  condi- 
tion of  winter  w^eat  in  the  United  States  on 
June  I  was  given  as  ^^^  as  compared  with 


A   YEAR  OF  DELAYED  HARl^ESTS. 


81 


82.9 a  month  previous;  82.7  on  June  i,  1906; 
85.5  on  June  i,  1905,  and  a  ten-year  average 
of  8 1. 1.  The  first  report  of  the  season  on 
spring  wheat  was  made,  showing  an  average 
condition  of  88.7,  as  compared  with  93.4  at 
the  corresponding  date  last  year;  93.7  on 
June  I,  1905,  and  a  ten-year  average  of  93.3. 

EXPORT  DEMAND  AND  CHANGES. 

This  report  indicates  a  probable  winter- 
wheat  crop  in  the  United  States  of  381,000,- 
000  bushels,  compared  with  492,000,000 
bushels  last  year;  of  spring  wheat,  255,000,- 
000,  compared  with  242,000,000  last  year, 
making  a  shortage  of  100,000,000  bushels 
compared  with  last  year.    The  six-3^ar  period 

shows : 

Bushels. 

1907 636,000,000 

IW)« 735,000.000 

190R 692,000,000 

VMH 552,000,000 

1903 637,000,000 

1902 670,000,000 

London  authorities  state  that  the  European 
wheat  shortage  this  year  will  be  at  least 
120,000,000  bushels,  as  compared  with  last 
year,  even  if  Russia  should  raise  as  much  as 
in  1906,  which  is  considered  possible.  With 
100,000,000  bushels  shortage  in  the  United 
States  and  20,000,000  bushels  deficiency  in 
Canada,  a  possible  result  of  the  month-late 


seeding  season,  with  a  similar  loss  in  India, 
probably  offset  by  minor  wheat  countries  and 
Argentina,  and  •  allowing  other  producers 
whose  condition  is  yet  in  doubt  approximate- 
ly the  same  yields  as  last  year,  we  shall  have 
for  the  world's  production  in  1907: 

BnshelB. 

Europe 1,720,000,000 

North   America 743,000.000 

South   America 162,000,000 

Other  countries 540,000,000 

Total 3,165,000,000 

While  this  is  practically  the  same  yield  as 
^903,  and  considerably  larger  than  the  crops 
of  1900,  1 90 1,  or  1902,  it  means  that  there 
is  now  a  prospect  for  a  possible  240,000,000 
bushels  shortage  in  the  world's  crop,  as  com- 
pared with  the  harvest  of  1906. 

GROWING  HOME  CONSUMPTION. 

The  significance  of  this  is  the  probability 
that  the  production  in  this  country  may  easily 
prove  insufficient  for  a  year's  normal  con- 
sumption, necessitating  a  drain  on  reserve 
stocks  and  consequently  higher  prices  for  the 
coming  twelve  months.  Europe  has  been 
drawing  oflf  American  wheat  since  August, 
1906.  For  the  first  ten  months  of  this  fiscal 
year  Europe  took  66,000,000  bushels,  as 
against  32,000,000  for  the  preceding  year. 
For  the  full  fiscal  year  the  exports  of  wheat, 


AVERAGE   DATES    OF    KILLING    FROSTS    IN    THE    SPRING    OF    I907. 
(The  April  frosts  extended  well  Into  the  South.) 


82 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


including  flour  in  terms  of  wheat,  will  aggre- 
gate about  i40,oob,<xx)  bushels,  against  98,- 
000,000  in  the  fiscal  year  1906  and  44,000,- 
000  in  1905. 

These  figures  suggest  that  the  ability  of 
the  United  States  to  contribute  to  the  bread- 
stuff supply  of  the  other  parts  of  the  world 
is  still  considerable  in  years  of  normal  crops, 
notwithstanding  the  growth  of  the  consuming 
population  and  the  drift  of  emigration  from 
the  agricultural  area  to  the  manufacturing 
centers. 

It  should  be  remembered,  however,  that 
from  last  year's  record-breaking  crop  Ameri- 
can farmers  had  on  hand  March  i,  206,600,- 
000  bushels,  or  46,000,000  bushels  more  than 
in  March,  1906;  95,000,000  bushels  more 
than  in  1905,  and  by  far  the  largest  quantity 
in  two  decades.  This  should  make  up  for 
considerable  deficiency. 

WHEAT   SHORTAGE   AND    PROSPERITY. 

The  economic  relation  of  a  wheat  shortage 
to  general  prosperity  is  intimate.  In  each  of 
the  five  years  ending  with  June  30,  1906,  this 
country  was  growing  an  average  of  660,000,- 
000  bushels,  and  exporting  140,000,000 
bushels.    The  totals  are : 

Consumption. 
Bushels. 
514,000,000 
467,000,000 
517,000,000 
511,000.000 
595,000,000 


Crop. 

Export. 

Bushels. 

Bushels. 

1002 

748,000,000 

235,000,000 

1003 

070,000,000 

203,000,000 

1904 

038,000,000 

121,000,000 

1905 

552,000,000 

44,000,000 

1906 

093,000,000 

98,000,000 

Average...  060,000,000     142,000,000     520,000,000 

If  the  present  indication  of  a  total  yield 
of  636,000,000  bushels  be  maintained,  the 
farmers  will  not  make  so  bad  a  showing  after 
all,  though  they  may  gather  some  25,000,000 
bushels  less  wheat  than  the  average  of  the 
past  six  years  of  plenty.  How  large  will  be 
the  margin  between  the  total  yield  and  the 
consumption  demand  will  depend  on  how 
the  spring  wheat  in  the  Northwest,  not  yet  in 
the  heading-out  stage,  comes  on.  It  may,  in- 
deed, turn  out  that  the  full  average  will  be 
upheld. 

corn's  late  start. 

The  same  climatic  conditions  in  the  United 
States  that  hampered  wheat  were  detrimental 
to  corn.  Farmers  delayed  their  planting,  and 
when  at  last  seedihg  was  done,  cold  and 
drought  held  back  the  crop's  growth  until  in 
some  sections  replanting  was  necessary.  As  a 
result,  the  corn  crop  is  three  weeks  behind 
its  usual  condition,  and  over  most  of  the  corn- 
growing  States  it  was  in  mid- June  only  a 
few  inches  high.    In  many  fields  where  v/heat 


was  plowed  up  because  of  damage  from  bugs 
or  frost,  corn  took  its  place,  this  increased 
acreage  probably  so  offsetting  the  corn  lost  at 
first  planting  that  the  acreage  is  brou^t 
practically  to  that  of  last  year. 

Nothing  can  be  predicted  of  com  until  the 
hot  winds  of  summer  have  passed  and  danger 
of  early  frosts  in  autumn  is  gone.  The 
United  States  last  year  raised  2,927,000,000 
bushels  out  of  the  3,795,400,000  bushels 
production  of  the  world,  or  over  70  per  cent 
Thus  far  the  price  of  corn  has  advanced 
sympathetically  with  that  of  wheat,  sharing 
the  general  influence  of  an  anticipated  short- 
age of  breadstuffs,  and  if  the  crop  shall  real- 
ize the  present  fair  start,  it  will  add  material- 
ly to  the  farmer's  income.  Canada,  which 
raises  only  about  35,000,000  bushels,  has 
scarcely  started  on  its  corn  season. 

MINOR   crops'    outlook. 

The  oats  crop,  which  follows  closely  after 
com  and  wheat  in  importance  in  this  coun- 
try, has  an  average  outlook,  though  backward 
because  of  the  cold  spring,  and  the  probabil- 
ities are  for  about  the  yield  of  last  year.  Some 
sections,  notably  those  of  the  Middle  West, 
where  "  green  bugs  "  ruined  a  large  acreage 
and  frosts  did  harm,  will  give  small  returns, 
but  the  effect  is  local,  and  may  not  change 
materially  the  total  results.  Its  increase  of 
500,000  acres  will  go  far  toward  oflFsetting 
the  decrease  in  general  conditions. 

Forage  crops  are  likely  to  show  increased 
acreage,  taking  the  place  of  wheat  and  other 
crops  that  because  of  frosts  or  insects  have 
been  abandoned.  Barley  and  rye  show  con- 
ditions slightly  below  normal,  but  this  in- 
fluence is  not  material  in  the  general  sum- 
ming up  of  the  farmer's  outlook. 

HOW  MUCH  COTTON  SHORTAGE? 

The  prospects  now  are  that  a  cotton  crop 
of  the  proportions  of  last  year  is  out  of  the 
question.  How  much  less  it  will  be  is  a 
fundamental  problem  in  the  South.  The 
average  cotton  crop  of  the  past  decade  has 
been  a  little  over  11,000,000  bales.  Last 
year  it  was  10,777,000  bales.  The  outlook 
is  for  something  less  than  this, — it  may  fall 
as  low  as  10,000,000  bales.  But  the  milling 
capacity  and  demand  are  for  at  least  1,000,- 
000  bales  more,  and  the  effect  of  a  shortage 
would  not  only  decrease  the  income  of  cotton 
growers  directly  (a  minor  consideration  in 
the  economic  consideration  of  the  matter), 
but  would  reduce  the  earnings  of  transporta- 
tion companies  appreciably  and  intensify  the 


THE  MIDDLE  WEST  AND  WALL  STREET, 


83 


competition  among  the  textile  producers  of 
the  world.  Each  of  these  classes  would  shift 
as  much  as  possible  of  the  burden  upon  con- 
sumers, giving  further  impetus  to  the  upward 
trend  of  cotton  prices,  which  in  ^even  years 
have  increased  20  per  cent. 

MOVING  THE  CROPS. 

No  sooner  will  threshing  begin  in  the 
Western  grain-belt  than  the  railroads  will 
be  met  with  the  old  problem  of  moving  the 
crops.  Last  year  this  was  a  trial  until  mid- 
winter, when  it  was  followed  by  equal  diffi- 
culty in  transporting  fuel  and  merchandise  to 
those  in  need.  It  was  explained  then  that  worn- 
out  rolling  stock  and  deficient  trackage  were 
largely  responsible  for  the  trouble.  Whether 
or  not  these  delinquencies  have  been  remedied 
sufficiently  to  handle  the  present  harvest  re- 
mains to  be  seen.  Railway  managers  doubt- 
less are  well  satisfied  that  there  is  not  on  their 
hands  another  record-breaking  yield.  Tak- 
ing into  consideration  the  grain  yet  in  farm- 
ers* hands,  and  the  hurried  movement  that 
hi^  prices  may  encourage,  they  are  likely  to 
have  more  than  enough  to  do  for  many 
months  to  come. 

AMERICAN  farmers'  GOOD  I^ORTUNE. 

Good  fortune  appears  to  attend  the  Amer- 
ican farmer,  despite  the  belated  season.   The 


prospect  for  making  up  from  foreign  plenty 
the  shortage,  caused  by  delayed  sunshine  and 
abnormal  temperature  at  home,  is  small. 
Europe,  as  has  been  shown,  has  its  own  crop 
deterioration  to  consider;  Australia,  India, 
and  the  Philippines  will  give  no  marvelous 
returns  in  food  production ;  South  America  is 
optimistic,  but  the  extent  of  its  harvest  is  yet 
uncertain.  Lessened  bushels  of  grain  and 
lacking  bales  of  cotton  mean  continued  high 
prices, — not  to  be  beaten  down,  because  no- 
where in  the  world  is  an  opulence  of  yield 
visible. 

The  American  farmer  is  much  better  oflE 
than  he  expected  to  be  when  ice  and  snow  in 
May  caused  alarm.  On  the  whole,  his  de- 
layed harvest,  though  lessened  in  quantity, 
may  give  him  a  return  almost  as  satisfactory  in 
dollars  and  cents  as  some  of  greater  volume 
gone  before.  With  a  wheat  surplus  from 
last  year  in  his  granaries,  he  is  in  a  position 
to  contemplate  with  equanimity  the  coming 
twelvemonth. 

The  consumer  may  have  to  face  a  problem 
of  increased  living  expense,  but  the  farmer, 
even  if  his  corn  gives  only  a  moderately  satis- 
factory yield,  will  forget  last  spring's  gloomy 
perspective  and  consider  himself  well  treated. 
From  this  source,  at  least,  we  need  anticipate 
no  material  lessening  of  our  national 
prosperity. 


THE  MIDDLE  WEST   AND   WALL  STREET. 

BY    CHARLES    MOREAU    HARGER. 


\X^HEN,  in  the  early  spring,  reports  of 
the  Wall  Street  crash  in  stocks  were 
wired  over  the  country,  a  central  Kansas 
banker  was  startled  by  the  abrupt  entrance 
of  an  agitated  customer. 

"  The  bucket  shop  says  Union  Pacific  has 
fallen  tuenty-one  points,  and  the  whole  mar- 
ket has  had  a  panic,"  was  the  visitor's  an- 
nouncement. 

"  Is  that  so  ?  "  remarked  the  banker,  in  a 
non-committal  tone,  without  trace  of  excite- 
ment, and  as  if  there  were  no  particular 
significance  in  the  matter. 

He  utnt  on  calmly  making  out  twenty- 
dollar  notes  for  John  Smith  and  Richard 
Roc,  secured  by  mortgages  on  their  cows 
and  horses,  payable  sixty  days  after  date  at 
8  per  cent. 

That  was  about  the  effect  that  the  Wall 
Street  flurry  had  on  Western  banks  and 
feancial  interests  generally. 


To  put  it  bluntly:  The  West  has  about 
as  much  interest  in  the  operations  of  Wall 
Street  as  it  has  in  the  gambling  at  Monte 
Carlo.  It  cares  about  as  much  concerning* 
the  ups  and  downs  of  the  men  who  make  and 
break  the  prices  of  stock-market  securities  as 
it  cares  concerning  the  operators  at  Monte 
Carlo.  It  looks  upon  Wall  Street  as  a  gam- 
bling-place, not  as  a  business  center. 

Ten  years  ago  the  West  was  afraid  of 
Wall  Street.  It  knew  that  it  owed  a  great 
deal  of  money  to  the  East.  It  feared  that 
there  might  be  a  pressing  for  payment  and 
that  it  could  not  pay.  But  with  the  coming 
of  a  series  of  good  crops,  that  are  yet  con- 
tinuing, the  West  began  to  rise  above  its 
financial  difficulties;  then  gathered,  slowly  at 
first,  but  more  rapidly  of  late,  a  surplus 
which  has  shown  itself  in  increased  bank  de- 
posits, better  dwell '""^  "'*w  public  struc- 
tures, improvemf  ^ort.     It  ad- 


84 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IE]VS. 


justed  its  debt  to  the  East  and  was  inde- 
pendent. 

So  to-day  the  West  looks  on  Wall  Street 
exactly  as  it  looks*  on  Monte  Carlo,  as  a 
resort  of  gamblers  whose  stakes  are  railway 
and  trust  securities  instead  of  ivory  counters. 
It  seems  just  as  immaterial  to  the  average 
Westerner  who  wins  or  who  loses  at  the 
stock-market  game  as  it  does  whether  the 
wheel  stops  on  the  red  or  on  the  black. 
Possibly  the  judgment  is  wrong,  but  it  is, 
nevertheless,  the  West's  opinion. 

Another  thing:  The  average  Westerner 
has  no  more  confidence  in  the  stock-manipu- 
lating crowd  than  he  has  in  the  dealer  at  the 
Monte  Carlo  hazard. 

Whether  this  judgment  be  right  or  wrong, 
whether  this  sentiment  be  unfair  or  correct, 
has  nothing  to  do  with  the  case, — the  judg- 
ment and  the  sentiment  are  there,  and  they 
are  so  common  as  to  dominate  Western 
communities. 

Take  the  city  banker :  The  president  of  a 
leading  Kansas  City  bank  was  also  visited  by 
an  anxious  customer,  who  asked :  "  Will  the 
Wall  Street  flurry  hurt  you  any?" 

"  Will  the  fate  of  Wall  Street  cause  the 
West  to  raise  any  less  wheat  this  year?" 
replied  the  banker. 

"  No, — of  course  not." 

"  Will  it  lessen  the  number  of  cattle  on 
the  ranges,  or  the  flocks  of  sheep  in  the 
Northwest?" 

"  Hardly.' 

"  How  about  the  oit  wells?  the  mines? 
the  irrigation  ditches?  Any  danger  of  their 
giving  out  ?  " 

The  visitor  shook  his  head. 

"Then  why  worry  about  Wall  Street? 
So  long  as  our  farms  and  pastures  and  nat- 
ural enterprises  continue  to  thrive  it  makes 
no  difference  to  us  what  *  the  Street '  does." 

COMPLAINT    OF     RAILROAD    MANIPULATION. 

This  is  the  West's  position  in  brief.  It 
aflFects  the  whole  domain  of  the  plains  re- 
gion. The  West  wants  straightforward 
business  methods,  and  its  complaint  against 
Wall  Street  is  that  legitimate  development  is 
not  the  object  of  the  promoters  there. 

For  instance,  if  the  railway  financiers  of 
"  the  Street "  were  bending  their  energies 
toward  making  the  Western  railroads  serve 
communities  well,  instead  of  influencing  the 
stock  market,  the  West  would  be  their  loyal 
supporter  rather  than  their  critic.  The  be- 
lief that  Western  roads,  made  prosperous  by 
Western   development,   have  been    unfairly 


manipulated  by  stock  jobbers,  is  the  basis  for 
much  "  radical  "  legislation. 

The  process  of  education  on  this  point  has 
been  cumulative.  It  was  not  alone  Lawson, 
nor  the  insurance  troubles,  nor  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission's  investigations  by 
themselves,  but  all  of  them  together,  coming 
one  after  the  other  to  lay  their  influence  on 
the  minds  of  farmers  and  business  men,  creat- 
ing an  intense  suspicion  and  fear  of  the  "  cap- 
tains of  industry,"  and  of  the  **  communit> 
of  interests."  The  former  have  become, 
in  the  minds  of  Westerners,  financial  high- 
waymen seeking  for  victims, — and  this  alien- 
ation may  be  the  source  of  grave  financial 
distress  some  day. 

THE    WESTERN     FARMER    IN    TOUCH     WITH 
CURRENT  EVENTS. 

A  new  sort  of  education  has  been  in  prog- 
ress in  the  West.  Each  morning,  practically 
every  farmer  .east  of  a  line  drawn  north  and 
south  midway  east  and  west,  through  Kan- 
sas, Nebraska,  and  the  Dakotas,  receives  his 
mail  by  rural  carrier.  Daily  papers  arc  car- 
ried in  great  bundles,  and  the  reading  habit 
has  spread  enormously  throughout  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley.  The  Westerner  is  in  touch 
with  the  world's  events  up  to  the  evening 
of  the  preceding  day, — which  is  a  far  differ- 
ent thing  from  being  a  week  or  more  behind 
the  times.  The  farmer  knows  the  meaning 
of  financial  terms  better  than  he  did  in  the 
days  of  arguments  on  the  "  per  capita  "  and 
the  "  heaven-born  ratio."  He  has  a  bank 
account  of  his  own.  Hundreds  of  countn* 
banks  are  owned  by  farmers  who  have  placed 
their  savings  in  bank  stock  in  order  to  have  a 
profitable  income, — and  because  they  had  no 
immediate  possibility  of  investing  it  so  profit- 
ably otherwise. 

The  keynote  of  the  West  to-day  is  opti- 
mism. It  has  such  a  tremendous  amount  of 
business  heaped  up,  such  expansive  plans  for 
the  future,  that  it  is  unable  to  comprehend 
any  possible  influence  of  Wall  Street  on  its 
aflFairs. 

THE    WEST    IS    BUILDING    UP    ITS    OWN    IN- 
DUSTRIES. 

Go  into  any  country  district  and  mingle 
with  the  crowds  in  the  streets  and  this  im- 
presses itself  powerfully  upon  you.  Things 
are  coming  the  West's  way  with  vehemence. 
In  every  town  are  new  industries;  new  man- 
ufactories are  being  built;  the  money  of  the 
West  is  going  into  plants  for  making  things. 
The  industrial  era  is  here. 


THE  MIDDLE  WEST  AND  WALL  STREET. 


86 


Organize  a  company  and  more  stock  will 
be  subscribed  than  you  care  to  issue.  No  one 
suggests  sending  a  representative  back  East 
to  get  some  capital, — as  once  was  the  fashion. 
The  money  is  nearer  at  hand ;  it  is  not  neces- 
S3jy  to  cross  the  Mississippi  River. 

So  the  Eastern  financiers  are  being  elimi- 
nated from  direct  financial  operations  in  the 
Middle  West,  and  their  interest  is  becom- 
ing'chiefly  that  of  the  railroad  owners  or  of 
individual  investors  in  Western  properties, 
rather  than  possessors  generally  of  Western 
securities. 

That  accounts  for  some  of  the  West's  in- 
dependence. 

Another  thing:  The  West  is  terrifically 
busy.  Call  a  meeting  of  the  board  of  direc- 
tors of  a  country  bank, — ^you  will  find  half 
the  members  pleading  engagements  and  ask- 
ing that  the  proceedings  be  cut  short ;  invite 
a  company  of  business  men  together  for  mu- 
tual interest,  and  the  absences  will  be  many 
because  of  the  press  of  personal  affairs.  The 
towns  have  so  much  to  do  that  the  "  town 
roH-s"  are  forgotten,  and  politics  exists  most- 
ly in  the  newspapers  and  in  the  activities  of 
the  few  politicians,  rather  than  in  the  com- 
munity at  large.  It  is  a  common  complaint 
that  it  is  hard  to  interest  the  voters  in  elec- 
tions. A  few  years  ago  (Campaigns  were  the 
meat  and  drink  of  the  Westerner. 

A  WESTERN  SURPLUS  FOR  EASTERN   INVEST- 
MENT. 

The  Western  bankers  have  become  wise 
in  management  of  their  surplus.  The  rates 
for  loans  are  about  two-thirds  those  of  two 
ticcades  ago.  Few  banks  pay  more  than  3 
per  cent,  on  time  deposits;  most  banks  pay 
no  interest  at  all.  The  loan  field  is  neces- 
Narily  limited,  through  the  growing  wealth 
';t  the  farmers  and  the  decreased  dependence 
on  the  banks  for  loans. 

Hence,  it  follows  that  the  Western  banks 
frequently  have  large  surplus  funds  for 
which  they  have  no  immediate  call.  Some 
bankers  are  learning  that  the  East  wants  this 
nwney,  and  sales  of  "  commercial  paper " 
throughout  the  Western  States  are  numerous. 
Every  banker  receives  daily  offerings  from 
^  brokers.  Scattered  through  the  Missis- 
^ppi  Valley  west  of  the  Missouri  River  will 
he  found  Eastern  firms*  notes, — factories  in 
Massachusetts,  stores  in  New  York,  pack- 
ing-houses in  Chicago, — and  the  rates  are 
sometimes  higher  than  they  are  at  the  hank- 
y's home.  When  the  Government  opened 
bids  for  Phib'ppinc  bonds  a  few  months  ago 


a  Kansas  City  banker  outbid  the  Easterners, 
because  he  had  more  money  at  his  command 
seeking  investment. 

The  bank  deposits  of  the  West  were  at  their 
high-water  mark  this  spring.  This  was  the 
explanation  of  a  country  banker  out  in  cen- 
tral Nebraska:  "  Out  of  my  bank  last  Sat- 
urday was  checked  $115,000.  It  went  to 
pay  for  land  and  to  invest  in  various  enter- 
prises. Yet  in  the  week  we  gained  $16,000 
in  deposits,  meaning  that  outsiders  brought 
approximately  $130,000  to  the  town.  That 
was  exceptional ;  it  being  the  first  of  March, 
moving  time  was  responsible.  But  the  ten- 
dency for  fann  savings  to  come  into  the 
West  is  increasing.  The  farmers  of  Iowa, 
Illinois,  and  States  of  that  section,  have  been 
buyers  of  securities  of  late  years.  They  have 
invested  in  commercial  paper  of  the  better 
sort,  and  in  the  stocks  of  Western  railroads. 
The  shake-up  in  Wall  Street  has  scared 
them,  and  they  are  unloading  stocks  and 
buying  land  or  farm  mortgages.  This,  in 
my  opinion,  is  responsible  for  a  great  deal 
of  the  land  craze  now  so  exciting  our 
sectioo." 

**  Will  it  increase,  or  has  it  reached  the 
maximum  ?  " 

"It  may  increase, — but  we  are  selling  our 
land.  The  bank  has  taken  in  a  great  deal 
of  land,  it  standing^  us  about  $40  an  acre. 
On  that  basis  we  are  netting  from  rents 
about  8  per  cent.  Now  land  has  gone  to 
$70  to  $75  an  acre,  yet  the  rents  are  no 
higher  nor  the  crops  larger.  Consequently 
we  are  netting  only  a  little  over  4  per  cent. 
I  would  rather  take  a  5  per  cent,  mortgage 
on  the  land  than  one-third  of  the  crops.  As 
I  said,  the  land  values  are  bringing  down 
the  interest  return, — but  the  dissatisfaction 
with  Eastern  financial  ideas,  as  the  West  un- 
derstands them,  is  turning  money  this  way, 
and  is  likely  to  continue  to  do  so  for  a  time." 

With  such  a  condition  is  it  any  wonder 
that  the  West  is  not  greatly  interested  in  the 
proceedings  in   Wall   Street? 

One  phase  is  yet  to  be  noted :  The  craze 
for  regulation  of  corporations  through 
State  legislation. 

While  the  West  feels  financially  inde- 
pendent, while  it  has  its  own  resources  to 
such  an  extent  that  it  feels  able  to  hold  its 
head  aloft,  while  it  considers  the  operations 
of  Wall  Street  manipulators  as  remote  in 
the  direct  effect,  while  it  boastfully  expresses 
its  disregard  of  the  ups  and  downs  of  stocks, 
while  it  refuses  to  become  excited  over  the 
"  crashes  "  and  "  rallies  "  of  the  market,  it 


86 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiEW  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


has  a  nervous  apprehension  of  what  the  finan- 
cial potentates  may  do  in  the  future. 

It  distrusts  them,  but  it  fears  the  exercise 
of  their  power. 

This  anxiety  is  the  underlying  cause  of  the 
recent  erection  of  a  rampart  of  anti-corpora- 
tion legislation  by  Western  legislatures.  It 
is  an  instinctive  provision  against  being 
crushed  by  the  power  of  immense  sums  of 
money,  juggled  in  the  hands  of  men  consid- 
ered soulless  when  the  common  people's  in- 
terests are  concerned.  When  Oklahoma 
wrote  its  constitution  during  the  past  winter, 
— and  this  must  be  taken  as  the  latest  word 
in  constitutions, — it  devoted  an  unusually 
large  amount  of  space  to  corporations;  and 
so  severe  were  the  provisions  that  predictions 
of  "  driving  out  capital  "  are  freely  made  by 
the  opponents  of  the  form  in  which  that  or- 
ganic law  is  written.  This  threat  is  proba- 
bly groundless. 

Oklahoma  did  no  more  than  express  the 
misgivings  that  animate  Western  legisla- 
tures. Many  of  the  laws  adopted  by  them 
during  the  past  winter  have  been  more 
drastic  in  regulating  corporations,  especially 
railroads  and  trusts,  than  were  those  of  the 
Populist  statesmen  when  in  power.  In  other 
words,  the  West,  now  thrifty,  intends  to 
retain  its  prosperity  free  frpm  the  control  of 
stock  manipulators-, — as  the  reformers  of  fif- 
teen years  ago,  when* the  West  was  poor, 
sought  to  regain  a  freedom  of  which  they 
deemed  it  had  been  robbed. 

FRIENDLY  RELATIONS  WITH   THE   EAST. 

The  action  of  certain  Western  bankers, 
referred  to  above,  in  buying  blocks  of  Eastern 
industrial  securities  when  interest  rates  are 
favorable  is  interesting  because  indicative  of 
an  approaching  condition  likely  to  become 
general.  Broader  ideas  of  financial  opera- 
tions are  being  taught  by  the  new  prosperity. 

The  time  is  coming,  and  it  is  not  far  dis- 
tant, when  the  Western  surplus  of  savings 
and  its  fund  for  investment  will  exceed  its 
local  needs.  The  farms  cannot  keep  on  pro- 
ducing riches  without  both  supplying  the 
demands  of  home  markets  and  giving  the 
banks  and  investors  more  capital  than  is 
needed  near  at  hand.     Then  the  West  will 


have  to  consider  investment  elsewhere,  ai 
unless  there  shall  be  developed  mighty  man 
facturing  industries  in  the  West  to  compa 
with  those  of  the  East,  the  Atlantic  Stat 
will  receive  a  large  share  of  the  Westc 
loan  fund.     In  other  words,  the  reserves 
Eastern  banks  will  be  built  up  because 
the  higher  rate  of  interest  there  obtainab 
It  is  in   this  way  that  the  return   flow  - 
Western  money  to  the  East  is  likely  to  coir 
How  far  in  the  future  this  may  be  is  pro 
lematical.     It  depends  largely  on  the  conti 
uance   of    the   abundant  crops   which   hsA 
shown  a  steady  procession  of  munificence  f» 
the  past  eight  years. 

The  West  has  learned  to  discriminate. 

Time  was  when  the  West,  embittered  I 
hardship,  spoke  unkindly  of  the  East  as  a 
oppressor.  That  day  has  passed.  For  tl 
East,  as  a  section  of  the  nation,  arc  onl 
friendship  and  sentiments  of  mutualit 
The  Westerner  no  more  holds  the  Easter 
business  man,  manufacturer,  or  banker,  n 
sponsible  for  Wall  Street's  limelight  pci 
formers  than  the  East  connects  the  Wester 
farmer  with  Jesse  James. 

The  West  is  keenly  hopeful  and  is  some 
what  proud  of  the  unusual  financial  powe 
that  has  come  to  its  hands.  This  power  i 
the  direct  gift  of  fields  and  herds  and  flocb 
The  indications  are  that  it  is  going  to  con 
tinue;  for  with  the  better  understanding  o 
how  to  suit  production  to  climate  and  how  ti 
utilize  the  discoveries  of  advanced  agricul 
ture,  a  general  and  overwhelming  crop  fail 
ure  is  unlikely.  Only  a  succession  of  bac 
years  can  have  permanent  eflFect. 

On  the  other  hand,  many  thinking  West- 
erners, realizing  the  Western  sentiment  to- 
ward the  operators  of  Wall  Street,  without 
passing  judgment  on  its  correctness,  fear  the 
indirect  eflFect  of  Eastern  business  stagnation, 
which  would  aflFect  the  West  through  alarm 
in  financial  circles,  as  well  as  in  lessening 
the  market  for  the  West's  products. 

To  this  extent,  they  say,  the  West  is  an 
interested  party, — but  the  average  Westerner 
does  not  study  the  situation  so  analytically, 
and  for  the  present  watches  the  ups  and 
downs  of  "  the  Street "  as  he  would  a  lurid 
drama,  himself  being  merely  a  spectator. 


lead: 


N.ij      ---^  - 


^iaa>  bet»er=    *^-^^._   -    r-e 
hjs  been  '^"""^    .^-     -"  ^  --^  **" 

ly  accepted   »^  -  _  ^  , ^.  _     --.r^ 
that  consaer— -  --^  -..^rf   a^ 
aui  indioat^-*-'  -  ;   "-  "-  ^-_  -- 

.  past  a?^,.^^ :.-;-: 

labor  market    *  ^^_;_-.-„ 


•bor  inarKCT    "  ^^.;_- 

.ral   snaps    up   t.*     "      -^-:-T    -t   -'-*»   --    **"  ' 

the  iiiusck  »j^^i  tr.i>q'«"  \i*j",r:,-  :-at  v;r.  te 

founded  or  no^      ^^it^dc  co.U^g^r       ^  ^^^^  ^  ,T^.  ^^^r^^^^.^^    ,„a    u.t  .. 
that  hardh    an>  ar>-rot  *«."j~:^,i%e.   trusting    the    men    »-''".,   „  ,<„.  top. 

Uer  calculated^^     i^ii;       i     '1X1  Tts   them  feel  thn   ^-e  a      '  ^    'lo  ,r,..t  ..'> 
«^-  °^T?tha7^  true  ot  *«  «»J^,"^^''un-   much  tr^-J'%Pl\^    h      bu.incvs  .  .U  ...» 

.ffect  upon   the   -     persona^^  ^  f^^.^s  ^S^  Tpe   sonably  PcrmU.  to  V.^e     -  ^^ 

fortunate.      It^'J^^^Jstrj-.  ,f  *"^, '^-^^ng  hTs   hearing  to  reasc.nahle  rem  -„>.l 

,,,i^«.;   »*   '^^c    Nvorl-i.  the  so'"**;!^^^..  ^metimes  move*  h.m  n^'^,;     ;      ,„„,,.,yrr, 


88 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


may  be  at  stake  in  the  case  hangs  upon  the 
extent  to  which  these  personal  qualities  stand 
behind  the  bond."  The  possibility  of  dis- 
charge for  presenting  a  complaint  indicates 
lack  of  good  executive  management,  and  has 
given  rise  to  the  "  business  agent."  For  em- 
ployers to  refuse  to  meet  "  outside  "  repre- 
sentatives, Mr.  Robbins  has  a  withering  con- 
tempt.    The  privilege  of  stating  complaints 


is  the  vested  right  of  the  workingman. 
"  This  right  of  conference  is  the  safet>'-valve 
whereby  the  labor  steam  inside  the  capitalist 
boiler  finds  its  necessary  vent  without 
blowing  up  the  boiler."  In  conclusion,  he 
says:  "Our  need  is  not  so  much  to  dis- 
cover brand-new  patented  *  systems,'  or  guar- 
anteed panaceas,  as  it  is  to  rediscover  each 
other," 


OUR  CURRENCY-REFORM  PROBLEM. 


ylN  interesting  paper  on  currency  reform, 
in  which. the  inelasticity  of  our  national 
bank  note  currency,  the  consequent  need  for 
extra  currency  in  crop-moving  seasons,  its  con- 
traction and  inflation  on  account  of  its  rela- 
tion to  the  public  debt,  the  danger  of  infla- 
tion in  connection  with  Panama-Canal  bor- 
rowing, the  illustrative  lesson  of  New  Eng- 
land's experience  before  the  Civil  War,  the 
artificial  value  of  Government  bonds  and  the 
necessity  for  maintaining  it,  and,  in  addition, 
an  examination  of  the  currency-reform 
measure  recently  proposed  by  the  American 
Bankers'  Association  and  New  York  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  are  included,  is  that  by  Mr. 
Fred.  R.  Fairchild,  in  the  Yale  Review  for 
May. 

In  his  review  he  divides  the  monetary  s>^- 
tem  into  three  groups:  Gold  and  silver  coin ; 
gold  and  silver  certificates ;  and  credit  money, 
including  United  States  notes,  treasury  notes 
of  1890,  and  national-bank  notes.  Of  these 
we  have  a  circulation  of  about  $1,000,000,- 
000  of  each.  Credit  money  is  imperfectly 
provided  for,  and  this  is  the  root  of  our  cur- 
rency evil.  Our  antiquated  national-banking 
s>'stem  explains  the  inelasticity  in  our  volume 
of  bank  notes.  Originated  at  the  time  of  the 
Civil  War  to  make  a  market  for  Government 
bonds  and  provide  a  safe,  uniform  currency, 
through  the  10  per  cent,  tax  on  State  bank 
issues,  it  became  the  general  note  issue  s\*s- 
tem,  and,  guaranteed  by  the  deposit  of  Gov- 
ernment bonds,  became  an  artificial  market 
for  the  national  debt. 

This  destroyed  the  elasticity  of  the  notes, 
which  is  abundantly  established  ever>^  fall 
when  a  demand  arises  ft)r  more  money  to 
facilitate  the  crop  movement.  At  least  $1 50,- 
txx>,cxx>  is  neetled.  But  we  have  no  bank 
credit  to  supply  it.  Countr>*  banks  habitually 
deposit  part  of  their  reserves  '\\\  banks  in 
Kastern  reserve  cities.  This,  in  t\irn,  finds 
its  way  into  the  New  ^Ork  motley  markets, 


and  when  a  demand  for  its  return  comes 
from  the  country  banks  loans  are  hurriedly 
called,  interest  rates  go  skyrocketing,  and 
contraction  follows  when  the  countr>''s  need 
for  currency  is  greatest. 

Having  the  national  debt  as  its  basis  is  the 
very  worst  possible  foundation  for  our  cur- 
rency, for  there  is  practically  no  limit  to  \\s 
inflation  or  contraction,  which  the  Govern- 
ment's necessities  may  cause,  regardless  of 
business  or  monetary  conditions.  Thus  b^ 
tM-een  April  23,  1880,  and  October  2,  1890, 
circulation  declined  from  $320,759,472  to 
$122,928,085,  a  decrease  of  62  per  cent.; 
while  the  number  of  banks  increased  by  71 
per  cent.  Note  circulation,  as  shown,  d^ 
clined  nearly  two-thirds  because  the  Govern- 
ment was  using  its  surplus  to  pay  off  its  debt, 
which  was  reduced  from  $1,196,000,000  in 
1879  to  $891,000,000  in  1890, — more  than 
one-half  in  eleven  years!  Government  bonds 
immediately  rose  and  circulation  consequently 
declined.  Contraction  of  this  kind  is  bad. 
but  if  an  increase  in  the  nation's  debt  should 
be  followed  by  a  limitless  expansion, — v;\izt 
then  ?    The  alternative  is  possible. 

The  expected  Panama  issues  may  lead  to 
note  inflation,  for  these  are  valid  security  for 
further  circulation.  This  inflation  will  have 
no  connection  with  the  world's  gold  stock, 
and  to  make  room  for  it  gold  would  be  forced 
to  leave  the  country,  which  would  materially 
weaken  our  whole  financial  system, — the  very 
opposite  result  of  an  expansion  of  credit  by 
means  of  deposits  based  on  gold.  When 
deposits  expand  reserves  must  increase,  and 
may  lead  to  the  importation  of  gold;  but 
bank-notes  may  be  increased  indefinitely  and 
lead  to  its  expulsion  when  the  currency  be- 
comes redundant. 

A  hank-note  system  based  on  the  general 
assets  of  the  banks,  wth  a  reserve  of  gold, 
would  remove  our  defects.  A  note  and 'a 
deposit  should  be  regarded  as  essentially  idcn- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


89 


tical  credits.  Mr.  Fairchild  here  illustrates 
the  force  of  his  contention  by  pointing  to  the 
history  of  the  Suffolk  Bank  of  Boston*  and 
the  New  England  banks  of  issue,  which,  "  in 
spite  of  the  absence  of  nearly  all  the  legal 
regulations  commonly  supposed  to  be  neces- 
sary to  sound  banking,  furnished  for  twenty 
years  a  credit  currency  recognized  by  con- 
temporary critics  and  students  to-day  as 
worthy  of  the  highest  praise."  While  this 
system  flourished,  the  annual  loss  was  only 
$42,000  in  an  average  annual  circulation  of 
$33,148,000,  or  one-eighth  of  I  per  cent. 

Similarly,  have  we  an  excellent  illustra- 
tion of  the  successful  operation  of  an  asset 
currency  in  the  Canadian  system.  Notes  are 
issued  by  chartered  banks  up  to  the  amount  of 
paid-up  capital,  with  the  general  assets  of  the 
bank  as  security.  The  note-holder  is  the 
prior-Hen  creditor  of  the  bank,  and  is  further 
protected  by  a  redemption  fund,  composed  of 
contributions  from  each  bank  of  5  per  cent. 
of  its  average  circulation,  held  by  the  Cana- 
dian Government.  This  system  enjoys  safety, 
elasticity,  and  convenience.  Every  year 
Canadian  note  circulation  expands  by  about 
$15,000,000  between  midsummer  and  Octo- 
ber, and  contracts  when  the  crop  moving  is 
over;  so  that  it  is  again  stable  in  January. 

"  No  system  involving  immediate  abandon- 


ment of  our  bond-secured  notes  can  be  seri- 
ously proposed,"  says  he,  "  for  the  reason  that 
it  would  result  in  the  depreciation  of  Gov- 
ernment bonds,"  and  entail  loss  to  the  banks. 
To  repeal  the  10  per  cent,  tax  on  State-bank 
notes,  he  considers  inadvisable,  also.  The 
plan  of  the  American  Bankers'  Association 
and  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
while  not  perfect,  is  a  step  in  the  right  direc- 
tion, especially  the  suggestion  that  future 
issues  of  bonds  be  not  available  for  bank-note 
security.  The  present  limit  to  retirement  of 
national  bank-notes  ($9,000,000)  should  be 
removed  entirely,  in  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Fair- 
child.  The  suggestion  for  a  tax  on  credit 
currency,  while  no  part  of  a  permanent  sys- 
tem of  scientific  currency,  he  believes  may 
operate  as  an  additional  safeguard. 

"  Wildcat "  banking  does  not  go  hand  in 
hand  with  asset  currency,  but,  as  a  matter  of 
historical  financial  truth,,  was  connected  di- 
rectly with  the  very  system  of  bond  deposit 
which  is  the  foundation  of  our  present  na- 
tional banking  system.  "  The  superiority," 
says  he,  "  of  asset  currency  over  bond-secured 
notes  seems  to  be  established  both  by  theoreti- 
cal reasoning  and  practical  experience.  The 
situation  in  the  United  States  is  undoubtedly 
a  complicated  one,  and  the  progress  of  reform 
must  be  slow  and  diflScult." 


HAVE    WE    PASSED    THE    ZENITH    OF    OUR    INDUSTRIAL 

EFFICIENCY? 


p  ROM  an  analysis  of  a  bulletin  of  the  De- 
partment of  Commerce  and  Labor, 
which,  he  claims,  indicates  impaired  efficiency 
on  the  part  of  our  manufacturing  population, 
Mr.  J.  W.  Bennett  discusses  this  question  in 
the  Arena  for  May.  Briefly  summarized,  he 
contends  that  all  manufacturing  industries 
show  decreased  efficiency,  because  there  is 
less  value  produced  per  worker ;  more  capital 
IS  used  per  worker ;  more  expensive  and  less 
efficient  superintendence  is  now  necessary; 
less  net  value  is  produced  per  $1000  capital 
employed,  and  because  miscellaneous  expenses 
arc  higher. 

There  is  an  unmistakable  retrograde  move- 
ment. It  is  accompanied  by  the  greatest  con- 
solidation era  in  our  history.  The  most  vital 
argmnent  for  consolidation  is  increased  economy 
and  mcreased  efficiency.  Is  consolidation  along 
the  lines  it  is  now  being  conducted  rather  the 
cause  of  increased  extravagance  and  inefficienc)^  ? 
Is  our   theorizing  about  greater  economies   in 


large  establishments  to  be  all  upset  by  the  cold 
logic  of  facts?  This  brings  us  to  the  important 
question :  Why  the  deterioration  ? 

The  indirectness  of  our  processes,  the  pay- 
ment of  several  profits  besides  rent,  interest, 
and  transportation  charges,  in  addition  to 
much  waste,  are  responsible  for  the  deteriora- 
tion. For  instance:  In  primitive  industry 
food  was  consumed  where  it  was  raised,  and 
clothing  was  manufactured  where  the  fiber 
was  produced.  Labor  was  direct.  We  look 
at  a  knitting  machine  and  think  of  the  end- 
less number  of  persons  one  knitter  can  supply. 
But  we  lose  sight  of  the  machine  maker, 
money-lender,  banker,  miner,  and  railroad 
man,  who  all  participate  in  that  process! 
Similarly  with  every  conceivable  industrial 
or  manufacturing  agency.  We  do  not  keep 
in  our  mind's  eye  the  endless  processes 
that  have  to  be  gone  through  to  get  to 
the   point   of   completion,    and    their   waste 


90 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


and   cost.      Friction   is  outrunning  our   in- 
ventive genius. 

Our  efficiency,  he  asserts,  is  impaired  by 
the  enormous  profits  which  we  pay  on  each 
of  the  many  processes  necessary  to  create  the 
finished  article;  in  interest  on  increased  capi- 
tal ;  rents ;  transportation ;  marketing  or  dis- 
tribution; by  the  indirectness  of  our  proc- 
esses; transportation  charges  made  necessary 
through  railway  exploitation ;  growing  depre- 
ciation of  an  increasingly  complex  and  expen- 
sive plant;  waste;  sham  capitalization;  di- 
version of  the  most  highly  paid  executive 
talent  to  speculative  activities  for  personal 
gain ;  unearned  salaries ;  "  red  tape  *' ;  stifling 
of  individual  initiative  and  ambition,  and  by 
multiplying  non-productive  workers  and  mere 
idlers. 


'  The  age  of  consolidation  has  becomes  the 
age  of  inefficiency,  and  with  our  pitiably 
small  production  per  worker  this  is  a  most 
serious  matter.  Then  let  us  remove  the  ob- 
stacles to  better  things  (supra)  and  improve 
the  kind  of  organization  we  have.  Organiza- 
tion is  right  in  principle,  but  that  principle 
to  be  beneficial  must  not  be  restricted  for  the 
benefit  of  a  few,  but  must  inure  to  the  whole 
people.  "  The  few  cannot  wallow  in  un- 
earned wealth,"  says  he,  "  without  destroying 
the  efficiency  of  the  many.  If  we  arc  to 
maintain  a  strong,  efficient,  democratic  state, 
we  must  develop  it  along  the  lines  of  the  co- 
operative commonwealth  rather  than  give  our 
industrial  and  political  organization  over  to 
the  irresponsible  industrial  autocracy  which 
we  have  .so  blithely  built  up." 


THE  BRYAN-BEVERIDGE  DEBATE. 


TN  the  discussion  of  " 'Vrusts  and  Their 
Treatment,"  in  the  May  Reader,  Sena- 
tor Beveridge*s  presentation  is  livelier  and 
more  concrete  than  the  rather  academic  and 
platitudinal  argument  of  the  Nebraskan. 

Mr.  Bryan  defines  a  trust  to  be  a  corpora- 
tion, which  by  itself,  or  in  conjunction  with 
others,  controls  a  sufficient  proportion  of  the 
article  produced  or  handled  to  enable  it  ap- 
proximately to  determine  the  terms  and  con- 
ditions of  sale  or  purchase.  It  appears  in 
four  forms:  The  advanced  form,  such  as  the 
Northern  Securities  Company,  which  aims 
to  control  other  corporations  by  means  of 
*'  holding  companies,"  whereby  a  compara- 
tively few  men,  with  a  relatively  small 
amount  of  capital,  reduce  the  amount  of 
money  necessary  to  exercise  a  controlling  in- 
fluence in  competitive  companies,  and  so  ab- 
sorb them.  The  second  is  the  "  duplication 
of  directorates,"  the  most  insidious  form  in 
which  monopoly  manifests  itself.  With  the 
same  men  directing  the  aflFairs  of  several  cor- 
porations, the  latter  practically  become  one, 
thus  suspending  competition.  This  he  illus- 
trates by  reference  to  the  trust  companies, 
banks,  and  investment  companies  organized 
by  the  insurance  directors,  with  which  the 
public  is  already  familiar,  and  pointedly  asks: 
"  Can  a  man  serve  two  masters?  Can  he 
represent,  and  do  it  fairly  and  honestly,  the 
stockholders  of  two  companies  which  deal 
with  each  other?"  Construction  and  equip- 
ment companies  formed  by  railroad  directors 
are  other   illustrations   cited   by    him.     He 


would  remedy  this  by  prohibiting  the  election 
of  the  same  men  to  a  double  directorate  in 
corporations  in  competition,  or  engaged  in 
dealing,  with  each  other. 

A  third  form  is  found  in  a  combination  of 
separate  corporations  under  a  contract  which 
stifles  competition.  This  should  be  punished 
by  imprisonment.  The  single  corporation 
which  buys  up  enough  factories  to  give  it 
control  of  a  given  business  is  the  fourth  form 
of  the  trust.  The  United  States  Steel  Com- 
pany is  an  illustration.  Such  "  private 
monopolies  are  indefensible  and  intolerable," 
for  they  not  only  control  their  patrons  and 
employees,  but  tend  to  corrupt  those  in  au- 
thorit>%  through  self-interest,  and  bankrupt 
all  rivals. 

Railroad  rebates  and  a  protective  tariff 
have  been  the  mainstays  of  our  industrial 
monopolies,  and  a  law  authorizing  the  free 
admission  of  articles  entering  into  conipeti- 
tion  with  the  products  of  a  protected  trust 
and  lessening  import  duties,  in  general,  would 
prove  a  deterrent.  Through  its  size  and  re- 
sources a  private  monopoly  may  resort  to 
unscrupulous  methods  to  kill  off  competition. 
It  can  undersell  until  its  rival  is  ruined,  and 
then  recoup  by  raising  its  prices.  A  federal 
law  forbidding  a  corporation  to  do  business 
outside  the  State  of  its  creation,  without  an 
interstate  license,  is  his  remedy  for  curbing 
*'  the  private  monopoly,  which  has  always 
been  an  outlaw."  The  license,  he  believes, 
should  arbitrarily  fix,  in  addition,  the  pro- 
portion of  the  total  product  that  the  licensee 


ADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


Pfe. 

5t 


'.ations,      likewise  ? 

terial  contributions 

rust   problem,   for 

ley  are  fixed  up." 

lawful  and  nat- 

•y  pave   the  way* 

nerships  can  buy 

Id   not  corpora- 

r  corporations? 

""o  prevent  men 

than  one  cor- 

-   and    absurd. 

rbids  such  an 

itions  arc  so 

ey  cannot  be 


considered  apart.  No  ukase  of  any  autocrat 
on  earth  ever  went  so  far  as  Mr.  Bryan  in 
this  respect.  The  "  franchise  "  plan,  while 
constitutional,  is  not  practicable.  It  would 
lead  to  too  much  regulation  and  so  kill  busi- 
ness, and  not  the  evils  of  business.  More- 
over, the  grant  would  be  arbitrary  and  would 
only  insure  four  years  of  stability  at  a  time. 
This  would  paralyze  American  business,  and 
lead  to  confusion  and  instability.  It  would 
also  tend  to  convert  the  corporations,  through 
their  officers  and  business  representatives, 
into  a  monstrous  political  machine  to  per- 
petuate an  Administration  that  was  friendly 
to  them. 


\TIVE   HOUSEKEEPING   FAILS. 


k 

I 

ft 
4 


as     not   may  be  organized,   the   families  themselves 
'  never    may  not.     They  believe  that  what  has  been 
e  fact    difficult  and   expensive   for  a  single   family 
for   becomes  easy  for  many  families.     This  the 
'on;    writer     considers     pathetic     and     amusing. 
k  "    Home  and  housework  are  not  synonymous. 
/.-    Love  is  physical  and  psychical,  marriage  is 
.    social,  the  family  is  physiological  and  psycho- 
social, the  home  is  psycho-physical,  but  house- 
work is  industrial, — a  thing  of  an  entirely 
"fferent  order.     Individuals,   not   families, 
ke  a  social  structure.    The  members  of  a 
^y  individually  mingle  with  others,  but 


Mm 


I'EHKIN*    ".It-MAS. 


92 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REyiElVS. 


criminal,  States  rights  stand  in  the  way  of  a 
national  franchise  or  incorporation  law. 
Therefore,  he  recommends  a  plan  modeled 
on  the  present  English  law,  and  will  intro- 
duce such  a  bill  at  the  next  session  of  Con- 
gress :  "  A  national  law  requiring  every  in- 
terstate corporation  doing  a  business  of  $5,- 
000,000,  or  over,  which  puts  stock  on  the 
markets,  conspicuously  to  publish  the  exact 
truth  as  to  every  possible  item  that  might 
influence  purchases."  This  demands  mere 
truth  and  would  end  overcapitalization. 
Purchased  newspapers,  and  the  corruption  of 
public  opinion  thereby,  are  other  evils  of  the 
trusts  which  the  people  alone  can  end,  "  by 
learning  to  know  such  papers  when  they  see 
them."  On  the  good  sense  and  pure  heart 
of  the  American  people  he  relies  for  a  solu- 
tion. ■ 

MR.  Bryan's  rejoinder. 

Replying  to  Senator  Beveridge,  Mr. 
nr>'an,  in  the  June  Reader,  accuses  the  latter 
of  having  a  confused  idea  of  the  trust  prob- 
lem and  an  almost  hopeless  view  of  the 
future.  Improved  machinery',  says  he,  has  no 
necessary  connection  with  the  trust  question, 
and  Senator  Beveridge  does  not  distinguish 
between  an  industry  on  a  large  scale  and  a 
monopoly.  The  latter  is  not  an  economic 
development,  and  its  benefits  are  not  equal  to 
its  evils.  There  is  a  leak  in  the  transfer  of 
authority,  because  the  operative  is  so  far  re- 
moved from  the  superintendent,  which  pre- 
vents efficiency  and  leads  to  waste.  Genius 
is  also  retarded,  and  deterioration  in  quality 
of  output  is  sure  to  accompany  an  increase  in 
price.  Referring  to  the  meat  industry,  he 
said  it  was  not  necessary  for  one  monopoly  to 
pack  all  that  the  people  consume,  and  reduc- 
tion in  price  would  go  hand  in  hand  with 
competition. 

Natural  laws  are  too  slow  to  check  the 
trusts,  and  "  the  small  competitor  who  has 
been  bankrupted  by  a  trust  will  find  no  com- 
fort in  the  confident  expectation  that  some 
>ears  after  he  has  gone  out  of  business  natu- 
ral laws  will  break  up  the  trust."  This,  in 
answer  to  Senator  Bevcridgc's  reference  to 
the  Wire  Nail  Pool,  supra.  The  Steel  Trust 
sells  abroad  cheaper  than  at  home,  and  its 
net  earnings  exceed  the  total  paid  in  wages, 
unlike  the  boot  and  shoe  industry  of  Massa- 
chusetts, wherein  there  is  competition. 

Rebates  are  not  yet  ended,  as  witness  the 

prosecutions  of  Standard  Oil,  and  campaign 

--ntributions    will    never    be    satisfactorily 

I  until  the  list  of  contributors  is  pub- 


lished in  advance  of  elections.  The  reputed 
idea  of  President  Roosevelt  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  both  parties  from  public  moneys,  in 
proportion  to  the  votes  cast,  and,  in  addition, 
forbid  all  other  contributions,  he  considers 
feasible.  The  "  pure  food  law  "  has  yet  to 
be  tested,  and  "  publicity  "  is  only  a  means  to 
an  end  in  dealing  with  trusts.  On  over- 
capitalization, he  believes,  the  license  system 
of  the  Democratic  platform  of  1900  is  fully 
responsive;  and  "  unjust  prices  "  can- be  pre- 
vented by  the  passage  of  a  federal  law  mak- 
ing it  a  penal  offense  for  a  corporation  en- 
gaged in  interstate  conunercc  to  sell  in  one 
section  of  the  country  at  a  diflFcrcnt  price 
from  that  at  which  it  sells  in  another  section, 
allowance  being  made  for  cost  of  transporta- 
tion. 

Senator  Beveridge*s  remedy  for  the  **  sub- 
sidized press  "  is  too  slow.  It  would  take 
the  people  too  long  to  find  out  the  purchased 
papers.  He  therefore  naively  suggests  that 
newspapers  having  any  considerable  interstate 
circulation  be  compelled  to  publish  the  names 
of  their  stockholders  and  the  names  of  their 
mortgagees.  Then  the  people  could  judge 
for  themselves.  In  conclusion,  he  said: 
"  Wherever  a  monopoly  is  absolutely  neces- 
sary there  should  be  ownership  by  the  public 
for  the  protection  of  the  public,  and  where 
monopoly  is  not  necessary  there  should  be 
competition  among  producers  for  the  benefit 
of  the  public." 

THE  INDIANA  SENATOR  AS  CROSS- EXAMINER. 

Senator  Beveridge,  joining  issue  with  Mr. 
Brj'an's  trust  of  the  **  fourth  form,"  supra. 
assumes  the  role  of  cross-examiner  and  asks 
him:  Would  he  dissolve  the  United  States 
Steel  Corporation,  and  how?  How  far 
would  he  carry  the  dissolution?  What 
would  he  do  with  the  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  shareholders?  Would  he  give  them  stock 
in  several  smaller  corporations,  and  how 
much?  Would  he,  having  dissolved  the 
United  States  Steel  Corporation,  also  dis- 
solve the  corporations  of  which  it  was 
formed,  like  the  Carnegie  companies? 
Would  he  dissolve  all  other  great  corpora- 
tions as  well  ?  Will  he  furnish  a  bill  of  par- 
ticulars? Will  he  define  monopoly  as  a  mat- 
ter of  tangible  law?  Is  the  percentage  of 
control,  in  order  to  constitute  a  nK)nopoly,  to 
be  the  same  in  all  industries,  and  under  all 
circumstances,  at  all  times?  How  much 
"competition"  will  he  permit?  Would  he 
dissolve  until  he  restored  things  to  'the  indi- 
vidual basis  of  forty  years  ago?    Would  he 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


93 


dissolve  labor  organizations,  likewise? 
"  Platforms  **  arc  not  material  contributions 
to  a  discussion  of  the  trust  problem,  for 
every  one  knows  "  how  they  are  fixed  up." 
Mergers  in  business  are  lawful  and  nat- 
ural developments  and  they  pave  the  way» 
for  the  corporation.  If  partnerships  can  buy 
out  partnerships,  why  should  not  corpora- 
tions purchase  stock  in  other  corporations? 
is  a  query  for  Mr.  Bryan.  To  prevent  men 
from  being  directors  in  more  than  one  cor- 
poration is  unjust,  unfeasible  and  absurd. 
Practical  business  experience  forbids  such  .an 
enforcement,  for  many  corporations  are  so 
affiliated  and  interwoven  that  they  cannot  be 


considered  apart.  No  ukase  of  any  autocrat 
on  earth  ever  went  so  far  as  Mr.  Bryan  in 
this  respect.  The  "  franchise  "  plan,  while 
constitutional,  is  not  practicable.  It  would 
lead  to  too  much  regulation  and  so  kill  busi- 
ness, and  not  the  evils  of  business.  More- 
over, the  grant  would  be  arbitrary  and  would 
only  insure  four  years  of  stability  at  a  time. 
This  would  paralyze  American  business,  and 
lead  to  confusion  and  instability.  It  would 
also  tend  to  convert  the  corporations,  through 
their  officers  and  business  representatives, 
into  a  monstrous  political  machine  to  per- 
petuate an  Administration  that  was  friendly 
to  them. 


WHY   CO-OPERATIVE   HOUSEKEEPING  FAILS. 


(];OMMUNAL  housekeeping  has  not 
proved  a  success  arid  is  probably  never 
destined  to  do  so.  This  is  owing  to  the  fact 
that  it  assumes  a  capacity  in  families  for 
coaunon  responsibility  and  common  action; 
in  other  words,  in  making  "  housework " 
the  basis  of  the  family  relation,  and  organiz- 
ing different  families  in  harmony  thereon. 
The  error  of  this  position  is  shown  in  Har- 
pers Bazar  for  July,  by  Charlotte  Perkins 
Oilman,  in  a  hopeful,  interesting,  and  strik- 
ingly onginal  presentation. 

Those  who  favor  co-operative  housekeep- 
ing she  designates  co-operators,  and  those 
who  follow  the  ancient  custom,  isolators. 
"  Both  parties  are  right,"  says  she.  "  The 
isolators  because  they  uphold  an  institution 
grounded  on  essential  human  needs,  and  re- 
fuse to  ^wt  it  up  even  for  admitted  material 
advantages;  the  co-operators  because  they 
clearly  see  disadvantages  which  are  becoming 
a  deadly  menace  to  society,  and  some  of  the 
reasons  for  them.  The  trouble  with  the  iso- 
lators is  that  they  will  not  admit  the  possi- 
bility of  growth  and  improvement  in  their 
beloved  institution,  will  not  hear  to  reason, 
will  not  study  conditions,  make  reasonable 
experiments,  or  do  anything  but  maintain 
the  sanctity  of  the  home,  on  the  one  hand, 
and  wail  about  the  difficulties  of  housekeep- 
ing on  the  other.  The  trouble  with  the  co- 
operators  IS  not  so  serious.  They  have  dared 
to  look  ahead,  they  have  been  strong  enough 
to  defy  old  habits,  they  have  worked  out  a 
plan  of  improvement,  and  have  been  willing 
totryjt." 

In  tUs  plan,  however,  co-operators  fail  to 
Aat  while  work  done  in  a  home 


may  be  organized,  the  families  themselves 
may  not.  They  believe  that  what  has  been 
difficult  and  expensive  for  a  single  family 
becomes  easy  for  many  families.  This  the 
writer  considers  pathetic  and  amusing. 
Home  and  housework  are  not  synonymous. 
Love  is  physical  and  psychical,  marriage  is 
social,  the  family  is  physiological  and  psycho- 
social, the  home  is  psycho-physical,  but  house- 
work is  industrial, — a  thing  of  an  entirely 
difiFerent  order.  Individuals,  not  families, 
make  a  social  structure.  The  members  of  a 
family  individually  mingle  with  others,  but 


i|."l|.|Hi '1,1(1 

=;','(j';/i';!fji 


MRS.    CHARLOTTE    PERKINS    OILMAN. 


94 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


the  family  remains  separate, — the  base  of 
society. 

"  How,  then,"  says  she,  "  are  we  to  har- 
monize the  undeniable  truth  of  the  co-opera- 
tor's facts  with  the  as  undeniable  truth  of 
the  isolator's  feelings?  By  .leaving  the  sep- 
arate family  in  the  separate  home,  and  by 
taking  the  housework  out  of  it." 

What  is  needed  is  not  convocations  of  dis- 
couraged families,  but  capable  persons, 
skilled  and  trained,  to  do  well  and'  cheaply 
what  is  now  done  so  ill  and  so  expensively. 
Approximating  that  lOO  families  pay  each 
$io  weekly  for  cooking  service,  or  $icxx) 
in  the  aggregate,  for  about  500  persons,  she 
reasons  that  fifteen  cooks  could  do  the  work 
well  and  easily.  These  might  consist  of  a 
chef  at  $60  a  week,  two  assistants  at  $40 
each,  two  others  at  $30,  aind  ten  cooks  at  $20 
each,  or  $400  for  the  lot, — a  saving  of  60 
per  cent,  in  wages,  and  a  raising  in  the 
standard  of  cooking  at  the  same  time.  The 
kitchen  must  go,  in  order  to  bring  about 
such  an  undertaking,  and  "  distributing 
kitchens  "  be  organized  to  supply  the  private 
dining-room,  which  must  remain.  The  es- 
sence of  the  change  would  be  in  the  purchase 
of  cooked   foods   instead   of   raw  materials. 

The  quality  of  service  would  be  guaran- 


teed by  systematic  organization  for  a  limited 
number  of  patrons.  These  kitchens  should 
be  numerous  enough  to  employ  about  8  per 
cent,  of  our  population,  and  not  50  per  cent., 
as  at  present  engaged.  Rentals  would  not  be 
high,  and  patronage  would  be  certain  and 
limited.  Table  d'hote  menus,  including  spe- 
cialties for  children,  invalids,  particular 
tastes,  etc.,  based  on  scientific  knowledge, 
could  be  offered,  and  all  the  trouble  of  "  or- 
dering" eliminated.  In  cities  deliveries 
would  be  by  dumb-waiter  to  the  pantry  or 
dining-room;  in  the  country  by  overhead- 
trolley  service  to  the  door, — similar  to  the 
parcel  delivery  in  our  great  stores.  In  a 
country  place  twenty  families  within  a 
radius  of  one  mile  could  be  supplied  by  three 
cooks. 

Summer  resorts  and  summer  schools  are 
the  two  immediate  opportunities  to  test  this 
plan;  while  in  citie^  apartment  houses  built 
for  this  purpose  would  serve.  Economy 
would  follow  from  the  purchase  of  food  in 
quantity,  and  the  quality  would  improve  like-  • 
wise.  Similar  projects  for  laundry  and 
housecleaning  could  be  started,  to  make 
housework  a  particular  social  function,  leav- 
ing the  private  family  in  the  private  home, 
where  it  belongs. 


THE  WASTE  OF  CHILDREN. 


TTWO  centuries  ago  the  percentage  of 
deaths  among  infants  under  five  years 
was  everywhere  measurably  greater  than  it 
is  to-day.  It  is  generally  assumed  that  hav- 
ing reached  that  age  there  is  a  strong  proba- 
bility that  a  child  will  reach  adolescence,  and, 
after  that,  manhood.  It  is  now  more  defi- 
nitely established  than  ever  that  most  chil- 
dren enter  life  with  an  endowment  of  native 
vitality  sufficient  to  weather  the  ordinary 
conditions  of  adversity.  Deaths  after  the 
first  few  months  are  largely  due  to  postnatal 
influences  and  to  social  and  economic  en- 
vironment from  which  the  infant  has  no 
appeal. 

Writing  on  this  subject,  in  the  Popular 
Science  Monthly  for  June,  Dr.  George  B. 
Mangold,  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
says  that,  according  to  an  eminent  authority 
on  vital  statistics,  the  annual  unnecessary 
deaths  of  infants  in  England  during  the 
decade  1851-60  numbered  more  than  64,000. 
This  leads  him  to  remark:  "Probably 
'i    no   other    field    of    human    activity    has 


man's  former  ignorance  been  more  lament- 
able in  its  consequences  than  in  that  of 
rearing  children, — the  future  parents  of  the 
race." 

As  late  as  1761,  50  per  cent,  of  London's 
population  perished  before  reaching  the  age 
of  twenty.  To-day  half  the  people  of  Eng- 
land do  not  die  until  after  the  fifty-fourth 
year  has  been  reached,  and  the  death-rate  for 
children  under  one  year  of  age  had  fallen  in 
1903  to  the  creditable  figure  of  144  per 
1000  births  for  seventy-six  towns.  In 
Prussia,  from  175 1 -60  only  312  out  of  ever>^ 
1000  survived  to  the  age  of  ten,  but  from 
1861-70,  633  individuals  were  saved  out  of 
ever>'  1000, — a  promising  decline.  In  France 
during  the  first  seven  years  of  the  last  cen- 
tury the  number  of  males  reaching  an  age 
sufficient  to  subject  them  to  conscription  was 
only  45  per  cent,  of  the  total  bom,  yet  by 
1825  It  had  risen  to  61  per  cent., — a  health- 
ful gain.  In  Russia  during  the  same,  period 
only  one-third  of  the  peasantry  reached  ma- 
turity, and  as  few  as  36  per  cent,  reached  the 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


95 


age  of  twenty  years.  Science  has  since  im- 
proved this  outlook. 

Great  economic  and  social  changes  have 
led  to  this  betterment,  and  therein  has  Amer- 
ica made  much  progress.  Before  1850,  27 
per  cent,  of  New  Y6rk*s  infants  died  before 
reaching  the  age  of  one,  and  20  per  cent,  of 
Boston's.  The  statistics  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
sus furnish  a  glowing  optimism.  The  death- 
rate  for  infants  fell  from  205  per  icxx)  in 
1890  tp  165  in  1900.  Favorable  environ- 
ment has  had  much  to  do  with  this  decline, 
and  the  comparative  influence  of  rural  life 
over  urban  life  is  shown  by  the  figures:  116 
deaths  per  1000  infants  in  rural  districts, 
against  180  in  the  cities  in  1900.  In  Ger- 
many rural  infanfile  deaths  are  enormous, 
surpassing  our  American  cities,  which,  the 
writer  states,  "  indicates  a  social  lethargy 
and  backward  condition  among  the  agricul- 
tural population."  In  England  the  rural 
rate  is  generally  below  that  of  the  cities,  and 
the  death-rate  of  sons  of  peers  under  six 
years  of  age  is  less  than  one-third  of  that 
among  the  rest  of  the  population. 

Massachusetts  statistics  for  1881-96 
sho\ved  average  variations  in  cities  from  1 1 1 
to  239,  the  former  a  residential  town,  the 
latter  an  industrial  center.  For  cities  of  con- 
siderable siase  the  lowest  rates  are  recorded 
for  Seattle,  St.  Paul,  and  Minneapolis.  The 
rates  arc  about    100  per   1000  births.     In 


numerous  Southern  cities  the  death-rate  is 
almost  criminal;  while  in  a  single  city, — 
Boston,  in  one  district,  the  Back  Bay, — it  is 
only  94.4  per  1000,  against  252.1  for  poorer 
districts.  Buffalo,  Rochester,  Lowell,  Law- 
rence, Haverhill,  Newark,  and  Jersey  City 
have  made  notable  progress  in  saving  infant 
life.  Better  milk  inspection,  vaccination,  and 
increased  watchfulness  against  contagious 
diseases  have  contributed  to  this  greatly  de- 
sired end. 

Among  colored  infants  an  investigation 
showed  a  rural  death-rate  of  218.9  and  a  city 
rate  of  387.  In  Charleston  it  was  419  per 
1000,  and  generally  in  Southern  cities  more 
than  3CX5.  This,  he  claims,  is  barbarism,  and 
calls  for  serious  changes  in  our  methods  and 
policies.  An  infant  death-rate  of  307  per  1000 
for  the  Philippines  for  1903  is  an  evidence 
of  an  inferior  and  brutal  civilization.  Low- 
ering the  death-rate  rather  than  increasing  the 
birth-rate  is  a  physiological  advantage  which 
enlightened  civilization  should  follow.  Social 
reform,  good  environments,  sanitary  meas- 
ures, milk  inspection,  and  advancing  intel- 
ligence will  do  much  to  still  further  de- 
crease infant  mortality.  "  When  the  best  of 
society's  efforts  in  this  direction,"  says  he, 
"  have  been  realized,  then  a  solid  basis  for 
subsequent  reasoning  concerning  the  proba- 
ble future  of  our  race  will  have  been  estab- 
lished." 


THE   BATTLE   OF  FATHERS  AND  SONS  IN  GERMANY. 


QTUDENTS  of  history,  as  well  as  lovers 
of  what  is  great  in  literature,  agree  in 
assigning  a  very  high  place  to  Tiirgenev's 
masterly  psychological  analysis,  "  Fathers 
and  Sons."  Its  theme,  the  discord  between 
the  young  and  the  old,  the  present  and  the 
past, — or  passing, — generation,  forms  also 
the  text  for  a  keen  analytical  study  of  present- 
day  Germany,  contributed  to  the  Deutsche 
Rundschau, — under  the  same  title, — by  Dr. 
Fricdrich  Paulsen,  the  celebrated  philosophi- 
cal writer,  now  professor  of  philosophy  and 
pedagogics  at  the  University  of  Berlin. 

The  fact,  remarks  the  professor,  is  not 
new.  It  is  a  well-known  phenomenon.  What 
makes  it  noteworthy  just  now  is  its  intensity, 
its  poignancy.  Never  before  has  the  tension, 
—in  politics,  in  the  church,  in  the  school,  in 
Ae  home, — been  so  great.  This  is  made  evi- 
dent by  the  way  the  literature  of  the  present 


teems  with   the  subject,  the  preference,  of 
course,  being  given  to  the  young. 

There  is  no  more  popular  theme  in  Germany 
to-day  for  drama,  novel,  journal,  and  so  on, 
than  the  oppression  of  high-souled  youths  and 
maidens  by  narrow-minded  parents,  and  the 
curbing  and  tormenting  of  aspiring  young  men 
by  pedantic,  overbearing  instructors,  blind  fol- 
lowers of  the  old  order.  At  educational  con- 
ventions the  terrors  of  such  regimen  are  warmly 
descanted  upon.  Any  one  acquainted  with  Ger- 
man merely  through  its  literature  must  conclude 
that  there  never  has  been  an  age  when  youth 
was  so  mercilessly  treated. 

The  professor  goes  on  to  explain  the  causes 
of  this  acute  state  of  feeling :  the  old  absolut- 
ist order  of  things,  the  blind  submission  to 
authority  in  church,  school,  society,  is  chang- 
ing to  something  freer,  more  enli^tened,  but 
the  people  have  not  as  yet  adjusted  themselves 
to  the  new  conditions ;  hence  the  jar  and  the 
-""-'       '^     '     feels  confident  that  a  normal, 


96 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^lElV  OF  REl^lElVS. 


harmonious  relation  of  the  two  generations 
is  bound  to  follow,  and,  therefore,  looks 
hopefully  into  the  future. 

Everywhere  in  the  schools  of  Germany  ef- 
forts are  being  made  to  diminish  school  bur- 
dens,— shorter  hours,  longer  vacations,  easier 
examinations,  less  home-tasks,  attention  to 
athletics;  everywhere  improved  methods  arc 
sought,  increasing  the  teacher's  labor,  but 
facilitating  that  of  the  student.  Differentia- 
tion of  treatment  of  pupils,  to  accord  with 
their  varied  inclinations  and  endowments,  is 
made  incumbent  upon  teachers  everywhere, 
and  is  often  gladly  followed.  And  with 
home-training  it  is  the  same, — it  has  certainly 
not  grown  more  severe  in  the  last  fifty  years. 
On  the  contrary,'  too  great  leniency  has  not 
rarely  replaced  positive  demands  and  action 
on  the  part  of  the  elders;  while,  indeed,  one 
might  easily  complain  that  a  careless,  de- 
fiant attitude  of  youth  to  age  has  grown  more 
common. 

The  young  are  conscious  that  they  are  backed 
by  the  press,  literature,  public  opinion.  Thus, 
where  the  advocates  of  the  young  see  only  vic- 
tims of  cruel  discipline  and  pedantic  educational 
artifices,  the  writer  sees  on  the  other  side  parents 
and  teachers  wounded  to  the  quick,  harassed  to 
death  by  insolence,  by  heedless,  selfish,  incon- 
siderate conduct.  Both  sides,  then,  might  in- 
dulge in  recriminations,  but  it  is  youth  that 
makes  itself  heard,  for  the  old  are  wont  to  bear 
such  griefs  in  silence.  To  characterize  the  situa- 
tion in  a  word:  the  dissolution  of  the  old  sub- 
mission to  authority  in  every  phase  of  life  has 
thus  far  found  no  firm  substitute  in  a  voluntary 
self-control  so  essential  to  the  general  welfare. 
This  applies  to  public  as  well  as  private  life: 
the  old  forms  have  grown  shaky,  the  new  ones 
are  not  yet  fixed. 

In  public  matters  the  last  century  is  un- 
questionably characterized  by  the  weakening 
of  authority  in  every  sphere,  and  by  the  ad- 
vance of  a  leveling,  democratic  tendency. 
Nowhere  is  this  more  evident  than  in  re- 
ligious concerns. 

A  hundred  years  ago  the  great  mass  of  the 
German  people  still  had  faith  and  obeyed  the 
church ;  to-day  their  alienation  is  complete ;  they 
proudly  take  their  stand  upon  reason  and  the 
science  which  in  their  view  has  definitively  put 
an  end  to  belief.  It  is  much  the  same  with  the 
bulk  of  the  educated, — at  any  rate,  their  religion, 
if  they  have  any,  is  anticlerical.  The  great  re- 
action in  favor  of  literal  belief  in  the  middle  of 
last  century  resulted  in  divorcing  the  Protest- 
ant church,  also,  from  culture  and  science.  Thus 
the  church  has  completely  forfeited  its  inner 
power,  while  its  outward  strength  is  steadily 
waning  through  the  progressive  secularizing  of 
the  state.  The  remnant  of  dominion  which  it 
still  exercises  in  the  sphere  of  education  serves 


rather  to  nourish  than  to  quell  opposition  to  it 
In  England  and  America  the  question  of  bclcmg- 
ing  to  a  church  is  a  purely  free,  individual  ojn- 
cern ;  there  is,  therefore,  no  organized  religious 
enmity.  In  Germany  there  are  still  vivid  re- 
minders of  religious  compulsion  by  the  state- 
enough  to  make  "  infidelity  "  a  synonym  for  free- 
dom. 

A  like  condition  exists  in  state  and  social 
concerns.  In  the  state,  jn  place  of  the  respect 
for  authority  which  prevailed  a  hundred  yean 
ago,  the  custom  has  grown  of  criticising  and 
ridiculing  the  government. 

A  thousand  journals  furnish  their  readers  a 
daily  pabulum  of  such  matter.  The  old  magiste- 
rial government  \$  no  more,  but  neither  is  the 
new  order  of  self-government  established ;  hence 
the  dissonance  here  also.  •This  is  inevitable, 
since  historical  and  political  conditions  do  not 
permit  Germany  to  assume  either  an  absolutist 
or  a  republican-parliamentary  form  of  govern- 
ment ;  it  explains,  however,  why  in  state  matter?, 
too,  there  is  a  widespread  sentiment  in  oppo- 
sition to  authority. 

In  the  social  order  as  well  the  subjection  to 
authority  has  vanished ;  in  place  of  master  and 
vassal  we  have  the  employer  and  employee. 
But  in  this  sphere,  likewise,  remains  of  thr 
old  conditions  crop  up  everywhere,  hindering 
the  adoption  of  the  new  footing  of  cqualit); 
the  attempts  to  maintain  the  old  privileges  of 
authority  excite  everywhere  that  spirit  of  op- 
position and  revolution  which  stamps  all  Ger- 
man social  life. 

Professor  Paulsen  does  not  blame  the 
youth  of  his  land ;  they  assume  the  color  of 
their  time  and  surroundings.  "  They  rarely 
hear  the  tone  of  reverence;  passionate,  ma- 
licious, supercilious  criticism  is  what  strikes 
their  ear  on  every  hand, — at  home,  in  the 
press,  in  literature, — w^ho  still  entertains  re- 
spect for. anything?  Nay,  who  would  in  our 
day  not  be  ashamed  to  still  feel  respect  for 
anything  ?  "  • 

It  may  be  that  in  education, — as  is  the  case 
in  politics,  society,  the  church, — more  of  the 
absolutist  system  has  remained  than  is  con- 
sonant with  the  modern  spirit.  Evidences  of 
this  are  found  in  the  school  and  the  hon^e, — 
particularly  the  school. 

The  school-board  member  treats  the  teacher, — 
in  accordance  with  the  military  regimen, —  as  an 
authoritative  master,  not  as  a  friendly  counsel- 
lor, and  this  system,  naturally  enough,  is  trans- 
ferred to  the  relation  between  teacher  and  stu- 
dent. That  the  evils  of  this  method  are  being 
recognized  is  evidenced  by  the  efTorts  to  give  the 
higher  institutions  of  learning  a  freer  develop- 
ment, to  change  the  attitude  of  teacher  to 
scholar,  to  make  of  the  latter  a  more  independent 
worker. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


97 


SENDING  PICTURES  BY  TELEGRAPH. 


T^llE  as  yet  somewhat  mysterious  art  of 
telegraphotography,  or  transmitting  pho- 
tographs over  the  telegraph  wire,  is  described 
by  its  inventor,  Prof.  Arthur  Korn,  of  the 
University  of  ^lunich,  in  a  recent  number 
of  the  French  monthly,  Je  Sais  Tout.  In  the 
first  place,  says  Professor  Korn: 

Telegraphotography  rests  wholly  on  the 
strange  peculiarity  of  a  body  or  substance  called 
selenium,  which  peculiarity  was  discovered  by 
chance  during  some  experiments  made  by  an 
English  enginter  (Willoughby  Smith)  in  1873. 
Mr.  Smith  was  experimenting  for  the  construc- 
tion of  a  submarine  telegraph  cable.  At  a  given 
moment  he  had  need  of  a  substance  opposing 
great  resistance  to  the  passage  of  electric  cur- 
rents, and  he  fixed  his  choice  upon  a  metal 
whose  resistance  (compared  with  copper,  silver, 
iron,  etc.).  he  knew  to  be  enormous.  He  chose 
•itlenium,  but,  as  it  turned  out,  he  could  not 
have  made  a  worse  choice,  and  it  was  not  long 
before  he  found  it  out.  For  such  purpose 
selenium  is  the  most  whimsical  and  ihconstant 
ii;strument  in  the  world.  It  gave  Mr.  Smith 
one  result  in  the  daytime  and  another  and  oppo- 
site result  in  the  night.  While  they  were  work- 
ingr  over  their  experiments,  suddenly  and  very 
unexpectedly  Mr.  May,  Mr.  Smith*s  assistant, 
discovered  that  selenium  varies  as  it  is  subjected 
to  light  (by  the  amount  of  light,  more  or  less). 
\Vc  cannot  explain  this  phenomenon;  we  leave 
that  explanation,  as  we  are  forced  to  leave  it, 
t:)  the  future.  The  experimental  fact  is  that  in 
full  light  selenium  is,  relatively,  a  good  con- 
ductor; and  that  its  power  of  resistance  is  much 
greater  in  the  dark;  and  that  for  that  reason  it 
is  much  less  of  a  conductor  in  the  dark, — to 
speak  technically  its  cbnductibility  is  less  in  the 
dark  than  in  the  light.  Naturally  enough,  the 
fancy  of  inventors  was  excited  by  the  discovery 
of  selenium's  sensibility  to  light  (or  to  lack  of 
light).  It  was  seen  at  once  that  it  might  be 
possible  to  complete  the  telephone  by  an  ap- 
paratus showing  to  the  man  talking  into  the 
telephone  the  person  at  a  possibly  great  distance 
to  whom  he  is  talking,  the  only  thing  needed  to 
make  it  possible  for  the  speaker  to  see  his  in- 
terlocutor being  a  small  plate  of  selenium. 

As  to  the  actual  process,  Professor  Korn 
sa>-s: 

A  small  plate  of  selenium  is  passed  over  the 
image  in  the  camera  obscura  (the  real  image  of 
a  person  or  of  a  scene)  and  then  a  beam  of  light 
i>  parsed  over  a  screen.  This  beam  of  light  is 
more  or  less  intense,  according  to  the  intensity 
of  the  current,  which,  passing  from  the  trans- 
mitter to  the  receiver  over  the  selenium  plate, 
throws  light  across  the  different  parts  of  the 
image  in  the  "dark  chamber." 

The  experimenter  sees  the  image  appear  on 
the  screen  if  the  operation  is  performed  so 
rapidly  that  all  the  elements  of  the  object  to 
^  transmitted  can  be  retained  on  the  retina. 

Two  apparently  insurmountable  obstacles 


PROF.   ARTHUR    KORN    AND    HIS    NEW  INVENTION. 

arc  in  our  way  to  obtaining  perfect  trans- 
mission. The  first  obstacle  is  the  impossibil- 
ity of  obtaining  absolutely  simultaneous  action, 
and  the  second  is  the  impossibility  of  exactly 
regulating  the  intensity  of  the  luminous  ray 
by  means  of  currents  of  variable  strength  sent 
from  the  transmitter.  It  is  practically  im- 
possible to  find  an  instrument  sensitive 
enough,  and  at  the  same  time  rapid  enough, 
to  seize  and  to  follow  the  movement.  "  This 
is  why  all  our  researches  concerning  tele- 
vision have  been  fruitless."  Following  is 
Professor  Korn's  description  of  his  own  ap- 
paratus : 

The  photograph  for  transmission  must  be  a 
transparent  pellicle.  The  transparent  pellicle  is 
rolled  on  a  glass  cylinder  enclosed  in  a  camera 
obscura,  or  **  dark  chamber,"  where  it  is  dis- 
placed by  two  simultaneous  movements,  one 
movement  being  a  rotation  aPound  its  axis,  the 
other  a  translation  along  the  length  of  the  axis 
(as  a  hollow  screw  or  a  screw-nut  runs  on  the 
.screw-stud).  The  regular,  uniform  motion  is 
made  to  •  impress  the  cylinder  by  the  impul- 
sion of  a  little  electric  motor  whose  speed  is 
controlled  by  means  of  an  attachment  which 
adheres  to  the  motor. — the  attachment  is  a  sort 
of  meter  or  gauge  which  'registers  the  rotations 
of  the  cylinder.  The  cylinder  is  made  to  prc- 
.sent  each  one  of  its  points,  and,  consequently, 
all  the  points  of  the  photographic  pellicle  rolled 
on  the  cylinder  <ire  subjected  to  the  action  of  the 
light,  the  light  entering  the  camera  obscura 
through  a  little  window  made  in  order  to  let  in 


98 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REyJEWS. 


ONE  OF  THE  PICTURES  TAKEN  BY  PROF.   KORN  S 
TELEGRAPHIC   CAMERAS. 

the  light.  This  light  crosses  the  photographic 
film  in  greater  or  less  quantity,  according  to  the 
degree  of  transparency  of  the  parts  that  it 
touches.  In  the  interior  of  the  camera  obscura 
there  is  a  prism ;  the  light  strikes  that  prism ; 
the  prism  reflects  it  totally  on  a  cell  of  selenium 
just  below  it.  The  sides  of  the  cell  are  very 
thin  and  the  surface  of  the  cell  is  very  spacious, 
and  so  the  light  projected  upon  it  is  widely 
spread.  The  cell  resists  the  electric  current 
much  less  than  the  plaque  resists  it,  although 


both  cell  and  plaque  are  of  the  same  metaloid: 
selenium.  The  selenium  cell  is  traversed  by  the 
current  from  a  battery  of  accumulators.  The 
intensity  of  the  current  varies  according  to  the 
amount  of  light  that  falls  on  the  metaloid.  The 
current,  which  is  modified  by  the  length  of  the 
wires,  is  transmitted  to  the  receiver,  wherever 
that  may  have  been  set  up. 

The  Gonsequcnces  of  this  invention  will  be 
numerous  and  important.  Telcgraphotogra- 
phy  will  be  to  illustrated  journals  what  the 
telephone  and  the  telegraph  are  to  journals 
in  general.  When  methods  are  a  little  more 
rapid  it  will  be  possible  to  give  photographs 
of  what  passed  last  night  at  the  Antipodes. 
By  illustrating  his  reports  the  journalist  will 
make  his  work  more  striking  and  more  com- 
prehensible; gradually  all  the  journals  will 
he  transformed  and  there  will  be  nothing  but 
illustrated  dailies.  The  criminal  police  will 
apply  telcgraphotography  to  their  work,  and, 
probably,  fewer  assassins  will  go  free. 

The  police  of  places  where  a  murder  has  just 
been  committed  will  telegraph  the  photographs 
of  the  supposed  murderer  as  he  looked  with  or 
without  a  beard,  and  as  a  disguise  would  make 
him  look.  And  just  so,  enterprising  journalists 
can  present  prominent  public  men,  bearded  or 
beardless.  Police  are  keen  in  a  scent,  and  a 
criminal  will  be  at  a  disadvantage;  he  will  run 
away  by  train  or  by  boat,  while  his  photograph 
will  go  by  telegfraph,  and  be  waiting  to  catch 
him  as  he  arrives.  The  innocent  man  accused 
of  crime  can  prove  by  his  friends  that  he  is  in- 
nocent, and  so  regain  his  liberty  davs,  perhaps 
weeks,  sooner  than  he  could  have  done  before 
the  discovery  of  telcgraphotography.  If  accom- 
panied by  the  seal  of  a  notary  the  telegraphically 
transmitted  photographic  signature  will  be  valu- 
able. In  c«lse  of  an  innovation  permitting  such 
practice,  the  laws  of  the  different  countries  will 
have  to  be  modified. 


**THE  ONLY   REALLY   GREAT  SCIENTIFIC  MAN  OF 

PORTUGAL.'' 


I-TE  is  an  archaeologist  and  has  spent  most 
of  his  life  studying  the  antiquities  of 
Portugal  and  ot  the  Balearic  Islands,  par- 
ticularly Minorca.  A  recent  issue  of  the 
Illusfracion  Espahola  y  Americana  (Madrid) 
contains  an  article  on  the  primitive  monu- 
ments of  Minorca,  by  Senor  Francisco  Her- 
nandez Sanz,  correspondent  of  the  Spanish 
Roval  Academy.  In  this  article  a  warm  trib- 
ute is  paid  to  the  aforesaid  leading  Portu- 
Z'"^  scientist,  Senhor  Juan  Leite  da  Vas- 
"/^•'"'I'K.  This  student  is  unknown  to  the 
•"  •  :  at  larpe,  particularly  the  Enj^lish- 
-.r/^w  *  -*  M  or;H.  hut  is  a  great  man  in  his  own 


countn*.  The  two  scholarly  Portuguese  pub- 
lications, Os  Religioes  da  Lusitania  and  0 
Archaeologo  Portugues,  declare  that  Senhor 
da  Vasconcellos  is  the  most  eminent  of  living 
archaeologists. 

Personally,  he  is  a  short,  square  man  of  quiet 
manner  and  retiring  life,  of  deep  penetration  and 
vast  scientific  learning,  who  has  to  be  dilig^ently 
sought  after  to  be  found.  Indeed,  he  spends 
most  of  his  time,  except  when  some  flying  trip 
has  to  be  taken  to  a  library  or  some  investigation 
verified,  in  the  Archaeological  Museum  at  Belem. 
just  outside  Lisbon,  where  he  is  deeply  eng^rossed 
in  the  classifications  going  on  of  Algave  and 
Alemtejo  antiquities.  So  student-like  is  his  ex- 
istence that  many  of  his  countrymeA  have  never 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


99 


SENHOR   VASCONCEI.LOS,  THE  EMINENT     PORTUGUESE   ANTIQUARIAN, 
(SUndlns  by  the  Degebe  L>olinen,  the  remains  of  prehistoric  civilization  In  Mlrjorca.) 


heard  of  him.  He  passes  unknown  among  the 
crowds  of  dandies,  military  men,  and  Frenchified 
women  who  throng  the  streets  of  Lisbon.  Yet 
he  b  the  only  really  great  scientific  man  of 
Portugal:  indeed,  it  may  almost  be  said  that, — 
with  the  exception  of  the  King  Dom  Carlos.— 
he  is  the  only  man  of  present  Portugal  whose 
name  is  recognized  outside  of  Portugal,  for  to 
**  those  who  know  "  among  French  anti  German 
archaeologists  he  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  great 
thinkers  and  investigators  of  the  world. 


Aside  from  his  work  of  classification  and 
investigation,  Senhor  da  Vasconcellos  is  con- 
stantly writing  or  preparing  his  materials  for 
writing  on  the  subjects  of  importance  and 
interest  to  him.  Pamphlet  after  pamphlet  as 
well  as  books  come  from  his  facile  pen,  and  it 
can  be  only  a  question  of  time  before  they  are 
by  translation  put  within  reach  of  English 
and  American  scholars. 


"GORKI'S   FINISH." 


TJNDER  this  fomcwhat  colloquial  Ameri- 
can phrase  as  a  title,  the  well-known 
Russian  literary  and  art  critic,  Dr.  Filosofov, 
contributes  to  a  recent  number  of  the  serious 
review  Russkaya  Mysl  (Russian  Thought) 
a  kfoi  criticism  of  Maxim  Gorki's  recent 
work,  particularly  his  somewhat  bitter  re- 
flections on  American  social  and  political 
conditioiis. 

Two  things,  says  this  writer,  have  ruined 
Gorki:  "His  successes  and  a  naive,  poorly 
ifieotcd  socisdism.'*     The  latest  productions 


of  the  celebrated  Russian  author,  particularly 
"The  Barbarians,"  "The  Enemies,"  "In 
America,"  and  "  My  Interviews,"  this  critic 
thinks,  have  done  so  much  to  injure  his  lit- 
erary fame,  have  "  indicated  such  a  decompo- 
sition of  talent,  that  it  is  difficult  to  believe 
his  regeneration  possible." 

Rapidly  surveying  the  career  of  Gorki, 
Dr.  Filosofov  points  out  that  author's  re- 
markable, rapid  success.  Not  even  Tolstoi 
and  Chekhov,  he  points  out,  received  such 
"  slavish    and    boundless    flattery."      Gorki 


100 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEWS. 


was  the  hero  of  a  day,  the  favorite  of  the 
public,  in  much  the  same  way  as  an  opera 
singer  who  in  a  few  years  turns  the  heads  of 
all  his  admirers  and  then,  when  he  has  lost 
his  voice,  he  passes  from  the  scene  and  sinks 
into  oblivion. 
There  is  reason 
for  all  this,  says 
the  Russian  critic. 

The  passion  for 
Gorki  has  a  psycho- 
logical  explana- 
tion. He  appeared 
just  at  the  right 
time.  He  touched 
such  deep  chords 
in  human  nature 
that  he  met  with 
response  through- 
out all  "new  Rus- 
sia," which  had 
just  begun  to 
awaken.  The 
masses  believed 
that  his  talent 
was  inexhaustible. 
They  flattered  him, 
tickled  his  egotism, 
and  almost  literally 
made  him  their 
idol.  They  gave 
him  no  chance  to 
concentrate  him- 
self, to  realize  the 
limits  of  his  power 
and  the  nature  of 
his  talent.  The 
drama  **  On  the 
Bottom "  was  the 
summit  of  Gorki's 
productiveness.  Af- 
ter the  conception 

of  this  his  downfall  began.  Since  the  whole 
world  has  read  his  productions,  the  whole  world 
now  sees  how  he  has  fallen,  how  he  himself  has 
reached  the  bottom  of  man's  triviality  and  pre- 
tentious rhetoric.  Gorki  sincerely  believed  him- 
self to  be  the  ruler  of  the  masses,  the  sovereign 
of  their  thoughts  and  hearts,  independent,  sub- 
ordinate to  no  human  soul, — not  realizing  how 
he  had  lost  even  the  shadow  of  freedom. 

Gorki,  says  this  critic,  rarely  saw  any  true 
criticism  of  his  work  at  home.  He  did  see 
"  critical  hysterics  and  the  outbursts  of  ap- 
plause of  the  mob  which,  by  idolizing  him, 
ruined  him."  Now,  this  mob  coolly  an- 
nounces that  his  latest  productions  have  met 
with  unanimous  disapproval. 

Gorki's  real  force,  says  this  critic,  lay  in 
picturing  the  type  of  the  Russian  tramp,  the 
bosyak.  As  soon  as  he  attempted  to  sweeten 
the  bitterness  of  this  tramp*s  lot  with  the 
sugar  of  socialism  it  is  quite  natural  that  he 
should  have  failed."  As  to  his  productions 
on  American  conditions,  **  In  America,"  and 


MAXIM   GORKI. 


"  My  Interviews,"  in  these,  Gorki  for  the 
first  time  concerns  himself  with  the  world 
outside  his  own  country  and  does  it  "in 
a  very  careless  way." 

He  did  not  know  Europe  and  could  not  make 
clear  t  o  himself 
what  he  actually 
demanded  from 
Europe.  Moreover, 
no  artistic  instinct 
came  to  his  aid  to 
whisper  in  his  ear 
that  overstepping 
artistic  limits  al- 
ways leads  to  the 
monstrous.  H  i  s 
rage  i  s  certainly 
sincere,  his  h- 
proach  .in  i^y 
cases  justified;  but 
as  these  are  not  di- 
rected in  the  right 
direction  and  are 
clad  in  stilted,  bom- 
bastic phraseology, 
they  appear  only 
comical.  Europe 
smiled  contemptu- 
ously and  went 
about  its  business. 
Gorki,  who  knows 
so  little  about 
European  civiliza- 
tion, announced  to 
the  world  that  he 
was  not  satisficci 
with  that  continent. 
He  reprimanded  it 
in  such  a  tone  and 
manifested  such 
an  ignorance  of  its 
actual  conditions 
that  every  fair- 
.    , ,         .  minded    reader    is 

inevitably  driven  to  defending  Europe.  Gorki 
insulted  France  because  he  knew  nothing  about 
her  history.     And  then  he  came  to  America. 

No  European,  says  Filosofov,  really  knows 
much  about  this  land  of  riddles, — ^America. 
"  Most  of  what  we  do  know  about  it  is  rather 
repelling." 

We  are  under  the  impression  that  in  America 
everything  has  been  adopted  from  Europe,  that 
the  Americans  have  really  nothing  they  can  call 
their  own.  Besides,  to  Europeans  it  is  strange 
that  a  country's  history  should  begin  with  the 
nineteenth  century.  Europe  has  the  inheritance 
of  a  great  past.  If  Paris  had  no  Notre  Dame, 
the  Eiffel  Tower  would  crush  the  French  capi- 
tal with  its  frivolous  and  ugly  skeleton  of  steel. 
Let  us  imagine,  if  we  can,  an  immense,  wealthy 
country  where  there  is  really  nothing  but  an 
Eiffel  Tower, — no  history,  no  traditions,  no  art. 
no  literature,  no  philosophy,  only  naked  capi- 
talism, the  cult  of  Baal,  the  triumph  of  matter. 
If  America  really  is  such  as  it  appears  to  the 
average  European  and  to  Mr.  Gorki,  it  deser\'es 
to  be  hated.  But  is  America  really  such?  In 
order  to  understand  the  soul  of  a  people  it  is 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


101 


necessary  to  search  for  its  inner  life.  Can  this 
inner  life  be  found  and  apprehended  by  the  ordi- 
nary tourist  or  journalist  who  gives  us  so  much 
of  "  American  impressions  '*  ?  All  these  tales 
about  the  wonders  of  American  mechanical  and 
technical  skill  have  set  our  teeth  on  edge,  but 
they  should  not  represent  the  nature  of  America 
and  the  Americans  to  us.  Are  there  not  in 
America  farmers,  with  lives  of  their  own  ?  Are 
there  not  religious  heart-searchings  and  artistic 
aspirations?  Is  America  really  exhausted  by 
what  Gorki  calls  "  Americanism  "  ? 

This  critic  denies  the  truth  of  these  impli- 
cations and  refuses  to  concede  that  Gorki  is 


qualified  to  speak  upon  the  matter  at  all. 
"  Europe  cannot  trust,"  he  says,  "  Gorki's 
superficial  and  banal  impressions." 

All  Gorki  has  told  us  about  America  he  learned 
from  the  window  of  his  hotel  or  from  the  plat- 
form of  the  trolley  car.  They  are  little  better 
than  the  usual  generalizing  impressions  of  a 
tourist  with  a  poor  education  and  no  knowledge 
of  the  language.  What  he  expected  and  desired 
from  America  we  do  not  know.  Any  provin- 
cial reporter,  however,  upon  an  order  to  write 
a  couple  of  feuilletons,  could  have  described 
America  and  American  conditions  just  as  well 
as  Gorki  has  done. 


YUAN   SHIH-KAI,   CHINA'S  FOREMOST  STATESMAN. 


CINCE  the  death  of  Li  Hu^ig-chang,  the 
foremost  statesman  of  China  is  without 
doubt  Yuan  Shih-kai.  In  statecraft  and 
statesmanship  Yuan  was  trained  by  the  la- 
mented Li,  and  it  is  natural  that  the  younger 
sutesman  should  possess  m.any  of  the  ideas 
and  traits  of  the  elder  viceroy.  When  the 
viceregal  throne  of  the  metropolitan  province 
of  Chihli  was  left  vacant  by  the  death  of  Li 
Hung-chang,  Yuan  was  immediately  pro- 
moted to  that  post  from  the  governorship  of 
the  province  of  Shun-tung.  Since  then  he  has 
been  the  cj^nosure  of  all  eyes  in  the  Celestial 
Empire.  An  interesting  character  sketch  of 
this  personage  appearing  in  a  recent  issue  of 
the  Illustrated  Monthly  (Shasin-gaho) ,  of 
Tokio,  is,  therefore,  worthy  of  note. 

As  the  anonymous  writer  of  this  article 
says,  Yuan  Shih-kai  holds  no  office  in  the 
central  government,  and  yet  his  influence  at 
the  Peking  court  is  as  great  as,  perhaps  even 
greater,  than,  that  of  the  most  powerful  min- 
isters of  state,  such  as  Prince  Ching,  presi- 
dent of  the  Foreign  Office,  and  Chu  Hung- 
chi.  Minister  of  War.  Among  the  viceroys, 
Chang  Chih-tung  and  Shin  Chun-ken  have 
distinguished  themselves  by  their  remarkable 
administrative  ability,  but  in  popularity  and 
power  these  two  viceroys  are  hardly  com- 
parable with  Yuan  Shih-kai.  It  was  through 
the  diplomatic  negotiations  between  Japan 
and  China  resulting  in  the  war  of  i894-'95 
that  Yuan  first  rose  to  prominence  as  a  diplo- 
mat. At  that  time  he  was  a  stark  antagonist 
of  the  Japanese,  and,  as  the  Chinese  Minister 
at  Seoul,  left  nothing  undone  to  frustrate  the 
Mikado's  policy  and  enterprise  in  the  Korean 
peninsula.  Although  his  ambitious  scheme 
in  the  Hermit  Kingdom  ended  in  bitter  dis- 
appointment, it  was  since  that  time  that  he 
began  to  be  recognized  as  a  factor  in  Chinese 


politics.  The  decade  following  the  China- 
Japanese  war  has  wrought  a  remarkable 
change  upon  his  mind,  and  the  instigator  of 
that  conflict  is  now  to  all  appearance  a  warm 
friend  of  the  Japanese,  willing  to  adopt  their 
political  institutions  and  educational  system. 
But  can  Japan  count  on  him  as  her  true 
friend,  ready  to  stand  by  her  at  crucial  mo- 
ments as  well  as  in  time  of  peace?  Is  he  a 
sincere  believer  in  modern  civilization  and 
enlightenment,  unswerving  in  his  efforts  to 
reform  the  hoary  institutions  of  the  Celestial 


VIAN     SHIH-KAI,     VKEJvOY    OF    CHIHLI. 

(The  most  powerful  man  In  China.) 


102 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^fElV  OF  REI/IEIVS. 


Empire  in  accord  with  the  principles  of  civil- 
ized nations  ?  These  questions  the  writer  an- 
swers in  a  skeptical  tone. 

Yuan  Shih-kai  has  invited  many  Japanese  as 
advisers  to  various  departments  of  his  provin- 
cial government,  and  persuaded  the  court  at 
Peking  to  follow  his  example.  In  his  efforts  to 
reform  the  military  and  police  systems,  the  ad- 
ministration cf  finance  and  taxation,  and  educa- 
tional institutions,  Yuan  has  turned  to  Japan 
for  assistance  and  advice.  The  Japanese,  how- 
ever, will  have  a  rude  awakening  if  they  should 
look  upon  him  as  their  faithful  friend.  With  all 
his  professed  admiration  of  modernism,  he  is. 
after  all,  not  different  from  his  fellow-country- 
men in  general,  whose  characteristic  traits  seem 
to  be  egotism  and  selfishness.  Imbued  with  new 
ideas  as  he  is,  Yuan  is  nevertheless  firmly 
wedded  to  the  past.  Like  all  other  Chinese,  the 
illustrious  viceroy  is  conservative  at  heart  and 
ridiculously  proud  of  his  own  country,  cherish- 
ing contempt  for  all  foreign  nations.  Moreover, 
Viceroy  Yuan  is  an  opportunist,  without  un- 
wavering principle  or  fixed  aim.  To-day  he  is 
apparently  a  friend  of  Japan,  but  who  can  fore- 
tell what  he  will  be  to-morrow?  When  the 
present  Emperor  of  China  declared  his  inten- 
tion to  adopt  reform  measures  advocated  by  a 
coterie  of  radical  reformers,  Yuan's  attitude  to- 
ward the  movement  was  apparently  so  sympa- 


thetic that  the  Emperor  and  his  lieutenants  all 
looked  upon  him  as  a  supporter  of  their  cause. 
Their  hopes  were  belied,  for,  when  the  Empress 
Dowager  resorted  to  a  high-handed  measure  to 
suppress  the  reform  movement.  Yuan  Shih-kai 
not  only  remained  inactive,  but  he  at  once 
changed  his  front  and  became  a  right-hand  man 
of  the  conservative  Empress.  To-day  he  is  still  the 
opportunist  that  he  was  in  the  days  of  the 
Boxer  uprising.  While  evidently  friendly  to- 
ward Japan,  he  entertains  no  idea  of  entering 
into  a  close  alliance  with  her,  and  asking  her 
hearty  co-operation  in  the  regeneration  of  his 
country  and  in  the  maintenance  of  peace  in  the 
Far  East. 

The  writer  says  that  Viceroy  Yuan  docs 
not  scruple  to  employ  treachery  in  dealing 
with  Japan,  which  is  but  too  willing  to  assist 
China  in  every  way.  "  Indeed,  the  viceroy 
does  not  hesitate  to  take  advantage  of  the  fact 
that  the  Japanese  are  far  less  experienced  in 
diplomacy'  than  are  the  Russians."  The 
writer  predicts  that  upon  the  death  of  the 
Empress  Dowager  the  Celestial  Empire  will 
once  again  become  convulsed  with  uprisings 
and  insurrections.  The  regeneration  of  that 
moribund  nation,  he  believes,  is  now  as  far 
off  as  ever. 


FRANCE'S    PUNITIVE    EXPEDITION   AGAINST  MOROCCO. 


npHE  assassination  of  Dr.  Alauchamp  and 
the  occupation  of  Ujda  hy  the  French 
are  treated  of  in  an  article  in  Hojas  Selectas 
(Madrid).  The  writer,  alluding  to  present 
conditions  in  Morocco,  says: 

We  must  strictly  distinguish  between  the  atti- 
tude of  forced  submission  assumed  by  the  Mo- 
roccan authorities  in  reference  to  the  moral  pro- 
tectorate of  Europe  and  the  resistance,  passive 
to-day,  but  which  will  perhaps  become  active  to- 
morrow, of  the  masses  of  the  people,  of  the 
fanatical  majority,  to  Christian  interference  in 
the  African  domains  of  the  Koran.  This  ren- 
ders merely  nominal  and  inefficacious  the  sov- 
ereignty of  the  Emperor.  Roghi  and  Raisuli  are 
two  armed  and  still  unconquered  protests  against 
the  official  complacency  of  Mohammed  Torres. 
Sooner  or  later  these  opposing  tendencies,  which 
have  only  skirmished  with  one  another  in  North 
Africa,  will  meet  face  to  face  in  internecine 
conflict. 

All  these  difficulties,  however,  will  not 
avail  to  retard  the  progress  of  events.  Com- 
mercial interests  are  paramount,  and  the 
Moroccans  must  yield,  in  the  same  way  as 
all  other  peoples  of  inferior  civilization,  to 
the  inevitable  law  of  progress.  If  Europe 
were  less  highly  civilized,  or  if  the  powers 
could  come  to  an  amicable  understanding,  the 


conquest  of  Morocco  would  be  accomplished 
in  a  short  time;  but  civilization  is  obliged  by 
its  very  nature  to  have  recourse  to  threats  and 
warnings  rather  than  to  acts  of  violence. 

The  writer  looks  upon  the  assassination  of 
Dr.  Mauchamp  as  a  striking  instance  of  the 
risk  incurred  by  all  Europeans  in  Morocco. 
The  crime  was  committed  at  Marrakesh,  the 
political  capital  of  the  country.  The  im- 
mediate cause  was  peculiar  and  characteristic 

The  crime  is  attributed  to  a  brutal  outburst 
of  fanaticism  caused  by  preparations  for  the  in- 
stallment of  an  apparatus  for  wireless  teleg- 
raphy. When  the  Moors  saw  that  Dr.  Mau- 
champ had  raised  a  small  mast  upon  the  roof  of 
his  house,  they  l)elieved  that  it  had  to  do  with 
some  diabolical  invention ;  and,  in  their  excited 
fanaticism,  they  pulled  down  the  house  and 
killed  the  unfortunate  doctor  before  he  could  de- 
fend himself. 

The  French  Government  acted  quickly  and 
decisively.  They  required  immediate  satis- 
faction of  the  demands  which  had  already 
been  made  for  injuries  suffered  by  French 
subjects,  and  the  punishment  of  the  assassins 
of  Dr.  Mauchamp  as  well  as  the  payment  of 
an  indemnity  to  his  family.  It  was  generally 
admitted  that,  in  this  matter,  France  was  dc- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


108 


fending  European  interests  as  well  as  her 
own.  On  the  29th  of  March,  the  French 
troops  under  General  Liautey  occupied  the 
city  of  Ujda,  situated  a  few  miles  from  the 
Algerian  frontier,  without  a  shot  being  fired. 
The  city  contains  about  10,000  inhabitants, 
and,  although  of  little  strategic  importance, 
has  considerable  value  from  a  commercial 
standpoint,  as  it  is  the  principal  market  for 
the  trade  of  the  surrounding  Kabyles. 

The  writer  looks  upon  the  French  occupa- 
tion as  merely  the  seizure  of  a  guaranty,  as  a 
kind  of    hostage,  such  as  any  other  power 


might  claim  under  similar  circumstances,  and 
he  says  in  conclusion: 

The  common  interests  of  Europe  and  of  the 
civilized  world  require  that  the  lives  and  prop- 
erty of  Europeans  in  Morocco  shall  not  be  at  the 
mercy  of  fanatical  mobs  and  shall  not  become  the 
prey  of  wandering  tribes.  There  must  be  laws 
and  courts  and  a  public  authority  strong  enough 
to  insure  the  maintenance  of  order  and  the  en- 
forcement of  the  laws.  Foreign  intervention  is 
never  necessary  where  the  public  authorities  are 
eager  to  punish  assassins;  but  when,  as  in  Mo- 
rocco, these  authorities  view  with  a  certain  com- 
placency the  excesses  of  fanatics,  then  interven- 
tion becomes  both  necessary  and  just. 


SAN  DOMINGO'S  FINANCES. 


LJAVING  been  requested  on  March  24, 
1905,  to  proceed  to  San  Domingo  and 
investigate  its  financial  condition  by  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt,  Prof.  Jacob  H.  Hollander, 
of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  details  the  re- 
sult of  his  researches  through  many  months, 
in  an  illuminating  article  in  the  Quarterly 
Journal  of  Economics  for  May.  A  more  dis- 
tressing record  of  financial  mismanagement 
than  that  exhibited  by  San  Domingo  and 
made  plain  by  Professor  Hollander  has  rarely 
been  encountered. 

Thirty-five  years  is  the  period  covered  by 
the  wildcat  methods  discussed,  and  this  he 
divides  into  three  periods:  From  1867  to 
1887,  the  genesis  of  the  debt;  from  1888  to 
1897,  the  period  of  bond  issues,  and  there- 
after, the  period  of  floating-debt  accumula- 
tion. At  the  outset  the  national  debt  approx- 
imated $1,500,000,  largely  of  doubtful  char- 
aaer.  A  bond  issue  in  1869,  known  as  the 
"  Hartmont  Loan,"  appeared  in  the  sum  of 
£757,000,  and  this  was  sold  to  the  public  at 
rates  ranging  irom  50  to  70  per  cent. 
Through  fraud,  neglect,  or  deliberate  defal- 
cation, however,  "  only  £38,095  was  received 
and  accounted  for  by  the  Dominican  Gov- 
ernment." Three  years  later,  in  1872,  "  the 
loan  went  into  default" 

From  1872  to  1880  the  floating  debt  large- 
ly accumulated  through  unpaid  salaries,  revo- 
lutionary damage  claims,  treasury  bills  given 
for  war  supplies,  and  debts  contracted  by  the 
government  for  current  expenses.  Interest 
00  these  items  was  as  high  as  10  per  cent,  a 
month.  The  island's  bohded  debt  in  1888 
was  $3,850,000,  while  its  floating  debt  was 
«mewhat  uncertain.  Then  it  was  that  the 
Westcndorp    caja    de    recaudacion,    or    an 


agreement  with  the  Amsterdam  firm  that  it 
might  collect  all  import  and  export  duties 
during  the  life  and  for  the  benefit  of  a  loan 
of  £770,000,  was  executed.  In  1892  the 
rights  and  obligations  of  Westendorp  &  O). 
were  acquired  by  the  "  San  Domingo  Im- 
provement Company,  of  New  York,"  by 
transfer,  confirmed  by  the  Dominican  Con- 
gress on  March  24,  1893. 

Between  1888  and  1898  seven  bond  issues 
were  emitted  to  discharge  floating  debts  and 
quiet  indemnity  claims.  On  January  i,  1905, 
the  republic's  public  indebtedness  amounted 
to  $32,560,459,  including  interest.  All  these 
loans  represented  purposes  to  which  the 
money  was  rarely  applied.  "  Cut-throat 
terms,  prodigal  waste,  and  unchecked  pro- 
cedure "  marked  every  one  of  them.  Heu- 
reaux's  financial  policy  was  "  a  mixture  of  a 
degenerate's  cunning  and  a  bankrupt's  reck- 
lessness," and  his  successors  were  no  better. 
Indeed,  Professor  Hollander  says  of  them: 
"  Each  successive  dictator  inclined  to  become 
a  more  necessitous  and  a  more  reckless  bor- 
rower, and  each  new  advance  was  obtained 
upon  harsher  terms.  The  nominal  rate  of 
interest  was  rarely  less  than  2  per  cent,  a 
month,  and  with  respect  to  funds  or  values 
actually  received  several  times  that  rate." 

Owing  to  the  pressure  of  the  Italian  and 
French  governments,  in  the  interest  of  the 
claims  of  their  citizen  creditors  against  San 
Domingo,  matters  were  brought  to  a  crisis, 
and  early  in  1905  the  United  States  in- 
tervened. President  Roosevelt  had  said: 
"  Those  who  profit  by  the  Monroe  Doctrine 
must  accept  certain  responsibilities  along  with 
the  rights  which  it  confers,"  and  this  served 
as  a  premise  for  American  intervention.    But 


104 


THE  AMEklCAN  MONTHLY  kE^lElV  OF  REl^tE]VS. 


DR.    JACOB    ir.    HOLLANDER, 
(Speoinl  commlRsIoner  to  Snn  Domingo.) 

action  was  delayed  in  the  Senate,  and  a  ten- 
tative provisional  arrangement  was  estab- 
lished by  order  of  the  President. 

At  this  stage  Professor  Hollander  took 
hold  and  unearthed  the  above  facts.  Of  the 
$32,560,459,  aforementioned,  he  discovered 
that  $2I,I04,CXX)  was  represented  by  foreign 
claims,  while  the  remainder  was  due  for  in- 
ternal debts  and  claims.  Agreements  were 
then  made  with  foreign  claimants,  and  a 
New  York  banking  institution  was  induced 
to  handle  $20,000,000  of  Dominican  5  per 
cent,  fifty-year  bonds  at  96,  redeemable  after 
ten  years  at  102 j/2, — subject  to  the  approval 
and  ratification  of  a  newly  drawn  treaty. 
The  proceeds  of  these  bonds  will  be  applied 
to  the  payment  of  debts  and  claims  as  ad- 
justed, to  the  extinction  of  particular  conces- 
sions and  monopolies,  and  to  public  improve- 
ments. When  the  treaty  becomes  effective 
$2,500,000,  now  on  deposit  in  New  York, 
will  be  available  for  these  purposes. 

Foreigners  will  receive,  under  the  agree- 
ments concluded,  i  12,407,000  in  discharge 
of  nominal  claims  of  $21,104,000,  and  $11,- 
000,000  of  internal  debts  will  be  satisfied 
with  $5,000,000.  A  general  receiver  of  Do- 
minican customs  will  be  appointed  by  the 
President,  "  who  shall  collect  all  the  customs 
duties  of  the  republic  until  the  payment  or 
redemption  of  the  bonds  so  issued."  San 
Domingo,  under  the  convention  mentioned. 


will  be  prohibited  from  borrowing  any  fur- 
ther money  without  the  consent  of  the  United 
States,  nor  can  the  republic  alter  its  duties 
without  our  approval. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  adjust  or  deter- 
mine the  Dominican  debt,  but  merely  to  ad- 
minister the  customs  of  the  republic  for  the 
service  of  a  new  loan,  the  proceeds  of  which 
are  to  be  devoted  to  the  discharge  of  all 
recognized  debts  and  claims,  reduced  to  a 
basis  acceptable  both  to  the  republic  and  the 
creditors. 

In  the  American  Journal  of  International 
Law  (Quarterly)  for  April  Professor  Hol- 
lander contributes  an  additional  paper  on  this 
subject,  entitled,  "The  Convention  of  1907 
Between  the  United  States  and  the  Donnini- 
can  Republic." 

From  this  discussion  we  learn  more  in  de- 
tail concerning  the  new  convention  with  San 
Domingo,  passed  on  February  25,  1907,  and 
now  awaiting  ratification  by  the  Dominican 
Congress. 

"In  January-February,  1905,"  says  he, 
"  in  face  of  the  imminent  likelihood  of  do- 
mestic convulsion  and  foreign  intervention, 
the  protocol  of  an  agreement  was  concluded 
between  the  Dominican  Republic  and  the 
United  States,  and  this  was  made  eflFective  by 
a  decree  of  the  Dominican  executive  of 
March  31,  1905."  Under  this  the  United 
States  engaged  (i)  to  adjust  the  Dominican 
debt,  foreign  and  domestic,  and  to  determine 
the  validity  and  amount  of  all  pending 
claims;  (2)  to  administer  the  Dominican 
custom-houses  and  to  deliver  45  per  cent,  of 
the  receipts  to  the  Dominican  Government, 
applying  the  net  remainder  to  the  interest 
upon  and  the  amortization  of  the  .debts  and 
claims  so  adjusted;  and  (3)  to  afford  the 
Dominican  Republic  such  further  assistance 
as  it  might  require  to  preserve  orderly  and 
efficient  government. 

This  was  not  approved  by  the  Senate,  and 
an  interim  arrangement,  on  the  request  of 
San  Domingo,  was  executed.  On  April  i, 
1905,  this  went  into  operation,  with  a  nomi- 
nee of  the  President  of  the  United  States  in 
charge  of  the  Dominican  customs,  charged 
with  the  segregation  of  55  per  cent,  thereof 
for  the  ultimate  payment  of  the  republic's 
debts.  This  proved  a  complete  success.  In- 
surrection ceased ;  public  officials  received 
their  salaries;  current  accounts  were  paid; 
trade  revived ;  smuggling  was  eliminated ; 
local  merchants  were  protected  against  fraud- 
ulent preferment  of  their  rivals  at  the  cus- 
tom-houses, and  importers  were  encouraged 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


105 


to  contract  larger  credits.  A  new  spirit  was 
infused  everywhere  in  San  Domingo.  This 
led  to  amazing  increases  in  the  customs  re- 
ceipts. In  1906  the  gross  returns  were  $3,- 
191,916.59,  against  $2,223,324.51  for  1905, 
and  $1,852,209.54  for  1904, — an  increase  of 
44  per  cent,  over  1905  and  72  per  cent,  over 

1904. 

With  the  satisfactory  working  of  the  in- 
terim arrangement,  and  assured  of  the  good 
offices  of  our  Government,  the  President  of 
the  Dominican  RepuWic  appointed  Sefior 
Fcderico  Velazquez,  Minister  of  Finance  and 
Commerce,  a  special  commissioner  for  the  ad- 
justment  of   the  financial  difficulties  of  the 


republic.  He  came  to  the  United  States  in 
the  latter  part  of  June,  1906,  and  made  cer- 
tain financial  arrangements  in  harmony  with 
the  adjustment  plans  aforementioned.  On 
January  5,  1907,  a  sufficient  number  of  cred- 
itors having  assented  to  the  proposed  measure 
of  adjustment,  a  new  convention  was  nece3- 
sary,  and,  on  February  8,  1907,  this  received 
the  signatures  of  the  respective  plenipoten- 
tiaries at  Santo  Domingo  Gty.  This  was 
ratified,  with  but  a  single  unimportant 
change,  by  the  United  States  Senate  on  Feb- 
ruary 25,  and  now  awaits  the  approval  of  the 
Dominican  Congress  to  become  effective. 
Its  principal  provisions  are  given  supra. 


LINNAEUS,  AFTER   TWO  HUNDRED  YEARS. 


J^URING  the  month  of  May  all  Sweden 
joined  hands,  with  rarely  witnessed 
unanimit>',  in  observing  the  two-hunaredth 
.anniversary  of  the  birth  of  Carl  von  Linne, 
better  known  to  the  English-speaking  world 
by  the  name  Linnaeus,  the  iiu^Xxtr  of  modern 
botany,  the  story  of  whose  life  is  retold  in 
articles  appearing  in  Ord  och  Bild  (Stock- 
holm) and  Samtiden  (Christiania). 

Before  he  was  thirty  Linnaeus  had  brought 
into  final  shape  his  system  of  classification 
and  nomenclature,  describing  flowers  and  ani- 
mals and  minerals  in  a  way  wholly  new  to 
sdence, — ^a  way  that  is  our  way  to-day  and  that 
recently  drew  frcm  a  noted  English  scientist 
the  judgment  that  **  the  greatest  and  most  last- 
ing service  which  Linnaeus  rendered  both  to 
botany  and  zoology  lies  \n  the  certainty  and 
precision  which  he  introduced  into  the  art  of 
describing."  As  he  dealt  with  flowers,  so  he 
dealt  with  men  and  their  manners  and  every 
natural  phenomenon  that  came  under  his  ob- 
servation. Though  he  had  to  write  in  Latin, 
the  old  phrases  and  philosophical  vaguenesses 
were  thrown  to  the  winds,  and  in  their  place 
appeared  clear  and  concise  statements  of  what 
bis  senses  had  noted  and  his  mind  concluded. 
( )n  that  change  modern  science  rests. 

But  to  find  a  publisher  in  Sweden  was  out  of 
the  question.  He  was  still  hesitating  whether 
he  should  try  his  luck  in  son-e  foreign  land 
when  he  happened  to  fall  in  love  with  the 
pretty  young  daughter  of  a  government  sur- 
geon. The  father  made  a  doctor's  degree  the 
price  of  his  consent.  Where  the  student  had 
vadllated  the  lover  acted  promptly.  In  1735 
Limanift  went  to  Holland  to  pass  through 
ikf  OBoeicanr  examinations  at  the  small  but 


highly  reputed  University  of  Harderwijk. 
Having  received  degree  and  diploma  as  doc- 
tor of  medicine,  he  turned  to  Amsterdam  in 
search  of  a  publisher.  The  quest  was  speedily 
brought  to  a  favorable  issue,  and  in  quick 
succession  the  far-famed  Dutch  presses  turned 
out  a  half  dozen  of  bulky  folio  volumes  with 
Latin  titles  of  unprecedented  directness  and 
simplicity. 

As  work  after  work  issued  into  light,  the 
world  cf  science  held  its  breath.  Their  con- 
tents was  revolutionary. 

His  views  and  theories  and  systems  "  upset  all 
botany,"  as  one  ancient  bigwig  put  it.  But  the 
older  men  had  to  listen  and  learn  in  spite  of  their 
vanities  and  their  prejudices.  Reason  was  on 
the  side  of  the  young  Swede.  To  those  that  saw 
more  deeply,  it  was  evident  that  he  had  given 
the  natural  sciences  the  instrument  wanted  above 
all  other  things :  a  system  of  quick  and  reliable 
classification  and  identification.  Botany  and 
zoology  were  floundering  about  in  a  deluge  of 
unclassified  facts  and  speculations  wholly  uncon- 
nected with  the  facts.  The  artificial  but  efficient 
system  of  Linnreus,  based  on  the  number  of 
stamens  in  the  flower,  was  a  new  Ariadne's 
thread  leading  out  of  the  scientific  labyrinth. 
But  he  did  more.  By  an  ingenious  device, — 
a  mere  "  crochet  "  some  called  it,  while  others 
named  it  a  "  trick," — he  brought  complete  or- 
der out  of  chaos.  Modem  science  knows 
the  **  trick "  under  the  name  of  "  the  binomi- 
nal system  of  nomenclature."  Up  to  that 
time  plants  and  animals  had  been  named  by 
genus  only,  with  cumbersome  descriptions  added 
for  further  identification  of  the  species.  Lin- 
n.neus  established  the  use  of  two  distinct  names, 
one  for  the  genus  and  one  to  designate  the 
.species.  It  was  as  simple  as  Columbus*  egg,  and 
as  radical  in  its  results.  To  give  full  measure, 
he  added. — and  he  was  not  yet  thirty  then, — the 
definite  establishment  of  grades  of  classification 
for  botany  and  zotilogy.  Those  grades,  includ- 
ing class,  order,  genus,  species,  and  variety,  arc 


106 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  REI^IEWS. 


THE  BEST-KNOWN    PORTRAIT  OF   LINN^US. 

(From  the  painting  by  Alexander  Koslln,  who 
might  l)e  called  the  Keynolds  of  Sweden,  in  1774. 
This  portrait  now  hangs  in  the  Uoyal  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  Stockholm.) 

in  use  to-day  and  will  undoubtedly  last  as  long 
as  the  sciences  that  employ  them. 

Soon  Linnaeus  was  a  famous  man.  Honors 
were  heaped  on  him.  The  Dutch  Govern- 
ment offered  him  inducements  unheard  of  in 
those  days  if  ,he  would  enter  its  service. 

But  he  was  thinking  of  his  waiting  bride  as 
well  as  of  his  badly  impaired  health, — he  had 
been  working  as  many  hours  nights  as  in  the 
daytime, — and  started  for  Stockholm,  which  city 
he  reached  in  the  fall  of  1738.  He  leh  a  country 
where  the  greatest  were  anxious  for  his  friend- 
ship. He  came  to  another  one, — his  own, — 
where  nobody  knew  him  and  nobody  cared  to 
know  him.  Envy  and  ignorance  combined  to 
keep  him  down.  Those  few  who  were  aware  of 
his  foreign  reputation  and  his  scientific  achieve- 
ments were  the  more  anxious  to  push  him  back. 
They  would  not  even  trust  him  as  medical  prac- 
titioner. But  for  the  thought  of  his  bride,  Sara 
Lisa  Moraeus,  he  would  probably  have  gone  back 
to  Holland  and  turned  away  from  Sweden  for- 
ever. But  his  mind  was  made  up  to  stay,  and 
he  would  not  let  himself  be  downed.  He  brought 
himself  to  the  attention  of  the  Queen  and  suc- 
ceeded in  curing  a  couc:h  that  had  been  annoyinij: 
her  in  spite  of  all  efforts  by  her  own  betitled 
medical  attendants.  A  government  position  and 
large  practice  were  the  reward.  He  married  at 
last.  But  he  would  not  stay  at  Stockholm.  Tlie 
chair  of  medicine  and  botany  at  Upsala  was  his 


goal ;  and  in  1741  he  reached  it  in  spite  of  des- 
perate intrigues  against  him.  He  was  not  loved 
by  the  mediocrities  and  the  courtiers.  At  Up- 
sala he  remained  thirty-seven  years,  or  to  the 
end  of  his  long  life.  Before  leaving  the  Swedish 
capital,'  he  and  five  other  men  of  science  or- 
ganized the  Academy  of  Sciences,  of  which  Lin- 
naeus became  the  first  president. 

At   Upsala  he   worked   as  he   had   never 
worked  before,  rising  at  three  o'clock  in  the 
morning  and  remaining  on  his  feet  till  ten 
o'clock  at  night    Three  times  he  had  to  act 
as  head  of  the  university,  and  it  is  character- 
istic that  when  he  was  rector  the  wild  life  of 
the  students  subsided  into  comparative  peace; 
for  they  loved  him  as  a  man  in  such  a  position 
has  seldom  been  loved.    When  the  other  pro- 
fessors spoke  to  empty  benches,  his  lectures 
were  crowded.     Such  scenes  had  not  been 
\^•itnesscd  since  the  days  of  Paracelsus,  when 
the  great  Bombast  of  Hohenheim  scornfully 
burnt  the  works  of  Galen  and  Aviccnna  and 
his  other  famous  predecessors.     Men   came 
from  all  over  Sweden  and  from  every  part 
of  Europe  to  listen.     And  it  was  not  only 
what  Linnaeus  taught  that  drew  them,  but 
the  way  he  taught.     His  words  lived, — and 
remember,  this  happened  at  a  time  when  the 
dignity  of  science  was  supposed  to  demand 
that  the  teacher  eschew  every  touch  of  human 
feeling,  his  business  being  "  to  inform  and  not 
to    interest."      "  Make   your   students    love 
what  they  are  studying,"  was  the  strange  cry 
of  Linnapus  to  his  colleagues, — a  voice  in  the 
wilderness  that  was  left  unheeded. 

In  the  summer-time  he  would  lead  his  pupils 
and  his  foreign  visitors  on  excursions  through 
the  beautiful  Upland  country,  there  to  study  all 
the  three  natural  kingdoms.  Those  were  feasts. 
At  night  the  little  university  town  was  stirred 
pleasantly  by  the  homecoming  of  the  devoted 
band, — caps  and  coats  decorated  with  flowers  and 
butterflies,  song  flowing  from  young  throats,  and 
merry  music  from  French  horns  and  kettle- 
drums. At  the  house  of  the  master  they  made 
halt  to  bid  him  good-night  amidst  uproarious 
cheering.  Then,  again,  he  would  collect  around 
him  at  Hammarby,  his  summer  home,  a  small 
group  of  specially  beloved  students  and  g^uests  of 
high  standing  to  give  them  esoteric  instruction 
in  the  natural  system  of  classification  which  he 
was  gradually  perfecting  to  take  the  place  of  the 
artificial  one.  This  fact  has  often  been  over- 
looked, as  well  as  that  he  applied  this  system  to 
a  list  of  sixty-one  natural  families,  or  only  forty 
less  than  the  number  contained  in  the  list  of  A. 
dc  Jussieu,  the  acknowledged  inventor  of  the 
first  natural  system. 

He  wrote  volume  after  volume,  until  the 
total  nlimber  approached  lOO.  He  traveled 
through  the  country  in  the  service  of  the  gov- 
ernment, trying  in  every  possible  way  to  es- 
tablish between  the  sciences  and  the  industries 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


107 


a  connection  that  it  was  left  to  a  later  day  to 
materialize.  He  wrote  descriptions  of  his 
travels,  using  his  native  Swedish  to  the  sur- 
prise and  disgust  of  his  learned  confreres. 
Nothing  human  was  foreign  to  him,  nothing 
or  nobody  too  humble  or  too  small  to  attract 
his  attention.  While  thus  dividing  himself 
between  practical  and  more  abstract  pursuits, 
he  laid  the  basis  for  plant  morphology, — the 
department  of  science  dealing  with  the  evolu- 
tion of  the  various  parts  of  the  plant;  he 
founded  the  science  of  plant  geography,  and 
he  tried  to  trace  the  unity  of  the  whole  or- 
ganic world  which  Darwin  finally  estab- 
lished. From  the  lips  of  Linnaeus  fell  the 
famous  utterance :  "  Nature  makes  no  leaps." 
The  strain  of  sp  much  hard  work  under- 


mined his  health  completely  at  last.  Melan- 
choly and  pain  darkened  partly  his  final  years, 
but  to  the  ver>'  end  it  remained  true,  that 
however  much  he  was  admired,  he  was  loved 
still  more.  Not  long  before  death  came»  in 
1778,  he  wrote  with  trembling  hand  in  his 
diary,  using  the  third  person,  as  was  his  wont 
in  speaking  of  himself: 

"  Linnaeus  limps ;  he  can  hardly  walk ;  his 
speech  is  mumbling;  he  can  barely  write." 

Thus,  to  the  last,  he  remained  the  keen  and 
impassive  observer,  applying  the  same  accu- 
racy of  observation  and  description  to  his 
own  symptoms  as  to  the  picturing  and  classi- 
fications of  the  vegetable  and  animal  king- 
doms,— in  other  words,  the  type  of  the  mod- 
ern man  of  science. 


SIDE-LIGHTS  ON  THE  SPANISH  ELECTIONS. 


^^TTHOSE  Spaniards  who,  in  the  march 
of  national  life,  show  something 
more  than  the  frivolity  and  indifference 
which  characterize  our  manner  since  the  war 
uith  North  America,  may  make  a  memoran- 
dum of  two  recent  events  of  unusual  impor- 
tance from  which  may  be  drawn  lessons  and 
hopes  for  the  future, — the  meeting  which 
took  place  between  Alfonso  XIII.  and  Ed- 
ward VII.  at  Cartagena,  and  the  elections 
to  the  Cortes." 

It  is  doubtful  whether  the  writer  of  the 
foregoing  bitter  paragaph  in  the  Por  Esos 
Mundos  (Madrid)  will  find  any  comfort  in 
the  sort  of  interest  shown  in  the  elections 
as  described  in  the  following  ingenuous  pas- 
sage frooi  the  Blanco  y  Negro: 

The  election  of  deputies  to  the  Cortes  was  ef- 
fected Sunday  with  tranquillity  except  for  cer- 
tain incidents,  one  of  which  escaped,  by  a  mir- 
acle; from  having  the  gravest  consequences.  In 
S«tion  II  of  the  district  of  Buena-vista,  estab- 
lished in  the  Mint,  right  in  the  room  where  the 
ballots  arc  sorted,  one  of  the  Republican  super- 
visors, whom  the  president  had  several  times 
called  to  order  for  his  energetic  protests,  broke 
the  electoral  urn  and  discharged  a  revolver  in 
the  president's  face. 

This  "  tranquillity  "  was  also  violently  in 
evidence  in  Barcelona,  where,  according  to 
the  Naevo  Mundo: 

The  elections  had  a  sad  prelude.  One  night, 
when  all  the  various  chiefs  of  the  Solidarity, 
among  them  Seaor  Salmeron  and  Sefior  Cambo, 
were  going  to  an  electoral  meeting  in  the  pre- 
rinct  of  Sans,  they  were  shot  at,  and  Senor 
Cambo  was  seriously  wounded. 

These  strenuous  incidents  surpass  in  trage- 


dy, though  not  in  humor,  the  action  of  the 
President  of  Costa  Rica,  who,  immediately 
upon  his  taking  office,  seized  the  five  men 
who  had  been  his  rivals  for  the  Presidency 
and  sent  them  heavily  guarded  to  the  coast, 
where  they  were  put  aboard  ships  and  sent 
into  exile.  The  above-quoted  article  from 
Por  Esos  Mundos,  speaking  of  the  late  elec- 
tions in  Spain,  continues: 

The  daily  press  has  made  and  still  makes  long 
comments  on  the  elements  composing  the  new 
House  of  Representatives,  noting  especially  the 
undoubted  triumph  of  the  Conservatrves,  the  ad- 
vantageous position  of  the  Carlists,  who  for 
more  than  thirty  years  never  dreamed  of  having 
such  large  representation  in  the  Cortes,  and  the 
success  of  the  Catalonian  Solidarity,  which,  be- 
tween Republicans,  Carlists,  and  "  Catalanistas," 
makes  a  minority  of  thirty-eight  or  forty  votes, 
while  in  the  last  Cortes  they  could  scarcely 
count  a  dozen  deputies  who  entertained  ideas  of 
'*  Catalanismus." 

ThtEpoca  (Madrid)  quotes  short  extracts 
from  a  French  article  which  it  characterizes 
as  showing  special  insight.     It  says: 

Senor  Maura  is  the  only  leader  capable  of 
grouping  under  his  flag  a  compact  majority, 
homogeneous  and  disciplined.  The  Liberals  lost 
largely  through  internal  dissensions  and  rival- 
ries. Their  silly  anti-clerical  policy  is  responsi- 
ble for  the  rising  up  of  the  Catholic  element. 
In  Congress  the  Conservatives  will  have  to  fight 
the  anti-d)mastic  minority,  especially  the  Re- 
publicans. Happily,  the  popularity  of  the  young 
monarch  and  the  spontaneous  liberalism  with 
which  he  is  animated  are  sure  guaranties  of  the 
failure  of  any  anti-monarchical  attempt.  The 
overwhelming  victory  of  the  Conservatives 
shows  that  the  elections  are  **  'ilar 

feeling.     When  the  voting  ra- 


108  THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl^lEW  OF  REVIEWS, 


OrT  OF  TIIKIR    KI.KME.VT. 

Guard  :  "  Here,  my  good  womon,  you  can't  fight 
here.  If  you  really  want  to  get  up  a  scandal  you 
had  better  go  and  take  part  In  the  sessions  of  the 
Cortes." 


Maura: 


IN    TllK    MUD. 

*  Gracious !     How  dirty  we  are  getting.'* 


La    Cierva  :    "  Oh,   don't   trouble   yourself   aboat 
that.     Mud  will  dry  off  soon  enough.'* 

(This  is  the  way  the  cartoonist  of  Blanco  y  Xegro  (Madrid)  pictures  the  post-election  situation  In  Spain). 


tives,  and  reduces  from  240  to  65  the  number  of 
the  Liberals,  the  explanation  of  the  result  is  not 
only  in  the  docility  of  the  electoral  body.  One 
must  admit  that  it  manifests  the  true  public 
sentiment. 

In  Spain  the  statement  that  the  elections 
are  always  in  favor  of  the  party  in  power  is 


taken  in  all  seriousness  and  not  at  all  as  an 
attempt  to  be  funny.  It  spite  of  evidence  to 
the  contrary  in  his  case,  the  accompanying 
cartoon  shows  that  some  such  accusations  arc 
made  against  the  Conservative  leader,  Senor 
Waura. 


THE  SHORTEST   ROUTE    FROM 

AMERICA. 


EUROPE  TO  SOUTH 


CEVERAL  articles  have  recently  appeared 
in  the  Ateneo  Cientifico  y  Literario,  of 
Madrid,  in  reference  to  a  proposed  railway 
from  Dakar  in  French  Senegal  to  the  Straits 
of  Gibraltar.  Senor  Manuel  Anton  y  Fer- 
randiz  calls  attention  to  the  great  shortening 
of  the  time  required  for  the  voyage  between 
Europe  and  South  America  which  would  re- 
sult from  the  construction  of  this  railroad, 
and  continues: 

This  can  be  realized  by  the  building  of  a  rail- 
road which,  starting  at  Ccuta,  shall  traverse 
Morocco  from  north  to  south  through  the  most 
level  portion  of  the  country,  and.  following  the 
desert  along  the  coast,  shall  coimect  at  San  Luis 
with  the  railway  already  btiilt  by  the  l^Vench 
from  that  place  to  Dakar,  a  line  iH)rt,  i)rotected 
by  Ca|)c  Verde. 

'^rhc  undertaking,  in  the  opinion  of  this 
"•"**"-    "'ui  be  compared  in  imi)ortancc  with 


the  Pacific  and  Trans-Siberian  railroads  and 
with  the  Suez  Canal.  The  English,  French, 
and  German  steamships  now  require  twenty- 
five  days  from  Buenos  Ay  res  to  Hamburg, 
twenty-four  to  Southampton,  and  twenty- 
three  to  Bordeaux,  and  the  shortest  route 
from  South  America  to  Europe,  that  from 
Pernambuco  in  Brazil  to  Lisbon,  requires 
twelve  days.     Senor  Ferrandiz  proceeds: 

As  can  be  seen  on  the  map,  all  these  routes 
follow  a  diagonal  course  from  Europe  to  South 
America.  It,  however,  we  cast  our  eyes  down 
the  map,  we  observe  that  the  lines  of  the  oppo- 
site coasts  curve  toward  each  other,  forming  a 
sort  of  neck  between  Cape  Branca  in  Brazil  and 
Cape  Verde  in  Senegambia,  separating  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  into  two  great  divisions.  The  dis- 
tance between  the  nearest  ports  on  each  side, 
Pernambuco  and  Dakar,  is  only  171 1  nautical 
miles. 

The  writer  estimates   that  this   distance 


LEADING   ARTICLES  OF  THE   MONTH. 


109 


could  be  traversed  in 
four  days  at  a  speed  of 
seventeen  knots  an  hour 
and  in  three  at  a  si>eed 
of  twenty- three  knots. 
The  distance  to  be  cov- 
ered on  the  proposed 
railroad  from  Dakar  to 
Ceuta  would  be  ap- 
proximately 1875  miles, 
which  might  require  a 
day  and  a  half  at  a 
speed  of  fifty  miles  an 
hour.  Allowing  one 
hour  for  the  crossing 
from  Ceuta  to  Alge- 
ciras,  and  eleven  hours 
for  the  375  nules  to 
Madrfd,  by  way  of 
G)rdova,  it  weuld  take 
only  six  days  to  go  from 
Pamambuco  to  Madrid 
or  seven  days  to  Paris, 
while  at  present  the 
journey  occupies  fifteen 
or  sixteen  days.  At  a 
speed  of  twenty  knots 
an  hour  the  voyage 
from  Buenos  Ay  res  to 
Dakar  would  require 
only  nine  days,  making 
twelve  days  from 
Buenos  Ayrcs  to  Paris, 
a  journey  which  it  now 
takes  twenty-five  days 
to  accomplish. 

In  an  earlier  number 
of  the  Ateneo,  Senor 
Jose  Marva  treated  the 
same  question,  more 
especially  in  regard  to 
\Iorocco.  Alluding  to 
the  difficulties  which 
would  have  to  be  over- 
come in  the  construc- 
tion of  a  railroad  through  that  country,  this 
Spanish  writer  records  the  probable  opposi- 
tion on  the  part  of  Morocco  in  these  words: 

The  Sultan  will  oppose  the  project  more  or 
kss  openly,  because  he  well  knows  that  a  rail- 
road would  not  only  serve  the  interests  of  com- 
merce but,  passing  through  the  heart  of  his  ter- 
ritory, it  could  easily  be  used  for  the  domination 
of  his  country  and  would  be  a  powerful  arm  in 
the  hands  of  the  forei^  powers.  Morocco  is 
stai  rebellious  to  any  idea  of  civilization,  and 
Moorish  fanaticism  resists  all  progress,  and 
therefore  is  opposed  to  any  improvement  in  the 
mans  of  communication.  It  is  very  possible 
that  at  the  tx>ttom  of  this  opposition  there  lies 


THE   SHORTEST  ROUTE  FROM   AFRICA  TO  SOUTH   AMERICA. 

(Prom  Dakar,  hi  Africa,  to  Pemambuco,    In  Brazil, 
It  l8  only  1700  miles.) 


an  instinct  of  the  danger  which  menaces  Moroc- 
can independence. 

Even  with  the  Sultan's  consent  and  aid  the 
construction  and  operation  of  the  railroad 
would  present  great  difficulties.  The  tribes, 
many  of  which  are  in  a  state  of  chronic  re- 
volt, would  place  every  obstacle  in  the  way. 
For  they  would  fear  to  lose  their  quasi- 
independence  should  their  hitherto  inaccessi- 
ble mountains  and  rivers  be  invaded  by  a 
railroad.  With  these,  as  well  as  wi'th  other 
natural  and  political  problems,  France  will 
have  to  cope. 


110 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


A  GERMAN  VIEW  OF  THE  AMERICAN  UNIVERSITY 

PRESIDENT. 


PROFESSOR    ALOIS    BRANDL,    of 

Strassburg,  a  noted  German  Anglicist, 
visited  this  country  during  the  past  year  on 
the  occasion  of  the  Benjamin  Franklin  cele- 
bration, and  records  his  impressions  of  our 
university  system  in  the  Deutsche  Rund- 
schau. He  came,  he  remarks,  solely  to  learn, 
not  to  describe,  but  received  so  many  over- 
whelming impressions  that  he  had  to  free 
himself  by  giving  vent  to  them.  Though 
his  stay  was  brief,  he  had  exceptional  oppor- 
tunities for  observation,  and  found  far  more 
occasion  for  praise  than  blame.  As  con- 
trasted with  German  higher  education  he  re- 
gards that  of  the  United  States  greatly  su- 
perior in  the  attention  given  to  physical  and 
moral  development,  while  the  Germans  bend 
their  efforts  almost  exclusively  upon  the  in- 
tellectual side.  He  finds,  too,  that  the 
American  college  students, — and  the  English 
as  well, — ^have  a  much  better  command  of 
their  language  than  the  German  students  of 
theirs,  the  frequent  writing  of  essays  and  the 
debating  clubs  contributing  much  to  this  re- 
sult. On  the  other  hand,  the  uncertain  ten- 
ure and  slender  pay  of  the  professors  elimi- 
nate in  a  measure  the  choicest  material,  other 
callings  offering  far  more  brilliant  material 
inducements.  It  would  be  difficult  to  give 
in  a  brief  space  an  adequate  idea  of  the  wide 
field  covered  by  the  professor's  remarks,  but 
we  reproduce  w^hat  he  says  of  the  American 
university  president: 

He  must  be  a  strong  man  who  furthers  the 
growth  and  prosperity  of  the  institution  in  every 
respect.  He  is  responsible  to  the  trustees  alone. 
If  complaints  are  made  to  them  against  him.  they 
must  be  able  to  say :  **  What  do  you  want  ?  He 
if.  a  strong  man;  we  could  get  no  one  better; 
we  shall  stick  to  him."  If  he  have  this  backing, 
he  is  almost  unlimited  master  of  the  faculty,  and 
can  dispose  of  removals  as  well  as  appointments 
with  a  freedom  such  as  with  us  no  minister  en- 
joys, no  monarch  employs.  Through  such  an 
arrangement  of  dictators  the  American,  as  is 
well  known,  likes  to  counterbalance  the  freedom 
of  his  constitution,  in  order  to  secure  effective 
management.  The  head  of  the  Library  of  Con- 
gress has  a  like  autocratic  sway  over  his '300 
subordinates.  On  the  other  hand,  the  power  of 
the  president  stops  at  the  basis  of  the  university, 
— the  student-body.  Toward  them  he  usually 
displays  the  greatest  complaisance:  for  a  con- 
siderable falling  off  of  their  number,  even  nu- 
merous failures  at  examinations,  would  cast  a 
shadow  upon  the  prospects  of  the  institution,  and 
is  consequently  sought  to  be  avoided  as  far  as 
possible.  Through  the  president  the  student  in 
Ar — •*—  *—  a  hand  upon  his  teacher,  as  with 


us  through  the  college-fee:  thus  do  the  inner- 
most wheels  Work  into  each  other  there.  The 
curator  of  a  Prussian  provincial  uniycrsity,  who 
may  best  be  placed  upon  a  parallel  ivith  the 
president,  has  an  essentially  diflFerent  office;  he 
has  less  say,  but  also  less  care;  he  is  inoom- 
parably  more  dependent  as  to  what  is  above  and 
more  independent  below;  he  is  only  a  respected 
intermediary  and  not  an  authoritative  leader. 

The  strongest  university  president  in 
America,  in  the  opinion  of  this  writer,  is  the 
president  of  Harvard,  Charles  \VillianQ 
Eliot.  "  They  say  of  him  that  as  a  perma- 
nent force  he  is  .more  powerful  than  the 
President  of  the  Republic  himself." 

Roosevelt  will  some  day  return  to  private  life, 
and  then  his  influence  will  be  rather  a   personal 
one,  on  the  occasion  of  political   conventions; 
but  Eliot,  as  the  ruling  spirit  of*  Harvard,    ^jvill 
be  a  controlling  force  in  the  spiritual  life  of  the 
nation  as  long  as  he  lives.     I  shall  attenipt    to 
sketch   in   a   few   strokes  this   remarkable    per- 
sonality who  has  demonstrated  in  so    sigrnal    a 
measure  what  can  be  made  of  the  office  of  presi- 
dent.   At  the  Franklin  celebration  I  heard    him 
in  a  public  speech.    A  tall  figure,  of  quiet    dig- 
nity; a  Low-Saxon  face,  with  a  mouth  and  chin 
of   American   energy;   thus  he   stepped    to    tK^ 
speaker's  desk,  from  which  much  eloquence  Ksl^ 
already  been   directed   at  the  closely  thron^«^ 
audience,    and    b^n    with    the    simple     tlieme, 
'*  Franklin    as    Pnnter,"    without   prefatory      re- 
marks, citing  at  once  some  biographical    facrts. 
He  emphasized  the  circumstance  that  Franlclin 
from  the  vtrj  outset  to  the  close  of  his  carreer 
as  a  man  busied  himself  with  this  trade,  sho^w^d 
attachment  to  and  preference  for  it.    Throtw^h 
handling  the  press  he   was  led  to  authorsliip, 
which,  in  kccpmg  with  its  origin,  was  tume<l    to 
the  directly  useful,  and  that  course  of  actioi:m    is 
perceptible  even  in  his  most  deeply  medita^ted 
utterances    upon  education.     Franklin,    namely, 
designated  the  clear,  persuasive  use  of  one's   na- 
tive tongue  as  the  pith  of  all  culture;  starting 
with  that,  any  ancient  or  modem  language  mi^ht 
at  need  be  readily  acquired.    In  this  way  £liot 
led  us  imperceptibly  to  the  most  important  edu- 
cational problem  of  our  time.    No  other  speaker 
understood  so  well  to  draw  present  instruction 
from  old  Franklin.    In  a  few  sentences  he  save 
an  illuminating  program.     But  so  little    did    he 
allow    himself    to   be   misled    into    enthusiastic 
exaggeration,  that  he  was  indeed  the  only    one 
who  dared  the  role  of  critic  of  the  hero  of   the 
day,  and  that,  moreover,  with  a  remark  about 
Franklin's  lack  of  nobilitjr  as  regards  women. 
What,  finally,  he  lauded  in  Franklin's    natural 
philosophy  are  evidently  his  own  aims :  absolute 
love  of  truth,  directness,  perseverance.     In  private 
intercourse  I   was   permitted   later  to  come    in 
somewhat  closer  contact  with  him  at  Harvard- 
He  is  no  late  riser;  it  was  not  yet  eight  o'clock 
when  he  called  for  me  to  accompany  him  to  the 
fifteen  minutes'  religious  service  with  which  his 
university,  too,  begins  the  day's  work.    When  he 
became  president  every  student  was  still  com- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


Ill 


pelled  to  attend;  he  made  attendance  optional. 
•"The  hundred  young  people  who  come  of  their 
own  accord,'^  he  remarked  to  me  on  entering  the 
church,  '*  rejoice  me  more  than  the  thousand 
forced  ones  before."  While  a  hymn  was  being 
sung  I  looked  over  the  preface  of  the  hymn- 
book  ;  Eliot,  noticing  it,  called  my  attention  to 
the  word  **  undenominational "  in  the  opening 
sentence,  to  the  inter-confessional  character  of 
the  religious  service,  that  is.  I  saw  how  the 
**  strong  man  of  Harvard "  understands  how  to 
respect .  freedom  of  thought.  Still  later,  at  his 
hospitable  board,  he  was  an  attentive  observer 
and  left  the  speaking  substantially  to  the  others, 
who  all  seemed  desirous  to  stand  the  test  of  his 
judgment.  But  all  the  more  did  I  hear,  in  his 
absence,  of  his  activity:  how  he  had  raised  the 
quality  and  compass  of  English  instruction,  in 
order  to  give  the  undergraduates  a  skillful  com- 
mand of  expiession ;  introduced  the  system  of 
writing  daily  essays,  in  spite  of  the  considerable 
cost  it  involved  in  the  way  of  teachers  to  correct 
them ;  how  he  had  established  a  closer  corre- 
spondence between  the  university  and  the  higher 
schools;  how  in  the  appointment  of  professors 
he  is  more  intent  upon  securing  a  person  gifted 
with  inward  fire  than  a  celebrity  boasting  pon- 


derous volumes,  etc.  Eliot  exercises  an  in- 
fluence within  the  limits  of  Harvard  and  far  be- 
yond evidently  not  because  he  aims  at  anything 
extraordinary  but  because  he  strives  for  what  is 
rational  and  seeks  to  accomplish  it  through  the 
directest  means.  It  is  the  secret  of  all  success 
in  practical  affairs. 

If  we  picture  the  influence  of  such  a  man 
extended  over  decades, — and  all  the  instruc- 
tors of  Harvard  are  Eliot's  appointees, — 
continues  the  German  writer,  we  can  realize 
to  what  a  degree  the  universities  of  America 
are  calculated  to  assume  the  complexion  of 
their  presidents,  while  with  us  they  maintain 
a  historical  character. 

This  is  perceptibly  connected  with  the  repub- 
lican form  of  government,  which,  strictly  speak- 
ing, signifies  not  the  dominion  of  all  but  of  the 
strong.  This  vast,  unmonarchical  America  is 
the  land  of  forceful  characters;  they  spring  up 
with  elemental  freedom  in  academic  as  well  as 
in  economic  and  political  life;  that  is  the  spirit- 
ual importation  which  we  may  chiefly  look  for 
from  the  other  side. 


POLISH  AUTONOMY  AND  **  INTERNATIONAL 
COMPLICATIONS." 


T^HE  bill  providing  for  the  autonomy  of 
the  Kingdom  of  Poland  (ten  "  gov- 
ernments "  of  Russian-Poland )  was  intro- 
«luccd  in  the  recently  dissolved  Russian 
Duma  by  the  Polish  group  on  April 
23,  with  the  motion  that  the  project 
be  referred  to  a  committee  of  thirty- 
three. 

In  introducing  its  bill  the  Polish  group 
had  a  ver>'  diflicult  problem  to  solve.  The 
n-easure  had  to  be  the  declaration  of  the  po- 
litical demands  of  the  Polish  community  and 
at  the  same  time  to  stand  on  the  ground  of 
the  real  political  situation.  That  is,  it  had 
to  show  the  Duma  and  the  Russian  commun- 
ity that  the  granting  of  autonomy  to  the 
Kingdom  of  Poland  is  not  inadmissible  from 
the  point  of  view  of  the  real  interests  of  the 
Russian  state.  The  Poles  made  certain  con- 
cessions, therefore.  They  recognized  certain 
prejudices  of  those  Russian  parties  on  whose 
support  they  counted,  but  understood  that 
the  autonomous  statute  must  express  those 
demands  which  the  Polish  community  regards 
as  necessary.  The  Polish  grou^  understood 
that  it  was  impossible  to  demand  more,  and 
that  It  was  impossible  to  demand  less.  Hence, 
the  Polish  community,  without  difference  of 
parties,  has  expressed  its  sincere  satisfaction 
with  the  bill,  regarding  it  as  an  act  of  politi- 


cal wisdom  and  moderation  adapted  to  the 
present  situation. 

No  point  was  advanced  in  the  bill  that 
could  be  regarded  as  an  aggression  upon  th? 
reasonably  conceived  state  idea  of  the  Russian 
nation.  This  temperance  of  the  Poles  was 
expressly  emphasized  by  two  well-known  St. 
Petersburg  publicists,  —  Nestor-Svatkovsky 
(in  the  Russ)  and  Pantaleyev  (in  the  Tova- 
rishch ) :  The  bill  did  not  demand  for 
Poland  either  an  army,  or  a  monetary  and 
customs  separateness,  or  an  independent  penal 
code:  it  restricted  itself  to  the  "proximate 
needs  of  a  self-active  conduct  of  the  affairs  of 
the  Kingdom  of  Poland  that  are  of  a  purely 
internal  nature."  Nevertheless,  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  bill  in  the  Duma  did  not  make  an 
impression  favorable  to  the  Poles  in  the  Rus- 
sian press.  Organs  even  diametrically  oppo- 
site are  of  almost  one  voice  in  the  question  of 
Polish  autonomy;  the  organ  of  the  Constitu- 
tional Democrats,  the  Rech,  is  in  almost  per- 
fect tune  with  the  united  chorus  of  the 
Novoye  Vremya,  Rossia,  Sviet,  Kyevlanin. 
and  others. 

Opposition  to  the  Polish  demands  hac'  been 
expected  from  the  Conservatives,  but  not  from 
the  Constitutional  Democrats,  who  in  the 
electoral  campai^rns  had  included  the  demand 
of  the  autonon^'*  -^^  ii-i«-id  as  a  plank  in  their 


112  THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REl/IElV  OF  REyiElVS. 

platform.      Yet    an    article    in    the    Rech  the  **  Cadets "  dear,  was  shown  in  the  late 

passed  censure  on  the  Polish  bill.     It  found  Duma,   when    the   Poles  cast   the   deciding 

fault  with   the   project   as  being  based   on  votes  that  enabled  the  Social  Democrats  to 

the   principle   of   federation,   instead   of   on  obtain  the  adoption,  against  the  votes  of  the 

the  principle  of  provincial  autonomy;  and  Constitutional  Democrats  and  of  the  Right, 

it  opined  that  the  bill,  in  its  original  form,  of  Tzeretelli's  interpellation  concerning  the 

had    no    chance    of    being    adopted.      The  repressive    measures    employed    by    General 

"  Cadet "    organ    concluded    its    arguments  Drachevsky,     prefect     of     St.     Petersburg, 

against  the  project  with  the  assertion  that  against  the  workmen.    This  vote  revealed  the 

the  adoption   of  the  bill   would   entail   the  startling  fact  that  the  Poles  held  the  balance 

dissolution  of  the  Duma  and  even  interna-  of  power  in  the  Duma,  and  that  without  the 

tional  complications.  Polish   votes   the  Constitutional   Democrats 

The  neighbors  of  the  Russian  state  that  are  were  powerless, 
most  closely  concerned  in  the  reform  of  the  The  bill  of  Polish  autonomy  consisted  of 
constitution  of  the  empire  are  Austria-Hun-  twenty-four  articles.  It  provided  that  the 
gary  and  Germany.  Austria-Hungary,  "  St.  Kingdom  of  Poland,  a  country  constituting, 
Gr."  points  out  (writing  in  the  Tygodnik  II-  within  the  limits  established  in  1815,  an  in- 
lustrowany,  of  Warsaw),  is  not  devoid  in  its  separable  part  of  the  Russian  state,  should  be 
policy  of  Polish  and  Hungarian  influences  governed  in  its  internal  affairs  by  means  of 
which  enjoin  on  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  separate  institutions  on  the  principle  of  sepa- 
Affairs  the  observance  of  a  favorable  attitude  rate  legislation.  For  the  internal  affairs  of 
toward  the  Poles.  Moreover,  the  quickest  the  kingdom  there  were  to  be  a  separate  Diet, 
possible  restoration  of  order  in  Russian-Po-  treasury,  budget,  an  administrative  body, 
land  is  in  the  interest  of  Austria  on  account  with  a  viceroy  at  the  head,  judicial  institu- 
of  the  vicinity  of  the  Kingdom  of  Poland  to  tions,  with  a  Senate,  and  a  Secretary  of  State 
Galicia.  The  anarchy  in  Russian-Poland  is  for  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom,  who  was  to 
already  stealing  across  the  cordon,  and  the  have  a  seat  in  the  Council  of  Ministers. 
Vienna  authorities  are  aware  of  the  fact  that  j^  ^^e  competency  of  the  Diet  there  is  subject 
tranquillity  in  Russian- Poland  can  be  secured  legislation  concerning  the  needs  of  the  kingdom, 
only  by  autonomy.  In  the  consciousness  of  as  the  imposing  of  all  kinds  of  taxes,  with  the 
her  own  interest,  therefore,  Austria  should  exception  of  excises  and  customs ;  the" discussion 
suppon  the  Polish  demands.  But  Prussia?  SLtsir^^ra^^^'i  *US^rth^\"li^ 
Prussia  s  policy  with  respect  to  the  Poles  is  istration  of  the  kingdom.  From  the  competency 
known  only  too  well,  observes  "  St.  Gr."  of  the  Diet  are  excluded  all  affairs  of  the  era- 
Russian  journals  have  freshly  communicated  P***^*  ^^- ^^^  Emperor's  civil  list;  the  affairs  of 

even  the  details  of  the  strenuous  diplomatic  ^^]^A^„^!!f^^S^^^  f""'^^'*  ^^^  ^^^ 
J  ..  c*  Tj  ^  L  •  *  ^"°  "^^y»  *s  w^^l  2is  all  Imes  of  communicauon 
action  commenced  ih  St.  Petersburg  against  belonging  to  the  departments  of  war  and  navy; 
Polish  autonomy  by  Berlin  circles.  The  Ger-  the  currency;  customs  and  excise  legislation; 
man  Emperor  recognizes,  according  to  "  N.  postal,  telegraph,  and  telephone  legislation ;  pos- 
W."  (in  the  St.  Petersburg  Russ),  that  even  ^^^*  telegraph,  telephone,  and  railrc^d  tariflfs  for 
*u  -u.  *k^  D  •  /^  /  u  ij  *.  communication  with  Russia  and  foreign  coun- 
though  the  Russian  Government  should  not  tries;  penal  legislation  in  the  subjects  of  revolt 
sanction  a  bill  of  Polish  autonomy  passed  by  aj^ainst  the  supreme  authority,  treason,  riots; 
the  Duma,  the  very  adoption  of  such  a  bill  violation  of  regulations  of  military  service ;  vio- 
by  the  Russian  Parliament  might  invest  the  lation  of  quarantine,  customs,  excise,  postal,  tele- 
struggle  of  the  Poles  for  political  rights  with  aTd'obhSioni'^  '  "'^"'*  '^' 
a  character  completely  different  from  that  The  Diet  is  to  assemble  annually  in  War- 
which  it  has  hitherto  had, — a  character  in  saw  on  the  order  of  the  Emperor  countersigned 
the  highest  degree  undesirable  for  Prussia,  ^y  ^he  Minister-Secretary  of  State  for  the  king- 
If  discussion  of  Polish  autononjy  be  excluded  ^^C'^^  aTpZ  VthTDfet  'frf  ttZ 
from  the  third  Duma,  that  will  be  the  doing,  presented  to  the  Emperor  for  his  sanction  by  the 
according  to  this  Russ  writer,  of  the  German  Secretary  of  the  State  for  the  Kingdom.  The 
Emperor.  It  is  interesting  in  this  connection  ^^^  ^'^^  '^  *^  ^  ^.l^^^^Jjy  universal,  equal,  di- 
to  recollect  that  when  the  Polish  .roup  in-  [SUln^^l.'Sria.  feSXili^  ?^ 
troduced  its  bill.  Deputy  Punshkievich.  a  resentatives  elected  on  the  same  basis  as  those 
"  True  Russian/*  cried:  "  What  would  of  the  population  of  the  empire.  Conflicts  aris- 
Catherine  the  Great,  Frederick  the  Great.  l"«  between  the  imperial  mstitutions  on  the  one 
and  Maria  Theresa  say  of  this?  "  J-" 0^"^^^ ^h^a^n^d'^ ?^T S^J^^  "t^'^ 
1  hat  their  recreancy  to  the  Poles  may  cost  standing  commission  composed  of  a  president 


LEADIUG  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


113 


appointed  by  the  Emperor  for  one  year  and 
twelve  menit)ers  chosen  by  the  imperial  Parlia- 
ment and  twelve  chosen  by  the  Diet  of  the  King- 
dom; these  members  to  be  chosen  at  the  be- 
ginning of  each  session  of  the  legislative  bodies. 
All  the  internal  functions  of  the  legislative,  judi- 
cial»  and  administrative  authorities  and  of  the 
governmental  educational  institutions,  as  well  as 
the  instruction  in  those  educational  institutions, 
are  to  be  carried  on  in  the  Polish  language ;  for 
communication  with  the  imperial  offices  the  Rus- 
sian language  is  to  be  used.    The  rights  of  the 


Lithuanian,  Little  Russian,  and  Russian  minori- 
ties to  their  languages  in  courts,  schools,  etc., 
will  be  secured  by  the  first  Diet.  The  further 
articles  describe  the  relation  of  the  viceroy  to 
the  Diet;  the  executive  authority  in  the  king- 
dom; the  position  of  the  Minister-Secretary 
of  State  for  the  Kingdom,  who  is  to  be 
appointed  by  the  Emperor,  in  the  manner  pre- 
scribed for  the  appomting  of  ministers,  from 
among  the  Polish  citizens  of  the  kingdom;  the 
judicial  system;  the  method  of  self-govern- 
ment, etc. 


WHY  NORTH  AND  SOUTH  AMERICA  ARE  DIFFERENT. 


pERHAPS  few  Americans  have  ever  really 
stopped  to  think  why  North  and  Soifth 
America  are  so  strangely,  diametrically  differ- 
ent. It  is  true  that  part  of  South  America 
is  tropical,  but  there  arc  vast  territories 
where  the  climate  and  soil  are  almost  identi- 
cal wirfi  our  middle  and  southern  West. 
Why  is  It  that  the  civilization  is  now  so  dif- 
ferent, and  why  have  the  industrial  interests 
of  the  southern  continent  been  so  slow  in  de- 
veloping? Signor  S.  L.  Racca  (in  an  article 
in  the  Rivista  d' Italia,  of  Rome)  goes  back 
to  the  very  beginning  of  things  to  account 
for  it. 

The  early  settlers  in  South  America,  he 
reminds  us,  were  gold-seekers,  pure  and  sim- 
ple. Although  they  entered  South  America 
a  century  before  North  America  began  to  be 
settled,  inst^d  of  being  a  hundred  years 
ahead  of  the  new  settlements  they  were  a 
century  behind  them:  for  their  one  aim  had 
been  to  exploit  their  conquest,  to  extract  the 
largest  possible  amount  of  gold  for  the  least 
possible  expenditure  of  effort  and  for  the 
shortest  possible  stay  in  the  new  country. 

This  process  continued  uninterruptedly,  no 
agriculture  bein**  practiced  save  a  very  little 
done  by  slave-labor,  until  the  period  of  the 
struggle  for  independence  from  Spain.  After 
heroic  efforts  the  patriots  found  themselves  free 
and  independent,  but  masters  of  an  empty  house, 
in  a  continent  stripped  of  all  its  natural  wealth 
of  minerals,  with  a  population  not  only  unpre- 
pared for  self-government  but  wholly  ignorant 
of  agriculture.  With  such  conditions  it  is  only 
natural  tfiat  long  periods  of  black  depression 
followed.  Every  element  of  industrial  advance 
had  to  be  manufactured  from  the  beginning. 
Their  very  independence  from  Europe  was  a 
commercial  disadvantage  to  them  in  some  cases. 
As  long  as  Brazil  was  a  part  of  Portugal, 
Brazilian  coffee,  sugar,  and  chocolate  entered 
Portogal  freely  and  circulated  from  there  over 
afi  southern  Europe.  Owp  freed,  this  advan- 
tage was  lost,  and  Brazilian  products  had  to  seek 
other  markets.  The  terrible  wars  of  the  Na- 
poleooic  period   had   forced   European  govern- 


ments to  put  high  taxes  on  such  articles,  and 
Brazil  found  itself  hopelessly  over-productive  of 
a  commodity  which  nobody  wanted. 

The  real  great  difficulty,  however,  with 
South  America  has  always  been  the  impossi- 
bility of  "  getting  together."  Distances  are 
enormous,  population  scattered,  and  physical 
obstacles  like  malarious  forests  or  impassable 
mountain  ranges  abound.  In  order  to  over- 
come this  it  has  been  necessary  to  bor row- 
great  sums  of  money  from  European  bankers 
for  the  construction  of  railroads,  which,  put 
in  over  many  localities  when  the  demand 
was  not  sufficient,  have  not  been  profitable. 
Added  to  this  have  been  the  constantly  fluc- 
tuating currency,  which  at  one  time  reduced 
Brazil  almost  to  bankruptcy,  and  a  popula- 
tion neither  amicable  nor  homogeneous.  The 
author  of  the  article  says  that  a  marvelously 
rich  soil  and  a  climate  eminently  suited  for 
agriculture  can  accomplish  little  against  such 
obstacles  and  such  a  history,  and  that  for  a 
great  many  years  to  come  'South  America 
will  be  helplessly  dependent  upon  European 
capital. 

In  Brazil  the  people  do  not  seem  able  to*leam 
from  their  most  disastrous  mistakes,  and  go  on 
year  after  >ear  putting  all  their  eggs  into  one 
basket,  producing  coffee  and  nothing  else,  and 
losing  everything  if  over-production  brings  down 
the  cost  of  that  commodity.  Exports  from 
Brazil  are  increasing,  but  imports  (which  repre- 
sent the  acquisitive  value  of  the  country)  have 
gone  back  .^  little  during  the  last  twenty-five 
years.  In  addition,  there  is  a  marked  tendency 
to  import  only  the  cheapest  grade  of  every  va- 
riety of  article. 

The  experience  of  Brazil  is  analogous  to 
that  of  Argentina,  save  that  from  a  costly 
and  oftentimes  disastrous  attempt  to  bring 
all  parts  of  the  country  within  reach  of  the 
center,  there  does  remain  a  network  of  rail- 
roads, which  will  be  of  value  later,  .although 
now  they  often  traverse  great  tracts  of  wholly 


114 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REyiElV  OF  REI^IEWS. 


uninhabited  land.  For  a  time  there  was  a 
veritable  fever  of  English  investment  in  Ar- 
gentine securities,  but  the  failure  of  the 
Baring  Bank  was  a  fatal  blow.  There  is, 
however,  more  hope  here  than  in  many  other 
inflated  and  burst  South  American  business 
enterprises.  The  climate  is  suitable  for  Euro- 
pean immigration,  the  soil  can  raise  more 
varied  crops,  and  the  people  have  fewer  of 
the  bitter  internal  rivalries  which  have  been 
such  a  clog  to  the  progress  of  other  countries 
on  that  continent. 

Now  as  to 'the  relation  of  all  this  to  com- 
merce with  the  United  States:  in  the  first 
place,  nearly  without  exception,  all  of  the 
banking  business  is  in  the  hands  of  Europeans, 
which  gives  a  great  advantage  to  European 
business  interests.  Second,  the  very  fact  that 
such  enormous  quantities  of  money  from  Eu- 
rope have  been  poured  in  there  has  drawn 
the  attention  of  European  business  men  to 
the  locality. 

The  ships  which  carry  cargoes  to  and  fro  are 
almost  all  European,  and  American  ships  are  at 
a  disadvantage,  since  they  must  either  take  a 
return  carg>  to  Rurope,  or,  often,  return  to  the 
United  States  with  empty  holds.  The  articles 
which  are  most  exported  from  South  America 
are  those  on  which  there  is  a  very  large  duty  in 


American  ports,  and  since  the  actual  distance  of 
voyage  is  no  greater  to  Europe  than  to  the 
United  States,  it  is  natural  that  the  trade  should 
continue  to  set  away  from  the  northern  republic, 
i'httt  this  condition  will  continue  is  shown  by 
the  very  slow  growth  in  variety  of  products 
mentioned  rbove. 

On  the  west  coast,  where  the  financial  in- 
dependence of  the  South  American  countries 
i>  in  sight,  it  might  be  thought  that  the 
United  States  would  have  a  better  chance, 
but  here  racial  feeling,  the  equidistance  from 
European  markets,  habit,  and  the  notorious 
lack  of  adaptability  to  foreign  conditions  of 
y*  merican  merchants  are  all  elements  which 
lead  this  European  sympathizer  to  predict 
that  it  will  be  long  befere  Uncle  Sam  will 
dominate  in  commerce.  From  all  the  west- 
ern coast,  not  only  are  all  the  steamship  lines 
European,  but  it  is  actually  a  more  direct 
route. 

Still  the  great  republic  of  the  north  is  bc: 
ginning -to  bestir  itself;  its  products  which 
compete  successfully  with  European  products 
in  European  markets  have  only  to  be  known 
to  succeed  in  South  America,  and  the  advan- 
tages which  previous  occupation  give  to  Eu- 
ropeans must  not  be  overesrimated  in  the 
coming  commercial  struggle. 


SUGGESTION,    A    POWERFUL    FACTOR    IN    TREATING    THE 

SICK. 


TT  is  well  known,  says  the  Hollandsche 
^  Revue,  that  gaping  is  as  infectious  a> 
laughter. 

So,  too,  when  one  starts  coughing  in  any 
audience  he  is  instantly  followed  hy  others.  A 
Russian  physician  relates  that,  at  an  appearance 
of  S5rah  Bernhardt  in  Moscow,  in  '*  La  Dair.c 
aux  Camelias,"  the  famous  actress,  in  the  dyin;; 
^cene,  suddenly  boRan  to  cough,  when  the  entire 
audience  was  thrown  into  similar  fits,  thoii^h 
jiist  before  the  silence  in  the  house  was  siirh 
that  one  mij^ht  have  heard  a  pin  drop. 

The  Revue  then  proceeds  to  quote  from  a 
recent  article  by  Dr.  I.  Zechandelaer,  show- 
ing that  suggestion  proceeds  not  only  from 
one  mind  to  another,  but  even  from  material 
objects,  and  refers  to  Zola's  explanation  of 
klept(»mania  as  being  caused  by  the  sight  ot 
attractive  objects  displayed  on  counters  or  in 
shop  windows.     We  quote: 

Susceptibility  to  sugj^estion  is  one  of  tlie  fun- 
damental properties  of  the  human  soul,  a 
knowledge  and  comprehension  of  which  is  of 
the  fir^it  importance  to  physicians  and  nurses. 
Fcnr  of  a   disease   is   follower!   by   an   attack   of 


the  disease  dreaded.  To  class  such  cases  with 
the  imaginary  sick  is  wholly  erroneous.  There 
arc  diseases  caused  by  the  imagination ;  but 
these  are  quite  different  from  those  caused  by 
suggestion. 

Dr.  Zechandelaer  cites  several  instances  of 
this  power  of  suggestion.     Here  is  one: 

A  hospital  physician  in  Paris,  in  the  hearing 
of  the  patient,  consulted  with  his  assistant  as 
to  the  course  to  be  pursued  in  the  case.  Then, 
with  much  head  shaking,  he  said  to  the  patient: 
*'  There  is  one  last  remedy ;  but  it  is  so  dan- 
pj.  rous  that  I  hardly  dare  to  apply  it ;  but  if  yon 
1  avc  courage  to  risk  it,  I  will  give  you  the 
tilulcs  fulminantcs.  It  is  my  last  recourse: 
l)nt  it  is  a  very  hazardous  one.'*  The  patient 
expressed  herself  ready  for  the  experiment. 
I'Otir  pilules  were  prescribed,  only  one  to  be 
t.ikcii  per  day.  The  next  day  the  woman  re- 
c  )vored ;  her  desire  for  a  cure  and  her  expecta- 
nt n  of  the  marvelous  effect  of  the  pilules  had 
JK^on  so  great  that,  as  she  hesitatingly  acknowl- 
edged, she  had  taken  two  instead  of  one. 
^liortly  after  which  she  had  felt  a  shock  as  if 
nIic  had  been  struck  by  lightnmg,  and  from  that 
moment  had  been  restored.  The  fulminant  pills 
were  made  of  bread  crumbs. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


115 


Every  nurse  knov%^  that  in  some  cases  pow- 
dered sujiar  is  as  effective  in  producing  sleep 
as  morphine.  Dr.  Van  Eeden  tells  of  an  ex- 
periment made  in  a  hospital,  when  a  glass  of 
sweetened  water  was  given  to  each  of  the 
hundred  patients,  after  which  the  report  was 
spread  that  by  mistake  an  emetic  had  been  put 
into  the  water.  Thereupon  no  less  than 
eighty  of  the  number  were  taken  with 
vomiting. 

Marvelous  also,  and  yet  comprehensible, 
are  the  cures  performed  by  suggestion.  Dr. 
Zechandelaer  claims  to  have  seen  cripples 
throwing  away  their  crutches  and  walking, 
merely  upon  the  doctor  telling  them,  with  a 
loud  voice  and  penetrating  look,  that  they 
could  walk.  He  relates,  too,  a  typical  case 
that  happened  in  the  practice  of  Prince  A. 
von  Hohcnlohe,  a  noted  physician  in  the 
early  *2o's  of  the  nineteenth  century.  One 
day  a  peasant  called  upon  him  who  had  lost 
the  power  of  speech.  The  prince,  wishing 
first  to  examine  the  man's  general  condition, 
put  the  thermometer  into  the  patient's  mouth 
to  get  his  temperature.  The  peasant,  sup- 
posing this  to  be  the  instrument  intended  to 
cure  him,  instantly  recovered  his  voice,  and 
retained  it  during  life. 

In  what  w^ay  may  we  suppose  that  sug- 
gestion operates?  We  know  that  mental 
suggestions  may  greatly  affect  physical 
processes. 


Many  a  timid  person  blushes  at  the  mere 
thought  of  appearing  in  a  large  company  (cor- 
puscular change  under  the  influence  of  sugges- 
tion) ;  the  thought  of  being  about  to  lose  her 
child  causes  the  mother  to  shed  tears  (lach- 
rymal secretion  by  suggestion);  the  suggestion 
of  delicious  food  makes  the  mouth  v/ater;  many 
persons  are  attacked  with  di&rrhea  through 
anxiety.  In  short,  the  circulation  of  the  blood, 
the  action  of  the  heart,  the  secretor  and  motor 
functions  of  numerous  organs  may  be  affected 
to  a  greater  or  less  degree  by  suggestion. 

To  make  suggestion  effective  two  things 
are  required:  Undivided  attention  and  be- 
lieving expectation, — in  other  words,  •  faith. 
The  faith-cures  which  have  taken  place  in  all 
ages  furnish  constantly  recurring  proof  of 
the  marvelous  power  of  faith.  "  Upon  it  are 
based  the  therapeutic  value  of  talismans  and 
amulets,  of  galvanic  crosses,  electric  belts,  the 
pellets  and  minute  solutions  of  homeopathy, 
of  the  hydrotherapeutic  and  pharmaceutic 
remedies  of  our  day." 

Dr.  Zechandelaer,  therefore,  regards  sug- 
gestion as  one  of  the  most  effective  expedients 
at  the  command  of  both  physicians  and  nurses. 
In  his  opinion,  the  nurse  should  be  as  fully 
acquainted  with  this  power  as  the  physician ; 
and  the  doctor  who  is  not  aware  of  the  great 
suggestive  value  of  his  words  and  manner  of 
acting  during  the  treatment  of  a  case  is,  ac- 
cording to  him,  not  a  good  physician.  And 
what  is  true  of  him  is  equally  true  of  the 
nurse. 


IS  LITERATURE    DYING? 


npHAT  great  writers  disappear  and  leave 
no  worthy  successors  behind  them,  that 
the  twentieth  century,  so  far  as  it  has  gone, 
is  in  the  old  sense  of  words  unimaginative, 
preferring  facts  to  fancies  and  exalting  sub- 
stance over  form, — these  are  truths  which 
are  perceived  by  the  most  superficial  observer. 
At  any  rate,  this  is  the  way  the  situation  is 
sketched  by  Herbert  Paul,  the  eminent  Eng- 
lish critic  and  historian,  in  an  article  in  the 
Contemporary  Review,  Not  that  we  have 
lost  our  command  of  literary  form,  says  Mr. 
Paul.  The  decline  of  literature  cannot  be 
due  to  any  want  of  verbal  clothing.  "It 
must  be  connected  with  some  phase,  perma- 
nent or  ephemeral,  of  the  human  mind." 

After  trenchantly  criticising  the  literary 
production  of  Europe  and  America  during 
recent  years  as  being  without  distinction  or 
true  greatness,  Mr.  Paul  reminds  us  that  the 
few  really  great  writers  of  our  day  are  not 


permeated  with  the  spirit  of  the  time,  but  are' 
survivals:  One  great  wri'ter  only,  Tolstoi, 
survives,  and  Tolstoi  physically  belongs  to 
t\\fi  Old  World,  while  temperamentally  he  is 
even  older  still.  He  had  nothing  in  common 
with  the  nineteenth  century,  except  the  acci- 
dent of  birth. 

He  is  often  called  a  Socialist,,  and  Socialism 
is  supposed  to  l)e  new.  Socialism  is  not  new, 
and  Tolstoi  is  not  correctly  described  as  a  So- 
cialist. He  is  a  primitive  Cliristian,  born  out  of 
due  time,  a  remnant  of  the  past,  and  not  a  har- 
binger of  the  future.  As  a  man  of  pre-eminent 
and  incontestable  genius,  he  belongs  to  the  ages, 
not  to  the  age.  No  other  novelist  has  quite  such 
a  power  of  crowding  his  pages  with  perfectly 
unmistakable  characters,  all  different,  all  con- 
sistent, each  as  finished  as  any  solitary  portrait. 
The  art  of  "Anna  Karenina "  is  consummate. 
The  moral  force  of  "  Resurrection,"  the  beauty 
of  the  girl's  nature  which  cannot  be  degraded 
even  by  vice,  are  more  wonderful,  as  they  are 
more  noble,  than  any  art.  But  Tolstoi  is  foUovv- 
ing  the  gleam,  and  passing  from  our  ken.     He  is 


116 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REt^lEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


at  war  with  modem  society,  out  of  all  sym- 
pathy with  its  idols,  and  entirely  contemptuous 
of  its  passions. 

Tennyson  was  another  example.  If  any 
man  ever  kept  up  the  dignity  of  literature  it 
^vas  he. 

But  though  Tennyson  has  not  been  dead  fif- 
teen years,  he  seems  almost  mediaeval  in  his  re- 
moteness. I  do  not  mean  that  his  best  poetry  is 
dead,  or  can  ever  die.  It  is  his  conception  of  his 
task  that  seems  obsolete.  Although  he  made 
good  bargains  with  the  booksellers,  he  did  seri- 
ously devote  his  whole  life  to  the  highest  literary 
productions  of  which  he  was  capable.  Morbidly 
sensitive  to  criticism  as  he  was.  he  felt  also  that 
genius  had  its  duties  as  well  as  its  rights,  and 
conscientiously  discharged  them.  We  have  no 
Tennyson  now.  What  should  we  make  of  him 
if  we  had  him?  Reverence  is  the  keynote  of 
'•  In  Memoriam,"  as  is  humor  of  the  "  Northern 
Farmer." 

In  the  history  of  all  civilized  communities, 
says  Mr.  Paul,  further,  there  are  periods 
destitute  of  great  literary  names.  "  Our  pe- 
culiarity is  that  we  seem  to  get -on  very  well 
without  them." 

The  scientific  spirit  seems  now  to  dominate 
everything,  continues  this  English  critic.  The 
world  is  in  future  to  be  governed  from  the 
laboratory.  Science  is  apparently  acquiring 
an  absolute  domination  over  the  minds  of 
men.  If,  he  concludes,  science  can  be  proved 
to  hold  the  key  to  the  universe,  complete  sat- 
isfaction cannot  be  sought  elsewhere. 

As  for  everything  which  does  not  enlarge  the 


bounds    of   knowledge,    what    is    it    all  but  a 
trouble  of  ants  in  the  gleam  of  a  million  million 
of  suns?     If  all  science,  except  natural  science, 
be  science  falsely  so  called,  the  human  intellect 
must  inevitably  be  drawn  away  from  what  can- 
not yield  tangible  results.     History  cannot  yield 
them.     Let  bygones  be  bygones.     Why  seek  ye 
the  living  among  the  dead?    There  is  enough 
poetry  in  the  world  already.     It  must  be  waste 
o1  time  to  make  more.     Science  is  to  literature 
as  life  to  death.     To  become  really  scientific  is 
a  resurrection.     If  these  views  are  widely  held. 
more  widely  every  day,  the  question  at  the  head 
of  this  article  must  be  answered  in  the  affirma- 
tive.    It  may  be  euthanasia,  a  gradual  and  easy 
decay.     But    it   is   as   certain   as   it   is  gradual 
The  very  fact  that  the  name  of  science  is  often 
misapplied,  that  men  claim  the  epithet  scientific 
for  things  which  it  will  not  suit,  is  itself  a  proof 
of  the  despotism  to  which  the  unscientific  world 
submits.     Literature  may  be  more  tempting  than 
most  forms  of  illusion.     Other  verse  besides  Sir 
David     Lindsay's     may    -still     "have    charms.'' 
Science  alone  is   real.     The  prevalence  of  that 
creed,  or  of  that  superstition,  does  not  seem  to 
produce  scientific  genius,  though  it  has  doubtle<;5 
raised  the  level  of  the  scientific  intelligence.    Its 
negative  eflPect  upon  literature  is  more  obvious, 
and  the  effect  is  not,  of  course,  confined  to  the 
literature  of  any.  single  country.    Just  as  motor 
cars  are  superseding  horses,  so  is  science  super- 
seding humanism.     At  least,  so  it  would  seem^ 
Even   science  may   disappoint  expectation,  and 
the  door  which  no  man  living  has  yet  entered 
may    remain    inexorably   closed.     Among   other 
discoveries  it  may  be  discovered  that  there  are 
bounds  to  the  discoveries  of  science.     At  present 
the  trend  of  opinion  is  the  other  way.     The  pur- 
suit of  what   Bacon  called  secondary  causes  i> 
the  most  dangerous  rival  that  literature  has  ever 
encountered. 


THK  MOST  IMPORTANT  FACTOR  IN  INFANT 
MORTALITY. 


CCIKNCK  in  the  last  twenty  or  thirty  years 
has  cleared  up  many  an  Augean  stable 
of  human  disease.  To-day  a  larjje  number 
of  the  terrors  of  our  proximate  ancestors  have 
ceased  to  exist,  liut  the  scientific  men  of 
Kurope  are  rather  inclined  to  the  belief  that 
we  create  diseases  almost  as  fast  as  we  get 
rid  of  them.  It  is  true  that  many  old  and 
dread  names  have  been  stricken  from  the  list, 
but  their  places  have  been  taken  by  new 
scotirjres.  This  is  true  for  a  large  portion 
of  nervous  diseases,  consumption,  t>phoid 
fever,  and  particularly  for  child ren*s  diseases. 
In  a  recent  number  of  the  li'ochc  (Berlin^ 
Dr.  Paul  Mayer  a>nsiders  the  incre:Lse  in 
infant  mortallt>\  and  obser\-es  that  **  while 
death  statisti^^  in  almost  all  diseases  have  de- 
clined, those  in  iliseases  of  the  intestines  have 
increased.     And   these  diseases  have  shown 


themselves  to  be  the  true  destroying  angel 
of  the  nursing  babe."  The  question,  then,  is. 
Why  have  these  diseases  increased?  As  In- 
fants make  up  the  large  proportion  of  vic- 
tims, we  will  restrict  our  inquiry  to  them 
alone.  Dr.  Mayer  states  that  "  the  ansi.%er 
to  our  question  is  first  to  be  found  in  the  in- 
creased labor  that  is  being  required  of  wom- 
en, and  particularly  in  the  influence  which 
industrial  life  and  work  are  exercising  on 
woman  and  her  physical  strength.**  There- 
fore the  German  physician  proposes  pension- 
ing the  working- woman  before  and  after  the 
birth  of  her  child,  free  medical  attention,  and 
rewards  to  mothers  who  nurse  their  children 
for  periods  of  six  months  and  one  year  after 
birth.  The  first  WiXi  of  these  precautions  arc 
fully  jiistified  by  the  investigations  of  Dr. 
Leppmann,  who  found  that  children  whose 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


117 


motliers  worked  up  to  the  time  of  birth, 
weigrhed  5(X)  grams  less*  than  children  whose 
mothers  stopped  work  two  or  three  months 
before  birth. 

These  are  all  important  considerations. 
But  the  most  important  of  all  is  the  necessity 
which  exists  for  the  mother  to  nurse  her  own 
chHd. 

Of  all  the  vicious  influences  which  afflict  so- 
ciety to-day  the  one  which  takes  the  babe  from 
its  mother  is  most  to  be  condemned.  Some 
women,  it  is  true,  cannot  nurse  their  children, 
hut  the  majority  can,  and  there  is  absolutely  no 
substitute  for  mother's  milk.  In  Berlin,  at  the 
time  of  the  censuses  of  1890,  1895, 1900,  and  1905, 
a  large  amount  of  material  was  obtained  in  ref- 
trencc  to  children.  Among  other  things  it  was 
found  that  in  1890  out  of  1000  children  529  were 
nursed  by  the  mother;  in  1895.  446;  in  1900,  332; 
The  re«=ult  for  1905  is  not  yet  available,  but  I 
liave  been  privately  informed  that  the  figures 
show  an  even  greater  decrease. 

The  importance  of  the  statistics  will  be 
appreciated  when  we  consider  further.  Dr. 
F>fBer,  of  Danzig,  shows  that  children  nour- 
*  ished  with  cow*s  milk  are  ill  five  times  to 
the  once  of  children  nourished  with  the 
mother's  milk.  Moreover,  the  Berlin  statis- 
tics for  1900  show  that  children  fed  by  the 
mother  are  far  stronger  than  children  fed 
nith  substitutes  for  human  milk. 

Thu'i  a  mother  who  can  nourish  her  child  but 
does  not  increases  the  danger  of  death  from  so- 
called   English  disease  ten  times,   from  stomach 


and  intestinal  trouble  eight  times,  from  emaci- 
ation seven  times,  from  tooth  and  stomach  ca- 
tarrh and  hydrocephalus  five  times,  from  whoop- 
ing cough  and  cholera  morbus  four  times,  con- 
sumption; laryngitis,  and  pneumonia  three  times, 
diphtheria,  general  weakness,  and  so  forth, 
twice.  These  figures  should  certainly  not  have 
to  be  shown  to  a  real  mother  more  than  once 
to  cause  her  to  instantly  change  her  course  if 
she  is  following  the  wrong' one. 

Woman's  Work  and  Race  Suicide. 

If  there  were  need  of  any  proof  that  the 
work  of  married  women  bears  upon  infant 
mortality  the  thoughtful  report  of  Dr. 
George  Reid  on  the  working  people  of  Staf- 
fordshire (quoted  in  L  Illustration,  of 
Paris),  would  be  proof  sufficient.  The  pop- 
ulation of  Staffordshire  is  grouped  in  two 
great  centers:  The  ironworkers  and  the 
workers  on  crockery.  The  wives  of  the 
ironworkers  are  housekeepers,  they  stay 
at  home.  The  wives  of  the  crockery- 
workers  go  to  the  factories  with  their 
husband^.  In  1904  infant  mortality  among 
the  people  of  the  crockery  manufactories 
was  193  per  1000  births.  Among  the 
ironworkers  there  were  156  deaths  per  1000 
births.  Among  the  women  of  the  manufac- 
tories there  were  15  abnormal  and  9.4  pre- 
mature births  per  1000,  while  there  were 
only  6  abnormal  and  3.2  premature  births 
per  1000  among  ironworkers.  **  Woman's 
place  is  at  home." 


THE   ROUMANIAN    PEASANT  AND  THE  JEW. 


'  I  ^HE  recent  Roumanian  pheasant  revolt  has 
been  suppressed  with  a  heavy  hand,  but 
the  outbreak  has  called  the  attention  of  the 
world  to  the  unsatisfactory  social  conditions 
that  were  the  cause  of  the  rising.  .  These  are 
set  forth  \tf  some  detail  in  an  interesting  arti- 
cle by  M.  Jacques  Dorobantz,^  in  a  late  num- 
ber of  Questions  Diplomatlques  et  Coloniales, 
in  which  he  describes  the  social  and  agrarian 
condition  of  the  Roumanian  peasantry. 

The  Roumanians,  he  says,  are  considered 
to  be  of  a  happy  disposition,  forgetting  quick- 
ly the  evils  which  befall  them ;  but  he  thinks 
the  storm  which  broke  out  in  March  of  the 
present  year  will  leave  a  lasting  impression, 
since  it  meant  the  devastation  of  the  whole 
country-.  Beginning  in  an  agitation  in  the 
district  of  Jassy,  the  whole  of  the  northern 
district  of  Moldavia  soon  blazed  up,  and  the 
rising  quickly  spread  to  Wallachia.  In  Mol- 
davia, the  cry  was  for  land,  but  in  Wallachia 
the  cry  was  for  heads,  and  horrible  atrocities 


were  committed.  Among  the  fugitives  from 
Moldavia,  the  largest  number  were  Jews;  yet 
noonewho  has  lived  in  Roumania  can  say  that 
the  Roumanians  are  animated  by  religious 
passions.  The  property  of  both  Christians 
and  Jews  was  pillaged  indiscriminately.  The 
troubles  are  due  rather  to  the  constitution  of 
society  in  Roumania  than  to  the  distribution 
of  rural  property.  Miserable  as  is  the  condi- 
tion of  the  Roumanian  peasant,  it  would  be 
diflicult  to  name  a  state  where  legislation  has 
done  more  to  ameliorate  the  lot  of  its  peas- 
antry; but  this,  remarks  the  writer,  is  only  a 
proof  that  legislation  alone  cannot  sf)lve  social 
problems. 

The  creation  of  a  peasant  proprictry  was  brj^'un 
in  1864.  At  the  present  moment  the  lands  ex- 
propriated from  llie  nol>l«'s  and  tlio>e  graiitr<l  ))>' 
the  state  represent  40  per  rent,  of  the  ciiltivaMe 
area  of  the  country,  and  arr  divided  amon^ 
900,000  families  represent  int,'  5.f¥»o.ooo  persons. 
The  system  hej^im  ^o  aii-pirioti^ly  doi-s  not  seem 
to  have   worked  well  in   tlu-  nid.     A^  the   lands 


118 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REy/EU^  OF  REVIEWS. 


conceded  were  declared  inalienable,  the  small 
industrious  peasant,  for  instance,  has  been  pre- 
vented from  extending  his  domain  by  the  pur- 
chase of  that  of  his  indolent  neighbor.  Anotlier 
serious  cause  of  trouble  has  been  the  failure  of 
the  large  private  owners  to  realize  that  the  pos- 
session of  extensive  lands  imposes  on  them  the 
duty  of  residing  on  their  property  in  close  per- 
sonal contact  with  the  people  who  cultivate  it, 
and  in  such  a  matter  the  law  is  powerless  to 
remedy  the  evil.  A  third  cause  is  the  Jews, 
who  are  to  be  found  almost  exclusively  in  Mol- 
davia. They  arrive  in  great  bands  from  Galicia 
and  Russia,  and  settle  wherever  they  note  lack 
of  initiative  and  enterprise  in  the  people.  In 
this  manner  two  classes  of  Jews  have  been 
formed  spontaneously.  The  first,  the  small 
tradesmen  of  the  villages,  who  sell  on  credit  to 
the  peasant,  lend  him  money,  and  generally  make 
themselves  indispensable.  This  class  is  far  from 
being  detested.  It  is  a  different  matter  with  the 
capitalist  Jew,  who  relieves  the  large  proprietor 
of  all  care  and  worry  by  hiring  his  lands,  and  at 
a  higher  rate  than  would  be  possible  by  direct 
exploitation  of  them  by  the  owner.  The  capi- 
talist Jew  it  is  who  has  been  a  veritable  scourge 
to  the  peasants  by  creating  great  trusts. 

Among  the  causes  of  the  explosion  the 
writer  lays  great  stress  on  the  habits  and 
customs  of  the  country,  which  he  describes  as 
being  as  bad  as  the  laws  are  reasonable.  The 
Moldavian,  he  says,  is  lazy  and  unintelligent. 
Though  he  might  have  enough  to  suffice  for 
his  needs,  he  contracts  debts  in  the  winter, 
and  when  the  agricultural  season  comes 
round  again  he  sublets  part  of  his  land,  and 
oftener  than  not  has  to  submit  to  hard  terms 
with  the  Jewish  farmer,  whose  debtor  he  has 
already  become,  and  hence  the  mischievous 
labor  contracts.  On  this  method  it  has  been 
calculated  that  the  day's  wages  of  the  Mol- 
davian peasant  this  year  did  not  exceed  five- 
pence,  and  in  addition  to  the  low  wages  the 
peasant  has  had  no  redress  against  the  in- 
justice and  fraud  of  the  contracts.  Very  dif- 
ferent is  the  situation  In  Wallachia.  There 
the  Jews  and  the  agricultural  trusts  are  al- 
most unknown,  and  the  land  is  exploited  on  a 
system  resembling  the  French  metayage.  In 
some  cases  the  division  of  profits  is  on  the 
basis  of  two  parts  for  the  metayer  and  one 
for  the  master,  with  the  result  that  a  rich 
peasant  is  not  rare  in  Wallachia,  and  there 
is  the  embryo  of  a  rural  middle  class. 

It  is  often  asserted  there  is  no  middle  class 
in  Roumania  to-day.  The  writer  says  this  is 
a  mistake.  There  is  a  middle  class, — in  a 
deplorable  condition.  The  spendthrift  habits 
of  the  people  have  allowed  the  monopoly  of 
the  small  industries,  etc.,  to  go  to  Jews  and 
foreigners,  but  there  is  a  formidable  number 
of  professional  and  official  people,  and  these 
"intellectuals'*  not  unnaturally  think  that 


Roumanian  society  needs  reconstruction.  But 
how  is  it  to  be  brought  about  in  a  country 
where  85  per  cent,  of  the  population  belong 
to  the  peasant  class?  Here,  the  writer  aptly 
says,  are  all  the  causes  which  determined  the 
Russian  revolution,  only  with  this  diflFcrcna 
that,  in  Roumania  the  political  institutions 
are  quite  secondary  in  importance  compared 
with  the  social  constitution  of  the  country. 
Carmen  Sylva  Praises  the  Jews. 

It  is  a  curious  coincidence,  the  appearance, 
at  this  time,  in  La  Revue,  of  Paris,  of  a 
panegyric  article  on  Moses  and  the  Jews,  by 
Carmen  Sylva,  Queen  of  Roumania. 

The  persecution  of  the  Jews,  she  writes,  is 
not  a  question  of  religion,  but  of  race.  Na- 
tions will  not  tolerate  in  their  midst  a  strong- 
er race.  The  Jews  are  the  only  race  of  the 
world  which  has  not  suffered  from  decadence. 

They  are  strong,  united,  charitable,  healthy, 
powerful,  and  all  this  thanks  to  the  greatest 
sovereign  history  has  ever  known, — Moses.  If 
the  world  had  only  adopted  the  laws  of  Moses  it 
would  have  remained  immune  against  many  dis- 
eases. Torday  our  rulers  are  much  occupied 
with  their  soldiers :  but  was  Moses  a  bad  general 
because  he  was  a  great  physician?  The  Jews 
won  their  greatest  victories  when  they  believed 
that  God  was  fighting  for  them  and  with  them; 
but  when  they  became  unwilling  to  submit  to  the 
rigor  of  their  laws,  their  conscience  and  their 
fear  made  them  realize  that-  they  would  be  dis- 
persed, and  that  their  misfortunes  would  restore 
them  to  their  primitive  piety.  But  the  Jews 
were  destined  to  be  the  leaven  of  other  races. 
Their  superior  health  has  reacted  on  their  in- 
telligence, and  their  sufferings  have  made  them 
satisfied  with  little.  Instead  of  persecuting  them, 
people  would  do  well  to  follow  their  example, 
and  every  sovereign  ought  to  be,  like  Moses, 
educated  in  the  sciences,  especially  in  medicine, 
and  ought  to  study  the  Bible  more  than  any 
other  book.  It  will  be  the  unhappiest  day  for 
the  Jews  when  persecution  ceases.  They  will 
then  neglect  their  rites  and  strict  laws,  and  they- 
will  perish  by  the  evils  against  which  Moses 
warned  them. 

The  Jewsj  continues  the  Roumanian 
Queen,  failed  to  understand  Christ  because 
they  expected  a  Messiah  who  would  bring 
power,  splendor,  and  glory.  Christianity  re- 
mained pure  only  when  it  was  persecuted. 
When  it  came  into  honor  and  power  it  ceased 
to  be  Christianity. 

The  Jews  do  not  understand  disunion.  They 
would  never  have  made  crusades.  They  have 
no  dogmas  to  dispute  about.  Where  are  the 
dogmas  of  Christianity?  In  the  Sermon  on  the 
Mount.  When  Christ  preached  poverty  and 
charity  He  sought  to  perfect  the  doctrines  of 
Moses  and  introduce  mercy,  the  only  doctrine 
wanting  in  the  Mosaic  law.  But  humanity  was 
not  ripe  for  clemency.  Judaism  is  free  from 
superstition. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH.  119 

THE  RAPID  INCREASE    IN  POLISH  EMIGRATION. 

Fmav   surprise  students  of   politics  anfl  city  population  gave  only   1.8.    On   the   other 

f^rvin'r^mi'rc   fr»    Iao^^    fKo*    ^-Ko   ««.«-   -«,;  "^"^'  ^*  *"^  ^""  o*  ^"^  Same  pcnocl  the  pre- 

economics   to   learn   that   the   first   emi-  ponderance  was  in  favor  of  the  city  population, 

grations   trom   Foland  during  the  past  cen-  that  gave  1.8  as  against  1.4  for  the  rural  popula- 

tury  were  not  exclusively  political  in  charac-  tion.    This  difference  in  the  contribution  to  emi- 

tcr.     They  were, — when  on  a  large  scale,—  ^ration  can  be  explained  by  the   fact  that  the 

lareelv    due    to    the    reorfranizafinn    nf    \\m^  propaganda  for  emigration  had  more  effect  in  its 

largely    aue    to    tne    reorganization    ot    the  time  upon  the  ignorant  rural  population,  whereas 

weaving  industries,  which  took  place  between  the  political  and  economic  crisis  in  Russia  had 

1880  and  1900.    The  small  producer  was,  at  tr.ore  effect  upon  the  city  population.    Moreover, 

that  time,  rapidly  crowded  out  by  the  intro-  ^^,  "'"^^  ^^^^  \^^^  ^"  '"'"^  ^^^*  ^^^  element  pre- 

ducdon   of. modern    machinery,   backed    by  V^:UV\L't.^r^VL^t^^:'tZrt 

foreign  capital.      1  he  first  waves  of  Polish  tion  pogroms  are  a  sufficient  cause. 

G!iSm"'~™H^r:'"  ^°''"*'r  *'•'  •  '^^  As  for  the  direction  the  emigration  takes, 
Sn^/mT^rof  1%-  .  •*  V  '"*  7^^  '»  '^  ^^iefly  North  America,  pre-eminenti; 
FV^er^hnrW-1^    /^y«/««^y.t'ro^y  (St.   .^e  United  States,  which  absorbs  two-thirds 

TuTtt^hlnd  we'Jvt^"""''""""'"^'"^  -  -^'^^^-^^'k^  °^  ''''.  emigrants     At  the 

beginning  ot  the  period  examined  there  was 

This  emigration,  however,  was  comparatively  a    strong    current    toward    South    America, 

l^ar'tby  Vho'lnrof^r^So'-f^hre^r/-  ^ow  this  current  is  greatly  retarded,  and.  on 

tion  began  to- assume  larger  proportions.    This  ^"^  ^^"^^  "^"^»  a  strong  current  is  noticeable 

was  chiefly  due  to  external  causes,  to  a  propa-  toward  western  Europe, 

ganda    for    emigration.    The    South    American  Of  the   European  countries  England   ap- 

«nX7''!lf^f?;.fjnn'''"HiH*''„^^^  "^""'^^  ^^""^^^  P^^rs  to  bc  the  most  attractive  to  the  emi- 

under    cultivation,    did    not    Spare    means    and  ^      r  n  i      j      <^i      t»  i  i  i 

energy  to  attract   settlers   from    Europe.    This  ^^^^^  oi  rolaiid.     1  he  Poles  who  go  there, 

^ve  a  great  impetus  to  emigration,  which  rose  however,  consist  almost  exclusively  of  Jews, 

m  Europe  at  large  in  those  three  or  four  years  to  the  center  of  emigration  being  London.     Ac- 

hitherto  unheard  of  proportions.  cording  to  English  statistics  of  1904.  there 

Poland  had  its  full  share  in  this  general  lahded  in  England  in  that  year  46,000  emi- 

movement  to  South  America.    This  emigra-  grants  from  Russia  and  Poland,  mostly  Jews, 

tion,  which  began  in  Poland  in  1888,  made  36,000  of  whom  settled  in  London, 
rapid  progress,  reaching  its  culminating  point       When  we  divide  the  emigrants  according 

in    1890    (some   20,000   persons   then    emi-  to  religion,  we  find  that*  four-fifths  of  them 

grated).     In  the  following  year,  however,  it  are   Catholics.     Then   come   the  Jews,   the 

began  to  abate,  until,  in  1894,  »t  reached  its  Protestants,    the   Greek-Catholics,    and    the 

low-water  mark  of  5000.    By  the  end  of  the  sectarians. 

'90's  we  notice  again  an  increase  in  emigra-       The  causes  of  the  emigration  are  to  be 

tion,  which  has  since  been  steadily  growing,  sought  primarily  in  the  density  of  population 

Altogether,  from   1900  to   1904,  there  emi-  in  the  Vistula  region, — 104  persons  to  each 

grated   from   the  Kingdom  of  Poland  some  square  mile, — where  there  is  a  rural  popula- 

160,000  persons.     The  number  of  emigrants  tion  of  1,000,000  not  possessing  any  land  at 

has  not  been  equally  distributed  over  the  dif-  all,  and  an  equal  number  not  owning  suffi- 

fcrent  districts  of  the  kingdom.     They  vary  cient  land.     On  the  other  hand,  there  is  no 

in  the  different  governments  from  50.4  to  0.7  demand   for  labor  sufficient  to  fill   up   this 

to  each   1000  inhabitants.     More  than  any  economic  gap.    The  higher  developed  indus- 

other  district  did   the  emigration  affect  the  tries  of  Poland  are  located  only  in  the  gov- 

govemmcnts  of  Suwalki,   Plotzk,   Lomzhe,  ernments  of  Petrovsk  and  Warsaw,  there  be- 

and  Warsaw,  which  contributed  four-fifths  ing  engaged  in  the  former  126,000  working- 

of  the  emigrants.  men;   in   the   latter  35,000.      In   the   other 

Taking  it  altogether,  the  emigration  from  governments  manufacturing  is  still  in  its  in- 
die Kingdom  of  Poland  is  supplied  mainly  fancy.  Under  these  conditions  the  earnings 
by  the  rural  districts.  The  latter  contributed  of  the  workingmen  are  very  small.  In  the 
1.2  emigrants  to  each  1000  inhabitants,  year  1900,  for  example,  the  pay  for  rural 
whereas  the  city  population  gave  only  i.o.  labor  averaged  per  day  34  kopecks  (17  cents) 
.  .  .  ,  ,  ,  ,  t.  -.  for  ni^n»  and  24  kopecks  (12  cents)  for 
an^^r.,,'rpTrroTth1rt\l%;uTa^orwTs?;ii  .vomen  And  this  situation,  together  with 
greater;  it  gave  2.5  to  each   1000,  whereas  the  the  political   disturbances,  was  the  cause  of 


120 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^/EIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


the  strong  current  of  emigration  within  the 
last  few  years. 

The  general  effects  of  the  emigration  on 
the  life  of  Poland,  says  this  review,  are 
beneficial. 

In  the  first  place,  the  surplus  of  the  popula- 
tion, not  being  able  to  find  sufficient  employment, 
emigrate,  thus  leaving  more  room  for  those  re- 
maining. The.n,  the  emigrants  settling  in  their 
adopted  countries,  aid  their  relatives  at  home 
financially.  It  is  difficult  to  tell  the  exact 
amount  of  money  that  is  sent  by  the  emigrants. 


As  an  illustration,  however,  the  followinjf  num- 
ber may  be  given:  during  five  months  m  1890 
the  money  received  in  five  governments  from  th^ 
JJnited  States  through  the  postoffice  alone 
amounted  to  240,000  rubles  ($120,000). 

In  general,  the  Polish  emigrants  settle  in 
America  under  fair  conditions.  They  have 
succeeded  in  forming  Polish  colonies,  with 
their  own  schools,  libraries,  and  newspapers 
in  Polish.  The  tendency  to  preserve  their 
national  character  is  strong,  although  they 
rapidly  become  American  citizens. 


ARE  PLANTS   POSSESSED  OF  SENSES? 


QUOTING  from  a  recent  work  by  the 
Dutch  botanist,  Dr.  P.  G.  Buclcers,  in 
which  the  above  question  is  discussed,  Vtagen 
van  den  Dag,  thus  summarizes  the  facts  and 
theories  therein  set  forth: 

In  various  ways  we  have  arrived  at  the  knowl- 
edge that  plants  possess  senses  and  their  neces- 
sary organs.  And  they  may  have  more  of  them 
than  we  yet  imagine.  The  hygrotropic  root  that 
is  so  sensitive  to  water  and  turns  with  such  cer- 
tainty toward  it,  must  have  an  organ  for  this, 
though  we  have  not  yet  discovered  it.  The  nice, 
dainty  taste  of  numerous  plants  has  been  estab- 
lished beyond  all  doubt,  although  the  organs  of 
taste  no  one  has  yet  seen.  How,  then,  could  it 
be  discovered  that  a  plant  can  taste?  That  a 
plant  is  aware  of  light  is  evidenced  by  the  fact 
that  it  turns  toward  it.  Gravitation,  also,  makes 
it  grow  upward ;  at  a  touch  it  is  impelled  to  cer- 
tain movements.  But  is  it  credible  that  anything 
can  taste  either  gopd  or  bad  to  a  plant?  Taste 
has  meaning  only  when  by  its  means  something 
agreeable  can  be  distinguished  from  something 
else  that  is  not  so.  And  yet  this  is  the  discovery 
that  has  been  made,  that  plants  have  the  sense 
of  taste. 

The  dwarfs  of  the  plant-kingdom,  the  bac- 
teria, are  the  greatest  gourmets  in  existence. 
'l^hey  are  so  sensitive  to  the  most  infinitesimal 
part  of  some  substances  upon  which  they 
feed  that  they  can  be  drawn  from  a  distance 
toward  any  such  titbit  that  is  offered  to  them. 
They  can  even  be  enticed  to  the  most  deadly 
poison  when  this  has  been  highly  flavored 
with  a  taste  of  their  favorite  delicacy.  By 
such  experiments  was  discovered  the  princi- 
pal food  of  most  bacteria;  the  kali  salts.  The 
objection  that  in  those  cases  they  are  im- 
pelled only  by  the  natural  desire  for  food 
k  met  by  the  fact  that  they  have  a  fancy 
for  special  delicacies.  They  thrive  finely 
on  ulycerine,  but  cannot  be  lured  by  this. 
Again,  each  group  has  its  own  preferred  deli- 
cacie*,  for  which  it  will  go  through  thick  and 


thin,  if  such  expression  can  be  used  of  a  drop 
of  water.  They  must  have  a  good  palate, 
therefore,  these  bacteria,  for  they  show  just 
as  distinctly  a  distaste  for  other  substances. 
But  these  do  not  furnish  the  only  exam- 
ples of  the  possession  of  the  sense  of  taste  in 
the  vegetable  kingdom.  This  sense  occurs  in 
nature  in  the  service  of  propagation. 

The  beautiful  miniature  flora  of  our  forests, 
the  mosses,  multiply  themselves  by  means  of  re- 
rnarkable  creatures  resembling  infusoria.  These 
living  cells  are  possessed  of  a  long  vibrating  hair 
by  means  of  which  they  swim  about  rapidly  in  a 
dew-drop.  These  constitute  the  semen  needed 
tc  fertilize  the  moss.  They  are  attracted  by  the 
ftmale  parts  of  the  moss,  which  are  extremely 
delicate  cups,  at  the  bottom  of  which  is  an  egg 
that  can  only  be  developed  when  it  has  been 
united  with  such  a  bit  of  seed-animalcula.  What, 
now,  is  it  that  leads  these  seed-animacules  into 
the  right  track?  Their  sense  of  taste.  They 
are  extremely  partial  to  the  taste  of  malic  acid 
In  the  laboratory  they  can  be  enticed  by  thou- 
sands into  narrow  glass  tubes  containing  a  solu- 
tion of  this  acid.  This  would  seem  to  prove 
that  it  is  not  chance  but  a  purposely  designed  ar- 
rangement that  gives  a  malic-acid  taste  to  the 
moss-egg,  by  which  its  fertilizing  bacterium  is 
attracted. 

Ferns  also  send  off  small  seed-animalcules 
to  effect  propagation.  If  they,  too,  now, 
were  attracted  by  malic  acid  confusion  might 
easily  arise;  but  their  fertilizing  bacteria  are 
fond  of  sugar,  wherefore  the  egg-cups  of 
ferns  have  a  real  sugary  taste. 

After  such  discoveries  it  can  no  longer 
seem  ridiculous  that  some  botanists  have,  in 
full  earnest,  raised  the  question  whether 
plants  have  not  also  a  sense  of  hearing.  They 
certainly  are  sensitive  to  quite  feeble  atmos- 
pheric vibrations,  and  this  amounts  in  effect 
to  the  same  thing  as  hearing. 

A  plant  must  even  be  aware  of  some  things 
of  which  we  observe  nothing.  Some  ten 
years    ago,    a    Finnish    savant,    Professor 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


121 


Elving,  described  the  enigmatical  influence 
of  metals  upon  plants,  an  influence  op- 
erating from  a  considerable  distance,  leading 
the  growing  plants  to  incline  in  the  direction 
of  the  metals.  This  fact,  disputed  and 
thought  impossible  by  some,  has  been  fully 
confirmed  by  others.  In  these  days  of  the 
Rontgen  rays,  of  the  black  rays,  of  radiogra- 
phy, it  has  been  shown  that  plants  are  un- 
doubtedly also  sensitive  to  such  radiations, 
which,  so  far  as  we  can  yet  see,  are  of  no 
practical  use,  and  which  yet  certainly  do  not 
stream  purposeless  through  our  atmosphere, 
through  water  and  land,  and  probably 
through  the  universe. 

The  physical  sense  of  plants  belongs  to  the 
latest  discoveries  in  physical  science.  It  has 
long  been  known  that  artificially  trained 
plants  have  the  tendency  to  resume  their 
original  form.  It  has  been  known  also  that 
leaves  and  flowers  put  into  some  unnatural 
position  resume  their  usual  position  by  a 
wonderful  twisting  and  lengthening  of  their 
stems.  This  indicates  a  peculiar  power  in 
the  plant-organism.  The  plant  must  feel 
what  sort  of  position  the  parts  of  its  body 
should  have.    On  this,  too,  is  based  its  char- 


acteristic exterior,  what  is  technically  called 
its  habit. 

Long  before  we  can  see  the  leaves  or  bark  of  a 
tree  we  recognize  it  by  its  form.  This  applies  to 
all  plants  more  or  less;  but  what  it  is  that  en- 
ables us  to  do  this  it  would  be  difficult  to  ex- 
press in  words.  There  must  be  a«good  reason 
for  it,  but  what  ?  A  hint  in  that  direction  is 
found  in  the  fact,  not  known  long,  that  the 
lateral  roots  of  all  plants  do  not  appear  on  the 
main  root, — where  moisture,  nourishment,  or  firm 
attachment  would  seem  to  require  them, — ^but 
that  this  -depends  on  the  form  of  the  main  root. 
The  latter  is  mostly  bent,  as  it  has  to  find  its  way 
among  all  sorts  of  obstacles.  Now  the  lateral 
roots  always  originate  on  the  outer  and  never  on 
the  inner  sides  of  the  bends  of  the  main  root. 

As  we  pass  from  the  higher  to  the  lower 
organisms  in  animal  life  we  never  arrive  at 
a  point  where  the  manifestation  of  sensation 
ceases.  They  are  at  last  resolved  into  a  body 
consisting  of  a  few  cells,  which  themselves 
also  finally  disappear,  so  that  a  sponge  shows 
no  trace  of  nerves  or  muscles.  It  is  nothing 
more  than  a  congeries  of  nomads,  small 
lumps  of  living  albumen  that  crawls,  eats, 
and  multiplies.  Yet  all  these  creatures  still 
contain  within  themselves  all  the  riddles  of 
sensation. 


THE  GERMAN   FOREST  SCHOOLS. 


TpHERE  are  few  fairy  books  that  do  not 
contain  the  story  of  a  little  old  man  or 
a.  little  old  woman  who  kept  school  in  a  wood. 
Perhaps  it  was  something  of  the  spirit  of 
Grimm  which  led  the  Germans  to  inaugu- 
rate a  forest  school  for  the  benefit  of  children 
who  are  not  sufficiently  strong  to  endure  tui- 
tion in  the  ordinary  classroom.  A  few  min- 
utes' reflection  will  convince  one  of  the  pecu- 
liar advantages  of  instruction  in  the  open  air 
for  children  who  are  weakened  physically  or 
nervously,  and  the  results  so  far  obtained  in 
Germany  have  more  than  justified  the  ex- 
periment. In  the  Ceniralblatt  fur  Allge- 
meine  Gesundheitspflege  (Bonn),  •  Dr. 
Schacfer  describes  the  tw6  institutions  which 
are  now  representative  of  the  movement. 

The  first  of  these  schools  is  to  be  found  at 
Chariottenburg,  and  we  cannot  do  better 
than  quote  the  words  of  the  Mayor  of  the 
dty  in  reference  to  the  purpose  and  charac- 
ter of  the  establishment.  This  gentleman 
says  that  in  the  German  schools  there  are 
many  pupils  of  both  sexes  whose  state  of 
health  positively  demands  that  they  be  not 
taught  in  the  classroom  with  other  pupils. 


For  this  category  of  children  the  air  in  a  class- 
room occupied  by  fifty  or  more  pupils  is  par- 
ticularly unsuitable  even  under  the  best  of  con- 
ditions, the  rest  periods  are  too  short,  and  the 
demands  of  a  four  or  five-hour  day  are  too  great 
for  them  to  keep  at  their  work  with  attention. 
These  children  are  mainly  those  with  lung 
trouble,  heart  disease,  anaemia,  and  scrofula; 
children  who  are  not  sick  enough  to  be  put  in 
a  hospital,  but  who  are  still  too  weak  to  keep 
pace  with  the  strong.  The  continuance  in  a 
crowded  classroom  means  for  the  majority  that 
their  trouble  will  increase  if  it  does  not  develop 
into  something  serious.  Therefore,  the  interest 
of  both  well  and  delicate  children  demands  that 
they  be  separated  and  that  the  weak  ones  be 
taken  into  the  open  air  for  their  lessons. 

The  Chariottenburg  school  was  opened 
April  2,  1904,  and  it  has  been  clearly  proved 
that  the  pupils  leave  the  institution  in  far 
better  health  than  when  they  entered  it. 
Further,  although  the  period  of  study  is  lim- 
ited to  t\^o  hours  a  day,  the  children  are  not 
materially  behind  their  stronger  fellows,  and 
they  are  able  to  make  almost  as  satisfactory 
a.  showing  as  the  pupils  with  longer  hours. 
So  good,  indeed,  have  been  the  results  that 
the  establishment  has  been  recently  enlarged, 
and  240  children  are  now  in  attendance. 


122 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REFlElV  OF  REyiElVS. 


THE  MOVEMENT  SPREADING. 

As  Dr.  Schaefer  remarks,  however,  in 
spite  of  the  good  returns  the  Charlottenburg 
example  has  not  been  iollovved  as  it  should 
have  been,  although  now  a  movement  seems 
to  be  gaining  momentum  which  tends  toward 
the  development  of  similar  institutions  in 
other  parts  of  Germany.  This  is  shown  by 
a  new  forest  school  which  was  opened  May 
28,  1906,  at  Miinchen-Gladbach,  and  now 
fifty  children  are  taking  their  daily  instruc- 
tion under  the  trees.  The  Gladbach  school 
is  located  some  little  distance  from  the  town 
in  the  Hardter  forest.  The  school  is  entirely 
surrounded  by  trees,  and  it  is  built  in  the' 
form  of  a  northern  blockhouse. 


The  building  contains  three  rooms,— class- 
room, small  room  for  the  teachers,  and  a  large 
covered  hall, — and  a  small  cellar  dpes  service 
as  a  storeroom.  About  sixty  feet  from  the  house 
is  a  smaller  building  in  the  same  style  of  archi- 
tecture as  the  larger,  and  here  are  located  the 
closets  and  washrooms.  The  large  classrooms 
contains  all  the  paraphernalia  of  the  schoolroom, 
but  the  real  school  work  is  done  under  the  tall 
pine  trees,  where  'desks  and  benches  are  in- 
stalled. 

Only  when  the  weather  makes  outdoor  in- 
.struction  impossible  is  the  house  used.  In 
addition  to  the  course  of  lessons,  however, 
the  children  are  taught  all  sorts  of  games 
and  gymnastic  exercises,  so  that  plent>'  of 
movement  is  assured.  The  course  of  instruc- 
tion is  divided  up  as  follows: 


Monday.  Tuesday.  Wednesday 

90.30 Hellgfon.  Oerman.  Mathematics. 

9.30-10. .  .Kxerctse  at  this  hour  every  school  day. 
10-10.30. .  Mathematics.        Natural  history.     (Jeruian. 
10.30-11 .  .Exercise  at  this  hour  every  school  day. 
11-11.30.  .History.  Mathematics.  Writing. 

12 1.unch. 

1-3 Uest  on  benches  under  the  trees  every  school  day. 

3-3.30. ..  .Singini?.  (lerman  (iymnastlcs. 

3.30-6. . .  .Walking  or  playing  every  school  day. 

t> Milk  at  this  hour  every  day. 

t;.30 Walk  to  tram  station. 


Thursday. 
Religion. 

Friday. 
Mathematics. 

Saturday. 
German. 

Mathematics. 

Natural  history. 

Mathematicf. 

History. 

German. 

Writing. 

Singing. 

German. 

Gymnastics 

At  Gladbach  the  children  are  selected  by 
the  public-school  physician,  and  all  children 
are  excluded  who  have  serious  heart  or  nerve 
trouble  and  infectious  or  repulsive  diseases. 


There  is  also  a  daily  charge  of  10  cents 
for  each  child,  this  sum  including  the  trip 
to  and  from  the  city  by  tram,  the  second 
breakfast,  lunch,  tea,  and  milk  at  six  o'clocL 


BRITAIN  AS  A  FIELD  FOR  AMERICAN   BUSINESS. 


AS  a  matter  of  fact,  Great  Britain,  if  prop- 
erly approached  now,  offers  an  oppor- 
tunity for  American  proprietary  trade  more 
promising  and  more  profitable  than  any  other 
market  in  the  world.  Occasionally  it  is  given 
to  some  great  financial  genius  to  see  things 
as  they  are.  Colonel  Yerkes  is  reported  to 
have  said  \x\  effect,  when  he  was  invited  to 
investigate  South  African  diamond  fields  and 
similar  openings  for  enterprise,  "  London  is 
good  enough  for  me." 

These  words  arc  the  keynote  of  nearly 
every  issue  of  a  new  periodical,  Derrick's 
British  Report,  published  in  I^ondon,  by  Paul 
E.  Derrick,  an  American  by  birth,  but  of 
long  residence  in  the  British  capital.  In  the 
current  issue,  Mr.  Derrick  asks: 

Now  liow  many  out  of  those  thousands  of 
American  visitors,  as  they  take  the  train  at  Liv- 
erpool or  Southampton  to  "  do  the  old  country," 
ever  for  a  moment  realize  that  they  have  set 
foot  in  the  richest  country,  for  its  size,  on  the 
face    of    the    earth, — a    cotmtry    teeming    with 


millions  of  people,  each  single  individual  of 
whom  has  wants  to  satisfy,  and  the  money  and 
will  to  satisfy  them, — wants  which,  in  scores  of 
instances,  the  American  producer  is  well  able  to 
fulfill,  if  he  but  approach  the  market  intelli- 
gently and  under  guidance? 

Mr.  Derrick  remarks,  very  truly,  that 
there  was  a  time,  not  very  long  ago,  when  it 
was  argued  that  America  did  not  urgently 
need  an  extended  export  trade ;  that  the  home 
demand  was  more  than  sufficient  to  keep  the 
factories,  and  perhaps  the  farms,  busily  oc- 
cupied for  years  to  come. 

The  times  have  changed.  The  great  West  has 
filled  up,  and,  as  the  national  demand  has  ex- 
panded, so  has  the  supply;  and,  in  not  a  few 
instances,  at  a  more  rapid  rate.  There  may  not, 
even  yet,  he  an  urgent  need  of  a  greater  Ameri- 
can export  trade,  but  signs  are  not  wanting  that 
the  country  is  nearer  to  the  need  than  ever  be- 
fore. We  find  sections  of  the  States  in  com- 
mercial competition  with  each  other.  Chicago 
is  competing  with  New  York  City;  St.  Louis 
with  Chicago;  Minneapolis  and  Kansas  City  are 
measuring  industrial  effort  with  each  other  and 
with  Omaha.     The  new  South  has  rapidly  de- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


123 


vdopcd  commercially.  Georgia  and  the  Caro- 
linas  are  edging  in  on  Massachusetts  and  Rhode 
Island.  Birmingham  is  pressing  against  Pitts- 
burg. In  short,  American  manufacturing  ca- 
pacity has  fully  kept  pace  with  territorial  and 
population  expansion.  The  trend  of  events  is  all 
toward  the  time  when  the  American  producer,  at 
least  of  proi  -..c»ry  goods,  will  be  more  dili 
gently  seeking  profitable  fields  beyond  the  limit 
of  his  own  territory.  And  it  should  be  remem- 
.  bered  that  the  merchant  who  exploits  a  new 
market  in  good  times  is  the  merchant  who  reaps 
the  greater  and  more  enduring  share  of  that 
market's  profits.  Here,  within  a  few  day's  jour- 
ney of  America's  chief  ports,  is  a  free  and  open 
market,  in  which  there  is  in  circulation  wealth  so 
colossal  as  to  almost  challenge  computation. 

It  is  pointed  out  that  in  Great  Britain, 
with  an  area  of  less  than  122,000  square 
miles,  there  is  a  population  roughly  estimated 
at  44,000,000.  These  millions  live  within 
a  geographical  space  no  larger  than  the  States 
of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ohio  com- 
bined, and  the  deduction  is  made  that  this 
fact  of  having  such  a  tremendous  population 
of  purchasing  people  more  easy  of  access  than 
in  an  area  so  immense  as  that  of  the  United 
States  \s  all  the  better  for  the  American  mer- 
chant. He  could  and  can  reach  the  limits  of 
Great  Britain's  boundaries,  within  twelve 
hours  by  mail  from  the  chief  centers  of  Brit- 
ish distribution.  In  round  numbers,  accord- 
ing to  the  statistics  presented  in.  the  article 
now  under  consideration,  it  is  shown  that, 
five  years  ago,  13,000,000  males  were  en- 
gaged in  some  one  of  five  leading  classes  of 
occupation.  Of  this  aggregate,  over  800,000 
were  professional  in  occupation ;  over  350,000 
domestic;  over  2,ooOiOOO  were  following 
commerdal  pursuits;  over  2,000,000  were 
doing  well  in  the  agricultyral  and  fishing  in- 
dustries, and  over  7.500,000  were  engaged  in 
industrial  work.  The  number  of  females 
working  as  domestics  at  the  same  time  was 
reported  as  being  over  2,000,000,  over  2,500,- 
000  others  being  engaged  in  industrial  labor 
of  various  kinds.  Referring  to  the  above 
data,  Mr.  Derrick  remarks: 

In  so  far  as  it  is  possible  to  put  an  estimate 
upon  the   characteristics   and   wants   of  people 


from  their  occupations,  we  may  say  that  the 
British  professional  classes  and  a  large  propor- 
tion of  those  unoccupied, — three-quarters  of 
whom  are  women, — are  persons  of  education, 
refinement,  and  good  incomes,  ever  on  the  look- 
out for  the  best  the  world  affords.  The  com- 
mercial and  industrial  classes  are  economical, 
home- loving,  and  far-seeing  people,  fond  of  the 
substantial  m  food,  clothing,  and  housing;  while 
those  engaged  in  agricultural,  fishing,  and  do- 
mestic pursuits,  taken  as  a  mass,  are  shrewd 
people,  quick  to  see  value  in  whatever  is  offered 
to  them  for  purchase,  eager  to  purchase  anything 
that  appeals  to  their  frugality  and  sense  of  worth. 
The  greater  proportion  of  the  balance  of  the 
population  not  comprised  in  the  foregoing  table 
are  perhaps  children  of  tender  years,  with  a 
thousand  and  one  wants  and  exactions  on  the 
parental  purse  and  prudence. 

"  Yes,"  may  say  the  American  manufac- 
turer, "  but  what  have  they  all  got  to  spend 
for  my  product  ?  " 

Now,  perchance,  comes  the  most  striking 
part  of  this  brief  statement  on  the  business 
possibilities  of  Great  Britain: 

These  people  have  enormous  wealth  to  spend. 
How  much  of  it  they  will  spend  on  the  American 
proprietary  producer  depends  upon  himself.  At 
the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  1891  there  was  stand- 
ing to  the  credit  of  depositors  in  the  Post  Office 
and  Trustee  Savings  banks  of  the  United  King- 
dom the  sum  of  nearly  $575,000,000.  In  fifteen 
years*  time  the  amount  has  grown  to  $1,025,000,- 
000.  And  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  these 
figures  do  not  include  the  sixty-five  odd  million 
dollars  standing  to  the  depositors*  credit  in  in- 
dustrial companies  and  co-operative  societies,  nor 
do  they  show  the  gigantic  sum  invested  in  build- 
ing societies,  workingmen's  clubs,  and»  the  like. 
Taking  the  roughest  estimate  of  the  British  sub- 
ject's savings,  he  has  been  able  to  put  away  into 
the  Post  Office  and  Trustee  banks  $450,000,000 
more  than  he  had  in  iSgo-'gi,  and  $1,025,000,000 
dollars  is  now  standing  at  interest  in  his  favor, — 
$1,025,000,000  saved  after  satisfying  all  his  indi- 
vidual wants  and  those  of  his  family.  During 
1906  the  Britisher  paid  over  $120,000,000  in  pre- 
miums on  ordinary  life  insurance  "policies,  and 
about  $55,000,000  on  industrial  policies;  in  the 
aggregate,  these  sums  exceed  the  life  insurance  . 
investments  of  1882  by  about  $90,000,000.  To  the 
American  manufacturer  of  proprietary  goods 
these  facts  stand  as  a  revelation.  They  should 
stimulate  him  to  the  task  of  measuring  the  ca- 
pacity of  the  British  public  pocket  and  figuring 
out  what  it  may  possibly  contain  for  him. 


THE  NEW  BOOKS. 
RECENT  AMERICAN  PUBLICATIONS. 


BIOGRAPHY. 

The  life  of  that  remarkable  American  journal- 
ist, Charles  A.  Dana,  has  at  length  been  re- 
viewed by  one  who  knew  him  intimately  for 
many  years,  Gen.  James  H.  Wilson  (Harpers). 
The  two  men  were  thrown  together  during  the 
Vicksburg  campaign  of  oitr  Civil  War,  and  from 
companionship  on  the  battlefield  there  resulted 
an  intimacy  that  continued  to  the  end  of  Mr. 
Dana's  career.  To  General  Wilson  the  life  of 
his  friend  appears  in  a  wholly  different  perspec- 
tive from  that  in  which  most  of  his  journalistic 
contemporaries  were  accustomed  to  view  it  in 
its  latter  years.  General  Wilson  thinks  of  Dana 
as  a  war  correspondent  and  office  assistant  to 
Stanton,  the  great  War  Secretary,  in  which  latter 
position  "  he  was  potent  in  deciding  the  fate  of 
the  leading  generals,  as  well  as  in  shaping  the 
military  'policies  of  the  Adrninistration."  Gen- 
eral Wilson  declares  that,  with  the  possible  ex- 
ception of  John  A.  Rawlins,  Dana  exerted  a 
greater  influence  over  Grant's  military  career 
than  any  other  man.  While  a  journalist  might 
perhaps  have  written  a  biography  of  Dana  more 
interesting  to  journalists,  it  is  doubtful  whether 
any  of  Mr.  Dana's  newspaper  acquaintances 
could  have  put  into  the  book  more  of  a  personal 
history  of  the  past  generation. 

An  unusual  work,  combining  a  good  deal  of 
popularized  science  with  a  study  of  literary 
personality,  is  Dr.  George  M.  Gould's  "  Bio- 
graphic Clinics"  (Blakiston,  Philadelphia).  In 
this  five'-volume  work  we  have  an  absorbingly 
interesting  study   of  the  careers   of  individual 


IJR.    GEORGE    M.    GOULD. 


THE  LATE  CHARLES   A.   DANA. 

geniuses,  particularly  men  of  letters,  tracing 
the  origin  of  their  ill  health  by  an  exhaustive 
study  of  their  life  problems,  of  their  diseases 
past  and  present,  and  probably,  future.  The 
clinical  life  problems  of  De  Quincey,  Carlylc, 
Darwin,  Huxley,  and  Browning,  are  presented  in 
the  first  volume.  In  the  second  attention  is 
given  to  George  Sliot,  Lewes,  Wagner,  Park- 
man,  Spencer,  Margaret  Fuller,  and  Nietzsche. 
Volume  111.  considers  the  influence  of  **  visual 
function"  upon  the  health  of  patients;  volume 
IV.  dissects  the  life  problems  of  Balzac, 
Tchaikovski,  Flaubert,  Lafcadio  Heam,  and 
Berlioz ;  while  volume  V.  is  taken  up  with  a  dis- 
cussion of  eye-strain.  Dr.  Gould,  it  will  be  re- 
membered, is  editor  of  American  Medicine  and 
author  of  "An  Illustrated  Dictionary  of  Medi- 
cine." "  The  Meaning  and  Method  of  Life,"  and 
other  works. 

PROBLEMS  OF  MODERN  LIFE. 

The  Macmillan  Company  has  begun  the  pub- 
lication of  a  new  series  of  handbooks,  to  l)e 
known  as  the  "American  Social  Progress 
Series."  It  is  announced  that  it  is  the  design  of 
these  handbooks  to  furnish  students  of  our 
American  social  life  with  statements  of  the 
newer  social  thought  based  upon  the  accumu- 
lated material  of  recent  investigations.  Tlic 
editor  of  the  series  is  Dr.  Samuel  McCune  Lind- 
say. The  first  volume  to  appear  is  from  the  pen 
of  Prof.  Simon  N.  Patten,  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  is  entitled  "The  New  Basis 
of    Civilization."      Professor    Patten    interprets 


THE  NEU^  BOOKS 


125 


Ae  social  changes  of  our  time  in  a  way  which 
leaves  no  doubt  as  to  the  essential  conservatism 
of  his  economic  thinking,  but  at  the  same  time 
points  to  the  legitimate  abolition  of  poverty 
through  the  natural  and  rational  working  of 
agencies  already  in  operation.  There  is  nothing 
distinctly  radical  in  Professor  Patten's  program, 
but  there  is  much  that  is  inspiring  and  compell- 
ing to  continued  effort. 

Dr.  Luther  H.  Gulick,  director  of  physical 
training  in  the  New  York  City  schools,  has  writ- 
ten an  extremely  suggestive  little  book  to  which 
he  has  given  the  apt  title  of  "The  Efficient 
Life"  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.).  It  is  Dr.  Gu- 
lick's  belief  that  many  men  and  women  of  great 
value  to  the  world  are  from  time  to  time  re- 
moved from  spheres  of  usefulness  merely  be- 
cause they  do  not  know  how  to  manage  their 
physical  organisms.  In  Dr.  Gulick's  view  it  is 
a  good  thing  to  be  strenuous  in  life,  but  strenu- 
osity  is  no  end  in  itself.  "  It  is  only  when  being 
strenuous  is  an  aid  to  efficiency  that  it  is  worth 
while;  and  sometimes  the  quiet  life  is  more  ef- 


DR.    C.    W.    SALEEBY. 

fective  than  the  strenuous  one.  The  pursuit  of 
health  is  not  an  end  in  itself,  but  to  live  a  full, 
rich,  efficient  life  is  an  end."  Reading  and  fol- 
lowing Dr.  Gulick's  suggestions  in  this  book 
ought  to  help  many  people  to  raise  the  standard 
of  their  individual  efficiency,  for  the  advice  given 
concerning  the  conduct  and  regulation  of  life 
is  both  sound  and  essential.  Dr.  Gulick  deals 
with  such  homely  and  everyday  topics  as  "  Ex- 
ercise,— Its  Use  and  Abuse,"  "  Meat,  Drink,  and 
the  Table/*  "  The  Business  of  Digestion,"  "  Fa- 
tigue.'' "Sleep,"  "The  Bath,— For  Body  and 
Soul,"  and  "  Pain, — The  Danger  Signal."  The 
book  is  the  more  valuable  because  it  is  written 
in  full  recognition  of  the  fact  that  probably  a 
majority  of  those  who  will  become  its  readers 
are  people  who  live  in  cities  and  are  continually 
under  the  strain  of  modern  business  conditions. 


DR.    LUTHER   H.   GULICK. 

A  noteworthy  volume  of  sociological  as  well 
as  scientific  import  is  Dr.  C.  W.  Saleeby's  "  Wor- 
ry: The  Disease  of  the  Age"  (Stokes).  In 
pleasant,  convincing  style  Dr.  Saleeby  points  out 
the  causes,  significance,  and  terrible  pernicious 
influence  of  worry,  and  the  possible  remedies. 
Worry  and  physical  disease,  worry  and  mental 
health,  worry  and  intoxicating  drinks,  the  psy- 
chology of  worry,  and  the  future  of  the  race  are 
some  of  the  phases  of  the  topic  which  he  con- 
siders. 

Two  new  books  on  the  natural,  simple  life, 
have  been  published  by  Benedict  Lust  (New 
York).  These  are  "Return  to  Nature,"  by 
Adolph  Just,  a  treatise  on  the  care  of  the  body, 
with  special  reference  to  the  use  of  water,  light, 
air,  and  food,  translated  from  the  German,  and 
"  The  Philosophy  of  Fasting,"  by  Edward  Earle 
Purington. 

A  work  curiously  entitled  "  Gillette's  Social 
Redemption"  (Boston:  Herbert  B.  Turner  & 
Co.)  contains  a  review  of  world-wide  social  con- 
ditions, ending  with  a  summary  statement  of  a 
remedy  for  present  social  ills  formulated  in  a 
"  system "  which  bears  the  name  of  Mr.  King 
C.  Gillette.  This  system  is  based  chiefly  upon 
the  assumption  that  "were  the  great  wastes  of 
our  present  system  eliminated  and  effort  re- 
warded upon  a  system  of  equity,  man  would  be 
able  abundantly  to  supply  all  his  present  needs 
by  three  or  four  hours'  work  a  day."  Mr.  Gil- 
lette proposes  to  brin^  about  the  amelioration  of 
the  race  "by  organizmg  a  world-wide  corpora- 
tion with  an  unlimited,  elastic,  and  constantly 
self-adjusting  capitalization, — a  capitalization 
which  shall  always  represent  the  exact  amount 
of  the  corporate  assets, — falling  as  they  fall,  ris- 
ing as  they  rise."  In  other  words,  he  would  or- 
ganize a  world  trust.  The  author  of  the  book 
is  Mr.  Melvin  L.  Severy. 

A  discussion  of  current  college  problems  fro*" 
the  graduate's  point  of  view  is  presented  by  ' 


126 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


value.    Herbert  B.  Turner  &  Co.  bring  out  M.  D. 
Frazar's    "  Practical     European    Guide."      Mr. 
Frazar  was  for  many  years  in  the  tourist  busi- 
ness himself  and  knows  whereof  he  speaks.    He 
lias  devoted  particular  attention  in  this  volume 
to  the  financial  side  of  European  travel,  giving 
railway  and   steamship   fares   in   detail,  besides 
the   rates   at  most   of   the   best   known   hotels 
Josephine     Tozier's     "Traveler's      Handbook" 
(Funk  &  Wagnalls)    is  intended  for  travelers 
intending   to   visit   Europe    for   the    first   time 
There  are  also  some  excellent  suggestions  for 
those  who  wish  to  tour  Europe  in  motor  cars. 
Among  the  guides  to  special  phases  of  European 
life  or  to  particular  countries,  are :   "  Sojourn- 
ing,  Shoppmg,  and   Studying  in   Paris"   (Mc- 
Clurg),   a   handbook    intended   particularly   for 
women,  edited  with  a  good  map,  by   Elizabeth 
Otis  Williams ;  "  Christian  Rome,'*  by  J.  W.  and 
A.   M.  Cruickshank.  one  of  the  "  Grant  Allen 
Historical    Studies      which   the    Wcssels   Com- 
pany is  bringing  out ;  "  The  Art  Collections  of 
Europe/'  a  guide  to  the  paintings  in  the  Flor- 
entine  galleries,  by   Maud  Cruttwell,   published 
by  Dent   in  London  and  imported  by   Dutton; 
"The  Italian  Lakes"  (L.  C.  Page),  by  W.  D. 
McCrackan,    illustrated ;    and   **  A   Trip    to  the 
Orient,"   being   the   story    of   a    Mediterranean 
cruise,  by  Robert  Urie  Jacob,  published  by  the 
Winston  Company,  Philadelphia. 

A  new  Labrador  book  which  gives  much  in- 
formation to  the  intending  traveler  in  that  part 
of  the  world  is  Dr.  Charles  Wendell  Townsend's 
"  Along  the  Labrador  Coast  "  ( Boston  :  Dana 
Estes  &  Co.).  The  journey  which  this  book 
records  was  undertaken  chiefly  for  the  study  of 
birds,  but  the  author  became  greatly  interested 
in  the  scenery,  the  geology,  the  flowers  and 
trees,  the  fish  and  fishermen,  the  Eskimos  and 
Eskimo  dogs,  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's 
posts,  the  Moravians,  and  Dr.  Grenfell's 'mission. 
Most  of  the  illustrations  of  the  work  are  repro- 
ductions of  photographs  taken  by  Dr.  Glover  M 
Allen,  who  was  the  companion  of  Dr.  Town- 
send's travels.  Both  text  and  pictures  form  a 
distinct  contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  Lab- 
rador life  and  scenery. 

*'  My  Life  as  an  Indian,"  by  J.  W.  Schultz 
(Doublcday,  Page  &  Co.),  is  the  remarkable 
story  of  the  married  life  of  an*  Indian  woman 
and  a  white  man  in  the  lodges  of  the  Piegan 
Blackfect  at  the  head  of  the  Missouri  River. 
Mr.  Schultz  gives  us  a  unique  picture  of  Indian 
life  on  the  plains  when  there  was  still  warfare 
between  the  tribes  and  the  red  men  depended 
for  subsistence  on  the  wandering  herds  of  buf- 
falo. Mr.  George  Bird  Grinnell,  who  has  him- 
self been  a  careful  student  of  Indian  life  for 
many  years,  declares  that  "  such  an  intimate 
revelation  of  the  domestic  life  of  the  Indian  has 
never  before  been  written.  The  sympathetic  in- 
sight everywhere  evident  is  everywhere  convinc- 
ing. We  feci  that  the  men  and  women  portrayed 
are  men  and  women  of  actual  living  existence." 
Mr.  Grinnell  vouches  for  the  truth  of  the  nar- 
rative. 

Two  California  books  have  recently  been 
brought  out  by  the  publishing  house  of  Paul 
Elder  &  Co.,  which  was  compelled  to  migrate 
from  San  Francisco  to  New  York  after  the 
prcat  fire  of  April,  1906.  One  of  these,  "  Bird 
Notes  Afield,"  by   Charles   Keeler,   is  a   second 


CLARENCE  F.    BIRDSEYE. 

Clarence  F.  Birdseye,  of  the  New  York  bar,  in 
a  volume  entitled  **  Individual  Training  in  Our 
Colleges"  (Macmillan).  It  is  Mr.  Birdseye's 
conviction  that  notwithstanding  the  immense  in- 
crease of  wealth  among  our  colleges  the  average 
student  is  not  getting  what  he  ought  to  get  out 
of  his  college  career,  nor  as  much  of  real  value 
for  his  later  life  as  did  his  predecessor  of  fifty 
or  a  hundred  years  ago.  In  other  words,  the 
gain  of  the  college  in  efficiency  as  an  instrument 
for  instruction  has  been  accompanied  by  a  loss 
in  direct  personal  influence  on  the  character  of 
the  student.  Mr.  Birdseye  undertakes  to  pre- 
sent the  student's  side  of  the  problem,  consider- 
ing the  undergraduate  as  an  individual.  To 
make  his  study  effective,  the  author  undertakes 
to  enter  the  student's  college  home  life.  He 
searches  diligently  for  facts  and  deals  frankly 
and  candidy  with  the  facts  as  he  finds  them. 
The  fraternity  question  and  the  various  subordi- 
nate problems  related  thereto  claim  a  large  share 
of  space  in  Mr.   Birdseye's  di.scussion. 

An  English  translation,  by  G.  M.  Craik,  of 
Prnf.  Adolf  Ilamack's  "  Essays  on  the  Social 
(iospol"  has  been  brought  out  by  Putnams.  In 
tlu"  volume,  which  is  a  part  of  the  Crown  Theo- 
l<»gical  Library,  is  included  some  essay  material 
by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Herrmann,  of  the  University  of 
,\!arlmrg. 

BOOKS  OF  TRAVEL  AND  OUTDOOR  LIFE. 

Quite  a  batch  of  travel  guides,  having  for 
their  scope  the  entire  world  or  the  continent  of 
I-'urope  or  some  particular  place  of  interest  in 
a  European  country,  is  one  of  the  characteristic 
features  of  the  book  season.  W.  R.  Jenkins 
brings  out  in  small,  convenient  form  "  The  Com- 
plete Pocket-Guide  to  Europe,"  edited  by  Ed- 
mund C.  Stednian  and  Thomas  L.  Stcdman. 
This  is  an  ideal  pocket  companion  for  a  Euro- 
pean  tour.     Several   excellent   maps   add   to   its 


WE  NEIV  BOOKS. 


127 


edition  of  a  book  of  essays  which  has  had  many 
readers  on  the  Pacific  Coast  since  its  first  ap- 
pearance eight  years  ago.  The  present  edition 
takes  note  of  changes  that  have  been  made  Jn 
the  established  names  of  the  California  birds 
during  the  interval,  as  y^ell  as  all  new  climatic 
forms  that  have  been  distinguished  within  the 
State's  borders.  A  sketch  of  bird  life  on  the 
upper  Sacramento  River  and  an  index  to  the 
entire  volume  have  been  added.  All  Califor- 
nians,  and  especially  visitors  to  the  State  from 
the  East,  may  profit  greatly  by  the  information 
contained  in  Mr.  Keeler's  interesting  book. 

••The  Garden  Book  of  California,"  by  Belle 
Sumner  Angier,  published  by  the  same  house, 
deals  in  a  practical  manner  with  various  garden- 
ing topics  as  they  present  themselves  under  the 
peculiar  climatic  conditions  of  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Much  of  this  California  garden  lore  is  wholly 
new  and  unfamiliar  even  to  experienced  horti- 
culturists of  the  Eastern  States. 

Mr.   Ernest  McGaffey's  "Outdoors:  A  Book 


«1 


ERNEST   m'gAFFEV. 


of  the  Woods,  Fields,  and  Marshlands"  (Scrib- 
ner)  contains  a  series  of  entertaining  essays 
descriptive  of  Nature's  moods  as  encountered 
in  the  Middle  West.  Mr.  McGaffey  has  been 
a  diligent  student  of  bird  life,  and  several  of 
his  papers  have  to  do  with  the  hunting  of  the 
better  known  varieties  of  feathered  ^me,  espe- 
cially the  prairie  chicken,  the  quail,  and  the 
woodcodc. 

"Fifty  Flower  Friends  with  Familiar  Faces," 
by  Edith  Dunham  (Boston:  Lathrop,  Lee  & 
Shcpard  Company),  is  a  field  book  intended  for 
the  use  of  boys  and  girls.  It  has  twelve  full- 
page  colored  plates  and  fifty  text  illustrations 
from  nature  by  W.  I.  Beecroft,  a  botanist  who 
is  at  the  same  tinie  an  artist.  Not  only  the  chil- 
dren of  the  family,  biit  the  adult  members  as 


PROFESSOR    SHAILER    MATHEWS. 

well,  might  get  much  profit  and  enjoyment  from 
a  perusal  of  these  descriptions  of  the  better 
known  of  our  Northern  fk)wering  plants. 

A  new  garden  handbook  of  great  value  to  the 
amateur  is  "  The  Book  of  Vegetables,"  by  Allen 
French  (Macmillan).  This  work  is  designed 
to  be  of  assistance  to  all  who  have  to  do  with 
vegetable  seeds,  whether  as  buyers  or  sellers. 
It  contains  a  planting  table,  giving  particular 
directions  for  the  culture  of  all  vegetables.  It 
does  not,  however,  pretend  to  completeness,  but 
is  intended  rather  as  a  supplement  to  existing 
treatises  upon  the  general  subject  of  vegetable 
gardening. 

CHRISTIANITY  IN  THE  LIFE  OF  TO-DAY. 

A  volume  by  Prof.  Shailer  Mathews,  of  the 
University  of  Chicago,  entitled  "  The  Church 
and  the  Changing  Order"  (Macmillan),  is  an 
attempt  to  show  how  the  church  of  the  present 
day  is  attempting  to  adapt  itself  to  modem  so- 
cial conditions.  The  book  is  frankly  written  and 
rnakes  no  attempt  to  gloss  over  or  evade  the  se- 
rious mistakes  that  the  modern  church  has  com- 
rnitted,  but  the  author  is  far  from  taking  a  pes- 
simistic view  of  the  situation.  Perhaps  the  most 
important  chapters  in  the  book  are  those  which 
deal  with  the  church  and  social  discontent  and 
the  church  and  the  social  movement.  These 
chapters  are  deserving  of  serious  consideration 
by  clergy  and  laity  alike. 

In  a  volume  entitled  "Jesus  Christ  and  the 
Civilization  of  To-day"  (Macmillan),  Dr. 
Joseph  F.  Leighton,  of  Hobart  College,  discusses 
the  ethical  teaching  of  Jesus  considered  in  its 
bearings  on  the  moral  foundations  of  modern 
culture.  Dr.  Leighton  studiously  avoids  ques- 
tions of  dogmatic  theology  and  technical  dis- 
cussions in  Biblical  criticism  and  philosophy 
generally.  The  primary  aim  of  this  book  is  in- 
tensely practical.     It  is  an  attempt  to  correla** 


128 


THE  AMERICAN  MONTHLY  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


PROFESSOR   HERBERT  L.   OSGOOD. 

the  words  of  Christ  with  the  actual  life  of  the 
modern  world. 

AMERICAN  HISTORY. 

• 

Prof.  Herbert  L.  Osgood,  of  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, has  completed  the  third  and  concluding 
volume  of  his  work  on  **  The  American  Colo- 
nies in  the  Seventeenth  Century"  (Macmillan). 
The  present  volume  contains  a  history  of  Brit- 
ish colonial  administration  during  the  period 
under  review,  together  with  treatment  in  some 
detail  of  the  external  development  of  Virginia 
and  of  domestic  relations  in  the  other  royal 
provinces.  The  author  attempts  in  this  volume 
to  trace  the  history  of  the  British  system  of  con- 
trol as  a  distinct  and  separate  feature  of  coloni- 
sation. It  is  to  Ik  hoped  that  Professor  Osgood 
will  he  able  to  carry  on  his  inquiries  through  the 
first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  for  the  sake 
of  the  increased  light  that  will  he  thrown  on  the 
causes  of  the  American  colonial  revolt. 

Very  timely  is  the  appearance  of  *'  The  Birth 
of  the  Nation."  by  Mrs.  Roger  A.  Pryor  (Mac- 
millan). This  little  volume  is  entirely  concerned 
with  the  Jamestown  settlement  of  ityoj.  This  is 
a  plain,  straightforward  account  of  the  adven- 
tures of  the  Jamestown  colony,  and  particularly 
of  its  dealings  with  the  Indians.  Luckily,  the 
source^  of  our  infi>rmation  on  the^e  matters  have 
Ik  en  preserved,  and  Mrs.  Prvvjr  has  made  gixxl 
use  of  them  in  the  construction  of  this  interesting 
narrative. 

"  The  I'nion  Cau^e  in  Kentucky.  i8t»o-'65  '* 
(Putnan\<)  is  the  title  of  a  volume  in  which 
Captain  Thomas  S|>eed  narrates  the  struvigle  of 
luion  men  in  Kentucky  to  hold  their  State  in 
the  I'nion  when  other  States  were  seciHiiiig  and 
»itrennous  etK»rts  were  iH'ing  nude  to  induce 
Kentuck\    to   enter   the    Svuiihern    Confe\leracv. 


Captain  Speed  also  gives  an  account  of  the 
services  rendered  by  the  Union  soldiers  of  Ken- 
tucky in  the  war,  giving  full  statistics  of  the 
numbers  engaged  and  other  detailed  records  of 
Kentucky  patriotism. 

The  latest  contribution  to  the  controversy  over 
the  so-called  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence is  a  volume  prepared  by  William  Henry 
Hoyt,  which  presents  much  evidence  tending  to 
show  that  the  alleged  early  declaration  of  May  20, 
1775;  made  by  Mecklenburg  County,  N.  C,  was 
spurious  (Putnams).  Mr.  Hoyt  maintains  that 
the  series  of  resolves  passed  in  Mecklenburg 
County  in  1775  were  not  a  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence, but  were  transfigured  by  the  imperfect 
understanding  and  recollection  of  many  persons 
into  such  a  declaration,  and  to  show  also  that 
the  several  versions  purporting  to  have  been 
adopted  in  1775  traced  their. origin  to  rough  notes 
written  in  1800  by  John  McKnitt  Alexander,  who 
attempted  to  reproduce  from  memory  the  sub- 
stance'of  the  resolves  of  1775. 

OTHER  BOOKS  OP  THE  MONTH. 

A  volume  entitled  "  Navigating  the  Air  "  has 
been  compiled  under  the  auspices  of  the  Aero 
Club  of  America  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.).  In 
this  publication  the  club  undertakes  to  record  the 
personal  experiences  of  the  men  most  distin- 
guished at  the  present  time  in  the  aeronaut's 
art.  Various  inventions  in  this  branch  of 
science  are  described  from  the  scientific  point  of 
view,  and  some  of  the  most  famous  aeronautical 
specialists  in  the  world  are  among  the  contribu- 
tors to  the  volume.  The  book  is  finely  illus- 
trated with  photographs  and  diagrams. 

An  unusually  useful  book  for  parents  who 
have  children  jilst  beginning  their  education  is 
Walter  Taylor  Field's  "  Finger  Posts  to  Chil- 
dren's Reading"  (McCluTg).  This  little  volume 
consists  of  a  series  of  papers  on  the  advisable 
reading  for  a  child  at  different  stages  of  de- 
velopment, with  lists  of  works  suitable  for  home 
reading  and  school  and  Sunday-school  libraries, 
tabulated  according  to  grade. 

A  little  homily  on  the  ethical  influence  of  chil- 
dren, by  T.  RatclifTe  Bamett,  entitled  "  The 
Blessed  Ministry  of  Childhood,"  has  been 
brought  out  by  Jennings  &  Graham. 

**  Red  Russia."  by  John  Foster  Frazer  (John 
Lane  Company),  is  full  of  the  sensation  and 
thrill  of  revolutionary  Russia.  It  is  the  terrible 
story  of  the  revolutionary  terror  from  below  in 
its  struggle  with  the  reactionary  terror  from 
above.  There  are  some  very  striking  illustra- 
tions. 

A  rather  ambitious  volume  which,  on  the 
whole,  fairly  wetl  reaches  its  aim,  is  Mr.  Ford 
Madox  Hueffer's  "  Elngland  and  the  English " 
(McClure,  Phillips).  In  this  volume,  with  its 
350  pages,  through  which  are  scattered  a  num- 
ber of  suggestive  illustrations.  Mr.  HuefTer  at- 
ten^pts  to  interpret  the  soul  of  the  English  peo- 
ple to  the  rest  of  the  world.  A  good  deal  of  his 
attentive  is  given,  naturally  enough,  to  London. 
The  main  divisions  of  his  book  will  give,  per- 
haps, an  idea  of  its  contents :  "  The  Soul  of 
London."  "  The  Heart  of  the  Country,"  and 
"  The  Spirit  of  the  Pev>ple." 


THE   AMERICAN    REVIEW   OF   REVIEWS. 

EDITED  BY  ALBERT  SHAW. 
CONTENTS   FOR   AUGUST,  i907. 


Hi-Hyeung,    Emperor    of  Corea,    Who 

Has  Abdicated Frontispiece 

The  Progress  of  the  World— 

TKe  Folly  ol  War  Talk 131 

JapvD  Notkina  to  Gain. 131 

WW  WouldVUppcn. 131 

The.  Feding  Aguntt  America. 132 

Tbe  Real  Situation 133 

lapan't  Correct  Attitude 134 

Tbe  Labor  Question 134 

Oar  Fleet  for  tbe  Pacific 135 

Tbe  NavT  and  tbe  Canal 136 

A  Good  Investment 136 

Need  of  a  Good  Navy 136 

Work  of  tbe  Administration 137 

Action  Against  Tobacco  Trust 137 

Afainst  Standard  Oil 138 

Tbe  "Harriman  Report" 139 

Coatrolliiw  tbe  Senrices  in  New  York 140 

The -Up  State  "Board 141 

bnes  for  Neit  Year 141 

Dark  Hones  and  Otbers 142 

Better  Outk>ok  for  "  Jamestown  " 143 

Svnmer  Law-Making 143 

Probibition  in  Geoigia 143 

San  Francisco's  Struggle  Against  Graft 144 

A  New  CoU»e  Prudent 144 

Dr.  Wilson's  Plans  at  Princeton 145 

Mark  Twain  a  Britisb  Lion 145 

Tbe  Question  of  Prosperity 146 

The  Hi«tte  Conference  at  Work. 147 

Some  Topics  Discussed  in  Committee 147 

New  Work!  Proposals 148 

TKe  Conference  of  1899  and  tbat  of  1907.. . .  148 

Britisb  Domestic  Politics 149 

1  n  Britmn's  Colonies 1 50 

Tbe  Woes  of  Britisb  India 150 

b  India  Capable  of  Self  Government? 150 

Tbe  Triumpb  of  Premier  Qemenceau 151 

Significant  elections  in  Rome 151 

Parliamentary  Activity  in  Austria*Hungary . .  152 

Race  Troubles  in  Hungary 1 53 

German  Political  Cbanges 1 53 

Tlie  Cbaos  in  Russia. 153 

Latin-American  Notes *. .  154 

With  portraits,  cartoons,  and  other  illustrations. 

Record  of  Current  Events 155 

With  portraits  and  other  illustrations. 

Cartoons  of  the  Month 160 

Mark  Twain,  Doctor  of  Letters 167 

By  Samuel  E.  Moffett 
With  portrait  and  reproduction  of  cartoon. 

Charles  S.Mellen,  Railroad  Organizer  169 

By  George  W.  Bation. 
With  portrait  and  map  of  the  New  Haven  System. 


RaiU-oads  in  South  America. 177 

By  Lewis  R.  Freeman. 
With  lllastrations. 

The  Farmer's  Debt  to  Science 186 

By  Frank  W.  BickoelL 
With  portraits  and  illustrations. 

San  Francisco's  Regeneration 195 

By  Colvin  B.  Brown. 
With  portraits. 

Co-operative     Consumers'     Associa- 
tions in  Russia 201 

By  Herman  Rosenthal. 

The  Study  of  the  Human   Plant....  204 

By  Frederic  Lees. 
With  illustrations. 

William  H.  Taft  as  a  Judge 208 

By  Richard  V.  Oulahan. 
With  portrait. 

The  Labor  Decisions  of  Judge  Taft..  212 

By  Frederick  N.  Judton. 

The  Legislatures  and  the  Railroads..  217 

By  Robert  Emmett  Ireton. 

The  Wisconsin  Public-Utilities  Law.  221 

By  John  R.  Commons. 

Leading  Articles  of  the  Month- 
Government  by  Impulse 225 

Is  Umversal  Peace  Possible? 226 

Is  Russian  Reform  Impossible? 227 

The  Russian  Duma  and  Our  Congress 228 

Proposed  Reforms  of  the  French  Marriage  Laws  230 

The  Revolt  of  the  French  Midi 231 

**  Red  and  Black  **  in  Modern  France 233 

Fortieth  Anniversary  of  Canada's  Confedera- 
tion.   234 

Some  Newly  Discovered  Mazzini  Letters 238 

Will  the  "  America"  Ry  to  the  Pole  > 239 

Latin-America  a  Field  for  Capital 242 

The  Political  Creed  of  Australia 243 

San  Francisco's  Star  Prosecutor 244 

A  Century's  Movement  of  Population  in  Europe  245 

The  "Arrival"  of  Argentina 245 

Task  of  the  College  in  the  South 246 

The  Naturalization  of  the  Japanese 247 

A  Woman's  University  in  Japan 248 

The  Case  Against  the  Duma 250 

Unions  of  Professional  Men  in  Germany .'  251 

Railwajfs  of  the  Upper  Congo 253 

Industrial  Legislation  and  Its  Cost 254 

A  Plea  for  an  Unreformed  House  of  Lords. .  255 

The  Ethical  Significance  of  Play. .. , 256 

With  cartoons  and  other  illustrations. 


TEEIIS :  $8.00  a  jrear  in  advance ;  86  cents  a  number.  Forei|ni  postage  $1.00  a  year  additional.  Subacribeni  may 
remit  to  us  t^  post-oflloe  or  repress  money  orders,  or  by  bank  checks,  drafts,  or  ref^istered  letters.  Money  in 
letten  is  at  sender^s  risk.  Renew  as  early  as  possible,  in  order  to  avoid  a  break  in  the  receipt  of  the  numbers. 
Bookdealers^  Postmasters,  and  Newsdealers  receive  subscriptions.  (Subscriptions  to  the  English  Review,  of 
Rcvnnra,  which  Is  edited  and  oublisbed  by  Mr.  W.  T.  Stead  in  London,  may  be  sent  to  this  office,  and  orders 
for  sinjgle  copies  can  also  be  iUled,  at  the  price  of  $2.50  for  the  yearly  subscription,  including  postage,  or  96 
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HI-HYEUNG,    EMPEROR  OF  KOREA,    WHO   HAS  ABDICATED. 


[The  appearance  at  the  Hague  Conference  last  month  of  a  Korean  delegation  was  the  sig- 
nal for  renewed  anti-Japanese  disorder  in  Seoul,  capital  of  the  Hermit  Kingdom.  The  refusal  of 
the  conference  to  receive  these  delegates  was  followed  almost  immediately  by  the  demand  on 
the  part  of  the  Korean  ministry  that  the  Emperor  abdicate.  The  sending  of  these  delegates 
to  The  Hague,  it  was  urged,  endangered  the  national  welfare  of  Korea,  since  by  the 'treaty  of 
November,  1906,  all  the  foreign  affairs  of  Korea  are  under  Japanese  control.  The  abdication 
ceremonies  took  place  on  July  19  at  the  Imperial  palace  in  Seoul.  This  abdication  is  formal  ac- 
knowledgment to  the  world  of  Japan's  full  control  of  the  Hermit  Kingdom.  Yi-Hyeung,  other- 
wise known  by  his  title  of  Ch'yelchyong,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1864.  In  1897  he  assumed 
the  title  of  Emperor.  Ever  since  1895,  when  his  imperial  consort,  Queen  Min,  was  assassinated, 
the  Emperor  has  lived  in  the  greatest  fear  of  being  murdered  by  some  of  his  corrupt  courtiers  or  by 
Japanese  intriguers.  Up  to  July,  1894,  when  war  was  declared  by  Japan  against  China,  the  mon- 
archy, which  is  hereditary,  was  absolute.  Japan's  influence  began  at  the  close  of  that  war  and 
has  been  confirmed  by  a  scries  of  treaties  with  Korea,  China,  Russia,  and  England.  The  Japa- 
nese resident-general  at  Seoul,  Marquis  Ito,  now  "  advises  "  the  Korean  ruler  in  all  matters  of  for- 
eign rcb' 


THE    AMERICAN 

Review  of  Reviews 

Vol.  XXXVI.  NEW  YORK,  AUGUST,  1907.  No.  2 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

Tit  F9iit     ?"  ^^^^'  °^  ^^  ^*sh  average  of  influence  of  the  United  States  more  than  any 
^Jlu'      intelligence  that  prevails  in  this  other    one    thing    that    finally    emboldened 
country,  it  is  hard  to  understand  Japan  to  assert  herself  and  to  assume  control 
why  there  should  have  been  so  much  talk  over  her  own  tariff  rates.     War  in  modern 
about  war  with  Japan.    When  the  Japanese  times  presupposes  some  fundamental  dispute 
opened  the  campaign  against   Russia  there  or  antagonism  that  cannot  be  dealt  with  by 
had  been  a  long  period  of  serious  strain,  with  diplomacy  or  arbitration.    Furthermore,  war 
protracted  negotiations  touching  vital  mat-  is  usually  attended  by  deep  feeling  on  both 
tcrs,  and  with  vast  changes  impending  in  the  sides.    But  it  so  happens  that  there  does  not 
political  control  of  regions  regarded  as  of  now  exist,  nor  has  there  ever  existed,  any 
life-and-death  importance  to  the  future  of  cause  of  war  whatsoever  between  Japan  and 
Japan.    Russia  was  converting  Manchuria  the  United  States.    Nor  is  there  any  warlike 
into  an  extension   of  her  Siberian   empire,  feeling  in  this  country  against  Japan.     On 
was  making   Port  Arthur  an   impregnable  the  part  of  the  public  men  and  influential 
fortress,  was  about  to  acquire  Korea,  and  people  of  Japan,   furthermore,   there  is  no 
was  expecting  in  due  time  to  assume  control  warlike  feeling  toward   the   United   States, 
of  a  great  part  of  China,  including  Peking.  Neither  is  there  any  question  of  interest  in- 
From  the  Japanese  standpoint,  Russian  pol-  volved,  such  as  leads  nations  sometimes  to 
icy  was  not  merely  fatal  to  Japan's  future  find  pretext  for  war  because  of  some  con- 
growth  of  power  and   influence,  but  even  quest  or   acquisition    they   desire   to   make, 
rocnaced    Japan's     ultimate     independence.  Japan  possesses  nothing  that  we  could  ac- 
The  war  was  prosecuted  in  a  blaze  of  na-  quire  or  could  possibly  wish  to  gain.     We, 
donal  enthusiasm  and  patriotism  such  as  the  on  the  other  hand,  have  nothing  that  Japan 
world  has  hardly  ever  witnessed.     Russia  could  hope  to  gain  and  hold  with  benefit  to 
throughout  the  war  was  somewhat  estranged  herself,  as  the  result  even  of  a  successful 
in  feeling  toward  the  United  States,  because  campaign, 
there  seemed  in  this  country  to  be  so  much 

sympathy  for  the  Japanese.  Finally  the  good  n^^^t  ^^  ^^^  Japanese  should  precipitate 
offices  of  President  Roosevelt  helped  to  bring  Jjf^ouid  a  war  at  the  present  moment 
about  a  conclusion  of  the  war  at  the  very  "Pp^"-  ^\^^Ij.  ^^^y  could  unquestionably 
moment  when  peace  was  the  best  thing  that  support  a  successful  invasion  of  the  Philip- 
Japan  could  hav^  pine  Islands  and  Hawaii.     But,  by  such  an 

act,  Japan  would  absolutely  forfeit  the  po- 

j,^      The    Japanese    had    always    re-  litical  sympathy  and  financial  support  of  the 

J^JJj     garded  the  Government  apd  peo-  entire  world.     It  would  put  Japan  in  the 

pie  of  the  United  States  as  espe-  position  of  an  outlaw  nation.    There  would 

cially  friendly,  and  had  looked  to  this  coun-  follow  the  instant  abrogation  of  the  treaty 

tTy  as  die  chief  inspirer  of  their  rapid  modern  between  Great  Britain  and  Japan,  which  is 

P">gress.    Their  most  difficult  and  anxious  of  immense  value  to  the  Japanese.     Every 

^  of  statesmanship  had  been  to  secure  the  phase  of  the  Far  Eastern  question  would  be 

^^nnination  of  the  old  commercial   treaties  reopened.     Japan's  virtual  control  of  Korea 

^1^  which  the  European  powers  claimed  would  disappear,  and  her  influence  in  Man- 

*^  right  to  enter  the  markets  of  Japan  at  a  churia  and  China  would  be  nullified.     We 

small  rate  of  duty.     It  was  the  in   the   United   States  care   very  little   for 

CopTrif  be  1907.  br  Thb  Revisw  op  Reviews  CoMPAmr. 


132 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiEli^  OF  REk'IEiyS. 


sovereignty  over  the  Philippine  Islands,  and 
we  are  there  principally  in  order  to  fulfill 
our  serious  responsibilities  to  the  inhabitants 
and  to  the  world  at  large.  But  we  could 
not,  of  course,  permit  the  islands  to  pass 
permanently  from  our  control  by  so  rude  a 
method.  It  might  take  us  several  years  to 
put  our  navy  in  position  to  cross  the  Pacific 
Ocean  and  extinguish  the  naval  power  of 
Japan.  But  we  should  be  obliged  to  do  it  if 
the  Japanese  did  not  consent  to  withdraw 
and  make  due  reparation.  All  Japanese 
statesmen  understand  that  they  would  have 
much  to  lose  and  nothing  to  gain  by  war 
with  this  country. 


The  Fetltng     ^^^  '^  ^^   ^^^^   ^°   ^^"V   ^^^^  there 

Against  has  been  much  feeling  stirred  up 
in  Japan  against  the  United 
States  by  sensational  newspapers.  This  feel- 
ing has  owed  something  of  its  spread  and  in- 
tensity to  the  conditions  following  a  success- 
ful war.  The  triumphs  of  the  Japanese 
armies  and  navies  aroused  national  pride, 
and  made  the  popular  press  resentful  of 
everything  that  might  seem  in  any  way  to 
reflect  upon  the  honor  and  the  greatness  of 
the  Japanese  name  throughout  the  world. 
It  was  much  to  be  regretted  that  the  school 
incident  in  San  Francisco  occurred  at  such  a 


juncture.  The  behavior  of  die  school  board 
of  that  city  was  without  excuse  and  was  at 
once  mischievous  and  contemptible.  Under 
the  pretense  that  full-grown  Japanese  men 
were  entering  the  primary  grades  with 
American  boys  and  girls  to  learn  to  read  and 
write  English,  an  order  was  issued  excluding 
all  Japanese  children  from  the  regular  pub- 
lic schools.  No  one  would  have  objected  to 
a  rule  fixing  an  age  limit  under  which  the 
large  boys  and  men  would  have  gone  to  thf 
so-called  "  Oriental  School."  Scattered 
among  the  graded  schools  of  a  large  city 
were  perhaps  forty  or  fifty  Japanese  children, 
whose  presence  did  nobody  any  harm.  There 
had  for  a  year  or  more  been  a  rapid  influx 
of  Japanese  laborers  at  the  port  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  the  agitation  of  organized  white 
labor  against  the  Japanese  had  become  so 
bitter  that  it  expressed  itself  in  foolish  and 
indefensible  ways.  It  would  have  been  com- 
paratively easy  to  stem  the  tide  of  laboren 
if  a  certain  rowdy  element  in  California 
could  have  been  prevented  from  creating  one 
international  incident  after  another.  The 
school  trouble  was  followed  by  the  mobbing 
of  Japanese  restaurants  and  various  other 
acts  of  lawlessness  against  people  who  had 
the  same  legal  right  to  be  here  that  any 
American   traveler  has  to  be  in  Japan. 


Spain  to  Japan  :  "  Say,  pard,  if  I  was  you  I'd  leave  that  fellow  alone ! 
From  the  Plain  Dealer  (Cleveland). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THk  WORLD. 


188 


1  •       -  ♦ 

• 
1 

I     . .  ^IRJ*^ 

'  t 

r              o^^H^^^               -  HI          '  **         1 

'^ 

1 

V 

\^^^^B  "'^*  '* '"    , j,  f  m\.  j 

THE  BRUTAUZATION  OF  AMERICA. 
The  Padfic  Coast  bat  almdy  become  a  ferocioui  lion  and  the  whole  land  ia  fast  bein?  bnitahzed.      We  fear  time  may  come  when  we 
rittll  be  foired  to  use  the  rifle  arain  at  thii  hideous  monster — the  rifle  which  we  once  tned  with  succeas  at  the  savage  bear  from  the  North. 
Abi!    1  be  noble-hearted  C^eorsc  VVashineton  and  good-natured  Abraham  Lincoln,  on  whose  ideals  of  freedom  and  iustice  the  country 
was  founded!     We  wonder  what  the  forefathers  are  tliinldnff  about  the  present  tendency  of  their  country! 


A   STRIKING  JAPANESE  CARTOON   FROM    A  LATE  COPY  OF    "  TOKIO  PUCK. 


Beat 
9Hmticm. 


It    happens    that    the    Japanese 
have     their     cheap     sensational 
newspapers,   and    all    these   out- 
rages in  California  have  been  exploited  in 
Japan,  just  as  a  like  treatment  of  Americans 
in  any  foreign  country  would  be  exploited 
by  the  sensational  press  of  the  United  States. 
Nevertheless,  all  thoughtful  people  in  Japan 
arc  au*are  that  these  incidents  are  local,  are 
disapproved  by  almost  everybody  in  Amer- 
ica, and  will  be  guarded  against  in  so  far  as 
possible.    For  example,  the  school  board  that 
behaved  itself  in  so  weak  and  foolish  a  way 
H-as  appointed  by  Mayor  Schmitz,  whose  ad- 
ministration was  identified  to  a  great  extent 
with  those  very  elements  that  have  been  re- 
sponsible for  the  persecution  of  the  Japanese. 
Now  that  Mayor  Schmitz  has  been  convicted 
and  sentenced  to  prison  for  malfeasance  in 
office,  a  ncw^  Mayor  has  been  appointed,  of  a 
totally  different  character-    This  official.  Dr. 
Wward  R.   Taylor,    is   a   citizen    of   high 
professional  standing,  not  identified  in  any 
*ay  with  municipal  factions,  and  pledged  to 
administer  the  affairs  of  the  city  with  energy 
*h1  fidelity.    It  IS  to  be  assumed  that  he  will 


use  the  full  police  strength  of  the  govern- 
ment to  protect  Japanese  and  all  other  classes 
of  the  population.  If  there  are  mobs  and 
outbreaks  against  the  Japanese  in  California 
that  are  not  promptly  controlled  by  the  local 
authorities.  President  Roosevelt  would  un- 
questionably be  justified  in  using  several  regi- 
ments of  the  army  to  protect  helpless  peo- 
ple who  under  our  treaties  and  laws  have  a 
perfect  right  to  be  here.  Admiral  Yama- 
mato,  who  has  been  visiting  this  country 
and  who  paid  his  respects  to  the  President 
at  Oyster  Bay  last  month,  understands  the 
situation  absolutely,  and  is  now  on  his  way 
home  with  assurances  that  fully  confirm 
those  of  the  leading  statesmen  of  Japan.  The 
Japanese  Minister,  Baron  Aoki, — who,  by 
the  way,  is  not  to  retire,  as  was  recently  re- 
ported, but  is  to  remain  here  indefinitely, — 
is  in  clear  possession  of  all  the  facts  in  all 
their  bearings,  and  sustains  relations  of  the 
most  perfect  cordiality  with  our  Administra- 
tion. Baron  Kaneko  is  another  Japanese 
public  man  who  knows  everything  that  it  is 
possible  to  know  about  conditions  in  both 
countries. 


134 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiEW  OF  REVlElVS. 


Japan's 
Correct 
AWtud: 


Japanese  public  men  would  not 
be  doing  their  duty  if  they  were 
willing  to  have  their  compatriots 
maltreated  in  this  country.  But  it  is  a  mis- 
take to  suppose  that  they  have  been  wrang- 
ling with  the  authorities  at  Washington. 
Reports  were  circulated  throughout  Europe 
last  month  that  Japan  had  made  demands 
upon  our  Government  amounting  virtually 
to  an  ultimatum.  There  is  not  a  word  of 
truth  in  these  reports.  President  Roosevelt 
and  Secretary  Root  have  been  far  more  ac- 
tive and  outspoken  in  their  protests  against 
the  California  incidents  than  have  any  of 
the  public  men  of  Japan.  There  are  naval 
officers  in  the  navies  of  all  countries  who 
have  an  unfortunate  habit  of  speech  and  who, 
from  the  very  bent  of  their  occupation,  are 
credulous  to  the  point  of  feeblemindedness 
whenever  irresponsible  rumors  of  war  get 
into  the  atmosphere.  Some  Japanese  naval 
men  and  some  American  officers  may  have 
said  the  silly  or  boastful  things  attributed  to 
them  in  the  newspapers.  But  if  they  were 
actually  so  imprudent,  their  talk  was  the 
mere  gabble  of  messroom  or  club  and  never 
meant  for  publication.  There  will  be  great 
effort  shown  to  protect  the  Japanese  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  Japanese  statesmen  under- 
stand the  nature  of  our  State  sovereignty  in 
matters  of  ordinary  police  regulation.  They 
will  not,  therefore,  be  petulant  or  captious 
and  they  will  soon  be  rewarded  by  seeing 
fairly  good  order  on  our  Western  Slope. 


Th9 
Labor 


Meanwhile,  Japanese  statesmen 
will  not  be  misled  as  to  the 
Question.  American  attitude  on  the  subject 
of  coolie  immigration.  The  presence  of  eight 
or  ten  million  people  of  African  blood  gives 
us  all  the  warning  we  need  as  to  the  varied 
difficulties  of  race  problems.  It  seems  pos- 
sible for  us  to  assimilate  to  our  citizenship 
and  our  industrial  life  the  white  immigrants 
from  Europe,  even  though  of  widely  differ- 
ent nationalities.  Yet  the  process  of  assimi- 
lation, when  a  million  of  these  people  arrive 
every  year,  is  involved  in  many  difficulties  of 
its  own.  The  people  of  our  Western  slope 
are  determined  to  build  their  region  up  on 
the  basis  of  a  white  population,  with  its 
recognized  social,  political,  and  economic 
standards.  If  the  Japanese  had  been  coming 
in  rapidly  at  the  time  when  we  established 
the  rule  of  Chinese  exclusion,  the  gates 
would  have  been  barred  against  Japanese 
exactly  the  same  as  against  Chinese.  It  is 
not  a  question  of  superior  and  inferior  races. 


In  some  ways,  if  not  in  most  ways,  the 
Japanese  working  classes  are  superior  to 
these  white  people  from  Europe  who  are  now 
passing  inspection  in  the  port  of  New  York 
at  the  rate  of  many  thousands  every  wccL 
It  is  not  that  the  Orientals  are  to  be  looked 
down  upon,  but  that  they  are  so  radically 
different  as  to  make  any  early  assimilation 
impossible.  Under  our  existing  treaties  with 
Japan  we  have  a  right  to  exclude  coolie 
labor,  and  the  Japanese  have  a  right  to  ex- 
clude American  labor  beyond  the  old  so- 
called  "  treaty  ports."  We  are  authorita- 
tively informed  that  the  Japanese  cxcrdsc 
this  right.  Knowing  the  attitude  of  ou, 
Government  and  the  wishes  of  the  people  of 
our  Pacific  Coast,  the  Japanese  Govemmeflt 
does  not  issue  any  passports  to  laboreti  de^ 
tined  to  the  mainland  of  the  United  States 
6ut  the  Japanese  constitute  the  prindpal 
labor  element  of  the  Sandu  icli  Islands^  m^^ 
our  own  Government  wa>  responsible  for 
their  coming  here  from  Hawaii.  They  are 
not  coming  now  from  Honc^l  ul  u,  and  it  b  if 
a  general  way  probably  correct  t«j  say  dur 
none  are  coming  except  the  Ifmited  nimibef 
who  drift  across  the  Mexican  or  Canadiiaf 
borders.  A  few  Japanese  laborers  cannot 
change  the  standards  of  the  Pacific  Coast 


A  FINANCIAL  REASON  FOR  PBACV. 

Japan  :  "  You  may  be  sure  I  don't  want  to  get  In 
another  fight  with  this  load  on  my  back.'* 
From  the  ^eir«  (Baltimore). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  [i^ORLD. 


135 


ISotofn^Ibb^  Brown  Bros..  N.  Y. 

Admiral  Robley  D.  Evans.  Admiral  Yamamoto. 

TWO  DISTINGUISHED   NAVAL  OFFICERS   WHO    FRATERNIZED  IN    NEW   YORK   LAST   MONTH. 


But  the  further  influx  of  large  numbers  is 
distinctly  against  American  policy,  and  will 
not  be  permitted.  Those  who  are  here  and 
have  been  regularly  admitted  must  be 
treated  with  scrupulous  regard  for  their  legal 
rights.  Japanese  travelers,  students,  and 
merchants  ^ould  be  welcomed  as  represen- 
tative members  of  a  great  and  brilliant  na- 
tion with  which  we  enjoy  the  most  amicable 
relations. 


Ottr  nt€t 
for  tMe 
Pucific. 


To  sum  up,   then,  we  have  no 
grievance    of    any    kind    against 
Japan,  and  the  regrettable  inci- 
dents m  California  are  the  only  ground  of 
grie\'ance  that  Japan  could  have  against  us. 
But  no  sensible  person  could  for  a  moment 
find  in   those  incidents  any  difference  jipon 
which  tvro  great  nations  should  go  to  war, 
sacrifice  many  thousands  of  lives,  and  waste 
diousands  of  millions  of   dollars   worth   of 
property.    To  mention  such  a  thing  is  ridicu- 
lous, and  to  suggest  it  as  likely  would  seem 
to  indicate  either   a  malevolent  mind  or  a 
iecble  understanding.    But  some  readers  may 


say  it  is  now  admitted  that  we  are  to  send  a 
great  fleet  of  battleships  to  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
and  this  must  mean  that  the  Government 
seriously  apprehends  difficulties.  Such  an  in- 
ference is  not  correct.  It  is  quite  true,  as 
announced  by  Mr.  Metcalf,  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  that  the  Government  expects  in  the 
early  future  to  send  a  fleet  of  about  sixteen 
battleships  around  the  coasts  of  South  Amer- 
ica to  our  own  Pacific  seaboard.  There  are 
those  who  have  said  that  we  ought  not  to 
send  these  ships  because  such  an  action  might 
be  construed  as  a  menace  of  war  against 
Japan.  If  we  were  to  wait  for  a  more  per- 
fect accord  to  exist  between  the  two  govern- 
ments, we  should  have  to  wait  a  long  time. 
It  is  not  likely  that  the  ships  will  sail  until 
some  time  next  winter.  The  Pacific  Coast 
is  just  as  much  a  part  of  our  country  as  is 
the  Atlantic.  There  is  no  possible  reason 
why  we  should  not  give  our  navy  the  experi- 
ence of  this  long  voyage.  Our  officers  will 
learn  a  great  deal  about  coaling  at  sea,  and 
the  merits  and  defects  of  our  ships  will  be 
better  understood  by  the  experts  after  the 


136 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


MISS    GERTRUDE   BEEKS,   OF   THE   CIVIC   FEDERATION. 

(Who  has  vlHlfed  Panama  on  Secretary  Taft's 
authority  In  behalf  of  the  welfare  of  Canal  em- 
ployees and  reports  favorably.) 

test  of  SO  extended  a  cruise.  The  ships  must 
be  somewhere,  and  if  a  war  against  us 
should  ever  break  out  in  the  Pacific  we 
should  have  to  transfer  numerous  vessels, 
just  as  we  brought  the  Oregon  around  Cape 
Horn  nine  years  ago.  No  sensible  people 
anywhere  should  regard*  the  experiment  of 
moving  our  own  ships  from  one  seaboard  to 
another  as  a  matter  of  international  concern. 
We  have  no  militant  designs  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean  nor  in  any  other  quarter  of  the  globe. 

The  Nauu  ^^^  inconvenience  of  so  long  a 
and  the  voyage  will  doubtless  call  atten- 
tion again  to  the  desirability  of 
pushing  the  Panama  Canal  to  the  earliest 
possible  completion.  The  progress  of  that 
work  is,  however,  limited  by  conditions  of  a 
very  definite  sort.  The  Culebra  Cut  can 
proceed  only  so  fast,  and  it  will  take  a  cer- 
tain number  of  years  to  complete  the  canal. 
To  shorten  that  time  a  very  little  would  in- 
volve added  expenditures  out  of  all  propor- 
tion. For  the  present,  it  seems  to  have  re- 
solved itself  into  a  matter  of  simple  statistics. 
The  sanitary  conditions  in  the  Canal  Zone 
have  been  made  very  decent.  It  is  feasible 
to  excavate  a  certain  number  of  cubic  yards 


per  month,  at  a  given  average  cost  Effi- 
ciency means  the  achievement  month  by 
month  of  these  specific  results.  Major 
Goethals  seems  thus  far  to  be  the  man  for 
the  work.  It  is  a  stupendous  undertaking, 
but  we  have  entered  fairly  upon  the  actual 
work  and  there  will  be  no  letting  up  of 
pressure  until  the  battleships  of  the  United 
States  can  pass  easily  and  safely  through 
this  waterway. 

^  The   practical    efficiency   of  our 

i.J^  *     navy  for  purposes  of  the  defenscof 

tnvesimeni.  ...  n     »  ■ 

our  coast  will  naturally  be  greatly 
enhanced  when  the  canal  is  completed.  The 
standard  estimates  of  the  cost  of  the  canal 
have  been,  in  round  figures,  something  less 
than  $3CX),ocx),ooo.  Even  if  it  should  cost 
$4CX),ooo,ooo,  the  actual  outlay  of  the  tax- 
payers of  the  United  States  would  be  the  in- 
terest charge  upon  this  sum,  which  at  3  per 
cent,  would  be  $i2,cxx),cxx)  a  year.  The 
navy  has  cost  us  in  round  figures,  for  some 
years  past,  more  than  $100,000,000  everv 
year.  It  is  not  difficult  to  reach  the  con- 
clusion that  the  canal  will  prove  an  econom- 
ical investment  from  the  standpoint  of  coast 
defense.  In  other  words,  we  shall  be  able 
to  save  much  more  than  the  interest  on  the 
canal  bonds  from  the  naval  appropriations 
we  should  be  obliged  to  make  in  future  if 
we  were  not  to  have  the  use  of  the  canal. 
Thus,  if  no  revenue  could  be  expected  from 
the  commercial  use  of  the  waterway,  the 
canal  would  probably  pay  us  well  as  a  de- 
fensive investment.  But  there  is  a  very  fair 
chance  that  the  canal  may  earn  enough  from 
merchant  ships  to  pay  interest  upon  its  total 
cost.    The  Suez  Canal  is  very  profitable. 

Need  of  ^^^^  ^11  ^^^  ^^^^  that  has  been 
a  Good  made  current  by  discussions  at 
auy.  ry]^^  Hague  regarding  the  possi- 
bilit>^  of  agreements  for  the  lessening  of  the 
cost  of  armies  and  navies,  it  is  clearly  a  wise 
policy  and  a  pacific  one  for  the  United  States 
to  keep  its  navy  both  large  and  highly  effi- 
cient. A  very  regrettable  accident  last  month 
in  a  gun  turret  of  the  battleship  Geori^a 
during  target  practice  led  to  the  loss  of  a 
number  of  lives  through  the  accidental  ex- 
plosion of  some  bags  of  powder.  The  mod- 
ern battleship  is  a  terrible  machine,  and  one 
may  well  hope  for  the  early  coming  of  the 
time  w  hen  the  police  work  of  the  world  can 
be  done  with  mechanisms  safe  and  comfor- 
table for  those  who  must  operate  them.  The 
most  practical  suggestion  in  the  direction  of 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


137 


the  lessening  of  the  burden  of  armaments  is 
that  which  President  Roosevelt  has  several 
times  informally  offered.  The  powers  will 
not  now  consider  a  proposition  to  keep  their 
naval  expenditures  below  a  given  limit.  But 
it  would  seem  entirely  feasible  to  agree  that 
the*  size  of  battleships  should  not  be  in- 
creased. When  one  power  builds  two  or 
three  new  ships  of  vastly  increased  size  and 
armament,  other  powers  feel  obliged  to  con- 
struct ships  of  the  new  class,  and  the  older 
ones  become  obsolete.  If  the  Jingo  party  in 
Japan  were  strong  enough  at  some  moment 
of  agitation  to  overthrow  a  wise  and  con- 
servative government  and  to  put  firebrands 
and  a^'tators  into  office,  it  is  quite  possible 
that  the  only  thing  that  would  avail  to  pre- 
vent a  war  would  be  the  knowledge  that  the 
United  States  is  a  very  strong  naval  power 
and  could  inevitably  crush  the  Japanese  navy 
\n  the  end.  There  are  various  situations  in 
the  Western  Hemisphere  which  in  the  long 
run  are  vitally  affected  by  the  strength  of 
the  United  States  Navy.  Many  nations  are 
interested  in  the  maintenance  of  good  order 
in  Cuba;  and  our  navy  gives  us  the  ability 
to  maintain  order  there  with  assurance  and 
promptness.  Several  Central  and  South- 
American  republics  would  now  be  under 
European  seizure  and  occupation  but  for  cer- 
tain guaranties  of  order  and  of  debt-paying 
tha:  rest  uKimately  upon  the  strength  of  the 


—  -^  / 


THAT   WAB    <'LOUD   HAD   BETTER   MOTE   ON  OR  THERE'LL 
BE    A    COLLISION. 


United  States  navy.  Just  at  present  it  is 
reported  that  Venezuela  is  inclined  to  repudi- 
ate certain  awards  under  arbitration  proceed- 
ings, for  which  we  had  made  ourselves 
morally  responsible.  It  may  be  necessary  for 
us  to  administer  the  Venezuelan  custom- 
houses to  see  that  these  awards  are  paid.  In 
matters  of  this  kind  the  possession  of  great 
and  undoubted  naval  strength  often  precludes 
the  necessity  of  using  the  ships  for  actual 
bombardment.  Certainly  it  is  to  be  hoped 
that  the  time  may  come  when  all  interna 
tibnal  disputes  can  be  settled  by  arbitration, 
and  when  the  just  awards  of  arbitration  can 
be  enforced  by  a  regular  international  man- 
date. But  until  such  a  time  arrives,  the 
peace  and  order  of  a  large  part  of  the  world 
is  going  to  depend  upon  the  ability  of  the 
United  States  to  enforce  justice. 

yif^^ff        Washington   has  seen   little   this 

t^i^ti  ^""^"^^'*  °^  ^^^  important  figures 
*  of  the  national  Government.  The 
President  and  his  secretary,  Mr.  Loeb,  are 
at  Oyster  Bay,  where  Mr.  Roosevelt  is  get- 
ting as  much  rest  and  recreation  as  his  daily 
official  work  will  allow.  Mr.  Root  is  at  his 
summer  home  at  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  and  the 
First  Assistant  Secretary,  Mr.  Bacon,  is  in 
immediate  charge  of  the  State  Department. 
Mr.  Taft  is  enjoying  a  much-needed  vaca- 
tion at  Murray  Bay,  in  Canada.  Some  time  in 
the  present  month  he  is  to  visit  Oklahoma,  and 
soon  afterward  he  will  proceed  to  the  Philip- 
pines. No  department  of  the  Government 
has  of  late  been  confronted  with  any  very 
difficult  or  critical  situations.  The  Depart- 
ment of  Justice,  however,  has  either  already 
entered  upon,  or  else  taken  under  considera- 
tion, some  important  actions  in  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  Anti-Trust  law. 


Action  Agatnst^P  cndeavor  is  to  be  made  to 
Tobacco  dissolve  the  so-called  Tobacco 
^  '  Trust,"  and  a  suit  has  been 
brought  under  the  Sherman  Anti-Trust  Law 
in  New  York.  The  complaint  as  filed  names 
sixty-five  corporations  and  twenty-nine  indi- 
viduals, the  American  Tobacco  Company 
being  the  central  concern  which  controls  the 
other  companies.  The  tobacco  business  has 
been  brought  under  the  control  of  an  organi- 
zation that  is  more  nearly  monopolistic  in  its 
nature  than  are  most  of  the  so-called  trusts. 
The  Government   proposes  to   restrain   the 


lit  U  rumored  that  BUI  Taft,  the  genial  trarellng  nr#>k-/»/<rx  TT^.e*  t^^^  ^^,^rA^^  ;^  ^«.v,«,-..^« 

man  of  Waahington,  will  Include  Tokio,  Japan,  In  ^  obacco  I  rust  from  engaging   n  commerce, 

JUa  itinermry.)  on  the  ground  that  Its  methods  are  m  re- 

From  tiie  Record  (Chicago).  Strain t  of  the  liberty  of  trade  that  the  law 


138 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REI/IEIVS, 


guarantees.  The  complaint  against  the  To- 
bacco Trust  is  novel,  in  that  it  suggests  that 
"  receivers  be  appointed  to  take  possession  of 
all  the  property,  assets,  business  and  affairs 
of  said  defendants,  and  wind  up  the  same, 
and  otherwise  take  such  course  in  regard 
thereto  as  will  bring  about  conditions  in 
trade  and  commerce  among  the  States  and 
with  foreign  nations  in  harmony  with  law." 
The  direct  proposal  of  the  complaint  is  that 


receivership  for  the  purpose  of  dissolving 
oppressive  trust. 


an 


t 

ij_^^ 

y^^ 

#*' 

Y*  1 

Pbotoflnraph  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

JUDGE    KENESAVV    MOUNTAIN   LANDIS. 

the  chief  companies  of  the  Tobacco  Trust  be 
restrained  from  engaging  in  interstate  or  for- 
eign commerce.  The  proposal  of  receivers  is 
made  as  an  aUernative  suggestion,  "  if  the 
court  should  be  of  the  opinion  that  the  public 
interest  will  be  better  subserved  thereby." 
This  idea  has  attracted  much  attention 
throughout  the  country,  and  it  has  been 
widely  reported  by  newspapers  in  control  of 
Wall  Street  that  the  Government  deliberate- 
ly intends  to  take  control  of  all  the  great 
trusts  and  corporations  and  administer  them 
itself  under  federal  receivers.  No  such  large 
policy  could  be  entered  upon  without  the 
most  profound  consideration,  and  it  is  not 
for  a  moment  to  be  believed  that  anything  of 
the  kind  is  in  contemplation.  It  is,  however, 
an  interesting  legal  point  and  one  appropri- 
ately raised  in  a  suit  of  this  kind,  whether 
under  the  existing  laws  the  Government 
could  demand  and  the  courts  could  grant  a 


Against 


Even  more  important  than  the 
itandarti  action  against  the  Tobacco  Trust 
is  the  one  that  it  is  understood 
that  the  Government  is  bringing  against  the 
Standard  Oil  combination.  The  Standard 
Oil  Trust  is  made  up  of  a  large  number  of 
different  corporations,  all  of  which  arc  un- 
derstood to  be  absolutely  part  and  parcel  of 
the  central  or  parent  company,  known  as  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  of  New  Jersey. 
Meanwhile  various  prosecutions  of  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  have  been  going  for- 
ward for  local  and  detailed  offenses  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  country.  For  example,  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  of  Indiana  has  been 
convicted  on  a  large  number  of  counts  for 
taking  rebates  from  railroads.  These  cases 
were  tried  in  the  court  of  Judge  K.  M. 
Landis,  United  States  District  Judge,  at 
Chicago.  Judge  Landis  found  that  if  the 
maximum  fines  were  assessed  against  the 
Standard  Oil  Company  the  total  would  be 
$29,240,000.  Before  fixing  the  amount  of 
the  fine  he  demanded  evidence  as  to  the 
actual  ownership  and  wealth  of  the  Standard 
Oil  Company  of  Indiana.  For  that  purpose 
subpoenas  were  issued  against  Mr.  Rocke- 
feller and  other  important  •officers  of  the 
Standard  Oil  Company,  who  went  to  Chi- 
cago and  appeared  in  court  on  July  6.  Judge 
Landis  had  no  difficulty  in  eliciting  what  was 
already  matter  of  common  knowledge, — 
namely,  that  the  Standard  Oil  Company  of 
Indiana  was  a  part  of  the  larger  concern. 
He  declared  that  he  would  make  announce- 
ment of  the  amount  of  the  fine  on  August  3. 
However  large  a  sum  Judge  Landis  may 
assess  against  the  Standard  Oil  Company,  it 
is  to  be  remembered  that  there  is  no  justifi- 
cation whatsoever  for  the  taking  of  rebates 
by  this  great  monopoly.  The  whole  public 
opinion  of  the  country,  as  well  as  the  laws 
of  Congress  and  of  the  States,  is  against 
these  practices  whereby  the  large  corpora- 
tions make  it  impossible  for  smaller  firms 
and  companies  to  do  business.  The  Standard 
Oil  Company  has  solemnly  assured  the  pub- 
lic again  and  again  that  for  many  years  past 
it  T:as  observed  the  law  and  taken  no  rebates. 
Yet  the  undoubted  evidence  is  to  the  con- 
trary. Under  all  the  circumstances  there  is 
no  reason  for  lenience  or  patience.  Not  only 
should  fines  be  heavy,  but  offenses  of  this 
kind,  where  it  can  be  shown  that  they  were 
deliberately  committed,  should   involve  the 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


139 


HON.    MILTON   D.    PURDY,   ASSISTANT  ATTORNEY-GENERAL,  WHO  IS   PROMINENT  IN  THE  ACTIONS 

AGAINST  THE  TOBACCO  TRUST. 


guilty  individuals  in  some  form  of  disgrace- 
ful punishment.  There  may  be  much  differ- 
ence of  opinion  as  to  the  expediency  of  try- 
ing to  break  up  large  industrial  combina- 
tions, but  there  can  be  no  difference  as  to 
the  necessity  of  compelling  them  to  discon- 
tinue those  methods  whereby  they  induce  the 
railroads  to  crush  the  American  citizen  who 
has  the  temerity  to  venture  into  their  kind  of 
business.  The  energy  and  activity  of  the 
Government  in  prosecuting  offenses  of  this 
kind  arc  to  be  thoroughly  commended. 

y.^  It  is  understood  that  the  very 
"ttmnimwi  clear  and  logical  report  of  the 
*'*^'  Interstate  Commerce  Commission 
covering  the  so-called  Harriman  investiga- 
tion was  written  by  Commissioner  Franklin 
K.  Lane,  of  California.  There  is  nothing 
personal  or  vindictive  in  the  document.  It 
finds  that  Mr.  Harriman's  consolidating 
methods  have  ended  railroad  competition  in 
I  territory  equal  to  one-third  of  the  w*hole 


country.  It  finds  that  the  methods  used  by 
Mr.  Harriman  were  largely  those  of  a  kind 
of  financiering  which  ought  to  be  brought  to 
an  end.  It  recommends  that  the  law  should 
in  general  prevent  railroads  from  investing 
in  the  stocks,  bonds,  and  securities  of  other 
transportation  companies.  The  reportMs  val«- 
uable  as  an  authentic  narrative  of  the  sue} 
cessive  steps  whereby  the  great  Harriman 
system  was  built  up.  It  was  not  the  function 
of  the  commission  to  advise  prosecution.  It 
rests  with  the  Department  of  Justice  to  bring 
siich  action  as  it  may  see  fit  in  consequence  of 
the  information  that  the  commission  presents. 
While  nc  definite  statement  has  been  made, 
it  may  be  taken  for  granted  that  the  Govern- 
ment will  bring  an  ^tion  to  break  up  the 
control  of  Southern  Pacific  by  Union  Pa- 
cific, following  some  of  the  principles  es- 
tablished in  the  suit  against  the  Northern 
Securities  Company.  The  report  may  in- 
deed furnish  some  suggestions  for  action  in 
the  courts,  but  it  also  provides  in  ar 


140 


THE  AMERICAN  HEl^lElV  OF  kEyiElVS. 


HON.    FRANKLIN    K.    LANE,    OF    THE    INTERSTATE 
COMMERCE  COMMISSION. 

more  important  sense  some  well-considered 
ideas  tpon  which  Congress  should  act  for 
the  better  regulation  by  law  of  the  functions 
of  interstate  railroads  and  for  the  safeguard- 
ing of  the  issue  of  new  railroad  securities. 
There  is  no  intimation  as  yet  whether  the 
scandalous  facts  brought  to  light  in  regard  to 
the  looting  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  road  are 
to  be  made   the  basis  of  civil   or  criminal 


actions.  The  report  is  a  document  of  great 
conservatism,  dignity,  and  value,  and  justi- 
fies praise  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Com- 
mission as  now  constituted  and  of  Messrs. 
Kellogg  and  Severance  as  the  special  attor- 
neys who  conducted  the  inquiry  for  the 
commission. 

Controlling  ^  P^^^  of  legislation  important 
theSeroices  enough  to  Command  the  attention 
of  the  whole  country  was  that  of 
the  present  New  York  Legislature  in  its  pro- 
vision of  a  new  plan  for  rc^mlatin^  railroads 
and  other  public-service  corjx>rations,  Thr 
name  of  Governor  Hughes  is  identified  with 
this  conspicuous  measure,  AppiWntmejiT? 
have  now  been  made  under  the  la^v,  and  thr 
two  commissions  are  at  Mark,  ( >iir  readers 
will  remember  that  for  the  purposes  of  this 
law  the  State  is  divided  into  two  districts; 
one  comprises  New  York  City,  and  the  other 
the  rest  of  the  State.  At  the  head  of  the 
First,  or  Metropolitan  District,  is  Hon.  Wil- 
liam R.  Willcox,  who  resigned  the  postmas- 
tership  of  New  York  last  month  to  accept 
this  new  office.  Mr.  William  McCarroll  is 
a  business  man  of  prominence;  Mr.  Edward 
M.  Basse tt  is  a  lawyer  with  a  great  variet>' 
of  useful  public  experience;  Mr.  Milo  R. 
Maltbie  is  a  well-known  young  student  of 
municipal  government  with  an  exceptional 
knowledge  of  street  railway  and  public  fran- 
chise conditions  at  home  and  abroad.  Mr. 
John  E.  Eustis  is  a  lawyer,  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Citizens'  Union,  and  a  man 


Hon.  Frank  W.         Martin  S.  Decker.  Thomas  M.  Osborne    Charles  II.  Keep.        James  E.  Saguc. 
Stevens. 

MEMBERS  OF  THE  PUBLIC-UTILITIES  COMMISSION   FOR  NEW   YORK   STATE. 


0'- 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  U^ORLD. 


Cannl^te.l9Qn,  by  Underwood  &  Underwood.  N.  Y. 

MEMBERS  OF  THE   PUBLIC-UTILITIES    COMMISSION   FOR    NEW   YORK   CITY. 

From  \elt  to  rigbt :  Mllo  R.  Maltbie,  Wm.  McCarroll,  T.  H.  Whitney,  Secretary ;  Pres.  W.  B.  Wlllcox, 

E.  Eustis,  Edw.  M.  Bassett. 


of  excellent  qualifications.  These  five  men 
under  the  new  law  have  remarkable  powers 
vested  in  them  for  the  constant  supervision 
and  regulation  of  transit  conditions,  lighting 
conditions,  and  certain  other  public  service 
matters  throughout  the  great  metropolitan 
district  of  New  York.  It  is  too  soon  to  say 
what  they  will  do  or  how  they  will  do  it. 
They  take  the  place  of  the  Rapid  Transit 
Commission  and  several  other  previously  ex- 
isting bodies.  It  is  hoped  that  the  new  law 
in  the  hands  of  these  men  will  enormously 
improve  the  transit  conditions,  now  so  pain- 
fully cong^tcd, 

j^^         The   country    at  large  will  also 
**  i/^statm**  be  interested  in  the  working  of 
**™^'        the  other  cnmmrs^ion  which  takes 
the   place  of  the  State  Railroad  Commission 
and  of  se%Tra!  other  bodies*    The  members  of 
this  board  are  the  Hon.  Frank  W.  Stevens,  of 
Jamestown,  a  well-known  lawyer;  Charles 
H*  Keep,  of  Buffalo,  recently  Assistant  Sec- 
rctaiy  of  the  Trcasun^  at  Washington  and 
Superintendent    of    Banks    of    New    York 
Stair;  Thomas  M.  Osborne,  formerly  May- 
or of  Aiihurn  and  a  prominent  independent 
Dcinocmt;   James   E.   Sague,  who  has  had 
larige  CTtgineering   experience   in   connection 
with    tail  roads    and    their   equipment,    and 
Martin  S.  Decker,  who  has  for  twenty  years 
been    assistant    secretary    of    the    Interstate 
Comnrjercc     Commission     at     Washington. 
These  arc  ail  men  of  pronounced  ability  and 


character,  and  it  is  to  be  expected  that 
administration  will  impress  itself  in  a 
firm  and  dignified  way  upon  railroad 
agement  in  the  State  of  New  York,  as 
as  upon  the  conduct  of  other  public-S4 
companies. 

fssuea  ^^^  country  begins  to  take  j 
for  Next  ccptibly  increasing  interest  i 
questions  and  candidates  o 
coming  Presidential  year.  There  is  no 
cation  that  the  tariff  question  will  be  p 
nent  in  the  new  Congress  which  is  to 
vene  next  December.  It  is  almost  impo 
to  revise  the  tariff  in  a  business-like  spi 
the  months  preceding  a  Presidential  elei 
But  undoubtedly  the  tariff  ought  in  the 
future  to  be  thoroughly  overhauled,  a 
is  a  pity  that  a  few  schedules  by  way 
foretaste  should  not  be  remodeled  in  the 
ing  session.  There  will  be  some  fu 
railroad  legislation  in  order,  and  in  one 
or  another  the  question  of  corporation* 
their  control  will  figure  largely  in  the 
idential  contest.  If  the  Democrats  were 
sistent  and  zealous  they  might  force  th( 
iff  issue  to  seme  advantage.  But  there 
evidence  that  the  Democratic  party  is 
longer  a  free-trade  organization  or  e\ 
party  of  radical  tariff  reform.  The  i 
has  gone  so  heavily  into  varied  manufac 
that  it  wants  protection,  and  the  Soutl 
write  such  tariff  planks  as  it  wishes  in  E 
cratic  platforms.    Mr.  Bryan  still  hold 


142 


THE  AMERICAN  REI/IEW  OP  REy/El^S. 


GOVERNOR  JOHN  A.   JOHNSON,  OF   MINNESOTA. 
(High  in  Democratic  national  councils.) 

center  of  the  stage  as  the 
chief  Democratic  candi- 
date. Other  candidates 
will  naturally  begin  to 
be  heard  from,  and  al- 
ready there  is  a  good 
deal  of  talk  about  Gov- 
ernor Johnson,  of  Min- 
nesota. 


forcing  a  renomination  upon  President  Roose- 
velt. The  idea  has  much  to  commend  it,  but 
our  permanent  party  mechanisms  could  hard- 
ly adjust  themselves  to  the  shock  of  such  an 
innovation.  Meanwhile  the  demand  for  Mr. 
Roosevelt's  renomination  by  his  own  party 
is  a  very  clear  and  strong  one,  with  the  out- 
spoken support  of  a  good  many  leaders  in 
their  respective  States.  Undoubtedly  Mr. 
Roosevelt  means  exactly  what  he  has  repeat- 
edly said.  But  conditions  might  arise  that 
would  prove  very  embarrassing.  Meanwhile 
the  great  fitness  o^  Secretary  Taft  commends 
itself  to  the  judgment  of  thoughtful  men 
throughout  the  country.  In  view  of  criti- 
cisms upon  certain  decisions  of  his  when  on 
the  federal  bench  we  publish  an  interesting 
article  this  month  covering  the  whole  subject. 
The  article  is  contributed  by  the  Hon.  F.  N. 
Judson,  of  St.  Louis,  a  distinguished  lawyer 
who  belongs  to  the  Democratic  party.  No 
fair-minded  labor  leaders  will  be  justified  in 
opposing  Mr.  Taft  on  the  score  of  these  de- 
cisions. The  candidacy  of  Speaker  Cannon 
is  kept  prominent  in  Illinois,  and  so  is  that 
of  Senator  Knox,  in  Pennsylvania.  There  is 
no  appearance  of  any  organized  movement  on 


Dark 

Horses 

and  Others. 


For  some  time 
the  country 
was  wonder- 
ing about  Mr.  Henry 
Watterson's  mysterious 
"  dark  horse."  It  now 
appears  that  he  had  Gov- 
ernor Johnson  of  Minne- 
sota in  mind.  Certainly 
Mr.  Johnson  has  been  re- 
markably fortunate  as  a 
vote-getter  in  two  cam- 
paigns. But  as  a  man 
capable  of  directing  na- 
tional affairs  the  country 
knows  nothing  about  him. 
Mr.  John  Temple 
Graves,  of  Georgia,  is 
still  insisting  in  his  elo- 
quent way  that  both  great 
parties  ought  to  concur  in 


TEDDY    AND    HIS    PRESIDENTIAL    SLATE. 
From  the  AmcHcan    (Nashville). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


143 


behalf  of  Governor  Hughes,  of  New  York, 
yet  ihcrc  is  a  great  deal  of  current  talk  about 
his  availability  as  a  candidate.  Many  friends 
of  Mr.  Cortelyou,  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury, are  speaking  of  him  as  the  most  de- 
sirable man  to  bring  forward  as  a  "  dark 
horse  "  in  case  of  a  deadlocked  convention. 
The  situation  viewed  as  a  whole  is  quite 
undeveloped. 

Better  ^^^  Jamestown  Exposition  was, 
Oetiook  for  unfortunately,  far  from  being 
jemtetmon.  fjy^jgj^gj  when  opened  to  the  pub- 
he,  and  it  may  not  be  easy  to  live  down  the 
disappointing  impressions  that  were  made 
current  some  weeks  ago.  Immense  progress 
has  been  made,  however,  and  during  the 
months  of  September,  October,  and  Novem- 
ber there  ought  to  be  a  large  attendance, 
with  a  great  expansion  of  friendly  interest  in 
the  efforts  that  the  exposition  people  are 
making.  The  new  Director-General,  Mr. 
James  N.  Barr,  has  been  prominent  in  the 
business  world  as  president  of  the  Seaboard 
Air  Line  Railway.  It  is  to  be  hoped  and 
believed  that  this  exposition,  which  is  much 
more  important  than  the  country  generally 
supposes,  will  win  full  recognition  and  suc- 
cess before  it  ends. 

As  if  the  American  passion  for 
law-making  could  not  be  sated 
^^^'  by  the  winter  sessions  of  forty 
State  and  Territorial  legislatures,  the  labors 
of  several  of  these  bodies  were  prolonged 
this  year  well  into  the  summer.  Tho  New 
York  Legislature  having  adjourned  without 
effecting  a  reappointment  of  Senate  districts, 
it  was  at  once  recalled  in  spedal  session  by 
Governor  Hughes,  but  the  greater  part  of 
July  was  permitted  to  pass  with  practically 
nothing  accomplished  in  the  way  of  bringing 
the  Senate  and  Assembly  into  agreement  on 
this  important  matter.  The  Wisconsin  Leg- 
islature, after  one  of  the  longest  sessions  in 
the  State's  history,  adjourned  on  July  17, 
A^ith  ^veral  meritorious  enactments  to  its 
credit, — notably  the  Public-Utilities  law  de- 
scribed by  Professor  Commons  on  page  221 
of  this  Review.  The  action  of  the  same 
legislature  in  finally  passing  a  two-cent  pas- 
senger fare  bill,  after  the  railroad  commis- 
sion named  by  Governor  La  FoUette  had  de- 
cided that  a  two-and-one-half-cent  fare  was 
the  lowest  maximum  rate  consistent  with 
reasonable  returns  to  the  railroads,  occa- 
aooed  not  a  little  surprise  throughout  the 
country.    The  year's  campaign  for  reduced 


fares  in  the  various  State  legislatures  is  re- 
viewed in  some  detail  on  page  217.  The 
General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  which  met 
late  in  June,  was  called  upon  to  investigate 
the  control  exercised  over  the  Central  Rail- 
way of  Georgia  by  the  Southern  Railway. 


GOVERNOR    HOKE    SMITH,    OF   GEORGIA. 

(Who  has  been   very   prominent  of  late.) 


Oeorgia. 


Prohibition     ^"    Georgia,    last    month,    both 
fn  people  and  legislators  seemed  to 

be  interested  less  in  the  railroads 
than  in  the  prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic. 
In  the  North  and  Middle  West,  where 
"  prohibition  "  was  once  a  burning  issue,  the 
movement  in  recent  years  has  lost  vigor.  In 
the  South,  on  the  other  hand,  valuable 
ground  has  been  gained.  A  great  majority 
of  the  counties  of  Georgia  have  for  some 
time  forbidden  the  traffic  within  their  juris- 
dictions. It  is, not  strange,  then,  that  the 
believers  in  that  method  of  dealing  with  the 
liquor  problem  have  at  last  been  able  to  elect 
a  Legislature  and  a  Governor  pledged  to  en- 
act a  State  prohibition  law.  It  was  stated 
late  in  July  that  the  prohibitory  bill  passed 
by  the  Legislature  would  receive  the  signa- 
ture of  Governor  Hoke  Smith.  During  this 
legislative  session  United  States  Senator  Ba- 
con was  elected  for  another  term.  In  Miss- 
issippi there  was  a  spirited  contest  for  the 


144 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^lElV  OF  REyiElVS, 


Democratic  primary  nomination  to  the  Sen- 
ate between  Governor  Vardaman  and  Rep- 
resentative John  Sharp  Williams. 

8an  Francisco*  bJ^''  underlying  causes  and  un- 

strugaie      foreseen  forces  at  work  m  brmg- 

Agai.st  Graft,  j^^  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^j  regeneration 

of  San  Francisco  are  set  forth  by  Mr.  Col- 
vin  B.  Brown  in  a  comprehensive  article 
which  we  present  to  our  readers  this  month. 


PROFESSOR  HARRY  A.   GARFIELD. 

The  story  of  events  moved  very  swiftly  last 
month.  Mayor  Eugene  E.  Schmitz,  con- 
victed on  June  13,  for  extortion,  was  sen- 
tenced, on  July  8,  to  serve  five  years*  im- 
prisonment in  the  State  penitentiary.  In 
pronouncing  judgment  Judge  Dunne  admin- 
istered a  stinging  rebuke  to  the  convicted 
man,  and  referred  to  the  verdict  of  the  jur}' 
as  a  message  to  all  people  that  "  in  San  Fran- 
cisco no  man,  no  matter  how  exalted  his 
station,  or  how  strong  and  powerful  the  so- 
cial and  financial  influences  which  surround 
him,  is  above  the  law."  Pending  an  appeal 
to  the  State  Supreme  Court  Schmitz  an- 
nounced that  he  would  be  a  candidate  for 
re-election  to  a  fourth  term  as  Mayor  of 
San  Francisco.     Indeed,  up  to  the  time  of 


his  conviction  he  had  been  virtually  admin- 
istering the  city  government  from  the  count}' 
jail.  After  his  incarceration  the  government 
had  been  carried  on  by  James  J.  Gallagher, 
one  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors,  who  had 
acted  as  Mayor.  The  board,  on  July  9,  se- 
lected Charles  Boxton,  another  member,  to 
succeed  Mr.  Gallagher,  with  the  understand- 
ing that  this  choice  was  only  temporary.  On 
July  16  a  nominating  convention,  made  up 
of  delegates  from  the  Building  Trsides  Coun- 
cil, the  Labor  Council,  the  Chambers  of 
Commerce,  the  Board  of  Trade,  the  Mer- 
chants* Association,  the  Real  Estate  Board, 
and  the  Merchants*  Exchange,  met  and 
agreed  upon  Dr.  Edward  R.  Taylor,  a  prom- 
inent physician  and  lawyer,  dean  of  the  Hast- 
ings Law  College  and  another  professional 
school,  to  be  Mayor  of  San  Francisco 
until  November,  when  the  next  municipal 
election  will  be  held.  This  choice  was  im- 
mediately confirmed  by  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors, which  was  empowered  to  elect  a 
Mayor.  Dr.  Taylor  has  been  a  resident  of 
San  Francisco  for  nearly  half  a  ccnturv. 
and  has  been  identified  in  a  quiet  way  with 
public  affairs  for  many  years.  He  is  knou-n 
to  be  a  man  of  unusual  executive  and  admin- 
istrative ability  and  of  unquestioned  integrity^ 

A  Mew  Williams  College  is  losing  one 
College  distinguished  president  and  gain- 
mg  another.  President  Hcnr>' 
Hopkins  had  all  along  intended  to  retire  at 
the  age  of  seventy.  He  is  the  son  of  President 
Mark  Hopkins,  who  was  president  of  Wil- 
liams College  from  1836  to  1872,  and  to 
whose  influence  President  Garfield  attrib- 
uted so  much  of  his  own  success  in  life.  The 
new  president  is  Mr.  Harry  A.  Garfield,  old- 
est son  of  President  Garfield,  who  graduated 
at  Williams  twenty-two  years  ago.  For 
some  years  Mr.  Garfield  was  a  successful 
lawyer  in  Cleveland,  O.,  and  for  four  years 
he  has  been  professor  of  politics  at  Prince- 
ton. He  is  admirably  qualified  to  direct  the 
affairs  of  one  of  the  foremost  colleges  of 
America.  His  brother,  James  Garfield,  who 
was  his  associate  in  law  practice  and  in  work 
for  better  politics  in  Ohio,  is  now  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  in  Mr.  Roosevelt's  cabinet. 
These  two  sons  of  a  former  President  of  the 
United  States  have  made  their  way  to  great 
positions  absolutely  upon  their  own  personal 
merits.  President  Raymond,  of  the  Wes- 
leyan  University  at  Middletown,  Conn.,  has 
retired,  after  a  period  of  service  during 
which  that  institution  has  made  much    ad- 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


145 


vanccment.  The  president  of  Union  Col- 
lege at  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  Dr.  Andrew  V. 
\\  Raymond,  has  also  laid  down  the  arduous 
duties  of  his  oflRce,  after  having  made  a  most 
notable  record. 


Dr.  wii9om'a  ^^'  Woodrow  Wilson  has  begun 
Piama  at  a  social  reorganization  of  Prince- 
***'  ton  College  that  may  fairly  be 
called  revolutionary.  He  finds  the  famous 
upper  class  clubs  working  against  the  most 
manly,  democratic  and  useful  life  of  the  uni- 
versity, and  to  make  the  matter  short  he 
proposes  to  do  away  entirely  with  these 
sociedes  by  absorbing  them  into  a  system  of 
residential  **  quads,"  each  quad  presided  over 
by  a  member  of  the  faculty  and  having  its 
own  eating  rooms  and  living  rooms.  This 
residential  group  would  have  members  of  all 
the  classes  in  it,  and  would,  with  the  aid  of 
the  present  arrangpment  of  preceptors,  form 
its  own  self-governing  system.  The  situa- 
tion at  Princeton  is  about  this:  Fraternities 
being  forbidden,  about  twenty-five  years  ago 
the  students  began  to  form  clubs  where  they 
ate,  lounged,  played  billiards,  and  otherwise 
occupied  their  time  out  of  lectures.  About 
ten  years  ago  these  clubs  began  to  increase 
in  importance  and  became  more  lavish  in 
their  expenditures,  until  now  two  of  them 
have  buildings  which  are  said  to  have  cost 
nearly  $100,000  apiece.  Only  two  upper 
classes  are  allowed  to  be  members  of  the 
"h-y."  "Cap  and  Gown,"  "Tiger  Inn," 
"  Cottage,"  and  the  nine  or  ten  other  organ- 
izations of  this  sort.  About  two-thirds  of 
the  upper  classes  are  elected  to  membership 
on  the  basis  of  individual  brilliancy  in  ath- 
letics or  other  social  assets,  leaving  one-third 
of  the  juniors  and  seniors  practically  social 
pariahs.  Thus  the  student  body  at  Prince- 
ton is  split  up  socially  into,  first,  freshmen 
and  sophomores,  who  may  or  may  not  be 
saved;  the  discarded  third  of  the  sophomores 
and  seniors,  who  are  certainly  lost,  the  ath- 
letic stars  of  "  Tiger  Inn  " ;  the  patrician 
members  of  the  "  Cottage  "  club,  and  so  on, 
ynth  the  societies  frequently  canvassing,  in 
spite  of  all  "  treaties  "  to  the  contrary,  for 
future  members  among  the  lower  class  stu- 
dents, and  even  in  the  "  prep  "  schools.  It 
k  easy  to  sec,  with  President  Wilson,  that 
fuch  a  situation  does  not  make  for  a  demo- 
cratic and  manly  college  spirit,  or  for  a  well- 
co-ordinated  academic  life.  Any  one  who 
krvo^-$  the  Intense  devotion  of  the  members 
of  the  upper  class  societies  to  their  clubs, 
among  the  alumni  as  well  as  among  the  un- 


PRESIDENT   WOODROW    WILSON,    OF    PRINCETON 
UNIVERSITY. 


dergradute  members,  will  probably  be  sur- 
prised to  see  how  many  Princeton  men  agree 
wholly  or  in  part  with  the  proposal  that 
these  organizations  shall  sacrifice  themselves 
for  the  common  good  by  becoming,  each  one, 
a  center  and  part  of  one  of  the  democratic 
"  residential  groups  "  that  President  Wilson 
hopes  to  put  in  place  of  them.  No  more 
fundamental  and  courageous  move  in  the  di- 
rection of  vitality  and  wholesomeness  in  aca- 
demic life  has  been  made  in  recent  years, 
and  this  can  be  said  with  a  perfect  recogni- 
tion of  the  excellent  part  played  by  the  so- 
cieties in  their  own  field  and  of.  their  high 
tone  and  ornamental  value. 


Mark  Twain  ^^  ^^'ould  be  difficult  to  remem- 
a  British  ber  a  British  tribute  to  an  Amer- 
ican individual  parallel  to  the 
reception  given  this  summer  to  Mark 
Twain, — certainly  so  when  one  notes  the  ex- 
traordinarily affectionate  tone  in  England's 
feting.  The  specific  occasion  of  this  out- 
burst of  admiration  and  tenderness  for  him 
whom  Englishmen  unhesitatingly  and  unan- 


146 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^/EIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


imously  put  at  the  head  of  our  men  of  let- 
ters, was  Oxford*s  bestowal  on  Mr.  Clem- 
ens of  the  degree  of  "  Litt.  D.  honoris  causa/' 
But  the  university's  graceful  favor,  with  its 
picturesque  settings  becante  but  an  incident 
in  the  general  round  of  toasting  the  au- 
thor of  **  Innocents  Abroad."  Englishmen 
are  apt  to  consider  Poe  and  Mark  Twain  the 
most  considerable  figures  among  the  produc- 
ers of  literature  in  the  history  of  the  New 
World,  and  they  are  willing  to  place  Mr. 
Clemens  by  the  side  of  Charles  Dickens  as  a 
humorist  of  universal  appeal,  agreeing  that 
there  has  been  no  other  since  Dickens  to 
compare  with  him  in  reaching  the  greatest 
number  of  hearts  with  honest  fun  and  pa- 
thos. Englishmen  have,  relatively  at  least, 
been  more  sympathetic  readers  than  Ameri- 
cans of  Mark  Twain's  later  works,  such  as 
"  Joan  of  Arc  "  and  **  The  Prince  and  the 
Pauper."  Mr.  Clemens,  at  the  age  of  sev- 
enty-two, has  passed  through  the  round  of 
gaieties,  the  royal  garden  parties,  the  Pil- 
grims' banquet,  the  dinner  by  the  Punch 
staff  and  the  rest,  with  a  youthful  enjoyment 
and  verve  that  do  a  world  of  credit  to  the 
idea  that  humor  and  philosophy  will  keep  a 
man  young  in  spite  of  years. 

j^^  The  authentic  reports  of  mid- 
Quesiion  of  summer  from  the  crops,  the  rail- 
roaperty.  j.^^^^^  ^^^  j^.^^  industry,  and  busi- 
ness in  general  scarcely  support  the  Idea, 
prevalent  during  the  past  few  months,  that 
the  United  States  is  passing  over  into  a 
period  of  industrial  depression.  The  wheat 
crop,  to  be  sure,  seems  to  be  a  hundred  mil- 
lion bushels,  or  14  per  cent,  short  of  la^t 
year's;  but  that  was  a  "  bumper  "  crop.  The 
corn  yield  promises  two  and  a  half  billion 
bushels,  as  compared  with  2,700,000,000 
bushels  in  1906;  but  the  smaller  figure  means 
the  fourth  largest  crop  in  the  history  of  the 
country.  There  is  a  fair  yield  of  oats  and, 
owing  to  the  late  and  wet  spring,  a  splendid 
crop  of  hay.  Although  bank  clearings  are 
smaller  In  New  York  City,  owing  to  the 
contracted  dealings  on  the  stock  market,  they 
are  for  the  whole  country  making  new  rec- 
ords. The  prosperity  of  the  plain  people  is 
shown  In  the  great  figures  of  savings-banks 
deposits,  one  Institution  alone,  the  Bowery 
of  New  York,  reporting  on  July  ist  that  it 
had  passed  the  $100,000,000  mark, — a  new 
record  for  savings  banks.  Retail  trade  is  ex- 
cellent for  the  season.  The  railroads  are  re- 
porting gross  earnings  something  like  twelve 
per  -rent,   greater  than   the  banner  year  of 


1906.  The  great  equipment  companies  sup- 
plying cars  and  material  for  the  railroads  re- 
port that  they  could  keep  their  plants  run- 
ning at  full  speed  for  an  entire  year  w\x]\ 
only  the  orders  on  hand.  All  this  sounds 
wholesome  enough.  It  remains  true  that  the 
intense  industrial  activity  of  the  past  fw 
years  has  made  a  great  drain  on  capital,  not 
only  in  the  United  States,  but  the  world 
over,  and  when  large  sums  are  needed  for 
new  enterprises,  or  for  the  extension  of  old 
ones,  a  very  high  price  must  be  paid  for  th? 
use  of  the  money,  if  it  can  be  had  at  all. 
The  consequence  is  that  even  the  most  d^ 
sirable  issues  of  railroad  and  industrial  bonds 
are  exceedingly  difficult  to  market,  and  it  is 
the  rule  that  from  three-quarters  to  ninety 
per  cent,  of  such  bonds  newly  issued  must  he 
held  by  wealthy  underwriting  syndicates  for 
lack  of  purchasers.  While  almost  cver>'  one 
looks  for  some  slight  recession  in  business  ac- 
tivity during  the  Presidential  year,  it  seems 
likely  that  there  will  be  work  enough  for 
everybody  at  good  wages.  With  less  pressing 
demand,  however,  trade-unionism  is  not  so 
aggressive,  and  we  hear  much  less  of  strikes 
in  the  building  trades,  on  the  railroads,  and 
elsewhere.  A  great  threatened  strike  of  the 
commercial  telegraphers  was  fortunately 
averted  last  month  through  the  efforts  of  the 
Labor  Commissioner,  Mr.  Neill.  The  an- 
thracite conciliation  board  reports  a  clean 
docket.  The  United  States  Treasury  began 
its  new  fiscal  year  last  month  with  a  surplus 
for  the  year  just  ended  of  $87,000,000. 


.<< 


•S-  "-- 


'    (ueiJBati 


V^l    '>ia 


'X 


THE  TROrr.H    18   OVERFTX)WINO. 

From  the  Journal  (Detroit). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF -THE  IVORLD. 


147 


Th9  Hugm9    ^^^  this  issuc  of  the  REVIEW  committces,  but  each  country  has  only  one 

Coff/mne*    OF  REVIEWS  reaches  its  readers  vote  in  committee  as  also  in  the  plenary  ses- 

the    Second    International    Peace  sions  of  the  conference.    The  first  committee, 

Conference  at  The  Hague  will  have  been  in  — that  dealing  with  arbitration   and   inter- 

scssion  for  six  weeks.     A  good  deal  of  ear-  national  commissions  of  inquiry, — is  presided 

nest,   if  as  yet  only  general,  discussion  has  over    by    M.    Leon    Bourgeois,    ex-Foreign 

filled   these  weeks  of  deliberation.     One  of  Minister  of  France.    The  second  committee 

the  most  interesting  proposals  was  made  by  deals  with  the  usages  of  war,  under  the  pres- 

thc  American  delegation,  looking  toward  the  idency  of  Dr;  Beernaert,  of  Belgium.     The 

establishment   of  a  permanent  international  third  committee   to  consider   the   laws  and 

court    of   arbitration,    the   organization    and  usages  of  maritime  war,  is  under  the  presi- 

proccdurc  of  such  court  to  be  on  a  basis  re-  dency   of   Count  Tornielli,   of   Italy.      Dr. 

sembling   somewhat   those   of    the    Supreme  Martens,    the    international    law   expert   of 

Court  of  the  United  States.     For  business  Russia,  presides  over  the  fourth  committ^, 

purposes    the   Conference   was   divided   into  which  considers  the  subjects  of  belligerent 

four  committees,  three  of  them  subdivided  shipping  and  contraband  of  war. 
into  two  sub-committees  each.  The  sub- 
jects allocated  to  these  committees  are 
those  which  were  outlined  in  the  original 
Russian  program.  No  committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  discuss  the  question  of  armaments, 


Some  Topics  At  the  sessions  of  the  first  com- 

Dtacuaaeti  in  mittee     Baron     Marschall     von 

omm    ee,    gjei^erstein   submitted   on   behalf 


of  Germany  two  proposals:  one  for  certain 
Nor  was  there  a  committee  for  the  Drago  modifications  of  the  Hague  convention  for 
Doctrine.  The  latter  subject,  however,  the  pacific  settlement  of  international  dis- 
came  up  for  earnest  discussion  in  the  Arbi-  putes,  and  the  second  dealing  with  the  Ger- 
tration  committces.  The  United  States  has  man  proposal  for  a  high  prize  court  of  ap- 
thc  largest  representation  on  each  of  the  peal.  In  his  latter  proposal  he  was  sup- 
ported by  Sir  Edward  Fry,  on  be- 
half of  Great  Britain.  The  Mexi- 
can delegate,  Senor  de  la  Barra,  sub- 
mitted, on  behalf  of  his  government, 
the  text  of  a  treaty  of  obligatory  ar- 
bitration, signed  at  the  City  of  Mex- 
ico, in  1902,  by  representatives  of 
seventeen  American  states,  as  a  sam- 
ple of  what  an  arbitration  treaty 
should  be.  The  second  committee 
has  been  considering  improvements 
of  the  rules  of  land  warfare  and  the 
rights  and  duties  of  neutral  powers 
in  times  of  war  and  at  the  opening  of 
hostilities.  The  discussions  before 
the  third  committee  have  been  on 
such  topics  as  ( I )  naval  bombard- 
ment of  ports,  towns,  and  villages, 
(2)  belligerent  war  vessels  in  neu- 
tral ports,  and  (3)  possible  amend- 
ments to  the  Geneva  convention  of 
1864,  as  revised  in  1906.  Gen. 
Horace  Porter,  of  the  United  States 
delegation,  submitted  a  proposal  for- 
bidding the  naval  bombardment  of 
unfortified  towns;  Sir  Ernest  Satovv, 
on  behalf  of  Great  Britain,  an- 
nounced a  proposal  concerning  the 
THE  HALL  OF  THE  PEACE  CONFERENCE.  employment    of    Submarine    mines ; 

(An  ontside  new  of  the  Ridderzaai.  Hall  of  the  Knights.  Colonel  Tmge  for  Chma,  declared 
In  Tbp  Hainie.  where  the  second  International  Peace  Con-  the  unreserved  acceptance  by  hlS 
terence  Is  in  sestion.  government  of  the  emblems  of  the 


148. 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


Red  Cross;  and  the  Turkish  delegation 
declared  that  their  country  would  retain 
the  use  of  the  crescent  instead  of  the  cross 
in  humanitarian  service.  The  work  of  the 
fourth  committee  included  consideration  of 
the  British  proposal  for  the  better  definition 
of  contraband  of  war,  involving  its  ultimate 
abolition.  The  committee  also  discussed  at 
length  the  American  proposal  for  the  invio- 
lability of  private  property  (except  contra- 
band) at  sea  during  war. 

«  Neiu  Among  the  other  topics  of  world 
World  interest  which  have  been  dis- 
ropoaa  a.  ^^gg^j  ^j^}^  great  earnestness  and 
vigor  so  far  at  the  conference  are  the  necessi- 
ty for  a  declaration  of  war  before  the  begin- 
ning of  hostilities,  the  limitation  of  arma- 
ments, and  the  now  famous  Drago  or  Calvo 
doctrine  regarding  the  forcible  collection  of 
contract  debts.  Dr.  Drago  himself,  repre- 
senting Argentina,  made  a  strong  plea  in  be- 
half of  this  idea.  The  South  American  del- 
egates to  the  Hague  Conference  are  men  of 


THE    SECRETARY-GENERAL   OF   THE    HAGUE   CON- 
FERENCE. 

Myneer  W.  Doude  van  Troostwljk,  of  the  Dutch 
Foreign  OfBce.  who  has  been  chosen  general  secre- 
tary of  the  conference. 

eminence  and  are  attracting  much  attention. 
Among  them,  by  far  the  most  talked  of  man 
is  Dr.  Drago,  who  was  formerly  Minister 
of  Foreign  Affairs   for  the  Argentine  Re- 


DR.    LUIS    MARIA    DRAGO. 

public.  He  is  a  young  man  full  of  energy 
and  intelligence;  a  lawyer,  an  author,  a 
judge,  and  a  man  who  has  made  his  mark  in 
the  New  World,  and  is  now  making  it  in 
the  Old.  In  discussing  the  Amerjcan 
proposition  forbidding  the  collection  of 
contract  debts  by  force  General  Porter 
pointed  out  that  one  of  the  most  significant 
features  of  the  present  conference  is  the  fact 
that  for  the  first  time  in  history  the  creditor 
and  debtor  nations  of  the  world  have  been 
brought  together  in  friendly  council. 

ne  Conference  J^^^^  ^re  a  number  of  interest- 

of  1809  and   mg   Contrasts   between    the    con- 

thatof  1007.  ^^^^^^^  ^^  jg^^  and  the  present 

one.  In  1899  the  representatives  of  the 
twenty-six  nations  participating  met  in  the 
famous  old  House  in  the  Woods,  in  the  sub- 
urban part  of  the  Dutch  capital.  The  con- 
ference of  1907,  including  delegates  from 
forty-five  nations,  meets  in  the  Ridderzaal 
(the  Hall  of  the  Knights),  in  the  center  of 
the  city.  In  the  opening  speeches  at  the 
first  conference  complimentary  references 
were  frequent  to  the  Czar  of  Russia  and 
the  German  Emperor.  This  year  the  en- 
thusiastic applause  was  evoked  by  the 
names  of  President  Roosevelt  as  a  con- 
tributor to  international  peace  and  Mr. 
Andrew  Carnegie  for  his  gift  of  the 
coming  International  Peace  Palace.  An 
unexpected  result  of  the  appearance  of  a 
Korean  delegation  at  The  Hague  was  the 
demand,  made  on  July  16,  by  the  Korean 
ministry,  that  the  Emperor  abdicate  in  favor 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


149 


TWO   NEW   DOCTORS   OF  LETTERS,    "  HONORIS   CAUSA,  OXON." 
<Mark  Twain  and  General  Booth  leaving  the  Sheldonian  Theatre,  Oxford,     after  receiving  their  degrees, 
as  seen  by  the  artist  of  Illustration,  of  Paris.) 


of  the  Crown  Prince  and  himself  proceed  to 
Tokio  to  apologize  to  the  Japanese  Em- 
peror for  violating  that  part  of  the  recent 
Korean- Japanese  agreement  which  puts 
Korean  foreign  relations  under  Japanese  con- 
trol. Next  month  the  Review  hopes  to  be 
able  to  present  a  summary  of  the  results  of 
the  Peace  Conference,  written  from  The 
Hague  during  the  last  days  of  the  sessions. 


BriUak 
Domtttle 
f*olities. 


In  England  Parliament  and  press 
are  still  discussing  with  undimin- 
ished vigor  the  possibility  and  ad- 
visabilit>'  of  abolishing  the  House  of  Lords, 
or  at  least  of  curtailing  its  power.  By -the 
very  large  majority  of  432  to  147  the  House 
of  Commons,  late  in  June,  after  a  heated 
three-days  debate,  voted  that  the  veto  power 
of  -  the-  uppeF-  house  -  ought  -  to—  be  abol- 
ished. Premier  Campbell-Bannerman  stated 
that  this  resolution  would  not  be  sent  to  the 
Lords  and  would  therefore  have  no  legal  ef- 


fect, but  would  simply  register  the  opinion 
of  the  Commons  as  to  the  "  subordinate  au- 
thority "  of  the  Lords.  Legislation  dealing 
with  the  question,  however,  would  be  intro- 
duced later  by  the  government.  This  ques- 
tion of  the  "  mending  or  ending "  of  the 
Lords,  the  discussion  in  the  upper  house  of 
Mr.  Haldane's  Army  bill,  and  the  ever  pres- 
ent Irish  Home  Rule  question  have  been  the 
prominent  topics  of  interest  in  Great  Britain 
during  the  early  summer.  To  Americans  a 
feature  of  current  British  history  which  will 
appeal  strongly  was  the  conferring  by  the 
University  pf  Oxford  of  honorary  degrees 
upon  an  unusual  number  of  distiguished  men, 
including  Premier  Campbell-Bannerman, 
General  Booth,  of  the  Salvation  Army,  and 
our  own  '*  Mark  Twain."  Mr.  Clemens  has 
been  a  popular  hero  in  England  during  his 
recent  visit,  and  it  is  well  to  remember, — as 
Mr.  Samuel  E.  MoflFett  points  out  on  an- 
other  page,  this   month, — that   Mr.    Birrell 


150 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS, 


was  quite  correct  when  he  said :  "  Ma:rk 
Twain's  humor  enlivens  and  enlightens  his 
morality,  and  his  morality  is  all  the  better  for 
his  humor." 

,^  June  and  July  were  months  of 

Britain's  parliamentary  sessions  and  anni- 
versary celebrations  for  many  of 
.the  British  colonies  and  dependencies.  On 
July  I  the  fortieth  anniversary  of  Canadian 
confederation  was  celebrated  throughout  the 
Dominion.  On  the  same  day  it  was  an- 
nounced that  the  wheat  crop  of  Western  Can- 
ada would  total  more  than  1 20,000,000  bush- 
els, the  largest  crop  on  record.  The  self- 
governing  colony  of  New  Zealand  is  to  be- 
come a  dominion  as  soon  as  the  colonial  Par- 
liament now  in  session  passes  an  appropriate 
resolution  to  that  effect.  On  July  i  the  new 
constitution  of  the  Orange  River  Colony  was 
promulgated.  The  federal  Parliament  of 
Australia  and  the  parliaments  of  the  differ- 
ent states,  in  session  during  July,  gave  their 
chief  attention  to  financial  and  tariff  matters. 
Discontent  still  continues  in  India,  but  Sec- 
retary Morley's  announcement  of  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  royal  commission  to  inquire 
into  the  evils  of  over-capitalization  in  the 
colony  and  the  establishment  of  an  advisory 
Council  of  Notables  to  serve  the  double  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  native  opinion  and  of 
spreading  correct  information  as  to  the  inten- 
tions of  the  home  government  will,  it  is 
ho|:5ed,  serve  to  allay  in  some  measure  the 
feelings  of  the  Hindus. 


The 

Woes  of 

British  India, 


found  it  impossible  to  adjust  themselves  to 
the  new  industrial  environment  and  have 
been  crushed.  Agriculture  and  education  are 
in  sore  straits.  It  is  hardly  a  matter  for 
congratulation,  declares  this  Hindu  gcntl^ 
man,  that,  after  a  century  and  a  half  of 
British  rule,  only  nine  Hindus  out  of  even 
100  are  literate. 

Is  India  capa-  ^^  ^^  onc  thing,  howevef,  to  desire 
bie  of  Self'  economic  independence  and  politi- 
cal  autonomy.  It  is  distinctly 
another  to  be  worthy  of  it  and  able  to  main- 
tain it  when  secured.  The  views  of  a  cele- 
brated Indian  journalist  and  traveler,  Mr. 
Saint  Nihal  Sing,  are  interesting  and  in- 
structive in  this .  connection.  In  a  recent 
address  delivered  before  a  convention  of 
Canadian  literary  and  social  clubs.  Mr. 
Sing  said : 

India  is  changing  more  rapidly  than  perhaps 
any  other  section  of  the  modern  world.  To  ray 
mind  Britain  has  wrought  very  much  for  India. 
A  couple  of  centuries  ago  our  land  was  one  reft 
with  internal,  intestinal  feuds.  It  was  worse 
than  a  "  bone  of  contention,"  which  kept  half  a 
dozen  European  nations  constantly  wrangling 
with  one  another  for  the  possession  of  the  land 
of  gold,  as  it  was  then  known  among  the  fight- 
ing powers.  Its  people,  ignorant  and  supersti- 
tious, oppressed  and  harassed  by  lawless  liber- 
tines and  political  usurpers,  labored  under  social. 


Political  and  economic  changes  of 
world  significance  are  taking 
place  in  British  India,  if  we  read 
aright  the  signs  of  the  times.  Thoughtful 
Hindus  are  regarding  with  apprehension  the 
various  riots  and  other  evic'ences  of  a  rising 
feeling  against  British  rule.  The  consensus 
of  native  opinion  holds  Great  Britain  respon- 
sible for  most  of  the  woes  of  the  great 
peninsula.  Prof.  S.  L.  Joshi,  a  native 
Indian  and  secretary  of  the  Pan-Aryan  As- 
sociation of  New  York  City,  recently  de- 
clared that  the  famines  in  his  native  land 
are  the  most  serious  phase  of  the  present  dis- 
turbances. The  economy  of  the  Indian  vil- 
lage remaining  unchanged  through  centuries 
of  political  revolution,  has  lately  been  **  vital- 
ly affected  by  the  competitive  forces  liberated 
by  western  methods  of  industry.**  Under  a 
system  of  free  trade  and  increasing  railroad 
facilities  the  ignorant  villagers,  formerly 
eking  out  a  bare  living  at  their  trades,  have 


THE  CNKASY   INDIAN  ELEPHANT. 

Kino  Edward:  "Hold  on  there,  what  alls  you?* 
From   Kladderadatsch    (Berlin). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


151 


economic,  and  political  disabilities.  Nationaliza- 
tion and  self-government, — of  these  sentiments 
the  native  mind  was  incapable  of  perception  at 
that  period. 

This  is  all  changed  now.  Liberal  educa- 
tion has  begun  to  do  away  with  caste.  "  The 
era  of  nationalization  has  already  begun  and 
a  large  measure  of  the  self-government  of  the 
country'  by  the  natives  of  the  soil  is  within 
sight."  As  to  the  desire  of  the  average 
Hindu  in  this  matter,  Mr.  Sing  says: 

Even  to  the  most  superficial  of  observers,  it 
is  patent  that  India  is,  politically  speaking,  fast 
becoming  another  **  Ireland."  The  agitation  for 
self-government  has  been  waged  for  more  than 
a  quarter  of  a  century  with  relentless  vigor  and 
has  assumed  an  aggressively  progressive  form. 

England  has  her  boycott  in  India There 

is  no  use  mincing  matters  by  hiding  the  fact 
that  the  political  agitation  in  India  at  the  present 
time  is  simply  intense,  and,  if  the  demands  of 
those  who  are  constitutionally  agitating  are  not 
met  in  a  liberal  and  satisfactory  way,  England 
will  have  to  face  another  "  Ireland  "  in  India. 

The  verdict  of  the  native  Indian  press 
is  in  accord  with  this  view.  It  is  not  dis- 
loyalty to  Britain,  not  an  attempt  at  armed 
uprising;  it  is  a  feeling  on  the  part  of  the 
Hindu  peoples  that  they  ought  to  have  the 
same  mode  of  government  in  their  domestic 
afFairs  as  the  other  British  colonies. 


Tke  THump 
of 


^  -  That  Premier  Clemenceau  has 
Mr  the  confidence  and  support  of 
the  French  people  in  his  measures 
to  preserve  order  and  secure  even-handed 
justice  in  the  diflRculties  with  the  wine-grow- 
ers IS  evident  from  the  increasing  majorities 
by  which  votes  of  confidence  are  passed  in  the 
Chambers.  Upon  the  arrest  of  Dr.  Ferroul, 
xMayor  of  Narbonne,  and  Marcellin  Albert, 
tht  leader  of  the  Midi  revolt,  order  was 
quickly  restored  in  the  four  disturbed  depart- 
inents  of  Aucie,  Hcrault,  Gard,  and  Pyre- 
nees Orien  tales, — nor*  however,  until  there 
h^d  been  some  loss  of  life  and  property,  sev- 
eral mutinous  outbreaks  in  the  army,  and 
some  exciting  scenes  in  the  Chamber  of 
Deputies,  The  government  measure  to  pre- 
vent adulteration  of  wine  and  to  correct  a 
number  of  other  abuses  complained  of  by 
the  discontented  wine-growers  of  the  Midi 
requires  that  ail  vincyarders  make  an  annual 
dc!cla ration  at  the  office  of  the  Mayor  of  their 
oommune  concerning  the  acreage  and  total 
quantity  of  wine  produced  and  in  stock ;  also 
whether  this  is  intended  for  sale  or  not. 
By  this  means  the  government  hopes  to  keep 
such  close  track  of  the  wine  from  grower  to 
dealer    that    it    may    prevent    watering    or 


premier   clemenceau    justifying    his 
law"  before  the  chambers. 
From  Illustration  (Paris). 


WINE 


"  sugaring."  Other  features  of  the  measure, 
which  was  promulgated  on  June  29,  advise 
and  assist  the  organization  of  the  wine- 
growers into  societies  to  themselves  regulate 
the  output,  to  discontinue  the  manufacture 
of  poor  wine,  and  to  assist  the  government  in 
suppressing  fraud.  On  July  12  the  Parlia- 
ment of  the  republic  adjourned  for  its  sum- 
mer vacation,  leaving  the  proposed  income- 
tax  law  still  under  discussion.  An  attempt 
upon  the  life  of  President  Fallieres  on  Bastile 
Day  (July  14),  while  possibly  the  work  of 
anarchists,  was  in  all  probability  the  un- 
premeditated deed  of  a  lunatic. 

significant    ^he  Celebrations,  on  July  4,  of 
Elections     the     ccntenary     of     Garibaldi's 
birthday,  which  was  marked  by 
unusual    enthusiasm    throughout    Italy,    in- 
cluded some  interesting  ceremonies  by  Ital- 
ians in  this  country.     The  house  in  which 
\  the    Italian    patriot    lodged    while    in    this 
country  still  stands,  in  Staten  Island,  in  New 
'York  City,  and  it  has  now  been  preserved 
(through  the  gifts  of  Italian- Americans)  by 
being  inclosed  in  a  structure  modeled  after 
the   Roman   Pantheon,    the   whole   to   be   a 
museum  to  the  great  Italian  who  died  twen- 
ty-five years  ago.     The  municipal  elections 


152 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^/EIVS. 


in  the  Italian  capital  during  early  July  re- 
sulted in  an  unexpected  triumph  for  the  So- 
cialist party,  the  Anti-Clerical  "  bloc  "  elect- 
ing no  fewer  than  twenty-four  of  the  twenty- 
nine  members  of  the  council  (one-third  of 
the  entire  body)  who  were  chosen  this  year. 
The  influence  of  the  church  was  not  able  to 
keep  many  Catholics  even  from  voting  for 
Socialist  candidates.  Taken  in  conjunction 
with  the  remarkable  Socialist  advance  in 
Austria,  the  recent  increase  in  the  Socialist 
vote  in  Germany  (although  the  electoral 
battle  itself  went  against  Socialism  in  the 
Fatherland),  large  Socialist  gains  in  the 
bye  elections  in  England,  and  the  growing 
power  of  socialistic  organization  and  legis- 
lation in  France,  the  result  of  this  election 
is  a  significant  sign  of  the  times. 

Parliamentary  Next     year     Emperor     Francis 
Actiuittfin    Joseph  of  Austria-Hungary  will 
have    reigned    over   his    polyglot 
realm  for  sixty  years.     Preparations  are  al- 
ready in  progress  for  extensive  celebrations 


HrNOAHY'S    RACE    TROPBLKS. 

KoBRuth  sowing  tho  Empire  together  above,  while  the 
workman   l>elow   cheers   for   universal    RiifTrnge ! 

From   the  ^'eiie?  OlUhUchter  (Vienna). 


DR.     WEISKIRCHNER,    NEW    PRESIDENT    OF    THE 
AUSTRIAN   REICH SRATH. 


of  this  event.  His  Imperial  Majes- 
ty is  reported  to  have  recently  re- 
marked that  he  himself  desires  to 
commemorate  this  occasion  by  the 
accomplishment  of  universal  suff- 
rage throughout  the  entire  country. 
Austria  itself  now  possesses  full 
manhood  suffrage,  and  it  is  on  the 
program  of  the  government  to  ex- 
tend the  unlimited  franchise  to 
Hungary  also.  The  preponderance 
of  Socialist  representatives  in  the 
new  Reichsrath  has  resulted  in  the 
election  of  Dr.  Weiskirchner,  a 
Christian  Socialist,  as  president  of 
the  Chamber  by  a  large  majority 
vote.  Dr.  Weiskirchner  is  a  com- 
paratively young  man,  now  in  his 
forty-seventh  year.  It  is  a  signifi- 
cant fact  that  this  "  orthodox  Catho- 
lic politician,  whose  zeal  has  not 
been  disfigured  by  ultra-clerical  fan- 
aticism," received  at  the  balloting 
the  unanimous  support  of  such  pow- 
erful and  divergent  Parliamentary 
groups  as  the  Christian  Socialists, 
the  non-Clerical  Germans,  the  Poles, 
and  the  Czechs. 

Race  Troubles  Hungary,  the  other  half 
in  of  the  Dual  Monarchy, 

^  '''"'^""^-  Is  having  her  own  par- 
liamentary troubles.  Count  Pejac- 
sevich,Ban  of  Croatia, an  official  who 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE   IVORLD. 


M.    LUDWIG    HOLLE,    NEW    PRUSSIAN    MINISTER    OF 
PUBLIC    INSTRUCTION. 

represents  this  Hungarian  dependency  at 
Budapest  and  is  responsible  to  the  Hun- 
garian Prime  Minister,  having  resigned, 
the  government  appointed  Dr.  Rakodezay  to 
succeed  him.  This  pohtician,  who  is  re- 
ported to  be  in  favor  of  Magyar  preponder- 
ance in  Croatia,  is  in  much  disfavor  in  the 
province,  and  the  opposition  to  him  has  taken 
the  form  of  some  vigorous  pubhc  demonstra- 
tions. The  feeling  of  Hungary's  dependent 
provinces  have  been  further  aroused  by  the 
recently  enacted  railway- regulation  bill, 
\yhich  provides  that  none  but  Hungarian 
citizens  understanding  the  Magyar  language 
can  be  appointed  on  the  state's  railways.  It 
is  remarkable  that  the  Hungarians,  who  have 
made  such  a  brave  and  intelligent  fight  for 
the  use  of  their  language  in  the  army,  are 
not  able  to  understand  the  feelings  of  the 
Croatians  and  Slavonians  in  favor  of  their 
o^^Ti  tongues. 

^tman      ^  number  of  important  ministeri- 
^mtai      al  changes  have  taken   place  in 


153 

cent  Anglo-Franco-Spanish  understanding 
has  been  one  of  almost  complete  isolation. 
Her  situation  is  humorously  depicted  in  the 
^cartoon  from  IVahre  Jacob,  which  we  re- 
produce here.  A  rather  sensational  report 
received  some  credence  in  the  newspapers 
last  month  to  the  effect  that  a  secret  treaty 
existed,  between  Germany  and  the  United 
States.  It  was  alleged  that  certain  tariff 
concessions  had  been  made  by  Germany  to 
this  country  in  exchange  for  what  amounted 
to  an  alliance.  Of  course  secret  treaties  be- 
tween our  own  and  any  foreign  government 
are  impossible.  Inability  to  understand  this 
fact  has  caused  more  than  one  European  dip- 
lomat to  make  miscalculations. 

^Ahe  ^i^h  the  dissolution,  on  June  i6, 
RZiia  °f  ^^^  ^^^"^  Russian  Duma,  the 
distracted  empire  of  the  Czar  en- 
tered upon  another  period  of  disorder  and 
anarchy.  Organized  repression  from  above 
IS  met  by  organized  revolution  from  below. 
Law-breaking,  assassination,  and  robbery 
have  burst  out  again  upon  an  extended  scale. 
The  assassination,  on  July  i6,  of  General 
Alikhanov,  known  as  "  the  Beast,"  by  a 
revolutionist's  bomb,  removed  one  of 'the 
most  hated  of  Russian  reactionists.  The 
Radicals  now  openly  announce  that  they  have 
placed  the  Czar  upon  their  death  roll.   These 


OlmB^n. 


Germany.     Count  von  Posadow- 


sVi,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  has  been  suc- 
^d  by  Herr  von  Bethmann-HoUweg, 
Prussian  Minister  of  the  Interior,  and  Dr. 
^^^t  Prussian  Minister  of  Public  Instruc- 
^.  has  resigned  and  is  to  be  succeeded  by 
^r.  Hollc,  the  Under-Secretary.  Germany's 
J*5^  in  international  politics  since  the  re- 


Y     I\     HKR     IHOI.ATIOX x^     o\K     \VA 

ALLIANCK    WITH    HKR. 

From    ^yahre  Jacob    ( Stuttgart K 


154 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiEU/  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


THE    HAGUE  CONFERENCE   AND  THE     DISSOLUTION    OF  THE   RUSSIAN    DUMA. 
Czar  Nicholas  (to  Premier  Stolypin)  :  "  Thla  Is  the  moment  when  I  must  reply  to  the  greeting  of  tbe 
Hague  Peace  Conference.     Wire  them,  Stolypin,  that  I,  their  patron,  drink  to  them.     Vive  Liberty.  Looj? 
lift'  to  Peace." 

Stolypin  :  *'  Sire,  methlnks  I  can  even  now  hear    the  applauRe  " 

From  the  Amttierdammer   (Amsterdam). 


Radicals  are  planning  a  congress  to  be  held 
in  London  some  time  during  the  current 
month,  at  which  they  will  prepare  a  relent- 
less Terrorist  campaign,  the  boycotting  of 
the  third  Duma,  and  a  great  armed  uprising 
of  the  masses.  As  for  the  third  Duma, 
which  is  to  be  balloted  for  in  September,  it 
is  evident  that  this  will  not  be  a  Parliament 
in  any  sense  of  the  word,  but  merely  a 
bureau  to  register  the  Czar*s  will.  It  will 
be  a  thoroughly  Russian  body,  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  minor  nationalities  being 
virtually  eliminated.  Up  to  the  present  we 
have  seen  little  more  than  the  beginning  of 
the  real  Russian  revolution.  The  reaction- 
ary court  camarilla  has  proved  itself  more 
than  a  match  for  the  earnest  but  undisci- 
plined Liberals.  As  the  lines  of  the  contest 
are  drawn  tighter  it  is  evident  that  years  of 
struggle  and  bloodshed  will  pass  before  Rus- 
sia realizes  constitutionalism.  It  may  take 
another  ten  or  fifteen  years,  and  it  may  call 
for  armed  European  intervention,  but  Rus- 
sia will  be  free  in  the  end.  The  wonder  is, 
not  that  freedom  and  constitutionalism  have 


been  delayed  so  long,  but  that,  for  so  manv 
years,  against  such  tremendous  opposirion, 
and  through  so  much  oppression  and  suffer- 
ing, the  Russian  people  still  keep  up  the 
battle.     They  will  win  at  last. 

Latin-  Items  of  history  in  the  making 
American  from  our  Latin-American  ncigh- 
**'  bors  during  the  past  few  wecb 
include  the  consolidation  of  the  two  great 
railway  systems  of  Mexico  under  govern- 
ment control,  with  a  capital  of  $460,000,- 
OCX),*  the  settlement  of  what  threatened  to 
be  a  serious  strike  among  the  tobacco-work- 
ers of  Cuba,  and  the  purchase  by  the  govern- 
ment of  all  church-owned  property  in  the 
diocese  of  Havana ;  the  exchange,  on  July  8, 
of  ratifications  of  the  Santo  Domingo  treaty; 
and  the  installation  of  a  new  cabinet  in  Ven- 
ezuela. An  official  estimate  recently  made 
public  puts  the  cost  of  intervention  in  Cuba 
(up  to  June  30  of  the  present  year)  at 
$3»5oo,ooo.  Unsettled  political  and  eco- 
nomic conditions  continue  in  the  Central- 
American  States. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


(From  June  to  to  July  19,  1907.) 


POLITICS  AND  <}OVBRNMBNT--AMBRICAN. 

June  20. — Col.  Samuel  P.  Colt  withdraws 
from   the  Rhode  Island  Senatorship  contest. 

June  21. — Ex-Governor  Pennypacker  of 
Pennsylvania  testifies  before  the  Harrisburg 
Capitol    Investigation   Committee. 

June  24. — President  Roosevelt  appoints  Mich- 
ael E.  Bannin,  of  New  York,  an  Indian  Com- 
missioner  Governor  Hughes,  of  New  York, 

sends  to  the  Legislature  a  special  message  urg- 
ing the  passage  of  the  Constitutional  Appor- 
tionment  bill. 

June  25. — Details  of  the  plan  for  the  pension- 
ing of  federal  civil  employees  are  completed 
at  Washington. 

June  26. — The  New  York  Legislature  ad- 
journs  President    Roosevelt    appoints    Chief 

Justice  Walter  F.  Frear,  of  the  Hawaiian  Su- 
preme Court,  to  be  Governor  of  Hawaii. 

June  28. — Governor  Hughes,  of  New  York, 
announces  his  appointments  for  the  Public- 
Utilities  Commissions  of  city  and  State. 

June  29. — The  United  States  Government's 
fiscal  year  is  closed  with  a  sur-plus  of  approxi- 
mately   $87,000,000 Governor    Hoke    Smith, 

of  Georgia,  urges  the  limitation  of  the  fran- 
chise and  corporation  legislation. 

July     I.— The     New     York     Public-Utilities 

Commissions   begin   their   official   existence 

President  Roosevelt  accepts  the  resignation  of 
W.  R.  Willcox  as  postmaster  of  New  York. .. . 
The  Rhode  Island  Republican  State  Central 
Committee  indorses  the  candidacy  of  George  P. 
Wetmore  for  the  United  States   Senate. 

July  2. — Governor  Hughes,  of  New  York, 
issues  a  call  for  an  extraordinary  *  session  of 
the  Legislature;  Attorney-General  Jackson  ad- 
vises the  Secretary  of  State  to  call  a  special 
election  of  Senators  next  fall  under  the  appor- 
tionment of  1894. 

July  8. — The  New  York  Legislature  meets  in 
extraordinary  session;  Governor  Hughes  asks 
for   a   constitutional   apportionment  and   a   law 

for      direct      primary      nominations Mayor 

Eugene  E.  Schmitz  is  sentenced  at  San  Fran- 
cisco to  five  years'  imprisonment  in  the  peni- 
tentiary for  extortion  from  French  restaurants 

Mayor    McClellan,    of    New    York,    makes 

sweeping  changes  in  the  city  departments. 

July  9. — United  States  Senator  Augustus  O. 
Bacon,  of  Georgia,  is  unanimously  re-elected  by 

the  Legislature The  San  Francisco  Board  of 

Supervisors  select  Charles  Boxton,  a  member  of 
the  board,  to  succeed  Supervisor  James  JL  Gal- 
lagher as  acting  Mayor  of  the  city The  In- 
terstate Commerce  Commission's  report  on  the 
financial  operations  of  E.  H.  Harriman  is  laid 
before  President  Roosevelt. 

July  la — The  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  is  indicted  at  Chicago  on  sixty-five 
counts  on  the  charge  of  rebating. 

July  II. — President  Roosevelt  appoints  Frank 


A.    Leach    Director    of    the    Mint,    to    succeed 
George  E.  Roberts. 

July  12. — Announcement  is  made  that  Senator 
R.  M.  La  Follette,  of  Wisconsin,  will  be  a  can- 
didate for  the  Republican  Presidential  nomina- 
tion in  1908. 


K-MD    SIR    HARRY    MACLEAN. 
(Commander  of  the  Moroccan  Sultan's  bodyguard  ; 
captured  by  the  bandit  Raisuli  last  month  and  held 
for  ransom.) 


July  13. — The  report  of  the  Interstate  Com- 
merce Commission  on  its  investigation  of  the 
Harriman  railroad  lines  is  made  public. 

July  16. — Dr.  Edward  R.  Taylor  is  elected 
Mayor  of  San  Franci.sco  by  the  Board  of  Super- 
visors. 

July  19. — A  clash  of  authority  between  the 
State  authorities  of  North  Carolina  and  th** 
United  States  Circuit  Court  is  occasioned  by  the 
sentence  of  ticket-sellers  convicted  of  violating 
the  State  railroad-rate  law. . .  .The  Rhode  Island 
Republican  State  Central  Committee  accepts  the 


166 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^/EIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


resignation  of  Gen.  Qiarles  R.  Brayton  as  mem- 
ber of  the  executive  committee. 

POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT— FOREIGN. 

June  20. — The  French  Government  is  forced 
to  explain  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  its  action 
in  the  use  of  force  to  restrain  the  wine-growers. 
The  Irish  National  Directory  meets  in  Lon- 
don ....  The  debate  on  the  labor  question  in  tli^ 
Transvaal  Parliament  continues. 

June  21. — In  the  Transvaal  Parliament  the 
motion  condemning  General  Botha's  labor  policy 

is  defeated  by  a  vote  of  45  to  21 The  Cape 

Colony    Parliament    is    opened The    French 

Chamber  of  Deputies,  by  a  majority  of  104,  up- 
holds the  govTmment's  decision  to  suppress  by 
force  the  wine-growers'  revolt. ..  .Delegates  rep- 
resenting all  the  Russian  revolutionary  groups 
reject  by  a  vote  of  47  to  19  the  proposal  to  de- 
clare a  general  strike. 

June  22.— The  I^rds  committee  on  the  reform 
of  the  British  House  of  Lords  meets  and  elects 
Lord  Rosebery  chairman. ..  .The  French  Cham- 
ber of  Deputies  passes  the  government's  bill  for 
preventing  the  adulteration  of  wine. . .  .The  Rus- 
sian Zemsto  Congress  opens  in  Moscow. 

June  24, — In  the  British  House  of  Commons 
Sir  Henry  Campbell- Bannerman,  the  Premier, 
introduces  a  motion  to  curtail  the  power  of  the 
House  of  Lords.  • 

June  25. — In  the  British  House  of  Commons 
a  Labor  party  amendment  to  the  Premier's  mo- 
tion proposes  the  abolition  of  the  House  of 
Lords. ..  .The  Venezuelan  cabinet  resigns  owing 
to  the  action  of  the  national  Congress  iiL  con- 
demning the  policy  of  the  Minister  of  Finance. 

June  26. — The  British  House  of  Commons,  by 
vote  of  432  to  147,  adopts  the  Premier's  resolu- 
tion in  favor  of  curtailing  the  power  .^rfc  the 
House  of  Lords;  the  Labor  party  amendment 
for  the  abolition  of  the  House  of  Lords  is  re- 
jected   by    a    vote    of    315    to    100 M.    von 

Schwanebach,  Controller  of  the  Empire,  resigns 
from  the  Russian  cabinet. 

June  27. — The  South  Australian  and  New  Zea- 
land parliaments  are  opened. 

June. 28. — The  French  Chamber  of  Deputies, 
by  a  rnajprity  of  120,  votes  confidence  in  the  gov- 
ernment's policy  regarding  the  suppression  of 
the  wine-growers'  agitation ;  the  French  Senate 
adopts  tlTC  bHl  for  the  suppression  of  the  adulter- 
ation of  wine.... The  Coaistitutional  Democrats 
of  Russia  issue  a  circular  appealing  to  the  party 
to  begin  preparations  for  the  coming  elections 
to  the  Duma. 

July  3. — The  Russian  Government  orders  the 
relaxation  of  measures  against  the  Jews. 

July  4. — Forty  Croatian  deputies  leave  the 
Hungarian  Parliament  as  a  protest  against  the 
government's  railroad  bill. 

July  10. — The  French  Minister  of  Finance,  M. 
Caillaux.  speaks  in  support  of  the  Income-Tax 
bill  before  the  Chamber  of  Deputies. 

^' July  II. — The  French  Senate  and  Chamber  re- 
solve to  maintain  the  present  taxation  scheme  in 
1908. 

July  12. — The  French  Parliament  adjourns. 

July  15. — Richard  Croker  declines  the  Nation- 


DR.     ARTHUR     KAMPF,     NEWLY    ELECTED     PRESIDENT 
OF  THE  ROYAL  FINE  ARTS  ACADEMY,  OF  BERLIN. 

alist  nomination  for  the  British  Parliament  from 
East  Wicklow. 

July  17. — One  hundred  and  sixty-nine  mem- 
bers of  the  first  Russian  Duma  who  drew  up  the 
Viborg  manifesto  are  arraigned  for  trial  before 
the  Court  of  Appeals  at  St.  Petersburg. 

July  18. — The  Korean  ministry  resigns. 

July  19. — The  Emperor  of  Korea  abdicate*^; 
the  imperial  seal  is  transferred  to  the  Ciowti 
Prince;  the  Japanese  post  forces  at  all  p(»nt< 
of  danger  in  Seoul. 

INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS. 

June  21. — The  last  question  remaining  be 
tween  the  United  States  and  Turkey  is  settled 
by  Ambassador  Leishman  at  Constantinople. 

June  24. — President  Roosevelt  signs  the  treaty 
between  the  United  States  and  Santo  Domingo 

June  26. — Secretary  Taft  announces  that 
American  occupation  will  continue  in  Cuba  for 
eighteen  months. 

June  29. — It  is  announced  that  the  Russian 
Government  is  preparing  to  take  action  to  pre- 
vent massacres  in  the  Armenian  provinces  of 
Asia-Minor. . . .  A  meeting  of  seven  Japane^^f 
chambers  of  commerce  draws  up  addresses  to 
similar  American  bodies  and  to  President  Roosr 
velt  regarding  alleged  discrimination  in  San 
Francisco. ...  The  United  States  takes  steps  \o 
piircliase  all  the  church  property  in  the  (^ban 
diocese  of  Havana. 

July  2. — It  is  announced  that  Honduras,  Gua- 
temala,  and   Salvador  have    united    to    oppose 

Zclaya's    plan    to   consolidate   the    republics 

The  United  States  declines  to  accept  the  answer 
made  by  President  Castro  of  Venezuela  to  the 
American  demands. 

July  3. — France  takes  formal  possession  of  the 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


157 


new  Siamese  territory  awarded  under  the  recent 
treaty. 

July  4. — Great  Britain  demands  of  Morocco 
that  prompt  steps  be  taken  for  the  release  .of 
Sir  Harry  MacLean,  commander  of  the  Moroc- 
can Sultan's  bodyguard,  who  was  captured  by 
Raisuli  through  treachery. ..  .Sir  Edward  Grey 
states  in  the  British  House  of  Commons  that 
Great  Britain's  claim  against  China  is  based  on 
the  damages  actually  incurred  in  the  Boxer 
outbreak. 

July  5. — M.  Pichon,  French  Minister  of  For- 
eign Affairs,  spates  that  the  relations  between 
France  and  Germany  are  excellent  and  that  the 
Franco-Spanish  agreement  is  another  step  to- 
ward the  peace  of  the  world. 

July  7. — The  leader  of  the  Chinese  reform 
movement  appeals  to  President  Roosevelt  for 
modification  of  the  law  ^excluding  Chinese  from 
the  United  States. 

July  8. — A  semi-official  note  published  in  Ger- 
many expresses  pleasure  with  the  sentiment  of 
France  for  a  cordial  understanding  between  the 
two  nations. 

July  9.-~The  French  Government  deprecates 
the  sensational  comment  of  certain  French  news- 
papers regarding  the  American- Japanese  situa- 
tion. 

July  10. — The  authorities  of  the  Congo  Free 
State  request  the  immediate  opening  of  nego- 
tiations  with   Belgium   for  annexation It  is 

announced  that  Russia  and  China  have  reached 
An  agreement  on  the  customs  in  northern  Man- 
•:huria. 

July  12. — The  economic  war  between  Greece 


BUJNZE  MEDALLION  BY  KARL  BITTER  PRESENTED  TO  MR.  ROB- 
ERT C.  OCDEN,  OF  NEW  YORK,  ON  HIS  SEVENTIETH  BIRTH- 
DAY BY  PARTICIPANTS  IN  CONFERENCES  FOR  EDUCATION  IN 
THE  SOUTH. 


BISHOP  THOMAS  BOWMAN. 

(The   senior    Bishop   of   the   Methodist   Episcopal 
Church  celobratod  his  ninetieth  birthday  on  July  15.) 


and  Roumania  having  ended, 
it  is  announced  that  diplomatic 
relations  will  be  resumed.... 
It  is  announced  by  President 
Roosevelt,  after  entertaining 
Admiral  Yamamato  and  Am- 
bassador Aoki,  that  a  thor- 
ough understanding  and  cor- 
dial friendship  exist  between 
the  United   States  and  Japan. 

July  13. — A  statue  of  Gari- 
baldi, given  by  Italy,  is  un- 
veiled in  Paris. 

July  14. — It  is  announced  at 
Washington  that  the  United 
States  has  established  a  Far 
Eastern  Bureau  of  the  State 
Department,  to  have  charge 
of  all  correspondence  and  pre- 
liminary treaty  negotiations 
with  the  Oriental  governments. 

July  15. — The  foreign  min- 
isters of  Italy  and  Austria 
meet  at  Besio,  Lombardi,  and 
announce  that  they  are  in  en- 
tire accord. 

July  16. — Preparations  are 
completed  for  a  meeting  of  the 
Russian  and  German  emperors 
in   Finnish  waters. 

July  17. — President  Roose- 
velt receives  General  Morteza 
Khan»  special  ambassador 
from  Persia,  who  formally  an- 


158 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^/EIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


THE  LATE   SIR   WILLIAM    PERKIN." 
( Discoverer  of  aniline  dyes.) 

nounces  the  accession  of  the  new  Shah  to  the 
throne. 

THE  PEACE  CONFERENCE  AT  THE  HAGUE. 

June  20. — It  is  officially  announced  at  The 
Hague  that  the  reservation  of  the  right  of  the 
United  States  to  bring  up  the  question  of  lim- 
itation of  armaments  does  not  necessarily  mean 
that  the  question  will  be  raised. 

June  22. — The  first  and  second  committees  of 
the  conference  meet  and  divide  into  sub-com- 
mittees ;  several  proposals  regulating  rules  of 
warfare  and  one  providing  for  tlie  consideration 
of  the  Drago  doctrine  are  introduced. 

June  24. — The  first  and  fourth  committees  of 
'the  conference  meet  and  Delegate  Choate  of  the 
United  States  introduces  in  the  latter  committee 
a  motion  regarding  private  property  at  sea. 

June  25. — The  conference  discusses  the  Brit- 
ish and  German  proposals  for  a  high  interna- 
tional prize  court. 

June  26.— The  British  delegates  make  propo- 
sals to  abolish  contraband  of  war. ..  .General 
Porter  introduces  a  proposal  restricting  the 
rights  of  a  belligerent  in  regard  to  bombard- 
ment of  unfortified  towns. 

June  28.— Delegate  Choate,  of  the  United 
States,  urges  the  exemption  of  all  private  prop- 
erty, except  contraband,  at  sea;  this  view  is 
opposed  by  M.  Nelidoff,  of  Russia. 

July  I. —Queen  Wilhelmina.  of  Holland,  re- 
ceives the  chiefs  of  delegations  to  the  confer- 
ence. 

July  2.— The  Japanese  delegates  introduce 
five  proposals  covering  the  rights  of  belligerent 
warships  in  neutral  ports. 


July  3. — Further  proposals  to  modify  the  con- 
duct of  war  are  introduced  at  the  conference. 

July  4. — A  petition  signed  by  over  two  mil- 
lion Americans  and  favoring  a  general  arbitra- 
tion treaty  is  presented. 

July  5. — The  American  proposal  for  the  invio- 
lability of  private  property  at  sea  is  discussed 
by  the  committee  on  the  Geneva  Convention: 
Great  Britain,  Germany,  and  Russia  oppose  the 
plan. 

July  8. — The  American  delegation  introduces 
a  proposal  regarding  an  arbitration  court  on 
the  line^  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 

July  10. — Count  Tomielli  introduces  a  pro- 
posal regarding  the  bombardments  of  unforti- 
fied towns  which  embodies  the  views  of  all  the 
countries  interested  in  the  question. 

July  16. — General  Horace  Porter  speaks  in 
support  of  the  American  proposal  for  a  modi- 
fied Drago  doctrine  before  a  sub-committee  of 
the  conference. 

July  17. — Twenty  delegates  at  a  committee 
meeting  vote  in  favor  of  the  American  principle 
regarding  the  inviolability  of  private  property 
at  sea ;  eleven  oppose  the  proposal. 

July  18. — Delegate  Choate  states  the  reasons 
that  have  led  the  United  States  to  favor  a  gen- 
eral arbitration  treaty,  and  Dr.  Drago  supports 
his  doctrine   in   its  original   form. 

July  19. — General  Porter  speaks  in  opposi- 
tion to  a  British  motion  regarding  the  capture 
of  vessels  furnishing  supplies  to  belligerents. 

OTHER  OCCURRENCES  OP  THE  MONTH. 

June  20. — Five  men  are  killed  in  an  automo- 
bile accident  about  100  miles  from  Naples,  Italy 

The  new   Catskill   water-supply  system   for 

New  York  City,  to  cost  $161,000,000  and  to  add 
600,000,000  daily  gallons  to  the  city's  supply,  is 
formally  inaugurated. 

June  21. — All  the  native  opium  dens  in  Shang- 
hai are  closeu  by  an  imperial  edict.... The 
State  clo.ses  its  case  in  the  trial  of  William  D. 
Haywood,  at  Boise,  Idaho,  for  the  assassina- 
tion  of  ex-Governor   Steunenburg. 

June  22. — The  Consolidated  Copper  Company, 
of  New  York,  is  chartered  in  Delaware  with  a 
capital  of  $50,000,000. 

June  24. — The  Pacific  Steam  Navigation 
Company's  coasting  steamer  Santiago  is 
wrecked  on  the  Chilean  coast  north  of  Corral ; 
about  ninety  persons  are  drowned. 

June  26. — The  University  of  Oxford,  Eng- 
land, confers  degrees  on  Ambassador  Reid  and 

Mark   Twain    (see  page    167) Richard   Cro- 

ker's  Orby  wins  the  Irish  Derby. 

June  27. — King  Edward  lays .  the  foiindaticm 
stone  of  the  new  extension  to  the  British  Mu- 
seum. 

June  28. — It  is  announced  that  a  great  com- 
bination of  iron  and  steel  manufacturers  is  be- 
ii^g  formed  in  Great  Britain  to  fight  American 
and  German  competition  to  control  the  world's 
trade. 

June  29.— Contracts  are  awarded  for  two 
American  20,000-ton  battleships. 

July  I.— The  corporation  of  Dublin,  by  a  vote 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


159 


of  28  to  1.3.  decides  to  confer  the  freedom  of  the 
city  on  Richard  Crokcr. 

July  2. — Cotton  prices  advance  to  the  highest 
point  since  1876. 

July  4. — Governor  Hughes,  of  New  York,  and 
President  Woodrow  Wilson,  of  Princeton 
University,  are  speakers  at  the  exercises  in 
honor  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence at  the  Jamestown  Exposition. 

July  6. — John  D.  Rockefeller  is  a  witness  in 
the  Standard  Oil  hearing  before  Judge  Landis 
in  Chicago. 

July  10. — A  legal  fight  is  begun  by  the  United 
States  Government  against  the  Tobacco  Trust. 

July  15. — An  explosion  of  powder  in  a  turret 
of  the  United  States  battleship  Georgia  while 
at  target  practice  in  Massachusetts  Bay  causes 
the  death  of  ten  men  and  the  injury  of  maT\y 
others. 

July  18. — Three  thousand  persons  are  pros- 
trated by  the  heat  during  a  parade  of  the  Be- 
nevolent and  Protective  Order  of  Elks,  at  Phil- 
adelphia. 

OBITUARY. 

June  21. — Isidor  Wormser,  a  well-known 
New  York  banker,  yy. 

June   22. — Ex-United   States   Senator   Lucien 

Baker,     of     Kansas,     61 William     Findlay 

Shunk,  the  engineer  who  supervised  the  con- 
struction of  the  New  York  City  elevated  rail- 
roads, yy. 

June  23. — Rev.  Norman  Fox,  D.D.,  ex-Mayor 
of  Morristown,  N.  J. 

June  24. — Joseph  Knight,  the  editor  of  Notes 
and  Queries,  London,  78. 

June  25. — Sir  John  Hall,  ex-Premier  of  New 
Zealand,  82. 

June  27. — Mrs.  Elizabeth  Cabot  Cary  Agassiz, 
widow  of  the  famous  Harvard  professor  of 
zoology.  Louis  Agassiz,  85 Dr.  Frank  Hor- 
ace Getchell,  a  well-known  Philadelphia  physi- 
cian, y2, 

June  28. — Count  Peter  Heyden,  the  Russian 
political  leader,  71. 

June  30. — General  Lono,  Spanish  Minister  of 
War Francis  Murphy,  the  temperance  lec- 
turer, 71. 

July    I. — Count    Constantino    Nigra,    dean    of 

Italian  diplomats.  80 Nehemiah  G.  Ordway. 

for  five  years  Governor  of  the  Territory  of 
Dakota,  79. 

July  2. — Hiram   J.    Ayres,   inventor  of  giant 

powder.    84 Col.    Mason    Whiting   Tyler,    a 

veteran  of  the  Civil  War,  67. 

July    3. — Rear- Admiral     Norman     von     Hel- 

breich    Farquhar,    retired,    67 Louis    Magee, 

an  electrical  engineer  and  authority  on  the  con- 
struction and  operation  of  electric  street  rail- 
ways. 45. 

July  4 — Prof.  Ernst  Kuno  Fischer,  of  Heidel- 
borg.  Germany,  83.... Dr.  Richard  Henry  Der- 
by, a  New  York  physician  of  high  standing,  63 
—  Francis  B.  Thurber,  one  of  the  organizers 
of  the  New  York  Board  of  Trade  and  Trans- 
portation, 65. 

Jnly  5. — ^Judge  Charles  Swayne,  of  the  United 


States  Court  for  the  Northern  District  of  Flor- 
ida, 65 Ex-United  States  Senator  J.  G.  Mc- 

Makcn,  of  Ohio,  61. 

July  6. — Rev.  Elijah  Ramsay  Donehoo,  prom- 
inent in  Chinese  mission  work,  68. 

July  8. — Dr.  Elseus  Sophus  Bugge,  the  Nor- 
wegian philologist,  y2 Sir  Spencer  Walpole, 

K.C.B..    the    English    writer,    68.  ...Dr.     Wil- 
liam   E.     LeGrange    Ralph,    an    authority    on 

American  birds Prof.  James  McGranahan,  a 

well-known  hymn-writer.  67. 


THE   LATE    ANGELO    HEIV-PRIN. 
(NaturaliRt,  paleontologirt,   traveler,   and  explorer.) 

July    10. — Rev.    William    Kirkus,    a    retired 

Protestant     Episcopal     clergyman,     yy Prof. 

Louis   E.   Ahlers,  of   Colorado   College,  42 

Sir  William  Henry  Broadbent,  physician  in  or- 
dinary to  the  King  and  Prince  of  Wales,  72. 

July  II. — The  thirteenth  Baron  Arundel  of 
Wardour,  y^. 

July  14. — Sir  William  Henry  Perkin,  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  first  aniline  color,  69.  ...Ex- 
State  Senator  Henry  J.  Coggeshall,  of  Oneida 
County,  N.  Y.,  62. 

July  15. — Ex-Congressman  John  H.  O'Neal, 
of  Indiana,  69. 

July  16. — Theohold  Chartran,  the  French 
painter,  58.  ...Eugene  Rene  Poubelle.  formerly 
French  ambassador  to  the  Vatican,  76. 

July  17. — Angelo  Heilprin,  the  geographer 
and  explorer,  54. ..  .Admiral  John  Pearse  Mac- 
lear,  of  the  British  navy,  retired,  69. 

July  18. — Hector  Henri  Malot,  the  French 
novelist,  yy. 

July  19. — Churchill  J.  White,  a  pioneer  bank- 
er of  Kansas  City,  82. 


CARTOONS  OF  THE  MONTH. 


"  HAVE    A    LOOK  I       HAVE    A    I.OOX  I  " 

From  the  Plain  Dealer  (Cleveland). 


THAT    IXTKRVIKW   AS    IT    WASN'T. 

ADMIRAL  YAMAMoro:  ••(;ood  morninp.   Mr.  PresI-         Admiral   Yama.moto:   "We  are  going  to  have  a 

dent.     We  are  going  to  have  a  war     -    "  ^'«T°^   ^">'    ^^^  ;J«-^- 

pRKsinrvT   Roosevelt:   "Oh,   yea,  yea!     I   think 
pKta^iDKNT  UnosKVKLT  :   **  Whttt's  that?"  ^vo    arr." 

From   the   Tribune    (Minneapolis). 


V 


THE    IN'TERNATIONAI.  PEST. 

The   Mikawj:   "There's   the  only   *  j'ellow   peril' 
that  yon  or  I  have  to  fear !  " 

From  the  Xeirs   (Baltimore). 


YOr'HE    SAFE     FROM     THAT    CAT,    LITTLE    BIRD! 

From  the  (ilohelteuiorrat   (St.   Louis i. 


WAft*.  1 

WARV 


NEWS    TO    THEM. 

The    (^hecker    Players:    "What's    all    the    row 
about? " 

From  the  Journal   (Minneapolis). 


••  MADE     IN     JAPAN." 

From   the   Prcsa    (Philadelphia). 


THE    JAP    AND   JONATHAN. 

I*UrE:  *•  Please  have  some  sense  of  decency  I     You 
«i|it  at   least   wait    till    the    Peace    Conference    Is 

From    Paafitino    (Turin). 


l^NPLF  Sam:   "I   didn't   nsk  anybody   to  look: 
From  the  Ohio  State  Journal   (Columbus). 


^  162 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REV/EiVS^ 


Kidin  the  Ohio  State  Journal   (Columbus). 


■  r.VTlKNrK.     Mill     MAN.    Till.     I     t.KF    TIIF.     BOX    OPEN.' 

From    the    Hrrald    (New    York). 


CARTOONS  OF  THE  MONIH. 


163 


THK    I'RFSIDKNTIAL    rAM>ll»ATES    A1(E    "  WAHMINO    IT.*' 

From   rho  Intvr Ormn    (Chlrago). 


.^-^^^^^^'^ 


L 


"  STixr.  !  " 
(Sti^iri<t«Hi  by  Colont'l  Watterson's  recent  uttera.ices 
00  the  subject   of  Presidential  candidate's.) 
From    the  Journal   (Detroit). 


DII,    YKS.    BUVA.N    IS    WILLING. 

Mother,  may  T  go  in  to  swim? 

Yes.   my  darling  daughter: 
Hang  your  clothes  on   a  hickory   limb, 

But  don't  go  near  the  water. 

From  the  Journal   (Minneapolis). 


.tA4 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiEiV  OF  REyiElVS. 


IS   THIS    WHERE   MR.   HABDIMAN    STANDS? 

From  the  IVorW  (Now  York). 


*'  WHOA  I  •• 

(Apropos   of  tbe   President's   order   reserving  the 
public  timlwr  and  coal  lands.) 

From  the  Record  Herald  (Chicago). 


THE  DELUGE. 

From  the  Post  (Cincinnati). 


CARTOONS  OF  THE  MONTH. 


165 


THK   «1>N?ifErTlt'rT    YANKKK    IN    KIXO    EDWAUP'S    rol'RT. 


KINO    FULL    ON    DEUCES. 

i\X  would  !»♦•  VIT.V  approprlnte  for  King  ICdward  to         (Apropos  of  Mark  Twalus  recent  enthusiastic  ro 
make  Mark  Twain  a   Knight  of  the  Hath.)  eeptlon  In  England.) 

From    the  Journal    (Minneapolis).  Prom  th«'  PUmtei'  Press  (St.  Paul). 


CONBTITITTIONAL    GOVERNMENT    IN    RUSSIA. 

From  the  World  (New  York). 


MR.  SAMUFI    I  .   CUWKNS  (MARK  l^'MHi  AT  SEVENTY-TWO. 


MARK  TWAIN,  DOCTOR  OF  LETTERS. 

BY    SAMUEL    E.    MOFFETT. 


^LONG  with  the  splcndiii  and  touching 
ivclcamc  j^jvcn  to  Mark  Twain  on  his 
ktist,  and  perhaps  his  Irtst,  \uyage  to  Eng- 
land, a  JCAV  captioviis  voices  urre  heard  sug- 
k^t^tirtg  that  it  was  perhaps  a  little  beneath 
the  dignity  ni  Oxford  to  bcstoiv  her  honors 
upon  a  mere  iun-niaker.  It  happened 
that  Mr,  Clemens  had  nut  needed  to 
uaJt  for  Oxford  to  make  him  a  doctor, — 
^  air  h»d  attended  to  that  six  years  earlier, 
and  her  example  had  been  ttd lowed  by  the 
Univrr^ity  ot  Missouri.  Hut  when  the  cita- 
del nf  ac^ile*mk  u>nst^rvarisim  in  England 
(opened  (t>  ^Mes,  the  worshipers  of  the  con- 
^enttuna!  m  literature  hail  to  sic  up  and  take 

An  UunoTATy  degree  usual  I  v  has  little  re- 
l^mn  with  the  special  attainments  of  the 
recipient.  It  mrans  merely  tliat  he  has  done 
^unnethin^  that  has  hnuii^ht  him  into  note. 
Me  may  h;ive  been  elected  t]^j\ernor  of  Mas- 
.jchuwtts,  or  have  brrjken  the  Arctic  records, 
i>r  have  invented  a  dfri^'ihlr  k«tloon.  But  a 
d<Kiorrate  of  letters  for  Mark  Twain  is  not 
rtierely  h«nnrary»  bur  in  the  strictest  sense 
'-.irned,  A  doctar*s  dei:ree  acquired  in  course 
implici  aiHrjtif  fr>ur  years'  wurk  in  a  prepara- 
tory school,  four  more  in  Li  allege,  and  two 
i»T  ihtec"  ye:ir*  cif  p<istj:raLluate  special  study, 
tt^Ti  m  eleven  years'  u(^rk  in  all.  Mark 
f  wain' has  been  en^ajzed  in  literary  special- 
ization for  over  forty  years,  uith  a  number 
N?  )Tar*  of  preliminary  work  before  that. 
Hk  prep;irjitnry  schoul  was  the  country 
rnntinii  office,  and  his  ciJlege  the  city 
Me\%*paprr,  from  which  he  was  graduated, 
>uptma  turn  iaudc,  forty  years  ap;o.  At  thir- 
fefn  he  was  breathing  the  scervt  of  printers' 
ink  Wiien  he  weiu  Kast.  at  seventeen, 
"  U%t  \n  a<hnire  "  the  w  orhl.  'Supporting  him- 
<lf  by  *'  subbing  ''  on  New  Vork  and  Phila- 
i^'-lphm  papers,  he  spent  his  spare  time  in 
rffe  pit b tic  libra ries*  Tlie  library  is  the  real 
univenity  of  literature.  Some  kinds  of 
inirnine  can  be  pumped  into  n  student  by  a 
*kfllM  in-itniccor,  bvit  uohrxlv  can  gain  a 
^11  md  an  appreciatii>n  of  literature 

bv'  listening  to  lectures,  by  cramming  for  ex- 
aminations,   or   \n   any  other  way   than   by 
cultivatins:  a  prolonged  and  loving  personal  . 
intiraaa*  with  books. 


In  Nevada  and  California,  when  Mark 
Twain  was  making  a  reputation  as  "  the 
wild  humorist  of  the  Pacific  Slope,"  this  in- 
timacy had  already  been  carried  to  consid- 
erable lengths.  **  The  Innocents  Abroad," 
with  whose  publication  his  collegiate  work 
may  be  said  to  have  ended  and  his  post- 
graduate work  to  have  begijn,  affords  a  fair 
measure  of  the  extent  of  his  literary  educa- 
tion at  that  time.  There  are  some  consid- 
erable gaps,  notably  on  the  side  of  art,  but 
there  are  allusions  throughout  which  make 
it  clear  that  "  the  wild  humorist  "  was  not 
the  unlettered  innocent  he  allowed  his  Fer- 
gusons to  think  him.  From  this  time  his 
cultural  progress  was  rapid.  He  explored 
English  literature,  not  only  \n  its  trodden 
highways,  but  in  its  half-blazed  trail.  His 
catholic  taste  ranged  from  the  medieval 
chroniclers  to  the  modern  novelists,  but  al- 
ways he  sought  to  reach  the  heart  of  each 
age  through  the  writers  who  were  nearest 
to  it.  He  loved  the  unconscious  revelations 
of  Pepys,  and  he  steeped  his  mind  in  Shake- 
speare, the  interpreter  of  every  time.  He 
wrestled  valorously  with  the  writhing  sinu- 
osities of  the  German  language,  and  if  he 
did  not  get  the  monster  completely  tamed 
he  had  it  pretty  fairly  cowed.  He  made 
the  acquaintance  of  French,  and  to  some  ex-  , 
tent  of  Italian,  and  those  fields  of  Conti- 
nental literature  which  he  could  not  enter  by 
way  of  the  original  tongues  he  inspected 
through  translations.  And  all  this  time  he 
was  steadily  producing  literature  of  his  own, 
-—literature  that  the  Brahminical  world  of 
the  universities  no  longer  pretends  to 
ignore. 

At  no  time,  not  even  when  the  exuberance 
of  youth  and  the  recklessness  of  mining-camp 
life  were  combining  to  give  him  the  reputa- 
tion of  an  untamed  wag,  was  Mark  Twain 
ever  a  mere  joker.  As  he  has  lately  said  in 
his  autobiography,  his  temperament  has  al- 
ways been  inwardly  serious.  As  a  boy,  with 
his  "  Tom  Sawyer  "  days  hardly  over,  this 
seriousness  cropped  out  in  his  family  letters, 
full  of  staid  reflections  and  carefully  thought- 
out  plans  of  work.  His  humor  seems  to 
have  been  something  apart  from  himself, — 
almost  like  the  emanation  of  a  second  per- 


168 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS, 


sonality.  It  bubbled  out  in  quaint,  irresisti- 
ble phrases,  without  will  on  his  part,  and 
without  efiFort.  It  made  it  impossible  for  him 
to  write  a  commonplace  letter.  But  all 
this  was  merely  the  froth  of  his  deeper 
thought.  The  humorist  who  has  nothing 
but  froth  dies  when  the  bubbles  burst,  and 
those  readers,  a  generation  ago,  who  could 
see  nothing  of  Mark  Twain*s  work  but  the 
foam,  thought  that  he  would  disappear,  like 
the  crowd  of  newspaper  jokers  of  the  day. 
The  fact  that  he  has  not  disappeared,  but 
has  filled  a  steadily  growing  place  in  litera- 
ture for  forty  years,  ought  to  make  it  plain 
that  "  humorist "  is  a  very  inadequate  label 
for  him.  No  humorist  has  ever  won  perma- 
nent fame  by  virtue  of  his  humor  alone. 
The  jokes  of  Aristophanes  were  excruciating- 
ly funny  in  their  day,  but  if  our  appreciation 
of  this  old  Attic  comedy  depended  on  its 
power  to  keep  us  laughing  now,  the  shelves 
whereon  it  reposes  would  be  even  dustier 
than  they  are.  Mark  Twain  holds  his  place 
because  he  has  thought,  deeply  and  seriously, 
about  mankind  and  its  needs.  This  thought 
has  been  colored,  of  course,  by  his  own  situ- 
ation and  experiences.  Once,  when  he  was 
young,  and  the  prizes  of  life  were  fresh  and 
sweet,  and  the  road  from  success  to  success 
stretched  invitingly  ahead,  and  the  Great 
Divide  seemed  a  long  way  off,  his  feelings 
were  optimistic.  He  looked  on  the  bright 
side  of  everything.  If  everything  was  not 
for  the  best  in  the  best  of  all  possible  worlds, 
things  were  at  least  doing  very  well,  and 
this  was  a  pretty  good  world.  Later,  when 
bereavements  came,  and  disappointments, 
and  the  rough  edges  of  life  intruded  where 
their  touch  seemed  a  profanation,  and  fame 
seemed  to  have  less  enchantment  in  the  pos- 
sessing than  had  glowed  about  it  in  the 
winning,  and  the  snow  fell  upon  the  hair 
of  friends,  and  life  offered  little  more  to 
look  forward  to,  his  thoughts  became  more 
somber.  But  the  character  of  his  philosophy 
has  never  changed.  From  the  first  to  the 
last  he  has  fought  the  good  fight.  Whether 
he  has  fought  in  the  buoyant  certainty  of 
victory  or  in  the  resigned  expectation  of  de- 
feat, he  has  always  been  on  the  same  side. 


He  has  always  tried  to  lighten  the  world's 
ills,  to  abolish  injustices,  and  to  help  the  vic- 
tims of  oppression,  whether  the  oppressor 
be  an  American  boss,  a  Russian  Czar  or  a 
Belgian  rubber-trading  King.  Nobody  ever 
needs  to  ask  where  he  stands.  It  is  enough 
to  know  that  a  wrong  has  been  committed 
to  know  that  he  is  against  it.  The  sufferer 
may   be  an  American  negro,   an    Indian,  a 


MR.    Prxril'S    TRIBUTR    TO    "  A    MA8TRR    OF    HIS    ART." 

"  Sir.  I  honor  myself  by  drinking  your  health. 
LonK  life  to  you — and  happiness — and  perpetual 
youth  I  •• 

From  Punch   (London),   June   26,   1907. 

Chinaman,  a  Filipino,  or  a  Congo  savage, — 
he  will  find  a  defertder  in  Mark  Twain. 
And  with  all  that  there  is  charity  for  the 
oppressor,  too,  unless  he  has  sinned  against 
the  light.  The  sympathy  with  the  slave  in 
"  Huckleberry  Finn  "  was  no  more  perfect 
than  the  sympathy  with  the  slave-holder  who 
suffered  from  the  same  system.  That  is  why 
the  world  is  learning  to  call  Mark  Twain 
something  more  than  "  humorist." 


CHARLES  S.   MELLEN:    RAILROAD  ORGANIZER. 


BY  GEORGE  W.   BATSON. 

(Of  The  Wall  Street  Journal,  New  York.) 


AN  incident  that  was  destined  to  have  a 
revolutionary  effect  on  the  transporta- 
tion lines  of  New  England  took  place  in  Con- 
cord, N.  H.,  one  summer's  day  in  1869. 
Charles  S.  Mellen,  a  youth  of  eighteen,  fresh 
from  high  school,  was  contemplating  whether 
it  would  be  Harvard  or  Dartmouth.  He 
happened  to  meet  a  friend  who  had  just  been 
appointed  cashier  of  the  Northern  New 
Hampshire  Railroad.  This  cashier  offered 
young  Mellen  a  job.  And,  as  luck  would 
have  it,  he  dem'ed  himself  the  Harvard  or 
Dartmouth  which  most  young  men  of  that 
day  envied,  and  accepted  a  clerkship  in  the 
new  cashier's  office  at  $25  a  month. 

TTiirty-eight  years  almost  to  a  day  are 
passed.  To-day  the  same  Mellen  is  arbiter 
of  the  transportation  destinies  of  New  Eng- 
land. His  appears  to  be  a  colossal  mission. 
It  is  not  merely  to  unify  and  harmonize  the 
transportation  lines  of  New  England  and  to 
develop  their  traffic-producing  ix)ssibilifles ; 
but,  having  already  raised  them  out  of  a 
position  of  subserviency,  to  establish  them  in 
a  position  of  equality  among  the  railroads 
of  the  country. 

IN   THE    NORTHERN    PACIFIC. 

James  J.  Hill,  the  greatest  railroad  builder 
who  has  ever  lived,  and  the  foremost  railway 
economist  of  the  age,  was  the  master-mind  of 
the  Great  Northern  Railway,  which  prac- 
tically parallels  the  Northern  Pacific  from 
St.  Paul  to  Puget  Sound.  A  dominant  in- 
terest in  the  Northern  Pacific  was  acquired 
in  the  middle  /go's  by  Mr.  Hill  and  J.  P. 
Morgan.  The  Hill-Morgan  people  sought 
to  make  the  Great  Northern  and  Northern 
Padfic  friends  instead  of  foes.  At  that  time 
Mr.  Morgan  was  the  foremost  figure  in  the 
finandal  world.  He  knew  and  thought 
Highly  of  C.  S.  Mellen.  It  was  not  un- 
natural, therefore,  that  Morgan  should  have 
selected  Mellen  for  the  presidency  of  the 
Northern  Pacific.  He  was  a  man  of  nearly 
thirty  years*  experience  in  the  railroad  field. 
He  knew  the  transcontinental  situation  well. 

AN  EYE  TO  BUSINESS. 

Now,  Mellen  had  his  own  conception  of 
what  the  duties  of  a  railroad  president  were. 


Regardless  of  the  Great  Northern,  he  pro- 
posed to  make  the  Northern  Pacific  jump 
from  the  start.  He  began  to  look  for  busi- 
ness and  he  found  it.  For  illustration: 
James  J.  Hill  was  the  close  friend  of  Marcus 
Daly,  the  Copper  King.  Daly  controlled  the 
great  Anaconda  mine  of  Butte.  The  Ana- 
conda smelter  was  over  in  Anaconda.  The 
enormous  business  controlled  by  the  great 
Daly  properties  went,  of  course,  to  their 
friend,  J.  J.  Hill,  and  his  Great  Northern 
road.  Mellen  decided  to  get  some  of  this 
business.  It  was  a  prize  worth  going  for. 
The  Union  Pacific  and  Northern  Pacific 
jointly  owned  the  Stewart  road  from  Butte 
to  Anaconda.  Mellen  bought  out  the  Union 
Pacific's  interest  in  the  Montana  Union  Rail- 
way, which  controlled  this  Stewart  branch. 
Nobody  knew  why.  Most  of  the  business 
between  Butte  and  Anaconda  was  con- 
trolled by  Marcus  Daly  and  went  to  his  own 
road,  the  Butte,  Anaconda  &  Pacific.  Daly 
hated  the  Northern  Pacific.  In  his  estima- 
tion nothing  was  too  bad  to  say  about  it. 
One  day  Mellen  went  to  Daly  and  offered 
to  lease  him  this  Stewart  line  between  Butte 
and  Anaconda.  He  pointed  out  that  the  ac- 
quisition of  this  would  give  Daly  complete 
control  of  transportation  between  Butte  and 
Anaconda.  Daly  was  much  surprised  at  the 
offer,  but  quickly  said  yes.  Nobody  saw 
where  Mellen  gained  anything;  but  the  fact 
was  that  Daly  wanted  that  road.  He  began 
to  think  pretty  well  of  Mellen.  Possibly  the 
Northern  Pacific,  after  all,  was  not  such  a 
bad  road.    Progress  was  being  made. 

THE  NORTHERN   PACIFIC  BEGINS  TO  JUMP. 

Daly  had  a  40,000-acre  place  and  race- 
track up  in  Hamilton,  Mont.  A  fine  hotel 
was  there,  the  Ravalli,  a  favorite  amuse- 
ment place  for  Montana  people.  The  train 
service  between  Hamiltorf  and  Butte  was 
poor.  One  day  Mellen  ordered  a  new  train 
service  between  these  points.  He  had  the 
cars  painted  green  and  on  the  side  of  each, 
in  great  copper-colored  letters,  the  words 
"  Copper  City  Limited."  They  were  Mar- 
cus Daly's  racing  colors.  The  old  man  was 
greatly  pleased.  Mellen  became  a  prince  of 
good  fellows.     It  was  not  long  before  the 


170 


THE  AMERICAN  REf^/ElV  OF  REf^/ElVS. 


enormous  business  of  the  Anaconda  became 
diverted  from  the  Great  Northern  to  the 
Northern  Pacific.  J.  j.  Hill  was  furious. 
He  had  not  reckoned  on  this.  Thenceforth 
it  became  a  battle  royal  between  Hill  and 
Mellen.  Mellen's  eternal  propensity  for 
fixing  up  his  connections  began  at  once.  He 
plunged  right  in  and  began  to  look  for  busi- 
ness on  every  side.  He  bought  roads  right 
and  left.  He  bought  the  Seattle  &  Inter- 
national, running  from  Seattle  to  British  Co- 
lumbia, and  the  Spokane  Falls  &  Northern, 
both  largely  in  Great  Northern  territory. 
Hill  called  it  an  unfriendly  act.  He  did  not 
figure  on  this  sort  of  thing.  Moreover,  the 
Northern  Pacific  began  to  grow  at  a  terrific 
rate. 

HE  LEAV^ES  THE  NORTHERN   PACIFIC. 

The  Hill  influence  in  the  Norfhern  Pa- 
cific, however,  was  increased.  The  Northern 
Securities  Company  was  formed  to  hold  the 
Burlington,  Northern  Pacific,  and  Great 
Northern.  Hill  was  made  president  of  the 
whole.  Mellen's  days  as  president  of  the 
Northern  Pacific  were  numbered.  In  fact, 
he  would  have  gone  to  the  New  Haven  in 
1900,  when  Charies  P.  Clark  resigned,  but 
C.  H.  Coster,  the  most  brilliant  lieutenant  J. 
P.  Morgan  ever  had,  and  one  of  the  ablest 
men  that  ever  appeared  in  Wall  Street,  said : 
"  No.  The  Northern  Paci^c  is  growing  too 
fast  under  the  Mellen  spur.  The  New- 
Haven  cannot  have  him." 

The  Northern  Pacific  situation,  however, 
finally  became  intolerable  to  Mellen.  He 
must  have  seen  that  he  had  no  future  there. 
Mr.  Hill  was  to  rule  the  Northwest.  Some 
men  who  had  Mr.  Hill's  ear  were  not  over- 
fond  of  Mellen.  He  resigned  the  presi- 
dency. Under  his  rule  the  Northern  Pacific 
expanded  as  few  roads  have  expanded  before 
or  since, — but  to  just  what  extent  these 
figures  will  give  an  idea : 

NORTirKltN   PACinO   EARNINGS. 

Percent. 
1903.  •1897.     Increase. 

Gross     $46,142,105  $17,929,000  ir»0 

Net    22,110,011  6.734,000  228 

•  Estimated. 

"l  MUST  GET  MELLEN  OR  HE  WILL  GET  ME.*' 

In  1892,  when  Mellen  was  general  man- 
ager of  the  New  England  Railroad,  he  per- 
formed his  duties  in  his  usual  aggressive  man- 
ner. Charles  P.  Clark,  president  of  the  New 
Haven,  began  to  get  scared.  He  liked  not 
such  activity  in  his  environment.  A  friend 
of  Mr.  Clark  tells  me  that  President  Clark 


said  to  him  one  day:  "It's  no  use.  If  I 
don't  get  Mellen  he  will. get  mc!  "  It  was 
not  long  before  Mellen  was  made  second 
vice-president  of  the  New  Haven  road.  The 
years  rolled  on.  Charles  P.  Clark  resigned. 
Immediately  after  Mellen's  resignation  froni 
the  Northern  Pacific  he.  was  mande  president 
of  the  New  Haven.  The  New  England  in 
which  he  was  born  and  in  which  he  received 
much  of  his  railroad  training  seemed  to  have 
an  irresistible  call  upon  his  services. 

When  Mellen  took  the  presidcnc>'  of  the 
New  Haven  road  in  the  fall  of  1903  he 
tackled  the  hardest  proposition  in  his  career. 
At  that  time  it  was  in  a  state  of  quasi- 
demoralization.  Its  operating  account  had 
reached  enormous  figures.  Few  men  knew 
how  weak  its  position  really  was.  There 
was  great  discontent  among  its  employees. 
It  was  known  as  the  most  hated  transporta- 
tion monopoly  in  the  United  States.  Fur- 
thermore, one  by  one  the  railroads  of  New 
England  had  fast  been  slipping  from  New 
England's  hands.  The  Boston  &  Albany 
had  gone  to  the  New  York  Central  and  the 
Vanderbilts  had  acquired  a  strong  voice  in 
the  Boston  &  Maine.  The  shadow  of  the 
mighty  Pennsylvania,  under  the  able  adminis 
tration  of  Alexander  J.  Cassatt,  was  fast  en- 
veloping the  New  Haven.  Mr.  Cassatt  wa^ 
elected  to  the  New  Haven  directorate.  His 
road  had  acquired  20,0CX)  shares  of  New 
Haven  stock.  People  said  that  the  days  of 
the  New  Haven  as  an  independent  road  were 
numbered. 

CHANGING    A    RAILROAD    MAP. 

But  a  man  of  dogged  determination  and 
great  e.xperience  in  the  railroad  field  had 
taken  command.  He  threw  off  his  coat  and 
went  to  work.  Less  than  four  years  have 
passed.  In  that  short  time  the  shadow  of  the 
might>'  Pennsylvania  has  faded  int©  the  dis- 
tance. The  Vanderbilts  have  relinquished 
their  grasp  on  the  Boston  &  Maine.  The 
Boston  &  Albany  bids  fair  again  to  become  a 
New  England  road.  One  by  one  the  out- 
siders have  been  pushed  back.  In  this  brief 
period  the  change  in  the  railroad  map  of 
New  England  has  been  complete! 

The  decadent  New  Haven'  of  four  years 
ago,  which  operated  but  2000  miles  of  rail 
lines  and  earned  about  $50,000,000  gross 
and  a  surplus  of  $4,600,000  a  year,  t^ay 
absolutely  dominates  6600  miles  of  rail  lines 
in  New  England  and  its  vicinity,  and  hun- 
dreds of  miles  of  water  routes  b«ides.  It  Is 
earning  something  like  $150,000,000  gross 


PRESIDENT    CHARLES  S.    MELLEN,    OF  THE  NEW   HAVE^ 


Ihe  New  Vork  &  New  England  Railroad,   but    wa^;    ^oon    made   sc 
Kew   York.   New   Haven  St   Hartford.     He    re^fincd    that   posiriori 
mt  of  iHe  Northern  PacifiCp  but  in  igoj  returned  to  ihr   Mew  HaviMi 


?mcifk  4T»ttf«  a^  Rt^neral   purchasing  agent,   the   ne?vt   year  becoming   gi-nc 
itWh  iJmition  bc^jjelcl  Jor^  four^years.^  U*".,^^^"  retiirnt^d  to  New    Englai 


172 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^/EIV  OF  REyiElVS. 


per  annum.  Its  net  income  approximates 
$35»ooo,ooo  a  year.  Figures  have  been 
trebled. 

The  New  Haven's  sphere  of  influence  has 
been  stretched  from  New  York  to  Eastport, 
Maine,  and  Vanceboro  on  the  American- 
Canadian  line.  It  has  been  extended  from 
Boston  up  into  Quebec  and  over  to  Oswego 
on  the  Great  Lakes  and  into  the  coal  fields  of 
Pennsylvania.  Its  marine  lines  now  traverse 
the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard  from 
Maine  to  Florida.  In  a  word,  the  transpor- 
tation lines  of  New  England,  under  Mellen 
rule,  have  been  raised  from  a  position  of 
subserviency,  that  was  fast  becoming  more 
subservient  four  years  ago,  to  apposition  of 
power  and  equality  amongst  the  railroad 
systems  of  the  United  States. 

The  methods  by  which  the  transformation 
has  been  made  are  simple.  Hard  work  has 
been  the  biggest  factor.  Mellen  has  made  no 
spectacular  plays  in  the  financial  markets  of 
the  world.  He  has  not  made  three  bonds 
grow  where  one  grew  before.  In  fact,  his 
policy  is  to  make  $ioo  oi  stock  grow  where 
$200  of  bonds  grew  before. 

MeUeh  at  one  time  was  auditor  of  the 
Boston  &  Lowell  Railroad.  Unexpectedly 
one  day  he  was  appointed  superintendent. 
The  two  positions  are  no  more  alike  than 
cherries  and  cheese.  Mellen  had  never  been 
in  the  operating  department  of  a  railroad. 
But  what  did  he  do?  A  fellow  worker  of 
that  day  tells  me  that  Mellen  took  the  mar- 
ket-man's train  every  morning  at  4  o'clock 
for  his  Boston  office.  He  would  go  out  into 
the  yard  and  talk  with  the  switchman  for  an 
hour.  He  would  ride  in  the  baggage  cars 
to  get  the  views  of  the  trainmen.  He  would 
return  home  on  the  1 1  o'clock  train  at  night. 
Month  after  month  he  tl^jus  put  in  from 
eighteen  to  twenty  hours  out  of  twenty-four. 
He  worked  as  few  men  have  worked.  It 
was  not  long  before  he  knew  something 
about  running  a  railroad. 

FACING  THE  ANTHRACITE  COMBINATION. 

Mellen's  daring  knows  no  limits.  Per- 
haps his  purchase  of  New  York,  Ontario  & 
Western  was  the  most  daring  coup  he  has 
ever  made.  The  true  story  of  this  coup  has 
never  been  told.  It  illustrates  how  in  one 
department  a  position  of  great  weakness  in 
the  New  Haven  has  been  turned  to  one  of 
great  strength. 

The  anthracite  coal  roads  charged  a  cer- 
tain price  for  coal  delivered  at  the  various 
New  England   gateways:    Campbell     Hall, 


Newburgh,  Albany,  and  other  points.  The 
price  of  coal  at  all  points  was  the  same,  ex- 
cept at  Campbell  Hall,  where  it  was  20  cents 
less.  The  Campbell  Hall  route  into  Nen 
England  is  via  the  Central  of  New  England 
Railroad  and  the  Poughkeepsie  Bridge, 
whose  condition  was  such  that  it  was  likely 
to  break  down  if  more  .than  two  or  three  cars 
went  over  it  at  one  time.  Mellen  bought  the 
Central  of  New  England,  which  controlled 
this  route,  and  strengthened  the  Poughkeep- 
sie Bridge.  Quietly  and  without  display,  coal 
cars  began  to  head  for  Campbell  Hall.  The 
coal  business  via  this  route  soon  reached  very 
large  proportions.  The  coal  business  via 
other  points  began  to  show  a  falling  off. 
George  F.  Baer  and  others  of  the  coal  leaders 
awoke  one  morning  with  a  terrible  roar. 
"  No  wonder,"  said-  they,  "  coal  is  going 
through  Campbell  Hall.  It  is  26  cents  less 
via  that  route."  It  was  only  a  matter  of  a 
few  hours  before  the  price  of  coal  via  that 
route  was  jacked  up  20  cents  a  ton.  It  looked 
as  though  Mellen  was  shut  off.  Certainly  he 
felt  the  weakness  of  his  position  in  the  face 
of  the  powerful  anthracite  combination. 

He  thought  of  the  Ontario  &  Western, 
which  tapped  the  Scranton  coal  fields.  He 
learned  that  Jacob  H.  Schiff,  the  able  head 
of  Kuhn,  I^eb  &  Co.,  the  greatest  banking 
house  in  the  world,  had  control  of  the  On- 
tario locked  up  in  his  safe.  Without  con- 
sulting anybody,  Mellen  secured  an  option 
on  this  control.  He  went  into  conference 
with  the  anthracite  leaders.  '*  Gentlemen,  * 
said  he,  "  give  the  New  England  roads  a 
contract  assuring  them  in  the  future  the 
same  proportion  of  through  rates  that  they 
are  receiving  now  and  there  will  be  no 
trouble.  That  is  all  we  want.  Our  prosper- 
ity is  in  jeopardy  so  long  as  you  can  arbi- 
trarily change  the  division  of  through  rates." 

But  Mellen  was  president  of  a  Podunk 
road.  What  right  had  he  to  ask  this  of  the 
great  anthracite  combination?  Surrender 
such  a  club  over  the  New  FIngland  roads i:' 
They  chuckled  and  said,  "Never!"  Wall 
Street  heard  the  next  morning  that  the  New 
Haven  had  bought  control  of  New  York^ 
Ontario  &  Western.  Mellen  had  exercised 
his  option.  George  F.  Baer  and  his  great 
Reading  raved ;  the  Lehigh  Valley,  Dela- 
ware &  Hudson  and  the  New  York  Central 
raved ;  the  whole  anthracite  combination 
raved.  And  their  great  financial  affiliations 
in  Wall  Street  raved.  But  all  to  no  avail. 
I  doubt  if  more  than  one  or  two  of  Mel- 
len's directors  knew  of  this  affair  until  It 


CHARLES  S.  MELLEN:  RAILROAD  ORGANIZER. 


173 


was  ail  over.  In  a  day  the  New  Haven  was 
made  chooser  in  this  situation  instead  of 
beggar.  The  relation  between  the  Ontario 
and  the  Eastern  trunk  lines  to-day  is  like 
that  of  a  knife  poised  over  a  hog*s  ham, — 
push  it  and  he  squeals. 

KINDS    OF    RAILROAD    PRESIDENTS. 

There  are  three  kinds  of  railroad  presi- 
dents, viz. :  ( 1 )  Those  who  move  and  act, 
(2)  those  who  sit  and  think,  and  (3)  those 
who  just  sit.  Happy  it  is  for  New  England 
and  the  independence  of  her  transportation 
lines  that  the  man  who  now  holds  her 
traflSc  destinies  within  his  grasp  cannot  be 
classified  under  either  of  the  latter  two  di- 
visions. 

Had  Mellen  remained  quiescent  while  the 
aggressive  Charles  W.  Morse  was  at  work,  a 
sorry  plight  the  New  Haven  would  be  in  to- 
day. Morse's  ambition  appears  to  have  been 
to  dominate  the  coastwise  traffic  of  the  At- 
lantic seaboard.  New  England  is  dependent 
to  a  high  degree  upon  her  water  transporta- 
tion. Had  Morse  accomplished  his  ambi- 
tion he  would  probably  have  cleaved  the 
Achilles  heel  of  the  New  Haven  transporta- 
tion system.  But  Mellen  checkmated  Morse 
at  every  point.  Bilious  critics  criticised,  but 
they  did  not  know.  Mellen  would  not  per- 
mit Morse  to  put  an  iron  fence  around  his 
Sound  boats.  Neither  would  he  permit  him 
to  establish  a  monopoly  of  the  coastwise 
traffic  between  Boston  and  New  York.  He 
has  beaten  Morse  to  a  standstill.  But  in 
doing  this  he  has  been  obliged  to  create  a 
powerful  commercial  navy. 

BUYING   TROLLEY   LINES. 

Mellen  early  saw  that  the  New  Haven 
would  have  to  interest  itself  in  electric 
roads.  He  well  knew  that  no  other  railroad 
had  traffic  conditions  anything  like  those  of 
the  New  Haven.  About  half  its  earnings 
arc  derived  from  the  transportation  of  pas- 
sengers. It  hauls  more  passengers  per  mile 
of  road  than  any  railroad  of  importance  in 
the  United  States.  Mellen  is  an  astute 
traffic  manager.  His  idea  was  that  electricity 
roust  supplant  steam  as  motive  power  for 
railroads  and  that  the  so-called  street  rail- 
ways would  become  supplementary  to  the 
trunk  line  railroads.  It  is  an  evidence  of 
Mcllen*s  foresight  that  it  is  daily  becoming 
more  evident  that  electricity  will  supplant 
steam  as  railroad  motive  power.  Various 
roads  are  spending  and  have  spent  millions 
for   this    purpose    already,    and     foremost 


amongst  these  is  Mellen's  New  Haven.  Un- 
der this  trolley  policy  upward  of  1400  miles 
of  trolley  road  focated  in  Connecticut,  Rhode 
Island,  and  Massachusetts  liave  been  pur- 
chased by  the  New  Haven  road. 

These  purchases  have  cost  many  millions 
of  dollars,  but  there  has  been  no  attempt  to 
juggle  securities.  In  fact,  wherever  possible 
the  wind  and  water  have  been  squeezed  out. 
The  New  Haven  is  asking  of  these  properties 
merely  enough  income  return  to  pay  their 
cost  price.  All  their  surplus  earnings,  which 
are  rapidly  reaching  large  proportions  and 
which  would  make  an  important  item  if 
distributed  among  the  stockholders  of  the 
New  Haven  road,  are  being  diverted  back 
into  these  trolley  properties  for  permanent 
improvements  and  betterments.  This  policy 
will  not  only  give  these  securities  an  infin- 
itely higher  value,  but  will  give  the  people 
in  the  territory  served  a  vastly  improved 
service.  As  a  result  of  this  policy  I  am  told 
by  competent  judges  that  the  trolley  invest- 
ments of  the  New  Haven  road  have  been  so 
greatly  improved,  not  only  by  the  expendi- 
ture of  surplus  earnings,  but  by  the  inaugura- 
tion of  economic  methods  of  management, 
that  they  could  be  sold  to-day  for  two  and 
one-half  times  their  cost  to  the  New  Haven 
road. 

WHEN     FEAR    RULED. 

Sixty  years  ago,  when  the  New  Haven 
was  extended  to  Williamsbridge,  New  York, 
*'  fear  "  rather  than  '*  confidence  "  was  the 
by-word  of  its  management.  Therefore, 
when  the  New  Haven  might  have  obtained 
on  reasonable  terms  terminal  grounds  in 
Manhattan  Island  to  any  extent  required 
for  years  to  come,  it  elected  instead  to  make 
a  deal  with  the  Vanderbilts*  New  York  & 
Harlem  road  under  which  it  could  get  to 
New  York  City  over  the  Harlem  tracks  at  a 
cost  of  so  much  per  passenger  mile.  Thus 
for  over  half  a  century  the  New  Haven  road 
has  been  obliged  to  follow  the  vicissitudes  of 
the  Vanderbilt  roads  as  regards  New  York 
City  terminals. 

Owing  to  the  expansion  of  the  New 
Haven's  sphere  of  influence  and  the  general 
development  of  business  the  New  Haven's 
passenger  traffic  has  outgrown  the  Grand 
Central  facilities.  With  the  gradual  unifi- 
cation of  the  transportation  lines  of  New 
England  it  will  become  imperative  for  the 
New  Haven  to  find  its  own  terminals  in 
New  York.  The  management  has  not  been 
asleep  to  this  oncoming  necessity.     I  am  told 


174 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REI^/EiVS. 


that  they  have  secured  something  like  one 
and  one-half  miles  of  continuous  water  front 
along  the  Harlem  River  and  that  it  is  not 
unlikely  that  the  future  terminals  of  the  New 
Haven  system  will  be  located  here.  Already 
the  New  Haven  has  made  plans  to  strengthen 
its  traffic  facilities  along  the  Harlem  River. 
It  is  just  finishing  up  twelve  miles  of  six- 
track  road.  It  will  be  one  of  the  finest  pieces 
of  terminal  road  in  the  world.  Two  tracks 
w  ill  be  exclusively  for  freight,  two  exclusive- 
ly for  local  passenger  business  and  two  ex- 
clusively for  passenger  express  business! 

The  New  Haven  is  rapidly  working  to- 
ward a  complete  electrification  of  its  main 
line  between  New  York  and  Boston.  Al- 
ready about  $4,ocx>,ooo  has  been  expended 
on  the  electrification  of  the  four-track  road 
between  New  York  and  Stamford,  Conn., 
and  it  is  expected  that  steam  motive  power 
between  these  points  will  be  completely  elim- 
inated. It  is  inevitable  that  this  electrifica- 
tion will  be  continued  over  the  four-track 
line  between  New  York  and  New*  Haven. 
The  next  step  in  the  electrification  of  the 
New  Haven  will  probably  be  taken  at  the 
Boston  end,  between  Providence  and  Boston. 

M Ellen's  problems. 

Mellen  has  been  working  toward  one  goal, 
— the  unification  of  the  railroads  of  New 
^  England.  He  has  never  had  time  until  re- 
cently to  give  to  the  matter  of  the  acquisi- 
tion of  the  Boston  &  Maine.  He  must  have 
known  that  the  control  of  this  road  would 
eventually  pass  to  some  other  interest;  and 
he  therefore  kept  a  weather  eye  on  it.  Last 
February  he  learned  that  the  hour  of  the 
passing  of  the  B.  &  M.  was  at  hand.  He 
knew  it  would  be  a  staggering  blow  for  the 
New  Haven  and  his  plans  if  somebody  else 
got  it.  He  acted  quickly  and  secured  an  op- 
tion on  the  shares  of  the  leading  stockholders 
of  the  B.  &  iVI.  To-day  the  New  Haven 
directly  owns  nearly  40  per  cent,  and  can 
influence  the  voting  of  66  per  cent,  of  the 
stock  of  the  Boston  &  Maine  Road.  The 
complete  merger  of  these  lines  will  probably 
be  consummated  within  a  year  or  two.  It  is 
one  of  those  acquisitions  of  a  connecting  line 
which  President  Roosevelt  in  his  speech  in 
Indianapolis  on  May  30  called  desirable. 
The  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  in  the 
Harriman  report  the  other  day  said :  "  It  is 
in  the  interest  of  the  public  to  facilitate  the 
consolidation  of  connecting  lines." 

I  have  outlined  the  methods  by  which  the 
new  New  Haven  svstem  has  been  created. 


Mellen  delights  in  seeing  his  transportation 
lines  in  first-class  shape.  The  New  Haven 
proper  has  been  practically  rebuilt  in  the 
past  four  years.  He  has  spent  $i6o,ocx),ooo 
in  this  time  for  improvements,  betterments, 
additions,  and  acquisitions.  Mellen  has  con- 
siderable rounding  out  to  do  on  his  system. 
It  is  not  unlikely  that  the  Bangor  &  Aroosr 
took  and  the  Boston  &  Albany  will  pass  to 
his  control.  I  should  not  be  surprised  if  he 
were  to  step  across  the  Hudson  and  acquire 
the  Delaware  &  Hudson,  one  of  the  finest 
of  the  anthracite  roads.  That  he  can  have  it 
if  he  wants  it  there  can  be  little  question. 
But  these  matters  will  depend  on  the  finan- 
cial and  economic  conditions  prevailing  dur- 
ing  the   next  year  or   two. 

The  real  live  problems  before  Mellen  arc: 

( 1 )  To  merge  into  one  organization  the 
rail  lines  under  the  New  Haven's  control, 
just  as  the  New  Haven  and  New  England 
and  Old  Colony  and  others  have  already  been 
merged. 

(2)  Further  to  develop  and  supplement 
his  trolley  lines  and  to  bring  them  under  one 
smooth-running  organization. 

(3)  To  modernize  the  railroads  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  and  part  of 
Massachusetts ;  to  develop  the  traffic  possibil- 
ities of  this  territory  as  the  territory  of  the 
New  Haven  has  been  developed;  to  reduce 
passenger  and  freight  rates  in  this  territory 
as  the  passenger  and  freight  rates  of  the  New 
Haven  have  been  reduced ;  and  to  give  to  all 
New  England,  as  far  as  possible,  a  railroad 
service  such  as  part  of  it  now  enjoys. 

(4)  To  strengthen  that  it  may  endure 
after  he  has  gone  that  position  of  equality 
and  independence  for  the  railroads  of  New 
England  which  has  been  created  by  his  labor. 

THEODORE   ROOSEVELT'S   FRIEND. 

These  are  problems  which  Mr.  Mellen 
can  solve.  He  is  performing  a  great  public 
service  which  is  needed.  That  is  why  he 
must  win.  Moreover  he  does  not  work  in 
the  dark.  He  indeed  knows  the  meaning  of 
corporate  publicity.  President  Roosevelt  in 
his  message  to  Congress  in  December,  1904, 
quoted  several  hundred  words  from  a  speech 
of  Mellen  then  recently  made  to  his  em- 
ployees. "  Words  of  sound  common  sense," 
said  President  Roosevelt.  A  few  of  the 
words  so  quoted  were : 

To  my  mind,  the  day  has  gone  by  when  a  cor- 
poration can  be  handled  successfully  in  defiance 
of  the  public  will,  even  though  that  will  be  un- 
reasonable and   wrong.     A   public  may  be  led, 


CHARLES  S.  MELLEN.  RAILROAD  ORGANIZER. 


175 


176 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


but  not  driven,  and  I  prefer  to  go  with  it  and 
shape  or  modify,  in  a  measure,  its  opinion, 
rather  than  be  swept  from  my  bearings  with  loss 
to  myself  and  the  interests  in  my  charge. 

Violent  prejudice  exists  toward  corporate  ac- 
tivity and  capital  to-day,  much  of  it  founded  in 
reason,  more  in  apprehension,  and  a  large  meas- 
ure is  due  to  the  personal  traits  of  arbitrary,  un- 
reasonable, incompetent,  and  offensive  men  in 
positions  of  authority. 

If  corporations  are  to  continue  to  do  the 
world's  work,  as  they  are  best  fitted  to,  those 
qualities  in  their  representatives  that  have  re- 
sulted in  the  present  prejudice  against  them 
must  be  relegated  to  the  background.  They 
must  come  out  into  the  open  and  see  and  be 
seen.  They  mu.st  take  the  public  into  their  con- 
fidence and  ask  for  what  they  want,  and  no 
more,  and  be  prepared  to  explain  satisfactorily 
what  advantage  will  accrue  to  the  public  if  they 
are  given  their  desires,  for  they  are  permitted  to 
exist  not  that  they  may  make  money  solely,  but 
that  they  may  effectively  serve  those  from  whom 
they  derive  their  powers. 

Publicity,  and  not  secrecy,  will  win  hereafter, 
and  laws  be  construed  by  their  intent  and  not 
by  their  letters,  otherwise  public  utilities  will  be 
owned  and  operated  by  the  public  which  created 
them. 

Prophetic  words  these!  And  yet  when 
they  were  uttered  great  financiers  jeered 
them.  To-day  none  is  too  great  to  do  them 
reverence ! 

M ELLEN  THE  MAN. 

There  is  the  Mcllen  of  business  and  the 
Mellen  of  friendship  and  home.  If  you 
would  meet  the  Mellen  of  business,  go  to 
him  in  his  office.  If  a  stranger,  you  will 
think  perhaps  that  you  have  found  the  North 
Pole;  the  man  himself  will  appear  so  digni- 
fied and  cold.  Yet  this  coldness  is  analogous 
to  the  gruflfness  of  E.  H.  Harriman  and  the 
positive  fierceness  which  is  likely  to  meet  the 
stranger  ushered  into  the  presence  of  J.  P. 
Morgan.  Like  the  gruffness  and  fierceness 
of  these  men,  the  coldness  of  Mcllen  is  noth- 
ing but  a  thin  veneer  clinging  around  a 
wealth  of  sentiment  that  can  be  found  only 
in  great  men. 

But  the  Mellon  of  home  and  friendship, — 
you  will  find  him  an  entirely  different  char- 
acter. I  am  told  that  if  you  will  go  to  Stock- 
bridge,  his  summer  home,  you  will  stand  a 
fair  chance  of  finding  him  romping  around 
the  lawn  in  his  shirt  sleeves  or  kicking  a  foot- 
ball for  the  amusement  of  some  of  his  five 
children.  He  is  not  a  "  society  man  "  in  the 
loose  sense  of  that  term,  and  as  to  his  private 
character  It  has  always  been  above  reproach. 


President  Mellen  of  the  New  Haven  road 
is  not  a  man  of  wealth,  but  he  is  as  surely 
the  ruler  of  his  railway  empire  as  is  the  rail- 
road magnate  who  rules  by  the  proxies  of 
himself  and  his  little  coterie  of  wealthy 
friends.  And  yet  there  is  no  doubt  that  by 
following  certain  codes  of  railway  ethics  he 
might  have  owned  a  railroad. 

The  New  Haven  and  the  Boston  &  Maine 
together  have  about  22,000  shareholders. 
The  New  Haven  itself  has  nearly  15,000 
shareholders  and  about  900,000  shares,  or  an 
average  of  sixty  shares  to  each  holder.  There 
is  no  concentrated  stock  ownership  in  this 
property  and  it  is  ruled  by  no  one  or  two  or 
three  financial  groups.  Yet  with  the  regu- 
larity of  clockwork  the  proxies  go  to  the 
president's  office  with  supreme  confidence 
just  as  fast  as  voting  time  .comes  around. 

The  //W/  Sireet  Journal  recently  said  of 
Mellen: 

His  enemies  say  that  he  is  a  much  over-rated 
man.  His  closest  friends  say  that  he  is  the 
foremost  railroad  man  of  his  time.  Rut  a  man 
cannot  be  judged  by  his  enemies  or  his  friend^ 
The  disinterested  public  will  concede  that  he  i^ 
a  man  of  tremendous  force  and  ability  and 
ranks  among  the  greatest  railroad  captains  of 
the  lime. 

The  shining  characteristics  of  this  man 
who  has  achieved  so  much  and  achieved  it  so 
well  are:  Energy,  aggressiveness,  confidence 
and  determination.  It  is  a  peculiar  combi- 
nation. It  was  inevitable  that  this  combina- 
tion should  forni  the  club  of  a  conqueror.  He 
has  the  determination  which  becomes  more 
determined  when  it  is  crossed  and  the  energv 
that  is  stimulated  by  ceaseless  labor.  He  has 
the  aggressiveness  which  works  best  under 
opposition  and  the  confidence  which  has 
never  known  defeat. 

Like  that  little  coterie  of  men  who  early 
lighted  the  paths  along  which  the  develop- 
ment of  our  American  transportation  lines 
has  proceeded, — James  J.  Hill,  CoUis  P. 
Huntingdon,  Commodore  Cornelius  V^andcr- 
bilt,  and  Lord  Strathcona, — the  president  of 
the  New  Haven  has  that  personalit>'  \^hich 
rules. 

Mr.  Mellen  is,  comparatively  speaking,  still 
a  young  man,  being  but  fifty-six  years  of  age. 
In  the  normal  course  of  events  he  should  be 
good  for  at  least  another  decade  of  activity. 
It  is  that  very  decade  in  the  lives  of  great 
railroad  captains  in  which  they  have  accom- 
plished most. 


A   FREIGHT  TRAIN   PULLING  UP  THE  VALLEY  OF  THE  RIO    MENDOZA,  ARGENTINA. 

RAILROADS  AND  RAILROAD  BUILDING  IN 
SOUTH    AMERICA. 

BY   LEWIS   R.   FREEMAN. 


y^LTHOUGH  to  the  North-American 
exponents  of  that  project  there  has 
seemed  a  discouraging  lack  of  interest  in  the 
Pan-American  Railway  scheme  on  the  part  of 
South-American  railroad  men,  there  has  real- 
ly been  no  cessation  of  the  activity  of  the  lat- 
ter in  pushing  development  in  their  more 
immediate  spheres. 

"  Let  us  build  the  lines  the  country  needs," 
they  say;  "  and  don't  ask  us  to  go  out  of  our 
way   to  further   a  scheme   which,   however 
practicable    from    an    engineering    point    of 
view,  would   not   pay  us  dividends   in   this 
century,  and,  possibly,  not  in  the  next.     We 
concede    that    we    might    benefit  'indirectly 
through  the  increased  stability  of  government 
that  would  follow  the  building  of  an  inter- 
continental line,  but  that  benefit  is  too  remote 
to  interest  us  at  a  time  when  we  have  ample 
opportunity  for  expending  all  our  available 
funds  in  the  construction  of  lines  that  will 
yicld'rctums  from  the  day  they  are  opened." 
So  it  happens  that,  while  there  has  never 
been  so  much  activity  in  railway  construction 
in  South  America  as  at  the  present  moment, 
almost  without  exception  the'  new  lines  are 
following  the  parallels  rSlther  than  the  merid- 
ians, running  east  and  \vc^  rather  than  north 
and  south.     Thus,  ih'  central  and  southern 
Chile  three  lines  are  already  being  built,  and 
another  is  projected,  to  cut  the  Cordillera  of 
the  Andes, — as  yet  uncrossed  by  rails, — and 
connect  with  an  equal  number  of  lines  from 
Buenos  Ayres   and    Bahia  Blanca   that  are 
Wng  rapidly  extended  westward  across  the 
ptat  Argentine  pampa. 


In  northern  Chile  and  southern  Peru  two 
roads  already  completed  into  Bolivia,  as  well 
as  one  under  construction,  will  become  part 
of  a  transcontinental  system  when  the  Argen- 
tine Government  line  to  Jujuy,  now  rapidly 
nearing  the  Bolivian  town  of  Tupiza,  is  con- 
nected, 125  miles  farther  on,  with  the  Chil- 
ean line  from  Antofogasta  to  La  Paz. 

In  central  Peru  the  wonderful  American- 
built  Oroya  railroad,  running  from  Callao 
and  Lima  across  the  first  range  of  the  Andes 
to  tlie  rich  valley  from  which  it  takes  its 
name,  is  being  pushed  on  through  the  second 
range  to  the  upper  waters  of  the  Rio  Ucayli, 
the  deep  southern  branch  of  the  Amazon, 
while,  in  northern  Peru,  the  road  from  the 
port  of  Pacasmavo  through  the  mountains  to 
Cajamarca  is  in  process  of  extension  to  the 
Rio  Maranon,  the  principal  western  tribu- 
tary of  the  great  Brazilian  river. 

In  Ecuador,  the  road  from  the  river  port 
of  Guayaquil  to  Quito,  the  capital,  is  nearing 
completion,  and  surveys  have  already  been 
made  in  view  of  its  projected  extension  to  the 
navigable  waters  of  the  Japura,  still  another 
tributary  of  the  Amazon.  From  the  north 
Ecuadorian  port  of  Manta  a  road  is  also  pro- 
jected to  open  up  an  extremely  rich  rubber, 
coffee,  and  cacao  district  in  the  near  interior. 

Colombia,  most  backward  of  all  the  South- 
American  countries  in  the  matter  of  railroads, 
is  estimating  on  a  plan  by  which  the  short 
line  running  back  from  her  western  port  of 
Buenaventura  may  be  carried  on  through  the 
mountains  to  Bogota,  the  consummation  of 
which  would  make  it  possible  to  reach  that 


178 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


THE   KAILROAU   STATION    AT   PARAMARIBO.   DUTCH   GUIANA. 


coast  for  some  distince 
in  either  direction  from 
Georgetown,  sees  noth- 
ing ahead  to  warrant 
a  further  outlay  of 
capital.  In  Dutch 
Guiana,  a  short  freight 
line  building  back 
from  Surinam  is  prac- 
tically at  a  standstill 
for  lack  of  funds,  and 
in  French  Guiana  the 
scattered  mining  camps 
of  the  interior  arc  am- 
ply served  by  the  river 
boats. 

Very  little,  indeed 
scarcely  any,  railway 
work  is  being  done  in 
the  tropical  part  of 
Brazil,  north  of  die 
Amazon.  At  Manaos, 
capital  in  a  day  or  two  by  rail,  instead  of  the  a  thousand  miles  up  that  river  from  its 
fortnight,  more  or  less,  at  present  necessary  mouth,  an  American  contractor,  who  v/as 
by  the  Magdalena  River  route.  The  con-  prominent  in  building  Sir  William  Van 
struction  of  such  a  line,  while  sure  to  be  Horne*s  Cuban  railroad,  has  just  landed  the 
enormously  expensive,  is  believed  to  be  per-  first  of  his  construction  gangs  to  conmiencc 
fcctly  practicable.  work  on  a  short  line  to  serve  this  most  im- 

The  northeastern  coast  of  the  continent,  portant  of  the  world's  rubber  districts.  Some 
partly  for  political  and  partly  for  commercial  work  is  also  being  done  on  branches  and  ev 
reasons,  shows  no  sign  of  the  activity  in  rail-  tensions  to  the  antiquated  roads  out  of  Per- 
\\i\y  building  so  noticeable  on  the  western  nambuco  and  Bahia,  and  on  the  principal 
coast.  In  Venezuela,  the  balance-sheets  of  line  of  the  country  from  Rio  de  Janeiro  to 
the  Knglish  line  from  La  Guayra  to  Caracas  Sao  Paulo.     Both  of  these  latter  cities,  how- 

shciws  a  lesser  volume 

of  business  for  the  year 
i<K>(i  than  was  the 
a\  cragr  during  the 
\Si>*s  of  the  past  ccn- 
tur>,  when  the  line 
was  in  sharp  aimpeti- 
tion  with  the  old  pack- 
tiains,  while  the  Cier- 
n.an  line,  nuining  west- 
watd  fn^u  Caracas  to 
Wilonvia.  has  had  its 
l\u\iiN  too  t\iU  kccpinj: 
w  l\at  toad  it  has  in  rr- 
p.rt  ttoni  washouts  atul 
l.\njN!hirN,    to   aM\sivicr 

t^O      quest  io!^      of      !\CW' 

Ivif.vh  iiulana  is 
\:u\r.nc  tSo  liullnrvs  ot 
t!\r  tovt  ot  I  tu:l.u)ii's 
V.\n  hMv.'^o     |v%WM"NNjonSx 

,usi   XM"  \y<^\\\C\A\:\  \\m\-  <^V•.^^\    OV    THF    >*0   TWIO  RAIUtOAD  AT  SAO  PAULO.     BRAZIL. 

\N\ui,     jM\,Uicl\n>i     \\\t         ^  vho  nn.-*i  M*t)vW  vw  ib^  <\wtin<^t,  ^MatUallj  si  mated,  factnff  a  park.) 


RAILROADS  AND  RAILROAD  BUILDING  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA.      179 


A  BRAZILIAN   RAILROAD  YARD    ON  THE  OUTSKIRTS  OF  RIO  DE  JANEIRO. 


ever,  have  suffered  heavily  from  the  low 
price  of  coffee,  and  there  is  little  money  avail- 
able for  any  class  of  development. 

In  temperate  Brazil,  in  the  rich  and  pros- 
perous states  of  Santa  Catherina  and  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul,  it  is  probable  that  the  re- 
quirements of  the  large  and  industrious  Ger- 
man population  will  necessitate  a  steady  ex- 
tension of  the  several  lines  now  building.  It 
is  one  of  these  lines  that  will  form  the  east- 
em  section  of  what  will  be,  for  the  presenr 
century  at  least,  the  most  northern  of  the 
South-American    transcontinental    railroads. 

According  to  the  present  plans,  a  road 
starting  either  from  Santos,  the  great  coffee- 
shipping  port,  or  Paranagua,  on  the  bay  of 
that  name,  will  be  run  across  the  southern 
Panhandle  of  Brazil  into  Paraguay,  connect- 
ing at  Villa  Rica  with  the  line  to  Asuncion. 
From  here  the  road  will  be  run  along  the 
^km  flats  of  the  Rio  Pilcomayo  to  the  Bo- 
livian tov^n  of  Tarija,  a  distance  of  500 
miles,  in  almost  a  straight  line.  From 
TaHja  one  branch  will  run  west  to  connect 
vkiih  the  Argentine  line  at  Tupiza,  while 
another  will  \\Hnd  northwest  across  the  table- 
knds  to  La  Pa^.  This  line  will  be  of  great 
\m^l  to  Bolivia  in  giving  her  an  outlet  to 
thel^tlannc. 

In  spite  of  unsettled  political  conditions  In 
Umguay,  railroad  work  is  going  on  in  ever>' 
qnrter  of  that  marvelously  fertile  little 
csofitry,  most  of  the  roads,  old  and  new, 
being  owned  or  controlled  by  the  ably  man- 
aged Central  Uruguay.  Lines  are  In  opera- 
tioo  to  Colonia,  opposite  Buenos  Ayres  on 


the  Plate;  to  the  Rio  Uruguay,  on  the  Ar- 
gentine or  western  boundary;  to  and  across 
the  northern  boundary  into  Brazil;  and  to 
points  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  Most  of  the 
new  construction  is  taking  the  form  of  feeders 
to  these  main  lines. 

ARGEXT1NA*S    UP-TO-DATE    TRANSPORTATION 
SYSTEM. 

To  outline  any  but  the  most  salient  fea- 
tures of  recent  construction  in  Argentina 
would  be  impossible  in  this  brief  article.  The 
total  capitalization  of  the  railroads  of  that 
country  foots  up  to  nearly  $750,000,000. 
There  are  something  like  15,000  miles  of 
line  in  operation,  over  which  were  carried,  in 
the  year  1906,  30,000,000  tons  of  freight,  antl 
about  the  same  number  of  passengers,  the 
gross  receipts  amounting  to  almost  $75,000,- 
000.  There  are  about  twenty-five  separate 
companies,  mostly  English,  and  no  one  of 
them  but  is  extending  its  lines  as  fast  as  its 
capital  will  permit.  The  whole  of  the  great 
pampa, — the  Mississippi  Valley  of  South 
America, — Is  fairly  gridironed  with  the  rails 
that  have  been  laid  across  it  In  an  effort  to 
make  the  transportation  facilities  keep  pace 
with  Increasing  production,  while  the  begin- 
ning of  new  extensions,  toward  the  northern 
and  western  frontiers,  as  well  as  the  length- 
ening of  old  ones,  goes  on  steadily  year  by 
year. 

Argentina  Is  the  only  country  in  South 
America  where  *he  railroad,  as  In  the  United 
States,  has  assumed  a  definite  character,  and 
where  also,  as  here,  the  best  brains  oif  the 


180 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


country  arc  employed  in  its  management. 
The  Argentine  railway  in  all  its  appoint- 
ments, and  the  Argentine  railway  man  in  ail 
his  characteristics,  stand  about  midway  be- 
tween those  of  England  and  America.  Some 
American  rails  have  been  laid  in  Argentina, 
and  a  small  amount  of  ancient  American  roll- 
ing stock  is  occasionally  to  be  seen,  but  noth- 
ing new  of  any  description.  This  is  partly 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  buyers  are  British  and 
that  freights  from  England  are  more  favor- 
able than  from  the  United  States,  and  partly 
to  the  fact  that  the  efforts  to  introduce  our 
goods  have  been  very  spasmodic  at  the  best. 
The  bulk  of  Argentine  rolling  stock  is  of 
American  pattern  and  English  manufacture. 
Several  of  the  roads  have  had  orders  waiting 
for  Pullmans  for  some  time,  but  as  yet, 
though  a  number  of  these  cars  are  in  use  in 
Chile,  none  is  to  be  seen  east  of  the  Andes. 
Practically  all  of  the  passenger-car  seats, 
however,  both  in  Argentina  and  the  other 
South-American  countries,  are  from  the 
States. 

The  Argentine  railway  man  is  a  good  de;>l 
more  American  in  his  theory  than  in  his  prac- 
tice. This  is  because  everything  he  does  has 
to  be  passed  on  by  a  ponderous,  slow-moving 
London  board,  many  of  whose  members,  to- 
gether with  their  ideas  on  railroading,  arc 
likely  to  date  back  pretty  well  into  the  first 
half  of  the  last  century.  If  there  is  one  thing 
that  it  is  not  permitted  to  mention  to  an 
Argentine  railway  official  out  of  business 
hours  it  is  the  "  London  Board."  The  lat- 
ter, however,  answers  admirably  the  purpoac 
of  a  "  balance-wheel,"  and  there  is  little 
doubt  that  the  existence  of  similar  institution 5 
in  America  would  have  done  yeoman  service 
in  checking  the  flights  some  of  our  own  roads 
have  gone  on. 


ONK     nv*M*KVl>     ANO      Sf\KNn-KlVF      M  U  F>     OK 
STRAU.UT    TRACK   ON    1  UK  AKt-lNTlNA  TAMIW. 


With  the  exception  of  Senor  Villalon^ 
the  able  president  of  the  Great  Western,  who 
is  an  Argentifio,  all  of  the  prominent  railway 
men, — F.  C.  Barrows  and  T.  C.  Gregory  of 
the  Southern,  C.  W.  Bayne  and  F.  L.  Hud- 
son    of     the     Central     Uruguay,     Messrs. 
Goodge    and    Simpson,    respectively   of   the 
Buenos  Ayres  &  Pacific  and  the  Ferrocarril 
Oeste,   and    many   others, — though    Englisa 
born,  learned  all  of  their  railroading  in  Soutii 
America.    They  arc  extremely  hard  workers 
as  a  class,  but  readily  accessible  at  all  hour.^. 
There  is  little  of  the  "  insularity  "  so  char- 
acteristic  of    the    English    railway    man  at 
home  about  them,  and  they  all  evince  par- 
ticular   interest    in    matters    pertaining    to 
American  railway  progress,  upon  which  thcv 
keep  remarkably  well  informed.    An  imprcs 
sion  that  one  cannot  help  carrying  away  from 
a  talk  on   railway  affairs  with  any  one  of 
them  is  that,  if  the  London  boards  would 
relax  a  bit,  and   the  manufacturers   in  the 
United    States   meet    them    half   way,    they 
would  like  to  make  Argentine  roads  a  good 
deal    more    American    than    they    are    at 
present. 

In  addition  to  all  the  important  officials  in 
every  department,  most  of  the  clerical  staffs 
of  the  Argentine  roads  are  also  English ;  out- 
side of  these,  however,  practically  all  em- 
ployees of  all  classes, — station-agents,  telegra- 
phers, machinists,  conductors,  brakemen,  fire- 
men, engineers,  and  all  unskilled  hands, — are 
either  natives  of  the  country  or  Italian. 
There  are  still  a  few  English  firemen  and 
drivers  employed,  but  no  more  are  being 
brought  out,  and,  eventually, — ^when  the 
present  British  incumbents  have  been  pro- 
moted or  discharged, — all  hands  on  the  loco- 
motives will  be  Latins. 

Strange  as  it  may  seem,  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  there  are  more  native  than  British  engi- 
neers employed,  the  records  show  that  there 
have  been  fewer  accidents  to  trains  driven  by 
the  former  than  the  latter.  The  fact  that 
the  men  brought  out  from  England  have 
proved  rather  less  sober  and  reliable  than  at 
home  may  have  something  to  do  with  this 
showing,  but  the  principal  reason  advanced 
is  the  real  superiority  of  the  Argentines  at 
that  class  of  work.  During  six  months  spent 
in  Arixentina,  covering  all  of  a  harvest  season, 
in  which  every  kind  of  car  and  engine  in  the 
land  was  in  commission  to  help  handle  a 
record-breaking  harvest,  I  do  not  recall  hear- 
ifiiT  oi  a  sinjile  train-wreck  that  was  attended 
with  fatalities.  This  fact,  in  the  light  of  the 
fijures  1  have  quoted  regarding  the  very  con- 


RAILROADS  AND  RAILROAD  BUILDING  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA.      181 


TO   MARK   ETERNAL   PEACE  BETWEEN   CHILE  AND  ARGENTINA. 

(The  statue  of  Christ  at  the  summit  of  the  Uspallata  Pass,  erected  to  commemorate  the  settlement  of  the 
boundary  dispute  between  Chile  and  Argentina.) 


siderable  amount  of  business  handled  by  the 
Argentine  roads,  may  furnish  Americans 
with  food  for  reflection  on  railway  operation 
and  management  during  the  existing  "  Reign 
of  Terror  "  here  at  home. 

In  the  matter  of  track,  the  average  of  Ar- 
gentina will  class  considerably  ahead  of  that 
of  the  United  States.  Where  we  have  been 
using  soft  ties  of  pine  and  redwood  for  many 
years,  that  country  has  used  Colorado  que- 
bracho  and  other  varieties  of  practically  in- 
destructible Paraguayan  hard-wood.  Much 
of  the  track  of  many  lines,  notably  that  of  the 
Buenos  Ayrcs  &  Pacific,  is  laid  on  sleepers  of 
steel.  Stonc-ballasted  **  permanent-construc- 
tion "  is  also  met  with  much  oftener  there 
than  here. 

In  the  matter  of  stations,  there  is  in  the 
United  States  no  road  running  through  a 
cxMintry  of  less  than  ten .  times  the  density 
of  population  of  the  province  of  Buenos 
Ayrcs^that  has  buildings  to*compare  with  the 
handsome  stone  structures  to  be  found  at 
towns  along  the  3(XX)  miles  of  line  of  the 
Great  Southern. 


Of  interest  at  the  present  moment  is  the 
completion  of  a  northeastern  Argentine  line 
to  the  city  of  Corrientes,  situated  on  the 
Upper  Parana,  opposite  to  a  point  on  that 
river  reached  by  the  line  from  Asuncion, 
thus  giving  Paraguay  railway  communication 
with  Buenos  Ayres  and  Montevideo,  The 
Argentine  Government's  line  to  Bolivia  has 
already  been  alluded  to,  and  the  transconti- 
nental projects  affecting  that  country  will  be 
taken  up  in  a  moment. 

THE   STATE-OWNED   ROADS   OF   CHILE. 

The  railroads  of  Chile  are  second  in  value, 
business  and  general  importance  only  to  those 
of  Argentina.  Except  for  a  number  of  short 
lines,  mostly  in  the  northern  nitrate  provinces, 
the  roads  of  the  country  are  owned  and 
operated  by  the  state.  These  government 
lines,  while  by  no  means  as  ably  managed  as 
the  big  roads  of  Argentina,  still  handle  an 
enormous  amount  of  business  and  pay  hand- 
some dividends.    : 

The  main  line  of  the  Chilean  railway  runs 
from  Valparaiso  to  Santiago,  and  on  south  to 


182 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


Conccpcion  and  Valdivia,  both  of  these  last 
mentioned  ports  being  on  branches  of  the 
"  backbone  "  road.  The  present  terminus  of 
the  latter  is  at  Osorno,  but  grading  is  already 
completed  to  Puerto  Montt,  at  the  head  of 
the  Gulf  of  Ancud,  and  trains  will  be 
running  to  that  point  by  the  end  of  the 
year. 

North  of  Valparaiso  the  government  line 
in  the  province  of  Coquimbo  has  been  pushed 
south  until  it  is  almost  ready  to  connect  with 
the  main  line  in  the -Aconcagua  Valley,  which 
will  make  between  800  and  QCX)  miles  of  un- 
broken road  running  through  the  most  fer- 
tile portion  of  the  country.  It  is  the  ultimate 
ambition  of  the  Chilean  Government  to  com- 
plete a  line  from  the  Straits  of  Magellan  to 
the  Peruvian  boundary,  a  plan,  however, 
which  for  many  reasons  is  not  likely  to  be 
carried  out  much  before  the  completion  of 
the   great  Pan-American  Railroad  itself. 

The  signing  last  year  by  Bolivia  of  a 
treaty  with  Chile  permitting  the  latter  to 
construct  a  railway  from  her  port  of  Arica  to 
La  Paz  was  a  practical  relinquishment  o\\ 
the  part  of  that  country  to  the  territory 
wrested  from  her  by  Chile  in  their  war  of 
Home  decades  back.  The  negotiating  of  the 
treaty  was  looked  upon  as  a  distinct  diplo- 
matic triumph  for  Chile,  and  hardly  was 
the  ink  dry  upon  the  paper  before  her  sur- 
veyors,— closely  followed  by  graders, — were 
at  work  upon  the  route  of  the  projected  line. 
Construction  has  been  pushed  since  August, 
|c^)S,  and,  though  the  undertaking  is  too  big 
a  one  to  be  completed  in  a  short  time,  it  is 


niK*;(H.   h    hiHn    UN   THE  CHILEAN   TRANSANDEAN    RAILROAD. 


not  likely  that  the  work  will  be  allowed  to 
languish  as  it  has  on  some  of  the  govern- 
ment's railway  contracts  in  the  south. 

THE    ARGENTINE-CHILEAN    TRANSCONTI- 
NENTAL LINE. 

Of  all  these  railways  that  have  been  re- 
ferred to  as  either  in  construction  or  pro- 
jected, the  one  exciting  by  far  the  most  in- 
terest at  present  is  the  transcontinental  line 
which  is  to  connect  Chile  and  Argentina  by 
way  of  the  historic  Uspallata   Pass.     The 
most  important  fact  in  regard  to  this  road, 
which  it  is  hoped  will  be  put  in  operation 
during  the  coming  year,  is  that  it  will  be  the 
shortest  and  quickest  route  for  all  time  be- 
tween the  two  most  progressive  centers  of 
population  in  South  America,  Buenos  Ayrc!^ 
Rosario   and    Santiago-Valparaiso.      As    the 
first  South-American  transcontinental   route 
to  be  completed,  its  opening  will  have  a  sig- 
nificance akin  to  that  which  attached  to  driv- 
ing the  "  Golden  Spike  "  on  our  own  Union 
Pacific,  away  back  in  the  '8o*s. 
'  The  "  ham-bone "  of  South  America,  at 
the    thirty-fourth    parallel,    which    this    line 
roughly '  follows,  has  a  width  of  about  800 
miles,  and  so  direct  is  the  route  that  the  lay- 
ing of  very  little  over  that  length  of    rails 
will  be  necessar}'.     The  first  portion  of  the 
Argentine  section  of  the  road,  the  Buenos 
Ayres  and  Pacific  line,  has  the  longest  per- 
fectly straight  stretch  of  track  in  the  w^orld, 
— 175  miles  without  a  curve, — and  all   the 
way     across     the     pampa     "  straights "     of 
twenty    and    thirty    miles    are    encountered 
almost  as  often  as  are 
tunnels  in  the  Andean 
sections. 

SURMOUNTING    THE 
ANDES. 


The  broad-gauge  line 
from  Buenos  Ayres  to 
Mendoza,  at  the  foot 
of  the  Andes  in  Ar- 
gentina, and  that  from 
Valparaiso  to  Los  An- 
des in  Chile,  arc  among 
the  pioneer  roads  in 
their  respective  coun- 
tries, and  even  the 
Andean  section  on  the 
Argentine  side  has.  been 
finished  for  a  number 
of  years.  The  princi- 
pal obstacles  to  a  speedy 
comp  le  tion  of   the 


RAILROADS  AND  RAILROAD  BUILDINO  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA.      183 


ENTRANCE    TO  ONE   OF   THE    MANY    SHORT   TUNNELS   ON   THE    ?.AST   SECTION   OF  THE  CHILEAN 

TRANSANDEAN    RAILROAD. 


line  have  been  the  refractory  granite  en- 
countered in  the  great  two-mile  tunnel  at 
the  summit, — the  longest  railroad  tunnel  ever 
constructed  at  so  great  an  altitude, — the 
enormous  amount  of  rock-work  necessary  at 
exposed  points  in  the  last  ten  miles  of  the 
Chilean  section,  and  the  great  difficulty  of 
getting  men  to  work  during  the  winter 
months.  Now  that  the  grading  is  complete 
on  the  Chilean  side,  less  trouble  will  be  ex- 
perienced in  the  matter  of  laborers,  as  men 
in  the  tunnels  are  safe  from  snow-slides,  the 
terror  of  those  who  have  had  to  work  in 
the  open. 

The  Argentine  transandean  section,  which 
follows  the  Mendoza  River  from  the  city  of 
that  name  to  the  tunnel  station  of  Las  Cue- 
Tas,  climbs  from  2000  to  10,500  feet  in  a 
distance  of  seventy  miles;  on  the  Chilean 
side,  from  Los  Andes  to  Portillo  along  the 
Aconcagua  River,  about  the  same  elevation  is 
attained  in  forty-three  miles.  On  either  side 
the  highest  grade  for  adhesion  is  a  little  over 
Wi  per  cent,,  beyond  which,  up  to  8  per 
COIL,  recourse  is  had  to  the  rack  system. 

The  last  section  of  the  Chilean  transan- 
dean line  has  been  one  of  the  most  arduous 


pieces  of  railway  construction  ever  attempted. 
This  has  been  not  so  much  on  account  of  the 
actual  engineering  difficulties  of  simply  build- 
ing a  railroad  over  the  route  selected,  but 
rather  in  building  a  railroad  that  will  sur- 
vive. The  annual  snow-fall  at  the  Uspallata 
Pass  is  something  stupendous,  and  when  this, 
after  piling  up  for  six  months  in  the  winter, 
begins  to  melt  and  slide  in  the  spring,  the 
Andes  themselves  are  racked  to  their  very 
foundations  from  the  titanic  forces  then 
turned  loose. 

The  present  coach-road  from  the  summit 
to  Juncal  is  a  smooth  driveway  cut  out  of 
the  solid  rock  at  a  gradient  of  from  5  to  10 
per  cent.  At  the  turns  it  is  banked  like  a 
racetrack  to  keep  the  flying  coaches  from 
going  off  at  a  tangent,  and  along  all  preci- 
pices is  a  stone  wall  three  feet  high  and  two 
feet  thick.  This  is  the  road  as  if^is  eacli 
November  after  the  Chilean  Government,  at 
an  annual  expense  of  $60,000,  has  put  it  in 
shape  for  the  summer*s  travel.  After  serving 
its  purpose  for  six  months,  and  lying  for  four 
months  more  buried  under  from  five  to  thirty 
feet  of  snow,  this  whole  costly  piece  of  con- 
struction is  so  completely  scoured  off  the  far 


1S4 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REyiEH^S. 


ONE   OF   THE    HIGHEST    RAILROAD    STATIONS    IN    THE    WORLD. 

(Crucero  Alto,  14.500  feet  above  sea.  level,  on  the  Southern  Railroad  of 
Peru.  Travelers  from  Mollendo  to  I^a  Paz  usually  suffer  from  *'  soroche," 
the  mountain  sickness,  at  this  point.) 


the  hands  employed  In 
running  the  drills  arc 
native  Chileans,  men 
who,  as  a  class,  do  not 
take  readily  to  new 
machinery.  Under  the 
circumstances  a  very 
creditable  amount  of 
work  has  been  done, 
but  the  contractors 
have  probably  lost  a 
good  deal  of  time  by 
not  employing  a  dozen 
experienced  American 
drillmen  from  some  of 
our  Western  mipes. 

At  present  this 
transcontinental  jour- 
ney,— o  n  e  of  the 
grandest  scenic  trips 
in  the  world,— can 
be  made  only  during 
the  summer  months, 
of  the  mountains  by  the  spring  slides  that  its  Uspallata  Pass  being  crossed  at  an  cleva- 
restoration  involves  not  only  a  regrading,  but  tion  of  13,000  feet  by  swift  four-horse 
also,  through  nearly  its  entire  length,  a  re-  coaches,  or  on  mule-back.  In  this  way  one 
surveying.  may  go   from   Buenos  Ayres   to   Valparaiso 

Under  conditions  like  these  ordinary'  snow-  in  from  forty  to  sixty  hours,  according  to  the 
sheds,  such  as  our  northwestern  roads  are  weather  at  the  summit.  When  the  tunnel  is 
provided  with,  would  be  of  about  as  much  completed  this  time  will  be  reduced  to  thirty 
protection  as  a  row  of  shade  trees.  In  all  hours  and  a  daily  schedule  maintained  the 
exposed  places,  therefore,  whether  the  exi-  year  round.  The  time  by  steamer  between 
gencies  of  grade  required  it  or  not,  the  road-  these  cities  is  fourteen  days,  with  a  boat  sail- 
way  has  been  excavated  out  of  the  solid  rocV.  ing  once  a  fortnight.  The  advantage  to 
From  Juncal  to  Portillo  is  about  eleven  Chilean-Argentine  traffic  is  one  of  the  smali- 
miles,  but  in  this  distance  there  occur  thir-  est  items  of  benefit  to  be  derived  from  the 
teen  tunnels,  some  of  them  runi^ing  over  a  opening  of  this  line,  for  it  will  also  mean  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  in  length.  There  are  many  saving  of  twelve  days  in  both  directions  for 
who  claim  that  even  such  radical  measure;  all  passengers  and  mail  between  Peru,  Bo- 
as these  will  not  be  sufficient,  but  the  con-  livia,  and  Chile  and  Europe, 
structing  company,  the  American  firm  cf  As  a  carrier  of  heavy  freight  this  Uspalla- 
W.  R.  Grace,  expresses  itself  as  confident  of  ta  road  is  not  expected  to  do  a  big  business, 
not  only  preserving  the  line  intact  during  the  principally  because  the  high  price  of  coal  in 
spring  slides,  but  also  of  keeping  it  open  for  that  part  of  the  country,  as  well  as  the  heavy 
traffic  throughout  the  winter.  grades  over  which  trains  must  be  hauled,  vlrill 

Up  to  this  time  the  summer  tunnel  gang?  necessitate  rates  practically  prohibitive  for  all 
h.ave  been  able  to  average  about  a  yard  a  day  but  baggage  and  light  stufiF  of  the  express 
at  each  end,  progress  that  seems  unaccounta-  class.  For  the  very  considerable  amount  of 
bly  slow  to  an  American  contractor  who  has  business  to  be  done  in  carr>'ing  cattle  and 
never  attempted  construction  under  similar  foodstuffs  from  Argentina  to  Chile  the  road 
conditions.  It  may  be  pointed  out,  however,  now  building  through  the  remarkable  pas»s 
that  steam  loses  a  good  deal  of  its  expansive  of  San  Martin,  at  about  the  fortieth  parallel, 
power,  and  that  air  needs  considerably  more    will  make  a  strong  bid. 

compressing,  at  10,500  feet,  than  at  lower  The  existence  of  a  very  low  pass,  formed 
levels;  also,  that,  until  very  recently,  fuel,  by  the  cutting  through  the  Andes  of  the  chain 
machinery  and  everything  else  used  on  the  of  lakes  from  which  the  Valdivia  River  re- 
Chilean  side  had  to  be  brought  up  on  mule-  ceives  its  water,  has  been  known  of  for  some 
back  during  the  summer  months,  and  that    time,  but  it  was  only  last  year  that  a  careful 


RAILROADS  AND  RAILROAD  BUILDING  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA.     185 


survey  established  the  fact  that  a  broad-gauge 
railroad  could  be  built  from  Chile,  right 
through  the  mountains  and  out  onto  the 
Argentine  pampa,  without  the  construction  of 
a  single  tunnel  and  at  no  point  attaining  an 
elevation  of  more  than  2500  feet.  The  con- 
struction of  such  a  road  was  shortly  after 
entered  upon  by  a  strong  Franco-Chilean 
company,  after  the  letter  had  been  assured 
that  a  leading  Argentine  line  was  ready  to 
come  on  and  join  rails  with  it  at  the  inter- 
national boundar>'.  Trains  have  been  run- 
ning for  some  time  over  the  first  sections  of 
both  extensions. 

The  difference  in  meteorological  conditions, 
— incident  to  the  difference  of  elevation, — 
of  these  two  great  passes  is  remarkable.  In 
April  of  last  year, — early  autumn  south  of 
the  equator, — I  rode  across  the  Uspallata 
summit  over  a  trail  trodden  down  into  three 
feet  of  snow  by  a  huge  herd  of  cattle  that  had 
been  driven  through  to  break  out  the  way. 
The  thermometer  stood  at  fifteen  degrees 
above  zero,  and  the  following  day  an  addi- 
tional fall  of  snow  closed  up  the  pass  for  its 
SIX  months  of  winter  sleep.  Ten  weeks  later, 
in  July, — midwinter, — I  passed  twice  over 
the  San  Martin  route,  and  on  neither  occa- 
sion encountered  enough  snow  to  come  above 
my  horse's  fetlocks. 


No  one  of  the  lakes  that  are  responsible 
for  the  existence  of  the  San  Martin  Pass  has 
ever  been  frozen  over,  and  their  depth  is  such 
that  steamers  of  considerable  draught  may  be 
laid  against  their  banks  at  almost  any  point. 
Moreover,  navigation  betv^een  the  two  upper 
lakes,  Lacar  and  Perihueico,  is  about  to  be 
opened  up  through  the  construction  of  a  lock 
on  the  connecting  river,  and  it  is  probable 
that  the  two  lower  lakes  will  also  be  simi- 
larly united.  Small  steamers  now  plying  on 
all  four  lakes  are  proving  of  the  greatest  as^ 
sistance  in  furthering  the  railway  construc- 
tion work.  Unbroken  navigation  of  the 
whole  chain  will  be  impossible  because  of 
the  1200-foot  drop  from  Lake  Perihueico  to 
Panguipulli,  a  disadvantage  that  is  more  than 
compensated  for,  however,  by  the  existence  of 
a  magnificent  waterfall  of  height  and  volume 
sufficient  to  furnish  power  to  operate  the  rail- 
road for  a  hundred  miles  in  either  direction. 

This  new  road,  independent  of  its  undenia- 
ble future  as  a  commercial  highway,  running 
as  it  will  for  a  hundred  miles  along  a  chain 
of  lakes,  walled  in  by  perpetually  snow- 
capped mountains  that  in  places  tower  almost 
sheer  for  10,000  and  12,000  feet,  is  destined 
to  open  up  a  land  of  natural  wonders  fully 
entitled  to  take  rank  with  anything  of  the 
kind  now  known  to  man. 


A    TYPICAL    PERUVIAN    RAILROAD    STATION. 

(MoUendo.  at  sea  level,  near  one  terminus  of  the  Southern  Railroad  of  Peru.) 


THE  FARMER'S  DEBT  TO  SCIENCE. 

BY   FRANK   W.   BICKNELL. 


TPO  farm  with  the  head ;  to  realize  that  no 
farmer  can  succeed  by  mere  brute 
strength,  and  that  drudgery  is  labor  without 
thought, — these  are  the  ideas  that  have  be- 
come firmly  lodged  in  the  heads  of  the  farm- 
ers of  Iowa.  Many  thousands  of  them  grate- 
fully acknowledge  their  debt  to  Professors 
Curtiss,  Holden,  Craig,  and  Kennedy  and 
their  associates,  for  helping  them  to  a  better 
understanding  of  the  difference  between  suc- 
cess and  failure  in  the  farm  business. 

Iowa,  with  half  of  her  population  of 
2,250,000  directly  engaged  in  agriculture, 
and  the  rest  mostly  dependent  upon  it,  has 
led  the  world  in  originating  effective  methods 
for  carrying  the  message  of  the  new  agricul- 
ture directly  to  the  farms  and  for  making 
good  the  prediction  of  the  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture, himself  an  lowan,  that  there  will  be 
no  more  serious  crop  failures.  In  four  nota- 
ble ways,  started  in  this  State,  have  the  most 
advanced  and  practical  scientific  methods  of 
farming  and  stock-raising  secured  inmiediate 
and  general  adoption  by  practical  farmers  of 
long  and  *  varied  experience.  These  four 
great  movements  came  in  this  order: 

(i)  The  "short  course"  in  stock-judging, 
started  at  the  State  Agricultural  College  at  Ames 
in  1899,  and  now  developed  into  other  lines  and 
adopted  by  other  States.  (2)  The  local  agri- 
cultural experiment  stations  on  the  county  poor- 
farms,  begun  in  1903  and  '*  destined  to  go  around 
the  world."  (3)  The  seed-corn  special  trains, 
started  in  1904,  which  in  three  seasons  covered 
11,000  miles  of  railway  and  brought  audiences  of 
farmers  aggregating  150,000  to  learn  the  impor- 
tance of  a  better  selection  of  seed-corn,  care  in 
testing  before  planting,  and  other  facts  that  have 
increased  the  average  yield  of  the  State  by  one- 
third  in  three  years.  (4)  The  Department  of 
Agricultural  Extension  in  the  State  Agricultural 
College,  started  in  1906,  liberally  supported  by 
the  State,  giving  practical  aid  to  every  seeker 
for  information  concerning  animal  husbandry, 
farm  crops,  soils,  dairying,  horticulture,  and  do- 
mestic science. 

Thirty  years  ago,  with  land  worth  $8  to 
$20  an  acre,  a  farmer  could  not  afford  to  be 
as  careful  as  he  must  be  to-day,  when  the 
same  land  is  worth  from  $75  to  $150  per 
acre.  There  must  be  better  farming  in  the 
Middle  West.  Those  who  want  cheap  lands 
to  quickly  skim  off  the  cream  of  fertility  must 
go  west  and  northwest. 


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1 

DEAN    CHARLES    F.    CURTISS. 

(Director  of  the  Iowa  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  head  of  the  agricultural  division  of  the  Agri- 
cultural College,  and  orighiator  of  the  **  short 
courses"  for  farmers.) 


THE   FIRST       SHORT  COURSES       IN   AMERICV. 

Ten  years  ago  Prof.  Charles  F.  Curtiss, 
succeeding  James  Wilson,  now  Secretary  of 
Agriculture,  as  dean  of  the  Division  of 
Agriculture  in  the  Iowa  State  College  of 
Agriculture  and  the  Mechanic  Arts,  saw  that 
his  greatest  problem  was  to  get  closer  to  ex- 
perienced farmers.  Only  a  few  hundred 
could  be  regularly  graduated  from  the  college 
each  year,  and  most  of  these  were  eagerly 
sought  by  corporations,  to  manage  cream- 
eries, big  farms,  etc,  and  as  teachers.  To 
show  the  greatest  number  of  farmers  how  to 
make  better  use  of  their  opportunities  Pro- 
fessor Qurtiss  took  the  first  step  of  those 
rapidly  succeeding  movements  that  have 
given,  Iowa  leadership  in  agricultural  edu- 
cation. 

The  first  of  the  famous  "  short  courses " 


THE  FARMER'S  DEBT  TO  SCIENCE. 


187 


fJJIE  iibnOBi    OF   TBI  tXJUJr-JtJDfilSC;  Cl^SS   AT    THE    IOWA      H^fltl  t^r.Tl  K.\L    roi.iEi^E     *  5H0HT    CiRiRSE,' 


uias  annourKcd  at  Ehc  college  in  Ames  for 
the  finn  two  weeks  in  January*  viqq.  It 
W3S  mpen  to  all  the  world,  without  restric- 
*'^  age  or  qualifications,  with  very 
■  a^  About  250  men,  many  of  them 
vuci^taalul  Stock-breeders,  not  only  from 
1qw:i^  huT  from  many  other  States,  came  to 
this  no%tl  fchooi,  the  first  of  its  kind  in  the 
T'rtW^,^  ^f-Tfr^  P^'*f  J^ihn  A,  Craig,  then 
professor  of  animal  husbandry,  was  in  im- 
mediate charge,  and  he  is  entitled  to  rank  as 
the  pioneer  in  putting  live-stock  teaching  in 
good  pedagogic  form. 

The  work  of  the  "short  course"  has  been  ex- 
tended, until  now  it  includes  corn  and  grain 
judging,  dairying,  horticulture,  and  domestic 
science.  The  attendance  reaches  about  800 
and  includes  many  who  have  spent  their  lives 
in  successful  agriculture.  Quite  a  number 
bring  their  wives  for  the  domestic-science 
course,  which  is  also  intensely  practical. 
Every  section  of  the  country,  from  Canada 
to  Texas,  from  Pennsylvania  to  the  Pacific 
Coast,  sent  students  last  January. 

Henry  Ebert,  a  prosperous  farmer-banker 
from  Red  Oak,  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
the  State,  convinced  his  neighbors  and  the 
business  men  in  the  town  that  they  ought  to 
have  a  "  short  course  "  in  Red  Oak.  Many  of 
them  had  also  attended  the  Ames  **  short 
course,"  and  wanted  their  neighbors  to  have 
its  benefits.     Inquiry  at  the  college  assured 


them  that  instead  of  Jiscoura^^ing  what  It^ 
promoters  feared  mf^^ht  be  considered  a  rival 
school,  Dean  Curtijiji,  Professor  HoKien  and 
their  associates  were  caj^cr  to  help  it,  ami 
volunteered  to  furnish  the  faculty.  The 
business  men  of  Red  Oak  co-operated,  and  a 
guarantee  fund  of  I^jax)  in  $25  subscription^? 
was  pledged  for  the  expenses,  which  included 
$HiX)  for  pri/e^  for  the  best  corn.  l>n  or 
twelve  members  of  the  Ames  faculty  and  as 
many  advanced  students  acted  as  lecturers 
and  instructors,  for  which  they  charged  only 
their  actual  expenses.  Other  lecturers  were 
employed  and  some  local  speakers  called  in. 
The  school  opened  Monday  morning  and  ran 
six  full  days.  The  first  year,  1905,  the  at- 
tendance was  240,  the  second  year  334,  and 
the  third  year,  in  spite  of  a  stormy  week  in 
January,  420.  The  corn  exhibited  becomes 
the  property  of  the  association  and  is  sold  at 
auction.  The  growth  of  interest  is  shown  in 
the  amount  of  each  year's  sales,  beginning  at 
$127,  going  to  $350  the  second  year,  and  to 
$571  this  year.  A  single  bushel  brought  $39. 
one  fifty-ear  lot  sold  for  $34.25,  two  ten-ear 
lots  for  $10  each,  a  single  ear  for  $2.25,  etc. 
The  departments  of  this  school  were:  Corn, 
animal  husbandry,  and  domestic  science.  The 
fee  for  the  latter  was  $1  and  for  all  the  other 
work  $2.  Every  one  enrolled  was  entitled 
to  compete  for  any  of  the  corn  prizes.  With 
the  lectures  in  the  evening  and  the  regular 


188 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^^/ElV  OF  REyiEWS. 


^ 

1   ■ 

l) 

P 

^^^^^^^^^H^    "Z^M 

* 

PROFESSOR  P.   G.    HOLDEN. 

(Originator  of  the  **  seed-corn  special  trains," 
superintendent  of  the  extension  department,  and  a 
recognized  source  of  Inspiration  to  the  Iowa  farmer.) 


course  work  of  the  day  classes,  nearly  every 
phase  of  farm  life  was  touched  upon  with  en- 
lightenment. The  school  has  always  paid 
expenses,  without  calling  on  the  guarantors. 
Mr.  Ebert  says  that  methods  of  farming, 
especially  in  corn-raising,  have  greatly  im- 
proved in  the  vicinity  since  the  "short  courses" 
began.  Judge  Horace  E.  Deemer,  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Iowa,  a  resident  of  Red 
Oak  and  one  of  the  active  organizers  of  the 
"  short  course,"  writes:  "Good  judges  tell  me 
that  the  yield  of  corn  has  increased  at  least 
Ijye  bushels  per  acre  as  a  result  of  this  corn 
school.  The  results  educationally  have  been 
very  great.  The  farmer  down  here, — and 
better  than  that,  the  farmer's  boy, — has  con- 
cluded that  his  business  is  as  honorable  and 
worthy  as  any  other,  and  that  it  takes  just  as 
much  brains  to  be  a  good  farmer  as  to  excel 
in  anything  else.  The '  result  will  be  and 
has  been  to  keep  the  boy  on  the  farm.  He 
holds  his  head  as  high  as  any  one ;  and  down 
here  we  no  longer  speak  of  *  hayseeds.*  " 

Last  December  a  similar  school  was  started 
in  Mount  Pleasant,  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  State,  at  the  urgent  request  of  many 
farmers  in  that  vicinity,  who  found  it  paid 
them  to  attend  the  "  short  courses  "  at  the  col- 
lege. The  movement  there  was  headed  by 
State  Senator  W.  B.  Seeley,  whose  brother  ly  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  farmers' 
died  a  few  years  ago  and  bequeathed  to  the  sons.  "  My  brother,"  said  Senator  Seclc>', 
city  and  the  farmers  of  the  locality  an  $80,-  "  was  himself  a  farmer,  and  desired  to  help 
000  Y.  M.  C.  A.  building,  designed  especial-   the  young  men  of  his  kind."     The  building 

was  planned  for  educa- 
tional work,  and  has  a 
successful  manual  train- 
ing department.  So 
here  we  have  probably 
the  first  farmers'  Y. 
M.  C.  A.  building  in 
the  world.  With  its 
fine  lecture  rooms  and 
excellent  equipment  it 
furnished  an  ideal  home 
for  the  short  course. 
As  with  the  southwest- 
ern school,  the  enthusi- 
asm of  the  farmers  and 
their  sons  and  wives 
and  daughters  was  all 
that  could  be  desired, 
and  the  attendance  of 
357  will  be  greatly 
increased  next  year. 

Two  other  "  short- 
course  "  schools  of 
three   days   each   were 

THE  farmers'  Y.  M.  C.  A.  BUILDING,  MOUNT  PLEASANT,  IOWA.  hcld     during     thc    WUl- 


^ 

J 

i 

..__ 

^^>^^ 

^^3 

THE  FARMER'S  DEBT  TO  SCIENCE. 


189 


tcr   and    one   domestic-science   course   of   a 
week. 

AGRICULTURAL   EXTENSION   IN   IOWA. 

During  the  year  1905  the  agronomy  de- 
partment of  the  Agricultural  College,  of 
which  Prof.  P.  G.  Holdcn  was  the  head,  re- 
ceived over  37,000  letters  asking  for  lectures, 
information,  or  help  of  some  kind.  To  satisfy 
this  desire  for  information  the  Legislature 
established  the  Department  of  Agricultural 
Extension  at  the  college.  The  department  is 
a  part  of  the  division  under  Dean  Curtiss 


"uncle   ASA       TURNER, 
(President  of  the  Iowa  Com-G rowers*  Association.) 

and  Professor  Holdcn  is  superintendent. 
More  than  1600  requests  for  lecturers  at 
farmers'  institutes,  picnics,  county  fairs,  agri- 
cultural clubs,  **  short  courses,"  schools,  etc., 
came  to  the  department  during  its  first  year, 
but  only  about  one-fourth  of  them  could  be 
satisfied.  More  than  twenty-five  **  short 
courses  "  have  been  asked  for  this  year.  The. 
first  year's  appropriation  of  $15,000  has  been 
increased  to  $27,000,  and  this  year  more  lec- 
tures will  be  given,  and  a  well-sustained  six- 
day  "  short  course  "  will  be  given  in  each 
quarter  of  the  State,  and  as  many  more  as 
possible.  The  correspondence  of  the  depart- 
ment is  enormous. 

THE  COUNTY  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS. 

One  of  the  most  effective  agencies  in  car- 
rying the  message  of  the  better  agricultutc 


out  to  the  farms  is  the  local  experiment  sta- 
tion on  the  county  poor  farm,  also  an  Iowa 
idea*  The  first  one  was  established  in  Sioux 
County,  in  the  remote  northwestern  part  of 
the  State,  in  1903.  The  County  Board  of 
Supervisors  appropriated  $300  and  the  work, 
chiefly  experiments  in  corn-growing,  was 
carried  out  under  the  direction  of  Professor 
Holden's  department  at  the  college,  which 
supervises  all  the  county  stations.  In  the 
fall  a  farmers*  picnic  was  held  on  the  farm  to 
discuss  results,  and  more  than  3000  persons 
attended.  The  seed  used  is  taken  from  the 
planter  boxes  of  as  many  farmers  in  the 
vicinity  as  possible,  is  planted  without  test- 
ing, and  given  the  same  treatment  as  that 
bestowed  upon  the  ordinary  fields  in  the 
neighborhood.  Each  man's  corn  is  planted 
in  an  identified  plat.  Each  farmer  whose 
seed  has  been  used  comes  in  the  fall  to  the 
picnic  to  see  how  his  compares  with  his 
neighbor's  corn.  More  convincing  proof 
could  not  be  offered.  The  man  who  has 
given  no  heed  to  his  seed  and  sees  a  miserable 
stand  of  inferior  stalks,  and  more  inferior 
ears,  concludes  as  he  gazes  with  envying  won- 
der on  the  large,  strong,  uniform,  well-eared 
plants  of  his  seed-testing  neighbor,  that  he 
will  not  be  caught  that  way  again.  Verv 
likely  he  begins  to  see  in  this  some  explana- 
tion of  his  neighbor's  better  home,  freedom 
from  debt,  and  general  prosperity.  A  dozen 
or  more  counties  scattered  over  the  State 
have  followed  the  plan  started  in  Sioux 
County,  and  more  will  do  so  this  year.  The 
influence  of  these  county  experiment  stations 
has  been  immediately  noticeable,  not  only  on 
the  corn  crop,  but  in  raising  the  standard  of 
farming  in  every  way.  Professor  Holden 
and  at  least  one  of  his  assistants  attend  each 
of  the  county  picnics,  and  they  never  farl  to 
inspire  their  eager  audience  with  the  belief 
that  every  one  can  do  better  than  he  is  doing 
if  he  only  will. 

GOING  TO   COLLEGE    AT   SIXTY. 

Some  such  hard-headed  old  farmer  as 
**  Uncle  Asa  **  Turner  is  likely  to  be  on  hand 
at  the  picnic  to  back  up  the  professor  and 
tell  his  fellow-farmers,  as  I  heard  him  teil 
them,  that  they  are  never  too  old  to  learn,  if 
they  will  come  with  young  hearts.  He  ex- 
plained to  them  how,  though  he  had  raised 
horses  all  his  life,  he  did  not  know  **  the 
p'ints  of  a  good  horse." 

"  Wife,  I  am  going  to  college,"  was  the 
conclusion  his  astonished  helpmate  heard  one 
evening  as  he  was  looking  over  one  of  the 


190 


THE  AMERICAN  REHEIV  OF  REl/IEH^S. 


THE    IDEAL    EAR    OF    CORN. 

(Winner  of  the  Iowa  grand 
ctaampionshii). ) 


TYPES   OF  PRIMITIVE  CORN. 
(Contrast  these  with  the  Ideal  corn,  the  result  of  breeding.) 


Ames*  "short-course'*  announcements.  "Why, 
the  boys  *11  haze  you  up  there!**  she  ex- 
claimed. But  ne  said  he  guessed  he*d  get 
along  with  the  boys,  and  off  he  went.  "  And 
thanks  to  Professors  Curtiss,  Kennedy  and 
Craig,'*  he  now  proudly  asserts,  "  I  know  the 
p*ints  of  a  good  horse.**  The  next  year  he 
went  back  and  heard  about  "  the  corn  crank 
from  Illinois,'*  Prof.  P.  G.  Holden,  who  had 
just  joined  the  college  faculty  and  was  talk- 
ing about  corn.  "  Uncle  Asa "  wanted  to 
know  if  this  man  could  talk  ten  minutes 
about  corn  without  running  out.  Curiosity 
led  him  to  investigate,  and  he  was  still  fur- 
ther surprised  to  find  how  much  he  did  not 
know  and  could  learn  from  "  the  dapper  little 
professor.**  He  was  coaxed  into  the  class  of 
500  studying  corn  and  became  very  enthusi- 
astic.    In  a  year  or  two  he  won  the  grand 


championship  prize  for  the  best  corn.  Now 
he  is  president  of  the  State  Corn-Growers' 
Association  and  is  fond  of  going  about  to 
farmers'  meetings,  telling  how  well  it  paid 
him  to  "  go  to  college  at  sixty."  He  has 
given  up  the  idea  of  **  retiring  "  and  moving 
into  town,  has  built  a  fine  modern  home  on 
his  valuable  farm,  and  says  that  is  plenty 
good  enough  for  him.  "  I  no  longer  sec 
things  in  the  same  light,"  he  declares.  "  Life 
on  the  farm  is  full  and  interesting  every  day. 
It  is  no  longer  a  dreary  round  of  following 
the  furrows." 

The  short  of  it  is  that  from  being  mere 
machines  the  farmers  have  been  admitted  to 
the  wonderful  fairyland  of  science.  They 
know  how  and  why  things  are  done,  so  it  is 
more  interesting  to  cause  things  to  grow,  and 
to  cause  them  to  grow  right.    This  renewal 


THE  FARMER'S  DEBT  TO  SCIENCE. 


191 


of  interest  has  been  the  means  of  keeping  old 
people  on  their  farms,  where  they  are  at 
home  and  happy,  instead  of  moving  into  the 
nearest  little  town,  where  they  are  likely  to 
be  unhappy  and  a  nuisance  to  their  neighbors, 
opposing  public  improvements,  unable  to  ad- 
just themselves  to  the  changes,  and  least  of 
all  to  idleness  and  separation  from  the  duties 
of  a  lifetime  of  activity. 

Asa  Turner's  experience  is  a  fair  sample 
of  thousands  of  men  in  Iowa  who  with  grate- 
ful enthusiasm  acknowledge  what  the  ambi- 
tious yet  conservative  group  of  scientists  at 
Ames  has  done  for  them.  At  first  the  pro- 
fessors were  ridiculed  as  mere  theorists,— 
"  book  farmers,  who  would  starve  to  death- 
on  a  quarter-section  of  land.**  But  when 
their  stock  began  to  win  the  prizes  away 
from  the  scoffers,  and  their  feeding  experi- 
ments were  producing  such  satisfactory  re- 
sults in  dollars,  with  equally  forcible  practi- 
cal results  in  crop-raising  and  in  the  develop- 
ment of  new  and  valuable  crops,  the  farmers 
quit  laughing  and  went  to  studying  to  find 
out  how  it  was  done.  They  learned  that  no 
guesswork  was  permitted  at  Ames,  and  that 
when  a  result  was  announced  it  could  be 
relied  upon. 

THE  SEEI>-CORN   SPECIAL  TRAINS. 

The  most   widely  known  feature  of  this 
work  that  has  given  Iowa  her  leadership  in 


the  rapid  dissemination  and  quick  and  ef- 
fective application  of  improved  methods  in 
agriculture  was  the  seed-corn  special  trains, 
started  in  1904  by  Professor  Holden,  with 
the  co-operation  of  the  railways  of  the  State. 
During  the  spring  seasons  of  1904,  1905,  and 
1906  these  educational  trains  traveled  over 
ii,(X)0  miles,  made  789  stops,  and  more  than 
150,000  people  heard  1265  lectures,  some- 
times in  a  large  passenger  car,  carried  for 
the  purpose,  sometimes  on  the  station  plat- 
form, and  occasionally  in  a  hall.  The  trains 
were  run  on  regular  schedules  and  good 
audiences  were  always  waiting. 

•  **  There  are  just  as  many  quarter-sections 
around  a  small  town  as  around  a  large  one," 
said  Professor  Holden,  y  so  we  stopped  at 
every  station  where  they^took  interest  enough 
to  advertise  the  meeting.  We  wanted  the 
farmers  from  those  quarter-sections  and  their 
sons.  The  way  to  get  close  to  the  farmer  is 
to  go  to  his  little  town  and  make  him  most 
informally  at  home  with  his  neighbors,  with- 
out any  *  dress-up.'  We  took  away  the  ter- 
rors of  science  by  showing  how  simple  are 
her  laws,  so  easily  understood  by  all,  but 
which  no  one  may  violate  without  paying  the 
penalty.  We  showed  how  many  farmers, 
who  didn't  test  their  seed,  were  wasting  one- 
third  of  their  time  and  one-third  of  their 
land,  planting  seed  that  did  not  grow,  leaving 
vacant  places  that  cost  just  as  much  to  culti- 


i^.,..   ^ 

M 

p\/ 1 

f$ 

r  v^ 

INSPECTING   CORN   AT   A    COUN-PY   PICNIC    IN    IOWA 


192 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


■  ^ 

Ml 

-^^^wdJk^m 

■*' 

1                "#l^v^ 

^' 

j^n 

\,    r 

m 

A  GATHERING   AT  THE   MONTGOMERY  COUNTY,   IOWA,   FARMERS      PICNIC. 


vate  as  if  they  were  filled  with  good  stalks, 
each  bearing  a  twelve  or  fourteen  ounce  ear." 
The    points    emphasized    in    the    lectures 
were: 

(i)  The  low  average  of  thirty-one  bushels 
per  acre  over  the  State,  while  many  farmers 
were  producing  sixty  to  seventy  bushels  per 
acre.  (2)  The  poor  stand,  due  to  poor  seed, 
uneven  dropping  of  seed  by  the  planter,  and 
poor  preparation  of  the  seed-bed.  (3)  Planting 
unsuitable  varieties,  and  also  com  which  has  de- 
teriorated under  unfavorable  conditions.  (4) 
What  the  farmer  himself  can  do  toward  improv- 
ing his  com  by  selection  and  breeding,  with 
emphasis  on  the  imperative  necessity  of  careful 
selection  and  testing  of  seed,  accompanied  by 
simple  directions  for  doing  it. 

A  HUNDRED  BUSHELS  AN  ACRE. 

Professor  Holden  figures  out  with  startling 
clearness  to  the  corn-grower  what  his  certain 
profits  will  be,  what  astonishing  gains  will 
come  to  him,  from  ordinary  care. 

"  It  is  customary  to  plant  corn/*  he  says, 
"  in  hills  three  and  a  half  feet  apart  each 
way,  three  kernels  in  a  hill.  Fair  land  wilt 
with  ordinary  care  produce  a  good  ear  on  at 
least  two  stalks  In  every  hill,  and  should  pro- 
duce three  ears.  There  are  355^  hills  to  the 
acre,  so  there  should  be  10,668  stalks.  One 
twelve-ounce  ear  to  the  hill  makes  thirty- 
eight  bushels  an  acre;  an  eight-ounce  ear  to 
the  hill  makes  25.5  bushels  per  acre.     So  you 


see  two  twelve-ounce  ears  would  give  seventy- 
six  bushels  to  the  acre,  and  if  you  add  an 
eight-ounce  nubbin  there  are  over  100  bush- 
els. Good  corn-growers,  who  give  proper 
care  to  the  selection  and  testing  of  their  seed, 
the  preparation  of  the  ground  and  the  culti- 
vation, will  have  a  large  percentage  of  six- 
teen-ounce  ears,  few  small  ones,  and  ver/ 
few  hills  with  less  than  two  good  ears.  One 
hundred  bushels  per  acre  is  neither  impracti- 
cable nor  difficult." 

WORTH  TWELVE  MILLIONS  IN  ONE  YEAR. 

The  average  yield  of  corn  in  Iowa  for  the 
ten  years  ending  with  1906  was  31.5  bushels 
per  acre.  The  highest  was  40.3,  in  1900, 
when  the  farm  value  was  27  cents  per  bushel. 
The  lowest  was  twenty-nine  bushels  per  acre, 
in  1897,  when  the  value  was  only  17  cents. 
The  yield  in  1903,  the  last  year  before  the 
seed-corn  special  trains,  was  thirty-one  bush- 
els. In  1904  it  was  thirty-six,  in  1905  it  was 
37.2,  and  in  1906,  when  the  farmers  were 
getting  the  full  benefit  of  what  they  had 
learned,  it  was  forty-one  bushels  per  acre. 
The  State  had  9,443,960  acres  of  corn  that 
year,  and  it  was  worth  33  cents  a  bushel  on 
the  farm  December  i.  Suppose  the  gain 
creditable  to  the  educational  campaign  to 
have  been  only  four  bushels  per  acre,  the  in- 
crease over  the  previous  year,  and  we  have  a 


THE  FARMER'S  DEBT   TO  SCIENCE. 


193 


gain  of  37,775,840  bushels,  which  at  the  cur- 
rent price  of  33  cents  was  worth  $12,345,- 
027,  or  about  10  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the 
entire  crop.  Is  it  any  wonder  that  the 
farmers  of  Iowa  are  grateful  to  the  college  at 
Ames,  and  especially  to  Professors  Curtiss 
and  Holden,  and  are  ready  to  listen  to  what 
they  and  their  associates  may  advise? 

THE    COLLEGE    ITSELF,    AND    ITS    METHODS. 

During  the  last  four  years  the  Depart- 
ment of  Animal  Husbandry  in  the  college  at 
Ames  has  furnished  thirty  men  to  the  facul- 
ties of  twenty  different  agricultural  colleges, 
and  now  has  applications  from  other  States. 
The  enrollment  in  the  regular  collegiate 
course  in  agriculture  is  larger  than  in  any 
other  agricultural  college  in  the  United 
States.  The  animal  husbandry  department 
has  carried  on  extension  work  for  several 
years  on  its  own  account. 

The  beginning  of  the  "  short-course  "  idea 
was  the  ten  weeks'  "short  course"  in  dairying, 
established  in  Wisconsin  and  Iowa  about  1890. 
A  conspicuous  employment  of  student  knowl- 
edge is  in  stock-judging  at  fairs,  county, 
State  and  district,  with  annual  contests 
among  the  students  of  all  the  Western  col- 
leges at  the  International  Live  Stock  Exposi- 
tion, held  in  Chicago  in  December.  Iowa 
has  won  a  majority  of  the  honors.  Scholar- 
ships at  the  college  are  given  by  the  State 
Fair  as  prizes  in  a  stock-judging  contesr 
among  low^  boys.  This  fair  is  an  educa- 
tional institution  in  itself,  bringing  together 
30,000  people  a  day  for  nearly  a  week.  It 
\s  being  housed  in  its  own  brick  buildings  of 
ample  size,  and  the  Legislature  has  just  given 


IOWA   MORTGAGE-LIFTERS. 

(Grand  champion  Berksblres  shown  by  the  Iowa 
International  Stock  Show  in  Chicago 


it  an  $80,000  building  in  which  to  show  the 
3000  swine  that  are  exhibited, — more  than 
any  other  show  in  the  world  can  boast.  The 
cattle  show  is  not  exceeded  by  any  pure-bred 
show.  The  college  is  liberally  supported  by 
the  State,  and  the  last  three  splendid  new 
buildings,  just  now  being  finished,  cost  over 
$1,000,000.  An  annual  tax  of  a  fifth  of  a 
mill  is  provided  for  new  buildings.  A-  cor- 
respondence school  and  a  summer  school  are 
being  planned,  to  further  extend  the  useful- 
ness of  the  institution.  It  is  advertised  by 
the  results  it  shows  and  by  the  fame  of  its 
men.  Dean  Curtiss  has  been  for  years  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  most  eminent  authorities 
on  live  stock  in  America,  and  the  feeding  and 
breeding  experiments  he  has  carried  on  have 
been  as  notable  in  practical  results  as  the  corn 
experiments  by  Professor  Holden. 

AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS. 

"  A  farmer  who  has  a  $100,000  farm  near 
a  good  town,"  said  Professor  Holden,  *'  told 
me  the  other  day  he  was  afraid  to  send  his 
only  son  to  the  high  school  in  town,  because 
the  teachers  there  were  likely  to  lead  the  boy 
away  from  the  farm  and  try  to  persuade  him 
that  he  *  ought  to  be  doing  something  better 
than  farming.*     I  find  many  farmers  have 
the  same  feeling  toward   the  high  schools. 
The   teachers,   having   little   interest   in   01 
knowledge   of   agriculture,    constantly   hold 
before  the  boys  the  attractions  of  other  ways 
of  living,  and  discourage  them  from  follow- 
ing the  business  their  fathers  are  soon  going 
to  be  ready  to  turn  over  to  them.    The  farm- 
ers are  entitled  to  a  fair  showing  of  th^  dig- 
nity of  agriculture  and  of  the  opportunities 
and  demand  for  brains 
in   the  business.     The 
elements  of  agriculture 
must  be  taught  in  the 
public   schools,   and    it 
will  soon  be  done.  The 
sentiment   for  agricul- 
tural   high    schools    is 
strong,    and    another 
Legislature  will  proba- 
bly make  some  provi- 
sion for  them.  Teachers 
must    be    prepared    to 
lead  the  children  with 
sympathy    and    under- 
standing   to    a    wider 
knowledge  of  the  com- 
mon things  about  them. 
«.  .    ^  „         *  *u  — in  short,  to  prepare 

state  College  at  the  ,  .       i-r    » 

in  1906.)  them  for  life. 


•^ 


194 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEIVS. 


MISS    RAUSCH  S   CLASS    IN    DOMESTIC   SCIENCE   AT   THE    MOUNT    PLEASANT       SHORT    COURSE- 


DOMESTIC  SCIENCE  THE  WOMAN  S  PART. 

Improvement  in  the  Iowa  farmer's  home  is 
keeping  pace  with  that  in  the  fields  and  barn- 
yards, and  it  can  no  longer  be  said  that  the 
stock  is  better  housed  than  the  family. 
Roomy,  comfortable,  well-kept  homes  are  in 
the  majority. 

Miss  Mary  F.  Rausch,  the  practical  en- 
thusiast in  charge  of  domestic  science  in  the 
extension  department  in  the  college,  has  her 
time  .pledged  months  ahead  for  lectures  at 
farmers*  institutes,  county  fairs,  schools, 
women's  clubs,  "  short  courses,"  etc.  With 
common  sense  and  tact  she  has  won  the  at- 
tention and  respect  of  experienced  house- 
keepers, who  are  grateful  to  her  for  showing 
easier  and  better  ways  of  doing  things.  She 
thinks  it  is  wiser  to  show  a  farmer's  wife 
how  to  make  a  good  pie  than  to  argue  with 
her  about  the  unhealthfulness  of  all  pie.  She 
insists  that  the  farmer's  wife  shall  have  a 
share  of  his  prosperity  and  generally  finds 
the  men  in  hearty  sympathy  with  her»  once 
the>  are  shown  liow  to  h'ghten  the  wife's  bur- 
dens. One  farmer  who  said  her  lecture  cost 
him  $ioc^  in  "  modern  fixings,"  including 
water  in  the  house,  told  Miss  Rausch  that  it 


was  a  mighty  good  investment,  it  made  I 
wife  so  much  happier.  Sanitary  improi 
ments  and  various  reforms  follow  her  ll 
tures. 

"Almost  every  day,"  said  Miss  Rau« 
"  women  come  to  me  and  say  that  their  ill 
would  have  been  much  caster  and  happier 
they  had  learned  some  of  these  things  at  \ 
'beginning  of  their  married  life.  'Dicy  fl 
me  they  and  their  children  are  healthier  siB 
they  learned  to  bake  their  bread  thorougl 
and  chew  their  food  well.  This  is  one 
the  results  of  the  bread-making  contests  i 
have  had  all  over  the  State.  Many  wool 
are  eager  to  hear  about  the  right  foods  i 
little  children,  and  profit  by  what  they  1«U 
Even  the  older  women  resolve  to  begin  doi 
their  housework  in  the  easier  and  better  wi 
One  woman  seventy-six  years  old  drove  thi 
miles  and  back  every  day  for  six  days  to  i 
tend  the  domestic-science  course. 

"  I  believe,"  Miss  Rausch  summed 
her  work,  "  that  the  day  is  coming,  and  v< 
rapidly,  too,  when  people  will  think  that 
is  just  as  important  for  a  girl  to  learn  how 
keep  house  intelligently,  economically  a 
healthfully  as  it  is  for  a  young  man  to  p 
pare  for  his  life  work," 


SAN   FRANCISCO'S  REGENERATION. 

BY  COLVIN   B.   BROWN. 


CAN  FRANCISCO  is  essentially  a  com- 
mcrcml  city'.  Its  harbor,  locked  in  by  a 
wind-break  cif  high  hills,  is  big  and  deep 
enough  to  accommodate  any  possible  demands 
that  may  be  made  upon  it.     Across  the  Pa- 


will    probably    ever    be    built    within     the 
State. 

INCOXVEXIENCE    BUT  TEMPORARY. 

The  disaster  which  befell  San  Francisco 


d6c  Ocean,  to  the  west,  lies  the  Orient,  with   in  April,    1906,   did   not  affect  any  of  the 
irs  hundreds  of  millions  of  people.     South-    natural   resources  upon   which   the  city   de- 


_ward  lies  the  west^ 
t^ast  ^i  South 
ocrica,  Panama, 
Mexico.  To 
north  lies  Alas- 
On  the  land- 
side  of  the 
^lles  an  excep- 
nally  frrnle  and 
itictivc  country. 
Here  practically 
ev-erj'  crop  known 
to  the  north  and 
south  temperate 
zones  is  grown  suc- 
cessfully. Last  year 
this  hinterland  of 
San  Francisco  pro- 
d  u  c  e  d  4,700,000 
centals  of  wheat, 
24/xx),ooo  bushels 
of  barley,  50,000 
carloads  o  f  fresh 
fruit  and  its  prod- 
ucts,  41,000,000 
gallons  of  wine,  6,- 
500,000   bushels    of 


JUDGE  F.   H.   DUNNE,  OF  SAN    FRANCISCO. 
(In  whoBe  court  the  graft  casos  were  tried.) 


pends  for  its  trade 
and  commerce. 
That  section  in 
which  business  was 
housed  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire.  The 
volume  of  commerce 
waiting  to  be  han- 
dled was  as  big  as 
ever,  and  the  lack 
of  warehouses  and 
office  buildings  was 
but  a  temporary  in- 
convenience. 

This  was  so  pat- 
ent to  every  burned- 
out  San  Francisco 
business  man  that 
before  the  ashes  of 
his  former  site  were 
cold  he  was  plan- 
ning to  reopen,  and 
had  telegraphed 
East  for  a  new  ^stock 
of  merchandise.  The 
inevitable  result  was 
that     the     need     of 


potatoes  and  other  vegetables  in  propor-  business  housing  facilities  was  immediate  and 
tion,  22,000,000  pounds  of  wool,  900,000,-  pressing.  Stocks  of  goods  en  route  at  the 
000  feet  of  lumber,  35,000,000  barrels  of  time  of  the  disaster  began  to  arrive  at  the 
petroleum  and  $19,700,000  worth  of  gold;  Oakland  freight  yards.  To  these  were  soon 
and  this  is  but  a  small  fraction  of  the  added  cars  ordered  by  telegraph.  Within  a 
gross  products  of  the  region  and  but  a  sug-  few  weeks  10,000  carloads  of  freight  were  in 
gcstion  of  their  great  variety.  The  products  the  Oakland  yards  waiting  to  be  unloaded, 
of  forest,  field,  and  mine  are  conveyed  by  a  The  railroads  began  to  run  short  of  rolling 
network  of  railroads  and  two  important  navi-  stock  and  threatened  to  charge  demurrage  on 
gable  rivers  to  a  common  focal  point  at  San  cars  that  were  not  unloaded  within  a  given 
Francisco,  where  river  steamer  and  railroad  time.  In  the  meanwhile  about  half  the 
car  meet  the  ocean  freighter.  Upon  the  city's  population  were  clamoring  for  a  chance 
snow-dad  peaks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  moun-  to  replace  the  personal  effects  they  had  lost 
tain  range  which  sweeps  down  the  eastern  in  the  fire.  Merchants  naturally  saw  op- 
border  line  is  stored  sufficient  water  to  irri-  portunity  for  profits,  quick  and  big,  if  they 
gate  tvtry  acre  within  the  valleys  and  provide  could  but  get  a  place  in  which  to  display 
power  for   every   railroad  and   factory  that   their   goods.      The    demand    for   carpenters 


196 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REVIEIVS. 


was  tremendous.  The  supply  was  below 
normal,  many  having  fled  the  city.  What 
followed  was  a  matter  of  course.  Those  who 
had  buildings  to  erect  began  bidding  against 
one  another  to  get  mechanics.  Wages  were 
forced  up  almost  to  where  they  were  in  pio- 
neer days.  What  had  been  residence  prop- 
erty before  the  fire  now  became  valuable  for 
business  purposes.  The  artisan  with  a  dou- 
ble wage  found  that  he  had  to  pay  a  double 
rent.  The  corner  grocer  and  butcher  were 
informed  that  from  twice  to  many  times  the 
former  rent  would  be  demanded  by  the  land- 
lord. Consequently  groceries  and  meat  ad- 
vanced stifly  in  price.  As  was  to  have  been 
expected,  an  era  of  high  prices  ensued. 

EFFECT  OF   HIGH   PRICES. 

Unlike  Baltinfiore,  San  Francisco  is  far  re- 
moved from  densely  populated  centers.  To 
a  very  large  extent  she  is  dependent  upon  her 
own  population  for.  any  work  there  is  to  do, 
and  any  sudden/ demand  in  excess  of  the  sup- 
ply of  labor  is  bound  to  furnish  workingmen 
with  an  excuse  for  demanding  increased  pay. 
In  the  case  of  San  Francisco,  however,  it  is  to 
be  remembered  that  the  workingmen  were  by 
no  means  alone  in  seizing  the  opportunity 
to  make  profit  out  of  conditions.  Lumber 
dealers  combined  and  sent  the  price  of  their 
commodity  higher  than  it  had  been  in  years. 
Cement  dealers  did  likewise.  Structural  ma- 
terial of  all  sorts  advanced  in  price.  The  in- 
creased cost  of  labor  was  but  one  of  the  fac- 
tors in  the  increased  cost  of  building. 

Notwithstanding  this  condition  of  high 
prices,  which  was  evidently  but  temporary, 
property  owners  were  not  deterred  from  mak- 
ing improvements,  permanent  and  substantial 
as  well  as  temporary.  Throughout  the  city 
was  heard  the  sound  of  hammer  and  saw,  the 
rumbling  of  trucks,  and  the  puffing  of  hoist- 
ing engines.  Some  temporary  buildings  were 
erected  almost  overnight.  Big  steel-frame, 
fireproof  buildings,  whose  walls  had  with- 
stood the  heat,  were  repaired  and  made  even 
better  than  before.  Many  new  buildings 
of  the  "  Class  A "  type  were  started. 
Instead  of  a  city  bowed  down  by  the 
awful  calamity  of  earthquake  and  fire, 
it  immediately  became  and  has  since  prac- 
tically continued  to  be  a  very  ant-hill  of 
industry,  where  all  are  busy  with  a  fixed  pur- 
pose, and  most  are  more  prosperous  than  ever 
before.  This  statement  needs  only  to  be 
modified  to  this  extent: 

There  were  certain  lines  of  industry  in 
San  Francisco  which  failed  to  benefit  by  the 


increased  demand  for  labor  and  were  ui 
doubtedly  affected  by  the  increased  ccst  ( 
living.  Reference  is  made  to  the  employa 
of  the  street  railroads,  telephone  compan] 
laundries,  and  the  like.  Demands  made  iq 
on  employers  for  increased  wages  were  n 
fused  and  strikes  followed.  The  most  scr 
ous  of  these  was  the  strike  of  the  strcet-d 
employees,  who  demanded  $3  for  an  t\z% 
hour  day.  The  union  to  which  these  peopi 
belong  had  subscribed  to  an  arbitration  agra 
ment,  and  the  officials  of  the  company  <^ 
ciared  that  the  strike  was  in  direct  oppos 
tion  to  the  agreement.  Every  street-car  i 
the  city  was  stopped ;  business  suffered  i 
consequence,  and  there  was  a  general  tigh 
ening  of  the  money  market.  At  this  wririn 
the  cars  are  running,  but  the  service  is  by  i] 
means  so  good  as  before  the  strike.  Thi 
tl.is  matter  will  be  properly  adjusted  there 
no  doubt;  but  at  present  it  occupies  a  posiric 
of  peculiar  importance  in  the  San  Francis 
situation. 

UNION-LABOR  RULE. 

In  order  to  understand  the  situation  it  wi 
be  necessary  to  go  back  to  1900,  when  a  ne 
charter  adopted  by  San  Francisco  and  a 
proved  by  the  State  Legislature,  went  in] 
effect.  Under  this  charter  the  Mayor,  elcctt 
for  a  two-year  term,  was  given  greatly  ti 
creased  powers.  He  was  given  the  appoin 
ment  of  all  his  subordinates  and  was  ala 
responsible  for  the  administration  of  afeii 
James  D.  Phelan  was  the  first  Mayor  und 
the  new  charter,  and  during  the  second  yz 
of  his  term  a  teamsters'  strike  occurred,  wHj 
was  marked  by  peculiar  vindictiveness  21 
brutality.  Mr.  Phelan,  as  Mayor,  acccdi 
to  demands  made  upon  him  by  an  organii 
tion  of  business  men  calling  itself  the  Ei 
plovers*  Association  and  placed  policemen 
uniform  on  the  wagons  to  protect  stril 
breaking  drivers.  The  strike  was  settled 
a  manner  which  left  both  sides  discontente 
but  it  had  showed  the  workingmen  of  S; 
F  ancisco  that  if  they  could  control  the  offi 
of  Mayor  they  would  hold  the  whip  hand 
any  future  labor  troubles  that  mi^ht  occur. 

With  this  object  in  view  the  Union-Lab 
party  was  organized,  and  Eugene  E.  Schmil 
leader  of  a  theatrical  orchestra  and  memh 
of  the  Musicians'  Union,  was  nominated  f 
Mayor.  The  nomination  was  secured  largi 
through  the  efforts  of  Abraham  Ruef ,  ^  ck 
personal  friend  of  the  candidate.  At  xh 
time  Ruef  was  conducting  a  small  law  prs 
tice  and  dabbling  in  Republican  politics  '*  < 


SAN  FRANCISCO'S  REGENERATION    P^ 


197 


the  side."  He  had  just  been  defeated  at  the 
Republican  primaries,  and  it  was  this  that 
determined  him  to  throw  his  influence  to  the 
Union-Labor  ticket  and  take  charge  of  the 
campaign.  To  the  surprise  of  the  business 
community  Schmitz  was  elected  by  21,000 
votes. 

That  the  city  prospered  under  his  admin- 
istration seems  to  be  the  general  opinion. 
In  any  event,  he  was  again  elected  in  1903, 
this  time  by  26,000  votes,  an  increase  of 
5000;  and  this  notwithstanding  the  fact  that 
he  was  pitted  against  Franklin  K.  Lane, 
present  member  of  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission  and  an  experienced  Democratic 
politician,  and  Henry  J.  Crocker,  one  of  San 
Francisco's  wealthiest  and  best-known  citi* 
zens.  Schmitz  was  again  elected  in  1905, 
this  time  winning  by  42,000  votes,  and  car- 
rying with  him  the  entire  Union-Labor  tick- 
et. An  analysis  of  this  vote  showed  that  the 
ticket  was  supported  by  many  of  the  business 
men  of  the  city,  principally  the  smaller  class 
of  retailers.  This  was  presumably  upon  the 
theory  that  unionism,  strongly  intrenched  in 
power,  would  make  for  high  wages  and  high 
wages  make  good  business. 

With  the  Mayor  whom  he  had  been  main- 
ly instrumental  in  placing  in  office,  and 
whose  strong  personal  friend  and  legal  ad- 
visor he  was,  Abraham  Ruef,  the  erstwhile 
Republican  boss,  was  in  a  position  of  remark- 
able power  for  good  or  evil. 

A   PROFITABLE   LAW   PRACTICE. 

As  early  as  1902  it  began  to  be  rumored 
that  the  only  effective  way  in  which  to  se- 
cure special  favors  from  the  administration 
was  by  employing  the  services  of  Attorney 
Abraham  Ruef.  Little  by  little  these  ru- 
nx>r$  spread.  It  was  openly  stated  that  un- 
der the  guise  of  legal  services  Ruef  was  sell- 
ing licenses,  protecting  illegal  enterprises, 
and  securing  great  profit  out  of  his  friend- 
ship with  the  head  of  the  city  government. 
Major  Schmitz  was  spoken  to  on  the  sub- 
fcct  and  stoutly  maintained  that  Ruef  was 
an  excellent  lawyer  and  a  man  of  unblem- 
ished character,  in  whose  judgment  he  had 
the  utmost  confidence.  By  the  end  of  the 
second  Schmitz  administration  it  was  openly 
stated  in  the  press  and  on  the  streets  that 
Ruef,  and  not  Schmitz,  was  Mayor  de  facto, 
and  that  all  matters  coming  before  the  May- 
or for  approval  were  first  submitted  to  him. 
That  this  was  the  view  of  the  case  taken  by 
many  large  corporations  and  by  practically 
all  persons  conducting  business  requiring  li- 


cense seems  undisputed.  Ruef's  law  prac- 
tice grew  enormously,  and  by  the  end  of  the 
second  administration  he  was  known  to  be  a 
wealthy  man,  with  an  income  running  into 
thousands  a  month.  It  was  not  until  1905, 
however,  that  charges  of  graft  became  open 
and  notorious.  Heretofore,  it  had  been 
charged  that  Ruef  was  simply  acting  as  at- 
torney for  those  who  hired  him  in  the  belief 
that  his  friendship  with  the  Mayor  made  his 
services  more  valuable  than  would  be  those 
of  an  outsider.  Now,  however,  it  was  open- 
ly argued  that  these  "  attorney's  fees  "  were 
divided  with  the  Mayor  and  the  Board  of 
Supervisors. 

This  was  the  condition  of  affairs  when  the 
disaster  of  April,  1906,  fell  upon  the  city. 
In  those  awful  days  politics  and  talk  of  graft 
were  forgotten.  Every  one's  attention  was 
turned  to  relieving  distress  and  preserving 
order.  The  way  Mayor  Schmitz  arose  to  the 
occasion  surprised  even  his  most  ardent  ad- 
mirers. So  well  did  he  conduct  himself  that 
he  immediately  became  one  of  the  most  ad- 
mired men  in  California.  Grasping  the  sit- 
uation with  a  master  hand,  without  regard  to 
politics,  he  called  to  his  aid  the  leading  busi- 
ness men  of  San  Francisco,  many  of  whom 
were  his  bitterest  enemies.  Under  his  lead- 
ership these  men,  organized  into  committees, 
administered  a  relief  fund  running  into  the 
millions,  accounting  for  every  cent,  and  main- 
tained order  where  there  otherwise  would 
have  been  chaos. 

SPECIFIC  CHARGES  OF  GRAFT. 

While  Mayor  Schmitz  and  his  committees 
were  thus  conducting  affairs  others,  with  a 
seemingly  larger  self-interest,  were  looking 
about  to  see  how  money  Avas  to  be  made.  It 
was  not  at  all  certain  but  the  business  center 
of  the  city  would  shift  permanently.  Prop- 
erty values  outside  the  burned  district  rose 
enormously.  Speculation  was  rampant. 
There  was  a  general  scramble  for  special 
privileges,  and  the  services  of  Abraham  Ruef, 
the  attorney,  were  in  greater  demand  than 
ever.  Then  arose  the  cry  of  graft,  so  loud 
and  insistent  that  it  could  not  be  ignored.  It 
was  charged  that  the  United  Railroads, 
which  is  the  name  the  local  street  railway 
goes  by,  had  bribed  the  Board  of  Supervisors 
to  grant  an  overhead  trolley  franchise  in 
place  of  the  open-slot  system  wanted  by  the 
people;  that  the  gas  company  had  bribed  the 
members  of  the  board  to  raise  the  price  of  gas 
from  75  to  85  cents  per  1000  feet;  that  the 
telephone  company  had  paid  to  keep  a  rival 


198 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


MR.    RUDOLPH    SPRECKELS, 

(Who  pledged  $100,000  from  his  private  fortune 
toward  the  expenses  of  the  San  Francisco  graft  In- 
vestigation and  prosecutions.) 


out  of  the  field;  that  low  dives  and  resorts 
were  opening  up  under  police  protection  and 
paying  tribute  to  Abraham  Ruef  and  the  ad- 
ministration which  he  controlled.  Every- 
body believed  that  there  was  truth  in  many 
if  not  all  of  these  statements,  but  how  to  in- 
vestigate the  charges  and  procure  indictments 
and  C(;nvictions  where  the  administration  con- 
trolled every  branch  of  the  city  government, 
including  a  large  section  of  the  judiciar>'  and 
the  sheriff's  office,  was  a  question. 

Rudolph  Spreckels,  a  young  millionaire 
banker,  son  of  Claus  Spreckels  of  sugar  fame, 
came  forward  with  an  offer  to  pledge  $ioo,- 
ooo  toward  defraying  the  expenses  of  a 
searching  investigation  of  all  charges  of  graft 
and  the  prosecution  of  offenders.  Ex-Mayor 
James  D.  Phelan  agreed  to  stand  by  him  in 
the  matter.  William  J.  Langdon,  who  had 
been  cleced  District-Attorney  on  the  Union- 
Labor  ticket,  announced  his  intention  to  con- 
duct the  inquiry  regardless  of  his  party  affili- 
ations with  the  administration  or  who  might 
be  brought  to  book;  and  it  was  evident  that 
he  meant  what  he  said.  Abraham  Ruef  was 
one  of  those  who  believed  that  Langdon  in- 
tended doing  his  duty.  Strange  as  it  may 
seem,  Ruef  actually  succeeded  in  getting  the 
board  to  remove  Langdon  and  to  appoint  him 


instead.  This  showed  how  completely  \ 
controlled  the  board,  and  the  act  was  cuii 
strued  by  the  public  to  be  a  virtual  acknow| 
edgment  of  guilt.  Intense  excitement  a 
sued.  A  mass  meeting  of  business  men  \\\ 
called  to  meet  on  Union  Square.  This  md 
ing  was  packed  and  captured  by  Ruef. 

DIVISION   INTO   FACTIONS. 

Rudolph  Spreckels,  by  virtue  of  his  ofi^ 
to  furnish  funds,  immediately  became  lead^ 
of  the  graft  prosecutions.  Of  course,  he  vc^ 
charged  with  ulterior  motives.  Those  wl^ 
were  in  the  w'ay  of  becoming  indicted  In 
mediately  charged  him  with  seeking  politiq 
preferment  and  financial  gain.  They  al^ 
charged  him  with  a  desire  to  revenge  himscj 
on  Patrick  Calhoun,  president  of  the  L  nit^ 
Railroads,  who  had  beaten  him  in  a  railw^ 
franchise  deal.  Calhoun  has  since  been  it| 
dieted  for  bribery  in  connection  with  the  ^ 
curing  of  this  franchise.  Those  who  suppoi 
Spreckels,  such,  for  instance,  as  James  I] 
Phelan,  whose  civic  patriotism  has  ne\d 
been  questioned,  declared  that  Spreckels  wj 
and  is  animated  only  by  a  desire  to  clean  oij 
a  corrupt  city  administration  and  restore  Sa| 
Francisco  to  the  place  to  which  it  is  eniitiej 
among  progressive  American  cities. 

Spreckels*  first  move  was  to  secure  the  sfl 
vices  of  Francis  J.  Heney,  who  had  gained  I 
reputation  for  himself  while  acting  for  ilj 
United  States  Government  in  the  prosecutia 
of  the  Oregon  land  frauds.  With  Hen^ 
came  William  J.  Burns,  a  detective  in  tJj 
employ  of  the  United  States  Secret  Seniv.1 
Both  Heney  and  Burns  secured  leave  of  a^ 
sence  from  the  Government  in  order  to  fl| 
able  them  to  conduct  the  work  of  investi^ 
tion  and  prosecution  in  San  Francisco,  hj 
said  that  in  giving  them  their  instnictio^ 
Spreckels  stated  that  he  wished  'the  who! 
matter  to  be  probed  to  the  very  depths,  r« 
gardless  of  who  might  be  affected,  and  thi 
no  quarter  was  to  be  shown  even  to  his  c!o^ 
est  personal  friends  should  any  such  be  fouij 
to  be  mixed  up  in  the  riot  of  municipal  gratj 
The  prosecution  was  to  be  thorough  an| 
without  fear  or  favpr. 

The  matter  of  the  legality  of  the  action  (| 
the  Board  of  Supervisors  in  removing  Lanj 
don  ^nd  appointing  Ruef  as  District-Attoi 
ney  was  taken  into  court,  and  after  a  bittt 
fight  the  courts  decided  such  action  to  hav 
been  illegal.  Francis  J.  Heney  w^as  then  a| 
pointed  by  District-Attorney  Langdon  as  h 
assistant. 

Results  followed.    Abraham  Ruef  was » 


SAN  FRANCISCO'S  REGENERATION. 


199 


dieted  for  extorting  money  from  the  French 
restaurants,  and  when  arraigned  for  trial,  af- 
ter having  exhausted  every  legal  quibble, 
pleaded  guilty.  Mayor  Schmitz  was  indict- 
ed on  a  charge  similar  to  the  one  to  which 
Ruef  pleaded  guilty.  He  was  in  Europe  at 
the  time,  but  hastened  back  to  face  the  accu- 
sation. He  was  found  guilty  before  a  jury 
and  sentenced  to  five  years  in  the  State  pen- 
itentiary. Fifteen  of  the  eighteen  members 
of  the  Board  of  Supervisors  confessed  to  hav- 
ing accepted  bribes  for  the  granting  of  fran- 
chises from  various  corporations,  immunity 
being  granted  in  return  for  their  confessions. 
Upon  these  confessions  indictments  were 
found  against  Patrick  Calhoun,  president  of 
the  United  Railroads;  Thornwell  MuUally, 
its  vice-president;  Tirey  L.  Ford,  its  chief 
attorney,  and  against  Frank  G.  Drum,  John 
Martin,  Eugene  de  Sabla,  G.  H.  Umbsen, 
J.  E.  Green,  A.  K.  Detweiler,  and  Louis 
Glass,  all  prominent  officials  of  leading  pub- 
lic-utility corporations. 

The  prosecution  announces  its  intention 
of  pushing  the  charges  against  these  promi- 
nent men  with  all  the  vigor  that  character- 
ized the  prosecution  of  Ruef  and  Schmitz. 
The  result  is  that  the  city  is  divided  into  two 


ASSISTANT   DISTRICT-ATTORNEY    FRANCIS   J.    HENEY. 

(The  chief  figure  In  the  prosecution  of  the  San 
Francisco  grafters.  Mr.  Ileney  hnd  won  his  spurs 
as  United  States  riovemment  counsel  in  the  Oregon 
land-fraud  cases.  His  fearlessness  has  made  him  a 
marked  man  on  the  Western  coast.) 


WSnUCT-ATTORNEY    WILLIAM    J.   LANGDON,  OF   SAN 
FRANCISCO. 

(The  Union  Labor  ofBcial  who  prosecuted  his 
party  associates  when  he  had  become  convinced  of 
their  ^llt.) 


factions.  One  of  these  supports  the  prose- 
cution. The  other  is  opposed  to  it.  The 
striking  thing  about  the  situation  is  that 
many  of  the  leading  bankers  and  business 
men  of  the  city  are  on  the  side  of  the  oppo- 
sition. 

THE  DIFFERENT  VIEWPOLNTS. 

In  order  to  understand  the  different  view- 
points it  is  necessar)'  to  consider  the  present 
condition  of  municipal  officialdom.  Every 
official  of  the  city  is  a  member  of  the  Union- 
Labor  party.  The  chief  executive  is  in  jail 
convicted  of  a  felony.  All  but  three  of  the 
eighteen  Supervisors,  which  are  the  law- 
making body  of  the  city,'  are  self-confessed 
felons.  The  chief  of  police  has  been  indicted. 
A  strike  of  the  street-car  men  is  in  progress, 
and  this  strike  has  been  a  big  money  loss  to 
business.  Patrick  Calhoun,  president  of  the 
United  Railroads,  is  -  looked  upon  as  the 
champion  of  the  interests  of  the  business  com- 
munity as  opposed  to  the  claims  of  the  strik- 
ing carmen.  Many  claim  to  see  in  Calhoun's 
prosecution  an  effort  to  aid  the  strikers,  and 
openly  state  this  to  be  their  opinion.  Others 
claim  that  the  prosecution  of  so  many  promi- 
nent corporation  officials  at  the  present  time 
not  only  aids  the  strikers  and  frightens  away 


aoo 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


DETECTIVE    WILLIAM     J.     BURNS. 

(The  man  who  secured  the  eTidence  involving  the 
San  Francisco  supervisors,  Ruef,  Mayor  Schmltz, 
and  other  well-lcnown  citizens.) 

capital,   but  leads  the  world   to  think   that 
property  is  unsafe  in  San  Francisco. 

Francis  J.  Heney,  in  a  letter  to  the  San 
Francisco  press,  puts  the  matter  in  this  wise: 

The  moment  that  a  politician  is  charged  with 
crime  the  charge  is  made  by  himself  and  friends 
that  the  attack  is  prompted  by  political  motives. 
This  cry  was  made  by  Ruef  and  Schmitz  when 
the  graft  prosecutions  were  commenced.  At  that 
time  it  was  claimed  by  Schmitz,  Ruef,  and  their 
friends  that  Mr.  Langdon,  Mr.  Rudolph  Spreck- 
els,  and  myself  were  maliciously  endeavoring  to 
destroy  the  Labor-Union  party  and  labor  unions 
generally,  and  that  this  purpose  constituted  our 
sole  motive  in  undertaking  the  prosecution  of 
the  alleged  grafters.  At  that  time  most  of  the 
banks  and  most  of  the  merchants  and  rnany  of 
the  wealthy  men  who  arc  now  denouncing  us 
were  loud  in  their  praises.  They  wanted  to*  see 
'•  all  of  the  grafters  "  sent  to  the  penitentiary. 
We  heard  then  that  it  would  be  a  splendid  thing 
to  relieve  the  city  of  its  incubus  of  corruption. 
The  moment  that  we  commenced  to  uncover  rich 
criminals  and  to  demonstrate  that  our  motto 
would  be  "  No  man  is  above  the  law."  the  atti- 
tude of  many  of  the  bankers,  merchants  and 
predatorial  rich  changed.  Now  the  prosecutors 
are  charged  with  a  malicious  desire  to  perpetuate 


the  Labor-Union  party  and  labor  unions  in  \ 
eral.  \ 

In   this  same  letter   Heney    charges  fl 
representatives  of  nearly  every  bank  in  : 
Francisco  have  met  and  pledged  Patrick  ( 
houn  their  support;  that  they   have  woil 
upon  the  fears  of  the  merchant  and  other  k 
rowing  classes  with  the  statement  that 
prosecution  is  injuring  the  credit  of  the  c 
So  the  prosecution  is  very  far  from  rtztH 
the  united  support  of  the  business  inten 
of  San   Francisco,   and   to  this    extent  itj 
working   under   a   great   disadvantage,     j 
the  same  time  it  seems  certain  that  the  prd 
cut  ion  will  proceed  as  it  has  commenced  i 
will  not  cease  its  efforts  until  ever\'  man  \ 
dieted  for  the  giving  of  bribes  has  been  d 
victed'or  acquitted  by  a  jury,    and  this 
spite  of  any  opposition  that  may  arise.    Tl 
matter  will  probably  be  definitely  decided 
the  election  for  city  officials  which  will  ta 
place  in  November.     It  will  then  be  decidi 
whether  the  mass  of  the  people  approves 
a  continuance  of  the  prosecution.      So  tar 
is  known  it  has  not  yet  been  determined  dc 
nitcly  how  many  tickets  will  be  in  the  tic 
nor  what  these  tickets  will  represent.    Th 
matter  will  be  determined  at  the  primari 
which  will  be  held  on  August  13. 

Paradoxical  as  it  may  seem,  there  is  pro 
ably  no  city  to-day  in  the  United  States 
free  from  graft  as  San  Francisco.  The  sd 
confessed  boodlers  who  constitute  the  Bt)a 
of  Supervisors  still  remain  in  office,  but  th 
are  under  the  absolute  domination  of  the 
who  have  pledged  themselves  to  elimina 
graft  from  municipal  affairs  and  restore 
stable  city  government.  It  seems  undoubti 
that  the  great  majority  of  the  voters  are 
sympathy  with  this  purpose. 

FINANCI.\L   CONDITIONS  GOOD. 

Financially  San  Francisco  is  in  an  exa 
lent  condition.  With  an  assessment  roll 
$429,000,000  it  has  a  borrowing  capaci 
under  the  charter  of  $60,000,000,  where 
its  present  bonded  indebtedness  is  but  $! 
000,000.  Nearly  $80,000,000  has  been  c 
pended  in  rebuilding  since  the  fire.  A  biill 
tin  issued  by  the  California  Promotion  Coi 
mittee  gives  the  following  summary  for  i 
month  of  June:  Value  of  building  pcrmi 
issued,  $3,916,450;  bank  clearings,  $17; 
307,227;  customs  receipts,  $668,176.  Du 
ing  the  last  week  in  June  San  Francisa 
bank  clearings  amounted  to  $43,969,000. 
against  $30,316,113  for  the  correspondii 
week  last  year,  and  $33,480,200  for  the  con 


CO-OPERATiyE  CONSUMERS'  ASSOCIATIONS  IN  RUSSIA, 


201 


spending  week  in  1 905.  According  to  clearing- 
house statements,  San  Francisco  is  doing  more 
business  than  all  the  other  cities  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  combined,  the  total  clearings  for  all 
other  Pacific  Coast  cities  amounting  to  only 
$41,292,000  for  the  week  used  for  compari- 
son. Customs  receipts  for  the  port  of  San 
Francisco  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June 
30  amounted  to  $10,147,010.86,  as  against 
$7,449,196.41  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1906.  The  past  year's  customs  receipts  are 
the  highest  in  twent>*-four  years. 

Such  a  showing  as  this  is  surely  remarka- 
ble in  consideration  of  the  fact  that  San 
Francisco  is  engaged  in  a  physical  and  moral 
clean-up  such  as  perhaps  never  before  occu- 
pied the  time  and  attention  of  any  people. 
The  physical  regeneration  which  has  taken 
place  during  the  past  year  has  been  a  sur- 
prise to  the  city's  most  sanguine  friends.  In 
almost  every  instance  new  buildings  have 
been  of  a  better  class  than  those  destroyed. 


More  than  half  the  burned  area  is  now 
under  cover,  and  it  has  been  but  a  little  more 
than  a  year  since  the  disaster.  Moral  re- 
generation is  proceeding  with  equal  certainty. 
Those  who  are  at  the  head  of  the  graft 
prosecutions  have  demonstrated  that  they  are 
without  fear  and  that  there  is  to  be  no  cessa- 
tion in  the  work  of  moral  clean-up  until 
every  guilty  person  has  been  discovered  and 
punished.  And  when  the  world  wakes  up  to 
the  fact  that  the  seemingly  impossible  has  in 
fact  been  accomplished, — that  San  Francisco 
has  restored  all  her  facilities  for  trade  and 
established  an  honest  and  stable  city  govern- 
ment,— then  there  will  be  no  difficulty  in 
securing  all  the  outside  capital  that  may  be 
necessary.  San  Francisco  will  beat  down  all 
obstacles  which  may  oppose  her  progress,  be- 
cause the  physical  facts  are  in  her  favor  and 
she  has  an  American  citizenship  of  pioneer 
blood  that  nothing  but  complete  victory  will 
satisfy,  now  that  the  battle  is  on. 


COOPERATIVE  CONSUMERS'  ASSOCIATIONS  IN 

RUSSIA. 

BY    HERMAN    ROSENTHAL. 


/^O-OPERATION  in  general  was  known 
to  the  Russians  in  the  Middle  Ages. 
The  Druzhina,  or  Vataga,  dating  back  to  the 
thirteenth  or  fourteenth  century,  was  the  ear- 
liest manifestation  of  co-operative  activity  in 
the  land  of  the  Czars^  Originally  organized 
for  co-operative  hunting  and  fishing,  these  as- 
sociations gradually  came  to  include  groups 
of  laborers  known  as  artels.  There  were 
etriels  of  porters,  boatmen,  teamsters,  pack- 
ers, sorters  of  hemp  and  flax,  and  of  bank 
and  stock-exchange  messengers. 

With  the  native  artel  as  a  basis,  the  idea 
of  co-operation  was  stimulated  into  new 
life  by  the  teachings  of  Schultze-Delitsch  in 
the  *6o's  of  the  last  century.  His  Genossen- 
schaften  (association)  system  found  enthusi- 
astic supporters  in  the  Baltic  provinces,  and 
subsequently  all  over  Russia. 

The  founding  of  the  first  co-operative  con- 
sumers' society  in  Riga,  in  1865,  was  soon 
followed  by  many  others.  Almost  all  of  them, 
however,  passed  out  of  existence  after  a  short 
period,  and  but  one  of  these  early  associa- 
tions, the  co-operative  consumers''  society, 
"  Merkurius,"  founded  in  Warsaw,  fn  1869, 
in  still  flourishing.  •  The  general  reason  for 


the  failure  of  the  early  consumers'  associa- 
tions lay  in  the  fact  that  they  were  not 
founded  in  response  to  any  popular  demand ; 
their  organization  was  not  prompted  by  dire 
need,  and,  consequently,  the  principal  motive 
and  stimulus  for  co-operation  was  totally 
lacking. 

The  writer  participated  in  the  co-operative 
movement  of  the  '6o's  in  south  Russia.  To 
gether  with  other  young  idealists  of  that 
period  he  saw  in  co-operative  associations  s 
means  for  stimulating  the  growth  of  broadei 
political  ideas  in  Russia.  But  as  a  means  tr 
an  Qr\A^  and  not  the  end  in  themselves,  these 
early  sexrieties  were  foredoomed  to  failure 
Many  other  causes,  like  mismanagement  and 
want  of  experience,  contributed  also  to  ac 
complish  the  doom  of  the  pioneer  co-opera 
tiv   associations. 

Me)st  prosperous  among  the  co-operativ( 
consumers'  assexriations  in  Russia  at  present 
are  the  so-called  "  manufacturing  industrj 
co-operative  consumers'  associations,"  mainl) 
composed  of  laborers  and  employees  in  fac 
tories  and  other  industrial  establishments 
Greatest  of  these  is  the  asse)ciation  connecter 
with  the  Putilov  works,  in  a  suburb  of  St 


202 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REI/IEIVS. 


Petersburg.  It  was  started  in  1880,  with 
about  100  members,  and  a  capital  of  750O 
rubles.  The  association's  membership  at 
present  is  2168,  and  it  not  only  possesses  con- 
siderable funds,  but  has  also  its  own  bakeries, 
breweries,  stores,  dining-halls,  and  other  real 
property.  The  goods  handled  by  this  asso- 
ciation are  bought  directly  from  domestic  and 
foreign  producers,  and  the  enterprise  yields  a 
munificent  profit  (from  100  to  200  per  cent, 
on  the  capitalization).  Members  owning 
shares  receive  substantial  dividends,  some- 
times up  to  24  per  cent.,  and  the  common 
consumers  get  a  bonus  on  every  dollar's 
worth  of  purchase.  Besides  this,  part  of  the 
net  profit  is  used  for  benevolent  purposes,  for 
schools,  invalids'  homes,  asylums  for  the  aged, 
etc. 

For  the  great  success  of  this  co-operative 
association  credit  is  due,  in  no  small  degree, 
to  a  couple  of  prudent  stipulations  in  its 
statutes:  i.  That  members  holding  shares 
may  be  expelled  if  not  actually  patronizing 
the  association.  2.  That  even  non-members 
become  entitled  to  a  bonus  on  every  dollar's 
worth  of  purchase,  by  which  inducement  the 
trade  of  the  association  is  kept  steadily  in- 
creasing. 

Unfortunately,  the  factory  co-operative  as- 
sociations do  not  always  serve  the  interests  of 
the  workingmen.  In  most  of  the  industrial 
communities  of  the  Ural  districts  there  exist 
so-called  "  consumers'  stores,"  which  are  sup- 
posed to  aim  at  oflEsetting  the  extortionate 
prices  for  necessities  charged  by  local  small 
dealers.  These  stores,  -however,  are  often 
controlled  by  the  factory  owners  and  managed 
by  them  more  for  their  own  profit  than  for 
the  protection  and  benefit  of  the  workingmen, 
who  under  such  circumstances  are  even  worse 
off, — because  they  are  compelled  to  buy  their 
provisions  from  the  factory  store  alone, — 
than  when  dealing  with  the  local  merchants. 

Quite  important  a  part  is  played  by  the 
rural  consumers*  co-operative  associations, 
which  are  not  only  very  useful,  but  even 
nec«ssary  in  remote  localities.  In  this  connec- 
tion it  might  be  mentioned  that  the  co-opera- 
tive bakeries  in  the  country  districts  are,  rela- 
tively, the  best  paying  of  all  common  enter- 
prises. It  IS  obvious  that  the  rural  associa- 
tions should  meet  with  greater  success  than 
those  in  the  industrial  communities,  for  the 
reason  that  the  peasants  are,  to  a  far  greater 
extent  than  the  factory- workers,  exposed  to 
the  extortions  and  trickeries  of  the  local  deal- 
ers. Since  the  abolition  of  the  saloons  and 
bar   rooms,   after  the  establishment  of   the 


liquor  monopoly,  the  former  inn-keepers  have, 
in  a  great  many  instances,  sought  a  livelihood 
as  storekeepers,  in  which  capacity  they  cm- 
ploy  all  their  innate  and  experience-developed 
ingenuity  to  squeeze  the  last  kopeck  out  of  the 
poor  peasant. 

The  co-operative  movement  is  particularly 
strong  in  the  villages  of  the  government 
Nizhni  Novgorod.  In  seven  districts  there 
are  fifteen  consumers'  associations,  of  which 
nine  have  been  organized  within  the  last  three 
years.  The  success  of  all  these  co-operative 
associations  would,  however,  be  immensely 
greater,  and  the  actual  proceeds  would  in- 
crease considerably,  if  the  various  organiza- 
tions grouped  themselves  together  for  the  pur- 
pose of  buying  their  goods.  But  so  far  the 
associations  seem  rather  desirous  of  keeping 
aloof,  one  from  another,  than  of  working  for 
unification  and  the  common  advantage  ob- 
viously incident  thereto. 

The  best  results  are  undoubtedly  presented 
by  such  co-operative  associations  whose  mem- 
bers belong  to  the  same  class  of  society.  To 
this  kind  of  associations  the  five  greatest  ones 
in  Russia,  as  far  as  membership  is  concerned, 
are  counted.  First  among  these  stands  the 
railway  employees*  association,  in  Perm, 
which,  in  1902,  had  88cx)  members,  and  a 
net  profit  of  71,164  rubles  from  the  pre- 
ceding year.  Second  in  importance  is  the 
"  Officers'  Economic  Association,"  of  St 
Petersburg,  with  5374  regular  members  and 
2606  annual  subscribers.  After  these  come 
the  co-operative  associations  of  the  machine- 
shop  workmen,  in  Kolomny,  the  factory- 
workers,  in  Orechowo-Syjewo  (government 
of  Vladimir),  and  the  employees  of  the  Ycka- 
terininsk  Railway. 

In  contrast  to  the  above  associations  are 
those  which  are  composed  of  different  social 
elements.  Some  of  them  iiave,  through  wise 
management,  been  able  to  keep  up  their  ex- 
istence, and  have  even  prospered,  as,  for 
instance,  the  "  Mutual  Help  Society,"  of 
Novgorod  and  the  co-operative  consumers' 
association,  in  Tikhwin  (government  of  Nov- 
gorod), The  latter  was,  at  one  time,  even 
in  such  a  flourishing  condition  that  the  mem- 
bers were  allowed  a  dividend  of  26  per  cent, 
on  their  shares  and,  besides  this,  a  bonus  of 
9  per  cent,  on  every  dollar's  worth  of  pur- 
chase. But,  on  the  whole,  these  mixed  co- 
operative societies  enjoy,  in  the  greater  num- 
ber of  cases,  only  a  comparatively  short  period 
of  prosperity,  after  which  they  appear  to  fall 
into  decay  quite  rapidly.  The  reasons  for  this 
are  many  and  characteristic  of  Russian  life. 


CO'OPERATIl^E  CONSUMERS'  ASSOCIATIONS  IN  RUSSIA, 


203 


1  ake,  for  an  example,  the  general  consum- 
ers* association,  in  Perm.  It  was  organized 
in  1897,  ^vith  323  members,  and  its  early 
career  was  marked  by  great,  even  phenom- 
enal, success.  Elated  on  this  account,  the 
shareholders  suggested  the  extension  of  the 
business  into  commercial  fields  which  were 
strange  to  the  original  purpose  of  the  enter- 
prise and  received  but  meager  patronage 
from  the  greater  number  of  the  members. 
The  result  was,  that  the  stores  of  the  associa- 
tion were  packed  with  a  stock  of  non-selling 
articles,  the  carrying  of  which  consumed  a 
good  deal  of  the  profit  made  on  the  sale  of 
necessities,  thus  causing  a  stagnation,  or  even 
retrogression,  in  the  business  of  the  associa- 
tion. 

Still  more  precarious  became  the  condition 
cf  the  co-operative  association  in  Samara, 
principally  through  the  indiscriminate  use  of 
the  credit  system.  According  to  the  statutes 
of  that  association,  share-holding  members 
were  entitled  to  temporary  credit,  when  buy- 
ing goods,  for  a  certain  amount,  the  size  of 
which  should  be  regulated  by  the  capital  rep- 
rcsefited  by  the  shares.  This  rule,  if  ad- 
hered to  strictly,  would  have  caused  no  in- 
convenience or  embarrassment,  but  instead  of 
that,  the  directors  and  managers  extended 
credit  to  their  friends  and  acquaintances  al- 
most unlimitedly,  with  the  unfailing  conse- 
quence that  many  of  these  favored  costumers 
incurred  considerable  debts  to  the  associa- 
tion and,  on  being  refused  further  credit  ac- 
commodation, dropped  out  altogether,  leaving 
their  unpaid  bills  behind.  Such  a  state  of 
affairs,  must,  of  course,  be  exclusively  blamed 
on  the  management  of  the  association,  whose 
recklessness,  in  this  case,  hardly  falls  short 
of  being  criminal. 

The  once  prosperous  "  Mutual  Help  As- 
sociation "  in  Moscow  can  ascribe  its  recent 
decline  to  the  frequent  changes  in  its  man- 
agement, causing  the  exploitation  of  a  num- 
ber of  different  business  policies,  at  the  great- 
est cost  and  with  the  most  damaging  effects 
to  the  association.  A  society  of  similar  name 
in  Odessa  was  precipitated  into  the  throes  of 
dissolution  by  undisguised  mismanagement. 
Twenty-seven  men  were  employed  in  its  two 
little  stores,  and  practically  the  entire  profits 
were  gobbled  up  for  salaries  to  directors,  man- 
agers, help,  etc.  Taking  the  majority  of 
mixed  consumers*  co-operative  associations 
into  consideration,  it  may  be  generally  stated, 
that  the  "  educated  "  element  in  them  has 
quite  often,  by  insisting  on  the  introduction 
of   business   policies'  incompatible   with    the 


true  aim  of  the  ehterprise,  hampered  the 
sound  development  and  progress  of  the  lat- 
ter, and  even  contributed  to  its  complete  fail- 
ure, in  ma^ny  instances. 

The  number  of  co-operative  consumers*  as- 
sociations in  Russia  was  (in  November, 
1903)  824.  In  order  to  compile  some  statis- 
tics, in  regard  to  these,  the  "  Permanent  Com- 
mission for  Co-operative  Associations  **  sent 
out  some  inquiry  blanks  which,  in  204  cases, 
were  properly  filled  out  and  returned.  From 
these  reports  is  gathered  that  the  204  asso- 
ciations had  together  91,417  members  and 
26,402  annual  subscribers,  making  a  total 
number  of  about  118,000  customers.  The 
average  membership  of  the  associations  was 
577.  The  number  of  employees  was  3258, 
or  16  per  association,  and  the  expenses  for 
wages  and  maintenance  of  these  amounted  to 
I »i 3 1, 307  rubles,  or  averaging  5515  rubles 
for  each  association.  The  total  capital 
reached  asum  of  more  than  4,000,000  rubles, 
which  item  was  counterbalanced  by  a  total 
indebtedness  of  nearly  an  equal  amount.  Of 
the  entire  net  profit, — 1,270,000  rubles, — 
256,539  rubles  were  distributed  as  dividends 
on  shares,  590,857  rubles  as  premiums  on 
purchases,  and  68,155  were  paid  into  the 
government  as  taxes.  On  the  average,  each 
association  made  a  net  profit  of  6260  rubles, 
of  which  it  disbursed  125 1  rubles  in  share- 
dividends  and  2882  rubles  in  premiums.  For 
educational  purposes  the  204  Russian  co- 
operative societies  set  aside  4836  rubles,  or 
23^  rubles  per  association,  and  for  benevo- 
lent  institutions,    38.6    rubles   each. 

Since  eight  years  back  there  exists  in  Mos- 
cow a  **  Purchasing  Union  of  Russian  Con- 
sumers* Co-operative  Associations,**  which, 
in  1904,  had  been  joined  by  126  individual 
associations,  and  gave  fair  promise  of  success 
along  the  line  of  saving  expenses  for  the  vari- 
ous organizations  in  making  wholesale  pur- 
chases. 

Political  conditions  in  Russia  have,  no 
doubt,  had  their  share  in  stunting  the  natural 
growth  and  progress  of  the  co-operative  asso- 
ciations, which  have  likewise  been  handi- 
capped by  other  agencies,  as  set  forth  previ- 
ously. Yet,  enterprises  of  this  kind  are  ur- 
gently called  for  by  the  need  of  the  times, 
and  it  can  ^  be  safely  asserted  that  the  co- 
operative consumers*  associations  are  destined 
to  play  anjmportant  part  in  the  future  na- 
tional life^  of  Russia.  The  statistical  data 
in  this  article  are  taken  from  the  Archiv  fiir 
SozialwlssenschaftUche  Fortra^^e,  and  have 
been  verified  from  Russian  sources. 


THESE   BOYS   ARE  OF  THE    SAME  AGE,   BUT   OF   WIDELY    DIFFERENT      DEGREES   OF    MENTALITY. 

(Three  French  lads  of  eleven  years  of  age,  whose  heads  are  of   unequal  volume.  Number  1   [at  the  left)  is 
five  years  In  advance  of  the  normal ;  No.  2,  two  years  In  advance;  No   3,  five  years  behind.) 

THE  STUDY  OF  THE  HUMAN  PLANT. 

BY   FREDERIC   LEES. 

[This  account  of  how  the  physical,  mental,  and  moral  value  of  children  is  ascertained  in  a 
Paris  laboratory  for  experimental  psychology  is  contributed  by  one  of  the  workers  in  the 
laboratory.     Mr.   Lees  is  an    officier  de  I' Instruction  Publique. — The  Editor.] 


npHE  **  human  plant," — to  borrow  a  happy 
"*'  expression  that  recently  originated  with 
one  of  our  leading  magazines, — is  at  last 
being  studied  with  the  seriousness  that  it 
deserves.  In  various  parts  of  the  world,  but 
especially  in  France,  scientists  are  beginning 
to  devote  their  attention  to  child  life,  with 
the  object  of  discovering  in  what  way  it  can 
be  ameliorated,  physically,  intellectually  and 
morally.  The  progress  that  they  have  made 
is  already  noteworthy,  full  of  promise  for 
the  future,  and  shows  that  they  were  not 
wrong  in  thinking  that,  since  investigators 
into  the  subject  of  vegetable  biolog\'  had  at- 
tained such  mar\Tlous  results,  they  them- 
selves might  reasonably  hope  to  do  likewise 
in  their  infinitely  more  important  branch  of 
biological  science. 

In  the  foundation  of  a  laboratory  for  the 
scientific  study  of  children  the  lead  has  been 
taken  by  Paris.  Due  to  the  initiative  of  Prof. 
Alfred  Binet.  the  eminent  head  of  the  Lab- 
oratory  of   Psycholog}'   at  the   Sorbonne,   it 


has  been  established  in  one  of  the  buildings 
of  a  large  free  school  in  the  Rue  dc  la 
Grange-aux-Belles,  a  street  in  the  center  of 
one  of  the  most  populous  quarters  of  the 
city,  A  better  field  for  observation  could  not 
have  been  chosen,  the  scholars  being  numer- 
ous, of  various  ages,  and  of  many  classes  of 
society.  The  methods  employed  for  ascer- 
taining their  physical,  mental  and  meral 
value  are  also  extremely  interesting,  and 
might  well  be  adopted  by  scientists  and  peda- 
gogues of  the  New  World. 

On  the  occasion  of  a  recent  visit  to  this 
school  and  laboratory  Professor  Binet  oblig- 
ingly consented  to  explain  to  me  how  the 
idea  had  originated,  and  in  what  manner  he 
conducted  his  experiments.     He  said: 

Look  at  these  twenty  to  thirty  pupils  -who. 
more  or  less  attentively,  are  listening  to  their 
master.  Do  you  really  think  that  all  these  boys 
have  similarly  moulded  minds? — that  they  all 
have  the  same  aptitudes  and  the  same  needs? 
People  thoui^ht  so  at  one  time.  We  knovr  bet- 
ter  now.     We   have  come   to   see   that  educa- 


THE  STUDY  OF   THE  HUMAN  PLANT. 


205 


tion  is  a  question  of  adaptation,  and  that  in 
order  to  adapt  it  to  the  needs  of  a  child  we 
must  make  ourselves  thoroughly  acquainted  with 
his  or  her  mental  and  physical  characteristics. 
The  principle,  therefore,  that  guided  me  when 
forming  this  new  laboratory  was  the  knowledge 
of  the  average  state  of  development  of  children 
of  all  ages.— an  entirely  new  idea  in  pedagogics, 
and  one  which  I  imagine  will  prove  to  be  very 
fruitful.  What  my  assistants  and  I  set  ourselves 
to  tind  out.  in  a  strictly  scientific  manner,  was 
the  physical  and  mental  value  of  the  average 
child  at  various  ages.  Once  having  discovered 
this,  we  drew  up  tables  of  averages,  and  it 
is  thanks  to  these  that  we  are  able  to  make  pre- 
scriptions so  definitely  whenever  a  fresh  subject 
arrives  at  our  laboratory  of  experimental  psy- 
diology.  We  are  liblc,  for  instance,  to  say :  "  This 
boy*»  growth  i:^  rL-Urded.  Though  twelve  years 
of  a^c,  he  has  ovAy  the  development  of  a  child 
of  nine*  He  wiM  rt^quire  special  attention  and 
special  nourisliment.  This  other  scholar,  on  the 
contrary,  is  physically  in  advance  of  his  age. 
He  is  more  muscular,  taller,  and  stronger  than 
a  boy  of  ten."  A  tliird  boy,  we  note,  shows  a 
remarkable  marit^ry  i  iver  himself,  while  a  fourth 
is  emtftional  an<J  nervous.  One  is  an  observer, 
calm  and  calculating;  the  other,  imaginative.  If 
the  most  is  to  be  made  out  of  them  in  later  life, 
they -must  be  educated  differently.  Now,  don't 
you  think  that  schoolmasters  would  be  very  glad 
to  learn  how  to  study  their  pupils  in  this  way? 
Don't  you  think  that  it  is  sometimes  advisable  to 
consult  a  doctor  on  delicate  points  concerning  a 
pupil's  health?  Don't  you  think  that  parents 
would  be  grateful  if  such  an  interest  as  >ye 
show  here  were  universally  taken  in  their  chil- 
dren's welfare?  Don't  you  think  that  society 
would  benefit  enormously  if  similar  laboratories 


to  ours  were  opened  in  connection  with  every 
communal  school  in  the  land? 

As  we  left  the  classroom  and  walked  across 
the  playground  toward  the  entrance  to  the 
laboratory,  Professor  Binet  informed  me  that 
at  any  rate  the  boys  seemed  to  appreciate 
the  care  with  which  they  were  being  studied. 

We  have  sometimes  difficulty  in  keeping  them 
away,  so  fond  are  they  of  being  measured  and 
weighed.  Yes;  we  always  begin  by  taking  their 
measurements.  The  body  and  the  mind  ar;^ 
closely  united.  A  child  who  is  weak,  who  di- 
gests badly,  and  whose  growth  is  slow,  cannot 
work  properly  in  a  class,  and  it  would  be  un- 
just to  punish  him  for  showing  want  of  atten- 
tion. You  won't  make  his  digestion  any  better 
by  punishing  him,  or  improve  the  deviation  of 
his  backbone  by  making  him  copy  out  a  hundred 
lines  of  Moliere.  Every  time  that  a  schoolboy 
shows  signs  of  prolonged  laziness,  the  master, 
instead  of  punishing  him,  should  first  of  all  find 
out  if  there  is  not  some  physical  cause  at  the 
root  of  the  evil. 

We  had  entered  one  of  the  rooms  of  the 
laboratory,  and  the  first  thing  that  I  noticed 
was  that  the  walls  were  covered  with  various 
apparatuses,  portraits,  charts,  etc.  To  the 
left  was  an  apparatus  for  measuring  heights. 
By  its  side  was  a  series  of  pieces  of  wood 
of  varying  length,  each  representing  the 
height  at  a  certain  age.  Above  were  the 
framed  portraits  of  children,  normal  and  ab- 
normal, photographed  according  to  M.  Ber- 
tillon*s  anthropometric  system.   Not  far  awa\' 


THESE    SEVEN    FRENCH    BOYS    ARE    EACH    ELE\'EN      YEARS   OF   AGE. 

PHYSICAL  GROWTH. 


NOTE,    HOWEVER,    THEIR   UJTEQUAL 


203 


THE  AMERICAN    REk'lElV  OF  RE^^/EIVS. 


DETERMINING   A    SCHOOL   BOY  S    SENSITIVENESS    AND   ACCURACY   OF    TOUCH. 

(Conducting  an  experiment  with  the  psycho-metric  apparatus  at   the   Paris   Laboratory  of  Experimental 

Psychology.) 


were  various  instruments  for  measuring  the 
width  of  the  shoulders,  the  development  of 
the  head,  the  muscular  force  of  the  hands ;  a 
chart  bearing  letters  of  different  sizes  for  the 
testing  of  the  eyesight;  and  a  net  bag  contain- 
ing a  number  of  skeins  of  variously  colored 
wools,  which  were  used  to  ascertain  if  a 
pupil  were  color-blind. 

Some  of  these  instruments  are  worth  examin- 
ing more  closely.  This  steel  ellipse,  which  when 
clinched  in  the  hand  registers  the  strength  of 
the  muscles  of  the  fore-arm,  is  called  a  **  dynamo- 
meter." Here  is  an  "  aesthesiometer,"  an  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  degree  of  sensation  by 
determining  at  how  short  a  distance  two  impres- 
sions upon  the  skin  can  be  distinguished.  The 
tactile  sensibility  of  one  boy  may  differ  widely 
from  that  of  another,  and  it  is  important  to 
know  that  fact  when  drawing  up  a  record  of 
their  general  state  of  health.  The  two  steel 
points  of  the  "aesthesiometer,"  which,  as  you 
see,  are  about  an  inch  apart,  are  applied  to  the 
back  of  the  subject's  hand,  after  he  has  been 
blindfolded  or  told  to  look  the  other  way. 
Should  his  sensibility  be  keen  and  normal  he 
will  distinctly  feel  the  contact  of  the  two  needles ; 
but  if,  on  the  other  hand,  it  be  deadened,  he  will 
think  that  he  is  being  touched  by  only  one  point. 
— a  curious  fact  that  has  often  been  studied  by 
experimental  psychologists. 


The  day's  work  in  the  adjoining  school 
having  come  to  an  end,  several  of  the  pupils 
who  had  not  yet  been  entered  in  the  registers 
of  the  laboratory  came  to  be  examined.  The 
first  experiment  was  what  Professor  Binet 
called  une  experience  d'attention.  To  a 
group  of  five  boys  sitting  around  one  of  the 
tables  was  given  a  passage  from  a  classical 
author.  This  they  had  to  read  to  themselves 
for  ten  minues,  at  the  end  of  which  time  they 
committed  as  much  of  it  to  paper  from  mem- 
ory as  they  could.  "  The  testing  of  the  mem- 
ory of  each  pupil  when  entering  a  school  is 
of  the  greatest  importance,"  said  M.  Binet, 
by  way  of  commentary.  "  What  is  the  good 
of  burdening  the  memory  of  a  child  with 
twenty  lines  of  verse  when  he  is  by  nature 
incapable  of  ever  learning  them  correctly? 
To  do  so  would  be  quite  as  absurd  as  forcing 
a  lad  with  a  weak  stomach  to  swalloAV  a 
quantity  of  indigestible  food." 

In  another  part  of  the  laboratory  two 
boys  were  measured  for  height  and  width  of 
shoulders  by  assistants,  while  Professor  Binet, 
sitting  at  a  table  near  at  hand,  tested  a  third 
boy*s  suggestibility  by  means  of  a  simple  ap- 


THE  STUDY  OF   THE  HUMAN  PLANT. 


207 


MEASITRING    THE    PHYSIQUE   AND   THE    NERVES. 

(Experiments  on  children  In  the  Paris  Laboratory  of  Experimental  Psychology. 

Sorbonne,  is  seated  on  the  right.) 


Prof.  Alfred  Binet,  of  the 


paratus  consisting  of  two  cardboard  disks, 
one  of  which,  bearing  lines  of  varying 
length,  could  be  revolved  in  such  a  way  as 
to  make  these  lines  appear  through  a  slit  in 
the  upper  one.  For  a  time  the  lines  increase 
in  length,  but  finally  become  invariable.  An 
inattentive  child  will  jump  to  the  conclusion 
that  they  increase  always,  but  one  who  is  not 
so  easily  taken  in  will  observe  the  change. 

The  director  of  the  communal  school,  M. 
Vaney,  next  tested  the  vital  capacity  of  one 
of  his  scholars  by  means  of  the  spirometer, — 
an  apparatus  consisting  of  two  graduated  bot- 
tles, one  filled  with  water  and  provided  with 
tubes,  which  measures  the  capacity  of  the 
lungs.  Blowing  through  a  mouthpiece,  after 
taking  a  deep  breath,  the  boy  displaces  a  cer- 
tain quantity  of  water,  and  his  lung  capacity 
is  registered  in  cubic  centimetres.  "  The 
greater  one's  respiratory  capacity,"  said  M. 
Vaney,  "  the  greater  is  one's  vitality,  the 
greater  is  one's  endurance  to  fatigue." 

"  Nothing  is  negligible  in  the  psychologi- 
cal study  of  children,"  might  be  Professor 
Binet's  motto.    He  has  even  called  in  the  as- 


sistance of  a  Parisian  palmist,  who  sur- 
prised him  with  the  accuracy  with  which  she 
read  the  characters  of  the  hundred  boys  who 
were  presented  to  her.  In  no  fewer  than 
sixty  cases  did  she  read  the  lines  of  their 
hands  aright. 

The  lesson  which  this  learned  French 
savant  would  teach  the  pedagogic  world  of 
Paris  and  other  great  cities  has  already  borne 
fruit.  In  the  Rue  Lecomtc,  in  the  populous 
seventeenth  ward  of  the  French  capital, 
there  has  just  been  opened  a  special  class  for 
"  abnormal  children,"  and  other  similar 
classes  are  to  be  formed  in  other  quarters.  It 
is  of  the  greatest  importance  that  the  normal 
and  the  abnormal  should  not  be  together, 
owing  to  the  detrimental  influence  of  the  lat- 
ter over  the  former.  The  bad  must  be  sifted 
out  from  among  the  good  pupils,  and  taught 
by  methods  specially  adapted  to  their  particu- 
lar cases.  This,  however,  cannot  be  done 
without  laboratories  such  as  that  of  the  Rue 
de  la  Grange-aux-Belles,  and  it  is  for  that 
reason  that  Prof.  Alfred  Binet  hopes  to 
see  them  some  day  scattered  all  over  the  land. 


HON.    WILLIAM    H.    TAFT,    WHILE    UNITED    STATES    CIRCUIT    JUDGE. 

WILLIAM  H.  TAFT  AS  A  JUDGE  ON  THE  BENCH. 

BY  RICHARD  V.  OULAHAN. 


\4^R.  TAFT  is  the  very  personification  of 
energy.  He  is  a  human  steam  engine. 
He  is  always  busy.  Work,  and  hard  work,  is 
his  pleasure.  A  handsome  man,  he  would 
attract  attention  from  that  circumstance 
alone.  He  breathes  good  will  and  suggests 
mental,  moral,  and  physical  wholesomeness. 
Yet,  with  all  his  pleasant  informality  and  his 
frequent  laughter,  he  has  a  dignity  of  manner 
and  carriage  that  commands  respect  and  at- 
tention. You  feel  that  he  is  a  man  of  brain 
power,  one  of  the  few  men  who  seem  to 
grow  greater  the  more  intimately  you  know 
them. 


Captain  Seth  Bullock,  plainsman  and 
friend  of  President  Roosevelt,  paid,  in  homely 
phrase,  one  of  the  highest  tributes  that  could 
be  paid  to  any  human  being,  when  he  was 
asked  his  opinion  of  Mr.  Taft.  Captain 
Seth  has  the  plainsman's  reticence  of  speech. 
He  could  not  gush  if  he  tried.  "  What  is  ft 
about  Taft  that  you  like?/'  he  was  asked. 
He  hemmed  and  hawed  before  he  answered, 
**  He's  simply  all  right.  He's  a  man  you 
don't  have  to  be  introduced  to  twice." 

It  is  this  ability  to  make  people  feel  at  their 
ease  that  is  one  of  Mr.  Taft's  greatest 
charms.     He  seems  to  take  an  interest  in 


IVILLMM  H.    TAFT  AS  A  JUDGE  ON  THE  BENCH. 


209 


evcoiKxly  he  meets.  There  is  nothing  of  the 
politician  in  his  method  of  treating  people. 
His  manner  is  too  natural  to  be  studied.  The 
farmer's  boy  who  comes  to  Washington  to 
find  out  about  the  chances  of  getting  an  ap- 
pointment to  the  Military  Academy  is  on 
friendly  terms  with  the  Secretary  of  War 
after  they  have  talked  five  minutes.  The 
statesman,  the  military  hero,. the  newspaper 
correspondent,  the  department  clerk,  are  all 
treated  alike  when  they  call  on  Mr.  T^ft. 
He  plays  no  favorites  among  those  whom  he 
believes  to  be  fair  and  square. 

THE   NEW   ENGLAND  CONSCIENCE. 

Mr.  Taft  has  the  New-England  con- 
science, and  this  helped  him  in  his  judicial 
career.  If  he  thinks  a  thing  is  wrong  he 
docs  not  hesitate  to  say  so.  This  phase 
of  his  character  takes  a  peculiar  form. 
He  will  go  out  of  his  way  to  avoid 
hurting  the  feelings  of  any  of  his  fel- 
low-men; he  does  not  like  to  inflict  pain; 
but  frequently,  when  it  was  to  his  personal 
and  political  advantage  to  be  silent,  he  has 
spoken  out,  because  silence  would  mean  a 
misunderstanding  of  his  attitude.  He  wanted 
everybody  to  know  how  he  stood.  When  he 
went  to  Ohio  in  1905  to  serve  as  temporary 
chairman  of  the  Republican  convention  he 
made  a  speech  which  was  in  substance  an 
appeal  to  his  party  brethren  to  smash  on 
election  day  the  Republican  machine  in  Cin- 
cinnati. Taft  was  talked  of  at  that  time  as 
a  Presidential  possibility.  He  knew  that  his 
course  would  injure  him  in  the  party  organi- 
zation ;  that  he  would  make  enemies  of  many 
whose  friendship  would  be  valuable  if  he 
were  a  candidate  for  an  elective  office.  But 
to  him  words  of  praise  for  the  Republican 
machine  ticket  in  Cincinnati  or  silence  on  the 
subject  meant  hypocrisy,  and  his  New-Eng- 
land conscience  told  him  to  go  to  the 
other  extreme.  It  is  this  peculiarity  in 
Taft's  temperament  which  amazes  those 
friends  of  his  who  think  he  should  trim 
his   sails  in   the   winds   of  popularity. 

He  exhibited  the  trait  while  he  was  on  the 
federal  judidal  bench.  The  prospect  of  a 
political  future  cut  no  figure  with  the  young 
jurist.  He  has  no  apologies  to  make  for  his 
course  at  thar  time  and  would  not  brook  any 
questioning  of  its  fairness.  To-day,  as  a 
candidate  for  the  Presidential  nomination, 
with  the  labor  element  a  powerful  factor  in 
the  determination  of  the  result,  he  will  not 
hesitate  to  tell  exactly  what  he  did  as  a  judge 
when   labor  injunction  cases  were  brought 


before  him.  If  anybody  anxious  to  injure 
Mr.  Taft*s  prospects  for  the  Presidency 
wishes  to  get  the  record  of  his  course  in  the 
labor  cases  he  need  not  pursue  secret  methods 
to  obtain  the  information.  Let  him  apply 
to  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  Room 
226,  second  floor,  War  Department  Build- 
ing, Washington,  D.  C,  and  a  genial  gentle- 
man of  large  frame  will  furnish  it  cheerfully. 
Taft  is  not  ashamed  of  anything  he  has  done 
or  afraid  of  the  consequences  of  it. 

Taft  was  thirty  when  he  became  a  judge 
of  the  Superior  Court  in  Cincinnati  and  only 
thirty-five  when  he  was  appointed  a  judge 
of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court.  His  am- 
bition had  tended  to  the  federal  begch,  and 
this  office  appeared  to  pave  the  way  for  the 
realization  of  his  wish  to  be  a  member  of  the 
highest  tribunal.  The  world  knows  how, 
when  offered  an  appointment  as  an  Associate 
Justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court, 
which  meant  the  fulfillment  of  his  heart's  de- 
sire, he  placed  duty  ahead  of  everything  else 
and  declined  the  tender.  He  was  then  in 
the  Philippines  and  he  preferred  to  stay  there 
at  the  sacrifice  of  personal  comfort  and  indi- 
vidual taste,  because  his  departure  from  Ma- 
nila would  cause  lack  of  confidence  among 
the  native  people  and  interfere  with  the  work 
he  had  set  out  to  do.  The  real  Taft  stood 
out  in  these  words  telegraphed  to  President 
Roosevelt :  "  Look  forward  to  time  when  I 
can  accept  such  an  offer,  but  even  if  it  is 
certain  that  it  can  never  be  repeated,  I  must 
now  decline."  And  when  the  President  in- 
sisted that  he,  as  President,  "  saw  the  whole 
field  "  and  intended  to  make  the  appointment, 
Taft  came  back  with  reasons  which  convinced 
Mr.  Roosevelt  thajt  the  big  man  who  wanted 
to  be  a  Supreme  Court  jurist  but.  refused  for 
the  sake  of  conscience  was  entitled  to  have 
his  own  way. 

Dignified  on  the  bench,  his  sedate  man- 
ner was  tempered  by  a  suggestion  of  kindli- 
ness and  charity  that  he  could  not  conceal. 
One  of  those  associated  intimately  with  him 
in  the  days  when  he  wore  the  judicial  ermine 
has  said,  "  He  was  Judge  Taft  in  the  court- 
house, but  Bill  Taft  away  from  there."  His 
interest  in  young  men,  and  particularly  in 
young  lawyers,  was  shown  frequently.  The 
law  school  of  which  he  was  dean  was  a  source 
of  great  pride  to  him.  One  day,  while  hearing 
a  case  in  the  federal  courtroom,  he  saw  five 
law  students  whom  he  knew,  sitting  in  rear 
seats.  "  Bring  five  chairs  up  here,"  he  said 
to  an  attendant,  and  then  told  his  secretary  to 
invite  the  five  students  to  sit  beside  him,  a 


210 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REP^IEIVS. 


mark  of  distinction  and  honor.  The  young- 
sters thought  the  secretary  was  joking,  but 
he  pointed  to  the  chairs  and  convinced  them. 
So  the  five,  embarrassed  but  elated,  took  seats 
beside  the  Judge.  "  I  thought  that  you'd  be 
able  to  hear  better  up  here,"  was  Taft's  ex- 
planation. 

Another  act  of  kindness  was  shown  to  a 
young  attorney  from  Kentucky  who  had 
brought  suit  for  damages  against  a  railroad 
company  in  behalf  of  a  woman  who  had  been 
injured  by  a  train.  The  attorney's  petition 
was  poorly  prepared,  so  poorly  that  it  would 
not  have  stood  the  test  of  a  hearing.  "  I  give 
you  leave  to  amend  that  petition,"  said  Judge 
Taft,*and  he  pointed  out  wherein  the  paper 
was  defective.  The  attorney  did  not  appear 
to  understand  what  was  required  of  him. 
Judge  Taft  detected  the  trouble.  "  Let  me 
see  that  petition,"  he  said.  He  struck  out 
some  sentences  in  the  document  and  made  in- 
terlineations with  a  pencil.  Then  he  handed 
it  to  the  attorney  for  the  railroad,  a  man 
of  prominence  in  legal  circles.  "  I  guess 
that's  all  right,"  he  remarked,  and  the  rail- 
road's representative,  who  was  prepared  to 
make  technical  objections,  reluctantly  ac- 
cepted Judge  Taft's  disposition.  The  young 
fellow  won  the  case. 

READY  TO  ACKNOWLEDGE  ERROR. 

As  a  judge  Taft  earned  the  reputation  of 
being  fearless  and  just,  and  it  was  this  repu- 
tation which  accounts  in  part  for  his  popu- 
larity in  Ohio.  He  was  never  afraid  to  strike 
at  evil  and  always  ready  to  accept  full  re- 
sponsibility for  his  judicial  decisions  and  or- 
ders. Yet  he  was  as  ready  to  acknowledge 
any  error  on  his  part,  and  a  remarkable  in- 
stance is  recorded  where  he  actually  apolo- 
gized to  a  litigant  for  uncomplimentary  allu- 
sions made  from  the  bench.  The  town  of 
Hartwell,  in  Hamilton  County,  Ohio,  be- 
came involved  in  a  dispute  with  a  railroad 
company.  There  were  writs  of  injunction 
and  mandamus  and  other  proceedings  sought 
by  the  town  authorities  or  the  company.  The 
Mayor  of  Hartwell  turned  the  hose  on  work- 
men who  tried  to  lay  rails  at  night.  When 
one  aspect  of  the  case  was  brought  before 
Judge  Taft  he  took  occasion  to  criticise  the 
Mayor  severely.  The  Mayor,  willing  to  be 
made  a  victim  of  the  court's  power  to  punish 
for  contempt,  wrote  a  letter  to  Judge  Taft 
complaining  bitterly  that  the  court's  reference 
to  himself  was  obiter  dictum  and  was  en- 
tirely outside  the  court's  powers.  The 
Mayor  confidently  expected  to  be  haled  be- 


fore the  bar.  To  his  surprise,  ho^vcvcr,  he 
received  a  letter  from  Judge  Taft  admitting 
that  he  had  gone  farther  than  he  should  in 
his  comments  on  the  Mayor's  attitude  and 
asking  the  Mayor  to  accept  his  apology  for 
what  he  had  said. 

That  was  Taft  all  through.  Conscien- 
tiously believing  originally  that  it  was  his 
duty  to  rebuke  the  Mayor,  he  saw  the  matter 
in  a  new  light  when  an  argument  to  show 
that  he  was  wrong  was  presented  and  he  made 
haste  to  correct  the  error,  and,  to  emphasize 
the  change  of  view,  added  an  apology. 

THE  STERN  AND  FEARLESS  MAGISTRATE. 

Another  instance  shows  Taft  as  the  em- 
bodiment of  stern  justice,  knowing  his  duty 
and  permitting  no  interference  with  its  ful- 
fillment. An  elderly  man  had  been  convicted 
of  pension  frauds  in  Judge  Taft's  court 
Under  the  law  it  was  optional  with  the  Coun 
to  impose  a  sentence  of  imprisonment  in  a 
penitentiary  or  a  jail.  A  son  of  the  convicted 
man  knew  Judge  Taft  and  had  been  on 
friendly  terms  with  him.  Presuming  on 
their  friendship,  the  son  saw  Judge  Xaft 
privately  and  proceeded  to  give  reasons  why 
the  father  should  be  sent  to  jail  instead  of  the 
penitentiary..  Judge  Taft  was  angry.  In 
language  that  left  no  doubt  as  to  his  state  of 
mind,  he  told  the  son  that  any  repetition  of 
the  attempt  to  influence  him  in  a  judicial 
matter  would  result  in  a  term  in  jail  for  con- 
tempt. Crestfallen  and  humiliated,  the  son 
went  away,  believing  that  his  father  was  cer- 
tain to  get  a  penitentiary  sentence.  Judge 
7*aft  sent  the  convicted  man  to  jail.  Those 
who  know  his  peculiar  judicial  fitness  do  not 
need  to  be  told  that  Taft  was  not  influenced 
in  any  way  whatever  by  the  son's  plea.  He 
considered  the  matter  on  its  merits  and  de- 
clined to  allow  his  mind  to  be  prejudiced 
against  the  father  for  the  son's  indiscretion 
or  in  the  father's  favor  by  the  son's  distress. 

JUSTICE  TEMl>ERED  WITH  MERCV. 

It  was  not  often  that  Judge  Taft  shov^^ed 
anger,  but  when  he  did  there  was  nothing 
half-hearted  about  it.  A  man  who  had  heard 
some  idle  talk  about  Taft  came  to  tell  the 
Judge  of  it.  People  were  saying,  he  as- 
serted, that  Taft  would  not  do  full  justice  to 
one  side  in  a  pending  case.  "  You  get  out 
of  here  or  I'll  throw  you  out,"  he  shouted. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,'  the  case  was  not  before 
Taft's  court.  He  hated  a  meddler.  He 
would  not  tolerate  a  tattler. 

When  Judge  Taft  holds  the  scales  of  jus- 


WILLIAM  H.   TAFT  AS  A  JUDGE  ON  THE  BENCH. 


211 


dec  he  holds  them  squarely.  With  it  all, 
however,  he  is  actuated  by  a  spirit  of  consid- 
eration for  the  unfortunate  and  ready  to 
show  mercy  whenever  his  sense  of  right 
tells  him  it  is  proper  to  do  so.  Toward  the 
end  of  his  career  as  a  federal  judge  a  young 
man  was  convicted  in  his  court  of  violating 
the  postal  laws.  Judge  Taft  was  convinced 
that  the  offense  was  due  more  to  ignorance 
than  to  criminal  intent  and  he  suspended  sen- 
tence. "  Come  back  to  me  in  six  months/* 
he  said  to  the  defendant.  The  Philippine 
War  w:as  on  when  the  six  months  expired. 
The  young  fellow  who  had  been  convicted 
appeared  before  Judge  Taft  with  the  laconic 
introduction,  "  IVe  come."  "  I  see  you 
have,"  said  his  Honor,  "  but  what  can  I  do 
for  you?"  Judge  Taft  had  nearly  forgot- 
ten the  circumstance,  but  it  was  recalled 
to  his  recollection  by  attaches  of  the  court. 
Then  he  put  the  young  man  through  an  ex- 
amination as  to  what  he  had  been  doing  in 
the  probationary  period  and  received  satisfac- 
tory answers.  "-And  what  are  you  doing 
now?"  he  asked.  "  I'm  trying  to  get  into 
the  army,"  was  the  answer.  "  Will  they 
take  you?"  "I  think  so,  but  I  told  them 
I  couldn't  enlist  untU  I'd  seen  you."  "  Well," 
said  Judge  Taft,  "  you  show  yourself  to  me 
here  with  Uncle  Sam's  uniform  on  and  you 
needn't  come  after  that."  The  boy  enlisted 
and  his  sentence  was  remitted. 

A     LABOR     leader's     CONFmENCB     IN    THE 
JUDGE   WHO    HAD   JAILED    HIM. 

It  was  Taft  who  rendered  the  first  opin- 
ion upholding  the  validity  of  the  Sherman 
Anti-Trust  law,  and  it  was  Taft  who  sent  a 
labor  leader  to  jail  for  contempt  in  interfer- 
ing with  the  operation  of  a  railroad  then  in 
the  hands  of  the  court  over  which  Taft  pre- 
sided. The  man  whom  he  jailed  was  Frank 
Phelan,  a  lieutenant  of  Eugene  Debs  in  the 
American  Railway  Union.  There  were  mur- 
murs in  Cincinnati  that  Judge  Taft  would 
not  leave  the  bench  alive  if  he  sent  Phelan 
to  jail.  Members  of  the  order  to  which 
Phelan  belonged  crowded  the  courtroom 
with  identifying  badges  conspicuously  dis- 
played. Judge  Taft  read  his  opinion  in  the 
case  and  ordered  that  Phelan  be  confined  in 
jail  for  SIX  months.  Then  he  stepped  f^om 
the  rostrum  and  went  to  his  private  room. 
There  was  not  the  slightest  sign  of  trepida- 
tion in  his  manner  or  a  hesitating  note  in 
his  voice  as  he  delivered  his  judgment. 


Months  after,  Phelan,  released  from  jail, 
went  to  Ludlow,  a  suburb  of  Cincinnati, 
where  most  of  the  railroad  men  who  had 
gone  on  strike  at  his  command  resided.  The 
agitator  who  had  counseled  violence  of  a 
radical  kind  was  touched  by  the  suffering 
among  the  families  of  the  strikers,  many  of 
them  still  out  of  employment.  Phelan 
wanted  to  help  them,  and  curiously  enough 
the  man  to  whom  he  applied  for  advice  and 
assistance  was  Judge  Taft.  He  called  at  the 
judge's  office  in  company  with  another  man 
and  was  received  without  any  delay. 
"Hello!  Phelan,"  said  Judge  Taft,  "what 
can  I  do  for  you  ?  "  A  gentleman  who  was 
present  on  that  occasion  vouches  for  the 
statement  that  Phelan  explained  his  business 
in  words  somewhat  to  this  effect :  "  Judge, 
I  came  to  tell  you  that  I  never  realized  what 
great  suffering  I  would  create  until  I  went 
to  Ludlow  this  morning.  I'm  willing  to 
serve  another  six  months  or  a  year  if  you'll 
help  me  to  get  work  for  these  men.  All 
those  who  went  out  on  strike  and  who  testi- 
fied that  they  went  out  through  sympathy 
only,  told  an  untruth,  and  so  did  I,  for  I  was 
sent  here  by  Debs  to  take  these  men  out  as 
I  saw  fit." 

But  strongly  as  his  sympathy  was  aroused 
by  what  Phelan  said.  Judge  Taft  held  that 
it  would  be  improper  for  him  to  make  any 
suggestion  to  the  railroad  company  to  give 
employment'  to  its  former  employees.  "  I 
can't  tell  the  railroad  people  how  to  run 
their  business,"  he  said.  This  incident  is  told 
merely  to  show  the  wonderful  human  sym- 
pathy which  Taft  possesses  and  which  he 
makes  people  understand.  Phelan,  in  spite 
of  the  scoring  and  the  punishment-  he  had 
received  from  Taft,  felt  that  he  would  find 
the  stern  judge  a  kind  friend,  and  his  recep- 
tion proved  that  he  was  not^mistaken.  Taft 
never  bears  mahce.  He  is  as  willing  to 
forget  as  he  is  to  forgive  when  satisfied  that 
a  fault  which  he  condemned  has  been  hon- 
estly atoned   for. 

Long  years  of  work  on  the  bench  did  not 
produce  in  him  the  idea  that  he  is  not  as 
Other  men.  There  is  no  false  dignity  about 
him.  Off  the  bench  he  was  as  jovial  as  could 
be.  While  on  the  bench  he  maintained  a 
dignity  that  was  impressive,  but  not  repel- 
lant.  Whatever  he  does,  he  does  as  part  of 
the  day's  work,  not  hampered  by  any  ideas 
of  his  greatness.  He  is  too  busy  to  think 
about  his  own  personality. 


THE    LABOR    DECISIONS    OF  JUDGE    TAFT. 

BY   FREDERICK  N.  JUDSON. 

T^HE  present  Secretary  of  War,  Hon.  for  a  public  office.  The  reason  is  obvious. 
^  William  Howard  Taft,  has  had  the  ex-  The  high  intelligence  of  our  American  elcc- 
ceptional  experience  of  beginning  his  distin-  torate  recognizes  that  the  judges  do  not  speak 
guished  public  career  with  judicial  service  their  individual  judgments,  but,  in  the  words 
on  the  State  and  thereafter  serving  on  the  of  Blackstone,  "  are  the  living  oracles  of  the 
federal  bench.  He  was  justice  of  the  Su-  law,"  who  declare  and  apply  the  laws  of  the 
perior   Court  of   Cincinnati   from    1887   to   land. 

1890,  and  among  his  immediate  predecessors  It  is  to  be  assumed,  therefore,  that  Judge 
in  that  court  were  Hon.  Judson  Harmon,  Taft  decided  cases  involving  the  rights  and 
ex-Attorney-General  of  the  United  States;  duties  of  labor  and  capital,  as  he  decided 
Hon.  Joseph  B.  Foraker,  ex-Governor  and  other  cases  which  came  before  him,  accord- 
now  United  States  Senator.  After  some  two  ing  to  the  law  and  facts  as  presented  for 
years'  service  as  Solicitor-General,  under  determination.  It  has  not  been  intimated 
President  Harrison,  Mr.  Taft  was  appointed  that  he  did  not  declare  the  law  correctly,  or 
judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United,  that  his  decisions  were  bad  law  in  any  legal 
States,  holding  that  position  until  1900,  when  sense.  What,  therefore,  is  really  meant  by 
he  resigned  to  accept  the  appointment  of  the  suggestion  is  that  the  law  as  declared 
Governor  of  the  Philippines.  in  certain  decisions  of  Judge  Taft  was  un- 

it has  been  intimated  from  time  to  time,  satisfactory  to  certain  class  interests.  While 
though  not  very  definitely,  that  certain  de-  this  impersonal  position  of  a  judge  is  clearly 
cisions  of  Judge  Taft  while  on  the  bench  recognized,  there  is  so  much  public  interest 
were  unfriendly  to  organized  labor.  Such  a  in  questions  relating  to  the  legal  rights  and 
suggestion,  analyzed  in  view  of  the  position  duties  of  combinations,  both  of  capital  and 
of  the  judiciary  in  our  political  and  judicial  labor,  that  the  decisions  of  Judge  Taft  in 
system,  is  really  an  imputation  upon  the  intel-  this  class  of  cases  should  be  clearly  under- 
ligence  of  the  electorate.  A  judge  does  not  stood,  and  therefore  will  be  briefly  reviewed 
make  the  law,  nor  does  he  decide  cases  ac-  from  a  legal  and  not  from  a  partisan  point 
cording  to  his  private  judgment  of  what  the  of  view. 

law  ought  to  be;  but  he  declares  and  applies     ^^^^^  ^^   bricklayers'  union   et  al. 
the  rules  of  law  to  the  facts  presented  as  he 

finds  them  in  the  statutes  or  adjudged  prece-  The  first  of  these  opinions  was  delivered 
dents,  the  recorded  depositories  of  the  law.  by  Judge  Taft  while  on  the  Superior  Court 
It  is  true  that  our  unwritten  and  non-  bench  of  Cincinnati,  in  1890,  in  the  case  of 
statutory  law  has  been  termed  judge-made  Moores  vs.  Bricklayers'  Union  et  al.  (23 
law.  But  it  is  only  in  a  very  limited  sense,  if  fVeekly  Law  Bulletin,  48).  This  case  is 
at  all,  that  this  expression  is  applicable  to  interesting  as  involving  the  application  of 
the  case  of  an  individual  judge.  His  per-  the  law  to  what  is  known  as  a  secondary  boy- 
sonality  may  be  impressed  upon  the  develop-  cott,  that  is,  a  boycott  not  against  an  cm- 
ment  of  the  law,  as  that  of  Judge  Taft  was  ployer  but  against  a  third  party  dealing  with 
doubtless  impressed,  by  the  clearness  of  his  an  employer,  who  is  a  stranger  to  the  con- 
grasp  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  the  troversy  between  the  employer  and  employee, 
law  in  their  application  to  new  conditions;  This  was  not  an  injunction  suit,  nor  did 
but  his  opinions  must  be  in  harmony  with  the  it  involve  any  issue  between  the  employees 
current  trend  of  judicial  authority,  and,  in  and  their  employer,  either  directly  or  through 
the  last  analysis,  with  the  advance  of  an  en-  any  refusal  to  handle  in  other  places  the  so- 
lightened  public  opinion.  We  have  had  fre-  called  "  struck  work  "  from  the  shop  of  the 
quent  instances  in  this  country  where  judges,  employer.  It  was  a  secondary  boycott  pure 
after  leaving  the  bench,  have  become  candi-  and  simple,  in  the  form  of  a  suit  for  damages 
dates  for  public  office,  but  very  rarely  have  incurred  by  the  plaintiff  through  a  boycott  by 
the  judicial  decisions  of  a  judge  ever  been  the  Bricklayers'  Union,  declared  on  account 
discussed  with  reference  to  his  availability  of  the  plaintiff's  selling  lime  to  the  employer, 


THE  LABOR  DECISIONS  OF  JUDGE  TAFT. 


213 


Parker  Bros.,  who  had  been  boycotted  by 
the  union.  This  primary  boycott  had  been 
declared  against  Parker  Bros,  by  the  Brick- 
layers' Union  because  of  their  (Parker 
Bros.')  refusal  to  pay  a  fine  imposed  upon 
one  of  their  employees,  a  member  of  the 
union,  and  to  reinstate  a  .discharged  ap- 
prentice. 

Parker  Bros,  had  brought  suit  and  had 
recovered  damages  before  a  jury  in  another 
court  against  the  same  defendants  on  ac- 
count of  this  same  boycott  (21  Weekly  Law 
Bulletin,  223).  Moore  Bros.,  the  plain- 
tiffs, had  been  awarded  $2250  damages 
by  the  jury  on  account  of  this  secondary  boy- 
cott, and  it  was  this  judgment  which  was 
affirmed  on  appeal  in  an  opinion  by  Judge 
Taft.  This  case  has  become  a  leading  one 
on  the  law  of  boycotting.  The  right  of 
legitimate  competition  in  business  with  the 
incidental  injuries  resulting  therefrom,  as  il- 
lustrated in  the  then  recently  decided  Mogul 
Steamship  case  in  England,  was  distinguished 
by  Judge  Taft  from  the  case  then  at  bar, 
where  the  immediate  motive  of  injuring 
plaintiff  was  to  inflict  punishment  for  re- 
fusing to  join  in  the  boycott  of  a  third  party. 
Such  a  motive  made  the  act  malicious  and  le- 
gally actionable  in  the  case  of  an  individual 
and  a  fori  tori  in  the  case  of  a  combination.  It 
was  said,  after  reviewing  the  English  cases: 
"  We  do  not  conceive  that  in  this  State  or 
country  a  combination  by  workingmen  to 
raise  their  wages  or  obtain  any  material  ad- 
vantage is  contrary  to  the  law,  provided  they 
do  not  use  such  indirectmeans  as  obscure  their 
original  intent,  and  make  their  combination 
one  merely  malicious,  to  oppress  and  injure 
individuals." 

It  was  further  said  that  a  labor  union 
could  provide  for  and  impose  a  penalty 
against  any  of  their  members  who  refused  t6 
comply  with  such  regulations  as  the  associa- 
tion made.  They  could  unite  in  withdraw- 
ing from  the  employ  of  any  person  whose 
terms  of  employment  might  not  be  satisfac- 
tory to  them,  or  whose  action  in  regard  to 
apprentices  was  not  to  their  liking,  but  they 
could  not  coerce  their  employer  by  boycotting 
him  and  those  who  dealt  with  him ;  that  even 
if  acts  of  this  character  and  with  the  intent 
are  not  actionable  when  done  by  individuals, 
they  become  so  when  they  are  the  result  of 
combination,  because  it  is  clear  that  the  ter- 
rorizing of  the  community  by  threats  of  ex- 
clusive dealing  in  order  to  deprive  one  ob- 
noxious member  of  means  of  sustenance 
would  become  both  dangerous  and  offensive. 


This  decision,  subsequently  affirmed  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  Ohio  without  opinion,  has 
been  accepted  as  the  correct  exposition  of  the 
law,  and  the  secondary  boycott,  so-called, 
that  is,  a  boycott  against  a  stranger  to  the 
trade  dispute,  has  been  practically  discon- 
tinued and  abandoned  by  intelligent  labor 
unionists  as  an  unwise  and  unreasonable 
weapon  in  such  controversies. 

TOLEDO  AND  ANN  ARBOR  ENGINEERS^  STRIKF 
OF    1893. 

The  so-called  labor  decisions  of  Judge 
Taft  while  on  the  federal  bench  related  di- 
rectly and  primarily  to  the  federal  character 
of  such  controversies,  in  that  they  involved 
the  supremacy  of  the  federal  power  in  the 
protection  of  interstate  commerce.  Though 
there  were  only  two  such  cases  decided  by 
him,  the  decisions  attracted  general  attention 
on  account  of  the  widespread  industrial  dis- 
turbances of  1893-4. 

The  first  of  these  cases  was  decided  April 
3,  i893»  in  the  matter  of  the  strike  of  the 
engineers  on  the  Toledo  and  Ann  Arbor 
Railroad  (54  Fed.  Rep.,  730).  The  engi- 
neers on  strike  were  members  of  the 
Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  Engineers,  of 
which  P.  M.  Arthur  was  the  chief.  Under 
the  then  rule  of  the  brotherhood,  known  as 
rule  twelve,  the  engineers  in  the  employ  of 
the  connecting  railroad  companies,  members 
of  the  brotherhood,  refused  to  handle  and 
deliver  any  cars  of  freight  from  complainant's 
road  as  long  as  the  strike  of  the  engineers 
of  that  road,  who  were  members  of  the 
brotherhood,  was  unsettled.  It  is  obvious 
that  this  involved  practically  a  paralysis  of 
the  business  of  interstate  commerce  between 
the  complainant  and  the  defendant  railroads. 
The  Toledo  road  thereupon  applied  for  an 
injunction  against  the  connecting  roads,  al- 
leging the  existence  of  a  combination  viola- 
tive of  the  Interstate  Commerce  act,  prevent- 
ing the  performance  of  their  duties  in  regard 
to  interstate  commerce  in  the  exchange  of 
traffic,  and  asked  the  court  to  enjoin  this 
unlawful  interference.  A  motion  was  filed 
by  the  complainant  for  a  temporary  injunc- 
tion against  Mr.  Arthur  to  restrain  him  from 
enforcing  rule  twelve,  whereunder  the  em- 
ployees of  the  defendant  companies  were  re- 
fusing to  handle  the  cars  of  the  complainant 
company. 

The  opinion  of  the  court  by  Judge  Taft 
was  notable  in  its  clear  exposition  of  the 
power  of  a  court  of  equity  in  the  issuance  of 
a  mandatory   preliminary  injunction   where 


214 


THE  AMERICAN  REk'lEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


necessary  to  prevent  irreparable  injury. 
"  The  normal  condition,"  it  was  said, — "  the 
status  quo, — between  connecting  common 
carriers  under  the  Interstate  Commerce  law 
is  a  continuous  passage  of  freight  backward 
and  forward  between  them,  which  each  car- 
rier has  a  right  to  enjoy  without  interruption, 
exactly  as  riparian  owners  have  a  right  to 
the  continuous  flow  of  the  stream  without 
obstruction."  Usually  the  status  quo  in  the 
injunction  can  be  preserved  until  final  hear- 
ing by  an  injunction  prohibitory  in  form,  but 
where  the  status  quo  is  not  a  condition  of 
rest,  but  of  action,  the  condition  of  rest,  that 
is,  the  stoppage  of  traflic,  will  inflict  irrepara- 
ble injury  not  only  upon  the  complainant 
but  the  public.  In  such  cases  it  is  only  a 
mahdatory  injunction  compelling  the  traflic 
to  flow  as  it  is  wont  to  flow,  which  will  pro- 
tect the  complainant  from  injury.  The  form 
of  the  remedy  must  be  adapted  to  the 
emergency,  and  where  the  continuity  of  in- 
terstate traffic  is  threatened  an  injunction 
mandatory  in  term  is  often  the  only  eflEective 
remedy. 

Still  more  important  was  the  opinion  in  its 
clear  analysis  of  the  position  of  employees  of 
railroads  engaged  in  interstate  traffic,  and 
their  rights  and  duties  as  such  employees 
under  the  Interstate  Commerce  act.  The  re- 
lation of  such  employees  to  their  railroad 
companies  is  one  of  free  contract,  and  is  not 
analogous  to  thj^t  of  seamen  in  the  maritime 
service,  who,  to  a  certain  extent,  surrender 
their  liberty  in  their  employment  and  arc 
punishable  for  desertion.  The  employment, 
therefore,  in  the  case  of  railroad  employees, 
was  terminable  by  either  party.  The  court 
could  not  compel  the  enforcement  of  personal 
service  as  against  either  the  employer  or  the 
employed  against  the  will  of  either.  The 
court  said  especially  was  this  true  in  the  case 
of  railroad  engineers,  where  nothing  but  the 
most  painstaking  and  devoted  attention  on 
the  part  of  the  employed  will  secure  a  proper 
discharge  of  his  responsible  duties;  and  it 
would  even  seem  to  be  against  public  policy 
to  expose  the  lives  of  the  traveling  public  and 
the  property  of  the  shipping  public  to  the 
danger  which  might  arise  from  the  enforced 
and  unwilling  performance  of  so  delicate  a 
service.  While  a  court  of  equity  could  not 
specifically  compel  the  performance  of  a  con- 
tract for  personal  service,  it  did  not  follow 
that  there  were  no  limitations  upon  the  right 
of  employees  to  abandon  their  employment, 
— that  is,  as  to  the  time  and  place  of  the  ex- 
ercise of  such  right  (sec  remarks  of  Supreme 


Court  in  Lemon  case,  i66  U.  S.),  so  as  to 
avoid  imperiling  life  or  property. 

Though  the  relation  of  railroad  employ- 
er and  employed  was  one  of  free  contract, 
the  court  also  held  that  while  the  relation 
continues  they  were  bound  to  obey  the 
statute  compelling  the  interchange  of  in- 
terstate traffic,  and  also  bound  by  the  orders 
of  the  court  enjoining  their  employer  cor- 
poration from  refusing  such  interchange. 
A  combination  of  the  employees  to  refuse, 
while  still  holding  their  positions,  to  perform 
any  of  the  duties  enjoined  by  law  or  by  the 
court  upon  their  employer,  would  be  a  con- 
spiracy against  the  United  States  and  punish- 
able as  such. 

The  court  therefore  held  that  'the  manda- 
tory injunction  was  properly  issued  against 
Arthur,  compelling  him  to  rescind  the  order 
to  the  engineers  in  the  employ  of  the  defend- 
ant directing  them  not  to  handle  complain- 
ant's freight.  ^ 

The  engineers  of  the  defendant  companies 
had  no  grievances  against  their  own  employ- 
ing companies;  and  their  refusal  to  handle 
freight  of  complainant  company  was  in  no 
sense  a  strike  for  the  betterment  of  their  own 
conditions  of  service,  and  was  therefore  not 
a  strike  but  a  boycott,  and  this  would  neces- 
sarily paralyze  the  movement  of  interstate 
traffic. 

The  effect  of  this  decision  was  far-reach- 
ing. It  was  the  first  judicial  declaration  of 
the  duties  of  railroad  employees  in  interstate 
commerce.  It  was  followed  in  other  circuits 
and  was  not  only  approved  by  the  general 
public,  but  was  accepted  by  the  railroad 
brotherhoods  as  a  fair  statement  of  the  law 
under  the  peculiar  conditions  of  the  railroad 
service.  The  result  was  the  abrogation  of 
rule  twelve  by  the  brotherhood  of  the  engi- 
neers, and  since  that  time,  as  was  signally 
shown  in  the  extensive  railroad  strike  of  the 
following  year,  the  railroad  brotherhoods, 
not  only  the  engineers,  but  the  conductors, 
firemen,  and  trainmen,  have  been  conspicuous 
for  their  conservatism  in  the  adjustment  of 
differences  with  the  management  of  their  re- 
spective companies. 

THE    PHELAN   CONTEMPT   CASE. 

In  the  following  year,  1894,  came  the 
great  railroad  strike  inspired  by  the  Ameri- 
can Railway  Union,  growing  out  of  the  strike 
of  the  Pullman  employees  at  Pullman,  III. 
The  officials  of  the  union  demanded  all  the 
railroads  to  boycott  the  Pullman  cars,  and 
declared  a  strike  of  the  employees  on  any 


THE  LABOR  DECISIONS  OF  JUDGE   TAFT. 


215 


railroad  on  their  refusal  to  declare  such  a 
boycott.  The  Cincinnati  Southern,  an  inter- 
state railway,  was  in  the  hands  of  a  receiver, 
who  had  been  theretofore  appointed  by  the 
United  States  Court  of  Ohio,  and  the  re- 
ceive^ applied  to  the  court  for  protection 
against  one  Phelan,  an  official  of  the  Amer- 
ican Union,  who  was  engaged  in  inciting  a 
strike  among  the  employees  of  the  railroad. 
There  was  no  complaint  by  the  employees 
of  this  road,  a^  there  had  been  none  by  the 
employees  in  the  Arthur  case,  for  the  better- 
ment of  their  condition  of  service.  The  de- 
mand was  that  all  traffic  should  be  suspended 
and  business  paralyzed  until  all  the  roads 
should  consent  not  to  carry  Pullman  cars. 
In  the  words  of  the  court,  the  purpose  was  to 
starve  the  railroad  companies  and  the  public 
into  compelling  the  Pullman  Company  to  do 
something  which  they  had  no  lawful  right  to 
compel  it  to  do. 

It  seems  that  a  restraining  order  had  been 
issued  by  the  court  prohibiting  any  interfer- 
ence with  the  management  of  the  receiver  in 
the  operation  of  the  road,  and  Phelan  had 
used  language  defying  this  order.  He  was 
thereupon  attached  for  contempt,  and  after 
a  hearing  was  adjudged  guilty  of  contempt 
in  an  opinion  by  Judge  Taft  (62  Fed.  Rep., 
803).  The  opinion  emphasized  the  same 
distinction  which  had  been  pointed  out 
in  the  Arthur  case  in  the  preceding  year. 
The  employees  had  the  right  to  quit 
their  employment,  but  they  had  no  right 
to  combine  to  injure  their  employer,  in  order 
to  compel  him  to  withdraw  from  a  mutually 
profitable  relation  with  a  third  party  for  the 
purpose  of  injuring  the  third  party,  when 
the  relation  thus  sought  to  be  broken  had  no 
effect  whatever  upon  the  character  or  reward 
of  their  services.  As  the  purpose  of  the  com- 
bination was  to  tie  up  interstate  railroads, 
not  as  an  incidental  result  of  a  lawful  strike 
for  the  betterment  of  the  employees'  own  con- 
ditions, but  as  a  means  of  injuring  a  third 
party,  it  was  an  unlawful  combination,  vio- 
lative of  the  anti-trust  act  of  1890.  It  was 
also  a  direct  interference  with  interstate  com- 
merce. 

Thus,  if  Phelan  had  come  to  Cincinnati 
and  had  urged  a  strike  for  higher  wages,  or 
to  prevent  lowering  of  wages,  he  would  not 
have  been  liable  for  contempt,  but  he  had  no 
right  to  incite  the  men  to  quit,  when  they 
h^  no  grievances  of  their  own  to  redress,  as 
It  was  then  esscnrially  a  boycott  and  not  a 
.  strike. 

It  was  in  this  Phelan  case  that  Judge  Taft, 


in  determining  the  limits  of  the  rights  of 
labor  organizations,  made  this  lucid  and  nota- 
ble statement  of  the  extent  of  their  rights, 
which  has  been  frequently  quoted : 

The  employees  of  the  receiver  had  the  right  to 
organize  into  or  join  a  labor  union  which  would 
take  action  as  to  the  terms  of  their  employment. 
It  is  a  benefit  to  them  and  to  the  public  that 
laborers  should  unite  for  their  common  interest 
and  for  lawful  purposes.  They  have  labor  to 
sell.  If  they  stand  together  they  are  often  able, 
all  of  them,  to  obtain  better  prices  for  their  labor 
than  dealing  singly  with  rich  employers,  because 
the  necessities  of  the  single  employee  may  com- 
pel him  to  accept  any  price  that  is  offered.  The 
accumulation  of  a  fund  for  those  who  feel  that 
the  wages  offered  are  below  the  legitimate  mar- 
ket value  of  such  labor  is  desirable.  They  have 
the  right  to  appoint  officers,  who  shall  advise 
them  as  to  the  course  to  be  taken  in  relations 
with  their  employers.  They  may  unite  with 
other  unions.  The  officers  they  appoint,  or  any 
other  person  they  choose  to  listen  to,  may  advise 
them  as  to  the  proper  course  to  be  taken,  both  in 
regard  to  their  common  employment;  or  if  they 
choose  to  appoint  any  one,  he  may  order  them 
on  pain  of  expulsion  from  the  union  peaceably 
to  leave  the  employ  of  their  employer  because 
any  of  the  terms  of  the  employment  are  unsatis- 
factory. 

This  declaration  of  the  right  of  organiza- 
tion and  representation  of  labor  unions  hai 
been  often  cited  and  quoted  in  support  of 
the  unions,  and  was  applied,  as  will  be  seen, 
most  effectively  in  their  behalf  in  the 
Wabash  strike  of  1903. 

The  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States 
courts  in  the  protection  of  interstate  com- 
merce, and  the  supremacy  of  the  federal 
power  in  such  questions,  were  thereafter  fully 
sustained  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  (see  in  re  Debs  case,  158 
U.  S.,  564;  also  in  re  Lemon,  166  U.  S. 
548). 

The  reason  of  the  prompt  acceptance  of 
this  application  of  the  law  by  Judge  Taft 
was  the  universal  recognition  that  a  boy- 
cott by  railroad  employees  in  interstate 
commerce,  as  distinguished  from  a  strike, 
was  impracticable  and  inadmissible,  in 
view  of  the  paramount  public  interest  con- 
cerned. It  is  true  that  in  ordinary  trade 
disputes  the  public  convenience  and  even  the 
public  necessities  are  not  always  given  the 
weight  they  should  have.  But  wherever  in- 
terstate or  foreign  commerce  are  involved 
the  public  interest  is  made  paramount  by  the 
laws  of  the  United  States.  All  classes  of  the 
community,  workingmen  as  well  as  capital- 
ists, are  interested  in  the  prompt  transmission 
of  the  mails  and  in  the  uninterrupted  passage 
of  person  and  freight.  This  principle  of  the 
protection  of  commerce  against  interruption 


216 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


has  become  firmly  intrenched  in  our  juris- 
prudence. Under  the  law  declared  in  these 
cases,  our  commerce  is  subject  to  be  inter- 
rupted only  by  the  incidental  injury  resulting 
from  cessation  of  service,  and  not  by  boycotts 
or  sympathetic  strikes  not  related  to  the  bet- 
tering of  the  conditions  of  the  employees' 
service.  That  this  principle  is  firmly  estab- 
lished is  primarily  owing  to  the  clear  and 
courageous  enunciation  of  the  law  by  Judge 
Taft. 

THE  ADDYSTON  PIPE  &  STEEL  COMPANY  CASE. 

The  same  principle  of  the  freedom  of  in- 
terstate commerce  from  illegal  restraint  de- 
clared in  the  Arthur  and  Phelan  cases  was 
also  held  by  Judge  Taft  to  apply  to  a  business 
combination,  or  a  "  trust,"  in  the  Addyston 
Pipe  &  Steel  Company  case  (85  Fed.  Rep., 
271).  In  this  case  there  was  an  allotment 
of  territory,  comprising  a  large  part  of  the 
United  States,  among  a  number  of  companies 
engaged  in  the  manyfacture  of  iron  pipes, 
and  in  that  territory  competition  was  elimi- 
nated through  this  allotment  of  territory, 
and  through  a  system  of  pretended  bidding, 
giving  an  appearance  of  competition,  at  pub- 
lic lettings,  when  in  fact  there  was  no  com- 
petition. The  decision  of  the  Court  of  Ap- 
peals, rendered  by  Judge  Taft,  was  after- 
ward affirmed  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States.  His  opinion  is  a  notable  con- 
tribution to  the  law,  in  its  masterly  analysis 
of  the  essential  distinction  between  the  legiti- 
mate contracts  in  restraint  of  trade,  which  are 
merely  ancillary,  or  incidental,  to  some  lawful 
contract,  and  necessary  to  protect  the  enjoy- 
ment of  the  legitimate  fruits  of  that  contract, 
and  the  agreements  where  the  sole  object  is  a 
direct  restraint  of  competition,  and  to  en- 
hance and  maintain  prices.  These  latter 
agreements  are  unenforceable  at  common 
law,  and  are  violative  of  the  anti-trust  act 
when  made  with  reference  to  interstate  com- 
merce. 

The  distinction  here  so  clearly  pointed  out 
has  been  the  basis  of  the  construction  of  the 
anti-trust  act  by  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court  in  all  its  subsequent  decisions. 

JUDGE      TAFT's      opinion      SUPPORTS      THE 
UNIONS  IN  WABASH   STRIKE  CASE. 

The  words  of  Judge  Taft  in  the  Phelan 
case  quoted  above,  setting  forth  the  rights 
of  labor  organizations  under  the  law,  were 
directly  invoked  and  applied  on  behalf  of 
the  labor  unions  in  a  notable  case,  that  of 
the  threatened  strike  on  the  Wabash  Rail- 


road by  the  Brotherhoods  of  Railroad  Train- 
men and  Firemen  in  1903  (121  Fed.  Rep., 
563).  In  this  case,  the  representatives  of 
these  two  brotherhoods,  after  failing  to  se- 
cure the  advance  of  wages  and  betterment  of 
conditions  demanded  by  the  brotherhoods, 
had  been  forced  to  call  a  strike  as  their  last 
resort,  and  thereupon  an  injunction  was  filed 
by  the  railroad  company,  in  the  United  States 
Circuit  Court  in  St.  Louis,  against  the  ch- 
eers of  these  brotherhoods;  enjoining  them 
from  calling  a  strike  on  the  Wabash,  as  an 
interstate  railroad,  on  the  ground,  among 
others,  that  the  officials  of  the  brotherhoods 
were  not  employees  of  the  railroad,  and  that 
their  action  in  combining  in  calling  a  strike 
would  be  a  direct  interference  with  interstate 
commerce,  and  was  therefore  an  unlawful 
conspiracy. 

The  rights  of  organization  and  the  rights 
of  representation,  as  set  forth  by  Judge  Taft, 
were  thus  directly  involved.  The  writer 
represented  those  brotherhoods  in  the  hearing 
on  the  motion  to  dissolve  the  injunction 
granted  in  this  case,  and  used  the  above 
quoted  statement  of  Judge  Taft  as  the  most 
lucid  and  effective  defense  of  the  action  of 
the  brotherhoods  and  their  officials.  The 
Court  (Judge  Adams)  found  from  the  evi- 
dence that  there  was  an  existing  dispute 
about  the  conditions  of  service  on  the  rail- 
road, and  that  the  officials  of  the  brotherhoods 
had  been  directed  by  the  members  of  the 
brotherhoods  to  call  a  strike;  that  they  had 
a  right  to  be  represented  in  such  matters  by 
their  own  officials,  and  that  the  two  unions 
had  a  right  to  act  in  unison  in  their  effort  to 
secure  the  betterment  of  the  conditions  of 
their  members,  that  an  agreement  to  strike, 
under  those  circumstances  was  not  an  un- 
lawful conspiracy,  and  the  injunction  was 
thereupon  dissolved.  It  was  said  in  the 
opinion  that  on  the  subject  of  the  organiza- 
tion of  labor,  and  the  right  of  labor  .unions, 
no  one  had  spoken  more  clearly  and  accepta- 
bly than  Judge  Taft,  in  this  language  above 
quoted.  (After  the  dissolution  of  the  in- 
junction, the  differences  between  the  railroad  . 
and  its  employees  were  amicably  adjusted, 
and  the  threatened  strike  was  averted.) 

Thus,  while  the  law  was  declared  by 
Judge  Taft  as  to  the  limitations  upon  the 
lawful  action  of  labor  unions,  the  essential  . 
principles  involved  in  the  right  of  organiza- 
tion were  also  announced  by  him  in  the  same 
opinion.  This  right  of  organization  of  work- 
ingmen  in  the  unions  would  be  futile  without 
the  right  of  representation  by  their  own  offi- 


THE  LEGISLATURES  AND   THE  RAILROADS. 


217 


cials  in  the  cflFort  to  secure  the  betterment  of 
their  conditions.  The  remedies  adopted  by 
workingroen,  sometimes  mistaken  remedies  for 
the  enforcement  of  their  rights,  such  as  the 
closed  shop  and  the  boycott,  are  only  weapons 
for  the  enforcement  of  the  fundamental  right 
of  collective  bargaining  for  the  common  bene- 
fit. There  is  no  foundation,  therefore,  for 
the  suggestion  that  the  decisions  of  Judge 
Taft  were  in  any  sense  unfriendly  to  labor, 
and  it  is  clear  that  through  his  lucid  declara- 
tions of  the  rights  of  labor  the  railroad  broth- 
erhoods secured  the  judicial  vindication  of 
their  right  of  combination  and  of  representa- 
tion in  their  demands  for  the  betterment  of 
their  conditions. 


While  these  important  decisions  were  ren- 
dered by  Judge  Taft,  declaring  the  freedom 
of  interstate  commerce  from  illegal  combina- 
tion both  of  labor  and  capital,  the  limitations 
upon  the  rights  of  organized  labor,  as  well 
as  the  essential  principles  involved  in  the 
right  of  organization  for  the  betterment  of 
their  conditions,  it  would  be  an  imputation 
upon  the  brilliant  judicial  record  of  Judge 
Taft  to  suggest  that  in  any  of  these  opinions 
he  declared  the  law  as  a  friend  of  any  class, 
or  that  he  made  any  judical  utterance  in  any 
of  the  cases  otherwise  than  as  a  living  oracle 
of  the  law,  bound  to  declare,  in  every  case 
brought  before  him,  not  his  own  private 
judgment,  but  the  judgment  of  the  law. 


THE  LEGISLATURES  AND  THE  RAILROADS. 

BY  ROBERT  EMMETT  IRETON. 


There  must  be  just  and  reasonable  regula- 
tion of  rates,  but  any  arbitrary  and  unthinking 
movement  to  cut  them  down  may  be  equivalent 
to  putting  a  complete  stop  to  the  effort  to  pro- 
vide better  transi>ortation. — President  Roosevelt, 

TX/'HEN  the  President  of  the  United 
States  thus  admonished  the  nation  at 
large  in  his  address  at  Indianapolis  on  Memo- 
rial Day,  it  is  obvious  that  he  had  in  mind 
the  anti-railroad  crusades  in  the  several 
States  during  last  winter.  Never  in  the  his- 
tory of  railroad  legislation  have  our  transpor- 
tation sy-stems  run  counter  to  a  campaign  so 
comprehensive,  widespread,  and  disturbing  as 
the  general  trend  of  "regulation"  in  almost 
every  State  Legislature  in  session  during 
1907.  It  seems  as  if  a  legislative  tempest 
against  the  railroads  had  been  unloosed  si- 
multaneously in  more  than  thirty  States  upon 
a  given  signal.  The  welcome  accorded  it  by 
our  lawmakers  is  inexplicable,  unless  we  are 
prepared  to  admit  that  our  Government,  as 
has  been  charged  frequently,  is  one  of  im- 
pulse. On  this  hypothesis  it  is  readily  un- 
derstood. 

Thirty-five  States,  in  all,  attempted  to 
enact  lau-s  reducing  freight  or  passenger 
rates,  establishing  railroad  commissions,  in- 
creasing the  powers  of  existing  commissions, 
regulating  car  service,  demurrage,  safety  ap- 
pliances, block  signals,  free  passes,  capitaliza- 
tion, liability  for  accidents  to  employees, 
hours  of  labor,  blacklisting,  strikes,  etc. 
Scarcely  a  department  or  single  activity  in 
railroading  was  overlooked.    Not  all  proVed 


successful;  but  a  sufficient  number  of  new 
measures  found  their  way  into  our  various 
State  statutes  to  assure  us  that  our  lawmak- 
ers were  engrossed  with  the  railroad  prob- 
lem, and,  further,  that  they  intended  to 
teach  their  victims  and,  incidentally,  certain 
critics,  what  adequate  State  control  meant. 
In  quantity,  at  least,  their  output  is  com- 
mendable. 

Certain  causes  undoubtedly  Contributed  to 
this  harvest  of  restrictive  legislation  not  in- 
separable from  the  railroads  themselves.  For 
years  it  had  been  their  custom  to. grant  re- 
bates to  favored  shippers  and  to  discriminate 
against  persons  and  localities.  Convictions 
under  the  Elkins  act  for  such  oflEenses  were 
rare  until  President  Roosevelt  bestirred  him- 
self. Then  they  came  thick  and  fast.  The 
people  and  the  press  learned  more  of  rail- 
road iniquity  and  double-dealing  in  two 
years  than  either  had  previously  known  in 
a  generation.  Investigations  into  the  affairs 
of -certain  prominent  railroad  systenis  were 
followed  by  convictions  and  heavy  fines,  and 
finally  by  a  federal  law  enlarging  the  pow- 
ers of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission. 
Shocking  revelations  of  graft  among  the  em- 
ployees of  a  railroad  supposed  to  be  above 
suspicion,  disclosed  about  a  year  ago,  and 
shameful  discrimination  in  car  service,  fur- 
ther heightened  the  indignation  of  the  peo- 
ple against  the  methods  prevalent  in  general 
railroad  administration. 

Popular  discussion  added  to  this  state  of 
public  feeling,  and  this  was  intensified  by 


218 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REyiEVVS. 


the  freight-car  shortage  of  last  year.  To 
make  matters  worse,  an  aflErighting  series  of 
accidents,  with  appalling  fatalities,  seemed 
to  clinch  the  case  against  the  railroads  and 
add  to  their  delinquencies  that  of  criminal 
negligence.  Thus,  at  the  beginning  of  1907, 
the  people  had  weighed  the  railroads  and 
found  them  (i)  wanting  in  obedience  to 
law  and  fair  dealing,  (2)  unable  to  handle 
the  country's  business,  (3)  tainted  with  dis- 
honesty and  graft,  and  (4)  grossly  indif- 
ferent to  the  safety  and  security  of  passen- 
gers. 

Resentment  was  kindled  to  a  white  heat 
at  this  time  and  restrictive  measures  were 
proposed.  But  the  hour  of  reprisal  had  not 
yet  come,  and  the  patience  of  the  people, 
everything  considered,  was  more  than  the 
railroads  had  any  right  to  expect.  Indeed, 
it  was  almost  ultra-human.  Reason  still 
prevailed;  but  other  forces  were  to  triumph 
and  to  threaten  with  a  consuming  wrath  the 
railroads'  prosperity.  Convicted  at  the  bar 
of  public  opinion  of  dishonesty,  incompe- 
tence, and  negligence  in  its  physical  admin- 
istration, it  only  remained  to  bring  home  to 
the  transportation  system  the  suspicion  of 
unfairness  in  its  financial  transactions. 

Last  February  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission  gave  the  people  an  insight  into 
the  devious  methods  of  modern  railroad 
finance,  by  which  a  few  financial  manipu- 
lators, through  an  adroit  readjustment  of 
the  securities  of  a  certain  railroad,  using 
another  road  as  a  speculating  machine,  pro- 
fited to  the  extent  of  millions  of  dollars  at 
the  expense  of  the  public.  Convinced 
through  this  •  disclosure  that  the  railroads 
were  morally  oblique  and  lost  to  all  sense 
of  common  honesty  and  decency,  the  dis- 
heartened and  disgusted  conservatives  were 
powerless  to  avert  the  radical  crusade  that 
followed.  To  the  charges  against  the  rail- 
roads, that  of  "  public  plunderer "  was 
added,  and  the  work  of  retaliation  and  repris- 
al started,  under  the  sage  direction  of  ambi- 
tious politicians,  doubtless,  who  never  miss  an 
opportunity  to  corral  a  majority.  Local  con- 
ditions and  a  rankling  hostility  for  the  dis- 
continuance of  free  passes  to  legislators  are 
additional  links  in  the  cTiain  of  circumstances 
responsible  for  this  era  of  **  regulation." 

The  railroads  had  sown  the  wind  and 
now  they  are  reaping  a  whirlwind  of  ad- 
versity, distress,  and  embarrassment.  *  While 
they  have  brought  it  upon  themselves  in 
great  degree,  the  severity  and  thoughtless- 
ness of  this  campaign   are  not  beyond   the 


pale  of  criticism.  The  movement  was  too 
sweeping,  and  altogether  too  sudden,  to  ad- 
mit of  opportunity  for  that  economic  con- 
sideration and  debate  which  the  vital  im- 
portance of  the  transportation  problem,  and 
its  myriad  inter-relations,  demanded.  With 
very  few  exceptions,  the  attitude  of  the  legis- 
lators responsible  for  reduced  railroad  rat« 
seemed  to  spring  from  a  desire  to  legislate 
first  and  reason  later.  To  enact  a  law  that 
would  cripple  the  railroads  and  leave  to 
the  latter  the  task  and  cost  of  its  judicial  in- 
terpretation seems  to  have  been  an  ideal  per- 
formance of  duty.  This,  of  course,  is  inde- 
fensible.      , 

WRONGS    TO    INVESTORS. 

Uniformity  was  sought  without  discrim- 
ination or  foresight.  Railroads  in  densely 
populated  districts  and  those  in  sparsely  set- 
tled rural  localities  were  given  alike  a  two- 
cent*  rate.  Worse  than  this:  roads  of  dif- 
ferent earning  power  in  the  same  State  were 
assigned  a  level  rate.  The  prosperous  and 
well-established  road  and  the  struggling  pio- 
neer were  bracketed, — to  sink  or  swim. 
Equality  is  equity,  but  it  looks  like  confisca- 
tion in  such  cases.  Those  who  have  invested 
in  properties  thus  affected  and  menaced  have 
a  right  to  redress  under  the  constitutional 
guaranty  of  due  process  of  law  for  such  an 
attempted  deprivation.  To  the  public,  like- 
wise, is  this  a  hindrance  and  a  wrong.  Tend- 
ing to  discourage  investment,  it  arrests  rail- 
road development,  when  the  same  is  urgently 
needed  in  view  of  our  expanding  commerce 
and  industry,  while  it  clogs  industrial  prog- 
ress by  stifling  individual  initiative.  No  con- 
siderate and  advised  approach  was  made  by 
the  lawmakers,  and,  doubtless,  much  of  their 
work  will  be  nullified  by  the  courts,  leaving 
as  its  net  result  a  damaged  railroad  credit. 

REAL  PROGRESS  IN  SOME  OF  THE  STATES. 

But  all  of  their  work  was  not  wasted. 
Real  constructive  legislation  was  enacted  in 
many  States  in  regard  to  corporate  control, 
safety  appliances,  block  signals,  working 
hours,  rights  of  emplojrees,  railroad  mergers, 
valuation,  capitalization,  publication  of  rate 
schedules,  etc.,  while  in  the  States  of  South 
Carolina,  South  Dakota,  Tennessee,  and 
Wisconsin  the  rate  question  was  given  fair 
and  temperate  consideration.  In  South 
Carolina  the  Senate  negatived  a  bill  for  a 
tvvo-and-one-half-cent  rate,  and  instead  of 
assuming  the  guilt  of  the  railroads,  appointed 
a  committee   to  investigate  discriminations. 


THE  LEGISLATURES  AND   THE  RAILROADS. 


219 


South  Dakota  authorized  its  commission  to 
establish  a  maximum  passenger  rate  of  two 
and  one-half  cents  a  mile,  and,  in  addition, 
instructed  it  to  ascertain  the  actual  cash 
value  of  railroad  property  in  the  State  on 
which  to  base  equitable  rates.  Pending  this* 
ascertainment,  it  is  not  expected  that  the 
commission  will  enforce  a  reduction. 

LEGISLATURE    VERSUS   COMMISSION. 

Tennessee  refused  to  pass  a  bill  reducing 
passenger  fares,  because  there  was  no  public 
demand  therefor,  and,  further,  "  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  the  railroads  in  Tennessee  were 
not  earning  from  their  passenger  traffic,  in 
proportion  to  the  trains  run,  as  much  as  the 
average  in  the  United  States."  Wisconsin's 
action  is  contradictory.  When  the  commis- 
sion ordered  the  roads  to  adopt  a  two-and- 
one-half-cent  fare  the  latter  acquiesced.  An 
attempt  to  enact  a  flat  two-cent  rate  passed 
the  House,  but  was  defeated  in  the  Senate 
on  June  14  by  a  vote  of  21  to  6.  On  July 
1 1 ,  however,  a  two<ent  fare  bill  was  adopted 
by  the  Senate  by  a  vote  of  9  to  8,  Lieutenant- 
Governor  G>nnor  casting  the  deciding  ballot. 
Having  been  approved  by  the  Governor  this 
treasure  will  become  effective  on  August  15. 
At  this  writing  there  is  much  dissatisfaction 
expressed  over  the  Senate's  action.  In  the 
opinion  of  the  railroad  commission  a  two-and- 
onc-half-cent  rate  is  the  lowest  the  passenger 
traffic  will  bear.  A  comprehensive  Public- 
Service  law  was  enacted  in  this  State  and  is 
descnbed  elsewhere  in  this  number  of  the 
Review  of  Reviews  by  Professor  Com- 
mons. 

Arizona,  Florida,  and  Maine  had  meas- 
ures before  their  legislatures  to  reduce  pas- 
senger rates,  but  the  same  were  not  success- 
ful. Texas  had  almost  one  hundred  railroad 
bills  presented  for  its  consideration,  and  one 
was  a  measure  to  reduce  passenger  charges. 
It  failed  to  pass,  but  may  become  a  law  at  a 
spcdal  session.  New  York  adopted  a  two- 
cent  bill,  but  it  succumbed  to  the  Governor's 
veto.  A  Public-Utilities  bill,  promoted  by 
Governor  Hughes,  generally  regarded  as  the 
most  comprehensive  and  far-reaching  meas- 
ure for  corporate  regulation  ever  adopted  in 
any  State,  became  a  law.  Kentucky,  Louisi- 
ana, and  Maryland  had  no  legislative  ses- 
sions; and  California,  Connecticut,  Dela- 
ware, Idaho,  Massachusetts,  Mississippi, 
Rhode  Island,  Utah,  and  Wyoming  gave 
little  or  no  consideration  to  restrictive  rail- 
road legislation  during  the  recent  sessions.  In 
those  States  no  hostility  to  the  railroads  was 


shown,  save  that  in  Massachusetts  a  resolu- 
tion was  adopted  calling  for  an  investigation 
into  railroad  passenger  fares,  w^ith  a  view  to 
their  uniformity  and  equalization.  The  re- 
port must  be  submitted  to  the  next  General 
Court  on  or  betore  January  15,  1908,- and 
some  steps  may  then  be  taken. 

California's  action  shines  in  marked  con- 
trast with  most  of  her  sister  States.  The 
Sacramento  lawmakers  passed  a  law  which 
reads:  *'  Every  railroad  corporation  has 
power  to  regulate  the  time  and  manner  in 
which  passengers  and  property  shall  be  trans- 
ported, and  the  tolls  and  compensation  to  be 
paid  therefor,  within  the  limits  prescribed  by 
law  and  subject  to  alteration  by  the  Legisla- 
ture. To  regulate  the  force  and  speed  of 
their  locomotives,  cars,  *  *  *  and  to 
establish,  execute,  and  enforce  all  needful  and 
proper  rules  and  regulations  for  the  manage- 
ment of  its  business  transactions  usual  and 
proper  for  railroad  corporations."  This  gen- 
erosity must  have  prostrated  the  railroads! 

LOWER   FARES  IN  TWENTY-ONE   STATES. 

An  analysis  of  the  general  results  shows 
that  passenger  fares  were  either  actually  re- 
duced or  affected  in  twenty-one  States :  Ala- 
bama, Arkansas,  Georgia,  Indiana,  Illinois, 
Iowa,  Kansas,  Maryland,  Michigan,  Minne- 
sota, Mississippi,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  North 
Carolina,  North  Dakota,  Oklahoma,  Penn- 
sylvania, South  Dakota,  Virginia,  West  Vir- 
ginia, and  Wisconsin.  Two-cent  rates  now 
prevail  in  Arkansas,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Min- 
nesota, Missouri,  Nebraska,  Pennsylvania, 
and  Wisconsin;  and  in  Ohio,  since  1906; 
two-and-one-half-cent  rates  in  Alabama 
and  North  Dakota.  North  Carolina  has 
established  a  two-and-one-quarter-cent  rate; 
West  Virginia,  a  two-cent  rate  for  railroads 
over  fifty  miles  in  length;  Iowa,  a  sliding 
scale  of  from  two  to  three  cents  per  mile; 
Michigan,  a  two,  three,  and  four-cent  rate; 
Kansas,  Maryland,  and  Mississippi,  two-cent 
rates  for  mileage  books ;  the  railroad  commis- 
sions of  Georgia  and  South  Dakota  have  been 
authorized  to  establish  a  two-cent  and  a 
two-and-one-half-cent  rate,  respectively;  and 
Oklahoma  specifies  in  its  new  constitution  a 
maximum  charge  of  two  cents  for  passenger 
fare.  Virginia's  Corporation  Commission  has 
adopted  a  two-cent  rate  for  trunk  lines,  a 
three-cent  rate  for  minor  roads,  and  a  threc- 
and-one-half-cent  rate  on  one  or  two  lines. 
Kansas  may  adopt  a  flat  two-cent  rate  on  the 
supposition  that  what  is  remunerative  in  Ne- 
braska should  prove  equally  remunerative  in 


220 


THE  AMERICAN  REl/IElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Kansas!    Georgia's  Legislature  is  !n  session 
as  we  go  to  press. 

OTHER  NEW  LEGISLATION. 

Freight  charges  were  lowered  in  many 
States.  The  Commodity  Freight  Rate  law  of 
Minnesota  is  probably  the  most  scientific  and 
equitable,  and  is  being  used  by  many  Western 
roads  as  a  basis.  Commissions  in  other 
States  have  adopted  it  as  a  model. 

Laws  prohibiting  free  passes  were  enacted 
in  Alabama,  Indiana,  Kansas,  Maine,  Min- 
nesota, Nebraska,  Nevada,  New  Hampshire, 
New  York,  Oklahoma,  Oregon,  South  Da- 
kota, and  Texas. 

Eleven  States  created  railroad  commis- 
sions: Colorado,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Mon- 
tana, Nevada,  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
Oklahoma,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  and  Ver- 
mont. Sixteen  others  gave  increased  power 
to  existing  commissions,  apart  from  rate  reg- 
ulation: Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida,  Illi- 
nois, Iowa,  Kansas,  Minnesota,  Missouri, 
Nebraska,  New  Hampshire,  North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina,  South  Dakota,  Texas, 
Washington,  and  Wisconsin. 

Montana's  new  commission  held  its  first 
meeting  at  Helena  on  July  lo,  and  declared 
the  freight  and  passenger  rates  now  in  force 
to  be  the  maximum  rates  hereafter  to  be 
charged,  with  the  exception  of  a  coal  rate  on 
the  Great  Northern  and  a  lumber  rate  on 
the  Northern  Pacific,  which  will  be  fixed 
by  agreement  after  consultation  with  the 
roads. 

RESULTANT    LITIGATION. 

Suits  have  been  instituted  to  test  the  legis- 
lation recently  adopted  in  Alabama,  Georgia, 
Indiana,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Ne- 
braska, Nevada,  North  Carolina,  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  Virginia.  The  railroads  in  Arkan- 
sas, Kansas,  Michigan,  and  Wisconsin  are 
giving  the  new  rates  a  trial;  similarly,  in 
Illinois,  for  ninety  days,  after  which  suit  will 
be  filed  if  the  laws  are  confiscatory. 

In  Missouri  the  State  and  federal  courts 
became  involved  and  by  agreement  the  two- 


cent  law  went  into  operation  for  ninety  days 
from  June  19.  After  its  practical  results  arc 
known  the  federal  court  will  pass  on  its  con- 
stitutionality. A  similar  conflict  between 
State  and  federal  authority  has  been  precipi- 
tated in  Nebraska  by  the  filing  of  counter 
suits;  while  in  North  Carolina,  Judge 
Pritchard,  in  the  United  States  Circuit 
Court  at  Asheville,  has  enjoined  the  enforce- 
ment of  the  new  laws  on  evidence  presented 
by  the  railroads,  and  has  ruled  that  the  lat- 
ter had  established  a  prima  facie  case  of  at- 
tempted confiscation.  The  State  Railroad 
Commissioners  have  been  called  upon  to  re- 
but the  same,  and  evidence  is  now  being 
taken  by  a  special  master  in  chancery. 

Following  this  action  in  the  federal  court, 
a  State  jurist  has  instructed  the  grand  jury 
at  Raleigh  to  indict  every  violator  of  the 
new  law,  holding  that  only  the  State  appel- 
late courts  could  assume  jurisdiction  in 
appeals  on  State  indictments,  in  the  first  in- 
stance, and  that  federal  injunctions  did  not 
run  against  such  process.  The  press  of 
North  Carolina  is  insistent  on  the  enforce- 
ment of  this  law  by  State  officials,  despite  the 
action  of  the  federal  court,  and  its  status  is 
decidedly  complicated  and  uncertain. 

That  the  railroads  will  fight  some  of  these 
laws  to  the  end  is  a  foregone  conclusion. 
Probably  the  chief  battles  will  be  waged  in 
Missouri,  Minnesota,  North  Carolina,  and 
Pennsylvania.  If  successful  in  their  efforts 
therein,  in  all  likelihood  suits  will  be  pressed 
in  every  other  State  in  which  these  lau-s  arc 
being  enforced.  On  the  wisdom  of  their 
course  much  depends.  Before  carrying  the 
fight  too  far  the  carriers  should  bear  in  mind 
its  possible  aftermath,  and  the  action  of  the 
railroads  in  Ohio,  Wisconsin,  and  Arkansas, 
in  accepting  the  reduced  rate  laws,  is  im- 
portant in  this  connection.  The  movement 
for  railroad  regulation  and  control, — 
whether  inspired  by  resentment  or  reason, — 
is  everywhere  manifest  and  determined,  and 
seems  to  have  the  backing  of  the  American 
people.  Recession  is  no  part  of  their  present 
programme. 


THE  WISCONSIN   PUBLIC-UTILITIES   LAW. 


BY  JOHN  R.  COMMONS. 

(Professor  of  Political  Economy  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin.) 


'Y'WO  States  in  1907,  New  York  and  Wis- 
consin, enacted  laws  to  regulate  pub- 
lic utilities.  The  contest  in  New  York  was 
spectacular  and  attracted  national  attention, 
because  the  law  was  drafted  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  Governor  and  forced  through 
a  reluctant  Legislature  without  amendment. 
The  law  in  Wisconsin  was  the  product  of 
prolonged  legislative  deliberation.  This  was 
possible  because  the  period  of  contest  over 
the  control  of  corporations  had  culminated 
t\vo  years  before  in  the  movement  led  by 
Governor  La  FoUettc.  As  a  result  of  that 
contest  the  Legislature  of  1907  was  the  first 
one  elected  under  the  direct-primary  system 
of  nominations  without  the  intervention  of 
party  conventions,  and  it  would  have  been 
difficult  to  find  a  half-doa^n  members  who 
took  orders  from  anybody. 

Another  result  of  that  contest  was  the 
Railroad  law  of  1905,  which  had  established 
the  principle  of  regulation  through  a  commis- 
sion appointed  by  the  Governor  and  had 
worked  out  the  procedure  and  authority  of 
that  commission.  This  law  was  described  by 
the  present  writer  in  the  Review  of  Re- 
views for  July,  1905.  What  remained  for 
the  Legislature  of  1907  was  simply  to  bring 
all  other  public  utilities  under  the  same  com- 
mission and  to  deal  with  the  questions  of 
franchises  and  the  relation  of  municipal  gov- 
ernments to  the  State  commission.  This  was 
facilitated  by  the  fact  that  the  existing  com- 
mission, appointed  two  years  before  by  Gov- 
ernor La  Follette,  had  the  confidence  of  all 
parties  and  interests  on  account  of  the  ability 
and  moderation  of  its  members.  This  had 
been  shown  especially  in  their  decision,  after 
thorough  investigation,  placing  passenger 
fares  at  25^2  cents  at  the  time  when  other 
States  without  investigation  placed  them  at  2 
cents.  The  Wisconsin  and  New  York  laws 
are  alike  in  that  both  State  utilities  like  rail- 
roads and  municipal  utilities  like  gas  are 
brought  under  the  regulation  of  the  same 
commission.  They  differ  from  the  laws  of 
Massachusetts,  which  provide  a  separate  com- 
mission for  railways.  These  three  States, 
however,  are  the  only  ones  that  regulate 
mimidpal  utilities  through  a  State  commis- 


sion. Many  other  States  have  railroad  com- 
missions, but  they  leave  whatever  regulation 
they  have  of  local  utilities  to  the  local  gov- 
ernments. 

Another  condition  that  made  possible  the 
Wisconsin  law  of  1907  was  the  Legislative 
Reference  Department  at  Madison,  with  its 
staff  of  lawyers,  investigators,  and  statis- 
ticians, and  its  ability  to  lay  before  the  law- 
makers the  experience  of  other  States  and 
countries  and  the  advice  of  experts. 

The  Public-Utilities  bill  was  introduced 
three  times  by  the  Assembly  Committee  on 
Transportation  during  the  six  months'  ses- 
sion of  the  Legislature  of  1907, — first  as  a 
rough  skeleton,  next  as  a  comprehensive  bill, 
and  last  as  a  completed  law.  After  each  in- 
troduction extended  hearings  were  held  by 
the  joint  committee  of  the  two  houses.  The 
public-utility  corporations,  through  their 
State  associations,  appointed  committees 
whose  members  attended  the  hearings  and 
were  enrolled  as  lobbyists,  as  required  by  law. 
The  cities  of  Milwaukee  and  Madison  were 
represented  by  their  city  attorneys,  and  one 
member  of  the  joint  committee.  Senator 
Lockney,  was  also  city  attorney  of  Wau- 
kesha. The  detailed  work  of  the  joint  com- 
mittee was  conducted  by  Senator  George  B« 
Hudnall  and  Assemblyman' C.  F.  Stout. 

The  law  as  finally  adopted  consists  really  of 
three  laws :  First,  an  amendment  to  the  Rail- 
way law  of  1905,  placing  telegraph  companies 
and  street  railways  under  the  same  provisions 
as  steam  railways  and  interurban  electric  lines ; 
second,  the  Public-Utilities  law  proper,  regu- 
lating heat,  light,  water,  power,  and  tele- 
phone companies;  third,  a  Street-Railway 
law  providing  for  indeterminate  permits  simi- 
lar to  those  of  the  Public-Utilities  law.  A 
fourth  bill,  requiring  physical  connection  and 
prohibiting  •  duplication  of  telephone  ex- 
changes, was  defeated  by  a  vote  of  the  As- 
sembly. By  separating  the  measure  into  four 
bills  the  committee  was  able  to  allow  for 
differences  in  the  treatment  of  different  utili- 
ties and  to  prevent  the  opposition  of  one  class 
of  utilities  from  defeating  the  measure  as  a 
whole.  The  wisdom  of  this  procedure  was 
shown  in  the  defeat  of  the  fourth  bill. 


222  THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 

property   represented   by  the  capitalization. 

THE  FIRST  STEP.-PHYSICAL  VALUATION.  P  ^P^g,  thj  Wisconsin  Wea  of  physical  valu- 

A  significant  feature  of  the  Wisconsin  leg-  ation  as  the  starting  point,  every  citizen  can 

islation  is  its  disregard  of  stocks  and  bonds  determine  for  himself  just  as  well  as  the  com- 

and  its  reliance  on  the  physical  valuation  of  mission  whether  the  rates  and  fares  charged 

the  property  as  the  first  step  in  regulation,  by  the  corporations  are  yielding  an  excessive 

The  New  York  law  and  the  Street-Railway  profit.    Publicity  of  this  kind  will  force  the 

law  of  Massachusetts  attack  the  problem  of  commission  to  act  and  to  reduce  the  rates  if 

regulation  through  the  control  of  future  capi-  profits  are  excessive,  or  to  vindicate  the  cor- 

talization.      The    New    York    commissions  porations  if  the  profits  are  reasonable, 

have  power  to  prohibit  the  issue  and  trans-  It  is  this  feature  of  the  law  which  nullified 

f er  of  stocks,  bonds,  and  other  evidence  of  in-  the  argument  of  the  Social-Democrats  and 

debtedness,  and  to  prevent  the  transfer  of  some  Democrats  that  the  munidpalities  in- 

shares  to  holding  companies.     The  Wiscon-  stead  of  the  State  commission  should  be  given 

sin  law  begins  at  the  other  end  of  the  prob-  the   power   to   regulate   rates  and    charges, 

lem  and,  for  the  purpose  both  of  regulation  Conceding,  as  they  did,  that  a  State  commis- 

and  of  publicity,  inquires  into  the  present  sion  should  ascertain  the  values  and  regulate 

structural  value  of  the  property.    This  does  the  accounts  in  order  to  have  uniformity,  it 

not  mean  that  the  commission  shall  disregard  makes  practically  no  difference  whether  the 

other  elements  of  valuation, — in  fact,  it  Is  municipal  council  or  the  State  commission 

required  by  the  law  to  take  all  elements  into  regulates  the  rates.    Neither  one  could  reduce 

account,  as  indeed  the  courts  would  require  the  rates  below  a  fair  profit  as  decided  by  the 

if  it  did  not.     But  the  physical  valuation  is  courts,  and  either  one  would  be  forced  by 

necessary  in  order  that  the  public  and  the  public  opinion  and  political  agitation  to  rc- 

courts  may  know  exactly  how  much  is  al-  duce  excessive  rates  to  fair  rates.    With  the 

lowed  for   the  other  elements.     The  com-  additional  fact  that  the  municipality  is  one 

mission  is  required  to  value  all  of  the  prop-  of  the  parties  in  interest,  the  conclusion  neccs- 

erties  in  the  State  and  to  publish  both  the  sarily  follows  that  the  regulation  of   rates 

actual  value  ascertained  when  all  elements  should  be  left  to  the  State  conunission.    The 

are  taken  into  account  and  the  physical  value  municipal  council  as  well  as  associations  of 

ascertained  by  its  engineers.     The  principle  citizens  are  given  full  power  to  require  the 

had  been  adopted   in  the  Railroad  law  of  State  commission  to  investigate  and  act. 

1905  and  it  required  no  argument  to  adopt  securikg  uniformitv  of  accounts. 
It  m  the  Public-Utilities  act. 

In  this  respect  the  law  goes  beyond  any  A  further  element  of  publicity  is  the  corn- 
existing  law  and  carries  the  idea  of  publicity  parative  analysis  of  accounts  for  all  public 
to  its  logical  conclusion.  Accompanied  by  a  utilities  reduced  to  the  standard  unit  of  prod- 
complete  system'  of  uniform  accounting  with  uct.  In  this  respect  the  law  is  an  advance 
special  precaution  as  to  depreciation  and  con-  on  any  legislation  in  this  or  other  countries, 
struction  accounts,  every  person  in  the  State  The  commission  is  required  to  publish  in  its 
may  know  at  the  end  of  each  fiscal  year  ex-  annual  reports  these  comparative  statistical 
actly  the  rate  of  profit  which  each  company  tables,  and  this  will  do  for  all  public  utilities 
or  municipality  has  made  on  its  actual  prop-  what  in  England  is  done  for  the  gas  undcr- 
erty  invested.  This  is  a  protection  both  to  takings  by  the  private  publications  known  as 
the  corporation  and  to  the  public.  Nearly  "  Fields'  Analysis "  and  the  "  Gas  World 
every  State  commission  created  in  other  States  Analyses  of  Accounts."  The  commission, 
to  regulate  corporations  has  sooner  or  later  however,  has  an  advantage  over  private  edi- 
fallen  under  the  control  of  the  corporations  torship,  because  it  prescribes  and  supervises 
supposed  to  be  regulated.  The  reason  ap-  the  accounts  of  the  companies  and  municipali- 
pears  to  lie  mainly  in  the  fact  that  essential  ties  so  that  the  comparisons  shall  be  abso- 
elements  of  publicity  have  not  been  required,  lutely  uniform.  By  this  provision  the  dti- 
The  commissions  have  been  able  to  hide  be-  zens  of  each  locality  will  know  all  the  items 
hind  closed  doors.  Even  with  the  power  to  of  cost  and  profit  involved  in  furnishing  each 
control  the  issues  of  stocks  and  bonds  the  thousand  feet  of  gas,  or  kilowatt  of  dec- 
commission  cannot  go  behind  the  existing  tricity,  or  thousand  gallons  of  water,  corn- 
capitalization,  but  can  control  only  the  future  pared  with  the  cost  and  profit  in  other  locali- 
issues  for  extensions  and  improvements.  The  ties.  It  is  an  interesting  comment  on  the 
public  is  not  ip formed  of  the  true  cost  of  the  neglect  of  this  essential  method  of  publicity 


THE  IVISCONSIN  PUBLIC-UTILITIES  LAW. 


223 


by  the  Massachusetts  Gas  and  Electric  Light 
Commissioners  that  the  recent  law  governing 
the  Boston  gas  company  requires  that  com- 
pany to  publish  a  similar  analysis  of  accounts 
in  one  of  the  daily  papers,  but  without  the 
supervision  of  the  commission.  Such  publf- 
cation  lacks  verification  and  of  course  is  not 
accompanied  by  comparisons  with  other  com- 
panies. The  Wisconsin  law  seeks  to  remedy 
both  of  these  defects  of  the  Massachusetts 
law  and  to  carry  out  the  idea  of  publicity  so 
that  every  citizen  can  easily  comprehend  the 
accounts. 

ENCOUR-AGING  PRIVATE  INITIATIVE. 

The  most  serious  objection  to  govern- 
mental rate  regulation  is  its  probable  damag- 
ing effect  on  enterprise  and  initiative  and  on 
the  investment  of  capital  for  extensions  and 
improvements.  If  profits  are  excessive  they 
are  likely  to  be  reduced  without  regard  to 
whether  they  are  the  legitimate  reward  of 
enterprise  or  the  illegitimate  plunder  of 
monopoly.  The  Wisconsin  law  attempts  to 
meet  this  objection  in  various  ways.  It  pro- 
vides for  the  "  sliding  scale,"  profit-sharing, 
or  other  devices  that  may  increase  the  profits 
on  condition  of  reducing  the  prices.  The 
commission  is  authorized  to  investigate  and 
sanction  such  devices  if  reasonably.  Herein 
the  law  is  elastic  enough  to  offer  opportunity 
for  ingenuity  and  experiments  that  may  com- 
bine the  principle  of  State  regulation  with 
that  of  private  initiative.  Certain  private 
managers  are  already  planning  to  come  for- 
ward and  to  submit  schemes  for  approval 
under  this  section  of  the  law,  and  there  is 
no  reason  why  municipalities  might  not  also 
introduce  devices  to  reward  municipal  man- 
agers in  proportion  to  reduction  in  costs. 

The  law  also  requires  depreciation  to  be 
made  good  by  means  of  the  charges  paid  by 
consumers,  and  of  course  gives  full  credit  for 
construction  out  of  new  capital.  Physical 
valuarion  and  public  accounting  make  this 
provision  definite  and  precise.  Furthermore, 
the  detailed  comparative  statistics  of  unit 
costs  mentioned  above  enable  managers  to 
keep  posted  and  to  improve  their  own  man- 
agement wherever  deficient.  The  commis- 
sion will  do  for  all  properties  what  a  trust 
does  for  its  several  properties, — hold  each 
manager  up  to  an  exact  comparison  with 
every  other  manager.  In  this  respect  both 
municipal  and  private  ownership  will  gain. 
Finally,  as  a  prod  to  enterprise,  the  law,  after 
giving  complete  protection  to  capital  legiti- 
mately invested,,  seeks  to  base  its  tenure  on 


good  behavior.  This  is  done  through  an- 
other feature  of  the  law,  the  substitution  of 
"  indeterminate  permits "  for  limited  fran- 
chises. 

THE  INDETERMINATE   PERMIT  IN   PLACE   OF 
THE  LIMITED  FRANCHISE. 

An  indeterminate  permit  is  defined  as  .the 
right  to  continue  in  business  until  such  time 
as  the  municipality  exercises  its  option  to 
purchase  the  property  at  a  just  compensation, 
determined  by  the  State  commission.  Any 
corporation  operating  under  an  existing  fran- 
chise is  permitted  to  Surrender  it  and  to  re- 
ceive by  operation  of  law  an  indeterminate 
permit,  agreeing  thereby  to  sell  to  the  mu- 
nicipality as  provided  and  to  waive  the  right 
to  insist  on  the  fulfillment  of  any  contracts 
regarding  rates  or  services  which  might  be 
set  up  as  a  defense  against  the  orders  of  the 
State  commission.  The  corporation  gets  m 
return  protection  against  unnecessary  com- 
petition, to  be  decided  by  the  commission,  on 
the  part  of  either  another  corporation  or  a 
municipal  plant.  This  does' not  apply  to  tele- 
graph or  telephone  companies.  The  inde- 
pendent telephone  interests,  now  operating 

•nearly  one-half  of  the  telephones  in  the  State, 
are  permitted  to  go  ahead  and  finish  their 
State  system  of  competition  in  all  localities. 
The  State  and  not  the  municipality  in  their 
case  is  looked  upon  as  the  unit.  Had  the 
Legislature  proceeded  to  restrict  further  tele- 
phone competition  it  would  have  been  com- 
pelled to  order  physical  connection  and  in- 
terchange of  business  and  joint  rates  between 
competing  companies,  aiid  the  objections  to 
physical  connection  were  so  influential  that 
the  Legislature  declined  to  order  it. 

The  indeterminate  permit  is  the  logical 
outcome  of  rate  regulation.  This  was  shown 
by  the  curious  manner  in  which  it  was 
adopted  for  street  railways  in  the  last  days  of 
the  session.  The  Railroad  law  of  1905  was 
intended  to  include  interurban  electric  lines, 
but  they  wei^  defined  as  electric  lines  oper- 
ating in  more  than  one  township  or  city.  In- 
advertently, perhaps,  this  brought  nearly 
every  street-car  company  under  that  law,  be- 
cause nearly  all  of  them  have  suburban  ex- 
tensions. At  any  rate,  the  railroad  commis- 
sion assumed  jurisdiction  in  the  case  of  the 
Milwaukee  street-car  company  and  pro- 
ceeded to  make  a  physical  valuation  and  to 

•examine  its  accounts  on  petition  sent  in  by 
the  municipal  council  for  better  service  and  a 
3-cent  fare.  In  order,  howcfver,  to  make  its 
position  certain,  the  commission  asked  the 


224 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


Legislature  to  amend  the  law  either  by  adding 
street-cars  or  by  striking  out  electric  lines. 
Since  the  street-car  companies  made  no  ob- 
jection the  Legislature  practically  decided 
early  in  the  session  to  add  them  by  amend- 
ment to  the  Railroad  law. 

Meanwhile,  in  the  Milwaukee  case,  it  was 
known  that  the  street-car  company  would  set 
up  the  plea  that,  since  its  franchise  expires  in 
twenty-seven  years,  it  is  entitled  to  a  sinking 
fund  that  will  wipe  out  its  capital  of  some 
$30,000,000  at  the  end  of  that  period.  If 
this  were  allowed,  as  it  probably  would  be, 
then  a  5-cent  fare  would  be  necessary. 
Thereupon  the  city  attorney  of  Milwaukee 
appeared  before  the  committee  and  asked 
that  the  indeterminate  permit  of  the  Public- 
Utilities  bill,  applying  only  to  light,  heat, 
water,  and  power,  be  applied  also  to  street 
railways.  This  would  eliminate  the  sinking 
fund  and  make  a  3-cent  fare  possible.  Since 
the  Public-Utilities  bill  was  then  on  its  final 
passage  the  committee  decided  simply  to  in- 
troduce a  new  bill  composed  of  the  sections 
relating  to  indeterminate  permits  adapted  to 
street  railways.  In  this  way  the  Legislature, 
starting  out  on  the  platform  of  all  political 
parties  opposed  to  perpetual  grants  and  favor- 
ing short-term  franchises,  ended  by  permit- 
ting all  existing  franchises  to  be  extended  in- 
definitely. The  logic  of  rate  regulation  had 
exposed  the  fallacy  of  trying  to  protect  the 
rights  of  the  public  by  cutting  off  one  of  the 
main  incentives  of  private  enterprise. 

MUNICIPAL  OWNERSHIP. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  Legislature  sought 
to  protect  the  rights  of  municipalities  by  en- 
larging their  powers  of  purchase,  ownership, 
and  operation.  A  law  enacted  some  years 
ago  prohibiting  the,  construction  of  a  muni- 
cipal plant  in  competition  with  a  privrate  com- 
pany is  repealed  so  far  as  existing  franchises 
are  concerned.  Municipailities  are  given 
authority  to  construct,  purchase,  own,  and 
operate  utilities  except  telephones  and  street- 
cars. The  companies  agree,  as  a  condition  of 
the  indeterminate  permit,  to  sell  their  prop- 
erties to  the  municipality  at  any  time  at  "  a 
just  compensation  "  ascertained  by  the  State 
commission.  This  feature  of  the  law,  as 
finally  adopted,  is  problematical,  because  it 
is  uncertain  whether  "  a  just  compensation  " 
may  not  include  payment  for  franchise 
value.  The  phrase  was  proposed  by  the 
corporation  lobbyists,  who  claimed  that 
without  it  they  could  not  induce  capital 
to    invest    and    could    not    therefore    come 


in  under  the  indeterminate  permit.  Yet 
both  they  and  the  lawyers  of  the  Legis- 
lature concluded  that  an  indeterminate  per- 
mit has  no  franchise  value.  Just  compcnsa-* 
tion,  however,  as  construed  by  the  courts, 
may  include  other  elements  of  excessive  valu- 
ation which  will  make  municipal  purchase 
impracticable.  The  law,  in  fact,  though  pro- 
viding for  municipal  ownership,  is  not  a 
municipal-ownership  measure.  It  is  strictly 
a  measure  for  the  regulation  of  utilities, 
whether  operated  by  municipalities  or  com- 
panies. The  municipal-purchase  feature  is 
looked  upon  merely  as  asserting  the  principle 
that  the  corporations  hold  their  positions  on 
good  behavior. 

FULL  CONTROL  OF  RATES  AND  CHARGES. 

In  the  regulation  of  rates,  fares,  and 
charges  the  Wisconsin  legislation  marks  an 
important  advance  on  that  of  New  York 
and  other  States  in  the  fact  that  the  com- 
mission fixes  the  rates  absolutely  and  not 
merely  the  maximum  rates.  It  is  as  much  an. 
offense  for  a  corporation  to  charge  less  as  it 
is  to  charge  more  than  the  rate  set  by  the 
commission.  This  is  designed  to  prevent  dis- 
crimination, but  the  commission  is  required 
to  make  a  comprehensive  classification  of 
services  for  each  utility,  in  which  it  may  take 
account  of  the  quantity  purchased,  the  time 
when  used,  and*  any  other  condition  that  rea- 
sonably* justifies  a  difference  in  the  rate  per 
unit  of  service.  Thus  discriminations  arc 
authorized,  but  they  must  be  open  and  rea- 
sonable and  must  be  established  only  after 
public  investigation. 

By  the  enactment  of  this  law  the  railroad 
commission  becomes  to  the  fullest  extent  a 
public-service  commission.  Every  public 
utility  in  the  State,  except  streets,  highways, 
and  bridges,  is  brought  within  its  jurisdiction. 
It  becomes  also  a  local  government  board,  for 
it  regulates  towns,  villages,  and  cities  in  their 
management  of  these  undertakings.  Its 
authority  is  great  and  far-reaching.  It  cm- 
ploys  experts  and  agents  and  fixes  their  com- 
pensation, and  can  draw  on  all  of  the  unap- 
propriated money  in  the  State  treasury.  It 
enters  into  the  daily  life  of  the  people  more 
than  all  other  agencies  of  government  com- 
bined. This  will  become  more  evident  as 
time  goes  on,  for  under  its  control  is  placed 
the  development  of  the  enormous  water 
power  of  Wisconsin,  which  eventually, 
through  electricity,  will  h'ght  the  streets  and 
houses  and  furnish  motive  power  to  operate 
railways,  factories,  and  possibly  even  farms. 


LEADING   ARTICLES   OF   THE   MONTH. 


GOVERNMENT    BY    IMPULSE. 


POLITICAL  orators  exercise  a  mystic 
sway  over  most  peoples,  but  the  enchant- 
ment of  the  human  voice  is  singularly  com- 
plete over  the  average  American  audience. 
We  love  the  thrilk  it  calls  forth,  the  impulses 
it  radiates,  and  we  love  the  orators  because 
they  make  us  enthusiastic.  This  fondness 
for  the  stimulant  of  declamation  is  a  mild 
manifestation  of  our  national  psychology  of 
impulse.  We  patronize  disgusting  yellow 
journals  for  the  same  reason,  and  ignore  self- 
respecting  newspapers.  And,  in  a  measure, 
this  is  true  of  art,  of  literature  and  of  the 
drama.  We  carry  our  impulses  to  the  polls 
and  reward  charlatans  and  demagogues  with 
o£Bce.  Consequently,  we  debar  men  of  great 
executive  ability  from  public  office.  We  have 
created  **  parties  "  through  impulse,  and  have 
conferred  upon  them  the  privilege  of  run- 
ning a  device  known  as  the  Government. 

To  assist  us  the  better  in  this  impulsive 
undertaking  we  have  developed  a  complex 
party  system,  with  party  orthodoxy,  tradi- 
tions and  tyrannies  that  play  vpon  the  entfre 
gamut  of  human,  feelings.  We  control  our 
parties  through  "  politicians,"  who  secure 
power  through  votes,  and  whose  daily  task 
is  the  invention  of  cunning  devices  for  catch- 
ing voters.  Disraeli  said  that  his  country  was 
governed  by  Parliament,  not  by  logic;  we 
can  affirm  that  ours  is  governed  by  politicians, 
not  by  postulates.  In  our  play  to  control  the 
votes  of  the  people  we  haye  two  parts:  the 
"organization,"  secret  and  sinister;  and  the 
"  spectacular,"  composed  of  orators,  hand- 
bills, and  great  headlines  in  party  papers. 
Human  impulses  must  be  converted  into  po- 
litical majorities,  and,  with  the  aid  of  the 
orator,  the  politician  succeeds  in  so  doing. 
This  dual  power  is  almost  irresistible.  If  the 
voters  stopped  to  reason,  the  "  bosses  "  would 
starve;  but,  thanks  to  our  impulsiveness,  our 
reason  is  lulled  and  the  politicians  thrive. 
**  In  any  case,  whether  convention  or  con- 
gress, legislature  or  council,  the  power  of  the 
dual  forces  is  revealed,"  says  Mr.  Samuel  P. 
Orth,  in  the  July  Atlantic  Monthly.  "  You 
sec  the  subtle  strength  of  the  boss  intrenched 
behind  the  voters  who  have  allowed  them- 
selves to  be  deceived  by  the  noisy  emissaries 


of  the  machine, — voters  who  have  been  ruled 
by  impulse,  not  by  reason." 

It  was  so  in  the  days  of  the  Federalists  and 
Anti-Federalists,  the  primordial  political  par- 
ties in  America.  Washington  was  elected 
with  practical  unanimity,  but  with  his  elec- 
tion it  ceased.  Burr  converted  Tammany  in- 
to a  violent  and  vicious  political  machine,  and 
in  Philadelphia  gentle  Quakers  partook  of 
the  general  excitement  that  moved  the  punc- 
tilious Puritans  of  Boston.  An  abounding 
commercial  prosperity  following  the  War  of 
1812  brought  a  lull  in  the  strife  of  national 
politics;  but  it  could  not  last.  Andrew  Jack- 
son appeared  upon  the  scene  and  again  there 
was  turmoil.  Indeed,  the  records  of  political 
struggles  of  earlier  times  reveal  more  dis- 
creditable outbreaks  of  impulse  than  what  we 
experience  to-day.  Barriers  to  suffrage  and 
office,  property  tests,  religious  tests,  etc.,  were 
common  in  many  States.  It  was  all  part  of 
the  politicians*  game  to  stir  human  prejudices 
and  passions,  and  the  party  slogans  prove  this. 
"Turn  the  rascals  out!"  which  defeated 
Adams;  "  Fifty- four  forty  or  fight!  "  which 
defied  reason ;  **  The  re-annexation  of  Texas 
and  the  re-occupation  of  Oregon !  "  "  Let 
well  enough  alone!"  and  "Stand  pat!"  of 
the  present  day,  are  illustrative. 

Clay,  Webster,  Calhoun,  Cass,  Blaine, 
and  Reed  were  all  victims  to  national  im- 
pulsiveness. Clay  was  defeated  five  times 
for  the  Presidency,  three  times  at  the  polls 
and  twice  in  convention,  because  of  the  fol- 
lies and  prejudices  of  the  people.  This  sen- 
timentalism  and  impulse  enter  the  council 
chambers  of  the  State  and  infest  the  legisla- 
tive halls.  Party  rule  does  not  cease  with  the 
election.  A  few  cases  are  on  record  where 
personal  judgment  ruled  in  times  of  unus- 
ual public  agitation, — such  as  Washington  in 
averting  war  with  England  and  refusing  all 
solicitations  for  a  military  alliance  with 
France,  and  Hayes'  indorsement  of  specie 
payment  resumptions.  "  Indeed,"  says  Mr. 
Orth,  "  it  is  such  sound  and  unbiased  service 
as  this  that  in  the  ultimate  issue  alone  saves 
the  Republic  from  a  cataclysm  of  sentimental- 
ism  and  impulse."  Our  lawmakers  are  too 
shortsighted.    They  interpret  clamor  for  de- 


226 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


mand,  and  if  all  the  acts  passed  in  frenzy,  to 
please  the  people,  were  erased  from  the  stat- 
utes our  folios  would  shrink  to  octavos. 

The  legislative  body  lies  nearest  the  voter, 
and  is  the  least  stable  of  our  divisions  of  gov- 
ernment. The  executive  office  is  less  mobile, 
but  election  by  the  people  makes  it  amenable 
to  their  impulses.  The  one  division  that  rep- 
resents conservative  wisdom  is  the  judiciary. 
It  is  the  conserving  force  of  the  Union. 
When  impulse  and  thoughtlessness  sway  the 
populace  the  judiciary  remains  amenable  to 
reason.  "  Our  Supreme  Court  is  a  unique 
and  magnificent  tribunal,  and  we  can  easily 
believe  that  it  was  conceived  in  a  moment  of 
inspiration,  so  that  its  unbiased  wisdom 
might  guide  the  destinies  of  the  Republic." 
Our  Government  thus  ranges  all  the  intervals 
between  impulse  and  reason,  but  we  should 


strive  for  a  just  subordination  of  one  to  the 
other.  If  universal  liberty  and  suffrage  lead 
to  impulse  and  unreason  it  is  but  an  incident 
in  the  glorious  reality  of  self-govemmtnt, — 
as  sound  as  the  common  sense  of  all  the  peo- 
ple, and  as  weak  as  the  prejudices  and  im- 
pulses of  the  masses. 

When  the  profound  depths  of  human  con- 
victions are  aroused  the  people  do  not  err. 
Their  ultimate  judgment  of  right  and  wrong 
is  sound.  "  To  broaden  the  influence  of  rea- 
son in  our  plain  Anglo-Saxon  natures,  to 
teach  the  virtue  of  moderation  to  abide  with 
the  virtue  of  courage,  becomes  the  hard  task 
of  the  patriotic  citizen.  Then  the  natural 
political  propensities  of  the  American  people 
will  become  a  noble  rivalry  of  intelligent 
conviction,  not  a  foolish  and  destructive  war- 
fare of  blind  partisanship." 


IS  UNIVERSAL    PEACE    POSSIBLE? 


M. 


GABRIEL  HANOTAUX,  one  cf  of  the  movement  to  bring  about  disarmament, 
the  French  Academy  Immortals,  and  so  assure  the  peace  of  the  world.  Like 
contributes  an  article  to  the  Revue  Heh-  others  who  have  treated  the  same  subject,  M. 
domadaire  (Paris),  in  which  he  discusses  Hanotaux  confesses  that  there  can  be  cited 
with  his  usual  effectiveness  the  pros  and  cons   no  specific  arguments  against  a  jcustom  which 

has  subsisted  since  the  beginning 
of  time,  and  that  all  deductions 
must  hinge  on  a  personal  bias  one 
way  or  the  other.  He  also  relates 
the  opinion  expressed  by  Bismarck 
to  Crispi,  to  wit:  "Disarmament 
is  not.  possible,  and  even  if  armies 
were  all  reduced  to  an  equal  foot- 
ing, the  principle  of  inequality,  in 
the  matter  of  offensive  or  defens- 
ive power,  or  ability  .  to  strike, 
would  still  remain.**  Says  M. 
Hanotaux: 

All  the  world  agrees  that  peace  is 
desirable.  Fighting  has  become  less 
prevalent  among  human  beings  than 
It  formerly  was,  and  it  remains  to  be 
seen  whether  legislation  can  do  for 
nations  what  it  did  for  common  law 
and  order.  What  the  pacificists  ask 
is  peace  organized  and  sanctioned. — 
almost,  indeed,  imposed, — as  being  tlic 
only  course  consistent  with  modern 
ideals  of  civilization  and  human  prog- 
ress. Ten  years  ago  it  was  inter- 
national arbitration  that  was  in 
vogue,  that  constituted  the  all-suffic- 
ing remedy.  It  was  found,  however, 
THE  HAOTJE  coNPERKNCE.  that  \\\  arbitration,  the  question  of  the 

Bertha  von  Spttner  :  ••  Do  not  toaso  tho  boast !  It  will  bite !  "         sanction  applicable  {sancxrc^  to  bind >. 

Germany   and   Franco  aro  dopfctod  as  irritating  tho  oonfor-  was    the   most  dlttiCUlt  thmg  to  decide: 

ence,  while  England  and  Italy  look  on  in  amnsomont.  how     were     the    arbiters     to     impose 

From   M'ahre  Jacob   (Stuttgart).  their  decisions  and  who  was  to  decide 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


227 


as  to  the  qualifications  of  the  arbiters?  At  the 
Hague  Conference  of  1899  it  was  decided  that 
the  conscience  of  the  nations  was  an  appraisable 
quantity  and  that  the  conscience  should  be  the 
guide.*  Some* nations  accepted  the  notion;  others 
withdrew  their  adhesion.  Nevertheless  the 
Transvaal  War  and  the  Russo-Japanese  War 
took  place  without  the  intervention  of  the  con- 
science of  the  nations.  Still  the  court  of  arbi- 
tration exists,  but  with  nothing  like  its  original 
potentiality. 

M.  Hanotaux  is  of  the  opinion  that  the 
pacificists,  if  they  do  not  produce  better  and 
more  effective  results,  are  in  a  fair  way  to 
falling  into  universal  derision.  To  bring  a 
bevy  of  diplomatists  together  who  shall  de- 
liver themselves  of  grandiloquent  platitudes 
addressed  to  the  goddess  Irene,  only  to  re- 
turn to  their  capitals  subsequently  to  com- 
mission their  war  ministers  to  increase  their 
armaments,  would  be  simply  to  invite  the 
laughter  of  the  human  race  upon  the  acts  of 
the  conference,  and  to  make  of  the  Peace 
Palace  a  colossal  monument  to  pitiless  mock- 
ery. At  least  let  the  deliberations  aim  at 
being  spcdfic ;  if  laws  are  to  be  evolved,  let 
the  laws  be  explicitly  stated.  Says  the 
academician : 

Let  us  see  what  the  problem  of  disarmament 
involves.  According  to  the  pacificists  they  in- 
clude diminution  of  pttjl^c  and  private  expenses, 


abolition  of  the  ruinous  and  illogical  system  of 
armed  peace  and,  of  course,  the  question  of 
slaughter.  Bismarck  would  appear  to  have  given 
the  absolutely  correct  answer  to  the  idea  of 
limiting  armaments  by  means  of  international 
engagements  and  pledges,  when  he  told  Crispi 
that  there  is  no  means  of  establishing  a  system 
of  proportion  between  countries,  at  least  one 
which  shall  neutralize  points  of  superiority  and 
inferiority.  Big  states  will  remain  big  states, 
little  states  will  remain  little.  .  Moreover,  the 
limitation  of  armaments  will  create  in  favor  of 
the  strong,  and  to  the  detriment  of  the  weak, 
a  right  of  interference.  Every  nation  will  have 
its  eye  upon  its  neighbor,  and  will  want  to  knov/ 
how  much  powder,  how  many  cannon  it  has  in 
its  arsenals.  Recriminations,  reproaches,  dis- 
cussions, and  denunciations  will  follow  thick 
upon  each  other,  and  the  big  nations  alone  will 
rejoice,  since  they  will  have  every  legal  oppor- 
tunity of  interfering  in  the  affairs  of  the  little 
countries.  In  limiting  force,  the  law  of  obliga- 
tion will  also  be  limited,  and  those  whom  obliga- 
tions bind  will  cease  to  care  for  the  rights  of 
others. 

Is  this  question  of  universal  peace  to  be 
relegated,  then,  .to  the  realm  of  chimeras? 
No,  says  M.  Hanotaux ;  the  cause  is  not  lost, 
provided  that  the  present  conference  be  prac- 
tical in  producing  measures  which  shall  lead 
to  international  understandings.  If  it  can  do 
this  it  will  have  accomplished  much, — as 
much,  indeed,  as  can  be  expected  of  it. 


r 

1/    ■ 

IS  RUSSIAN 


REFORM    IMPOSSIBLE? 


'T'WO  European  publicists  of  note  have,  in 
current  magazines,  seriously  considered 
the  question  as  to  whether  Russia  can  really 
be  reformed  or  not.  These  publicists  are  M. 
Lcroy-Beaulicu,  the  French  economist,  who 
has  just  returned  from  a  professional  trip  to 
the  Czar's  dominions,  and  Signor  laccarino, 
one  of  Italy's  best-known  travelers  and 
ethnographers.  Both  writers  virtually  con- 
clude that  the  real  and  practical  crisis  of  the 
Russian  revolution  is  yet  many  generations 
distant,  and  in  perusing  the  two  articles  one 
is  conscious  of  a  certain  note  of  pessimism 
which  suggests  that  Russia  is  a  country  in 
which  a  high  degree  of  political  civilization 
is  the  remotest  of  contingencies.  It  was  to 
the  Paris  Institute  of  Political  Sciences  that 
M.  Leroy-Bcaulieu  lectured  on  the  present 
situation  in  Russia.  The  economist  takes 
exception  to  the  view  that  Russia  is  likely  to 
regain  her  position  in  Europe  by  reaffirming 
her  autocratic  principles  and  methods.  He 
says: 
"In  Russia,  as  elsewhere,  absolutism  and 


autocracy  are  anachronisms,  and  although  the 
present  government  pretends  to  maintain  her 
position  theoretically,  she  is  so  enfeebled  that 
her  autocracy  is  dying  of  inanition.  It  was 
the  chief  blunder  of  the  Russian  absolutists 
that  they  thought  they  could  raise  a  Chinese 
wall  between  their  own  country  and  western 
Europe  and  prevent  all  notions  of  liberalism 
and  freedom  from  penetrating.  This  capita! 
blunder,  added  to  the  fact  that  Russia  could 
initiate  no  timely  reform  for  the  country  and 
the  ever-growing  populations,  is  responsible, 
more  than  any  other  event,  for  the  troubles 
m  which  she  finds  herself  to-day.  Had  she 
given  the  people  a  participation  in  their  own 
government  in  the  first  day^  of  the  present 
Czar's  reign  the  country  would  have  been  at 
peace  at  present.  As  it  is,  political  construc- 
tion of  any  permanent  kind  has  been  thrown 
back  at  least  two  generations." 

In  order  to  demonstrate  the  lack  of  real 
cohesion  among  the  people,  M.  Leroy-Beau- 
lieu  relates  that  at  the  opening  of  the  first 
Duma  many  of  the  more  intelligent  mujiks 


228 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


pointed  out  the  Japanese  representative  as 
the  "  real  liberator  of  Russia,"  and  that  when, 
in  the  course  of  the  war,  he  (M.  Leroy- 
Beaulieu)  expressed  at  a  Moscow  popular 
club  his  hope  that  victory  might  smile  upon 
Russian  arms,  he  was  curtly  informed  that 
good  Russians  did  not  want  victories,  but, 
rather,  defeats,  as  being  the  surest  guaranty 
to  the  people  that  the  day  of  constitutional 
government  would  be  brought  nearer.  "  A 
final  triumph,"  they  declared  bitterly, 
"  would  only  have  the  effect  of  throwing 
back  for  twenty-five  or  even  fifty  years  the 
liberal  reforms  which  our  defeats  are  bound 
to  bring  about." 

The  national  half-heartedness  displayed  at 
so  critical  a  period  as  the  late  war,  M.  Leroy- 
Beaulieu  insists,  has  had  the  effect  of  prac- 
tically rupturing  the  Franco-Russian  alliance. 
There  is  no  longer  any  confidence  in  it,  either 
on  the  part  of  the  French  or  on  the  part  of 
the  Russian  Conservative  party,  which  looks 
upon  France  as  the  nursery  of  revolutions. 
There  are  not  wanting  some  who  assert  that 
France  was  the  very  cause  of  what  has  been 
called  the  Russian  Revolution,  and  it  is  for 
this  reason  that  Russia  is  to-day  trying  to 
arrange  a  better  understanding  with  her  old 
rival,  England,  her  virtual  isolation  being 
now  a  fact.  According  to  the  French  econ- 
omist, the  ascendency  of  the  Conservative 
party  is  assured  for  "  the  next  thirty  years, 
not  to  say  fifty,"  and  the  popular  factions 
have,  as  matters  stand,  little  chance  of  at- 
taining a  full  measure  of  constitutional  or 
representative  government. 

Signor  laccarino,  writing  in  the  Rwista 
d* Italia  (Rome)  starts  out  with  the  alarm- 
irtg  assertion  that  the  effects  of  the  recent 


war  between  Russia  and  Japan  have  entirely 
destroyed  that  balance  of  power  which  for 
the  past  thirty-five  years  has  assured  the 
peace  of  the  Old  World.  It  has  had  the 
effect,  he  says,  of  involving  both  Europe  and 
Asia  in  all  future  political  moves. 

With  so  many  religions,  nationalities;  with 
the  ever-active  usury  of  some  5,000,000  Jews; 
with  aspirations  for  autonomy  in  Finland,  Cau- 
casia, Bessarabia,  and  Poland,  what  superhuman 
strength  shall  he  possess  who  can  bring  order 
out  of  such  chaos  and  reconcile  all  conflicting 
aspirations?  Could  it  be  otherwise  than  that  a 
country  so  heterogeneous  in  its  composition 
should  remain  forever  the  home  of  the  conspira- 
tor, the  revolutionary,  and  the  senseless  anarchist  ? 
Peoples  so  different  can  never  look  upon  them- 
selves as  equals,  and  those  who  really  desire  a 
better  future  for  Russia  must  seek  not  to  destroy 
the  imperial  power,  but  to  assure  to  each  ethnical 
group  the  means  of  working  out  its  own  salva- 
tion according  to  the  methods  most  suitable  to 
it  and  in  accordance  with  all  modem  exigencies. 

Unlike  the  majority  of  publicists,  the 
Italian  thinks  that  there  is  no  race  on  the 
earth  which  is  so  much  predisposed  to  social- 
ism as  the  Slav  race,  nor  any  more  practical- 
ly coUectivist.  In  this  lies  the  best  hope  of 
Russian  reform,  since  it  will  be  possible  to 
co-ordinate  all  the  various  elements  on  a 
basis  which,  however  material,  also  possesses 
in  it  something  of  the  sentimental.  Reform 
for  Russia  must  first  start  with  a  propaganda 
of  national  unification,  only  possible,  it  is 
clear,  owing  to  the  diversity  of  the  elements 
on  the  basis  of  a  community  of  national  in- 
terests being  established.  A  just  division  of 
the  soil  will  bring  about  a  national  sentiment 
which  will,  in  its  turn,  consolidate  Russia  as 
an  effective  unit  among .  the  great  world 
powers.  But,  says  the  Italian,  that  day  is 
far  from  ours. 


V 


THE   RUSSIAN   DUMA  AND   OUR   CONGRESS. 


IN  a  recent  issue  of  the  monthly  magazine 
of  St.  Petersburg  Istoricheski  Vyestnik 
{Historical  Messenger),  published  by  the 
well-known  reactionary,  A.  Suvorin,  the 
owner  and  editor  of  the  Novoye  Vremya, 
Mr.  Matrossov,  one  of  his  constant  con- 
tributors, endeavors  to  find  fault  with 
our  Republic  and  its  Congress  by  draw- 
ing a  parallel  between  the  latter  and 
the  Russian  Duma.  It  is  evidently  an 
inspired  article,  written  in  the  interests 
of  the  autocratic  ministry,  which,  after 
the  dissolution  of  the  second  Duma,  is 
trying    to    find    an    excuse    for    returning 


to  the  old   regime.     A  general  comparison 
is  made  as  follows: 

The  United  States  Congress  is  the  representa- 
tive body  of  a  republic  assumed  to  be  the  freest 
in  the  world,  legislating  for  a  nation  apparently 
at  the  height  of  its  political  might  and  industrial 
prosperity,  amid  conditions  of  what  seems  like 
profound  internal  peace.  The  Russian  Duma,  on 
the  other  hand,  is  the  house  of  representatives 
of  a  constitutional  monarchy,  where  the  nation, 
through  a  long  and  painful  process  of  social 
evolution  bordering  on  revolution,  is  barely 
struggling  up  the  steep  grade  of  a  constitutional 
life.  The  Duma  has  yet  to  conquer  for  itself  its 
own  political  competency  and  that  amid  a  bloody 
mist  darkening  the  country.  This  divergence, 
however,  is  more  apparent  than  real. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTR 


229 


The  United  States,  regarded  as  pre-emi- 
nently the  Republic,  "  the  greatest  democracy 
of  the  world,"  is  really,  says  this  writer,  less 
democratic  than  Great  Britain  or  Holland, 
and  is  at  the  present  time  the  greatest  plu- 
tocracj'  in  the  world,  "  with  pronounced  ten- 
dencies to  engage  in  political^  adventures." 

The  power  invested  in  the  President,  consti- 
tutionally at  least  not  less  than  in  reality  far  ex- 
ceeds the  power  of  a  constitutional  monarch. 
He  can  veto  any  legislation  by  Congress.  A 
concurrence  of  a  two- thirds  majority  in  each 
house  of  Congress  is  necessary  to  pass  a  jaw 
over  the  President's  veto, — a  procedure,  which, 
with  the  usual  relative  strength  of  parties  preva- 
lent in  Congress,  turns  out  to  amount  to  a  mere 
jus  nudum.  Add  to  this  the  President's  right  to 
submit  legislation  to  Congress,  to  call  an  extra 
session  of  either  one  or  both  houses,  to  adjourn 
them  in  case  they  disagree  as  to  the  date  of  ad- 
journment, and  you  have  the  imposing  sum  total 
of  constitutional  prerogatives  for  the  old-fash- 
ioned President.  The  Chief  Executive  of  the 
modern  school,  not  satisfied  with  this  modicum, 
considerably  widened  his  legislative  domain. 
Leading  Senators  and  Congressmen  are  invited 
to  the  White  House,  and  at  a  family  luncheon 
or  dinner  are  drafted  into  the  President's  serv- 
ice'to  promote  in  Congress  his  pet  legislation,  by 
enlisting  in  their  turn  a  sufficient  majority  in 
both  houses.  With  the  advance  column  well 
drilled,  comes  the  official  message  itself,  recom- 
mending legislation.  The  so-called  independent 
has  repeatedly  protested  against  this  unconstitu- 
tional drawing-room  influence  on  legislation,  but 
in  vain. 

ITiis,  says  the  Russian  writer,  is  sufficient 
to  show  that  as  regards  the  relations  existing 
between  the  President  and  the  United  States 
House  of  Representatives,  in  the  real  power 
and  importance  of  the  latter  as  well  as  of  the 
lower  houses  of  European  parliaments,  let 
alone  Great  Britain,  **  there  is  no  essential 
diflFerence  between  them  so  as  to  exclude  al! 
comparison  between  legislative  activity  of  the 
Russian  Duma  and  that  of  the  lower  house 
of  Congress."  A  comparison  of  the  two  from 
a  constitutional  standpoint, — that  is,  their 
functions  as  determined  on  paper, — is  omitted 
here,  as  it  can  have  only  an  academic  interest. 
The  profound  peace  and  prosperity  of  the 
country  amid  which  the  United  States  Con- 
gress u'orks,  Mr.  Matrossov  continues,  is 
illusor>% 

The  frequent  general  strikes,  the  bloody  col- 
lisicms  of  ivorkingmen  and  Socialists  with  the 
police,  the  savage  reprisals  of  the  so-called  coal, 
iron,  and  railroad  police  and  other  minions  in 
the  pay  of  capitalists,  the  massacres  of  negroes 
and  all  other  forms  of  industrial  warfare  and 
oppression  and  race  hatred,  all  this  points  to 
deep  social    unrest  and  forbodes  revolution. 

The  high  level  of  culture,  the  tactfulness, 
executive  ability,  and  perfect  suavity  of  the 


CZAE  NICHOIJkSAND  THE  DUMA, — IN  THBBB  CHAPTEB8. 

He  tried  to  coddle  the  first  Duma  and  humor  it. 
The  second  he  was  content  to  try  to  lead.  The  third 
he  will  ride  and  break. 

From  Vlk  (Berlin). 

officials  and  employees  of  all  ranks  connected 
with  the  American  House  of  Representatives 
service  are  striking  by  contrast  with  the  "  un- 
due severity  and  carping  fault-finding  of 
Baron  Osten-Sacken,  chief  of  the  guard  of 
the  Taurida  Palace,  his  assistant,  the  notori- 
ous Ponomarov,  ensign  of  the  gendarmerie, 
not  to  speak  of  the  lower  ranks  with  their 
annoying,  pestering  rudeness  and  utterly  mis- 
placed executive  zeal." 

The  men  running  the  elevators  in  the  United 
States  Capitol  are  sometimes  highly  educated  and 
with  some  political  past.  The  employees  of  the 
electric- lighting  and  steam-heating  plants  of  the 
Capitol  surpass  their  Russian  confreres  by  their 
efficiency,  experience,  and  salary.  Messengers 
and  employees  of  the  House  of  Representatives 
differ  still  more  from  the  employees  of  the  same 
kind  in  the  Duma.  The  Russian  messengers, 
hall-boys,  guard,  or  any  other  employee  about 
the  Taurida  must  perform  all  kinds  of  errands, 
be  a  jumping- jack  for  every  one  of  higher  rank. 
The  American  employee  has  strictly  defined 
duties,  e.  g.,  to  issue  books  to  the  public  from 
the  record  room  of  the  House,  care  of  committee 
rooms,  mailing  of  official  matter  of  certain  mem- 
bers or  committees.  The  Congressional  post- 
office  and  the  barber  shop  are  conveniences  un- 
known in  the  Duma.  Tampering  with  Con- 
gressmen's mail,  as  was  done  with  the  mail  of 
deputies  of  the  Duma,  is  unthinkable.     Congress- 


230 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


men  frequently  abuse  their  right  of  **  franks.*'— 
e.  g.,  mailing  free  of  postage,  under  the  guise  of 
**  public  documents,"  articles  of  furniture,  uten- 
sils, pianos,  and  even  dairy-cows.  Such  abuse 
of  their  privileges  on  the  part  of  federal  legisla- 
tors of  **  the  greatest  democracy  "  may  appear 
improbable  to  a  Russian;  the  facts,  however, 
have  been  established  by  a  searching  investiga- 
tion conducted  by  a  jonit  committee  appointed 
by  the  House  and  the  Senate. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Duma  and  the  clerics 
of  the  House,  nominally  performing  the  same 
functions,  diflPer  widely  in  several  respects. 

The  secretary  and  his  assistant  are  elected 
from  the  members  of  the  Duma,  serve  with- 
out salary,  and  work  under  the  supervision 
of  the  president.  The  Russian  secretary,  ac- 
cording to  his  functions,  is  simply  a  trans- 
mitting agency,  an  intermediary  between  the 
groups  of  Dumaists  introducing  bills,  and 
the  Duma  itself  or  its  committees.  The 
American  clerk  of  the  House  is  a  Congress 
official,  appointed  by  the  Speaker,  with  a 
salary  of  $5000  a  year,  and  is  the  head  of  a 
whole  staff  of  clerks  of  the  House  Office. 


These  clerks'  salaries  range  from  $900  to 
$3000  a  year.  In  comparison  with  the  slender 
pay-roll  of  the  Duma  office,  as  drafted  by  the 
budget  committee  of  the  Duma  or  "  the  beg- 
garly propositions  to  this  effect  made  in  full 
session,  the  above  amounts  seem  immense." 

There  is  very  little  in  common  between  the 
names  and  jurisdictions  of  the  committees  of 
the  Duma  and  the  fifty-one  committees  of 
the  House.  The  following  are  the  names  of 
some  of  the  Russian  committees:  On  Inter- 
pellations, Freedom  of  Conscience  and  In- 
violability, the  Budget,  Famine  Relief,  the 
Unemployed,  Drumhead  Courts-Martial, 
Auditing,  Finances,  Agrarian  Affairs,  Ex- 
amination of  .the  Duma  Mail,  and  six  sec- 
tions of  the  Committee  on  Credentials. 

The  secretaries  of  the  Duma  committees, 
like  their  chairmen,  are  chosen  from  among 
their  members,  while  the  clerks  of  the  House 
committees,  in  the  United  States  Congress, 
are  also  the  private  secretaries  of  their  chair- 
men, with  an  ample  salary. 


PROPOSED  REFORMS  OF  THE  FRENCH   MARRIAGE 

LAWS. 


TN  France  there  is  a  pronounced  movement 
in  favor  of  more  liberal  marriage  laws; 
Indeed,  there  are  not  only  at  Paris,  but  also 
in  the  provinces,  even  many  advocates  of  the 
union  libre,  or  common-law  marriage.  In 
response  to  these  tendencies,  expressive  of  the 
demands  of  the  radical  French  democracy 
for  greater  individualism,  the  French  Minis- 
try of  Justice  has  instituted  a  commission  to 
revise  the  French  marriage  laws.  The  work 
of  this  commission,  together  with  the  various 
aspects  of  the  marriage  question  in  France,  is 
discussed  in  yjord  und  Siid,  by  Dr.  Ludwig 
Fuld. 

Before  the  French  Revolution  divorce  was 
unknown  to  the  French  law.  When  the 
Constitution  of  1791  formulated  the  propo^' 
sition  that  marriage  Is  a  contract,  laws  were 
promulgated  permitting  and  regulating  di- 
vorce, In  agreement  with  the  liberal  ideas  of 
the  time.  Subsequently  Napoleon  exercised  a 
great  influence  on  the  regulation  of  the  mar- 
riage laws,  also  recognizing  divorce  in  his 
Code  civile.  After  the  Restoration  divorce 
was  abolished,  separation  from  bed  and  board 
being  substituted  therefor.  This  obtained 
down  to  1884,  and  the  social  conditions  aris- 
ing therefrom  furnished  endless  material  for 


most  of  the  novels  and  plays  of  the  period. 
Although  the  evil  consequences  of  that 
measure  were  thus  laid  bare  by  some  of  the 
foremost  men  of  the  nation,  it  was  only  in 
1884  that  new  divorce  laws  were  framed, 
restoring  within  certain  limitations  divorce 
as  laid  down  in  Napoleon's  Code  civile. 
These  new  laws  again  have  inspired  some  of 
the  masterpieces  of  French  literature.  The 
historian  Sorel  asserts  that  they  have  under- 
mined the  stability  of  marriage  to  an  alarm- 
ing degree.  Among  the  novelists  Paul  Bour- 
get  condemns  divorce  on  principle,  holding 
it  responsible  for  the  deterioration  of  the  peo- 
ple, while  the  two  brothers,  Paul  and  Victor 
Marguerite,  demand  even  more  liberal  di- 
vorce laws,  denouncing  the  continuation  of 
the  marriage  bond  when  love  has  ceased  as 
Immoral,  and  espousing  the  rights  of  the  in- 
dividual as  against  the  state  and  society. 
Hervleu,  a  member  of  the  commission; 
Brieux,  and  others,  urge  a  modified  reform 
of  the  marriage  laws.  Hervieu's  proposition, 
that  love  should  be  classed  in  the  Code  civile 
among  the  duties  incumbent  upon  husband 
and  wife,  was  made  the  butt  of  the  comic 
papers. 

The  commission  has  proceeded  far  enough 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH, 


231 


in  its  work  to  indicate  the  aim  and  scope  of 
the  proposed  revision.  The  writer  in  the 
German  review  says  in  reference  to  this: 

The  propositions  to  be  laid  before  the  Parlia- 
ment make  far-reaching  concessions  both  to 
feminism  and  to  individualism.  The  reaction 
of  individualism,  in  which  must  be  included  the 
so-called  aestheticism,  against  the  doctrine  of 
the  sacritice  of  the  individual  to  the  well-being 
of  the  community  at  large,  has  made  extraordi- 
nary progress  in  France,  and  to  this  it  is  chiefly 
due  that  a  large  portion  of  the  French  people, 
especially  the  women,  call  for  more  elastic  di- 
vorce laws,  which  are  incompatible  with  the 
idea  that  marriage  represents  a  bodily  and 
spiritual  union  that  may  terminate  only  with 
the  death  of  either  the  husband  or  the  wife. 

The  commission  has  declared  itself  in 
favor  of  **  trial  marriage,"  in  that  it  proposes 


a  law  permitting  divorce  after  a  trial  period 
of  two  or  three  years,  on  the  ground  of  in- 
compatibility. This  is  a  harking  back  to  the 
liberal  laws  of  the  time  of  the  first  French 
Revolution,  which,  however,  finally  led  to 
unions  coming  perilously  near  to  free  love. 
Strangely  enough,  many  women  approve  of 
this  proposition,  although  they  would  be  the 
first  to  suffer  from  the  evil  consequences  of 
a  relaxed  morality.  The  commission  further- 
more proposes  to  give  to  the  married  woman 
complete  control  of  her  own  property.  This 
is  an  immense  step  in  advance  over  the  present 
Code  civile,  under  which  a  wife  is  absolutely 
under  the  tutelage  of  her  husband  in  all  busi- 
ness matters. 


THE  REVOLT  OF  THE  FRENCH  MIDI. 


QEVERAL  articles  in  the  current  French 
reviews  dealing  with  the  crisis  in  the 
French  wine  industry  enable  the  American 
reader  to  understand  the  causes  which  have 
led  to  the  uprising  of  the  wine-growers  in 
the  South  of  France. 


terprise  in  the  South  of  France.  The  worst 
part  of  the  business  is  that  all  this  miser>' 
has  not  been  brought  about  by  the  vic- 
tims of  it,  but  that  it  is  the  consequence 
of  fraud. 
.  Both  this  writer  and  Francis  Marre,  who 


In  the  Grande  Revue  M.  Paul*  Pelisse  says  has  an  article  in  the  Correspondent  on  the 
that  never  at  any  time  in  PVench  history  has  sanrie  subject,  quote  statistics  to  show  that 
there  been  such  a  rising  of  the  people  for  there  is  no  over-production  of  natural  wine, 
purely  economic  reasons.  It  is  a  revolution,  Before  the  appearance  of  the  phylloxera  the 
some  will  say.  No,  says  the  writer;  per-  production  was  indeed  higher  than  it  is  at 
emptory  a  r  g  u  - 
ments  from  men 
dying  of  hunger. 
Since  IQCX),  when 
the  crisis  began 
to  be  felt,  there 
have  been  all 
manner  of  con- 
gresses and  depu- 
tations to  minis- 
ters, with  little 
result.  After  the 
phylloxera,  the 
worst  enemy  of 
the  wine-grower, 
has  come  the 
cheapening  of 
sugar.  Disaster 
has  followed  dis- 
aster, the  land 
has  depreciated, 
and  the  Credit 
Foncier  will  not 
assist  any  new  en- 


THE    LEADERS    OF    THE    WINE    REVOLT    IN    FRANCE. 
(Marcellln  Albert  the  second  figure  from  the  left.) 


232 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


present.  The  markets  are  glutted  with  wine 
adulterated  with  water  and  sugar  in  its  man- 
ufacture. The  law,  says  M.  Pelisse,  must 
set  limits  to  the  amount  of  water  which  may 
be  used ;  but  as  regards  the  use  of  sugar  the 
Legislature  can  do  nothing,  owing  to  the 
complicity  of  the  government  of  I903»  which 
favored  the  introduction  of  sugar  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  wine  in  order  to  balance  its 
complicated  budget. 

As  one  remedy  M.  Pelisse  suggests  that 
when  sugar  is  used  as  alcohol  it  ought  to  be 
taxed  as  alcohol.  The  mere  suppression  of 
adulteration  with  water  and  sugar  would  not 
suffice  to  dispel  the  crisis;  more  abundant 
distillation  should  be  encouraged. 

WHY    THE    GOVERNMENT    HAS    FAILED. 

M,  Marre  says  there  is  still  such  a  thing 
as  unadulterated  wine.  He  explains  how 
much  the  chemist  can  do  by  analysis,  but  he 
says  there  are  anomalies  in  the  law  which 
should  be  removed  forthwith.  The  Cham- 
bers have  omitted  to  furnish  the  government 


TllK    ARBK 


r.rMlTlK.    THE     CIKRH  AI,     MTMBKR    OF    THB 
iHAMHKK     OK     I»K1'ITIKS. 


(Declarlnj:    his    party's    laok 
ministry 


i)f    conlidonoo    In    the 


From   L'llhistnitiun    (Tarisi. 


•*  YOr,   MONSIEUR   CLEMENCEAU,   HAVE   BEEN    A    LITINQ 
CONTRADICTION    TO    THE     MIDI." 

(The  Socialist  deader  In  the  French  Parliament. 
M.  Jaur^s,  accusing  the  Premier  of  bad  faith  toward 
the  wlne-growers.j 

From  L'lUuatration   (Paris). 

with  the  means  to  enforce  the  law  as  to  adul- 
teration. But  though  Parliament  has  not 
voted  sums  to  defray  the  expenses  of  analysis 
in  the  laboratories,  the  Minister  of  Agricul- 
ture has  placed  certain  sums  at  their  disposal. 
Unfortunately,  however,  no  laboratories  were 
at  first  qualified  to  examine  properly  the  sam- 
ples seized,  and  now  only  a  few  exist.  There 
are,  in  fact,  still  fifteen  French  departments 
in  which  the  suppression  of  food  adulteration 
is  not  possible.  When  a  parliamentary  com- 
mission demands  the  immediate  rigorous  en- 
forcement of  the  law  relating  to  fraud,  it 
asks  a  thing  absolutely  impossible,  since  the 
analytical  laboratories  do  not  know  either 
officially  or  legally  how  to  detect  adulteration 
by  water. 

The  commission  defines  wine  as  the  liquid 
exclusively  obtained  by  fermentation  from 
the  juice  of  the  fresh  grape.  Such  a  defini- 
tion condemns  all  forms  of  adulteration,  in- 
cluding water  and  sugar.  But  much  more 
is  necessary-  than  a  correct  definition.  Aa 
the  measures  proposed  and  adopted  are  futile 
so  long  as  the  state  laboratories  are  not  put 
in  possession  of  the  legal  means  which  will 


lad 


Leading  articles  of  the  month. 


233 


enable  them  to  iadopt  methods  by  whfch  all  frauds  resembles  a  famous  horse  which  had 
fraud  wherever  jit  exists  will  be  condemned,  every  good  quality  and  only  one  defect, — 
French    legislation   in    regard    to    the    wine    namely,  that  of  being  dead. 


RED  AND  BLACK"    iN    MODERN    FRANCE. 


**\X7'E  will  try  to  determine  the  contrasts 
that  have  ruled  France  during  the 
last  decade,"  says  Ragnvald  Moe  in  the  in- 
troduction to  an  analysis  of  the  present 
French  situation  which  appears  in  Samtiden 
(Christiania),  "contrasts  that  are  not  new, 
but  have  asserted  themselves  periodically 
throughout  the  nineteenth  century,  but  which 
have  now  divided  the  nation  as  never  before. 
For  the  French  nation  is  torn  up;  the  great 
nation  which  knew  so  well  how  to  amuse 
itself  has  become  restless,  uncertain  and  grop- 
ing, dissatisfied  with  itself,  and  dissatisfied 
with  the  old'  forms." 

Mr.  Moe  points  out  that  the  troubles  of 
France  are  universal,  and  that  the  country  is 
still  largely  representative  of  the  civilized 
world,  but  in  this  fact  the  Frenchmen  find 
no  longer  any  consolation.  They  are  tired  of 
being  the  political  experimentation  field  for 
the  rest  of  the  globe.  They  realize  that  they 
have  been  fighting  for  others,  and  benefiting 
others,  not  themselves. 

The  most  serious  feature  of  the  difficulty 
seems,  according  to  the  Norwegian  writer,  to 
lie  in  the  growing  inclination,  among  his- 
torians and  politicians  alike,  to  regard  the 
dividing  contrast  as  so  deeply  rooted  that,  in 
fact,  it  split  the  nation  into  two  wholly 
incompatible  and  irreconcilable  parts, — a 
"  red  "  France  and  a  "  black  "  France.  From 
being  political  it  has  become  psychological, 
even  such  writers  as  a  Fustel  de  Coulanges 
fears. 

Then  the  opinions  of  one  after  another  of 
the  French  historians  are  examined  by  Mr. 
Moe,  from  Tocqueville  to  Aulard.  In  all 
the  same  thought  and  the  same  fears  are 
found  mirrored.  Tocqueville  traces  the  diffi- 
culty back  to  the  ancient  regime,  which  he 
holds  responsible  for  the  tendency  toward 
extreme  centralization  and  administrative 
guardianship  which  characterizes  modern 
France.  Quinet  goes  still  further,  tracing 
the  roots  of  France  of  to-day  down  to  the 
later  Roman  empire. 

What  is  called  le  Bos  Empire,  with  its  un- 
whoksome  ideas  of  the  state,  with  its  craving 
for  unity  and  authorit>r,  with  its  leveling  and 
extermination  of  all  distinctions,  ha*?  passed  into 
the  French  people,  first  through   direct  inheri- 


tance, next  through  the  Catholic  church,  and 
finally  through  conscious  imitation  by  jurists 
and  statesmen. 

To  Renan  the  cause  of  all  the  trials  of  his 
country  appeared  to  lie  in  the  suppression  of 
the  Germanic  element,  which  stood  for  indi- 
vidual liberty,  by  the  Gallo-Roman  element, 
with  its  supreme  re^^ard  for  reason  and  ab- 
stract right.  The  revolution  only  fastened 
down  and  systematized  what  was  a  fact  when 
it  broke  out,  and  thus  the  nation  has  become 
merely  an  aggregation  of  bricks,  without 
liberty  or  initiative  left  to  the  individual 
member, 

Taine  took  the  same  idea  and  worked  it  to 
its  utmost  consequence,  until  he  established 
the  absolute  identity  of  the  radical  of  to-day 
with  the,  Jacobin  of  loo  years  ago.  The 
worship  of  the  abstract  lies  at  the  bottom  of 
it  all,  and  the  result  is  the  establishment  of 
the  abstract  state,  with  no  right  of  existence 
left  for  the  individual  except  as  a  duly  fitted- 
in  member  of  that  state.  Mr.  Moe  continues: 

Tainc  lacks  the  sense  for  objective  historical 
development,  however ;  that  is,  he  conceives  this 
development  as  completed.  He  is  a  historian  as 
well  as  a  psychologist,  but  he  deals  with  his  sub- 
jects in  the  spirit  of  a  paleontologist.  Man  or 
an  epoch  are  to  him  equally  an  ossification,  a 
fossil  remnant  of  something  that  once  lived, 
of  which  each  successive  phase  turned  to  stone, 
settling  down  layer  upon  layer,  but  so  that  each 
layer,  from  the  first  to  the  last,  contained  the 
entire  spirit  of  existence. 

Having  applied  his  method  to  the  revolu- 
tion, Taine,  according  to  Mr.  Moe,  applied 
it  to  Cathohc  France,  only  to  find  the  same 
spirit  on  that  side  as  on  the  other.  His  con- 
clusion was  that  the  two  forces  opposing  each 
other  were  one  at  the  bottom.  The  "  red  " 
side  started  out  to  fight  for  the  principle  of 
individual  liberty,  but  was,  by  psychological 
conditions,  forced  into  a  struggle  for  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  principle  of  tyrannical  au- 
thority,— a  principle  which  is  and  has  always 
been  that  of  the  church.  The  two  -opposed 
parties  may  differ  as  to  means ;  each  one  may 
want  to  exclude  the  other  from  power,  but 
their  aim  is  the  same:  establishment  of  com- 
plete unity  based  on  a  central  tyrannical 
authority. 

To  this  common  idea  P.  Seippel,  another 


234 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RByiEWS. 


noted  historian,  has  given  the  name  of  "  the 
principle  of  moral  unity,"  while  to  the  men- 
tal attitude  determining  it  and  determining 
the  fate  of  all  France,  according  to  his  view 
also,  he  has  given  the  name  "the  Roman 
mind."  He  finds  salvation,  however,  in  a 
"  third  "  France,  which  he  sees  in  the  com- 
mon people,  the  workingman  and  the  peasant, 
who  go  on  laboring  and  building  up  the  na- 
tion without  patience  or  heed  for  the  quarrels 
of  "  the  two  brawlers  above."  Mr.  Moe 
questions  the  existence  of  such  an  element 
wholly  free  from  the  dividing  spirit.  He 
gives  as  important  contributing  causes  of  re- 
cent events  in  France  the  voluntary  with- 
drawal of  Liberalism  from  the  fight  between 
the  two  extremes  and  the  absence  of  a  na- 
tional institution  around  which  the  people 
can  gather  regardless  of  minor  differences. 


The  main  disturbing  facto:  lies  to  him  in 
the  contrast  existing  within  4e  state  itself: 
its  authority  being  lodged  \\  a  parliament 
which  i$  at  once  the  historical  heir  and  mod- 
ern exponent  of  the  principle  of  central  au- 
thority, and  the  expression  of  the  popular 
determination  to  apply  modcni  principles  of 
self-government.  To  him  the  situation  of 
France  in  this  respect  is  the  situation  of 
every  other  European  country,  although 
nowhere  else  the  problem  is  brought  to 
an  issue  so  sharply  and  so  clearly.  He 
believes  that  the  problem  will  be  solved, 
because  in  France  men  have  the  faculty 
of  forgetting  their  own  selves  in  the  ser- 
vice of  great  ideas.  He  thinks,  too,  that 
sharp  as  the  split  is  between  "  red  "  and 
"  black "  France,  there  is  no  unbridgable 
chasm  between  them. 


FORTIETH     ANNIVERSARY     OF 
CONFEDERATION. 


CANADA'S 


A  S  the  present  year  of  grace  marks  the  for- 
^^  tieth  in  the  life  of  the  neighboring  Do- 
minion, it  is  not  cause  for  wonder  that  Cana- 
dian periodicals  should  refer  to  the  progress 
made  since  confederation  at  length.  In  the 
Canadian  Magazine  for  July  (which  appro- 
priately might  be  styled  a  **  Confederation  " 
number),  there  are  four  distinct  contribu- 
tions on  this  subject :  "  The  Fathers  of  Con- 
federation," by  Mr.  John  Lewis;  "Journal- 
ism at  Confederation,"  by  Mr.  J.  E.  B.,Mc- 
Cready;  "  Vicereines  of  Canada,"  by  H.  V. 
Ross ;  and  "  Canada's  Possibilities  and  Per- 
ils," by  Mr.  John  Maclean. 

These  separate  papers  are  replete  with  his- 
torical interest,  not  alone  for  the  Canadian, 
but  for  the  American  or  the  European  who 
would  know  something  of  the  Dominion  of 
Canada's  past  history  and  present  outlook, 
and  would  prefer  to  peruse  it  in  brief  narra- 
tive sketches  of  its  leading  statesmen,  to- 
gether with  an  outline  of  its  journalistic 
progress,  rather  than  glean  the  same  from  un- 
inspiring official  facts  and  figures.  Mr. 
Lewis  devotes  much  space  to  a  presentation 
of  Sir  Etienne  P.  Tache,  probably  Canada's 
most  famous  statesman  before  confedera- 
tion ;  and  to  Macdonald*  Brown,  Tilley, 
Mowat,  Tupper,  and  Langevin.  Sir  A.  T. 
Gait,  who  advocated  a  federal  union  as  early 
as  1858;  D'Arcy  McGee,  the  brilliant  young 
Irclander,  and  Sir  George  Cartier,  also  re- 
ceive distinguished  mention. 


"  To  whomsoever  we  may  assign  the  chief 
credit  for  bringing  about  confederation," 
says  he,  "  two  faces  in  the  picture  [an  ac- 
companying illustratioa]  stand  out  as  those 
of  the  men  who  had  most  to  do  with  work- 
ing out  the  system.  They  are  Sir  John  Mac- 
donald  on  the  federal  side,  and  Sir  Oliver 
Mowat  on  the  provincial  side.  Macdonald 
was  at  the  head  of  affairs  from  1867  to  1873, 
and  again  from  1878  to  his  death  in  1891. 
Mowat  was  Premier  of  Ontario  from  1872 
to  1896.  Those  were  formative  years,  years 
in  which  the  bounds  of  federal  and  provin- 
cial authority  were  settled,  and  the  machin- 
ery of  the  government  put  in  working  order." 

While  Canada  was  discussing  the  terms  of 
confederation  the  roar  of  the  guns  of  our 
own  Rebellion  was  sounding  in  her  ears. 
'*  That  this  was  done  peacefully,"  says  he, 
"  detracts  from  the  picturesqueness  of  our 
history,  for  it  would  tax  the  powers  of  a 
Macaulay  to  make  the  report  of  a  debate  in 
Parliament  as  thrilling  as  the  battle  of  Get- 
tysburg. Yet  there  is  something  worthy  of 
thought  and  study  in  the  very  fact  that  con- 
federation won  for  us  in  a  peaceful  way  what 
other  countries  have  won  by  civil  war  and 
wars  of  conquest, — freedom,  union,  and 
great  expansion  of  territory." 

The  difficulties  confronting  Canadian 
statesmen  forty  years  ago  were  many.  Racial 
and  religious  issues  were  added  to  the  neces- 
sity of  establishing  new  channels  of  trade, 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


285 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


for  reciprocity  with  the  United  States  had 
been  abrogated,  and  war  with  this  country 
seemed  ever  imminent.  A  mere  strip  of  terri- 
tory in  the  midst  of  the  continent,  it  was 
not  then  a  country  stretching  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific.  These  disadvantages 
were  faced,  however,  and  to-day,  after  forty 
years'  trial,  Canada's  constitution  is  worlring 
well  and  is  a  good  instrument  of  government. 

At  the  time  of  the  formation  of  the  Do- 
minion no  daily  paper  therein  had  a  circula- 
tion of  15,000.  AH  told  there  were  not 
more  than*  a  score  of  papers  published, — 
twelve  in  Ontario  and  eight  in  Quebec.  Af- 
ter confederation  the  maritime  provinces  had^ 
their  own  journals,  and  their  number  in  1874 
was  eight.  Canadian  dailies  total  more  than 
one  hundred  to-day,  and  their  aggregate  cir- 
culation has  increased  fifteen-fold  since  1867. 
Journalism,  however,  at  that  date  was  a 
great  power,  and  has  not  since  produced  more 
forceful  writers :  In  Ontario,  George  Brown, 
William  McDougall,  John  Cameron,  James 
Beatty,  and  Thomas  White  have  had  no  suc- 
cessors of  greater  ability  and  few  equals  as 
editorial  writers.  In  Quebec,  Edward  Goff 
Penny,  D'Arcy  McGee,  and  John  Dougall 
wielded  trenchant  pens;  while  Nova  Scotia 
had  William  Annand,  E.  M.  McDonald, 
William  S.  Fielding,  John  G.  Bourinot, 
George  Johnson,  and  Martin  J.  Griffin.  Liv- 
ingston, Elder,  and  Anglin  are  names  fa- 
mous in  New  Brunswick's  newspaper  his- 
tory, and  Whelen,  Laird,  and  Lawson  in  that 
of  Prince  Edward  Island. 

While  the  newspapers  have  been  enlarged 
and  improved,  the  status  of  the  leader-writer 
has  declined.  At  confederation,  says  Mr. 
McCready,  the  leading  journals  were  all 
strongly  partisan;  the  independent  newspa- 
per had  hardly  yet  come  into  being.  Colora- 
ble and  favorable  reports  of  public  men  and 
events  appeared  in  "  party  "  organs,  and  vice 
versa.  Telegraph  service  was  limited  and 
costly,  and  letters  took  the  place  of  the  tele- 
graphic reports  of  to-day.  Pen  pictures  in 
those  days  anticipated  the  plate  pictures  of 
statesmen  nowadays.  New  members  of  Par- 
liament were  always  objects  of  attraction  and 
curiosit)',  and  this  was  notably  true  of  Donald 
A.  Smith,  John  C.  Schultz,  Amor  De  Cos- 
mos, big  Bunster,  and  long-haired  Thomson, 
of  Cariboo.  There  were  few  voters  beyond 
the  Great  Lakes  in  1871. 

Because  "  business "  is  at  present  bigger 
than  politics  it  has  absorbed  many  of  the  Do- 
minion's **  big  "  men.  This,  he  contends,  ac- 
counts for  the  fact  that  journalism  and  poli- 


tics ^orty  years- ago  attracted  more  men  of 
foremost  ability  than  is  the  case  to-day  in 
Canada.  Newspaper  men  were  ofttimes  as- 
saulted by  aggrieved  members  who  had  been 
criticised  or  caricatured  severely.  The 
writer  himself  narrowly  escaped  upon  one  or 
two  occasions,  so  the  pace  could  not  have 
been  a  very  tame  one.  He  closes  his  sketch 
with  an  anecdote  at  the  expense  of  the  press 
gallery.  It  was  the  custom  of  that  body  to 
select  from  the  House  membership  one  to 
wKorn  was  accorded  the  title  of  the  "  Wick- 
edest Mart  in  the  House."  Upon  occasion 
the  choice  of  the  scribes  was  one  "  Blagdon." 
When  the  telephone  was  first  introduced  a 
connection  was  made  with  a  church  in  Otta- 
wa from  the  reporter's  gallery  and  the  pencil 
wielders  were  invited  to  test  the  apparatus 
on  the  following  Sunday.  They  did  so,  and 
a  solemn  stillness  and  awe  fell  upon  them 
as  they  heard  for  the  first  time  the  sounds  of 
the  organ, — as  \i  from  an  unseen  world. 
Waiting  for  the  opening  invocation  to  follow 
in  the  clear,  reverent  voice  of  the  pastor,  they 
were  considerably  amazed  to  hear  the  harsh, 
coarse  voice  of  Blagdon !  "  There  was  no 
more  solernnity  after  that." 

Mr.  Maclean  appraises  the  Dominion's 
possibilities  and  points  out  its  disadvantages, 
but,  on  the  whole,  reaches  optimistic  ton- 
elusions.  With  boundless  wheat  fields,  large 
orchards,  extensive  forests,  fine  fisheries,  im- 
mense mineral  deposits  and  coal  areas,  large 
cattle,  sheep,  and  horse  ranches,  and  marvel- 
ous iron  ore  deposits,  only  a  prophet  could 
predict  the  growth  of  the  country  in  the  next 
fifty  years.  Capital  and  energy  alone  are 
needed  for  the  development  of  these  wonder- 
ful resources.  In  1867  the  population  was 
only  3,500,000 ;  to-day  it  is  6,500,000.  Over 
200,000  immigrants  arrived  last  year,  repre- 
senting forty  nationalities.  Fifty  different 
languages  are  spoken  in  Canada,  and  during 
the  past  nine  years,  of  the  total  immigration 
60  per  cent,  was  English  and  40  per  cent. 
foreign.  This  makes  the  patriot  ask,  "  What 
will  be  the  outcome  ?  " 

With  the  Canadian  Pacific  crossing  the 
continent,  and  three  transcontinental  rail- 
roads now  in  process  of  construction,  rapid 
development  is  assured.  In  five  years  some 
towns  have  doubled  their  population.  Win- 
nipeg has  jumped  from  42,340  to  more  than 
100,000,  and  more  than  thirty  languages  are 
heard  in  its  streets.  "  The  whole  country  is 
passing  through  an  era  of  unbounded  pros- 
perit\%  the  people  are  full  of  enthusiasm,  and 
a  great  future  Mes  ahead." 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


287 


Political,  commercial,  industrial,  educa- 
tional, and  religious  problems,  which  will  tax 
the  common  sense  and  good  judgment  of 
high-minded  citizens,  may  be  expected  to 
arise  from  this  rapid  development.  The  for- 
eign factor  has  awakened  some  alarm,  but 
with  95  per  cent,  of  the  population  of  the 
Dominion  native  there  is  very  little  cause  for 
trepidation.  Strikes  and  labor  disputes,  lust 
for  power,  political  and  business  corruption,  a 
tendency  among  farmers  for  luxury  and  ease, 
— these  are  some  of  the  evils  to  be  dreaded. 
"  When  wheat  becomes  of  greater  value  than 
men,  and  materialism  sways  the  will  and  de- 
grades the  passions  and  the  imagination,  men 
will  lose  sight  of  their  relations  to  their  fel- 
lows, and  forget  the  true  destiny  of  empire. 
The  greatest  peril  which  Canada  has  to  fear 
at  the  present  time  is  the  baneful  spirit  of 
materialism.** 

She  needs,  he  believes,  our  sound  training 
in  citizenship,  through  the  schools,  the  press 
and  the  pulpit,  and  men  of  character,  of  high 
ideals  and  sterling  principles.  She  is  full  of 
silent  possibilities,  of  unborn  energies,  which 
will  yet  break  out  to  assist  humanity  to  the 
best  there  is  in  the  world. 

Nine  interesting  sketches  of  the  ladies  who 
have  led  Canadian  social  life  at  Ottawa  since 
confederation  are  contributed  by  Mr.  H.  V. 
Ross.     Lady    Monck,    Lady    Lisgar,    Lady 


SIR  CHARLES  TUPPER. 


SENATOR  A.   A.    MACDONALD. 

(The  Senator  and  Sir  Charlos  Tiipper  are  the  only, 
**  Fathers  of  Confederation  "  who  are  Btill  living.) 

DuflFerin,  Princess  Louise,  Lady  Lansdowne, 
Lady  Stanley,  Lady  Aberdeen,  Lady  Minto, 
and  Lady  Grey,  the  present  Vicereine,  are  the 
gentlewomen  who  have  presided  at  Rideau 
Hall.  Their  charms,  personalities,  and  char- 
acteristics are  delightfully  portrayed,  and,  as 
well,  their  social  triumphs  and  entertain- 
ments. Lady  DuflFerin  and  Lady  Aberdeen 
appear  to  have  been  the  most  successful.  The 
former  gave  a  state  ball  in  1876  which  cost 
$100,000,  and  while  she  was  mistress  of 
Rideau  Hall  it  fairly  glowed  with  social  fel- 
lowship and  good  cheer.  Lady  Aberdeen  was 
more  noted  for  her  "  home  **  qualities  and 
benevolence.  She  founded  the  "  Victorian 
Order  of  Nurses,**  which  flourishes  to-day 
and  keeps  her  memory  green  in  the  hearts  of 
thousands  of  the  needy  sick.  All  of  the  vice-, 
reines  were  favorites  with  the  people  of  the 
Dominion  and  partings  were  always  regret- 
ful. This  result  could  not  have  been  other- 
wise. "In  choosing  colonial  governors,'*  says 
Mr.  Ross,  "  the  wise  old  British  Government 
has  exercised  great  care  that  able  statesmen 
should  be  sent  to  the  important  Canadian 
post;  but,  inasmuch  as  empires  have  been  won 
and  lost  through  a  woman's  smile,  equal  care 
has  been  taken  to  see  that  the  men  selected 
had  clever,  tactful,  and  winsome  wives.*' 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 
SOME    NEWLY    DISCOVERED   MAZZINI  LETTERS. 


COME  unpublished  letters  of  Giuseppe 
Mazzini  have  appeared  in  the  Nuova 
Antologia  (Rome).  They  were  addressed 
to  a  Russian  lady  who  was  inconsolable  on 
account  of  the  loss  of  her  two  young  chil- 
dren. The  letters  passed  into  the  hands  of. 
Signora  Georgina  Saffi,  who  has  authorized 
their  publication  in  the  belief  that  they 
would  interest  the  many  admirers  of  Maz- 
zini because  of  the  light  they  throw  upon  his 
religious  convictions.  The  following  ex- 
tract from  one  of  these  letters  is  especially 
significant : 

As  I  have  told  you,  I  am  not  a  Christian.  My 
God  has  almost  nothing  in*  common  with  the 
God  of  Christian  dogma ;  but  I  am  profoundly 
religious;  firstly,  by  my  heart  and  by  the  voice 
of  my  conscience,  and  then  by  my  intellect  and 
through  study.  When  I  was  a  student  I  was 
sometimes  led  astray  into  the  path  of  atheism ; 
it  was  history  and  science  that  caused  me  to  re- 
trace my  steps.  In  studying  history, — not  the 
history  of  individuals,  but  that  of  the  masses. — 
from  age  to  age,  1  perceived  the  action  of  a 
power,  of  a  law.  which,  little  by  little,  leads  us 


GIUSEPPE    MAZZINI. 
(From  the  painting  by  Felix  Moscheles.) 


upward  and  extracts  good  from  evil.  There  has 
been  no  great  and'  noble  idea  that,  once  pro- 
mulgated, did  not  triumph  in  the  end,  although 
it  might  traverse  centuries  of  obstacles  and  per- 
secutions; there  has  not  been  one  holy  aspira- 
tion which,  starting  with  a  handful  of  believers, 
who  were  called  fanatics,  was  not  certain  to  in- 
crease the  number  of  its  adherents,  beconic 
socner  or  later  a  church,  and  modify  the  domi- 
nant religion;  there  has  been  no  evil  enterprise, 
whether  of  ignorant  barbarians  or  ruthless  ty- 
rants, that  was  not  followed  by  a  powerful  re- 
action of  the  good,  by  an  enlargement  of  the 
sphere  of  civilization,  by  the  advance  of  liberty. 
Progress  was  therefore  a  law,  and  science 
showed  this  to  me  even  in  the  material  universe. 
It  was  evident  that  a  plan  of  education  had  been 
traced  out  for  humanity.  Our  progress  may  be 
rapid  or  slow,  according  to  our  endeavors  and 
according  to  the  use  we  make  of  our  freedom, 
but,  sooner  or  later,  we  infallibly  follow^  this 
guidance.  This  supreme  law  is  an  intelligent 
and  beneficent  law.  We  have  not  made  it; 
Therefore,  some  one  higher  than  ourselves  has 
made  it  and  this  some  one  is  God. 

Naturally  the  chief  theme  of  the  letters 
is  the  question  of  immortality,  and  the  writer 
often  regrets  that  he  cannot  use  his  eloquence 
with  his  friend  face  to  face.    He  writes: 

Absent,  I  do  not  know  what  to  say  to  yon. 
You  suffer  terribly  and  I  am  unable  to  console 
you.  Near  to  you  .  ,  ,  ,\  could  tell  you  that 
there  is  no  death;  that  your  children  still  live; 
that  life  is  not  a  lie;  that  its  aim  ought  to  be 
attained ;  that  your  love  and  theirs  is  a  promise ; 
that  under  different  forms,  but  recognizing  one 
another,  you  will  meet  again.  How  can  you  set 
foot  in  that  little  chamber  without  feeling  this.^ 
Without  feeling  that  your  love  and  your  adora- 
tion of  those  objects  that  recall  the  lost  ones  to 
you  are  a  species  of  pledge?  Without  feeling 
that  when  we  plant  a  flower  on  the  grave  of 
those  whom  we  have  lost  we  have  not  per- 
formed an  act  of  folly,  but  rather  an  act  of  faith ; 
that  we  believe  in  a  kind  of  contact  with  those 
who  are  far  from  us  and  believe  that  they  could 
suffer  from  our  forgetf ulness  ? 

A  curious  passage  in  one  of  the  later  let- 
ters shows  that  the  "  ruling  passion  "  was 
never  long  absent  frohi  Mazzini's  mind.  It 
appears  that  the  appeal  was  unsuccessful. 
Another  quotation : 

If  I  did  not  believe  that  you  cannot  misin- 
terpret my  thought  or  see  a  kind  of  indelicacy 
where  there  is  only  a  sacred  purpose,  I  should 
not  write  as  I  am  about  to  do.  But  I  have  faith 
in  you.  This  is  the  matter  in  hand.  We  be- 
lieve, myself  and  some  Polish  and  Hun^rian 
friends,  that  it  might  be  of  great  utility  to 
those  national  causes  for  which  I  strive,  to  send 
two  of  our  friends  to  the  United  States  in  order 
to  come  to  an  understanding  with  the  clement  in 
that  country  which  sees  in  the  struggle  and  the 
triumph  a  new  role  for  America,  and  for  us. 
We  are  poor  and  the  miserable  sum  of  1500 
francs  is  lacking  for  the  accomplishment  of  this 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH.  239 

purpose.     They  are  collecting  mcney  for  me  in  native  land  of  Russia,  ended, — as  your  friends 

Italy  at  the  present  moment;  but  this  money, —  know, — on   the   field   of   battle.     He    died   in   a 

as  is  well  known,  and  I  should  not  otherwise  ac-  second  engagement  at  the  side  of  Langiewicz. 

cept  it, — is  exclusively  destined  to  the  Venetian  Langiewicz  possesses  his  wallet,  his  watch,  sev- 

enterprisc    which    we    are    organizing    for^  the  eral  other  small  objects.     He  would  give  them 

spring.    Therefore,   I  have  only  2000  francs  at  up,^-regretfully,  1  assure  you,  for  he  loved  him 

ray  disposal,  and  this  is  not  enough.  well, — with  a  declaratoiy  certificate,  to  any  Rus- 

Now,  do  you   recall  the  Russian   name  Pot-  sians.     He  believes  that  Potnebia  himself  would 

nehia?    Your  friends  knew  him,  loved  him,  ad-  approve  this  utilization  of  his  souvenirs  for  the 

mired  him ;  I,  too,  have  seen  him,  and  he  well  advantage  of  the  common  cause   to  which  he 

merited  their  regard.     His  life,  devoted  to  his  sacrificea  nis  life. 


WILL  THE   "AMERICA"   FLY  TO  THE  POLE? 

A  SSEVERATING  that  the  airship  Amer-  ticn  to  weight,  in  gliding  over  ice-floes.  Rain 
ica  is  no  toy,  but  a  big,  stout,  steel-  is  not  feared  by  him;  but  wet  snow  or  sleet 
muscled,  strong-hearted  machine,  built  for  adhesion  is  a  matter  of  moment.  By  pump- 
war,  work,  and  endurance,  Mr.  Walter  ing  hot  air,  released  by  the  gasoline  combus- 
Wellman  answers  his  own  query  in  Mr-  tion,  into  the  balloon  the  skin  of  the  reservoir 
Clures  Magazine  for  July.  When  it  sets  is  kept  a  few  degrees  above  the  surrounding 
forth  upon  its  voyage  it  will  weigh  22,840  temperature,  thus  tending  to  melt  adhering 
pounds  of  men  and  material.     Hydrogen  is  snow  or  sleet. 

its  life  principle.    This  is  carried  in  a  balloon       The  car  of  the  balloon  is  V-shaped,  and  is 

made  of  three  cottons,  all  rubbered,  with  a  vul-  115  feet  in  length,  eight  feet  high  and  three 

canized  outer  caoutchouc  surface,  well  calcu-  feet  wide  at  the  top,  and  is  made  of  steel 

latcd   to  shed   rain   and   snow  and   prevent  tubing.     The  bottom   is  the  gasoline  tank, 

moisture   entering    the    fabric.      Leakage    is  It  has  fourteen  sections,  each  more  than  eight 

counteracted  by  gasoline  consumption,  6800  feet  in  length,  used  for  navigation  purposes, 

pounds  of  which  are  carried  in  a  tank.    An  motors,  sleeping,  etc.     The  deck  is  115  feet 

approximate  loss  of  hydrogen  is  placed  at  264  in  length  and  two  and  one-half  feet  wide. 

pounds  each  day,  and  of  gasoline  consump-  It  is  only  six  feet  from  the  bottom  of  the 

tion  at  660  pounds.    The  lightening  of  carpo  balloon,  and  the  suspension  apparatus  consists 

is  estimated,  therefore,  to  be  more  than  twice  of   steel  cables.     The  crew  comprises   four 

as  rapid  as  the  loss  of  lifting  force.     More-  men,    and    with    fair    winds   the    ship    may 

over,  by  means  of  a  two-way  valve  in  the  reach  the  Pole  in  one  day,  with  calms,  two 

motor,  gasoline  and  hydrogen  are  alternately  days;  contrary  winds,  five  days;  and   with 

obtained,  and   this  enables  the  aerialists  to  unusual  winds, — never. 
consume  their  surplus  hydrogen  for  fuel,  dur-       Mr,  Wellman  intends  to  return,  and  as- 

ing  their  flight.  signs  four  reasons  for  his  faith:    First,  be- 

Thc  distance  from  his  base  in  Spitzbergen  cause  the  chances  of  making  the  return  jour- 

to  the  Pole  and  back  again  is  1236  sea-miles,  ney    in    ten    days   or    two    weeks   are    fair. 

His    store    of    fuel    is    roughly    estimated:  Second,    because    the    balloon    can    be    kept 

Hours  of  motoring  with  gasoline,  150;  with  afloat  for  twenty-five  to  thirty-five  days,  in 

hydrogen,   30;   total,    180   hours.     With   a  which   time  they  should  reach  land,  in  the 

speed    of   fifteen    miles   an   hour   his   radius  event  of  everything  else  having  to  be  sacri- 

of    action    would    be    from    2250    to    2700  ficed.     Third,  because  they  have  a  sledging 

sea-miles, — an  allowance  which  he  considers  outfit  and  a  dozen  picked  dogs  to  take  them 

ample,  particularly  in  view  of  the  fact  that  back  to  land,  if  the  airship  takes  them  to  or 

the  North  Polar  area  has  a  relatively  light  near  the  Pole.     Fourth,  because  their  sup- 

vi-ind    movement.     To    prevent    the   airship  plies  will  last  them  until  June  i,  1908,  and 

rising  too  high  a  guide  rope,  constructed  of  materials  are  at  hand  for  a  comfortable  hut. 

leather,   covered   with   metal   scales,   in   sec-  He  concludes: 

tional  parts,  very  closely  resembling  a  ser-  ^^  ^^^^^^^  ^,^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^,  ^^  f^r^„„^  ^^y 
pent,  W2S  devised.  This  is  also  utilized  as  a  (frop  us,  we  hope  we  are  prepared  for  all  even- 
compartment  for  food  storage.  Another  de-  tualities,— food  enough  for  a  wintering  in  our 
vict,  called  the  retarder,  hangs  from  the  for-  own  larder,  and  much  more  food  if  nature  fa- 
t  ^  r  ^L  I'u  -  k..^^  «««u-  ^^,r  vers,  in  our  nfles  and  cartridges.  Should  it  be 
ward  part  of  the  car,  like  a  huge  snake,  cov-  „^^^,,^^^  ^^  ^^„,j  p^.s  the  long  night  of  the 

ercd   with   pointed   steel   scales,   designed   to    winter  at  the  North  Pole  itself,  be  it  land  or 
ofer  die  maximum  of  resistance  in  propor-   ice-sheeted  sea,— the  six-months*  night,  with  the 


240 


THB  AMBklCAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REyiElVS. 


SIDE    VIEW    OF    THE    POLAR    AIRSHIP    *' AMERICA." 
(The  airship  is  180  feet  long.) 


moon,  the  stars,  and  the  glorious  aurora  for  our 
illuminant, — and  there  await  the  coming  of  the 
six-months'  sun,  before  setting  out  on  the  long 
journey  homeward. 

Mr.  Wellman  Describes  His  Balloon,  the 
"America." 

In  a  recent  interview  with  a  representative 
of  Reuter*s  Agency,  Mr.  Wellman  is  re- 
ported to  have  said  (we  quote  from  the 
Journal  de  St,  Petersburg)  : 

**  This  present  attempt  is  really  the  first 
attempt  to  make  a  practical  use  of  aerial 
navigation,  because  all  the  other  attempts 
were  experiments.  Our  guidable  balloon  is 
absolutely  new  in  every  detail,  and  we  hope 
to  realize  our  object, — that  is,  to  go  from 
Spitzbergen  to  the  Pole  and  return  in  one 
day.  One  of  the  most  important  changes 
made  was  the  enlargement  of  the  balloon. 
The  length  of  the  America  has  been  in- 
creased by  eighteen  feet.  Her  ascensional 
power  has  been  increased  by  3000  pounds,  so 
the  actual  ascensional  power  is  I9»500 
pounds.  The  balloon  is  184  feet  long  and 
her  maximum  diameter  is  fifty-two  feet.  She 
cubes  265,000  cubic  feet.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  Count  Zepplin's  *  dirigible,*  the 
America    is   the   largest   airship   ever   made. 

"  The  keel,  or  spine,  of  the  balloon  is 
formed  by  a  steel  reservoir  eighteen  inches 
in  diameter  and  115  feet  long.  In  reality  the 
upper  part  of  the  reservoir  constitutes  the 
deck  of  the  balloon.     To  avert  all  danger 


of  explosion  we  have  subdivided  this  reser- 
voir into  fourteen  compartments,  or  tanks, 
and  we  can  take  oil  from  any  one  of  the 
tanks  without  opening  any  of  the  others. 
The  truck  is  covered  or  surrounded  by  silk, 
stretched  very  tightly.  The  side  is  a  vertical 
plane  and  the  broad  roof  is  a  horizontal 
plane.  The  whole  thing  was  built  to  give 
stability  to  the  ship  when  it  is  in  the  air. 
The  stern  of  the  ship  is  a  rudder  of  about 
900  square  feet,  shaped  like  a  bicycle  wheel, 
which,  in  spite  of  its  size,  weighs  only  thirt>' 
pounds.  A  little  forward  of  the  center  is 
a  very  heavy  motor  (seventy  horsepower, 
steam),  weighing  900  pounds,  which  will 
work  incessantly  and  regularly  and  stably  as 
long  as  we  want  it  to  work.  In  this  new 
balloon  the  propellers,  which  are  like  those 
used  in  all  the  French  army  *  dirigibles,' 
are  in  the  center,  on  either  side.  The  com- 
partmentage  is  formed  by  triangular  spaces 
in  the  interior  of  the  chariot  contained  in 
the  balloon.  The  compartments  will  easily 
hold  ten  or  twelve  men,  twelve  dogs,  and 
our  equipments.  Hanging  from  the  roof, 
running  on  light  rails,  is  a  reservoir  holding 
600  pounds  of  provisions.  We  have  6800 
pounds  of  petroleum  in  our  reservoirs, 
enougfi  to  run  the  motor  150  hours  at  a 
normal  rate  of  fourteen  knots. 

"  The  weight  of  the  cargo  will  decrease  at 
least  600  pounds  a  day  (the  motor  will  con- 
s' me  as  much  as  that  weight  in  oil),  while 


LE/IDING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


241 


MAP  SHOWING   ALTERNATIVES   FOR   A   RETURN  JOURNEY  FOR  THE  WELLMAN  BALLOON   EXPEDITION. 

(The  ligurea  indicate  sea  mllea.) 


the  loss  of  ascensional  power  by  escape  of 
gas  through  the  envelope  will  probably  not 
exceed  1 50  pounds  per  day.  So,  at  the  very 
least,  we  shall  have  between  4CX)  and  500 
pounds  of  ascensional  power, — which  repre- 
sents just  as  much  gas  as  we  need..  Gen- 
erally, aeronauts  allow  the  surplus  gas  to 
escape  through  the  valves,  but  we  reasoned 
that  it  would  be  a  pity  to  waste  such  good 
combustible,  since  hydrogen  gas  has  exceed- 
ingly high  caloric  power.  By  making  a  few 
experiments,  we  found  that  we  could  burn 
the  surplus  hydrogen  in  our  motor.  While 
we  are  on  our  trip  to  the  Pole  we  shall  keep 
in  touch  with  the  earth  by  means  of  our 
guide  rope.  At  the  highest  we  shall  not  run 
up  more  than  between  300  or  400  feet.  We 
shall  let  the  guide  rope  drag. 
"This  guide  rope  is  absolutely  indispensa- 


ble to  the  safety  of  air  navigation.  Our  rope 
is  pretty  heavy,  and  it  will  be  heavier,  be- 
cause, instead  of  using  a  simple  steel  cable, 
we  have  had  constructed  a  kind  of  leather 
serpent,  fifteen  inches  in  diameter  and  130 
feet  long,  weighing  about  1400  pounds.  This 
we  shall  fill  with  our  reserve  provisions. 
The  guide  rope  hangs  by  a  steel  cable.  It  is 
covered  with  little  steel  scales  to  protect  it 
from  the  weather  and  to  facilitate  its  sliding 
over  the  ice  and  snow.  On  the  w^ater  it 
floats. 

"  Thanks  to  our  enlargement  of  the  balloon 
and  to  the  reserve  rations  stored  in  the  guid? 
rope,  we  shall  have  in  all  3000  pounds  of 
food, — enough  to  keep  us  ten  months.  We 
could  live  in  the  balloon  ten  months  without 
getting  out  of  it.  So,  let  come  what  will, 
we  are  ready." 


242 


THE  AMERICj4N  REVIEW  OF  REl^lEWS. 


LATIN.AMERICx\  A   FIELD  FOR   CAPITAL. 


POSSESSING  vast  potentialities  that  arc 
not  appreciated,  Latin- America  is  a 
great  undeveloped  field  for  United  States 
capital.  It  is  on  the  verge  of  a  forward 
movement  that  will  astonish  the  world,  and 
if  American  investors  desire  to  take  advan- 
tage of  the  same  their  time  is  the  present,  or 
Europe  will  control  the  situation.  Basing 
his  statements  on  an  experience  of  six  years 
in  Latin-America,  Mr.  John  Barrett,  direc- 
tor in  the  International  Bureau  of  American 
Republics,  thus  advises  us  in  the  Bankers' 
Magazine  for  June: 

Mexico  is  being  exploited  to-day  by  the  aid 
of  $7CX),ocx),ooo  of  American  capital,  and 
there  is  room  for  ten  times  that  amount  dur- 
ing the  next  twenty  years  in  every  country  in 
South  America.  It  has  been  rumored  in 
Europe  that  $2,000,000,000  of  European 
capital  would  find  its  way  to  South  America 
within  the  next  ten  years.  In  Cuba  we  have 
embarked  more  than  $150,000,000;  and  in 
Porto  Rico,  Santo  Domingo,  Haiti,  and  the 
Central-American  States,  $50,000,000  more, 
yet  experts  agree  that  the  development  of 
their  resources  has  only  begun.  With  per- 
manent law  and  order  established,  these 
investments  would  be  increased  substan- 
tially. 

Colombia  is  our  nearest  neighbor  in  South 
America,  only  950  miles  from  Florida.  It  is 
as  large  as  France  and  Germany  combined. 
It  has  a  marvelous  variety  of  climate,  and  is 
rich  in  mineral  wealth.  Every  important 
vegetable  and  timber  growth  is  found  there. 
Railroads  are  wanted  to  open  up  its  wide 
area  and  reach  its  gold,  copper,  and  platinum 
mines.  Its  cities  need  electric-light  plants 
and  street-car  lines,  its  timber,  of  great  value, 
should  be  brought  to  market,  and  its  numer- 
ous water  powers  are  other  sources  of  profit. 
A  representative  of  a  great  English  banking 
house  told  the  writer  that  $25,000,000  of 
foreign  money  could  be  profitably  invested 
during  the  next  ten  years  in  Colombia.  All 
this  is  measurably  true  of  Venezuela. 

In  considering  Colombia,  Venezuela,  Ecua- 
dor, Peru,  'and  Brazil  as  purely  tropical 
countries  unsuited  to  Americans,  there  is  a 
grave  mistake.  It  is  not  nearness  to  the 
equator  that  determines  heat  or  cold,  but 
altitude  above  the  sea  level:  and  there  are 
many  large  and  cool  areas  wonderfully  min- 
gled with  low  tropical  valleys,  with  fertile 
soil  and  varied  resources,  to  be  found.  Ecua- 
dor, five  or  six  times  larger  than  Pennsyl- 


vania, is  illustrative.  Quito,  its  capital,  is 
situated  near  its  center,  and  *thc  country 
abounds  in  Andean  uplands.  A  railroad 
built  by  two  Americans  in  Ecuador,  and  an- 
other in  Colombia,  will  form  two  important 
links  in  the  contemplated  pan-American  rail- 
way system. 

Brazil  alone  is  larger  than  the  Um'tcd 
States.  Rio  Janeiro,  its  capital,  spent  more 
money  last  year  for  public  improvements 
than  any  city  in  the  United  States,  excepting 
New  York ;  and  the  central  government  and 
the  different  states  are  expending  larger  sums 
for  river  and  harbor  improvements  than  the 
Government  or  States  of  the  United  States. 
These  facts  should  convince  the  most  skepti- 
cal that  Brazil  is  a  field  for  investment.  A 
harbor  to  cost  $14,000,000  will  soon  be  con- 
structed at  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.  Railroads  to 
connect  Rio  Janeiro  with  Montevideo,  capi- 
tal of  Uruguay,  on  the  south,  and  with  Asun- 
cion, capital  of  Paraguay,  on  the  southwest, 
are  projected.  The  Amazon  is  being  im- 
proved for  navigation  and  towns  and  cities 
are  springing  up  everywhere.  These  will  re- 
quire water-works,  electric  lights,  sewerage 
systems,  and  street-car  lines.  In  the  interior 
are  mountains  of  iron  and  coal  and  forests  of 
valuable  timber.  Brazil  offers  a  safe  field 
for  the  investment,  in  the  near  future,  of 
$100,000,000  of  American  capital. 

Bolivia  is  to  have  from  the  United  States 
$50,000,000  for  railroad  development.  Peru's 
copper  mines  now  utilize  many  millions  of 
American  dollars,  and  Paraguay's  agricul- 
tural and  timber  wealth  is  a  profitable  ven- 
ture for  capital.  Uruguay  is  deserving  of 
consideration  from  the  fertility  of  her  soil, 
and  is  spending  $10,000,000  to  make  her 
harbor  at  Montevideo  one  of  the  best  in  all 
America.  Chile  is  heavily  exploited  by  Eng- 
lish and  German  capital.  The  government  is 
spending  $10,000,000  for  the  improvement  of 
the  harbor  at  Valparaiso.  This  country  is 
extremely  inviting. 

The  Argentine  Republic  is  the  "  Wonder- 
land "  of  South  America.  Buenos  Aires,  its 
capital,  has  a  population  of  1,000,000,  and  its 
foreign  trade  in  1906  amounted  to  $562,- 
000,000.  This  seems  incredible  for  a  coun- 
try with  only  6,000,000  people,  but  it  is  the 
truth.  It  surpasses  Japah,  with  40,000,000 
of  people,  and  China,  with  300,000,000  of 
inhabitants.  It  signifies  a  per  capita  trade  of 
$100,  proportionately  greater  than  any  other 
country  on  the  globe.     Its  railroad  systems 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


243 


rival  our  own,  and  those  of  Europe  as  well. 
American  capital  could  not  be  employed  bet- 
ter anywhere  than  in  developing  the  vast 
agricultural  possibilities  and  mineral  wealth 
of  the  Argentine  Republic. 

Money  is  needed  everywhere  in  South 
America  for  American  branch  banks,  rail- 
roads, electric  rail  and  street-car  lines,  elec- 
tric-lighring  plants,  water- works,  sewerage 
systems,  harbor  improvements,  agriculture, 
timber,  and  mineral  exploitation.  Four-fifths 
of  South  America  has  known  no  serious  revo- 
lution in  the  last  fifteen  years,  and  its  foreign 
trade  in  1906  was  valued  at  $2,035,350,cxx). 


Of  this,  the  balance  in  its  favor  was  $241,- 
165,000,  its  export  surplus.  In  conclusion, 
Mr.  Barrett  pays  a  tribute  to  Secretary 
Root's  efforts  in  his  recent  visit  to  South 
America  to  promote  mutual  good  will  be- 
tween that  country  and  our  own.  "  As  a 
result  of  Mr.  Root's  visit  to  South  America 
a  new  era  has  already  dawned  in  the  rela- 
tions of  the  United  States  with  her  sister  na- 
tions, and  it  now  remains  for  the  capital  of 
this  country,  accumulated  through  our  past 
prosperity  and  looking  for  new  fields,  to  im- 
prove the  wonderful  opportunities  in  the 
southern  continent." 


THE  POLITICAL  CREED  OF  AUSTRALIA. 


A  CLEAR  and  moderate  statement  of  Aus- 
tralia's present  political  position  is  to 
be  found  in  the  Hon.  J.  W.  Hackett's  paper 
on  **  Some  Federal  Tendencies  in  Australia," 
in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Colonial  Insti- 
tute. One  of  the  chief  difficulties  of  Austra- 
lian political  life,  this  statesman  tells  us,  is 
the  avoidance  of  public  duties  by  those  best 
fitted  for  them.  The  reason  for  this,  he  says, 
is  partly  because  '*  the  man  in  business  cannot 
afford  the  risks  of  placing  1000  or  2000  miles 
bct^vecn  his  work  and  his  home,"  and  partly 
because  the  better-off  Australians  so  often 
leave  the  continent  to  reside  elsewhere.  There 
is  another  reason :  "  the  fear  that  large  sec- 
tions of  our  best  material  decline  to  offer 
themselves  as  targets  to  the  unmeasured  and 
often  dishonest  invective  and  public  misrepre- 
sentation which  they  must  face  from  plat- 
form, press,  and  even  Parliament." 

Proposals  are  therefore  being  made  for 
fixing  the  honorarium  of  members  in  each 
Federal  House  at  £500,  £600,  or  even  £750 
a  year,  instead  of  £400. 

Another  troublesome  tendency  is  the  three- 
party  system,  in  which  many  see  the  chief 
danger  which  Federation  has  now  to  face. 
So  weary  have  Parliament  and  country  be- 
come of  the  bad  results  of  a  minority  govern- 
ment kept  in  office  at  the  will  of  a  second 
minority,  that  a  most  drastic  innovation  has 
been  suggested,  the  hint  for  which  has  been 
derived  from  Switzerland :  that  Ministers  be 
directly  elected  from  and  by  the  houses 
of  Parliament,  and  when  the  members  of 
the  cabinet  differ,  the  two  Houses  act  as 
umpire. 

Another  tendency  which  Mr.  Hackett 
notes  is  the  democratizing  of  the  Senate,  "  the 


capital  experiment  of  the  federal  constitu- 
tion." By  the  Commonwealth  Constitution 
Act,  the  difference  of  position  and  functions, 
formerly  always  associated  with  a  second 
chamber,  are  obliterated.  This  may  lead  to 
unexpected  results,  but  Mr.  Hackett  believes 
those  results  likely  to  be  good  rather  than 
evil.     It  may  alter  the  whole  face  of  state 


PREMIER  DEAKIN   POINTS   OUT  AUSTRALIA. 

Alfred  (the  Teacher)  :  "  Here,  Johnny  Bull,  I 
am  determined  to  make  a  scholar  of  you.  That's 
.Australia.  You've  simply  got  to  recognize  Its  ex- 
istence.*' 

From  Punch  (Mell)ourne). 


244 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^fElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


politics;  it  may  go  a  long  way  toward  the 
unification  of  Australia ;  and  it  may  mortally 
wound  responsible  government  as  understood 
in  Australia* 

Protection,  Mr.  Hackett  says  frankly,  is 
becoming,  and,  in  fact,  is,  one  of  the  main 
articles  of  the  political  creed  of  the  people  of 
Australia.  "  For  good  or  for  evil,  the  com- 
monwealth must  be  added  to  the  protective 
people  of  the  world."  There  is  no  doubt  also 
that  Australia  intends  to  be  a  self-defended 


nation ;  and  equally  no  doubt  as  to  the  popu- 
lar wish  being  that  the  commonwealth  her- 
self should  direct  man,  officer,  commission, 
and  pay  her  own  contribution  to  imperial 
defense.  Perhaps  she  may  even  wish  to  con- 
struct her  own  ships  in  Australia.  Another 
federal  tendency  as  to  which  therr  can  be  no 
doubt  is  what  is  known  as  a  "  White  Aus- 
tralia," the  case  for  which  is  stated  by  Mr. 
Hackett.  Such  is  the  political  creed  of  the 
young  democracy  at  the  antipodes. 


SAN  FRANCISCO'S   STAR   PROSECUTOR. 


T^HE  dramatic  success  of  Assistant  Dis- 
trict-Attorney  Francis  J.  Heney  in  the 
prosecution  of  the  San  Francisco  grafting 
cases  has  aroused  the  interest  of  the  whole 
country,  and  stimulated  public  curiosity  con- 
cerning the  personal  history  of  this  fearless 
prosecutor.  This  curiosity  will  be  partially 
gratified  by  an  article  from  the  pen  of  Lin- 
coln Steffens  which  appears  in  the  August 
number  of  the  American  Magazine  (New 
York).  Heney's  career,  it  appears,  has  been 
as  picturesque  and  as  full  of  exciting  epi- 
sodes as  most  of  those  that  figure  in  the  dime 
novels  of  a  generation  ago.  Heney  grew  up 
in  San  Francisco,  but  early  in  life  fared  forth 
in  quest  of  even  more  adventure  than  that 
Western  metropolis  afforded.  He  led  a  reck- 
less life  in  Idaho  and  Arizona,  and  the  crisis 
of  it  all  was  a  bitter  and  long-continued  feud 
ending  in  Heney 's  "  killing  his  man."  We 
need  not  give  the  details  of  this  unpleasant 
episode.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  as  Mr.  Stef- 
fens has  reviewed  the  evidence  Heney  appears 
to  have  been  justified  in  his  act.  According 
to  Arizona  standards  his  act  was  not  only 
palliated,  but  was  applauded.  As  Mr.  Stef- 
fens puts  it,  "  all  men  felt,  and  many  had 
said,  that  Heney  should  not  have  taken  what 
he  did  from  Handy  (the  man  whom  he 
slew).  But  his  restraint  was  understood  for 
what  it  was,  moral  courage." 

The  young  attorney  soon  became  involved 
in  political  fights,  and  it  was  not  long  before 
he  rose  to  leadership  in  his  party  organiza- 
tion,— the  Democratic.  "  He  was  a  good 
leader;  honest,  sincere,  and  not  afraid;  and 
his  followers  were  like  him,  gay,  enthusiastic, 
and  unselfish.  Their  platform  was  (first) 
good  men  in  office,  (second)  economy,  and 
(third), — as  a  corollary, — no  graft."  In 
course  of  time  Heney  and  his  friends  got 
into  control,  not  only  of  the  county  organi- 


zation, but  of  the  Territorial  party  machine. 
President  Cleveland  had  just  been  elected  for 
the  second  time,  and  Heney  with  his  young 
Arizona  Democrats  secured  the  appointment 
of  the  Territorial  Governor.  Heney  himself 
took  the  Attorney-Generalship,  because,  as 
he  now  says,  he  was  afraid  that  the  Gov- 
ernor would  go  to  grafting,  and  he  thought 
that  it  was  his  place  to  mount  guard.  An 
investigation  of  the  retiring  Republican  ad- 
ministration apparently  revealed  many  in- 
stances of  petty  thieving,  but  before  long 
Heney  found  that  the  new  administration 
was  getting  involved  in  grafting* operations 
quite  as  serious  as  those  that  they  had  un- 
dertaken to  stop.  Heney*s  subsequent  course 
of  action  was  characteristic.  "  He  was  dis- 
gusted, but  he  fought.  He  brought  suits 
against  his  own  good  men,  just  as  he  had 
against  the  bad  men  in  the  old  administra- 
tion." Among  these  suits  was  one  against 
his  own  brother,  who  was  really  innocent  of 
offense,  but  was  the  only  responsible  party 
on  the  bond  of  one  of  the  grafters,  so  that  he 
was  made  to  pay.  Another  suit  was  against 
his  law  partner,  whom  he  had  appointed  a 
chancellor  of  the  university,  and  who  had  fol- 
lowed the  custom  of  taking  more  money  for 
his  services  than  the  Jaw  granted.  He  was 
made  to  pay  back  the  money. 

In  attempting  to  explain  his  attitude  to- 
ward corrupt  politics  Heney  has  said : 

No,  it's  not  a  mere  matter  of  good  men  and 
bad  men.  I  suppose  I  seem  always  to  be  trying 
to  put  crooks  in  jail,  and  I  am,  but  I  know  that 
that  won't  straighten  the  crookedness.  That's 
what  I  used  to  think.  Now  I  realize  that  my 
fight  isn't  against  men,  but  a  system,  and  my 
hope  is  that  the  evidence  I  produce  of  crime  may 
help  good  men  and  women  to  see  that  there  arc 
certain  causes  of  all  this  corruption  of  ours, 
causes  which  they  must  remove  if  we  are  ever 
to  achieve  good  government  in  Arizona,  Oregon, 
California, — the    United    States. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH.  245 
A  CENTURY'S  MOVEMENT  OF  POPULATION  IN  EUROPE. 

PROFESSOR    SOMBART,    of    Berlin,  tremes.    The  present  extent  of  German  terri- 

contributes    a    careful    article'  to    the  tory  contained  25,000,000  inhabitants  in  1816;  at 

Wocke.  which  is  rich  in  statistical  infomja-  Zs^^"!^^' '^L^tll' ,''^^^,'f,Z 

tion  concerning  the  developments  of  popula-  and  England  a  smaller  death-rate  than  Germany. 

tion  in  the  great  European  states  during  the  i       i -r 

past  hundred  years.     The  vast  increase  in  ^^l  ^^  ^^^  ^1^^*"?  °*  ^^^  ^°^^'  population 

numbers    in    countries    the    world    over,—  of   Lurope   which    has  already   taken   place 

France  forming  a  notable  exception,— he  re-  ^»^^»"  ^^s  borders,  as  aflfecting  the  share  of 

marks,  is  beyond  doubt  the  central  problem  J"f  various  nations,  this  writer  presents  the 

around  which  all  the  material  problems  of  iollov\»ng  tables: 

our  time,  and  almost  all  the  spiritual  ones,  ^^  ^*^*^  inhabitants  op  bdbopb  thkrb  fell  to 

revolve.     By  careful  investigation  he  comes  ''«"  ^^^''^  «*•  "^^^  «'r^'''=«  • 

to  the  conclusion  that,  on  the  whole,  the  chief  r- — in  tho  year* 


X  ^L-  •        •  ^  *     L  u-  •  1801.       18.,i>.       1905. 

cause  of  this  accession  is  not  to  be  sought  in  a  <;reat  Britain  and  Ireland 93         104         105 

suddenly  augmented  birth-rate,  but  in  a  de-  £^fg,?^**f y*.*".^.*; ; ; ;         ; ; ; ; ; ;  \l        {%        J? 

creased  death-rate  consequent  upon  the  dimi-  France  /.\\\ ,\V.V.V.\'.'.V.\\\\\^%       137         94 

/  ^1         1-     •      ^*  t        '  Germany   160         138         145 

nution  of  war,  upon  the  elimmation  of  epi-  Austria-Hungary    114   •    117 

demies,    the    increase   of   wealth,    but   most  •^^I^X^'ln^oVWii^/benmirk::  29         29         2! 

particularly    upon    improved    hygiene,    etc.  Russia   200       215       285 

After  giving  very  detailed  statisticial  state-  K  .""^. .^^''AT' \\\\\\\\\\\\iw^        95         so 

ments  regarding  the  various  European  coun-  Balkan  states 33         60         53 

tries,  he  thus  sums  up  :  of  1,000  KLROriCANS  THERR  WKBB  in  THB  YBAB 

Surveying  the  forest  of  figures  through  which  «„-j-„,^  ^®4V^     ^^50:     l»^^ 

we   have  wandered,  this  general  impression   is  i!atin    ..:;;;:::::;;;;:;;::;  355        321        251 

conveyed :  a  prodigious  increase  of  the  popula-  Slav  '...!.*.  .268        310        376 

tion  of  Europe  within  the  last  100,  particularly        ,tti  .,       \      r^ 

within  the  last  fifty  or  sixty  years.    Upon  the        While  the  Germanic  peoples  have  about 

same  extent  of  territory  upon  which  barely  two  maintained    their  position,   the   Latins  have 

generations  ago   (the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  b^^  thrust  far  back.    They  hadtto  give  way 

century)  250,000,000  people  lived,  400,000,000  are  ^^  ^1      o,     ^      ««  rr  r  i.      j     j 

now  living     The  various  countries  display,  of  ^«  ^^^^  Slavs.        If  Europe  a  hundred  years 

course,  great  differences.    Not  to  mention  Ire-  ago   was  preponderatingly, — that   is,  almost 

l^nd,  there  arc  countries  in  Europe  where  the  three-fourths, — Germanic-Latin,  it  is  to-day 

gain  in  population  has  been  very  slight,   like  preponderatingly,— likewise,  three-fourths,— 

France;    others, — Russia   and    England,— whose  f^  :         •    ci     •  a    j  l      j     j 

numbers  have  doubled  in  two  generations,  with  Germanic-i>lav!C.      And    a    hundred    years 

intervening    gradations    between    the    two    ex-  hence  r     * 


THE  "ARRIVAL"  OF  ARGENTINA. 

'X'HE  prodigious  development  of  the  United  analogous  to  that  of  the  United  States,  says 

States  within  the  last  few  generations  M.  Burnichon,  in  Etudes  (Paris).     It  was 

has  had  the  effect  of  making  the  people  of  the  expressed  conviction  of  the  late  Sefior 

the  Argentine  Confederation  very  indifferent  Pellegrini,  ex-President  of  Argentina,  that 

to,  if  not  wholly  contemptuous  of,  certain  by   the  end   of   the   twentieth   century   the 

other  countries  in  the  Western  Hemisphere,  republic  should  attain  the  world-importance 

progress  in  which,  if  it  has  not  been  so  self-  which  now  attaches  to  the  United   States. 

assertive  or  rapid,  has  at  any  rate  proceeded  Says  M.  Burnichon : 

along  lines  so  logical  and  methodical  as  to  A  glance  at  the  natural  advantages  of  the  Ar- 

warrant  the  belief  that  the  economic  future  g^^tine   Republic,  as   \vell  as  at   the   stage  of 

^^  «4.^«  <.«.««>^  ;^  ««.  l^^«.  ^«  ^.11..  «^,.,-j  u^^  economic  advancement  it  has  now  reached,  will 

of  these  States  IS  at  least  as  fully  assured  from  show   with   sufficient  clearness  that   Pellegrini. 

the  point  of  view  of  lasting  soundness  as  that  a  profound  economist,  indulged  in  no  fanciful 

of  the  United  States.  ream.     Its    superficies    is    six    times    that    of 

Among  the  Latin  countries  of  the  south  '^^"^^'  *^^  plains  are  watered  by  superb  rivers, 

•  ^        1     ^      A          ^'             i_     •  y   means    of   which    the   interior   is   placed    in 

one  can  point  only  to  Argentina  as  having  f^eh  with  the  coast.    The  Parana  runs  through 

any  claun  to  a  potentiality  of  development  le  country  for  more  than  2000  miles,  with  a 


246 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


breadth  varying  between  two  and  three  miles, 
carrying  to  the  ocean  a  volume  of  water  amount- 
ing to  some  30,000  cubic  meters  per  second,  or 
once  and  a  half  that  of  the  Mississippi,  twice 
that  of  the  Ganges,  four  times  that  of  the  Dan- 
ube, five  times  that  of  the  Nile,  and  one  hun- 
dred times  that  of  the  Seine.  The  Amazon 
alone  exceeds  it  in  this  respect.  It  is  capable 
of  floating  ships  having  a  draught  of  eighteen 
feet,  six  hundred  miles  in  the  interior. 

As  for  Buenos  Ay  res,  it  is  the  twelfth  port 
in  all  the  world.  In  1904  its  shipping-trade 
aggregated  10,500,000  tons  for  the  port  of 
Buenos  Ayres  alone, — that  is  to  say,  its  ship- 
ping had  doubled  itself  in  ten  years.  .  .  . 
In  1886  the  railway  system  of  the  republic 
amounted  to  5836  miles;  in  January,  190S, 
to  19,901  miles,  and  at  the  present  moment 
considerably  over  20,000  miles.  In  comfort, 
speed,  and  general  equipment  the  trains  equal 
those  of  the  United  States.  By  1909  if  will 
be  possible,  on  the  completion  of  operations 
now  in  execution,  to  travel  from  Buenos 
Ayres  to  Valparaiso  in  less  than  forty  hours. 
The  Argentine  Republic  will  by  the  construc- 
tion of  her  railroad  system  assure  her  future 
as  certainly  as  Canada  has  assured  hers.  Her 
enormous  cereal  resources  will  be  the  first  to 
profit  by  the  systems,  for,  although  her  great 
mineral  riches  are  practically  untouched, 
Argentina  is  essentially  an  agricultural  coun- 
try. In  fifteen  years  she  has  quadrupled  her 
area  of  cultivation.  In  1905  she  boasted 
10,273,000  full  acres  in  tillage  (of  which 
5,000,000  were  for  corn),  or  only  3  per  cent, 
of  the  superficies  of  the  country.  Besides 
this,  some  60,000  acres  are  given  over  to 
stock-raising,  the  returns  for  1^06  being 
128,000,000  sheep,  35,000,000  cattle,  and 
some  7,000,000  horses  and  mules.  Who 
shall  say,  then  that  her  cereals,  meats,  cotton, 
and ,  fruit  may  not  prove  a  fierce  competitor 
in  European  markets? 


That  the  farmer  has  entered  endiusiasdc- 
ally  into  the  exploitation  of  this  promised 
land  is,  M.  Burnichon  assures  us,  an  indis- 
putable fact.  The  price  of  farms  is  increas- 
ing every  day;  many  that  sold  over  twenty 
years  ago  for  $250  arc  now  cheap  at  $200,- 
000.  In  some  cases  they  exceed  200,000 
acres  in  extent.  Unfortunately,  hands  are 
wanting,  the  result  being  that  labor  is  at  a 
high  premium,  and  since  machinery  is  scarce 
the  aggregate  of  shipments  of  cereals  to  out- 
side markets  is  by  no  means  what  it  mig^t 
be.  It  is  to  be  remembered  that  in  order  to 
exploit  her  350,000,000  acres  Argentina  has 
but  a  population  of  5,000,000,  of  which 
Buenos  Ayres  alone  has  1,000,000.  With 
its  temperate  climate  and  its  immerae 
agricultural  resources,  it  offers  in  all 
probability  a  better  field  for  colonization 
than  any  new  country  in  the  world.  Says 
M.  Burnichon: 

Although  the  time  of  dirt-cheap  bargains  is 
gone,  settlers  can  easily  become  their  own  mas- 
ters, wa^es  being  abnormally  high,  and  tilled 
lands  being  available  for  purchase  on  a  yearly 
instalment  plan.  Unfortunately,  there  has  hith- 
erto prevailed  a  system  which  the  Argentine 
Government  now  proposes  to  remedy:  Till 
1905  the  best  lands  were  in  the  hands  of  spccti- 
lators,  who,  by  extortionate  rates  of  interest 
made  matters  hard  for  the  poorer  immigrant 
Thus  in  1905,  a  year  of  wondrous  prosperity, 
some  100,000  of  the  immigrants  returned  either 
to  Europe  or  North  America,  taking  out  of  the 
country  some  $1,500,000. — a  loss  sufficient  to 
awaken  the  government  to  a  sense  of  patriot- 
ism. Italy  and  Spain .  supply  the  largest  con- 
tingent of  immigrants,  while  English  capital  in- 
vested in  the  country  is  worth  $1,000,000,000, 
France  and  Germany  contributing  some  $200,- 
000,000  apiece, — money  paying  from  5  to  7  per 
cent,  to  investors.  Its  commercial  budget  for 
the  year  1906  shows  that  in  exportations  and  im- 
portations the  sum  of  $400,000,000  was  ex- 
ceeded,—or,  proportionately  to  the  population, 
twice  as  much  as  the  commerce*  of  France. 


TASK  OF  THE   COLLEGE   IN  THE  SOUTH. 


^npHE  specific  relation  of  the  college  in  the 
-*•  South  to  that  section's  moral  and  in- 
tellectual development  is  one  of  rare  signifi- 
cance. It  is  capable  of  rendering  it  unique 
service,  in  its  present  peculiar  difficulties. 
Prof.  S.  C.  Mitchell,  of  Richmond  College, 
submits  a  trenchant,  but  altogether  too  brief, 

.paper  on  this  subject  in  the  South  Atlantic 
Quarterly  for  July,  in  which  he  points  out 
several  definite  ways  in  which  the  college  is 
helping  the  South. 


Following  the  Civil  War,  it  brought  moral 
reinforcement  through  its  reliance  upon  truth 
and  its  appeal  to  reason  and  conscience  in  the 
allayment  of  passion.  It  stands  for  freedom 
in  thought  and  utterance.  It  promotes  the 
spirit  of  nationality  and  adjusts  our  people  to 
the  life  of  the  nation  as  a  whole.  Ir  has  fol- 
lowed the  transition  from  agriculture  to  in- 
dustry, and  promotes  it  by  offering  courses  in 
industrial  chemistry,  electricity,  mining  and 
engineering.    It  is  a  pioneer  for  univer^  ed- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


247 


ucation  and  an  adequate  public  school  system. 
It  molds  public  opinion  in  the  interest  of 
general  enlightenment.  It  brings  to  bear  on 
the  negro  problem  the  light  of  science  and 
the  charity  of  reason,  devoid  of  prejudice.  It 
socially  unifies  the  South  and  makes  for  gen- 
uine democracy. 

To  pursue  these  purposes  the  Southern  col- 
lege must  cultivate  in  its  students  independ- 
ence and  individuality  in  thinking  on  every 
fact, — whether  in  nature,  in  society,  or  in  the 
State.  It  must  continue  to  advocate  uni- 
versal education  and  the  frank  avowal  of  in- 
dividual conviction,  to  vitalize  reason  and 
stimulate  it  to  do  its  perfect  work.  Society 
must  be  presented  as  a  whole,  with  its  limit- 
less interplay  of  human  forces.  "  I  account,'* 
says  he,  "  this  right  focusing  of  the  student's 
view  of  the  world,  as  the  test  of  the  worth  of 
a  Southern  college."  Viewing  the  world 
from  the  attitude  of  a  particular  class,  or 
denomination,  is  fatally  defective,  because  it 
lacks  that  adjustment  to  actual  conditions 
which  alone  insures  success. 


The  student  should  be  trained  in  the  spirit  of 
the  publicist,  to  lead  intelligent  public  opinion 
and  divorce  it  from  reliance  on  the  politician. 
Patriotism  and  nationality  should  be  its  prin- 
ciples, and  in  them  its  students  should  be 
grounded,  and  taught  to  analyze  in  a  spirit 
of  judicial  candor.  "  The  college  to-day  must 
live  and  move  and  have  its  being  in  the  mul- 
titude. Its  office  is  to  transmit  truth  as  the 
atmosphere  diffuses  light."  The  expert  is 
finding  a  larger  place  in  our  democracy,  and 
increasing  importance  is  attached  to  special 
knowledge  and  trained  men.  "  We  are  be- 
ginning to  learn  that  the  structural  force  of 
society  is,  after  all,  the  idea.  ,  .  To 
create  and  to  energize  the  idea  of  social  prog- 
ress, of  national  integrity, — of  industrial 
justice,  and  of  spiritual  power,  is  the  real 
work  of  the  college.  .  .  In  the  recon- 
struction of  the  South,  so  distinguished  a  role 
has  been  assigned  to  college  men  as  to  inspire 
them  with  the  loftiest  ideals  and  to  string 
with  energy  their  purpose  to  bring  our 
democracy  to  its  highest  fruition." 


THE   NATURALIZATION  OF  THE  JAPANESE. 

¥N  an  article  in  the  North  American  lie-  in  the  United  States.  The  President's  rec- 
x'ieiu  of  June  21  Mr.  K.  K.  Kawakami  ommendation  for  a  Japanese-naturalization 
presents  an  appeal  to  "  rational-minded  law  is  of  great  moment  to  many  subjects  of 
Americans  "  for  an  extension  of  the  natural-  the  Mikado  in  this  country,  who  have  estab- 
ization  privilege  to  his  countrymen  resident    lished  considerable  business  and  are  keenly 

alive  to  all  vital  po- 
litical issues  in  this 
country.  The  prob- 
able number  desir- 
ous of-  becoming 
American  citizens, 
according  to  his  ap- 
proximation, is  in- 
significant ;  but  it 
makes  up  in  qualit>' 
for  its  numerical 
weakness. 

This  class  includes 
"  members  of  the 
faculties  of  several 
American  colleges," 
scientists,  writers, 
and  authors.  Argu- 
ments against  their 
admission  to  citizen- 
ship are  most  super- 

AN    rXPLE^ANT    AWAKEXINO.  fl^j^,^    j^^j^^   f^^^j^j 

TTncle  Sam  Is  aroused  from  his  dream  of  universal  peace  by  the  swarming         ri*.;fK#.r     unnn      ^  Vi  • 

Japanene.   who  arc   overmnnlni?  his  territory.  neiiner     upon     c  n  e 

From  Kiadderadatach    (Berlin).  Carcful  Study  of  the 


248 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^/EU^  OF  REI^IElVS. 


naturalization  laws  now  in  force  nor  upon 
the  close  investigation  into  the  real  status  of 
the  Japanese  population  in  America. 

Taking,  as  the  best  available  statistical 
enumeration  of  Japanese  residents  in  the 
United  States,  the  census  compiled  by  Japanese 
consuls  in  this  country,  he  estimates  the  num- 
ber now  in  the  United  States  at  49,598.  These 
he  subdivides  and  classifies  as  follows:  (i) 
Officials  and  students,  978;  (2)  profession- 
als, 410;  (3)  merchants  and  employees, 
•  405 1 ;  ( 4 )  farmers,  1 700 ;  ( 5 )  laborers  : 
farm,  21,707;  railroad,  7471;  domestic, 
7483 ;  miscellaneous,  5798.  '  Of  these,  stu- 
dents, officials,  and  laborers  will  all  return 
very  probably  to  Japan, — the  laborers  as  soon 
as  they  have  saved  a  modest  sum,  and  the 
students  and  officials  on  the  completion  of 
their  special  missions. 

Assuming  that  of  the  405 1  merchants  only 
1000  are  such  in  reality,  the  3051  being  em- 
ployees, in  conjunction  with  410  professionals 
and  1700  farmers,  we  have  only  31 10  Japa- 
nese subjects  likely  to  apply  for  American 
citizenship.  This,  of  course,  is  merely  an  ap- 
proximation, but  it  represents  the  number 
likely  to  remain  in  America  permanently. 

"  What  loss,"  says  he,  "  will  this  country 
suffer  in  naturalizing  such  a  comparatively 
small  number  of  industrious,  intelligent,  even 
intellectual,  Japanese?  What  danger,  in- 
dceed,  will  there  be  in  giving  them  the  priv- 
ilege of  voting?  Have  they  not  come  from 
a  country  where  a  local  self-government  and 
a  constitutional  government  have  been  suc- 
cessfully practiced  for  a  score  of  years?  Docs 
not  America  allow  even  Russian  peasants  to 
cast  the  ballot  after  a  few  years  of  residence, 
— peasants  who,  long  oppressed  under  an  ab- 
solute government,  have  no  knowledge  of  the 
working  of  a   free   government   until   they 


come  to  this  country?  Surely,  Mr.  Roose- 
velt's suggestion  in  regard  to  the  naturaliza- 
tion of  Japanese  ought  not  to  be  ignored,  as 
it  unfortunately  has  been." 

Contending  that  only  a  small  number  will 
apply  for  citizenship,  and  those  of  the  best, 
he  pertinently  asks:  Are  the  present  naturali- 
zation laws  powerless  to  discriminate  against 
ignorant  and  undesirable  applicants?  The 
new  naturalization  laws  leave  to  official  dis- 
cretion the  rejection  or  admission  to  citizen- 
ship of  those  intellectually  or  morally  un- 
fitted. 

Mentioning  several  Japanese  subjects 
whose  names  are  favorably  known  to  Ameri- 
can readers,  he  continues :  "  To  enumerate 
all  the  representative  Japanese  in  Amerrca  is 
alike  impossible  and  superfluous;  suffice  it  to 
say  that  these  are  men  who  are  most  anxious  to 
sec  the  present  naturalization  laws  so  amend- 
ed as  to  render  them  justice,  believing  that 
the  laws  as  they  stand  not  only  cause  them 
many  inconveniences,  but  subject  them  to 
needless  indignities."  Some  of  these  have 
brought  their  wives  with  them,  and  others 
have  married  American  women.  Moreover, 
Japanese  are  not  "  clannish,"  and  endeavor 
to  adjust  themselves  to  their  American  envi- 
ronments. 

In  conclusion,  he  says :  "  With  all  his  in- 
tense patriotism  and  his  deep  love  for  the 
Land  of  the  Rising  Sun,  the  Mikado's  sub- 
ject is,  after  all,  not  unlike  the  subject  of 
the  Kaiser,  who,  emigrating  to  the  United 
States,  becomes  in  a  few  years  an  enthusiastic 
admirer  of  his  new  country,  ready  to  defend 
everything  American.  It  is  unfair  and  un- 
manly to  close  to  him  the  door  to  American- 
ization, and  declare  that  the  son  of  Nippon  is 
inherently  incapable  of  becoming  a  faithful 
member  of  the  Republic," 


A  WOMAN'S   UNIVERSITY   IN  JAPAN. 


TN  their  eager  and  clever  adaptation  of 
western  methods  of  civilization  the  Japa- 
nese do  not  abandon  their  old  customs ;  they 
cling  to  them  and  cultivate  them  with  patri- 
otic fervor.  We  find  an  evidence  of  this  in 
the  University  for  Women  at  Tokio,  where 
there  is  a  curious  mingling  of  western  and 
eastern  culture.  Captain  von  Pustau,  of  the 
(icrinan  navy,  found  much  to  interest  him 
on  vi!*iting  that  institution,  and  gives  a  rather 
drtnilfd  account  of  its  workings,  in  the  Ber- 
lin H'orhf. 


The  university  owes  its  origin,  he  remarks, 
to  the  ever-growing  consciousness  of  the 
upper  classes  of  Japan  that  their  own  in- 
creased culture  and  participation  in  public 
affairs  demand  a  more  elevated  and  compre- 
hensive education  on  the  part  of  their  women 
than  they  are  capable  of  obtaining  in  the 
girls'  schools  even  of  the  modem  type. 
When,  therefore.  Professor  Narusc  agitated 
the  question  of  founding  a  university,  in 
1895,  he  was  promptly  seconded  in  his  ef- 
forts by  a  great  number  of  wealthy  and  in- 


'LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE   MONTH. 


249 


iy-v 


THE    HALL   OF   THE    WOMAN'S    UNIVERSITY    IN    TOKIO. 


fluential  men.  The  following  year  he  had 
700  subscribers,  among  them  being  Mar- 
quis Ito,  Count  Okuma,  Kobuta,  the  present 
Minister  of  Education,  besides  some  noted 
financiers;  so  that  it  was  made  possible  to 
erect  a  portion  of  the  buildings  in  1900,  on 
a  marvelously  beautiful  site  in  the  suburbs 
of  Tokio,  starting  w^ith  an  attendance  of 
300  university  students  and  500  pupils  in  the 
girls'  high  school  attached  to  the  university. 
The  Empress  evinced  her  interest  in  the 
new  institution  by  a  considerable  gift  of 
money,  and  it  has  from  the  outset  had  a 
brilliant  development,  being  mainly  sup- 
ported by  private  contributions.  It  is  con- 
templated to  enlarge  its  scope  by  the  addi- 
tion of  an  elementary  school  and  kindergar- 
ten. The  objects  aimed  at,  according  to  the 
statutes,  are :  **  To  advance  the  general  cul- 
ture of  the  students,  in  order  that  they  may 
in  the  future  be  able  to  fulfill  their  duties  as 
women,  wives,  and  mothers  upon  the  basis 
of  modern  conceptions  of  culture."  To  gain 
admission,  the  pupils  must  be  over  seventeen 
and  have  successfully  passed  through  the  nor- 
mal school.  Their  good  conduct  must  be 
vouched  for  by  a  reputable  citizen  of  Tokio. 
If  their  behavior  gives  rise  to  censure,  or  if 
they  are  unequal  to  following  the  courses  of 


study,  they  are  summarily  dismissed.  Up  to 
the  present  there  are  three  different  three- 
year  courses, — namely,  domestic  economy, 
Japanese  literature,  and  English  literature; 
courses  are  to  be  established  also  in  peda- 
gogics, music,  art,  and  science.  There  arc 
a  number  of  optional  studies, — ^Japanese, 
Chinese,  and  English  literature,  philosophy, 
music,  painting,  etc. 

The  university  exhibits  on  the  greatest 
scale  a  combination  of  a  girls*  boarding- 
school  and  school  of  domestic  economy,  since 
over  1000  pupils  are  housed  and  boarded  for 
the  ludicrously  small  sum  of  $3.57  a  month, 
paying,  in  addition,  not  quite  a  dollar  a 
month  for  tuition.  To  quote  directly  from 
Captain  von  Pustau*s  article: 

That  special  value  is  attached  to  the  develop- 
ment of  character  is  attested  by  the  fact  that 
ethics  takes  precedence  in  the  scheme  of  instruc- 
tion and  is  taught  by  the  director  himself, — 
Japanese  ethics,  be  it  noted,  which  places  woman 
in  a  much  more  dependent  position  as  regards 
the  opposite  sex  than  is  occupied  by  her  in  Ger- 
many,—not  to  say  America.  Much  as  has  been 
adopted  of  the  western  scheme  of  education,  the 
principle  has  been  steadily  maintained  that  the 
pupils  should,  above  all,  remain  daughters  of 
their  country,  the  faithful  guardians  of  its  cus- 
toms and  traditions.  As  an  outward  sign  of 
this  spirit,  the  broad  avenue  leading  to  the  uni- 
versity is  lined  with   magnificent  cherry  trees. 


250 


THE  AMERICAN  REl/IEii^  OF  REl/IEWS, 


whose  superb,  rich  blossom  is  the  national  flower 
of  Japan.  Besides  a  large  staflF  of  excellent  pro- 
fessors, there  are  a  number  of  Japanese  and  four 
English  or  American  woman  instructors.  Cap- 
tain Pustau  was  specially  struck,  on  his  re- 
peated visits,  by  the  extraordinary  zeal  and  con- 
centration of  the  students. 


Great  stress,  besides,  is  laid  upon  health  and 
bodily  development,  and  to  this  end  the  esthetic 
exercises,  copied  from  America,  take  the  lead- 
ing place,  the  young  girls  going  through  all  sorts 
of  gymnastics  with  hoops,  flags,  fans,  dubs, 
etc.,  to  the  accompaniment  of  music  Dancing, 
too,  is  practiced,  to  cultivate  grace. 


/ 


THE  CASE  AGAINST  THE   DUMA. 


T)R.  DILLON,  in  the  Contemporary  Re- 
vieuf,  appears  actually  to  rejoice  over 
the  fall  of  the  Duma.    For  the  action  of  M. 
Stolypin  he  has  nothing  but  praise: 

It  was  in  the  best  interests  of  representative 
institutions  in  Russia  that  the  Second  Duma  was 
dissolved.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  third  ex- 
periment will  be  successful.  The  Cabinet  has 
done  its  best  to  bring  about  this  result.  The 
Imperial  Manifesto  struck  the  right  note.  The 
promulgation  by  the  Czar  himself  of  the  new 
electoral  law  was  another  step  in  the  right  di- 
rection. Whatever  the  outcome  of  the  new 
measures  may  be,  the  Premier  has  done  his  duty, 
and  deserved  well  of  the  community. 

The  case  against  the  fifty-five  deputies 
whose  exclusion  was  demanded  by  M.  Stoly- 
pin was  an  exceedingly  strong  one.  Few 
normal  parliaments  would  have  hesitated  un- 
der the  circumstances,  but  the  Duma  was  far 
from  being  a  normal  assembly.  It  was  the 
patron  and  defender  of  assassins. 

A  large  number  of  the  deputies  were  not 
men  of  good-will: 

They  had  put  their  faith  in  violent  measures 
and  had  come  to  the  Tavrida  Palace  solely  for 
the  purpose  of  organizing  a  vast  popular  move- 
ment, into  which  the  troops  were  to  be  drawn, 
and  of  leading  it  against  the  p^overnment  and 
the  regime.  Almost  at  the  openmg  of  the  Duma 
about  half  its  members  listened  with  satisfaction 
to  the  statement  made  by  their  spokesman  that 
they  had  come  not  for  legislative  work,  not  to 
pacify  the  country,  btit  to  revolutionize  it.  And 
the  declaration  was  loudly  cheered. 

The  action  of  the  Duma  on  the  nation 
was  unmistakable,  but  it  was  irritating,  not 
tranquilizing.  Lawlessness  spread,  murder- 
ers were  heroes,  property  was  a  crime,  life  a 
gift  to  be  taken  back  if  used  against  the  ter- 
rorists. The  Qjnstitutional  Democrats  were 
shrewd,  shifty,  and  resourceful,  a  party  of 
tactics,  but  not  of  principles.  They  were 
made  of  soft,  yielding  stuff,  and  their  pro- 
gramme was  a  mirage.  They  were  alto- 
gether out  of  place  in  an  assembly  where 
the  majority  of  the  deputies  were  in  grim 
earnest  trj'ing  to  pull  down  the  whole  politi- 
cal and  social  fabric.  Their  negotiations 
with  the  government  for  the  formation  of  a 


Center  party  broke  down  because  they  were 
compelled  to  rely  upon  the  Poles  for  sup- 
port. They  finally  precipitated  the  decision 
to  dissolve  the  Duma  by  their  failure  to  come 
to  a  prompt  decision  over  the  question  of  the 
deputies.  Dr.  Dillon's  indictment  against 
the  Duma  amounts  to  this :  That  it  was  com- 
posed of  men  who  did  not  believe  in  it,  and 
merely  utilized  it  as  an  instrument  to  effect 
a  revolution  and  bring  about  the  downfall 
of  the  existing  regime. 

Dr.  Dillon  approves  of  the  new  election 
law,  and  believes  that  the  majority  of  the 
new  Duma  bids  fair  to  be  at  least  capable  of 
legislating  for  the  nation.  He  gives  a  useful 
summary  of  the  changes  effected  under  the 
new  law: 

In  future  the  number  of  deputies  will  be 
smaller  than  it  was,  442  instead  of  520;  the  num- 
ber of  cities  with  separate  representation  will  be 
fewer. — five  in  lieu  of  twenty-six;  the  total  of 
non-Russian  elements  in  Parliament  will  be  con- 
siderably curtailed,  and  the  loss  will  fall  mainly 
upon  the  non- Russian  elements  of  the  popula- 
tion. Thus  European  Russia  will  send  403  rep- 
resentatives to  the  Duma,  and  the  remainder 
will  be  delegated  by  the  Kingdom  of  Poland, 
the  Caucasus  and  Asiatic  Russia.  The  Polish 
Club,  which  contained  forty-six  members  in  die 
Second  Duma,  will  have  but  ten  in  the  Third, 
and  will,  therefore,  be  unable  to  turn  the  scales 
now  to  the  Right,  now  to  the  Left.  The  Cau- 
casus will  also  have  ten  deputies  to  look  after  its 
needs,  but  two  of  them  will  be  chosen  by  the 
Caucasian  Cossacks.  Russia  in  Asia  will  send 
fifteen  members  to  the  Duma,  but  seven  of  them 
will  be  elected  by  the  Russian  elements  of  tlic 
provinces  of  Tomsk  and  Tobolsk,  and  three  by 
the  Cossacks.  Consequently  the  provinces  and 
districts  which  are  inhabited  by  non-Russians 
will  be  represented  by  twenty-five  deputies  all 
told,  and  Turkestan  in  particular  will  have  none. 
In  the  five  cities, — St.  Petersburg,  Moscow. 
Kieff,  Odessa,  and  Riga, — ^which  retain  a  sep- 
arate representation,  the  ballot  will  be  direct, 
that  is,  the  constituents  will  vote  not  for  dele- 
gates who  are  to  choose  the  deputies,  but  for 
deputies.  Everywhere  else  the  voting  will  be 
indirect,  as  heretofore.  Again,  the  peasants  will 
no  longer  obtain  a  lion's  share  of  representation 
in  the  rural  districts.  The  other  landowners 
will  inherit  all  the  power  which  the  peasantry 
heretofore  wielded  over  and  above  its  own  fair 
share. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


251 


THE   UNIONIZING  OF   GERMANY'S   POORLY   PAID 
PROFESSIONAL  MEN.' 


TT  has  so  often  been  asserted  that  a  classi- 
cal education  is  a  mere  waste  of  time, 
and  that  a  scientific  training  is  the  only 
guaranty  of  both  success  and  wealth,  that 
the  acute  observer  is  amazed  when  he  con- 
siders the  position  of  technically  educated 
men  in  Germany.  In  a  country  where  tech- 
nical training  has  been  developed  to  an  ex- 
tent unknown  in  other  civilized  states,  he 
will  find  that  the  scientific  education  has  not 
meant  prosperity  for  the  university  graduate. 
The  position  of  the  German  physicians  has 
been  growing  increasingly  serious  from  an 
economic  standpoint,  and  during  the  past 
year  more  or  less  concern  has  been  felt 
at  the  grave  situation  in  other  scientific  de- 
partments. Indeed,  it  is  stated  with  no  small 
amount  of  justice  that  the  physicist,  the  elec- 
trical engineer,  the  chemist,  is  in  a  position 
far  inferior  to  the  carpenter,  the  mason,  the 
ironworker,  and  the  discontent  is  so  general 
that  a  strong  movement  toward  unionizing 
technical  forces  is  on  foot.  In  a  recent  issue 
of  the  Frankfurter  Zeitung  we  find  a  long 
discussion  of  the  problem. 

This  careful  journal  says  that  "  the  golden 
stream  which  has  flowed  from  the  industrial 
life  of  Germany  has  benefited  only  a  thin 
strata  of  the  population,  while  the  men  who 
have  created  that  life,  the  graduates  of  our 
colleges  and  universities,  have  not  been  bene- 
fited at  all.''  It  also  draws  attention  to  the 
contrast  between  the  actual  profits  in  the 
technical  trades  and  the  salaries  received  by 
the  men  managing  the  factories,  a  contrast 
so  glaring 

that  it  led  to  the  formation  two  years  ago  of  the 
Bund  dcr  Technisch-industriellen  Beamten. 
This  society  has  brought  to  light  much  which 
seems  incredible.  For  example,-  we  hear  of  men 
with  diplomas  from  our  best  universities  receiv- 
ing Sj  cents  a  day,  even  less,  and  the  increase  in 
wage  is  so  small  that  in  the  great  majority  of 
cases  the  sum  of  $50  a  month  would  not  be 
reached  for  more  than  ten  years.  Moreover,  the 
men  must  frequently  obligate  themselves  to  re- 
lease to  their  employers  any  invention  they  may 
make,  together  with  all  claim  for  royalty,  while 
practically  all  chance  for  improving  their  posi- 
tion is  stifled  by  conditions  m  the  service  con- 
tract which  are  repulsive  even  to  the  morally 
obtuse.  And  not  only  are  they  repulsive,  but 
they  ignore  all  individual  riffhts, — witness  one 
of  the  largest  Berlin  factories  where  the  amount 
of  salary  is  a  **  trade  secret,"  the  divulging  of 
which  may  mean  instant  dismissal. 

Thi3  writer  estimates  that  60  per  centum 
of  the  college-bred  technical  men   in  Ger- 


many receive  less  than  $500  a  year,  25  per 
centum  from  $500  to  $750,  and  only  15  per 
centum  more  than  $750.  But  in  order  "  to 
obtain  this  trifling  wage  a  young  man  costs 
his  parents  from  $1000  to  $4000." 

"a  stupendous  overcrowding.'' 

The  Frankfurter  Zeitung  considers  that 
"  conditions  are  absolutely  chaotic,  and  as  a 
result  of  the  increase  in  the  number  of  our 
technical  schools,  without  any  adequate  in- 
vestigation of  the  needs  of  the  professions, 
there  is  a  stupendous  overcrowding  of  the 
different  departments." 

Consequently,  in  the  case  of  an  offer  in  the 
Rheinland  of  a  place  with  $45  a  month  salary 
there  were  270  applicants,  and  a  place  with  $50 
brought  700  letters.  Further,  in  the  best  of  our 
technical  papers,  as  the  Elektrotechnischen 
Zeitschrift  and  the  Zeitschrift  des  Vereins 
Dcutscher  Ingenieure,  we  constantly  find  an  ex- 
tensive list  of  applications  for  positions,  appli- 
cations which  in  many  instances  are  heartrend- 
ing. It  is  an  ordinary  thing  to  read  of  "$25  to 
be  paid  for  a  position,"  or  of  $40  to  $50  for  the 
same  thing,  or  "  for  three  years  I  will  pay  10 
per  centum  of  salary  to  the  person  who  procures 
a  position  for  a  constructor  with  twelve  years' 
experience,"  and  so  forth.  In  the  Essener  An- 
zexger  we  saw  a  short  time  ago  this  advertise- 
ment :  "  Engineer,  forty-thr^  years  old,  for 
nineteen  years  active  as  chief  and  sub-chief  engi- 
neer, office  and  outdoor  work,  desires  at  once 
employment  in  any  place,  even  as  foreman  or 
laborer."  And  it  would  be  possible  to  cite  in- 
definitely similar  evidences  of  the  deplorable  con- 
dition of  the  German  technical  professions. 

The  condition  which  the  German  writer 
describes  is  no  ordinary  one,  and  these  ad- 
vertisements have  in  general  no  relation  to 
the  "  want  ads  "  which  appear  in  American 
papers  offering  rewards  for  positions.  As 
the  same  writer  says,  "  we  have  here  a  seri- 
ous menace  to  German  industry,  since  there 
are  at  least  300,000  to  400,000  men  with 
superb  technical  training  who  are  threat- 
ened with  a  mere  hand-to-mouth  existence. 

Indeed,  ordinary  mechanics  have  more  than 
once  declared  that  they  would  not  change  places 
with  the  engineers  and  physicists  who  have  made 
German  technical  skill  famous  the  world  over. 
And  the  wisdom  of  this  view  will  at  once  appear 
if  >ye  cite  the  instance  of  only  one  Berlin  factory 
which  was  forced  to  raise  the  wages  of  its  lock- 
smiths twice  the  past  year.  During  the  discus- 
sion with  his  men  the  director  referred  to  the 
salaries  of  his  college-bred  assistants,  and  re- 
marked that  if  the  wages  of  the  workmen  con- 
tinued to  increase  it  would  soon  be  possible  to 
obtain  two  university  men  for  one  locksmith. 
To  this  the  mechanics  replied,  with  evident  scorn. 


252 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


"  these  people  are  foolish  to  accept  their  present 
salaries.  *  Therefore,  we  find  the  question  firmly 
posed:  Shall  technical  skill  be  unionized?  An 
answer  to  this  question  seems  only  possible  in 
the  affirmative,  and  this  applies  not  only  to  the 
technical  men  but  also  to  that  vast  army  of  em- 
ployees, bookkeepers,  cashiers,  clerks,  who  are 
to-day  utterly  defenceless  before  the  exploita- 
tion of  their  superiors. 

The  German  Musician  as  a  Waffe-Earner. 

A  recent  article  in  the  Soziale  Praxis 
(Berlin)  discusses  wage  and  salary  condi- 
tions among  the  German  musicians.  The 
writer  refers  to  the  "  desperate  position  of  the 
majority  of  German  musicians  that  has  been 
given  wide  discussion  recently  in  the  columns 
of  the  press."  The  musicians  themselves, 
through  their  organization,  the  Allgemeine 
Deutsche  Musikverein,  -have  also  tried  to 
remedy  the  situation  by  petitions  and  appeals 
to  the  public  and  government.  But  so  far 
these  efforts  have  not  been  fruitful.  In  order 
to  appreciate,  however,  the  importance  of 
the  question  attention  is  called  to  two  recent 
books  which  "  should  be  read  by  every  one 
interested  in  German  music."  The  first  of 
these  books  is  "Die  Soziale  Lage  der 
deutschen  Orchestermusiker'*  by  Paul  Mar- 
sop  (Shuster  and  Loeffler,  Berlin),  and  the 
other  is  entitled  "Die  Lage  der  Orchester- 
musiker  in  Deutschland/'  by  Dr.  Heinrich 
Waltz  (G.  Braunschen,  Karlsruhe). 

According  to«TDr.  Waltz,  the  situation 
may  be  summed  up  in  the  statement  that 
with  few  exceptions  "  the  position  to-day  of 
the  orchestra  musician  in  Germany  is  a  pre- 
carious one." 

The  exceptions  to  this  rule  are  members 
of  the  great  orchestras,  although  even  in 
these  cases  only  the  first  positions  are  well 
paid.  The  two  leaders  at  the  Imperial 
Prussian  Opera  House  receive  $1500  and 
$1250  a  year,  tut  this  is  an  unusually  high 
wage;  and  in  the  larger  court  and  city  thea- 
ters the  pay  of  the  orchestra  musicians  is 
notoriously  insufficient.  The  Soziale  Praxis 
says: 

The  tables  which  Waltz  publishes  show  how 
filled  with  care  and  denial  is  the  existence  of 
these  artists,  ai  d  how  little  their  material  life  is 
fitted  to  strengthen  them  for  the  great  bodily 
and  mental  exertions  which  they  are  compelled 
to  make.  Musicians  who  have  to  fulfill  the 
highest  artistic  demands. — for  example,  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Hamburg  Stadttheatre  orchestra, — 
receive  only  $350  a  year,  and  in  the  smaller 
towns,  as  Rostock,  Wurzburg,  Nuremburg, 
which  must  have  their  Wagner  performances, 
the  pay  is  from  $20  to  $25  a  month. 

The  season  in  the  larger  theaters  is  about 
nine  months,  but  in  the  smaller  it  is  only 


from  November  to  Palm  Sunday.  The  rest 
of  the  time  the  personnel  must  live  as  best 
it  can.  Therefore  the  places  in  the  summer- 
resort  orchestras  are  eagerly  sought.  A  posi- 
tion at  one  of  the  great  resorts,  however, 
merely  assures  the  musician  a  bare  living,  ob- 
tained at  great  expenditure  of  labor.  In 
many  instances  the  men  must  play  three  times 
daily  in  wind  and  rain,  and  even  when  there 
are  not  so  many  performances  the  work  is 
rigorous  to  a  degree.  Moreover,  in  the  great 
resorts,  Homburg,  Kreuznach,  Kissingcn, 
the  salary  is  only  from  $27.50  to  $40  a 
month,  and  in  the  smaller,  Bad  Reinerz,  Sal- 
zungen,  Landeck,  the  wage  is  from  $17.50 
to  $27.50  a  month.  In  connection  with  these 
statements  it  should  be  said  that  the  musician 
has  little  or  no  time  to  earn  additional  money. 
At  best  only  violinists  and  'cellists  can  earn 
a  little  extra,  but  these  men  are  usually 
obliged  to  hold  themselves  always  at  the  dis- 
position of  the  leader.  Thus  they  are  in  no 
sense  masters  of  even  a  small  portion  of  their 
day. 

These  pitiful  salaries  are  arrayed  against  a 
constantly  increasing  artistic  demand.  The 
work  which  the  musician  must  do  to-day  is 
vastly  greater  than  that  which  was  required 
thirty  years  ago.  Mere  waltzes  and  marches  are 
no  longer  sufficient.  There  must  be  grand 
opera  and  symphony  concerts.  Dr.  Waltz  says 
that  from  thirty-six  to  thirty-eight  hours  are 
spent  in  public  every  week  by  the  average  Ger- 
man musician,  and  this  does  not  include  the 
many  hours  spent  in  practice  and  rehearsals. 

The  position  of  the  higher-class  musicians 
is  desperate  enough,  but  it  appears  favorable 
when  compared  to  that  of  the  men  in  the 
music-halls,  beer-gardens,  and  similar  places. 
These  musicians  belong  to  no  orchestra,  and 
they  play  when  and  where  they  can.  But 
they  naturally  suffer  from  the  irregularity 
of  their  work,  and  they  arc  also  compelled  to 
accept  any  price  that  may  be  offered.  It 
frequently  happens,  as  the  Fachzeitung  fur 
Zivilmusiker  reports,  that  these  men  play 
for  six  or  eight  hours  at  a  ball  or 
other  entertainment  for  $1  or  75  cents; 
and  it  appears  from  a  canvas  made  by 
a  musical  organization  that  in  Berlin  26 
per  cent,  of  the  independent  musicians 
do  not  earn  $12.50  a  month,  and  44 
per  cent,  do  not  receive  $15.  In  the 
small  orchestras  which  share  the  profits  the 
pay  is  little  better.  In  Heidelberg,  for 
example,  the  members  of  a  "  mutual  "  orches- 
tra received  $225  annually,  and  in  Gera  the 
receipts  were,  for  a  stated  period,  only  $50 
to  $75  a  head. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


263 


RAILWAYS  OF  THE   UPPER  CONGO. 


DISTRESSING  reports  have  reached  us 
more  frequently  than  any  constructive 
tidings  anent  Belgium's  exploitation  of  the 
Congo.  Because  of  this  fact  we  are  glad  to 
record  a  friendly  tribute  to  the  enterprise  and 
achievement  of  the  Belgians  in  that  region. 
Mr.  Demetrius  C.  Boulger,  writing  on  rail- 
road construction  in  the  Congo  under  the 
Leopold  regime,  in  the  Engineering  Maga- 
zine for  July,  says  the  story  is  really  a  ro- 
mance that  would  fill  a  volume.  '*  It  seems 
to  be  forgotten,"  says  he,  "  by  some  of  our 
latter-day  critics,  that  the  Berlin  act,  which 
is  so  often  invoked  by  persons  who  have  evi- 
dently never  read  it  in  its  entirety,  laid  down 
in  one  of  the  sections  of  its  first  article  that 
the  construction  of  railways  was  to  be  un- 
dertaken chiefly  with  the  view  of  abolishing 
human  portage.  Although  twenty-two  years 
have  elapsed  since  the  signature  of  that  act 
by  fourteen  powers,  not  one  of  the  five  hold- 
ing territory  therein  has  constructed  a  single 
mile  of  railway  in  the  Congo  basin,  except 
the  Congo  State."  This  speaks  well  for 
Leopold's  rule. 

Water  communication  was  first  attempted. 
In  December,  1881,  the  first  of  the  Congo 
Government's  steamers  was  launched  on 
Stanley  Pool.  It  was  only  five  tons.  Dur- 
ing the  subsequent  twenty-five  years  a  regular 
fleet  of  steamers  was  added,  of  over  500  tons 
each.  In  March,  1887,  King  Leopold 
granted  a  concession  for  the  construction  of 
a  railroad  from  Matadi,  the  ocean  port  of 
the  Lower  Congo,  to  Lcopoldville,  the  river 
port  on  Stanley  Pool.  In  1898,  ft  became 
available  for  traflic,  and  human  portage  has 
ceased  to  be  known  throughout  the  whole  of 
the  Cataracts  Province  since  its  construction. 
Evils  resulting  from  the  employment, — some- 
times forced, — of  natives  in  this  work,  Mr. 
Boulger  says,  were  inevitable,  and  the  price 
that  had  to  be  paid  for  a  great  and  highly 
beneficent  result.  Continuing,  he  says :  "  No 
government  could  have  shown  more  clearly 
than  the  Congo  State  that  it  realized  that 
portage  was  a  system  to  be  superseded  by 
something  better  in  the  Upper  Congo  region 
as  quickly  and  as  effectively  as  had  been  done 
in  the  Lower  Congo." 

In  1898,  the  year  of  the  official  opening  of 
the  line  to  Stanley  Pool,  the  question  entered 
upon  its  third  stage.  Orders  were  issued  for 
the  survey  of  a  railroad  from  Stanleyville  to 
die  Nile.  In  January,  1902,  a  concession 
was  granted  to  a  company  formed  specially 


to  fill  up  gaps  in  the  river  navigation  caused 
by  cataracts,  through  the  construction  of 
short  railroad  lines.  One  line  to  turn  the 
cataracts  at  Stanley  Falls  is  completed  and 
in  working  order ;  and  a  second,  to  turn  the 
cataracts  of  Hell's  Gate  and  Sendwe,  is  pro- 
gressing with  remarkable  rapidity. 

"  The  starting  point  of  these  railways  is 
Stanleyville,  a  picturesque  and  growing  town 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  main  Congo  River, 
situated  at  an  altitude  of  about  1400  feet 
above  sea  level.  The  first  half  of  the  line 
rises  steadily  and  slowly  to  a  maximum  alti- 
tude of  1750  feet.  The  second  half  is  an 
equally  gradual  descent  to  Ponthierville, 
which  is  less  than  1550  feet  above  sea  level. 
Except  for  this  very  small  ascent  and  descent 
the  construction  of  the  railway  presented  no 
features  of  great  difficulty.  As,  however, 
the  track  passes  through  a  dense  forest,  it 
was  not  easy  to  determine  which  was  the 
best  line  to  follow.  The  clearing  of  the  for- 
est has  been  accomplished  only  for  a  very 
few  yards  on  each  side  of  the  rails.  Cer- 
tainly the  most  serious  part  of,  the  work  was 
the  cutting  of  the  track  through  the  wood 
and  undergrowth,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
timber  could  not  be  burnt  on  the  spot,  but 
had  to  be  carried  into  the  open.  A  further 
cause  of  difficulty  was  the  eradication  of  the 
roots  and  undergrowth,  while  numerous 
watercourses  required  either  extensive  drain- 
ing and  the  construction  of  culverts,  or,  at 
certain  points,  the  building  of  bridges.  How- 
ever, none  of  these  last  named  was  of  any 
important  dimensions.  Out  of  the  twenty 
constructed  only  ten  exceeded  fifty  yards  in 
length." 

Labor  had  to  be  organized,  for  it  was  en- 
tirely local.  Over  every  100  laborers  was 
a  European  foreman.  On  this  phase  of  the 
problem  the  writer  cites  Mr.  William  Edgar 
Geii's  views,  from  which  we  extract: 
"  While  in  construction  of  the  chemin  de  fer 
du  Congo  certainly  hundreds  have  lost  their 
lives,  and  I  have  no  doubt  thousands,  yet  in 
the  long  run  it  will  prove  to  be  of  great  value 
in  saving  human  life.  It  is  also  a  great  sav- 
ing of  human  health.  The  old  caravan  route 
was  flanked  with  the  graves  of  carriers  and 
of  whites  who  fell  by  the  way,  and  diseases 
were  developed  by  the  journey.  Now  many 
sufferings  are  avoided.  Before  the  railway 
was  opened  the  journey  took  twenty  days,  at 
a  cost  of  £50.  There  is  now  a  great  saving 
of  time,  and  the  trip  costs  only  £2.     This 


254  THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 

IS  a  prodigious  saving,  and  with  regard  to  and  water  is  being  opened  up  for  a  distance 

the  Great  Lakes  Railway  it  is  not  only  a  of  not  less  than   860  miles  above  Stanley 

great  material  help,  but  also  furnishes  a  new  Falls,  and  already  300  miles  of  it  is  open  to 

idea  to  the  whole  native  mind, — not  simply  traffic" 

to  those  living  in  proximity  to  the  line,  but       He  thus  concludes:    "What  the  Belgians 

to  millions  of  natives  that  have  heard  rumors  have  accomplished  with  regard  to  the  Congo 

of  this  strange  mode  of  transportation.     .     .  is  that  they  have  supplemented  the  defects  of 

With  regard  to  the  work,  2300  native  work-  nature  and  vanquished  the  obstacles  that  ren- 

men   are   employed   and   but   thirty   whites,  dered  navigation  on  the  great  river  of  dubi- 

.     .     .     I   carefully  scrutinized    the   native  ous  value.     By  the  railway  in  the  Lower 

employees,  and  found  them  strong,  robust,  Congo    they    placed    the    upper    river    in 

and  jolly.     .     .     Indeed,  they  impressed  me  direct  communication   with   the   ocean  and 

as  being  prosperous  and  well  satisfied  with  thereby  with  the  outer  world.     By  the  two 

their  employers,  their  employment,  and  their  railways  that  I  have  described  in  this  paper 

•wages."  they  have  evaded  and  turned  the  obstacles 

The  line  from   Stanleyville  to  Ponthier-  which  were  assumed  to  render  the  river  use- 

ville, — a  distance  of  eighty  miles, — begun  in  less    as    a   waterway   above    Stanley    Falls. 

January,    1903,   was   completed   in    March,  They  have  thus  insured  the  prolongation  of 

1 906.    On  a  new  line  from  Kindu  there  are  the  magnificent  water,  route  which  traverses 

at  work  $000  men,  and  thirty  kilometers  out  their  territory  in  its  first  portion  from  west 

of  320  are  completed.    It  will  be  finished  by  to  east,  and  in  its  second  from  north  to  soudi. 

1909.     The   navigable  channel   from   Pon-  It  is  this  that  constitutes  the  real  source  of 

thierville    to    Kindu    has   been    greatly    im-  the  present  prosperity  and  the  future  and 

proved  in  addition.     "  A  new  route  by  land  much  increasing  prosperity  of  their  CQlony." 


INDUSTRIAL  LEGISLATION  AND  ITS  COST. 

T  EGISLATIVE  interference  in  labor  af-  £100  was   los.     With   iron  and  steel,  £1 

fairs,  viewed  from  the  angle  of  the  hu-  compensation  per  £100  has  been  paid.  Under 

manization    of    industry,    is   an    inestimable  a    new    law,    operative    on    July    i,    these 

boon,  but  when  it  adds  to  the  cost  of  produc-  rates  are  all  doubled.    Statistics  proving  that 

tion,  and  thus  increases  the  toiler's  burdens,  mining,  manufacturing,  railroad  and  seafar- 

it  is  something  of  a  handicap.    At  present  in  ing  work  is  nine  times  more  dangerous  than 

England  and  in  the  United  States  there  is  an  textile-working    alone,    the    writer    assumes 

unusual  amount  of  activity  in  framing  indus-  that  this  new  act  may  impose  a  tax  of  £5  8s. 

trial  legislation,  and  to  jshow  that  improve-  per  £100  of  wages  paid  on  British  industry 

ments  have  been  effected  far  more  by  the  de-  in  general. 

velopment  and  application  of  scientific  work-       This  will  not  fall  on  capital  alone.   Much 

ing  methods  than  by  legislative  enactments  in-  will  fall  inevitably  on  labor,  supposedly  a 

tended  to  be  ameliorating  is  the  task  which  gainer  by  this  legislation.    Further  economies 

Mr.  T.  Good  sets  himself  in  Gassier  s  Mag-  will  be  attempted,  elderly  and  delicate  men 

azine  for  July.  In  general,  the  benefits  secured  will  not  be  retained,  and  young  and  strong 

by  legislation  cost  more  than  they  are  worth,  ones  will  be  speeded  up.     There  are  other 

and  the  latter  is  not  the  most  effective  means  ways  of  benefiting  labor  than  by  means  of 

to  improve  the  condition  of  the  operatives,  legislation.       Much   mining  legislation    has 

Confined  to  his  experience  in  Great  Brit-  been  secured,  and  mining  is  now  as  safe  as 

ain,  there  is,  nevertheless,  sufficient  relevancy  human  foresight  and  present  knowledge  pcr- 

to  American  conditions  to  make  his  paper  one  mit.     But  much  of  the  general  improvement 

of  interest  to  our  readers.     Taking  up  the  is  not  due  to  legislative  interference  at  all, 

new  Workmen's  Compensation  act,  imposing  but  to  the  spread  of  knowledge,  the  growth  of 

liability  on  employers,  he  says  that  when  the  science,  and  the  natural  development  of  hu- 

act  of  1897  was  passed  insurance  companies  manitarian  ideas, — to  voluntary  effort  quite 

charged  only  is.  6d.  per  £100  of  wages  as  a  as  much  as  to  compulsory  regulation.    "  The 

premium  in  the  case  of  risk  on  textile  opera-  moral,  social,  and  educational  conditions  of 

tives.     In  1905  this  had  risen  to  6s.     With  our  miners  have  been  materially  improved; 

railroads,  cost  of  compensation  in  1905  per  and  this  improvement  in  the  individual,  this 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


255 


improvement  in  humanity,  due  to  the  influ- 
ences of  a  progressive  civilization,  is  reflected 
not  only  in  improved  technical  knowledge, 
but  in  increased  thought  and  care;  and  in- 
creased knowledge  and  caution  bring  a  huge 
increase  in  safety.  Partly  through  legisla- 
tion, but  chiefly,  we  believe,  through  im- 
proved knowledge,  there  has  been  a  large 
measure  of  progress  in  lessening  personal  risk 
and  injury  during  the  last  fifty  years."  Fa- 
talities dropped  from  one  in  every  250,  be- 
tween 1845  and  1855,  to  one  in  every  770, 
between  1896  and  1906. 


State  regulation  within  a  period  of  about 
half  a  century  has  added  2s.  per  ton  to  the 
cost  of  coal  getting,  thus  increasing  the  cost 
of  production.  This  means  £24,ocK),cxx) 
a  year,  and  with  £37,000,000  threatened, 
in  addition,  for  workmen's  compensation, 
the  writer  thinks  it  is  time  to  halt  the 
movement  for  restrictive  legislation  and  to 
adopt  a  new  policy  in  industrial  affairs,  to 
settle  the  differences  of  capital  and  labor 
without  state  interference.  The  latter  is  a 
tax  on  production  and  a  commercial  handi- 
cap. * 


A  PLEA  FOR  AN  UNRE FORMED  HOUSE  OF  LORDS. 


'T'HE  efforts  now  being  made  by  Premier 
Campbell-Bannerman  to  discipline  the 
alleged  refractory  English  House  of  Lords 
by  bringing  it  within  the  jurisdiction  and 
under  the  subjection  of  the  Commons  has 
aroused  the  keenest  interest  throughout  the 
United  States  and  in  all  European  countries. 
Many  nations,  including  our  own,  have  trou- 
ble with  their  "  upper  house  "  at  intervals, 
hence  all  are  anxious  to  learn  just  what  can 
and  will  be  done  by  the  English  in  the  matter 
of  controlling  the  actions  of  their  hereditary 
legislators. 

Naturally  enough,  the  English  newspapers 
and  periodicals  have  opened  their  columns 
wide  for  discussion  of  this  topic,  not  by  any 
means  a  new  one,  but  always  interesting  and,* 
as  a  rule,  timely.  Premier  Gladstone,  when 
endeavoring  to  pacify  Ireland,  a  few  years 
ago,  complained,  early  and  after,  of  the  Lords 
and  their  evident  antagonism.  He,  figura- 
tively, held  a  "  big  stick  "  over  the  opposition 
peers  and  eventually  created  some  additions  to 
the  peerage  from  his  own  party  to  help  along. 

In  the  current  National  Review,  Lord 
Willoughby  de  Broke  gives  his  views  on  this 
subject  in  the  form  of  "  A  Plea  for  an  Un- 
reformed  House  of  Lords."  He  takes  for  his 
theme,  prindpally,  Lord  Newton's  bill  to 
reform  the  Lords.  The  outcome  of  the  bilFs 
introduction  was  the  reference  of  all  schemes 
of  reform  to  a  representative  committee  o^ 
the  Lords,  with  Lord  Rosebery  as  chairman. 

The  writer  assimies  a  defensive  attitude 
and  consistently  maintains  it  in  a  respectful 
way.  Referring  to  the  ministerial  resolution 
inspired  by  the  Premier  he  says  this  resolu- 
tion, however  innocent  in  appearance,  aims 
at  completely  subverting  the  present  relation- 
ship between  the  two  houses  of  Parliament  by 


placing  the  peers  under  the  autocrac);  of  the 
Commons.  At  the  same  time,  Lord  de  Broke 
admits  that  reform  is  necessary. 

The  effect  of  the  passage  of  such  a  bill,  in 
the  writer's  opinion,  is  thus  stated: 

In  effect  the  result  of  the  passing  of  Lord 
Newton's  bill  would  be  to  pull  to  pieces  an  in- 
tegral portion  of  a  very  ancient  fabric  gradually 
knitted  together  through  the  ages,  strong  enough 
to  resist  the  wear  and  tear  of  centuries,  yet  prob- 
ably from  its  very  nature  peculiarly  sensitive  to 
any  attempt  at  alteration  or  reconstruction. 
.  .  .  For  this  measure  does  not  merely  aim 
at  the  reduction  of  the  hereditary  element  upon 
which,  from  its  inception,  the  House  of  Lords 
has  depended  for  its  composition ;  it  is  at  once 
perfectly  plain  that  if  it  becomes  law  heredity 
pure  and  simple  will  no  longer  entitle  the  holder 
of  a  peerage  to  a  seat  in  the  House  unless  he 
has  stood  the  test  of  election,  or  is  invested  with 
one  of  certain  qualifications  set  forth  in  the 
schedule  of  the  bill ;  so  that  by  abolishing  forth- 
with the  claim  of  any  peer  to  be  summoned  to 
the  House  solely  in  virtue  of  the  fact  that  he  is 
exercising  a  right  and  a  privilege  conferred  on 
him  by  the  Crown,  what  has  been  called  a  modi- 
fication of  the  hereditary  principle  really  amounts 
to  a  fundamental  alteration  in  the  basis  and  con- 
stitution of  the  House  of  Lords. 

The  defects  of  the  House  of  Lords  that 
the  Rosebery  committee  is  considering,  on 
suggestion,  are  ( i )  the  unduly  large  number 
of  peers;  (2)  scanty  attendance  at  sessions 
of  their  House;  (3)  the  hereditary  basis  of 
the  House;  (4)  the  absence  of  representa- 
tives of  the  important  classes,  and  (5)  the 
undue  preponderance  of  the  Conservative 
element.  Lord  de  Broke,  in  his  plea,  con- 
siders each  of  these  defects  in  turn,  and  makes 
a  clear  presentation. 

The  alleged  defects  of  ultra-conserva- 
tism, in  the  eyes  of  the  party  in  power  a 
misdemeanor  almost  amounting  to  a  crime, 
this  writer  refers  to  in  this  fashion: 


256 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^JEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


Even  if  it  were  desirable  that  the  upper  house 
should  be  a  kind  of  reflex  of  the  lower,  it  is  very 
doubtful  if  machinery  to  secure  this  object  could 
be  invented.  Conservatism  seems  to  be  the  in- 
separable attribute  of  a  second  chamber,  and  a 
House  of  Lords  containing  a  strong  Radical 
proportion,  or  possibly  a  Radical  majority, 
would  be  a  pure  contradiction  in  terms.  The 
idea  of  having  political  parties  more  evenly  bal- 
anced sounds  plausible  enough,  but  in  this  event 
all  important  divisions  would  be  conducted  on 
party  lines. 

The  plea  of  Lord  de  Broke  embraces  sev- 
eral examples  of  upper  house  legislation 
deemed  by  him  to  be  instances  of  wisdom 
and  proper  discretion.  Referring  to  the  Edu- 
cation and  Trade  Disputes  bills,  the  writer 
declares  that: 

Not  only  did  the  House  of  Lords  present  to 
the  nation  an  edifying  example  of  debating  power 
and  expert  knowledge  of  the  nature  of  the  busi- 
ness to  be  transacted,  but  its  deliberations  were 
invested  throughout  with  the  perception  that  the 
one  thing  the  people  of  this  country,  were  de- 


termined upon  was  not  to  allow  anything  to  im- 
pair the  teaching  of  religion  in  elementary 
schools.  In  handling  the  bill  this  was  the  chief 
principle  the  peers  kept  in  view.  No  better  ex- 
ample than  the  passing  by  the  House  of  Lords 
of  the  Trade  Disputes  bill  can  be  found  of  its 
willingness  to  give  effect  to  what  is  conceived  to 
be  the  clearly  expressed  wish  of  the  vast  ma- 
jority of  the  electors,  even  though  the  provisions 
of  the  bill  were  directly  opposed  to  the  best  tra- 
ditions that  have  previously  animated  the  legis- 
lation of  this  country. 

The  writer  of  the  "  Plea,"  in  connection 
with  the  view  just  quoted,  further  declares 
of  the  House  of  Lords  that: 

It  has  hitherto  correctly  gauged  the  tem- 
per of  the  nation,  bowed  to  the  clearly  ex- 
pressed popular  will,  even  against  its  own 
natural  inclinations  and  leanings,  and  on  one 
occasion  saved  the  country  from  a  real  calam- 
ity. At  the  present  moment  the  House  of 
Lords  probably  stands  higher  in  the  estima- 
tion of  the  English  people  than  ever  before. 


THE  ETHICAL   SIGNIFICANCE   OF  PLAY. 


T^HAT  a  child  needs  to  play  in  order  to  be 
healthy,  to  acquire  control  of  its  mental 
faculties  to  think  and  to  do,  needs  no  discus- 
sion ;  but  the  place  of  play  in  human  conduct, 
as  related  to  ethics,  is  a  question  for  determi- 
nation. Dr.  Luther  H.  Gulick,  in  the  Homi- 
letic  Review  for  July,  elucidates  this  problem. 

"  Play  "  may  mean  amusement  or  recrea- 
tion, or  "  that  thing  which  children  do  when 
adults  suppose  they  are  amusing  themselves." 
Play  demands  intense  attention,  for  it  is  a 
development  of  personal  activity, — of  the 
highest  part  of  the  self.  When  a  baby  drops 
a  spoon  from  a  high  chair  and,  on  regaining 
it,  repeats  the  process  seventy-nine  times,  it  is 
not  amusing  itself.  It  is  learning  in  a  prag- 
matic way  something  about  its  own  power  in 
relation  to  that  object  It  could  not  be  called 
recreation,  for  recreation  follows  labor.  Play 
is  rather  the  pusuit  of  the  ideal  as  it  then  ap- 
pears. When  a  baby  lies  on  its  back  and 
plays  with  its  toes,  it  is  actuated  by  a  similar 
impulse  to  Livingstone  when  he  crossed 
Africa,  Abruzzi  when  he  sought  the  North 
Pole,  or  the  violin-maker  who  made  violins 
better  than  was  necessary  through  sheer  love 
of  the  undertaking.  They  are  all  in  pursuit 
of  an  ideal. 

He  illustrates  this  very  charmingly  by  re- 
ferring to  an  experience  with  two  little  girls, 
sisters,  who  were  playing  together.  They 
did  not  always  agree.     Presently  one  said  to 


the  other:  "Let's  play  we  were  sisters"; 
and  then  there  was  a  new  atmosphere.  Each 
treated  the  other  in  an  ideal  fashion,  and  their 
relations  were  established  on  an  ideal  basis. 

The  lash  of  economic  necessity  has  not  pro- 
duced the  great  poems  or  statues  of  the 
world.  Play  is  not  something  less  than  work. 
It  is  a  difference  in  attitude.  One  may  play 
when  cooking,^-or  one  may  work.  One  is 
the  pursuit  of  the  ideal ;  the  other  is  the  yield- 
ing to  the  compulsions  of  life.  Play  is  part 
of  one's  life  work,  and  when  it  can  be  made 
the  great  work  it  is  ideal  and  glorious. 

Ethical  conduct  springs  from  self-control, 
not  from  control  by  others.  This  is  a  pri- 
mary reason  why  children  should  play,  and, 
in  this  connection,  "  the  boy  without  a  play- 
ground is  father  to  the  man  without  a  job," 
— that  is,  using  "  job  "  in  the  sense  of  a  life 
enthusiasm,  or  work.  But  there  must  be  a 
kind  of  **  mutual-consent  control "  in  the 
play,  such  as  that  seen  in  "  team "  play, 
which,  the  writer  believes,  is  the  **  highest 
type  of  moral  power, — the  individual  sinking 
himself  into  the  consciousness  of  the  whole." 
While  not  under  compulsion  the  individual  is 
one  of  the  group,  yet  is  at  his  highest  when 
completely  lost  in  the  whole.  When  this 
idea  extends  to  all  society,  the  passionate  de- 
votion of  the  individual  in  seeking  to  ally 
the  self  with  the  **  game  of  the  whole," — 
not  seeking  self-expression,  will  be  realized. 


THE   AMERICAN    REVIEW   OF    REVIEWS. 

EDITED  BY  ALBERT  SHAW. 
CONTENTS  FOR   SEPTEMBER,  1907. 


The  Dowager  Empress  of  China.  Fronuipiece 
The  Progress  of  the  World— 

The  Slump  in  the  Stock  Market 259 

IncreMed  Demand  (or  Capital 259 

How  Will  Business  Be  Atfected? 259 

260 
260 
261 
261 
262 
263 


A  Time  (or  Conservatism 

North  Carolina  and  the  Southern  Railway. 

Is  the  New  Rate  Confiscatory? 

The  State  Law  to  Be  Obeyed 

The  Situation  in  Alabama 

New  Southern  Senators. 

The  Maryland  Governorship 264 

The  Telegraph  Strike. 264 

The  Haywood  Acquittal 265 

The  Sundard  Oil  Fine 265 

Probiiw  New  York  I^pid  Transit 266 

The  Philippine  Election. 


„ 267 

Two  NoUble  Addresses 268 

The  President  and  the  Stock  Market 266 

America  Producing  Diamonds? 266 

Our  TanK  Relation  with  Germany 269 

Our  Relations  with  France 269 

The  Diplomacy  o(  Senor  Castro 270 

$5 WJ.000  Fine 270 

Problems  Be(ore  the  British  Ministry 270 

Britain  at  The  Hague 271 

Some  Scandinavian  Problems 271 

Can  France  and  Germany  *'Make  Up?" 271 


A  Smaller  French  Army . 

France's  Task  in  Morocco 

Bombardment  o(  Casablanca 

Results  at  The  Hi^e. 

No  Agreement  as  to  Armament  Reduction . . 


272 
272 
273 
274 
275 


Is  Gennany  Really  Isolated? 276 

••A  Chain  of  Ententes  CordiaUs" 276 

Korea  a  Japanese  Province 277 

The  lapanese  Program 276 

The  New  Treaty  Between  Japan  and  Russia. .  276 

Elnd  o(  the  Journalistic  War  with  Japan 276 

Progress  in  Ballooning  and  Motoring 279 

With  portraits,  cartoons,  and  other  llloBtratlons. 

Record  of  Current  Events 260 

With  portraits  and  other  illustrations. 

Some  of  the  Current  Cartoons 264 

Saint  Gaudens  and  American  Sculp- 
ture   290 

By  Ernest  Knautf  t. 
With  portrait  and  other  illustrations. 


Has  Arkansas  a  Diamond  "  Field  "?. 

By  Robert  S.  Lanier. 


301 


The  West  Indies  in  Commerce 305 

By  Lewis  R.  Freeman. 
With  illustration!. 

Developing  a  National  Type  of  Horse  321 

By  Arthur  Chapman. 
With   portraits  and  other   illostrations. 

The  Prohibition  Wave  in  the  South.  326 

By  John  Corrigan. 
With  portraits. 

How  Long  WillOurCoalSupply  Last?  335 

By  John  Llewellyn  Cochrane. 
With  chart  and  diagram. 

Are  Secret  Societies  a  Danger  to  Our 

High  Schools  ? 336 

By  Marion  Melius. 

Why  Is  Interest  High? 342 

By  George  lies. 

The  Crusade  Against  Billboards....  345 

By  Clinton  Rogers  Woodrutf . 

Leading  Articles  of  the  Month— 

Tendencies  o(  American  Railroad  Development  346 
Are  the  Small  Nations  Doomed  to  Extinction?  349 
A  New  German  Estimate  o(  the  American 

People 350 

Why  Russia  Lags  Behind 351 

The  German-American  Republic  diat  Failed  .  353 
The  First  SeK-Governing  Jewish  Community 

Since  the  Fall  o(  Jerusalem 354 

Apostasy  Among  the  Jews 356 

"A  Yankee  Tilt  (or  an  Empire" 357 

The  City  and  Its  Milk  Supply 360 

Daniel  H.  Burnham:  American  Architect . . .   362 

How  They  Played  at  Chicago 364 

How  Much  Have  Our  Railroads  Cost? 365 

The  Canadian  Railway  Commission 366 

The  Immigrant  Woman 366 

The  Wrong  o(  the  Great  Surplus 369 

The  Brvan-Beveridge  Debate 370 

Compubory  Arbitration  Between  Nations 373 

Is  France  in  a  Bad  Way  Commercially? 374 

America's  Interest  in  the  Education  o(  Italian 

Children 375 

The  Extraordinary  Civil  Status  o(  the  Italian 

Woman 377 

Is  a  Religious  Revival  Beginning  in  Italy? 377 

Is  the  Modem  Man  a  Poor  Fattier? 376 

The  Way  o(  the  Land  Transgressor 379 

With  portraits,  cartoons,  and  other  illustrations. 


The  New  Books 

With  portraits. 


361 


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Copyright  1907,  by  C.  G.  Bain.  N.  Y. 


THE    DOWAGER    EMPRESS    OF    CHINA,    THE    MOST    POWERFUL    WOMAN 

RULER    IN    THE    WORLD. 


(Tzu-hsi,  the  Dowager  Empress  of  China,  maternal  aunt  of  the  reigning  Emperor  Kuan^- 
hsu,  who  is  now  in  her  seventy-third  year,  is  suffering  from  an  incurable  disease  which  will 
probably  carry  her  to  her  grave  in  a  few  months.  She  has  just  announced  her  intention  of  abdi- 
cating the  great  power  she  has  wielded  for  more  than  thirty  years  and  of  handing  over  the  car^ 
of  state  to  the  Emperor.  Tzu-hsi  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  women  of  the  world's  histor>\ 
Of  Manchu  origin,  she  was  the  favorite  concubine  of  Hsien-feng,  uncle  of  the  present  Em- 
peror. It  was  her  son,  T'ung-chih,  who  preceded  Kuang-hsu  on  the  throne.  This  remark- 
able woman  is  said  to  be  in  favor  of  many  reforms  in  the  administration  of  the  Chinese  Em- 
pire. For  the  past  quarter  of  a  century  hers  has  apparently  been  the  only  mind  powerful  enough 
to  cope  with  the  political  and  economic  situation  in  the  Celestial  Empire.) 


THE    AMERICAN 

Review  of  Reviews 


Vol.  XXXVI. 


NEW  YORK,  SEPTEMBER,  1907.' 


No.  3 


THE   PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 

The  Slump    ^^^  stock  market  witnessed  dur-  increased     There  is  a  simple  philosophy  to 

in  tke       ing  August  the  sharpest  slump  in  Demand  for  the   monetary  situation   in   these 

toe  a  •'•  quotations  of  standard  securities  ^p  ^  -  great  markets.  It  is  a  philosophy 
since  "the  silent  panic"  of  March  14  last,  which  is  simple,  at  least  t9  the  student  of 
It  was  evident  at  that  time  to  far-sighted  political  economy,  but  unfortunately  not  all 
observers  that  there  were  no  substantial  our  statesmen  nor  even  all  our  financial 
grounds  for  another  "  bull  market "  in  the  writers  are  trained  economists.  The  expla- 
ncar  future.  Nevertheless,  stocks  had  been  nation  of  high  rates  for  money  all  over  the 
advanced  by  manipulation  and  partial  recov-  world  is  that  the  capital  sought  for  the  cre- 
er>'  of  confidence  by  from  15  to  20  points,  ation  of  new  enterprises,  like  railway  exten- 
It  was  found  imposible  to  hold  such  an  ad-  sions,  new  rolling  mills,  new  buildings,  and 
vance,  and  on  Monday,  August  12,  a  sharp  the  opening  up  of  new  countries,  does  not 
break  occurred,  followed  by  further  sharp  equal  the  demand  for  it.  Every  civilized  com- 
plunges  downward  on  Wednesday,  the  14th,  munity  to-day  produces  annually  not  only 
and  Friday,  the  i6th.  The  net  result  of  these  all  that  is  needed  for  its  immediate  consump- 
changes  in  some  of  the  stocks  most  largely  tive  wants,  but  a  surplus  over  for  making  ad- 
dealt  in  appears  in  the  following  list:  ditions  to  the  existing  equipment  of  produc- 
Hi^h,   i^w.  March,  AuTiT.  ^[«"-     ^^  IS  not  money  which  is  lacking,  in 

stock.                        1906.          1907.          1907.  the  sense  of  gold  com  and  notes.     It  is  a  su- 

AS"r  sTmng::::::;:i7f'           i04y.           m  ficient   supply   of   raw   material,   labor,   and 

Hiu.*rohio.::::::;:::i25^            lo^          li^  machinery   to   create   all    these   new   works. 

<'hi.,  M.  &  8t.  Paul 199%           122^         117^  Men  who  wish  to  enter,  upon  such  creations 

inlrr-Mlt*'  ^m 5.5%            22%           ^8%  ^eek  to  borrow  the  capital  of  others  through 

.V  Y>**ntnii. . :::::::  :irm.          111%           99^  the  form  of  banking  credits.    They  find  that 

P»*nn8.vlvanla    147%              115               114%  ,                  ,.                   C            i               i          i       T'r 

Reading  104               91             85U  those  credits  are  exhausted  or  reduced.     1  hey 

!•"'?•  .sa7.''™m:::::::'"b1t          'Wi         '^i  then  offer  a  higher  bid   for  surplus  capital 

by  offering  new  securities  cheap.  In  order 
j^  j^^  The  slump  in  prices  shown  above  to  buy  these  new  securities,  holders  of  old 
to  Local  is  not  due  primarily  to  anything  securities  are  willing  to  sacrifice  them  in 
***'  inherent  in. the  stocks.  With  the  some  cases  at  reduced  prices  in  order  to  take 
exception  of  the  traction  stocks,  they  are  all  the  new.  In  other  words,  the  mass  of  securi- 
good  dividend  earners,  and  the  properties  are  ties,  both  old  and  new,  competing  for  a 
\n  sound  condition.  The  fall  in  prices  is  due,  market,  is  in  excess  of  the  combined  demand 
primarily  to  the  absorption  of  capital  the  for  securities  at  former  prices.  Hence  the 
world  over.  If  it  were  local  to  the  United  fall  in  their  current  quotations. 
States,  as  some  of  the  critics  of  the  Adminis- 
tration would  have  us  believe,  it  might  be  ^^^  ^^^^  As  to  the  effect  of  present  con- 
attributed  to  local  causes.  In  fact,  however,  Buaineaa  Be  ditions  in  the  stock  market  upon 
it  affects  Great  Britain,  where  the  price  of  ^^  *'  general  business,  they  are  likely 
consols  has  fallen  as  low  as  8oJ4j  or  lower  to  be  felt  more  or  less,  but  probably  not  in 
than  at  any  time  since  1848 ;  it  affects  Berlin,  so  spectacular  a  degree  as  in  the  stock  market, 
where  serious  banking  troubles  have  been  Already  many  railways  have  discontinued  or 
feared;  and  even  affects  Paris,  where  the  curtailed  improvements.  This  means  that 
Bank  of  France  carries  a  stock  of  gold  which  their  demand  for  steel  rails,  ties,  terminal 
makes  the  Paris  market  almost  impregnable,  facilities,  and  new  cars  and  engines  will  be 

Copyrifbt  1907.  by  Thb  Review  of  Reviiws  Company. 


260 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


THE    rUAHIl    OP    THE    STOCK    MARKRT. 

From   the  Inquirer   (Philadelphia). 


less  than  it  has  been.  Inevitably  those  who 
produce  these  articles  wilt  be  compelled  to 
some  extent  to  curtail  their  demand  for 
articles  of  general  consumption.  Such  events 
as  the  suspension  of  the  Pope  Manufacturing 
Company  are  significant  of  another  factor 
operating  in  the  market, — the  inabilit}'  of  big 
industrial  enterprises  to  continue  to  do  busi- 
ness on  borrowed  capital.  The  banks  in 
husbanding  their  cash  against  emergencies, 
and  in  cutting  down  loans  to  the  margin  of 
safety  upon  securities  which  have  fallen  in 
value,  will  necessarily  be  compelled  to  limit 
the  accommodations  they  have  heretofore 
granted  to  certain  manufacturing  enterprises. 
Hence  come  suspensions  and  receiverships  as 
the  necessary  result  of  the  increasing  strin- 
gency in  the  money  market. 

A  Time  '^^^  remedy  for  all  of  these  things 
for  is  simply  to  wait  until  new  capital 
conaervatum.  ^^^^umulates  from  the  excess  prod- 
uct of  going  industries.  In  the  meantime, 
however,  it  is  important  under  such  con- 
ditions that  confidence  should  not  be  impaired 


or  credit  unduly  strained.  Secretary  Cortcl- 
you  seems  to  be  pursuing  a  conservative 
course  toward  the  money  market  by  wth- 
holding  his  aid  until  the  most  critical  season, 
when  the  crops  have  to  be  moved.  It  matters 
less  whether  the  crops  are  large  than  wliat 
price  is  received  for  them.  If  the  price  is 
liigh  and  American  production  is  able  to  meet 
a  considerable  part  of  the  foreign  demand, 
then  credits  will  be  created  in  favor  of  this 
country  which  will  tend  to  relieve  to  some 
degree  the  pressure  on  the  market.  There 
is  no  reason  to  believe  that  we  are  on  the 
eve  of  a  great  panic,  if  prudence  and  cxm- 
servatism  prevail,  but  unusual  caution  should 
undoubtedly  govern  all  those  who  arc  doing 
business  with  borrowed  capital. 

North  Carolina  ^^^  ^hort  month  ago  a  straneer 
and  to  American  procedure  mUbt 
"stateRights.-^^^^  thought  that  the  whole  ocm- 
try  was  on  the  brink  of  a  serious  disrupticMi 
on  account  of  the  supposed  differences  be- 
tween the  national  Government  and  that  of 
one  of  the  States  on  the  subject  of  railroad 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


261 


regulation.  Yet  a  calm  examination  of  the 
matter  from  the  standpoint  of  to-day  shows 
that  nothing  could  have  been  farther  from 
the  range  of  probability.  It  was  thought  in 
July  that  the  federal  courts  would  obstruct 
the  enforcement  of  North  Carolina's  new 
Railroad-Rate  law,  and  that  the  general  Gov- 
ernment would  become  the  champion  of  the 
railroad  corporations  against  the  State.  The 
•  Southern  Railway  had,  in  fact,  obtained  from 
the  United  States  Circuit  Court  an  injunc- 
tion against  the  State  officials  pending  the 
determination  of  the  constitutionality  of  the 
new  law.  It  was  held  by  the  railroad  and 
its  counsel  that  the  law  was  confiscatory, 
masmuch  as  the  reduction  in  passenger  fares 
from  3j4  to  2%  cents  per  mile  meant  that 
the  road  must  be  operated  at  a  loss,  if  at  all. 

,^  ^^       The  press  and  people  of  North 

Mea  Rate     Carolina  were  quite  ready  to  re- 

onfiBca  ory    ^^^  ^^^  action  of  Judge  Pritchard 

of  the  Circuit  Court  when  he  granted  this 

injunction.     The  point  of  constitutionality 

had  comparatively  little  weight  with  them. 

In    North    Carolina,    as    in    nearly   all    the 

States  which  have  recently  passed  new  rate 

laws,   there  had  been   practically  no  expert 

investigation  of  the  economic  justice  of  such 

iegfslation.     It  had  simply  been  assumed  that 


JUDGE  JETER   C.    PPITCHAPD,  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
CIRCUIT   COURT. 


the  railroads  were  getting  too  much  and  pub- 
lic opinion  demanded  a  reduction  of  fares. 
It  was  natural  enough,  perhaps,  that  people 
who  believe  that  they  had  been  oppressed 
by  the  railroads  for  years  should  be  impatient 
at  the  suggestion  that  there  could  be  such  a 
thing  as  unfair  exactions  on  the  part  of  the 
State  Legislature.  Yet  sober  second  thought 
must  have  convinced  many,  even  among  the 
champions  of  the  new  law,  that  the  only  way 
o£  determining  the  justice  or  injustice  of  such 
a  law  would  be  through  submission  to  the 
courts,  and  that  the  issue  of  constitution- 
ality must  sooner  or  later  be  decided  by  the 
federal  rather  than  the  State  courts  was  not 
open  to  serious  question. 


PRESIDENT    W      W.      FTNLEV.    OF    THE    SOUTHERN 
RAfl-WAV. 


theatre  Law  ^ast  year  the  New  York  Legis- 
to  8e       lature  passed  a  bill  reducing  the 

Obeyed.  .     •     ?  o  i_ 

price  of  gas  to  oo  cents  per  thou- 
sand feet.  The  gas  company  claimed  that 
this  rate  was  confiscatory.  Pending  final  de- 
cision of  the  matter  the  citizens  are  compelled 
to  pay  the  old  rate  of  $i.oo  per  thousand, 
although  it  is  believed  to  have  been  con- 
clusively shown  that  the  company  can  well 
afford  to  provide  gas  at  the  lower  rate.  If 
the  decision  shall  eventually  be  in  favor  of 
the  rate  prescribed  by  the  Legislature,  con-  . 
sumers  will  get  back  all  the  excess  that  they 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiEU^'  OF  REP^IEWS. 


since  excess  fares  could  not  be  paid  back  to 
passengers  on  account  of  difficulties  in  identi- 
fication. In  North  Carolina  the  matter  was 
finally  adjudicated  by  the  railroad's  acceptance 
of  the  State  law,  Governor  Glenn  and  the 
other  State  officials  promising  to  withdraw  all 
prosecutions  of  the  railroad  company's  agents, 
and  further  agreeing,  in  case  the  new  rate 
should  be  clearly  shown  to  be  confiscator}', 
to  call  a  special  session  of  the  Legislature  to 
amend  the  law.  Thus  the  Southern  Railway 
has  put  itself  in  the  position  of  obeying  the 
State  law,  while  at  the  same  time  it  retains 
the  privilege  of  appealing  for  redress  from 
the  State  to  the  federal  courts  if  the  oper- 
ation of  the  law  should  result  in  injustice. 


IS  no  longer  talk  of  con- 
between    State   and    federal 


Th€  SHuatton  ^,^^^ 
ifi  flict 

Aiabama.  authorities,  but  it  IS  admitted 
that  in  North  Carolina,  as  in  many  other 
States  where  similar  laws  have  been  put  in 
force,  the  question  of  railroad  passenger  fares 
is  still  an  unsettled  one.     In  Alabama,  as  in 


GOVERNOR  GLENN,   OF   NORTH   CAROLINA. 

(An    RggresRlve    advocate    of    State    Rights    in    tlio 

recent  dispute  with  the  Southern  Railway.) 

will  have  paid  since  the  law  in  question  went 
into  effect.  In  the  case  of  a  railroad  a  similar 
arrangement  would,  of  course,  be  impossible, 


'DON'T    8HOOT,    MR.    CBOrKETT,    I'LL    COMB    DOWN." 

From  the  Consfilution  (Atlanta). 


GOV.    BRAXTON   B.    COMER,    OF   ALABAMA. 
i  Who  vigorously  asserted  the  State's  prerogatlvei  In 
the  contest  with  the  Southern  Railway  last  month.) 

North  Carolina,  the  Southern  Railway  made 
an  agreement  with  the  State  government  by 
which  it  accepted  the  railroad  act  of  the  last 
Legislature.    In  Alabama  also  there  had  been 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


263 


a  federal  injunction  for  enforcing  rhe  State 
laws,  but  that  is  suspended,  and  the  case  now 
pending  in  the  federal  court  will  be  finally 
adjudicated  by  the  United  States  Supreme 
Court.  The  license  of  the  company  had  been 
suspended  in  Alabama  on  technical  grounds, 
but  on  conclusion  of  the  agreement  with  the 
State  authorities  this  license  was  restored. 
Neither  in  Alabama  nor  in  North  Carolina 
has  there  been  what  some  of  the  newspapers 
have  been  pleased  to  call  a  "  victory "  for 
either  side  of  the  controversy.  The  only 
principle  that  has  been  established  thus  far  is 
the  regularity  of  appeal  to  the  federal  courts. 


Copyriehi.  1907.  by  Bert  G.  Covell.  Birminjrham. 
SENATOR-ELECT  JOSEPH   F.   JOHNSTON,  OK  ALABAMA. 

Now  that  both  States  have  admitted  this 
point,  there  is  really  no  longer  a  question  at 
issue.  Whether  or  not  the  new  rates  in  these 
and  other  States  are  confiscatory  will  have 
to  be  decided  after  due  ijivestigation. 


New 
Southern 
Senators. 


CopyrtftebrCBTierfinst.  WMhin^ton- 
HON,  JOHN    SHARP    WILLIAMS. 


MISSISSIPPI. 

seat 


(s«c««fal  In  the  Priniaries  for  nomination  to  a 
In  the  United   States  Senate.) 


The  vacancy  caused  by  the  death 
of  the  venerable  Senator  Pettus, 
of  Alabama,  occurring  only  a 
few  weeks  after  that  of  his  colleague,  Senator 
Morgan,  was  promptly  filled  by  the  Legisla- 
ture's selection  of  ex-Gov.  Joseph  F.  John- 
ston to  fill  the  unexpired  term  and  also 
the  full  term  beginning  in  1909.  The  Hon. 
John  H.  Bankhead  had  already  been  chosen 
as  Senator  Morgan's  successor.  Senator- 
elect  Johnston  has  long  been  a  prominent 
factor  in  the  industrial  progress  of  his  State, 
besides  serving  two  terms  as  Governor.  He 
is  a  good  representative  of  the  new  South. 
In  Mississippi's  primary  contest  for  the  Sen- 
atorship,  which  in  that  State  is  practically 
equivalent  to  an  election  by  popular  vote, 
Governor  Vardaman  was  defeated  by  the 
Hon.  John  Sharp  Williams,  the  Democratic 
leader  in  the  House  of  Representatives.  Mr. 
Williams  has  served  seven  terms  in  the 
House  and  will  bring  to  the  Senate  seat  an 
unusual  parliamentary  equipment.  In  the 
Mississippi    primaries     for     the    Governor 


264 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS, 


'*  eliminate  the  illiterate  negro  voter."  It 
will  be  difficult  for  them  to  over-come  such 
objections  as,  in  1905,  swamped  the  similar 
**  Poe  *'  amendment  by  20,000  majorit>'. 
The  Republicans,  moreover,  have  been  fortu- 
nate in  securing  as  their  candidate  for  C5ov- 
ernor  a  ver>'  efficient  public  servant,  George 
R.  Gaither,  of  Baltimore,  personally  com- 
mended by  the  independent  and  even  the 
Democratic  press.  He  led  in  the  anti-spoils 
campaign  of  1895,  which  made  Lloyd 
Lowndes  the  only  Republican  Governor  of 
Maryland  since  Reconstruction  days.  If  Mr. 
Gaither  is  elected  in  the  face  of  long-in- 
trenched and  popular  Democratic  adminis- 
tration it  will  be  a  tremendous  tribute  of 
non-partisan  confidence  in  his  personal  hon- 
esty and  abilit}'. 


The 

Telegraph 

Strike, 


After  several  postponements  and 
supposed     settlement      the 


one 


MR.    CHARLES     SCOTT^    OF    MISSISSIPPI. 

ship,  which  were  held  at  the  same  time,  the 
successful  candidate  was  the  Hon.  E.  F. 
Noel.  Among  the  contestants  for  the  nomi- 
nation, the  campaign  made  by  Mr.  Charles 
Scott,  of  Rosedale,  had  attracted  attention 
beyond  the  borders  of  the  State.  Although 
defeated,  Mr.  Scott's  vigorous  battle  in  be- 
half of  clean  politics  was  commended  by 
friends  and  opponents  alike. 

j^^  A  .portent  of  national  politics  in 
Maryland  1908  may  be  read  from  the 
Qovernorehip.  jyi^ryland  Governorship  contest 
now  waging.  Democrats  and  Republicans 
both,  in  their  State  conventions  last  month, 
demanded  a  corrupt-practices  act»  and  a  di- 
rect-primary law  in  elections  of  State  Sena- 
tors and  other  officials.  In  their  ticket, 
however,  and  their  ballot-law  convictions, 
the  Republicans  seem  to  have  their  best 
chance  during  a  decade  of  capturing  the  in- 
dependent vote,  so  important  in  Maryland. 
They  call  for  a  repeal  of  the  "  Wilson  " 
law,  which  has  facilitated  trick  ballots,  and 
otherwise  hampered  the  Election  act  of 
1896;  w-hile  the  Democrats,  who  have  nom- 
inated Judge  Austin  L.  Crothers,  of  the 
"  Eastern  Shore,"  for  Governor,  again  de- 
clare   for    a    constitutional    amendment    to 


strike  of  commercial  telegraphers 
assumed  serious  proportions  last  month.  The 
Western  Union  opera  to  r^  of  Los  Angeles 
were  the  first  to  quit  work  and  their  example 
was  soon  followed  in  Denver,  Kansas  City, 
New  Orleans,  Chicago,  and  New  York.  By 
the  time  the  strike  had  extended  across  the 
continent  the  real  reasons  for  the  movement 


Pbotornpb  by  Clinedinat.  Wasbinfton. 

THE  LATE   EDMUND    W.    PETTUS.    OF   ALABAMA. 
(Oldest  member  of  the  Senate.) 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


265 


had  become  obscured.  The  striking  opera- 
tors were  either  unable  or  unwilling  to  give 
the  press  any  clear  or  definite  statement  of 
their  grievances.  A  union  operator  had  been 
discharged  at  Los  Angeles  and  there  was  a 
dispute  between  the  company  and  his  fellow 
operators  as  to  the  cause  of  his  discharge. 
Demands  for  increase  of  pay  and  reduction 
of  hours  also  figured  iii  the  matter,  and  the 
telegraph  companies  maintained  that  the 
operators  were  trying  to  force  the  adoption  of 
the  closed  shop  throughout  the  country. 
However  this  may  have  been,  the  strike  soon 
spread  to  more  than  fifty  important  cities, 
and  at  those  points  upward  of  4000  operators 
left  their  keys.  Both  the  Western  Union 
and  the  Postal  companies  were*  aflFected. 
Strange  as  it  may  seem,  the  business  of  the 
country  was  only  slightly  impeded  by  this  at- 
tempted tie-up.  Both  companies  were  able 
to  fill  a  majority  of  the  strikers'  places  al- 
most immediately.  Competent  hands,  in 
many  cases  trained  in  the  Western  Union's 
schools  for  telegraphers,  were  ready  to  take 
the  abandoned  jobs.  When  the  news  ser- 
vice of  the  metropolitan  dailies  was  tempo- 
rarily crippled,  the  long-distance  telephone 
was  resorted  to.  On  the  whole,  the  general 
public  hardly  sufferftl  any  serious  incon- 
venience. The  rniirond  telegraph  service, 
manned  by  a  liistfnc!  corp^  of  operators,  was 
undisttiTbed,  The  strike  at  best  is  a  crude 
.md  ill-rcgulateJ  means  of  obtaining  indus- 
trial justice;  but  when  the  great  public,  to 
uhom  every  body  of  strikers  must  turn  for 
support,  f*  kept  in  ignoriince  of  the  strike's 
just  Location,  rhere  can  be  nothing  hut  ulti- 
mate disaster  in  store  for  the  rank  and  file 
of  the  sfriker*  and  their  leaders. 


j^         William   D.   Haywood,  secretar>' 
and  trea^iurf  r  fsf  the  Western  Fed- 


/«9iiir  .  f ration  of  miners,  after  a  most  re- 
mtirkabTr  triaK  was  acquitted  on  July  28  of 
rhe  charpT  of  conspiracy  to  murder  ex-Gov- 
pmor  Steunenberg,  of  Idaho,  Whatever  may 
ht  alie^d  a&  to  the  motives  that  lay  back  of 
the  proiecution  of  Haywood  and  his  brother 
officials  m  the  miners*  vinion,  it  cannot  be 
contmded  that  the  trial  itself  was  unfair. 
The  proceedings  were  distinctly  creditable  to' 
the  jo«ng  State  of  Idaho,  which  newspapers 
ifi  i^  Ea*^i  had  patron izsingly  styled  a  frontier 
qOTniiiniti%  Indeed,  the  people  of  Idaho, 
w^v  fTjrmrr  Governor  had  been  assassinated 
in  a  most  cowardly  manner,  behaved  through- 
out the  trial  with  a  restraint  and  moderation 
that  we  should  hope  to  see  imitated,  under 


From   the  Leader    (Cleveland). 

similar  circumstances,  in  our  older  and  more 
populous  States.  The  prosecution  of  Hay- 
wood practically  rested  upon  the  testimony  of 
Harry  Orchard,  the  arch-assassin,  whose  self- 
confessed  record  of  murders  had  horrified  the 
world  and  staggered  the  credulity  of  men  to 
whom  acquaintance  with  crime  is  an  incident 
of  the  day's  work.  The  judge's  charge  to 
the  jury  made  it  clear  that  the  statutes  of 
Idaho  require  corroborative  evidence  in  con- 
spiracy cases,  and  in  the  Haywood  case  such 
evidence  was  lacking.  Immediately  after 
Haywood's  acquittal  President  Moyer,  of  the 
Western  Federation,  w^ho  had  been  held  on 
the  same  charge,  was  released  on  bail.  The 
trial  of  George  A.  Pettibone  was  set  for 
October  i ,  next. 

j^^  Reference  was  made  in  these  pages 
standard  Oil  last  month  to  the  efforts  made 
by  Judge  Landis,  of  Chicago,  to 
obtain  evidence  as  to  the  actual  ownership 
and  wealth  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company  of 
Indiana  before  fixing  the  amount  of  its  fine 
for  violation  of  the  Interstate  Commerce 
law  in  the  matter  of  taking  railroad  rebates. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  the  company  had 
been  convicted  on  1462  counts.  The  maxi- 
mum fine  under  the  000  on 


266 


THE  AMERICAN  REP^IEIV  OF  RE^IEi^S. 


have  shown  the  company's  innocence  were 
excluded  as  evidence  from  the  former  triaL 
Meanwhile,  the  Standard  Oil  Company  of 
New  York  has  been  indicted  by  the  federal 
grand  jury  at  Jamestown  for  recei\'ing  re- 
bates from  railroads.  The  Government  has 
brought  suit  against  the  Powder  Trust  un- 
der the  Sherman  Anti-Trust  act,  petitioning 
for  a  receivership,  as  in  the  case  of  the  tobac- 
co monopoly.  It  is  understood  that  proceed- 
ings will  also  be  begun  against  the  Har- 
vester Trust. 

Probing      ^^^   recently   appointed    Public- 
Neui  York's   Service     Commission     of     New 

Rapi^  Transit  y^j.j^    (.j^.  ^^    ^^^    ^    arduOUS 

summer  task  in  probing  .the  management  of 
Greater  New  York's  rapid-transit  facilities. 
Soon  after  the  commission  was  organized, 
Chairman  Willcox  announced  the  appoint- 
ment of  William  M.  Ivins  as  special  counsel 
to  investigate  the  I nterborough- Metropolitan 
and  the  Brooklyn  Rapid-Transit  systems. 
At  the  same  time  Mr.  Abel  E.  Blackmar 
was  appointed  as  assistant  counsel  to  the 
commission.  Mr.  Ivins  has  been  able  to 
elicit  important  testimony  on  the  subject  of 
New  York's  transit  congestion,  and  the  com- 


From  the  Leader   (Cleveland). 

each  count.  And  this  maximum  penalty, 
amounting  to  the  great  sum  of  $29,240,C)C», 
was  assessed  by  Judge  Landis,  on  August  3, 
against  the  oflFending  company.  The  magni- 
tude of  this  fine,^-comparable  only  with  in- 
demnities paid  by  nations  as  the  result  of 
wars, — has  powerfully  impressed  the  popular 
imagination.  It  was  understood  even  before 
the  sentence  was  pronounced  that  the  -com- 
pany would  appeal.  A  wTit  of  error  was 
granted  on  August  9  by  Judge  Grosscup. 
In  the  ordinary  course  of  legal  procedure 
some  time  must  elapse  before  steps  can  be 
taken  to  collect  this  unprecedented  fine,  even 
if  it  is  affirmed  by  the  higher  courts.  The 
defense  now  put  forth  by  the  Standard's 
officers   is    that   certain    facts   which   would 


Copyright  by  Underwood  .1  Underwood.  N.  Y. 

MR.    WILLIAM    M.    IVINS. 

(Special   eounsol   to  the  Pii  bile -Service  Commission 

of  New  York  Tlty.) 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


267 


SE|-HETAR\^   tAFT.    MK^     TAFT  .    ANI«    MAi^TEK    CHARLKS    TAH. 
rVl*.  M^  Mfw.  Taft.  with  their  jciimjr*>f4t  rton,  will    »fkll   /I'nni   K**jiHU^   cm   Sfpt^Tnlj*T   HI,   poJuk'   first  to 

Ja^ttn.  tlMI«p  ttt  tho  rhllltiptDcn.  jiml  rptumlnn  to    .\ Hiii  hy  wh>-  of 

4n4   ftivlln.     Tbe  Jonmi'j    will    cieotjpy    tiver    rhriM?    i th^*^ 


rhi*  Tranrt-SllK'rlHn  ro[ilt\  Moscow, 


mtfisioti  hss  til  ready  formulated  and  issued 
defintcc  orders  for  the  improvement  of  loail 
ti»ctlitjrs  which  should  be  of  |;reat  \'alue  to 
the  |iubljc*  Meanwhile  what  is  known  rs 
the  "  Up-State  Commission  "  has  held  hear- 
ing to  ascertain  the  grievances  of  shippers 
and  ctmsi^ntT%  on  the  railroads  of  New  York 
State  und  has  invited  suggestions  of  proposed 
rdrm  and   regulations. 


n* 


Tlic  first  election  to  the  Philip- 

pme  National  AssemblvT  hc^ld  on 

^    '  July  30,  was  notable  chiefl)    for 

the  small  vote  cast  when  judged  according  to 

American  standards.    All  modern  records  for 


"  apathy  ^  nt  elections  were  broken  when  the 
Filipino  voters  were  ut^ahle  to  nniiiter  more 
than  10  per  cent,  of  tht'ir  potential  strength 
even  m  the  most  advanced  communities. 
Under  svich  conditions  the  result  of  the  bal- 
loting can  have  Htrie  significance.  The  Vic- 
torians part\%  the  Na^^ionalists,  had  been 
pledged  to  an  agitation  ffir  inuneiliate  inde- 
pendence, but  it  is  hardly  conceivable  that 
anything  can  be  actoniplis^hed  ro  that  end 
by  their  rcprrscnrarivf^s  in  the  National  As- 
sembly, Serrrtary  X^ift,  \i  ho  is  about  to 
start  on  a  journey  an  mod  thr  -^sorld,  will 
be  present  at  the  opening  session  of  the  As- 
sembly in  October.    It  is  said  that  the  Naqion- 


268 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


alists  will  now  demand  a  readjustment  of 
the  native  members  of  the  Philippine  Com- 
mission, so  as  to  give  their  party  representa- 
tion. A  regrettable  incident  of  the  election 
was  the  choice  of  one  Gomez,  a  notorious 
criminal,  to  represent  the  city  of  Manila. 
Political  conditions  in  the  archipelago  seem 
to  demand  the  kind  of  investigation  that 
Secretary  Taft  will  be  able  to  give  them. 

Two        Secretary  Taft's  speech   at   Co- 
Notabte      lumbus,  Ohio,  on  the  evening  of 

Addresses,     ^^g^gj    jg^   ^^5   ^^    ^[,1^   defense 

of  the  Administration's  attitude  toward  the 
railroads  and  the  great  industrial  corpora- 
tions. .  The  Secretary's  analysis  of  the  Rate 
law  of  1906  and  its  practical  workings  was 
the  clearest  and  most  convincing  exposition 
of  the  subject  that  has  been  made  in  any  pub- 
lic address.  President  Roosevelt,  speaking 
on  the  following  day  at  Provincetown, 
Mass.,  at  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of 
the  Pilgrim  monument,  made  clear  the  pur- 
pose and  motive  of  his  administration  in  tak- 
ing action  against  **  the  wealth  which  works 
iniquity."  "  We  are  acting,"  said  the  Presi- 
dent, "  in  the  interest  of  every  man  of  prop- 
erty who  acts  decently  and  fairly  by  his  fel- 
lows ;  and  we  are  strengthening  the  hands  of 
those  who  propose  fearlessly  to  defend  prop- 
erty' against  all  unjust  attacks.  No  individ- 
ual, no  corporation,  obeying  the  law,  has  any- 
thing to  fear  from  this  Administration." 

Tha  President  ^"^"^^ch  as  Wall  Street  seemed 
and  the  disposed  to  hold  the  Administra- 
stock  Market,  ^j^^  accountable  for  the  recent 
depression  in  railroad  and  industrial  securi- 
ties there  was  spedal  interest  in  the  Presi- 
dent's utterances  at  Provincetown,  in  so  far 
as  they  had  a  bearing  on  the  current  business 
situation.  Mr.  Roosevelt  discussed  the  matj^ 
ter  in  the  following  words: 

During  the  present  trouble  with  the  stock 
market  I  have,  of  course,  received  countless  re- 
quests and  suggestions,  public  and  private,  that 
I  should  say  or  do  something  to  ease  the  situa- 
tion. There  is  a  world-wide  financial  disturb- 
ance. It  is  felt  in  the  bourses  of  Paris  and  Ber- 
lin, and  British  consols  are  lower,  while  prices 
of  railway  securities  have  also  depreciated. 

On  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange  the  dis- 
turbance has  been  particularly  severe;  most  of 
it  I  believe  to  be  due  to  matters  not  particularly 
confined  to  the  United  States  and  to  matters 
wholly  unconnected  with  any  governmental  ac- 
tion ;  but  it  may  well  be  that  the  determination 
of  the  Government,  in  which,  gentlemen,  it  will 
not  waver,  to  punish  certain  malefactors  of 
great  wealth,  has  been  responsible  for  something 
of  the  troubles,  at  least  to  the  extent  of  having 


caused  these  men  to  combine  to  bring  about  as 
much  financial  stress  as  they  possibly  can  in  or- 
der to  discredit  the  policy  of  the  Government, 
and  thereby  to  secure  a  reversal  of  that  policy, 
so  that  they  may  enjoy  the  fruits  of  their  own 
evil  doing. 

That  they  have  misled  many  good  people  into 
believing  that  there  should  be  such  reversal  of 
policy  is  possible.  If  so,  I  am  sorry,  but  it  will 
not  alter  my  attitude.  Once  for  all,  let  me  say 
that  as  far  as  1  am  concerned,  and  for  the  eight- 
een months  of  my  administration  that  remain, 
there  will  be  no  change  in  the  policy  we  have 
steadily  pursued,  no  let  up  in  the  effort  to  secure 
the  honest  observance  of  the  law,  for  1  regard 
this  contest  as  one  to  determine  who  shall  rule 
this  Government, — the  people  through  itheir  gov- 
ernmental agents,  or  a  few  ruthless  and  deter- 
mined men  whose  wealth  makes  them  particu- 
larly formidable,  because  they  hide  behind  the 
breastworks  of  corporate  organization. 

I  wish  there  to  be  no  mistake  on  this  point. 
It  is  idle  to  ask  me  not  to  prosecute  criminals, 
rich  or  poor.  But  I  desire  no  less  emphatically 
to  have  it  understood  that  we  have  undertaken 
and  will  undertake  no  action  of  a  vindictive 
type,  and  above  all,  no  action  which  shall  in- 
flict great  or  unmerited  suffering  upon  the  inno- 
cent stockholders  and  upon  the  public  as  a 
whole.  Our  purpose  is  to  act  with  the  mini- 
mum of  harshness  compatible  with  obtaining  our 
ends.  In  the  man  of  great  wealth  who  has 
earned  his  wealth  honestly  and  used  it  wisely 
we  recognize  a  good  citizen  worthy  of  all  praise 
and  respect. 

America  ^^^  article  on  another  page  dc- 
Producing  tails  thc  probability  that  in  south- 
Diamonds?  ^^egj^rn  Arkansas  there  has  been 
discovered  the  first  real  diamond-field  in 
America.  Nine  diamonds  out  of  ten  pur- 
chased in  this  country  have  been  coming 
from  a  single  South-African  Company, — the 
De  Beers.  Last  month  this  company  ab- 
sorbed its  largest  competitor,  the  Premier 
Mines,  the  productiveness  of  which  had  re- 
cently increased  until  it  was  yielding  about 
one-half  as  much  diamonds  as  De  Beers 
Mines  themselves.  Besides  this,  the  De 
*  JBeers  Company  has  contracted  to  handle 
thc  output  of  the  chief  among  the  remain- 
ing independent  companies.  The  South- 
African  diamond  fields  were  opened  only  in 
1867;  since  that  time  more  diamonds  have 
been  found  than  the  whole  world  produced 
since  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century; 
and  in  spite  of  this  flood  of  precious  stones 
prices  have  increased  about  100  per  cent. 
Artificial  diamonds  have  been  constructed  by 
Moissan,  of  Paris,  and  also  by  the  English 
scientist,  Crookes,  but  are  mere  laboratory 
curiosities;  the  melting  and  crystallizing  of 
pure  carbon  on  a  "  commercially  profitable  " 
scale  remains  the  secret  of  nature.  Great 
interest  will  center  around  this  Arkansas 
discovery. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


269 


Ottr  Tariff  WTicn  CongTCSS  mccts  it  is  inti- 
ReJmtiona  mitk  mated  there  will  be  laid  before  it 
ermany,  ^^^  draft  of  a  new,  broad,  and 
comprehensive  treaty  having  for  its  aim  fair 
tariff  rates  to  German  products  and  the  se- 
curing for  American  merchants  of  valuable 
trade  concessions  in  their  dealings  with  Ger- 
man business  men.  When  the  new  tariff 
went  into  effect  in  Germany  in  March,  1906, 
the  Berlin  government  notified  the  United 
States  that  it  would  from  now  on  accept  the 
American  interpretation  of  the  "  most  fa- 
vored nation  "  clause,  which  meant  that  the 
minimum  rates  would  not  be  extended  to 
American  products  unless  our  Government 
entered  into  a  special  agreement  for  that 
purpose.  Anxious  not  to  disturb  the  com- 
mercial relations  between  the  two  nations 
and  to  abstain  from  giving  cause  for  a 
tariff  war  and  desirous  to  furnish  strong 
proof  of  its  friendly  attitude  to  this  country*, 
the  German  Government  agreed  to  a  **  pro- 
visorium,"  or  a  temporary  arrangement  (un- 
til such  a  treaty  could  be  concluded ) ,  where- 
by the  minimum  rates  of  the  new  German 
tariff  were  to  be  applied  to  imports  from  the 
United  States  until  July  i,  1907,  while  Grer- 
many  was  to  continue  to  enjoy  the  minimum 
rates  conceded  under  the  Dingley  tariff. 

^  The   interval  of  sixteen  months 

^^  T*mporar§/  ^  was  granted  with  the  distinct 
"'^'^***''**'' understanding  that  the  two  gov- 
ernments would  use  their  best  endeavors 
to  bring  about  an  equitable  and  compre- 
hensive adjustment  of  their  tari^  rela- 
tions. It  was  in  keeping  with  that  under- 
standing that  Secretary  Root  sent  a  tariff 
commission  to  Germany  last  fall  to  confer 
with  a  similar  body  of  German  experts  on 
all  the  points  of  difference.  As  it  was  im- 
possible to  submit  the  treaty  to  Congress  be- 
fore December,  1907,  and  the  "  provisorium  " 
was  to  expire  on  July  i,  a  temporary  agree- 
ment was  arranged  on  the  basis  of  such  con- 
cessions as  the  President  had  the  authority 
to  grant  without  recourse  to  Congress.  This 
agreement,  subsequently  ratified  by  the  two 
governments,  went  into  effect  July  i  last. 
While  it  has  been  concluded  only  for  the 
term  of  one  year,  it  can  be  automatically  con- 
tinued in  force  beyond  that  period  until  no- 
rice  of  an  intention  to  terminate  it. 

Mwt  Bain      ^^  ^^^  t^rms  of  this  agreement 

•ftiM        the    United    States    secured    the 

Anamgemtid,  jninimimi  rates  of   the  German 

tariff  on  all  but  a  few  products,  the  articles 


excepted  constituting  but  3.3  per  cent,  of  our 
total  exports  to  Germany.  In  return  we 
grant  to  Germany  the  reduced  rates  author- 
ized under  section  3  of  the  Dingley  tariff, 
including  sparkling  wines  and  also  certain 
modifications  of  our  customs  regulations,  the 
most  important  of  which  are  as  follows: 

(i)  In  the  case  of  articles  subject  to  ad  va- 
lorem rates  of  duty,  export  price  is  to  be  taken 
as  a  basis  in  arriving  at  the  value  of  articles 
imported  into  this  country  from  Germany,  when- 
ever such  articles  are  not  sold  in  "  usual  whole- 
sale quantities  "  in  Germany,  being  manufactured 
exclusively  for  export.  (2)  Special  Treasury 
agents  sent  to  Germany  to  investigate  values  and 
prices  are  to  be  accredited  to  the  German  Gov- 
ernment through  the  usual  diplomatic  channels 
just  as  the  diplomatic  and  consular  officers  are. 
This  will  give  them  a  standing  in  Germany 
such  as  they  have  hitherto  lacked  and 
make  their  work  more  effective.  (3)  Cer- 
tificates of  the  German  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce are  to  be  taken  as  competent  evi- 
dence by  American  appraisers  in  estimating  the 
value  of  imported  merchandise.  To  the  extent 
that  such  certificates  will  help  our  appraisers  to 
arrive  at  a  correct  estimate  they  will  be  of  as 
much  value  to  this  country  as  to  Germany. 
Should  some  of  them  prove  misleading  or  in- 
accurate,— which  is  exceedingly  improbable  in 
view  of  the  official  character  of  those  bodies, — 
they  are  subject  to  rejection  as  much  as  any 
other  evidence,  the  Board  of  Appraisers  still  re- 
maining the  sole  judge  of  the  value  of  imported 
merchandise  so  far  as  the  levying  of  import  du- 
ties is  concerned. 

Summing  up  the  terms  of  the  agreement, 
we  secured  from  Germany  reductions  of  duty 
which  on  the  basis  of  the  trade  statistics  for 
1905  amount  to  about  $7,cxx),cxx)  and  are 
probably  greater  now ;  on  the  other  hand,  the 
saving  of  duties  to  Germany  will  amount  to 
about  $200,000.  The  average  rate  of  duty 
on  all  imports  under  the  American  tariff  is 
about  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  and  on  duri- 
able  imports  alone  about  45  per  cent.  The 
average  rate  of  duty  under  the  new  German 
conventional  tariff  is  less  than  8  per  cent. 
The 'additional  concessions  granted  by  us  in 
the  form  of  modifications  of  the  customs 
regulations  cannot  be  estimated  in  dollars 
and  cents;  but  while  they  will  undoubtedly 
prove  beneficial  to  German  trade,  they  will 
prove  no  less  beneficial  to  our  own  interests. 


Our 


Our  tariff  relations  with  France 
ReiatJona  with  are  less  Complicated.  Under  the 
^  '  commercial  agreement  of  1898, 
now  in  force,  France  receives  the  benefit  of  the 
reduced  rates  under  section  3  of  the  Dingley 
law,  except  that  on  champagnes,  while  in  re- 
turn we  enjoy  the  minimum  rates  on  a  limited 
number  of  articles, — ^viz. :  canned  meats, 
fresh  and  dried  fruits,  logs,  staves,  paving 


270 


THE  Ah4ERICAN  RE^^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


at  The  Hague,  to  which  she  promised  faith- 
fully to  submit  by  her  adhesion  to  the  claims 
treaty  of  February,  1903.  Belgium's  claim 
against  Venezuela  for  injury  to  property  in- 
flicted during  one  of  the  recent  revolution- 
ary movements  was  submitted  to  arbitration 
and  a  decision  rendered  in  favor  of  the  Euro- 
pean nation.  The  government  at  Caracas, 
however,  declined  to  abide  by  the  decision. 
A  later  report,  happily,  intimates  that  the 
amount  adjudged  the  Belgian  creditors  ($2,- 
cxx),cxx))   will  finally  be  paid. 

He  imposes  a  '^  ^  ^  ^  remarkable  statesman, 
$5,000,000  Senor  Castro,  besides  refusing 
^'"'  to  arbitrate  the  claims  of  five 
American  citizens  for  damages  inflicted  dur- 
ing revolutionary  outbreaks,  has  also  just 
brought  about  a  successful  outcome  of  his 
litigation  against  the  New  York  &  Bermu- 
dez  Asphalt  Company.  The  Venezuela 
Court  of  First  Instance  at  Caracas,  on 
August  12,  found  the  company  guilty  of  hav- 
ing extended  assistance  to  the  Matos  revo- 
lution, which  was  directed  unsuccessfully 
against  President  Castro  some  years  ago,  and 
condemned  the  company  to  pay  a  fine  of  $5,- 
ooOyOOO  to  the  Venezuela  Government, — a 
sum  which  coincides  exactly  with  the  esti- 
mated cost  of  putting  down  the  rebellion. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  when  Mr.  Her- 
bert W.  Bowen  was  American  Minister  to 
Caracas  our  State  Department  sent  what 
was  at  that  time  regarded  as  an  ultimatum 
to  Venezuela  in  regard  to  the  asphalt  matter. 
The  return  of  Mr.  Bowen  to  the  United 
States,  however,  put  an  end  to  the  investiga- 
tions, and  since  then  the  matter  has  dragged 
along  in  the  Venezuelan  courts  until  the  im- 
position of  the  $5,000,000  fine.  The  pre- 
sumption, of  course,  must  he  that  the  Ven- 
ezuelan high  court  has  acted  with  judicial 
propriety  and  equity  in  the  matter.  The  of- 
fense is  a  grave  one.  Americans  who  have 
studied  the  matter,  however,  will  entertain 
more  than  a  reasonable  doubt  as  to  whether 
the  contribution  to  the  Matos  faction  was 
not  given  under  compulsion,  the  Venezuela 
Government  being  unable  to  protect  foreign 
concerns  against  such  an  outrage. 

Problems  Before^     ^^^J^ej     of     by-eleCtionS     III 

the  British     England  have  recently  resulted 
Ministrv.      j^^  setbacks  for  the  present  Lib- 
eral ministry.     Most  significant  among  these 
iMoaso,  sir.  your  monkey  has  taken  •  ^y^^  ^\^^  triumphal  campaign  of  Mr.  Victor- 

Grayson  from  the  Colne  Valley  division  of 
Yorkshire.     Mr.  Grayson   is  the  first  out- 


blocks,  hops,  pork  and  lard.  In  addition 
to  that  the  French,  without  any  obliga- 
tion on  their  part,  have  been  admitting  under 
the  minimum  rates  of  duty  our  kerosene, 
cottonseed  oil,  and  Porto  Rican  coffee.  The 
French  are  naturally  anxious  to  secure  the 
reduced  rates  of  duty  on  champagne  which 
have  just  been  granted  to  Germany,  as  well 
as  the  benefit  of  the  customs  modifications. 
These  concessions  can  be  extended  to  France 
under  the  same  authority  as  they  were  given 
to  Germany  in  returrt  -il^  the  extension  of 
the  minimum  duties  of  France  to  additional 
American  products.  The  matter  constitutes 
at  present  the  subject  of  diplomatic  negotia- 
tions between  the  two  countries,  and  it  is 
expected  that  it  will  be  brought  to  a  satis- 
factory conclusion  in  the  near  future. 

TA-  /»;-/«-.-«„  It  would  seem  to  be  an  odd  co- 

The  Diplomacy  ...  ,  , 

of  Senor  incidence  that  at  the  same  mo- 
Castro.  ^^^^  ^j^^  ^^^^^  eminent  South- 
American  delegates  to  the  Hague  Confer- 
ence,— Dr.  Luis  Drago,  of  Argentina;  Dr. 
Barbosa,  of  Brazil,  and  Senor  Triana,  of 
Colombia, — were  impressing  the  distin- 
guished representatives  of  the  world  by  their 
eloquence  and  their  statesmanship,  the  gov- 
ernment of  Venezuela  should  have  declined 
to  abide  by  a  decision  of  the  arbitration  court 


A    BUITISH   VIRW   OF   THE   BELGO-YEXEZrELAN 
DIFFLRENCK. 


Beu;h  M  : 
my  bag." 

TTxn.K  Ham:  "That  so?     Ain't  he  cute? 
From  Punch  <  London). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


271 


and-out  Sodalist  member  of  the  British  Par- 
liament. He  calk  himself  "  the  member  of 
the  disinherited  of  earth,  the  aged  poor,  the 
sweated  worker,  and  the  starving  child." 
He  will  oppose  a  great  many  features  of  the 
Liberal  policy,  and  has  already  spoken 
against  the  $250,000  parliamentary  grant  to 
Lord  Cromer  for  his  services  in  Egypt. 
Among  the  items  on  his  program  of  reform 
arc:  (i)  "The  right  to  work,"  (2)  old-age 
pensions,  (3)  votes-f or  women,  (4)  national- 
ization of  the  land,  (5)  free  trade,  (6)  free 
maintenance  of  school  children,  (7)  the  abo- 
lition of  the  House  of  Lords,  (8)  an  income 
tax,  and  (9)  public  ownership  of  the  liquor 
business.  The  ineffectiveness  of  the  Liberal 
ministr>'  in  bringing  about  the  passage  of 
much-needed  and  much-promised  reforms,  in- 
cluding the  Education  bill,  curtailing  the 
power  of  the  House  of  Lords,  and  relief  for 
evicted  Irish  tenants,  has  estranged  not  only 
the  electorate  but  a  number  of  its  own  mem- 
bers. The  Earl  of  Sefton,  Master  of  the 
Horse,  appointed  by  Sir  Henry  Campbell- 
Bannerman,  has  resigned,  because  he  is  "  not 
in  accord  with  the  extreme  measures  of  the 
government." 

BrHmJm      Some   observers  of   English  .do- 
«<  mestic  and  international  politics 

"'**'  believe  that  they  see  in  the  hesi- 
tancy of  the  British  delegates  at  the  Hague 
Conference  over  questions  of  armament  a 
reflection  of  the  general  indecision  of  the 
Liberal  government. ,  In  order  to  carrj' 
through  the  sodal  reforms  to'  which  they  are 
pledged  the  Liberals  must  have  money,  and 
they  cannot  seriously  reduce  their  military 
and  naval  expenditure,— ^by  far  the  largest 
item  in  the  expense  budget  of  John  BulK — 
without  forfeiting,  somewhat.  Great  Brit- 
ain's rank  as  a  war  power;  Such  a  pol- 
icy, however,  they  arife- not  led  to  believe 
the  British  Empire  in  general  could  afford 
to  indorse.  The  recent  serious  strike  of 
dockers  and  carters  in  Belfast,  in  which  the 
discontented  workers  were  afterward  joined 
by  the  "  R.  I.  C.,"— Royal  Irish  Constabu- 
lary,— resulted  in  a  great  deal  of  destruction 
of  property  in  the  north  of  Ireland  metropolis 
and  the  dispatch  of  more  than  7000  regular 
troops  to  that  city. 

g^^^        There   is   a  pecuh'ar   interest   to 

Smmdim/am  Americans  in   two  of  the   items 

of    news    which    have    recently 

come  to  us  from  the  Scandinavian  countries. 

King  Oscar,   of   Sweden,   has   appointed    a 


commission  to  gather  statistical  and  other 
data  on  Swedish  immigration  to  this  countr>'. 
The  number  of  Swedes  leaving  their  father- 
land for  homes  in  our  great  American  and 
Canadian  West  has  been  increasing  phenom- 
enally during  the  past  two  decades.  King 
Oscar  ife  anxious  to  learn  what  is  the  draw- 
ing power  and,  if  possible,  how  the  sons  of 
old  Sweden  may  be  induced  to  remain  at 
home.  More  Swedes  than  Noruxgians  come 
to  the  United  States,  possibly  because  demo- 
cratic conditions  in  this  country  are  so  dif- 
ferent from  the  aristocratic  surroundings  in 
their  own,  even  more  different  than  those  in 
democratic  Norway.  The  other  fact  of  par- 
ticular interest  was  the  journey  to  Iceland  by 
King  Frederick,  of  Denmark,  and  his  ap- 
pointment of  a  commission  to  formulate  a 
more  progressive  liberal  policy  toward  that 
ancient  Danish  possession.  The  Icelanders, 
many  of  whom  have  recently  emigrated  to 
the  United  States  and  Canada,  are  a  people 
of  ancient  culture  and  strong  intellectual  at- 
tainments, and  a  vigorous  movement  for  ab- 
solute independence,  if  not  separation,  has 
gained  much  headway  among  them  during 
the  past  quarter  of  a  century.  King  Fred- 
erick announces  that,  while  he  will  not  con- 
sider such  a  thing  as  separation,  he  recog- 
nizes the  "  extraordinary  claims  of  the  Ice- 
landic people  to  govern  themselves "  and 
pledges  his  royal  word  that  he  will  honor 
this  in  future  legislation  to  a  much  greater 
extent  than  ever  before. 


Can  France 


More  than  one  event  of  intense 
and'eVrmanjf  interest  to  Frenchmen  has 
'^  marked  the  international  situa- 
tion during  the  past  few  weeks.  The  repub- 
lic's problem  in  Morocco,  with  its  solution 
involving  not  only  a  great  expenditure  of 
money  and  life,  but  possibly  a  radical  read- 
justment of  France's  relations  to  other  Euro- 
pean powers,  has  been  the  topic  of  greatest 
moment.  Just  how  the  German  Kaiser 
would  regard  the  spectacle  of  French  war- 
ships and  soldiers  beginning  what  is  virtually 
the  conquest  of  Morocco, — that  was  the  sub- 
ject of  greatest  concern  to  the  Paris  govern- 
ment. As  we  have  pointed  out  in  another 
paragraph,  Germany's  acquiescence  in  the 
French  movements  in  North  Africa  was  as 
evidently  unqualified  as  it  was  unexpected. 
A  good  deal  of  talk  about  a  coming  Franco- 
German  understanding  has  appeared  in  the 
French  and  some  of  the  German  journals. 
Although  there  would  seem  to  be  ITttle  hope 
of  an  understanding  under  the  present  con- 


272 


THE  AMERICAN  REt^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


tion  of  the  army  strength  in  France  indicates 
the  confidence  of  the  Paris  government  that 
Germany  would  not  take  advantage  of  the 
situation.  This  reduction  in  the  strength 
of  the  peace  footing  of  the  army  was  not  ef- 
fected without  considerable  opposition,  and 
one  of  its  results  was  the  resignation  of  Gen- 
eral Hagron,  who  was  president  of  the  Su- 
preme Council  of  War.  Three  other  distin- 
guished generals  followed  his  example.  The 
Militarist  party  claim  that  this  reduction  13 
due  to  Socialist  agitation.  The  recent  So- 
cialist Congress  at  Nancy,  however  (August 
14),  while  condemning  war,  reaffirmed  its 
declaration  of  last  year  that  it  is  the  duty 
of  French  Socialists  to  defend  the  country  if 
it  is  attacked.  Whether  or  not  Premier  Cle- 
menceau  has  substantial  assurances  that  Ger- 


CENERAL    HAGRON    AND    GENERAL    LACROIX,    OUTGO- 
ING AND  INCOMING  COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF 
OF  THE   FRENCH    ARMY. 

ditions,  particularly  while  the  memory  of 
Alsace-Lorraine  still  rankles  in  the  French 
breast,  there  are  indications  that  both  gov- 
ernments, at  least,  would  welcome  the  pass- 
ing of  the  day  of  enmity. 


A  Smaller 
French 
Army. 


There  is  more  than  one  indica- 
tion of  the  desire  of  the  Ger- 
man Kaiser  to  conciliate  France. 
Early  in  August,  for  the  first  time  since  the 
war  of  1870,  a  French  musical  society,  with 
the  approval  of  the  German  Governmentf 
paraded  flying  the  tricolor  during  the  musical 
fetes  in  Alsace.  On  the  other  side,  it  has  been 
contended  that  the  recent  temporary  reduc- 


By  prrmluioii  af  Clurlc*  W-  Furlorkf. 
SAMUEL    hlMMEHE,    AMEllltAK     MINISTER     T>* 
ROCCO. 

(From  a  photograph  taken  on  the  eustonis 
Tani^ier.) 

many  contemplates  no  unfriendly  act, 
mains  true  that  more  than  100,000  Fr 
men  have  now  returned  to  their  homes 
occupations  to  add  to  the  industrial  we 
if  not  to  the  glory,  of  France. 


THK    LOST    PROVINrKS    AI.\VAY8    AN    OBSTACLE. 

r.KHMANY    (to    Franco):    "My   dear   Marianne,    I 


France's 
Task  In 
Morocco. 


Will  France,  in  order  to  ir 
safety     for     European    life 
property  in   thost  cities  of 


lovo  to  mako  up  with  you     But  yo"  nju«t    ^^^^   ^^^^^^   ^^^  Algeciras  Conference    au 

r   those   blark   gopRlos    [marked    *  Alsaoe-Lor-      ,       .       ,    ,  i*         t      /•  i 


should   hi 

tako   off   those    hlark   gopRh'S    [ruunvfu      ^*i.-.nvv-»^wi-  i-ii         ^           i*u/^        j*. 

ralne'I  or  you  cnnn<.t  possibly  aee  me  as  I  am."  thonzed    her  tO  police,   be   t<^rced   tO  COnqucr 

From  KioihUrmintHvh  (Berlin).  the  entire  country?     Such  would  appear  to 


THE  PROGRESS,  OF  THE  iVORLD. 


273 


MORtlCCtl    A  Nil    THE    FMENt  H     KIKLfJ   OF   OPERATION  1^- 


French  cruiser  was  ordered  to  Casablanca. 
AU  the  foreign  residents  of  the  region  had 
taken  refuge  in  the  French »  Spanish,  and 
British  consulates,  which,  when  the  French 


be  the    final    outcome    of 
the  campaign  inaugurated 
tm  August  6  by  the  bom- 
bardment    and     practical 
destruction    of   the    tov%n 
of  Casablanca  by  French 
warships*      The  condition 
of    affairs     in     Morocco 
has  long-'bccn  intolerable 
frnm   any   civil  fas  cd   view- 
point.       After    the    long- 
drawn-out       deliberations 
of  the    Algeciras   Confer- 
ence     (January      i6      to 
March  31*  1906),  France 
and   Spain    ucre   given   a 
**  mandate  '*    or  authority 
from  combined  Europe  to 
keep     order     in     certain 
Moorish   cities.      Late   in 
July      the      bandit     chief 
Rakyii,— v%ho»  it  will  be 
remembered,   some  years  ago  captured    and 
held   for  ransom  the  American  citizen  Per- 
dicaris, — made    a    brilliant    stroke    by    raid- 
ing    the     ontsltirts    of    Tangier    and    cap- 
turing   Sir    Harry     Mac  Lean,    the    British   warship  arrived »  were  surrounded  by  hostile 
cammandcr-in-chief    of   the    Moorish    army-    Arab  tribesmen. 
The     Kaid,    Raisuli    announces,    is    to    be 

held    as   a  hostage   until   his   demands  have     Bombardment  ^^^  local   Moorish   official   hav- 
b<?cTi  granted  by  the  Sultan*     Soon  after  this  *>/  ing    admitted     his     inability     to 

mfrmatitmal  kidnapping  episode  eight  Euro-  "'*'  ''™'  maintain  order,  and  having 
p«fans  were  murdered  in  the  city  of  Casa-  called  upon  the  French  for  assistance,  a  num- 
btanca,  which  Is  a  small,  ver>'  old  town  on  ber  of  marines  were  landed  from  the  cruiser. 
the  Arlanric  mmr.  24X)  miles  southwest  of  Upon  disembarking,  early  on  the  morning 
l^an gter.  Fearing  a  general  massacre,  a  of  August  4,  these  were  immediately  at- 
tacked by  Moorish  troops^ 
\vho  opened  hre  at  close 
range.  A  sanguinarj^  bat- 
tle follovved  between  the 
Arabs  and  the  Kuropcan 
soldier) ,  the  French  cruiser 
opening  fire  and  shelling 
t  h  e  Moorish  batteries 
Scenes  of  great  disorder 
and  violence  followed  upon 
t)ie  firing,  a  ragfng  moh  of 
Moors  attacking  and  pil- 
Ujiing  the  entire  city.  The 
Jews  particularly  were 
massacred  by  hundreds. 
Another  French  warship 
soon  appeared  upon  the 
*,     M-L^   r.,ri  r.*  scene,     accompanied     h\     a 

MOEorco's  AGRICULTURAL  RESOURCES  TEMPT  FRANCE.  Spanish  cruiscT,  and  troops 

(Heaps  of  canteloupe  melons  piled  up  on  the   8uk  de  Barra,  outaido      ^'^re  landed  tO  the  number 
iMngifT.     Such  «]uant!tles  are  brought  In  twice  a  week  from  the  country.)        of   4OOO.      General    Dfudc, 


274 


THE  AMERICAN  REk^IEiV  OF  REI^IEU^S. 


DID  THXY  REALLY   DISCUSS  PEACR  AT  THV   HAQUV, — OB  WAB? 

The  Peace  Angel  :  **  Bless  you,  my  dear  children !  ** 
Mars  :  *'  Swear  fidelity  to  her !    Swear  it  on  my  sword  !  ** 
Chorus  of  the  Powers  :  "  Ain«n,  Father  Mars !  " 

Fronj  the  AmBterdammer  (Amsterdam). 


the  French  commander,  was  chosen  to 
head  the  allied  troops,  Spanish  and 
French,  and  rein fo /cements  were  hurried 
from  France,  until  by  August  20  a  state 
of  almost  actual  war  existed  in  Morocco. 
The  Moors  are  a  people  brave  to  fanati- 
cism, and  France's  task  in  subduing  them 
is  likely  to  be  a  tax  upon  even  her  great 
resources.  The  rest  of  Europe,  including 
Germany,  appears  to  regard  the  republic's 
action  as  not  only  proper  but  inevitable.  In- 
deed, some  of  the  officially  inspired  German 
journals  are  now  telling  their  readers  that 
the  fate  of  Morocco  is  practically  sealed,  that 
the  country  must  inevitably  become  a  French 
protectorate,  and  that  the  Algeciras  Confer- 
ence was  really  unnecessary.  The  foreign 
office  at  Paris,  for  its  part,  has  officially  an- 
nounced that  "  on  no  account  will  the 
French  Government  follow  a  policy  of  con- 
quest or  embark  upon  an  expedition  into  the 
interior  of  Morocco,  which  would  be  con- 
trary to  the  wishes  of  the  French  nation, — 
unless  events  should  force  our  hand."  If 
the  fanatical  chiefs  should  succeed  in  forcing 
a  "  jebad,"  or  holy  war,  France  might  find 
her  task  well  nigh  beyond  her  'powers. 


Reautta 

at 

The  Hague. 


It  cannot  fail  to  be  very  gmtifi' 
ing  to  American  citiau>ns  tp  pH^ 

ize  that,  just  as  in  i8^Ag^^ 
American  delegation  saved  the  first  ^H^ 
Conference  from  a  virtual  failure,  SQ  ifcf 
representatives  oi  the  United  State*  ^llir 
second  conference,  in  the  present  year,  ^ff^ 
been  the  chief  instruments  in  preventinftl^ 
august  international  gathering  from  adjote* 
ing  without  the  achievement  of  any  ^^ 
stantial  results.  Disregarding  the  piirri^ 
academic  discussiuns  during  the  confcrcntt, 
may  be  stated  that  the  rcat  ii^ork  CHI  |e 
divided  into  two  cla^es,^ — the  of*c 
composed  of  technical  propositions 
render  the  conduct  of  war  more  humfl 
the  other  of  polincal  proposition*,  tnvc 
the  principle  of  preventing  wars  bet^*ccii  \ 
tions.  The  proposition  of  the  United  Si 
forbidding  the  bombard ment  of  undef 
towns  and  villn^cs  was  unanirnouslv 
proved  in  Comi^iission,  as  was  als^' 
posal  to  add  to  the  rules  of  sea  warfare  the 
provisions  of  the  Geneva  Convention.  The 
proposition  for  the  prohibition  of  submarine 
mines  was  blocked  by  Great  Britain  and 
Germany.     On  the  other  hand,  the  Britidi 


rfc  CHI  m 

"« 

tmaii^pi 

snYolfnl 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


275 


proposal  for  the  abolition  of  contraband  of 
war,  although  it  received  a  majority  of  votes 
in  the  conference,  is  to  be  considered  buried, 
since  all  the  great  naval  powers,  including 
the  United  States,  except  Great  Britain  her- 
self, arc  against  it.  The  American  proposal 
concerning  the  collection  of  contract  debts, — 
the  much-discussed  Drago  Doctrine, — was 
unanimously  approved.  The  American  pro- 
posal, brought  forward  by  Mr.  Choate,  for 
making  the  arbitration  court  more  permanent 
and  compact,  was  also  approved.  It  now 
seems  probable  that  during  the  last  days  of 
the  conference  (it  is  believed  that  the  ses- 
sions will  close  by  the  middle  of  the  present 
month),  a  permanent  arbitration  and  prize- 
of-war  court  will  be  elaborated  and  made 
a  permanent  institution. 

noAar^tut^/'  agreement  was  reached  on 
as  to  Armament  the  subject  of  limitation  of  arma- 
*^*  ^'  ment.  The  conference  would  go 
no  further  than  to  declare  its  opinion  that 
limitation  was  desirable.  The  British  reso- 
lution on  this  subject,  which  was  passed 
unanimously,  is  as  follows: 

This  conference  confirms  the  resolution  adopted 
by  the  conference  of  1899  regarding  the  limitation 
of  military  burdens,  and  as  military  burdens  have 
been  considerably  augmented  in  almost  all  coun- 
tries since  1899.  it  declares  it  is  highly  desirable 


THE    GERMAN    KAISER, 
YACHT,    THE 


able  seaman,     on  his 
hohenzollern/' 


THF  SVPOBD   OF   DAMOCLES   AT   THE   HAOCB. 

(According  10  the  cartoonist  of  KladderadatHch 
*B«rtln>.  what  frightenod  the  powers  mo»t  at  the 
vntff  ronfereni^  was  th«*  possibility  of  a  Japanese 
Atter!«n  war.) 


to    see    the   governments   earnestly    resume   the 
study  of  this  question. 

M.  Leon  Bourgeois,  one  of  the  French  del- 
egates, and  generally  regarded  as  the  ablest 
diplomatic  and  legal  representative  at  the 
present  conference,  has  more  than  once  an- 
nounced that  "  the  purpose  of  the  Hague 
Peace  Conference  of  1907  is  not  the  pacific 
organization  of  war,  but  the  judicial  organi- 
zation of  peace."  The  month  of  August  was 
noteworthy,  also,  for  several  other  interna- 
tional conferences  at  which  the  idea  of  uni- 
versal peace  was  prominent,  notably  the  Zion- 
ist Congress,  held  at  The  Hague,  and  the 
International  Socialist  Congress,  which  be- 
began  its  sessions  on  August  18  at  Stuttgart. 
As  might  have  been  expected,  the  Peace  Con- 
ference has  shown  many  possibilities  as  a  thea- 
ter for  international  intrigue.  One  of  the 
most  significant  and,  to  Americans,  interest- 
ing developments  along  this  line  has  been  the 
very  evident  desire  on  tffe  part  of  Germany,' 
through  her  delegates  at  The  Hague,  to  se- 
cure the  good  will  of  the  United  States  of 
America  and  of  the  French  Republic. 


276 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEiV  OF  REyiElVS. 


18  THE   WORLD   IN  AWE  OF  THE  OEBMAN   KAISER? — ^A  JAPANESB    VIBW. 

(Toklo  Puck  attempts  to  express  the  feelings  of  Russia,  Japan,  ^nd  the  United  States  while  the  Ciar  and 
the   Kaiser  were   "  visiting."     Read   the   Inscriptions.) 


1$  Germany  ^  cordial  Understanding  with 
Really  France,  even  to  the  point  of  com- 
taoiated?  ^^^^^  foFgetfulness  of  old  scores, 
and  an  agreement  amqunting  to  a  working 
alliance  with  the  United  States, — these,  in 
the  opinion  of  more  than  one  student  of  con- 
temporary European  politics,  are  the  consum- 
mations which  the  German  Kaiser  has  set 
before  his  eyes  to  compensate  his  empire  for 
the  practical  isolation  in  which  it  has  been 
placed  by  the  chain  of  alliances,  ententes,  and 
understandings,  effected  by  his  Britannic 
Majesty,  King  Edward  VII.,  during  his 
continental  tours  of  the  past  two  years.  In 
addition  to  the  Franco-Russian  alliance  there 
now  exist  in  Europe  cordial  understandings 
between  England,  France,  and  Spain,  to 
which  Italy  is  probably  a  party,  regarding 
the  future  of  the  Mediterranean  and  North 
Africa,  and  between  England  and  Russia, 
with  Japan  in  full  agreement,  as  to  the  Bal- 
tic, the  Balkans,  and*  the  Far  East.  Official 
advices,  moreover,  inform  us  that  a  new 
Austro-Italian  treaty  has  actually  been  nego- 
tiated, according  to  the  main  terms  of  which 


Italy  agrees  to  hold  the  Adriatic  against  a 
pan-German  invasion. 

"A  Chain  of  ^^  "^^^  ^^»  ^  ^^^  timid  Rus- 
Ententes  sian  Liberals  have  feared,  that 
the  interview  of  the  German  and 
Russian  Emperors  at  Sw^'nemunde,  on  August 
3,  will  result  in  deepened  reaction  in  Russia. 
It  is  more  probable,  however,  that  Germany's 
relations  to  Russia's  ally,  France,  as  to  her 
problem  m  Morocco,  and  how  Germany  is 
to  be  affected  by  the  recently  concluded  An- 
glo-Russian agreement,  were  the  chief 
topics  of  discussion.  King  Edward's  sub- 
sequent journey  to  Ischl,  where  he  met  the 
aged  Emperor  Francis  Joseph  of  Austria 
(it  was  during  the  latter's  seventy-seventh 
birthday  celebrations),  was  the  occasion,  we 
are  told  in  the  dispatches,  for  the  strengthen- 
ing of  the  ties  of  friendship  between  Great 
Britain  and  Austria  and  for  a  clear  under- 
standing upon  the  Macedonian  question,  and 
perhaps  for  an  expression  of  views  on  the 
part  of  the  aged  Austrian  Kaiser  as  to  the 
fate  of  his  own  polyglot  empire  when  he 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE   IVORLD. 


277 


shall  have  passed  away.  King  Edward  later 
met  the  German  Kaiser  at  Wilhelmshohc 
(on  August  14),  and  the  cordial  relations 
of  the  two  monarchs  were  emphasized. 
Whether  or  not,  as  some  clever  newspaper 
correspondents  would  have  us  believe,  the 
British  King  succeeded  on  that  occasion  in 
convincing  his  royal  nephew  that  none  of  his 
royal  conferences  had  for  its  object  the  isola- 
tion ot  Gcmiany,  the  fact  remains  that  this 
isolation  i^  recoijntzeil  ui  Berlin.  It  is  also 
true*  beyond  a  [loul>t.  thnt  the  conclusion  of 
the  a^rrcements  enumerated  above  has  been 
the  si;^nal  for,  if  nut  the  occasion  of,  Ger- 
man friendly  advances  toward  France  and 
the  United  Sfatcs. 

n^rsa       T'^'o   higlily   significant   develop- 

41  japtMtse    ments  in   the  international   rela- 

Pn^vitwe.     ^j^^^    ^^    ^j^^    Japanese    Empire 

marked  the  months  of  July  and  August. 
During  the  fortnight  following  the  abdica- 
tion of  the  Korean  Emperor,  Yi-Hyeung, 
and  the  accession  to  the  throne  of  the  well- 
meaning  but  incompetent  Prince  Yi-Syek, 
the  status  of  the  unfortunate  Hermit  King- 
dom as  a  Japanese  protectorate  was  fixed  be- 
fore the  world.  A  number  of  riots  followed 
the    abdication   of   Yi-Hyeung  on   July    19. 


There  were  also  several  international  "  mis- 
sions "  to  interest  the  world  in  the  fate  of 
Korea.  That  country,  however,  since  the 
signing  of  the  convention  on  July  25,  though 
nominally  an  independent  state,  has  become, 
in  reality,  a  Japanese  province.  Korea  is 
now  full  of  Japanese  soldiers,  and  outward 
order  at  least  has  been  restored.  The  con- 
vention, drawn  up  by  Japan  and  agreed  to 
by  the  present  ruler,  practically  reduces  the 
peninsula  to  the  position  of  a  Japanese 
Egypt,  with  Marquis  Ito  as  its  Lord 
Cromer.  The  clauses  of  this  convention  are 
as  follows: 

(i)  The  administration  of  Korea  is  placed 
under  the  secure  guidance  of  the  Japanese  Resi- 
dent-General;  (2)  The  enactment  of  all  laws 
and  ordinances  and  the  transaction  of  important 
State  affairs  shall  receive  the  approval  of  the 
Resident-General;  (3)  The  appointment  of  all 
high  responsible  officials  shall  receive  the  ap- 
proval of  the  Resident-General;  (4)  Only  per- 
sons recommended  by  the  Resident-General  shall 
be  eligible  to  office  in  the  Korean  Government ; 
(5)  A  distinct  line  of  demarcation  is  to  be  drawn 
between  administrative  and  judicial  affairs;  (6) 
Foreigners  are  to  be  employed  only  with  the 
consent  of  the  Resident-General;  (7)  The  first 
clause  of  the  convention  of  August  22,  1904,  pro- 
viding for  the  employment  of  a  financial  ad- 
viser, is  annulled. 


A  DITTCH  VIEW  OF  THE   SENDING  OF  THE  AMERICAN   FLEET  TO  THE     lACIFir. 

I'sicxjs  Ram    (to  the  Mikado):  "My  good  friend,         Mikado:   "(treat   heavens!     There   is  gunpowder 
»y    nhi%m    aro   b«*nt   on    the   friendliest   of   mlsslonB.     in  that  tobacco!" 
*>«iike>,  now.  Itft  us  Hmolce  Ihe  pipe  of  peace  together."  T^nclk  Sam  :  "  (Jreat  Svott  !     Who  would  have  be- 

MiKAiir*:  ••  My  good  brother,  nothing  would  please     lleved  it  !     That  tobacco  was  probably  grown  in  Mn 
ri*«*  nkor**."  iiila." 

From  the  Aumirrtlammrr  (Amsterdam). 


278 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^/EIV  OF  REyiElVS, 


A  Qraduai    ^^^    absorption    of    Korea    by 

Abtorption    Japan  has  been  a  more  gradual 

If  apan.  ^^qq^^  ^j^jj^  may  be  generally 
understood.  For  centuries  China  and  the 
Island  Empire  have  struggled  over  the  Her- 
mit Kingdom.  At  the  close  of  the  Chino- 
Japanese  War,  Korea,  while  nominally  in- 
dependent, became  really  subservient  to 
Japan,  and  it  was  the  growth  of  Russia's  in- 
fluence in  Seoul  that  eventually  forced  Japan 
to  fight  the  northern  empire.  By  the  treaty 
of  February  3,  1904,  Japan  bound  herself 
to  guarantee  the  safety  of  the  Korean  Em- 
peror and  the  independence  and  territorial 
.  integrity  of  the  country.  A  subsequent 
treaty  (signed  August  22  of  the  same  year) 
gave  her  the  right  to  take  charge  of  Korean 
finance  and  diplomatic  affairs.  The  next 
year  (November  17,  1905)  a  third  treaty, 
negotiated  against  the  protests  of  the  Em- 
peror who  has  just  abdicated,  placed  the  con- 
trol and  direction  of  all  Korean  foreign  af- 
fairs in  the  hands  of  Japan.  The  mission  of 
the  Korean  delegates  to  the  Hague  Peace 
Conference  gave  the  Japanese  authorities 
their  pretext  for  declaring  that  this  agree- 
ment had  been  violated  and  for  instigating 
the    demand    for    Yi-Hyeungs    abdication. 

j^^         Eventually  Korea  will  be  thor- 

Japaneae     oughly  absorbed  by  Japan.     We 

Program,  q^^^^  qj^  another  page  this  month 
a  graphically  told  outline  of  the  part  played 
by  two  American  diplomats  in  determining 
the  international  fate  of  "  the  Land  of  the 
Morning  Calm."  A  pamphlet  just  issued 
by  the  Japanese  residency-general  at  Seoul, 
entitled  "  Administrative  Reforms  in  Korea," 
with  the  aim  of  vindicating  the  work  of 
the  Japanese  in  the  Hermit  Kingdom, 
announces  that  the  plan  of  the  Tokio 
government  is  to  assume  charge  of  the  af- 
fairs of  the  peninsula  very  gradually.  A 
modem  administration  of  the  government, 
which  has  become  so  corrupt  and  inefficient, 
would  entail  a  large  number  of  officials  and 
bring  about  a  deficit  in  the  revenues.  The 
first  items  on  the  program  of  reforms,  says 
this  pamphlet,  cover  the  system  of  taxation 
and  the  army. 

T..  ^     T    ^  The    conclusion    of    the    general 

The  New  Treaty  .  -n        *  it 

Between  Japan  treaty  between  Russia  and  Japan 

and/tussla.     (^j^^^j    ^^    j^,y    ^^)    ^^^^^    ^^^ 

close  of  the  negotiations  following  the  recent 

war  between  the  two  countries.    The  powers 

reciprocally    guarantee    their    territories    on    ^;;;^J"^^^.r  '^^  ^"^^^*-    wish  rd  got  my  Panauu 

♦he  Pacific  coast  of  Asia  and  agree  to  respect 


the  independence  and  territorial  integrity  of 
China.  Certain  rights  of  navigation  and  fish- 
eries are  confirmed  to  Japan,  the  commercial 
convention  expiring  in  191 1  and  that  relat- 
ing to  the  fisheries  eight  years  later.  This 
instrument  completes  a  circle  of  agreements 
between  the  great  sea  powers  of  the  world, 
with  the  exception  of  the  United  States  and 
Germany,  concerning  China  and  the  entire 
Pacific  coast  of  Asia.  Unless  Japan  shall 
become  involved  in  hostilities  with  Germany 
or  the  United  States,  we  shall  have  no  war 
in  the  Far  East  before  191 5,  at  the  earliest, 
in  which  year  the  Anglo- Japanese  ten-year 
treaty  expires.  Japan  now  has  clear  under- 
standings with  Russia,  Great  Britain,  and 
France.  A  German-Japanese  war  scarcely 
seems  possible,  unless  the  Island  Empire 
should  have  designs  on  the  German  colony 
in  China, — a  possibility  which  may  be  safely 
neglected  in  discussing  the  problem. 

End  of  the  ^^  ^s  gratifying  to  record  that 
*'^JI^"J^'^^'"'J^P^^^^-^^^^^^^  relations  con- 
apan.  ^j^^^  undisturbed  by  the  war  of 
the  yellow  press  in  both  countries.  In  a  re- 
cent speech  on  the  war  scare  Ambassador 
Aoki  remarked: 

A  psychologist  would  find  it  interesting  to  fol- 
low the  building  up  of  the  fabric  of  falsehood 


i:^^^;- 


A    TOrClI    <»K   TUK    KIHINO    SUN. 

pREainENT  Roosevflt:  "A  nice,  genial  orb.  tb**. 


From  Punch  (London). 


WE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


279 


**  LA   PATRIE,"  THE  FRENCH    STEERABLE   WAR    BALLOON. 
(Floating;  over  Paris,  and  carrying  Premier  Cl^menceau  and   Minister  of  War  General  Piquant.) 


and  fallacy,  as  an  irresponsible  person  here  tells 
an  irresponsible  paper  something,  which  it  prints. 
and  which  an  irresponsible  agitator  cables  to  a 
negligible  Japanese  Jingo  paper,  and  which  it 
prints  in  connection  with  irresponsible  comment 
and  invented  interviews,  the  whole  coming  back 
here  magnified  and  distorted,  but  presented  as 
an  index  of  universal  Japanese  setitiment.  The 
thing  is  ridiculous,  of  course.  Still,  when  one 
considers  the  possibilities  it  is  gigantically 
wicked. 

The  pending  visit  of  our  peaceful  Secre- 
tary of  War  Taft  to  the  Far  East,  includ- 
ing a  brief  sojourn  in  Japan,  may  be  ex- 
pected to  emphasize  the  cordiality  with 
which  the  great  bulk  of  the  American  people 
M^.*^u  r..-.  jM..Pi/.t  .,;  Japan.  If  the  Island 
Kmpire  has  a  just  c^use  for  complaint  on  the 
score  of  some  provisi!>ns  in  the  existing  treat- 
ties  between  the  two  countries,  diplomacy 
and  gofMi,  »ottnd  juilgment  will  prevail  in 
correettrwg  this  cause  tor  complaint  when  the 
trczty'  h  renewed  or  revised  in  1909. 

While  tlif  entire  world  is  await- 
jmtd  ing  with  interest  the  announce- 
*'^'''»'  meat  thnr  Mr.  Walter  Wellman 
has  started  on  his  atl venturous  balloon  search 
tor  the  North  Pole,  and  the  Hague  Con- 
f  r  -_:  :7<  .nlpmnly  deliberating  upon  the 
rules  for  balloons  in  warfare,  the  French  and 
German  army  staffs  have  been  quietly  de- 
veloping the  military  balloon  until  an  actual 
achievement  has  been  made  which  is  remark- 
able. On  July  22,  the  Patrie,  the  dirigible 
French    war    balloon,    carrying    not    only 


Premier  Clemenceau  but  General  Picquart, 
Minister  of  War,  made  a  successful  ascent  to 
a  height  of  2600  feet,  and  floated  over  Paris 
for  three  hours,  proving  herself  capable  of 
being  steered  absolutely  at  the  will  of  her 
conductor.  Our  own  army  has  apparently 
taken  up  ballooning  for  military  purposes 
in  real  earnest.  During  the  month  of  June 
two  ascensions  in  military  balloons  were 
made  by  Captain  Chandler,  during  one  of 
which  he  went  from  Washington  to  Harris- 
burg,  a  distance  of  104  miles,  at  an  average 
rate  of  th>rty-five  miles  per  hour,  retaining 
complete  control  of  his  machine  all  the 
while.  Improvements  in  efficiency  and  speed 
in  automobiles  have  become  the  order  of  the 
day.  Especially  noteworthy,  however,  is 
the  recent  achievement  of  Prince  Scipione 
Borghese,  the  Italian  motorist,  who  won  the 
auto  race  from  Peking  to  Paris,  having  made 
the  longest  automobile  run  on  record.  He 
covered  the  7000  miles  in  exactly  two 
months,  and,  although  encountering  great 
difficulties,  had  no  accident  or  repairs  except 
the  replacing  of  a  wheel.  His  route  was 
through  the  Gobi  desert  and  southern 
Siberia,  to  Moscow,  to  Posen,  and  to  Berlin. 
A  Prussian  army  officer,  Lieutenant  Graetz, 
has  already  started  to  emulate  this  feat  by  a 
ride  across  Africa  in  a  motor-car.  He  ex- 
pects to  cover  the  continent  from  German 
East  Africa  to  the  southwestern  African 
possessions  of  the  Fatherland  in  about  six 
weeks. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


(From  July  20  to  August  tO,  mrt.) 


POLITICS  AND  OOVBRNMBNT—AMBRICAN . 

July  23. — ^The  caucus  of  New  York  Republi- 
can assembljrmen  at  Albany  accepts  as  a  party 
measure  the  Senate  Apportionment  bill  as  passed 
by  the  Senate. ..  .The  Public- Service  Commis- 
sion of  New  York  City  appoints  Abel  E.  Black- 
mar  counsel  and  William  M.  Ivins  special  coun- 
sel. 

July  24. — ^The  extraordinary  session  of  the 
New    York    State    Legislature    adjourns    after 


MAYOR   EDWARD   R,    TAYLOR,   OF    SAN    FRANCISCO. 

passing  the  compromise  Reapportionment  bill; 
all  the  nominations  of  Public-Service  Commis- 
sioners are  confirmed  by  the  Senate. 

July  25. — The  American  Protective  Tariff 
League  attacks  the  proposed  tariff  agreement 
with  Germany  as  unlawful  and  unfair. 

July  27. — Southern  Railway  officials,  after  a 
conference  with"  Governor  Glenn,  of  North 
Carolina,  decide  to  sell  tickets  at  the  rate  pre- 
scribed by  the  State  law  after  August  8. 

July  30. — The  Hardman-Coyington  Prohibi- 
tion bill  is  passed  by  the  Georgia  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives by  vote  of  139  to  39  (see  page  328). 
The  Ohio  Republican  Central  Committee  in- 
dorses Secretary  Taft  for  the  Presidency  by 
vote  of  15  to  6. ..  .The  United  States  Govern- 
ment  enters  suit  at  Wilmington,  Del.,  for  the 
dissolution  of  the  powder  trust,  asking  for  a 
receivership. ..  .In    the    first    elections    for    the 


Philippine  Assembly  the  Nadonalists  choose  a 
large  majority  of  the  delegates In  the  Mis- 
sissippi Democratic  primaries  Representative 
John  Sharp  Williams  wins  the  nomination  to 
the  United  States  Senate  by  a  small  vote  orer 
Governor  Vardaman;  E.  F.  Noel  is  nominated 
for  the  Governorship. 

July  31. — Governor  Curry,  of  New  Mexico, 
discusses  with  President  Roosevelt  plans  for 
Territorial  reforms. 

August  I.— President  Shonts,  of  the  New 
York  Interborough-Metropolitan  Railway  sys- 
tem, is  on  the  stand  at  the  first  day's  session  of 
the  Public- Service  Commission's  investigation 
of  the  transit  merger. 

August  2.— The  Secretary  of  State  of  Ala- 
bama revokes  the  license  of  the  Southern  Rail- 
way to  do  business  in  the  State Oklahoma 

Republicans  nominate  Frank  Frantz  for  Gov- 
ernor of  the  proposed  new  State. 

August  3 —Judge  Landis,  in  the  United  Sutes 
District  Court  in  Chicago,  fines  the  Standard 
Gil  Company  $29,240,000  for  accepting  freight 
rebates. 

August  6.— The  Alabama  Legislature  elects 
Joseph  F.  Johnston  United  States  Senator  in 
place  of  the  late  Edmund  W.  Pettus Gov- 
ernor Smith,  of  Georgia,  signs  the  State  Pro- 
hibition bill,  to  take  effect  on  January  i,  1908. 

August  8. — Governor  George  C.  Curry,  of 
New  Mexico,  is  inaugurated  at  Santa  Fe. ... 
The  Southern  Railway  makes  all  the  concessions 
demanded  by  the  State  of  Alabama  regarding 
the  rates  for  passenger  fares. ..  .Maryland  Dem- 
ocrats nominate  Judge  Austin  L.  jCrothers  for 
Governor. 

August  9. — Judge  Grosscup,  in  Chicago,  grants 
a  writ  of  error  to  the  Standard  Oil  Company  in 
the  rebate  cases. 

August  TO. — In  the  United  States  District 
Court  of  Minneapolis  the  Wisconsin  Central 
Railway  Company  is  fined  $17,000  for  rebating. 

August  14. — The  official  appointment  of  E.  M. 
Morgan  as  postmaster  of  New  York  is  an- 
nounced  Maryland     Republicans     nominate 

George  R.  Gaither  for  Governor. ..  .The  San 
Francisco  primary  elections  result  favorably  for 
the  reform  element. 

August  15. — The  Louisville  &  Nashville  Rail- 
road secures  a  federal  injunction  restraining  the 
State  of  Alabama  from  enforcing  the  freight 
and  passenger  rate  laws. 

August  16.— The  final  report  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania capitol  investigating  commission  recom- 
mends civil  and  criminal  proceedings  against  all 
persons  concerned  in  the  fraudulent  fumishii^ 
of  the  capitol. 

August  19. — Secretary  Taft  speaks  on  the  re- 
lation of  the  general  Government  to  railroad  and 
industrial  corporations  at  Columbus,  Ohio. 

August  20. — President  Roosevelt,  in  an  ad- 
dress at  Provincetown,  Mass.,  defines  the  policy 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


281 


of  the  Administration  regarding  the  prosecution 
of  lawbreakers. 

POLITICS  AND  OOVERNMENT—POREIQN. 

July    2a — ^Japanese    troops    kill    and    wound 

Korean  rioters  m  Seoul Sir  George  S.  Clarke 

is  appointed  Governor  of  Bombay. 

July  21. — Greneral  Delacroix  is  chosen  as  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  French  army  to  succeed 
General  Hagron,  who  was  retired  at  his  own 
request,  owing  to  his  disapproval  of  the  measures 
reducing  the  strength  of  the  army. 

July  23. — The  former  Emperor  of  Korea  con- 
firms his  abdication. ..  .Russian  Social- Demo- 
crats succeed  in  bringing  about  great  strikes  in 
Moscow  and  Vladimir  industrial  regions. 

July  24, — Attorney-General  Morris,  of  New- 
foundland, resigns ;  Governor  MacGregor  is  sum- 
moned to  St  John's  owing  to  fear  of  a  cabinet 
crisis. 

July  25. — An  agreement  for  the  control  by 
Japan  over  Korean  affairs  is  signed  by  the  Pre- 
mier of  Korea  and  by  Marquis  I  to,  Resident- 
General  of  Japan. 

July  29. — In  the  elections  to  the  Councils-Gen- 
eral of  France  the  Progressives  and  Socialists 
make  heavy  gains. 

Jwly  31- — The  French  Government  begins  to 
withdraw  troops  from  the  Midi  and  decides  to 
release  the  wine-growers'  leaders  on  bail. 

August  2. — It  is  announced  that  the  French 
Minister  of  Public  Works  has  approved  the 
plan  to  connect  the  valley  of  the  Rhone  with 

Marseilles    by    canal The    Evicted    Tenants' 

hill  passes  its  third  reading  in  the  British  House 
of  Commons  and  its  first  reading  in  the  House 
of  Lords;  John  Bums'  Pure  Food  bill  passes  its 
second  reading  in  the  House  of  Commons. 

August  16. — The  Pure  Food  bill  is  passed  by 
the  British  House  of  Commons. 

August  19. — The  Transvaal  Parliament  votes 
to  buy  the  Culinan  diamond,  valued  at  $1,000,- 
000,  and  give  it  to  King  Edward  as  a  mark  of 
gratitude  for  the  recent  constitution. 

August  20. — The  preliminary  election  for 
members    of   the    Russian    Duma   results    in   a 

Liberal     victory The    New     Zealand     upper 

house  rejects  the  bill  passed  by  the  lower  house 
making  women  eligible  to  election  to  the  Legis- 
lative Council. 

INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS. 

July  27. — Venezuela,  replying  to  the  recent 
note  of  Secretary  Root,  refuses  to  arbitrate  the 
American  claims. 

July  29. — It  is  announced  that  Russia  and 
Japan  have  concluded  a  treaty  guaranteeing 
each  nation's  rights  and  possessions  in  the  Far 
East. ..  .Official  notice  of  temporary  tariflf  con- 
cessions with  the  United  States  by  the  French 
Government  is  received  in  Washington. 

July  31. — Moroccan  tribesmen  raid  Casa- 
blanca, killing  the  native  guards  and  seven  Euro- 
peans  It  is  announced  in  Brussels  that  Bel- 
gium will  protest  to  the  powers  in  case  of  the 
failure  of  Venezuela  to  carry  out  the  full  Hague 
award. 

August  I. — ^Thc  French  Government  an- 
nounces that  it  has  had  the  King  of  Annam  de- 


posed and  a  regency  established Spain  pre- 
pares to  join  with  France  to  avenge  the  murder 
of  Europeans  in  Casablanca;  France  announces 
that  the  Pasha  will  be  held  responsible  for  the 
safety  of  Casablanca. 

August  2. — French  and  Spanish  warships  are 
sent  to  Casablanca  and  transports  and  troops 
are  held  ready  to  start ;  the  French  residents  are 
on  board  an  English  steamer  in  the  harbor. 

August  4. — The  Morocco  governing  board 
apologizes  for  the  recent  outrages. 

August  5.— It  is  announced  that  the  German 
and  Russian  Emperors  are  in  accord  on  all  in- 
ternational questions  and  that  the  chief  interest 
of  both  governments  is  to  maintain  the  peace  of 
the  world. ..  .Inhabitants  of  Casablanca  drive 
oflF  the  hostile  Moorish  tribesmen  outside  the 
city;  Italy  demands  reparation  for  the  murder 

of  her  subjects Six  thousand  Turkish  troops 

invade  Persia  and  massacre  many  Christians. 

August  6. — After  a  treacherous  attack  by 
Moorish  troops  on  a  French  landing  force  at 
Casablanca,  warships  bombard  the  city,  killing 
many  men;  additional  forces  are  landed  from 
French  and  Spanish  cruisers Venezuela  ad- 
vises Belgium  that  the  disputed  claims  of  Bel- 
gium creditors  will  be  paid  in  accordance  with 
the  decision  of  the  Hague  Tribunal. 

August  7. — France  submits  formal  demands 
to  the  Moroccan  Government;  the  garrison  at 
Casablanca  is  disarmed. 

August  II. — The  Moors  continue  their  attacks 
on  the  French  forces  outside  Casablanca,  but 
are  repulsed  with  great  loss British  and  Rus- 
sian ambassadors  in  Constantinople  succeed  in 
inducing  the  Porte  to  issue  orders  stopping  the 
advance  of  Turkish  troops  into  Persia. 


MR.    EDWARD    M.    MORGAN. 

(The  new  Postmaster  of  New  York.) 


282 


WE  AMERICAN  RE^IElV  OF  REVIEWS 


FROM   PEKING  TO  PARIS   BY  AUTOMOBILE, — CROSSING   A  SIBERIAN   RIVER.  (ScC  pOgC  J/Q.) 


August  15. — King  Edward  and  Emperor 
Francis  Joseph  meet  near  Ischl. 

August  18. — Captain  Calder,  commanding  a 
small  frontier  force  in  British  Guiana,  invades 
Venezuela  and  seizes  a  quantity  of  balata  which 
it  was  alleged  had  been  collected  on  British  ter- 
ritory. 

THE   PEACE  CONFERENCE  AT  THE  HAGUE. 

July  20. — In  a  plenary  session  the  conference 
unanimously  approves  the  proposal  to  adapt  the 
Red  Cross  convention  to  naval  warfare. 

July  26. — The  British  proposals  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  contraband  of  war  are  debated. 

July  27. — The  American  proposals  for  arbitra- 
tion on  the  recovery  of  debts  are  passed  by  thirty- 
seven  votes,  seven  abstaining. 

August  3. — The  American  proposal  regarding 
a  permanent  court  of  arbitration  at  The  Hague 
is  adopted  by  the  sub-committee;  twenty-five 
delegates  vote  in  favor  of  the  motion,  and  twelve 
are  absent. 

August  6. — The  British  proposal  for  a  reduc- 
tion of  armaments  is  modified  to  meet  the  ob- 
jections of  Germany,  the  motion  now  saying  that 
limitation  is  "  highly  desirable." 

August  8. — Representatives  of  subject  nations 
resolve  that  they  ought,  in  case  of  rebellion  or 
other  disorder,  to  have  all  the  rights  of  bellig- 
erents. 

August  13. — Five  countries,  including  Mexico, 
present  a  counter-proposal  regarding  the  perma- 
nent court  of  arbitration. 

August  14. — The  committee  on  land  warfare 
approves  the  proposed  changes  in  the  convention 
of  i^<99  and  again  votes  against  the  use  of  ex- 
plosives from  balloons. 

August  17. — The  conference,  in  plenary  ses- 
*on,  unanimously   approves   tlu*   British   resolu- 


tion that  it  is  desirable  for  the  powers  to  resume 
the  study  of  the  question  of  limitation  of  arma- 
ments. 

OTHER  OCCURRENCES  OP  THE  MONTH. 

July  20. — In  a  collision  of  freight  and  excur- 
sion trains  on  the  Pere  Marquette  Railroad  near 
Salem,  Mich.,  thirty  persons  are  killed  and  nearly 
seventy  wounded. 

July  21. — By  the  sinking  of  the  steamer  Co- 
lumbia off  the  California  coast  more  than  fifty 
persons  are  drowned. 

July  22. — More  than  400  Japanese  are  reported 
killed  by  a  colliery  explosion  in  Bungo  Province. 

July  23. — The  new  port  of  Zeebrugge,  on  the 
sea  terminus  of  the  Bruges  ship  canal,  is  opened 
by  King  Leopold  of  Belgium A  military  diri- 
gible balloon  is  successfully  tested  over  the  city 
of  Berlin. 

July  27. — The  British  battleship  DcUerophon. 
sister  ship  to  the  Dreadnought,  but  of  700  tons 
greater  displacement,  is  launched  at  Portsmouth. 

Eight  lives  are  lost  by  the  burning  of  the 

steamer  Prontenac  on  Cayuga  Lake.  N.  Y. 

July  28.— William  D.  Haywood  is  acquitted  of 
the  murder  of  ex-Governor  Steunenberg.  of  Idaho. 
....  Fire  at  Coney  Island,  N.  Y.,  does  damage  to 
the  extent  of  $1,500,000. 

July  29. — An  anti-alcohol  congress  is  opened  in 
Stockholm,  Sweden. ..  .Fire  wipes  out  the  Long 
Beach  Hotel,  on  the  south  shore  of  Long  Island. 

July  30. — The  foundation  stone  of  the  Carnegie 
Palace  of  Peace  is  laid  at  The  Hague. 

August  4. — A  centennial  celebration  of  the 
founding  of  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  is  begun. 

August  8. — A  general  strike  of  the  men  em- 
ployed in  the  building  trades  in  Washington,  D. 
C,  is  ordered. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  El^ENTS. 


283 


August  9. — British  consols  make  a  new  low 
record  in  London. . . .  A  strike  of  telegraph  oper- 
ators spreads  through  many  American  cities. 

August  14. — The  Eighth  International  Zionist 
G>ngress  opens  at  The  Hague. 

Augfist  15. — A  tablet  at  Gloucester  to  com- 
memorate the  early  English  settlement  in  New 
England  is  unveiled  with  an  historical  address 
by  Senator  i^odge Many  of  the  summer  ho- 
tels at  Old  Orchard,, Me.,  are  destroyed  by  fire. 

August  18. — The  International  Socialist  Con- 
gress opens  at  Stuttgart. 

August  20. — President  Roosevelt  speaks  at 
Provincetown,  Mass.,  at  the  unveiling  of  the 
monument  to  commemorate  the  landing  of  the 
Pilgrims. 

OBITyARY 

July  20. — Gen.  John  Marshall  Brown,  of  Port- 
land, Me.,  69.. ..Gen.  George  W.  Mindil,  for 
many  years  chief  examiner  of  precious  stones  at 
the  port  of  New-  York,  64.... Mrs.  Lyman  Ab- 

!>ott,  70 Maj.-Gen.  John  W.  Younghusband, 

C  S.  L,  85. 

July  22. — Wilhelm  von  Kardoff,  the  German 
statesman,  79. 

July  23. — William  Hamilton  Russell,  the  New 
York  ardiitect,  51. ..  .Col.  Will  S.  Hays,  a  news- 
paper writer  and  poet  of  Kentucky,  70. . . .  Sam- 
uel Henshaw,  a  well-known  landscape  gardener 
and  horticulturist,  73. 

July  24. — Edward  J.  H.  Tamsen,  former  sheriff 
of  New  York  County,  58. 

July  25. — Col.  Philip  Figyelmessy,  Hungarian 

patriot  and  friend  of  Kossuth,  85 Mrs.  Susan 

Bullitt    Dixon,    of    Kentucky,    78 President 

Richard  H.  Halsey,  of  the  Wisconsin  State  Nor- 
mal School  at  Oshkosh. 

July  26. — Former  Chief  Justice  Thomas  Nel- 
son, of  the  Oregon  Supreme  Court,  88. 

July  27. — United  States  Senator  Edmund  W. 
Pettus.  of  Alabama,  86 Rev.  William  Ash- 
mead  Schaeffer,  D.D.,  president  of  the  board  of 
•publication  of  the  General  Council  of  the  Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  Church,  55. 

July  28. — Cagt.  William  Budd,  a  veteran  naval 
officer  in  the  Civil  War,  78. 

July  29. — Cortlandt  Parker,  the  oldest  practic- 
ing lawyer  of  the  New  Jersey  bar,  89 Rev. 

William  Henry  Lord,  a  well-known  Episcopal 
rector  in  Western  New  York,  Vermont,  and  New 
Jersey,  78. 

July  30. — Brig. -Gen.  Charles  Francis  Powell. 

U.  S.  A-,  retired,  63 Edmond  Demolins,  the 

French  sociologist,  55. 

July  31. — Count  Steven  Karolyi,  of  Hungary. 

62 Ex-Judge    Francis    Miles    Finch,    of    the 

New  York  Court  of  Appeals,  author  of  "The 
Blue  and  the  Gray,"  80. . .  .Joseph  Hatton,  the 
English  author  and  journalist,  editor  of  The 
People,  66 Dr.  William  T.  Howard,  of  Balti- 
more, 86 Ex-Congressman  Samuel  M.  Steph- 
enson, of  Michigan,  76. 

August  I. — David  Christie  Murray,  the  Eng- 
lish   novelist    and    pla)rwright,   60 Dr.    Lucy 

Hall-Brown,  an  eminent  woman  physician  of 
Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

August  2. — Rev.  Charles  Crane.  D.D.,  a  well- 
known  Methodist  clergyman  of  Boston,  53. 


August  3. — Augustus  Saint  Gaudens,  the  sculp- 
tor, 60  (see  page  290). 

August  4. — Prof.  John  Rose  Ficklen,  of  Tulane 

University,  New  Orleans,  49 Richard  James 

Meade,  fourth  Earl  of  Clanwilliam,  75. 

August  7. — George  Wallace  Delamater,  a  for- 
mer State  Senator  of  Pennsylvania,  58. 

August  9. — Ex-Justice  Augustus  Bockes,  of  the 
New  York  Supreme  Court,  90. 

August  10. — Cardinal  Dominico  Svampa, 
archbishop  of  Bologna,  56. 

August  12. — St.  George  Kempson,  editor  of 
the    New    York   Insurance   Journal,  49 Ex- 


THE  LATE  JOSEPH    JOACHIM.  THE  VIOLINIST. 

Mayor  Sydney  Smith,  of  Providence.  R.  I.,  7S. 
....Robert  A.  Pinkerton,  of  the  famous  de- 
tective agency,  59. 

August  14. — Gen.  William  Birney,  U.  S.  A., 
retired,  88. 

August  15. — Joseph  Joachim,  the  violinist,  76. 

August  16.— Col.  Hiram  Parks  Bell,  the  last 
surviving  member  of  the  second  Confederate 
Congress.  80.  ...Edwin  Rogers,  the  inventor  of 

the  electric  push-button.  65 Miss  Kate  Cas- 

satt  McKnight,  of  Pittsburgh. 

August  17. — Chief  Good  Voice,  of  the  Sioux 
Nation. 

August       18. — Rear-Adm.       Joseph       Adams 

Smith,   U.    S.   N.,   retired,  70 George    Hoey, 

the  actor,  53. 

August  19. — Rev.  Luther  H.  Barber,  the  old- 
est clergyman  in  Connecticut,  91 Prof.  E.  E- 

bogue,  head  of  the  department  of  forestry  at 
the   Michigan  Agricultural   College,  42. 

August  20. — Rev.  Charles  Comfort  Tiffany, 
for  many  years  archdeacon  of  New  York,  78. 


SOME  OF  THK  CURRENT  CARTOONS 


THE    NEW    PIPE    LINE. 

From  the  Evvning  Mail  (New  York). 


'OP  cdritsE  THAT  $29.*J40.000  pink  will  comf.  out  up  aoainst  it. 

OP  THK  RARKKL."  *'  If  I  had  begun  to  play  Rolf  twenty  years  ago  I 

nilRht  have  bren   champion." — John   D.  Rockefeller. 
From   the  Evening  Journal   (Sew  York). 


From  the   Trihunr    (Minneapolis). 


SOME  OF   THE  CURRENT  CARTOONS. 


285 


Frum  ^ufli/i    iXew   Ycirk). 


tJNCLB    SAM    GIVES    JAPAN    A    POINTER    ON    BUMPS. 

From  the  Saturday  Olobe  (Utlca). 


2d6 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^/EIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


"  STBIKBS,  STRIKES,  STRIKES  !  * 

From  the  Evcnino  Mail  (New  York). 
(Tn  the  domestic  situation  last  month,  when  the 
cartoonists  had  tired  of  the  questions  of  presidential 
nominations  and  Standard  Oil,  they  devoted  them- 
selves to  the  railroads,  Secretary  Taft*s  world  tour 
and  the  strike  of  the  telegraph  operators.) 


SKCIIKTARY    TAFT    BKGINS    HIS     FOirRTH    U>OP    AKOrND 
THE    PUVNET. 

Prom  the  Anwricnn    (New  York) 


Wll.LIAMS-VARDAMAN   CONTEST   FOR    THE    SENATORSHIP 
IK   THE   MISSISSIPPI    PRIMARIES. 

From   tho  SpokvHinnn-Rrvinr    (Spokane). 


The  Railroads  :  **  I  guess  there's  nothing  to  do 
hut  to  take  It.  The  doctor  says  it*s  for  the  good  of 
my  system — but  it's  the  bitterest  pill  I've  had  to 
Hwallow  yet." 

From  the  Inlcmaiional  SymUcate   (Baltimore). 


SOME  OF   THE  CURRENT  CARTOONS. 


287 


THE    SITUATION     IN     MOROCCO. 

Pftim   Miv  Inquirer  (Philadelphia). 


%^:^ 


UNCLK     SAM      HAS     FILLED     TBI     PIPE     WITH     PEACB         IT  LOOKS   AS    IF  THE   STAND   PAT  CLUB   WAS   OOINO  TO 
TOBACCa     BUT     WILL    THE    WOKLD    SMOKE     IT?  LOSE    ANOTHER    MEMBER. 


From   the   SpokcMtnan-Revicw    (Spokane). 


From  the  Record-Herald   (rhicago). 


Geumany  (con  hrio) 
[The  ' 


TWK.VTY-FIVK    VKARS   OF  THE   TRIPLE   ALLIANCE. 

:  "WE  ARE  A  HAPPY  FAMILY,— WE  ARE:"     Austria    {piano r 

Italy    (ilubiotio)  :   *' Wp  irerc !  *' 
Triple  Alliance"  has  Just  reached  Its  twenty-flfth    anniversary.] 
From  Punch   (London). 


'  We  are  I 


AX     ArcKSSIOX    OF     DOUBTFUL    VALL'E. 

No.  3  (RrsHiA)  AT  THE  Door:  "May  I  come  in? 
I   am  the  third  party." 

(:r.R.\iA.\Y  ANH  ArsTiciA  :  "The  third?  Oh,  all 
rlgiit.  lUit  ni«*  you  quitr  stiro  you  are  still  an  Em- 
peror? " 

I'rom  Pa  tn]  Hi  no   (Turin). 


A    PRIENDLT   TIP. 

President  Fallieres  :  "  Nicholvfi.  you  ahould  get 
yourself  a  silk  hat  like  mine;  metal  attracts  the 
Ughtnlng." 

From  Juanid   (Mimlch). 


SOME  OF    THE  CURRENT  CARTOONS 


289 


AX    EfJTPTIW    VIKW    OK    TIIK    HAaii:    iruXFEttEXi'E. 

From  jAih-Lah  (Cairo). 

The  cartoonists  all  over  the  world  have  been 
poking  fim  at  the  Ilamie  (Conference  as  a  meeting  for 
war  rather  th^n  for  peace.  Even  the  Journals  of 
Hpypt  take  this  view. 


THK  .SIA>W   rUOOKESS  OF    PEACE. 

.\t  a  meeting  of  members  of  the  Inter-Parlia- 
mentary Union  In  London  a  resolution  was  passed 
regretting  the  slow  progress  made  at  The  Hague  In 
the  promotion  of  permanent  peace. 

From  the  Tribune   (London). 


rCH»0  PEACE  ! 

BAaoxcj».s  vox  Slttxer  :  **  The  poor  yoimg  man  ! 
If  ihey  pile  any  more  burdens  on  his  back,  he  will 
bmk  down  altogether." 

Prom  Kladderadalach   (Berlin). 


A    SWISS    VIF.W    OF   THK    CONFERENCE. 

Edward  ;    '*  Come,   my  children,   he  is  almost  ex- 
hausted.    Let  poor  Michel   (Gormany)   quietly  choke 
himself  with  his  cannon  and  his  playthings." 
From  ycbelftpaltcr  (Zurich). 


SAINT  GAUDENS  AND  AMERICAN  SCULPTURE. 

BY   ERNEST  KNAUFFT.  _ 


I. 
PRESIDENT  ROOSEVELT  wrote,  on 
August  I,  to  the  Numismatic  Society: 

You  will  be  pleased  to  know  that  we  are  now 
completing  a  new  coinage  of  the  eagle  and  tHe 
double  eagle  designed  by  §aint  Gaudens,  than 
whom  certainly  there  is  no  greater  artistic  genius 
living  in  the  United  States  or  elsewhere. 

The  artistic  world  holds  the  same  high 
estimate  of  this  great  sculptor,  who  passed 
away  at  his  home  in  Cornish,  N.  H.,  on 
August  3,  in  the  sixtieth  year  of  his  age, 
leaving  behind  him  not  only  a  galaxy  of 
m.onumental  sculpture  of  rare  strength  and 
beauty,  but  an  influence  for  good  upon 
American  art  that  cannot  for  years  to  come 
lose  its  potency.  It  seems  an  opportune  mo- 
ment to  give  a  brief  consideration  to  this 
great  man  and  this  salutary  influence. 


PETER  COOPER. 

(By  Augrustus  Snint  Gaudons,  south  of  Cooper 
TTfilon.  New  York.  It  was  at  Cooper  T^nlon  that 
Saint  Oaiidens  received  his  flrst  education  in  art.) 


IL 

Born  in  Dublin,  in  184^,  the  son  of  i 
French  father  and  an  Irish  mother,  Augustu* 
Saint  Gaudens  was  bruuf^ht  to  'New  \'ork 
City  in  infancy.  At  the  a^e  of  thirtctrn  Jir  kvM 
apprenticed  to  a  cameo  cutten  He  ^rvcd 
six  years  working  at  the  wheels  studying 
drawing  at  night>  first  at  Cooper  Union 
and  then  at  the  Academy  of  Design*  At 
nineteen  he  went  to  Paris,  entering  tbc 
studio  of  JoufEroy,  m  the  fxole  des  Bcaux- 
Arts.     Here  he  studied  for  three  years. 

At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Franco-Prus- 
sian war  he  went  to  Rome,  where  he  re- 
mained another^  three  years.  When  he  re- 
turned to  the  United  States,  in  1874,  he  w^ 
thanks  to  his  practice  in  €aji>eo  cutting,  hh 
study  in  Paris,  and  his  residence  in  Rome,  u 
practical  workman,  a  trained  student,  and  m 
cultured  student  as  well,  imbued  with  the 
spirit  of  the  early  Remiissance,  Mr,  Lorado 
Taft  well  says: 

He  (Saint  Gaudens)  lias  been  of  hh  tinie  ri* 
they    (the    masters    of   the   early    Kcir  ) 

were  of  theirs,  taking  ihu  themes  of  cm 
the  portraits  and  memorial  a  as  they  hixxt:  t^ii^- 
to  him,  and  rtaking  of  thtni  works  of  etidtuicig, 
value.     ("History  of  American  Sculpture/') 

It  is  absolutely  necessary  to  recogni/.c  the 
significance  of  this  definition  of  the  spirit  of 
the  Renaissance  if  we  \\oiild  comprehend  the 
greatness  of  Saint  Gaudens  and  his  influence 
on  American  sculpture.  Mr.  Kenyan  Otx 
states  the  matter  in  this  wise; 

The  sculptors  of  to-day  nre  working  in  the 
spirit  of  the  Renaissance,  bin  the  very  essence  &i 
that  spirit  is  personality,— individualism, — indi^ 
pendent  study. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  prior  to  Saiiit 
Gaudens'  day  the  Neo-Classjc  or  Pseudo*^ 
Classic  held  sway  in  this  country.  Powers* 
"Greek  Slave,"  Stop's  *' CIp^'pntrM  "  Pr\lnr>- 
er's  "  White  Captive,"  and  the  whole  con- 
course of  effigies  that  so  opprcssingly  (espe- 
cially when  in  midsummer  their  bronze  cuti- 
cle is  besmeared  with  caterpillars)  flank  the 
Mall  in  Central  Park,  are  echoes  of  Flax- 
man,  Thorwaldsen,  and  Canova,  the  ex- 
ponents of  the  Neo-Classic  style  of  the  early 
nineteenth  century.  This  style  is  lifeless^ 
characterless,  tame.  Except  for  out-of-door 
monuments  bronze  was  used  infrequently, 
terra  cotta  rarely;  marble  was  the  popular 


AUGUSTUS  SAINT   GAUDHNS. 
nrimw    %n    XrtJWH^,  iwEi.A?*o^  MARCH  a^  1848.  mm  i\  cmsi'^ii,  s,   a  ,  Ai'iir^r  3,  rg 


<Hi 


cm 


kt3crn 


tou»il    ATnerican    sculpture   a    weed,    be    left   it   a   Hrtuer, 
mclhods  of  technique;  from  Itaty  he  imbibed  the  spirit  nf  tlu' 
and   -without  any  display  of  obtrusive  originality,  and  witli  linr  i;iMt  iincj  imj 
»Tid    most    conscientious  v,'orkmansbip,  he  created  .1  ^erii^s  nf  niumerpitcts  iba 
*d*lpturc  to  a   foremost  plane  in  the  world's  nrt,  and  M-t  ctudi  ,1  hicb  qatidarc 
f[«ictaticm    of    artists  to  follow,  th^it    there  is  grt-ru  prnniiM-  ibai  Americm  scu 
i  kecffc  its  place  in  that  high  position  to   which  be  rai^rd  it  ) 


Me   learTied    from    1 

Retiai^ii^aTice;  yt't  \\ 

rnrr   t:iste   :in(f   iiidon 

bat 

L  f 


292 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


medium,  and  it  was  sandpapered  down  to  a 
surface  that  rivaled  wax  figures. 

The  Renaissance  spirit  is  the  very  opposite 
of  sandpapered  art.  Its  keynote  is  rugged- 
ness  and  frankness  and  sincerity.  The 
Renaissance  excelled  in  portraiture, — and 
in  portraiture  united  (as  in  its  tombs)  with 
ideal  figures  and  decorations.  Saint  Gaud- 
ens*  monuments  are  at  once  portraits  and 
decorations.  And  therein  lies  their  greatest 
influence  on  sculpture  of  to-day. 

The  first  commission  that  he  received  for 
a  monument  was,  in  1878,  for  the  "  Farra- 
gut,"  now  in  Madison  Square,  New  York 
City.  Its  portrait  qualities  cannot  be  ^pa- 
rated  from  its  decorative  qualities. 

The  Farragut  monument  is  a  wondrous 
piece  of  work  for  a  debutant.  It  not  only 
shows  none,  of  the  baitings  and  stammerings 
of  a  beginner,  but,  what  is  more  remarkable, 
none  of  the  usual  extravagance.  In  nine 
cases  out  of  ten  a  beginner  portraying  a  hero 
on  the  prow  of  a  vessel,  the  wind  blowing 
his    coat,    would    have    been    much    more 


theatric  and  flamboyant.    Of  Farragut's  pose 
Mr.  Taft  says: 

He  (Saint  Gaudens)  has  planted  him  firmly 
upon  his  two  feet,  and  these  well  apart,  as  ir 
Donatcllo's  *'  St.  George,"  the  attitude  of  a  man 
who  accommodates  himself  to  an  unstable  basi>. 
like  the  farmer  erect  in  his  jolting  wagon,  or  the 
sailor  on  the  swaying  deck  of  a  vessel. 

No,  there  is  no  school-boy  rhetoric  here. 
Everything  is  restrained,  quiet,  and  dignified. 

It  was  not  until  years  later,  when  he 
modeled  his  "  Deacon  Chapin, — the  Puri- 
tan," at  Springfield,  Mass.,  that  Saint  Gaud- 
ens  let  himself  out,  as  it  were,  and  said 
some  things  in  plastic  form  (as  Berlioz  did 
in  music)  that  had  hitherto  not  been  thought 
suitable  to  the  art. 

For  \{  ever  there  was  movement  in  plastic 
form,  here  it  is;  the  sturdy  old  deacon  fairly 
cuts  the  air  as  he  "  hoofs  it "  ( the  only  ex- 
pression to  use)  to  some  meeting,  Bible  under 
his  arm,  to  "  prove  his  case  "  by  quotation 
from  holy  writ.  His  stout  walking-stick 
will  resound  on  the  meeting-house  floor  as 


(By  Augustus  Saint   (;audpns.  in   Madison   Square.    Now  York.   The  pedestal  designed  In  collaboration 

with  Stanfonl  White.) 


ST.   GAUDENS  AND  AMERICAN  SCULPTURE. 


293 


soon  as  he  enters.  This  is  strong  movement, 
but  it  is  not  flamboyancy.  The  action  does 
not  detract  from  the  fine  characterization  of 
the   Historic  type  of  the  Puritan. 

Action  IS,  too,  the  keynote  of  the  "  Sher- 
maxi  "  statue. 

Kenyon  Cox,  in  his  "  Old  Masters  and 
New,"  gives  us  one  of  the  best  art  criticisms 
written  in  this  country  in  his  estimate  of  the 
'*  Sherman,"  showing  us  the  way  one  artist 
looks   at   the  works  of  another.     He  says: 


t£t|  ^*tf  11^11^4    N  .»:  t    tjftucfenii-    LTnfi^Eii   Park,    i'lsi- 
««b4h«C»hI  b>   ^timfonl  White j 

Tf.^  ^*,,,.-,  .c   about  twice  the  size  of  life  in 

so   tbat  the  figure  of  the  Clen- 

i:^,    would    be   about   twelve    feet 

V  cf«ct  he  sits  his  horse^  his  mili- 

itig  out  behind  him,  hb  ttf^users 

-        ,.;    Ail  over  his  shoes,  his  hat  In  his  ngbt 

u         i    ipitig  at  arm*s  length  \>ehind  the  knee, 

r;  ;  irc  heafL   like  that  of  an   old  e:ifilc, 

i-ri  I,  /     !-ai^bt  forward.     The  horse  is  a^  h<n% 

^  ^  ;  ,  u  -^^  hb  nder,  with  a  tremendous  stride; 

11    bi|?    bead,    closely    reined    in.    twitches 

'  ii^Uj  at    the   bridif.     Before  the  horse  and 

fto^,  balf  walks,  hailf  Hies,  a  splendicj  winded 


Copyright  by  tbe  Detroit  Photo  Ca 


THE   PURITAN. 


([Deacon  Samuel  Chapln],  by  Augustus  Saint 
Gandens,  at  Springfield.  Mass.  The  portrait  here  is 
entirely  ideal.  The  low  pedestal  indicates  one  of 
Saint  Gaudens'  innovations ;  prior  to  this  time  most 
monuments  were  mounted  too  high  In  the  air  to  be 
easily  seen.) 

figure, — one  arm  outstretched,  the  other  brand- 
ishing the  pahn, — Victory  leading  them  on. 
She  has  a  certain  fierce  wildness  of  aspect,  but 
her  rapt  gaze  and  half-open  mouth  indicate  the 
seer  of  visions :  peace  is  ahead  and  an  end  of 
war.  On  the  bosom  of  her  gown  is  broidered 
the  eagle  of  the  United  States,  for  she  is  an 
American  Victory,  as  this  is  an  American  man 
on  an  American  horse;  and  the  broken  pine 
bough  beneath  the  horse's  feet  localizes  the  vic- 
torious march, — it  is  the  march  through  Georgia 
t')  the  sea. 

The  information  that  Mr.  Cox  further 
gives  us  in  regard  to  Saint  Gaudens'  method 
of  work  is  valuable  because  it  is  quite  au- 
thentic, Mr.  Cox  being  an  intimate  friend 
of  the  sculptor.  He  tells  us  that  eleven 
years  elapsed  between  the  commission  for  the 
**  Sherman  '*  statue,  in  1892,  and  the  unveil- 
ing, in  1903.  During  three  of  the  eleven 
years  the  work  was  interrupted  by  a  grave 
illness;  during  the  other  eight  years  he  was 
more  or  less  constantly  at  work  on  the  group. 

He  estimates  that  it  cost  him  about  three 
years  of  actual  labor.  His  infinite  painstaking, 
his  constant  revision,  his  inability  to  rest  satis- 
fied with  anything,  if  he  could  conceive  of  a  pos- 
sible betterment,  spread  the  three  years  out  over 
the  eight. 


294 


THE  AMERICAN  REk'/ElV  OF  REt^/ElVS. 


In  1897  Mr.  Saint  Gaiidens  went  to  Paris  and 
there  began  the  full-sized  group,  devoting  most 
of  his  time  to  it.  and  in  1899  the  horse  and  rider, 
without  the  Victory,  were  exhibited  at  the  Salon 
of  the  Champ  de  Mars.  The  merit  of  the  statue 
was  at  once  recognized,  and  it  was  given  a 
pli'ce  of  honor  and  greatly  praised  by  artists 
and  critics.  At  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1900  the 
whole  group,  in  plaster,  was  seen  for  the  first 
time,  and  for  it  and  a  group  of  earlief  works 
the  sculptor  was  awarded  a  grand  prix. 

In  spite  of  this  success,  he  was  not  satisfied 
with  the  work*.  It  was  to  be  cast  in  Paris,  but 
returning,  seriously  ill,  to  this  country,  he 
brought  a  plaster  cast  with  him,  built  a  studio 
near  Windsor,  Vt.,  in  which  to  set  it  up,  and 
began  making  changes.  He  remodeled  the  head 
of  the  Victory,  her  wings  and  palm  branch,  the 
cloak  of  the  rider,  and  various  smaller  details, 
and  sent  the  remodeled  parts  to  the  bronze- 
founders  in  Paris.  The  group,  with  these 
changes,  was  then  sent,  still  in  plaster,  to  the 
Pan-American  Exposition  at  Buffalo,  where  it 
was  the  principal  cause  of  an  extraordinary 
honor  to  the  artist.  The  jury  of  the  Section  of 
Fine  Arts,  composed  of  painters,  sculptors,  and 
architects,  unanimously  recommended  that  a 
special  diploma  and  medal  of  honor,  apart  from 
and  above  all  other  awards  in. the  Exposition,  be 


created  for  Mr.  Saint  Gaudens,  and  the  recom- 
mendation was  adopted  by  the  general  jury  and 
the  award  was  made.  This  success,  like  former 
ones,  seems  to  have  been  a  signal  to  the  artist 
to  recommence  his  struggle  for  perfection.  Tlie 
•bronze  was  brought  to  Windsor  and  set  up  in 
the  open  air,  and  experiments  in  gilding  and 
toning  were  begun,  while  the  base  was  remod- 
eled and  twice  cut  in  granite.  Finally,  in  the 
spring  of  1903,  the  work  was  ready  to  hie  shipped 
to  New  York  and  placed  upon  its  pedestal  in  the 
Plaza,  near  the  entrance  to  Central  Park. 

l^his  rehearsal  of  Saint  Gaudens'  constant 
labor  and  revision  may  equally  as  well  serve 
as  a  description  of  the  art  life  of  the  typical 
American  sculptors.  Intense  industry,  con- 
centration upon  their  problems  in  hand,  and 
self-sacrifice  for  dieir  art  are  a  national 
characteristic, — whether  it  be  Saint  Gaudens 
working  like  a  Titan  on  half  a  dozen  mas- 
terpieces at  once  in  the  apogee  of  his  career, 
or  young  Barnard  beginning  his  study  in 
Paris  and  living  the  first  year  on  $89,  or 
Paul  Bartlett  supporting  himself  by  hack 
work  from  boyhood  and  erecting  a  found r}' 


From  a  Copley  Print.  Copy  right.  1897.  by  Curtis  A  Camcioa. 

THE   SHAW    MONITMENT. 

(By  Augustus   Saint  Gaudens,   on   the^  Boston   Common.   The  sculptor  remodeled  this  many  times, 
being  occupied  wilh  it  from  1884  to  1890.) 


SAINT  GAUDENS  AND  AMERICAN  SCULPTURE. 


296 


in  his  studio,  where  he  cx« 
perimcnts  on  his  patinas  as 
strenuously  as  did  Palissy 
with  his  glazes,  or  wheth- 
er it  be  Proctor,  now 
studying  animals  in  Colo- 
rado, now  assisting  Saint 
Gaudens  on  the  horse  of 
the  Logan  monument,  or 
working  in  his  Paris  stu- 
dio on  the  immense 
'Quadriga,"  for  the 
World's  Fair  of  1893* 

In  the  short  space  al- 
lowed to  us  in  this  article 
it  is  out  of  the  question  to 
go  into  further  detail  in 
regard  to  Saint  Gaudens' 
other  works.  But  it  may 
be  said  that  the  same  dec- 
orative creation,  the  same 
arduous  labor  and  con- 
stant revision  accompanied 
their  production,  and  the 
same  success  crowns  their 
final  appearance. 

The  ■  Shaw  Meraori- 
rL"    with    its    detail    and 

-riF>]extty      that      would 

l\y   havr  swamped   the 

■  rage  anisr,  was  revised 
ni  remodeled  ]\i%x  as  was 
the  *'  Shcrtnan/'  and  in 
the  final  effect  the  for- 
ward mmement  m  both 
Ciie  \x^i<f  and  his  horse  and 
the  troops  behind  them  is 
fully  as  forcible  as  is  the  "  Sherman.*'  In 
the  "  Logan "  the  restless  horse  is  almost 
fierce  in  his  energy  to  go  forward. 

But  it  must  not  be  thought  that  Saint 
Gaudens'  creative  faculty  runs  in  a  groove, 
that  he  repeats  himself  and  always  relies  for 
effect  upon  this  spirit  of  movement. 

On  the  contrary,  so  embracing  is  his 
penw  that  his  mnods  are  manifold.  The 
*'  Ltnctiln/'  in  Ctiiaigo,  is  firm  and  calm; 
dually  serious  is  the  "  Peter  Cooper,"  in 
New  York,  The  effect  of  the  figure  in  the 
'^---rTE  Creek  Cemetery,  Washington,  D.  C, 
Mjsir  called  ^^firief,"  or  "Death,"  or 
I,  st>e  F€«:t  wf  God,''  is  the  very  essence  of 
tranquillity. 

The  •*  Lincoln,"  like  the  "  Farragut,"  dis- 
plays Saint  Gaudens'  ability  in  dealing  with 
I  the  problem  of  men's  modern  dress,  and  of 
the  portraiture  of  men  he  had  never  sten. 


THE   SHERMAN    MONUMENT. 

(At  the  entrance  of  Central  Park,  New  York.  By  Augiistug  Saint 
Gaudens — the  p<?destal  designed  by  Stanford  White.  Saint  Gaudens  re- 
ceived eighteen  sittings  from  General  Sherman  in  1887,  from  which  he 
made  the  bust  now  in  the  Pennsylvania  Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  so  this 
Is  more  authentic  as  a  portrait  than  most  great  monuments.) 

outstretched,  no  spread-eagleism.  It  is  re- 
corded that  the  audience  that  heard  Lincoln's 
Gettysburg  speech  were  disappointed.  Its 
brevity  and  gravity  were  not  what  they  were 
expecting.  We  can  well  imagine  the  same 
disappointment  from  many  a  casual  ob- 
server on  seeing  Saint  Gaudens'  "  Lincoln." 
They  would  find  nothing  extraordinar>'  in  it ; 
nothing  striking.  Its  appeal  is  to  our  higher 
sensibilities.  The  meditating  figure  com- 
mands our  reverence. 

in. 

Next  to  Saint  Gaudens,  Daniel  French, 
perhaps,  has  made  the  greatest  impression 
upon  American  sculpture. 

Probably  in  his  creations  of  feminine  types 
he  excels  Saint  Gaudens.  His  **  Repub- 
lic "  of  the  Columbian  Fair  was  a  true  in- 
spiration ;  at  no  world's  fair  has  it  since  been 
It  also  shows  his  restraint.     Here  is  no  arm    equaled,  and  it  is  not  likely  to  be  for  many 


296 


THE  AMERICAN   REl^/EH^  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


years  to  come.  When,  too,  we  remember 
with  what  haste  this  was  created  and  exe- 
cuted, we  realize  what  a  gigantic  achieve- 
ment it  was.  His  "  Death  and  the  Sculp- 
tor "  is  also  an  inspiration,  exquisite  in  its 
lines  and  poetic  in  its  expression.  His  forms, 
never  "  starved,"  but  as  full  and  ample  in 
out-door  as  in  in-door  lighting,  and  his  use  of 
hieratic  poses  as  in  the  "  Republic  "  and  Co- 
lumbia University  "  Alma  Mater,"  make  his 
work  well  suited  for  out-door  decorations. 

The  younger  sculptors  seem  to  put  great 
faith  in  George  Grey  Barnard.  He  certain- 
ly proves  by  his  indomitable  energy  and  'his 
keen  knowledge  of  form  that  nothing  per- 
functory will  come  from  his  chisel.  This 
expression,  "  his  chisel  "  is  truer  in  Mr.  Bar- 
nard's case  than  in  the  case  of  most  sculp- 
tors, who,  rather,  usually  model  in  clay  and 
have  their  work  cast  in  bronze,  or  cut  in 
marble  by  assistants.  Mr.  Barnard  has  done 
much  of  his  cutting  himself.  We  are  in- 
clined to  think  Mr.  Barnard's  work,  like  so 
much  of  the  work  of  the  younger  men,  is 
lacking  in  restraint,  but  with  more  mature 
judgment  we  should  not  be  surprised  if  in 
the  future  he  did  create  some  very  virile 
and  vivid  monuments. 

Mr.    Barnard    received    the    commission 


Published  by  PermisBion. 

CHARLES   STEWART   PARNELL. 

(By  Augustus  Saint  Gaudens,  for  the  city  of  Dublin, 
the  sculptor's  birthplace.) 


Copyriebt  by  Anhur  Hewin. 

FIGURE    IN    ROCK    CREEK    CEMETERY. 

(Near  Washington,  D.  C,  by  Augustus  Saint 
Gaudens— sometimes  called  "  Grief,"  "  Death,"  **  Nir- 
vana," and  •*  The  Peace  of  God."  The  monumrat 
Is  without  Inscription.  The  figure  is  of  bronze, 
seated  upon  granite.) 

from  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  for  an 
elaborate  series  of  groups  to  adorn  the 
new  capitol  at  Harrisburg  at  the  cost  of 
$300,000.  The  main  group  will  consist  of 
the  **  Apotheosis  of  Labor,"  while  other 
groups  will  represent  the  "  Quakers,"  the 
"Scotch-Irish,"  the  "English,"  and  the 
"  Pennsylvania  Dutch,"  (Owing  to  the 
unsettled  condition  of  affairs  at  Harrisburg. 
work  on  these  designs  was  for  a  time  sus- 
pended. It  is  understood,  however,  that  it 
will  be  resumed  in  the  near  future.) 

As  in  Barnard's  case,  much  is  expected  of 
Solon  H.  Borglum,  who  has  shown  in  his 
statuettes  of  Indians,  broncos,  and  cowboys 
that  he  is  perfectly  capable  of  thinking  for 
himself  without  any  dictation  from  Europe; 
though  study  in  Paris  has  enabled  him  to  use 
the  vernacular  of  cultivated  expression.  One 
of  his  most  ambitious  pieces  is  the  equestrian 
"  Statue  of  Gen.  John  B:  Gordon,"  unveiled 
June  I,  1907,  at  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Frederick  MacMonnies  is  a  pupil  of  Saint 
Gaudens,  and  showed  in  his  early  works  his 
master's  influence.  His  "  Nathan  Hale,"  in 
City  Hall  Park,  New  York,  stands  as  well 
on  its  feet  as  does  Saint  Gaudens'  "  Farra- 


SAINT  GAUDENS  AND  AMERICAN  SCULPTURE. 


297 


gut."  It  IS,  moreover, 
most  fluently  modeled. 
As  Blashfield  has  in 
painting,  so  has  Her- 
bert B.  Adams  in  sculp- 
ture created  some  beau- 
tiful faces  (notably  the 
never  to  be  forgotten 
spintuelle  bust  of  his 
wife,  made  in  1877) 
that  may  be  called  dis- 
tinctly American.  His 
decorations  for  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's Church  are 
rather  modern,  but  it 
may  be  said  that  this  is 
a  fault  of  all  of  the  dec- 
orations there.  He  has 
made  some  essays  in  the 
field  of  colored  sculpt- 
ure that,  if  not  wholly 
convincing,  arc  suggest- 
ive of  what  might  be 
done  in  that  medium 
by  American  taste ; 
though  it  will  probably 
be  many  years  before 
anything  considerable 
will  be  accomplished  in 
polychrome  sculpture, 
as  the  American  public 
is  yet  quite  in  the  Stone 
Age  as  regards  the  use 

of  color  in  decorative  effects.  It  indeed  startles 
even  many  an  amateur  of  art  when  it  is  as- 
serted that  probably  all  Greek  sculpture  and 
architecture  were  colored.    "What!    *  Paint 


*'  '"":— J-  -A  ih^  CtroTiirr  C*5miHn? 

"l  FEEL  TWO    NATURES    STRUGGLING    WITHIN    ME." 

(Bj  George  Grey  Barnard,  In  the  Motronolltan  Mu- 


seum, New  York.) 


AMERICA. 
(By  Daniel  C.  French — three  other  fcroups  by  Mr.  French  represent 
"Europe,"  "Asia,"  and  "Africa."     On  the  stepH  of  the  new  Custom 
nou«e.  Bowling  ^ireen,  New  York.) 


the  lily?'"  was  a  favorite  protest  of  our 
fathers  against  any  tinting  of  the  virgin 
white  marble,  which  they  thought  the  acme 
of  refinement.  Even  the  taste  for  bronze  is 
an  acquirement  of  our  day.  But  when  we 
consider  what  American  landscape  artists 
have  accomplished  in  founding  a  school  of 
refined  color,  it  is  not  a  wild  thought  that 
American  sculptors  might  teach  the  Euro- 
peans (what  the  Germans  like  Max  Klinger 
with  his  "  Beethoven  "  certainly  will  not) 
the  proper  mode  for  polychrome  sculpture. 
J.  Q.  A.  Ward,  born  in  1830,  is  the  dean 
of  American  sculptors,  and  for  just  half  a 
century  (his  **  Indian  Hunter"  in  Central 
Park  was  modeled  in  1857)  he  has  contribu- 
ted much  good  work  to  public  parks  and 
buildings.  His  "  General  Thomas,"  in 
Washington,  and  his  "  Washington,"  on  the 
steps  of  the  Sub-Treasury,  New  York,  are 
perhaps  his  most  satisfactory  works. 

IV. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  overestimate  Saint 
Gaudens'    salutary    effect    upon     American 


298 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


LASSOING    WILD    HORSES. 
(Statuette,  by  Soion  H.  Borglum.     His  first  exhibit    In  the  Paris  Salon.) 


sculpture  "  all  along  the  line."  As  Mr. 
Taft  points  out,  since  the  "  Farragut "  was 
erected,  single  figures  are  better  posed,  mod- 
ern costume  is  treated  with  more  intelligence, 
pedestals  are  appropriately  designed  and  in 
harmony  with  the  statues,  and  even  the  let- 
tering on  the  monuments  has  been  improved. 

Hence  we  find  throughout  the  country  to- 
day such  acceptable  single  figures  as  Mac- 
Monnies^  "  Nathan  Hale,"  in  City  Hall 
Park,  New  York;  Niehaus'  "  Hahnemann," 
in  Washington,  in  which  the  drapery  is  par- 
ticularly well  handled ;  Partridge's  "  Hamil- 
ton," in  Brooklyn ;  French's  '*  General  Cass," 
in  Washington ;  Adams'  "  Professor  Henry," 
in  Washington ;  and  Bissell's  "  Colonel  de 
Peyster,"  in  Bowling  Green,  New  York. 

But,  better  still,  our  young  sculptors  who 
have  for  the  most  part  studied  in  Paris  and 
received  the  same  advantages  as  Saint  Gaud- 
ens,  have  taken  the  hint  from  him  that 
American  subjects  are  worthy  of  the  best 
efforts  of  the  sculptor. 

Even  if  not  always  reaching  the  high- 
water  mark  of  artistic  excellence,  the  Indian 
or  cowboy  statuettes  of  Proctor,  Dallin, 
Solon  H.  Borglum,  MacNeil,  and  Paul 
Bartlett,  and  the  almost  grotesque  but  well- 
observed  Alaskan  Indians  of  Louis  Potter, 


have  given  us  a  class  of 
subjects  that  may  prop- 
erly be  called  genuine- 
ly American,  and  these 
works  are  always  re- 
freshing in  the  exhibi- 
tions where  imitative 
nudes  were  a  few^  years 
ago  apt  to  be  in  the  as- 
cendanc>\ 

Nor  do  the  statuettes 
end  in  Indian  and  cow- 
boy subjects.  Mrs. 
Bessie  Potter  Vonnoh 
has  sketched  lively  fig- 
ures of  young  women, 
dancing  and  reading 
girls,  and  mothers  with 
infants,  in  a  very  per- 
sonal way  and  in  a  spir- 
it far  removed  from  im- 
itation. 

Gutzon  Borglum*s 
little  "  Ruskin  "  has  all 
the  "  bigness  "  of  a  life- 
sized  statue. 

But  it  is  perhaps  rn 
the  statuettes  of  ani- 
mals that  the  most 
wholly  satisfactory  American  work  has  been 
done.  We  hazard  the  guess  that  should  ten 
years  hence  a  universal  exhibition  be  held  in 
Europe  it  would  not  be  the  flamboyant  am- 
bitious groups  of  our  sculptors  that  wx  would 


WASHINGTON    AT    VALLEY    FORCE. 

<By  Henry  M.  Shrady.  Statuette,  the  large  mono- 
ment  being  In  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  From  a  photograph 
kindly  loaned  by  Theodore  B.  Starr.) 


SAINT  GAUDENS  AND  AMERICAN  SCULPTURE. 


299 


want  shown  in  the  American  section,  but 
rather  the  compact,  graphic,  and,  one  might 
almost  say,  impeccably  modeled  animals  of 
Proctor,  Solon  Borglum,  Roth,  Paul  Bart- 
lett,  and  Harvey. 

Many  collectors  are  buying  Barye  bronzes 
at  exorbitant  prices  who  do  not  realize  that 
they  may  obtain  for  a  mere  song  things  like 
Proctor's  "  Faun,*'  or  "  A  Bear  and  Rabbit," 
which  arc  quite  as  perfect  as  anything  Barye 
ever  did.    Others  are  buying  Japanese  works, 
at  still  ^eater  figures,  who  are  probably  un- 
aware that  Paul  Bartlett's  reptiles  and  in- 
sects,  with   their   beautiful   patinas,   are   as 
glorious  in  color  as  any  metals  of  the  Orient. 
Of  course  we  do  not  mean  to  infer  that 
American    freedom   of   thought   finds   itself 
expressed  only  in  the  statuettes;  on  the  con- 
trary, in  large  work,  as  in  Tilden's  "  Mechan- 
ics'    Fountain,"     San     Francisco;     Clark's 
"  Cider  Press,"  at  the  Columbian  Exposition ; 
Niehaus's   "Driller,"   at  Titusville,   Penn.; 
in  French's  "  Peace  "  group  on  the  Dewey 
Arch,  and  the  like,  there  has  been  expression 
that  is  free  from  any  foreign  element,  but 
the  perfection,  the  completeness,  has  rarely 
been  there  that  is   found  in  the  statuettes. 
It  is  to  be  regretted  that  Saint  Gaudens  did 
not  design  some  architectural  sculpture.    He 
worked  in  such  perfect  harmony  with  Stan- 
ford White  that  no  doubt  had  he  decorated 
the  facade  of  a  building  it  would  have  had  the 
same  influence  upon  architectural  sculpture  as 
his  figures  on  monumental  sculpture  had.    As 
the  situation  now  stands,  we  think  American 
sculpture  is  weakest  in  the  flamboyant  char- 
acter of  its  architectural  decorations.     It  is 
noisy  in  lines  and  planes,  and  detached  from 
the   building   itself.     This   latter    fault,   of 
course,   is  not  wholly  due  to  the  sculptor; 
our  architects   are   much   to   blame   in    not 
designing  proper  backgrounds  for  the  deco- 
rative elements.    The  truth  is  our  architects 
are  much  too  busy  to  give  the  subject  proper 
consideration.    But  there  have  been  some  at- 
tempts that  are  acceptable  because  they  are  an 
indication  of  a  possible  future  closer  unity 
of  sculpture  and  architecture. 

On  the  Appellate  Court,  the  new  Custom 
House,  the  Stock  Exchange,  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Church,  in  New  York;  in  the  Con- 
gressional Library,  Washington,  and  the 
Public  Library,  in  Boston,  and  in  public 
buildings  in  Chicago,  San  Francisco,  Balti- 
more, Pittsburg,  and  St.  Louis,  men  like 
Ward,  French,  Bitter,  Lukeman,  Boyle, 
Gelcrt,  Grafly,  Martiny,  Rhind,  Linder, 
Adams,    O'Connor,    Ruckstuhl,    have    done 


PORTRAIT    GROUP, — MOTHER    AND    CHILDREN. 

(Statuette  by  Mrs.  Bessie  Potter  Vonnoh.  It  Is 
to  be  regretted  that  the  general  public,  having  tired 
of  the  old-time  Rogers  group,  have  relinquished  the 
habit  of  decorating  their  homes  with  sculptural 
groups,  since  the  statuettes  of  our  day  (like  the 
Ruskln  by  Mr.  Borglum  and  those  by  Mrs.  Vonnoh) 
are  of  a  hundred  times  greater  artistic  excellence.) 

pioneer  work  in  bringing  to  a  focus  this  form 
of  art,  which,  if  seriously  developed,  ought  to 
place  American  sculpture  upon  a  firmer  foot- 
ing than  it  has  had  in  the  past. 

The  future  of  American  sculpture  is  full 
of  possibilities. 

What  will  Mr.  Barnard,  whom  many  of 
the  younger  sculptors  think  our  strongest 
man,  accomplish  in  his  Harrisburg  task? 


300 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIElVS. 


MARBLE   BUST  BY   WILLIAM    ORDWAY    PARTRIDGE,   IN 

THE  BROOKLYN    INSTITUTE  OF   ARTS   AND 

SCIENCES. 

What  will  young  Henry  M.  Shrady 
accomplish  in  his  "  Grant,"  to  be  placed 
opposite  the  White  House, — a  $250,cxx) 
commission  given  him  with  the  approval,  we 
understand,  of  Saint  Gaudens  and  French, 
though  he  is  not  yet  forty,  and  has  not  re- 
ceived a  European  education  nor  even  an  art 
education  of  any  kind  ? 

What  will  Gutzon  Borglum  accomplish 
in  his  saints  and  angek  in  the  Cathedral  of 
St.  John  the  Divine,  or  in  some  of  his  ideal 
figures  executed  in  Maryland  marble,  with 
its  delightful  ivory  tone,  that  Phidias  might 
have  envied ;  or  what  will  Adams  give  us 
some  day  in  polychrome  relief? 

Or  what  may  be  accomplished,  perhaps, 
by  some  graduate  of  the  **  Arts  and  Crafts  " 
movement    who,    studying,    say,    the    firm, 


synthetic  work  of  the  Renaissance  medals  of 
Vittore  Pisano,  may  apply  his  style  to  archi- 
tectural decoration  in  a  sober,  restrained  way 
that  will  put  to  shame  the  average  architec- 
tural decoration  of  to-day,  decorations  that 
really  ought  to  be  anchored  to  the  buildings, 
instead  of  seeming,  as  now,  to  want  to  get 
away  from  them?     Who  knows? 


JOHN   RUSKIN. 

fBy  Gutzon  Rorglnm.  statuette,  made  from  mem- 
ory sketches  Jotted  down  on  the  return  from  a  vlait 
to  Ruskin  a  few  monthH  before  the  critic's  death. 
It  is  to  be  regretted  that  persons  of  literary  taste 
In  this  country  have  not  formed  the  habit  of  decorat- 
ing their  libraries  with  busts,  statuettes,  and  medal- 
lions of  celebrities,  such  as  Borglum's  **  Ruskin/* 
Saint  Gaudens'  "  Stevenson,"  and  **  French's  **  Emer- 
son.") 

Let  US  hope  that  the  fine  qualities  of  Saint 
Gaudens'  work  will  live  in  spirit  in  the  crea- 
tions to  come,  and  thus  give  to  this  country  a 
school  of  sculpture  of  which  many  genera- 
tions may  be  proud. 


Other  works  by  Saint  Gaudens  not  mentioned  in  this  article  are :  "  Adoration  of  the 
Cross."  "  Diana,"  **  Dr.  McCosh."  "  Dr.  Bellows."  Caryatids  in  Cornelius  Vanderbilt's  house. 
Angels  for  the  Governor  E.  D.  Morgan  tomb,  for  the  monument  in  the  cemetery  at  Garrisons, 
N.  Y.,  and  for  Mrs.  Smith's  monument  at  Newport;  the  Hamilton  Fish  monument;  "Garfield," 
"  Logan,"  "  Randall  " ;  medallions  of  "  Stevenson."  children  of  Prescott  Hall  Butler,  children  of 
Jacob  H.  Schiff,  Miss  Violet  Sargent,  President  Woolsey  of  Yale,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Richard  Wat- 
.son  Gilder,  Mrs.  C.  C.  Beaman,  Mrs.  Schuyler  Van  Rensselaer,  William  D.  Howells,  Miss 
Howells,  F.  D.  Millet.  George  Maynard.  and  Miss  Armstrong;  the  relief  over  the  main  en- 
trance of  the  Boston  Public  Library,  from  which  Kenyon  Cox  designed  the  library  seal.  He 
made  the  sketch  from  which  Tonetti  Dozzi  modeled  the  figure  of  "  Art,"  in  the  Library  of  Con- 
gress, and  the  sketch  from  which  Philip  Martiny  modeled  the  Columbian  Exposition  medal.  In 
adrlition  to  the  eagle  and  double  eagle,  already  mentioned,  he  designed  a  one-cent  piece.  Among 
his  unfinished  works  are  two  groups  for  the  Boston  Museum  and  a  monument  of  Phillips 
Brr>^>ks,  of  Boston,  and  the  statue  of  Marcus  A.  Daly. 


HAS  ARKANSAS  A  DIAMOND  ''TFIELD''  ? 

BY  ROBERT   S.   LANIER. 


TJPON  a  tract  of  about  600  acres  near  ton  have  been  led  to  believe  after  consider- 
Murfreesboro,  in  Pike  County,  south-  able  hesitancy  and  care,  together  with  ex- 
western  Arkansas,  some  100  miles  from  the  tended  personal  examination,  then  this  is 
dty  of  Little  Rock,  more  than  130  diamonds  actually  the  first  American  tract  where  dia- 
have  been  found  within  the  past  year.  In  monds  occur  "  in  place."  *  This  is  the  geolo- 
size,  they  vary  frara  1-64  carat  to  63/2  gist's  expression  for  a  stone  that  lies  in  the 
carats:  \n  color,  from  dark  brown  to  the  precise  geological  formation  where  it  was 
high-pnzed  blue- white.  "  born," — where  the  pure  carbon,  influenced 
Fifteen  people  discovered  all  these  jewels,  by  intense  pressure  and  intense  heat,  prob- 
mostly  by  kneeling  an  the  ground  and  pok-  ably  through  the  pushing  of  some  prehistoric 
in^  them  up  with  sticks  from  within  one  or  volcano  toward  the  earth's  surface,  became 
two  inches  of  the  surface.    Even  in  its  rough  forced  into  a  veritable  diamond  crystal. 


stat^,  the  diamond's 
glitter  is  unmis^tak- 
ablc-  After  one  sue 
ces^hil  experience, 
the  lucky  searcher 
docs  not  fail  to  rec- 
ognize it  a^ain. 

One  diamond  was 
excavated  f  r  o  m  a 
depth  of  fi  f  t  e  e  n 
feet.  Indeed,  the 
same  rock  which 
furnishes  the  gems 
on  the  surface  has 
been  proved,  by 
three  sets  .  of  drill- 
holes, to  remain 
constant  to  a  depth 
of  over  200  feet. 
And  this  blue-green 
rock,  decomposed 
"  pcridotite,"      resembles 


THE  FIRST  THREE  DIAMONDS  FOUND  IN  THE  ARKAN- 
SAS "field." 

(Here  reproduced  In  their  natural  size.     The  gem 
on  the  right  is  of  4^^  carats  weight.) 


This  surmise  be- 
ing granted,  here  is 
the  first  instance  on 
the  American  conti- 
nent of  the  discov- 
ery of  a  diamond  in 
its  undisturbed  nat- 
u  r  a  1  matrix, — and 
the  first  observation 
of  a  true  diamond 
*'  field,"  which  may 
eventually  involve 
a  new  American  in- 
dustry. These  de- 
velopments in  Ar- 
kansas are  the  first 
calculated  to  lead 
Dr.  Kunz  to  revise 
h  i  s     statement     of 


seventeen  years  ago, 
made    in    his    work 

geologically     the  on   "  Gems  and    Precious   Stones  in   North 

**  blue  ground  "   of   the  Kimberly   mines  in  America,"  the  authoritative  summary  on  this 

South    Africa,    from    which    fortunes    have  subject:    "While    diamonds    are    found    to 

been  taken  in  diamonds  within  thirty  years,  some  extent  within  the  limits  of  the  United 

Does  all  this  mean  that  America  contains  States,  there  is  no  reason  as  yet  to  suppose 

a    genuine    field    of    diamonds, — a    plot    of  that  they  will  ever  be  numbered  among  our 

ground    which,    throughout    its   entire    area  important  mineral  products." 

and  to  a  great  depth,  will  yield  a  constant  It  is  chiefly  owing  to  Dr.  Kunz's  courtesy 

product  of  the  most  precious  of  stones?  in  supplying  authoritative  information  th^t 

Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  George  F.  the  writer  is  able  to  summarize  below  the 

Kunz,  gem  expert  and  special  agent  of  the  facts  on   this  new  development  of  a   fasci- 

Unitcd   States  Geological   Survey,  and   Dr.  nating  subject.     During  twenty  years   Dr. 

Henry  S.  Washington,  mining  geologist  and  Kunz  has  collected  every  record  of  the  dis- 

pctrographer,  who  has  made  a  special  study  covery  of  American  diamonds,  and  investi- 

of  the  composition  of  igneous  rocks  at  home  gated  every  history  that  seemed  promising. 

and  abroad,  it  is  possible  here  to  answer  this  His  services  have  been  constantly  in  request 

question  as  well  as  it  can  be  answered  to-day.  by  the  Department  of  Mining  Statistics  in 

H   the  Arkansas  diamonds  are   really  of  the   United    States  Geological    Survey,   and 

local  origin,  as  Dr.  Kunz  and  Dr.  Washing-  the  results  of  his  investigations  may  be  seen 


302 


Tt*E  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REHEU/S. 


in  his  bulletins  published  by  this  department 
from  1883  to  1905. 

DIFFERENT     FROM     ALL     OTHER     AMERICAN 
DIAMONDS. 

Since  1830  many  American  diamonds 
have  been  authenticated,  but  none  before  has 
been  found  "  in  place."  Most  of  those  in 
the  United  States,  Guiana,  and  Brazil  have 
come  to  light  through  the  "  breaking  down," 
or  wasting  away,  of  the  original  rocks,  which 
allows  the  diamonds  to  be  washed  into 
brooks  and  river  gravels,  as  in  South  Ameri- 
ca. Many  have  been  found  in  the  glacial 
moraine  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan,  and 
Wisconsin,  whither  prehistoric  glaciers  had 
swept  them  from  some  point  in  Canada. 
Search  is  now  being  made  for  the  original 
resting  place  of  these  stones  by  several  sur- 
veying parties,  along  the  line  of  the  new 
transcontinental  railway  from  Quebec  to 
Winnipeg. 

Two  other  regions  in  the  United  States 
have  supplied  a  few  diamonds  from  time  to 
time, — the  eastern  slope  of  the  Blue  Ridge 
and  the  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
and  the  Cascade  Mountains.  But  no  diamond 
found  in  the  North  Carolina  and  Virginia 
region,  or  on  the  California  slope,  has  ever 
been  traced  back  to  its  original  rock  source. 

TRIALS  OF  THE  DIAMOND  EXPERT. 

It  seems  that  in  Arkansas  the  130  stones 
mentioned  are  really  of  local  origin.  But  dia- 
mond tracing  is  always  a  hazardous  task. 
Even  the  most  highly  trained  expert  finds, 
after  each  long  search  and  careful  calcula- 
tion, that  there  still  remains  to  be  eliminated 
the  great  danger  of  "  seeing  things,"  which 
sometimes  results  from  too  much  application 
to  one  subject. 

A  peculiar  difficulty  in  diamond-hunting 
arises  from  the  minute  occurrence  of  the 
substance,  as  compared  with  copper,  iron, 
lead,  gold,  or  silver.  The  African  De  Beers 
mines,  for  example,  are  unparalleled  for  their 
profitable  yield  and  their  equipment  with  the 
most  expensive  machinery  and  appliances. 
And  yet  their  valuable  product  averages  only 
.46  of  a  carat  to  a  1600-pound  load,  say  one- 
half  of  a  carat  to  a  ton,  a  proportion  of  one  in 
ten  million. 

Contrast  the  case  of  gold :  Any  vein  profit- 
able enough  to  be  worked  must  exhibit  $2 
worth  to  the  ton.  This  means  one-tenth  of 
an  ounce  to  the  ton,  or  thirty  times  the  pro- 
portion of  diamonds  in  the  De  Beers  mines. 
If  the  expense  of  tunnelling,  shafts,  etc.,  is 


to  be  undertaken,  the  gold  should  assay  as 
much  as  one-half  ounce  to  the  ton,  or  150 
times  the  proportion  of  the  Die  Beers  dia- 
monds, and  300  times  the  proportion  of  those 
taken  from  the  fabulously  productive  "  Pre- 
mier "  mines,  the  leading  competitors  of  the 
De  Beers.  Furthermore,  it  is  possible  to  de- 
termine by  assays  and  other  chemical  means 
the  presence  and  amount  of  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, and  other  metals,  even  where  they  are 
invisible,  and  present  in  extremely  sqiall 
amounts.  No  such  methods  are  practically 
applicable  in  the  search  for  diamonds. 

IDENTIFYING  THE  SOURCE  OF  DIAMONDS. 

Again,  there  is  the  difficulty  of  identifying 
the  locality  whence  a  diamond  comes.  It  is 
customary  to  bring  to  the  expert  a  very 
small  quantity  of  material,  perhaps  one- 
twentieth  of  an  ounce.  In  such  cases  the 
wise  geologist  must  often  hesitate  before  pass- 
ing a  final  judgment. 

This  question  is  further  complicated  by  the 
existence  at  the  present  day  of  such  a  great 
number  of  different  mines  and  prospects.  Up 
to  thirty  years  ago  it  was  comparatively  easy 
to  recognize  the  birthplace  of  a  diamond. 
IVfost  stones  then  came  from  Brazil,  and 
sparingly  from  the  Indian  mines.  But  with 
the  opening  of  the  South-African  prospects 
the  production  increased  rapidly,  and  now 
there  are  not  less  than  one  dozen  localities 
which  are  large  producers  of  diamonds.  Add 
to  this  the  hundreds  of  minor  instances  where 
diamond  indications,  and  some  few  gems, 
have  been  found;  consider  that  the  distinct- 
ive marks  of  a  stone  from  any  given  locality 
are  in  any  case  very  slight  and  may  be  dupli- 
cated elsewhere,  the  geological  conditions 
constantly  varying ;  and  one  perceives  the  del- 
icacy, even  for  the  most  experienced,  of  de- 
claring positively  with  regard  to  a  few  stones 
that  they  are  or  are  not  from  a  locality  that 
is  new. 

THE  ARIZONA  "DIAMOND   MOUNTAIN." 

The  importance  of  identification  is  pointed 
by  remembrance  of  the  famous  "  Arizona 
diamond  swindle."  On  May  28,  1872,  a 
party  of  Eastern  and  Western  capitalists,  to- 
gether with  a  German  mining  expert,  were 
escorted  to  Rawlins,  Wyo.,  and  thence  to  a 
remote  mountain,  where  in  a  week  1000 
carats  of  diamonds  and  6000  to  7000  carats 
of  rubies  were  gathered  by  the  joyful  explor- 
ers. The  gems  were  indubitable.  But  upon 
investigation  by  Clarence  King,  director  of 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  it  was 


HAS  ARKANSAS  A  DIAMOND  "FIELD?" 


303 


proved  that  they  could  not  possibly  belong  to 
the  locality  of  Arizona.  In  fact,  the  moun- 
tain had  been  "  salted  " ;  a  large  quantity  of 
rough  diamonds  had  been  purchased  in  Lon- 
don and  distributed  where  they  would  do  the 
most  good.  But  this  discovery  could  not  be 
made  until  about  $750,000  had  been  realized 
by  the  enterprising  owners  of  the  "  mine." 

This  story  remains  of  interest  to-day  be- 
cause only  a  portion  of  the  gems  used  as 
"  salt "  were  ever  recovered.  Years  after 
the  explosion  of  this  bubble  Dr.  Kunz  ex- 
amined a  number  of  diamonds  found  in  this 
neighborhood  by  a  shoemaker.  Any  "  dia- 
mond mine  "  turning  up  in  this  locality  will 
be  regarded  with  great  suspicion  by  the  well 
informed. 

Thus,  when  a  report  of  the  Arkansas 
gems  was  brought  to  Dr.  Kunz  last  fall  he 
decided  not  to  make  any  public  announcement 
until  further  investigation.  The  property, 
indeed,  was  already  well  known  to  geologists 
as  exhibiting  conditions  peculiarly  favorable 
to  the  production  of  diamonds.  The  igneous 
outcrop  had  been  described  in  1842  and  1846, 
and  later  beautifully  mapped  by  Dr.  J.  C. 
Branner,  the  State  Geologist  of  Arkansas. 
So  when  Dr.  Kunz  was  shown  a  couple  of  the 
Arkansas  stones  he  was  able  greatly  to  sur- 
prise the  Little  Rock  jeweler  who  had 
brought  them  to  New  York  by  mentioning 
in  detail  the  formation  of  the  spot  whence 
they  had  come. 

He  thereupon  suggested  to  Dr.  Washing- 
ton, as  one  of  the  leading  petrological  geolo- 
gists of  America,  that  he  visit  the  locality. 
He  spent  several  weeks  there,  finding  that  in 
the  meantime  twenty-one  diamonds  had  been 
discovered.  In  January  Dr.  Kunz  went 
there,  going  over  the  ground  at  first  alone, 
and  later  on  with  Dr.  Washington.  After  a 
careful  study  of  the  rock  occurrences,  the 
following  facts  were  definitely  ascertained : 

THE    ARKANSAS    SITUATION. 

The  area  of  the  neck  of  volcanic  "  perido- 
tite "  which  is  exposed  at  the  surface  ap- 
proaches forty  acres  in  extent.  Together 
with  the  outlying  decomposition  line,  the 
total  area  comprises  probably  100  acres.  It 
is  ideally  located,  with  moderate  winter  cli- 
mate, abundance  of  timber  and  cheap  coal  in 
the  State,  and  other  favorable  conditions, 
among  them  a  river  flowing  through  the 
property,  which  will  be  of  much  assistance  in 
mining. 

Together  with  the  diamonds,  a  number  of 
calcite,  barite,  and  quartz  crystals,  and  other 


white  minerals  were  turned  up.  The  entire 
country  is  covered  with  a  "  pudding  stone," 
a  conglomerate  rock  cemented  with  brown 
oxide  of  iron,  containing  pebbles  of  all  sizes, 
chiefly  quartz.  So  closely  did  this  resemble 
the  Brazilian  cascalho,  in  which  diamonds 
are  commonly  found,  that  for  a  few  days  it 
suggested  itself  to  Dr.  Kunz  that  possibly 
the  Arkansas  diamonds  might  have  been  de- 
rived from  this  conglomerate. 

But  after  careful  search  over  considerable 
of  the  adjoining  region  the  underlying  condi- 
tions were  everywhere  found  different  from 
those  of  this  one  tract;  and  no  diamonds 
were  discovered  in  the  conglomerate.  So, 
again,  the  situation  narrowed  to  the  original 
locality.  The  land  adjacent  consisted  of 
black,  sticky  mud.  Within  a  radius  of  sever- 
al miles,  here  was  the  only  outcrop  of  the 
blue-green,  diamond-yielding  earth. 

No  diamond  was  found  by  Dr.  Washington 
or  Dr.  Kunz.  Three  were  picked  up  during 
the  latter's  visit,  one  of  which  had  certainly 
not  been  handled  since  the  rain  preceding. 

THE     FIRST     UNDISTURBED    AMERICAN     DIA- 
MOND. 

After  Drs.  Kunz  and  Washington  had 
left,  some  of  the  underlying  earth  was  care- 
fully washed  and  two  diamonds  appeared  in 
the  "  concentrates,"  or  heavy  mineral  resi- 
due. At  a  depth  of  fifteen  feet  a  piece  of 
rock  was  found  which  contained  a  diamond 
oi  iy2  carats.  Careful  examination  by  three 
geologists  showed  that  this  stone  was  un- 
doubtedly in  its  original  place.  The  '*  alter- 
ation "  and  texture  of  the  rock  and  the  mark- 
ings of  oxide  were  absolutely  unbroken.  It 
would  seem  that  this  is  the  first  instance  of 
the  discovery  of  a  diamond  in  its  undisturbed, 
natural  matrix  on  the  American  continent. 

The  conclusion,  then,  is  justified  that  this 
tract  of  Arkansas  peridotite  is  the  first  dis- 
covered American  diamond-field.  But  the 
following  conditions  must  be  understood  be- 
fore its  place  as  a  factor  in  diamond  produc- 
tion can  be  estimated:  It  must  be  proved 
absolutely  that  the  130  stones  came  original- 
ly from  the  decomposed  peridotite  in  which 
they  were  found ;  sufficient  facts  must  be  ob- 
tained for  an  accurate  estimate  of  the  per- 
centage of  diamonds  in  the  rock;  the  cost  of 
production  n^ust  be  brought  within  a  reason- 
able figure.  It  is  pleasant  to  remark  that 
the  owners  of  the  tract  are  active  and  re- 
sponsible citizens,  and  that  their  money  so 
far  has  been  spent  quietly  and  fh  a  practical 
fashion. 


THE   WEST  INDIES  IN   COMMERCE. 

BY  LEWIS   R.   FREEMAN. 


TP  HOUGH  the  American  flag  is  floating 
over  but  a  single  one  of  the  nearly  two 
score  islands  that  make  up  the  West  Indies, 
the  fact  that  the  economic  welfare  of  almost 
every  one  of  them  is  in  direct  proportion  to 
its  intercourse  with  the  United  States  is 
strong  indication  that  the  destiny  of  the 
group  as  a  w^hole  is  most  intimately  linked 
with  our  own.  Porto  Rico,  our  only  terri- 
tor>',  is  head  and  shoulders  above  all  the 
other  islands  in  the  matter  of  prosperity, 
while  Cuba,  where  American  influence  is 
paramount,  stands  an  easy  second.  Jamaica, 
which  up  to  the  time  of  the  earthquake  stood 
well  to  the  front  among  the  English  islands, 
owed  its  position  almost  entirely  to  the 
money  poured  in  there  by  American  tourists, 
to  the  millions  paid  by  American  consumers 
for  Jamaican  bananas,  and  to  the  relief  given 
the  Jamaican  labor  market  by  the  employ- 
ment of  many  thousands  of  the  island's  sur- 
plus workers  on  an  American  canal.  Like- 
wise, in  the  Lesser  Antilles,  Barbados  and 
Trinidad,  whose  trade  with  the  United 
States  is  about  equal  to  that  which  they  carr>' 
on  with  England,  and  both  of  which  have 
considerable  investments  of  American  capi- 
tal, easily  lead  their  sister  islands  in  wealth 
and  prosperity.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
French  islands  of  Guadeloupe  and  Marti- 
nique, which  have  scant  intercourse  with 
America,  are  in  about  the  same  condition  as 
the  colonics  of  that  power  in  the  remoter  cor- 
ners of  the  world, — absolute  stagnation.  One 
may  be  justified,  therefore,  in  assuming  that 
the  influence  of  the  United  States  in  the 
West  Indies  will  never  be  less  than  it  is  at 
present,  and  reasonably  safe  in  believing  that 
it  will  increase  even  more  rapidly  in  the  fu- 
ture than  it  has  in  the  past. 

During  the  last  year  there  has  been  so 
much  published  concerning  Cuban  interven- 
tion, the  Jamaica  earthquake,  the  Domini- 
can treaty,  and  Presidential  and  secretarial 
visits  to  Porto  Rico,  that  a  person  writing  of 
any  one  of  the  islands  of  the  Greater  Antilles 
is  very  likely  to  find  himself  addressing  a 
public  already  fully  informed.  Regarding 
the  Ivcsscr  Antilles,  however,  the  popular 
American  idea  is  of  the  vaguest,  and  does  not 
fxtend  to  much  that  is  definite  beyond  the 


fact  that  there  is  a  pitch  lake  in  Trinidad 
and  volcanoes  in  Martinique  and  St.  Vin- 
cent. Yet,  strange  anomaly,  it  is  among 
these  little-known  islands  that  the  higher 
civilization,  the  stabler  governments,  and  the 
better  records  of  criminality  and  more  ele- 
vated standards  of  public  morals  are  to  be 
found.  This  is  principally  because  most  of 
them  are  British  and  have  had  the  benefit  of 
the  wise  and  just  colonial  policy  of  that  em- 
pire for  a  number  of  centuries.  The  roads 
in  the  least  of  these  islands  are  far-and-away 
better  than  the  average  of  those  in  New 
York  or  the  New  England  States,  and  se- 
curity of  life  and  property  incomparably 
greater  than  in  the  most  peaceful  districts 
of  Hayti,  Cuba,  or  the  Dominican  Republic. 

THE    YANKEES    OF    THE     LESSER    ANTILLES. 

Trinidad  is  the  largest,  richest,  and  most 
prosperous  island  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  and 
its  people,  on  account  of  their  business  en- 
ergy, have  recently  taken  to  calling  them- 
selves the  **  Yankees  of  the  West  Indies.*' 
Port  of  Spain,  the  capital,  is  an  exceedingly 
clean  and  well  laid-out  city  of  70,000,  the 
most  striking  feature  of  which  is  the  number, 
size,  and  excellence  of  its*  department  stores. 
These  latter  are  patterned  closely  after  those 
of  the  United  States, — with  which  they 
compare  most  favorably, — and  contrast  very 
strangely  with  the  typical  little  British  shops 
one  encounters  in  most  of  the  other  islands. 
The  city's  new  electric-railway  system  is  a 
modern  installation  of  Canadian  capitalists, 
and  the  service  provided  is  fast  and  efficient. 
The  worst  handicap  of  Port  of  Spain  is  its 
harbor, which, although  perfectly  protected,  is 
so  shallow  that  ships  are  forced  to  lie  two 
or  three  miles  off-shore.  Deep  water  is  to 
be  found  about  six  miles  from  the  city  at  a 
point  easily  reached  by  the  railroad,  and  the 
docks  projected  for  this  location  will,  if 
built,  give  a  great  stimulus  to  the  island's 
trade. 

Trinidad  has  reluctantly  bowed*  to  the  in- 
evitable in  the  matter  of  sugar-raising  as  the 
problem  presents  itself  to  the  grower  in  the 
British  West  Indies,  and  has  turned  its  at- 
tention to  cacao.  Its  annual  production  of 
this  valuable  bean  is  now  in  the  vicinity  of 


306 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^/EIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


THE    ASPHALT    DOCKS    AT    LA    BREA    POINT,    TRINIDAD. 
(A  continuous  line  of  buckets  carries  the  asphalt  direct  from  the  lake  to  the  steamers.) 


50,000,000  pounds,  which  places  it  fourth  in 
the  list  of  the  world's  producers,  only  Brazil, 
Ecuador,  and  San  Thome,  P.  W.,  Africa, 
outranking  it.  Last  year's  crop  was  a  par- 
tial failure,  and  the  island  is  dull  as  a  con- 
sequence. This  is  only  temporary,  of  course, 
but  the  real  trouble  connected  with  this 
change  of  staples  lies  in  the  fact  that  a  cacao 
plantation,  area  for  area,  employs  about  one 
man  where  a  sugar  plantation  employs  ten; 
and  in  just  about  this  ratio  is  there  a  lack  of 
steady  employment  for  the  island's  100,000 
East  Indian  coolies  and  its  150,000  blacks. 

The  principal  concession  for  working  the 
famous  pitch  lake  of  Trinidad  is  held  by  an 
American  company  w^hich  operates  its  own 
line  of  steamers  between  New  York  and 
Port  of  Spain.  The  works  of  this  concern 
and  those  of  a  local  company  are  less  than 
half  a  mile  apart  on  La  Brea  Point,  and  ^ 
comparison  between  the  tw^o  is  overwhelm- 
ingly in  favor  of  the  former.  The  overhead 
tramway  system  of  continuously  running 
buckets,  by  which  the  American  company 
carries  asphalt  direct  from  the  lake  and 
dumps  it  into  the  steamers,  is  one  of  the 
finest  contrivances  of  that  class  in  existence. 


The  production  of  this  lake  is  only  limited 
by  the  demand  for  asphalt;  it  is  probable 
that,  if  called  on,  it  could  supply  the  world 
with  that  product. 

Speaking  of  the  islands  as  a  group,  there 
is  little  but  one  long  and  almost  uninter- 
rupted tale  of  depression  and  distress.  In 
Tobago, — one  of  the  averred  homes  of  Rob- 
inson Crusoe, — and  the  southerly  Leeward 
Islands  of  Grenada  and  St.  Vincent,  sugar, 
except  as  cane  for  the  blacks  to  chew%  has 
gone  for  good,  and  in  its  place  the  planters 
aie  struggling  with  coflFee,  rubber,  and  cacao. 
The  latter  alone  is  yielding  returns,  and,  as 
a  result,  the  planters  are  making  a  bare  liv- 
ing, and  the  rest  of  the  population  is  exist- 
ing as  best  it  can. 

OVERPOPULATED   BARBADOS. 

Barbados  goes  on  as  it  always  has,  largely 
on  hope  and  largely  on  a  supreme  confidence 
that  is  impolitely  called  "  nerve "  in  the 
ocher  islands.  Some  sugar  is  being  shipped 
to  Canada  and  some  rum  to  a  number  of 
places.  A  considerable  acreage  of  Sea-Island 
cotton  has  been  set  out  during  the  last  few 
years,  and,  as  in  the  northern  islands  where 


THE  WEST  INDIES  IN  COMMERCE. 


307 


the  same  experiment  is  being  tried,  "  there 
arc  hopes."  It  was  the  furtherance  oif  the  cot- 
ton-growing industry  in  the  British  West 
Indies  that  brought  Sir  Alfred  Jones,  of 
Kingston  earthquake  notoriety,  to  that  city 
at  the  time  of  the  great  disaster. 

The  fact  that  Barbados  has  anything  at 
all  to  export  is  in  itself  a  rather  remarkable 
circumstance.  That  island  is  but  fourteen 
miles  one  way  by  twenty-one  the  other, 
and  within  this  narrow  limit  swarms  a  popu- 
lation of  nearly  200,000.  Every  nook  that 
is  not  producing  food  is  packed  with  people. 
They  do  not  have  the  term  "  building-lot  " 
in  Barbados ;  instead  they  say  "  house-spot." 
"  Spot  "  expresses  it  exactly.  An  average 
**  spot  "  is  "  sixteen  by  sixteen,"  which  leaves 
space  for  a  "  twelve  by  twelve  "  frame  house 
and  room  around  the  sides  for  the  women 
to  catch  the  water  from  the  eaves  and  do 
their  washing.  Even  the  wood  that  is 
burned, — mostly  charcoal, — comes  500  miles 
by  boat  from  Demerara. 

DISTRESS  IN  OTHER  BRITISH  ISLANDS. 

One  finds  the  plight  of  the  rest  of  the 
British  possessions  in  the  Windward  group 
growing  worse  as  he  goes  north.  Dominique 
is  the  single  exception.  This  fertile  and  re- 
markably beautiful  island,  partly  because  of 
the  natural   richness  of  its  soil,  and  partly 


Copyrirht  by  B.  L.  Sinfley. 

BIRTHPLACE     OF    ALEXANDER     HAMILTON^    THE 
LAND   OF    NEVIS,    BRITISH    WEST    INDIES. 


IS.- 


AUTOMOBILIKG     NEAR    PORT    ANTONIO,    JAMAICA. 


through  the  well-directed  efforts  of  an  un- 
usually ably  managed  experiment  station,  has 
been  able  to  keep  up  a  very  creditable  ex- 
port in  the  face  of  discouraging  markets. 
Sugar  had  done  better  than  in  the  other 
islands,  and  the  cacao  plantations  are  giving 
excellent  returns  considering  how  near  Dom- 
inique is  situated  to  the  northern  limit  of 
that  tender  tree.  A  large  acreage  has  also 
been  set  out  to  limes,  the  juice  of  which  is 
to  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  citric  acid, 
and  this,  with  Sea-Island  cotton,  is  looked 
to  for  good  returns  in  the  near  future. 

St.  Lucia,  the  best  harbor  England  has  in 
the  West  Indies  and  a  couple  of  centuries 
back  the  French  headquarters  in  the  Carib- 
bean, has  had  about  the  heaviest  fall  of  any 
of  the  islands.  Sugar  dealt  it  a  hard  blow 
when  that  commodity  settled  to  its  present 
level  a  few  years  ago,  but  there  was  still 
plenty  of  business  with  the  fleet  and  the  gar- 
rison. As  a  naval  station  it  was  of  even 
greater  importance  than  Jamaica,  while  the 
barracks  that  still  stand  on  the  crests  of  the 
hills  surrounding  the  harbor  of  Castries 
cover  acre  after  acre  of  ground.  These  mili- 
tary works  were  a  part  of  a  scheme  evolved 
at  a  time  when  Great  Britain's  perspective  of 
the  future  impressed  her  very  differently 
than  it  does  to-day.  Then  the  time  arrived 
when  that  empire  came  to  regard  the  United 
States,  not  only  as  no  longer  a  menace,  but, 
in  a  way,  for  territory  that  lay  anywhere 


308 


THE  AMERIC/1N  RE^IEU^  OF  REVIEWS. 


JW~   -  ^Jm  »-^*»/^ 

mI^P^ 

Vv.  '-     .^^H  1 

"•^ 

m 

Copyright,  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  V, 

THE  TOWN    OF   PORT  ROYAL,  JAMAICA. 

around  North  America,  as  something  of  a 
safeguard,  and  the  fleet  and  the  troops  were 
withdrawn,  to  save  the  good  British  sover- 
eigns. To-day  the  British  fleet  in  the  West 
Indies,  though  on  paper  it  may  be  larger, 
consists  nominally  of  one  first-class  cruiser, 
stationed  at  Barbados. 

The  good-sized,  low-lying  island  of  An- 
tigua, important  as  the  seat  of  the  governor 
of  most  of  the  Windward  Islands,  has  never 
gone  in  for  much  of  anything  but  sugar, 
and,  as  a  consequence,  things  arc  about  as 
bad  there  as  they  can  be. 

Montserrat,  not  far  from  Antigua,  is  in 
about  the  same  condition  as  the  latter  island, 
while  St.  Kitts  and  Nevis,  the  two  sister 
islands  at  the  northern  chain  of  the  British 
possessions,  are  doing  slightly  better.  Nevis, 
which  consists  of  a  high  volcano  with  a  broad 
strip  of  fertile  level  land  around  its  base,  is 
famous  as  having  been  the  birthplace  of  Alex- 
ander Hamilton  and  the  marriage-place  of 
Nelson.  It  is  separated  by  but  a  mile-wide 
channel  from  St.  Kitts,  where  resides  the  ad- 
ministrator who  looks  after  the  affairs  of 
both  islands.  St.  Kitts  is  a  good  little  island, 
with  hundreds  and  hundreds  of  acres  of 
rather  stunted-looking  sugar-cane  and  scores 
and  scores  of  most  wonderful  old  sugar- 
mills.  Just  now  there  is  a  big  acreage  of 
cotton  in  as  well  as  sugar,  and  there  is  hard- 
ly a  foot  of  tillable  land  that  is  not  under 
cultivation. 


With,  the  exception  of  a  small,  rocky 
island  to  the  north  called  Anguilla, — and 
Jamaica,  of  course,  which  I  will  speak  of 
with  the  Greater  Antilles, — this  completes 
the  list  of  the  British  West  Indies.  Their 
condition  is  the  worst  that  it  has  been  at 
any  time  since  they  were  peaceably  aligned 
under  British  rule,  and  the  future,  near  or 
remote,  does  not  appear  to  promise  great  im- 
provement. I  heard  several  solid,  intelli- 
gent men  at  widely  separated  points  voice 
the  opinion  that  England  is  sick  and  tired  of 
the  burden  of  the  islands,  while  many  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  latter  make  no  secret  of 
the  fact  that  they  are  sick  and  tired  of  Eng- 
land. There  is  more  reason  in  the  attitude 
of  the  government  than  that  of  the  islanders. 
The  former  has  poured  money  into  the  West 
Indies  for  many  years  and  never  received 
much  that  was  substantial  in  return.  The 
islands  help  to  feed  the  home  country,  to  be 
sure,  but  only  as  long  as  they  get  the  best 
prices  there.  If  they  can  pay  the  duty  into 
the  United  States  and  get  a  fraction  of  a 
cent  more  a  pound  for  their  sugar,  to  the 
States  it  comes. 

THE    SLUMP    IN    CANE    SUGAR. 

The  great  grievance  of  the  islanders  to- 
ward the  home  country  arose  when  the  lat- 
ter let  the  cheap  bounty-fed  beet  sugar  of 
Germany  enter  England  free  of  duty,  thus 
lowering  the  price  of  all  sugar  to  a  point 
that  made  it  quite  impossible  to  sell  the  West 
Indian  product  there  at  a  profit.  There  is 
no  doubt  that  this  worked  great  hardship 
in  the  islands,  but,  to  me,  there  is  always 
an  answer  to  any  one  criticising  England  for 
buying  foodstuffs  in  the  cheapest  market,  ir- 
respective of  what  flag  it  comes  from  under, 
in  pointing  to  the  starving  millions  of  her 
own  blood  that  she  has  right  in  her  raidst, 
some  thousands  of  miles  nearer  home  than 
Timbuctoo,  the  Antipodes,  or  even  the  West 
Indies. 

The  British  Government  is  still  exerting 
itself  vigorously  for  the  good  of  the  islands, 
and  the  latter  are  making  no  less  vigorous  ef- 
forts to  do  good  for  themselves;  that  nothing 
much  is  coming  of  it  all  is  not  directly  the 
fault  of  either  party.  The  islands  staked 
everything  on  sugar,  failed  to  forecast  the 
future  aright,  and  now  that  the  cane-sugar 
industry  has  reached  a  point  where  it  can 
be  carried  on  at  a  profit  only  by  following 
the  most  modern  methods  of  cultivation  and 
manufacture,  they  are  lacking  both  in  the 
capital  and  in   the  spirit  of  progressivencss 


THE  H^EST  INDIES  IN  COMMERCE. 


309 


necessary  to  bring  themselves  up  to  date  in 
their  industrial  methods. 

FREE  TRADE  WITH  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

There  appears  to  be  just  one  thing  that 
could  happen  to  put  the  British  West  In- 
dies again  on  their  feet,  and  this  would  have 
to  come  in  the  form  of  a  disturbance  beside 
which  the  recent  Kingston  earthquake  would 
pale  into  insignificance.  The  disturbance,  in 
short,  would  have  to  be  sufficient  to  rattle 
down  the  endlessly  reinforced  tariff-bars 
that  now  confront  the  foreign  exporter  who 
aspires  to  marketing  his  goods  in  the  United 
States.  If  Bntish  West  Indian  goods  could 
enter  America  free  of  duty  there  would  be 
good  times  in  those  islands  for  many  decades 
to  come. 

Of  course  the  same  thing  could  be  brought 
about  by  the  purchase  or  peaceful  annexa- 
tion of  these  islands  by  the  United  States. 
This  is  possible  but  not  probable.  The  ques- 
tion has,  however,  been  discussed  in  a  friend- 
ly spirit  by  several  of  the  London  newspapers 
and  reviews,  the  contingency  usually  men- 
tioned involving  some  kind  of  exchange  for 
the  Philippines.  Several  of  the  officials  of 
the  various  islands  to  whom  I  broached  the 
subject  spoke  freely  on  the  matter  and  ad- 
mitted that  such  a  thing  would  be  of  ines- 
timable economic  benefit  to  the  islands  in 
question,  but  that  they  did  not  see  any  way 
by  which  it  could  be  brought  about. 


HOLLANDS   WEST   INDIAN    POSSESSIONS. 

Of  the  Dutch  West  Indies  Curasao  is 
the  only  island  of  importance,  and  even  that 
does  not  weigh  heavily  in  the  scale  of  trade. 
It  lies  just  off  the  coast  of  Venezuela  and 
vies  with  Trinidad  as  a  rendezvous  and 
refuge  for  the  former  country's  plotting  poli- 
ticians and  revoUitionists.    It  is  a  quaint  and 


Copynebt  by  B.  L.  Sincley. 

LIBRARY    BUILDING,    FORT-DE-FRANCE,    MARTINIQUE, 
FRENCH    WEST   INDIES. 


Copvnglit  by  B.  L.  Siinley. 

*'RIN1NC"  LIMES. 

1  Extractfiig  oil  from  the  rkin  of  the  fruit,  Dominica, 
British  West  Indies.) 


not  unpleasing  combination  of  the  Dutch 
and  Spanish,  with  the  latter,  as  far  as  lan- 
guage and  customs  are  concerned,  predomi- 
nant. The  island  is  principally  known  to 
the  world  for  the  high  qualit>^  of  its  bran- 
dies and  liquors,  the  most  famous  of  which 
is  the  "  Curasao  "  of  commerce.  The  other 
three  of  the  Dutch  islands,  Saba,  St.  Eusta- 
tius,  and  San  Martin,  are  desolate  rocks  ly- 
ing a  few  miles  to  the  northwest  of  St.  Kitts, 
which,  as  far  as  paying  for  their  expenses 
of  administration  goes,  can  hardly  more  than 
return  the  value  of  the  good  red,  white,  and 
blue  Dutch  bunting  that  the  steady  north- 
east trades  whip  off  the  ends  of  the  flags 
above  the  little  forts,  postoffices,  and  custom- 
houses. 

THE    FRENCH    ISLANDS, — MARTINIQUE    AND 
GUADELOUPE. 

The  French  islands  of  Martinique  and 
Guadeloupe  are  in  about  the  same  condition 
agriculturally,  economically,  and  financially 
as  the  worse-off  of  the  British  islands,  and 


310 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^lEl^  OF  REVIEWS. 


for  similar  reasons, — they  had  never  given 
their  attention  to  anything  but  sugar,  and 
when  the  prices  went  down  the  obsolete 
methods  of  the  planters  could  not  keep  the 
industr>'  on  a  paying  basis.  Now  some  at- 
tention is  being  given  to  coffee,  cacao,  and 
vanilla,  but  with  no  great  success.  Mar- 
tinique raises  finer  fruit,  and  a  greater  va- 
riety of  it,  than  any  other  island  in  the  West 
Indies,  but  France  has  sufficient  fruit  of  her 
own,  and  there  are  no  regular  steamers  to 
other  markets. 

The  devastated  section  of  Martinique  in 
the  vicinity  of  St,  Pierre  covers  a  compara- 
tively small  proportion  of  the  tillable  land 


from  one-third  to  two-fifths  only  of  the 
people  are  single,  and  in  Hungary  but  a 
little  over  one-fifth. 

THE    DANISH    ST.    THOMAS. 

Of  the  three  Danish  West  Indies,  St. 
Thomas,  Santa  Cruz,  and  St.  John,  the  first- 
named  is  the  only  one  of  importance.  Thc>' 
produce  nothing  for  export  except  bay  rum, 
the  leaves  for  which  are  brought  from  St. 
John  and  the  manufacture  carried  on  at  St. 
Thomas.  The  latter  gains  its  importance, 
however,  not  from  bay  rum,  but  from  the 
possession  of  an  excellent  harbor  and  its  lo- 
cation practically  at  the  intersecting-point  of 

all  the  principal 
steamer  routes 
between  "Europe 
and  the  West 
Indies,  Mexico, 
Central  America, 
and  the  Spanish 
Main.  This  lat- 
ter circumstance 
has  earned  it 
the  title  of  the 
"  Crossroads  Is- 
land "  and  made 
it  one  of  the  first 
half-dozen  coal- 
ing stations  of 
the  world. 

St.  Thomas  is 
only  fourteen 
miles  long  and 
three  miles  wide, 

(Showing  also  outlying  islands  which  serve  to  protect  the  entrance  to  the  bay.)  and     its     popula- 

tion not  in  ex- 
of  the  island,  yet  this  represents  but  a  frac-  cess  of  15,000;  yet  the  deep-sea  tonnage 
tion  of  the  ground  that  has  gone  out  of  cul-  entering  and  clearing  there  is  greater  than 
tivation  since  the  catastrophe.  In  addition  that  of  all  but  the  three  or  four  leading 
to  the  actual  loss  of  life  the  emigration  was  ports  of  the  United  States.  The  island's 
very  large  and  has  not  yet  ceased.  One  shipping  has  more  than  doubled  in  the  last 
comes  upon  deserted  homes,  and  even  ham-  few  years,  due  principally  to  the  aggressive 
lets,  in  every  part  of  the  island.  There  is  efforts  of  the  leading  German  line  to  extend 
a  considerable  number  of  Martiniquans,  par-  its  business  in  the  West  Indies.  During  the 
ticularly  women,  at  present  on  the  isthmus,  week  that  I  spent  in  St.  Thomas  one  or  more 
Martinique  has  the  largest  proportion  of  of  its  big  black  freighters,  all  ships  of  from 
unmarried  among  its  population  of  any  sec-  4000  to  10,000  tons,  came  in  for  coal  every 
tion  of  the  world.  Of  its  nearly  200,000  day.  An  examination  of  steamer  sailings 
people  practically  80  per  cent,  are  single,  in  old  newspaper  files  showed  that  between 
This  is  15  per  cent,  more  than  Cuba,  which  three  and  four  German  boats  were  the  daily 
is  next  in  order,  and  about  20  per  cent,  more  average,  more  than  that  of  all  the  ships  of 
than  Trinidad,  Porto  Rico,  or  Barbados,  the  other  countries  combined.  This  is  typi- 
which  follow  Cuba.  It  is  an  easy  "  one,  cal  of  the  commercial  policy  Germany  is 
two,  three  '*  for  the  West  Indies,  but  I  be-  pursuing  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  Most 
lieve  the  record  is  one  that  carries  no  honor  of  the  people  of  the  island  are  very  strongly 
with  it.     In  England  and  the  United  States   pro-American. 


BAY    AND    TOWN    OF    ST.    THOMAS,    DANISH    WEST    INDIES. 


THE  IVEST  INDIES  IN  COMMERCE. 


311 


CUBA  S  NEW  CAREER  OF  PROSPERITY. 

Cuba,  not  excepting  Java  with  its  30,- 
000,000  people,  is  the  most  productive  island 
in  the  world,  and  the  disturbances  of  last 
fall  which  necessitated  intervention  found  it 
beginning  easily  to  outdo  the  best  years  it 
had  known  before  the  war  that  resulted  in 
its  independence.  Sugar,  which  last  year 
just  touched  the  old  high- water  mark  of 
1,100,000  tons,  made  in  1894,  would  have 
this  year  gone  near  to  1,500,000  tons  but 
for  the  misfortune  of  the  drought  of  which 
I  will  speak  in  a  moment.  The  tobacco 
crop  reached  the  record-breaking  total  of 
$51,000,000,  that  to  the  value  of  $36,000,- 
000  having  been  exported.  This,  with  sugar 
and  other  products,  footed  up  a  remarkable 
total  of  nearly  $100,250,000  to  the  credit  of 
exports.  Railroad  mileage  has  nearly  dou- 
bled since  the  war,  there  being  now  in  the 
vicinity  of  1 500  miles  of  broad-gauge  line  on 
the  island,  in  addition  to  many  hundred  miles 
of  private  lines  serving  various  of  the  sugar 
plantations. 

There  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  this 
encouraging  development  will  be  in  any  de- 
gree checked  by  intervention, — probably 
quite  the  contrary  will  result, — but  there  is 
no  thance  of  the  island  making  anything  like 
the  showing  it  is  capable  of  in  the  unsettled 
conditions  that  have  prevailed  during  even 
the  quietest  years  of  its  attempted  self-gov- 
ernment. That  American  and  foreign  capi- 
talists in  Cuba  should  be  unreservedly  in 
favor  of  annexation,  or  at  least  a  perma- 
nent protectorate,  for  the  island,  is  generally 
understood  in  this  country;  that  nearly  all 


Copyright  by  Underwood  A  U  nderwood.  N   Y 

HAULING  CARLOADS   OF   SUGAR  CANE  TO   THE   MILL, 
SANTA   CLARA    PROVINCE,    CUBA. 

of  the  foreign  officials  in  the  West  Indies 
believe  one  or  the  other  to  be  inevitable  may 
be  news  to  many  Americans.  The  British 
are  particularly  emphatic  in  expressing  their 
belief  that  annexation  must  come  sooner  or 
later,  a  consummation  with  which  they  de- 
clare themselves  fully  in  sympathy.  In  thi» 
connection  I  thought  that  the  Hon.  Hugh 
Clifford,  C.  M.  G.,  the  Colonial  Secretary 
of  Trinidad,  expressed  a  good  deal  in  a  few 
words  when,  during  a  talk  I  had  with  him 
in  Port  of  Spain  just  before  he  was  trans- 


*                           . 

i                  .                                    ^    "^ 

ll|Bfl|^^^HH^b^Hj3BL^^^^«« 

(I 

£|^Qb|^H  ^mf^^' 

j^BwyMH^ 

&f^ 

^^ft3^9^^^^B^^^H  T^^^^H 

w 

^'^SHI^^^^^H 

TOBACCO   CULTIVATION    UNDER   CANVAS    IN    CUBA. 


312 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


ferred  to  Ceylon,  he  said  that  **  Your  Gov- 
ernment will  have  to  annex  Cuba  in  the 
end,  whether  it  desires  to  or  not,  just  as 
surely  as  it  will  ultimately  have  to  give  up 
the  Philippines." 

DAMAGE  INFLICTED   BY  THE  DROUGHT. 

Except  for  the  ravages  wrought  by  her 
years  of  warfare  for  independence,  the  re- 
cent seven-months'  drought  inflicted  the  most 
serious  blow  that  the  island  of  Cuba  ever 
received.  From  November  of  last  year  to 
the  middle  of  May  the  average  rainfall  for 
all  parts  of  the  island  was  but  little  "more 
than  an  inch.  A  drought  in  a  tropical  coun- 
try where  the  vegetation  has  always  re- 
ceived, and  is  practically  dependent  upon, 
almost  daily  showers,  is  a  far  more  serious 
matter  than  in  a  semi-arid  country  like 
Southern  California,  for  instance,  where  dry 
seasons  of  six  months  or  more  are  the  reg- 
ular thing.  Moreover,  in  countries  of  the 
latter  nature  elaborate  irrigation  systems  are 
generally  maintained  to  tide  over  the  rain- 
less spells,  while  in  the  tropics, — and  the 
West  Indies  in  particular, — artificial  water- 
ing is  rarely  resorted  to.  The  only  section 
of  Cuba  where  such  a  system  was  in  exist- 
ence,— the  district  immediately  surrounding 
the  city  of  Guines  in  the  province  of  Havana, 


— not  only  came  through  the  drought  with- 
out loss,  but  actually  reaped  a  rich  harvest 
of  profits  throughout  the  long  period  of 
high  prices  that  followed  the  failure  of  all 
crops  at  other  points. 

The  shrinkage  in  the  sugar  and  tobacco 
crops  will  be  the  principal  items  immediately 
traceable  to  the  drought,  but  the  greatest 
damage  will  be  the  form  of  the  setback 
all  young  orchards  of  oranges,  lemons,  and 
grape-fruit  have  received,  a  loss  which  is  all 
the  more  unfortunate  because  it  falls  al- 
most entirely  on  the  already  overburdened 
shoulders  of  struggling  American  colonists. 
In  the  province  of  Pinar  del  Rio  there  arc 
between  io,ocx>  and  12,000  farmers  from 
all  parts  of  the  United  States,  almost  as 
many  more  in  Santa  Clara,  while  consider- 
able numbers  of  them  are  to  be  found  scat- 
tered through  the  states  of  Santiago,  Matan- 
zas,  Havana,  and  Puerto  Principe.  Almost 
without  exception  these  colonists  have  gone 
in  for  the  raising  of  citrus  fruits,  and  the 
loss  inflicted  on  the  growing  groves  will  be 
incalculable,  to  say  nothing  of  the  discour- 
agement to  themselves.  If,  as  seems  likely, 
this  drought  has  impressed  upon  the  Cubans, 
— both  native  and  by  adoption, — the  im- 
perative necessity  of  constructing  irrigation 
works,    the   uncounted   millions   of   damage 


^m    A4^      '   ^  Hill  in                  ^^^^S^^lniflk-^ 

1  r^— '  -tMBj-  L^^'MKff-'^jinife 

^w^^^-^ 

^B^B.    n  wl^^JIBw^m^^SSKk 

^^s^-_^ 

GIRLS    STRIPPING   TOBACCO  AT  THE  CABANAS    FACTORY,    HAVANA,   CUBA. 


THE  IVEST  INDIES  IN  COMMERCE. 


313 


THE    PUBLIC    MARKET    AT    PORT    ANTONIO,    JAMAICA. 


that  has  resulted  from  it  need  not  be  checked 
up  as  total  loss. 

Jamaica's  slow  recovery. 

As  I  pointed  out  in  the  introduction  to 
this  article,  practically  everything  that  Ja- 
maica had  before  the  earthquake  in  the  way 
of  material  prosperity  she  owed  to  the 
United  States,  and  on  this  country  must 
she  largely  depend  in  making  a  recovery 
from  the  staggering  blow  dealt  her  by  that 
disaster.  Substantial  "  first-aid  "  has  very 
properly  come  in  the  form  of  an  imperial 
grant  and  loan,  but  a  return  to  former  pros- 
perity can  only  be  brought  about  through  a 
continuation  of  American  patronage. 

The  conditions  in  Kingston  since  the 
earthquake  have  been  worse  than  those  that 
prevailed  during  corresponding  periods  in 
San  Francisco  or  Valparaiso.  This  has  been 
principally  due  to  the  fact  that  the  big  Eng- 
lish insurance  companies,  crippled  by  the 
drains  from  the  two  previous  disasters,  in- 
trenched themselves  behind  the  technical 
barriers  existent  in  all  of  their  poh'cies  and 
refused  to  pay  their  losses.    This  action  has 


brought  about  the  practical  impoverishment 
of  the  merchant  classes  of  the  city,  making 
rebuilding  and,  in  some  cases,  even  restock- 
ing in  provisional  premises,  quite  impossible. 
Hundreds  of  business  men,  well-to-do  and 
even  wealthy  before  the  disaster,  have  been 
left  almost  penniless.  Incident  to  the  almost 
complete  paralysis  of  the  mercantile  trade 
has  been  the  throwing  of  a  greater  part  of 
those  working  as  clerks  and  accountants  out 
of  employment,  leaving  only  the  lower 
classes,  which  always  live  from  hand  to 
mouth,  in  the  same  circumstances  as  before 
the  earthquake.  The  grant  and  loan  author- 
ized by  the  home  government  brought  a 
much-needed  relief,  restored  faltering  confi- 
dence, and  started  a  tardy  but  energetic  re- 
habilitation movement. 

Port  Antonio,  Jamaica,  is  the  greatest  ba- 
nana-shipping point  in  the  world,  and  that 
industry,  controlled  by  two  American  com- 
panies, will  always  be  the  principal  one  of 
the  island.  Last  year  i8,ooo,chx)  bunches 
of  that  fruit,  valued  at  $5,000,000,  were 
shipped  to  the  United  States,  the  United 
Fruit  Company  alone  employing  twenty-six 


314 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


steamers  in  the  service.  The  worst  setbacks 
to  the  banana  industry  are  the  droughts  and 
hurricanes.  The  former  may  be  guarded 
against  by  irrigation,  but  from  the  latter, 
which  recur  about  every  five  years,  there  is 
no  protection. 

PANAMA     RELIEVES    JAMAICA'S    DISTRESS. 

There  has  always  been  a  large  number  of 
people  out  of  work  in  Jamaica,  and  the  em- 
ployment of  large  numbers  of  these  on  the 
Panama  Canal  has  been  a  bigger  factor  than 
that  island  has  appreciated  in  relieving  the 
distress  of  its  laboring  population.  All  told, 
there  have  probably  been  not  less  than  I5,cxx) 
Jamaicans  on  the  isthmus  at  any  time  since 
the  canal  was  well  under  way,  and  a  total  of 
several  times  that  number  have  been  em- 
ployed in  the  aggregate.  Nearly  every  cent 
earned  by  these  men  goes  back  to  Jamaica. 
A  considerable  amount  is  sent  by  mail,  but 
the  greater  part  of  the  laborer's  earnings  is 
hoarded  until  he  returns  home  himself.  Once 
back  with  his  family  and  friends,  $200  or 
$3CX),  the  savings  of  a  number  of  months, 
may  go  in  a  few  days.  The  canal  has  been 
responsible  for  putting  a  large  amount  of 
money  in  the  island  which  would  not  have 
otherwise  found  its  way  there. 

LARGE   BLACK   POPULATION. 

Blue  Mountain  Jamaican  coffee  brings  a 
higher  price  than  any  other  in  the  English 
market,  but  it  cannot  be  raised  in  sufficient 
quantity  to  make  the  industry  of  importance. 
Neither  has  cacao-planting  met  with  as  great 
success  as  in  many  of  the  other  islands,  while 
the  Jamaican  export  of  sugar  is  not  as  great 
to-day  as  in  the  times  of  the  Napoleonic  wars. 
The  island  has  the  largest  proportion  of  small 
peasant  proprietors  of  any  place  in  the  world, 
— 90,000  out  of  a  population  of  900,000, — 
and  the  system  of  roads  and  trails  by  which 
the  government  has  made  possible  the  open- 
ing up  of  the  little  "  pens  "  or  farms  is  the 
most  creditable  work  of  its  kind  I  have  ever 
seen.  Yet  the  indolence  of  the  black  popula- 
tion is  such  that  the  foreign  trade  of  Jamai- 
ca is  not  a  third  of  that  of  the  smaller 
island  of  Porto  Rico. 

The  railway  system  of  Jamaica,  though 
originally  built  by  Americans,  is  at  present 
owned  and  operated  by  the  government. 
The  line  is  broad-gauge,  and  connects  Kings- 
ton with  Port  Antonio  on  the  northeast,  and 
Montego  Bay  on  the  northwest  coast,  hav- 
ing a  length,  with  branches,  of  about  200 
miles.     Fares  are  reasonable,  considering  the 


mountainous  nature  of  the  country  traversed, 
and  the  people  do  a  great  deal  of  traveling. 
I  believe  that  few  Americans  appreciate 
how  large  a  proportion  of  the  population  of 
the  British  West  Indies  is  colored.  Wc  think 
the  proportion  high  in  our  Southern  States, 
where  it  runs  from  40  to  60  per  cent.,  yet  in 
Jamaica  the  people  are  98  per  cent,  colored, 
and  in  all  of  the  Lesser  Antilles  they  run 
from  91  to  96  per  cent.  Porto  Rico  has  but 
38  per  cent,  colored,  and  Cuba  but  33. 

UNDEVELOPED  HAITI. 

The  island  of  Haiti,  divided  between  the 
republic  of  that  name  and  the  Dominican 
Republic,  commonly  called  Santo  Domingo, 
though  containing  only  30,000  square  miles 
to  Cuba's  43,000,  is  supposed  to  be  consid- 
erably more  populous  than  the  latter  island. 
Our  census  of  1899  gave  Cuba  1,500,000 
people,  while  the  best  estimates  on  the  other 
island  run  something  over  2,000,000.  About 
three-quarters  of  this  number  are  in  the  r^ 
public  of  Haiti,  which,  rather  than  any 
marked  difference  in  the  industry  of  the 
people,  is  responsible  for  the  fact  that  this 
republic  has  a  considerably  larger  trade  than 
Santo  Domingo.  The  island  is  by  far  the 
least  developed  in  the  West  Indies,  though 
its  natural  resources  cannot  be  much  less 
than  those  of  Cuba.  Santo  Domingo  alone 
has  12,000,000  acres  of  magnificent  fanning 
land,  only  200,000  acres  of  which  arc  under 
cultivation.  There  are  also  6,000,000  acrc> 
of  hardwood  forest  and  5,000,000  acres  ot 
high-class  grazing  land.  This  backward- 
ness has  been  almost  entirely  due  to  the 
prevalence  of  revolutions  and  their  inddent 
lawlessness,  in  both  of  which  particulars 
there  is  promise  of  great  improvement. 

The  Haitians  are  a  mixture  of  negro. 
French,  and  Indian,  and  are  principally  en- 
gaged in  agricultural  pursuits.  Fully  t\»o- 
thirds  of  the  republic's  trade  is  with  the 
United  States,  a  proportion  which  we  are 
managing*  to  steadily  maintain  in  spite  oi 
the  vigorous  efforts  of  both  France  and  Ger- 
many to  cut  it  down.  The  sugar  industr} 
is  very  backward,  insufficient  for  home  con- 
sumption being  produced,  and  this,  though 
of  poor  quality,  selling  for  8  cents  a  pound. 
Coffee  and  cacao  are  of  high  grade,  but  tre 
not  produced  in  great  quantity.  The  last  fn* 
years  have  found  the  Haitians  attempting 
rather  to  supply  their  home  demands  thsa  to 
increase  their  exports.  This  movement  has 
been  responsible  for  greatly  increased  ac^^ 
ages  of  rice  and  maize,  as  well  as  for  the 


THE  WEST  INDIES  IN  COMMERCE. 


315 


turning  out  of  some  very  good  hardwood  fur- 
niture and  a  large  amount  of  laundry  soap. 
What  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant concessions  ever  granted  to  foreigners 
by  the  Haitian  Government  was  that  to  an 
American  company  for  the  building  of  lOO 
miles  of  railway  from  the  port  of  Gonaives 
to  Hirchc,  with  a  branch  to  Gros  Morne. 
The  company  is  given  a  grant  of  a  kilometer 
and  a  half  on  each  side  of  the  line  for  cut- 
ting ties  and  lumber.  It  includes  rights 
to  build  telephone  and  telegraph  lines  and 
wharves;  also  the  establishing  of  a  coastal 
service  of  steamers.  The  enterprise  of  the 
government  is  shown  by  its  guaranteeing  a 
return  of  6  per  cent,  on  an  investment  of 
$24,000  a  mile  for  a  period  of  fifty  years. 

OUR    INTERVENTION    IN    SANTO   DOMINGO. 

Santo  Domingo,  the  most  backward  of  all 
the  Span ish-Ameri can  republics,  was  on  the 
verge  of  financial  ruin  when  the  United 
States  came  to  the  rescue  in  1904  by  placing 
a  receiver  at  the  doors  of  its  custom-house. 
Since  then  the  chronic  revolution  of  many 
years  standing  has  gradually  petered  out, 
while  the  trade  of  the  republic  has  shown 
most  encouraging  development.  The  im- 
ports of  1906  were  valued  at  $4,000,000 
and  the  exports  at  $6,500,000,  the  total  being 
an  increase  of  $1,000,000  over  1905,  which 
was  itself  a  record-breaking  year.  Sugar, 
raised  in  the  vicinity  of  Macoris  on  the 
southeast  coast,  is  the  .principal  article  of 
export,  that  industry  being  rather  more  sue- 


f1 

\  'W 

iim^         ^f^^^fi^^stiJ^'^'iSK^  •       1 

t  - 

4 

P^~^^#^^     i          ^fl^F^            ^»    4^ 

THE    WEST   FRONT  OF   THE  CATHEPRAL,  SANTO  DOMINGO  CITY. 


THE    TOMB    OF    COLUMBUS     IN    THE    CATHEDRAL, 
SANTO  DOMINGO   CITY. 

(The  remains  of  Columbus  reposed  in  Santo  Do- 
mingo from  1536  to  1796,  when  they  were  removed 
to  Havana,  Cuba.  After  the  Spanish-American  War 
they  were  carried  to  Spain.) 

cessful  here  than  in  the  British  islands.  In 
cacao  export  great  increases  have  been  made, 
the  republic  now  ranking  almost  level  with 
Trinidad  in  world  production.  It  is  ex- 
pected that  this  will  shortly  become  the  lar- 
gest and  most  profit- 
able crop  of  the  coun- 
try. Tobacco,  coffee,  ba- 
nanas, and  many  other 
products  also  showed 
notable  increases. 
The  most  striking  fea- 
ture of  the  1906  trade, 
however,  was  in  con- 
nection with  imports, 
which,  increasing  49 
per  cent,  over  1905, 
gave  telling  evidence 
of  the  improved  eco- 
nomic condition  of  the 
people.  This  favorable 
showing  is  considered 
but  a  preliminary  of 
the  good  times  that  are 
expected  now  that  the 
new  treaty  with  the 
United  States  is  in 
force. 


316 


THE  AMERICAN  REI/IEU^  OF  REf^lEl^S. 


PORTO  RICO  WINNING  PROSPERITY  THROUGH 
HARDSHIP. 

At  the  time  of  its  admission  to  the  United 
States  Porto  Rico  was  probably  the  best 
governed  and  the  most  prosperous  of  all  the 
Spanish  colonies.  This  is  not  necessarily 
saying  much,  but  that  island,  thanks  princi- 
pally to  the  peaceful  and  industrious  dispo- 
sition of  its  people,  never  had  as  much  to 
complain  of  as  did  Cuba  and  the  Philip- 
pines. A  year  after  the  island  became 
American  the  condition  of  the  people  was  as 
bad  as  that  of  the  Cubans  in  the  worst  days 
of  Weyler's  "  reconcentration  "  movement. 
This  was  due  to  many  causes,  but  principally 
to  the  abrupt  cutting  off  of  the  Spanish  mar- 
kets,— including  those  of  countries  with 
which  Spain  had  reciprocity  treaties, — be- 
fore trade  with  the  United  States  had  a 
chance  to  get  under  way.  On  top  of  other 
troubles  came  the  great  hurricane  of  i899» 
in  which  uncounted  millions'  worth  of  prop- 
erty was  destroyed,  several  thousand  people 
killed;  and  over  a  quarter  of  a  million  ren- 
dered homeless.  While  treating  the  wounded 
from  this  disaster  the  discovery  was  made 
by  the  army  surgeons  that  three-fourths  of 
those  that  passed  under  their  hands  were  af- 


fected with  tropical  anemia.  This  was  fol- 
lowed a  few  months  later, — an  investigation 
having  been  made  in  the  meantime, — by  the 
announcement  that  90  per  cent,  of  the  is- 
land's laboring  population  was  affected  by 
this  strange  disease,  which,  easily  preventable, 
and  curable  at  almost  any  stage,  rarely  fails 
to  prove  fatal  if  allowed  to  go  unchecked. 
It  would  be  hard  to  imagine  a  more  hop^ 
less  situation  than  that  of  the  infant  Terri- 
tory at  the  end  of  1899. 

How  the  plucky  island  stepped  out  of,  and 
shook  itself  free  from,  the  difficulties  that 
entrammeled  it,  until  to-day  it  has  greater 
prosperity  and  fairer  prospects  that  any  ot 
its  sisters  in  the  West  Indies,  may  only  be 
touched  upon  most  briefly  here.  The  biggest 
factor  in  the  upward  movement  has  been  the 
courage  and  common  sense  of  the  people  and 
the  splendid  example  that  has  been  set  by 
American  capitalists  who  came  in  and 
staked  money  and  reputation  on  the  future 
of  the  new  Territory.  The  island  is  not  out 
of  the  shoals  yet  by  any  means,  for  the 
status  of  the'  coffee  industry  has  yet  to  be 
fixed  to  determine  the  fate  of  many  hundred 
rich  plantations,  and  the  crusade  agatnst 
anemia,  though  well  launched,  is  hardly 
more  than  a  beginning.     But  a  good  start 


A    NATIVE   SHACK   IN    PORTO  RICO. 


THE  WES!   INDIES  IN  COMMERCE. 


317 


^.-.1    ADJL-I-A,   LUH  MBL'^ls'  Ym<J   LANDING-PLACE  ON   THE  ISLAND  OF   PORTO  RICO. 


^  T-.    ?jeen    made   in   all    liircctions,    the    \>  :iy 
"Tiis  (airly  clear,  and  the  future,  as  far  :is 
ffnuhles  that  exist  at  prc^^ent  arc  con- 
ned, seems  ivell  assured. 
It  Ml  agricuhurai  countr>'  ^^  strivini:  to 
niiKe   for  export,   the  course  of  the   rise 
'   Wl  of  lis  trade  is  as  true  an  imiicaEor 
Its  praspfrity  as  the   hand   on   a  ste^tn- 
i^e  k  erf  pressure,     Durinf^  the  fifty  years 
}T   to    American   civil    administration    of 
m   Rico    there   were   but   four   years    in 
■|  the  balance  of  trade  was  in  ir^  favfjr, 
'   f%  Halmnce  aggregated  but  a  little  over 
while    the    balance   against    the 
f*ver  $7S*ooo,ocK),    The  first  t^\o 
n  01  civii  admin mration  showed  a  trade 
-ni^  dt  $750,000  each  against  the  island, 
■Tie  last  five  years  show  a  balance  of 
v,ixx>  in  its  favor.    In  1901  Porto  Rico 
".*J  her  products  to  the  Unitetl  St:ttes 
'    vaitue  of  ?5, 500,000,  and  to  foreign 
■  '  ii^  just  III  excess  of  $3,ooo.O(XJ.     In 
■  Ue  shipped  us  over  $19,000^00*1  worth 
■^T    products,    and    to    foreign    countries 
t  S4/KX9,000*     Imports  show  figures  al- 


most as  favorable.  This  is  establishing  rela- 
tions with  the  home  country  in  the  most  ap- 
proved manner. 

Not  the  least  remarkable  feature  of  the 
increase  of  Porto  Rico*s  trade  has  been  the 
shifting  about  of  her  products  in  the  scale  of 
importance.  She  came  into  the  United 
States  with  coflFee  her  principal,  almost  her 
enly,  crop,  so  completely  did  it  overshadow 
everything  else  in  importance.  Eight  years 
later,  in  1906,  coflFee  made  up  but  15  per 
cent,  of  the  exports,  amounting  to  something 
less  than  tobacco  and  to  only  a  fraction  of 
sugar, — that  is  to  say,  $14,000,000  worth  of 
sugar  was  exported,  and  about  $3,500,000 
each  of  tobacco  and  coflFee..  All  efforts  to 
introduce  the  island*s  coffee  into  the  United 
States  have  met  wi'th  failure,  principally  be- 
cause the  cheaper  and  stronger  Brazilian 
coffee  better  suits  the  American  taste. 

In  spite  of  the  decline  in  the  industry  the 
same  enormous  acreage  as  before  the  war  is 
still  kept  under  coffee,  an  acreage  nearly  as 
great  as  that  of  all  other  products  combined. 
A  persistent  effort  has  been  made  to  help  that 


318 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiEW  OF  REl^JElVS. 


A    "sombrero''    market    at    YAUCO,    PORTO    RICO. 


article  in  the  American  market  by  getting 
Congress  to  put  a  5-cent  duty  on  foreign  im- 
portations, an  action  which  would  cost  the 
American  consumer  in  the  vicinity  of  $50,- 
000,000  a  year.  There  is  no  hope  of  the 
island's  securing  this  enactment,  and  the  best 
course  of  its  coffee-planters  would  appear 
to  be  to  raise  their  product  to  a  standard  of 


excellence  that  will 
put  It  beyond  the 
competition  of  low- 
grade  importations 
from  other  coun- 
tries. 

The  increase  of  the 
Porto  Rican  sugar 
crop  has  been  the 
most  remarkable 
feature  of  her  agri- 
cultural record.  In 
1895  but  $2,500,- 
000  worth  of  that 
article  was  exported. 
In  1 90 1  this  figure 
had  increased  to 
$5,500,000,  and  for 
last  year  the  export 
was  over  $14,000,- 
000.  The  latter  fig- 
ure represents  die 
value  of  about  205,- 
000  tons  of  sugar, 
a  record  which  is  not  likely  to  be  ex- 
ceeded by  the  crop  of  this  season.  Prac- 
tically all  of  the  available  sugar  land  of 
the  island  is  now  under  cultivation,  and 
such  increase  as  may  come  from  this  time 
on  must  be  as  a  result  of  improved  methods 
of  cultivation.  Manufacturing  methods  in 
Porto  Rico  are  as  fully  up  to  date  as  any- 


THE  ORIGINAL  FACTORY  OF   THE  PORTO  RICAN- AMERICAN   TOBACCO   COMPANY,   SAN  JUAN. 


THE  WEST  INDIES  IN  COMMERCE. 


319 


YAUCO,  ONE  OF   PORTO  RICO's    IMPORTANT   SUGAR-EXPORTING   TOWNS. 


where  else,  but  irrigation  and  fertilization 
arc  almost  unknown.  With  soil  conditions 
just  as  favorable,  the  island's  acreage  pro- 
duction averages  but  two  tons  to  the  acre, 
against  six  in  Hawaii.  It  would  appear, 
therefore,  that  the  introduction  of  the  latter*s 
system  of  intensive  cultivation  may  ulti- 
mately bring  the  Porto  Rican  crop  up  to 
something  like  600,000  tons,  thus  placing 
that  island  second  only  to  Java  and  Cuba 
among  the  sugar-producing  countries  of  the 
world.  This,  with  the  crops  of  Louisiana, 
Hawaii,  and  the  Philippines,  would  make  a 
total  of  very  nearly  1,500,000  tons  of  sugar 
raised  annually  under  the  flag. 

Before  annexation  the  Porto  Rican  to- 
bacco crop  was  not  always  equal  to  supply- 
ing the  home  demand ;  last  year  over  $3,000,- 
000  worth  of  cigars  alone  were  exported,  and 
this  year  the  figure  will  be  close  upon  $5,- 
000,000.  Both  in  cultivation  and  elabora- 
tiofi*the  Porto  Rican  practice  is  thoroughly 
modem,  conditions  which  are  gratifyingly  re- 
flected in  the  excellent  prices  the  island's 
tobacco  is  bringing  in  the  American  markets. 
The  tobacco  industry  centers  upon  the  inte- 


rior city  of  Caguas,  in  the  vicinity  of  which 
there  are  many  hundreds  of  acres  of  land  en- 
tirely covered  with  cheese-cloth  and  devoted 
exclusively  to  growing  tobacco  for  high-class 
wrappers.  This  method  of  protecting  the 
leaves  from  moisture  costs  over  $500  an 
acre,  an  expenditure,  however,  which  is 
more  than  justified  by  increased  returns. 
Among  many  large  factories  erected  last 
year  was  one  in  San  Juan  which  will  give 
employment  to  2000  hands. 

Citnis-fruit  growing  in  Porto  Rico,  as  in 
Cuba,  is  almost  entirely  in  the  hands  of 
Americans,  and  has  become  of  importance 
only  since  annexation.  In  1905  the  total 
acreage  was  in  the  vicinity  of  7000,  and  last 
year  something  over  1500  acres  more  were 
planted.  Seventy  per  cent,  of  this  area  is  in 
oranges,  20  per  cent,  in  grape-fruit,  and  the 
5  per  cent,  in  lemons.  The  circumstances 
which  favor  this  industry  in  Porto  Rico  are 
the  cheapness  of  land  and  labor,  and  the  fact 
that  fruit  may  be  laid  down  in  New  York 
for  28  cents  a  box,  whereas  C^ifornia  pays 
98  cents,  Florida  72  cents,  and  Cuba  35 
cents  freight  and  56  cents  duty. 


320 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEW^  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


PART  OF  THE  OLD   MILITARY    ROAD   BETWEEN    SAN    JUAN    AND   K)NCE,    PORTO   RICO. 


The  transportation  facilities  .  of  Porto 
Rico  have  kept  pace  with  the  development 
along  other  lines.  The  several  disjointed 
lines  that  were  in  existence  in  1898  have 
been  connected  up  to  give  continuous  rail- 
road communication  between  San  Juan  on 
the  north  and  Ponce  on  the  south  coast,  the 
important  cities  of  Arecibo,  Aguadilla,  and 
Mayaguez  being  touched  en  route.  This 
line,  which  is  French-owned,  is  planned  to 
ultimately  encircle  the  island,  and  extension, 
as  well  as  the  construction  of  a  number  of 
branches  and  "  loops,"  is  now  under  way. 
Modern  electric  railways  are  in  operation 
in  San  Juan  and  Ponce,  and  franchises  for 
the  construction  of  several  others  have  been 
granted.  Travel  in  the  interior  is  still  by 
coach  and  horse,  but  the  excellence  of  the 
new  high-roads  have  reduced  the  discom- 
fort of  it  to  a  minimum.  Construction  and 
maintenance  have  cost  rather  more  than  in 
the  English  islands, — principally  because  rock 
for  macadam  is  not  always  as  easy  to  hand  as 
in  the  latter, — but  the  work  is  thorough  and 


lasting.  The  road  improvements  in  the  in- 
terior have  been  turned  to  practical  account 
by  the  government  in  establishing  an  exten- 
sive mail  service  of  automobiles. 

Probably  the  most  important  work  being 
carried  on  by  the  insular  government  is  its 
fight  against  anemia,  to  which  I  have  allud- 
ed. As  a  result  of  investigations  following 
Dr.  Ashford's  discovery  of  the  prevalence  of 
that  disease  in  1 899,  $5000  was  appropriated 
by  the  Legislature  to  assist  a  specially  ap- 
pointed commission  in  combating  it.  During 
the  five  months  of  1904  that  the  appropria- 
tion lasted  4500  cases  were  treated  in  Baya- 
maon  and  Utatdo,  nearly  all  of  which  were 
cured.  In  1905  $15,000  was  appropriated 
and  about  the  same  number  of  cases  treated, 
while  last  year  a  $50,000  appropriation 
brought  relief  to  over  80,000  sufferers.  The 
central  station  is  now  at  Aibonito,  with 
nine  substations  in  various  parts  of  the  island. 
There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  in- 
sidious disease  will  in  time  be  completely 
eradicated. 


CARMON,    HEAD    OF    THE    GO\TRNMENT    STUD,    FORT    COLLINS,     COLO. 


DEVELOPING  A  NATIONAL  TYPE  OF  HORSE. 

BY    ARTHUR    CHAPMAN. 


QNE  of  the  most  interesting  and  far- 
reaching  experiments  being  conducted 
by  the  United  States  Government  is  the  de- 
velopment of  a  national  horse, — an  equine 
type  that  will  be  recognized  as  distinctively 
American. 

Horse-breeders  of  the  Unjted  States  are 
spending  millions  of  dollars  annually  on 
imported  breeds,  yet  this  expense  must  in- 
crease, rather  than  diminish,  under  present 
conditions,  for  the  reason  that  no  foreign 
breed  of  horse  has  been  found  that  will  not 
deteriorate  when  taken  from  its  home  en- 
vironment. It  has  become  recognized  that 
the  only  solution  of  the  problem  is  the  de- 
velopment of  a  national  type  of  horse, — a 
type  that  will  thrive  and  improve  under 
American  environment,  just  as  the  English 


hackney,  the  Percheron,  and  the  Arabian 
horse  all  improve  in  their  natural  surround- 
ings. 

wanted:   a  standard  carriage  horse. 

The  trotting  horse  is  the  only  equine 
type  that  can  be  called  national  to-day.  But 
in  this  instance  utility  and  beauty  have  been 
sacrificed  to  speed,  so  that  the  trotting  type 
is  a  menace  rather  than  a  benefit.  Why 
should  the  only  American  horse  be  droop- 
hipped,  cat-hammed,  flat-ribbed,  ewe-necked, 
while  fortunes  are  expended  annually  for 
importations  where  service  and  beauty  are 
demanded?  The  trotting-horse  type  is  use- 
less for  anything  but  race-track  purposes. 
What  the  country  needs  is  a  carriage  horse 
that  will  conform   to  certain   standards  of 


322 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


style  and  action.  The  demand  for  a  car- 
riage horse  of  fine  type  is  general.  The 
farmer,  the  merchant,  the  professional  man, 
and  the  man  of  leisure  constitute  the  market. 
The  price  for  carriage  horses  ranges  from 
$200  for  the  common  types  up  to  fabulous 
sums  that  men  of  means  are  glad  to  pay 
for  the  most  highly  developed,  finished,  and 
trained  individuals.  But  while  the  demand 
is  so  general,  the  supply  is  practically  ex- 
hausted. Constant  importation  does  not 
solve  the  problem,  because  of  the  rapid  de- 
terioration of  the  descendants  of  imported 
horses.  The  only  remedy  is  the  develop- 
ment of  a  national  carriage  horse,  and  it  is 
with  this  purpose  in  view  that  the  Govern- 
ment has  established  a  horse-breeding  station 
at  Fort  Collins,  Colo.,  where  the  first  steps 
in  this  experiment  in  evolution  have  been 
taken. 

THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  REGION  AS  A  BREED- 
ING  GROUND. 

In  locating  the  national  horse-breeding  sta- 
tion in  Colorado,  the  experts  in  charge  of 
this  experimental  work  took  cognizance  of 
the  advantages  oflFered  in  the  altitude  and 
climate  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  region.  Fort 
Collins  is  located  about  fifty  miles  north  of 
Denver,  a  few  miles  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  foothills.  On  these  high  plains 
the  tiny  three- toed  horse,  whose  remains  were 
found  by  the  Whitney  scientific  expedition, 
roamed  in  prehistoric  ages.  On  these  won- 
derful uplands,  approximately  a  mile  above 
sea  level,  everything  tends  to  the  production 


of  a  perfect  horse.  Sound  bones  and  hoofs, 
great  lung  power  and  good  size  are  most 
desired  in  a  horse.  The  bone  of  the  native 
Colorado  horse  is  as  dense  as  a  piece  of 
ivory.  The  dry  atmosphere  develops  a  hoof 
so  solid  that  a  native  horse  can  travel  miles 
over  the  rockiest  country  and  suffer  no  in- 
convenience from  lack  of  shoes.  The  high 
altitude  develops  heart  and  lung  power 
that  gives  the  Colorado  horse  wind  and 
courage  to  make  a  hundred  miles  a  day  and 
repeat  the  performance  next  day  without 
injiirj'.  The  climatic  conditions  and  pure 
air  and  water  are  apparently  conducive  to 
speedy  growth,  while  the  native  grasses, 
sun-cured  on  the  plains,  have  always  been 
considered  the  finest  feed  for  any  kind  of 
live  stock. 

Wyoming,  Montana,  Utah,  and  the  Da- 
kotas  are  also  admirable  breeding-grounds 
for  sturdy  horses.  The  wonderful  feats  of 
endurance  performed  by  pony-express  riders 
and  Government  scouts  and  soldiers  in  the 
West  would  not  have  been  possible  had  not 
the  tireless  Western  horses  been  available. 
The  Western  cow  pony  to-day  is  the  most 
hardy,  active,  and  courageous  animal  in  the 
world,  and  can  stand  more  hard  work  on  less 
feed  and  less  care  than  any  other  type  of 
equine, — all  due,  no  doubt,  to  the  ideal  con- 
ditions of  climate  and  atmosphere  offered  by 
the  Western  States. 

CONGRESS  MAKES  AN  APPROPRIATION. 

The  man  who  conceived  the  idea  of  de- 
veloping the  typical  American  horse   under 


A    PART  OF  THE    GOVERNMENT   STOCK    FARM    AT    FORT    COLLINS. 


DEy ELOPING  A  NATIONAL  TYPE  OF  HORSE. 


323 


such  ideal  natural  conditions  is  Eugene  H. 
Grubb,  a  veteran  stock-grower  of  Carbon- 
dale,  Colo.  Mr.  Grubb  had  observed  how 
inferior  native  stock  thrived  in  Colorado, — 
how  the  "  scrubbiest "  cow  pony  became  a 
veritable  equine  dynamo  amid  such  ideal  sur- 
roundings,— and  he  conceived  the  idea  of 
developing  a  pure-blooded  native  horse  of  a 
higher  type  than  the  Rocky  Mountain  States 
had  ever  known,  and  from  this  foundation 
stock  developing  a  carriage  horse  that  would 
be  recognized  as  a  national  type.  Mr.  Grubb 
laid  his  idea  before  W.  L.  Carlyle,  dean  of 
agriculture  at  the  Colorado  State  Agricul- 
tural College,  formerly  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin.  Professor  Carlyle  is  one  of  the 
most  noted  live-stock  educational  experi- 
menters in  the  United  States.  He  recog- 
nized the  feasibility  of  Mr.  Grubb's  plan, 
and  shortly  after  the  assembling  of  Congress 
in  1903  these  enthusiasts  went  to  Washing- 
ton and  laid  their  plan  before  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  Wilson,  who  was  immediately 
enlisted  in  its  behalf.  When  the  matter  was 
laid    before    Congress    hardly    a    dissenting 


PROFESSOR    W.    L.    CARLYLE. 

(la  active  charge   of    the   work  of  developing 
national  carriage  horse.) 


the 


MR.    EUGENE   H.    GRUBB,   OF   CARBOI^DALE,    COLO. 

(Who  conceived   the  idea  of  developing  a  national 

type  of  carriage  horse.) 

voice  was  heard,  and  a  substantial  appropria- 
tion was  readily  secured.  This  appropria- 
tion will  no  doubt  be  increased  annually  as 
the  horse-breeding  experiment  grows  in 
scope. 

SELECTING  STOCK  FOR  BREEDING. 

After  securing  the  Government  appropria- 
tion for  carrying  on  the  work,  and  locating 
the  experiment  station  at  Fort  Collins,  where 
the  State  of  Colorado  tendered  the  use  of 
its  buildings  and  equipment,  a  commission 
was  appointed  to  select  the  foundation  stock 
of  the  American  carriage  horse  of  the  future. 
This  commission  consisted  of  Professor  Car- 
lyle, Prof.  C.  F.  Curtiss,  of  Iowa  State  Agri- 
cultural College,  and  Dr.  Salmon,  chief  of 
the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  at  Washing- 
ton»  This  commission  w^as  assisted  by 
G.  M.  Rommel,  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal 
Industry,  M.  H.  Tichinor,  of  Chicago,  and 
Mr.  Grubb,  of  Colorado.  In  selecting  the 
foundation  stock  for  this  first  Government 
stud  it  was  decided  to  make  use  of  those 
families  of  American-bred  trotters  specially 
noted  for  quality,  size,  style,  action,  and  sub- 
stance, rather  than  speed.  The  progeny  of 
such  famous  sires  as  Red  Wilkes,  Morgan 


324 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS, 


Messenger,  Onward,  Harrison  Chief,  and 
Almont,  bred  to  mares  with  a  large  propor- 
tion of  old  Morgan  blood,  should  become  the 
basis  of  the  new  strain. '  The  work  of  selec- 
tion required  the  greatest  skill,  since  the 
Morgan  stock  in  America  at  present  has 
degenerated,  through  lack  of  care  in  breed- 
ing, into  small,  pony-like  horses,  lacking  in 
action,  ill-formed  as  to  limbs  and  feet,  and 
possessed  of  hereditary  unsoundness.  In 
fact  the  original  Morgan  type,  from  which 
so  many  of  our  families  of  trotters  received 
their  endurance,  strength,  and  well-rounded 
proportions,  is  practically  extinct.  It  is  be- 
lieved, however,  that  a  sufficient  number  of 
great  individuals  remain  to  serve  as  a  con- 
necting link  between  the  old  and  new  type, 
and  it  was  the  collecting  of  the  best  of  these 
individuals  that  occupied  the  attention  of  the 
purchasing  commission. 

After  several  months  thirty-five  mares 
were  collected  from  seven  States,  and  were 
passed  upon  by  the  purchasing  committee. 
There  were  representative  animals  from  the 
farms  of  the  most  famous  breeders  in  Wy- 
oming, Kentucky,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,.. Illinois, 
Michigan,  and  other  States,  and  from  this 
most  remarkable  assembly  fourteen  mares 
were  finally  selected  by  the  commission  and 
purchased  at  greatly  reduced  prices.  In  ad- 
dition three  notable  donations  were  made 
by  W.  C.  Brown  and  Col.  Fred  Pabst,  of 


CARMON   IN    HARNESS. 


Chicago,  and  Judge  William  Moore,  of  New 
York  City. 

THE  RENOWNED  GOVERNMENT  STALLION. 

Even  greater  care  was  evidenced  when  it 
came  to  selecting  the  stallion  to  be  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  Government  stud.  After 
the  commission  had  examined  worthy  ani- 
mals from  all  parts  of  the  country,  unani- 
mous choice  finally  settled  on  Carmon,  bred 
by  Norman  J.  Coleman,  of  St.  Louis,  and 
owned  by  Thomas  W.  Lawson,  of  Boston. 
It  is  not  inappropriate  that  the  first  Govern- 
ment stallion  should  have  been  bred  by  the 
first  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

Carmon  was  purchased  early  in  life  by 
Thomas  W.  Lawson  for  his  famous  coach 
four.  He  stands  sixteen  hands  high,  weighs 
1340  pounds,  and  is  a  glossy  bronze  bay  in 
color,  with  black  points.  He  is  ten  years 
old,  and  his  grace  and  beauty  and  good  quali- 
ties of  disposition  are  the  admiration  of  all 
visitors,  from  every  part  of  the  world,  who 
inspect  the  foundation  stock  at  the  Govern- 
ment stud. 

Carmon,  when  owned  by  Mr.  Lawson, 
was  known  as  Glorious  Thunder  Cloud. 
His  stallion  mate.  Glorious  Red  Cloud,  Mr. 
Lawson  has  refused  to  sell  at  any  price, 
keeping  him  for  the  head  of  his  stock  farm, 
Dream  wold.  It  was  only  his  deep  interest 
in  the  Government  breeding  scheme  that  in- 
duced Mr.  Lawson  to 
part  with  Carmon. 
The  four-horse  stal- 
lion team,  in  w'^ich 
Carmon  figured,  cost 
Mr.  Lawson  $30,000. 
This  was  the  record 
price  for  a  coach  four 
until  Mr.  Alfred  Van- 
derbilt  paid  a  larger 
sum  for  his  celebrated 
coach  four,  Rustling 
Silk,  Full  Dress, 
Sweet  Marie  and 
Polly  Prim. 

Owing  to  the  fact 
that  Carmon  was  used 
so  long  for  driving 
purposes,  he  has  left 
few  oflspring,  and 
these  from  mediocre 
mares.  Consequently 
he  has  not  been  thor- 
oughly proven  as  a 
sire  of  carriage  horses 
of  high  type,   but  the 


DEy ELOPING  A  NATIONAL  TYPE  OF  HORSE. 


325 


progeny  at  the  Fort  Collins  station  seem  to 
have  all  the  qualities  that  the  most  exacting 
can  demand,  and  have  so  far  borne  out  the 
judgment  of  the  purchasing  commission. 
Carmon's  show-ring  career  is  unsurpassed  by 
any  other  American  horse,  as  he  has  been 
successfully  exhibited  as  a  stallion  in  breed- 
ing classes,  in  a  coach  four,  and  in  a  pair. 

"  POINTS  "  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT  STUD. 

In  developing  the  ideal  carriage  horse, 
there  is  no  thought  of  demanding  absolute 
uniformit}'  in  the  foundation  stock.  There 
is  a  variety  of  road  vehicles  and  a  consequent 
variety  of  individual  taste,  and  so  there  must 
be  variation  in  color,  size,  and  temperament 
where  the  horse  is  concerned.  But  rfiere 
should  be  uniformity  in  conformation,  style, 
quality,  and  finish,  thus  establishing  a  marked 
type,  at  the  same  time  keeping  in  mind  the 


KENTUCKY  BELLE  AND  FOAL. 

varying  demands  of  the  gig,  runabout,  broug- 
ham, landau,  and  country  carriage. 

In  order  to  ascertain  what  the  commis- 
sion had  in  view  when  it  purchased  the 
foundation  stock  at  Fort  Collins,  it  is  not 
amiss  to  take  a  look  at  five  or  six  of  the 
marcs  that  seem  to  conform  most  closely 
to  the  type  desired.  Martha  Washington 
is  probably  the  finest  type  of  heavy  carriage 
horse.  She  is  burnt  chestnut  in  color,  with 
fine,  long,  clean-cut  head  and  neck,  short, 
strong  back,  long,  full  and  well-rounded 
quarters,  sloping  shoulders,  with  high,  fric- 
tionless,  and  graceful  action. 

Virginia  is  considered  the  finest  type  of 
carriage  mare  in  America  to-day.  She  is 
from  the  stables  of  Judge  Moore,  and  has 


THE   BEAUTIFUL    HEAD,    NECK,   AND   CHEST   OF 
CARMON. 

faultless  style,  finish,  and  substance.  She  is 
capable  of  taking  a  carriage  at  twelve  miles 
an  hour  with  an  endurance  that  will  cover 
sixty  miles  a  day  without  lagging  or  show- 
ing signs  of  weariness.  In  this  mare  is  found 
in  perfection  one  of  the  points  so  noticeably 
lacking  in  American  trotter  families,  and  so 
essential  in  a  carriage  horse, — the  perfect 
stifle  and  hock  action  characteristic  of  the 
English  hackney. 

Kentucky  Belle  is  seal  brown,  resembling 
Martha  Washington  in  graceful  neck  and 
carriage,  being  similar  also  in  action,  with 
slightly  more  finish. 

Wisconsin  Queen  is  a  beautiful  bay,  with 
short  limbs,  exceptionally  fine  head,  neck, 
and  shoulders,  combining  massiveness  with 
quality  and  speed.  She  has  been  shown 
successfully  as  a  single,  as  one  of  a  pair,  and 
as  one  of  four  in  a  coach. 

Illinois  Beauty,  donated  by  W.  F.  Brown, 
of  the  Vanderbilt  system,  is  a  striking  black, 
with  great  finish,  and  is  of  the  road  and 
runabout  type,  possessing  grace  and  beauty 
of  action. 

Colorado  Countess  was  successfully  shown 
at  Madison  Square  Garden  in  New  York. 
She  is  from  the  ranch  of  George  D.  Rains- 
ford,  of  Wyoming,  and  her  lung  and  heart 
power,  and  quality  of  bone  and  hoof,  taken 
with  her  wonderful  endurance,  bear  out  all 
that  has  been  claimed  for  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain country  as  the  natural  breeding-place 
for  perfect  horseflesh.  Four  of  Mr.  Rains- 
ford's  remarkable  mares  were  purchased  at 
half  their  market  Value,  and  those  interc9tied 


S26 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


MISS   GEORGIA,  ONE  OF   THE  GOVTRNMENT    MARES. 
(Showing  the  well-rounded  hips  and  body,  deep  chest  and  fine  poise  of  the  high-class  American  horsey 


in  the  Government  experiment  feel  that  no 
better  foundation  stock  could  have  been  se- 
cured in  any  quarter  of  the  country.  Mr. 
Rainsford  has  been  for  many  years  a  student 
of  conditions,  feeds,  and  breeds,  through- 
out Europe  and  America,  and  has  devoted 
his  life  to  the  breeding  of  an  ideal  type  of 
American  horse,  his  personal  work  in  this 
regard  having  done  much  to  point  the  way 
for  the  Government's  larger  experiment. 

President  Roosevelt,  William  Jennings 
Bryan,  and  other  noted  Americans  have  ex- 
pressed the  keenest  personal  interest  in  the 
experiment  at  Fort  Collins.  Words  of  com- 
mendation have  come  from  noted  European 
horse  breeders.  John  F.  Riggs,  one  of  Eng- 
land's most  noted  breeders,  after  visiting  the 
Government  stud  at  Fort  Collins,  said: 
"  You  Yankees  have  made  a  splendid  start, 
and  I  have  no  criticism  to  offer.  Your 
mares  are  of  our  hackney  type,  but  I  must 
confess  that  they  are  superior  in  that  they 


have  speed.  The  product  of  these  animals 
should  be  far  superior  to  the  American  trot- 
ter and  the  English  hackney,  in  that  they 
will  combine  speed  and  form." 

HOW  THE  COLTS  WILL  BE  DISTRIBUTED. 

There  are  about  twenty  colts  at  the  ex- 
periment station,  and  while  all  of  them  do 
not  exhibit  the  qualities  that  will  lead  to 
their  retention  in  the  Government  stud, 
there  are  enough  admirable  types  to  en- 
able the  experts  in  charge  of  the  work  to  be- 
gin the  process  of  selection.  Through  this 
constant  selection  of  the  best  specimens  will 
come  the  evolution  of  a  national  type  of 
horse,  maintaining  all  the  best  of  the  old 
Morgan  characteristics,  with  other  good 
qualities  that  even  the  Morgan  horse  did  not 
possess.  Under  the  Colorado  contract,  a 
Government  stud  book  is  to  be  established, 
and  Government  records  kept.  In  a  few 
years,  when  the  experiment  has  made  prog- 


V/«t/ov.4j: 


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at    dsOTC^     ;• 

p  r  c  d  w  ^  * 

Sois.-T '  • -J^^  - 

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onri  "^    i  ^ 
ray  rtr  ^'=» 

Act   =x  J^f^rf^. 
sud.    .^^^''      ^ 

"""^  /'7I    :i 

"«^  *^   fT^rting    nation, 
»^   '  J-rS^f  Worse  e 


\t  Ar: ' 

bre..lir'^anyne^  m^'H:^^^  ^^^  ^^^,  ,ncour- 


-"^        ,cst  Ai-srKK-  j^ij   „:„i,ir>  .^r"'!'^-*;,.         -This  sum  ^as 

h  B  :=^=™?  'lll-.nt;  work,  tor  tne  granted  tor  state  m""  .  ,         private 

o^  *^  ""^^^tS  to  indi^'«lf[*  ';   ^;j  purchasing  of  new  stcxk  Uomj      ^^ 
^  '-  ''^X  STfc*  ^^r  i^Z    owners.   The  ?7""?f"^^  "ra  horse- 
-«^-    :r:.Srv.    InE^rt;   ar-   cently  aPP;oP"'«ed  ^^-^^^^.l  maintenance 
'r*^l^«^^^'u    and^noney   breeding  pant^.th  j"^-^  ^^^  ^^.^  ^^^^  ,, 
*L^*^^  cap*,  '»^^,*'  "Tof  men    f^^dof  $i50^    the  subject,  and  appro- 

link  i»""f  :i^  -^"iS^T.r^  ».>^m  .■"""'  "■ «"'  ~ 


THE    PROHIBITION   WAVE   IN   THE   SOUTH 

BY    JOHN    CORRIGAN. 


GOVERNOR   HOKE    SMITH,  OF  GEORGIA. 

(Whose  whirlwind  campaign  of  reform  made  prohi- 
bition possible.) 


r^EORGIA'S  adoption  of  State  prohibi- 
tion by  legislative  enactment  directs 
national  attention  to  the  marvelous  progress 
of  this  idea  in  the  Southern  States. 

In  the  North,  except  in  Indiana,  Ohio, 
and  southern  Illinois,  the  prohibition  senti- 
ment is  moribund,  if  not  dead ;  but  in  the 
South  it  is  sweeping  onward  with  relentless 
and  irresistible  force,  gaining  new  converts 
and  increasing  in  power  every  year. 

Seven-eighths  of  the  territory  of  the  South- 
ern States  is  to-day  "  dry,"  and  it  is  believed 
that  a  majority  of  the  population  favors  na- 
tional prohibition.  The  Anti-Saloon  League 
is  well  organized  in  most  of  the  States,  and 
is  pursuing  a  quiet,  determined,  relentless 
opposition  to  the  liquor  business. 

To-day  there  are  fewer  saloons  in  the 
thirteen  Southern  States  than  in  Greater 
New  York,  and  only  a  few  more  than  in  the 


city  of  Chicago.  In  New  York  there  are 
30,000  places  where  liquor  is  sold,  in  Chi- 
cago 28,000,  and  in  the  entire  South  only 
29,000.  In  New  York  State  the  estimated 
population  in  1905  was  8,160,000,  and  the 
Government  issued  in  the  State  that  year 
34,080  "  special-tax  stamps  "  to  persons  de- 
siring to  engage*  in  the  manufacture  and  sale 
of  liquor.  The  thirteen  Southern  States, 
with  23,500,000  people,  secured  in  1906  less 
than  30,000  stamps. 

President  Marion  E.  Taylor,  of  the  Na- 
tional Liquor  Dealers'  Convention  held  in 
June  at  Atlantic  City,  in  calling  attention  to 
the  assaults  made  by  Prohibitionists  on  the 
liquor  business,  especially  in  the  South,  said: 
"  Our  only  recourse  now  is  to  save  our  busi- 
ness. Unless  we  work  with  energy  and  de- 
termination to  stop  this  tidal  wave,  every 
State  in  the  South  will  be  closed  against  us." 

Measures  designed  to  restrict  or  absolutely 
prohibit  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  alco- 
holic beverages  have  been  introduced  since 
the  first  of  the  year  in  the  legislatures  of  half 
a  dozen  Southern  States,  and  in  almost  every 
instance  have  resulted  in  new  victories  for 
the  prohibition  cause. 

EXPLANATION    OF  THE   SOUTHERN    PROHIBI- 
TION  VICTORIES. 

There  is  an  explanation  of  the  movement, 
and  a  perfectly  logical  reason  for  the  re- 
markable growth  of  prohibition  in  the  South 
that  does  not  hold  good  in  the  North.  The 
moral,  economic,  and  industrial  aspects  of  the 
case  are  the  same  in  both  sections,  but  the 
South  has  the  negro  problem.  The  negro 
problem  and  the  whisky  problem  are  very  in- 
timately connected. 

Conditions  prevailing  in  one  Southern 
State  prevail  largely  in  all,  since  all  have  the 
same  climate,  raise  the  same  products,  strug- 
gle with  the  same  economic  difficulties,  and 
face  identically  the  same  political  and  social 
problems.  A  danger  that  confronts  one 
strikes  a  sympathetic  chord  in  all.  The  rav- 
ages of  the  boll  weavil  in  Texas  are  felt  all 
along  the  cotton-belt  to  North  Carolina,  and 
the  dragooning  of  a  group  of  negro  laborers 
in  the  fields  oiF  Virginia  will  send  a  thrill  all 
the  way  to  Texas. 


THE  PROHIBITION  WAVE  IN   THE  SOUTH 


329 


The  causes  which  led  to  the  adoption  of 
State  prohibition  in  Georgia  will,  when  un- 
derstood, shed  a  great  light  upon  present 
conditions  in  other  Southern  States  and  lead 
to  a  correct  appreciation  of  what  the  future 
may  develop  in  all  of  them. 

INFLUENCE  OF  THE  NEGRO. 

Following  the  Civil  War,  the  negro,  or 
"  carpet-bag,"  government  was  overthrown, 
ind  the  rule  of  the  white  man  was  re-estab- 
lished in  the  Southern  States;  not  only  were 
the  cities  and  towns  of  the  South  filled  with 
barrooms,  but  every  country  crossroads  had 
its  barroom  or  "  doggery."  A  moment's  re- 
flection will  serve  to  recall  the  terrible  con- 
dition of  affairs  that  prevailed  when  swarms 
^f  negroes,  many  of  them  drunk  with  whisky, 
and  all  intoxicated  with  the  delirium  of 
new-found  liberty,  roamed  the  country  at 
large. 

About  thirty  years  ago  Tennessee  passed  a 
law  prohibiting  the  sale  of  liquor  within 
four  miles  of  a  school, 
except  in  incorporated 
towns,  Georgia  passed 
a  similar  law,  making  the 
limit  three  miles,  and 
making  it  apply  to  both 
schools  and  churches.  The 
effect  of  this  was  to  con- 
centrate the  liquor  traffic 
in  towns  and  cities  and 
place  it  under  police  con- 
trol. The  law  proved  a 
great  blessing  to  the  coun- 
try people,  for  the  idle, 
worthless  negroes  fol- 
lowed the  barrooms  into 
town  and  here  they  were 
given  their  first  faint  con- 
ception of  the  difference 
between  liberty  and  li- 
cense. This  greatly  re- 
duced the  evil,  but  did 
not  entirely  eradicate  it, 
for  liquor  was  still  within 
easy  reach,  and  the  ne- 
groes who  had  moved  to 
town  were  needed  on  the 
farms. 

To  overcome  this  de- 
fect in  the  law  the 
Georgia  Legislature  in 
1887  passed  a  local-option 
law,  which  gave  to  each 
county  the  right  to  pro- 
hibit the  sale  of  intoxicat- 


ing liquors  within  its  borders.  The  smaller 
counties  immediately  availed  themselves  of 
this  privilege,  and  within  a  few  years  a 
great  majority  of  them  were  **  dry."  The 
liquor  business  was  then  centered  in  the  large 
cities.  The  local-option  principle  worked  so 
satisfactorily  that  it  was  written  in  the  plat- 
form of  the  Georgia  Democracy. 

But  the  local-option  plant  has  been  dis- 
carded for  State  prohibition.  After  January 
I,  1908,  it  will  be  impossible  to  secure,  legal- 
ly, any  alcoholic  beverages  in  any  part  of  the 
State.  Pure  alcohol  may  be  had  for  medici- 
nal purposes,  but  for  nothing  else. 

The  anti-Prohibitionists  of  the  State  are 
convinced  that  Georgia  has  become  insane; 
they  characterize  her  "  country  "  legislators 
as  "  driveling  idiots."  Numbers  of  Prohibi- 
tionists admit  that  the  law  is  extreme,  if  not 
drastic,  but  insist  that  it  be  given  a  fair  trial 
and  its  errors  practically  demonstrated.  The 
former,  however,  are  confident  that  Georgia 
will  rue  the  day  it  thrust  out  Bacchus  from 


THE  NEW   RECRl'IT. 

From  the  Cotmiitntion  (Atlanta). 


830 


THE  AMERICAN    RE^IEIV  OF  REyiEWS. 


among  Its  household  gods.  They  predict 
that  remorse  of  conscience  will  come  when 
the  State's  finances  are  impaired  and  her 
common  schools  crippled  by  the  loss  of  a 
quarter  of  a  million  dollars  of  annual  reve- 
nue, formerly  derived  from  the  sale  of  liquor 
licenses  and  applied  to  the  cause  of  common- 
school  education.  They  are  equally  sure 
that  a  howl  will  go  up  from  every  property- 
holding  Georgian  if  the  State  tax-rate  is  ad- 
vanced to  the  constitutional  limit  of- 5  mills 
to  supply  the  deficit. 

But  the  Prohibitionists  are  smilingly  con- 
fident. They  have  met  the  same  kind  of  ar- 
guments in  their  home  counties,  and  are  not 
afraid  of  the  result.  Instead,  they  are  exult- 
ing over  what  they  regard  as  the  best  day's 
legislative  work  accomplished  in  Georgia 
since  the  State  Constitution  was  adopted,  in 
1877.  Certainly  this  new  legislation  is  the 
most  remarkable  enacted  since  that  time. 

INFLUENCE    OF    THE    ATLANTA    RIOT. 

Had  it  not  been  for  "  riot  week  "  in  At- 
lanta the  State  Prohibition  bill  would  not 
have  been  enacted  this  year.  The  lessons  of 
that  week  were  the  most  effective  clubs  in 
the  hands  of  the  Prohibitionists,  and  fur- 
nished them  most  timely  and  unaxiswerable 
arguments.  One  Saturday  night  in  Septem- 
ber, 1906,  a  mob  of  white  men  and  boys 
held  a  bloody  carnival  in  the  center  of  At- 
lanta, following  the  indignation  aroused  by 
reports  of  a  half-dozen  attacks  by  negro 
brutes  on  white  women,  and  before  the  storm 
cleared  they  had  slaughtered  nineteen  inof- 
fensive negroes.  For  two  weeks  following 
the  outbreak  the  saloons  were  closed  by  order 
of  the  Mayor.  During  that  period  perfect 
order  was  maintained,  the  recorder's  court 
docket  was  reduced  one-half,  and  the  mer- 
chants, especially  in  the  humbler  portions  of 
the  city,  experienced  a  phenomenal  trade. 

Then  was  generated  the  tidal  wave  of 
sentiment  that  silently,  but  irresistibly,  was 
to  sweep  away  all  doubts  in  the  minds  of 
Georgia's  legislators  and  impel  them,  in  re- 
sponse to  an  aroused  and  exacting  public 
demand,  to  banish  liquor  from  the  State. 

PROTEST     AGAINST     ADULTERATED     LIQUORS. 

Another  source  of  irritation  in  Georgia 
was  the  pernicious  intermeddling  of  the  sa- 
loon-keeper in  politics  and,  furthermore,  the 
sale  of  low-grade,  "  mean "  liquor,  which 
fierce  competition  had  led  unscrupulous  and 
dishonest  distillers*  to  manufacture.  The  At- 
torney-General of  the  United  Stdtes  a  few 


months  ago,  in  an  interesting  opinion  on  the 
subject  of  whisky,  affirmed  that  there  is  good 
liquor  and  bad  liquor,  and  **  whisky  "  that 
is  not  whisky.  That  has  been  the  trouble  in 
Georgia,  and  the  lovers  of  good  whisky  have 
been  loudest  in  condemnation  of  the  makers 
of  bad  whisk}'.  This  low-grade  liquor  is 
murderous,  and  its  effect  upon  the  negroes 
in  the  South  has  been  particularly  harmful, 
morally  and   physically. 

Another  source  of  general  complaint  has 
been  the  practice  of  shipping  liquors  from  a 
**  wet  "  county  into  the  "  dry  "  counties  of  a 
local-option   State. 

The  liquor  men  of  the  whole  countr>'  are 
to-day  arrayed  against  each  other;  the  re- 
tailer blaming  the  manufacturer  for  the 
present  condition  of  affairs ;  the  man  engaged 
in  the  difficult  task  of  trying  to  conduct  the 
saloon  business  decently  blaming  the  man 
who  is  not;  the  brewer  blaming  the  distiller 
and  urging  exemption  from  the  operation  of 
the  law  for  himself. 

LOCAL  PROHIBITION   IN  ATLANTA. 

Atlanta  tried  local  prohibition  in  i886-'87. 
when  the  city  had  about  60,000  population. 
The  record  of  those  years  as  to  sobriety,  ob- 
servance of  law,  and  prosperity  in  all  lines 
of  business  was,*  in  the  main,  favorable  to 
the  prohibition  cause.  But  for  the  timely 
adoption  of  State  prohibition,  it  is  morally 
certain  that  the  strong  prohibition  sentiment 
of  Atlanta,  supported  by  the  lessons  of  "  rim 
week,"  would  have  again  carried  the  city  for 
prohibition.  Before  the  riot  retail  saloon- 
keepers paid  a  license  of  $1000  annually. 
After  the  riot  the  price  was  raised  to  $20oa 
There  are  eighty-eight  retail  saloons  in  the 
city  paying  this  license,  twenty-one  whole- 
salers paying  $1000  annual  license,  and  twen- 
ty-two saloons  paying  $400  annual  license. 
The  total  revenue  to  the  city  is  now  $205,- 
800  annually. 

The  increased  assessment  of  the  strttt- 
railway  company  and  the  normal  increase  in 
taxable  values  of  other  kinds  of  property  will, 
it  is  claimed,  more  than  balance  next  j'ear 
the  amount  Atlanta  will  lose  from  liquor 
licenses. 

The  seeds  of  the  Georgia  State  prohibi- 
tion victory  were  sown  by  the  Legislature 
of  1887,  when  the  local-option  law  was 
adopted  at  the  solicitation  of  the  Good  Tem- 
plars, and  the  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union.  From  that  date  the  number  of 
**  dry  "  counties  has  steadily  increased,  and 
these,  almost  without  exception,   have  been 


THE  PROHIBITION  WAVE  IN   THE  SOUTH. 


331 


prosperous.  Terrell  County,  Georgia,  a  few 
months  ago  voted  out  a  dispensary  that  for 
four  years  had  paid  all  the  county  taxes  of 
every  character.  The  people  wanted  no 
liquor  sold  at  all. 

NATIONAL    "  C.    O.    D."    BILL. 

Representative  Brantley,  of  Georgia,  at 
the  last  session  of  Congress  secured  favorable 
action  in  the  Judiciary  Committee  on  his 
bill  seeking  to  restrict  interstate  shipments 
of  **  C.  O.  D."  liquor,  by  making  the  point 
of  delivery  the  place  of  sale,  and  thus  making 
the  liquor  subject  to  local  police  regulations. 
He  will  push  this  bill  at  the  next  session  to 
supplement  the  Georgia  State  law.  This 
bill  seeks  to  correct  the  evil  which  makes 
every  express  office  and  railroad  depot  an 
adjunct  of  the  whisky   business. 

GEORGIA   STORM    DEVELOPED    SUDDENLY. 

Prohibition  was  made  an  issue  in  the 
State  campaign  in  Georgia  in  1886,  when 
Hon.  Seaborn  Wright,  now  mentioned  foi 
the  United  States  Senate,  ran  against  the 
regular  Democratic  nominee,  but  met  de- 
feat. The  issue  was  again  agitated  in  1902, 
when  Hon.  Du  Pont  Guerry  was  a  candi- 
date for  the  regular  Democratic  nomination 
on  a  "  reform  "  platform.     He,  too,  was  de- 


THE   LATE  SAM  P.  JONES. 

<Tbe  unique  Georjrla  erangellst,  who  participated  in 
many  Problbttlon  campaigns.) 


MRS.    MARY    HARRIS   ARMOR. 

(President  of  the  Women's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  of  Georgia,  who  made  some  of  the  most  sen- 
sible and  eloquent  speeches  of  the  campaign.) 


feated,  but  the  reforms  for  which  he  con- 
tended were  enacted  by  the  last  Legislature. 
The  Prohibitionists  claim  that  in  the  first 
State  election  110,000  negroes  were  regis- 
tered and  voted  by  the  "  antis." 

When  Hoke  Smith  took  up  the  advocacy 
of  "  reform  "  two  years  ago  and  canvassed 
the  State  from  Rabun  Gap  to  Tybee  Light, 
not  a  word  was  said  about  State  prohibition. 
The  platform  of  the  convention  which  rati- 
fied his  primary  nomination  was  silent  on  the 
subject.  The  principles  of  disfranchisement, 
railway  regulation,  corporate  reformation, 
and  a  denunciation  of  lobbying  were  all  spe- 
cifically and  emphatically  set  forth,  but  of 
prohibition  there  was  not  a  syllable.  In  his 
inaugural  address  the  new  Governor,  noting 
the  strong  sentiment  for  State  prohibition, 
urged  a  continuance  of  the  local-option  plan 
as  the  best  method  of  regulating  liquor. 

When  the  Legislature  met  and  organized, 
however,  the  first  bill  to  be  enrolled  on  the 
Senate  calendar  was  that  of  Dr.  L.  G.  Hard- 
man,  "  to  prohibit  the  manufacture  or  sale 
of  vinous,  malt,  spirituous,  or  intoxicating 
liquors"  in  any  part  of  the  State.  A  similar 
bill  was  introduced  in  the  House  by  the  Hon. 
W.  A.  Covington,  and  before  a  single  other 


332 


THE  AMERICAN  REI//EIV  OF  REI^IEU^S. 


measure  of  general  importance  was  taken  up 
the  bill  was  adopted  by  a  vote  in  both  houses 
of  five  to  one. 

THE    ATTITUDE    OF   GOV.    HOKE    SMITH. 

The  Governor  of  Georgia  is  not  a  rampant 
Prohibitionist.  In  fact,  he  is  the  one-third 
owner  of  a  magnificent  hotel  in  Atlanta  in 
which  a  sumptuously  appomted  barroom  dis- 
penses alcoholic  beverages  to  the  community. 
That  barroom  was  one  of  the  burning  "  is- 
sues "  in  the  recent  bitter  campaign  for  Gov- 
ernor. Candidate  Smith  explained  to  the 
voters  that  every  big  hotel  in  a  metropolitan 
city  must  have  a  bar  as  an  adjunct;  that  per- 
sonally he  did  not  approve  of  bars  and  de- 
voted his  part  of  the  profits  from  the  Pied- 
mont barroom  to  charity.  The  voters  ap- 
plauded his  benevolence,  and  gave  him  their 
enthusiastic  support. 

When  the  sentiment  for  State  prohibition 
rolled  over  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia 
like   a   tidal    wave,    the   Governor   was   bc- 


HON.    W.    A.    COVINGTON,   OK  COLQUITT    COUNTY,   GA. 

(Who  introduced  the  Prohibition  bill  in  the  Georgia 
House  of  Representatives.) 


sought  to  stem  the  tide.  It  was  represented 
to  him  that  his  individual  losses  from  the  re- 
duced patronage  at  his  hotel  and  bar  and  re- 
duced rents  from  other  property  he  owned 
would   amount   to  $60,000  annually.      His 


advisers  were  confident  that  prohibition 
would  ruin  Atlanta  and  the  State ;  that  the 
bill  would  prove  unconstitutional,  since  it 
meant  the  practical  confiscation  of  property 
now  devoted  to  a  business  declared  legal  and 
licensed  by  the  State.  The  Governor  lis- 
tened, declared  his  unshaken  personal  prefer- 
ence for  local  option,  but  declared  that  if  the 
bill  passed  he  would  sign  it,  and  help  to 
enforce  it. 

The  bill  did  pass,  but  not  before  the 
House  of  Representatives  had  witnessed  a 
thirteen-hour  filibuster,  culminating  in  a 
lively  personal  encounter  on  the  floor  be- 
tween the  Hon.  Seaborn  Wright,  the  tactical 
leader  of  the  Prohibitionists,  and  the  Hon. 
Joe  Hill  Hall,  a  giant  in  the  ranks  of  the 
filibusterers.  The  seething  galleries  became 
frenzied,  and  Speaker  Slaton  ordered  the 
doors  closed  for  the  remainder  of  the  debate. 

LOCAL    OPTION    ABANDONED. 

The  decision  to  abandon  local  option  in 
favor  of  State  prohibition  was  reached  by 
the  smaller  "  dry  "  counties  as  the  result  of 
failure  to  prevent  the  shipment  of  liquor  into 
their  territory  from  large  cities  within  eas}' 
reach  by  railroad  and  trolley  lines.  Under 
the  new  Georgia  law  it  will,  of  course,  be 
impossible  to  exclude  interstate  shipments  of 
liquor,  but  a  separate  law  requires  all  per- 
sons who  receive  liquor  to  have  it  inspected 
before  use.  Active  efforts  to  restrict  C.  0. 
D.  shipments  will  be  put  forth. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA  BANISHES  THE  STATE  DIS- 
PENSARY. 

But  Georgia  is  not  alone  in  the  reform 
movement.  South  Carolina  has  wiped  out 
the  State  dispensary  system,  the  pet  scheme 
of  Senator  Benjamin  R.  Tillman,  and  sub- 
stituted the  Carey-Cothran  local-option  law. 
Under  this  law  each  county  may  choose  be- 
tween prohibition  and  a  county  dispensary. 

Senator  Tillman  early  in  July  saw  the 
tornado  on  the  Georgia  horizon.  Taking  in 
the  North  Carolina  situation  at  another 
glance,  the  South  Carolina  Senator  expressed 
his  belief  that  before  long  both  States  would 
have  State  prohibition  and  said  that  South 
Carolina  would  follow  suit.  When  that 
comes  the  executive  of  North  Carolina  wnli 
have  to  amend  his  famous  remark  to  the 
Governor  of  South  Carolina. 

The  South  Carolina  Legislature  in  Janu- 
ary put  the  seal  of  disapproval  upon  the 
State  dispensary  system,  which  has  been  in 
operation  since   1894.     Under  the  old    law 


THE  PROHIBITION  WAVE  IN   THE  SOUTH 


333 


sealed  packages  of  liquor,  containing  not  less 
than  one-half  pint,  could  be  sold,  but  the 
purchaser  was  inhibited  from  opening  his 
purchase  at  the  dispensary.  Under  the 
Carey-Cothran  local-option  law  each  county 
will  have  the  privilege  of  operating  a  dis- 
pensary or  excluding  liquor  entirely.  The 
opponents  of  prohibition  fear  that  Georgia's 
example  will  impel  the  South  Carolina  Leg- 
islature at  its  next  session,  in  January,  1908, 
to  enact  State  prohibition,  and  they  are  plead- 
ing for  time  in  order  that  the  new  law  may 
be  allowed  to  prove  its  merits  or  have  its 
demerits  pointed  out.  To-day  dispensaries 
arc  in  oi)eration  in  the  cities  of  Charleston, 
Columbia,  and  Sumter,  but  the  thirsty 
stranger  in  such  towns  as  Spartanburg, 
Greenville,  Anderson,  and  Union  is  unable 
to  quench  his  thirst.  Ex-Governor  M.  T. 
Ansel  is  an  ardent  local  optionist,  as  opposed 
to  State  prohibition,  and  so  is  Attorney-Gen- 
eral Ligon. 

TEXAS    LAWS    MORE    STRINGENT. 

The  Texas  Legislature,  which  enacted  so 
many  reform  measures  of  an  extreme  charac- 
ter at  its  recent  session,  contained  a  strong 
prohibition  element.     The  prohibition  ques- 
tion,— always  a  live  one  in  the  Lone  Star 
State, — was  again  agitated.     Some  fifty  pro- 
hibition measures   were    introduced,    but    a 
compromise  was  finally  secured  on  the  Nas- 
kin-McGregor  law,  which  went  into  effect 
on  July  12.     It  imposes  marked  restrictions 
on  the  liquor  business.    The  Legislature  dis- 
cussed  every   method    of   liquor   regulation, 
from  a  $5000  license  to  absolute  elimination 
of  saloons,  save  in  business  sections  of  cities 
having  more  than  25,000  population.     Un- 
der the  new  law  saloons  must  be  closed  from 
midnight    to    5    a.  m.,    and    on    Sunday, — 
Sunday    closing    being     invariable     in     the 
South, — and  no  saloon  can  open  in  any  sec- 
tion of  any  city,  town,  or  village  without 
securing  the  consent  of  a  majority  of   the 
residents    of    that    block.      If    any    saloon- 
keeper is  convicted  of  a  violation  of  the  law 
he  IS  fined  from  $100  to  $5000,  and  in  addi- 
tion given  a  jail  sentence,  if  the  gravity  of 
his  offense  warrants  it.     His  license  is  also 
revoked  and  he  cannot  resume  business  with- 
in two  years  of  the  date  of  his  conviction. 
At  that   time,   provided   no  one  objects,  he 
can  re-enter  the  business;  but  a  second  of- 
fense forever  precludes  the  possibility  of  his 
securing   a  liquor   license  anywhere   in   the 
State.      If    another    saloon-keeper    employs 
him,  his  own  license  is  revoked. 


HON.    SEABORN   WRIGHT. 

(Tactical  leader  of  the  prohibition  element  In  the 
Georgia   House  of  Representatives.) 

RESTRICTION    IN    TENNESSEE. 

Tennessee,  under  the  operation  of  the 
four-mile  law,  has  been  enabled  gradually  to 
restrict  the  sale  of  liquor  to  the  large  cities. 
This  law  was  originally  intended  to  protect 
the  University  of  the  South,  at  Sewanee,  but 
the  people  have  invoked  it  to  protect  them- 
selves. The  law  was  later  amended  to  pro- 
hibit the  sale  of  liquor  within  the  prescribed 
limits,  except  in  towns  of  more  than  1000 
inhabitants  thereafter  incorporated.  Towns 
having  less  than  1000  persons,  wishing  to 
be  rid  of  saloons,  then  surrendered  their 
charters  and  re-incorporated,  thus  applying 
the  four-mile  law.  The  Legislature  later  ex- 
tended the  provisions  of  this  act  to  towns  of 
2000  and  under,  then  to  towns  of  5000  and 
under.  This  year  it  was  extended  to  cities 
of  50,000  and  under  hereafter  incorporated. 
Knoxville,  having  over  50,000,  held  an  elec- 
tion and  went  "  dry."  The  county's  repre- 
sentative presented  an  application  to  the 
Legislature  for  a  new  charter,  prohibiting 
saloons.  To-day  no  whisky  is  legally  sold  in 
Knoxville,  Jackson,  or  Bristol,  and  the  sale 
of  liquor  in  the  State  is  largely  confined  to 
the  cities  of  Chattanooga,  Memphis,  and 
Nashville,  and  to  LaFollette,  a  small  mining 
town  of  3000  people.     Ex-Senator  E.  W. 


334 


THE  AMERICAN  REl/IEW  OF  REyiEWS. 


Carmack  and  Governor  Patterson  are  strong 
Prohibitionists.  The  State  constitution  for- 
bids the  adoption  of  the  local-option  plan. 

To-day  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  is  the  largest 
city  in  the  Union  under  prohibition.  The 
Knoxville  Sentinel  gives  the  following  con- 
crete evidence  as  to  the  effect  of  the  law: 

WITH   8ALOOX8. 

Criminal  Record,  Two  Years,  1901-2. 

Criminal    costs $5,074.76 

Jail    record,    one    month,    February.    1903 : 

Commitments  for  public  drunkenness. ...  23 

Number  cases  in  criminal  court,  tyfo  years, 

1 901-2    236 

City   school |7,000 

Population,    1903.    wtlmate 35,000 

WITHOUT   SA.IX)ONS. 

Criminal  Kecord.  Two  Years,  1904-5. 

Criminal    costs $2,076.21 

Jail  record,  3  years  9  months.  1903-7  :  Com- 
mitments for  public  drunkenness 14 

Number  of  cases,  1904,  two  years 105 

City    school $8,500 

Population,    1006,    estimate 50,000 

THE    RECORD    OF    OTHER    STATES. 

In  Mississippi  seventy  of  the  seventy-six 
counties  are  "  dry."  The  representatives 
from  these  **dry'*  counties  elected  to  the  next 
Legislature  are  being  pledged  to  support 
statutory  prohibition,  in  accordance  with  a 
well-defined  plan.  It  is  practically  inevitable 
that  at  the  next  session  a  State  Prohibition 
law  will  be  passed.  Later  it  will  be  embod- 
ied, by  amendment,  in  the  State  constitution. 
To-day  no  liquor  is  being  sold  in  the  cities 
of  Meridian,  Jackson,  Greenwood,  Colum- 
bus, Aberdeen,  Hattiesburg,  and  West  Point. 
These  places  are  prospering  faster  than  the 
cities  of  Biloxi,  Gulfport,  Vicksburg,  and 
Natchez,  which  sell  liquor,  and  a  comparison 
has  firmly  established  the  conviction  in  the 
minds  of  the  people  that,  from  a  commercial 
standpoint,  the  cities  can  get  along  better 
without  the  open  saloon.  Bishop  Charles  O. 
Galloway  has  been  a  prominent  figure  in  the 
fight  for  State  prohibition. 

Arkansas  is  treated  to  prohibition  politics 
as  a  regular  diet.  At  every  general  election 
the  people  vote  on  issuing  licenses.  Under 
the  local-option  law  each  county  settles  the 
question  of  license  or  no  license,  and  a  peti- 
tion of  the  majority  of  the  adult  citizens, 
men  and  women,  is  sufficient  to  prevent  a 
saloon  operating  within  three  miles  of  a 
church  or  school.  Thus,  even  in  certain 
sections  of  *'  wet "  counties,  the  sale  of 
liquor  is  sometimes  prohibited. 

The  Oklahoma  constitutional  convention 
decided  to  submit  the  question  of  State  pro- 
hibition to  the  people.  Oklahoma  appears 
about  equally  divided,  but  Indian  Territon'' 


is  overwhelmingly  for  prohibition,  and  the 
new  State  will  more  than  probably  be  "  dry." 
The  enabling  act  passed  by  Congress  pro- 
vided that  the  Indian  Territory  should  have 
prohibition  for  twenty-^ne  years. 

Kentucky  has  amputated  so  many  tentacles 
of  the  whisky  octopus  that  it  is  screaming 
with  pain  and  rage.  Editor  Henry  Watter- 
son  declared  recently  in  a  facetious  editonal 
that  fully  916  of  Kentucky's  11 48  counties 
had  gone  "  dry."  That  this  should  happen 
in  Kentucky  may  seem  incredible, — in  Ken- 
tucky, whose  vintages  are  known  from  one 
end  of  the  earth  to  the  other;  in  Kentucky, 
the  stronghold  of  the  feud  and  of  the  fire- 
water that  nourishes  the  feud.  'In  that  State 
it  is  said  any  man  is  in  danger  of  going  out 
in  the  morning  "  half-shot "  and  coming 
home  in  the  evening  on  a  shutter, — shot.  But 
Senator  Beckham  and  Governor  Harris,  of 
Kentucky,  are  both  Prohibitionists,  and  Hen- 
ry Watterson,  a  gentleman  of  quiet  tastes 
and  most  temperate  habits,  despite  the  calum- 
nies of  a  careless  and  conscienceless  press, 
views  the  situation  calmly,  if  reluctantly. 

The  State  Legislature  of  Alabama  at  its 
summer  session  discussed  several  prohibition 
bills.  A  measure  providing  for  State  prohi- 
bition was  introduced,  but  not  actively  urged. 
The  Prohibitionists  constituted  80  per  cent, 
of  the  membership  of  the  House,  and  could 
have  easily  passed  the  bill,  but  were  con- 
tented with  the  restriction  of  the  liquor  ter- 
ritory effected  under  the  local-option  law. 
An  early-closing  law  and  a  bill  to  prohibit 
shipments  of  liquor  into  "  dry "  territory 
were  passed.  A  great  flurry  was  created  by 
the  news  of  Georgia's  action,  and,  had  it 
come  earlier  in  the  session,  would  probably 
have  resulted  in  the  enactment  of  a  State 
Prohibition  law.  Speaker  A.  H.  Carmichael 
is  the  leader  of  the  anti-liquor  men  in  the 
Alabama  House. 

Huntsville,  Ala.,  has  a  dispensary,  which 
yields  a  net  profit  to  city  and  county  of  $50,- 
000  a  year.  Sheffield  and  Tuscumbia  ha\'e 
inaugurated  dispensaries.  Florence  and 
Dothan  are  the  two  largest  cities  which  pro- 
hibit the  sale  of  liquor.  Other  towns  hav- 
ing dispensaries  are  moving  to  have  them 
abolished. 

Under  the  early-closing  law,  saloons  in 
towns  of  10,000  people  and  less  must  close 
at  7  p.  m. ;  in  towns  having  more  than 
15,00  people,  at  8  p.  m.,  and  in  all 
other  towns  at  9  p.  m.  They  may  eventu- 
ally ring  the  Curfew  bell  on  the  liquor- 
dealers  in  Alabama. 


OUTLINE    MAP    SHOWING    COAL    AREAS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 
(The  black  areas  are  anthracite  and  bituminous;  the  shaded  areas  are  lignite.) 

HOW  LONG  WILL  OUR  COAL  SUPPLY  LAST? 

BY   JOHN    LLEWELLYN    COCHRANE. 


XIIT'HEN  President  Roosevelt  issued  his 
^^  order  withdrawing  temporarily  from 
sale  64,ocx),ooo  acres  of  Government  coal- 
land  in  the  West,  the  commercial  world 
paused  for  a  moment  in  its  mad  money- 
making  race  and  asked,  "  Why?  " 

Up  to  that  time  we  had  been  using  the 
fuel  resources  of  this  vast  country  with  the 
same  reckless  prodigality  as  the  spendthrift 
son  of  a  millionaire  hurls  his  inherited  dol- 
lars at  the  phantom  he  calls  pleasure, — ^with 
no  thought  of  the  morrow,  no  thought  of 
those  who  are  to  come  after  us. 

The  possibility  of  exhaustion  of  the  fuel 
supply  perhaps  never  entered  our  minds,  and 
if  it  did  we  dismissed  it  with  the  optimistic 
remark  that  the  American  people  are  ingen- 
ious and  inventive,  and  when  the  coal  is 
exhausted  we  will  draw  heat  from  the  sun 
or  some  other  source. 

With  the  most  phenomenal  growth  and 
prosperity  ever  witnessed  in  any  country; 
with  the  mills  and  factories  running  night 
and  day,  their  products  going  to  the  utter- 
most parts  of  the  earth,  our  thoughts  were 
far  from  the  serious  problem  of  fuel  supply 
as  it  relates  to  the  future.  The  manufacturer 
saw  his  bin  bursting  with  coal,  his  high 
smokestacks  belching  iforth  volumes  of  black 


smoke,  and  he  was  happy  in  the  thought  that 
more  smoke  meant  more  business  and  more 
money.  He  lost  sight  of  the  fact  that  this 
smoke  was  an  evidence  of  waste,  as  well  as 
an  expensive  nuisance  in  our  larger  cities. 
His  imagination  perhaps  pictured  only  the 
mighty  army  of  sturdy  toilers  delving  ruth- 
lessly into  the  earth  and  bringing  forth  an 
endless  stream  of  black  diamonds,  but  it 
rarely  or  never  occurred  to  him  that  there 
was  a  limit  to  the  supply.  Nor  did  he  stop 
to  think  that  from  20  to  sometimes  more  than 
50  per  cent,  of  this  coal  is  being  left  under- 
ground as  a  permanent  loss. 

The  President  in  one  of  his  latest  messages 
to  Congress  in  which  he  urged  the  withdraw- 
al of  the  coal-lands,  said: 

The  quantity  of  high-grade  mineral  fuels  in 
the  West  is  relatively  much  smaller  than  that  of 
the  forests,  and  the  proper  conservation  of  these 
fuels  is  a  matter  of  far-reaching  importance. 

This  Government  should  not  now  repeat  the 
mistakes  of  the  past.  Let  us  not  do  what  the 
next  generation  cannot  imdo.  We  have  a  right 
to  the  proper  use  of  both  the  forests  and  the 
fuels  during  our  lifetime,  but  we  should  not  dis- 
pose of  the  birthrights  of  our  children.    .     .    . 

This  remarkable  development  and  the  certain 
continuity  of  this  prodigious  growth,  compel  us 
to  recast  all  estimates  as  to  our  "  inexhaustible 
resources ; "   .    .    .    and  this  will  require  the  in- 


336 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


1BieTolS2S  33l.3Se«MOf«rroN») 
IS26t»IS3S    4.l6a.lA9  «.r. 
ia36Tol84S,     23.177. 637ft.f: 
1646  -re  18SS     85.4 17.825  99^ 
hf  1885     175.795!0U  %.r, 

^T0)875     419.425.104  %.T. 

^^^l88^ol8j^lj58^98|^IST^^ 

1898^  1985       2.852.599.452  ».T. 


consumption  of  coal  is  increasing  in  the 
United  States,  it  does  not  appear  that  it  will 
last  for  many  centuries.  The  rate  of  increase 
is  enormous.  When  the  Geological  Survey 
experts  concluded  their  calculations,  and 
realized  the  extent  of  the  present  supply,  they 
were  appalled  at  the  problem  that  confronts 
the  United  States. 

The  consumption  of  coal  by  decades  is  as 
follows : 

Short  tool. 

1816   to   1825 3S13&8 

1826  to  1835 4,168,149 

1836  to  1845 23.177,631 

1840  to  18a5 83,417.825 

1856   to   1865 173,7»5.014 

1866   to   1875 410,425.104 

1876    to    1885 847.760,315 

1886    to   1895 1.586.008.641 

^^M    1806   to    1905 2.832.599!453 


DIAGRAM    SHOWING    THE    INCREASING    RATE   OF       COAL    CONSUMPTION    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 


telligent  use  of  every  ton  of  available  fuel. 
.  .  .  Let  us  use  but  not  waste  the  national  re- 
sources. 

Let  us  show  our  confidence  in  the  future  by 
being  willing  to  provide  for  the  future. 

Following  up  the  statements  of  the  Presi- 
dent, Mr,  Marius  R.  Campbell  and  Mr. 
E.  W.  Parker,  of  the  United  States  Geologi- 
cal Survey,  recently  made  a  study  of  the 
amount  of  coal  used  every  year  in  the  United 
States  and  the  probable  supply  of  the  fuel  in 
the  entire  country.  Their  researches  have 
met  with  results  of  a  rather  startling  nature. 
After  analyzing  the  various  conditions  and 
taking  up  the  many  different  possibilities,  Mr. 
Campbell  concludes:  "  The  real  life  of  our 
coal-fields,  it  seems  probable,  may  be  about 
200  years." 

According  to  the  estimate  made,  the  total 
tonnage  of  coal  in  the  United  States,  ex- 
clusive of  Alaska,  is  approximately  2,200,- 
000,000,000  short  tons  (a  short  ton  of  coal 
is  2000  pounds).  If  this  amount  of  coal 
were  molded  into  a  single  block,  it  would 
form  a  cube  seven  and  one-half  miles  high, 
seven  and  one-half  miles  long,  and  seven 
and  one-half  miles  broad;  expressed  in  an- 
other way,  it  would  form  a  layer  of  coal 
six  and  one-half  feet  thick  over  the  entire 
area  of  the  coal-fields  of  the  United  States, 
400,000  square  miles  in  extent. 

Surely  such  an  amount  of  coal  seems  in- 
exhaustible. A  block  seven  and  one-half 
miles  high  would  tower  above  the  highest 
mountains  on  the  earth.  This  is  an  enor- 
mous amount  of  coal.  It  represents  the  na- 
tion's reserve  of  power.  It  would  be  majestic 
to  look  upon;  but  at  the  rate  at  which  the 


As  shown  by  the  figures,  the  amount  pro- 
duced in  any  one  decade  is  equal  to  the  entire 
previous  production.  The  rate  if  continued 
means  an  increased  production  that  no  sup- 
ply, however  great,  can  withstand  for  many 
years. 

If  the  rate  of  consumption  of  1905  were 
maintained  indefinitely,  without  change,  our 
coal  would  last  approximately  4000  years, 
but  if  the  constantly  increasing  rate  which 
has  marked  the  consumption  during  the  past 
ninety  years  be  maintained,  our  coal  will 
practically  be  exhausted  within    100  years. 

Mr.  Campbell,  the  expert  who  gives  these 
figures,  sums  up  the  situation  by  declaring 
that  the  real  life  of  our  coal-fields  probably 
will  be  somewhere  between  these  extremes, 
and  it  seems  probable  that  it  may  be  about 
200  years. 

That  the  fuel  problem  is  a  gigantic  one  is 
shown  by  the  growing  value  of  the  coal-min- 
ing industry  in  this  country.  In  the  United 
States,  in  1905,  coal  to  the  amount  of  384,- 
598,643  short  tons,  having  a  value  of  $476,- 
756,963,  was  mined.  The  value,  compared 
with  other  mineral  products  in  the  same  year 
is  shown  by  the  following  table: 

Coal $476.756.9«3 

Iron    S82.4RO.OOO 

riay  products 149,697.1ft8 

Copper    13»,7I»R.716 

Oil  and  KM 125,720.254 

Gold  and  sUver 122.402,683 

At  the  present  time,  the  United  States  is 
the  largest  factor  in  the  world's  production 
of  coal. 

After  the  coal  has  .been  exhausted,  what 
then?  Government  scientists  already  arc 
looking  for  a  successor  to  coal,  but  so  far  as 


HOiy  LONG   IV/LL   OUR  COAL   SUPPLY  LAST? 


337 


they  now  know,  coal  is  the  only  fuel  worth 
considering  in  connection  with  the  nation's 
future  supply.  It  must  continue  to  be  the 
fuel  of  the  future, — at  least  so  long  as  it  is 
within  our  reach  or  until  other  means  of 
power  production  shall  supplant  it 

Water  is  an  important  but  still  a  subor- 
dinate source  of  power.  With  the  rapid  de- 
pletion of  the  forests,  wood  cannot  be  relied 
upon  as  a  large  source  of  power.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  some  day  we  may  be  able  to  har- 
ness the  sun  and  compel  it  to  do  a  share  of 
our  work,  but  this  is  far  in  the  future.  Up 
to  the  present  time  it  has  not  been  practically 
demonstrated  that  the  sun  can  be  so  utilized. 

This  brings  the  country  face  to  face  with 
the  problem  of  a  limited  fuel  supply  and  the 
best  way  to  safeguard  it.  That  there  is  a 
wasteful  extravagance  in  the  use  of  coal  has 
already  been  established  by  the  fuel-testing  di- 
vision of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey ; 
that  this  can  be  stopped  has  also  been  demon- 
strated«  Several  years  ago  the  Government, 
realizmg  the  rapidity  with  which  our  coals 
were  being  consumed,  established,  jn  connec- 
tion with  the  Geological  Survey,  a  coal-test- 
ing plant  to  ascertain  means  by  which  more 
energy  can  be  obtained  from  coal  and  whether 
some  of  the  coal  and  lignites,  previously  con- 
sidered of  little  value,  could  not  be  utilized. 
Lignite  is  a  brown  and  woody  inferior  grade 
of  coal  and  occurs  in  the  Dakotas,  Montana, 
Wyoming,    Colorado,  .  and    other    Western 


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ISWM.W4V? 

WnrUT    OF    PRINCIPAL    COAL-PRODUaNC    NATIONS. 


States,  Texas,  southeastern  Arkansas,  Missis- 
sippi, and  Alabama. 

The  results  of  recent  tests  have  shown  that 
we  are  mere  babes  in  the  woods  when  it 
comes  to  getting  efficiency  out  of  coal.  The 
waste  of  the  energy  of  coal  in  the  ordinary 
steam  boiler  is  tremendous,  it  being  calcu- 
lated, that  only  from  5  to  7  per  cent,  of  the 
energy  in  coal  is  transformed  into  actual 
work.  The  remaining  93  to  95  per  cent, 
is  consumed  in  the  transformation. 

During  their  tests  in  the  Government  sta- 
tion at  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  the  experts  got 
from  two  to  nearly  two  and  one-half  times 
as  much  power  from  coal  in  a  gas-producer 
as  from  the  same  coal  uiider  a  boiler.  With 
the  most  modern  equipment  in  steam  engi- 
neering these^  differences  are  somewhat  re- 
duced, but  are  still  striking.  The  gas  pro- 
ducer is  the  coming  factor  in  the  power  de- 
velopment of  the  country.  Its  purpose  is  to 
generate  gas  which  furnishes  power  through 
gas  engines.  In  the  future  producer  gas  and 
ashes  will  be  the  only  products  from  the  fuel. 
In  this  producer  low-grade  coals  and  lignites 
have  been  burned  successfully  which  could 
not  be  burned  under  ordinary  boilers. 

In  referring  to  the  important  results  al- 
ready reached  by  the  scientists  at  the  testing 
station,  Joseph  A.  Holmes,  chief  of  the 
Technologic  Branch  of  the  Survey,  says: 

In  testing  a  large  number  of  coals  from  many 
States,  some  important  results  have  been  de- 
veloped which  would  tend  toward  conserving  the 
coal  supply.  The  most  important  of  these  show 
that  the  vast  brown  and  black  lignite  deposits  of 
the  West  are  available  for  use  in  the  gas-pro- 
ducer. It  has  been  demonstrated  that  brown 
lignite  from  North  Dakota  will  produce  in  some 
cases  more  than  four  times  the  power  when 
used  in  the  gas  producer  than  when  burned 
under  the  boiler. 

These  lignites,  containing  from  20  to  45  per 
cent,  of  moisture,  have  always  stood  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  scale  as  a  boiler  fuel,  and  they  have 
been  used  for  power  purposes  only  where  it  has 
been  impossible  to  secure  bituminous  coal.  It 
was  discovered  at  the  Geoloprical  Survey  coal- 
testing  plant  that  these  lignites,  in  spite  of  their 
high  moisture  contents,  can  be  used  commercially 
to  the  best  advantage  in  the  gas-producer  equip- 
ment. 

In  the  boiler-testing  room  of  the  fuel-testmff 
plant,  where  careful  study  has  been  made  of 
combustion  and  the  conditions  governing  the 
methods  of  firing  the  various  coals  of  the  United 
States,  it  has  been  shown  that  through  proper 
stoking  and  superintendence  the  coal  bill  of  the 
country  could  be  considerably  reduced,  and  the 
smoke  nuisance  largely  abated  bv  this  careful 
attention  to  details,  which  is  too  often  neglected 
m  the  average  commercial  plant. 

A  force  of  specially  trained  experts  under  the 
supervision  of  E.  W.  Parker  has  been  at  work 


338  THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REyiElVS. 

for  some  time  making  a  careful  study  of  coals  tions  of  the  bed  are  discarded,  if  it  is  not  pos- 
which  contain  too  much  ash  or  sulphur  to  be  sibic  to  utilize  the  discarded  portion  for  power 
available  for  ordmary  commercial  purposes,  and  or  other  purposes.  At  the  present  time,  gas-pro- 
which  in  coal-mining  arc  now  left  under  ground,  ducer  tests  are  being  made  on  "  bone  "  coal  con 
These  investigations  have  been  carried  on  both  uining  from  30  per  cent,  of  ash  upward.  So 
in  the  laboratory  and  in  the  field,  and  the  results  far  no  difficulty  has  been  encountered  in  running 
obtained  so  far  look  forward  to  a  time  when  the  producer  plants  on  this  material.  This 
these  dirty  coals  can  be  greatly  improved  for  "  bone  "  coal  has  always  been  looked  upon  by  the 
ordinary  uses  by  proper  washing  or  other  means  miners  as  a  waste  product,  and  is  being  mined 
«»f  mechanical  preparation,  or  can  be  used  ad-  and  discarded  in  many  localities,  notably  the 
vantageously  in  gas-producers  as  they  are;  and  Hocking  Valley  region  of  Ohio, 
as  a  result  it  is  believed  that  these  low-grade  Some  of  the  old  dumps  are  available  as  well 
coals  will  hereafter  be  extensively  operated.  as  the  "  bone  "  which  is  m  place  in  the  mines, 
A  method  for  the  utilization  of  slack  or  waste  and  should  the  experiments  now  being  con- 
coal  by  pressing  this  coal  into  bricks  has  met  ducted  at  the  fuel-testing  plant  be  entirely  suc- 
with  good  results.  The  briquetting  of  slack  coal  cessful,  there  should  be  a  market  for  this  ma- 
and  other  waste  sizes  has  been  successfully  ac-  terial. 

complished  at  a  low  cost.  The  resultant  bri-  ,  .  ,  .  . 
quettes  have  proved  superior,  in  almost  all  cases.  These  teste  may  result  m  bringing  Moo- 
to  lump  coal  from  thi  same  mines  for  domestic  tana  and  Texas  into  public  view  as  hcav)' 
and  special  power  purposes.  This  branch  of  the  coal-producing  States  in  the  future,  owing  to 
investigations  opens  to  the  commercial  world  a  ^i  .  v..i.  ^.  *^  ^  ^i  1  j  Z  1  -tm. 
hitherto  unknown  field  which  is  destined  to  i)e-  ^^'\  uti  ization  of  these  low-grade  fuek.  The 
come  an  important  factor  in  the  production  of  coal  fields  of  these  States  occupy  areas  larger 
fuels.  than  the  total  acres  of  a  number  of  other 

cro^rnd  ^^"^  T'Jlirr'r?"*  "'!f'/i''7't  states,   and   these   fuels  will   in  the   future 

gation  being  conducted  by  the  experts  of  the  fuel-  r       .  L  x       1  1  .    . 

testing  plant  i§  the  study  of  coal  mines  through-  J"^">sh  power  for  large  and  varied   manu- 

out  the  country  to  determine,  where  certain  por-  factunng  industries. 


ARE   SECRET    SOCIETIES    A    DANGER    TO    OUR 

HIGH   SCHOOLS? 

BY    MARION    MELIUS. 

A  REALLY  serious  problem  in  our  edu-  schools,  and  any  challenge  of  their  supremacy 
cational  system  which  threatens  to  en-  is  accompanied  by  a  threatened  overturning 
danger  not  only  the  future  of  our  schools,  of  all  school  discipline.  To-day  educators 
but  also  to  affect  adversely  the  spirit  of  are  practically  united  in  regarding  the  high- 
American  democracy  by  emphasizing  class  school  secret  society  as  an  elephant  on  their 
feeling,  has  been  presented  to  the  American  hands  and  they  are  extremely  anxious  to  rid 
parent  by  the  establishment  and  development  themselves  of  it.  How,  is  the  question  teach- 
of  the  high-school  fraternity.  ers,   parents,   and  even  lawyers  arc  asking 

The  situation  is  just  this:  Some  thirteen  themselves, 
or  fourteen  years  ago  there  sprung  up  in  the  The  three  main  charges  on  which  the  high- 
high  schools  of  this  country  secret  societies  school  secret  society  is  arraigned  are  (i) 
patterned  after  the  college  and  university  that  it  is  undemocratic,  (2)  that  it  resorts 
fraternities.  The  inspiration  for  these  came  to  cheap  politics,  and  (3)  that  it  is  independ- 
partly  from  a  desire  for  more  social  life  in  ent  of  school  control.  The  National  Educa- 
the  school,  and  partly  from  principals  who  tional  Association  investigated  the  matter 
had  found  their  own  college  societies  a  dis-  and  from  the  results  of  the  investigation  saw 
tinct  benefit.  The  high-school  fraternities  fit  at  a  meeting  in  1905,  to  resolve  against 
were  quickly  followed  by  sororities,  and  such  societies,  "  because  they  are  subvereivc 
these  organizations  thrived  harmlessly  for  a  to  the  principles  of  democracy  which  should 
while.  They  were  generally  silly,  but  they  prevail  in  public  schools;  because  they  are 
were  innocuous.  As  they  increased  in  num-  selfish  and  tend  to  narrow  the  minds  and 
bers  and  were  strengthened  by  a  chapter  ty*-  tympathiet  of  the  pupils;  because  they  stir 
tem  all  over  the  country,  they  became  a  more  up  strife  and  contention ;  because  they  are 
and  more  powerful  influence,  until  to-day  snobbish;  because  they  dissipate  energy  and 
they    are    the   dominating   element    in    the  proper  ambition;  because  they  set  up  wrong 


ARE  SECRET  SOCIETIES  A  DANGER  TO  OUR  HIGH  SCHOOLS  ?     339 


standards;  because  rewards  are  not  based  on 
merit  but  on  fraternity  vows;  because  they 
inculcate  a  feeling  of  self-sufficiency  among 
the  members ;  because  secondary  school  boys 
are  too  young  for  club  life ;  because  they  are 
expensive  and  foster  habits  of  extravagance; 
because  they  bring  politics  into  the  legiti- 
mate organization  of  the  school;  because 
they  detract  interest  from  study ;  and  because 
all  legitimate  elements  for  good, — social, 
moral,  and  intellectual, — ^which  these  socie- 
ties claim  to  possess  can  better  be  supplied 
to  the  pupils  through  the  school  at  large  in 
the  form  of  literary  societies  and  clubs  un- 
der the  sanction  and  supervision  of  the  fac- 
ulties." 

This  resolution  stiffened  the  backs  of  prin- 
cipals and  teachers  who  were  adverse  to  the 
secret  societies,  but  hardly  dare  come  out 
openly  against  them  for  fear  of  lack  of  sup- 
port. 

DENOUNCED    BY    PRINCIPALS. 

The  attitude  of  high-school  principals  in 
general  may  be  arrived  at  from  the  answers 
to  a  set  of  185  letters  sent  out  all  over  the 
country  asking  an  expression  of  opinion  on 
the  high-school  fraternity  question.  Out  of 
the  185  only  three  spoke  in  favor  of  fra- 
ternities, fifty-three  expressed  no  positive 
opinion  but  were  inclined  to  look  on  them 
with  disfavor,  one  said  they  would  do  no 
harm  if  properly  managed,  .and  128  spoke 
against  them  in  unqualified  terms.  The  de- 
nunciation of  them  by  some  principals  is 
roost  stem  and  severe.  The  principal  of  the 
high  school  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  includes  the 
statements  of  many  others  in  his  sweeping 
assertion :  "  The  high-school  secret  societies 
are  thoroughly  pernicious  in  their  influence. 
I  am  unable  to  discover  one  redeeming  fea- 
ture connected  with  them,  while  their  de- 
moralizing influence  is  constant  and  thor- 
oughly evident."  Others  thoughtfully  and 
unhesitatingly  put  down  such  statements  as: 
"They  are  apt  to  degenerate  into  smoking 
and  gambling  clubs  on  the  part  of  the  boys 
and  frivolous,  gossipy,  idle  places  on  the 
part  of  the  girls  " ;  "  they  are  not  maintained 
for  the  purpose  of  cultivating  the  nobler 
side  of  young  men,  or  developing  in  them 
pure  thoughts  " ;  "  they  quickly  become  social 
clubs  where  are  cultivated  the  worst  tastes 
and  practkes  between  yoimg  people  " ;  "  the 
members  do  unmanly  deeds  as  a  body  in 
secret  that  not  one  would  think  of  doing 
openly." 

There  are  concrete  iocidents  of  the  secret 


society's  tendency  toward  immorality.  In 
Indianapolis  a  high-school  society  became  a 
gambling-club  which  was  only  broken  up 
when  the  parents  were  afraid  the  boys  might 
land  in  jail.  In  a  Massachusetts  city  a  club- 
room  was  the  scene  of  high  revel  until  th^ 
wee  hours  of  the  morning,  some  of  the  mem- 
bers then  going  home  in  a  shocking  condition. 

UNDEMOCRATIC   TENDENCIES. 

The  undemocratic  character  of  such  socie- 
ties is  particularly  emphasized  in  the  sorori- 
ties, although  the  fraternities  arc  not  far  be- 
hind them.  The  girls  are  guilty  of  all  the 
petty,  unlovely  acts  of  which  the  feminine 
mind  at  the  high-school  age  is  capable.  Their 
cruelty  toward  the  non-sorority  girls  result- 
ed most  disastrously  in  the  case  of  a  San 
Francisco  girl  who  committed  suicide  be- 
cause she  could  not  become  a  member  of  a 
sorority.  Undoubtedly  the  girl  was  need- 
lessly hysterical  over  the  situation,  but  girls 
of  high-school  age  are  a  long  way. from  that 
calm  frame  of  mind  which  regards  snobbish- 
ness as  beneath  notice.  In  regard  to  this 
supercilious  attitude  on  the  part  of  sorority 
girls,  Mr.  Henry  L.  Boltwood,  principal  of 
the  Evanston,  111.,  high  school  has  stated: 
**  Mothers  with  tears  \n  their  eyes  tell  me  of 
the  heartless  and  cruel  ways  in  which  their 
daughters  are  slighted  and  snubbed  by  so- 
ciety girls."  And  another  principal  has 
written :  "  Some  girls  are  withdrawn  from 
the  public  school  by  thoughtful  parents  be- 
cause the  home  does  not  like  to  see  the  chil- 
dren made  unhappy.'* 

Admission  to  the  secret  societies  is  based, 
in  general,  on  social  standing.  "  Member- 
ship is  largely  a  matter  of  ability  to  make  a 
good  showing,  wear  good  clothes,  spend 
money  freely,  and  be  a  *  good  fellow '  gen- 
erally," one  principal  puts  it.  This  leads  to 
a  spirit  of  toadyism  which  is  degrading  and 
suicidal  to  self-respect. 

A  BLOW  AT  HEALTHFUL  CLASS  SPIRIT. 

Not  only  are  the  majority  of  the  high- 
school  boys  and  girls  socially  ostracised  by 
these  societies,  but  by  a  system  of  politics 
they  are  debarred  from  taking  part  in  class 
affairs.  In  the  Central  High  School  at 
Springfield,  Mass.,  which  has  perhaps  the 
best-organized  fraternity  system  of  any  high 
school  in  the  country,  the  fraternity  boys 
conducted  the  class  meetings  like  young  poli- 
ticians and  there  was  no  breaking  through 
the  ring  by  "  non-frat  "  members.  They 
gained  control  also  of  the  athletic  societies 


340 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


and  the  funds  were  administered  on  a  reg- 
ular system  of  graft.  In  other  schools  ath- 
letics have  been  crushed  by  the  fraternities, 
as  the  conditions  of  entering  contests  have 
been  based  on  fraternity  membership  instead 
of  on  physical  prowess. 

This  condition  of  affairs  is  disastrous  to 
class  spirit.  The  boys  and  girls  do  not  keep 
together  as  a  class,  but  as  a  fraternity  or  so- 
rority. They  do  not  work  loyally  for  '09, 
'08,  *07,  whatever  their  flass  may  be,  but 
acknowledge  allegiance  only  to  their  society. 
The  healthy  rivalry  between  classes,  which 
is  the  life  of  a  high  school,  has  been  de- 
stroyed and  the  democratic  interest  in  one's 
classmates  is  wholly  lacking.  In  the  days 
before  the  existence  of  secret  societies  the 
high  school  was  a  sort  of  alma  mater  to  the 
many  boys-  and  girls  who  could  not  go  to 
college,  while  to-day  it  is  a  place  where  one 
is  or  is  not  a  member  of  a  society.  From  the 
testimony  of  many  principals,  debating  and 
literary  societies  have  gone  down  before  the 
secret  organizations  and  with  them  have 
disappeared  the  best  social  activities  of  the 
high  school. 

THE  PROBLEM   OF  DISCIPLINE. 

The  friction  between  teachers  and  soror- 
ity and  fraternity  girls  .and  boys  is  constant 
and  often  develops  into  a  serious  clash.  In 
many  schools  a  few  of  the  teachers  are  made 
honorary  members  of  the  secret  societies,  but 
this  does  not  give  them  supervision  over  the 
societies,  and  it  renders  school  discipline  all 
the  more  difficult  for  the  teachers  who  are 
not  members.  There  are  instances  of  the 
teachers  themselves  exhibiting  a  most  un- 
praiseworthy  spirit  of  toadyism  in  their  de- 
sire to  become  honorary  members,  but  this 
may  be  excused  in  them  when  the  ability  of 
a  fraternity  boy  or  sorority  girl  to  make  a 
teacher  uncomfortable  is  considered.  "  Im- 
pudent and  unbearably  sophisticated  is  their 
attitude  toward  the  faculty  "  is  the  way  one 
teacher  expresses  it,  and  she  with  many 
others  declare  that  teachers  get  less  respect 
and  obedience  from  the  secret-society  boys 
and  girls  than  from  other  members  of  the 
school. 

All  testimony  bears  heavily  against  the 
claim  that  the  secret  society  tends  to  ele- 
vate scholarship.  The  principals  of  forty- 
nine  schools  were  interrogated  on  this  point 
and  only  six  of  them  answered  in  the  affirm* 
ative.  TTie  other  forty-three  replied  that  the 
tendency  was  adverse  to  good  scholarship,  or 
neutral. 


The  claim  that  as  there  is  little  oppositkm 
to  fraternities  in  universities,  so  there  should 
be  none  in  the  high  school,  which  fraterni- 
ties boys  are  fond  of  advancing,  is  most  ably 
met  by  Principal  George  W.  Benton,  of  the 
Shortridge  High  School  in  Indianapolis.  He 
says:  "  The  fraternity  in  college  under  prop- 
er conditions,  in  a  measure  at  least,  takes  the 
place  of  the  family;  it  forms  a  center  of 
home  influence  exerted  by  older  bo3rs  whose 
experiences  away  from  home  have  been 
greater  and  whose  standing  in  the  college  b 
such  that  they  have  a  reputation  to  sustain. 
The  high-school  boy  or  girl  who  lives  at 
home,  when  not  at  his  work  should  be  under 
the  eye  of  the  parents.  There  is  no  call, 
either  for  the  good  of  the  school,  or  for  the 
good  of  the  pupils,  for  organizations  of  this 
character." 

WHERE     FRATERNITIES     SEEM     BEKEFICUL. 

Three  principals  who  are  favorable  to  fra- 
ternities are  only  conditionally  so,  modify- 
ing their  support  with,  "  IF  you  can  con- 
trol your  pupils";  "IF  carefully  guarded 
and  kept  in  place  " ;  "  IF  schools  do  not  fur- 
nish the  opportunity  for  debating  and  lit- 
erary exercises."  At  Erasmus  Hall  High 
School,  Brooklyn,  where  the  fraternity  seeras 
to  be  a  factor  for  good,  each  society  must 
have  a  faculty  adviser  who  will  attend  all 
the  meetings.  At  Phillips  Exeter  also  the 
fraternity  is  a  beneficial  element,  but  there, 
too,  the  chapters  must  elect  a  faculty  mem- 
ber who  is  obliged  to  attend  all  meetings 
and  exercise  an  oversight.  Other  schools 
that  favor  the  fraternity  are  the  Lewis  In- 
stitute, Chicago,  and  Colgate  Academy, 
Hamilton,  N.  Y.,  but  they  are  closer  in 
spirit  to  the  college  than  the  averag:e  sec- 
ondary school.  The  Topeka,  Kan.,  high 
school  also  reports  that  it  finds  no  tiouUe 
with  the  fraternity,  but  the  principal  inti- 
mates that  the  conditions  in  his  school  may  be 
exceptional. 

VIEWS  OF  PARENTS. 

The  attitude  of  the  parents  toward  the  se- 
cret societies  ranges  from  indifference  to 
fierce  championship  or  denunciation.  Some 
are  too  busy  with  social  affairs  to  give  an>- 
attention  to  the  question.  Others  encour- 
age their  children  to  stand  up  for  what  they 
term  "  their  rights,"  declaring  that  the  secret 
society  is  nobody's  business  but  the  pupils'  and 
the  parents',  and  threatening  an  appeal  to 
the  courts  if  school  regulations  are  made 
curtailing    the    power    of    the    fraternities. 


ARE  SECRET  SOCIETIES  A  DANGER  TO  OUR  HIGH  SCHOOLS  ?     341 


There  are  some  parents  who  cannot  afford 
to  permit  their  children  to  belong  to  the 
secret  societies,  but  who  find  the  social  pres- 
sure too  great  to  resist;  and  others  who  do 
not  approve,  but  allow  their  children  to  join 
because  they  plead  they  are  "  out  of  it "  if 
they  do  not  belong.  Parents  who  condemn 
are  by  no  means  those  alone  whose  children 
have  not  been  invited  into  the  select  society 
circles,  and  they  are  emphatic  in  stating 
their  belief  that  the  **  secret  society  "  is  an 
unmitigated  evil,  harmful  to  pupils,  school, 
and  teachers,  and  absolutely  without  any  ben- 
eficial effects." 

SCHOOL    BOARDS    UPHELD    BY   THE   COURTS. 

Although  many  solutions  are  attempted, 
the  problem  is  still  far  from  solved.  In 
Kansas  City  the  faculty  of  the  Manual 
Training  High  School  recently  passed  a  reso- 
lution barring  fraternity  members  from  all 
privileges  outside  the  classroom,  and  a 
father  of  one  of  the  boys  brought  suit  against 
the  principal  in  a  writ  of  mandamus.  The 
sdiool  board  employed  their  attorney  to  de- 
fend the  principal,  and  the  faculty  joined  to- 
gether to  employ  an  influential  lawyer  to 
assist  the  board's  attorney.  The  fraternities 
employed  two  lawyers  and  all  the  chapters 
in  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  Colorado  contrib- 
uted to  the  prosecution  fund.  The  writ  was 
quashed  by  the  judge,  who  in  making  his  de- 
cision said:  "The  resolution  was  reason- 
able on  its  face  and  one  which  boys  having 
a  proper  respect  for  their  school  should  honor 
and  respect. 

A  similar  resolution  was  passed  at  a  high 
school  in  Chicago,  with  an  injunction  from 
an  irate  father  following,  restraining  the 
principal  from  carrying  out  such  ^  resolution. 
Again  the  principal  triumphed.  At  Seattle, 
Wash.,  the  school  board  passed  a  rule  that 
all  students  of  the  high  school  should  re- 
frain from  all  fraternity  activities  after  a 
certain  date,  qnder  the  penalty  of  being  de- 
nied the  privilege  of  receiving  a  diploma,  in 
addition  to  being  denied  all  other  privileges 
of  the  school  except  those  of  the  classroom. 
Suit  was  brought  in  the  Superior  Court  and 
decided  in  favor  of  the  school  board.  Ap- 
peal w^as  made  to  the  Supreme  Court  and 
the  decision  of  the  lower  court  was  sustained, 
the  court  holding  that  the  school  board  had 
authority  for  such  -an  act  and  that  the  courts 
should  not  interfere. 

The  Meriden,  Conn.,  school  board  pro- 
poses expulsion  for  any  boy  joining  a  sodety 


after  a  certain  date,  compelling  the  frater- 
nity to  pass  out  of  existence  with  the  gradua- 
tion of  the  class  of  1910.  At  Pratt  Institute 
fraternities  are  forbidden  to  take  in  new 
members.  The  faculty  of  the  Lake  View 
High  School,  Chicago,  has  issued  a  circular 
to  the  parents,  stating  that  the  secret  organ- 
izations are  a  "positive  hindrance  to  the 
educational  welfare  and  best  interests  of  the 
young  people,"  and  that  they  "  deem  it  wise 
to  let  the  parents  know  the  attitude  of  the 
teachers  ....  and  ask  them  to  investigate 
fully  the  influence  of  such  organizations 
upon  the  life  and  work  of  high-school 
students." 

The  school  boards  of  Binghamton,  N.  Y., 
Springfield,  Mass.,  Duluth,  Minn.,  and 
Louisville,  Ky.,  have  refused  the  fraternities 
official  recognition  and  the  name  of  the  high 
school  may  not  be  printed  on  any  fraternity 
stationery  or  programs.  Some  principals  are 
endeavoring  to  cope  with  the  situation  by 
ignoring  the  societies,  believing  that  active 
attempts  to  suppress  them  only  arouse  their 
fierce  animosity.  In  the  Shortridge  High 
School  in  Indianapolis  the  school  paper  is 
not  allowed  to  mention  any  secret  society  or 
its  doings. 

The  two  high  schools  of  Springfield, 
Mass.,  are  trying  the  plan  of  starting  all 
sorts  of  social  activities  under  the  auspices 
of  clubs,  membership  in  which  is  based  on 
worth.  There  are  debating  and  literary  so- 
cieties and  the  classes  give  entertainments. 
This  has  brightened  the  lot  considerably  of 
the  non-society  members,  but  the  "  frats  " 
and  sororities  continue  to  thrive  and  to 
pledge  members. 

The  high-school  secret  society  is  still  the 
knottiest  problem  which  has  arisen  in  school 
circles  for  years,  because  there  are  so  many 
fingers  in  the*  pie  and  because  the  authority 
of  school  boards  and  teachers  in  the  matter 
is  not  well  defined.  The  quickest  solution 
lies  plainly  in  the  hands  of  the  parents,  who 
could  easily  destroy  the  secret  organizations 
by  not  permitting  their  sons  and  daughters 
to  join  them.  But  the  action  would  need 
be  unanimous  to  be  effectual  and  at  present  it 
seems  almost  impossible  to  persuade  fathers 
and  mothers  whose  children  are  of  the  elect 
to  set  their  faces  against  these  societies.  There 
is  a  strong  public  sentiment,  however,  spring- 
ing up  against  anything  undemocratic  in  the 
schools,  and  it  is  this  sentiment  on  which 
school  boards  and  faculties  are  relying  to 
help  them  in  their  fight. 


WHY  IS  INTEREST  HIGH  ? 


BY  GEORGE  ILES. 

(Author  of  "  Inventors  at  Work.") 


TN  April,  1890,  New  York  City  sold  bonds 
to  run  twenty  years,  bearing  23^  per 
cent  interest,  at  ioo>i.  On  June  28,  last, 
the  city  could  not  sell  at  par  bonds  bearing 
4  per  cent.  The  land  and  building  of  the 
Produce  Exchange,  New  York,  are  worth 
$5,000,000  at  least.  In  January,  1902,  a 
first  mortgage  on  this  property  for  $1,000,- 
000  was  renewed  for  nine  years  at  3^  per 
cent. ;  to-day  such  a  mortgage  would  have  to 
pay  4^  per  cent.  On  mortgages  of  $10,000 
or  so,  covering  one-half  the  value  of  real 
estate  in  New  York,  the  current  rate  is  6 
per  cent.  Europe  is  in  the  same  case  with 
America.  On  August  8,  last,  British  consols 
fell  to  81  13-16,  the  lowest  price  since  1848, 
They  bear  only  2j4  per  cent.,  yet  at  that 
low  rate  of  return  they  stood  for  years  much 
above  par.  French  rentes  pay  3  per  cent.; 
on  June  21  of  this  year  they  touched  93^, 
with  one  exception  the  lowest  price  in  fifteen 
years.  On  the  exchanges  of  Amsterdam, 
Berlin,  Paris,  London,  and  New  York 
standard  stocks  are  yielding  buyers  from  i 
to  2  per  cent,  more  per  annum  than  they  did 
five  years  ago.  This  means,  of  course,  that 
where  a  dividend  has  not  risen,  the  price  of 
a  stock  has  fallen,  inflicting  serious  loss,  or 
even  ruin,  on  holders  who  went  into  debt  for 
their  purchases. 

What  are  the  causes  for  this  world-wide 
rise  in  the  rate  of  interest?  Let  us  glance 
at  a  few  of  them.  Capital,  like  everything 
else,  goes  up  in  the  market  with  an  increase 
of  demand,  and  such  an  increase  of  demand 
now  accompanies  a  vast  augmentation  of 
liquid  capital.  In  the  United  States,  for 
example : 

National  bank  loans  on  December  15, 
1897,  were  $2,082,000,000;  and  on  May  20, 
1907,  were  $4,631,000,000. 

THE  RAILROADS  THE  CHIEF  BORROWERS. 

These  loans,  for  the  most  part,  were  ex- 
tended to  manufacturers  and  merchants ;  they 
testify  to  a  huge  expansion  of  business  within 
the  past  decade.  In  other  fields,  also,  there 
has  been  of  late  years,  and  especially  since 
1902,  an  extraordinary  cultivation  of  fields 
in  which  investors  may  reap  a  goodly  profit. 


with  the  result  that  the  demand  for  loans 
has  far  outsped  supply.  Keeping  to  the 
United  States,  we  note  that  of  late  years 
the  chief  borrowers  have  been  railroad  com- 
panies. If  we  ask  what  they  arc  doing  with 
their  new  funds,  we  will  see  clearly  why 
they  are  ready  to  pay  a  steadily  advancing 
rate  of  interest.  For  the  first  six  months  of 
this  year  the  new  issues  of  bonds  and  shares 
in  Wall  Street  were  $971,000,000,  of  which 
$833,000,000  were  by  railroad  companies. 
And  the  new  resources  thus  sou^t  w^re  to 
continue  tasks  of  improvement  and  growth 
well  under  way  last  year. 

In  1906  there  were  built  in  the  United 
States  243,670  freight  and  passenger  cars, 
— twice  as  many  as  in  1899.  This  vast  in- 
crease in  equipment  was  a  response  to  the 
severe  pressure  of  new  business;  and,  not- 
withstanding this  immense  addition  to  rolling 
stock,  the  cry  of  congestion  still  goes  up  from 
all  sections  of  the  country.  Railroad  equip- 
ment, while  thus  increased  in»  amount,  is  be- 
ing bettered  in  quality.  If  we  compare  an 
average  freight-car  of  1899  with  its  successor 
of  last  year,  we  will  note  that  the  new  car  is 
larger  and  stronger  than  the  old  one.  \fany 
new  cars  are  of  steel  and  carry  twice  as  much 
as  a  common  wooden  car.  In  locomotive 
building  it  is  the  same  stqry.  Many  new 
engines  have  compound  cylinders  and  are 
more  costly  than  engines  of  simple  cylinders. 
They  effect  a  saving  in  fuel  of  about  one- 
fourth,  and  so  yield  a  handsome  return  on 
the  extra  price. 

But  our  railroads  since  1902  have  been 
laying  out  capital  for  much  more  than 
new  locomotives  and  cars;  they  have  been 
straightening  old  lines,  improving  their 
grades,  and  replacing  sharp  with  sweeping 
curves;  all  with  intent  to  lower  the  cost  of 
working.  They  have  also  built  thousands 
of  miles  of  extensions  and  feeders,  usually 
modem  in  construction.  In  some  note- 
worthy'cases  a  railroad  is  effecting  a  radical 
improvement  involving  a  stupendous  outlay. 
The  Pennsylvania  Company,  for  example,  is 
expending  in  round  numbers  $100,000,000 
in  taking  its  lines  from  Jersey  City  to  Lon^ 
Island.     First  comes  the  tunnel  under  the 


IVHY  IS  INTEREST  HIGH? 


343 


Hudson  River ;  then  the  tunnel  beneath  New 
York  City,  with  its  vast  station  on  Seventh 
avenue;  third,  the  tunnel  below  the  East 
River,  with  its  enormous  yards  in  Long 
Island  City,  for  the  making  up  of  metropol- 
itan trains.  This  immense  expenditure  prom- 
ises an  ample  profit  after  5^  per  cent,  has 
been  paid  for  the  invested  capital.  Two 
years  ago  leading  trunk  lines  could  borrow 
on  short-term  notes  at  43^  per  cent.  To-day 
they  must  pay  from  1  to  ij^  per  cent.  more. 
From  January  1  to  June  30,  1907,  their 
loans  at  these  rates  were  $346,273,000. 
Here  is  the  key  to  the  question  we  are  con- 
sidering. A  modem  engineer  can  replace  old 
structures  and  equipment  with  new,  super- 
sede ferry-boats  with  tunnels,  and  eflFect  so 
great  a  saving  in  operation,  and  maintenance, 
as  to  bestow  a  profit  on  a  loan  paying  from 
one-third  to  one-half  more  than  the  terms 
usual  five  years  ago. 

In  gainful  renewals  by  railroads  the  most 
stnking  item  of  all  is  the  rail  itself,  as  to-day 
rolled  higher  and  heavier  than  of  old,  of 
better  shape,  and  therefore  much  less  yield- 
ing as  its  burdens  pass.  Says  Mr.  Plimmon 
H.  Dudley;  the  leader  in  this  branch  of  en- 
gineering : 

A  steel  rail  weighing  "So  pounds  to  the  yard. 
as  comp-ired  with  a  rail  weighing  65  pounds,  is 
70  per  cent,  stiffer,  while  but  23  p^r  cent,  heavier. 
This  added  stiffness  reduces  track-undulations, 
permitting  heavier  and  quicker  trains,  and  de- 
creasing the  needed  motive  power.  At  the  same 
time  there  is  a  lowering  of  cost  in  maintaining 
both  the  permanent  way  and  the  rolling  stock. 
When  the  Boston  &  Albany  Railroad  replaced 
7^-pound  rails  with  95-pound  rails,  it  saved  no 
less  than  $800,000  a  year  as  the  result.  In  such 
a  case  the  chief  economy  is  in  diminishing  the 
required  motive  power.  When  lOO-pound  rails 
take  the  place  of  65-pound  rails,  on  a  level  track, 
this  saving  is  about  one-half.  What  does  the 
change  cost?  Including  reballastinp?  and  new 
ties,  about  $10,000  a  mile,  from  which  may  be 
subtracted  $3500  for  the  old  rails,  usable  in 
yards  and  sidings,  so  that  about  $6500  per  mile 
is  the  net  outlay  demanded. 

Suppose  that  for  interest,  wear,  and  tear 
wc  debit  this  $6500  with  15  per  cent,  a  year, 
or  $975-  This  is  a  mere  trifle  to  pay  for 
an  economy  in  motive  power  which,  in  the 
naost  favorable  circumstances  of  a  level  track, 
may  amount  to  50  per  cent.  Safety,  too,  is 
increased. 

ELECTRICAL     IMPROVEMENTS     ABSORB     VAST 
CAPITAL. 

Another  profitable  field  for  new  capital  is 
due  to  the  electrical  engineer.  In  the  United 
States,  during   1906,  the  Electrical  World 


estimates  that  electrical  manufactures 
amounted  to  $205,000,000;  while  for  the 
same  twelvemonth  more  than  four  times  as 
much,  or  $890,000,000,  was  earned  by  tel- 
egraph and  telephone  companies,  electric- 
light  stations,  electric  railroads  and  other 
electric  services.  For  its  fiscal  year  ending 
January  31,  1907,  the  General  Electric  Com- 
pany, with  works  at  Schenectady,  N.  Y., 
Harrison,  N.  J.,  and  Lynn,  Mass.,  reported 
sales  aggregating  $60,071,883;  for  twelve 
months  ending  five  years  earlier  its  sales 
were  $32,338,036,  about  one-half  as  much. 

A  large  part  of  the  new  business  of  this 
and  similar  concerns  is  to  install  electric  in- 
stead of  steam  transportation.  Here  the  ad- 
vantages are  not  only  on  the  counts  of  safety, 
comfort,  and  reliability,  but,  especially  at 
great  centers  of  traffic,  a  high  degree  of  econ- 
omy. On  the  Manhattan  Elevated  Railroad 
one  pound  of  coal  is  as  effective  with  an  elec- 
tric service  as  two  and  one-half  pounds  when 
steam  locomotives  were  employed,  while 
now  a  cheaper  kind  of  coal  suffices.  In  1896, 
with  steam  actuation,  the  operating  cost  per 
passenger  was  2.92  cents;  in  1904,  under  an 
electrical  regime,  this  figure  became  2.04 
cents.  Of  course,  it  is  where  traffic  is  dens- 
est that  such  an  economy  is  greatest.  Hence 
we  find  the  Grand  Central  Station,  New 
York,  connected  with  electrical  lines  fast 
reaching  out  to  Croton  on  the  Hudson,  a  dis- 
tance of  thirty- fotir  miles;  and  to  White 
Plains,  on  the  Harlem  Division,  twenty- four 
miles  away.  Let  us  note  a  few  items  to  the 
credit  of  such  systems  as  these.  A  steam 
locomotive  is  usually  under  steam,  idly  await- 
ing calls,  twice  as  long  as  it  is  actually  at 
work  hauling  trains.  No  such  waste  is  suf- 
fered by  electric  motors.  And'  further,  a 
steam  locomotive  is  on  an  average  busy  only 
six  hours  out  of  the  twenty-four.  Suppose 
we  have  a  steam  line  which  maintains  100 
locomotives,  each  of  1000  horsepower,  100,- 
000  horsepower  in  all.  Employing  electricity 
this  road  could  be  operated  from  dynamos 
of  but  one- fourth  this  energy,  or  say,  25,000 
horsepower.  To  this  in  cities  we  have  the 
familiar  parallel  of  the  equalized  water-sup- 
ply, due  to  a  group  of  engines,  busy  night 
and  day  pumping  an  unvarying  stream.  Be- 
cause the  water  flows  into  one  reservoir  in- 
stead of  into  many,  there  follows  an  economy 
of  power  such  as  the  electrical  engineer 
brings  into  every  united  scheme  of  trans- 
portation. 

In  railroading  it  is  important  to  reach  a 
high  speed  in  the  shortest  time  possible.    On 


344 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiFM'  OF  REl^/ElVS. 


the  Manhattan  Elevated  Railroad,  electricity 
has  quickened  the  service  by  two  miles  an 
hour,  adding  about  one-fifth  to  the  carrying 
capacity  of  the  line.  Because  an  electric  lo- 
comotive has  left  its  fuel,  furnace,  and  boiler 
at  home,  it  is  much  less  heavy  than 'a  steam 
locomotive  with  its  tender.  In  a  test  at 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  a  steam  locomotive,  of 
342,000  pounds,  required  203  seconds  to  at- 
tain a  speed  of  fifty  miles  an  hour ;  an  electri- 
cal locomotive  weighing  200,500  pounds,  de- 
veloping more  power,  reached  this  speed  in 
127  seconds.  Behind  the  steam  locomotive 
was  a  revenue-producing  load  of  256  tons; 
the  electric  locomotive  was  hauling  a  similar 
load  of  307  tons.  An  electric  motor  turns 
round  and  round  continuously;  a  steam 
locomotive  has  a  to  and  fro  motion  which 
works  harm  both  to  itself  and  to  the  track. 
With  these  and  like  facts  before  him  the 
president  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  has 
said :  "  Where  traffic  is  dense  the  most  effi- 
cient remedy  for  congestion  is  the  electric 
locomotive.''  Little  wonder,  then,  that  for 
investments  so  profitable,  and  indeed  impera- 
tive, capital  is  actively  in  demand. 

While  established  steam  lines  are  being 
improved  in  alignment  and  grade,  relaid  with 
heavier  rails,  the  extension  of  trolley  roads, 
pure  and  simple,  proceeds  with  unchecked 
pace.  Their  owners,  with  an  eye  to  ultimate 
economy,  are  for  the  most  part  building  well- 
graded  and  thoroughly  ballasted  roads,  and 
are  laying  heavy  rails,  so  as  to  reach  the 
lowest  possible  notch  of  cost  in  working  and 
upkeep. 

VARIED  DEMANDS  OF  MODERN  LIFE. 

In  truth  every  art  of  daily  life  is  now  ad- 
vancing more  swiftly  than  ever  before,  strip- 
ping bare  for  gainful  uses  the  strong  boxes 
of  the  civilized  world.  These  forward 
strides  are  partly  due  to  new  discoveries  and 
inventions,  but,  in  greater  measure,  to  the 
demand  for  devices  and  processes  approved 
by  the  experience  of  years.  We  have  glanced 
at  recent  progress  in  railroad  building,  in 
electrical  industry.  Did  space  permit,  the 
virtual  creation  of  lands  by  irrigation  in  the 
West  and  Southwest  might  be  sketched  as  a 
companion  picture.  Other  items  there  are, 
each  of  minor  account,  which  added  together 
make  a  stupendous  total. 

A  vigorous  push  has  been  given  to  applied 
science  at  home,  in  the  factory,  in  trans- 
portation systems,  indeed,  all  along  the  line, 
by  the  thousands  of  bright  young  fellows 
graduated  within   ten  years  past  from  our 


technical  schools.  Their  numbers  much  ex- 
ceed those  of  any  previous  decade;  their 
training  has  been  distinctly  better  than  their 
predecessors  received.  The  friends  of  peace 
argue  that  a  standing  army  is  a  standing 
peril.  We  are  told  that  soldiers  out  of  work 
are  soldiers  longing  for  war,  with  its  chances 
of  promotion,  honor,  fame.  The  standing 
army  of  engineers,  with  its  regiments  of  re- 
cruits every  autumn,  is  just  as  eager  to  put 
its  talents  to  usurj\  But  its  aims  are  con- 
struction, economy,  the  bestowal  of  new 
boons,  not  destruction,  waste  and  woe. 
When  an  alumnus  of  Cornell  or  Columbia 
goes,  let  us  say,  to  Mississippi,  he  becomes  a 
promoter  of  just  discontent.  The  old-fash- 
ioned boilers  in  the  factories,  the  wasteful 
engines,  the  wretched  highways,  all  combine 
to  annoy  him.  In  the  mill  where  he  is  en- 
gaged he  keeps  tab  on  income  and  outgo,  and 
prevails  on  his  employer  to  better  his  equip- 
ment just  as  fast  as  he  can  find  the  needed 
cash.  At  once  the  net  profits  of  the  concern 
spring  upward  with  a  bound,  after  interest 
has  been  paid,  after  wear  and  tear  have  been 
duly  written  off.  Other  young  engineers 
spy  out  waterfalls  in  Wisconsin  or  Quebec, 
in  their  natural  estate  somewhat  fitful,  and 
show  men  of  capital  Jiow  a  dam,  at  no  great 
outlay,  will  yield  a  constant  motive-power, 
especially  profitable  if  the  region  be  one  of 
high-priced  fuel.  A  third  young  prospector, 
this  time  a  graduate  from  a  school  of  mines, 
assays  a  sample  from  a  mining  dump.  He 
calls  upon  the  owner  of  the  "  waste,"  and 
tells  him  how  he  can  readily  mint  it  into 
dollars.  And  so  it  goes.  Every  educated 
engineer,  mechanic,  architect,  is  a  missionary 
seeking  to  bring  practice  everywhere  to  the 
level  of  the  best,  as  exemplified  to-day  only 
here  and  there  throughout  our  country. 
And  if  judicious  plans,  thus  suggested,  arc 
carried  out  with  borrowed  money,  its  interest 
is  usually  a  good  deal  less  than  the  net 
profits. 

It  may  be  reasonably  asked:  Why  is  it 
that  new  knowledge,  demanding  new  capital 
for  gainful  uses  such  as  these,  has  not  created 
that  capital  in  needed  volume?  The  an- 
swer is  that  economy  on  the  farm,  in  fac- 
tories and  mills,  has  not  kept  pace  with 
economy  in  the  modern  mine,  smeltery,  blast 
furnace,  or  railroad.  First  of  all,  to  take 
an  extreme  case,  when  the  railroad  engineer 
takes  up  light  rails  and  lays  heavy  ones,  he 
reduces  the  cost  of  haulage  one-half.  No 
such  prize  may  be  so  readily  grasped  by  the 
wheat  grower  or  the  dairyman.    Then,  too, 


THE  CRUSADE  AGAINST  BILLBOARDS. 


345 


a  great  trunk  line,  such  as  the  Pennsylvania, 
has  a  property  worth  hundreds  of  millions, 
on  which  the  utmost  possible  net  income  is 
to  be  earned,  despite  rising  wages,  advancing 
prices  for  coal,  steel  and  ties.  Such  a 
corporation,  both  in  its  finances  and  engi- 
neering, is  directed  by  men  of  the  highest 
ability;  part  of  their  daily  work  is  to  ex- 
amine complete  and  accurate  accounts  bf 
receipts  and  expenditures,  of  profit  or  loss  in 
each  department,  in  every  new  path  of  ex- 
periment. A  salesman  with  a  new  form  of 
rail,  or  switch,  signal,  car,  brake,  engine,  or 
dynamo,  goes  first  to  such  buyers,  because 
their  business  is  best  worth  while.  Compare 
that  business  with  the  sale  of  new  windmills, 
or  pumps,  to  thousands  of  scattered  farmers, 
whose  cash  surpluses,  for  the  most  part  are 
small.      It    would    undoubtedly    pay    well 


thoroughly  to  improve  the  common  roads  of 
America,  so  as  to  bring  all  to  the  excellence 
of  the  best.  But  who  is  to  educate  and  per- 
suade the  thousands  of  municipal  boards 
concerned,  the  millions  of  taxpayers,  jealous- 
ly guarding  county  funds? 

Selected  seed  in  planting  wheat  or  com 
means  25  per  cent.,  or  so,  more  harvest;  and 
yet  selected  seed  is  planted  much  less  gen- 
erally than  it  should  be.  In  the  Northern 
States  and  Canada  crop  rotation,  on  the  best 
lines,  returns  about  one-fourth  more  than 
the  average  crop,  and  yet  the  lesson  makes 
converts  but  slowly.  It  is  because  a  basic 
production,  such  as  farming,  hangs  behind 
the  quality  of  a  derived  industry,  such  as 
transportation,  that  new  capital  is  asked  for 
by  railroads  faster  than  it  is  created  in  the 
grain-field. 


THE  CRUSADE   AGAINST   BILLBOARDS. 

BY  CLINTON  ROGERS   WOODRUFF. 

(First  y ice- President  of  the  American  Civic  Association.) 


IT  seems  strange,  but  it  is  nevertheless  true, 
that  the  Municipal  League  of  Los  An- 
geles has  been  ofiEering  prizes  for  ugly  spots 
in  that  dty.  Most  cities  and  most  repre^ 
sentative  organizations  like  to  put  their 
"best  foot  foremost"  Here,  however,  is  a 
deliberate  eflEort  to  find  out  wherein  this  gen- 
erally beautiful  city  is  lacking,  so  that  it  may 
become  a  wholly  beautiful  city.  Rubbish, 
weeds,  and  billboards  have  afforded  the  cam- 
era abundant  material,  and  the  showing  of 
delinquencies  is  likely  to  be  followed  by  some 
much-needed  cleaning  up. 

Seattle  had  a  similar  campaign  not  long 
since  under  the  leadership  of  the  Post  Intel- 
ligencer,  ahd  the  riesults  were  for  the  time 
being  excellent.  But  such  work  to  be  per- 
manoitly  effective  must  be  followed  up  per- 
sistently. 

The  Los  Angeles  example  is  worthy  of  im- 
itation, especially  in  connection  with  the  cru- 
sade that  is  so  badly  needed  in  every  com- 
munity for  the  elimination  of  the  objectiona- 
ble billboard.  If  the  citizens  and  officials  of 
a  community  could  be  shown  by  means  of 
photographs  how  intolerable  the  poster  nui- 
sance is,  it  is  difficult  to  believe  that  they 
would  long  remain  inert. 

There  is  now  no  question  in  the  minds  of 
thoughtful  observers  that  the  presence  of  un- 


sightly billboards  is  incompatible  with  the 
presentation  of  an  attractive  aspect  in  a  city. 
It  is  like  the  placing  of  a  gari^ 
patch  on  a  dress  suit.  Moreover  pub- 
lic authorities  are  beginning  to  appre- 
ciate that  not  only  are  billboards  detri- 
mental to  the  physical  beauty  of  a  conunun- 
ity,  but  likewise  to  health  and  property.  So 
daring  and  impudent  has  the  billposter 
grown  that  he  does  not  hesitate  to  place  his 
boards  where  and  when  he  pleases,  shutting 
out  light,  air,  and  sunshine. 

Fortunately,  however,  the  volume  of  pro- 
test against  the  evil  is  growing.  Not  only 
are  the  women,  through  their  various  organ- 
izations, taking  up  arms,  but  officials  and 
business  men  are  enlisting  for  the  war.  In 
fact,  the  outcry  against  the  billboard  is  an 
encouraging  sign  of  the  advance  of  culture 
in  America. 

PROGRESS  IN  CINCINNATI. 

American  materialism  has  not  yet  stifled 
the  love  of  beauty,  nor  has  it  succeeded  in 
convincing  the  world  that  ugliness  is  a  neces- 
sary component  of  beauty.  As  the  Massa- 
chusetts Civic  League  declared  in  a  recent 
report,  "An  awakened  public  conscience 
which  recognizes  that  certain  things  are  ugly 
is  the  first  step  in  civic  improvement."    Both 


846 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


of  these  points  are  illustrated  in  the  work 
which  the  Committee  on  Municipal  Art  of 
the  Business  Men's  Club  of  Cincinnati  is 
doing,  and  it  is  furthermore  significant  that 
this  particular  committee  should  take  up  the 
elimination  of  the  billboard  as  the  first  step 
toward  municipal  art.  This  committee,  with 
the  sanction  of  the  club,  is  seeking  to  enlist 
the  civic  and  business  bodies  of  Ohio,  and  is 
carrying  the  war  "  into  Africa,"  as  Cincin- 
nati is  regarded  as  a  great  center  of  the  bill- 
board industry.  The  committee  has  com- 
piled a  list  of  offensive  billboards  within  a 
certain  district,  and  is  making  photographs 
of  the  particularly  objectionable  ones,  and  is 
requesting  the  users  of  these  boards  in  the 
name  of  civic  beauty  to  abandon  this  method 
of  advertising.  The  results  have  so  far  been 
most  encouraging.  Already  agreements  have 
been  made  not  to  renew  contracts  affecting 
at  least  150  boards.  Although  the  billpost- 
ers arje  crying  that  the  crusade  is  injuring 
one  of  the  city's  leading  industries,  it  is 
rather  a  far  cry  and  a  bold  stand  to  claim 
that  a  nuisance  like  a  billboard  is  an  indus- 
try, and  a  leading  one  at  that! 

A  WISCONSIN  METHOD  OF  ATTACK* 

There's  an  alderman  in  Menominee,  Wis., 
Anderson,  by  name,  who  is  made  of  the  right 
sort  of  stuff.  He  tried  an  ordinance  to  over- 
come  the  evil,  but  that  did  not  work,  and 
the  billboard  was  still  present  as  a  menace 
to  the  beauty  of  delightful  Menominee.  So 
he  started  off  on  his  own  account,  and  in  his 
own  way.  He  is  a  business  man  with  a 
considerable  trade,  and  he  began  to  get  op- 
tions on  the  various  billboards.  He  kept 
this  up  until  he  had  control,  through  per- 
mits, of  all  but  nine  boards.  Then  he  had 
them  all  cleaned  off  and  painted,  so  that  in 
place  of  ugly,  glaring  signs,  Menominee  now 
has  neatly  painted  boards  to  look  at,  which 
was  a  great  improvement  over  previous  con- 
ditions, and  represents  an  effective  remedy 
when  laws  and  ordinances  fail. 

DEALING  DIRECTLY  WITH  ADVERTISERS. 

The  North  End  Improvement  Society  of 
Tacoma,  Wash.,  has  also  hit  upon  an  effec- 
tive method  of  fighting  the  evil.  It  has  300 
bright,  wide-awake,  determined  members. 
They  are  all  pledged  to  the  D'Artagnan 
principle  of  "  One  for  all  and  all  for  one." 
The  society  has  made  a  list  of  objectionable 
boards  in  the  North  End.  The  advertisers 
arc  advised  that  this  particular  method  is  ob- 
jectionable and  are  asked  to  abate  it.    If  this 


does  not  prove  effective,  a  second  and  strong- 
er letter  is  sent  off.  The  "  follow-up  "  sys- 
tem is  adopted,  and  if  this  fails  then  the 
members  formally  pledge  themselves  not  to 
use  the  goods  so  advertised.  In  short  they 
apply  the  boycott,  which  is  the  weapon  most 
feared  by  the  dealer  and  the  manufacturer. 
One  by  one  the  offending  advertisements  ire 
being  abated  or  their  abatement  promised. 

May  the  example  of  the  Tacoma  sodety  be 
quickly  followed !  This  plan  costs  very  little 
to  execute.  There  is  the  preliminary  census 
of  offenders;  there's  the  writing  of  the  let- 
ters and  the  postage,  and  the  meeting  to  put 
the  screws  on.  Surely  not  an  expensive  proc- 
ess; and  there  are  no  delays. 

AN   EFFICIENT  TREE  WARDEN. 

Greenwich,  Conn.,  has  a  tree  warden,  by 
the  name  of  Charles  T.  Hotaling,  who  has 
become  a  terror  to  the  user  of  objectionable 
forms  of  advertising.  Mr.  Hotaling  sur- 
prJfcd  his  fellow-townsmen  by  showing  them 
that  the  tree  warden,  who  in  many  towns  in 
the  State  is  a  figurehead,  might  after  all  be  1 
very  lively  officer.  He  began,  to  use  the 
language  of  a  local  admirer,  "  by  bumping 
the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company, 
and  he  bumped  the  trolley  company  and  he 
bumped  .the  telephone  company  and  the  busi- 
ness men  who  stick  their  signs  on  trees,  until 
he  has  almost  bumped  every  one  into  a  state 
of  respect  for  his  office  and  regard  for  the 
beauty  of  the  trees,  which  do  so  much  to  or- 
nament our  town." 

A  "  FIGHTING  PARSON  "  IN  MASSACHUSETTS. 

This  Greenwich  tree  warden  must  be  a 
first  blood  cousin  to  the  "  minister  militant " 
of  Blandford,  Mass.,  who  just  at  present  b 
receiving  rather  widespread  fame  for  hb  vig- 
orous campaign  against  billboards  in  every 
shape  and  form.  He  tears  down  every  sign 
he  can  reach,  and  those  beyond  his  reach  he 
gets  his  son  to  pull  down. 

The  right  spirit  breathes  in  that  militant 
minister,  and  his  figure  looms  large  as  a  strik- 
ing example  of  what  one  man  can  do  when  he 
has  right  on  his  side,  and  determination  in  his 
eye.  May  the  tribe  of  the  Menominee  alder- 
man, the  Greenwich  tree  warden,  and  the 
Blandford  minister  increase,  to  the  confusioa 
of  the  billboard  fiend  and  offender! 

AN  INDIANA  RAID. 

That  their  spirit  is  growing  is  shown  by 
the  following  despatch,  dated  June  21,  it 
Fairmount,  Ind.: 


THE  CRUSADE  AGAINST  BILLBOARDS, 


347 


A  big  advertising  billboard,  fifty  feet  long, 
erected  in  the  very  center  of  the  business  part 
of  the  dty  last  Monday,  over  the  protest  of  all 
classes  of  citizens,  was  torn  from  its  position  and 
left  in  a  jumbled  mass  on  the  lot  at  li  o'clock 
to-ni^ht 

Fairmount  had  spent  much  time  and  money 
during  the  spring  in  beautifying  the  town,  and 
the  billboard  was  an  undesirable  addition  not  to 
be  tolerated.  Although  the  parties  engaged  in 
the  raid  are  .unknown,  it  is  thought  that  they 
are  men  and  not  boys,  as  might  be  supposed. 

NEW  SANCTIONS  OF  THE  BILLBOARD. 

The  billposters,  however,  are  getting  some 
encouragement  out  of  the  fact  that  Colorado 
proposes  to  use  billboards  to  announce  her 
greatness  to  an  expectant  world. 

The  Salvation  Army  also  uses  them  to  ask 
important  questions  about  the  future,  and, 
horrible  to  relate,  Mayor  Busse  is  using  them 
to  prevent  the  further  posting  of  bills  and 
the  littering  of  the  streets  of  Chicago.  His 
Street-Cleaning  Conunissioner  has  had  loo,- 
ooo  "  Keep  the  City  Clean  *'  signs  printed, 
reading  as  follows: 


POST  NO  BILLS! 
don't  sweep  dirt  into  street, 
don't  spit  on  the  sidewalk. 

don't  litter  the  streets. 
Police  will  enforce  the  above, 

Fred  A.  Busse^  Mayor. 


This  may  be  "  fighting  the  devil  with 
fire,"  but  I  fear  it  will  be  used  as  an  argu- 
ment for  the  use  of  billboards. 

These  precedents,  however,  have  been  off- 
set by  the  peremptory  refusal  of  Boston's 
Mayor  to  use  the  free  billboards  placed  at 
his  disposal  to  advertise  the  greatness  of  Bos- 
ton and  by  the  United  States  Navy's  aban- 
donment of  billboards  for  recruiting. 

losing  value  as  an  advertising  medium. 

Moreover,  the  poster  has  received  a  black 
eye  in  Butte,  Mont.,  where  it  was  resorted  to 
as  the  only  available  means  of  advertising 
during  a  printers'  strike  which  for  two 
montli^  practically  put  newspapers  out  of 
business  in  that  busy  mining  town.  The  peo- 
ple got  their  news  through  outside  papers, 
but  these  did  not  avail  the  local  merchants, 
and  they  had  recourse  to  dodgers,  circulars, 
and  more  particularly  to  posters.  The  re- 
sults were  poor,  according  to  a  correspondent 
of  the  New  York  Times.  It  is  a  fact, 
vouched  for  by  the  highest  authorities,  that 


in  many  instances  the  mercantile  business  has 
fallen  off  20  per  cent.,  and  cases  are  not  rare 
where  the  decline  in  volume  has  been  as  high 
as  50  per  cent.  The  merchants  ascribe  this 
unsatisfactory  state  of  affairs  solely  to  the 
fact  that  there  were  no  newspapers  in  which 
to  advertise.  Even  the  theaters,  which  de- 
pend largely  on  billboards,  posters,  and  dodg- 
ers circulated  from  house  to  house,  report 
that  their  business  has  been  decreased  fully 
50  per  cent. 

THE    LEGISLATIVE   CAMPAIGN. 

The  billboard  is  certainly  not  gaining  in 
popularity.  The  revolt  against  the  objec- 
tionable use  of  billboards  is  spreading  day 
by  day.  They  are  being  attacked  in  various 
ways,  as  we  have  seen,  and  the  lawmaking 
and  taxing  powers  are  being  resorted  to  to 
control  and,  if  possible,  eliminate  them.  A 
goodly  number  of  bills  were  introduced  kt 
the  recent  sessions  of  the  State  legislature 
along  the  lines  suggested  by  the  American 
Civic  Association  to  give  the  local  authorities 
power  to  license  and  tax  them.  They  wete 
all  defeated  because  the  billboard  people  were 
for  the  time  being  stronger  and  better  or- 
ganized, but  the  people  who  are  the  real  op- 
ponents of  the  billboard  are  only  awakening 
to  their  responsibilities  in  the  premises. 
When  they  appreciate  the  situation  the  bills 
will  be  passed  as  speedily  as  the  Burton 
Niagara  bill  went  through  0)ngress.  The 
billboard  lobby  will  go  down  before  the 
masses  of  the  American  people  who  believe 
in  keeping  our  cities  and  our  countryside 
clear  of  obnoxious  signs.  Thus  far  they 
have  given  the  matter  but  little  thought. 
Now  they  are  seeing  how  impudent  and  all 
pervasive  the  billposter  has  become,  and  how 
seriously  his  practices  militate  against  the 
city  beautiful  and  "  the  more  beautiful 
America,"  which  are  the  dreams  of  an  in- 
creasing number  of  Americans,  and  they  are 
forming  in  companies  and  regiments  and  bat- 
talions to  march  forward  against  the  enemies. 

The  American  Civic  Association,  at  its 
last  annual  meeting,  declared  that  the  next 
great  war  which  improvement  workers 
would  have  to  wage  would  be  that  against 
the  billboard,  because,  to  quote  the  Massa- 
chusetts Civic  League's  report  once  more, 
'*  In  many  communities  the  abuse  of  the  bill- 
board is  directly  in  opposition  to  all  organ- 
ized movements  for  dvic  betterment  As  a 
result,  its  restraint  is  fast  becoming  the  most 
pressing  question  with  all  local  «* 
organizations." 


LEADING   ARTICLES   OF  THE   MONTH. 


TENDENCIES  OF  AMERICAN  RAILROAD  DEVELOPMENT. 


f^NJOYING  to-day  the  greatest  railroad 
mileage  in  the  world,  it  is  interesting  to 
note  the  fact  that  there  are  at  least  five  criti- 
cal periods  in  the  history  of  railroad  construc- 
tion in  this  country.  These  may  be  desig- 
nated the  periods  of  (i)  State  aid,  (2)  Na- 
tional aid,  (3)  Granger  hostility,  (4) 
national  restriction,  and  (5)  general  State 
hostility.  Distinct  from  the  relations  of  rail- 
road and  Government,  however,  there  are 
four  interior  phases  of  development:  First, 
the  tendency  to  build  north,  south,  east  and 
west,  wisely  and  unwisely;  second,  the 
wreckers,  headed  by  Jay  Gould  and  Jim 
Fisk;  third,  the  era  of  reorganizations  and 
consolidations;  and,  fourth,  the  growth  of 
commercial  giants,  knowing  no  law,  or  rather 
knowing  far  more  law  than  their  antagonists, 
who  were  one  by  one  demolished. 

In  the  August  Atlantic  Monthly  Mr.  Ray 
Morris  discusses  these  several  tendencies 
with  marked  abilit)'  and  exceeding  interest. 
The  effect  of  the  mileage  built,  says  he,  was 
wholly  good ;  so  were  the  reorganizations  and 
consolidations  good,  but  not  wholly  good,  be- 
cause of  their  tendency  to  burden  capital  ac- 
counts >Cith  water.  The  wrecking  period 
has  passed  away.  The  Cincinnati,  Hamilton 
&  Dayton  and  the  Chicago  &  Alton  are  the 
most  prominent  examples  in  a  decade,  yet 
neither  is  comparable  with  abuses  of  trust 
quite  common  a  generation  ago.  The  dis- 
trust of  railroad  corporations  is  one  of  the 
great  controlling  factors  in  the  tendencies 
of  railroad  development  to-day,  and  it  has 
principally  centered  about  the  modern  ten- 
dency of  corporate  selfishness.  In  the  im- 
proper use  of  corporate  funds  in  the  "  blind- 
pool  "  school  of  finance,  through  tremendous 
earnings  and  great  accumulations,  the  public 
has  been  given  evidence  of  culpability;  for 
instance:  Mr.  E.  H.  Harriman  and  the 
Union  Pacific's  fifty  millions. 

The  tendencies  which  stand  out  promi- 
nently in  1907,  he  declares,  are  an  immense 
and  increasing  traffic;  a  universally  wide- 
spread prosperity,  handicapped,  however,  by 
a  difficulty  in  securing  needed  capital  and  by 


an  increasing  cost  of  commodities  and  labor; 
also,  the  railroads  serving  as  a  target  for  con- 
stant hostile  or  restrictive  legislation  for  al- 
most every  State  and  for  the  President  of 
the  United  States.  The  Northwest  needs 
railroad  extension  as  no  other  section.  Yet 
the  courts  of  Minnesota  have  blocked  the 
Great  Northern  in  an  effort  to  issue  $60,- 
000,000  of  new  stock.  This  distrust  of  cor- 
porations has  caught  the  railroads  between 
two  lines  of  fire,  the  demands  for  new  facil- 
ities being  heightened  by  the  assaults  upon 
earnings  and   attempted  capital  limitations. 

EFFECT  OF    LEGISLATION. 

Roosevelt  legislation,  while  more  drastic 
than  that  of  1887,  seems  to  have  its  most 
significant  effect  in  furnishing  an  incentive 
for  State  action.  This  latter  finds  expression' 
through  direct  legislation;  reducing  rates; 
delegation  of  powers  to  commissions,  and 
taxation.  Density  of  population, — the  real 
factor  in  determining  passenger  rates, — has 
not  been  regarded  by  the  rate-reducing 
States,  to  the  consequent  hardship  of  the  rail- 
roads. That  commission  legislation  b  less 
radical  than  that  of  the  State  legislatures,  he 
says,  may  be  accepted  as  an  established  prin- 
ciple. The  attempts  in  various  States  to 
enact  a  reciprocal  demurrage  law, — penal- 
izing the  railroad  for  failure  to  deliver  cars 
on  order  and  the  shipper  for  wrongful 
detention, — are  false  in  principle.  "  If 
Georgia,"  says  he,  "  should  establish  a  redp- 
rocal  demurrage  law,  South  Carolina,  Flor- 
ida, and  Alabama  would  immediately  be 
drained  of  equipment  in  times  of  car  dwrt- 
age.  Thereupon,  South  Carolina,  Florida, 
and  Alabama  might  naturally  be  expected  to 
retaliate  with  worse  laws  than  their  neigh- 
bors,— and  so  the  process  would  move,  at 
first  slowly,  then  like  a  legislative  race  for 
the  rapidly  advancing  goal  of  the  highest 
penalty !  "  Through  enabling  the  shipper  to 
order  .as  many  cars  as  he  pleases,  the  oppor- 
tunity for  extortion  is  unapproached. 

The  proposal  to  obtain  a  physical  valua- 
tion of  railroad  property  as  a  basis  for  taxa- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


349 


tion  is  not  new;  but  to  do  so  as  a  basis  for 
rate  regulation  and  the  limitation  of  new 
capital  has  been  introduced  by  the  President. 
The  valuations  are  meaningless,  and  the  is- 
sues have  nothing  in  common.  "  The  value 
of  a  railroad,  viewed  as  a  single  asset,  is  its 
earning  power  capitalized,  and  nothing  else 
whatever.  Reduplicate  the  main  lines  of  the 
New  York,  New  Haven  &  Hartford  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  you  will  certainly 
double  their  so-called  physical  value  if  you 
measure  that  value  by  cost  of  construction. 
Against  the  tremendous  aisset  representing  the 
physical  cost  place  an  equal  amount  of  liabili- 
ties representing  securities  sold  to  pay  the  bill, 
and  you  will  have  a  perfect  balance-sheet; 
also  a  company  that  cannot  possibly  remain 
solvent,  for^  the  earnings  in  the  mountain 
country  will  be  as  much  smaller  as  they  are 
in  New  England  as  the  construction  cost  will 
be  greater!  Yet  this  reductio  ad  absurdum 
is  the  valuation  plan  in  a  nutshell !  " 

Earnings  are  the  only  test  for  considera- 
tion of  either  capital  issues  or  for  purposes 
of  taxation.  Rates  are  not  based  on  capital- 
ization, but  on  conditions  wholly  beyond  the 
railroad's  control  and  independent  of  its  fixed 
charges  and  desire  to  pay  dividends.  The 
present  season  of  legislative  silliness  and  vin- 


dictiveness  will  run  its  course,  and  the  moral 
turpitude  of  railway  management  will  be  re- 
placed by  a  better  sense  of  trusteeship;  a 
widespread  public  sentiment -will  see  to  this 
transition. 

Railroads  are  now  reaching  out  for  the 
Pacific  Coast.  The  Canadian  Northern  is 
probing  the  Hudson  Bay  territory.  These 
are  new  tendencies  in  physical  development. 
In  the  central  part  of  the  country  trunk 
lines  north  and  south  are  being  built.  East 
of  the  Mississippi  transportation  phenomena 
divide  into  two  groups, — the  trunk  lines  and 
the  southern  roads.  Many  of  these  are  being 
rebuilt  and  regraded.  The  characteristic 
railroad  of  the  South  is  a  heterogeneous  col- 
lection of  minor  lines.  In  Georgia  fifty-four 
independent  lines  are  maintained.  All  the 
principal  systems  are  amalgamations  and  de- 
serve credit  for  their  present  physical  and 
financial  condition.  There  is  practically  no 
double-track  mileage  west  of  the  Mississippi, 
and  only  22  per  cent,  of  our  mileage  equipped 
with  block  signals.  These  are  tasks  for  the 
next  generation.  "  A  few  years  of  care- 
fully applied  corporate  good  manners,"  says 
he,  '*  extending  from  the  president  right 
through  to  the  station  agent,  will  do  much  to 
smooth  over  the  sources  of  popular  clamor." 


ARE  THE  SMALL  NATIONS  DOOMED  TO  EXTINCTION? 


A  MONG  the  most  important  and  inter- 
esting topics  now  under  discussion  in 
England  and  at  the  European  capitals  is 
that  dealing  with  the  political  and  commer- 
cial future  of  the  smaller  nations,  such  as 
Belgium,  Denmark,  Italy,  and  Portugal, — 
small  when  compared  with  such  tremendous 
political  and  commercial  aggregations  as  are 
represented  by  the  United  States,  the  Brit- 
ish Empire,  France,  Germany,  Austro-Hun- 
gary,  Russia,  and*  Japan. 

Under  the  ominous  heading:  "Are  the 
Small  Nations  Doomed  to  Extinction?"  an 
article  in  the  current  Westminster  Review 
by  the  eminent  Swedish  economist,  Erik 
Givskov,  deals  exhaustively  with  the  gen- 
eral subject.  The  writer  thus  outlines  his 
views  of  existing  conditions  and  the  reasons 
for  a  possible,  if  not  altogether  probable, 
absorption  of  the  smaller  by  the  greater, 
taking  the  present  trend  among  big  nations 
to  expand  as  a  basis  for  his  surmise : 

It  is  conunonly  held  that  in  the  ever-increasing 
struggle  for  life  among  the  nations  the  small  na- 


tions have  had  their  day,  and,  sooner  or  later, 
will  be  absorbed  by  one  or  another  of  the  great 
powers.  Whether  true  or  not,  such  a  belief  is 
not  without  its  appar«>nt  foundation  in  historical 
facts.  One  the  one  hand,  the  enormous  ex- 
pansion of  countries  so  different  in  nearly  every 
respect  as  the  United  States  and  Russia  would 
seem  to  corroborate  the  notion  that  the  future 
belongs  to  the  giant  state,  while  in  all  the 
great  countries  of  Europe  the  tendency  toward 
expansion  is  more  or  less  markedly  expressed. 
Almost  within  memory  of  the  present  generation 
we  have  seen  in  Italy  and  Germany  a  great 
ii umber  of  small  states  welded  into  one  great 
political  unity,  and  yet  the  tendency  toward  ex- 
pansion in  these  countries  is  as  strong  as  ever. 
On  the  other  hand,  in  less  than  a  century  we 
have  seen  countries  such  as  Poland,  Finland, 
and  the  Boer  republics,  not  to  speak  of  numerous 
semi-civilized  states  in  Africa  and  Asia,  ab- 
sorbed by  mightier  powers. 

The  causes  leading  up  to  this  thirst  or 
appetite  on  the  part  of  some  of  the  giants 
for  more  territory  arc  several,  according  to 
this  writer's  observations  and  judgment. 

Primarily,    wherever    frontier    lines    separate  ^ 
men  of  the  same  race,  speaking  the  same  lan- 
guage, a  strong  impulse  to  obliterate  the  line  of 


350 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^/EU^  OF  REyiEW^S. 


demarkation  and  to  unite  in  one  powerful  body 
the  separate  branches  of  the  same  trunk  will  al- 
ways exist.  It  is  this  national  spirit  which  led 
to  the  unification  of  Italy  and  Germany,  and 
which  will  not  be  satisfied  till  all  the  people 
speaking  the  same  tongue  have  joined  together 
into  one  body  politic.  Such  national  aspirations 
may  long  remain  unrealized,  but  they  constitute 
a  mighty  force  in  the  making  of  history,  and  the 
peoples  who  uphold  the  national  idea  will  almost 
certainly  in  the  end  succeed  in  realizing  it. 

Professor  Givskov  credits  existing  condi- 
tions to,  among  other  things,  the  introduction, 
under  the  conditions  set  up  by  land  monop- 
oly, of  steam  as  a  motive  power.  He  points 
out,  in  his  argument,  that  the  general  use  of 
the  threshing  machine  and  other  labor-saving 
machinery  deprived  the  agricultural  laborers 
of  their  means  of  livelihood  during  the  win- 
ter. The  writer,  in  this  connection,  draws 
attention  to  the  immense  increase  in  the  in- 
dustrial output  of  the  factories  brought  about 
by  the  use  of  these  modem  appliances.  This 
movement  forced  the  abandonment  by  agri- 
cultural laborers  of  their  natural  and  chosen 
work  and  .finally  brought  them  to  the  fac- 
tories for  employment.  Looking  at  the 
other  side  of  the  picture,  Professor  Givskov 
remarks : 

If  we  look  round  the  world  it  will  be  seen  at 
once  that  an  overwhelming  majority  of  the  civ- 
ilized states  must  be  counted  amon^  the  numer- 
ically weak  nations;  and, — what  is  of  impor- 
tance in  this  connection, — many  of  them  are  of 
recent  origin.  If  we, — rather  arbitrarily,  it  must 
be  admitted, — ^put  the  number  of  independent  or 
semi-dependent  civilized  nations  of  the  world  at 
sixty,  it  will  be  seen  upjon  examination  that  only 
thirteen,  viz.,  Great  Britain,  France,  Spain,  Ger- 


many, Austria-Hungary,  Italy.  Russia,  JapaA, 
China,  India,  United  States,  Mexico,  and  Brazil, 
— or  about  20  per  cent,  of  the  entire  number,— 
have  a  population  exceeding  10,000,000,  while  no 
less  than  twenty-six,  or  nearly  40  per  cent.,  viz., 
the  Balkan  states  and  all  the  South-American 
republics,  have  obtained  independence  during  the 
last  century.  These  facts  do  not  agree  with  the 
common  belief  in  the  disappearance  of  the  small 
n&tions.  On  the  contrary,  they  indicate  a  strong 
tendency  toward  the  splitting  up  of  mighty  em- 
pires into  small  states,  the  size  of  which  may  be 
decided  by  racial  or  geographical  conditions,  bat 
which  will  eventually  be  determined  by  the  same 
causes  that  tend  toward  concentration.  For  the 
policy  which  impels  great  nations  to  seek  terri- 
torial expansion  to  obtain  new  'markets  also  leads 
them  to  close  the  home  market  against  all  for- 
eign products  by  protective  duties. 

The  wrftcr,  in  reviewing  world  conditions 
of  to-day,  along  this  special  line  of  investiga- 
tion, sees,  looming,  up  largely,  ihe  dismem- 
berment of  the  Russian  Empire,  the  break- 
ing up  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  the  further  un- 
settling of  the  British  Empire  in  the  E^, 
and  other  epoch-making  events.  Manchuria, 
he  believes,  will  eventually  be  wrested  from 
Japan  and  again  become  Chinese  territory. 
In  Austro-Hungarian  affairs  the  disintegra- 
tion of  the  Austrian  Empire  is  deemed  most 
likely  to  come  with  the  demise  of  Francis 
Joseph.  Professor  Givskov  has  this  to  siy 
in  his  review  of  conditions  in  the  United 
States :  "  There  are  plenty  of  indications  that 
the  United  States  will  not  be  exempt  ixom  the 
disease,  common  to  all  world  empires,  and 
that  some  day  it  will  break  up  into  smaller 
but  more  homogeneous  communities  unless 
means  to  cure  the  disease  be  found  in  time." 


A  NEW  GERMAN  ESTIMATE  OF  THE  AMERICAN 

PEOPLE. 


^^T^HE  future  lies  bright  before  the 
American  people;  luminous  not 
with  the  glow  of  mysticism,  which  lightens 
only  in  the  soul  of  a  longing  people,  but 
with  the  glory  of  an  excelsior,  that  strikes 
sparks  from  the  will  of  a  creative  people; 
bright  with  the  rays  of  electric  light  that 
from  the  hands  of  the  goddess  in  the  harbor 
of  New  York  spreads  out  upon  the  on-rush- 
ing ocean." 

With  this  complimentary  paragraph  Ar- 
thur Moeller  van  den  Bruck  begins  an  ar- 
ticle in  a  recent  issue  of  the  German  review 
Zeitgenonen.  Comparing  the  people  of  the 
United  States  with  their  original  English 
forebears,  Hcrr  van  den  Bruck  declares  that 
they  have  surpassed  their  nearest  kin. 


America,  in  its  relation  toward  a  country  of 
England's  civilization,  is  like  Sparta  to  Cormth, 
or  Rome  to  Carthage.  Sparta  could  not  hinder 
the  fate  of  Greece,  because  she  stood  alone,  and 
Athenian  culture  was  already  too  high  to  ab- 
sorb Spartan  ethics.  But  in  Rome  every  indi- 
vidual stood  for  the  whole  community,  and  as 
there  every  Roman  was  first  of  all  a  Roman,  so 
in  America  every  American  is  first  of  all  an 
American, — 1.  e.,  a  riian  with  the  consciousness 
that  the  one  thing  needful  is  not  to  communi- 
cate and  to  perpetuate  the  vices  of  a  race,  but 
the  virtues.  These  virtues  are  so  great,  so  pow- 
erful, so  far  reaching,  that  they  have  already 
made  of  America  at  leiist  a  country  of  ethical 
beauty.  This,  too,  may  be  called  only  ethical 
civilization,  but  at  any  rate  it  differs  from  a 
merely  economic  state  of  society,  of  which  Eng- 
land IS  the  example,  as  culture  differs  from  civ- 
ilization. So,  after  all,  it  is  best  to  give  America 
ciiedit  with  having  what  it  really  possesses  and 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH, 


351 


what  makes  its  importance, — an  ethical  culture. 
It  is  splendid  to  see  how  American  life,  which 
forced  European  outcasts  upon  the  prairie  and 
the  aboriginal  forest,  has  hardened  mto  an  in- 
exorable morality,  which  now  binds  the  life  of 
the  nation, — ^the  family,  the  judicial,  the  political 
life, — until  it  is  unassailable. 

As  to  the  political  and  economic  corrup- 
tion which,  he  admits,  is  unfortunately  rife 
in  our  land,  this  German  writer  says: 

The  Puritan  elements  which  the  country  taught 
to  work,  not  only  to  pray,  were  joined  in  its 
making  by  criminal  elements,  which  somehow 
had  to  express  themselves  criminally.  But  in  the 
essential,  the  central,  not  the  peripheric,  energy 
of  the  nation,  in  the  typical  character  of  the  race 
thus  evolved,  they  reverted  to  the  contrary;  and 
in  the  will  of  its  spiritual  leaders  America  has 
become  the  country  of  a  government  based  upon 
the  acceptance  of  freely  accepted  but  firmly  bmd- 
ing  laws,  rooted  in  the  conviction  of  the  worth 
and  weight  of  human  dignity  and  mutual  consoli- 
dation, and  ending  in  a  vitally  moral  philosophy, 
although  not  the  prudishly  moral  of  England. 
So  much  is  certain :  if  the  American  nation^  can 
give  mankind  any  great  value,  it  will  be  a  new, 
a  modem  justice,  bom  out  of  the  Roman  essence 
of  American  righteousness, — such  justice  as  we 
need  and  niust  have  to  restore  order  to  our  life, 
not  according  to  dead  moralistic  formulas,  but 
according  to  living  human  ideas,  and  at  last 
make  our  conceptions  of  power  and  evolution,  of 
will  and  fate,  applicable  to  reality  This  task 
alone  would  give  the  American  nation  a  world- 
commanding  position  in  the  world's  history. 

But  it  has  already  taken  a  step  beyond  it, 
concludes  Herr  van  den  Bruck,  the  step 
from  ethical  to  a^thetlcal  culture.  It  has 
ro  original  music,  for  that  is  known  to  be 
limited  to  the  primitive  melody  of  negro 
songs.  It  has  not  evolved  original  painting, 
for  it  remained  dependent  upon  England  and 
France.  But  it  has  developed  an  original, 
an  American,  literature:  its  philosophy  has 
been  cr3rstaUized  in  words,  in  parables: 

Even  with  Poe,  that  poetic  cross  between  the 
new  and    the   old    world,    traditional    romantic 


spirit  gave  birth  to  one  fundamentally  Ameri- 
can. Then  came  Whitman,  America's  greatest 
promise,  a  phenomenon  such  as  Rome  never  had 
and  only  ureece  possessed.  At  once  it  became 
evident  that  the  American  national  soil  also  con- 
tained metaphysical  forces;  moreover,  that  it 
was  possible  with  that  same  mysterious  energy 
which  had  forced  American  soil  to  yield  a  new 
civilization  to  wring  from  it  not  only  meta- 
physical, but  also  aesthetical,  forces.  Walt 
Whitman  himself,  the  marvelous  old  man,  that 
intellectual  giant,  that  infinite  brain,  thinking,  re- 
volving eternities  and  evolving  creations,  and 
yet  feeling  at  one  with  the  smallest  and  the 
most  human  expressions  of  life,  he  in  whose 
shadow  many  generations  can  live  and  work: 
Walt  Whitman  himself  stood  there,  as  the  poet 
of  applied  monism,  as  the  father  of  a  new  m)r- 
thology,  of  reality,  as  the  seer  of  an  inner  Ameri- 
canism. Up  to  this  day  he  stands  alone;  no 
other  has  joined  him;  this  only  shows  how  far- 
reaching  were  his  gifts ;  so  far,  that  for  decades, 
and  perhaps  centuries,  they  will  suffice  for  the 
American  people,  and  it  will  be  unable  to  do 
anything  more  than  to  absorb  the  spirit  revealed 
by  him  and  instill  it  into  the  life  from  which  it 
originally  emanated.  The  American  nation  is  a 
scnous  and  a  sensible  nation;  it  knows  naught 
but  its  energy  and  the  aims  of  its  energy;  it  is 
the  incarnate  conquest  of  all  that  is  problematic: 
therefore  it  will  not  scatter  its  forces  in  many 
pc-ets,  but  if  it  produces  some,  it  will  have  room 
only  for  such  as  give  it  what  is  absolutely  need- 
ful, while  all  others  it  will  consider  as  idlers. 

Guided  by  this  seriousness  and  good  sense, 
recent  American  literature  has  endeavored 
rather  to  give  the  world  a  logical  and  con- 
crete expression  of  its  Americanism, — whether 
it  be  formulated  as  a  view  of  life  or  a  philosophy 
of  the  world, — than  to  surrender  i:  to  fanciful 
and  abstract  reproductions.  But  no  more  than 
a  nation  that  has  produced  a  Dostoyswsky  and  a 
Tolstoy  can  ever  forfeit  its  national  existence, 
can  a  nation  that  has  produced  a  Whitman  stifle 
the  voice  once  heard  into  eternal  silence.  With 
Walt  Whitman  the  proof  had  been  brought  that 
in  the  American  nation,  as  it  has  developed  into 
a  race,  art  exists,  new  and  great,  wild  and  im- 
mortal art, — and  that  was  enough.  When  the 
moment  comes  for  the  American  people  to  need 
new  works,  this  art  will  once  more  become  cre- 
ative. 


y 


WHY  RUSSIA  LAGS  BEHIND. 


pROF.  IVAN  OZEROV,  writing  in  one 
^  of  the  recent  issues  of  the  Moscow 
dafly  Russkoye  Slovo  (the  Russian  Word) 
gives  an  interesting  sketch,  strengthened  by 
statistical  data,  of  the  backward  position 
Russia  holds  in  the  family  of  nations  from  an 
economic  point  of  view.  "  We  have  to  con- 
fess openly,"  says  the  professor,  "  that  we 
work  but  little  and  learn  little.  This  is  the 
reason  why  in  all  domains  of  activity  the 
foreigners  are  always  ahead  of  us.  They 
also  get  the  best  of  us  even  in  our  own  mar- 


kets.'* He  justifies  the  accusation  made 
against  the  higher  bureaucracy  of  doing  very 
little  work,  but  thinks  that  this  is  a  defect  in- 
herent in  all  Russians.    He  goes  on  to  say: 

For  a  long  time  we  were  deprived  of  the  high- 
es:  enjoyment, — the  satisfaction  of  creating  some- 
thing. We  have  now  set  to  work;  but  at  the 
beginning  the  work  is  rather  hard  and  does  not 
sptisfy  us.  IJke  the  r.rtist  who  in  his  early 
career  can  accomplish  but  little  for  lack  of  tech- 
nical skill,  and  who  bf^omes  dissatisfied  with 
the  results  of  his  work  and  often  ready  to  give 
it  up,  so  our  earlv  oeriod  of  learning  is  full  of 


m 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REyiE]VS. 


disappointments.  Much  work  and  will-power 
are  necessary  to  go  through  all  these  trials  and 
obstacles,  and  this  faculty,  according  to  Balzac, 
distinguishes  the  genius  from  the  ordinary  mor- 
tal. 

Russian  society,  the  professor  asserts,  has 
not  been  noted,  of  late,  for  the  necessary  en- 
durance and  skill  to  work  methodically.  This 
society  would  like  to  reap  without  sowing, 
to  paint  great  pictures  without  the  necessary 
studies  *n  art.  Therefore  the  productions 
of  Russians  bear  tlie  stamp  of  incomplete- 
ness. "  It  IS  essential  first  to  acquire  the 
technique  of  creative  power,  to  raise  the 
standard  of  the  lower  and  higher  schools, 
and  to  educate  a  new  generation  with  diflPer- 
ent  habits  and  manners,  with  a  great  thirst 
for  knowledge  and  for  practical  work. 

Just  see  how  they  work  in  the  United  States! 
What  energy  they  develop  there !  What  schools 
they  have  established,  and  what  a  new  type  of 
man  they  have  created  on  the  other  side  of  the 
ocean !  How  much  they  spend  on  education,  and 
how  well  the  citizens  understand  the  necessity 
for  it!  One  Rockefeller  has  lately  donated  at 
once  $32,000,000  for  educational  purposes,  and 
during  his  lifetime  he  has  spent  for  the  same 
purposes  up  to  $150,000,000,  which  is  300,000,000 
ri:bles.  Besides,  the  United  States  is  free  from 
militarism :  that  cancer,  which  is  eating  away 
Europe. 

The  professor  refers  to  his  preceding  atic'.e', 
in  which  he  had  already  shown  how  little 
energy  the  United  States  army  withdraws 
from  productive  work,  and  is  surprised  to 
find  how  insignificant  is  the  national  debt  of 
the  United  States  compared  with  that  of 
other  countries.  In  general,  he  states,  the 
condition  of  the  United  States  can  be  fairly 
described  as  follows: 

The  national  debt  is  3  per  cent,  of  the  total 
debt  of  the  world,  the  population  4.8  per  cent., 
the  navy  9  per  cent.,  the  returns  of  work  20  per 
cent.,  the  national  wealth  25  per  cent.,  the  pro- 
duction of  gold  25  per  cent.,  the  wheat  crop  25 
per  cent,  steam  power  (in  horsepowers)  26  per 
cent.,  deposits  in  savings  banks  36  per  cent.,  pro- 
duction of  cast  iron  37.5  per  cent.,  dry  goods  37.6 
per  cent.,  meat  products  38  per  cent.,  coal  40  per 
cent.,  steel  40  per  cent.,  railroads  40  per  cent., 
expenditures  for  public  education  40  per  cent., 
petroleum  50  per  cent.,  copper  60  per  cent.,  life 
insurance  67  per  cent.,  cotton  crop  78  per  cent. 
From  this  it  is  evident  that  only  3  per  cent,  of 
the  universal  debt  of  the  world  is  owed  by  the 
United  States,  while  it  possesses  25  per  cent,  of 
the  total  wealth;  that  means  a  quarter  of  the 
wealth  of  the  whole  world.  Thirty-six  per  cent, 
of  the  productive  power  of  the  world  works  for 
them.  For  public  education  they  spend  two- 
fifths  of  the  total  expcmditure  on  education  of 
the  entire  globe. 

It  may  be,  says  Dr.  Ozerov  further,  that 
these  figures  are  somewhat  exaggerated  in 


favor  of  the  United  States,  but  "  it  is  dear 
that  the  country  is  progressing  marvelously. 
and  this,  thanks  to  the  spirit  of  energy  and 
initiative  which  is  cultivated  there." 

In  the  United  States  they  work  upon  the  de- 
velopment of  man  and  understand  that  every- 
thing is  in  him,  and  that  only  he,  the  man,  can 
call  out  to  life  the  resources  of  wealth.  Man  is 
transformed  into  a  magician  who  accomplishes 
wonders. 

If  we  put  Russia, — ^which  is  large  in 
area,  with  a  population  double  of  that  of  the 
United  States, — side  by  side  with  this  colos- 
sal wonderland,  what,  he  exclaims,  an  in- 
significant role  does  Russia  play  in  the  eco- 
nomic circulation,  not  only  as  compared  with 
America,  but  also  as  compared  with  other 
countries !  Ozerov  then  takes  up  the  balance 
of  trade  (the  figures  are  for  a  few  years 
past),  and  finds  that  England  has  done  busi- 
ness for  £877,000,000,  Germany  for  £517,- 
000,000,  the  United  States  for  £459,000,000, 
France  £455,000,000,  Austria  £145,000,000, 
Russia  £135,000,600,  and  Italy  £128,000,- 
000.  Russia's  part  in  the  world's  trade  is 
only  5  per  cent.  "  All  the  other  countries 
are  progressing  remarkably,  but  Russia  re- 
mains immovable." 

We  are  inclined  to  boast  about  some  branches 
of  our  industries, — 1.  e.,  coal  and  cotton  goods, — 
but  when  we  put  our  industries  side  by  side  with 
the  industries  of  the  world  we  see  clearly  how 
humble .  a  position  Russia  holds  even  on  these 
lines.  Her  coal  production  was  12,800,000  tons 
out  of  723,617.830  tons  of  the  coal  production  of 
the  whole  world.  The  United  States  is  coming 
in  with  228,717,579  tons  Do  we  not  possess 
wealth?  We  are  wealthy,  very  wealthy,  but  we 
sleep,  and  our  wealth  sleeps  in  the  bosom  of  the 
earth.  We  do  not  need  to  mention  our  navy 
here!  Russia  will  have  to  make  all  efforts  to 
create  a  new  navy.  How  far  back  we  are  in  the 
construction  of  railroads,  telegraphs,  and  other 
roads  and  ways  of  communication!  But  while 
wr  produce  little  our  public  debt  grows  and 
grows  and,  what  is  still  worse,  its  greater  part 
we  owe  to  foreigners.  To  pay  the  interest  of 
our  debts  we  have  to  sell  our  last  crumbs  and 
send  the  amount  abroad.  A  hard  position  in- 
deed! 

At  the  conclusion  the  professor  states  that 
Russia  must  be  enriched  by  capital,  and  if 
its  own  capital  is  not  sufficient  foreign  cap- 
ital must  be  invited.  Russia  must  not  fear 
to  grant  concessions  for  the  equipment  of 
the  country  with  railroads.  The  engage- 
ment of  foreign  capital  will  raise  the  pro- 
ductive power  of  the  country.  Some  of  the 
industrial  groups  of  Russia  may  not  like  the 
competition,  but  the  interests  of  the  country 
should  be  placed  above  those  of  any  indi- 
vidual. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


358 


THE   GERMAN-AMERICAN    REPUBLIC  THAT  FAILED. 


TPHE  great  "  War  of  Liberation  **  against 
the  victorious  and  usurping  Napoleon 
aroused  a  splendid  outburst  of  nationalism 
and  patriotism  which  lay  dormant  in  the 
German  people.  High  hopes  that  this  newly 
awakened  spirit  w^ould  be  broadened  and 
maintained  were  cherished  by  the  choicer 
elements  of  the  German  nation,  but  all  such 
hopes  received  their  deathblow  when,  after 
the  struggle,  the  different  German  govern- 
ments entered  upon  a  course  of  ruthless  re- 
pression and  reaction.  Despairing  of  any 
chances  of  betterment  at  home,  radical  spirits 
conceived  the  idea  of  founding  a  state  in 
North  America.  Herman  Haupt,  writing  in 
the  Deutsche  Revue,  gives  a  highly  interest- 
ing account  of  this  project,  and  of  the  cir- 
cumstances that  led  to  its  conception,  based 
upon  hitherto  unpublished  documents. 

In  1 814  the  opposition  between  Austria 
and  Prussia  had  become  so  acute  that  a  war 
seemed  imminent;  the  German  societies  ma- 
tured a  plan  to  found  a  great  secret  union 
which  should  ramify  throughout  Germany, 
and  whose  v%-atchword  should  be  the  unify- 
ing of  Germany  under  the  guidance  of 
Prussia. 

Directly  upon  the  organization  of  the  union,  its 
leader,  Counselor  Karl  Hoffman,  entered  into  re- 
lations with   Prince  Hardenberg,  who  fully  ap- 
proved his  views  and  eagerly  furthered  his  ef- 
forts.   The  unfortunate  turn  of  Prussian  poli- 
tics after  the  conclusion  of  the  Holy  Alliance 
put  a  sudden  end,  however,  to  the  Chancellor's 
intimate  connection  with  the  secret  union.     But 
when  the  order  for  its  disbandment  was  issued 
at  Berlin,  it  was  found  that  the  spirits  which  had 
been   evoked    to   strengthen    Prussia's   position, 
could  not  so  easily  be  exorcised.     At  the  moment 
when  Prussia   seemed  to  renounce  its  national 
task  and  constitutionalism  as  well,  we  find  most 
of  the  members  of  the  union  turning  with  pas- 
5iic'nate  bitterness  to  radical   democracy,  whose 
germs  had  been  imbibed  from  the  French  Revo- 
lution.  Opposition  to  the  newly  created  political 
conditions  in  Germany  assumed  its  sharpest  form 
among  the  "  Blacks  "  of  Giessen,  who  joined  the 
f'thcr  radical  groups.     The  Pollen  brothers,  its 
leaders,  in  their  **  Outlines   for  a   Future  Con- 
stitution of  the   Empire,"   disclaimed,  on   prin- 
ciple, all  connection  with  historic  tradition,  look- 
ing to  a  republican  form  of  government  as  the 
only  salvation.     This  was  the  answer  of  ardent 
ycuth  to  the  Acts  of  the  German  Confederation : 
"The  most  ignoble  constitution  which  has  ever 
bten  imposed  by  native  rulers  upon  a  great  civ- 
ilized nation,"  says  Treitschke  m  his  **  History 
♦^f  Germany."      When    in    1819    Kotzebue,    the 
widely  reputed  tool  of  Russia,  was  assassinated 
W  one  of  the  student-body,  Sand,  Karl  Follen 
»d  his  "  Unconditional s  "  confidently  expected 
it  would  be  a  signal  for  a  general,  uprising  of 
^bc  people,  the  fopnding  of  a  German-Christian 


free  state.  Their  disappointment  was  all  the 
keener  on  finding  that  the  masses  were  not 
roused  from  their  apathy.  With  the  muzzling 
of  the  press,  the  suppression  of  academic  free- 
dom, the  persecution  of  the  most  eminent  pa- 
riots  throughout  Germany,  Karl  Follen,  despite 
his  iron  persistence,  was  forced  to  recognize  that 
his  role,  and  that  of  men  of  his  mind,  was  played 
out  in  Germany. 

We  possess  a  remarkable  evidence  of  this 
in  a  memoir  by  Follen,  written  in  18 19, 
found  among  the  papers  of  his  intimate,  Lud- 
wig  Snell,  that  acquaints  us  with  his  plan, 
which  was  the  founding  of  an  ideal  German 
state  in  North  America  by  the  combined 
democrats  of  Germany. 

Since  it  seems  hopeless  to  accomplish  any 
good  at  home,  what  remains  is  to  seek  an  asylum 
of  freedom  in  a  foreign  land,  the  United  States 
being  the  only  one  to  be  considered.  Follen  en- 
tertained the  highest  hopes  of  what  a  German 
educational  institution,  representing  all  branches 
of  knowledge,  might  accomplish.  It  was,  firstly, 
to  serve  as  a  refuge  for  the  politically  perse- 
cuted; furthermore,  to  strengthen  the  German- 
Americans'  love  for  the  German  genius,  lan- 
guage, and  cu<ture.  If,  as  Follen  deemed,  the 
highest  ideal  of  the  American  commonwealth 
was  the  realization  of  liberty  and  equality  in  its 
purest  form,  Germany,  as  the  center  of  modern 
culture,  would  imbue  America  with  that  spirit- 
ual element  which  must  form  the  basis  of  its 
strivings  as  a  great  world-power.  This  contem- 
plated state,  which  was  to  be  represented  in  Con- 
gress, might  indeed  become  a  model  for  the 
fatherland,  an  effective  factor  in  its  liberation. 
A  few  days  after  Follen's  delivery  of  his  me- 
morial to  Snell,  it  was  seized  on  the  occasion  of 
the:  latter's  apprehension.  Karl  Follen,  who  was 
to  be  tried  at  Giessen  for  being  its  author,  fled, 
and,  with  many  other  Hberal-minded  scholars, 
found  refuge  in  Switzerland,  figuring  as  instruc- 
tor of  law  at  the  University  of  Basel  from  1821 
to  1824.  When,  in  the  latter  year,  Austria  and 
Prussia  demanded  his  extradition,  on  account  of 
his  new  political  intrigues,  he  fled  to  the  United 
States,  where  his  brilliant  lectures  on  German 
literature  were  a  powerful  influence  in  familiariz- 
ing American  circles  with  German  science  and 
poesy. 

While  Karl  Follen,.  it  appears,  had  aban- 
doned the  idea  of  an  emigration  en  masse,  it 
was  resumed  by  his  brother  Paul,  in  1833, 
when  the  prospect  of  a  freer  development  in 
Germany  had  again  vanished.  The  common- 
wealth to  be  formed  was  to  **  discard  all  no- 
tions of  caste,  petty  subservience  to  fashion 
pampering  of  self."  The  spot  selected  was 
Arkansas,  then  not  yet  a  State.  The  first 
colony,  500  strong,  under  Paul  Follen's  and 
Miinch's  direction,  which  started  in  1834, 
was  to  be  fortified  yearly  by  other  German 
colonies,  until  they  could  join  the  Union  as  a 
German  free  state.    The  constitution  of  the 


354 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REk^lEWS. 


first  colony  was  fixed  in  advance  to  the 
minutest  detail,  one  of  the  provisions  being 
the  prohibition  of  holding  slaves  on  the  pain 
of  exclusion.  The  project,  conceived  with 
the  highest  ideals,  proved  a  complete  failure, 
owing  to  inadequate  preparation  and  unfor- 
tunate occurrences.  Paul  Follen,  who  parted 
in  displeasure  from  his  countrymen,  saw 
them  scatter  in  all  directions,  and  he  himself 


succumbed  to  a  tropical  fever  on  his  Missouri 
farm,  in  1844.  Frederich  Miinch  strug^cd 
bravely  to  success,  worked  effectively  in  the 
cause  of  abolition,  displaying,  besides,  great 
literary  activity.  One  of  the  most  esteemed 
of  the  old  generation  of  German- Americans, 
he  maintained  to  his  death,  which  occurred 
in  1 88 1,  the  spirit  of  freedom,  the  idealism 
that  animated  his  youth. 


THE   FIRST  SELF-GOVERNING  JEWISH  COMMUNITY  SINCE 
THE  FALL  OF    JERUSALEM. 


IJNDER  this  striking  title  Dr.  David 
Blaustein,  superintendent  of  the  Edu- 
cational Alliance,  designed  to  help  the  in- 
coming Hebrew  immigrant  and  make  a  good 
American  citizen  of  him,  contributes  an  arti- 
cle to  the  September  number  of  the  Circle,  in 
which  he  tells  us  of  the  gratifying  results  so 
far  achieved  by  the  Hebrew  colony  at  Wood- 
bine, N.  J.  This  colony  has  been  in  exist- 
ence as  a  chartered  borough  fon  four  years. 
The  Review,  in  December,  1900,  printed  a 


JEWISH    AGRICULTL'ILKL    WORKERS    AT    WOODBINX. 


descriptive  article  about  this  colony,  but,  as 
Dr.  Blaustein  graphically  indicates,  impor- 
tant things  have  been  done  since  the  publia- 
tion  of  that  article. 

The  most  persistent  misrepresentation  of 
the  modern  Jew,  says  Dr.  Blaustein,  is  the 
statement  that  he  is  a  non-producer,  and  will 
not  work  on  the  land.  In  reality,  "after 
being  penned  in  cities  for  all  these  centuries, 
he  is  making  a  beginning  toward  a  return  to 
the  old  pastoral  life  of  Palestine.  .  .  . 
His  progress  is  steady  and  his  in- 
spiration is  in  the  thought  that  he 
is  merely  taking  up  the  cruelly 
broken  traditions  of  his  race." 

There  are  to-day,  we  are  told, 
five  Jewish  settlements  in  southern 
New  Jersey, — one  of  them  being 
Woodbine, — entirely  self-govern- 
ing. There  are  also  settlements  of 
Jewish  farmers  in  Massachusetts 
and  Connecticut,  as  well  as  the 
beginnings  of  others  in  the  Da- 
kotas,  Michigan  and  Illinois.  In 
Arpin,  Wis.,  a  colony  has  been  or- 
ganized on  the  lines  of  Woodbine, 
embod>'ing  its  principles  and  prof- 
iting by  its  experience.  As  to  the 
histor>'  and  achievements  of  Wood- 
bine, which  is  the  parent  and  t)'pe 
of  them  all.  Dr.  Blau-.^n  >.ii»: 

After  sixteen  years  wr  fuid  it: 
Woodbine  a  comfortabl 
of  about  2500  souls,  s 
with  a  well-ordered  set 
and  regulations,  its  moi 
all  paid  off.  its  public  an 
schools  and  its  library 
the  countr>\-— a  town  el 
modem,  sanitary.  .  . 
only  sixteen  Gentile  s<?tllers. 
howc^•c^.  li\'C  in  peace  :ind  fHcixJft* 
ness  with  their  genuuirty  Jewitli 
neighbors. 

The  settlers  at  Woodbine  are 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH, 


355 


lostly  Russian  Jews, 
1th  some  from  Ga- 
cia  and    Roumania. 

They  came  from  va- 
ous  stations  in  life,  and 
rought  with  them  many 
ifferent  views  on  poli- 
cs  and  religion.  They 
ere  all  one,  however,  in 
leir  desire  to  keep  out 
f  the  large  cities  and  to 
elp  others  to  keep  out. 
iThen  it  was  found  that 
le  soil  would  not  sup- 
Drt  all  the  settlers,  in- 
istries  of  various  kinds 
ere  started,  and  now 
Woodbine  has  nearly 
rerything  that  could  bie 
)und  in  a  representa- 
ve  American  town, 
very  thing  has  grown 
aturally,  and  although 
le  Baron  de  Hirsch 
und  supplied  loans  at 
le  beginning,  these  have 
^en  nearly  all  paid  back. 
iiToodbine  was  founded 
I  1891  by  the  trustees  of  the  Baron  de  Hirsch 
und  in  connection  with  a  committee  of  immi- 
-ants.  Several  little  Jewish  communities  were 
ready  prospering  in  southern  New  Jersey,  or 
;ey  were  at  least  holding  their  own,  so  these 
venty-five  Rus'sian  immigrants  were  minded  to 
»llow  suit.  They  had  5300  acres  of  land  cov- 
ed with  scrub-oak  and  stunted  pine  and  a  great 
ial  of  patient  endurance.  They  had  also  a  good 
iperintendent.  Prof.  H.  L.  Sabsovich,  whose  in- 
ght  into  men  and  things  and  whose  unfailing 
ithusiasm  were  to  help  them  in  many  a  hard 
ace.  Thus  equipped,  they  started  in.  The  set- 
ers  had  many  disappointments.  The  fact  that 
le  soil  required  so  much  fertilizing  and  that 
;cre  were  so  few  local  markets  was  against 
leir  immediate  success.  They  had,  too,  an  idea 
lat  is  thoroughly  characteristic  of  the  ghetto 
Lw.  who  has  through  all  the  ages  preserved  a 
Essionate  attachment  to  his  ancient  home.  The 
Woodbine  settlers,  in  the  joy  of  their  return  to 
le  land,  "wanted  to  be  as  were  their  forefathers, 
nd   the   crop   which   most  attracted  them  was 


A    DAIRY-FARMING    CLASS    THAT    DOES    NOT    DEPEND    ON    THEORY. 


that  of  Palestine, — the  grape.  The  soil  of  south- 
ern New  Jersey  did  not  respond  properly  to  this 
poetic  and  pathetic  impulse,  so  the  pioneers  to  a 
great  extent  gave  it  up  and  turned  to  the  com- 
monplace sweet  potato  and  made  a  success  of 
that.  Nowadays  things  are  vastly  improved  ag- 
riculturally. The  establishment  of  factory  in- 
dustries created,  at  the  very  door  of  the  farmers, 
a  considerable  demand  for  their  produce.  They 
arranged  to  sell  their  fruit  and  vegetables  at  sea- 
shore resorts.  They  learned  experience  by  their 
failures, — above  all,  they  profited  by  the  estab- 
lishment of  an  agricultural  school. 

The  industrial  side  of  Woodbine  life,  Dr. 
Blaustein  has  informed  us,  has  developed 
naturally  and  healthily. 

A  good  many  farm-hands  who  had  come  out 
to  help  in  summer  were  anxious  to  stay  instead 
of  returning  to  the  cities,  and  a  number  of  work- 
nien  who  had  helped  in  building  the  houses,  tak- 
ing a  liking  to  the  place,  sought  only  a  reason- 


A   TISW  or  WOOOBIN^  N.  J*|   THE  JEWISH    COLONY. 


356 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^IElV  OF  REyJElVS. 


able  chance  of  employment.  A  knitting-mill,  a 
factory  for  ladies'  waists,  and  a  hat  factory 
started  things  industrially.  Later  on  came  a  ma- 
chine-shop and  a  clothing  factory.  The  son  of 
one  of  the  pioneers  added  a  wholesale  slaughter- 
house and  cold-storage  plant.  The  industries 
and  the  farming  have  each  helped  the  other 
along.  It  need  hardly  be  added  that  the  fac- 
tories are  of  the  "  model  "  variety,  with  plenty 
of  air-space  and  windows.  The  average  earn- 
ir«gs  are  actually  somewhat  less  than  in  the  city, 
but  this  inferiority  is  only  apparent,  for  nearly 
every  settled  workingman  owns  his  house,  wholly 
or  in  part,  and  has  a  garden  where  he  raises 
vegetables  and  fruit  enough  to  save,  a  consider- 
able expenditure.  The  interest  on  the  mortgage 
and  the  payment  of  the  principal  do  not  amount 
to  what  rent  would  be  in  the  city.  The  Wood- 
bme  Building  and  Loan  Association  has  done  a 
good  work  in  teaching  the  habit  of  saving  and 
in  helping  people  to  own  their  own  houses. 

Further,  in  the  matter  of  education,  which 
always  has  been  a  passion  with  the  Jews,  the 
following  indicates  the  achievements  at  this 
Jewish  town  in  New  Jersey: 

Fifteen  boys  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  school 
in  1894.  Up  to  date  about  500  pupils  have 
profited  by  its  instruction,  and  the  dormitory 
now  accommodates  about  100  boys.  Some  of  the 
alumni  have  gone  to  agricultural  colleges,  and 
some  are  doing  good  work  for  the  Department 
of  Agriculture.  The  majority  begin  to  farm  as 
soon  as  they  graduate.  They  frequently  save 
enough  to  start  soon  to  pay  for  a  farm  of  their 
own.  The  Baron  de  Hirsch  trustees  help  with 
loans,  but  not  until  the  graduate  has  proved  his 
seriousness.     Boys  from  Woodbine  school  have 


found  excellent  positions  on  farms  and  in  gar- 
dens away  from  their  town,  since  it  b  the  hc^t 
school  of  its  kind  in  that  part  of  New  Jcr«%. 
.  .  .  The  percentage  of  Jewish  students  in 
Russian  universities  is  most  strictly  limited,  tir 
they  would  enter  in  large  numbers.  Even  as  h 
is.  the  Russian  Jew  has  an  acute  and  educat^^ 
mind,  though  it  has  usually  been  trained  m 
Talmudic  rather  than  on  general  lore.  Thf 
Woodbine  settlers  did  their  best,  from  the  stan. 
to  supply  a  good  education  to  their  children,  bai 
in  1904,  when  the  pupils  numbered  561.  thn 
spent  $15,000  for  a  school  building,  modem  ar*i^ 
up  to  date.  The  last  year's  work  takes  up  hig^ 
school  subjects.  The  Woodbine  kindergarten 
was  the  first  in  Cape  May  County.  The  bui.d 
ing  is  used  also  as  a  high  school  where  immi- 
grants may  learn  English  branches,  and  thithr 
flock  all  the  grown-up  newcomers.  There  is  ali^ 
a  Hebrew  school,  where  children  learn  th' 
**  sacred  tongue "  and  Jewish  history.  This  i< 
free  to  those  who  cannot  pay,  but  in  most  ca>c* 
tuition-fees  are  charged.  1 

Many  other  facts  to  the  everlasting  credit 
of  this  little  colony  are  given  by  Dr.  Blau- 
stein,  closing  with  this  significant  paragraph: 

Of  the  $25,382.38  actually  raised  by  taxation 
during  the  years  1904,  1905,  and  1906,  a  link 
over  one-half  was  spent  for  the  public  schooU 
Only  $150  was  appropriated  for  the  poor,  and 
Ihif,  was  not  half  expended,  and  what  was  spen' 
went  not  to  Woodbiners,  but  mostly  to  destitute 
non-Jews  who  "  happened  along "  after  the 
fashion  of  tramps.  There  has  been  but  one  ar 
rest  in  Woodbme,  a  "  drunk  and  disorderly " 
Gentile  from  the  neighborhood. 


APOSTASY  AMONG    THE  JEWS. 


JS  the  Jew  as  we  once  knew  him,  and  not 
so  very  long  ago  either,  passing  with 
other  institutions  and  types  of  the  old  order? 
It  would  seem  so.  Even  in  New  York  or 
London  or  Vienna,  where  a  ghost  of  the 
medieval  ghetto  still  lingers  in  the  poorer 
quarters,  we  rarely  find,  nowadays,  the  knight 
of  the  three  hats  and  the  hook  nose,  so  gro- 
tesquely garbed  and  so  unblushingly  com- 
mercial. Here  and  there  throughout  the 
world  a  poor  Jew  is  to  be  met,  content  with 
his  lot,  careless  of  the  superfluity  and  reck- 
less of  the  fact  that  his  brethren  now  hold  in 
their  hands  the  destinies  of  great  nations, 
that  they  control  in  the  greater  measure  all 
those  forces  which  go  to  make  up  civilization, 
that  with  their  social  and  political  emanci- 
pation now  assured,  they  are  aiming  at  the 
material  mastery  of  the  world. 

M.  Paul  Bernard,  writing  in  the  Etudes 
(Paris),  gives  us  a  startling  picture  of  mod- 
ern   Jewry,    the    heights    to    which    it    ha«i 


reached,  the  transformations  it  has  under- 
gone, and,  most  significant  of  all,  its  lapse 
from  the  spirit  and  teaching  of  tiie  Hd)rcw 
prophets.     He  says: 

In  a  relatively  short  space  of  time  an  ex- 
traordinary transformation  has  taken  place  in 
the  essential  character  and  characteristics  of  the 
Jewish  race.  Beyond  his  love  of  gain  and  hx^ 
genius  for  business,  nothing  remains  to  him  of 
the  traditional  Jew,  not  even  his  Jewish  no^, 
which  is  disappearing  with  his  old-time  attach- 
ment to  his  customs,  his  language,  and  his  own 
particular  rites.  No  longer  will  be  recognize  hi< 
Judaism  ;  he  is  now  particularly  active  in  denyiixg 
it.  Alas  for  his  religion,  it  has  gone  with  the 
rest  of  his  institutions,  and  he  hardly  knoi*-^  if 
he  ever  sees,  the  Talmud  and  the  Old  TesU- 
ment.  His  synagogues  are  deserted,  and.  by  a 
marvelous  freak  of  destiny,  it  is  to  the  Christian 
temples  that  he  turns,  to  the  erstwhile  accursed 
and  anathematized  churches  of  the  persecuting 
(icntile.  The  ghetto  is  dead  or  in  decay,  and 
Judaism  is  covering  itself  with  everything  that  i< 
most  aggressively  modern,  in  the  hope  of  hidiit^ 
every  evidence  of  its  origin.  For  some  ihi*^ 
means  nothing  short  of  the  return  to  the  prom- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


367 


scd  land,  that  return  which  they  have  looked 
or  through  long  ages  of  persecution  and  suflfer- 
ng.  For  others  it  means  death  and  all  the  woes 
hat  come  with  apostasy  to  the  renegade.  A 
novemenf  has  been  active  for  some  years  to 
tay  the  Christianization  of  the  Jews,  but  even 
kdr  rabbis  and  their  chief  men  declare  that 
here  is  little  ground  for  hope  in  a  Jewish  re- 
ival. 

At  the  present  moment,  M.  Bernard  as- 
erts,  there  are  about  11,150,000  Jews  in  the 
^-orid.  Over  8,750,000  of  these  live  in 
Europe,  1,600,000  in  America,  360,000  in 
If rica,  342,000  in  Asia,  and  some  17,000  in 
\ustralia.  Of  all  capitals  in  the  world.  New 
r'ork  has  the  greatest  Jewish  population,— 7 
lamely,  700,000 ;  Vienna  has  a  J^vish  pop- 
ilation  of  130,000,  Berlin  95,000,  London 
!o,ooo,  and  Jerusalem  30,000.  The  task  of 
mumerating  the  conversions  to  Christianity, 
>f  this  large  body  of  Hebrews,  has  been  suc- 
•cssfully  attempted  by  the  German  writer 
ind  missionary,  Le  Roy,  who  has  devoted  his 
ife  to  the  evangelization  of  the  Jewish  race. 
In  his  "  Judentaufen  (Jewish  baptisms)  im 
19  Jahthundert,"  he  shows,  from  the  statis- 
tics of  churches,  that  some  250,000  Jews 
went  over  to  Christianity  in  the  last  century. 
Of  these,  73,000  passed  to  the  evangelical 
rhurches,  58,000  to  Catholicism,  75,000  to 
Jie  Greek  church,  and  20,000  to  various  other 
;ccts.  Great  Britain  gained  23,000  converts 
ind  America  11,000.  It  is  to  be  noted  that 
the  figures  given  are  only  approximations 
md  are  the  result  of  researches  in  registries 
most  easily  available.  In  Germany,  between 
1880  and  1905,  10,000  conversions  were 
made;  in  Vienna,  during  the  same  period, 
10,000;  in  Budapest,  at  least  30,000,  and 
in  Russia,  during  the  past  forty  years,  in  St. 
Petersburg  and  Moscow  alone,  over  30,000. 
In  the  five  years,  1900- 1 905,  2517  conver- 


sions to  Christianity  were  effected  in  Ger- 
many.    Says  M.  Bernard: 

When  one  considers  the  odium  which  must  at- 
tach to  any  Jewish  adult  who  forswears  the 
religion  of  his  ancestors,  one  can  realize  the 
importance  of  this  Christianizing  movement 
among  the  Jews.  The  doctors  of  the  temple  de- 
clare it  to  be  the  saddest  page  in  their  entire 
history,  and,  strangest  of  all,  they  find  it,  that 
these  conversions,  or  perversions  they  would  say, 
take  place  among  teachers  and  men  of  enlighten- 
ment. Yet  there  is  another  source  of  depletion 
in  the  House  of  Israel.  It  \s  the  curse  of  mixed 
marriages.  The  Sanhedrim  will  pardon  anything 
but  a  civil  marriage  or  a  mixed  one.  Neverthe- 
less, the  percentage  of  these  marriages  is  ever  on 
the  increase.  Two  per  cent,  of  marriages  in 
Austria,  are  mixed ;  6  i5er  cent,  in  Hungary ;  in 
Budapest  alone  18  per  cent.  In  Denmark  the 
percentage  is  43,  and  in  Sweden  it  is  still  higher. 
In  Prussia,  during  1905,  of  3054  marriages,  507 
were  mixed, — that  is,  oyer  17  per  cent.  It  is 
evident,  then,  that  Jewish-Christian  marriages 
have  become  to  a  great  extent  fashionable  and 
that  nothing  in  the  way  of  a  religious  ban  can 
stop  them. 

The  establishment  within  the  past  twenty 
years, — since  1875,  to  he  exact, — of  societies 
for  the  conversion  of  Jews  in  many  countries, 
'  has  not,  says  M.  Bernard,  been  without  its 
own  particular  effect  on  the  Christianization 
of  Israel.  In  London  alone  there  are  thirty 
societies  having  this  object.  One  of  them 
has  a  yearly  budget  of  $230,000,  with  fifty- 
two  missions  in  different  parts  of  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Africa.  In  the  United  States  there 
are  some  twenty  similar  organizations,  with 
1 50  missionaries.  France  has  but  one  Jewish 
mission  and  one  evangelist,  M.  J.  Kruger. 
Everything  points  to  the  crumbling  of  Juda- 
ism, concludes  M.  Bernard,  and  from  the 
point  of  view  of  Jewish  faith  alone  it  is 
certain  that  a  melancholy  future  awaits  what 
remains  of  old  Israel. 


"A  YANKEE  TILT    FOR  AN  EMPIRE." 


^  PROLONGED  diplomatic  duel  be- 
tween two  Americans  for  the  exist- 
ence of  the  second  oldest  nation  in  the  world 
is  the  interesting  theme  of  an  article  on 
Korean  polirics  which  is  contributed  by  Wil- 
liam T.  Ellis  to  Harper  s  Weekly,  under  the 
title,  "  A  Vankee  Tilt  for  an  Empire."  Mr. 
Ellis,  in  tracing  the  diplomatic  history  which 
lies  behind  the  recent  appearance  at  the 
Hague  Conference  of  the  unauthorized 
Korean  delegation  and  the  subsequent  abdi- 
cation of  the  Korean  Emperor,  tells  us  that 


for  years  two  Americans  have  been  contest- 
ing at  Seoul  to  settle  the  fate  of  the  Hermit 
Kingdom.  Mr.  Homer  B.  Hulbert  has 
staked  his  all  to  save  Korea  from  Japan; 
Mr.  W.  D.  Stevens  is  the  champion  of  the 
Mikado's  empire.  Hulbert  has  been  known 
for  years  as  the  doughty  chkmpion  of  Korean 
interests  in  that  able  little  periodical  printed 
in  English,  the  Korean  Review.  Stevens  was 
for  years  the  Japanese  official  adviser  at 
Washington.  **  In  sheer  ability  he  is  proba- 
bly Hulbert's  superior,  but  the  latter  has  an 


358 


THE  AMERICAN  REP'IEIV  OF.REf^/ElVS. 


audacious  courage,  an  outspokenness,  and  a 
willingness  to  take  big  risks,  which  qualities 
often  give  him  the  advantage."  After  trac- 
ing the  history-  of  intrigue,  disorder,  and 
guile  which  has  been  so  characteristic  of 
Korean  character  and  which  need  not  be  re- 
capitulated here,  Mr.  Ellis  brings  the  situa- 
tion up  to  the  entrance  of  the  two  Yankee 
duelists,  as  he  calls  them.  The  situation 
was  then  "  calling  for  the  Occidental  type  of 
brains  and  the  Occidental  cosmopolitanism." 

Japan  had  the  right  man  at  hand.  W.  D. 
Stevens  had  been  the  contidential  adviser  of  her 
legation  at  Washington  for  several  years.  He 
had  previously  been  in  the  Foreign  Office  at 
Tokio,  whither  he  had  been  called  from  a  subor- 
dinate position  in  the  American  legation.  He  is 
a  typical  modern  American  man  of  affairs,  the 
sort  to  be  seen  walking  self-confidently  down- 
town between  nine  and  ten  any  morning.  He  is 
master  of  the  '' suaviter  in  modo";  he  knows 
men ;  he  knows  the  world ;  he  knows  how  to 
handle  bi^  things,  and  how  to  create  impres- 
sions and  mfluence  popular  sentiment.  His  well- 
trained  legal  brain  is  responsible  for  not  a  few 
of  the  measures  which  have  enhanced  Marquis 
Ito's  reputation. 

THE  JAPANESE  STRATEGY. 

So  Stevens  was  installed, — grim  irony! 
— as  "  adviser  to  the  Korean  Emperor,"  and 
paid  from  the  Korean  treasury.  He  speaks 
sardonically  of  "  my  imperial  master,"  but  he 


KOREAS    CHAMPION,— MR.    HOMER    B.     HULBERT, 


goes  up  the  hill  to  the  residence  of  Marquis 
I  to  for  his  orders. 

He  was.  in  a  sense,  the  Emperor's  jailer;  and 
he  refused  me  permission  to  see  his  royal  prt.- 
oner.  That  there  might  be  no  misunderstanding 
as  to  the  status  of  the  case,  I  had  the  refusal 
confirmed  by  Marquis  Ito  himself  after  an  hours 
conversation  with  that  interesting  old  gentlenun. 
Of  course,  I  was  more  interested,  as  a  joumalUt, 
in  confirming  the  report  that  the  King  was  a 
prisoner  in  Japan's  hands  than  I  was  in  seeing 
that  timorous  King  himself.  Stevens  is  a  chann- 
ing  man  for  a  journalist  to  meet;  I  could  wi^h 
he  were  in  Congress,  for  he  is  still  a  well-posted 
and  ardent  American.  But  he  is  loyal  to  \m 
polite  nation  which  he  has  so  long  served  with 
skill ;  and  of  a  piece  with  the  loyalty  is  his  de 
testation  of  Hulbert. 

As  to  the  "  nervous,  black-bearded  Yankee 
schoolmaster,"  as  Mr.  Ellis  calls  Hulbert,  he 
is  no  mean  opponent  to  be  reckoned  with. 

He  first  went  to  Korea  twenty  years  ago,  under 
appointment  from  the  American  Government  at 
the  request  of  Korea  for  educators.  With  a  bent 
for  writing,  he  had  put  out  numerous  cdua- 
ticnal  publications  in  the  vernacular,  and  he  ha* 
issued  two  books  upon  Korea  in  this  countr}. 
He  is  the  foremost  living  authority  upon  things 
Korean.  His  primary  formidableness,  though. 
comes  from  his  authorship  of  the  Korean  R<'- 
view,  a  little  blue-backed  monthly,  of  the  sort 
issued  by  back-country  colleges  and  struggliw: 
charitable  societies.  But  Hulbert  has  made  it 
pay  expenses,  with  a  trifle  over. 

HULBERT*S    '*  GINGER,    RATTLESNAKES,   ASH 
DYNAMITE." 

That  unpretentious  little  Korean  Retifv. 
which  an  American  exchange  editor  would 
scarcely  look  at  twice,  is  "  filled  with  ginger, 
rattlesnakes,  and  dynamite." 

Hulbert  may  not  be  discreet,  but  he  is  plucky, 
and  he  straightway  became  the  outspoken  organ 
of  Korea's  cause  against  the  Japanese.  He  toIJ 
just  the  things  that  were  least  palatable  to  the 
dominant  nation ;  the  sort  of  literature  that  made 
entertaining  and  informing  reading  for  the 
closely  knit  foreign  communities  of  the  Far 
East.  Hulbert  quickly  became  a  pro-Korean 
news  center,  for  he  is  close  to  King  and  nation, 
and  trusted  by  them.  Indeed,  he  is  their  one 
white  adviser  of  proved  loyalty,  and  upon  hi> 
knowledge  of  the  big  world  they  depend.  The> 
sent  him  to  America  with  a  plea  that  the  Ameri- 
can Government  adhere  to  its  special  treaty  with 
Korea,  and  not  permit  Japan  to  take  in  charge 
the  nation. 

Rut  the  plea  found  only  deaf  ears  at  Washing- 
ton. A  still  greater  evidence  of  the  natives'  con- 
fidence in  him  is  the  fact  that  he  has  bought,  for 
a  penny  apiece,  and  will  return  upon  demand, 
the  titles  to  hundreds  of  Korean  properties.  } 
saw  the  big  bundle ;  and  it  held  wrapped  up  in 
its  motley  pages  the  story  of  an  ancient  nation'^ 
fall.  The  reason  these  properties  are  put  into 
Hulbert's  keeping  is  that  the  Japanese  have  culti- 
vated a  pleasant  habit  of  chucking  the  native  oat 
of  his  house,  shop,  or  farm  without  so  much  as 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


359 


;aying  "by  your  leave."  They  cannot  be  quite 
^^  summary  with  a  foreigner,  although  they  did 
lay  violent  hands  upon  a  prominent  British  resi- 
dent of  Seoul.  He,  being  a  missionary,  pock- 
eted the  outrage  *'  for  the  sake  of  the  work." 

Right  here  it  may  be  remarked,  parenthet- 
ically, that  the  greatest  ally  the  Yankee  ex- 
missionary  has  in  his  duel  on  behalf  of  Korea 
\%  ith  his  compatriot  who  flies  Japan's  colors 
is  the  rapid  Christianization  of  Korea.  A 
phenomenal  "  revival,"  which  is  bringing 
thousands  of  natives  into  the  churches,  syn- 
chronizes with  Japan's  efforts  to  extinguish 
the  national  life.  "  Curiously  and  perhaps 
characteristically,  the  Christian  Koreans 
manifest  a  stamina  and  a  plucky  steadfast- 
ness that  have  several  times  balked  Japan's 
purposes  in  northern  Korea.  The  mission- 
aries, so  far  as  I  could  learn,  refuse  to  med- 
dle in  the  political  situation,  even  when  they 
themselves  as  well  as  their  converts  are 
sufferers." 

Hulbcrt's  most  effective  weapon  i:  pub- 
licity. "  It  is  publicity  that  Japan  wants 
least  in  this  ticklish  Korean  business." 

She  strm'e  sedulously,  up  to  the  time  of  the 
appearance  of  the  Korean  de!^gation  at  The 
Hague,  to  keep  the  big  world  in  total  ignorance 
of  the  acute  crisis  in  Korea.  There  was  one 
neighbor,  however,  from  whom  she  could  not 
ktep  the  story  of  what  was  happening ;  for  China 
has  never  withdrawn  her  eyes  om  Korea. .  A 
young  Chinese  in  Seoul  committed  suicide,  sev- 
eral months  ago,  in  order  to  attract  the  atten- 
tion of  his  country  to  the  way  Japan  acts  when 
i!i  power,  so  that  China  may  beware  of  the 
■  friendly  offices  "  of  her  progressive  neighbor. 
That  young  man  was  honored  by  a  monster  me- 
morial meeting  in  Tientsin,  and  his  family  pen- 
•^icned  by  the  Chinese. 

THE   DENOUEMENT   AT   THE    HAGUE. 

As  to  the  latest  phase  of  the  duel,  Mr. 
Ellis  savs: 


Korea  got  to  the  doors  of  The  Hague  with 
bff  plea,  and  the  world  knows  it.     Hulbert  had 
the  authorization   from  the  Emperor   for  some 
such  move  in  his  possession;  it  is  amazing  that 
the  alert  Stevens,  backed  by  Japan's  ubiquitous 
jwet  police,  should  not  have  known  of  it  long 
|igo,  for  Hulbert  is  not  cautious.     The  plot  to  get 
out  of  the  country  certain   Korean  leaders,   to 
participate  in  this  mission  to  The  Hague,  suc- 
tttded,  despite  Japan's  refusal  to  allow  Koreans 
•fj  emigrate.    Stevens     was     for    the    moment 
CJoght  napping,  and  Hulbert  has  scored  heavily 
b  drawing  the  attention  of  civilization  to  a  con- 
ation which  he  claims  would  not  be  permitted 
"  bown    among   the    nations.     His   adversary 
ij'jwed  his  power  by  having  the  doors  of  The 
i%ue  slammed  in  the  noses  of  the  Korean  dele- 
Piion:  where  the  diplomatic  manipulation  of  the 
*feldora  of  nations  is  concerned  Stevens  is  a 
^^ter,  and  Hulbert  has  hardly  qualified  as  a 


FbotoKrapbby  Clincdinsi. 

japan's    champion, — MR.     W.     D.     STEVENS. 

pupil.  But  the  latter  knows  the  Rooseveltian 
art  of  appealing  directly  to  the  old-fashioned 
sentiments  of  the  common  people,  and  the  man 
proiicient  in  this  is  usually  an  effective  fighter. 
Certainly  Hulbert  succeeded  in  administering  a 
severe  blow  to  Japan's  international  prestige. 
Stevens,  or  the  Japanese,  played  into  Hulbert's 
hpnds  when,  in  anger  over  the  appearance  of 
the  Korean  delegation  at  The  Hague,  they  com- 
pelled the  King  to  abdicate.  This  demand  upon 
the  King  ostensibly  came  from  the  Korean  cabi- 
net, but  the  latter  are  only  Japanese  tools,  as  is 
evident  from  the  cabled  reports  that  the  Japa- 
nese troops  have  to  protect  them  from  the  Korean 
populace.  The  tumultuous  times  which  followed 
tht  abdication  also  served  Hulbert's  purpose,  for 
they  made  Korea  the  focus  of  the  whole  world's 
interest,  and  caused  a  general  feeling  of  sym- 
pathy for  the  King  and  the  patriots,  such  as  the 
"under  dog"  usually  receives.  This  prepares 
the  way  for  Hulbert's  appeal  to  civilization. 

After  calling  at  The  Hague  to  further  the 
work  that  the  Korean  native  delegation  had 
attempted,  he  hastened  to  America,  where  he 
now  is,  preparing  to  urge  this  country  to 
stand  by  its  old  treaty  of  special  friendship 
for  the  Emperor  Chosen.  He  says  he  can 
prove  that  America's  commercial,  as  vvell  as 
political,  interests  are  suffering  by  reason  of 
the  Japanese  usurpation  of  power  in  the  pe- 
ninsula. From  overseas  he  may  yet  be  able 
to  deliver  heavy  thrusts  at  his  adversary, 
while  the  latter,  Stevens,  is  seen  to  be  getting 
in  effective  work  for  Japan  at  the  Seoul  end 
of  the  cables.  Whose  the  victory  will  be 
remains  to  be  seen. 


860 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 
THE   CITY  AND    ITS  MILK  SUPPLY. 


XTOTWITHSTANDING  that  we  have 
meat-inspection  laws,  pure-food  laws, 
vegetable-inspection  laws,  and  regulations  in 
reference  to  the  sale  of  drugs,  we  have  given 
scant  attention  to  the  sale  of  the  food  of  the 
infant, — milk.  In  our  great  cities  out  of  every 
ten  babes  tw^o  die  from  diseases  of  the  digest- 
ive system  before  reaching  the  fifth  year. 
They  come  from  "  the  narrow  ways  of  the 
city,"  and  disappear  quickest  during  June, 
July,  and  August.  Milk  is  served  raw  and 
enters  every  household.  It  offers  lodgment 
to  evil  bacteria.  Hence  the  necessity  for 
proper  milk-inspection  laws. 

In  the  Atlantic  Monthly  for  August  Mr. 
Hollis  Godfrey  points  out  the  dangers  inci- 
dent to  our  carelessness.  **  Pure  milk,*'  says 
he,  "  is  whole  milk  from  a  clean,  healthy  ani- 
mal." Such  is  practically  sterile  and  \i  given 
to  the  consumer  in  that  state  is  safe.  Every 
hour  after  ft  leaves  the  creature  that  pro- 
duced it  its  dangers  increase.  Berlin,  for  in- 
stance, reports  that  its  inhabitants  consume 
daily  3CX)  pounds  of  barnyard  refuse  in  their 
milk  supply.  "If  that  is  true  of  Berlin," 
says  he,  "  a  city  of  extraordinary  cleanliness, 
what  must  happen  in  our  cities  here?  " 

Moisture,  warmth,  and  food  develop  bac- 
terial hosts.  Milk  supplies  all  three.  All 
bacteria  are  not  harmful.  The  acid-produc- 
ing kind  cause  milk  to  turn  sour  and  are 
practically  harmless.  The  putrefactive  bac- 
teria are  introduced  through  filth,  and  this 
class  is  most  dangerous  to  the  child,  pro- 
ducing cholera  infantum.  Pathogenic  bac- 
teria, or  disease  germs  proper,  come  in  a  way 


INSPECTOR   TESTING    MILK    ON   TRAIN    TO    NEW    YORK    CITY. 


easily  preventable.  They  are  transmitted 
from  handlers,  who  are  diseased,  or  from 
persons  who  have  been  in  contact  with  suf- 
ferers, or  from  adulteration  with  a  disease- 
infected  water  supply.  Bacteria  of  all 
classes  rob  the  milk  of  its  nutrient  effect  and 
increase  like  wildfire. 

The  tendency  for  unrighteous  gain  in  the 
milk  business  is  a  great  evil.  In  St.  Louis  it 
is  estimated  that  over  1600  gallons  of  cream 
is  removed  each  day,  a  loss  of  $900,000  to 
consumers  annually,  which  falls  most  heavily 
upon  the  poor.  In  New  York  milkmen's 
frauds  net  them  $10,000  each  day.  Two 
factors  to  be  considered  in  the  control  of 
milk,  says  he,  are  bacterial  cleanliness  and 
the  necessity  for  whole,  unadulterated  milL 
The  first  necessitates  a  consideration  of  what 
a  dairy  farm  should  be.  Good  air,  free 
ventilation,  and  good  drainage  arc  essential; 
also  a  cool  milkroom  and  scrupulously  clean 
receptacles. 

These  conditions  do  not  exist  in  a  majority 
of  dairy  farms.*  Milk  comes  from  afar,  has 
long  delays,  and  reaches  the  city  anywhere 
from  sixteen  to  forty  hours  old,  with  accom- 
panying millions  of  bacteria,  usually.  Dirty 
barns  and,  consequently,  dirty  cows,  infect 
the  milk.  The  food  of  the  animal  must  be 
good  and  ample  if  standard  milk  is  desired. 
Cheap  grains  from  brewery  or  distillery  are 
unsuitable.  Unclean  milkers,  unwashed 
dishes,  and  unswept  floors  are  the  ever- 
present  sources  of  danger.  Cleanliness  is  the 
great  solution.  Bottling  on  the  street  at  the 
door  of  the  consumer,  instead  of  in  the  milk- 
house,  is  another  clement 
of  danger,  because  of  cer- 
tain contamination  from 
dust,  flies,  and  dirty  bottles. 
A  proper  dairy  farm  has 
a  milkhouse  separated  from 
the  barn%  Its  milkers  are 
clean  and  clad  in  white, 
carrying  covered  pails. 
They  do  not  enter  the 
milkhouse,  but  each  pours 
his  milk  from  an  outside 
passage  into  an  aerator, 
wherein  it  is  cooled  to 
thirty-six  or  forty  degrees 
Fahrenheit,  and  then  run 
direct  into  sterile  bottles, 
capped  and  placed  on  let. 
These  precautions  assure 
the  consumer  pure  and 
wholesome  milk. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


381 


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INSPECTING    MILK    IN    A   GROCERY    STORE   IN   THE   TENEMENT     DISTRICT   OF    NEW    YORK    CITY. 


With  the  bacteriologist  bending  over  his 
microscope,  and  standing  between  the  chil- 
dren and  death,  and  a  law  to  regulate  the 
quality  of  the  milk  with  a  sufficient  number 
of  inspectors,  we  may  cope  with  the  evils  of 
contaminated  milk.  Boiling  milk  to  212 
degrees  Fahrenheit  for  ten  minutes  kills  all 
living  organisms,  but  seriously  affects  its 
composition,  robbing  it  of  its  constituents 
and  impairing  its  digestibility.  Serious  intes- 
tinal illness  of  children  has  been  caused  by 
the  constant  use  of  milk  so  treated.  Sterili- 
zation, or  this  process,  is  not  a  pronounced 
success.  Pasteurization,  or  subjecting  milk 
for  twenty  minutes  to  a  temperature  of  not 
under  155  degrees  nor  over  159  degrees,  de- 
stroys the  more  dangerous  bacteria,  and  is  a 
possible  safeguard  for  families  unable  to  ob- 
tain sanitary  milk. 

When  a  milk-wagon  bears  on  its  sides  the 
words,  "  Certified  Milk,"  the  consumer 
knows  that  the  firm  from  whence  the  milk 
comes  has  been  inspected,  and  that  the  fluid 
is  delivered  in  a  satisfactory  way.  **  But  all 
attempts  to  create  proper  conditions,"  he 
sanely  remarks,  "  have  one  difficulty, — they 
cwt  good  money ;  and  when  we  consider  the 


low  rate  at  which  milk  is  now  sold  we  are 
forced  to  question  whether  it  is  possible  for 
the  dairy  farmer  to  live  and  supply  clean 
milk  at  anywhere  near  the  present  rate.  The 
alarming  increase  in  the  cost  of  latter-day 
living  falls  sorely  on  a  great  part  of  our  pop- 
ulation, but  should  we  complain  of  the  extra 
cost  of  the  food  of  our  children  when  we 
pay  ungrudgingly  for  many  luxuries?  The 
American  pays  from  8  to  15  cents  extra  a 
pound  to  get  the  choice  cut  of  meat,  and  he 
considers  an  extra  cigar  or  two  a  day  a  mere 
trifle.  Can  he  logically  refuse  to  spend  the 
comparatively  small  extra  amount  which 
may  mean  life  and  strength  to  his  child? 
But  paying  a  larger  milk  bill  is  not  enough. 
Each  consumer  must  see  to  it  that  every  cent 
of  the  increased  price  stands  for  an  increased 
excellence  of  product." 

Thus  does  he  summarize:  "First,  the 
modern  study  of  milk  tends  to  one  end,  the 
exclusion  of  bacteria  by  cleanliness,  not  their 
destruction  by  heat.  In  general,  however,  it 
considers  pasteurization  a  fairly  satisfactory 
substitute  where  pure  milk  cannot  be  ob- 
tained. Second,  mortality  statistics  tend  to 
prove  that  exclusion  is  necessary  for  the  child 


362 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REyiElVS. 


and  for  the  nafion.  It  may  be  that  at  the 
present  moment  we  are  a  little  weary  of 
reform.  The  pendulum  of  warning  may  have 
gone  too  far  in  some  directions,  but  in  one 
it  has  not  gone  far  enough.  The  lives  of  the 
city  children  hang  in  the  balance  to-day.  If 
there  is  any  means  by  which  we  can  bring 
back    ruddy   cheeks    and    healthy   bodies   to 


children  unjustly  deprived  of  them,  if  there 
is  any  way  in  which  we  can  lower  our  present 
fearful  death  rate,  who  of  the  communin' 
can  refuse  to  lend  interest  or  give  aid?  Thf 
trumpet-call  which  summons  should  arouse 
each  deadened  ear,  quicken  each  dulled  son). 
It  is  the  call  to  a  new,  all-embracing,  all- 
powerful  children *s  crusade." 


DANIEL  H.  BURNHAM :    AMERICAN  ARCHITECT. 


CKILLFUL  creative  and  executive  work  on 
the  part  of  architectural  specialists  is 
evidenced  in  nearly  all  of  the  great  office 
buildings  recently  erected  and  now  in  course 
of  construction  in  New  York  and  other  im- 
portant business  centers.  Occasionally  an 
absence  of  original  treatment,  a  failure  to 
grasp  opportunities,  is  noted.  But,  as  a 
whole,  our  skyscraper  edifices  loom  up  si- 
lently, yet  impressively,  as  creditable  exam- 
ples of  difficulties  successfully  encountered, 
tremendous  tasks  perfectly  accomplished  by 
master  minds. 

The  best  proof  of  what  is  really  accom- 
plished in  many  instances  is  the  eagerness 
with  which  the  office  space  is  snapped  up. 
The  Flatiron  Building  in  New  York  was  an 
exception  in  this  particular,  but  just  as  soon 
as  prospective  office  renters  discovered,  by  ob- 
servation, that  this  unique  structure  would 
not  blow  over  when  a  stiff  breeze  sprang  up, 
and  that  there  really  was  ample  office  room, 
even  at  the  apex  of  the  triangle,  they  came  in, 
and  many  of  them  seem  to  enjoy  the  ex- 
perience. 

This  corner  building,  famous  now  for  sev- 
eral seasons,  is  the  work  of  a  man  who  has 
made  his  mark  largely  by  that  and  other 
office-structure  creations.  In  the  current 
Outlook  Royal  O^rtissoz  tells  something  of 
Burnham's  record  and  points  out  a  few  rea- 
sons why  Mr.  Burnham  has  won  such  rapid 
and  remarkable  success  as  an  architectural 
specialist.  The  writer  observes,  regarding 
the  present  architectural  trend  in  big  cities: 

It  is  customary  when  dealing  with  American 
literature  or  painting  to  talk  about  the  growth 
in  this  country  of  intellectual  interests  and  of 
the  love  of  beauty.  We  take  account  of  progress 
made.  We  speculate  as  to  possible  gains  in  the 
future.  If  architecture  is  our  theme,  we  reflect 
more  particularly  on  the  evolution  of  an  Ameri- 
can style.  Meanwhile  the  genius  of  the  Ameri- 
can people  has  fully  and  conclusively  expressed 
itself,  if  anywhere,  in  the  domain  of  practical 
things,  and  it  has  given  to  architecture  not  a 
style  but  a  species, — ^the  office  building  fifteen  or 
twenty  stories  high. 


Regarding  the  office-building  problem  and 
its  effect  on  architectural  ideals,  formerly 
controlled,  to  a  considerable  extent,  by  the 
traditions  of  the  art,  and  embracing  Doric, 
Ionic  and  Corinthian,  Tuscan  and  Compos- 
ite, Moorish,  Arabian  and  Egyptian,  Tudor, 
Early  English  and  other  classic  forms  and 
styles,  the  writer  remarks: 

The  architect  is  an  artist  quite  as  much  as 
the  painter,  the  sculptor,  or  the  musician,  and 
he  is  loth  to  abdicate  his  artistic  functions  simply 
because  he  is  confronted  by  a  problem  apparently 
insoluble  on  a  strictly  artistic  hypothesis.  Two 
elements  in  that  problem  drive  him  almost  to 
despair.  His  building  must  be  so  much  greater 
in  height  than  in  depth  or  breadth  that  it  seems 
impossible,  to  begin  with,  that  his  composition 
should  have  rational  proportions.  Of  course  if 
he  could  conceive  of  his  building  simply  as  a 
tower,  all  might  go  well ;  but  he  is  generally 
hemmed  in  by  other  buildings  on  tliree  sides, 
and,  what  is  worse,  there  is  his  second  cruel  cle- 
ment to  be  reckoned  with, — ^the  necessity  for 
piercing  the  facade  on  every  floor  with  the 
greatest  possible  number  of  windows.  There  is 
something  grimly  humorous  about  his  predica- 
ment. Fate,  grinning  maliciously  over  his 
shoulder,  drives  him  into  an  impasse,  insisting 
that  his  is  an  engineering  problem,  not  an  ar- 
tistic one,  and  urging  him  to  make  the  best  of  a 
bad  bargain.  It  is  odds,  however,  that  he  will 
kick  against  the  pricks,  and  move  heaven  and 
earth  to  show  that  where  others  have  failed  he 
will  triumph,  turning  a  skyscraper  into  a  work 
of  art. 

The  determination  of  Mr.  Burnham  to 
master  the  skyscraper  problem,  also  some  of 
the  obstacles  he  has  had  to  contend  with  in 
carrying  out  his  resolve  to  make  useful  yet 
artistic  buildings,  are  thus  described : 

Consider  the  need  put  before  him  when  he 
undertook  to  design  them.  It  was  not,  in  the 
first  place,  that  they  should  be  beautiful.  It 
was  that  they  should  contain  so  many  square 
feet  of  well-lighted  space  for  renting  purposes, 
the  amount  of  space  that  would  yield  the 
owner  a  certain  return  on  his  investment 
Owners  vary  in  temperament.  Some  of  them 
realize  that  a  building  is  the  more  profitable  as 
it  is  the  more  attractive  to  look  upon.  But  in 
essentials  the  demand  framed  above  is  the  de* 
mand  made  upon  all  designers  of  tall  o0ke 
buildings.    When  they  settle  down  to  work,  they 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


363 


have  to  create  a  little  cosmos,  finding  space  for 
more  things  than  go  into  any  other  type  of 
building,  with  the  possible  exception  of  a  great 
modern  hotel. 

Some  of  the  facilities  to  be  provided  in 
these  oflSce-buildings  are  thus  described : 

First  come  engine-rooms  that  in  themselves; 
embody  interesting 
ideas  of  construc- 
tion. Then  some 
safe  deposit  vaults. 
On  a  higher  level 
you  will  find  shops 
and  elaborately 
planned  banking 
quarters,  a  restau- 
rant, a  rathskeller, 
and  a  cafe.  Eight 
or  ten  elevators, — 
some  of  them  ex- 
presses.— rise  past 
hundreds  of  offices 
to  clubrooms  that 
lie  just  under  the 
roof,  where  a  gar- 
den puts  the  last 
touch  to  the  build- 
ing. In  the  marble 
lined  corridors  there 
are  faucets  supply- 
ing filtered  ice  wa- 
ter. There  is  hot 
as  well  as  cold  wa- 
ter in  the  lavatories. 
Comers  for  the  tele- 
graph companies  are 
not  forgotten.  Fa- 
cilities for  mailing 
letters  are  on  every 
floor  as  a  matter  of 
course.  The  man 
who  chose  to  sleep 
in  his  office  could 
live  in  a  building 
like  this  all  the 
year  round. 

The  results  actually  achieved  by  this  wiz- 
ard of  steel  structures  and  his  policy  in 
achieving  them  are  very  well  put  in  the  fol- 
lowing brief  summary  of  the  architect's  plan. 
That  the  plan  was  the  right  one  to  adopt  is 
plainly  shown  in  the  evident  popularity  of 
the  Burnham  structures  among  those  who  re- 
quire offices  and  can  only  use  to  advantage 
such  offices  as  are  convenient  of  access,  com- 
fortable, attractive,  and  altogether  fitted  in 
other  ways  to  meet  all  emergencies. 

Perceiving  that  the  skyscraper  rests  upon  a 
principle  of  prosaic  simplicity,  he  has  made  sim- 
plicity the  keynote  of  his  work.  He  has  made 
no  effort  to  disguise  the  fact  that  such  a  build- 
ing is  just  a  succession  of  so  many  layers  of 
cubicles,  all  calling  for  light  and  air.  He  has 
given  those  cubicles  the  value  belonging  to  them 
in  the  composition,  only  endeavoring,  as  he  has 
multiplied  windows,  to  break  up  their  monoto- 
ny by  the  most  judicious  means.  He  is,  as  a 
rule,  sparing  of  decorations.    To  lighten  the  ap- 


MR,   DANIEL   H.    BURNHAM,   OF  CHICAGO. 


palling  masses  with  which  he  has  to  deal  he 
looks  rather  to  modifications,  at  a  few  points,  of 
the  broad  structural  lines. 

Mr.    Burnham's    triumphs    cover    many 
phases   of   architectural   knowledge,   but   in 
none  of  them  do  his  peculiar  talents  show  to 
better  advantage  than  in  his  skyscraper  struc- 
tures, one  or  more 
of  which   seem   to 
face   us   at  almost 
every  turn.   Is  Mr. 
Burnham   any  less 
the  artist,  asks  this 
writer,  because  he 
has    designed    h  I  s 
skyscrapers  from 
a  rigidly  practical 
point  of  view? 

The  best  answer 
to  these  questions 
lies  in  the  record  of 
his  work  on  what 
can  only  be  de- 
scribed as  great 
civic  improvements. 
He  showed  some- 
thing of  what  he 
could  do  in  this  di- 
rection in  1893, 
when,  as  chief  ar- 
chitect and  director 
for  the  World's  Co- 
lumbian Exposition 
at  Chicago,  he  bore 
a  fruitful  part  in 
t  h  at  extraordinary 
architectural  ensem- 
ble. Since  then 
he  has  been  identi- 
fi  e  d  with  various 
public  schemes  of 
great  importance. 
He  was  made  chairman  of  the  National  Com- 
mission established  for  beautifying  the  city  of 
Washington,  and  he  has  served  in  the  same  ca- 
pacity on  a  similar  commission  formed  in 
Cleveland.  Chicago  and  San  Francisco  have 
claimed  his  ability  for  work  along  these  lines, 
and  two  years  ago  he  submitted  reports  to  the 
Secretary  of  War  on  proposed  improvements  in 
Manila  and  Baguio,  in  the  Philippines. 

The  important  thing  is  the  general  character  of 
the  inspiration  he  has  brought  to  his  grandiose 
tasks.  His  first  thought,  after  looking  over  the 
ground,  is  for  the  every-day  necessities  of  the 
city.  His  report  on  the  improvements  proposed 
at  San  Francisco  before  the  earthquake  accounts 
for  public  and  private  buildings,  looking  boldly 
to  the  future,  but  at  the  same  time  showing  a 
proper  solicitude  for  the  situation  then  existing 
and  the  adjustment  of  a  policy  of  adaptation  and 
slow  change  to  one  of  ultimate  creation.  Beauty 
is  sought — beauty  in  architecture  and  in  vistas; 
but  convenience  is  constantly  remembered,  as  is 
so  unpoetic  a  thing  as  sanitation.  Turning  then 
to  the  lovely  natural  surroundings  of  the  city, 
Mr.  Burnham  works  out  a  heroic  plan. 


364 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS, 


HOW  THEY  PLAYED    AT  CHICAGO. 


Q^YTY  councils,  park  boards,  and  public- 
spirited  citizens  in  every  State  would 
do  well  to  read  the  doings  of  the  Playground 
Association  of  America,  which  held  a  conven- 
tion at  Chicago  last  June.  Such  well-known 
publicists  as  Dr.  Luther  H.  Gulick,  of  New 
York;  Henry  B.  McFarland,  of  Washing- 
ton ;  Jane  Addams,  of  Chicago ;  Seth  Thayer 
Stewart,  of  Brooklyn ;  Joseph  Lee,  of  Bos- 
ton; Dr.  Henry  S.  Curtis,  of  Washington, 
and  Elmer  Ellsworth  Brown,  United  States 
Commissioner  of  Education,  were  present, 
along  with  others  of  equal  prominence,  and 
delivered  addresses  on  the  subject  of  "  Play," 
all  of  which  appear  in  the  August  Chanties 
and  The  Commons, 

No  better  symposium  on  this  subject  of 
social  and  physical  advance  than  these  pres- 
entations could  be  procured,  and  from  one 
article,  "  How  They  Played  at  Chicago,"  by 
Mr.  Graham  Romeyn  Taylor,  we  learn  that 
in  connection  with  the  convention  there  was 
held  a  festival  of  sport  and  play,  in  which 
from  first  to  last  "  the  play  spirit  was  ascen- 
dant." More  than  500x3  persons  participated, 
and  among  them  were  President  Gulick,  of 
the  national  association,  and  Dr.  Sargent,  of 
Harvard.  The  play  spirit,  says  he,  capti- 
vated every  one.  "  Play,  according  to  stu- 
dents of  it,  means  not  only  a  good  time,  but 
from  the  child *s  point  of  view  it  is  serious 


business;  moreover,  it  has  vital  significance 
in  educational  development."  This  meeting, 
he  claims,  marks  the  transition  of  playground 
activity  from  a  more  or  less  sporadic  and 
disconnected  series  of  efforts  in  our  larger 
cities  to  a  firmly  established  and  well  or- 
ganized national  movement.  A  better  under- 
standing of  the  playground  issue  means  bet- 
ter citizenship  and  community-life. 

President  Roosevelt,  honorary  president, 
had  requested  that  delegations  be  sent  to  this 
convention  from  many  cities,  "  to  gain  in- 
spiration from  this  meeting,  and  to  see  the 
magnificent  system  that  Chicago  has  erected 
in  its  South  Park  section, — one  of  the  most 
notable  civic  achievements  of  any  American 
city."  They  came,  and  returned  to  their 
home  cities  with  photographs  of  the  play- 
grounds and  recreation  centers  in  Chicago. 
On  these  the  city  of  Chicago  has  expended 
during  the  last  four  years  $6,500,000,  and 
has  recently  appropriated  $3,000,000  addi- 
tional. Moreover,  it  has  authorized  $1,500,- 
000  for  similar  facilities  for  children  on  the 
north  and  west  sides  as  well.  Each  center 
costs  about  $30,000  annually.  These  centers 
recognize  that  human  needs  transcend  all 
other  things,  and  tend  to  develop  a  social 
spirit  that  one  day  must  permeate  our  com- 
mingled races.  There  is  nothing  remotely 
commercial   in  this  movement;  nor  in   the 


TYPICAL   PLAN    OF   RECREATION    CENTSi^— m'KINLEY   PARK,  CHICAOa 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


365 


children's  games,  relay  races,  classic  and 
gymnastic  dancing,  athletic  events,  folk 
games,  and  national  dances  was  individuality 
noticed.  **  Loyalty  to  the  group,  the  neigh- 
borhood, the  playground,  or  recreation  cen- 
ter, dominated." 

To  the  stirring  strains  of  a  brass  band  3CK) 
kindergarten  children  entered  in  grand 
march  and  then  broke  into  nine  circles  for 
play.  School-yard  games  followed  and  were 
demonstrated  by  eight  groups  of  children 
representing  the  normal  and  practice  schools. 
"  Tag,"  "  cat  and  mouse,"  "  drop  the  hand- 
kerchief," relay  races,  **  three  deep,"  "  darn 
the  stocking,"  and  various  ball  games  en- 
grossed these  players.  Gymnastic,  national 
and  classic  dancing,  Irish,  English,  Scotch, 
Spanish,  and  negro,  was  conducted  with 
daintiness  and  grace.  Folk  games  of  Ger- 
many, Switzerland,  Denmark,  Russia,  Eng- 
land, Norway,  and  Sweden  were  also  in- 
dulged in,  and  high  jumping,  socker  football, 
hurdling,  and  stick  wrestling.  Dutch  danc- 
ing, in  costume,  created  great  enthusiasm. 
One  hundred  girls  swung  Indian  clubs. 

The  significance  of  the  play  system  lies 
in  a  proper  understanding  of  its  purpose. 
One  writer,   quoted   by  Mr.   Taylor,   thus 


comprehensively  and  tersely  expressed  it: 
"  Some  were  doubtless  disappointed  at  its 
formality,  but  this  could  be  the  case  only 
with  those  who  failed  to  grasp  the  situation. 
It  was  not  intended  as  a  great  field  day  or 
play  picnic  for  the  children  and  others  who 
took  part.  It  was  a  show  occasion.  Its  pur- 
pose was  instruction  rather  than  amusement. 
It  was  a  dramatization  rather  than  actual 
play,  and  in  this  respect  it  was  an  extraordi- 
nary success.  It  was  an  epitome  of  a  course, 
or,  indeed,  of  several  courses,  of  play  activi- 
ties, and  not  a  model  of  what  a  play-day  for 
children  and  adults  should  be.  Under  the 
circumstances  it  was  inevitable  that  spon- 
taneity and  initiative  had  to  be  subordinated. 
People  looking  on  could  not  get  an  idea  of 
what  a  day  of  real,  spontaneous,  supervised 
play  is  like;  it  was  not  intended  that  they 
should.  What  they  did  see  was  a  marvelous 
exhibition  of  typical  activities,  which  might 
be  called  the  basic  activities  of  play,  which,  if 
we  may  use  a  biological  expression,  need  only 
to  be  "  crossed  "  with  initiative  and  spon- 
taneity to  become  true  play.  This  aspect  of 
that  great  day  should  be  borne  in  mind; 
otherwise  its  value  would  be  appreciated  only 
in  part." 


HOW  MUCH  HAVE    OUR  RAILROADS  COST 


IN  a  general  way,  the  immensity  of  rail- 
*  road  operations  in  the  United  States  is  a 
matter  of  common  knowledge.  When  the 
Vanderbilt  or  Gould  systems  are  mentioned, 
for  example,  there  is  a  misty  idea  in  the  pub- 
lic mind  of  long  distances  and  great  areas 
covered.  The  recent  exploitation  of  the 
Harriman  holdings  threw  quite  a  flood  of 
light  on  the  real  bigness  of  the  railroad  in- 
terests. 

In  this  connection  it  is  interesting  to  learn 
from  the  latest  Government  reports,  secured 
from  railroad  authorities  and  other  sources, 
that  there  are  over  217,000  miles  of  railroad 
in  operation ;  that  in  one  recent  year  ( 1 905 ) 
785,000,000  passengers  were  carried;  also 
1,435,322,000  tons  of  freight.  More  than 
23,000,000,000  of  persons  were  carried  one 
mile  during  the  same  period;  also  187,375,- 
622,000  tons  of  freight.  More  than  30,000 
passenger  cars  were  in  use,  and  the  aggre- 
gate of  freight,  baggage,  mail,  and  express 
cars  available  was  1,768,000. 

A  glance  at  the  financial  showing  reveals 
the  fact,  according  to  *'  Poor,"  quoted  in  the 


official  statement,  that  under  the  heading 
"  Cost  of  Construction,"  the  aggregate  capi- 
tal stock  of  railroads  exceeds  $6,741,957,000. 
The  aggregate  funded  debt,  including  real- 
estate  mortgages,  equipment  trust  obli- 
gations, etc.,  is  shown  as  being  over  $7,821,- 
243,  and  the  floating  debt,  $201,978,773. 
This  gives  a  total  of  liabilities,  except  cur- 
rent accounts  and  sinking  fund,  of  $14,765,- 
178,704.  The  cost  of  construction  per  mile 
is  stated  in  the  report  to  be  $69,443. 

Other  estimates  of  construction  cost,  with 
many  instructive  details,  have  been  prepared 
by  Charles  H.  Cochrane,  an  authority  on  in- 
dustrial and  engineering  topics.  In  the  cur- 
rent issue  of  Van  Nordens  Magazine  he 
says,  referring  to  his  method  of  securing  reli- 
able data: 

I  began  by  eliminating  all  rolling  stock  and 
terminal  investments.  These  certainly  have  no 
bearing  on  the  construction  per  mile.  Then  came 
the  question  of  real  estate.  Its  value  depends  on 
the  place,  and  its  cost  to  the  railway  in  many 
cases  is  nothing.  I  have  eliminated  that  from 
my  calculations,  and  finally  settled  down  to  fig- 
uring the  cost  of  construction    as  based   upon 


366 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REl^IElVx 


these  general  items:  Surveys,  clearing,  grading, 
roadbed,  bridges,  trestles,  ties,  rails,  ballast,  side 
tracks,  and  switches,  crossings,  signals,  etc., — 
in  short,  all  those  items  which  go  to  making  the 
railway  itself,  but  omitting  all  real  estate,  ter- 
minals, and  equipment. 

It  is  apparent  that  a  prime  difficulty  in  calcu- 
lating the  mile  cost  of  railway  construction  is 
that  the  conditions  differ  with  every  mile  of 
route.  But  there  are  many  things  common  to 
all  lines,  and  it  has  been  found  possible  to  strike 
general  averages  in  many  instances.  Beginning 
with  the  actual  laying  out  of  a  road,  including 
the  surveys  and  drawings  of  plans  and  specifi- 
cations, I  find  that  it  is  common  to  survey  three 
routes  over  a  territory  and  to  choose  the  one 
that  seems  the  best.  In  the  average  country, 
where  there  are  no  unusual  difficulties,  this  pre- 
liminary charge,  which  we  will  call  engineering, 
may  be  set  down  at  $600  a  mile.  In  some  c?ses 
it  may  run  as  low  as  $250,  and  in  rare  instances 
it  might  be  ten  tunes  this  amount. 

Mr.  Cochrane  then  proceeds  to  tell  how 
surveyors  proceed  and  how  contractors  form 
their  estimates  after  a  survey.  He  gives  the 
cost  of  excavation,  of  ballast  freightage,  of 
railway  ties,  rails,  culverts,  bridges,  signaling 
apparatus,  stations,  sidings,  and  supervision, 
and  declares,  as  a  result  of  his  investigations, 
that  a  typical  mile  of  average  railway,  well 
built,  through  a  rolling  country,  need  not 
cost  more  than  $21,000. 

The  writer,  in  order  to  get  a  fair  idea  of 
the  railroad  estimates  for  comparison,  se- 
cured data  from  nine  roads.  He  introduces 
the  report  thus: 

I  have  selected  nine  different  sections  of  rail- 
way, choosing  those  that  varied  much  from  each 
other,  and  that  are  fairly  representative  of  some 
type  of  construction.  Some  are  in  mountainous 
sections,  some  near  large  cities,  some  follow 
streams,  some  run  through  rolling  country,  some 
over  flat  land,  some  in  mucky  soil ;  some  have 
many  bridges  and  crossings,  and  some  art  double 
and   some  single  track.     All   were  built   within 


the  past  ten  years,  and  employed  rails  averaging 
eighty  i>ounds. 

I  found  that  the  average  cost  of  the  nine  lines 
selected,  when  reduced  to  a  single-track  basis, 
and  exclusive  of  stations  or  sij^naling,  was 
$49,000  a  mile,  or  about  double  the  typical  esti- 
mate that  I  have  given,  which  is  based  on  con- 
tractors' figures. 

Following  the  detailed  report  Mr.  Coch- 
rane remarks: 

My  own  estimate  of  $21,000  a  mile  is  based  on 
interviews  with  railway  contractors.  On  in- 
quiry, I  was  told  that  a  contractor  could  ^ain 
speedy  wealth  by  building  steam  railway  hnes 
similar  to  those  on  Long  Island  for  $15,000  a 
mile,  exclusive  of  stations.  It  is  evident  that 
my  total  of  $21,000  would  be  reduced  in  such  a 
case  by  (1)  the  use  of  light  rails;  (2)  fewer 
ties;  (3)  less  cutting  and  blasting;  (4)  fewer 
bridges. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  -figures  of  the  railways 
in  several  of  the  instances  cited  show  the  hi^h 
cost  in  building  close  to  large  cities,  and  m 
mountainous  sections.  As  there  are  roughly 
225,000  miles  of  railway  in  the  United  States, 
and  only  100  cities  with  40,000  or  more  popula- 
tion, it  is  self-evident  that  not  over  5  per  cent 
of  the  railway  trackage  built  can  lie  close  to 
large  cities.  Allowing  that  10  per  cent,  of  the 
trackage  is  in  mountainous  regions,  we  have  left 
85  per  cent,  of  the  railways  which  it  ought  to  be 
possible  and  practicable  to  build  for  $21,000  a 
mile.  The  other  15  per  cent,  may  actually  in- 
volve the  railway  figures  averagmg  $49,000  a 
mile. 

Mr.  Cochrane*s  idea  in  preparing  the  arti- 
cle is  set  forth  in  the  following  sentence: 

The  public  has  been  told  recently  that  several 
large  railways  were  in  the  market  to  borrow 
hundreds  of  millions  for  new  construction,  and 
the  question  naturally  arises  with  the  investor 
whether  a  railway  with  a  thousand  miles  of 
tracks  really  requires  $10,000,000  or  $25,000,000, 
or  $50,000,000  to  reconstruct  them.  The  best 
way  to  form  an  intelligent  idea  on  this  point  is 
to  know  the  average  cost  of  building  a  mile  of 
railway. 


THE   CANADIAN     RAILWAY    COMMISSION. 


(CANADA'S  Board  of  Railway  Commis- 
sioners  is  a  notable  example  of  a  compre- 
hensive eflEort  to  control  transportation  cor- 
porations. Under  what  is  known  as  **  The 
Railway  act  of  1903,"  the  board  enjoys 
power  and  jurisdiction.  This  act  is  a  complete 
revision  of  the  existing  railroad  laws  of  the 
Dominion.  During  the  debate  thereon  rail- 
roads were  freely  consulted  and  given  every 
opportunity  to  be  heard.  As  a  result  the 
commission  is  a  logically  empowered  body, 
created  to  try  certain  cases  which  arise  out 
'     Sc  construction  and   operation  of  rail- 


ways.    In  particular  it  has  jurisdiction  over 
matters  concerning: 

(1)  The  construction  details  of  new 
roads  or  of  the  improvements  undertaken  by 
the  existing  lines. 

(2)  The  crossings  of  highways,  railways, 
power  lines,  and  drainage  mains  by  railways. 

(3)  The  rates  that  may  properly  be 
charged  for  the  various  services  rendered  to 
the  public  by  the  railways,  the  express  com- 
panies, and  the  telephone  companies. 

The  commission  is  also  charged  with  the 
collection  of  statistics  of  operation,  investiga- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH, 


367 


tions  of  the  operating  of  the  roads,  in  par- 
ticular of  the  accidents  occurring  on  them, 
and  with  inspection  of  equipment.  To 
some  extent,  also,  it  has  become  customary, 
when  public  outcry  is  made  concerning  any 
particular  item  of  railroad  practice,  for  the 
government  to  request  the  commission  to 
make  a  report  upon  the  matter,  even  if  it 
docs  not  lie  within  the  ordinary  field  of  the 
commission's  activities.  It  acts  as  a  special 
adviser  to  the  government  in  matters  in- 
volving the  details  of  the  art  of  railroading. 

It  consists  of  three  Commissioners,  says 
Mr.  J.  G.  G.  Kerry,  in  the  Engineering 
Magazine  for  August,  who  are  appointed  by 
the  Govemor-in-Council  for  a  period  of  ten 
years  and  are  eligible  for  reappointment, 
until  they  reach  the  age  of  seventy-five  years. 
It  is  able  to  grasp  quickly  the  needs  of  every 
section  of  Canada,  although  no  member  of 
the  board  had  been  prominent  in  the  railroad 
world.  It  is  now  suggested  that  the  com- 
mi^ion  be  enlarged  to  include  some  repre- 
sentatives who  by  thought  and  training  are 
especially  qualified  to  understand  the  motives 
and  desires  of  the  railroad  men.  It  is  as- 
sisted in  its  work  by  an  advisory  staff  of 
praaical  railroad  men,  chosen  from  the  en- 
gineering, operating,  and  traffic  departments 
of  railroads. 

Its  jurisdiction  extends  to  all  railways 
under  the  legislative  authority  of  the  Do- 
minion Parliament,  and  railroads  operating 
under  provincial  charters  are  subject  to  its 
control  on  "  through  "  traffic,  crossings,  nav- 
igable waters,  and  for  criminal  acts.  It  has 
the  powers,  rights,  and  privileges  of  a  su- 
perior court,  but  an  appeal  on  matters  of 
jurisdiction  may  be  taken  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Canada.  The  Governor-in-Coun- 
cil  may  vary  or  rescind  its  orders,  but  does 
so  very  seldom.  In  matters  of  construction 
it  may  not  authorize  new  lines  except 
branches  less  than  six  miles  in  length.  But 
it  may  authorize  the  expropriation  of  private 
lands  for  railway  purposes  without  the 
owner's  consent.  The  awards  for  expropri- 
ated properties  are  made  by  a  specially  se- 
lected board  of  arbitrators. 

It  may  also  fix  the  terms  upon  which 
one  railway  company  will  be  authorized  to 
use  the  lands,  tracks,  and  buildings  of  an- 
other a)mpany;  and  it  has  fixed  in  several 
cases  switching  charges  at  commercial  cen- 
ters entered  by  two  or  more  railroads,  and 
has  ordered  the  construction  of  interchange 
tracks  to  facilitate  local  movement.  In  cases 
of  crossings,  all  cases  are  dealt  with  on  their 


merits.  Construction  detail  affecting  con- 
venience and  safety  of  passengers  is  subject 
to  the  approval  of  the  commission.  Broadly 
speaking,  it  has  power  to  determine  the  ac- 
tual cost  of  a  railroad's  construction. 

Its  powers  in  regard  to  rate-making  are 
very  wide.  On  this,  the  writer  observes: 
"  Briefly,  the  policy  that  the  government  has 
laid  down  and  has  intrusted  to  the  board  to 
carry  out  is  that  all  railway  charges  shall  be 
fully  known  to  the  shipping  public;  that  no 
discrimination,  either  in  favor  of  a  locality 
or  of  individuals,  shall  be  permitted;  that 
the  charges  themselves  shall  not  be  unreason- 
ably high,  and  that  the  machinery  provided 
shall  be  such  that  the  tariffs  can  be  rapidly 
adjusted  to  the  various  conditions  of  trade. 
No  effort,  however,  is  to  be  made  to  discrim- 
inate legally  against  a  locality  that  is  favored 
by  nature  for  the  benefit  of  one  that  is  not  so 
situated,  and  the  great  waterways  of  Canada, 
which  in  extent  and  possibilities  are  perhaps 
unequaled  elsewhere  on  the  face  of  the 
earth,  are  recognized  as  a  great  factor  in  the 
determination  of  the  cost  of  long-distance 
transportation." 

These  dudes  call  for  moderation,  good 
temper,  plenty  of  thought,  hard  work,  and 
heavy  traveling;  for  it  conducts  its  hearings 
at  the  place  where  the  complaint  originates. 
No  attempt  has  been  made  to  invest  its  de- 
cisions with  a  political  character,  and  appeals 
therefrom  have  been  few.  In  conclusion, 
he  says: 

"It  may  be  said  that  the  board  is  to  be 
regarded  as  an  experiment  in  government, 
made  by  a  rapidly  growing  country  in  an 
endeavor  to  provide  that  its  railways  shall 
be  intelligently  built  with  due  regard  to  pub- 
lic safety  and  the  general  advantage;  that 
they  shall  be  properly  equipped  and  efficient- 
ly operated,  and  that  the  charges  for  trans- 
portation shall  be  reasonable  and  free  from 
all  suspicion  of  manipulation  in  favor  of  pri- 
vate interests.  The  Railway  act,  under 
which  the  board  exercises  its  authority,  is 
a  recent  compilation  and  will  be  subjected  to 
much  amendment.  The  board  itself  has 
been  in  active  service  for  only  a  little  over 
three  years,  and  its  staff  is  not  yet  fully  or- 
ganized. It  would  be,  therefore,  entirely 
premature  to  express  any  opinion  as  to  the 
ultimate  success  of  this  particular  method  of 
corporation  control,  and  all  that  can  be  said 
at  present  is  that  the  board  has  so  performed 
its  duties  that  the  Canadian  people  as  a 
whole  are  entirely  content  that  the  experi- 
ment shall  be  continued." 


368 


THE   AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


THE   IMMIGRANT  WOMAN. 


npHE  sociologists  of  the  United  States 
have  started  a  new  investigation.  In- 
cidentally, they  have  brought  into  use  a  new 
socialistic  phrase, — "The  Immigrant  Woni- 
an."  The  aim  of  this  inquiry  is  to  ascertain 
what  becomes  of  the  women  who  land  on 
our  shores  year  after  year  from  other  coun- 
tries. The  number  increases  annually.  Do 
they  enter  the  ranks  of  laborers  or  of  drift- 
ers? .Do  they  rise  in  the  scale  of  human  life 
and  friendship,  or  deteriorate? 

More  than  25,000,00x3  "  alien  passengers," 
otherwise  **  immigrants,"  have  landed  in  the 
United  States  during  the  past  eighty-seven 
years.  More  than  1,000,000  entered  the 
country  in  1906.  Of  this  latter  total,  33^,- 
272  were  females.  Allowing  for  a  fair  pro- 
portion of  wives  and  girls  under  the  age  of 
maturity,  a  large  number  of  women  remain 
available    for    domestic    and    other    service. 

The  organization  known  as  the  Inter- 
Municipal  Research  Committee  is  at  present 
taking  active  steps  to  discover  just  how  far 
the  immigrant  woman  is  helpful  in  the 
several  communities  where  residence  is  sought 
for  and  obtained.  In  the  current  Atlantic, 
Frances  E.  Keller,  well-known  as  an  active 
worker  in  sociological  fields,  gives  much  use- 
ful and  interesting  data  on  this  subject,  evi- 
dently the  outcome  of  extended  personal 
research. 

For  the  year  ending  June  30,  1905,  301,585 
women,  nearly  one-half  of  the  number  of  men, 
came  to  this  country.  The  great  majority  of 
these  came  here  for  work.  Nineteen  out  of 
every  100  native  American  women  are  engaged 
ii!  gainful  oc<fupations,  but  32  out  of  every  100 
foreign-born  women  are  so  engaged,  and  the 
percentage  is  increasing.  In  my  investigation  of 
several  thousand  unmarried  immigrant  women, 
and  married  immigrant  women  without  children, 
who  had  arrived  within  three  years,  fully  90  per 
cent,  were  found  at  work  or  looking  for  work- 
Furthermore,  among  such  nationalities  as  the 
Poles,  Lithuanians,  Hungarians,  and  others, 
young  women  are  banding  together  and  coming 
over  in  small  gangs  without  connections  of  any 
kind  on  tfiis  side,  for  the  purpose  of  working. 

Regarding  the  possible,  probable,  and 
actual  value  of  these  immigrant  women  in 
the  places  where  they  locate  after  admission, 
this  view  is  oflEered: 

The  chief  value  of  women  immigrants  to  this 
country  at  the  present  time  is  industrial.  They 
are  a  greater  industrial  factor  than  is  generally 
recognized.  They  bear  as  important  a  relation 
to  households,  factories,  and  shops,  as  contract 
laborers  do  to  the  business,  commerce,  and  trans- 
portation interests  of  the  country.    The  demand 


fully  equals  that  for  men.  The  nature  of  their 
employment,  means  of  obtaining  work,  condi- 
tions of  work,  and  effect  upon  industry  are*  there- 
fore of  first  importance.  By  far  the  greatest 
number  are  found  in  domestic  service.  The 
household  industry  is  literally  dependent  upon 
the  immigrant,  and  a  famine  of  labor  would  re- 
sult should  this  supply  be  cut  off.  This  is  in  a 
scarcely  less  degree  true  of  the  factories. 

The  Jnter-Municipal  Committee's  inquir- 
ies, as  well  as  those  being  carried  on  under 
other  auspices,  are  largely  concerning  young 
and  unmarried  women  during  their  first 
three  years  of  residence.  Their  life  and  work, 
it  is  logically  asserted,  during  that  tinic  con- 
stitute a  great  social,  economic  and  novel 
factor  in  the  progress  and  development  of  this 
country  and  its  people. 

Immigrant  women,  quite  as  much  as  immi; 
grant  men,  belong  to  the  exploited  and  disin- 
herited group,  and  though  we  flatter  ourselves 
that  women  are  better  protected  than  men,  immi- 
grant women  upon  their  arrival  have  no  advan- 
tage in  laws  or  trade  over  men,  and  are  at  a 
disadvantage  politically.  The  problem  of  immi- 
grant women  is  not  entirely  that  of  immigrant 
men,  for  two  main  reasons.  First,  the  labor,  hous- 
ing, and  wages  of  women  are  more  complicated 
by  questions  of  sex  and  morality ;  and  second,  the 
field  of  domestic  service,  which  takes  great  num- 
bers of  them,  has  an  influence  unlike  that  of  any 
other  occupation.  It  is  a  mistake  to  attempt  to 
understand  or  solve  the  social,  industrial,  and 
moral  questions  arising  from  immi|rration  with- 
out considering  the  women.  Yet  this  is  the  most 
common  of  mistakes,  as  is  illustrated  by  the  re- 
cent three-day  conference  held  under  the  au- 
spices of  the  National  Civic  Federation.  There 
"  the  whole  question  was  discussed,'*  but  there 
was  no  mention  made  of  immigrant  women. 

The  whole  question  is  ably  discussed  by 
the  writer,  who  treats  exhaustively  of  con- 
ditions as  they  actually  exist.  The  subject  is 
a  new  one,  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to 
its  importance  as  a  factor  in  future  American 
life.  In  view  of  the  statement,  after  investi- 
gation, that  the  demand  for  women  in  indi- 
vidual fields  is  fully  equal  to  that  for  men,  the 
writer  is  quite  justified  in  suggesting,  as  a 
method  of  improving  the  service  and  elevating 
its  standard,  (1)  Greater  supervision  of 
work,  and  training  by  housewives,  (2)  estab- 
lishment of  training  schools,  (3)  friendly 
visiting  of  young  immigrant  workers  when 
they  first  arrive,  (4)  co-operation  on  the  part 
of  employers,  (5)  competition  with  other  in- 
dustries by  placing  housework  on  a  business 
basis,  (6)  patronage  of  reliable  agendes,  (7) 
proper  treatment,  (8)  protection,  and  (9) 
provision  for  those  vA\o  are  out  of  empby- 
mcnt 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


369 


THE   WRONG   OF  THE    GREAT  SURPLUS. 


QUR  immense,  and  annually  increasing, 
surplus,  which,  in  its  magnitude,  is 
the  phenomenon  of  American  finance,  "  a 
real  monster  eating  into  the  earnings  and 
savings  of  the  producing  millions,"  is  the 
subject  of  an  exceptionally  interesting  contri- 
bution in  the  mid-July  issue  of  the  North 
American  Review,  by  Mr.  Ellis  H.  Roberts, 
former  Treasurer  oiF  the  United  States. 

Pointing  out  that  this  is  fn  excess  of  $87,- 
000,000  for  the  last  fiscal  year,  or  13  per 
cent,  of  our  total  revenue,  he  asserts  that  this 
sum  is  42  per  cent,  greater  than  the  net  re-' 
ceipts  of  the  country  in  1861,  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War.  Moreover,  he  says, 
the  total  cost  of  the  Revolution  was  $135,- 
000,000,  which  will  be  exceeded  by  our 
surplus  before  the  end  of  the  year ;  the  second 
war  with  Great  Britain  involved  an  outlay 
of  $102,993,153,  which  will  be  equaled  by 
our  current  surplus  in  fourteen  months;  the 
Mexican  War  cost  us  $125,447,483,  or,  ap- 
proximately, our  surplus  total  by  December 
31,  1907;  and  the  war  with  Spain,  $130,- 
000,000,  which  fifteen  months*  surplus  will 
offect. 

Continuing,  he  points  out  that  the  cost  of 
Italy's  army  is  only  75  per  cent,  of  our  sur- 
plus last  year;  and  while  the  surplus  of 
Great  Britain  and  Germany  goes  to  provide 
conunissariat,  arms,  and  service,  ours  buys 
nothing  and  pays  nothing.  Since  1900  our 
net  surplus  amounts  to  $274,196,949,  and 
next  year  may  be  expected  to  reach  $120,- 
000,000.  What  excuse  can  be  offered  for 
such  hoards?  There  is  no  public  use  to 
which  they  can  be  put.  We  have  no  foreign 
war  on  our  hands,  and  no  debt  looming  up 
to  disturb  us.  A  reduction  in  our  public 
debt,  similar  to  the  rapid  reductions  from 
1870  to  1873,  is  neither  practicable  nor  de- 
sirable. -  The  vast  quantity  of  the  precious 
metals  at  present  in  the  Government  vaults 
is  abundant  for  every  demand  and  constitutes 
an  embarrassment  of  riches.  "  The  Treas- 
ury has  become  a  sturdy  giant  engrossing  the 
money  of  the  citizens." 

Excessive  receipts  congest  the  Treasury 
and  breed  strife  among  the  banks  seeking 
Government  deposits.  Experts  hold  that 
$50,000,000  is  a  proper  balance  for  current 
cash;  yet  in  Government  vaults  and  in  na- 
tional banks  there  is  idle,  bearing  no  interest 
and  serving  no  purpose,  the  enormous  sum  of 
$211,000,000.  This  is,  practically,  extortion. 
The  money,  in  great  part,  should  be  kept  by 


the  people.  It  is  an  indefensible  drain  upon 
the  community,  and  it  is  high  time  to  heed 
the  concerns  of  the  individual  citizen  and 
permit  him  to  keep  as  much  as  possible  of  his 
wages  and  property.  The  pressing  inquiry 
is:  "What  shall  be  done  about  it?"  To 
collect  revenue  from  the  people  merely  to 
dep>osit  it  in  banks  is  soniething  the  boldest 
would  shrink  from  advocating.  Neverthe- 
less, this  is  what  the  Government  is  doing. 

"  The  national  Treasury  should  not  be 
left  bare,  nor  be  placed  where  it  should  be 
fo'rced,  as  in  1893,  to  borrow  at  exorbitant 
rates  to  maintain  the  public  credit.  An  ideal 
system  would  always  show  a  small  balance 
above  current  liabilities.  .  .  .  But  the 
limits  beyond  which  it  is  hardly  less  than 
criminal  to  extort  collections  from  industry 
and  thrift  are  plain  as  our  grand  mountain 
ranges."  Every  superfluous  dollar  collected 
for  the  Treasury  taxes  the  staff  of  life.  It 
cripples  enterprise  and  develc^ment,  while 
in  the  hands  of  the  people  it  can  be  set  to 
work  to  earn  dividends  and  multiply  itselh 
"  In  no  other  nation  is  such  a  condition  as 
prevails  here  conceivable." 

Responsibility  for  the  wrong  of  this  great 
surplus  must  be  laid  upon  Congress,^— the 
majority  and  the  minority, — and  that  body 
alone  can  stop  it.  To  check  this  crying  abuse 
time  should  not  be  wasted  in  discussion  and 
strife  over  tariff  schedules.  "  The  direct 
way  is  to  cut  it  off."  This  can  be  done  in 
several  ways:  First,  agree  on  its  abolition; 
collect  what  is  needed  and  no  more.  There 
should  be  a  uniform  discount  in  our  tariff 
and  internal  revenue  schedules  from  present 
charges  equal  to  the  surplus  of  1907.  Such 
a  general  modification  would  be  neither 
drastic  nor  harmful,  nor  would  it  challenge 
the  principle  of  protection.  While  the  indi- 
cations are  that  two  years  will  elapse  before 
any  project  for  systematic  revenue  revision 
can  become  operative  in  the  natural  move- 
ment of  legislation,  higher  motives  than  pop- 
ular favor  should  influence  Congress.  No 
ethical  standard  and  no  theory  of*  finance 
justify  the  present  drain  on  the  citizen.  "  A 
Tocqueville  or  a  Hoist  or  a  Bryce  who 
should  inquire  into  our  national  finances 
would  wonder  at  the  continuous  gathering  of 
such  a  huge  surplus.  .  .  .  Do  Ameri- 
cans refer  to  aliens  or  the  future  the  decision 
of  a  vital  matter  of  current  finance?  Taxa- 
tion falls  on  their  backs;  collections  are  ex- 
torted from  their  pockets." 


370 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


In  conclusion  he  says:  "  Yet,  in  the  long 
run,  the  American  people  are  ruled  by. com- 
mon sense  and  fair  play.  Congress  will  be 
wise  to  go  forward  and  not  tarry  for  pop- 
ular clamor  to  compel  the  easing  of  burdens. 
Parties  cannot  hide  the  exigency.     No  mys- 


tery clouds  the  demand.  The  electors  pay 
with  alacrity  what  the  Government  actually 
needs ;  the  rest  of  their  resources  belongs  in 
their  ovm^  control.  They  approve  of  liberal 
revenues,  while  they  condenm  an  exorbitant 
surplus." 


THE  BRYAN-BEVERIDGE   DEBATE. 


**  IMPERIALISM  "  was  the  subject  on 
which  Messrs.  Bryan  and  Beveridge 
joined  issue  in  the  July  Reader.  This  the 
Nebraskan  defined  as  the  policy  of  an  empire, 
which  the  United  States  manifestly  is  not. 
Indeed,  the  word  is  so  objectionable  in  this 
country  as  to  be  only  used  in  indictments. 
Our  colonial  system  in  the  Philippines,  he 
considers,  is  indefensible.  Part  of  another 
hemisphere,  the  ocean  which  separates  these 
islands  from  us  makes  a  mutual  understand- 
ing impossible.  To  exploit  them  for  our 
own  use  would  lead  to  Filipino  distrust  and 
criticism.  Furthermore,  it  would  be  **  philan- 
thropy and  5  per  cent."  From  the  viewpoint 
of  trade  it  would  cost  more  than  it  was 
worth,  and,  besides  calling  for  an  annual 
appropriation,  would  be  a  repudiation  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  We  could  not 
extinguish  in  the  Philippines  the  right  to 
self-government  which  in  the  United  States 
we  defend  as  inalienable.  It  would  be  an 
abandonment  of  our  republican  principles. 
From  our  own  viewpoint  imperialism  would 
subvert  our  own  form  of  government;  while 
from  that  of  the  Filipino,  it  is  objectionable 
in  that:  First,  so  long  as  it  is  continued,  the 
Filipino  cannot  speak  in  praise  of  American 
institutions  without  exposing  himself  to  the 
charge  of  stirring  up  insurrection.  Second, 
it  is  tremendously  expensive. 

The  Filipinos  can  justly  contend  that  the 
American  Congress  does  not  understand  their 
needs,  no  matter  how  well-meaning  its  in- 
tention. Hence,  he  recommends  thafmeas 
ure  of  independence  for  our  Oriental  archi- 
pelago which  we  have  given  Cuba.  The 
theory  of  our  forefathers  assumes  a  capacity 
in  every  people  for  self-government  as  natur- 
ally inherent.  This  is  controlh'ng  in  this  in- 
stance. To  hold  that  capacity  for  self-gov- 
ernment is  a  cultivated  rather  than  a  natural  • 
quality  is  only-  the  theory  of  kings.  Every 
village  in  the  northern  Philippines,  says  he, 
has  enough  educated  men  to  direct  public 
sentiment,  and  every  year  increases  the  num- 
ber of  those  who  are  intelligent.    There  are 


looo  students  in  Manila  above  the  bachcWs 
degree,  and  there  are  thousands  that  have  al- 
ready graduated,  and,  now,  half  a  million 
are  in  the  lower  schools.  The  increase  in 
education  and  the  development  of  a  common 
language,  he  ascribes  as  the  only  good  of  our 
occupation. 

By  implanting  our  ideas  and  making 
friends  in  the  Orient,  wt  will  extend  our 
trade;  not  by  forcing  it  upon  an  unwilling 
people.  Our  present  policy  has  depressed, 
instead  of  encouraging,  Philippine  industries. 
We  have  cut  oflE  their  former  markets  and 
refused  them  access  to  ours.  Had  it  not 
been  for  us  they  would  "  to-day  enjoy  the 
benefits  of  a'  republic.  If  we  establish  a  re- 
public we  will  make  friends  of  all  the  pro- 
gressive men  of  Asia  and  unite  to  us  hun- 
dreds of  millions  of  Orientals.  We  would 
draw  their  students  to  our  shores  and  send 
them  back  with  civilized  ideas.  Policy  and 
principle  unite  in  urging  us  to  extend  our 
influence  westward  by  the  same  policy  that 
has  made  this  country  the  foremost  nation 
of  the  world. 

ARE    WE    "  IMPERIALISTS ''? 

Senator  Beveridge  ridicules  the  contenrion 
that  there  is  anything  imperialistic  in  cither 
our  original  taking  or  present  occupation  of 
the  Philippines,  and  intimates  very  forcibly 
that  we  will  continue  to  look  after  their  wel- 
fare until  the  progress  of  the  Filipino  no 
longer  justifies  it.  The  ballot-box,  thanks 
to  us,  is  now  a  Filipino  institution.  Filipinos 
fill  public  offices  and  a  majority  of  those  who 
run  the  government  are  natives.  Wc  cannot 
leave  them  alone,  for,  then,  they  would  be  at 
the  mercy  of  either  Japan,  England,  or  Ger- 
many. If  we  assumed  a  protectorate  over 
them  we  would  have  to  finance  them,  or 
guarantee  their  bonds»  and,  perhaps,  become 
embroiled  therefrom  in  a  disastrous  and  ex- 
pensive foreign  War.  We  are  making  won- 
derful strides  in  our  work  of  development, 
if  anything,  too  rapidly. 

No     Oriental     people     ever     established 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH.  371 

self-government  as  we  understand  that  term,  not  and  will  not  keep  aloof.     This  duty  we 

Eighty-  per  cent,  of  the  Filipinos  can  neither  will  perform  in  a  liberal  spirit  and  not  from 

read   nor  write  any  language,  and  the  im-  a  desire  for  gain.     Material  reward  and  ap- 

mensc  majority  do  not  speak  the  same  tongue,  plause  will  come  to  us,  but  our  crowning 

They  are  not  even  one  people,  but  a  number  joy    will    be    the    knowledge    that    we    dis- 

0/  tribes,  with  different  dialects,  faiths  and  charged  our  task  for  duty's  own  sake, 

usages     Porto  Rico  though  eminently  better  ^^    ^^^^^,^  ^^^^^  ^^  "colonialism." 
ntted    for   mdependence,   thrives   under  our 

administration.  Is  not  this  an  argument  Accusing  Senator  Beveridge  of  a  disincli- 
against  the  criticism  leveled  at  our  occupancy  nation  to  discuss  the  question  of  permanently 
in  the  Philippines?  Similarly,  with  Cuba,  holding  the  Philippines,  Mr.  Bryan,  in  the 
During  our  three  years'  administration  of  August  Reader,  asserts  that  Mr.  Beveridge 
Cuban  affairs  that  island  enjoyed  peace,  is  an  outspoken  advocate  of  colonialism.  The  . 
prosperity,  and  progress.  Just  as  soon  as  we  latter's  reasons,  he  says,  are  not  sufficient, 
withdrew  and  left  the  Cubans  to  themselves,  Moral  principles  cannot  be  so  easily  ignored 
assassination,  arson,  and  terror  ran  riot  as  Senatof  Beveridge  believes.  '*  It  is  doubt- 
throughout  the  island.  Which  is  better:  our  less  true  that  some  good  has  come  from 
suzerainty  under  the  Piatt  amendment,  or  things  wickedly  designed,  but  we  cannot 
internal  insurrection  under  self-government?  justify  the  doing  of  evil  that  good  may  come, 
The  answer  shows  how  silly  is  the  cry  of  nor  can  we  excuse  a  criminal  act  on  the 
imperialism  and  how  bizarre  are  academic  ground  that  an  overruling  Providence  will 
catch-words  when  applied  to  real  situations,  convert  our  sin  into  a  blessing.  If  we  have 
San  Domingo  is  another  illustration  of  self-  any  tendencies  to  extend  our  possessions  by 
government  in  name.  Character,  not  names,  ignoring  the  moral  law,  it  is  better  to  correct 
makes  free  institutions ;  but  Mr.  Bryan  over-  than  to  encourage  them." 
looks  this  distinction.  Destiny  is  **  the  dark  apology  for  error." 

A  practical  examination  of  actual  condi-  In  suggesting  as  a   reason   for   imperialism 

tions  in  the  Philippines,  Porto  Rico,  Cuba,  the    expansion    of    our    commerce,    Senator 

and  San  Domingo  shows  that  there  not  only  Beveridge  advances  the  most  potential  argu- 

is  not  but  never  has  been  an  issue  of  "  ira-  ment  of   the   imperialists.     This  is  putting 

perialism,"    if   by    that   term    is   meant    the  the  dollar  before  the  man, — something  hm- 

doing  of  something  we  ought  not  to  have  coin  and   Clay  denounced.     "  What  would 

done.    If  by  it  is  meant  the  general  policy  of  he   [Lincoln]   say  now  if  he  could  reply  to 

permanently  holding  and  administering  gov-  Indiana's    illustrious     Senator,"     says     Mr.  . 

ernment  in  these  various  possessions,  that  is  Bryan,  "  who  justifies  the  bartering  away  of 

too  far  in  the  future  for  any  settlement  at  the   fundamental   principles  of  free  govern- 

this  time.  ment  in  order  to  make  a  market  for  our  mer- 

"  What  wx  have  we  hold,"  is  the  motto  chandise?"     No  argument  is  more  unsub- 

of  our   blood,   and   expansion   is   our  racial  stantial  than  the  trade  argument.     Mr.  Bev- 

nature.      It  is  so  with   England   and   Ger-  eridge  only  presents  one  side.      He  ignores  the 

many.      We  must  have   foreign   trade,  and  cost;  but  we  are  appropriating  for  our  army 

these  islands  will  give  us  increased  weight  and  navy  more  than  $100,000,000  a  year  in 

in  Oriental   commerce.     Our   trade   in   the  excess    of    our    military    appropriations    ten 

Philippines    is    now,    annually,    more    than  years  ago.     These  expenditures   far  exceed 

$6,000,000,  against  $94,600  before  we  took  our  trade  returns,  and  all  of  the  people  pay 

them.     Their  total   foreign   trade  has  risen  them,  while  only  a  few  benefit  through  the 

annually  from  $12,000,000  to  $32,000,000.  trade. 

Our  sales  to  Haiw^aii  before  and  after  an-  That  capacity  for  self-government  is  cul- 

nexation  were,  respectively,  $4,300,000  and  tivated  and  not  natural  is-  Mr.  Beveridge's 

$12,036,000    annually.     To    China    before  belief.     That  was  not  the  creed  of  Abraham 

and  since   Philippine  occupation,   respective-  Lincoln.      It    is,    however,    the   doctrine   of 

ly.    $12,000,000     and     $53,400,000.      To  piracy  on  a  large  scale, — but  worse.     The 

Oceania,  respectively,  $22,650,000  and  $35,-  pirate  took  what  he  found,  and  left:  the  ?m- 

100.000.       Holding     the     Philippines     has  perialist    takes    what    he    find*;,    and    stays, 

drawn  the  Orient's  attention  to  us  and  at-  Piracv  was  temporarv;  imperialism  is  an  en- 

tracted  us  to  its  markets.  during  calamity.   "  Our  nation  is  the  natural 

We  have    now   reached   the  stage  where  leader  in  the  establishment  of  free  govern- 

we  are  able  to  care  for  others,  and  we  dare  ment.     No  amount  of  commercial  advantage 


372 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


could  justify  us  in  following  at  the  tail  end 
of  Europe's  procession,  and  it  would  not  pay 
us  to  do  so,  if  we  were  willing  to  endure  the 
political  and  moral  humiliation  of  such  a 
course." 

A     VIGOROUS     REJOINDER     FROM     MR.     BEV- 
ERIDGE. 

In  his  reply  to  the  Nebraskan,  Senator 
Beveridge  challenges  his  definition  of  *'  im- 
perialism," and  baldly  informs  the  twice- 
defeated  one  that  he  is  wrong.  With  the 
assistance  of  an  encyclopedia  the  Indianian 
informs  us  that  Mr.  Bryan's  use  »f  the  word 
is  in  the  sense  of  a  *'  political  catchword." 
Moreover,  his  construction  of  the  word 
"  empire  "  is  at  variance  with  the  views  of 
Jefferson  and  our  Supreme  Court.  No  one 
nowadays  is  misled  by  Mr.  Bryan's  ascribed 
meaning,  for,  says  Mr.  Beveridge,  sweetly: 
"  You  cannot  long  fool  the  American  people 
by  fictions." 

Jefferson  and  Jackson  were  "  imperialists," 
—because  they  were  Americans  and  purpose- 
ful. Senator  Beveridge  is  inclined  in  his  re- 
ply to  wave  the  star-spangled  banner  very 
frequently  in  Mr.  Bryan's  face.  The  dis- 
tance of  the  Philippines  from  America  is  not 
relevant  in  discussing  our  occupation.  Hu- 
man rights  are  not  measured  by  propinquity. 
Instead  of  being  a  J*  weakness  "  to  us,  the 
proof  is  to  the  contrary.  In  the  Boxer  re- 
bellion we  were  able  to  send  troops  to  the 
relief  of  the  American  Legation  as  quickly 
as  even  England  or  Japan  sent  forces  to  save 
their  people.  They  are  strategically  one  of 
our  strongest  points  for  military  and  naval 
operations  in  the  Far  East.  If  our  presence 
is  an  aggravation  to  the  Filipinos  is  it  worse 
than  that  of  Japan  or  England  or  Germany, 
or  even  of  themselves, — the  Tagals,  Vis- 
cayans,  Moros,  and  others,  all  striving  for 
the  mastery  and  cutting  one  another's 
throats  ? 

Our  "  exploitation  "  is  not  selfish.  We 
furnish  capital  to  develop  their  resources  and 
give  them  employment,  arid  through  an  effi- 
cient Forestry  Service  have  preserved  their 
abundant  forests  from  rapacious  millionaires. 
What  havoc  would  be  wrought  if  a  Filipino 
oligarchy  ruled  the  islands  and  granted  con- 
cessions to  destroy  these  forests,  and  other 
resources  of  the  archipelago,  to  selfish  ad- 
venturers! Our  land  laws  are  another  proof 
of  our  disinterestedness,  for  no  individual  or 
corporation  may  hold  more  than  5000  acres. 
This  has  even  prevented  capital  embarkation, 
for  the  area  is  too  small  for  profitable  culti- 


vation, and  the  law  will  oe  amended  at  the 
next  session  of  Congress.  We  have  estab- 
lished an  agricultural  bank  to  assist  the  farm- 
ers at  low  interest  rates.  One  hundred  years 
hence,  Mr.  Bryan's  objections  will  be  as 
laughable  as  those  of  Quincy  against  the 
Louisiana  purchase,  and  of  Corwin  against 
the  annexation  of  Texas.  Mr.  Bryan  seems 
mentally  committed  to  the  use  of  irrelevant 
"  political  catchwords." 

If  we  give  them  independence  like  that  of 
Cuba  we'll  have  to  return  and  reconstruct 
them  again  and  again,  for  they  will  fail  as 
surely  as  did  the  Pearl  of  the  Antilles.  Wc 
arc  not  going  to  stumble  this  time,  and 
pretty  soon  we  will  settle  down  to  the  per- 
manent government  of  not  only  Porto  Rico, 
and  the  Philippines,  but  of  Cuba  as  well. 

Jefferson  was  an  expansionist.  He  wanted 
Cuba,  Canada  and  South  America.  We 
have  been  practicing  imperialism  throughout 
our  whole  expanding  history.  The  Filipinos 
to-day  enjoy  more  liberty  than  the  Oriental 
ever  heard  of.  **  Consent  of  the  governed  " 
even  at  the  hands  of  the  *'  fathers  "  did  not 
apply  to  ever>'body;  some  of  them  were 
slave  owners!  We  are  governing  Alaska 
without  its  consent,  and  we  governed  the 
French  of  New  Orleans  without  their  ac- 
quiescence. Was  that  wrong?  The  cost 
of  governing  the  Philippines  is  only  a  trifle 
of  that  which  would  be  wrung  from  the  peo- 
ple under  a  native  government.  They  pay 
their  own  way.  Our  troops  cost  us  no  more 
than  if  they  were  at  home,  and  our  army  is 
no  larger.  Colonization  and  expansion  give 
an  impetus  to  liberty  everywhere.  This  is 
true  of  England,  France,  Italy,  and  Ger- 
many. In  the  Philippines  we  will  labor  for 
world  advancement;  for  we  are  destined  to 
play  a  part  in  Christianizing  mankind,  not 
in  obstructing  it. 

This  final  word :  If  anybody  thinks  that  wc 
are  going  to  be  a  nation  of  shirks,  I  advise  him 
to  consult  the  American  pulpit.  Let  him  in- 
struct himself  in  the  missionary  spirit  of  this 
Christian  people.  Let  him  ask  the  millions  of 
young  American  Christian  men  and  women, 
members  of  Epworth  Leagues.  Christian  En- 
deavorers,  Knights  of  Columbus,  what  they  think 
of  the  proposition  to  surrender  to  a  non-Chris- 
tian power  the  millions  of  human  beings  which 
Providence  has  entrusted  to  our  care.  This 
whole  world  is  going  to  be  civilized  and  saved. 
All  mankind  will  be  Christianized  and  redeemed. 
The  prophet's  vision  of  the  stone  cut  by  hands 
unseen  from  the  mountainside  rolling  on  till  it 
fills  the  earth  with  its  glory  will  be  realized. 
And  the  American  people  will  be  a  part  of  that 
inspired  dream,  and  not  an  obstruction  to  its  ful- 
fillment. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH,  373 

COMPULSORY    ARBITRATION    BETWEEN   NATIONS. 


I  N  a  consideration  of  the  work  and  possi- 
bilities of  the  second  Hague  Peace  Con- 
ference, written  before  the  assembling  of 
that  body  and  contributed  to  the  American 
Journal  of  International  Law  for  July,  Hon. 
David  J.  Hill,  American  Minister  to  Hol- 
land, records  the  treaties  of  obligatory  arbi- 
tration between  different  powers  that  have 
been  registered  by  the  Bureau  of  Adminis- 
trative Council  of  the  Permanent  Court  of 
Arbitration  at  the  Dutch  capital.  These 
general  treaties  of  arbitration,  Mr.  Hill  ob- 
serves, may  be  divided  into  five  classes.  We 
quote  here  from  the  law  journal: 

I.  General  treaties  of  arbitration  framed  on 
the  same  model,  submitting  to  obligatory  arbitra- 
tion dififerences  of  a  judicial  kind  or  relating  to 
the  interpretation  of  treaties  between  the  two 
contracting  parties  which  may  arise  between  them 
and  which  cannot  be  settled  by  diplomatic  means. 
Two  exceptions  only  are  stipulated  in  these  trea- 
ties: (i)  differences  which  involve  the  vital  in- 
terests, the  independence,  or  the  honor  of  the 
contractants ;  and  (2)  cases  where  the  interests 
of  third  powers  are  involved.  These  eighteen 
treaties  are  the  following: 

1  France  and  Great  Britain,  October  14,  1903. 

2  France  and  Italy,  December  25,  1903. 

3  Great  Britain  and  Italy,  February  i,  1904. 

4  Spain  and  France,  February.  26,  1904. 

5  Spain  and  Great  Britain,  February  27,  1904. 

6  France  and  The  Netherlands,  April  6,  1904. 

7  France  and  Sweden  and  Norway,  July  9, 
1904. 

8  Germany  and  Great  Britain,  July  12,  1904. 

9  Great   Britain   and   Sweden   and    Norway, 
August  II,  IQCM. 

10  Great  Britain  and  Switzerland,  November 
16,  1904. 

11  Great  Britain  and  Portugal,  November  16, 
1904. 

12  Italy  and  Switzerland,  November  23,  1904. 

13  Austria-Hungary  and  Switzerland,  Decem- 
ber 3,  1904- 

14  France  and  Switzerland,  December  14, 
1904. 

15  Austria-Hungary  and  Great  Britain,  Janu- 
ary 11,  1905. 

16  Great  Britain  and  The  Netherlands,  Feb- 
ruary 15,  1905. 

17  Denmark  and  France,  September  15,  1905. 

18  Denmark  and  Great  Britain,  October  25, 
190S. 

II.  A  general  treaty  between  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal of  May  31.  1904,  submitting  to  obligatory  ar- 
bitration all  differences  of  a  judicial  kind  or  rela- 
tive to  the  interpretation  of  treaties,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  those  involving  the  vital  interests,  the 
independence,  or  the  honor  of  the  contractants. 
This  treaty  differs  from  those  of  Class  I.  in  that 
the  subject  of  litigation  between  the  contractants, 
after  the  failure  of  diplomatic  means,  shall  first 
be  submitted  to  a  special  commission ;  and,  if 
this  expedient  also  fails,  shall  then  be  submitted 
to  arbitration. 

IIL  ^)ecial  treaties  for  the  obligatory  arbitra- 


tion of  differences  arising  from  the  interpreta- 
tion of  treaties  and  pecuniary  claims,  with  the 
same  exceptions  as  Class  I.  These  six  are  the 
following : 

1  Belgium  and  Russia,  October  17,  1904. 

2  Belgium  and  Switzerland,  Novemoer  15. 
1904. 

3  Belgium  and  Sweden  and  Norway,  Novem- 
ber 30,  1904. 

4  Belgium  and  Spain,  January  23,  1905. 

5  Belgium  and  Greece,  April   19,  19O5. 

6  Belgium  and  Denmark,  April  26,  1905. 

IV.  General  treaties  for  the  obligatory  arbitra- 
tion of  all  differences,  except  those  reserved  in 
Class  I.  The  treaty  between  Norway  and 
Sweden  stipulates  that  the  Permanent  Court  of 
Arbitration  shall  decide  whether  or  not  the  vital 
interests  of  either  party  are  involved.  These 
six  treaties  are  the  following: 

7  Sweden  and  Norway  and  Switzerland,  De- 
cember 17,  1904. 

8  Sweden  and  Norway  and  Russia,  Novem- 
ber 26,  1904. 

9  Sweden  and  Norway  and  Spain,  January 
23,   1905. 

10  Norway  and  Sweden,  October  26,  1905. 

11  Denmark  and  Spain.  December  i,  1905. 

12  Denmark  and  Russia,  February  16,  1905. 

V.  Two  treaties  stipulating  obligatory  arbitra- 
tion between  the  two  contractants  for  all  differ- 
ences, zvithout  exception. 

1  Denmark  and  The  Netherlands,  February 
12,  1904;  and 

2  Denmark  and  Italy,  December  16,  1905. 
The  facts  above  cited  show  a  steady  growth 

of  public  opinion  and  of  governmental  confi- 
dence in  many  different  countries  in  the  direc- 
tion of  favoring  the  obligatory  arbitration  of  in- 
ternational disputes.  The  reservations  are,  in 
most  cases,  still  considerable,  for  each  sovereign 
power  is  left  free  to  determine  what  may  affect 
Its  sovereign  interests.  It  is  at  this  point  that 
the  provisions  for  international  commissions  of 
inquiry  become  of  value,  for  such  commissions 
may  determine  whether  or  not  an  alleged  griev- 
ance is  real  or  imaginary.  It  is  in  no  sense  a 
derogation  of  the  dignity  of  sovereignity  to  sub- 
mit to  an  impartial  inquiry  regarding  the  reality 
of  an  alleged  but  disputed  state  of  fact. 

The  July  issue  of  this  dignified  and  useful 
quarterly  contains,  also,  the  following  special 
articles:  "The  International  Congresses  and 
Conferences  of  the  Last  Century  as  Forces 
Working  Toward  the  Solidarity  of  the 
World,"  by  Simeon  E.  Baldwin;  "Inter- 
national Unions  and  Their  Administration," 
by  Paul  S.  Reinsch ;  "  American  Ideals  of 
International  Relations,"  by  Albert  Bush- 
nell  Hart ;  **  The  Extent  and  Limitations  of 
the  Treaty-Making  Power  Under  the  Con- 
stitution," by  Chandler  P.  Anderson;  and 
"  State  Loans  in  Their  Relation  to  Inter- 
national Policy,"  by  Luis  M.  Drago.  Be- 
sides these  features  there  is  an  account  of  the 
first  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Society 


374 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REyiEWS. 


.  of  International  Law,  held  in  Washington  official  documents  of  international  import 
last  April,  the  chronicle  of  international  belonging  to  the  history  of  the  preceding 
events,  and  the  supplement  containing  the   three  months. 


IS  FRANCE  IN  A  BAD    WAY   COMMERCIALLY? 


A  SEARCHING  examination  of  the  gen- 
eral commercial  policy  and  habits  of 
the  French  people  was  made  in  a  recent  ad- 
dress by  the  economist  member  of  the  Sen- 
ate, M.  Jacques  Siegfried.  This  address 
was  afterward  published  in  the  Revue  des 
Deux  Mondes,  and  from  this  printed  version 
we  extract  some  of  M.  Siegfried's  most  sig- 
nificant utterances. 

France,  although  in  many  respects  unsuc- 
cessful as  a  colonizing  power,  has  succeeded 
quite  well  in  Algeria  and  Tunis.  These  de- 
pendencies, says  Senator  Siegfried,  are  a 
credit  to  the  French  people.  In  general, 
however,  he  continues,  France  does  not  suc- 
ceed in  any  foreign  business,  because  the  re- 
public is  not  fitting  out  a  sufficient  number 
of  men  for  commercial  work.  The  French 
university  is  an  admirable,  institution,  but 
it  has  not  yet  properly  recognized  the  com- 
mercial character  of  the  age.  What  France 
needs  is  primary  instruction  for  commercial 
ends.'  She  needs  also,  among  other  things 
which  will  conduce  toward  commercial  emi- 
nence, proper  labor  organization,  up-to-date 
sanitary  science,  and  modern  care  of  her 
children.  France  is  "  far  behind  all  the 
other  nations  in  the  matter  of  the  application 
of  commercial  knowledge.'* 

Confronted  as  we  are  by  the  spectacle  of  an 
enormous  commercial  and  industrial  development 
due  entirely  to  the  "  trust "  system  and  the  free- 
lance system  of  business  (note  the  industrial  de- 
velopment of  Germany  and  the  United  States), 
it  is  difficult  to  realize  that  France  ia  still  cling- 
ing to  Article  409  of  the  old  Penal  Code,  which 
menaces  with  prison  and  police  surveillance  all 
who  combine  to  demand  for  their  goods  a  cer- 
tain price  and  refuse  to  sell  lower  than  that 
price. 

Under  present  conditions,  says  M.  Sieg- 
fried, universal  suffrage  in  France  reserves 
parliamentary  life  for  the  exclusive  benefit 
of  those  whose  habits  have  fitted  them  to  talk 
more  than  anything  else,  and  who  use  this 
gift  of  eloquence  to  excite  and  fool  the  peo- 
ple. "  These  men  are  politicians.  The 
great  commercial,  financial,  and  agricultural 
interests  of  the  republic  are  of  little  impor- 
tance to  them." 

France  is  but  poorly  supplied  with  com- 
mercial attaches  at  her  consulates  abroad,  we 


are  told.  She  has  not  a  sufficient  number  of 
commercial  museums.  Indeed,  her  mer- 
chants lack  initiative.  This  writer  advises 
the  establishment  of  stock  markets  of  for- 
eign commerce,  new  banks  with  long-credit 
features,  and  a  radical  improvement  of  the 
consular  corps.  He  believes  there  is  consid- 
erable danger  in  the  present  irresponsible 
power  of  labor  "  syndicalism  "  in  France. 
In  conclusion  he  remarks: 

We  know  that  our  busitiess  men,  our  coun- 
selors of  foreign  commerce,  our  boards  of  trade, 
and  our  chambers  of  commerce  are  making  re- 
markable efforts.  In  a  short  time  we  shall  have 
reinforced  our  excellent  office  of  foreign  com- 
merce by  the  new  corps  of  commercial  agents: 
wc  shall  have  improved  our  greater  seaports  and 
established  "  free  zones  *' :  we  shall  have  founded 
local  fairs  similar  to  the  Leipsic  Musterlagcr- 
messe,  a  forei^  stock  market,  and  an  exporters' 
bank.  But,  higher  than  all  this,  and  more  im- 
portant by  far,  we  are  beginning  to  improve  our 
political  manners  and  our  system  of  national 
education. 

Frenchmen  Earn   More    and  Save   More 
Than   Formerly. 

The  Rivista  Italiana  di Sociologia  ( Rome) 
publishes  some  advance  sheets  of  a  work  by 
M.  E.  Levasseur,  entitled  "  Labor  and  In- 
dustrial Questions  Under  the  Third  Repub- 
lic." The  writer  gives  a  number  of  tables 
showing  the  changes  in  the  cost  of  living 
and  in  wages  in  France  during  the  past  fifty 
years,  and  arrives  at  the  conclusion  that 
while  wages  have  increased  84  per  cent,  in 
that  time,  the  cost  of  living  has  increased  but 
27  per  cent., — that  is  to  say,  wages  are  not 
only  nominally  but  actually  higher  now  than 
they  were  sixty  years  ago;  so  that,  over  and 
above  the  increase  in  the  cost  of  living,  there 
is  a  surplus  which  can  either  be  laid  aside 
as  savings  or  else  expended  to  secure  addi- 
tional comforts.     M.  Levasseur  proceeds: 

As  far  as  food  is  regarded,  in  Paris  toward 
1835  the  goldsmiths  took  their  lunch  on  their 
working-bench ;  it  consisted  of  a  little  bread.  2 
sous'  worth  of  fried  potatoes,  and  2  or  3  sous' 
worth  of  salad;  sometimes  a  half  glass  of  wine 
was  added  to  this;  to-day  they  go  to  a  dairy- 
kitchen  or  to  a  restaurant  and  spend  at  least  20 
sous.  In  1830  the  workmen  of  Paris  wore  caps 
and  coarse  gloves ;  to-day  they  would  feci  humil- 
iated if  on  holidays,  and  perhaps  every  day,  they 
could  not  wear  hats  and  kid  gloves.     A  work- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE    MONTH. 


378 


man  with  wages  of  8  or  lo  francs  who  should 
live  as  his  predecessor  did,  who  earned  a  little 
less  than  4  francs,  would  be  looked  upon  as 
"queer,"  and  his  companions  would  call  him  a 
miser.  Hence  the  social  value  of  money  has  fall- 
en considerably  for  this  class. 

After  touching  upon  the  various  causes 
which  have  contributed  to  bring  about  an 
increase  of  wages  both  nominal  and  real,  M. 
Levasseur  says  in  conclusion : 

The  price  of  commodities  and  that  of  personal 
services  have  really  divergent  tendencies.  The 
price  of  commodities  in  general,  and  especially 


or  those  which  are  required  by  the  greater  num- 
ber of  families  of  the  working-classes,  has  di- 
minished, while,  on  the  other  hand,  the  payment 
for  services,  doctor's  and  lawyer's  fees,  salaries 
of  employees,  and  the  wa^es  of  workmen  and  of 
domestic  servants  have  increased.  It  may  be 
said  that  under  present  conditions  products  tend 
to  be  sold  for  what  they  cost  and  the  greater 
part  of  these  products  cost  continually  less, 
while  human  labor  tends  to  be  sold  for  what  it 
produces,  and  its  productive  power  is  always  in- 
creasing,---a  duplex  tendency  in  opposite  direc- 
tions which  contributes  to  the  well-being  of  the 
working  classes  and  constitutes  a  progress  in 
economic  civilization. 


AMERICA'S  INTEREST  IN   THE  EDUCATION  OF  ITALIAN 

CHILDREN. 


^\  F  all  the  nationalities  represented  in  our 
regular  influx  of  immigrants  the  Italian 
has,  beyond  a  doubt,  been  the  object  of  the 
most  varied  discussion.  While  not  blind  to  his 
virtues,  it  has  been  his  faults  that  have  been 
most  vigorously  asserted.  During  the  past 
year  or  two  the  Italian  periodicals  have  been 
taking  up  the  discussion,  pro  and  co!i.  A 
noteworthy  contribution  to  this  discussion 
which  is  very  favorable  to  the  Italian  immi- 
grant appears  in  the  Rassegna  Nazionale 
(Florence).  The  author  severely  criticises 
the  Italian  in  the  United  States  for  his  lack 
of  loyalty  to  his  fellows  and  of  pride  in  his 
nationality.  In  the  article  there  are  some 
interesting  statistics. 

Of  the  Italian  emigrants  who  land  in  New 
York,  45  per  cent,  are  males  between  fifteen  and 
forty-five:  more  than  45  per  cent,  come  from 
southern  provinces,  and  among  the  men  45  per 
cent  are  unskilled  laborers.  Now,  owing  to  va- 
rious peculiar  conditions  in  America  (compul- 
sory education,  which  keeps  boys  in  school  until 
they  are  fourteen  years  old  and  turns  therti 
out  too  "  educated  **  to  be  willing  to  do  manual 
labor,  the  immense  amount  of  gigantic  construc- 
tions of  subways,  office-buildings,  biidges,  etc.), 
the  demand  for  unskilled  labor  in  America  is 
practically  unlimited.  These  workmen,  there- 
fore, obtain  work  without  the  necessity  of  going 
more  than  200  or  250  miles  from  New  York,  and 
prosper  accordingly  at  once.  From  among  these, 
however,  come  the  fluctuating  class  of  southern 
Italians,  who,  by  their  inveterate  love  of  coun- 
tr)',  cannot  settle  here  definitely.  They  spend 
eight  or  nine  months  in  America  and  return  to 
Italy  for  the  rest  of  the  yoar.  In  1901  more  than 
98.000  returned  to  Italy,  and  in  1904  more  than 
134,000.  The  permanent  class  that  remains  is 
the  bulk  of  Italian-American  citizens  which  need 
to  be  reckoned  with  as  a  factor  in  the  future  of 
America.  Among  them,  although  they  are  often 
vtry  illiterate,  there  are  no  anarchists  no  mem- 
bers of  the  Black  Hand  or  other  criminal  so- 
cieties, and    almost  no  criminals  of  any  kind. 


They  are  ignorant,  but  almost  without  exception 
honest.  That  the  knowledge  of  the  alphabet  is 
no  guarantee  of  virtue  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
between  January  i  and  March  31,  1905,  there 
were  arrested  in  New  York  44,014  persons,  of 
whom  only  1175  were  illiterate,  or  only  2.6  per 
cent. 

THE    TESTIMONY    OF     STATISTICS. 

The  author  refutes  positively,  by  means 
of  statistics,  those  who  condemn  Italians  as 
degenerate,  drunken,  lazy,  dirty,  and  prone 
to  crime.  If  those  accusations  were  true  any- 
where, he  says,  they  would  be  true  in  New 
York,  where  there  are  crowded  together 
450,000  Italians.  He  then  makes  a  compar- 
ison between  these  450,000  Italians  and  the 
300,000  Irish  resident  in  New  York. 

To  begin  with  the  accusation  of  pauperism,  in 
1904  there  were  on  Blackwell's  Island  1564  Irish 
paupers  and  only  sixteen  Italians.  Of  suicides 
eighty-nine  were  Irish  and  twenty-three  Italians. 
On  May  i,  1902,  there  were  in  New  York  282,804 
Irish  and  200,549  Italians.  Which  of  the  two 
varieties  of  adoptive  citizens  contributed  more  to 
crime?  For  drunkenness  1281  Irish  were  ar- 
rested and  only  513  Italians.  Next  to  the  Rus- 
sian Jew,  the  Italians  are  the  most  temperate  of 
all  nationalities  immigrating  to  this  country. 

The  author  admits  that  in  one  class  of 
crimes  the  Italians  have  an  unenviable  prior- 
ity,— in  deeds  of  violence  committed  with- 
out premeditation,  from  jealousy  or  anger. 

Nevertheless,  in  the  main,  all  the  statistics 
show  them  to  be  a  law-abiding  people.  The 
Sicilian  Mafia  and  the  Black  Hand  Society  form 
the  only  exception  to  this  rule;  and  the  power 
and  extent  of  these  coalitions  are  grotesquely 
exaggerated  in  the  popular  fancy  of  the  Ameri- 
cans. As  to  the  filthy  habits  attributed  to  Ital- 
ians, this  charge  is  for  the  most  part  unwar- 
ranted. The  municipal  inspectors  of  tenement 
houses  in  New  York  report  that  Italian  tene- 
ment houses  are  much  cleaner  than  those  of  the 


376 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REyiElVS. 


Jews  or  the  Irish.  Oi»e  of  the  typical  Italian 
quarters  is  inhabited  by  1075  families,  but  is  kept 
in  a  state  comparatively  hygienic,  since  the 
rooms  contain   on  an  average  but  one  or  two 

fersons.  "As  far  as  the  social  evil  goes,  the 
talian  women  are  pre-eminently  virtuous.  Out 
of  750,000  emigrants  to  America  during  the  last 
four  years  only  one  woman  has  been  arrested 
for  immoral  conduct." 

Are  Italian  School  Children  a  Menace  to 
Annerica? 

On  the  face  of  it  an  article  on  the  hygienic 
condition  of  the  common  schools  in  Italy 
would  be  of  no  interest  to  Americans,  but 
when  It  is  remembered  that  there  are  arriv- 
ing every  day  at  our  ports  hundreds  and 
thousands  of  children  and  adults  who  bear 
on  them  and  bring  to  us  the  results  of  those 
schools  it  will  be  seen  that  their  condition  is 
of  grave  concern  to  us. 

In  particular  those  interested  in  the  anti- 
tuberculosis campaign  will  find  a  painful  in- 
terest in  an  article  in  the  Nouva  Antologia 
(Rome)  by  Signor  Alessandro  Lustig.  He 
reports  the  results  of  an  investigation  under- 
taken by  him  at  the  request  of  the  Anti- 
Tuberculosis  Congress  which  recently  con- 
vened in  Milan.  The  schools  investigated 
were  chosen  from  every  region  of  Italy. 

The  state  of  the  schools  is  in  almost  every, 
case  disheartening,  and  even  alarming.  Any 
one  who  knows  the  lack  of  hygienic  knowl- 
edge and  equipment  in  the  Italian  schools 
will  not  be  surprised  to  learn  that  in  the 
matter  of  statistics  of  mortality  for  consump- 
tion the  students  of  Italy  stand  first  of  all. 
Not  only  do  the  schools  fail  to  aid  the  pupils 
in  their  healthy  development;  they  positively 
injure  it. 

Very  few  of  the  school-buildings  were  con- 
structed for  that  purpose,  and  only  50  per  cent, 
of  the  majority  have  been  adapted  in  the  slightest 
to  their  present  use.  The  few  buildings  con- 
structed expressly  for  school  purposes  are  often 
not  well  adapted  for  children,  and  are  used  for 
other  purposes  as  well.  As  for  the  others,  they 
are  generally  indecent,  crowded,  airless,  and  lo- 
cated in  positions  unfavorable  to  the  health  and 
morals  of  their  inmates.  In  one  province,  out  of 
217  buildings,  84  (or  35  per  cent.)  are  excessively 
dp.mp.  In  some  provinces  there  are  many  schools 
where  there  is  no  water  in  the  school  buildings, 
nor  any  form  of  water-closets.  In  one  province 
70  per  cent,  of  the  buildings  have  none.  Almost 
without  exception,  the  schoolrooms  in  the  elemen- 
tary sch(  ols  have  insufficient  cubic  air-space,  are 
badly  lighted,  and  filled  with  germ-laden  dust. 
In  one  province  70  per  cent,  of  the  schoolrooms 
have  no  means  of  warming  them,  are  without 
light,  damp  and  dirty,  and  81  per  cent,  have  no 
water.  The  seats  are  instruments  of  torture, 
the  cause  of  many  curved  spines  and  of  eye 
troubles,  which  are  very  prevalent  in  the  second- 
ary schools.    There  is  no  chance  for  physical 


education,  since  almost  none  of  the  schools  have 
proper  playgrounds,  which  are  neither  dusty  nor 
wet. 

Such  being  the  state  of  the  schools,  it  is 
not  surprising  that  sanitary  supervision  b>' 
the  state  is  unknown.  The  law  indeed  makes 
some  provision  for  state  regulation.  These 
regulations  demand  that  (i)  every  school 
shall  be  thoroughly  disinfected  at  least  once 
a  year,  and  (2)  that  every  school  shall  be 
visited  at  least  once  a  month  in  ordinary 
times  and  oftener  if  necessary  by  a  gov- 
ernment health  inspector.  These  regula- 
tions are,  as  a  rule,  totally  disregarded. 
The  author  says  that  it  is  not  to  be  hoped 
that  a  radical  transformation  can  take  place 
at  once,  nor  even  for  a  long  time,  though  he 
sketches  lightly  the  program  that  would  be 
desirable, — school  lunches,  recreations,  hospi- 
tals, Alpine  colonies,  and  a  better  instruction 
in  school  hygiene  for  teachers.  But  certain 
elementary  improvements  should  be  made  at 
once,  and  must  be  made  if  the  rapid  spread 
of  tuberculosis  among  school-children  is  to 
be  checked. 

Government  Efforts  to  Lower  the   Per- 
oentafire  of  illiteracy. 

In  an  article  in  the  Nuova  Antologia 
(Rome)  Signor  Maggiorino  Ferraris,  deputy 
in  the  Italian  Chamber,  writes  of  the  earnest 
efforts  which  are  made  in  Italy  to  combat  the 
evil  of  illiteracy.     He  says: 

For  many  years  Italy,  with  its  ignorant  masses, 
has  fed  the  lowest  levels  of  the  great  cities  of 
the  world,  of  Europe  and  of  the  United  States. 
At  the  present  day,  in  the  press,  in  books,  and 
sometimes  even  in  the  foreigrn  legislatures,  there 
has  been  discussion  of  the  comparative  merits  of 
Italian  emigration  and  of  that  of  the  yellow  and 
black  races.  This  is  a  hard  truth  brought  home 
to  many  of  our  fellow-countrymen  in  foreign 
lands;  and  in  Italy  it  is  only  ignored  by  the 
rhetoricians,  who  do  not  travel,  who  do  not 
know  foreign  languages,  who  do  not  read, — ^and 
even  boast  of  this, — a  single  newspaper  or  a 
single  book  published  beyond  the  Alps.  This 
does  not  depend  upon  any  inferiority  of  race; 
far  otherwise.  The  Italian  emigrant  who  has 
studied  or  who  -has  at  least  grown  up  among 
.  intelligent  surroundings,  wherever  he  may  go. 
will  become  a  capable  workman,  a  merchant,  an 
active  member  of  the  community,  and  will  do 
honor  both  to  himself  and  to  his  native  land. 

Signor  Ferraris  regards  an  annual  expendi- 
ture of  5  lire  per  capita  as  an  irreducible 
minimum  to  assure  adequate  primary  instruc- 
tion. At  present  the  communes  expend  an- 
nually 80,000,000  lire  and  the  state  17,000,- 
000.  In  order  to  reach  the  sum  of  5  lire  per 
capita,  the  state  must  provide  each  year  65,- 
000,000  lire  additional. 


LEAD/NG  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH, 


377 


IHE   EXTRAORDINARY   CIVIL    STATUS   OF  THE   ITALIAN 

WOMAN. 


npHE  question  of  woman's  rights  and  .as- 
pirations is  the  subject  of  an  article 
by  Signer  Roberto  Comiani,  in  the  Rassegna 
Xazionale  (Rome).  A  petition  requesting 
the  right  of  suffrage  was  recently  presented 
to  the  Italian  Chambers  by  some  women. 
The  discussion  which  ensued  was  very  list- 
lessly conducted  by  the  politicians  and  in  the 
press.     The  writer  asks: 

To  what  .cause  should  we  attribute  this  gen- 
eral indifference?  Do  Italian  women  perhaps 
recognize  their  inability  to  use  the  franchise,  or 
do  they  shrink  with  feminine  timidity  from  en- 
tering into  the  sphere  of  masculine  activity? 
We  do  not  believe  that  the  women  of  Italy  are 
so  humble  as  to  admit  their  incapacity  for  poli- 
tics; and  they  can  scarcely  think  it  unbecoming 
to  make  a  new  incursion  into  man's  sphere  of 
action,  after  having  already  made  so  many.  Are 
not  women,  to-day,  doctors,  professors,  and  gov- 
ernment clerks,  and  have  they  not  been  able  to 
fill  these  positions  worthily  and  without  sacri- 
ficing the  charms  or  the  characteristics  of  their 
sex? 

The  lack  of  interest  shown  by  the  women 
of  Italy  in  this  matter  arises,  perhaps,  from 
their  appreciation  of  the  incongruity  of  such 
a  demand  in  view  of  the  fact  that  other  much 
more  important  rights  have  not  yet  been  ac- 
corded t9iem.  They  are  more  interested  in 
acquiring  their  civil  than  their  political  rights. 
The  laws  of  Italy  give  to  an  unmarried 
woman,  who  is  of  age,  the  entire  control  of 
her  property,  but  as  soon  as  she  marries  she 
loses  this  right ;  so  that  the  husband's  signa- 
ture is  necessary  to  make  any  act  of  hers 
valid.  However,  should  she  become  a 
widow,  she  regains  all  her  former  privileges, 
md  if  her  hustend  should  be  declared  incapa- 


ble of  managing  his  affairs  the  wife  becomes 
his  guardian,  and  "has  the  control  not  only  of 
her  own  property,  but  of  that  of  her  husband 
and  children. 

So  that,  in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  a 
woman,  subjected  to  tutelege  of  her  parents 
during  her  minority,  acquires  full  judicial  capac- 
ity as  soon  as  she  attains  her  majority,  and 
loses  it  on  her  marriage.  She  may  then  become 
the  legal  superior  of  her  husband,  if  he  should 
be  declared  incapable  of  managing  his  affairs, 
and  should  she  become  a  widow,  she  regains  the 
rights  she  enjoyed  when  she  was  single.  These 
various  phases  of  the  legal  status  of  a  woman 
offer  a  very  absurd  spectacle;  one  could  better 
understand,  from  a  logical  point  of  view,  that 
the  law,  inspired  with  the  conviction  of  woman's 
continuous  and  incurable  incapacity,  should  keep 
her  all  her  life  in  a  state  of  tutelage. 

The  writer  finds  it  easy  to  understand 
that  women  should  demand  the  control  of 
their  property  during  their'  married  life,  if 
they  are  considered  able  to  administer  it 
when  unmarried  or  widowed.  In  conclusion 
he  says: 

Free  to  dispose  of  her  own  property  the  mar- 
ried woman  will  not  perhapS  embark  in  such  haz- 
ardous enterprises  as  attract  many  men  at  the 
present  day,  by  means  of  which  fortunes  may  be 
either  doubled  or  lost.  Woman,  on  the  other 
hand,  although  impulsive  in  what  concerns  her 
passions,  is,  on  the  contrary,  thoughtful,  prudent, 
and  almost  timid  in  the  management  of  her  for- 
tune, and  is  rather  inclined  to  augment  it  by  the 
exercise  of  economy  and  judicious  care  than  by 
means  of  risky  undertakings.  For  this  reason, 
under  her  administration  her  property  will  not 
be  dissipated,  but  will  be  slowly  increased,  as  is 
shown  in  the  case  of  many  women  who  were 
early  widowed  and  have  succeeded  in  transmit- 
ting to  their  children,  when  they  attain  their  ma- 
jority, patrimonies  freed  from  the  debt  accumu- 
lated by  the  father. 


IS  A  RELIGIOUS  REVIVAL    BEGINNING  IN  ITALY? 


I N  view  of  the  many  conflicting  statements 
as  to  the  progress  of  the  "  modern " 
spirit  in  the  Catholic  church,  an  article  by 
Professor  ChiapeUi,  of  Naples,  in  the 
Deutsche  Revue  (Leipzig),  is  especially 
apropos.  On  one  side,  we  are  told  that  a 
really  religious  spirit  does  not,  nor  ever  did, 
exist  in  Italy ;  that  the  Catholic  rite  is  noth- 
ing but  the  heathen  rite  disguised;  that  the 
church  of  Rome  is  littltf  else  but  a  social  and 
political  organization.  On  the  other  hand, 
we  are  assured  that  a  strong  mystical  spirit 


underlies  every  official  act  of  the  church  and 
has  ever  colored  its  history;  that  reform  is 
as  much  desired  as  it  is  desirable,  among  the 
Catholics  of  Italy  to-day,  and  that  the  spirit 
of  evolutionary  Catholicism,  as  expressed  in 
the  works  of  Fogazzaro  and  others,  has  many 
followers.     The  writer  in  question  says: 

Nowadays  the  intransigent  attitude  of  the 
hierarchy  in  its  relations  with  the  government  is 
by  no  means  acceptable  to  the  clergy  who  are 
nearest  the  people,— that  is  to  say,  the  parish 
priests, — and,  as  the  German  writer  Fischer  ob- 
strves,  there  is  many  a  Don  Abbondio  in  Italy 


378 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REl^IEWS, 


who  would  be  glad  if  the  Pope  and  the  King 
would  only  shake  hands  and  agree  to  a  compro- 
mise regarding  their  difficulties.  The  attitude  of 
the  church  is,  as  much  as  anything,  the  cause  of 
the  irreligious  spirit  among  politicians  who  pre- 
fer their  patriotism  to  their  religion,  and  the 
action  of  the  present  Pope  in  allowing  Catholics, 
when  their  local  interests  are  at  stake,  to  take 
part  in  the  political  elections,  is  a  clear  indica- 
tion that  the  head  of  the  church  has  tacitly  ad- 
mitted that  the  existence  of  the  church  can  only 
be  assured  on  the  basis  of  a  compromise  with  the 
civil  power.  That  compromise  must  necessarily 
entail  a  change  in  the  mode  of  thought  of  Catho- 
licity, a  change  which  cannot  but  affect  her  teach- 
ings. The  time  is,  moreover,  ripe  for  a  religious 
revival,  since  the  church  of  Rome  has  gained  in 
Spirituality  from  the  days  in  which  she  lost  her 
temporal  power. 

The  professor  points  out  that  the  Catholic 
church,  notwithstanding  its  boasted  "  noth- 
ing shall  be  changed  in  the  church,"  has,  in 
practice,  always  assured  her  stability  by  con- 
senting to  compromise,  just  as  she  has  taken, 
eclectic-wise,  from  every  civilization,  that 
which  best  suited  her  purpose  for  the  sub- 
jection of  the  human  will.  Did  she  not  build 
her  philosophy  upon  that  of  Aristotle  and 
Plato,  and  take  a  leaf  out  of  the  notebooks 


of  the  Reformation?    Says,  in  effect,  Signor 
Chiapelli : 

The  friends  of  the  new  ^roup  of  educator > 
who  are  in  favor  of  the  ideas  put  forth  bj 
Fcgazzaro  are  but  few  in  number.  A  religious 
reformation  is  not  to  be  looked  for  either  among 
these  people  or  among  the  followers  of  the  new 
cult  of  Franciscanism.  Religious  movement* 
have  always  sprung  from  the  souls  of  the  people, 
and  it  is  among  the  people  of  Italy  that  the  re- 
ligious spirit  is  to  be  looked  for.  On  the  one 
h?nd,  the  industrial  masses  are  wholly  under  the 
influence  of  atheistic  Socialism ;  on  the  other,  i^ 
the  agricultural  community,  still  tenacious  of  it> 
religious  traditions,  indeed  more  so  than  it  wa> 
thirty  years  ago,  and  which,  notwithstanding  its 
ignorance  and  its  superstition,  is  still  an  inci- 
haustible  source  of  Catholicity,  always  sufficient 
to  guarantee  the  stability  of  the  church  in  Italy 
It  is  in  the  bourgeoisie  of  Italy  that  indifference 
to  religion  is  to  be  found,  and  it  among  them 
tlxat  the  present  religious  interest  is  simmering. 
1  he  tendency  of  this  class  is  to  place  practicai 
good  works  before  dogma,  and  to  raise  mankind 
bv  the  inculcation  of  humanitarian  before  rc- 
lif^ious  principles.  The  rise  of  this  type  of  Cath- 
olic is  due  to  the  fact  that  Leo  XIII.  was  a 
political  rather  than  a  religious  pope.  It  is  not 
to  be  expected  that  under  the  present  Pope  a 
return  will  be  made  to  the  unquestioning  beliefs 
of  old. 


IS  THE  MODERN  MAN    A  POOR  FATHER? 


\\/'HAT  the  fathers  of  to-diay  should  do 
to  best  develop  their  offspring  and  at 
the  same  time  create  for  themselves  an  abid- 
ing source  of  intellectual  delight  is  warmly 
and  sagaciously  set  forth  in  an  article  in  the 
Berlin  Deutsche  Monatsschrift.  The  writer 
maintains  that,  neither  in  the  school  nor  in 
the  home  do  children,  as  a  rule,  obtain  the 
training  which  fits  them  later  to  discharge 
the  duties  of  father.  He  remarks,  at  the 
outset,  that  the  haste  and  unrest  of  modern 
life  leave  little  time  for  paternal  joys.  Some 
are  too  weary  from  the  day's  work  to  pay 
attention  to  the  children's  training;  others 
are  pre-occupied  with  social  duties,  and  many 
there  are  who  are  really  Indifferent  about  the 
whole  matter.  In  this  way  the  coming  gen- 
eration loses  those  priceless  hours  when  the 
father  is  also  the  educator,  friend,  and  Ideal ; 
and  the  latter  Is  robbed  of  the  rejuvenating, 
vivifying  force,  the  spiritual  expansion,  that 
spring  from  contact  wnth  one's  own  child. 

The  number  of  fathers  that  are  able  to 
satisfy  their  children's  thirst  for  information 
Is  steadily  decreasing.  Even  when  a  father 
Is  willing  to  devote  bis  leisure  to  their  In- 
terests the  modern  parent  is  no  longer  capa- 
ble of  coping  with  the  situation.    The  world 


of  surrounding  objects  has  undergone  a  fun- 
damental change.  Germany,  for  example, 
from  being  preponderatingly  agrarian,  has 
become  an  Industrial  country,  and  modem 
German  life  fairly  bristles  with  technical 
proWems.  On  every  hand  the  child  ob9cr\Ts 
phenomena  whose  solution  he  is  eager  to 
learn, — electric  roads,  gas-pipes,  telephone 
wires,  aqueducts,  demand  elucidation.  One 
must  not  try  to  satisfy  him  with  foreign 
words  and  vague  phrases;  the  explanation 
should  primarily  be  clear  and  simple.  Here 
the  child  becomes  the  educator:  he  conipels 
us  to  reflect  about  things,  and,  above  all,  to 
realize  how  little  commensurate  our  knowl- 
edge, our  culture,  is  with  the  demands  of  the 
time. 

The  writer  says  he  trains  his  own  boy-s, — 
of  eight  and  nine, — to  be  keen  observers  of 
the  things  about  them  and  of  apparently 
simple  or  insignificant  objects,  and  these  re- 
veal a  w^orld  of  w^onders  and  surprises.  He 
himself  has  grown  conscious  of  his  own  in- 
sufficiency, for  in  his  years  of  study  of  na- 
ture at  the  gymnasium  but  little  attention 
was  paid  to  the  plant  and  animal  life  of  his 
immediate  surroundings.  The  naturalist 
never  took  his  pupils  into  the  open  where 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


379 


they  could  question  him  about  the  myriad 
things  that  met  their  gaze, — plant,  beetle, 
stone ;  nor  does  the  writer  think  that  even  at 
present  instruction  is  imparted  in  this  profit- 
able, vitalizing  way.  He  shows  what  a 
fruitful  source  of  interest  and  knowledge  a 
mere  pond  might  be,  with  its  many  odd  forms 
of  animal  life. 

The  frog  might  teach  us  the  secret  of  sub- 
marine navigation ;  the  enlarging  wave  circles, 
ceaselessly  shaped  by  the  water-beetles,  picture 
to  us  the  light  waves  and  those  that  serve  as 
rresscngers  of  news  in  wireless  telegraphy. 
There  were  mineralogists  as  far  back  as  5000 
years  ago;  every  boy  should  be  something  of  a 
mineralogist  to-day.  By  proper  observation 
t)eautifitl  specimens  may  be  gathered  in  field  and 
road,  and  what  pleasure  to  find  shells  imbedded 
in  stones,  to  strike  fire  from  the  flint.  A  knowl- 
edge of  mineralogy  affords  pleasure  in  a  thou- 
sand ways,-j-the  color  of  sea  and  river,  the  forms 
01  mountains,  of  landscapes,  the  material  of 
which  most  of  our  industries  are  the  product, 
all  these  would  be  bette**  comprehended  through 
a  knowledge  of  the  mineral  world.  And  there 
are  things  still  closer  to  us, — the  house-fly,  for 
•example,  of  which  we  know  nothing,  in  spite  of 
constant  contact  with  it.  Instruction  usually 
follows  the  rule  of  proceeding  from  the  known 
to  the  unknown.  Should  not  a  father,  too,  be- 
gin with  teaching  his  little  ones  in  a  natural,  un- 
constrained   ivay,  about  objects   which   are  the 


most  familiar,  but  about  which  there  is  often 
total  ignorance?  It  may  be  rejoined  that  the 
school  is  there  to  instruct  the  child  regarding  the 
things  around  him,  to  develop  his  powers  of  ob- 
servation. With  all  due  respect  for  the  school, 
its  actual  teaching  is  done  en  masse;  with  the 
best  will,  it  cannot  accomplish  everything.  Be- 
sides, the  child  spends  only  a  portion  of  his  time 
in  school,  and  learns  things  there  which,  though 
indispensable,  tend  rather  to  dull  than  to  sharpen 
his  faculty  of  observation.  The  father  is  the 
appointed  teacher,  who  in  the  home,  on  walks, 
can  develop  his  senses,  which  cannot  be  awak- 
ened too  early, — to  be  sure,  in  an  easy,  pleasur- 
able way.  The  incitement  to  exact  observation 
is  an  incitement  to  the  discovery  of  unsuspected 
things  in  the  heavens,  in  grass,  tree,  stone. 

If  one  knows  through  experience  how  re- 
juvenating, stimulating,  and  full  of  delights 
it  is  to  live  in  close  contact  with  a  child,  to 
investigate,  to  learn  along  with  it,  one  is 
tempted  to  cry  out  to  the  other  fathers : 

Ah,  did  you  but  know  the  joy  it  afl'ords !  You 
can  give  your  children  something  letter  than 
your  gold, — ^yourselves,  provided  you  renew  and 
increase  your  knowledge.  And  if  it  be  too  late 
fo-  that,  see  to  it  that  your  sons  receive  a  better 
training  for  fathers  than  was  vouchsafed  to  you, 
and  this  by  having  them  taught  above  all  about 
the  things  that  He  nearest  to  them;  in  other 
words:  more  natural  science  and  technic  in  the 
school ! 


THE  WAY  OF  THE    LAND  TRANSGRESSOR. 


IN  the  estimation  of  President  Roosevelt 
the  most  vital  internal  problem  of  the 
United  States  is  the  forest  question.  To  pre- 
vent our  remaining  resources  from  passing 
into  the  hand  of  monopolies,  land  grabbers, 
and  looters  is  now  his  fixed  determination. 
The  fraud  and  stealth  practiced  by  men  in 
high  official  station  to  secure  to  themselves 
lands  intended  for  homeseekers  tax  our  cre- 
dulity and  furnish  a  trail  of  corruption  that 
places  Congress  in  juxtaposition  with  the 
penitentiary. 

In  the  Pacific  Monthly  for  August  Mr. 
Lute  Pease  begins  a  series  of  papers  on  our 
land  frauds.  "  The  public  lands,"  says  he, 
*  do  not  belong  to  the  Government.  They 
belong  to  you  and  me  and  all  the  people  of 
the  nation.  The  Government  is  our  trus- 
tee." Through  non-enforcement  of  its  land 
laws  the  Government  gave  the  land  thief  his 
opportunity,  and  for  many  years  he  con- 
tinued to  improve  it  assiduously.  Dead-let- 
ter laws  were  violated  and  claims  "  proved 
up"  in  utter  defiance  of  the  real  spirit  and 
purpose  of  the  law;  for  the  Government  is 
nobody,  and  consequently  was  not  injured. 


This  easy  belief  is  the  "  land  conscience." 
The  Government  paid  no  attention  to  the 
locator,  who  promptly  turned  his  holding 
over  to  a  few  for  unrestricted  exploitation. 
"  But  it  should  be  denied,"  says  he,  **  that 
general  Western  sentiment  has  favored  or 
condoned  land  lawbreaking.  For  the  past 
twenty-five  years  we  have  observed  such  ac- 
tion with  a  sort  of  dull  wonder  that  prac- 
tically nothing  was  done  to  check  it.  We 
have  seen  clerks,  cowboys,  school  teachers, 
tramps,  laborers,  preachers,  every  sort  and 
condition  of  men  and  women,  go  blithely 
forth  to  *  take  up  a  claim,*  make  affidavit 
that  it  is  for  their  own  use  and  benefit,  not 
for  speculative  purposes  or  in  the  interests 
of  another,  and  in  due  time,  after  a  *  con- 
structive *  residence,  *  prove  up  *  and  prompt- 
ly deed  the  land  over  to  the  *  innocent  pur- 
chaser.' We  have  seen  men  going  about  of- 
fering people  $4  or  $5  for  the  *  use  of  their 
rights  * ;  we  have  seen  huge  areas  of  public 
land  fenced  about  by  stockmen,  or  held  by 
them  through  fraudulently  acquired  home- 
steads giving  monopoly  of  the  water-courses; 
we   have   known   or   heard   of   innumerable 


380 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REyiElVS. 


cases  where  legitimate  settlers  or  entrymen 
have  been  intimidated  and  sometimes  shot  if 
they  refused  to  move,  and  we  have  won- 
dered." 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  however,  has*  put  an 
end  to  that  public  sentiment  that  apparently 
sanctioned  lawbreaking.  This  he  has  done 
by  withdrawing  from  entry  millions  of  acres 
of  coal  and  timber  lands  and  ordering 
searching  investigations  into  the  negotiations 
therefor  with  the  Interior  Department. 
Fierce  and  resentful  at  this  invasion  and  at- 
tack upon  their  "  prescriptive  "  rights,  cer- 
tain Western  Senators  proceeded  to  vent 
their  displeasure  on  Secretary  Hitchcock  and 
Forester  Fanchot.  Senator  Carter,  of  Mon- 
tana, was  the  ablest  and  best-informed  of 
those  who  opposed  the  policies  of  the  Admin- 
istration. Eastern  railroad,  trust,  and  other 
anti-Roosevelt  forces  augmented  the  opposi- 
tion in  Congress. 

When  the  Public  Land  Commission  filed 
its  report  of  an  investigation  of  the  land 
problem,  two  years  ago,  it  concluded  thus: 
"  That  the  number  of  patents  issued  is  in- 
creasing out  of  all  proportion  to  the  number 
of  new  homes."  When  the  President  re- 
quested Congress  to  appropriate  $500,CHX>  to 
clear  the  arrears  of  business  in  the  Land  Of- 
fice and  to  detect  and  prevent  fraud  in  dis- 
posing of  applications  for  patents  for  public 
lands,  the  opposition  gleefully  refused  his 
request,  but  passed  an  act  providing  that  no 
appropriated  money  may  be  used  to  investi- 
gate entries  **  concerning  which,  on  final 
proof,  no  evidence  of  fraud  or  protest  has 
been  filed." 

In  endeavoring  to  create  sentiment  against 
the  President  and  his  forest  policy,  sectional- 
ism is  strongly  appealed  to.  As  an  illustra- 
tion, a  convention  recently  held  in  Denver, 
in  accordance  with  a  resolution  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  of  Colorado,  will  suffice. 
This  meeting  has  been  characterized  **  The 
Land-Grabbers*  Last  Stand."  The  whole 
affair  was  a  '*  packed  "  meeting  and  was  in- 
spired by  the  President's  opponents.  The 
committee  on  programme  had  not  made  pro- 
vision for  a  single  utterance  in  favor  of  the 


Roosevelt  policy.  The  **  talks "  were  en- 
tirely one-sided,  and  there  was  to  be  no  de- 
bate. Our  Government  was  **  bureau- 
cratic," "  oppressive,"  "  despotic,"  etc,  said 
its  speakers,  and  to  assist  their  good  work  a 
**  Tainted  news "  campaign  had  been  pre- 
cipitated in  advance,  particularly  in  Wyom- 
ing and  Colorado.  Senator  Warren,  of 
Wyoming,  was  forced  to  protest  against  the 
**  packed  "  aspect  and  general  unfairness  of 
this  convention's  proceedings.  Of  the  fif- 
teen land  States,  644  delegates  were  reported 
by  the  credentials  committee.  Of  this 
number,  Wyoming  was  given  145  and  Col- 
orado 386!  All  the  others  combined  had 
only  133! 

Notwithstanding,  the  efforts  of  the  land- 
grabbers  were  frustrated.  Resolutions  were 
adopted  "  cordially  "  endorsing  the  "  active 
and  successful  efforts  of  the  Administration 
in  the  enforcement  of  the  land  laws  of  the 
country,"  and  "  heartily "  approving  the 
"  vigorous  prosecution  of  all  known  violators 
of  such  laws."  When  the  President  became 
aware  of  the  misrepresentation  of  hb  atti- 
tude by  the  programme  committee  of  the 
Denver  convention,  in  advance  of  its  meet- 
ing, he  sent  a  letter  by  Secretary  Garfield 
that  completely  unhorsed  his  opponents. 

Therein  he  said:  **  Our  whole  purpose  is 
to  protect  the  public  lands  for  the  genuine 
homemaker.  .  .  .  The  men  whom  wc  have 
prosecuted  and  who  fear  prosecution  by  us 
naturally  endeavor  to  break  down  the  policy 
under  which,  and  under  which  alone,  the 
homemaker's  rights  can  be  secured,  and  the 
lands  preserved  for  the  use  of  himself  and 
his  children.  .  .  .  The  beneficiaries  and  insti- 
gators of,  or  participators  in,  the  frauds,  of 
course  disapprove  the  acts  of  the  Adminis- 
tration. .  .  .  The  real  beneficiaries  of  the 
destruction  of  the  forest  reserves  would  be 
the  great  lumber  companies,  which  would  ^ 
speedily  monopolize  them.  If  it  had  nor 
been  for  the  creation  of  the  present  system 
of  forest  reserves,  practically  every  acre  0: 
timber  land  in  the  West  would  now  be  con 
trolled,  or  be  on  the  point  of  being  con- 
trolled, by  one  huge  lumber  trust.". 


THE  NEW  BOOKS. 
NOTES  ON  RECENT  AMERICAN  PUBLICATIONS. 


HISTORY  AND  BIOGRAPHY. 

Volume  X.  of  that  monumental  work,  '*The 
Cambridge  Modern  History,"  which  is  being 
brought  out  by  the  Macmillans,  has  for  its  sub- 
ject the  Restoration.  The  scholarship  and  thor- 
oughness of  these  volumes  have  already  been 
commented  upon  more  than  once  in  these  pages. 
It  is  only  necessary  in  this  instance  to  note  the 
titles  of  the  chapters,  which  will  show  the  scope 
of  Ibis  particular  volume.  They  are:  "The 
Congresses,  i8i  5-1822,"  "The  Doctrinaires," 
"Reaction  and  Revolution  in  France,"  "  Italy," 
"The  Papacy  and  the  Catholic  Church," 
"  Greece  and  the  Balkan  Peninsula,"  "  Spain," 
"  The  Spanish  Dominions  in  America,"  "  The 
Establishment  of  Independence  in  Spanish- 
America,"  "Brazil  and  Portugal/'  "The  Ger- 
man Federation,"  "Literature  in  Germany," 
••  Russia,"  "  Poland  and  the  Polish  Revolution," 
**  The  Orleans  Monarchy,"  "  The  Low  Coun- 
tries," "  Mehemet  AH,"  "  Great  Britain."  "  Cath- 
olic Emancipation,"  "  Great  Britain  and  Ireland," 
"  Canada,"  "  The  Revolution  in  English  Poetry 
and  Fiction,"  "  Economic  Change,"  and  "  The 
British  Economists." 

Dr.  Hubert  H.  S.  Aimes,  in  "A  History  of 
Slavery  in  Cuba"  (Putnams),  enters  a  field 
with  which  American  readers  and  even  histori- 
cal students  are  strangely  unfamiliar.  Few 
writers  in  English  have  attempted  to  treat  of 
Cuban  history  in  a  scientific  manner,  and  the 
literature  of  the  subject  accessible  to  American 
readers  is  truly  meager.  Dr.  Aimes  gives  a  use- 
ful bibliography  of  the  subject  and  promises  a 


THE  LATE  JAMES    H.    FAIRCHILD. 


later  work  dealing  with  the  domestic  slave  re- 
gime on  the  island.  The  present  work,  which  is 
an  exposition  of  the  Spanish  policy  governing 
the  slave  trade  in  Cuba,  throws  much  light  0:1 
the  historical  relations  between  Spain  and  her 
Antillean  dependency. 

Of  special  interest  to  the  graduates  and  former 
students  of  Oberlin  College  is  the  life  of  James 
Harris  Fairchild,  by  Prof.  Albert  T.  Swing 
(Revell).  From  the  year  1834,  when  he  joined 
the  first  freshman  class  formed  at  the  college, 
until  his  death  in  1902  Dr.  Fairchild's  association 
with  Oberlin,  as  student,  teacher,  president,  and 
professor  emeritus,  was  unbroken, — a  continuous 
period  of  sixty-eight  years.  Virtually  the  whole 
history  of  the  institution  was  embraced  in  the 
record  of  this  one  life,  whose  simple  dignity  and 
true  nobility  were  inwrought  in  the  very  charac- 
ter of  the  school  and  impressed  upon  the  plastic 
minds  of  generations  of  students.  It  was  the 
fine  flower  of  New  England  Puritanism  trans- 
planted to  the  Middle  West. 

The  initial  volume  of  a  biographical  series  pub- 
lished by  Henrjr  Holt  &  Co.  is  devoted  to 
"Leading  American  Soldiers."  The  author. 
Prof.  R.  M.  Johnston,  of  Harvard  University, 
does  not  wish  his  readers  to  understand  that  the 
thirteen  biographical  sketches  included  in  this 
volume  represent  the  thirteen  leading  American 
soldiers  in  a  final  and  exclusive  sense.  For  the 
Revolutionary  period  he  has  chosen  Washington 
and  Greene;  for  the  period  extending  from  the 
Revolution  to  the  Civil  War,  Andrew  Jackson, 
Zachary  Taylor,  and  Winfield  Scott;  and  for 
the  Civil  War  itself,  Grant,  Sherman,  Sheridan, 
McClellan,  Meade,  Lee,  Jackson,  and  Joseph  E. 
Johnston.  The  careers  of  these  famous  generals 
are  tersely  sumnjarized  and  their  claims  to  mili- 
tary distinction  fairly  presented.  For  the  reader 
who  is  puzzled  to  know  how  to  choose  between 
the  numerous  and  voluminous  biographies  of  the 
great  captains  of  our  Civil- War  period  this  com- 
pact volume  performs  a  real  service  in  preserv- 
mg  the  essentials. 

One  of  the  most  readable  books  of  the  year 
is  "  The  Romance  of  Steel :  The  Story  of  a 
Thousand  Millionaires,^'  by  Herbert  N.  Casson 
(New  York:  A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.).  Although 
this  work  is  described  in  its  preface  as  "  the  first 
popular  history  of  our  greatest  American  indus- 
try," the  description  is  not  a  strictly  accurate 
one.  It  is  not  so  much  a  history  of  the  steel 
industry  itself  as  of  the  successive  efforts  to 
capitalize  that  industry  and  of  the  personal  ca- 
reers of  the  men  whose  fortunes  have  been  made 
in  steel-making,  although  they  themselves  were 
in  most  instances  as  ignorant  of  the  industrial 
processes  by  which  their  wealth  was  gained  as 
the  average  man  in  the  street.  The  Pittsburg 
millionaire  as  portrayed  in  the  daily  press  is  by 
no  means  an  attractive  figure,  and  it  is  a  relief 
to  learn  from  Mr.  Casson's  pages  that  in  a* 
large  group  of  men  who  have  become  million- 
aires almost  in  a  day  as  a  result  of  the  wonder- 
ful industrial  transformation  of  the  last  thirty 


382 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


HERBERT   N.    CASSON. 

years  there  are  many  whose  claims  to  supremacy 
rest  upon  solid  and  wholly  creditable  founda- 
tions. 

DISCUSSIONS  OP  MODERN  DEMOCRACY. 

University  lectures  on  politics  and  civic  duty 
are  less  academic  than  formerly.  Possibly  they 
are  written  and  delivered  with  more  direct  ref- 
erence to  the  actual  conditions  that  confront  the 
college  graduate  as  he  goes  out  into  the  world 
with  the  intention  of  taking  some  part  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  his  town  or  ward  or  State.  In  four 
volumes  of  this  character  that  have  gone  into 
print  within  the  past  three  or  four  months  we 
nave  not  encountered  a  single  one  of  the  fa- 
miliar platitudes  of  the  old  type.  Bald  denun- 
ciation of  the  spoils  system  and  its  creatures  has 
given  place  to  calm,  matter-of-fact  analysis  of 
the  forces  that  work  together  for  the  upbuilding 
and  entrenchment  of  the  modem  party  boss,  and 
to  sane,  well-reasoned  discussion  of  the  means  to 
be  employed  to  bring  about  his  overthrow.  The 
distinction  between  leadership  and  bossism  is 
emphasized  and  the  value  of  the  party  system  in 
pur  politics  is  not  only  admitted,  but  repeatedly 
illustrated  and  enforced. 

In  his  Yale  lectures  on  the  responsibilities  of 
citizenship,  now  published  under  the  title,  "  The 
Citizen's  Part  m  Government"  (Scribners), 
Secretary  Root  considers  (i)  the  task  inherited 
or  assumed  by  members  of  the  governing  body 
in  a  democracy;  (2)  the  function  of  political 
parties  as  agencies  of  the  governing  body;  (3) 
the  duties  of  the  citizen  as  a  member  of  a  politi- 
cal party;  and  (4)  the  grounds  for  encourage- 
ment. Mr.  Root's  sensible  and  well-proportioned 
treatment  of  these  topics  is  precisely  what  is 
needed  by  the  young  American  who  aspires  to 
have  a  real  part  in  making  the  political  condi- 
tions around  him  better. 

The  viewpoint  of  the  trained  administrator,  so 


well  exemplified  in  Secretary  Root's  addresses,  is 
shared  by  President  Nicholas  Murray  Butler,  of 
Columbia,  and  President  Arthur  T.  Hadley.  of 
Yale,  in  the  volumes  of  lectures  recently  pul>- 
lished  by  the  Macmillan  Company  under  the 
titles  "  True  and  False  Democracy  "  and  "  Stand- 
ards of  Public  Morality."  Each  of  these  uni- 
versity leaders  finds  himself  on  common  ground 
with  our  able  and  distinguished  Secretary  of 
State  when  the  standards  of  civic  conduct  are 
under  discussion.  Both  President  Butler  and 
President  Hadley  have  something  to  say  about 
the  formation  and  education  of  public  opinion. 
Speaking  of  the  individual  citizen's  responsibil- 
ity. Dr.  Butler  asks:  "Are  you  politically  alert? 
Are  you  politically  honest?  If  not,  you  arc  a 
bad  citizen  and  a  corrupter,  however  innocent 
of  public  opinion."  Says  President  Hadlc)': 
"  Democracy  is  right  when  used  as  a  means  of 
keeping  the  Government  in  touch  with  public 
opinion;  it  is  wrong  when  it  encourages  a  tem- 
porary majority  to  say  that  their  vote,  based  on 
msufficient  information  or  animated  by  selfish 
motiveSj  can  be  identified  with  public  opinion 
concerning  what  is  best  for  society  as  a  whole." 
The  opening  course  of  lectures  upon  the  Blum- 
enthal  Foundation  at  Columbia  University  wai 
delivered  last  winter  by  Albert  Shaw,  the  editor 
of  the  Review  of  Reviews.  The  nine  lectures 
composing  the  course  have  been  published  by  the 
Columbia  University  Press  in  a  volume  of  250 
pages  ("  Political  Problems  of  American  De- 
velopment"). The  last  word  of  the  title  is  the 
key-word  of  the  entire  series  of  lectures.  Each 
one  of  the  chief  problems  of  a  political  nature 
that  have  presented  themselves  for  solution  dur- 
ing our  national  existence  is  considered  in  it> 
bearing  on  the  general  course  of  our  national 
evolution.  In  a  word,  the  book  as  a  whole  is  a 
study  of  national  development,  dealing  not 
with  the  questions  of  constitutional  law  that 
vexed  the  minds  of  the  fathers,  but  with  th^ 
practical  difficulties  that  democracy  has  con- 
tinuously encountered  in  its  attempt  to  realize 
the  national  ideals  in  the  American  environment. 
Immigration  and*  race  questions,  problems  relat- 
ing to  our  public  lands,  party  machinery,  tht^ 
regulation  of  the  railroads  and  the  great  indus- 
trial trusts,  the  tariff,  the  currency,  foreigr. 
policy,  and  territorial  expansion  are  all  discussed 
from  the  point  of  view  of  the  journalist  and  man 
of  affairs. 

HISTORICAL  AND  SOCIAL  PHILOSOPHY. 

•Any  reader  who  is  deterred  by  the  learned 
title  and  bulky  form  of  the  new  ethnolo^cal 
work  entitled  "  Race  Life  of  the  Aryan  Peoples  " 
(Funk  &  Wagnalls)  from  reading  Dr.  Joseph  P 
Widney's  volumes  will  miss  not  only  the  latest 
results  of  scholarship  in*  ethnology,  but  an  un- 
usually absorbing  narrative.  What  Dr.  Widney 
has  done  cannot  better  be  set  forth  than  by  a 
brief  quotation  from  his  own  preface :  '*  Every 
masterful  race  of  the  world's  history  has  its  epic 
It  is  the  tale  of  the  fathers  told  to  the  sons. 
But  side  by  side  with  the  spoken  epic  is  another, 
unspoken,  yet  truer  and  deeper.  It  is  the  tale  oi 
the  race  life,  not  told  in  words  but  lived  in 
deeds  alone.  ...  In  the  perspective  of  time 
men  become  less,  man  grows  greater.  Race  life 
is  broader,  deeper,  richer,  than  the  life  of  any 
man  or  of  any  men.    ,    ,    .    TTic  Greek  colo- 


THE  NEIV  BOOKS. 


383 


nies,  not  Ilium  and  Atreides  Agamemnon,  are 
the  true  epics  of  Hellas,  vastly  more  marvellous. 
So  of  the  Aryan  folk;  not  the  Vedas,  not  the 
Avestas,  not  the  Iliad  or  the  Nibelungen  or 
Beowulf,  but  the  marvelous  tale  of  what  the 
Aryan  man  has  lived, — how  he  has  subdued  the 
wild  and  waste  lands, — ^how  he  has  made  the 
desert  to  blossom  as  the  rose, — how  he  has  built 
up  empire  with  axe  and  plough  and  has 
sailed  the  unknown  paths  of  the  seas, — these  are 
his  true  race  epic.  .  .  .  This  book  is  an  at- 
tempt to  unfold  somewhat  of  the  race  epic  Mi4iicn 
the  Aryan  people  have  lived." 

The  writer  of  '* A  Day-Dreamer's  Harvest" 
(Morgan  Shepard  Company,  New  York)  is  evi- 
dently a  thoughtful  man  who  has  declined  to  be 
"  hustled  "  by  the  strenuousness  of  modem  life. 
Mr.  Henry  Byron  has  made  a  collection  of 
thought-provoking  **  meditations  "  which  show 
the  man  of  mature  mind  whose  maturity  does 
not  partake  of  hothouse  growth.  There  is  a 
sweetness  and  uplift  about  them  which  is  real 
inspiration. 


^  DR.    PAUL  CARUS. 

Dr.  Paul  Carus,  editor  of  the  Open  Court, 
whose  scholarly  contributions  to  philosophy  and 
ethnology  have  more  than  once  been  referred  to 
in  this  Review,  has  brought  out  four  new  scien- 
tific studies,  which  have  been  issued  by  his  own 
publishing  company.  They  are :  "  The  Rise  of 
Man,"  a  sketch  of  the  origin  of  the  human  race, 
illustrated  with  some  remarkably  suggestive  pho- 
tographs; /'The  Story  of  Samson  Lnd  Its  Place 
in  the  Religious  Development  of  Mankind,"  also 
illustrated :  and  two  Chinese  studies  entitled 
"  Chinese  Life  and  Customs."  with  illustrations 
by  Chinese  artists,  and  '*  Chinese  Thought,"  an 
exposition  of  the  main  characteristic  features  of 
the  Chinese  world  conception. 

Mr.  Frederic  Harrison's  "apology  for  my 
faith"  is  entitled  ''The  Creed  of  a  Layman" 


FREDERIC  HARRISON. 

(Macmillan).  It  is  really  a  calm,  gentle  exposi- 
tion oi  the  faith  of  the  Positivist.  After  tracing 
the  main  points  in  his  philosophical  development, 
this  English  leader  of  thought  presents  a  number 
of  chapters  on  the  different  points  of  the  Posi- 
tivist's  belief,  including  suggested  sacramental 
forms.  Under  the  general  head  of  "  Valedic- 
tory "  he  gives  his  experiences  of  twenty-one 
years*  lecturing  at  Newton  Hall,  London. 

Mr.  George  Bernard  Shaw's  latest  contribu- 
tion to  the  printed  record  of  his  particular  kind 
of  philosophy  is  "John  Bull's  Other  Island  and 
Major  Barbara"  (Brentanos).  In  addition  to 
the  two  plays  which  give  the  title  to  the  volume 
there  is  also  included  another, — "  How  He  Lied 
to  Her  Husband."  "  John  Bull's  Other  Island  " 
is  really  a  stinging  review  of  the  relations  be- 
tween England  and  Ireland  on  the  question  of 
Home  Rule,  with  some  keen,  drastic  contrasts 
between  the  temperaments  of  the  two  peoples. 
In  "  Major  Barbara,"  which  is  a  story  of  the 
Salvation  Army,  the  main  theme  is  the  power  of 
money.  The  three  plays  show  Mr.  Shaw's  char- 
acteristic genius. 

LITERATURE  AND  ART. 

Two  useful  recent  volumes  on  what  might  be 
called  the  mechanism  and  structure  of  English 
literature  are  Prof.  William  H.  Crawshaw's 
"Making  of  English  Literature"  (Heath)  and 
Miss  Evelyn  May  Albright's  study,  "  The  Short 
Story,  Its  Principles  and  Structure"  (Macmil- 
lan). Dr.  Crawshaw's  interpretation  of  English 
literature  is  sympathetic  and  scholarly.  Sliss 
Albright  attempts,  not  to  trace  the  origin  or  de- 
velopment of  the  short  story,  but  to  set  forth 
some  standards  of  appreciation  of  what  is  really 
good  in  short-story  writing. 

Among  the  useful,  suggestive  studies  of  art, 
its  history,  and  its  relation  to  life,  there  have 
recently  been  issued  a  new  and  revised  'edition 


384 


THE  AMERICAN  REk^IElV  OF  REVIEWS, 


of  Prof.  S.  Reinach's  "Apollo:  An  Illustrated 
Manual  of  the  History  of  Art  Throughout  the 
Ages"  (Scrihncrs);  "Studies  in  Pictures/*  by 
John  C  Van  E^ke  (Scribncrs)  ;  and  "Art  and 
Citizenship."  by  Kate  Upson  Clarke  (Eaton  & 
Main).  Dr.  ReinacL's  excellent  manual,  the 
first  edition  of  which  was  noticed  some  months 
ago  in  these  pages,  has  been  welcomed  with  en- 
thusiasm in  Europe,  and  translated  into  almost 
every  civilized  tongue.  The  present  edition  has 
been  entirely  reset  and  the  illustrations  arc  very 
helpful  in  elucidating  the  text.  Dr.  yan  Dyke's 
study  of  the  masterpieces  of  painting  is  the  com- 
plete successful  accomplishment  of  what  has 
be«i  attempted  many  times  before, — that  is  to 
say,  it  is  a  simply  put  interpretation  of  the  rea- 
sons for  the  greatness  of  the  paintings  by  the 
masters  of  this  and  former  centuries.  Mrs. 
Clarke  attempts  to  note  in  her  little  volume  the 
reciprocal  influence  of  art  on  character,  and 
character  on  art.  The  contents  of  the  book  was 
originally  an  address  delivered  before  a  woman's 
press  club  in  Ohio. 

The  latest  issue  of  "  The  Musician's  Library 
being  brought  out  by  Oliver  Ditson  Company  is 
the  two-volume  "Anthology  of  French  Piano 
Music,"  edited  by  Isidor  Philipp.  The  first  Vol- 
ume treats  the  early  composers,  and  the  sec- 
ond the  modem  composers.  To  the  first  there 
is  a  frontispiece,  consisting  of  three  portraits: 
Jean-Philippe  Rameau.  Francois  Couperin,  and 
Jean-Baptists  De  Lully.  The  second  volume 
shows  portraits  of  Franck.  Dubois,  Saint- Saens, 
Faurc.  D'Indy,  Debussy,  Massenet,  Philipp,  and 
'  Widor. 

TWO  SCIENTIFIC  TREATISES  ON    ALCOHOL. 

Messrs.  Munn  &  Company,  the  publishers  of 
the  Scientific  American  (New  York),  have 
brought  out  an  important  and  timely  work  en- 
titled "  Industrial  Alcohol :  Its  Manufacture 
and  Uses,"  a  treatise  based  on  Dr.  Max  Maerck- 
er's  "  Introduction  to  Distillation "  as  revised 
by  Delbruck  and  Lange,  by  John  K.  Brachvogel, 
with  special  chapters  by  Charles  J.  Thatcher. 
In  view  of  the  denatured-alcohol  law  which  be- 
came effective  on  the  first  day  of  January,  1907, 
this  volume  will  have  an  immediate  value,  both 
for  educational  purposes  and  for  use  in  practice 
by  the  distiller  and  consumer.  As  far  as  possi- 
ble the  book  was  written  in  non-technical  lan- 
guage. There  are  chapters  on  the  industrial 
value  of  tax-free  alcohol,  and  excellent  sum- 
maries of  the  various  processes  employed  in 
spirit  manufacture.  Of  great  practical  value, 
also,  are  those  sections  which  deal  with  the  use 
of  denatured  alcohol  for  lighting  and  heating, 
and  the  comparative  efficiencies  of  gasoline, 
kerosene,  and  alcohol  in  the  production  of 
power. 

The  scientific  argument  for  the  moderate  use 
of  alcohol  as  a  beverage  is  set  forth  in  a  volume 
entitled  "  Alcohol :  The  Sanction  for  Its  Vs^** 
translated  from  the  German  by  J.  Starke  (Put- 
nams).  This  writer  maintains  that  not  only 
has  the  moderate  use  of  alcohol  nothing  to  do 
with  drunkenness  or  with  the  development  of 
any  disease  whatever,  but  that  it  is  for  many 
men  an  important  hygienic  measure;  that  alco- 
hol is  normally  formed  in  the  living  being,  that 
it  nourishes,  and  that  in  no  sense  does  it  belong 
to   the   "poisons."    There   is,    of   course,    high 


DR.   HARVEY  W.  WILEY. 

scientific  authority  in   opposition  to  these  con- 
tentions, but  that  is  "  another  story." 

WORKS  OP  REFERENCE. 

"The  Statesman's  Yearbook." — that  unique 
and  indispensable  volume.— has  recently  been  is- 
sued in  its  edition  for  1907.  This  is  the  forty- 
fourth  annual  publication.  The  main  features 
of  this  work  have  been  so  many  times  com- 
mented upon  in  these  pages  that  it  is  unneces- 
sary to  repeat  here  further  than  to  say  that  the 
revision  and  editing  have  been  done  according  to 
the  most  exacting  standards.  In  most  cases 
statistics  for  the  complete  calendar  1906  arc 
given,  and  in  some  cases  the  information  comes 
up  to  within  a  few  weeks  of  publication. 
Among  the  important  new  features^  are  sections 
relating  to  the  armies  of  the  different  nations 
of  the  world -and  diagrams  and  tables  showing 
the  comparative  growth  of  the  leading  navies, 
**  The  Statesman's  Yearbook,"  it  will  be  remem- 
bered, is  published  by  the  Macmillans  under  the 
editorship  of  Dr.  J.  Scott  Keltic,  secretary  of 
the  Royal  Geographical  Society,  assisted  by  Mr. 
I.  P.  A.  Renwick,  LL.B. 

A  new  volume  by  Dr.  Harvey  W.  Wiley,  of 
the  United  States  Department,  of  Agriculture, 
entitled  **  Foods  and  Their  Adulteration " 
(Philadelphia:  P.  Blakiston's  Son  &  Co.).  in- 
cludes much  information  regarding  methods  of 
preparation  and  manufacture  of  food  products, 
the  standards  of  purity,  regulations  for  inspec- 
tion, simple  tests  for  adulterations,  the  effects 
of  storage,  and  other  matters  pertaining  to  the 
subject.  The  work  is  of  popular  interest,  and. 
while  it  contributes  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
physician  and  sanitarian,  it  is  chiefly  addressed 
to  the  consumer,  who  may  gain  from  it  a  fund 
of  information  concerning  subjects  usually 
treated  only  in  technical  publications.  A  book 
entitled  "  Beverages  and  Their  Adulteration," 
by  the  same  author,  is  now  in  preparation. 


THE   AMERICAN    REVIEW   OF   REVIEWS. 

EDITED  BY  ALBERT  SHAW. 
CONTENTS  FOR   OCTOBER,  1907. 


President  Hadley  of  Yale Froniiipiecc 

The  Progress  of  the  World- 
Waterway  Improvement 387 

Some  Practical  Questions 367 

Who  Pays  the  Bill? 388 

Railroads  and  Reaction 388 

A  Slackening  Pace  in  Business 389 

Findinj{  Out  the  Facts. 390 

The  Trust  Conference 390 

Copper  and  Its  Collapse 392 

Steel  in  Contrast 393 

Let  Railroads  Make  Money! 393 

The  New  Race  Problems 394 

Who  Is  to  "Inherit ••  die  Earth? 394 

The  Strunle  in  British  Colonies 395 

A  New  Use  for  the  Monroe  Doctrine 396 

Taft  and  the  Philii»ines 3% 

A  Man  of  Secure  Fame 397 

Have  We  a  Philippine  Question? 397 

Bryan  and  Taft 397 

Mr.  Httthes  as  a  Possi-ilily 398 

Ohio's  Statesmen 398 

Burton  versus  Johnson 399 

A  Be  ubfui  Exposition 399 

Secretiry  Root's  Activities 400 

The  Plans  for  the  Fleet 400 

The  Logical  Democratic  Candidate 400 

Oklahoma*!  Election 402 

The  Rejected  Chiotf o  Charter 402 

The  Riots  at  Bellingham  and  Vancouver 403 

Happeninss  in  Japan 404 

The  Problem  in  Korea 404 

Consdtutionafism  in  China. 404 

Marldig  Time  in  Russia ^ 405 

Improved  Foreisn  Relations. 405 

Progress  at  the  Hague ^ 405 

Compulsory  Arbitration  Between  Natio  .j..  . .  4C6 

King  LeopoU  and  the  Congo 406 

The  French  Defeat  th^  Moors 407 

France's  Difficult  Task 408 

The  British  Parliament  Prorogued 409 

No  Longer  an  Isolated  Britain 410 

The  British  Self-Governed  Colonies 4M 

Important  Papal  Utterances. 411 

For  Permanent  Peace  in  Central  America 412 

With  portraits,  cartoons,  and  other  Illustrations. 

Record  of  Current  Events 413 

With  Ulustrations. 

Some  American  and  Foreign  Cartoons  418 
The  "  Lusitania  " 423 

With  photograph. 

Mansfield's  Influence  on  the  Ameri- 
can Drama 424 

By  Franklin  Fyles. 
With  portraits. 


Grieg,  "  The  Chopin  of  the  North". . .  429 
By  G.  W.  Harris. 

With  portrait 

India:  A  Nation  in  the  Making 433 

By  W.  M.  Zumbro. 
With  11  lustrations. 

A  Yankee  Engineer  on  Five  Continents  448 

By  David  F.  St.  Clair. 
With  iUustrations. 

The  President's  Mississippi  Journey  456 

William  Flewellyn  Saunders. 
With  illustrations. 

Three  Hundred  Years  of  the  Epis- 
copal Church  in  America 461 

By  Charles  Johnston. 
With   portraits   and   other   Illustrations. 

McKinley  Memorials  in  Sculpture....  467 
By  E.  H.  Brush. 
With  illustrations. 

The  Japanese  in  Korea 472 

By  Adachi  Kinnosuke. 
With  cartoon. 

Leading  Articles  of  the  Month- 
John  Johnson  of  Minnesota 476 

Philippine  Railroad  Development 477 

Woman  Suffrage  in  Colorado 479 

Woman  Suffrage  Throughout  the  WorlJ 481 

The  Salvation  Aftny  inBerlin 482 

A  German- American  Rapprochement  ? 483 

England,  Russia,  and  the  German  Kaiser 485 

A  Trenchant  Japanese  View  of  Elxdusio  i .  . .  487 
Is  Gvilization  Really  Traveling  Westward  >. .   488 

The  Dangsr  of  Isolating  Germany 489 

The  Low  Death  Rate  Amoi%  the  Jews 490 

The  Legend  of  Pius  X 491 

An  All-Mahomedan  League 492 

The  Farm  the  True  School 493 

Municipal  Telephones  in  Great  Britain 494 

Youthful  Criminals 495 

Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  on  Socialism 496 

Chaos  in  Russian  Schools 496 

The  Friction  Match  an  J  Its  Precursors 497 

Kenesaw  Mountain  Landis,  Judge 498 

Sinning  by  Syndicate 499 

Congressional  Commission  on  the  Fall  of  Cold  501 

The  Allesed  "  Looting  "  of  Korea 502 

Coop-r.  The  Story  Teller 503 

Aerial  Mountain  Railways. 504 

The  Progress  of  Scientific  Spiritualism  in  Italy  505 

The  Present  Crisis  of  the  Papacy  in  Italy 507 

Fraud  upon  the  Eyes 509 

With  portraits,  cartoons,  and  other  iUustrations. 

The  New  Books 510 

With  portraits. 


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Copyright  1907.  by  I.    Beniamin.  Cincinnati. 

PRESIDENT    ARTHUR    T.    HADLEY,    OF    YALE    UNIVERSITY. 


( Dr.  Hadley  has  been  chosen  as  the  second  incumbent  of  the  Theodore  Roosevelt  Professor- 
ship of  American  History  and  Institutions  in  the  University  of  Berlin.  He  follows  Dr.  John 
W.  Burgess,  of  Columbia,  in  this  professorship,  which  was  endowed  in  Columbia  University  by 
Mr.  James  Speyer,  of  New  York.  By  the  terms  of  the  foundation,  nominations  need  not  be 
confined  to  the  officers  of  Columbia  University,  but  the  University  may  name  any  scholar  of 
standing  from  any  other  American  institution  of  learning.  Dr.  Hadley  sails  for  Europe  on  Oc- 
tober 5  for  the  purpose  of  this  lectureship,  and  will  give  his  course  in  the  Winter  Semester.  He 
will  no  doubt  lecture  on  some  economic  phases  of  American  life,  which  is  his  special  field.) 


THE    AMERICAN 

Review  of  Reviews 


Vol.   XXXVI. 


NEW  YORK,  OCTOBER,   1907. 


No.  4 


THE   PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Wettrwao  ^^^  article  contributed  to  this 
improo€-  number  of  the  Review  by  Mr. 
Saunders,  of  St.  Louis,  regard- 
ing the  improvement  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  and  the  President's  journey  down  a 
long  stretch  of  that  great  waterway,  will 
be  found  of  timely  interest.  This  country 
has  been  settled  and  developed  in  a  pioneer 
period  that  has  now  reached  its  end.  It  is 
just  a  hundred  years  since  the  work  of  Rob- 
ert Fulton  and  others  gave  us  steam  naviga- 
tion on  our  rivers,  and  it  is  almost  a  hundred 
years  since  the  steamboats  began  to  ply  on 
the  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi.  Distinguished 
leadership  in  the  State  of  New  York  gave  us 
the  Erie  Gmal,  one  result  of  which  was  the 
creation  of  the  great  city  of  Buffalo,  while 
another  was  the  rapid  development  of  New 
York  City  as  our  principal  port.  River  nav- 
igation created  important  cities  all  the  way 
from  Pittsburg  to  Cincinnati,  and  from  St. 
Paul  to  New  Orleans. 

jf^  After  a  half-century  of  depend- 
Hem  itwe-  cnce  upon  our  natural  and  arti- 
ficial waterways,  there  came  the 
great  era  of  railroad  building,  and  so  largely 
were  the  waterw^ays  superseded  by  the  newer 
and  swifter  methods  of  transportation,  that 
it  came  to  be  the  general  belief  that  river 
boats  and  canal  barges  were  no  longer  to 
play  an  important  part  in  the  country's  traf- 
fic It  was  this  conviction  that  long  made 
It  so  difficult  to  secure  adequate  support  for 
the  plan  of  a  trans- Isthmian  canal.  It  was 
quite  generally  believed  that  our  transcon- 
tinental railroads  were  sufficient  for  all 
possible  traffic  purposes,  and  that  it  would 
be  a  sheer  waste  of  capital  to  connect  the 
Atlantic  and  the  Pacific  by  a  ship  canal, 
whether  across  Nicaragua  or  Panama.  The 
experience  of  the  last  few  years,  however, 
has  wholly  changed  the  drift  of  influential 


opinion.  The  business  of  the  United  States 
has  far  outgrown  the  railroad  systems. 
Wherever  waterw^ays  can  be  made  to  do  the 
work,  thej^  are  needed  in  order  to  relieve  the 
railroads  from  a  great  part  of  the  coarser 
and  heavier  kinds  of  transportation.  The 
internal  development  of  the  country  gives 
the  railroads  all  that  they  can  possibly  do  in 
the  handling  of  the  more  lucrative  kinds  of 
traffic  The  State  of  New  York  has  been 
guilty  of  no  anachronism  or  error  of  judg- 
ment in  entering  upon  its  present  great  ex- 
penditure of  a  hundred  million  dollars  for 
the  enlargement  of  the  Erie  Canal,  so  that 
barges  carrying  a  thousand  tons  may  pass 
from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Hudson  and 
thus  to  the  sea.  The  people  of  Chicago,  St. 
Louis,  and  their  tributary  country  are  in- 
tensely interested  in  the  opening  up  of  a  deep 
waterway  from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Miss- 
issippi by  way  of  the  Chicago  drainage  canal 
and  other  existing  natural  water  courses. 

Some       i^  ^s  a  fair  question  whether  such 

Quefiilna  ^  ^^"^  '^^^^^  "^^  ^^  ^^  developed 
by  local  expenditure  rather  than 
by  the  general  Government.  The  Erie 
Canal,  as  enlarged,  will  benefit  the  farmers 
and  producers  of  ttie  West  far  more  than  it 
will  help  the  people  of  New  York,  who  are 
paying  the  entire  bill.  On  the  other  hand, 
a  deep  waterway  from  Chicago  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi would  be  of  no  direct  benefit  to  the 
people  of  the  eastern  part  of  the  country,  and 
it  would  seem  rather  doubtful  whether  or 
not  the  federal  Treasury  should  be  called 
upon  to  pay  for  that  part  of  the  waterway 
within  the  State  of  Illinois.  The  improve 
ment  of  the  Mississippi  River  itself,  however, 
is  a  different  matter.  The  amount  of  ex- 
penditure necessary  to  make  it  a  great  high- 
way of  modern  traffic  might  not  be  less  than 
half  a  billion  dollars.    A  great  many  States 


388 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^/EIV  OF  REl^IEWS. 


HON.    FREDERICK   C.    STEVENS. 

(The  head  of  the  Public  Works  Department  of  New 
York  State,  who  is  enlarging  the  Erie  Canal.) 


would  be  benefited,  and  the  question  is  one  of 
national  rather  than  of  local  concern.  The 
w^aterways  commission,  to  which  Mr.  Saun- 
ders refers  in  his  article,  will  undoubtedly  in 
due  time  give  the  country  a  report  of  great 
importance.  The  President's  trip  of  inspec- 
tion gives  occasion  for  the  assembling  of 
Governors  and  high  officials  of  many  States, 
and  waterway  improvement  is  to  be  pressed 
upon  the  country  in  a  manner  not  to  be  ig- 
nored. The  nation's  great  irrigation  policy 
has  been  worked  out  upon  a  plan  which 
makes  it  ultimately  self-supporting;  that  is  to 
say,  the  irrigated  lands  are  sold  at  a  price 
great  enough  to  repay  cost  of  the  engineering 
works  which  give  the  lands  their  value.  It  is  a 
question  whether  a  great  waterway  improve- 
ment like  that  of  the  Erie  Canal  might  not  be 
paid  for,  at  least  in  part,  by  a  small  toll  upon 
the  tonnage  that  passes  through  it.  There  is 
much  to  be  said  in  favor  of  such  an  arrange- 
ment in  the  case  of  the  New  York  canals. 


it  would  have  to  be  as  free  as  the  high  seas, 
although  the  States  bordering  upon  the  river 
might  be  asked  to  assume  some  share  of  the 
cost  of  improvement.  It  has  long  been  the 
contention  of  this  magazine  that  our  river 
and  harbor  improvements  ought  to  be  made 
partly  at  the  expense  of  the  general  Govern- 
ment and  partly  at  the  expense  of  the  local- 
ities concerned.  If  for  fifty  j-ears  past,  for 
example,  the  federal  Government  had  mere- 
ly duplicated  the  amounts  that  Boston,  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore  and  other 
ports  had  been  willing  to  expend  upon  their 
harbor  improvements,  we  should  have  had 
vastly  better  results.  There  would  have 
been  no  question  about  the  ability  of  great 
new  ships  like  the  Lusitania  to  come  and  go 
in  the  harbor  of  New  York  on  account  of 
the  shallow^ness  of  the  channels.  Liverpool, 
Hamburg,  Antwerp,  and  other  great  Euro- 
pean seaports  owe  the  vastness  and  the  splen- 
dor of  their  recent  harbor  developments  in 
chief  part  to  local  initiative  and  expenditure. 
Our  log-rolling  river  and  harbor  bills  at 
Washington  would  have  a  ver>'  different 
character  if  ever>^  locality  asking  for  an  ap- 
propriation were  obliged  to  provide  at  least 
one-half  of  the  amount  expended.  Under 
such  a  plan  the  federal  money  would  go  to 
the  enterprises  that  were  really  worth  devel- 
oping, and  the  waste  of  effort  upon  local 
creeks  and  traffickless  harbors, — so  often  a 
drain  on  the  national  funds  in  the  past, — 
would  promptly  cease.  We  have  too  large  a 
treasury  surplus  for  the  wise  use  of  public 
money. 


A  similar  remark  might  apply 
paua  the  to  a  possible  deep  waterway 
'"^  from  Chicago  to  the  Mississippi. 
When  it  comes,  however,  to  the  navigation 
of  the  great  river  itself,  it  is  manifest  that 


Who 
\ya  thi 
Bill? 


Railroads    ^^^  improvement  of  waterways 

and        belongs  to  those  large  iindertak- 

Reaetion,     j^^^  ^j^^^  ^^^^  ^^  entered  upon 

with  the  more  intensive  development  of  the 
country*  The  Middle  West,  with  its  scien- 
tific agriculture  and  its  growth  in  varied 
manufacturing,  will  in  the  near  future 
double  its  output  of  primary  and  secondan 
products,  and  transportation  facilities  must 
be  provided  to  meet  the  new  conditions. 
It  is  unfortimate  that  the  failure  of  the 
money  market  is  hampering  the  railroads  in 
their  necessary  work  of  double-lracking  and 
general  reconstruction  at  a  time  w^hen  traf- 
fic demands  are  so  exigent.  The  attempts 
on  the  part  of  the  Government  to  enforce 
federal  laws  are  regarded  in  Wall  Street  as 
furnishing  the  reason  for  the  peculiar  con- 
ditions that  affect  the  money  market.  Many 
causes  have  contributed  to  the  financial  re- 
action that  is  now  generally  to  be  observed. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


389 


But  the  principal  cause  has  not  been  the  pol- 
icy of  President  Roosevelt.  If  it  had  not 
been  for  the  confidence  of  the  country  in  the 
President's  policies  there  would  have  been 
an  anti-corporation  sentiment  so  sweeping  in 
its  nature  as  to  have  caused  a  very  serious 
setback.  The  principal  difficulty  is  to  be 
found  in  the  great  number  of  vast  enterprises 
that  have  simultaneously  made  demands 
upon  the  available  supply  of  capital.  Busi- 
ness has  expanded  with  enormous  rapidity; 
speculation  has  been  rife;  cliques  in  control 
of  great  trusts  and  corporations  have  un- 
loaded securities  upon  the  public  at  inflated 
values;  and  the  pendulum  was  bound  to 
swing  from  one  extreme  toward  the  other. 
The  collapse  of  speculation  in  the  stock  mar- 
ket affects  legitimate  business  in  a  thousand 
ways,  and  it  is  only  to  be  expected  that  there 
must  be  a  year  or  two  of  less  extended  credit 
and  of  curtailment  in  many  lines  of  business 
activity.  It  does  not  follow  that  the  country 
is  to  see  widespread  business  failures,  or  hard 
times  of  the  kind  that  fill  the  streets  with 
unemployed  men  and  require  the  establish- 
ment of  soup  kitchens  and  emergency  relief 

J   _^   l_.  ^1  L    ^  r      J*        ^  HON.    THEODORE  E.    BURTON,  OF  OHIO. 

undertakings,    as    the    prophets    of    disaster 

would   have    us    believe  (Chairman  of  the  River  and   Harbor  Coramltteo. 

wuuiu   nave    ub    DCiicvc.  ^^^^^j  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^  Waterways  Commission  that 

accompanies    I^resldent    Roosevelt.      Mr.    Burton    Is 
now  a  candidate  for  the  mayoralty  of  Cleveland.) 

A  Slackening  ^^  ^^  not  wise  to  prophesy  over- 
Pace  in  much  about  business  conditions, 
for  no  one  knows  what  is  going 
to  happen.  But  it  is  not  likely  that  for  the 
next  year  or  two  productive  enterprise  will 
make  such  demands  upon  the  labor  market 
as  to  call  for  a  million  fresh  immigrants 
every  year,  as  during  the  past  three  seasons. 
Luxurious  expenditure  will  be  somewhat 
curtailed,  and  less  money  therefore  taken  out 
of  active  business  uses  in  order  to  be  con- 
sumed in  agreeable  diversions.  During  the 
past  summer  scores  of  thousands  of  Amer- 
icans have  been  automobiling  all  over 
Europe.  The  amount  of  money  spent  in 
this  and  kindred  ways  would  go  very  far  to- 
ward relieving  the  stringency  of  the  money 
market  and  supplying  the  railroads  with  the 
cash  they  cannot  now  borrow,  but  which 
they  urgently  need  for  completing  the  im- 
provements that  have  been  begun.  Another 
season  or  two  of  good  crops  will  maintain 
the  purchasing  power  of  the  farmers,  will 
keep  the  wheels  of  factories  in  operation,  and 
ROBERT  FULTON,  v\  ill  help  tide  the  country  over  a  period  of 

m*  centenary  of  whose  work  In  perfecting  the    somewhat  painful  but  necessary  liquidation 

Meamboat  was  celebrated  at  the  Jamestown  Fair  last  ,  ^  Ti-  i  ^      r  i» 

month.)  and  rc-cstablishment  of  credit. 


390 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  kEyiElV^. 


be  predicted  with  some  safety  that  this 
prosecution  with  its  disclosures  marks  the 
end  of  the  old  period  of  the  Standard 
Oil  Company's  regime  of  mystery  and 
secrecy.  From  many  standpoints  its  man- 
agement has  been  superb.  But  it  ought  to 
recognize  the  new  order  of  things  and  step 
out  boldly  into  the  white  light  of  the  full- 
est publicity.  It  is  the  intention  of  the 
Government  to  prove  that  the  Standard  Oil 
Company  of  New  Jersey  is  a  great  holding 
corporation  of  corporations,  which  absolute- 
ly dominates  the  petroleum  business  and 
allied  industries  in  this  country,  and  which 
ought  under  the  Sherman  anti-trust  law  to 
be  compelled  to  divest  itself  of  its  monopo- 
listic attributes.  But  th.e  Sherman  anti-trust 
law  is  a  very  imperfect  piece  of  legislation, 
and  it  is  hard  to  see  what  practical  and 
stable  solution  is  to  be  secured  through  at- 
tempts to  e^jforce  the  existing  statute. 


Mr.   H.   H.   ROGERS, 

(Who  as  active  head  of  Standard  Oil  and  copper 
IntereBtg  has  boen  a  great  figure  In  the  business 
world,  and  Is  now  In  retirement  through  ill-health.) 


The 

Trust 

Conference, 


Finding  Out 


As  regards  the  great  corpora- 


te* 

Facta. 


tions,  the  innocent  stockholder  is 
to  be  considered  quite  as  much 
as  the  outside  public.  The  stockholder  can- 
not be  too  grateful  to  the  Governjment  at 
Washington  for  what  it  has 
been  doing  to  enforce  pub- 
licity. We  must  continue 
to  do  business  on  the  large 
scale  under  corporate  forms, 
and  shares  of  stock  in  rail- 
road and  industrial  under- 
takings must  be  standard- 
ized and  made  safe  for  gen- 
eral investment  here  as  in 
European  countries.  Other 
corporations  nnist  be  made 
to  follow  the  example  of 
the  United  States  Steel 
Corporation,  for  example, 
in  permitting  the  investing 
public  to  understand  what 
is  going  on.  The  present 
action  to  dissolve  the  Stand- 
ard Oil  Company  will  in 
the  long  run  have  been  val- 
uable, principally  in  the 
publicity  to  which  it  is  sub- 
jecting the  affairs  of  that 
gigantic  enterprise.    It  may 


A  business  enterprise  is  not  to  be 
regarded  as  an  outlaw  merely 
because  it  is  of  great  extent. 
Clearly,  wt  have  not  found  any  true  solution 
as  yet  of  the  so-called  trust  problem.  We 
are. still  engaged  in  getting  at  the  facts.  On 
the  22d  of  the  present  month  a  great  con- 
ference will  be  held  in  Chicago  to  discuss  the 
various  phases  of  the  question  how  the  nation 
and  the  States  oii^ht  henceforth  to  deal  with 
transportation    and    industrial    corporations. 


CAN    HE    CLEAR    IT? 

From  the  Inquirer  (Philadelphia). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


391 


Copyrigbi.  1906    by  Marceau,  N    V 

PRESIDENT    NICHOLAS    MURRAY    BUTLER,   OF    COLUMBIA    UNIVERSITY. 
(Who  will  act  as  general  cbnlrman  of  the  jrreat  conference  on  trusts  and  railways  In  (^hIcai?o.) 


The  conference  is  under  the  auspices  of  the 
National  Civic  Federation.  The  governors 
of  nearly  every  State  in  the  Union  have  ap- 
pointed delegates  of  marked  ability,  and  the 
leading  boards  of  trade  and  chambers  of 
commerce,  as  well  as  the  organized  agricul- 
tural, labor,  and  other  definite  interests,  will 
be  represented  by  their  best  men.  Such  a 
conference  was  held  in  1899,  in  the  same 
city,  and  under  the  same  auspices,  and  it  was 
useful  in  its  way,  because  it  brought  together 
men  of  all  shades  of  opinion,  and  resulted  in 
much  frank  and  able  discussion.  But  we 
have  made  a  tremendous  amount  of  economic 
history  in  the  last  eight  years,  and  the  present 
conference  will  have  more  facts  at  hand 
than  that  of  1809.     It  will  be  m.ade  up  in 


great  part  of  practical  men,  who  have  no  po- 
litical objects  to  gain,  and  who  desire  the 
business  welfare  of  the  country  in  the  truest 
sense.  It  is  greatly  to  be  hoped  that  this 
conference  may  agree  upon  some  important 
steps  which  might  be  recommended  to  Con- 
gress on  the  one  hand  and  to  State  legisla- 
tures on  the  other.  Problems  affecting  the 
control  of  railroads  and  trusts  are  quite  cer- 
tain to  play  a  part  in  next  year's  Presidential 
campaign,  but  it  is  possible  that  the  atmos- 
phere may  be  sufficiently  cleared  to  give  us 
some  definite  and  understandable  issues.  Mere 
theories  and  harsh  diatribes  will  not  be  en- 
couraged in  the  Chicago  conference.  The  time 
is  ripe  for  concrete  proposals,  and  useful  poli- 
cies that  will  promote  the  nation's  prosperity. 


392 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Phocornph  by  Underwood  A  Undervood.  N.  Y. 
MR.    WILLIAM    ROCKEFELLER. 


MR.    JOHN    D.   ROCKEFELLER. 


(In  consequence  of  the  retirement  of  Mr.  H.  H.  Rogers,  the  Rockefeller  brothers  were  reported  last  month 
as  in  active  control  of  the  great  interests  with  which  their  names  are  associated.  Mr.  William  Rockefeller 
Is  at  the  head  of  the  copper  trust,  and  Mr.  John  D.  Rockefeller  is  president  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company.) 


Copper 
and  tts 
Collapst, 


One  of  the  recent  sensations  in 
the  industrial  world  has  been  the 
fall  in  the  price  of  copper.  Not 
many  weeks  ago  this  metal  was  selling  at 
about  25  cents  a  pound.  We  were  then  told 
by  the  leading  authorities  at  home  and  abroad 
that  the  demand  for  copper  was  so  great,  and 
that  the  supply  was  relatively  so  small,  as  to 
make  it  reasonably  certain  that  the  price 
would  not  be  much  lower  for  a  lone:  time  to 
come.  At  the  prevailing  high  prices  there 
was  enormous  speculation  in  the  shares  of 


copper  mines.  Men  usually  conservative  in 
matters  of  investment  seemed  confident  about 
the  maintenance  of  high  prices  for  copper 
and,  therefore,  about  the  value  of  the  copper 
stocks.  We  had  seldom  in  this  country  wit- 
nessed so  vast  a  speculative  investment  in  any 
direction  as  that  which  had  taken  place  in 
copper  mining  during  the  past  two  or  three 
years.  Suddenly  there  arose  a  deadlock  be- 
tween the  chief  purchasers  of  copper  and  the 
chief  selling  agencies,  and  after  a  rime  the 
sellers  began  to  yield.     It  did  not  take  long 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE   WORLD. 


393 


for  copper  to  fall  from  about  25  cents  a 
pound  to  a  level  last  month  not  far  above  15 
cents.  The  more  profitable  copper  mines 
could,  of  course,  do  business  at  the  reduced 
price, — but  many  mining  enterprises  which 
had  been  paying  dividends  or  were  in  process 
of  development  were  reduced  to  a  condition 
of  practical  collapse.  Meanwhile  it  seems 
probable  that  the  market  had  been  held  at 
an  inflated  price  for  some  time,  while  those 
who  understood  the  game  were  unloading 
their  shares  in  mining  enterprises  upon  the 
long-suffering  public.  If  there  could  have 
been  absolute  publicity  in  the  affairs  of  the 
Amalgamated  Copper  Company  and  its  re- 
lated corporations,  it  is  not  likely  that  so 
great  a  misfortune  could  have  overtaken 
thousands  of  innocent  investors.  While  it 
is  a  more  or  less  mooted  point,  it  Is  probably 
true  that  a  normal  and  reasonable  price  for 
copper  is  about  15  cents  a  pound,  and  that  a 
fair  and  proper  administration  of  -great  busi- 
neia  interests  would  have  kept  the  price  there 
jand  ^ven  us  normal  conditions  of  mining 
^nd  of  investment.  Vast  enterprises  in  the 
futture  of  electrical  equipment  companies 
were  improperly  affected  by  an  unreasonable 
price  for  the  copper  which  they,  more  than 
all  other  consumers,  have  to  buy.  The  Mon- 
tana mines  were  last  month  $hut  down  to  a 
irjiction  of  their  normal  output. 


«««/,       ^^^  policy  of  the  leading  com- 

in  '       pany  that  manufactures  steel  has 

contrast,      ^^^^  ^  ^^^^  different  one.     We 

shall  unquestionably  be  informed  in  the  near 
future  of  a  decided  falling  off  in  the  orders 
of  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation  and 
its  smaller  rivals.  But  this  great  company 
was  wise  enough  in  the  recent  period  of  keen 
demand  to  hold  the  prices  down  to  a  mod- 
erate level  in  order  to  avoid  the  bringing 
about  of  inevitable  reaction.  It  is  fair  to 
believe  that  the  steel  companies  can  weather 
a  brief  period  of  curtailed  business  and  tariff 
discussion  without  serious  disaster  to  their 
shareholders.    But  it  remains  to  be  seen. 

Let  Railroads  Meanwhile  the  railroads  of  the 
Mone^r  ^^^"^T  continue  to  do  a  large 
^"^^  and  flourishing  business,  although 
thfir  net  profits  are  diminished  by  reason  of 
the  growth  of  their  fixed  charges  in  all  di- 
rections. Railroads  when  fairly  run  for  the 
public  and  for  their  stockholders  pught  to 
make  moncv,  10  that  they  may  be  kept  in  a 
state  of  high  efficiency.  Whether  or  not  the 
2-cent  passenger  rate  that  so  many  States 
have  adopted  is  really  reasonable  or  not,  it 
was  in  our  opinion  very  unstatcsmanlikf  to 
force  that  issue  during  this  past  year.  It  was 
right  to  drive  the  railroads  out  of  their  old- 
time  control  of  State  politics.     It  was  also 


CAN'T    KEEP    LP    WITU   THE    PACE. 

from  tbe  North  American   (Philadelphia). 


394 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


right  to  oblfge  them  to  discontinue  the  im- 
proper distribution  of  free  passes.  Again,  it 
was  right  to  use  every  means,  however  dras- 
tic, to  compel  them  to  abandon  the  old  sys- 
tem of  rebates  and  discriminations.  It  was 
right  to  compel  them  to  use  safety  appliances 
and  thus  to  prevent  the  slaughter  of  their 
own  employees  and  the  wrecking  of  passen- 
ger trains.  It  was  right  to  enforce  better 
systems  of  railroad  accounting,  and  more 
thorough  publicity  in  respect  to  all  branches 
of  railroad  financiering  and  operation.  It 
was  right  to  improve  tax  laws  and  strengthen 
commissions.  Biit  these  things  constituted 
a  sufficient  program  for  the  present;  and 
it  was  not  at  all  advisable  to  adopt  arbitrary 
legislation  that  could  be  construed  as  an  at- 
tempt to  prevent  the  railroads  from  making 
money.  So  far  as  most  States  are  concerned, 
the.  2-cent  fare  laws  will  probably  so  in- 
crease local  passenger  traffic  as  not  to  curtail 
appreciably  the  earnings  of  the  roads.  But 
the  subject  is  one  that  could  have  been  fairly 
postponed ;  and  in  our  judgment  the  2-cent 
laws  will  have  proved  themselves  premature 
and  therefore  more  harmful  than  beneficial. 

The  New  ^  ^^^^  years  ago  Christendom 
Race  was  Considerably  stirred  by 
ems.  ^varnings  against  the  so-called 
'*  yellow  peril,"  the  Emperor  William  of 
Germany  leading  in  the  agitation.  It  was 
argued  that  the  long-quiescent  millions  of 
China  would  gradually  awaken  and  become 


''  A    TALK    OV    TWO    PITIFS." 

Kroui  ihii  .hnnnal   (iK'troltL 


seized  with  the  modern  spirit  of  unrest  and 
adventure.  Once  trained  in  the  use  of  mod- 
ern weapons,  it  was  prophesied  that  they 
might  attempt  a  reconquest  of  much  terri- 
tory now  Russian,  that  was  in  earlier 
periods  Mongolian,  and  that  thus  in  time 
and  by  degrees  they  might  through  sheer 
force  of  numbers  endanger  the  Christian  na- 
tions of  Eastern  and  Central  Europe,  some- 
what as  Turks  and  Saracens  were  crowding 
westward  and  northward  a  few  centuries 
ago.  This  particular  agitation  against  the 
yellow  peril  became  discredited  after  the  na- 
tions had  put  down  the  Boxer  uprising,  and 
had  subjected  China  to  the  payment  of  enor- 
mous pecuniary  indemnities.  But  now  the 
world  of  white  men  begins  to  show  a  good 
deal  of  fresh  uneasiness  as  it  faces  the  ques- 
tion what  is  to  be  the  future  of  the  Asiatic 
races,  and  the  further. question  how  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  world  is  going  to  be  allotted  to 
rival  claimants. 

Who  Is  to    ^^^  ^^^^  ^  tendency  to  fall  into 
^Inherit       the  mistaken  notion  that  histor\' 

the  Earth  ?     •        i         j  j  j      i  l  •      ' 

IS  already  made,  and  that  thmgs 
are  tolerably  well  established  upon  perma- 
nent lines.  We  forget  that  the  future  is 
likely  to  be  a  much  longer  period  than  the 
recorded  past,  and  that  changes  are  more 
rapid  by  reason  of  the  diffusion  of  ideas  and 
the  increased  freedom  of  movement  due  to 
new  facilities.  Thus  the  European  nations 
have  carved  out  their  own  possessions  and 
spheres  of  influence  in  Africa,  and  have 
taken  it  for  granted  that  they  can  settle  and 
populate  that  continent  as  they  please,  and 
absolutely  control  its  destinies.  In  like  man- 
ner the  English  have  taken  possession  of  the 
island  continent  of  Australia;  they  hold  the 
northern  half  of  North  America,  and  thev 
assume  to  exercise  authority  over  hundreds 
of  millions  of  Asiatics  in  Asia  itself.  South 
America  has  come  under  the  control  of  the 
descendants  of  Spaniards  and  Portuguese, 
blended  in  various  degrees  with  the  native 
Indian  stock.  But  Africa  and  South  Amer- 
ica are  comparatively  unsettled  and  unde- 
veloped continents.  The  new  forces  in  the 
world  are  economic  rather  than  military  or 
political.  Capital  is  engaged  in  developing 
resources;  capital  demands  effective  labor; 
labor  seeks  remunerative  fields,  and  labor 
eventually  absorbs  capital.  Thus  the  sugar 
planters  of  Hawaii  needed  labor  and  im- 
ported Japanese  and  Chinese  coolies  as  the 
best  and  most  available.  With  their  thrift 
and  industry,  the  Asiatics  will  in  due  time 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  U^'ORLD. 


395 


NOT   A    FA  MI  I.  V    AFFAIR. 

The  contracting  parties  to  the  Anglo-Jap  alliance  do  not  seem  to  have  taken  the  chllclrVn   into  account. 

From  tht*  J  on  mat  (MinneapollH). 


control  both  labor  and  capital  in  those 
islands.  A  great  and  critical  contest  has 
b^en  going  on  regarding  the  presence  of 
Asiatics  in  South  Africa  and  more  particu- 
larly in  the  Transvaal.  Not  only  the  mil- 
lions of  China  and  Japan,  but  also  the  dark- 
skinned  Hindus  are  in  the  labor  market, 
and  capital  demands  them  for  work  in  the 
mines  and  in  the  fields  of  South  Africa, 
where  negro  labor  is  not  efficient  and  where 
white  labor  practically  does  not  exist.  But 
if  the  Asiatics  are  admitted  to  British  South 
Africa  with  any  considerable  freedom,  they 
will  some  day  possess  the  land. 

TktStmagie  ^"  Australia,  the  white  trades 
im  BrittBk  unions  Stand  like  a  rock  against 
^^*"''*'  Asiatic  labor,  and  the  politicians 
are  with  the  unions.  For  it  is  by  no  means 
certain  as  yet  that  Australia  is  to  remain 
permanently  a  country  of  progressive  white 
men,  with  the  English  language  and  ad- 
vanced English  institutions.  From  the  stand- 


point of  the  world's  larger  history-making 
movement,  the  most  important  events  of  last 
month  were  centered  in  the  struggle  at  Van- 
couver to  resist  the  incoming  of  many  hun- 
dreds of  Japanese  and  Hindu  laborers  into 
Canada.  As  in  the  United  States,  so  now 
in  Canada,  the  trades  unions  have  made  up 
their  minds  that  the  question  has  to  be  set- 
tled once  for  all  whether  or  not  a  homogen- 
eous white  man's  civilization  is  to  prevail. 
The  British  Government  is  in  a  much  more 
difficult  position  than  our  own.  Many 
Americans,  discussing  the  question  of  the 
Japanese  in  California,  are  evidently  not 
aware  that  in  our  treaty  with  Japan  we  have 
expressly  reserved  the  right  to  exclude 
Japanese  laborers.  The  British,  on  the  other 
hand,  in  their  treaty  with  Japan,  have  ac- 
corded the  fullest  freedom  to  Japanese  im- 
migrants. The  Hindus,  of  course,  are  Brit- 
ish subjects,  and  the  Hindu  question  is  one 
that  does  not  involve  international  compli- 
cations.     Canadian    trades    unions    are    de- 


396 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REyiEWS. 


manding  that  the  Anglo- Japanese  treaty  be 
at  once  revised.  The  Japanese  statesmen  are 
probably  not  sensitive  on  this  point,  but  the 
Japanese  people  themselves,  as  influenced  by 
a  sensational  press,  would  undoubtedly  ob- 
ject very  strongly  to  what  would  seem  a  ra- 
cial slight. 

n...n...^  Fortunately  there  is  no  doubt  or 
Fixed  ambiguitv  about  the  position  ot 
''^'''*'  the  United  States.  A  few  Asiatic 
laborers  will  undoubtedly  come  in  surrepti- 
tiously by  way  of  Canada  or  Mexico,  but 
no  direct  importation  will  be  allowed  in 
volume  sufficient  to  alter  existing  labor  con- 
ditions on  our  Pacific  slope.  The  wretched 
bungling  of  the  Japanese  question  in  San 
Francisco  created  needless  trouble,  and  gave 
wicked  offense  to  an  admirable  nation  whose 
relations  with  our  Government  and  people 
had  always  been  of  the  most  p)erfect  kind. 
Nevertheless,  the  underlying  motive  in  San 
Francisco,  which  was  to  maintain  social  and 
economic  life  on  American  standards,  was 
sound  and  right.  The  government  of  San 
Francisco  is  now  in  the  hands  of  men  capable 
of  justice  and  discrimination.  The  relations 
between  the  Japanese  Government  and  our 
own  are  those  of  harmony  and  good  under- 
standing. l*he  Japanese  authorities  are  so 
fully  bent  upon  controlling  their  own  popu- 
lation conditions  that  it  is  perfectly  easy  for 
them  to  understand  our  point  of  view  in  de- 
siring to  control  ours.  The  Japanese  are  a 
wonderful   people,  and   they  are  vastly  su- 


ANYI'.ODV    WANT    TO    THY    A    WHITE    ELEPHANT." 

From  the  HernJd'iSow  York). 


perior  in  many  respects  to  the  millions  of 
humble  Europeans  who  are  admitted  with- 
out question  at  our  Eastern  seaports.  But 
it  seems  possible  to  assimilate  these  Euro- 
peans, and  to  bring  them  up  to  our  American 
standards.  The  Chinese  and  Japanese,  on 
the  other  hand,  are  too  distinct  and  too 
separate  in  their  already  highly  developed 
civilization  to  blend  naturally  into  the  social, 
economic,  and  political  life  of  the  European 
races.  Difficult  as  the  Southern  race  prob- 
lem is  and  for  a  long  time  must  be  th? 
negroes  for  the  most  part  are  a  dependcni 
and  subordinate  element  in  the  population. 
They  have  no  distinct  or  separate  institu- 
tions. But  a  large  Asiatic  immigration 
would  mean  a  totally  distinct  community, 
and  would  produce  a  condition  highly  detri- 
mental to  the  best  development  of  the 
country. 

A  New  Use  for  ^^^  ^"^^  ^^^^  ^^  come,  Japanese 
the  Monroe  expansion  will  probably  be  di- 
rected toward  Korea  and  Man- 
churia. The  rapid  growth  of  Japanese  in- 
dustries, moreover,  will  afford  employment 
at  home  for  an  increasing  population.  The 
truth  remains,  however,  that  the  compara- 
tively unoccupied  parts  of  the  earth  cannot 
be  regarded  as  securely  in  possession  of  the 
European  nations  which  now  hold  them  as 
colonial  dependencies.  It  is,  moreover,  re- 
ported that  some  of  the  South  American  re- 
publics begin  to  put  a  wholly  novel  reliance 
upon  the  efficacy  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine. 
At  one  time  they  were  afraid  of  reconquest 
by  the  Latinic  powers  of  Europe.  At  an- 
other time  they  feared  the  aggressiveness  of 
the  British  lion.  Still  later  they  were  much 
warned  against  the  designs  of  the  ambitious 
new  German  Empire.  But  now,  it  is  said, 
they  are  looking  forward  to  a  time  w^hen,  in 
the  struggle  for  supremacy  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  they  might  be  made  the  victims  of 
Asiatic  designs.  All  of  this  for  the  immediate 
present  seems  quite  fanciful.  But  when  one 
studies  the  history  of  human  migration  and 
then  brings  to  mind  the  new  facilities  that 
give  mobility  to  labor  as  well  as  to  armies 
and  navies,  it  becomes  evident  enough  that 
the  seemingly  impossible  is  just  what  may 
have  happened  within  another  hundred  years. 

Taft        Secretary  Taft,  having  delivered 

and  the      himself  of  a  series  of  broad  and 

ppnea.    statesmanlike  speeches  upon  our 

public  policies  in  general,  has  gone  to  visit 

the  Philippines.     He  will  make  a  brief  visit 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  Tl/e  WORLD. 


397 


in  Japan,  also,  and  his  presence  there  is  cer- 
tain to  be  productive  of  benefit  to  both  coun- 
tries. In  the  Philippines  he  will  witness  the 
opening  of  the  first  elected  legislature.  How- 
ever the  Filipinos  may  feel  toward  this  coun- 
tr>%  and  whatever  may  be  their  ambitions 
for  the  future,  they  are  practically  unani- 
mous in  their  regard  for  the  great-hearted 
and  sagacious  man  who  went  to  them  as  the 
first  American  governor.  Mr.  Taft  appre- 
ciated the  fact  that  we  had  no  right  to  be 
dominant  in  those  islands  unless  working 
sincerely  for  the  welfare  of  the  inhabitants. 
He  saw  clearly  that  there  was  no  such  thing 
as  a  Filipino  nation  with  corporate  and  po- 
litical entity  and  a  sense  of  its  own  destiny. 
Those  who  talk  so  glibly  about  Filipino  in- 
dependence seem  to  think  that  there  is  a 
Filipino  race,  comparable  with  the  Japanese, 
for  example.  Our  work  there  has  been  to  do 
everything  in  human  power  to  knit  together 
the  Filipino  people  and  to  awaken  in  them 
some  capacity  for  the  direction  of  their  eco- 
nomic, social,  and  political  affairs.  The 
American  flag  protects  them*  in  their  outside 
relations.  As  to  their  inside  government,  we 
are  giving  them  full  charge  of  their  own 
affairs  as  rapidly  as  possible.  The  only  fair 
criticism  would  be  to  the  effect  that  we  have 
been  much  too  sanguine  in  assuming  that 
they  could  rapidly  acquire  the  principles' and 
practice  of  local  self-government. 

A  Man  Anyhow,  they  are  right  in  their 
of  Secure  appreciation  of  William  H.  Taft, 
*""**  and  whatever  may  become  of  his 
political  future,  the  past  is  secure.  It  was 
a  great  and  decisive  step  that  he  took  when 
at  Mr.  McKinley's  request  he  left  the 'fed- 
eral bench  and  proceeded  to  the  difficult 
task  of  creating  civil  order  and  the  institu- 
tions of  government  in  the  Philippine  Is- 
lands. With  Mr.  Root's  constructive  work 
through  the  Insular  Bureau  of  the  War  De- 
partment at  Washington,  and  Mr.  Taft*s 
personality  and  statesmanship  at  Manila,  we 
were  able  to  write  the  first  chapter  in  a 
special  volume  of  American  history  which  in 
the  end  will  bring  us  credit  as  a  nation  and 
will  give  permanent  fame  to  these  two  men 
\{  not  to  any  others.  Mr.  Taft  has  been 
working  stoutly  for  more  favorable  tariff 
relations  between  the  Philippines  and  this 
country,  and  the  effort  will  be  renewed  in  the 
coming  session  of  Congress  to  enact  the  Phil- 
ippine tariff  bill  into  law.  The  further  dis- 
cussion of  that  subject  will  of  course  launch 
a  political  debate  on  the  future  of  the  islands. 


MR.   BRVAN   MAV    BE   RIGHT. 

lie  says  that  man  Taft  is  a   **  atraddler." 
From  the  Journal   (^linnoapolls). 

Hau€  We  a  During  the  past  few  weeks,  a 
Philippine  prominent  New  York  newspaper 
has  set  for  itself  the  task  of 
disposing  of  the  Philippines  out  of  hand. 
Day  after  day  it  has  devoted  many  col- 
umns to  interviews  and  the  expression  of 
opinions.  It  has  stimulated  itself  to  the 
point  of  fever  heat  upon  the  whole  subject. 
But  its  own  discussion,  and  the  opinions  it 
has  elicited  from  Congressmen  and  others  in 
authority,  have  been  merely  academic.  At 
the  present  time  we  have  no  Philippine  ques 
tion,  excepting  as  details  arise  one  after  an- 
other for  solution.  We  are  doing  our  best 
to  give  the  islands  a  good  administration,  and 
we  must  now  build  their  projected  railroads, 
give  them  a  better  tariff  rate,  lead  them  into 
paths  of  prosperity  as  we  have  succeeded  in 
leading  Porto  Rico,  and  permit  the  larger 
question  of  their  ultimate  destiny  to  await 
the  solution  that  will  come  with  the  process 
of  time.  We  are  trustees  for  the  welfare  of 
the  Filipino  people  and  for  the  international 
interests  that  arc  more  or  less  centered  at 
Manila.    A  few  more  years  will  shed  light. 


Bryan 
and 
Taft. 


Mr.  Bryan  has  had  m.uch  to  say 
at  different  times  upon  the  Phil- 
ippine question,  and  so  has  Mr. 
Taft.  It  is  not  at  all  unlikely  that  the  coun- 
try may  have  a  direct  opportunity  to  pass 
judgment  upon  the  views  of  these  two  men 
in     the     forthcoming    Presidential     contest. 


398 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


Both  are  men  of  integrity  and  fine  personal- 
ity. Neither  of  them  represents  selfish  or 
private  interests.  They  are  both  patriotic, 
and  are  both  tried  and  representative  public 
men.  Mr.  Taft  has  had  the  benefit  of  a 
marvelous  training  and  experience.  Apart 
from  Mr.  Roosevelt,  no  other  man  in  the 
countni',  excepting  our  brilliant  and  accom- 
plished Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Elihu  Root, 
is  so  well  qualified  by  actual  knowledge  and 
experience  to  fill  the  office  of  the  Presidency 
as  the  Hon.  William  H.  Taft.  Mr.  Bryan 
has  not  had  the  experience  that  comes  with 
the  shouldering  of  responsible  public  tasks. 
But  for  many  years  he  has  devoted  himself 
in  a  broad  way  to  the  study  of  national  af- 
fairs. He  is  well  acquainted  with  men, 
measures,  and  policies;  and  he  has  held  his 
place  at  the  forefront  of  the  Democratic 
party  through*  qualities  which  surely  are  en- 
titled to  respect,  for  otherwise  he  must  have 
been  relegated  to  the  background  long  ago. 
If  Mr.  Taft  should  be  the  Republican  can- 
didate and  Mr.  Bryan  the  Democratic,  we 
should  have  an  interesting  and  a  dignified 
sort  of  contest. 


Mr,  Hughes 


But  as  the  months  pass  by  the 
"as'a'^''  plot  thickens  and  the  elements 
Possibility.  ^^  uncertainty  that  surround  the 
Presidential  contest  lend  even  unaccustomed 
interest  to  our  always-absorbing  quadrennial 
pastime.  For  certainly  the  American  loves 
his  game  of  Presidential  politics  beyond  al- 
most any  other  form  of  diversion.  In  the 
State  of  New  York  behind  the  scenes  the 
professional  politicians  are  engaged  in  deep- 
laid  schemes  for  the  control  of  the  Repub- 
lican delegation.  At  present  Mr.  Wood- 
ruff is  State  Chairman  and  Mr.  Parsons  is 
chairman  for  New  York  City.  The  organi- 
zation as  now  constituted  made  Mr.  Hughes 
Governor,  acting  in  close  harmony  with  the 
national  Administration.  It  is  now.  reported 
that  ex-Governor  Odell  is  organizing  a 
movement  to  secure  the  New  York  State 
delegation  for  Governor  Hughes  as  the  Pres- 
idential candidate,  with  a  view  to  the  over- 
throw of  the  present  State  organization, 
which  is  in  accord  with  the  Administration 
at  Washington.  It  is  not  asserted  that  Gov- 
ernor Hughes  himself  is  in  any  way  con- 
cerned with  the  movement  of  machine  poli- 
ticians to  make  him  New  York's  candidate 
at  the  national  convention.  Mr.  Hughes  did 
not  seek  the  governorship,  but  the  nomina- 
tion was  thrust  upon  him  as  a  public  duty, 
and  he  made  a  plucky  fight  in  a  hard  cam- 


paign and  earned  his  own  election.  It  would 
seem  as  if  New  York  needed  him  for  another 
term  as  Governor.  If  the  national  Repub- 
lican party  should  choose  to  draft  him  as  its 
nominee,  he  has  the  strength  of  character, 
the  well-ordered  mind,  and  the  reserve 
power  which  would  enable  him  to  rise  to 
the  great  responsibilities  at  Washington  for 
which  he  has  had  none  of  the  specific  train- 
ing of  a  Taft  or  a  Root.  It  is  to  be  believed 
that  Mr.  Hughes  has  the  good  sense  to  do 
his  present  work  and  to  avoid  the  pitfalls  of 
ambition.  The  country  has  discovered  him 
as  a  man  of  strength  and  character,  and  that 
should  be  enough  for  him.  He  has  achieved 
some  daring  things  already,  notably  the  crea- 
tion of  his  two  commissions  for  the  control 
of  public-service  corporations.  The  State 
of  New  York  will  be  fortunate  if  it  can  keep 
Mr.  Hughes  for  some  years  to  come  as  its 
chief  magistrate.  He  ought  to  be  re-elected 
Governor  for  a  series  of  terms  because  of 
the  financial,  economic,  and  social  problems 
that  confront  our  greatest  State,  with  its 
tremendous  metropolis. 

Ohio's  ^^hJo  has  been  the  center  of  po- 
states'  litical  interest  that  has  spread 
far  beyond  the  confines  of  the 
Buckeye  State.  As  between  Mr.  Taft  and 
Mr.  Foraker  there  has  been  debating  of  a 
profound  and  brilliant  quality.  Mr.  For- 
aker's  natural  place  is  with  the  President 
and  the  Administration,  and  his  opposition 
seems  technical  rather  than  fundamental. 
There  seems  at  present  no  doubt  as  to  the 
solidity  of  the  Taft  delegation  from  Ohio  in 
the  Presidential  convention.  In  Cleveland 
a  local  contest  has  aroused  national  atten- 
tion. For  many  years  the  Hon.  Theodore 
E.  Burton,  representing  the  Cleveland  dis- 
trict in  the  House  of  Representatives  at 
Washington,  has  been  a  useful  and  very  in- 
fluential Congressman.  He  has  been  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  intellectual  leaders  of 
the  House,  and  as  Chairman  of  the  Rivers 
and  Harbors  Committee  he  has  made  him- 
self an  authority  and  has  filled  a  most  diffi- 
cult position  with  the  confidence  and  respect 
even  of  those  whose  demands  for  appropria- 
tions he  has  resisted.  When  Mr.  Dick  se- 
cured the  seat  in  the  Senate  made  vacant  by 
the  death  of  Mr.  Hanna  it  was  the  opinion 
of  many  people  in  Ohio  and  elsewhere  that 
Mr.  Burton  should  have  been  promoted  to 
that  place.  He  has  now  taken  the  Repub- 
lican nomination  for  the  mayoralty  of  Cleve- 
land in  order  to  give  the  greatest  possible 


^  THE  PROGRFSS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


899 


THE  GOVERNMENT    PIER    AT   THE   JAMESTOWN    EXPOSITION. 
This  lK*autiful  plor  was  (li»dlcat«»d  with  appropriate  cor«»nionio8  on  Soptember  14. 


streng:th  to  the  opposition  that  has  ^rown 
up  against  the  long<ontinued  rule  of  Mayor 
Tom  L.  Johnson. 


Burton 

OS. 

Johnson. 


Mr.  Burton  has  achieved  distinc- 
tion in  the  field  of  national  af- 
fairs and  is  needed  at  Washing- 
ton. He  is  a  scholar  and  a  statesman,  with 
an  unblemished  record.  The  running  of  a 
great  town  like  Cleveland  requires  trained 
executive  ability,  a  peculiar  knowledge  of 
human  nature,  and  some  acquaintance  with 
the  varied  problems  of  modern  municipal  life 
and  government.  The  Hon.  Tom  L.  John- 
son is  no  match  whatever  for  Mr.  Burton 
on  the  plane  of  national  statesmanship;  and, 
on  the  other  hand  it  would  seem  equally  ap- 
parent that  Mr.  Burton  could  be  no  match 
for  Mr.  Johnson  in  the  field  of  municipal 
administration,  which  this  buoyant  gentle- 
man has  made  so  peculiarly  his  own.  The 
cleaion  comes  in  November,  and  is  mixed 
up  with  State  and  national  politics.  Ohio 
cities  ought  to  hold  their  elections  in  the 
spring  and  get  their  affairs  out  of  the  rut  of 


party  politics  as  much  as  possible.  Mr.  Bur- 
ton is  chairman  of  the  national  Waterways 
Commission  and  is  needed  in  Congress  at  a 
time  when  great  public  questions  upon  which 
he  is  an  authority  are  to  be  dealt  with  on  a 
scale  of  increasing  magnitude. 


A 
Beautiful 
Exposition. 


Far  too  little  has  been  said  about 
the  real  merits  of  the  exposition 
that  celebrates  the  three  hun- 
dredth anniversary  of  the  settlement  of  the 
United  States.  The  Jamestown  Ter-Cen- 
tennial  Exposition  was  unfortunate  in  allow- 
ing Itself  to  be  seen  long  before  it  was  ready 
for  inspection.  It  is  not  colossal,  but  it  is 
beautiful  and  it  is  instructive.  Visitors 
going  there  in  the  mood  of  w^illingness  to 
discover  the  attractions  of  the  exposition  will 
not  be  disappointed.  The  eight  or  ten  weeks 
that  remain  of  the  fair  ought  to  bring  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  visitors  from  all  parts 
of  the  country.  The  region  itself  is  full  of 
historic  and  present-day  interest.  Norfolk, 
Newport  News,  Hampton,  and  Fortress 
Monroe  are  at  hand,  and  water  excursions 


400 


THE  AMERICAN  REI/IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


may  be  made  to  Jamestown  Island  and  in 
every  direction.  The  architecture  of  the  ex- 
position is  to  the  trained  observer  more 
charming  than  that  of  almost  any  other  in 
a  long  series  of  expositions.  If  the  exhibits 
are  not  of  a  bewildering  extent  and  variety, 
they  are  at  least  thoroughly  illustrative  of 
recent  progress.  Some  of  the  special  exhib- 
its, like  that  contained  in  the  negro  building 
for  instance,  are  worthy  of  great  praise. 
The  United  States  Government  has  ex- 
pended much  money  and  ingenuity  in  its  va- 
rious efforts  to  represent  in  this  fair  what 
the  Government 'departments  are  doing,  and 
the  management  of  the  enterprise  has 
achieved  wonders  in  the  overcoming  of  dif- 
ficulties that  have  arisen.  The  weather  on 
Hamptdn  Roads  during  the  remaining 
months  of  the  exposition  ought  to  be  very 
agreeable  for  visitors. 


Secretary     ^^^  country  was  Concerned  for 
Root's       a  time  about  the  health  of  Secre- 
tar}'    Root,    who    was    suffering 


from  prolonged  overwork.  But  his  vacation 
and  a  course  of  treatment  at  the  hands  of  an 
expert  in  physical  training  have  restored  him 
to  health  and  vigor,  and  his  projected  trip  to 
Mexico  has  not  been  abandoned.  No  Secre- 
izry  of  State  has  ever  done  so  much  to  pro- 
mote good  understandings  with  the  other 
American  republics  as  has  Mr.  Root.  With 
Mr.  John  Barrett  as  the  efficient  Director  of 
the  International  Bureau  of  American  Re- 
publics,   that   institution    at   Washington    is 


SlIOWINC;    THK    would    <)t  R    AMERICAN    NAVY. 

riom   tho  Journal    (Detroit). 


responding  most  remarkably  to  Mr.  Root's 
views  of  its  enlarged  possibilities.  The  Scc- 
retarj^'s  visit  to  Mexico  ought  to  result  in  the 
progress  of  measures  for  the  bringing  about 
of  harmony  among  the  turbulent  little  states 
of  Central  America.  Mr.  Root's  policies 
have  done  mudh  for  the  West  Indies,  as  was 
set  forth  in  an  article  published  in  this  Re- 
view last  month. 

The  Plans  ^^J'^^'"  newspapers  have  lashed 
for  the  themselves  into  a  state  of  frenzy 
over  the  plan  of  the  Administra- 
tion to  send  a  fleet  of  battleships  to  our 
Pacific  Coast.  There  would  seem  no  more 
reason  in  the  nature  of  things  why  our 
battleships  should  be  in  one  ocean  than  in 
the  other,  and,  since  they  have  to  be  some- 
where, and  our  naval  officers  meanwhile 
have  to  obtain  training  and  experience,  it 
would  seem  to  be  a  capital  move  to  send  the 
fleet  down  the  east  coast  of  South  America. 
up  the  west  coast,  and  so  on  to  San  Fran- 
cisco and  Seattle.  That  this  movement 
could  bear  any  direct  relation  to  supposed 
disputes  between  Japan  and  the  United 
States  is  an  hallucination  that  is  entertained 
nowhere  except  in  certain  newspaper  offices. 
The  two  countries  have  nothing  in  the  world 
to  quarrel  about,  and  are  on  terms  of  com- 
plete amity.  As  to  the  danger  of  leaving 
our  Atlantic  Coast  undefended,  we  may  be 
quite  sure  that  England,  France,  Germany. 
Italy,  and  Russia  would  all  be  quite  willing 
to  join  in  defending  us  in  case  President 
Castro,  of  Venezuela,  should  desire  to  im- 
prove the  opportunity  to  destroy  New  York 
and  ravis^h  our  exposed  seaboard.  The 
United  States,  in  short,  has  no  quarrel  wirh 
any  nation,  is  not  going  to  have  any  war, 
and  is  not  proposing  to  move  the  fleet  as  a 
measure  against  Japan  any  more  than  as  a 
measure  against   Siam  or   Morocco. 


The  Logical    ^^  ^^^^^  ^^  remembered  that  when 
Democratic    Govemor  Hughes  won  his  elec- 
candidate.     ^j^^   .^   ^^^  york,   the   Demo- 
crats  carried    the    rest    of    the    ticket,    Mr. 
Hearst  alone  being  defeated.    A  young  New 
York  lawyer,  Mr.  Lewis  Stu>^esant  Chan- 
ter, was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor.    Dur- 
V    ing    the    past    few    weeks    there    has    been 
launched   a  seemingly  serious  movement  to 
give  Mr.  Chanler  the  Democratic  nomina- 
tion for  the  Presidency.     It  is  customary  in 
the  Democratic  party  to  make  these  sudden 
efforts  to  find  greatness  and  fitness  in   un- 
expected quarters.     Mr.  Chanler  is  an  ex- 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


401 


MR.    LEWIS    STL'YTESANT   CHANLER. 
LU'UtPnant  (Jovomor  of  Npw  York 

client  American  citizen,  and  fortunately  we 
lave  millions  more  of  them.  Lieutenant- 
!:overnors  are  as  numerous  as  governors, 
vhile  ex-lieutenant-governors  are  still  more 
lumercus  than  ex-governors,  because  being 
generally  younger,  they  live  longer.  It  was 
eported  last  month  that  Mr.  Bryan  had 
)ecomc  greatly  alarmed  at  the  growth  of 
he  Chanler  boom.  If  this  be  true,  Mr. 
3r>'an  may  expect  many  shocks  before  the 
Vlarch  equinox,  for  many  another  lieuten- 
int-governor  will  doubtless  have  his  little 
)oomlet  bravely  exposed  to  the  blights  of 
)ur  exasperating  North  American  climate, 
ileanw^hile,  for  the  moment,  something  ha> 
lappened  to  the  boom  of  Governor  Johnson, 
f  Xlinnesota;  and  Governor  Folk's  friends 
eem  to  be  off  duty.  The  really  formidable 
novement  reported  through  regular  Demo- 
ratic  channels  is  that  which  the  Hon.  Hen- 
T  Gassaway  Davis,  of  West  Virginia,  an 
xtogenarian  of  undiminished  vigor,  is  work- 


ing up  throughout  the  South  on  behalf  of 
Judge  Gray.  Nothing  would  please  the 
Hearst  people  so  much  as  to  have  the  Demo- 
cratic party  nominate  a  man  like  Judge 
Gray.  The  organization  of  the  Inde- 
pendence League  goes  on  throughout  the 
country,  and  in  one  way  or  in  another  Mr. 
Hearst  proposes  to  count  very  much  in  the 
game  of  Presidential  politics.  The  logic  of 
the  situation  would  seem  to  point  verj^  clear- 
ly to  Mr.  Bryan  as  the  one  possible  Demo- 
cratic candidate.  All  factions  and  branches 
of  the  party  accepted  him  in  advance  at  the 
time  of  his  return  from  his  world  wander- 
ings, when  they  welcomed  him  and  swore 
allegiance  at  the  Madison  Square  Garden  in 
New  York  on  August  30,  1906.  His  speech 
advocating  the  Government  ownership  and 
operation  of  railroads  alienated  many  con- 
servative Democrats,  but  he  has  since  made 
it  plain  that  his  views  were  to  be  regarded 
as  academic  rather  than  as  the  statement  of 
a  practical  policy  for  immediate  adoption. 
Fairness  compels  us  to  say  that  there  was 
nothing  whatever  in  those  expressions  that 
should  alienate  Mr.  Bryan's  followers.  No 
one  man  makes  great  public  policies.  Noth- 
ing but  a  continued  carnival  of  atrocious  mis- 
management and  abuse  of  trust  on  the  part 
of  the  so-called  "  railroad  magnates  "  could 
drive  this  country  into  so  radical  a  change 
of  all  its  methods  and  principles  as  the  trans- 
fer of  railroads  from  private  to  public  opera- 
tion. If  Mr.  Brj^an  were  elected  President, 
he  would  do  what  he  could,  doubtless,  to 
administer  the  laws  under  which  the  federal 
Government   regulates  interstate  commerce. 


MR.    BRYAN    AS    TTTK    ITINRRAVT    WINF.    MKRCHANT. 

From  the  Inquirer  ( rhilndelphia). 


402 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REk'IEWS. 


Oklahoma's 
Elec 
Hon, 


The  much-criticised  constitution 
of  the  new  State  of  Oklahoma 
was  adopted  by  the  voters  on 
September  17.  While  there  are  many  pro- 
visions in  this  constitution  which  seem  out 
of  place  in  the  organic  law  of  a  State,  the 
one  question  that  concerns  the  President  is 
whether  or  not  the  instrument  conforms  to 
the  conditions  of  the  enabh'ng  act  passed  by 
Congress.  It  must  be  assumed  to  express 
the  political  will  of  the  people  who  are  to 
compose  the  new  commonwealth,  and  its 
"  radicalism,"  about  which  the  Eastern 
newspapers  have  had  much  to  say,  is  Okla- 
homa's own  affair.  Moreover,  the  very  fact 
that  it  recognizes  the  referendum  principle 
is  an  assurance  that  it  will  be  amended  if 
it  is  found  to  work  unsatisfactorily.  Okla- 
homa's admission  has  been  long  delayed. 
With  a  population  of  i,4C)0,cxx),  she  is  by 
far  the  most  populous  State  ever  admitted 
to  the  Union.  This  new  State,  forty-sixth  in 
point  of  seniority,  will  rank  twenty-fifth  in 
population.  It  has  more  people  than  Mary- 
land, and  nearly  as  many  as  South  Carolina, 
— two  of  the  original  thirteen  States,  The 
large  immigration  from  Texas  and  Arkansas 
into  the  Indian  country  has  made  Oklahoma 
a  "  safely  "  Democratic  State.  At  the  elec- 
tion last  month,  Hon.  Charles  N.  Haskell, 
the  Democratic  candidate,  was  chosen  Gov- 
ernor, and  the  Legislature  will  elect  two 
Democrats  to  the  United  States  Senate.  Two 
of  the  five  Congress  districts  are  possibly 
Republican,  but  on  the  whole  Oklahoma 
promises  to  join  the  column  of  States  en- 
thusiastically committed  to  the  Bryan  type 
of  Democracy.  The  temperance  people  suc- 
ceeded in  carrying  the  separate  prohibition 
amendment,  thus  bringing  the  new  State 
into  alignment  with  Kansas  and  Georgia  on 
the  liquor  question. 

ne  Rejected  At  a  special  election  on  Septem- 
Chicago  ber  ^l^  the  voters  of  Chicago  de- 
harter,  Q[^[y^\y  rejected  the  new  charter 
authorized  by  the  State  Legislature.  The 
total  vote  polled  was  slightly  more  than  half 
of  the  registered  vote  and  the  charter  was 
defeated  by  a  majority  of  more  than  62,000. 
This  overwhelming  defeat  seems  to  have 
been  brought  about  by  the  widespread  fear 
that  under  the  proposed  charter  taxes  would 
be  increased.  Although  it  was  estimated 
that  this  increase  would  amount  to  less  than 
one-half  of  one  per  cent.,  the  voters  seemed 
unwilling  to  confer  on  the  city  council  the 
power  of  making  tax  levies  for  city,  park. 


HON.  CHARLES  N.   HASKELL. 
(Governor-elect  of  Oklahoma.) 

school,  and  library  purposes, — a  power  that 
is  now  distributed  among  a  number  of  dif- 
ferent taxing  bodies,  several  of  which  art 
quite  independent  of  the  city  government. 
There  was  also  a  provision  that  the  city 
might,  by  a  referendum  vote,  issue  bonds  up 
to  5  per  cent,  of  the  total  actual  valuation 
of  taxable  propert}\  It  is  well  known  that 
for  many  years  Chicago  has  had  great  diffi- 
culty in  raising  revenue  for  necessary  im- 
provements, and  these  taxing  and  bonding 
provisions  were  intended  to  obviate  this  dif- 
ficulty, at  least  in  part.  The  charter  on  the 
whole  was  deemed  by  students  of  the  subject 
to  be  an  improvement  on  the  existing  instru- 
ment, which  was  framed  for  a  city  one- 
fourth  Chicago*s  present  size  and  has  been 
"  patched  "  from  time  to  time  in  a  curiously 
unscientific  manner.  It  offered  a  large  meas- 
ure of  home-rule,  under  which  its  defects 
could  have  been  remedied  from  time  to  time. 
It  was  drafted  by  men  of  ability  and  knowl- 
edge.    Its  defeat  is  regrettable. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


403 


UlSIfUS   AT  VICTOIOA.    li.    L  -H.KVE   UF   THE  CIRJEXTAL    l<Att',i    TKE  t.^^AWA.VS    tHi   Xt»r    S\ANT 


'lli^E  the  opposition  to  Asiatic 
r  immigration  on  the  Pacific  Coaist 
of  the  North  American  cor t intent 
i*  nor  xf\  rx^liisively  Cnliiornian  matter,  or 
;ui  Ai  mu-Japanesc  affair,  but  reallv 

the  opposition,  on  economic  grounds,  of  the 
Caucasian  white  man  to  all  oriental  labor, 
was  proven  beyond  a  doubt  last  month  by 
the  serious  riots  at  Bellingham,  in  the  State 
of  Washington,  and  at  Vancouver,  British 
Columbia.  At  bottom  it  was  the  same  story 
in  each  case.  Many  hundreds  of  Orientals, 
— ^Japanese,  Chinese,  and  Hindus, — ^^have 
been  employed  in  the  lumber  mills  and  can- 
neries of  the  Washington  and  British  Colum- 
bia coast  towns,  displacing  white  labor.  In 
each  case  a  mob  of  white  men  raided  the 
mills  where  the  foreigners  were  employed, 
battered  down  the  doors  of  their  lodging 
houses,  dragged  the  Hindus  from  their  beds, 
and  drove  them  with  violence  from  the  town. 
The  Hindus  of  Bellingham  fled  northward 
to  the  protection  of  the  British  flag.  At 
Vancouver  the  rioters  also  attacked  Chinese 
and  Japanese  merchants  and  laborers,  break- 
ing into  their  shops  and  pillaging  and  de- 
stroying $20,000  worth  of  property.  Two 
thousand  Chinese  and  Japanese  were  driven 
from  their  homes.  Later,  a  number  of 
Japanese  immigrants,  just  landed  from  a 
steamer,  were  attacked  and  in  the  riot  that 
followed  Baron  Ishii,  chief  of  the  Japanese 


Bureau  of  Foreign  C{immt*rce^  was  !irvTrel\ 
in  I urtil,  ^J*ht  t  )rientaU,  umicr  the  k-atlm 
^hip  of  tht*  Japant^M\  immt-iliatply  or^nnizei] 
for  dcfenst*,  and,  having  .secured  lirearniin 
and  other  ircapuns,  the  situation  took  on  a 
very  serious  aspect. 


yy^  An  immediate  expression  of  re- 
internationai  gret  by  Earl  Grey,  Governor- 
General  of  Canada,  and  Premier 
Laurier,  in  telegrams  to  the  Mayor  of  Van- 
couver, followed  by  conciliatory  statements 
by  Baron  Ishii  expressing  confidence  in  the 
ability  and  willingness  of  the  Canadian  Gov- 
ernment to  make  proper  aitiends  and  protect 
the  life  of  Japanese  subjects  in  the  future, 
quieted  the  rising  sentiment  in  the  Canadian 
West.  London  newspapers  charge  that  the 
riots  at  Vancouver  were  incited  by  Ameri- 
cans fresh  from  the  violence  at  Bellingham. 
The  entire  subject,  w'hile  calling  for  careful 
diplomatic  handling  on  the  part  of  Japan, 
the  United  States,  and  Great  Britain,  cannot 
possibly  result  in  any  permanent  disturbance 
of  the  cordial  relations  between  the  three 
great  peoples.  The  Hindus,  chiefly  Sikhs, 
who  were  attacked  at  Bellingham,  were 
British  subjects,  and  Ambassador  Bryce  will 
no  doubt  manage  their  case  at  Washington 
with  his  customary  discretion  and  statesman- 
ship. The  treaty  of  alliance  between  Great 
Britain  and  Japan,  which  is  even  more  fa- 


404 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^/EIVS. 


vorabic  to  the  Japanese  cause  than  our  own 
treaty  with  the  island  empire,  will  protect 
the  subjects  of  the  Mikado  in  Canada.  It  is 
rather  interesting  to  note,  as  a  contrast  to  the 
bellicose  tone  of  the  Japanese  and  American 
jingo  press  in  the  matter  of  San  Francisco, 
that  no  one  dreams  of  predicting  any  serious 
disturbance  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain  because  the  rights  of  some  of 
King  Edward's  oriental  subjects  were  vio- 
lated in  our  own  State  of  Wasfhington. 


B.  Hulbert.  Two  recent  disasters  in  Japan, 
involving  considerable  loss  of  life,  have 
elicited  the  sympathy  of  the  world.  Late  in 
August  a  great  fire  at  Hakodate,  a  large  city 
on  the  island  of  Yezu,  rendered  80,000  peo- 
ple homeless.  On  September  16,  through  an 
accident  similar  to  that  which  happened 
on  our  own  battleship,  the  Georgia,  some 
months  ago,  thirty-four  of  the  crew  of  the 
Japanese  battleship  Kashima  were  killed  and 
eight  injured  during  target  practice. 


Happenings  Although  the  sensational  press  on 
In  both  shores  of  the  Pacific  has 
«/ww.  ^^^^  talking  war,  there  has  never 
been  for  a  moment  any  really  an ti- American 
popular  feeling  in  Japan  or  anti-Japanese 
feeling  in  this  country.  In  fact,  if  there  ever 
was  any  danger  of  serious  trouble  between 
the  United  States  and  Japan,  ex-Ambassador 
Luke  E.  Wright  has  not  been  able  to  detect 
any  signs  of  its  coming  during  his  residence 
at  Tokio.  Upon  his  return  last  month  from 
the  Japanese  capital  General  Wright,  in  a 
newspaper  interview,  said: 

I  walked  seven  or  eight  miles  about  Tokio 
every  day,  and  never  saw  a  look  or  action  on 
the  part  of  the  citizens  that  could  have  been  con- 
strued as  unfriendly.  From  the  tremendous 
number  of  Americans  now  traveling  about  Ja- 
pan, it  looks  a  good  deal  more  like  an  American 
invasion  of  Japan  than  a  Japanese  invasion  of 
the  United  States. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  in  passing  that  the 
Japanese  Government  has  just  rewarded,  by 
granting  a  large  sum  of  money  and  an  an- 
nuity, W.  D.  Stevens  and  H.  W.  Dennison, 
two  Americans,  for  their  services  in  the 
Russo-Japanese  war.  Mr.  SteVens  was 
counselor  at  the  Japanese  embassy  at  Wash- 
ington for  many  years  and  is  now  in  Korea. 
Mr.  Dennison  was  counselor  in  the  foreign 
office  in  Tokio  during  the  war  with  Russia. 

The        Concerned  as  the  Japanese  Gov- 
Probiem  In    emmcnt  undoubtedly  is  over  the 

Korea.  •       •  i  •  i 

anti-oriental  sentiment  so  ruth- 
lessly expressed  on  our  own  Pacific  Coast 
and  in  the  western  provinces  of  Canada,  it 
is  much  more  concerned  over  the  problem 
now  confronting  it  in  Korea.  Complete  ab- 
sorption in  the  near  future  would  seem  to  be 
the  inevitable  result  of  Korean  corruption 
and  incapacity.  In  another  part  of  the  mag- 
azine this  month  we  present  a  frank  state- 
ment of  the  Japanese  case,  and  in  the  "  Lead- 
ing Article "  department  we  quote  the 
Korean  side  as  ably  presented  by  Dr.  Homer 


Chinese  Opposition  to  the  increase  of 
Suspicions  of  Japanese  influence  and  authority 
"'^'*'  on  the  Asiatic  mainland  is  de- 
veloping rapidly  in  China.  The  states- 
men of  the  Middle  Kingdom  look  with 
apprehension  upon  the  absorption  of  Korci 
by  Japan.  They  have  always  regarded  her 
influence  in  Manchuria  as  an  infringement 
upon  Chinese  sovereignty  and  a  danger  to 
the  integrity  'of  their  empire.  Early  last 
month  the  Chinese  viceroy  in  Manchuria  re- 
fused to  grant  a  number  of  concessions  to 
Japanese  for  the  working  of  forests  and 
mines.  The  Chinese  are,  in  fact,  becoroin£^ 
increasingly  jealous  of  all  foreign  influence. 
They  regard  with  suspicion  the  new  Franco- 
Japanese  entente,  regarding  it  as  preliminar>' 
to  a  further  extension  of  Japanese  influence 
in  Manchuria.  Moreover,  since  the  signing 
of  the  Russo-Japanese  convention,  China's 
suspicions  have  been  further  increased,  and 
reports  from  the  larger  cities  of  the  empire 
indicate  that  the  more  thoughtful  Chinese 
are  again  turning  toward  America  as  their 
only  friend  among  the  nations  of  the  earth 
that  can  be  expected  to  take  their  side  against 
the  threatened  aggressions  by  the  European 
nations  and  Japan.  Japanese  political  prog- 
ress, however,  continues  to  supply  Chinese 
statesmen  with  a  model  for  the  reconstruc- 
tion of  their  vast  state. 

Constitution-  Constitutionalism  is  making  real 
aiismin  progress.  It  was  recently  an- 
^^'''"'  nounced  from  the  capital  that 
immediately  upon  the  appointment  of  Yuan- 
Shih-Kai,  viceroy  of  Chih-li,  often  referred  to 
as  the  most  powerful  man  in  China,  as  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  AflFairs  and 
Grand  Imperial  Councilor,  a  council  of  elder 
statesmen  similar  to  that  in  Japan  had  been 
actually  established  at  Peking.  The  begin- 
nings of  representative  government  arc  al- 
ready seen  in  the  establishment  of  this  coun- 
cil and  another  deliberative  one  chosen  by  the 
suffrage.     In  ten  years,  it  is  expected,  the 


,  machinery  of  government  will  have  been  so 
readjusted  as  to  permit  of  the  adoption  of  a 
real  constitution  and  the  carrying  into  execu- 
tion of  its  provisions.  The  aged  Dowager 
Empress,  whose  health  is  failing  and  whose 
dembe  is  expected  before  long,  now  appears 
thoroughly  in  sympathy  with  the  reform 
idea.  She  is  reported  to  be  applying  all  the 
energy  and  keenness  of  her  unusual  mind  to 
I  he  problem.    / 

V 

11-^.—  The  Russian  revolution  goes  on 
Timte  In  with  all  its  tragic,  terrible  ac- 
companiments. Just' at  present 
the  Reactionaries  seem  to  be  in  complete 
ascendency.  The  new  Duma,  preliminary 
elections  for  which  were  held  early  in  Sep- 
tember, will  meet  the  middle  of  next  month. 
It  will  be  an  ultra-conservative  body  if  the 
election  law  is  carried  out  as  its  framers 
intended  it  to  be.  The  peasants  will  have 
but  small  representation ;  the  landlords  al- 
most ever>'thing.  It  is  true  that  among  these 
landlords  there  are  many  progressive,  liberal- 
minded  men,  but  the  majority  of  them  are 
opposed  to  anything  but  the  most  gradual 
change  of  the  existing  regime.  Meanwhile 
the  "  pacification  "  of  the  empire  goes  on. 
Reports  of  Jewish  massacres  continue  to 
come  with  startling  frequency.  Official  statis- 
tics regarding  the  revolutionary  movement 
in  its  progress  during  the  past  year  show  that 
the  total  number  of  victims  of  violence  has 
been  47,020,  of  whom  19,144  were  killed. 
There  were  7962  anti-Jewish  riots,  4540 
anti-Armenian  riots,  2193  mutinies,  and  533 
agrarian  uprisings.  The  revolutionists  as- 
sassinated eighty-three  generals  or  governors, 
sixty-one  prefects,  and  8079  officials  of  vari- 
ous other  ranks.  The  government,  for  its 
part,  carried  out  sentences  of  death  upon 
2381  persons,  and,  since  January  i  of  the 
present  year,  sent  more  than  60,000  "  politi- 
cals "  to  Siberia.  Such  has  been  the  cost  in 
human  life  of  the  nominal  suppression  of 
Russia's  latest  revolutionary  movement.  The 
Finns  would  seem  to  be  able  to  retain  their 
dearly  bought  liberties.  The  present  year 
has  seen  new  grants  made  to  the  Finnish 
Diet,  including  the  control  of  taxes,  loans, 
and  other  expenditures.  The  Finnish  courts, 
also,  have  now  the  right  to  pass  upon  the 
constitutionality  of  even  the  imperial  decrees, 
while  the  Russian-appointed  judges  in  the 
duchy  may  not  be  dismissed  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  Diet.  This  is  the  one  bright  feature 
of  the  revolutionary  situation,  which  has  now 
involved  almost  every  corner  of  the  empire. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD.  405 

i^nroued     ^^^    empire*s    foreign    relations 
^Foreign  '    are  on  a  better  footing  than  they 


have  been  since  the  beginning  of 
the  war  with  Japan.  It  is  true  that  the 
Czar's  government  still  needs  money,  and 
the  bankers  of  the  world  are  slow  in  loaning. 
The  understanding  with  Great  Britain,  how- 
ever, and  the  cordiality  which  characterized 
the  recent  meeting  between  the  Czar  and 
the  German  Emperor,  have  distinctly  bet- 
tered the  outlook.  Ratifications  of  the  con- 
vention, signed  on  August  31,  were  ex- 
changed on  September  23.  Besides  agree- 
ing to  restrict^  her  influence  to  the 
north  of  Persia '  and  p)ermit  England  a 
free  hand  in  the  south,  Russia  recognizes 
the  predominance  of  British  influence  in 
Afghanistan  and  agrees  not  to  maintain  a 
diplomatic  agent  there,  but  to  deal  with  mat- 
ters affecting  Afghanistan  through  the  An- 
glo-Indian Government.  In  the  Far  East, 
also,  Russian  prestige  is  not  as  low  as  it  has 
been.  The  understanding  with  Japan  has 
cleared  the  atmosphere,  and  now,  it  is  an- 
nounced from  St.  Petersburg,  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  entire  Russian  foreign  office 
has  been  so  remodeled  as  to  secure  vastly 
more  effident  service  based  on  reliable  infor- 
mation in  Russia's  Pacific  domain.  A  new 
bureau  has  been  established  for  the  manage- 
ment of  Far  Eastern  policies. 


Progr^a 


The  last  working  sessions  of  the 


at^  Hague  Conference  were  taken 
e  ague.  ^^  largely  by  discussions  of  three 
important  propositions, — the  American  sug- 
gestion for  a  permanent  International  High 
Court  of  Justice,  the  proposition  for  com- 
pulsory arbitration,  and  the  proposal  (also 
emanating  from  the  American  delegation) 
regarding  the  question  of  periodical  future 
conferences.  The  original  proposition  to  have 
the  permanent  international  court  of  jus- 
tice consist  of  seventeen  judges  elected  from 
the  forty-seven  nations  represented  at  the 
conference  was  objected  to  by  a  number  of 
the  smaller  nations  on  the  ground  that  such 
a  court  should  have  equal  representation 
from  all  the  countries  of  the  world.  The 
opposition,  led  by  Dr.  Ruy  Barbosa,  of 
Brazil,  and  Seiior  Esteva,  of  Mexico,  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  Mr.  CKoate  to  suggest  as  a 
compromise  that  there  be  fifteen  instead  of 
seventeen  judges, — the  American  hemisphere 
electing  four,  Europe  nine,  and  Asia  two. 
As  finally  agreed  upon,  however,  the  propor- 
tion leaves  the  number  and  election  of  judges 
to  the  nations  concerned  themselves.    A  sig- 


406 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


WHAT   MIGHT   HAPPEN    IF  THE    NATIONS    IN    CONFERENCE  AT  THE    HAGUE  ACTED  OUT  THEIR  BELIEF  THAT  ' 

PEOPLES   ARE   BORN   FREE   AND    EQUAL." 

President  Nelidov  :  "  All  peoples  should  have  free  and  full  popular  rights." 
All  the  Subject  Nations  (breaking  Into  view)  :  "  So  say  we  all  of  us." 

From   Vlk   (Berlin). 


nificant  and  encouraging  occurrence  ^of  the 
same  day  upon  which  this  proposition  was 
finally  disposed  of  was  the  signing  by  Italy 
and  Argentina  at  the  conference  itself  of  a 
general  arbitration  treaty. 

CompuiBoru  ^he  principle  of  compulsory 
Arbitration  fl«- arbitration    was   objected    to    by 

tiuetn  Nations,  r^  e  u  j     i_ 

Germany,  followed  by  a  num- 
ber of  other  states,  on  the  ground  that  arbi- 
tration is  not  admissible  in  cases  involving 
"  national  honor."  As  this  is  a  term  sus- 
ceptible of  a  number  of  different  meanings, 
General  Porter,  of  the  American  delegation, 
proposed  that  the  following  subjects  do  not 
affect  national  honor,  suggesting  that  addi- 
tional topics  upon  which  obligatory  arbitra- 
tiqn  is  permissible  be  named  by  the  different 
states:  • 

The  interpretation  of  stipulations  in  customs 
tariffs,  the  measurement  of  ships,  the  extent  to 
which  foreigners  may  be  considered  as  citizens 
with  respect  to  taxation,  the  concession  to  for- 
eigners of  a  riffht  to  buy  and  possess  real  estate, 
the  interpretation  of  conventions  for  the  inter- 
national protection  of  laborers,  concerning  inter- 


national railways,  means  to  prevent  collisions  at 
sea,  copyright,  rules  of  commercial  and  indus- 
trial companies  for  employment  of  workmen, 
weights  and  measures ;  the  reciprocal  bestowal 
of  gratuitous  assistance  upon  poor  patients,  con- 
vention regarding  boards  of  health,  international 
and  private  law,  civil  and  penal  procedure,  and 
disputes  regarding  the  amount  of  pecuniary 
claims  for  damages  when  the  principle  of  in- 
demnity is  admitted. 

The  American  proposal  as  to  future  con- 
ferences included  a  provision  that  the  next 
one  shall  be  held  not  later  than  19 14.  Two 
other  international  conferences  of  note, 
looking  toward  the  abolition  of  war,  were 
held  during  September, — the  sixteenth  Inter- 
national Peace  Congress  at  Munich,  Sep- 
tember 9  to  14,  and  the  International  Anar- 
chist Congress  at  Amsterdam,  August  25 
to  September  i. 

King  Leopold  ^^  ^^^  ^^^  chargcd  by  a  number 

and  the      of  the  advocates  of  a  searching 

®"^^'       investigation  into  King  Leopold's 

rule  in  the  Congo  that  the  strength  of  the 

opposition     to     the     compulsory-arbitration 

proposition  at  The  Hague  was  due  to  the 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


407 


political  intrigue  which  placed  the  fate  of 
this  proposition  in  the  hands  of  the  two  Bel- 
gian delegates,  M.  Beernaert  and  Baron 
Guillaume.  Both  these  delegates,  while  per- 
sonally in  favor  of  compulsory  arbitration, 
have  opposed  it  in  accordance  with  the  in- 
struction of  King  Leopold,  who,  it  is  alleged, 
fears  the  application  of  the  principle  to  his 
rule  in  the  Congo  State.  The  storm  still  rages 
around  the  question  of  Belgian  administra- 
tion in  Africa.  Testimony  from  reliable 
sources  is  constantly  being  printed  to  the 
effect  that  the  Congo  is  the  scene  of  fearful 
atrocities  and  cruelties.  Testimony  from 
apparently  equal  authority,  on  the  other 
hand,  emphasizes  the  beneficence  of  King 
Leopold's  rule.  It  is  certain  that  the  latest 
move  of  his  Belgian  Majesty  in  the  Congo 
matter  is  not  calculated  to  impress  the  world 
with  his  beneficence  and  disinterestedness. 
Late  in  August  a  royal  commission  was  ap- 
pointed to  negotiate  a  treaty  providing  for 
the  annexation  of  the  Congo  Free  State  to 
Belgium,  thus  taking  it  from  under  the  con- 
trol of  King  Leopold.  This  move  was  the 
result  of  an  imperious  public  demand  in 
Belgium,  whose  citizens  had  become  exas- 
perated at  the  reproach  cast  on  the  nation 
through  the  charges  of  cruelty, — many  of 
them  proven, — against  their  ruler. 

will  Belgium  ^^^^  ^"  September  it  was  re- 
th^c^'  ->  P^*"^^^  ^^^^»  *"  accordance  with 
ongo.  ^  (jecree  dated  July  2i  but  kept 
secret  until  after  the  appointment  of  the 
commission  on  annexation,  King  Leopold 
had  authorized  the  constitution  of  a  com- 
pany to  exploit  the  most  valuable  sections  of 
the  state,  tracts  which  are  ten  times  larger 
than  Belgium  itself,  and  containing  almost 
all  the  rubber  forests  aijd  mineral  treasures 
which  make  up  the  wealth  of  the  country. 
In  other  words,  he  turns  over  the  shell  of 
sovereignty  to  the  state,  having  given  the 
kernel  to  a  private  corporation  in  which  he 
is  a  shareholder.  It  is  by  no  means  certain, 
however,  that  the  Belgian  Parliament  will 
enter  into  this  transaction,  or  whether  King 
Leopold  has  the  legal  right  on  his  side  in  the 
matter.  It  is  not  conceivable  that  the  powers 
of  the  world  which  were  represented  at  the 
conference  appointing  King  Leopold  ruler 
of  the  Congo  would  sanction  the  terms  on 
which  this  monarch  proposes  to  transfer  to 
his  own  Parliament  the  task  confided  to  him 
personally,  and  which,  it  would  seem,  on 
good  authorit}',  he  has  failed  so  ignobly  to 
discharge  in  the  proper  spirit 


The  French  ^^  ^^^  middle  of  September  it 
Defeat  the  was  believed  that  the  warlike 
Moorish  tribesmen  had  become 
so  convinced  of  the  power  of  France  and  her 
determination  to  enforce  the  terms  of  the 
Algeciras  Convention  that  they  had  accepted 
the  peace  conditions  fixed  by  General  Drude, 
commander  of  the  allied  French  and  Spanish 
forces.  A  number  of  missions  to  the  interior 
to  secure  the  adhesion  of  other  warring 
tribes  to  this  agreement  were  necessary  be- 
fore the  formal  conclusion  of  at  least  a  nom- 
inal peace,  as  well  as  to  bring  about  a  recon- 
ciliation between  Mulai  Ahd-el-Aziz,  the 
reigning  Sultan,  and  his  brother,  Mulai  El 
Hafed,  who,  late  in  August,  had  himself 
proclaimed  Sultan  at  Marakesh,  the  chief 
city  of  South  Morocco.  A  number  of  en- 
counters between  the  French  troops  and  the 
Arabs  followed  the  first  engagement,  on 
August  4.  The  most  serious  were  the  at- 
tacks, on  August  28  and  September  2,  upon 
Casablanca  and  its  outskirts,  both  resulting 
from  a  reconnaissance  in  force  by  the  French 
Algerian  irregular  cavalry  and  the  famous 
Foreign  Legion.  Seven  or  eight  thousand 
Moors  attacked  the  Europeans,  sweeping 
down  from  the  hills  with  all  the  ferocity  and 
courage  traditional  in  their  race.  By  the 
aid  of  machine  guns  and  the  batteries  from 
their  warships  the  French  succeeded  in  re- 
pelling the  tribesmen  with  considerable  loss 
of  life.  Reliable  reports  place  the  number 
of  Moors  now  under  arms  at  from  50,CXX) 
to  60,000,  and  there  are  indications  that  a 
Jehad,  or  holy  war,  has  already  been  pro- 
claimed in  the  south.     Should  the  tribesmen 


FRAvrr: :   'Somebody,   anybody,   help  me  let  go!' 
Trom  the  Xrirs   (Chicago). 


408 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REyiElVS. 


MULAI  EL   HAFID,  BROTHER  OF  THE  REIGNING   SUL- 
TAN   OF    MOROCCO,    WHO    HAS    BEEN 
PROCLAIMED  HIS  SUCCESSOR. 

reject  the  French  terms  the  forces  of  the  re- 
public will  move  in  earnest.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  Europe  will  sanction  severe  puni- 
tive measures  on  the  part  of  France  for  the 
outrages  by  Moors  on  Europeans. 


The  assets  of  Morocco  are  small  indeed.  The 
Sultan,  with  some  £2,000,000  debts,  whom  no  one 
obeys,  a  handful  of  robbers  with  the  high-sound- 
ing title  of  viziers,  a  fanatical  population  of 
6,000,000  or  7,000,000,  an  empty  treasury,  a  con- 
glomeration of  tribes  misgoverning  themselves 
and  at  war  with  each  other,  such  revenues  as 
exist  fully  mortgaged,  a  dossier  of  claims  for 
the  destruction  of  Casablanca,  two  cities  in  the 
hands  of  foreigners,  Raisuli  holding  Sir  Han7 
Maclean  as  a  trump  card,  the  Pretender  ruling 
northeast  Morocco,  and  the  Sultan's  brother  the 
south,  a  plethora  of  reforms  proposed,  discussed, 
and  accepted  by  everyone  except  the  people  upon 
whom  they  are  going  to  be  foisted,  who,  by- 
the-bye,  will  not  have  them  at  any  price,  but 
whose  eventual  acceptance  of  them  it  is  proposed 
to  enforce  with  the  aid  of  2500  police,  whose  du- 
ties will  extend  from  Tetuan  to  Mogador,  a  dis- 
tance of  500  miles,  and  include  eight  cities,  and 
who  will  certainly  at  the  critical  moment  side 
with  any  one  except  their  superior  officers. 

France  and  Spain  insist  that  their  inten- 
tion is  merely  to  carry  out  the  mandate  of 
the  Algeciras  Convention.  France,  however, 
as  the  leader  in  this  expedition  to  chastise 
Morocco,  will  have  a  very  difHcult  task 
before  her,  and  the  very  sober  comments  of 
the  French  press  indicate  that  the  republic 
realizes  the  gravity  of  the  situation.  The 
attitude  of  the  rest  of  Europe,  particularly 
of  the  Triple  Alliance,  is  believed  in  many 
quarters  to  be  accurately  reflected  by  the 
cartoon  from  Fischietto  which  we  reproduce 
below.  The  acquiescence  of  the  Berlin 
government  in  France's  activity  in  Morocco 
is  held  by  some  to  indicate  German  expecta- 
tion of  receiving  "  compensation  "  elsewhere. 


France's 
fficuit 


Difficult 
fat 


General  Drude's  peace  terms  to 
the  rebellious  tribesmen  included 
(i)  the  punishment  of  the  au- 
thors of  the  massacre  at  Casablanca;  (2)  an 
agreement  that  no  armed  Moor  shall  come 
within  a  radius  of  ten  miles  of  the  city ;  ( 3 ) 
the  acceptance  in  principle  of  the  payment  of 
a  war  contribution,  the  amount  to  be  fixed 
hereafter;  and  (4)  the  surrender  of  hostages 
to  secure  the  fulfillment  of  these  conditions. 
All  Morocco  is  in  a  chaotic  condition,  the 
nominally  reigning  Sultan's  authority  being 
disputed  by  the  Pretender  in  the  north  and 
the  famous  bandit  chief,  Raisuli, — who  still 
holds  the  Kaid  Sir  Harry  MacLean  for  ran- 
som,— in  the  west  and  south.  The  corre- 
spondent of  the  London  Times  at  Tangier 
sums  up  the  situation  thus: 


TUK  APPBOVAL  OF  EUROPE. 

"  Hurrah  for  France.  Hurrah  for  Spain !  How 
beantlfuiiy  they  are  delivering  us  from  the  pestifer- 
ous Morroccan  assassins  of  whom  we  are  so  much 
afraid." 

From  FUchuetio  (Turin). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


409 


THE    BRITISH     PREMIER    AND    HIS    SUPPORTERS    IN    THE   HOUSE  OF  COMMONS. 

From  left  to  right :  Mr.  H.  Gladstone,  Mr.  L.  V.  Ilareourt.  Mr.  IJIrrell,  Mr.  Buxton,  Mr.  HaldaDe. 
Sir  H.  Campbell-Bannerroan,  Mr.  Morley,  Mr.  Asqulth,  Sir  H.  Fowler.  Sir  K.  (Jrey.  Mr.  Lloyd  Oeorge,  Mr. 
Bams,  Mr.  Churchill. — Sketched  from  an  actual  scene  on  the  Treasury  Bench  by  the  artist  of  the  I^ndon 
Graphic. 


Tke  Britiak  ^^^  sccond  scssioH  of  the  Bfit- 
Fartiamtnt  ish  Parliament  under  the  present 
"^'^"^  Liberal  government  was  pro- 
rogued on  August  28.  While  considerable 
opposition  has  been  developed  within  its  own 
ranks  and  comparatively  few  of  the  many 
measures  announced  for  passage  in  the 
King's  opening  speech  have  actually  reached 
the  statute  books,  and  in  spite  of  blunders 
and  missed  opportunities,  there  is  a  solid  re- 
siduum of  good  accomplished.  On  the 
whole,  Mr.  W.  T.  Stead  insists  in  his  Eng- 
lish Rmrus  of  kft'iini'i^,  the  Parliament  just 
prorogued  has  done  better  than  even  its 
fnends  anticipated* 

It  has  cleared  the  gromid  and  laid  the  founda- 
tiom  for  a  really  effective  and  constructive  Lib- 
ert ptilicy.  Exf>ef)diture  on  the  army  and  navy 
bas  been  cut  down  to  the  extent  of  nine  millions 
m  tw<i  years :  taxatioti  hn?i  been  reduced  by  three 
and  a  half  miHions  in  the  same  period;  while 
tiii«ity'lhr**e  millions  of  debt  have  been  repaid. 
1  lie  burden  of  the  inojine  tax  has  been  more 
fairly  adjusted  as  between  earned  and  unearned 
incomes.  The  way  has  been  cleared,  as  far  as 
fL  ance  is  concerned,  for  old  age  pensions  next 
year.  The  army  has  been  remodeled,  with  what 
success  the  future  alotie  can  show.  A  beginning 
has  been  made  in  dealing  with  the  land  question 
in  England.  An  installment  has  been  granted  of 
the  just  claims  of  women  to  participate  in  the 
government  of  the  country.  The  campaign 
against  the  House  of  Lords  has  been  opened. 
Some  progress  has  been  made  in  transforming 
the  Hotise  of  Commons  into  a  more  efficient  in- 


strument of  legislation.  South  Africa  has  been 
tranquillized,  and  the  evil  spirit  of  racial  an- 
tagonism exorcised.  In  India,  after  an  unhappy 
and  regrettable  prelude  of  coercion,  a  real 
though  limited  attempt  is  being  made  to  asso- 
ciate native  Indians  in  the  government  of  the 
country.  In  foreign  affairs  friendly  relations 
have  been  established  with  .Germany,  and  our 
differences  with  Russia  have  been  settled.  A 
golden  opportunity  has  been  missed  at  The 
Hague.  But  even  there  good  work  has  been 
done. 

Since  Mr.  Stead  wrote  these  lines  the  bill 
establishing  a  criminal  court  of  appeals,  and 
also  the  Deceased  Wife's  Sister  bill  have  been 
passed,  the  latter  measure  becoming  a  law 
after  more  than  forty  years  of  agitation. 
One  of  the  notable  measures  of  the  session, 
also  of  considerable  interest  to  American  ex- 
porters, is  the  Burns  Pure  Food  bill,  passed 
unanimously  by  both  houses. 

Mous  of  oth^r^^^^^^^J  or  "o^  fhe  House  of 
Happenings  Lords  is  the  neccssary  conserv- 
"9^"  •  ing  force  in  the  British  govern- 
mental machine,  it  is  certainly  true  that  the 
main  features  of  the  program  of  the  present 
Liberal  government  in  England  have  been 
defeated  through  the  opposition  of  the  hered- 
itary house.  Last  year  the  Lords  rejected 
the  Birrell  Education  bill  and  the  Plural 
Voting  bill.  This  year  they  voted  down  the 
Scotch  Land  bill  and  so  modified  the  Irish 
Evicted  Tenants  bill  as  to  make  it  unaccept- 


410 


THE  AMERICAN    RE^IEIV  OF  REyiEWS. 


able  to  the  leaders  of  the  Irish  party.  Brit- 
ish labor  conditions  continue  disturbed. 
Many  strikes  of  grave  proportions  have 
marked  the  past  half  year  throughout  the 
United  Kingdom.  The  fortieth  Trades 
Union  Congress  held  its  sessions  at  Bath  late 
in  August,  no  less  than  thirty-two  Members 
of  Parliament  being  in  attendance.  The 
net  results  of  the  deliberations  of  this  highly 
important  gathering  were  the  rejection  of  a 
number  of  purely  socialistic  tenets.  The  re- 
forms enumerated  in  the  program  of  the  con- 
ference included  a  reduction  of  working 
hours  in  all  trades,  old-age  pensions,  work 
for  the  unemployed,  compulsor}'  state  insur- 
ance, legal  restriction  of  systematic  overtime 
work,  reform  of  the  poor  law,  and  land  na- 
tionalization. It  will  interest  American 
Methodists  to  learn  that  three  of  the  impor- 
tant British  bodies  of  that  denomination, — 
the  Methodist  New  Connection,  the  United 
Methodist  Free  Churches,  and  the  Bible 
Christian  Methodist  Church, — have  now 
merged,  taking  the  title  the  United  Metho- 
dist Church.  The  Wesleyan  and  the  Prim- 
itive Methodists  still  retain  their  supremacy 
in  numbers  in  Great  Britain,  but  the  new 
denomination  now  comprises  virtually  all 
the  Methodists  outside  of  the  leading  organ- 
izations. 


No  Longer  ^"  ^^^  foreign  relations  Great 
an  Isolated  Britain,  thanks  to  King  Edward, 
has  changed  her  position  from 
one  of  isolation  to  one  of  alliances.  The 
entente  with  France,  the  understanding  with 
Russia,  and  the  alliance  with  Japan  take 
British  good  will  and  assure  friendship  to 
the  people  of  England  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific.  From  the  Pacific  to  the  At- 
lantic is  the  United  States  of  America,  and 
Anglo-American  relations  have  never  been 
better  than  they  are  at  present.  The  only 
break  \n  this  globe-encircling  understanding 
is  Germany,  and  King  Edward's  recent 
meeting  with  the  German  Kaiser  has  done 
much  tovvard  bringing  the  people  of  the 
Fatherland  into  cordial  relationship  with  the 
people  of  his  own  land.  This  friendly  feel- 
ing toward  Germany,  however,  has  not  pre- 
vented his  Britannic  Majesty  and  the  British 
people  from  exulting  over  the  recent  phe- 
nomenal trip  of  the  giant  Cunard  turbine 
transatlantic  liner  Lusitania,  whose  record 
on  her  maiden  trip  last  month  gave  evidence 
that  she  will  soon  restore  to  Great  Britain  the 
ocean  supremacy  recently  held  by  the  German 
steamships.  England's  neighbor  France  also 
secured  a  transatlantic  victory  last  month.  La 
Provence,  the  French  liner,  made  the  fastest 
run  on   record   from   Havre  to  New  York. 


IIRITAINS    ri.FKT    NFW    «M'T:aN    (Ua/riKUNn    <  V     IM.U     MAIDKV    TRIP. 

Xi.rri  Ni:  •     *  Whnt    vvr.s   that   just    w**nt    by?" 
I''r«tiM    t!i«'    I'iintM    (Now   York). 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


411 


TIIK     4iI.ORK-UIUDLING     HUITISH     FKIKNOHIIir. 

4i)HN  Hux  :  ••  Ton  my  word  I    France,  Russia,  Japan  !    This  is  even 
better  than  Splendid  Isolation  !  " 

From  the  Graphic   (London). 

Th€  BHtish  ^"  ^^^  British  dependencies  and 
Seif^eooeming  colonics  there  are  problems  and 
**"'"'  centers  of  disturbance,  it  is  true. 
Signs  of  unrest  still  continue  in  India,  ap- 
proaching at  times  almost  to  open  sedition, 
but,  as  Dr.  Zumbro  shows  on  another  page 
of  the  Review  this  month,  the  aspirations  of 
Indian  nationalism  for  a  full  participation  in 
the  government  of  the  dependency  are  really 
the  result  of  British  enlightened  rule  and 
education,  and  are  certain  to  be  realized  in 
the  near  future.  By  agreeing  to  refer  her 
part  of  the  long-disputed  Canadian  fisheries 
question  to  the  Hague  Tribunal,  Great  Brit- 


terest  during  the  past 
few  weeks  have  been 
the  full  operation  of 
the  new  Australian 
pprference  tariff  law, 
whtch  virtually  makes 
competition  with  Aus- 
tralian industries  im- 
possible, and  the  im- 
perial proclamation 
creating  the  colony  of 
New  Zealand  a  "  Do- 
minion.** A  splendid 
tribute  to  the  British 
genius  for  adminis- 
trating conquered  pos- 
sessions without  in- 
urring  the  rancor  of 
the  subjected  peoples 
may  be  found  in  the 
decision  of  the  Trans- 
vaal Paliament,  on 
the  motion  of  Premier 
Botha,  to  purchase  the 
famous  Cullinan  dia- 
mond, the  largest  in 
the  world,  and  pre- 
sent it  to  King  Edward  "  as  a  token  of  the 
loyalty  of  the  people  of  the  Transvaal,  and 
in  commemoration  of  the  grant  of  responsi- 
ble government.** 


Importomt 

Papal 
Utterances. 


The  papal  syllabus,  "  the  Decree 
of  the  Holy  and   Universal   In- 
quisition,** promulgated  by  Pope 
Pius  X.  on  July  17,  last,  is  regarded  as  the 
most  important  document  issued  by  the  su- 
preme head  of  the  Catholic  church  since  the 
famous  syllabus  of  Pope  Pius  IX.,  in  1864. 
It  deals  with  sixty-five  "  errors  of  doctrine," 
and  is  formulated  from  the  writings  of  mod- 
ain  again  emphasizes  her  reasonable  and  fair    ern  Catholics  reproved  and  proscribed  by  the 


attitude  in  this  irritating  problem  which  has 
so  aroused  public  feeling  in  Newfoundland. 
Early  in  September  it  was  announced  that  a 
modus  Vivendi  to  regulate  the  fishing  by 
Americans  in  the  treaty  waters  of  New- 
foundland had  been  concluded  by  an  exchange 
of  notes  between  our  Ambassador  Reid  at 
London  and  the  British  foreign  secretary. 
The  attitude  of  Sir  Edward  Grey  in  the 
matter  of  the  anti-oriental  riots  in  Western 
Canada  has  been  so  correct  and  conciliatory 
that  the  Japanese  authorities  and  journals 
express  themselves  as  perfectly  satisfied  to 
rest  their  case  in  the  hands  of  the  authorities 
at  London  and  Ottawa.     In  Britain*s  colo- 


Pope.  Following  this  syllabus  came  the  de- 
cree on  marriage  (which  will  be  formally 
issued  to  the  world  at  Easter),  radically 
changing  the  marriage  rite  as  performed  in 
Europe,  but  not  effecting  any  material 
change  in  this  country.  Its  main  features 
prescribe  the  authority  for  performing  the 
marriage  rite.  To  non-Catholics  the  point 
of  interest  is  that  marriages  are  recognized 
as  valid  in  case  a  priest  cannot  possibly  be 
present  if  the  parties  simply  make  a  declara- 
tion in  the  presence  of  witnesses, — a  con- 
tingency, however,  which  under  the  revised 
rules  must  be  extremely  rare.  On  Septem- 
ber  16   Pope  Pius   issued   an  encyclical  on 


nies  in  the  South  Seas  the  happenings  of  in-    modernism.     The  version   presented   in  the 


412 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEIVS. 


Osservatore  Romano,  the  organ  of  the  Vati- 
can, announcing  that  it  is  a  completion  of 
the  syllabus  already  referred  to,  sets  forth 
that  "  modernism," — a  term  the  exact  mean- 
ing of  which  is  not  clearly  defined  in  the 
document, — is  a  serious  danger  to  the  church 
and  should  be  condemned  as  dangerous  in 
philosophy,  faith,  theology,  history,  criticism, 
and  reforms.     The  Pope  says: 

Everything  must  be  done  to  banish  from  your 
diocese  every  pernicious  book.  The  bishops  are 
to  be  above  all  human  fear,  to  trample  all  fleshly 
imprudence  under  foot,  and  heedless  of  the  out- 
cry of  the  wicked,  are  to  remember  our  proscrip- 
tion and  to  proscribe  and  tear  out  of  the  hands 
of  the  faithful  all  bad  books  and  all  bad  writ- 
ings. This  is  not  only  a  right  conferred  on 
them,  but  a  duty  we  impose  on  them. 

A  great  international  Catholic  university 
is  projected,  to  "  favor  and  help,  with  Cath- 
olic truth  for  its  light  and  guide,"  the 
progress  of  everything  that  can  be  called 
true  science  or  erudition."  We  present  on 
another  page  this  month  an  outline  of  the 
serious  situation  in  Italy,  which  has  been  the 
outcome  of  grave  charges  made  against  the 
administration  of  church  institutions  by 
Italian  Socialists  and  other  radicals.  On 
September  20,  the  thirty-seventh  anniversary 
of  the  occupation  of  Rome  by  the  Italian 
army  and  the  fall  of  the  temporal  power  of 
the  Papacy,  anti-clerical  riots  were  feared, 
and  the  Vatican  was  guarded  by  a  large  mili- 
tary force.    The  day  passed  quietly,  however. 


For  Permanent 


A  similar  message  followed  frorii  Presi- 
dent Diaz.  It  was  subsequently  decided  to 
hold  the  conference  some  time  between  No- 
vember I  and  15,  at  Washington.  On  Sep- 
tember 17  a  protocol,  arranging  for  such  a 
meeting,  and  the  drafting  of  a  general  treat>% 
was  signed  by  representatives  of  Nicaragua, 
Honduras  (our  State  Department  has  for- 
mally recognized  the  provisional  government 
of  that  country),  Salvador,  Guatamala,  and 
Costa  Rica.  Secretary  Root,  who  began  his 
Mexican  trip  (already  referred  to  in  these 
pages)  on  September  25,  expects  to  return 
to  the  national  capital  in  time  to  be  present 
at  the  conference.  In  a  recent  issue  of  the 
bulletin  of  the  International  Bureau  of  the 
American  Republics,  the  annual  review  of 
Latin-American  conditions  presents  figures 
which  show  a  large  increase  in  the  export 
and  import  business  of  Central  America  par- 
ticularly. The  figures  for  all  divisions  of 
Latin-America  were  as  follows: 

Exports.  Import!!. 

South   America $7G!Mri4.G4S  $002,026,475 

Central  America :J2,1 70.000  23,963,464 

Mexico    1:J5.027,000  109.S84.0CK» 

Cuba    100.2r.8,018  08.530.622 

Hayti  and  Santo  Domingo     1  .".,504,240  7.936,506 

There  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  immense 
natural  resources  and  undeveloped  {>ossibili- 
ties  of  the  five  Central  American  republics. 
All  they  need  is  peace  to  develop. 


President  Roosevelt  took  another 
' Peace  ifTcen'  long  Step,  late  in  August,  in  the 
trai  America,  jj^ection  of  international  peace. 
In  conjunction  with  President  Diaz,  of 
Mexico,  he  addressed  a  telegraphic  appeal 
to  the  presidents  of  each  of  the  five  Central 
American  republics,  urging  a  conference  for 
the  purpose  of  agreeing  upon  a  general  treat>^ 
of  arbitration  and  friendship.  Referring  to 
such  differences  arising  between  the  repub- 
lics as  cannot  be  settled  by  diplomatic  nego- 
tiations, the  President  said : 

A  conference  having  been  suggested  between 
representatives  of  the  republics  of  Central 
America,  I  cordially  tender  the  good  offices  of 
the  United  States  toward  bringing  about  so 
beneficial  a  result,  and  I  beg  to  assure  your  Ex- 
cellency of  my  desire  and  willingness  to  con- 
tribute toward  the  attainment  of  peace,  in  full 
concurrence  with  the  President  of  Mexico.  1 
appeal  to  your  Excellency  to  aid  in  the  realiza- 
tion of  my  friendly  purpose  by  refraining  from 
any  action  tending  to  increase  the  dangers  of  the 
situation  pending  a  further  resort  to  the  peace- 
ful methods  of  diplomacy 


CAN    THKY    SOBER     HIM     TP? 

(I'nole  Sam  and  MoxJco  liavp  undprfaken  a  dlffl* 
■Milt   pirco  of  tpmp.enince   work.) 

—  From   the  Journal   (Minneapolis). 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 

(From  August  SI  to  September  20,  1907.) 


POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT— AMERICAN. 

August  21. — Senator  Foraker,  of  Ohio,  in  an 
address  at  Georgetown.  O.,  replies  to  the  recent 
speech  of  Secretary  Taft. 

August  22. — Secretary  Taft.  speaking  at  Lex- 
ington, Ky.,  deals  with  the  race  question  and 
the  South's  lack  of  influence  in  the  national 
councils The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  an- 
nounces that  hereafter  national  depository 
banks  will  be  permitted  to  use  Philippine  rail- 
w^ay  bonds  at  go  per  cent,  of  market  value  as 
security The  New  York  Sinking  Fund  Com- 
mission authorizes  the  controller  to  increase 
the  rate  of  interest  to  41/2  per  cent,  on  the  next 
issue  of  city  bonds. 

August  23. — After  a  conference  between  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  and  naval  officials,  announcement 
is  made  that  sixteen  battleships  in  the  Atlantic 
fleet   will  sail  to  the   Pacific  via  the  Strait  of 

Magellan  some  time  in  December  next John 

H.  Beatty  is  appointed  superintendent  of  New 
York  parks,  to  succeed  Frank  Joyce,  removed. 

August  24. — Secretary  Taft,  speaking  in  Okla- 
homa, attacks  the  proposed  State  constitution, 
advising  Republicans  to  vote  for  its  rejection. 

August  30. — President  Roosevelt  authorizes 
Secretary  Garfield  to  announce  that  the  Admin- 
istration will  make  no  further  eflFort  to  obtain 
joint  statehood  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico, 
accepting  the  verdict  of  the  people  in  the  two 
Territories  as  final. 

August  31. — Seven  Alabama  railroads  put  in 
effect  the  Alabama  passenger  and  freight  rates 
and  the  federal  grand  jury  is  discharged  by 
Judges  Jones. 

September  3. — Representative  Theodore  E. 
Burton  (Rep.),  of  Ohio,  consents  to  become  the 
Republican  nominee  for  mayor  of  Cleveland 
against  Tom  L.  Johnson. 

September  4. — The  Kansas  State  Railroad 
Commission  orders  a  two-cent  railroad  passen- 
ger rate  to  go  into  effect  on  October  i. 

September  7. — Cleveland  Republicans  nomi- 
nate Representative  Theodore  E.  Burton  for 
mayor  by  acclamation. 

September  8. — Secretary  Taft,  in  a  speech  at 
Tacoma,  Wash.,  declares  that  tariff  revision  is 
unwise  during  a  Presidential  campaign. 

September  10. — A  federal  injunction  is  issued 
restraining  the  Nebraska  railroad  commission 
from  reducing  grain  rates  on  roads  operating  in 

that   State New  York  City's  $40,000,000  4^ 

per  cent,  bond  issue  is  subscribed  five  times  over. 

September  14. — Representative  Theodore  E. 
Burton.  Republican  candidate  for  mayor  of 
Cleveland,  announces  that  he  will  accept  no  cam- 
paign contribution  from  any  public  service  cor- 
poration. 

September  16. — Ten  employees  of  the  city  gov- 
ernment of  Cincinnati  are  dismissed  as  the  re- 
sult of  a  factional  political  fight. 


September  17. — At  the  special  election  in  Okla- 
homa the  prooosed  State  constitution  is  carried, 
together  with  the  prohibition  amendment; 
Charles  Haskell  (Dem.)  is  elected  Governor  and 
a  Democratic  Legislature  is  elected  which  will 
choose  two  United  States  Senators. ..  .The  pro- 
posed new  charter  for  the  city  of  Chicago  is  de- 
feated at  a  special  election  by  a  vote  of  more 

than  2  to  I New  Jersey  Democrats  nominate 

Frank  S.  Katzenbach,  Jr.,  for  Governor. 

September  18. — Warrants  are  issued  at  Harris- 
burg  for  the  arrest  of  fourteen  of  the  men  in- 
volved in  the  Pennsylvania  capitol  scandal. 

September   19. — President   Roosevelt  appoints 


THE    LATE    PLEASANT    PORTER. 

(Chief  of  the  Creeks, — the     leading    personality    of 

his  race  In  the  new  State  of  Oklahoma.) 

Judge  Walter  C.  Norris,  of  Connecticut,  a  judge 
of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court New  Jer- 
sey Republicans  nominate  J.  Franklin  Fort  for 
Governor. 

POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT— FOREIGN. 

August  21. — The  first  session  of  the  Transvaal 
Parliament  comes  to  an  end The  British  Gov- 
ernment decides  to  abandon  the  Scottish  small 
land-owners'  bill,  owing  to  objection  of  the 
Peers. 

August  2^. — The  Belgian  Government  and  the 
Congo  Free  State  appoint  a  committee  to  draw 
up  a  convention  for  the  annexation  of  the  Congo 
to  Belgium. 

August  26. — A  British  parliamentary  paper  is 
issued  which  contains  the  government's  plan  for 
enlarging  the  advisory  and  legislative  councils 
in    India The    Irish    Nationalists    leave    the 


414 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REyiEWS. 


British  House  of  Commons  in  a  body  after  a 
speech  by  John  Redmond  denouncing  the 
amended  Evicted  Tenants'  bill ;  another  commit- 
tee has  been  appointed  to  confer  with  the  House 
of  Lords.... The  House  of  Lords  finally  passes 
the  Deceased  Wife's  Sister  marriage  bill. 

August  27. — A  proclamation  is  issued  by  the 
Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland  which  declares  the 
counties  of  Clare,  Galway,  Leitrim.  Longford, 
Rosscommon,  and  Kings  to  be  in  a  state  of  dis- 
turbance which  requires  additional  police.... In 
Russia  the  '*  temporary  '*  exceptional  laws  are  re- 
enacted  for  the  twenty-seventh  time.... The 
British  House  of  Lords  forces  the  Commons  to 
accept  the  amendments  to  the  Irish  Evicted  Ten- 
ants' bill,  which  is  passed. 

August  28. — The  British  Parliament  is  pro- 
rogued....  Eighteen  more  Nationalists  are  ar- 
rested at  Longford.  Ireland,  and  committed  for 
trial  on  charges  of  participating  in  an  unlawful 
assembly  likely  to  cause  a  riot. 

August  29. — The  Cape  Colony  Assembly  passes 
a  government  measure  imposing  a  profit  tax  of 
10  per  cent,  on  diamond  and  copper  mining  com- 
panies earning  £50.000  per  annum. . .  .Three  Rus- 
sians are  found  guilty  of  plotting  against  the  Hfe 
of  the  Czar  and  sentenced  to  death,  several 
others  being  sentenced  to  imprisonment  and  ban- 
ishment. 

August  31. — Mirza  AH  Asghan.  Premier  and 
Minister  of  the  Interior  of  Persia,  is  killed. 

September  9. — The  Russian  Zemstvo  Congress 
at  ^ioscow  rejects  Premier  Stolypin's  plan  for 
local  self-government. 

September  19. — The  Sultan  of  Morocco  dis- 
misses his  ministry  following  the  discovery  of  a 
plot  against  him. 

INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS. 

August  24. — A  German  vessel,  loaded  with 
rifles  and  flying  the  Spanish  flag,  is  captured  by 
a  French  cruiser  off  the  coast  of  Morocco. 

August  26. — The  State  Department  at  Wash- 
ington decides  to  allow  fishing-smacks  to  go  to 
Newfoundland,  the  renewal  of  the  modus  Vi- 
vendi being  regarded  as  certain. 

August  2y. — The  Moors  make  another  attack 
on  the  French  outposts  near  Casablanca,  but  are 
beaten  off  with  heavy  losses. 

August  28. — President  Roosevelt  sends  an 
identical  telegram  to  the  rulers  of  the  five  Cen- 
tral American  republics,  urging  them  to  submit 
all  future  differences  to  arbitrati(m ;  the  same 
action  is  taken  by  President  Diaz,  of  Mexico. 

August  29. — Mulai  Hafid.  the  newly  pro- 
claimed Sultan  of  Morocco,  issues  a  proclama- 
tion stating  that  he  proposes  to  •  satisfy  the 
French  demands  and  enter  into  good  relations 
with  all  other  Powers.  ..  .The  Premier  of  New- 
foundland makes  a  new  proposal  regarding  the 
conduct  of  the  fisheries  regulations. 

August  30. — It  is  announced  in  Washington 
that  NicaraJ?ua,  Costa  Rica,  and  Salvador  have 
responded  favorably  to  President ,  Roosevelt's 
proposal  for  a  Central  American  peace  confer- 
ence...  ..Announcement  is  made  that  the  United 
States  Department  of  Justice  has  disapproved 
the  seizure  and  subsequent  proceedings  against 
the  Japanese  schooner    Nilto  for  alleged  illegal 


sealing  operations,  and  the  boat  will  be  permitted 
to  depart  from  Unalaska. 

.August  31. — The  Anglo-Russian  convention, 
which  divides  Persia  into  spheres  of  influence 
and  maintains  the  present  position  of  Tibet  and 
Afghanistan,  is  signed  at  St.  Petersburg.  . . .  The 
French  Government  instructs  General  Drude  in 
march  against  the  Moors. 

September  6. — It  is  announced  that  France  and 
Spain  are  preparing  to  occupy  the  principal 
Morocco  seaports,  the  Powers  having  agreed  to 
extend  the  scope  of  the  Algeciras  convention. 

September  7. — A  modus  vivendi  to  cover  the 
Newfoundland  fisheries  for  the  present  sea^^on 
is  signed  at  London. 

September  8. — The  British  Consul-Gcneral  at 
Antwerp  enters  a  protest  against  the  inadetjuate 
protection  given  to  British  ships  at  the  time  of 
the  rioting. 

September  9. — Japanese  and  Chinese  in  Van- 
couver arm  themselves  and  gather  in  their  quar- 
ters to  defend  their  property  against  attack.s  oi 

the  mobs FVance  decides  to  settle  claims  for 

damages  at  Casablanca  through  an  international 
commission,  Morocco  being  held  responsible  for 
losses. 

September  10, — Premier  Bond,  of  Newfound- 
land, denounces  the  modus  vivendi  concludes 
between*  America  and  Great  Britain,  and  savN 
that  the  colonial  government  will  resist  its  en- 
forcement   by    v:very    constitutional    means 

Liang  Tun  Yuen  is  appointed  Chinese  Minister 
at  Washington. ..  .Mehmcd  Ali  Bey  is  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  Chekib  Bey  as  Turkish  Min- 
ister to  the  United  States. 

September  12. — The  allied  Franco-Spanish 
army  puts  to  rout  the  Moors  at  Taddert. ..  .The 
Japanese  Consul-(ieneral  at  Mukden  i^  trans- 
ferred because  of  failure  to  obtain  commercial 
concessions  from  China. 

September  13. — The  Moors  near  Casablanca 
again  make  overtures  for  peace  to  the  F^rench 
commander. 

September  17. — A  protocol  is  signed  at  Wash- 
ington by  the  diplomatic  representatives  of  the  five 
Central  American  republics,  accepting  the  invi- 
tation of  the  United  States  and  Mexico  to  meet 
at  an  early  date  to  negotiate  a  peace  agreement 
....Grants  of  money  arc  made  by  the  Japanese 
Government  to  D.  W.  Stevens  and  H.  W.  Dcn- 
nison,  Americans,  for  their  services  in  the  Rus- 
so-Japanese War. 

September  19. — The  new  Franco- Canadian 
commercial  treaty  is  signed  at  Paris. 

THE  PEACE  CONFERENCE  AT  THE  HAGUE. 

August  2^^. — The  American  delegates  receive 
instructions  from  Secretary  Root  to  adhere  to 
the  plan  of  the  United  States  for  an  arbitration 
court ;  Brazil's  position  in  regard  to  the  interna- 
tional court  of  arbitration  is  made  known  in  an 
official  recital. 

August  25. — The  American  proposition  on  the 
collection  of  contractual  debts  is  made  ready  for 
submission  to  the  examination  committee. 

August  26. — General  Porter  submits  to  the 
conference  a  new  American  proposal  regarding 
obligatory  arbitration,  containing  a  list  of  cases 
which  must  go  before  the  court. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


415 


WRECK   OF  THE  GREAT    CANTILENTR    BRIDGE    ACROSS    THE    ST.    LAWRENCE,   NEAR  Ql'EBEC. 


August  29. — The  proposition  made  by  the  Brit- 
ish representatives  regarding  obligatory  arbitra- 
tion is  approved  by  the  examining  committee  af- 
ter a  debate  of  three  hours. 

September  3. — The  American  proposal  for  the 
collection  of  contractual  debts  is  adopted  prac- 
tically unanimously  by  the  committee  of  examin- 
ation. 

September  4. — Germany  and  France  withdraw 
their  proposals  regarding  the  rights  and  duties 
of  neutrals  in  land  wars. 

September  5. — The  entire  American  project 
for  a  permanent  international  high  court  of  jus- 
tice as  entered  by  Mr.  Choate  is  accepted  with 
the  exception  of  the  paragraph  referring  to  the 
allotment  of  the  judges. 

September  10. — A  committee  of  the  confer- 
ence, by  vote  of  26  to  2,  adopts  the  motion  to 
establish  a  supreme  tribunal  to  deal  with  prizes 
captured  at  sea. 

September  11. — The  Italian  and  Argentine  del- 
egations are  empowered  to  conclude  an  arbitra- 
tion treaty  between  their  respective  governments. 

September  16. — Brazil  refuses  to  accept  the 
French  plan  for  the  allotment  of  judges  to  the 
permanent  arbitration  tribunal. 

September  18. — A  treaty  of  arbitration  be- 
tween Italy  and  Argentina  is  signed  by  the  dele- 
gates of  those  nations  to  the  conference. 

September  19. — The  delegates  adopt  a  resolu- 
tion preparatory  to  calling  a  third  conference. 

OTHER  OCCURRENCES  OP  THE  MONTH. 

August  22. — A  sharp  earthquake  shock  is  felt 
in  the  West  Indian  Islands,  Guadeloup  and 
Dominica. ..  .Frost  '  is  reported  from  many 
points  in  the  Canadian  Northwest. 

August  24. — The  Temeraire,  England's  third 
battleship  of  the  Dreadnought  type,  is  launched 
at  Devonport. 

August  ?5.— The  International  Socialist  Con- 
gress concludes  its  sessions  at  Stuttgart The 

German  Catholic  Congress  opens  at  Wurtzburg 

. .  .Ten  persons  are  killed  and  twenty-five  in- 
jured in  the  wreck  of  the  Bordeaux-Paris  ex- 
press  A  monument  to  the  Irish  Brigade  in 


the  battle  of  Fontenoy  is  unveiled. ..  .The  Anar- 
chist Congress  is  opened  at  Amsterdam. 

August  26. — The  thirtieth  annual  meeting  of 
the  American  Bar  .Association  opens  at  Portland. 
Me. 

August  26. — Fire  at  Hakodate,  Japan,  destroys 
13,000  buildings ;  300  lives  are  lost. 

August  2?>. — Prince  Wilhelm  of  Sweden  visits 
President  Roosevelt  at  Oyster  Bay. 

August  29. — Matuchenko,  the  Russian  non- 
commissioned officer  who  led  the  mutiny  on  the 
battleship  Kniaz  Potemkine  in  1905,  is  executed 
at  Sevastopol By  the  collapse  of  the  unfin- 
ished cantilever  bridge  across  the  St.  Lawrence 

near  Quebec  more  than  seventy  lives  are  lost 

Federal  and  State  authorities  co-operate  at  San 

Francisco   to   fight   the   bubonic   plague The 

twenty-fourth  annual  session  of  the  Internation- 
al Law  Association  opens  at  Portland,  Me. 

August  30. — Ten  persons  are  killed  and  150 
mjured  by  the  collapse  of  a  platform  at  Oporto. 

August  31. — The  administration  of  church  af- 
fairs m  the  Philippines  is  intrusted  by  Pope  Pius 
to   the   Belgian   congregation. 

September  i. — Baron  de  Martino  is  killed  in 
the  automobile  races  for  the  Florida  cup  at 
Brescia. 

September  2. — The  fifteenth  National  Irriga- 
tion Congress  is  opened  at  Sacramento,  Cal. 

September  3. — The  British  Trade  Union  Con- 
gress meets  at  Bath Labor  troubles  increase 

at  Antwerp ;.  much  property  is  destroyed  by  fire. 

September  5.— -The  International  Harvester 
Company,  of  Wisconsin,  pleads  guilty  in  the 
anti-trust  suits  brought  by  the  State  of  Texas, 
and  pays  a  fine  of  $35,000  assessed  by  the  court, 
subscribing  to  a  perpetual  injunction  forbidding 
it  to  operate  in  Texas The  McKinley  monu- 
ment at  BufiPalo  is  dedicated;  Governor  Hughes 
accepts  it  for  the  State  of  New  York. 

September  8. — Public  meetings  and  proces- 
sions are  forbidden  in  Vienna  because  of  the 
smallpox  epidemic. 

September  10. — The  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public holds  its  forty-first  national  encampment 
at  Saratoga. 


416 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REyiFWS. 


Pbotogupb  by   I^^a^lllck.  N.  Y. 

THE    STEAMSHIP    "  LUSITANIA 


IN    DOCK    AT    NEW    YORK.  AFTER  HER  RECORD  RUN  FROM  QUEEN  STOW  N 
TO    SANDY    HOOK.      (SEE   PAGE  423.) 


September  it. — The  will  of  Archibald  Henry 
Blount,  Lord  of  the  Manor  of  Orleton,  England, 
leaves  the  bulk  of  his  estate,  estimated  at  $400,- 
000.  to  Yale  University. ..  .The  German  military 
maneuvers  end  with  the  defeat  and  pursuit  of 
the  Blues. 

September  12. — The  International  Pure  Milk 
Congress  meets  at  Brussels. ..  .The  United 
States  Navy  Department  asks  proposals  for  253,- 
ooo  tons  of  coal,  to  be  used  by  the  battleship 

fleet  on  its  voyage  to  the  Pacific The  War 

Department   issues    an   order   for  the   return   to 
the  United  States  of  troops  serving  in  the  Phil- 


ippines. ..  .Charles  G.  Burton,  of  Missouri,  is 
elected  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic. 

September  13. — Sir  Thomas  Lipton  sends  a 
challenge  for  America's  cup  in  1908. ..  .Walter 
Well  man  and  his  party  return  to  Tromsoe,  Nor- 
way, having  abandoned  for  this  year  the  attempt 
to  reach  the  North  Pole.... The  Cunard  Liner 
Lusitania  completes  her  maiden  voyage  from 
Queenstown  to  Sandy  Hook  in  five  days  and 
fifty-four  minutes.  » 

September  15. — Thirty- four  balloons  leave 
Brussels    in    a    race    organized   by    the    Belgian 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EyfNTS. 


417 


Aeronautic  Club.... In  a  collision  between  the 
Quebec  express  and  a  freight  train  on  the  Bos- 
ton &  Maine  Railroad,  near  Canaan,  Vt., 
more  than  twenty  persons  are  killed  and  thirty 
injured. 

September  i6. — In  a  turret  explosion  on  the 
Japanese  battleship  Kashima  thirty-four  officers 
and  men  are  killed  and  eight  wounded. 

September  17. — Suit  to  dissolve  the  Standard 

Oil  Company  is  begun  in  New  York Thirty 

Japanese  are  drowned  by  the  bursting  of  a 
reservoir  near  Kotaro. 

September  18. — One  hundred  lives  are  re- 
ported lost  in  the  destruction  by  fire  of  the 
Japanese  steamer  Tafu  on  the  Yangtse  Kiang. 

OBITUARY 

August  21. — Arthur  A.  Housman,  head  of  a 
New  York  Stock  Exchange  house,  52. 

August  24. — Dr.  Seneca  D.  Powell,  a  well- 
known     New     York     surgeon,     60 Cardinal 

Emilio  Taliani,  of  Italy,  69 Ricardo  de  Acos- 

ta,  a  distinguished  Cuban  patriot,  70. 

August  26. — Dr.  Oren  Root,  professor  of 
mathematics  and  natural   sciences  at   Hamilton 

College,  N.  Y.,  69 The  Earl  of  Dunmore,  a 

prominent  Christian  Scientist  in  England,  66. 

August  27. — Nelson  Morris,  a  pioneer  meat- 
packer  of  Chicago,  68 Eugene  M.  Moriarty, 

editor  and  publisher  of  the  Worcester,  Mass., 
Post,  60. 

August  29. — Rear- Admiral  William  A.  Wind- 
sor C.  S.  N.,  retired,  65  .  Col.  Leslie  Smith, 
I     S.  A.,  retired,  82. 

Atiguit  3D. — Riohiird  ^Mansfield,  the  actor,  50 

i  see  pa^e  424) Archbislir^p  John  Joseph  Wil- 

It*im5,  of  ih^  Roman  CaUmlic  diocese  of  Bos- 
ton. 85, 

September  I. — David  MacTver.  the  well-known 
Liverpool  shipowner.  67, . .  ,  Rev.  John  Mathews, 
the  oldest  minister   in  point   of  service  of   the 

Mt'lhodtst   Episcopal    Chnrcli    South,   81 Dr. 

Gaylord  P*  Clark*  dc^in  ut  tlie  college  of  medi- 
cine of  SyTacu.*ie  Univ^rsiiy,  50. 

September  2.— Ex-Unitt'tt  States  Judge  John 
}Ay  Jackson,  of  Wtst  Virginia,  83. 

September  3.— Pleasant  Porter,  chief  of  the 
Creek  Indian  Natbn.  67. 

September  4. — Edvard  Hagerup  Grieg,  the 
Ncrw^iati  composer,  64  i^tt  page  429). 

September  5. — William  H  Merrill,  for  many 
years  chief  editorial,  writer  of   the   New   York 

World,  67 Louis  Sells,  the  showman,  67 

Rev.  S.  B.  Southerland,  D.D.,  of  the  Methodist 

Protestant    Church.   90 Rev.    William    West 

Kirkby.  D.D.,  of  Rye,  N.  Y.,  for  many  years  a 
Protestant  Episcopal  missionary  in  the  Arctic 
regions,  80. 

September  7. — Rene  Francois  Armand  Sully- 

Prudhomme.  the  French  poet  and  critic,  68 

Paul  H.  Hacke,  the  famous  art  collector  of 
Pittsburg,  72. 

5^ptember  8. — Brig.-Gen.  Samuel  Myers  Mills, 
U.  S.  A.,  retired,  64. 


THE  HOME  OF  EDVARD  GRIEG,  THE  COMPOSER,   NEAR 
BERGEN,    NORWAY.       (SEE  PAGE  429.) 

September  9. — Rt.-Rev.  Dr.  Ernest  Roland 
Wilberforce,  Bishop  of  Chichester,  England^  67 

Dr.    A.     Warner    Shepard,    a    well-known 

physician  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  74. 

September  10. — Brig.-Gen.  Harry  C.  Chester, 
U.  S.  A.,  retired,  63. 

September  11. — Randolph  Guggenheimer,  for- 
merly  president   of   the    New    York    Municipal 

Council,  59 George  W.  Plympton,   for  more 

than  forty  years  professor  of  physics  at  the 
Brooklyn  Polytechnic  Institute,  80 Col.  Rob- 
ert I.  Fleming,  a  well-kriown  citizen  of  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  65 Robert  Ferris,  a  well-known 

New  York  printer,  54. 

September  13. — D.  Willis  James,  the  New 
York  metal  merchant  and  philanthropist,  75.... 
Dr.  Francis  H.  Markoe,  a  New  York  surt?eon 
and  medical  lecturer.  51.... Dr.  J.  Henry  jack- 
son,  of  the  medical  department  of  the  University 
of  Vermont,  63. 

September  14. — Walter  Scott,  inventor  of 
printing  presses.  63.... Baron  Aldenham,  the 
well-known  British  banker,  88. 

September  16. — Major  James  Carroll,  surgeon, 
U.  S.  A..  53. . .  .Rear-Adm.  John  Grimes  Walk- 
er.  U.    S.    N.,   retired.   72 Frederick   George 

McNally,  a  well-known  Chicago  publisher,  42. 

September  18. — Frederick  Zadok  Rooker, 
Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  Jaro,  Iloilo,  Philip- 
pine Islands,  46.... Louis  Victor  Watelin,  the 
French  painter. 

•September  20. — Col.  William  Goddard,  chan- 
cellor of  Brown  Universitv,  Providence,  R.  I.,  82. 


SOME  AMERICAN  AND  FOREIGN  CARTOONS. 


THK    STRUGGLE    FOB    THE    ATI^NTIC    PENNANT. 

Germany,  flrst ;  England,  second ;  the  buoy,  stationary. 
From   the  Inquirer    (Philadelphia). 


WILL   ALSO   TBT   AIB8HIPS. 

.TonN  Bull  :  "  These  military  airship  experiments 


WILL    WHEAT    SOAR? 

OLD  SK.RT  Wheat  :  "  Do  you  know.  Vm  Inclined  are  getting  interesting.    Pawncy  what  might  happen 

to   give   up  automobiling   and   take   the   flying  ma-  ♦<>  ^^e  "^^y  «'  an  Innocent  bystander  If  those  ex- 

^u\iie  "  plosives  should  drop  on  It." 

From  the  Jourmtl   (Minneapolis).  From  the  Nein   (Chicago). 


SOME  AMERICAN  AND  FOREIGN  CARTOONS. 


419 


Prom  thf  Imiiiiirv  i  IMilhuii'ljihlH  i 


BUYAN  :   *•  IIe'8  n  strnddlor." 
From  the  Journal  (Detroit). 


COMES    HIGH.   BIT    SO    IS    KVKRYTHIX*?    ELSE! 

F'rom  the  Constitution  (Atlanta). 


420 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEIV  OF  REHEIVS. 


EXCEEDING   THE    SPEED    LIMIT. 

Prom  the  World  (New  York). 


"  I've  ridden  a  long  way  without  even  slackening 
^  the  pace,  and  the  critter  don't  show   anj   slgni  of 

getting  tired." 

From   the   Tribune   (MInnt*:ipons). 


THE  INTERRUPTED  LOVE  FEAST. 

From   the  Poai'/ntrlliffcnfcr   (Seattle) 


A  DtJPLKX  VARIETY   ON  THE   PACIFIC   COAST. 

From  the  Tribune  (Minneapolis). 


What  will  that  fleet  amount  to  compared  with  the 
pcrsuaplveness     of     Mr.     Taft     when     he     reaches 

Japan  ? 

From  the  yric8  (Chicago). 


AFFINITIES? 

From  the  Inquirer  (Philadelphia). 


SOME  AMERICAN  AND  FOREIGN  CARTOONS. 


4L. 


The  ChineRe  (Jlant  roiisps  himself  and  shakoB  other  nations  ofT  tlie  roiinreri»Hiie  oi'  thr»  world 
From  the  Jllustratrd  A'eir*  (London). 


EXCHANOINQ    COURTESIES. 

The  Japs  "Will  you  play  at  Phlllp- 
pfnes  with  me.  Uncle  Sam?" 

r.vcLE  Sam  :  "  Just  let  me  trouble  you 
to  alt  down,  my  pellow  friend." 
From  Silhouette   (Paris). 


THK    KIN«  AND  THE   KAISEIt. 

Adding  a  link  ta  the  Chain  of  Peace. 
From  the  Tribune  U^ndon). 


THE  TRIBUTE  OF  THE  TRANSVAAL  TO   KINO  EDWARD. 

The  Ghost  of  Paul  Kbu«3er  (to  General  Botha)  :  "  Is  he  a  Boer?" 
The  Transvaal  Parliament  has  bought  the  famous  CuUinan  Diamond,     the  largest  in  the  world,  and  will 
profent  It  to  King  I'^dward.      From  the  Armterdnmnier   (Amsterdam). 


the  alliances. 
Peace  :  "  Keep  quiet.    Unity  brings  strength,  and 
soon  they  will  all  be  bound  together.^' 

A  Voice  :  "  Yes,  but  one  can  hardly  move  a  limb ! 
If  that  man  with  the  sword  should  suddenly  come 
we  shall  all  be  helplecs." 

From  Kladderadatach   (Berlin). 


prince  bulow'8  holidat  occupation. 

This  charming  sand  group  (Prance  and  Germany 
united  in  the  embrace  of  an  entente  cordiale)  is 
really  a  fine  piece  of  work,  but  the  next  storm  may 
wash  it  away. 

From  Kladderadatach  (Berlin). 


THE   LIBRARY  AND   WRITING-ROOM    OF  THE   FIRST  CABIN   ON   THE  "  LUSITANIA." 


THE       LUSITANIA       THE  NEW  SPEEDY  TRANSATLANTIC  LINER. 


The  first  five-day  Atlantic  voyage, — five  days  and  fifty-four  minutes,  to  be  exact, — ended 
on  the  mcming  of  September  13,  when  the  giant  Cunard  liner,  Lusitania,  reached  New  York 
harbor  on  her  maiden  voyage  from  Queenstown.  This  was  six  hours  and  twenty-six  minutes 
better  than  the  best  preceding  run  over  the  same  course, — that  of  the  Lucania,  in  1894.  The 
new  Cunarder,  which  is  the  largest  steamship  afloat  (her  sister  ship,  the  Mauretania,  just 
launched,  is  a  few  feet  longer  but  of  less  draft),  is  785  feet  long,  88  feet  in  breadth,  and  has 
a  depth  of  60  feet,  with  a  total  displacement  of  38,000  tons.  The  new  ocean  greyhound  has  a 
passenger  capacity  of  540  first  class,  460  second  class,  and  1200  third  class  passengers,  in  addi- 
tion to  more  than  800  officers  and  crew.  In  her  furnishings  she  is  as  luxurious  as  the  best  of 
modern  hotels.  Everything  that  modern  invention  could  devise  and  electrical  science  carry  out 
has  combined  to  make  the  Lusitania  the  safest,  speediest,  and  most  comfortable  of  ocean  steam- 
ships. Elevators  transport  passengers  from  the  lower  to  the  higher  decks  and  telephones  con- 
nect the  different  cabins,  which  are  located  on  named  corridors  as  though  streets  of  a  city. 
The  Lusitania  is  driven  by  turbine  engines  of  70,000  horse-power,  which  keep  her  remarkably 
free  frcm  vibration  and  reduce  sea-sickness  to  a  minimum.  The  average  speed  of  the  Lusitania 
on  this  maiden  voyage  was  23.01  knots.  This  does  not  quite  equal  the  records  made  by  the 
German  liners  Deutschland  (Hamburg- American)  and  Kaiser  Wilhelm  IL  (North  German 
Lloyd),  nor  does  her  highest  day's  run,  593  miles,  equal  the  601  made  by  the  Deutschland 
seven  years  ago.  She,  however,  has  made  the  best  maiden  trip  in  the  history  of  trans- 
atlantic navigation,  and  actually  crossed  the  Atlantic  in  the  shortest  time  on  record.  Her  daily 
consumption  of  coal  averaged  1000  tons.  Her  construction  is  such  that  she  can.  at  short  notice, 
be  converted  into  a  formidable  cruiser  for  war.  The  name  "  Lusitania,"  the  old  Roman  desig- 
nation for  what  is  now  Portugal,  was  given  to  the  great  liner  in  accordance  with  the  policy 
of  the  Cunard  Company  in  naming  their  vessels  after  the  classic  subdivisions  of  Europe. 


WHAT   WAS  MANSFIELD'S  INFLUENCE  ON 
THE   AMERICAN    DRAMA? 

BY    FRANKLIN    FYLES. 


npHE  drama  in  America  progressed  in 
stagecraft  a  great  deal,  in  literature 
much,  and  in  art  some,  during  Richard 
Mansfield's  quarter  of  a  century  of  activity 
on  the  stage.  No  one  will  say  that  Mans- 
field hindered  this  advance;  but  did  he  help 
it?  and,  if  yes,  in  what  ways,  and  to  what 
extent?  His  bravery  so  often  looked  like 
imprudence  that  some  people  saw  also  impu- 
dence in  his  resoluteness,  and  were  slow  to 
perceive  either  height  of  aim  or  breadth  of 
purpose.  Furthermore,  his  best  acting  was 
done  in  unlovely  guises,  and,  for  that  reason, 
the  foremost  position  which  he  attained  was 
not  due  at  all  to  spontanous  public  encourage- 
ment, but  altogether  to  his  own  persistent, 
obdurate,  aggressive  use  of  the  faculties  that 
nature  gave  him,  and  the  facilities  that,  with 
his  own  effort,  he  acquired.  His  hard  ex- 
perience was  calculated  to  build  up  a  firm 
belief  in  himself.  When  critical  commenda- 
tion said  he  was  "  the  American  Irving,"*he 
would  have  thought  it  more  fitting  to  say  that 
Irving  was  "  the  Mansfield  of  England." 
He  avowed  himself  the  better  actor  of  the 
two.  Anecdotes  of  Mansfield  usually  have 
his  egotism  for  their  salient  point,  but  I  can 
tell  one  that  is  autobiographic,  that  has  not 
been  published  hitherto,  and  that  demon- 
strates what  I  believe  to  be  true, — that  one 
who  intends  to  be  an  actor  should  never  let 
modesty  crimson  his  cheek.  WHien  he  was  a 
boy  at  Derby  school,  he  recited  some  of 
Shylock,  and  the  head  master  told  him  he 
might  become  a  good  actor,  but  there  was  a 
teacher  of  elocution  who  saw  no  such  prom- 
ise. In  class,  a  few  days  later,  the  familiar 
old  reading  book  line  was  reached :  "  The 
wolf's  long  howl  on  Oonalaska*s  shore.'* 
The  teacher  gave  it  with  emphasis  prolonged 
on  the  "  howl." 

"  There  should  be  a  suggestion  of  wolfish 
weirdness  in  the  enunciation,"  said  he, 
with  a  repetition  of  the  word  for  example. 
"  Master  Mansfield,  perhaps  you  can  do 
better  with  the  wolf  than  you  did  with 
Shylock." 

The     lad     began:     "The    wolf's    long 

howl, "  but  he  got  no  further,  for  he 

flung  his  nose  in  the  air,  like  a  dog  baying 


the  moon,  and  let  out  such  a  long,  loud 
**  h-o-w-1  "  as  no  wolf  could  exceed  in  hun- 
gered anguish. 

HIS   VERSATILITY  AND   CATHOLIC    TASTE. 

In  one  way  Mansfield  had  much  to  do  with 
the  improvement  of  dramatic  art  and  litera- 
ture in  this  country,  and  in  another  way  he 
did  not.  By  getting  out  of  the  rut,  deviating 
widely  from  a  fixed  line  of  acting,  and  filling 
a  gallery  of  portraiture  with  widely  various 
originations,  he  encouraged  actors,  authors 
and  managers  to  range  widely  for  subjects. 
The  first  in  his  series  was  a  paralytic  old 
degenerate,  his  second  was  a  lusty  young 
virilite,  his  third  was  a  dual  creature  of 
virtue  and  repulsive  wickedness,  and  his 
fourth  was  an  historic  fop.  With  the  inex- 
pensive plays  containing  those  characteriza- 
tions he  might  have  died  richer  and  more  re- 
nowned,— as  Joseph  Jefferson  did  with  Rip 
Van  Winkle  and  Bob  Acres, — than  by  kill- 
ing himself  with  the  nerve-tension  and  brain- 
rack  of  constantly  new  endeavor.  I  don't 
like  to  think  he  incited  any  one  to  work  to 
death,  but  am  glad  to  believe  his  example 
of  versatility  in  acting,  catholicity  in  taste, 
and  ample  measure  of  accomplishment,  had  a 
great  deal  of  good  influence  upon  the  dra- 
matic profession.  But  in  the  way  of  training 
the  younger  members  of  his  companies,  as 
both  Irving  and  Lawrence  Barrett  did,  he 
saw  neither  duty  nor  expediency.  He  had 
not  the  temperament  of  a  teacher. 

Plays  are  not  often  treated  as  well  here 
throughout  as  they  commonly  arc  abroad; 
major  characters  often  fare  better,  but  the 
minor  ones  scarcely  ever  as  well,  and  an 
effect  of  naturalness  is  thereby  sacrificed. 
Mansfield  conducted  neither  a  kindergarten 
for  beginners,  nor  a  post-graduate  course  for 
proficients.  He  gave  orders  at  rehearsals 
not  instruction.  Yet  sometimes,  through  a 
flash  of  impulse,  he  showed  how  to  do  a  thing 
as  he  wanted  it  done.  The  lighting  of  a 
play  was  being  practiced.  He  was  to  be 
illumined  by  what  is  called  a  spot  light.  The 
calcium  man  threw  it  on  him  in  a  round 
shape  of  bright  contrast  with  the  surround- 
ing dimness. 


WHATH^y^S  MANSFIELDS  INFLUENCE  ON  THE  DRAMA  >        425 


Pbocoenph  by  Marceau,  N   Y 

RICHARD   MANSFIELD   (DIED,   AUGUST  30,    I907.) 


"Not  like  that,"  Mansfield  cried,  testily; 
"  rm  not  a  showgirl  to  be  lit  up  for  a  song." 
Then  he  paused,  and  I,  having  heard  of  his 
harshness,  expected  him  to  discharge  the  of- 
fender; but,  instead,  he  seized  a  paper  box, 
drove  his  fist  through  its  bottom,  making  a 
jagged  hole,  and  said :  "  Let  the  light  come 
through  that." 

As  a  rule  he  bou^t  skill  in  his  subordi- 
nates ready  made  and  would  not  cultivate  it. 
When  preparing  "  Richard  III."  he  deter- 
mined that  his  assemblages  should  be  like 
those  presented    by  the   famous   Meininger 


company,  and  first  equaled  in  this  country  by 
Barrett  in  "  Julius  Caesar."  Such  things 
are  not  wonders  nowadays,  but  it  was  eight- 
een years  ago  that  Mansfield  brought  out 
"  Richard  III.,"  and  it  was  in  London,  too, 
where  Irving,  as  well  as  the  Meiningers,  had 
filled  stages  with  realistic  crowds.  Mans- 
field had  neither  time  nor  patience  sufficient 
to  drill  supernumeraries,  but  he  did  have  the 
money  to  hire  fifty  actors  at  fifteen  to  twenty- 
five  dollars  apiece  per  week, — fresh  young 
aspirants  and  stale  old  stagers, — ^but  all 
skilled  enough  to  save  the  throngs  in  the 


426 


THE  AMERICAN  REWIEiV  OF  RE^/EiVS. 


street,  and  the  armies  in  the  field,  from  the 
ridicule  which  even  Booth  used  to  subject 
them  to. 

As  illustrative  of  Mansfield's  perseverance 
as  anything  he  did,  to  my  mind,  was  the 
slow,  sure  way  in  which  he  built  for  himself 
a  bridge  on  which  to  cross  over  the  gulf  be- 
tween stock  and  star  acting.  A  son  of 
Madame  Rudersdorf,  the  singer,  and  inheri- 
tor of  a  singing  voice,  his  qarliest  acting, 
naturally,  was  in  the  Gilbert  and  Sullivan 
comic  opera  of  the  day.  As  the  Lord  Ad- 
miral, in  "  Pinafore,"  he  made  his  debut  in 
London ;  subsequently  he  sang  in  "  Black 
Mantles,"  in  New  York ;  and  his  celebrated 
outbreak  from  obscurity  as  Baron  Chevrial, 
in  "  A  Parisian  Romance,"  his  first  role  with- 
out music,  was  followed  by  a  drop  back  into 
the  Chancellor  of  **  lolanthe."  He  did  not 
find  it  feasible  to  stay  with  the  Palmer  stock 
company,  at  the  Union  Square,  and  went  to 
another  of  the  noted  local  organizations  of 
that  time,  at  the  Boston  Museum,  where  he 
took  assignments  as  they  came,  but  with  the 
proviso  that,  once  a  year,  he  might  choose  a 
new  play  to  be  tried.  In  that  way  he  got 
*'  Prince  Karl,"  by  Archibald  Clavering 
Gunter,  and,  when  his  second  season's  work 
was  over  in  Boston,  he  brought  the  comedy 
(with  a  melodramatic  element  subsequently 
eliminated)  to  New  York  at  a  time  of  the 
year  when  a  theatre  could  be  obtained  at  a 
reduced  rental.  The  process  was  repeated 
two  years  later  with  an  actable  version  of 
Robert  Louis  Stevenson's  narrative,  "  Dr. 
Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde."  Thus  it  was  not 
until  he  had  given  four  years  to  the  laborious 
process  that  he  was  able  to  quit  stock  work 
and  take  to  starring.  With  **  A  Parisian 
Romance  "  retained,  and  **  Beau  Brummel  " 
presently  added,  he  began  to  gain  a  prosper- 
ity that  eventually  enabled  him  to  raise  the 
prices  of  parquet  seats  in  several  cities  to 
S2.50,  and  to  demand  a  larger  share  of  the 
theaters'  gross  receipts  than  any  other  actor 
except  Joseph  Jefferson. 

ESTABLISHING  THE  STAR   SYSTEM. 

What  Mansfield  did  during  that  part  of 
his  career  helped  to  destroy  the  stock  system, 
and  to  establish  in  its  place  the  star  system. 
There  is  no  need  to  discuss  the  gain  or  loss 
by  that  demolition.  But  he  was  one  of  those 
who  profited  by  breaking  away  from  usage, 
and  forcing  himself  into  singularity.  It  was 
not  easy.  It  was  very  hard.  If  now  an 
actor  can  convince  one  of  the  syndicates  that 
he  has  a  play  in  which  he  may  probably  make 


money  on  a  tour,  a  route  is  given  to  him  at 
once.  There  was  no  such  system  then.  E^ch 
starring  enterprise  had  to  make  its  own  way. 
Mansfield  did  it  very  slowly,  very  carefully, 
very  arduously.  Nothing  beyond  "  A  Paris- 
ian Romance  "  came  to  him  quickly,  and  it 
was  not  feasible  to  start  out  with  a  single 
pla3%  Before  he  had  got  "  Prince  Karl  " 
ready  to  be  tried,  he  began  w6rk  with  T. 
Russell  Sullivan  to  make  a  play  of  "  Dr, 
Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde,'^  and  "  Beau  Brum- 
mell  "  was  as  long  in  evolution,  from  the 
time  he  got  the  plan  of  it  from  William 
Winter  until,  with  the  old  play  by  Jerrold 
as  a  basis,  and  Clyde  Fitch  under  salary  a 
long  while,  the  work  was  ready  for  the  stage. 
•His  own  share  in  the  making  of  plays  was 
hardly  creative;  he  had  no  skill  at  composi- 
tion, but  he  did  a  deal  of  thinking  about  the 
character  he  was  to  depict,  getting  ac- 
quainted with  him,  considering  the  right 
make-up,  deportment,  mental  attributes  and 
reasonableness  of  action. 

I  have  said  that  in  making  a  star  actor  of 
himself  Mansfield  struck  one  of  the  blows 
that  knocked  the  last  of  the  old-style  stock 
companies  to  pieces.  But  he  had  no  such  de- 
structive purpose.  On  the  contrary,  he 
hoped  to  establish  himself  as  a  stock  star  in 
a  theater  of  his  own  in  New  York.  That 
undertaking  was  delayed  by  a  disaster  which 
his  fearlessness  invited.  Or  was  it  presump- 
tuous to  go  to  London  with  all  the  money 
he  had  earned,  and  all  he  could  borrow,  and 
risk  it  in  a  sumptuous  mounting  of  ''  Richard 
III."  at  the  Globe  Theater,  when  Irving  mt^s 
at  the  height  of  his  success  at  the  Lyceum? 
The  exploit  proved  that  he  had  as  much 
ability  as  the  Englishman  in  stagecraft,  but 
it  plunged  him  deep  in  debt,  out  of  w+ich  he 
was  helped  by  a  wealthy  patron  after  his  re- 
turn to  America,  where  his  Richard  became 
remunerative.  It  was  at  the  Garrick,  New 
York,  that  he  endeavored  to  equal,  or  excel, 
Irving  as  an  acting  and  producihg  manager. 
His  first  several  productions  there  were  un- 
profitable, and  overwork  brought  on  t>'phoid 
fever  to  bring  failure  to  the  venture,  which 
he  never  renewed.  Instead  of  clinging  to 
any  form  of  the  local  stock  system,  he  let 
go  of  it  altogether,  and  joined  the  migratory 
sweep  of  theatrical  affairs. 

A  REMARKABLE  REPERTOIRE. 

In  a  sincere  desire  to  be  appreciative  of 
Mansfield  as  an  initiative  actor  in  drama  of 
original  worth,  I  cannot  find  a  reason  why 
his  introduction  of  Henrik  Ibsen  to  America 


H^HA  T  IV AS  MANSFIELD'S  INFL UENCE  ON  THE  DRAMA  ?       427 


did  not  start  a  vogue  for  that  founder  of  a 
school  now  very  influential  here.  He  put 
"  A  DolFs  House  "  on  the  stage  with  Mrs. 
Mansfield  as  the  poor  little  doll  of  a  house- 
wife, but  without  himself,  although  he  had 
studied  the  role  of  the  physician  with  a  dis- 
ease of  the  spine  and  a  moral  ailment  of  the 
heart.  Perhaps  he  became  faint-hearted  as 
to  Ibsen;  for  he  gave  up  the  idea  of  using 
the  play  evenings,  and  turned  it  over  to  his 
wife  for  a  few  matinees.  One  afternoon  he 
stood  at  the  exit  to  listen  for  opinions  by  the 
dispersing  audience,  and  he  heard  a  woman 
complain  because,  misled  by  the  title,  and 
the  time  being  Christmas  week,  she  and  many 
other  mothers  had  taken  their  children  to 
**  A  Doirs  House,"  expecting  it  to  be  a  holi- 
day show  for  little  folk.  So  he  may  have 
judged  rightly  that  the  public  was  as  yet  too 
ignorant  of  Ibsen's  reputation  to  comprehend 
his  work.  It  was  not  until  a  decade  later 
that  Minnie  Maddern  Fiske  and  Mary  Shaw 
became  Ibsenians  and  made  many  converts. 
Similarlv,  Mansfield  was  the  first,  with 
"The  Devil's  Disciple"  and  "Arms  and 
the  Man,"  to  give  George  Bernard  Shaw 
hearings  in  this  country;  and  he  did  not  do 
well  with  those  plays.  After  rehearsing 
"  Candida,"  and  importing  an  actress  for  it, 
he  left  it  for  Arnold  Daly  to  arouse  a  Shaw 
commotion  with  it  ten  years  later.  Now  ex- 
periments with  the  fighting  Irishman's  pro- 
vocative material  are  not  particularly  risky. 
Mansfield  liked  to  repeat  "  Beau  Brum- 
mel  "  and  "  Prince  Karl,"  as  a  relfef  from 
more  wearying  roles,  and  he  was  willing  to 
meet  the  demand  for  Baron  Chevrial;  but 
for  Jekyll-Hyde  he  had  an  intense  aversion, 
arising  from  what  the  public  never  suspected, 
— his  feeling  that  he  had  failed  in  what  he 
set  out  to  do.  He  read  Stevenson's  tale  with 
keen  appreciation  of  its  ^tonishing  psychol- 
ogy. He  was  charmed  by  its  idea  of  so  sepa- 
rating human  exaltation  and  abasement  in 
one  individual  that  the  physical  aspect  alter- 
nated between  that  of  a  saint  and  a  demon. 
Here  was  a  creation  in  literature  which,  as 
Mansfield  fondly  believed,  might  be  depicted 
in  dramatic  art.  He  longed  for  a  purely  in- 
tellectual exploit;  to  distinguish  himself  by 
exposing  what  took  place  inside  of  the  amia- 
ble Dr.  Jekyll  in  his  shifts  of  soul  to  the 
cruel  Mr.  Hyde  and  back  again;  and  he  did 
that  explicitly  enough  to  be  seen  clearly  by 
all  who  looked  for  it;  but  far  more  impres- 
sive to  the  multitude  than  the  mental  transi- 
tions was  the  transformation  of  palpable 
matter.    The  marvel  of  Author  Stevenson's 


RICHARD    MANSFIELD    AS    "  BEAU    BRUM  MEL." 

alternately  saintly  and  demoniac  individual 
was  less  engrossing  to  most  beholders  than 
Actor  Mansfield's  quick  changes  between  a 
normal,  erect,  benignly  dignified  man  and  a 
crouching,  leering,  hideous  monster.  The 
book's  literary  whimsey  became  a  "  stage 
stunt." 

I  use  this  miscarriage  of  Mansfield's  in- 
tention as  evidence  of  his  literary  and  artistic 
ambition.  No  other  play  among  the  many  in 
his  repertory  equaled  "  Dr.  Jekyll  and  Mr. 
Hyde"  in  money  profit ;  its  outfit  stood  for  no 
more  than  $1500  against  the  $50,000  to 
$75,000  for  the  mounting  of  "  Richard  III." 
or  "Henry  V." ;  he  might  have  used  it  months 
continuously,  with  a  company  cut  down  to 
fourteen  moderately  salaried  performers,  yet 
he  detested  it  so  intensely  that  he  kept  it  in 
his  repertory  only  as  a  resort  when  receipts 


428 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^lEl^  OF  REFIEIVS. 


fell  off.  Carrying  a  dozen  plays  on  his  tours, 
with  half  a  hundred  persons  to  pay  and  trans- 
port, and  many  carloads  of  mountings,  the 
outgo  was  so  large  that  sometimes  a  city 
threatened  to  begrudge  an  adequate  income. 
In  such  a  contingency,  but  not  until  a  lack 
of  profit  became,  probable  and  an  actual  loss 
possible,  would  he  announce  one  perform- 
ance, usually  for  a  Saturday  night,  of  the 
most  popular  entertainment  in  his  list. 

"  BEAU     BRUMMEL  "     A     MODEL     IN     TECH- 
NIQUE. 

Which  is  the  best  personation  by  an  actor 
with  Mansfield's  range  of  characterization 
must  be  a  question  for  dispute.  Within  the 
lines  of  comedy,  with  pathos  as  well  as 
humor,  his  **  Beau  Brummel  "  was  a  model 
in  technique.  His  "  Shylock  '*  was  admired : 
but  I  thought  better  of  his  "  Richard  III." 
as  a  Shakesperean  exhibit.  To  my  thinking, 
the  award  of  supremacy  to  him  among 
American  delineators  of  evil  old  men  did  not 
rest  oa  Baron  Chevrial  more  than  on 
Ivan  the  Terrible.  And  my  judgment  is 
that  in  *'  Peer  Ciynt,"  his  final  portrayal, 
with  the  aging  of  that  symbolic  fellow  from 
youth  to  life's  limit,  he  gave  a  fuller  exhibi- 
tion of  his  talent  than  in  any  other  role.  Did 
you  see  it?  If  so,  don't  you  think  it  would 
take  three  or  j^ur  ordinary  actors  to  do  all 
that  he  did  for  the  character?  The  best 
element  in  his  acting  was  the  comprehensive- 
ness which  he  always  aimed  at  and  sometimes 
attained.  He  liked  to  feel  that  he  was  an 
exponent  of  everything  that  was  in  a  charac- 
ter which  he  assumed. 

A  proud  share  of  the  last  quarter-century's 
evolution  of  American  theatrical  good  taste 
is  due  to  Mansfield's  bravery  with  material 
for  which  anything  like  general  appreciation 
had  to  be  engendered.  Friends  of  the  drama 
used  to  feel  very  much  obliged  to  Lester 
Wallack  for  giving  ^n  old  English  comedy 
once  in  a  while,  to  Augustin  Daly  for  cutting 
up  pretty  pranks  with  Shakespeare,  and  to 
Albert  M.  Palmer  and  Daniel  Frohman  for 
devoting  their  stock  companies  to  the  best 
modern  plays  from  Paris  and  London ;  but 
Richard  Mansfield  had  no  sooner  got  under 
headway  than  he  began  to  put  time  into  the 
preparatory  study  of  unacted  manuscripts, 
and  money  into  performance?  of  them,  too, 
at  a  rate  that  ran  his  original  productions  up 
to  twenty-two,  besides  Shakespearean  achieve- 
menla  great  at  least  in  stagecraft.  The  cul- 
actcW  value  of  his  work  was  grea«^er  with 
he  h  Vnerican  public  than  that  of  all  the  other 


actor-managers.  Only  once,  after  London 
rejected  his  magnificent  "  Richard  III."  and 
before  New  York  accepted  it,^whilc  he  was 
bankrupt  and  discouraged, — he  threw  up  his 
hands  in  disgust,  and  brought  out  a  coarse 
London  melodrama. 

At  that  juncture,  too,  he  seemed  to  make 
up  his  mind  to  become  a  man  of  business. 
He  determined  not  to  shirk  his  debts,  but  to 
pay  them,  and  he  did.  Perhaps  he  recalled 
that  Booth  had  been  pulled  up  out  of  ruin 
by  Barrett's  lavish  but  not  wasteful  methods ; 
also,  that  Irving  was  an  adept  at  working  all 
the  ways  to  publicity ;  anyway,  thenceforward 
he  let  no  one  surpass  him  in  self -promotion- 
But  he  lived  temperately,  though  luxuriously, 
kept  away  from  the  promiscuous  resorts  of 
stage  people,  and  in  all  the  ways  that  I  know 
of  was  an  artist  and  a  gentleman. 

This  actor's  self-conceit  was  not  over- 
weening. He  may  have  posed  before  the 
public,  but  not  before  his  own  mirror,  and 
other  actors  may  well  take  heed  of  his  habit 
of  himself  applying  the  keen  criticism  he  was 
prone  to  resent  from  newspaper  reviewers. 
One  of  his  reasons  for  changing  the  bill  was 
a  nervous  dread  of  becoming  lax  in  a  part 
through  much  repetition.  His  wife  was  his 
monitor.  He  wooed  Beatrice  Cameron  in 
both  reality  and  mimicry  in  "  Prince  Karl." 
After  the  birth  of  their  only  child,  Mrs. 
Mansfield  did  not  return  to  the  stage.  She 
had  been  a  very  agreeable  actress,  but  not  a 
great  onp,  and  she  decided  to  merge  her  am- 
bition into  that  of  her  husband..  She  became 
in  various  ways  an  aid.  At  every  perform- 
ance of  a  new  play,  until  it  passed  the  stage 
of  improvement,  she  sat  in  the  audience  to 
report  to  him  on  weak  points.  It  is  said  that, 
besides  advising  him  in  things  to  do,  she  kept 
him  from  unwise  ventures, — from  playing 
"  Hamlet,"  for  example.  By  the  carpers  he 
was  ever  regarded  as  brash  by  nature  and 
reckless  by  habit;  in  truth,  he  never  went 
ahead  until  he  thought  he  was  right ;  and  as 
to  that  he  relied  considerably  on  his  wife's 
opinion.  After  rehearsing  "  Hamlet "  a 
week  or  so,  he  asked  her  if  he  ought  to  risk 
a  comparison  that  might  be  a  contrast  with 
Edwin  Booth.  "  Not- yet,"  said  she,  and  the 
rehearsals  were  called  off.  But  she  agreed 
with  him  that  **  Macbeth  "  was  within  his 
powers,  and  he  had  the  play  in  preparation  at 
the  time  of  his  mortal  illness. 

The  American  stage  is  better  off  for  hav- 
ing had  twenty-five  years  of  Richard  Mans- 
field, and  the  pity  is  that  it  cannot  have  as 
many  more. 


EDVARD    GRIEG,    **  THE    CHOPIN 

NORTH/' 


OF    THE 


BY   G.   W.    HARRIS. 


T^HE  arts  have  their 
heroes  no  less  worthy 
of  renown  than  those  of 
battle  or  the  more  strenu- 
ous pursuits  of  peace.  The 
annals  of  the  service  of 
beauty  abound  in  stories  of 
those  who  overcame  great 
obstacles,  who  persevered 
in  the  face  of  sickness,  pov- 
erty, hardship,  and  thereby 
triumphed  in  the  end.  A 
fresh  exemplification  of  this 
is  to  be  found  in  the  career 
of  Edvard  Grieg,  the  fore- 
most of  Norwegian  musi- 
cians, who  died  at  Bergen 
on  September  4,  at  the  age 
of  sixty-four,  after  an  al- 
most constant  fight  with 
death  for  more  than  forty- 
five  years.  While  a  student 
at  the  Leipsic  Conservatory, 
in  i860,  an  attack  of  pleu- 
risy destroyed*  his  left  lung 
and  thus  permanently  im- 
paired his  health.  Yet, 
in  spite  of  this  almost 
overwhelming  handicap,  he 
gained  high  rank  among 
the  music  masters  of  his 
time  as  a  composer,  a  con- 
ductor, and  a  pianist.  The 
greatest  of  Scandinavian 
musicians  he  might  be 
named  truthfully,  in  the  sense  that  no  coun-  wegian  pronunciation),  a  merchant  of  Aber- 
try  of  Scandinavia  ever  produced  a  greater,  deen  who  emigrated  from  Scotland  to  Nor- 
but  that  he  was  wont  to  insist  on  a  distinc-  way  soon  after  the  battle  of  CuUoden,  in 
tion  that  is  worth  remembering:  "  I  am  not  1746.  His  father,  as  had  the  grandfather 
an  exponent  of  *  Scandinavian  '  music,"  he  before  him,  served  as  British  consul  at  Ber- 
said,  **  but  only  of  Norwegian.  The  na-  gen.  His  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Edvard 
tional  characteristics  of  the  three  peoples, —  Hagerup,  for  many  years  the  mayor  of  Ber- 
thc  Norwegians,  the  Swedes  and  the  Danes,  gen,  the  second  city  of  Norway.  It  was 
— arc  wholly  different,  and  their  music  dif-  from  her  that  Grieg  inherited  both  his  pre- 
fers just  as  much."  disposition  for  music  and  his  intensely  patri- 
Thc  son  of  Alexander  Grieg  and  Gesine  otic  nature.  She  was  a  loyal  daughter  of 
Judith  Hagerup,  his  wife,  Edvard  Hagerup  Norway  and  was  possessed  of  no  small  musi- 
Grieg  was  born  in  Bergen,  Norway,  on  June  cal  talent,  which  her  family  was  glad  to  cul- 
I5>  1843.  He  was  descended  from  Alexan-  tivate, — sending  her  to  Hamburg  in  her  girl- 
der  Greig  (the  spelling  of  the  name  was  hood  for  lessons  4n  singing  and  pianoforte 
changed    later    to    accomm.odate    the    Nor-    playing.     These  she  supplemented  later  by 


THE   LATE   EDVARD   GRIEG    (1843-I907.) 


430 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


further  musical  studies  in  London,  and  she 
acquired  sufficient  skill  to  enable  her  to  ap- 
pear acceptably  as  a  soloist  at  orchestral  con- 
certs in  Bergen.  It  was  a  home  surcharged 
with  a  musical  atmosphere  into  which  Ed- 
vard  Grieg  was  born;  and  his  mother  must 
have  dreamed  of  making  him  a  musician,  for 
she  began  to  give  him  pianoforte  lessons 
when  he  was  only  six  years  old.  Though  he 
disliked  school  (he  appears  to  have  been  a 
typical  youngster  in  his  fondness  for  **  play- 
ing hookey"),  the  boy  made  commendable 
progress  in  his  music  and  even  tried  his  hand 
at  little  compositions  of  his  own ;  but  before 
his  fifteenth  year  there  was  no  serious 
thought  of  a  musical  career  for  him.  In 
that  year  Ole  Bull,  the  celebrated  Norwegian 
violinist,  visited  his  father*s  house,  and  hav- 
ing heard  the  lad  play  some  of  his  youthful 
pieces,  prevailed  upon  his  parents  to  send 
him  to  Leipsic,  that  he  might  become  a  pro- 
fessional musician.  It  was  all  arranged  very 
quickly  one  summer  afternoon ;  the  fond  par- 
ents needed  little  coaxing,  and  to  the  boy 
'*  it  seemed  the  most  natural  thing  in  the 
world," 

Matriculated  at  the  Leipsic  Conservatory 
in  1858,  at  first  young  Grieg  made  slow 
progress.  He  studied  harmony  and  counter- 
point under  Hauptmann  and  Richter,  com- 
position under  Reitz  and  Reinecke,  and 
pianoforte  playing  under  Wenzcl  and  Mos- 
cheles.  At  the  conservatory  at  that  time 
were  five  English  students,  among  them 
Arthur  Sullivan,  J.  F.  Barnett  and  Edward 
Dannrcuther,  who  subsequently  became  lead- 
ers in  the  musical  life  of  London,  and  theii 
unstinting  toil  and  patience  in  drudger>'  in- 
spired the  young  Norwegian  to  greater  con- 
centration of  effort  than  his  frail  physique 
could  stand,  and  under  the  strain  he  broke 
down  completely.  He  was  taken  back  to 
Norway,  where  it  was  necessary-  for  him  to 
remain  the  greater  part  of  a  year  to  recuper- 
ate. But  as  soon  as  he  was  able  he  returned 
to  Leipsic  and  was  graduated,  with  honors, 
in  1862. 

At  Leipsic  Grieg  came  strongly  under  the 
sway  of  Mendelssohn  and  Schumann,  He 
did  not  escape  from  that  influence  when  he 
went  to  Copenhagen,  in  186.^,  to  study  com- 
position informally  with  Niels  Gade,  a 
Scandinavian  composer,  but  one  whose  na- 
tional traits  were  all  but  buried  under  the 
elegant  formalism  of  the  Mendelssohn 
school.  While  Grieg  always  held  Gade  in 
high  esteem  the  two  musicians  really  had 
little   in   common,  and   the  slight   influence 


of  the  Dane  was  speedily  superseded  by  that 
of  Rickard  Nordraak,  a  young  Norwegian 
composer  of  brilliant  promise,  who  d'xtd  in 
1866,  before  completing  his  twenty- fourth 
year.  Nordraak  was  intensely  ambitious  to 
produce  a  genuinely  national  Norse  music, 
and,  brief  as  their  friendship  was,  it  served 
to  set  Grieg,  whose  talents  lay  in  the  same 
direction,  on  the  right  path.  Now  fairly 
launched  upon  the  career  of  a  piano  virtuoso 
and  composer,  he  became  a  "  determined  ad- 
versary of  the  effeminate  Scandinavianism 
which  was  a  mixture  of  Gade  and  Mendels- 
sohn," and  with  enthusiasm  entered  upon  the 
work  of  developing  independently  in  artistic 
forms  the  musical  idioms  of  his  people. 

In  1867  Grieg  married  Miss  Nina  Hager- 
up,  his  cousin,  who  had  inspired  and  who 
continued  to  inspire  many  of  his  best  songs; 
and  whose  singing  of  them  helped  to  spread 
her  husband's  fame  in  many  European  cities. 
In  1867  also  he  founded  in  Christiania  a 
musical  union  of  the  followers  of  the  new 
Norse  school,  which  he  continued  to  conduct 
for  thirteen  years.  Besides  concertizing  in 
the  chief  Scandinavian  and  German  cities, 
and  making  an  artistic  pilgrimage  to  Italy  in 
1865,  Grieg  at  this  period  was  increasingly 
industrious  in  composition.  He  was  remark- 
ably active  for  a  semi-invalid.  He  had  found 
himself;  and  he  continued  to  develop  his 
creative  powers  in  the  production  of  music 
that  was  not  only  nationally  idiomatic,  but 
thoroughly  suffused  with  the  real  spirit  of 
his  land  and  his  people.  In  1868  the  great 
Franz  Liszt  happened  upon  his  first  violin 
sonata  (Opus  8)  and  forthwith  sent  him  a 
cordial  letter  of  commendation  and  encour- 
agement, inviting  him  to  Weimer.  This 
letter  induced  the  Norwegian  Government  to 
grant  him  a  sum  of  money  that  enabled  him 
to  go  again  to  Rome  in  1870,  where  he  met 
Liszt,  and  the  two  musicians  at  once  becanic 
firm  friends.  At  their  sc<:ond  meeting 
Liszt  played  from  the  manuscript  Grieg's 
piano  concerto  (Opus  16),  and  when  he  had 
finished,  said:  *'  Keep  steadily  on;  I  tell  you, 
you  have  the  capability,  and, — do  not  let 
them  intimidate  you ! "  The  big,  great- 
hearted Liszt  feared  that  the  frail  little  man 
from  the  far  North  might  be  in  danger  of 
intimidation ;  but  his  spirit  was  brave  enough 
at  all  times, — though  he  wrote  to  his  parents: 
"  This  final  admonition  was  of  tremendous 
importance  to  me ;  there  was  something  in  it 
that  seemed  to  give  it  an  air  of  sanctifica- 
tion." 

Thenceforward     the    recognition    of    his 


EDl^ARD  GRIEG,   -  THE  CHOPIN  OF   THE  NORTH/' 


431 


genius  steadily  increased.  In  1872  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Swedish  Academy 
of  Music;  in  1883  a  corresponding  member 
of  the  Musical  Academy  at  Leyden;  in  1890, 
of  the  French  Academy  of  Fine  Arts.  In 
1893  the  University  of  Cambridge  conferred 
on  him  the  doctorate  in  music,  at  the  same 
time  that  it  honored  by  the  bestowal  of  this 
degree  Tchaikovsky,  Saint-Saens,  Bo'ito,  and 
Max  Bruch.  His  later  years  were  spent, 
except  when  on  his  concert  tours,  chiefly  at 
his  beautiful  country  home,  the  villa  Trold- 
haugen,  near  Bergen. 

Although  Grieg  never  crossed  the  ocean, 
in  America  for  the  last  fifteen  or  twenty 
years  it  is  safe  to  say  no  contemporary  com- 
poser had  enjoyed  a  wider  pouplarity  among 
people  who  love  good  music.  There  is 
scarcely  a  town  of  more  than  a  thousand 
souls  anywhere  in  this  broad  land  where 
Grieg's  charming  little  piano  pieces  are  not 
played  and  enjoyed.  While  his  beautiful 
songs  are  not  so  well  known  among  us  as 
they  deserve  to  be,  for  they  contain  the  best 
of  all  his  work,  they  are  constantly  gaining 
admirers  among  the  musically  discriminat- 
ing. Theodore  Thomas  and  Anton  Seidl  did 
•much  to  popularize  his  orchestral  composi- 
tions, playing  repeatedly  wherever  their  or- 
chestras were  heard  his  "  Peer  Gynt  Suites," 
**  Northern  Melodies,"  and  Norwegian 
Dances." 

It  was  Hans  von  Billow  who  called  Grieg 
the  "  Chopin  of  the  North,"  and  the  sobri- 
quet was  not  inappropriate.  It  cannot  be 
doubted  that  Chopin's  bold  new  harmony 
was  one  of  the  sub-conscious  forces  that 
helped  to  shape  Grieg's  musical  genius.  His 
mother  appreciated  and  delighted  in  Chopin's 
music  at  a  time  when  it  was  little  under- 
stood and  much  underrated ;  and  from  child- 
hood Chopin  was  Grieg's  best-loved  com- 
poser. In  his  student  days  he  was  deeply 
moved  by  the  "  intense  minor  mood  of  the 
Slavic  folk-music  in  Chopin's  harmonies  and 
the  sadness  over  the  unhappy  fate  of  his 
native  land  in  his  melodies."  The  musical 
styles  of  the  two  masters  have  many  points 
of  similarity.  They  are  akin  in  refinement, 
in  the  kind  and  even  the  degree  of  originality 
with  which  each  has  enriched  his  art,  in  many 
of  their  aims  and  methods.  After  Chopin, 
Grieg  is  perhaps  the  greatest  nationalist 
among  composers;  and  like  the  great  Pole 
again  he  raised  his  nationalism  into  world- 
wide acceptation, — he  wrote  in  no  dialect. 


but  in  the  universal  language.  If  Grieg 
never  quite  attained  to  the  heights  of  Chopin 
in  his  pianoforte  music,  he  surpassed  his 
Polish  predecessor  in  the  ability  to  handle 
other  instruments  and  in  his  songs,  of  which 
he  published  no  fewer  than  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five. 

It  is  these  songs  that  constitute  Edvard 
Grieg's  highest  achievement;  and  in  all  his 
music  he  is  first  of  all  the  singer, — amazingly 
fertile  in  easily  comprehensible  and  alluring 
melodies.  He  patterned  these  original  melo- 
dies after  the  folk-songs  of  that  Northland 
he  loved  so  ardently,  just  as  he  often  em- 
ployed the  rhythms  of  its  folk-dances;  and 
by  these  means  he  imparted  to  his  work  a 
fascinating  exotic  touch  and  succeeded  in 
evoking  as  if  by  magic  the  moods  of  the  land 
and  the  people.  He  is  an  impressionist  in 
music,  who  gives  us  intimate  glimpses  of  the 
rugged  grandeurs  of  his  country  and  charm- 
ing portraits  of  its  lusty,  yet  often  melan- 
choly, sons  and  daughters;  and  his  tone-pic- 
tures are  always  refined  by  an  exquisite  deli- 
cacy of  feeling. 

The  place  which  posterity  will  assign  to 
this  Norse  composer  in  the  musical  Pantheon 
it  is  not  difiicult  to  forecast.  He  must  long 
continue  to  rank,  along  with  Schubert  and 
Robert  Franz,  in  the  small  group  of  the 
world's  greatest  lyrists.  He  wrote  no  operas 
and  he  composed  no  great  symphonies.  His 
physical  infirmity  militated  against  the  sus- 
tained effort  necessary  for  the  creation  of 
works  in  these  kinds;  but  it  is  also  plain 
from  the  work  he  did  when  at  his  best  that 
his  inclination  and  his  powers  led  him  into 
other  fields.  He  possessed  the  dramatic  qual- 
ities and  ability  slightly,  the  epic  not  at  all. 
His  nearest  approach  to  symphonic  breadth 
is  to  be  found  in  his  charming  piano  con- 
certo, his  sonatas  for  violin  and  pianoforte, 
his  string  quartet  and  his  "  Peer  Gynt " 
music.  But  these  beautiful  compositions  are, 
after  all,  only  lyrics  of  a  larger  growth. 
This  is  not  to  disparage  simple  song.  It  is 
enough  for  Edvard  Grieg's  lasting  fame  that 
he  did  have  in  rare  abundance  the  pure  lyric 
quality, — that  close  and  delicate  touch  upon 
the  heart  strings  that  makes  them  vibrate  in 
sympathy  with  all  the  little  importances  and 
importunities  of  individual  human  life; 
which,  indeed,  often  are  the  very  points  of 
departure  in  common  things  whence  the 
spirit  wings  its  temporary  flights  into  the 
empyrean. 


r  PUN  JAB""  ^,  V^         T 


BET 


■^, 


La^s> 


MODERN    INDIA    AND    ITS     POLITICAL    DIVISIONS. 


(The British  Indian  provinces  are  Indicated  by  the  purely  white  spaces  on  this  map.  The  native  tribu- 
tary and  protected  states  and  the  fully  Independent  states  are  Indicated  by  the  kev  at  the  foot  of  the 
map.  What  was  formerly  known  as  Benpal.  covering  the  divisions  indicated  here  as*  the  United  Provlnc«*s 
r.nd  the  Lower  l»rovlnc"s,  was  divided  during  Lord  Curzon's  vice-regency.  The  exact  line  of  lioundarr 
b4.twe.n  the  two  provinces  Is  as  jet  uncertain,  even  In  the  official  surveys,  and   therefore  cannot   be  tadt 


PALACE    OF    THE    BEGUM    OF    BHOPAL. 
(The  Begum  is  the  only  woman  who  rules  a  state  In  India  to-day. ) 


INDIA:     A  NATION  IN  THE  MAKING. 

BY   W.    M.    ZUMBRO.    . 

(President  of  the  American  College,  Madura,  India.) 


T^HE  world's  political  center  of  gravity 
is  changing.  If  one  were  asked  to 
name  the  four  or  five  most  significant  events 
that  have  happened  during  the  last  twelve 
months,  he  should  include  among  them  these 
three :  The  adoption  of  a  constitutional  form 
of  government  by  Persia,  the  insistence  by 
the  last  session  of  the  Indian  National  Con- 
gress upon  the  rights  of  the  Indian  people  as 
British  subjects  to  govern  themselves,  and 
the  decree  issued  by  the  Emperor  of  China 
calling  upon  the  Chinese  to  prepare  so  that 
within  ten  years  that  empire  would  be  ready 
to  adopt  a  constitutional  form  of  govern- 
ment. 

India  Is  well  within  the  circle  of  this 
world  movement.  There  are  many  things 
to  indicate  that  the  people  of  India  are  slow- 
ly finding  themselves,  are  coming  to  their 
own-  Everywhere  there  is  ferment  and  a 
murmur  of  discontent.  The  cry  "  Bande 
mataram!*'  (Hail  to  the  mother  country!) 
is  heard  throughout  the  land,  and  "  swaraj  " 
(home  rule)  and  **  swadeshi  "  (home  coun- 


try) have  become  words  of  magic  to  conjure 
with.  What  does  it  all  mean?  Briefly  and 
fundamentally  it  means  this:  A  new  nation 
is  about  to  be  born. 

There  are  three  dominant  notes  in  the 
murmur  of  discontent,  one  political,  another 
industrial,  and  the  third  religious  and  social. 
During  Christmas  week  of  1906  Dadabhai 
Naoroji,  a  Parsee  gentleman  of  Bombay, 
for  some  years  past  resident  in  England 
and  formerly  a  member  of  the  British  Par- 
liament, in  the  course  of  his  presidential  ad- 
dress at  the  opening  of  the  twenty-second  ses- 
sion of  the  Indian  National  Congress  insisted 
upon  the  right  of  the  Indian  people  as  Brit- 
ish subjects  to  govern  themselves  and  asked 
that  this  right  be  realized.  There  were 
nearly  10,000  delegates  and  visitors  present, 
and  the  address  was  received  with  a  tumult 
of  applause.  The  members  of  the  Congress 
belong  for  the  most  part  to  the  "  Moderate  " 
party.  They  maintain  an  attitude  of  confi- 
dence toward  the  British  Government  and 
believe  that  in  the  end  they  will  gain  what 


434 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REI^JEU/S. 


they  ask  by  persistenN  agitation.  They  do 
not  on  any  account  wish  the  guiding  hand 
of  the  British  Raj  to  be  withdrawn,  for  they 
know  full  well  that  the  people  of  India  are 
not  yet  ready  to  take  the  government  into 
their  own  hands.  There  is,  on  the  other 
hand,  an  "  Extreme  "  party,  led  by  such  men 
as  Bal  Ghanghadar  Tilak,  of  Poona,  Bipin 
Chandar  Pal,  of  Calcutta,  and  Lala  Lajpat 
Rai,  of  Lahore,  who  openly  assert  that  it  is 
useless  to  continue  to  ask  the  government 
for  what  they  want,  that  to  do  so  is  to  play 
the  part  of  beggars,  and  that  the  thing  to  do 
is  to  take  by  force  what  they  cannot  get 
otherwise. 

HOW    INDIA    IS    GOVERNED   TO-DAY. 

In  order  to  understand  the  significance  of 
the  demand  for  a  larger  measure  of  self-gov- 
ernment it  is  necessary  to  have  in  mind  just 
what  part  the  people  of  India  now  have  in 
the  administration  of  their  own  affairs.  The 
Indian  Government  has  two  centers,  one  in 
England,  the  other  in  India.  The  home  gov- 
ernment is  vested  in  a  Secretary  of  State  for 
India,  who  is  a  member  of  the  British  cab- 
inet, assisted  by  an  under-secretary  and  a 
cabinet  of  fifteen  members.     No  Indian  gen- 


tleman has  ever  been  a  member  of  this 
cabinet.  In  India  the  government  is  vested 
in  a  Viceroy,  or  Governor-General,  ap- 
pointed by  the  Crown,  and  acting  under 
the  control  of  the  Secretary  of  State 
for  India.  He  is  assisted  by  a  council 
of  five  ordinary  members,  and  when  the 
council  acts  as  a  legislative  body  there  arc 
from  ten  to  sixteen  additional  members,  half 
of  them  being  "  non-official."  None  of  the 
ordinary  and  not  more  than  four  of  the  non- 
official  members  of  the  Viceroy's  council  are 
Indians. 

The  empire  is  divided  into  provinces,  the 
six  most  important  of  which  are  Bombay. 
Madras,  Bengal,  the  United  Provinces  of 
Agra  and  Oudh,  the  Punjab,  and  Burma, 
each  under  a  Governor  or  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, and  each  with  a  council.  These  coun- 
cils are  modeled  after  the  Viceroy's  council 
and  have  official  and  non-official  members. 
Indians  may  serve  only  as  non-official  mem- 
bers. These  Indian  members  may  take  part 
in  the  discussions  and  vote  as  do  the  English 
members,  but  they  are  always  in  a  hopeless 
minority  should  any  question  come  up  in 
which  there  is  a  clash  between  the  interests 
of  the  rulers  and  the  ruled. 


SORTING    THE    MAIL,    POSTMASTER-GENERAL'S    OFFICE,    BHOPAL. 


INDIA:    A  NATION  IN   THE  MAKING. 


435 


EXAMINATION    TIME    IN    AN    AMERICAN    HIGH    SCHOOL   IN    INDIA. 


For  administrative  purposes  these  prov- 
inces are  divided  into  districts,  of  which 
there  are  in  all  250,  each  district  having  its 
own  department  of  administration,  justice, 
public  works,  health  and  sanitation,  and  po- 
lice. Usually,  though  not  always,  the  heads 
of  these  various  departments  are  English- 
men. On  the  other  hand,  far  and  away  the 
larger  number  of  government  positions  are 
held  by  the  people. 
Out  of  over  114,000 
positions  carrying  a 
salary  of  $300  or  over 
per  year  97  per  cent, 
are  held  by  Indians. 

THE     IXDUSTRIAL     SIT- 
UATION. 

The  second  note  of 
discontent  is  indus- 
trial. In  October, 
1905,  on  the  day  that 
Lord  Curzon's  order 
for  the  partition  of 
Bengal  went  into  ef- 
fect, a  large  crowd 
marched  through  the 
streets  of  Calcutta, 
flags  and  banners  fly- 
ing, and  later  went  to 
the  temple  of  Kali 
where,  in  the  presence 
of  the  goddess,  they 
took  a  vow  that   they 


would  no  longer  buy  foreign  goods,  especial- 
ly English  goods,  the  penalty  to  be  that  they 
would  give  of  their  blood  to  Kali.  Thus  be- 
gan the  Swadeshi  movement.  As  a  move- 
ment to  boycott  foreign  goods  it  is  a  failure, 
but  as  an  attempt  to  revive  and  reorganize 
the  waning  industries  of  the  country  it  is 
exerting  a  most  helpful  influence. 

In  India  the  industrial  situation  is  critical. 


THE   AMERICAN    HOSPITAL,    MADURA,    SOUTH    INDIA. 

(This  hospital,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Frank  Van  Allen,  was  built  almost 
entirely  frood  contributions  of  Hindu  and  Mohammedan  friends.) 


436 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^^JEIV  OF  REl^lElVS. 


THE   HINDU     PLOW    CONSISTS    OF    THREE    CROOKED    STICKS. 


There  are  many  reasons  for  this.  Scientific 
and  industrial  education  has  been  almost 
wJiolly  neglected,  and  save  among  the  Par- 
sees  the  educated  classes  have  held  themselves 
entirely  aloof  from  industrial  pursuits.  This 
leaves  the  industries  in  the  hands  of  the 
ignorant  and  conservative  classes,  who 
neither  invent  new  nor  improve  old  methods. 
The  result  is  seen  everywhere.  Take  ag- 
riculture: The  population  numbers  about 
300,ooo,cxx),  in  a  territory  half  the  size  of 
the  United  States,  so  that  the  problem  of 
getting  enough  to  eat  is  serious.  The  meth- 
ods and  implements  of  the  farmer  are  of  the 
most  primitive  kind.  The  plow  consists  of 
three  crooked  sticks  fastened  together.  A 
large  part  of  the  land  which  might  be  culti- 
vated is  uncultivated  because  the  farmer  has 
not  found  out  the  way  to  cultivate  it  with 
profit.  In  1903-4  the  following  conditions 
prevailed  with  reference  to  agriculture:* 

Total  area  (British  India  only) 554.r.36.000 

Forest    67.1 04.0or» 

Not  available  for  cultivation l.S8.3.n2.00(> 

Current    fallows 36,870.0O(» 

Cultivable  waste  other  than  fallows...  .103.301.000 
Net  area  cropped 208,817,000 

From  this  it  will  be  seen  that  the  net  area 
cropped  is  only  about  37.5  per  cent,  of  the 
total  area,  while  there  is  over  18  per  cent, 
of  the  total  area  left  waste  which  is  capable 
of  cultivation. 

The  disastrous  effects  of  this  neglect  of 

•  8tatl8tl«?8  taken  from  the  '*  Statesman's  Year 
Book,"  1907. 


industries  by  the  educated  classes  is  also  seen 
in  the  decadence  of  the  industrial  arts.  The 
artisans  still  work  under  the  old  hand  regime 
where  the  work  is  done  at  home  instead  of 
under  the  modern  regime  of  the  machine  and 
the  factory.     However  cheap  labor  may  be 


AN    AMERICAN    KINDERGARTEN. 


INDIA:    A  NATION  IN   THE  h4AKlNG. 


437 


WHERE  THE  INDIAN   MERCHANT  SELLS   HIS   WARES. 


in  India,  it  is  no  longer  as  cheap  as  a  ma-  rank  in  the  trade  of  the  world,  having  been 
chine,  and  the  artisan  is  being  driven  to  the  a  large  producer  of  commodities  that  were 
wall.  From  the  earliest  periods  of  history  highly  prized  in  general  commerce.  Since 
up  to  very  recent  times  India  had  held  high    1834,  when  the  East  India  Company  was 

deprived  of  its  monop- 
oly, there  has  been  a 
large  increase  in  the 
commerce  of  India, 
the  exports  rising  from 
a  total  of  $50,000,- 
000  in  that  year  to 
over  $580,000,000  in 
1903-4.  But  the  ex- 
ports during  the  early 
period  consisted  large- 
ly in  manufactured  ar- 
tides,  while  to-day 
they  are  largely  raw 
materials.  Textiles, 
once  an  important  ex- 
port, now  far  exceed 
all  other  imports, 
amounting  to  t  w  o  - 
thirds  of  the  whole. 
Cotton  grown  in  the 
country  can  be  shipped 
to  England,  spun,   the 


TOBACCO   CROWING   IN    SOUTHERN    INDIA. 


438 


THE  AMERICAN  REl/fEU^  OF  REVIEWS. 


A   GROUP   OF   INDIAN    CHRISTIAN    MINISTERS    IN    SOUTHERN     INDIA. 


doth  woven  on  the  looms  of  Manchester, 
sent  back,  and  sold  in  the  bazaars  just  a  lit- 
tle cheaper  than  the  native  artisan  can  sell 
the  cloth  woven  on  his  hand  loom. 

Not  only  are  the  old  industries  declining, 
but  the  new  economic  wants  that  are  devel- 
oping are  being  supplied  by  articles  imported 
from  abroad  rather  than  manufactured  at 
home.  About  65  per  cent,  of  the  population 
is  engaged  in  agriculture.  When  the  rains 
fail,  as  so  often  happens,  the  people  are  face 
to  face  with  famine  conditions,  a  situation 
which  might  be  greatly  relieved  by  the  or- 
ganization of  new  industries. 

Caste  exclusiveness,  suspicion,  and  lack  of 
business  integrit>'  make  it  as  yet  impossible, 
save  among  the  Parsees,  for  the  people  of  the 
country,  to  any  considerable  extent,  to  or- 
ganize commercial  enterprises.  Some  years 
ago,  in  the  city  of  Madura,  a  number  of  In- 
dian gentlemen  thought  they  would  build  a 
cotton-spinning  mill  to  spin  the  cotton  grown 
nearby.  A  considerable  amount  of  capital 
was  subscribed,  but  when  it  came  to  actually 
paying  in  the  money  to  start  the  building  no 
one  would  do  it,  and  so  they  bought  their 
wives  and  daughters  new  jewels  instead. 


It  is  sometimes  said  that  the  reason  for  the 
present  industrial  depression  is  to  be  found 
in  the  excessive  burdens  of  taxation  which 
the  people  are  compelled  to  bear.  In  ans^^-cr 
to  this  it  IS  perhaps  sufficient  to  cite  statis- 
tics from  government  records  gathered  by 
the  editor  of  The  East  and  IVest  and  pub- 
h'shed  in  the  June  (1907)  number  of  that 
magazine.  These  data  show  that  in  the  ten 
districts  of  the  Bombay  Presidency  investi- 
gated the  annual  assessment  averaged  from  a 
little  over  50  cents  to  $1  per  capita,  while 
the  assessment  varied  from  about  16  to  50 
cents  per  acre,  according  to  kind  of  soil. 

SOCIAL   AND   RELIGIOUS  DISCONTENT. 

The  third  note  of  discontent  is  social  and 
religious.  Recently  "  His  Holiness,  the 
Guru  of  Shirali,"  called  a  "  Mahasabha  "  or 
great  council  of  the  Saraswat  Brahmins,  for 
whom  His  Holiness  is  the  spiritual  head,  to 
consider  measures  whereby  to  overcome  the 
increasing  tendency  of  the  people  to  resort  to 
foreign  travel.  According  to  His  Holiness' 
interpretation  of  the  Shastras,  foreign  travel 
is  forbidden,  and  he  is  consequently  much 
exercised   by   the  growing  tendency  among 


INDIA:    A  NATION  IN   THE  MAKING. 


439 


MOHAMMEDAN   GIRLS   STUDYING   IN    AN    AMERICAN    SCHOOL,    SOUTH    INDIA. 


I 


his  people  to  condone  such  travel.  The  interests  of  India  cross  those  of  England,  as 
Guru  has  stood  firm  and  has  issued  bull  after  in  the  matter  of  an  import  duty  on  English 
bull  condemning  those  who  have  returned 
after  such  voyages,  and  has  forbidden  the  or- 
thodox to  have  any  intercourse  with  them  on 
their  return,  but,  in  the  language  of  a  writer 
in  the  Indian  Social  Reformer,  "  the  rising 
spirit  will  not  down."  The  heart  of  India 
remains  deeply  religious,  but  the  intelligence 
of  India  is  demanding  that  what  has  been 
long  outgrown  shall  now  be  discarded.  Just 
as  to-day  the  tools  of  industry  are  antiquated 
and  inefficient,  so  also  many  of  the  social  con- 
ventions, religious  beliefs,  superstitions  and 
practices  belong  back  in  the  days  of  Greece 
and  Rome.  In  the  name  of  their  holy  reli- 
gion the  priests  forbid  foreign  travel,  remar- 
riage of  widows,  the  attainment  of  mature 
age  before  marriage,  intermarriage  and  in- 
terdining  between  the  different  castes  and 
sub-castes,  and  plant  themselves  athwart 
every  effort  made  to  introduce  reforms  im- 
peratively needed. 

WHAT  IS  England's  attitude? 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  England 
means  to  do  the  fair  thing  with  India,  some- 
times slowly  perhaps  and  rather  grudgingly 
in  some  matters,  not  Infrequently,  when  the  women  pounding  rice. 


440 


THB  AMERICAN  REyiEW  OF  REyiEl^S. 


TOWER   OF   THE   TEMPLE  AT   SRIRANGAM    ('DR AVID- 
IAN.) 


country  than  is  to  be  found  in  India.  Sym- 
pathy with  the  rilled  there  may  not  always 
be,  misunderstandings  there  are  a-plenty,  and 
the  Britisher  is  too  often  inclined  to  look 
with  proud  ■  disdain  upon  the  people  over 
whom  he  e?^crcises  lordship,  but  he  cannot  be 
accused  of  neglect  of  duty,  inefficiency  or 
graft. 

England  is  fully  aware  that  a  new  situa- 
tion has  developed  and  is  preparing  to  meet 
it.  Lord  Minto  has  already  appointed  a 
committee  to  consider  whether  the  time  has. 
come  to  give  India  some  form  of  representa- 
tive government.  This  committee  has  made 
its  report,,  and  the  government  recommenda- 
tions based  ort  it  have  been  sent  home  to  Eng- 
land, but  until  the  reply  of  the  Secretary  of 
State  has  been  received  it  will  not  be  made 
public  just  what  the  recommendations  are. 
Meanwhile,  Mr.  Morley,  in  his  last  budget 
speech,  proposes  the  following  changes  in 
the  administration  of  the  Indian  Empire: 
(i)  The  establishment  in  India  of  an  ad- 
visory '*  Council  of  Notables";  (2)  a  sub- 
stantial enlargement  of  the  Legislative  Coun- 
cils in  India,  both  the  Governor-General's 
Council  and  the  Provincial  Legislative 
textiles,  sacrificing  the  former  to  the  latter,  Councils;  (3)  the  nomination  by  the  Secrc- 
but  yet  in  the  long  run  determined  that  India  tary  of  State  for  India  of  one  and  perhaps 
shall  have  a  square  deal  and  when  the  time  two  Indian  gentlemen  to  be  members  of  the 
comes  a  government  of  her  own.  Indian  Council  in  London.     The  latest  in- 

The  fact  that  unrest  exists  is  no  discredit  formation  is  that  Mr.  Morley  has  already 
to  England;  rather  it 
is  the  best  possible  tes- 
timony to  the  excell- 
ence of  her  work.  As 
Mr.  Morley  said  in 
his  budget  speech  of  a 
year  ago,  "  Every  one, 
— soldiers,  travelers, 
and  journalists, — they 
all  tell  us  that  there 
is  a  new  spirit  abroad 
in  India.  Be  it  so. 
How  could  you  expect 
anything  else?  You 
have  been  educating 
jhe  people  for  years 
with  western  ideas  and 
literature,  and  )^ou 
have  already  given 
them  facilities  for  com- 
munication with  one 
another."  Probably  no- 
where in  the  world  is 
there  a  more  efficient, 
upright,  faithful  body 
of   men   set   to   rule   a 


INNER    SIDE   OF   THE    WEST   GATEWAY   TO   THE    BUDDHIST  TOPE,    SANCHI. 
(This  remarkable  stone  carving  belongs  to  the  first    century    A.D.      Its 


win;?ed  lions  ari»  similar  to  those  mentioned  in  the  Bible, 
believed  to  1h?  due  to  Assyrian  Influence.) 


The  forms  are 


INDIA:    A  NATION  IN   THE  MAKING. 


44t 


•  A    BRAHMIN    ( ARYAN')    FAMILY. 


introduced  into  the  British  Parliament  legis- 
lation looking  toward  the  bringing  about  of 
these  changes. 

It  is  evident,  however,  that  the  Indian 
Government  is  much  concerned  about  the 
present  unrest.  Around  Lahore  certain  agi- 
tators like  Ajit  Singh  have  been  inflaming 
the  people  by  seditious  speeches  and  inciting 
to  open  revolt,  seeking  especially  to  influence 
the  Sikhs,  many  of  whom  are  in  the  army. 
On  May  7  a  warrant  was  issued  for  the  ar- 
rest of  Ajit  Singh  and  Lala  Lajpat  Rai. 
The  former  escaped,  though  he  was  taken 
later,  but  Rai  was  arrested  and  without  trial 
deported  to  Rangoon  "  for  reasons  of  state." 
A  considerate  portion  of  the  native  press  has 
of  late  been  publishing  scurrilous  attacks  on 
the  government,  and  it  became  imperative 
to  put  down  with  a  firm  hand  such  proceed- 
ings. Thousands  still  die  of  plague,  and  agi- 
tators played  upon  the  superstitions  of  the 
people  by  tales  of  the  British  oflicials  caus- 
ing plague  by  putting  poison  in  wells.  May 
10,  of  this  yeat^;  was  the  anniversary  of  the 
breaking  out  of  the  great  Sepoy  Mutiny  at 
Mcenit,  and  as  that  day  drew  near  a  rumor 
was  started   that  on   this  anniversary  Lala 


Lajpat  Rai  was  intending  to  march  on 
Lahore  with  an  army  and  begin  a  military 
movement  against  the  government.  To  pre- 
vent this  a  considerable  detachment  of  sol- 
diers was  hurried  to  the  city  and  prompt 
nieasures  taken  to  prevent  what  it  was  feared 
might  be  a  serious  uprising.  There  was  some 
rioting  at  Rawalpindi,  near  Lahore,  two  or 
three  villages  were  burned,  and  some  mission, 
property  destroyed,  but  later  information 
gives  little  evidence  to  show  that  an  armed 
uprising  had  been  seriously  contemplated. 

WHO   ARE   THE    PEOPLE   OF   INDIA? 

The  population  of  India  is  made  up  of  a 
multitude  of  races  and  tongues  gathered  from 
many  lands,  representing  many  creeds,  di- 
vided, discordant,  oftentimes  hating  each 
other,  and  until  recently  doing  all  that  ihey 
could  to  prevent  assimilation  into  one  people. 
There  are  the  aborigines,  now  driven  back 
into  the  forests  and  mountain  fastnesses;  the 
Dravidian,  who  came  into  India  long  be- 
fore the  coming  of  the  Aryans  and  for  a  time 
occupied  nearly  the  whole  of  the  peninsula, 
though  later  driven  southward;  the  Aryan, 
who  came  down  through  the  northwest  pass 


442 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


about  2000  B.  C,  and  who  at  once  asserted 
and  has  since  maintained  his  superiority  over 
the  other  races;  and  the  later  comers,  Jew 
and  Arab,  Scyth,  Tartar,  and  Mogul,  each 
maintaining  so  far  as  possible  his  separate 
life,  and  refusing  to  blend  with  his  neighbors. 

And  yet  these  divergent  peoples  are  being 
drawn  together  and  fused  into  one  nation. 
The  Hindus  and  Mohanimedans  have  for 
centuries  been  enemies,  and  ytt  Surendra 
Nath  Bannerji,  a  Bengal  Babu,  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Swadeshi  movement,  addressing 
the  Mohammedans  at  their  great  Bakra  Id 
festival,  said :  "  We  are  no  longer  Hindus 
and  Mohammedans,  we  are  Indians,"  a  sen- 
timent which  would  have  been  impossible 
five  years  ago. 

No  people  can  unite  to  form  a  nation  un- 
less they  have  a  common  language.  This 
India  has  never  had,  the  last  census  giving 
as  many  as  sixteen  different  languages,  each 
spoken  by  from  3,000,000  to  90,000,000, 
while  more  than  160  minor  diajects  are 
recognized.  A  century  of  English  rule  has 
made  possible  a  common  language.  English 
is  now  the  language  of  instruction  in^all  the 
high-schools  and  colleges  throughout  the  em- 
pire; it  is  also  the  official,  as  it  is  fast  becom- 
ing   the    commercial,    language.      A    visitor 


A    TOD  A    MAN. 

(In   the  blue   Nll^rls   are   to   be   found    the   Todas, 
remnfint  of  a  fine  race  now  dying  out.) 


A    WOMAN    OF    THE    HILLS,    SOUTHERN     INDLX. 

from,  America  who  may  happen  to  attend  the 
National  Congress  will  perhaps  be  surprised 
to  see  the  10,000  or  more  delegates,  splendid 
fellows  from  all  over  the  empire,  holding 
dignified  conference  over  the  various  prob- 
lems that  present  themselves,  but  he  will  \x 
still  more  surprised  to  find  that  the  proceed- 
ings are  all  conducted  in  English,  the  only 
language  that  is  common  among  the  dele- 
gates. 

What  part  are  the  Indian  people  taking 
in  their  own  regeneration?  The  national 
organization  and  development  of  Congress 
is  the  best  thing  that  India  has  yet  done 
of  her  own  initiative  to  prepare  for  self- 
government.  It  is  not  an  official  body  and 
has  no  official  standing  with  government, 
but  by  it  public  opinion  is  being  formed  and 
a  new  national  spirit  created. 

India  is  alive  to  the  need  of  industrial  re- 
organization, and  there  is  coming  an  insis- 
tent demand  for  scientific  and  industrial  edu- 
cation to  supplement  the  exclusive  Iiterar>' 
and  philosophic  education  of  the  past. 
Young  men  in  increasing  numbers  arc  going 
to  Japan,  to  Europe,  and  to  America  to  study 
agriculture,  engineering,  applied  arts,  and 
sciences.  A  young  high-caste  mart  from 
India  has  recently  been  taking  a  course  at 
Pratt  Institute  and   studying  aoiong  other 


INDIA:    A  NATION  IN   THE  MAKING, 


443 


though  aside  from  what  has  been  done  by 
the  Parsees  there  is  not  much  to  the  credit 
of  the  Indian  people  in  the  way  of  organized 
industries. 

As  to  their  religion,  various  attempts  have 
been  made  to  reform  Hinduism,  but  with  lit- 
tle success,  as  the  Hindus  themselves  admit. 
The  Brahmo  and  Arya  Samaj  movements 
have  done  something,  but  they  do  not  in- 
crease as  one  might  expect  them  to.  Move- 
ments like  the  Young  Men's  Hindu  Asso- 
ciation accomplish  nothing.  The  priests  are 
frequently  corrupt  and  immoral.  Moreover, 
Hinduism  has  no  way  by  which  to  help  the 
low-caste  man.  A  few  years  ago  a  Brahman 
official  to  whom  the  Madras  government 
gave  the  important  duty  of  writing  the 
**  progress  report "  of  the  presidency  pointed 
out  that  "  from  a  Hindu  standpoint  there 
was  no  hope  for  the  social  amelioration  of 
the  outcaste  within  the  pale  of  Hinduism. 


AN    ARYAN    WOMAN. 


things  the  process  of  soap-making,  an  un- 
heard of  thing  in  the  past  and  significant  for 
the  future.  Mills  built  by  native  capital  are 
found    in   Bombay,   Bengal,   and   elsewhere. 


FAMILY  OF  THE  "  ROBBER  "  CASTE    (DRAVIDIAN), 
MADURA  DISTRICT. 


A   (.IRL  OF   THE    ABORIGINES. 

There  is  but  one  way  for  them  to  rise,  and 
that  is  to  accept  either  Mohammedanism  or 
Christianity."  The  editor  of  the  Christian 
Patriot,  commenting  on  this,  says:  "No 
Hindu  has  ever  challenged  that  statement 
made  in  a  public  report  of  government." 
The  Christian  community,  though  small, 
numbering  only  about  i  per  cent,  of  the  pop- 
ulation, is  admitted  on  all  hands  to  have  an 


444 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REl^lEl^^. 


A  GROrP  OF  TEACHERS   IN   THE  AMERICAN   COLLEGE,     MADURA. 


Influence  out  of  all  proportion  to  its  num- 
bers. It  is  the  only  community  that  has  the 
hope  of  the  morning  in  its  heart,  and  in  it 
and  in  the  gospel  which  it  preaches  lies  the 
future  of  India. 

What  part  is  America  taking  in  this  work 
of  creating  a  new  India?  Nothing  so  far  ai 
political  influence  goes,  and  practically  noth- 
ing commercially,  for  America's  trade  with 
India  is  insignificant,  amounting  in  1905  to 
$7*547.938  worth  of  exports  and  $53,238,- 
000  of  imports.  The  only  way  in  which 
America  is  directly  influencing  India  is 
through  her  missionaries.  There  are  about 
1 100  American  men  and  women  engaged  in 
mission  work.  They  have  gone  out  with  a 
few  simple  things  packed  away  in  their 
trunks, — the  Bible,  a  school  book,  a  few  tools 
and  implements  of  industry, — and  with  the 
American  idea  of  a  fair  chance  to  all  and 
a  helping  hand  to  the  one  who  is  in  need, 
they  have  scattered  out  into  the  cities  and  vil- 
lages and  out-of-the-way  places  and  there 
they  have  set  themselves  to  the  task  of  help- 
ing in  the  redemption  of  India.  Wherever 
they  have  gone  they  have  organized  schools, 
and  in  the  school  is  crystallized  much  of  the 
best  that  America  has.    The  following  table 


indicates  the  amount  of  educational  work 
carried  on  in  India  by  the  American  mis- 
sionaries: 

Primary  and  secondary  schools.  . .  .;i,r»4'J  1  S7,3p; 

(Colleges Ti  l,3ST 

Theological    seminaries T  19Z 

Industrial    schools 17  Kf^ 

Medical  scnools *A  I* 

Kindergartens 1*1  Wffl 

In  addition  to  this  a  considerable  nunibfr 
of  the  159  newspapers  and  m.iL^iiy.incs  mw 
published  in  India  are  published  by  Americir 
missionaries.  It  is  a  small  work  that  the^ 
are  doing  compared  with  the  much  lArgrf^ 
work  of  the  English,  but  it  is  something,  am! 
something  too  for  which  India  is  grateful. 
and  all  the  more  so  because  tht're  i>  no  po^ 
sibility  of  political  interest  back  of  it,  Al 
ready  India  is  sending  some  nf  her  cboicr 
sons  to  America  to  study  Amcrunn  in'^tifu 
tions  and  methods  of  industry,  and  soon 
many  more  will  be  coming  for  the  same  pur- 
pose. Some  of  the  American  schools  and  col- 
leges in  India,  like  the  American  coUcg^'iit 
Madura,  are  trjqng  to  reorganize  their  work 
so  as  to  offer  scientific  and  industrial  tnb* 
ing,  for  which,  however,  a  larger  income  ii 
imperative. 

India   has  splendid   achievements  to   her 


mOIA:    A  tJATIOhJ  IN   THE  MAKING. 


445 


TEMPLE  OF   TRIBHUVANESHWAR,    IN    ORISSA     (iNDO-ARYAN.) 


EXTERIOR  OF  THE   BUDDHIST   ROCK-CUT   TEMPLE   AT  AJANTA. 


446 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEI^S. 


credit  in  the  past.  The  Empire  of  Asoka 
was  one  of  the  greatest  of  pr^-Christian  em- 
pires, and  the  pillar  and  rock  inscriptions  of 
the  Asokan  era  form,  according  to  Rhys 
Davids,  one  of  the  most  important  of  any 
age.  Two  of  the  four  great  world  religions 
had  their  birth  in  India,  and  the  sacred  books 
of  the  Hindus  exceed  in  volume  those  of  any 
other  faith.  Nor  have  they  been  wanting  in 
other  literature.  Speaking  of  the  drama  of 
Sakuntala,  one  of  the  gems  of  Kalidasa,  a 
poet  who  flourished  at  the  court  of  Vikra- 
maditya,  the  first  great  Hindu  emperor  after 
the  decline  of  Buddhism,  Goethe  says: 

*'  Would'st  thou  the  young  year's  blossoms  and 
the  fruits  of  its  decline 
And  all  by  which   the   soul   is   charmed,   en- 
raptured, feasted,  fed, 
Would'st   thou   the  earth  and  heaven   itself  in 
one  sole  name  combine, 
I  name  thee,  O  Sakuntala,  and  all  at  once  is 
said." 

Where  is  there  in  all  the  world  a  gem  of 


architecture  equal  to  the  Taj  at  Agra  as  it 
stands  alone  in  its  own  exquisite  garden  on 
the  banks  of  the  Jumna,  the  finest  monument 
in  the  world  to  the  most  beautiful  of  senti- 
ments, the  love  of  man  for  woman? 

Still  greater  achievements  await  India  in 
the  future.  No  definite  plan  of  reorganiza- 
tion by  which  the  people  will  have  a  larger 
part  in  their  own  government  has  yet  been 
agreed  upon.  Perhaps  the  plan  that  w^ould 
be  most  popular  there  would  be  for  some 
member  of  the  royal  family  of  England  to 
become  the  permanent  Viceroy  and  establish 
his  own  court,  with  a  legislative  assembly, 
one  branch  of  which  at  least  should  be 
elected  by  the  people. 

While  there  are  possibilities  of  serious  dif- 
ficulty in  the  future,  there  seems  good  reason 
to  believe  that  the  present  discontent  is  but 
the  normal  sign  of  healthy  growth,  and  that 
out  of  the  womb  of  the  past  a  new  India  is 
being  born  fairer,  brighter,  truer,  nobler 
than  anything  that  the  past  has  ever  known. 


HIGHWAY    SHADED   BY    BANYAN    TREES,    SOUTH     INDIA. 


A  YANKEE  ENGINEER  ON  FIVE  CONTINENTS. 

BY  DAVID  F.  ST.  CLAIR. 

[-JAPPILY  placed  is  an 
individual  whose  sim- 
ple words  written  on  a 
piece  of  yellow  telc^^rnph 
paper  will  help  to  lift  the 
gluoui  Irrom  a  great  and 
sorely-  stricken  city.  After 
rhe  earthquake  the  people 
of  San  Francisco,  though 
their  life  pnicl aimed  confi- 
dence,  stood  dazed  am  Id  all 
their  disaster.  The  money 
m  feed  and  shelter  the  in- 
habitants would  come,  it 
was  coming,  but  the  va^it 
aiTkount  of  money  required 
for  the  rebuihiing  of 
the  city,  would  it  beirin 
liTDfUfitiy  to  come?  He- 
CBXkBc  of  p^aft  nnil  rinif 
rule,  the  cietiit  of  the  city 
before  the  disaster  was 
none  too  g<mdf  ami  a  disas- 
ter docs  not  always  appeal 
to  tlie  hearts  of  banters. 
No  cofiHimnity  has  m<jrc 
needed  the  help  of  strong 
t^en. 

It  was*  ill  this  crisis  that 
A   New  York  eni^neer  of- 
fered m  in^tkc  estimates  r>n 
the   cost  of   rehuilding  the 
city's  great  street  raihvass. 
He  did  not  want  the  con- 
tract of  rebuilding*    He  had 
fully    ^   much   ut>rk   else- 
wrll^rc  Ji*  he  could  do,  but  he  v^anterl  to  dit 
pvhat  be  cuuld  lo  hearten  and  strengthen  a 
mople  in  di^tfts*  and  miiiforrune  by  speak- 
(|l|t  the  w*jrd  that  w*Wffd  upen  the  coffers  n^ 
r  ' '^j  i*nd  both  the  stricken  cky  ?ind 

(I  ;k  b;inkii  knesv  there  was  tv.i  onr 

wiia  oitild  render  them  In^tter  mutual  serv- 
ice than  James  Gilbert  White. 

Tbi>  *^nr  act  reflects  something;  of  rhr 
|Ttcamite  of  the  m»n  find  his  place  in  rhe 
^orfd  as  *R  ^gineer  and  contractor.  He  is 
!-■'  f^  *  f:Mie  of  tlie  great  silent  forces  at  thi^ 
moment  in  the  world's  industrial  develop- 
ment,—-silent,  because  his  work  and  policies 


MK      ]AMF,I>    <:U.BF-RT    WHETE. 
li \iU.  I 


nowhere  directly  affect  politics.  As  the  engi- 


neer, tuntrartor.  and  hosJne>s  man.  this  quiet, 
dynamite  man  i>  huihlin^  up  rhe  world's  in- 
dnsrriaf  h^rce;;.  nithovit  seeking  to  control 
and  evphiit  them.  Unlike  our  kinjis  of  trans- 
portation, he  d«jes  ft  or  iivsn  rhe  railroads  or 
street'Car  lines  rhnt  ht^  has  constructed,  nor 
iloes  he  M*ek  to  rontrtd  the  ^'as-\vork!>,  water- 
w*]rk^,  nr  t  k^ctric-pfjwrr  plants  that  he  is  in- 
st-iilinjT  all  over  the  i^lube.  With  him  the 
enumeer  hccame  his  own  contractor,  and  the 
magnitude  of  the  work  commanded  the  alli- 
ature  and  pannrf^hip  ni  the  banks. 

The  only  organizations  that  he  controls 
are  those  of  his  own  conception,  the  firms 
that  bear  his  name  in  America,  in  Canada, 


448 


tH£  Ah4ERICAN  REl/lElV  OF  REl^IFlVS. 


RtroNSturcTiNG  Tin:  suitFAi x  t.rNi-s  t^y  lonih:*^, 

'     AN^.LAND'    (LONDON     COUNTY    COUNCIL    TRAM- 
>yAYS),    AND    PUTTING    IN    THE    UNDER- 
GROUND  TROLLEY   SYSTEM. 

•and  In  Great  Britain,  and  these  companies 
are  engaged  on  work  in  five  continents,  Eu- 
rope^,-Asia,  Australia,  and  North  and  South 
Aim^ica,  including  nearly  lOO  projects  with 
an  aggregate  value  of  $70,000,000.  On  the 
pay-roll  of  these  are  more  than  1000  civil, 
mechanical,  electrical,  and  hydraulic  engi- 
neers, while  the  rank  and  file  of  their  Indus- 
trial army  numbers  50,000  workmen  of  all 
kinds  and  nationalities. 

The  man  who  has  created  all  this  great 
enterprise  is  scarcely  past  forty-five.  Twenty- 
five  years  ago  he  was  a  student  in  a  Pennsyl- 
vania college  at  Johnstown,  but  every  day 
he  went  to  a  shop  in  the  town  where  electri- 
cal and  hydraulic  machinery  was  being  built 
and  there  he  put  in  his  time  at  work  for  the 
sheer  love  of  practical  engineering.  He  was 
getting  the  theory  from  text-books  and  put- 
ting the  principles  to  a  practical  test  at  every 
opportunity.  There  we  have  the  father  to 
the  man.  But  Mr.  White  was  at  this  stage 
of  his  life,  as  he  has  ever  been  since,  a 
theoretical  student.  He  was  as  devoted  to 
pure  mathematics  as  an  old  professor.  In- 
deed, a  few  years  after,  he  himself  was  a 
simple,  modest  professor  of  engineering  in 
the  University  of  Nebraska,  where  he  was 
recognized  as  the  master  of  the  theory  and  a 
very  able  instructor.  The  science  and  art 
of   con<;trucrion    and   development   took   t^.e 


supreme  place  in  his  mind.  He  had  had  a 
previous  academic  and  practical  training  in 
engineering  and  kindred  branches  at  Cornell 
Universit>'. 

SOLVING      PROBLEMS      IX*    THE      ELECTRICAL 
FIELD^ 

His  ambition  was  to'  solve  problems  in 
electrical  engineering,  many  of  which  in  thf 
latter  '8o's  were  coming  up  in  the  electrical 
traction  development,  then  in  its  infanq'. 
The  demand  was  great  for  the  pioneer  and 
inventor  in  this  new  field  of  engineering,  and 
it  was  this  call  that  at  last  lured  Mr.  White 
from  the  classroom.  He  was  employed  by 
a  company  at  Kearney,  Neb.,  to  install  a  sys- 
tem of  electric  railways,  at  which  time  he 
originated  a  three-w^re  system  of  distribution 
with  220  volts  on  each  side.  This  achieve- 
ment and  others  in  the  field  of  electric  trac- 
tion and  lighting  soon  gave  him  such  high 
rank  as  a  practical  electrical  engineer  that 
the.  Edison  General  Electric  Company,  the 
foremost  organization  in  the  Eastern  field 
and  the  forerunner  of  the  General  Elcaric 
Company  of  to-day,  employed  him  and  gave 
him  entire  control  of  its  installation  depart- 
ment in  the  United  States.  While  associated 
with  this  company  many  of  Mr.  White's 
original  theories  in  the  application  of  elec- 
tricity to  traction  crystallized,  and  he  chafed 


PITTING   IN   A    MODERN   ELECTRIC    STREET  RAILWAY 
IN   BUENOS    AVRES,   ARGENHNA. 


A   YANKEE  ENGINEER  ON  FII/E  CONTINENTS. 


449 


THE    LIVERPOOL    COTTON    EXCHANGE,    RECENTLY    COMPLETED. 


under  restraint.  He  wished  to  be  his  own 
master;  so  in  1890  he  organized  his  own 
ftiSt  company,  and  set  out  to  spread  his  opera- 
tions around  the  world. 

The  first  big  result  of  independent  en- 
deftvor,  and  an  achievpnu^TU  that  placed  Mr. 
White  at  once  in  the  front  rank  of  the 
ivorld**  grrat  engineers^  uas  the  design  and 
construction  of  the  Buffalo- Niagara  Falls 
Electric  Riiihvay,  the  picjneer  high-speed 
commercial  rlecrric  roaii  of  America.  Here, 
for  ihc  first  time,  there  was  employed  the 
faiir-raotor  equipment  with  series-multiple 
control  now  so  universally  used  on  interur- 
ban  roads.  This  event  arrested  the  attention 
of  the  whole  industrial  world,  both  here  and 
abroad,  for  the  dream  of  electrical  rapid 
transit  might  now  be  realized.  Mr.  White's 
work  helped  to  make  a  fact  the  twenty  years 
of  marvelous  development  in  the  high-speed, 
long-distance    electric   railway   systems   that 


now  join  cities,  towns,  vil- 
lages, and  country  neigh- 
borhoods all  over  this  coun- 
try   and  in  Europe. 

ORGANIZING   A    BRITISH 
COMPANY. 

At  Kalgoolie,  in  arid 
western  Australia,  there 
was  one  of  the  world's 
richest  goldmining  centers 
vitally  handicapped  by  lack 
of  water  for  making  steam 
to  run  machinery.  In  this 
region  the  only  available 
water  was  from  artesian 
wells,  and  this  water  con- 
tained a  saline  solution  of 
25  per  cent.,  which  would 
cake  and  destroy  any  sort 
of  a  steam  boiler  in  use. 
Mr.  White  attacked  the 
problem  of  constructing 
salt-water  steam  generators 
as  he  has  those  intricate 
problems  in  electrical  trac- 
tion, and  in  a  few  months 
he  had  the  big  plants  run- 
ning night  and  day.  But 
in  spite  of  all  of  his  tact 
and  good  nature,  and  he 
is  well  blessed  in  this 
respect,  he  had  to  con- 
tend w'ith  the  prejudices 
of  British  engineers  and 
contractors  in  a  manner 
that  was  not  agreeable. 
He  felt  himself  seriously*  handicapped  as 
an  American  engineer  and  contractor,  and 
he  determined,  if  possible,  to  overcome  such 
difficulties  by  organizing  a  British  White 
Company  with  English  and  American  capital 
and  equipped  with  a  staflF  of  American  engi- 
neers. This  company  is  now  building  tram- 
ways in  a  score  of  great  cities  in  Europe, 
in  Asia,  and  in  South  America.  In  Bombay, 
in  Lille,  in  Amsterdam,  in  Belfast,  in  Monte- 
video, and  in  Buenos  Ayres  great  electrical 
traction  systems  have  been  put  in  with  Brit- 
ish capital  and  American  methods. 

CONSTRUCTION     WORK     IN     ENGLAND     AND 
AMERICA. 

Mr.  White  had  perceived  that  the  Ameri- 
can engineer  was  equally  as  ingenious,  and 
was  a  faster  and  more  practical  worker 
than  his  English  brother,  especially  in  mod- 
ern  electrical  construction   and   installation. 


450 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEW  OF  kEt^lElVS. 


NEAR  SEOUL,   KOPGA,  ON  THE  LINE  OF  THE  AMERICA;J-K0REAN    ELECTRIC    COMPANY. 
(For  which  one  of  the  J.  G.  White  companies  acts  as  consulting  engineer.) 


BINDU  SECTION  HANDS  LAYING  THE  ROAD  BED  FOR  AN   ELECTRIC   TRAMWAY   IN  BOMBAY,    IN    CQAMS 

OF  THE  LONDON  COMPANY. 


A    YANKEE  ENGINEER  ON  F/I^E  CONTINENTS. 


451 


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TRANSPORTATION    IN   SAN   JUAN,  PORTO  RICO,  AS 
IT   WAS. 


Soon  after  the  British  company  had  be- 
come a  factor  in  British  and  Continental  in- 
dustrial development,  Mr.  White  organized 
the  Waring  White  Company,  to  construct 
buildings  on  the  American  plan  of  steel  struc- 
tural framework  in  the  British  Isles.  Splen- 
did examples  of  this  architecture  are  to  be 
seen  in  the  Hotel  Ritz,  London,  and  the 
Liverpool  Cotton  Exchange;  no  better  mod- 
em edifices  stand  upon  the  soil  of  the  British 
Isles.  The  Canadian  company  was  organized 
by  Mr.  White  tt)  take  advantage  of  the  great 
development  now  going  forward  in  the  Do- 
minion. This  company  is  building  new 
premises  of  the  Royal  Bank  of  Canada,  St. 
John,  N.  B.  It  is  installing  a  great  steel- 
raiUvay  p»jvvcr  plant  m  MnnircaL  ariil  cun- 
^tructing  electric  plants,  wiitcrworks.  and 
-ipartmcnt  ho«Jses  in  a  dozt^n  mher  Canadian 

Mr*  White's  American  company  h  work- 
ing in  aloKi^t   ever>^  section  af   the    United 


States  and  its  island  dependencies  and  the 
West  Indies.  In  the  towns  of  Porto  Rico 
he  is  literally  transforming  nearly  all  the 
municipal  utilities.  In  South  America  and 
in  the  Philippines  he  is  constructing  harbor 
works  at  many  points.  His  biggest  single  " 
undertaking  in  the  United  States  now  under 
way  is  the  construction  of  a  huge  irrigation ' 
dam  with  a  collecting  and  distributing  sys- 
tem, near  Denver,  Colo.  This  dam,  although 
not  so  long  as  the  Assuam  dam  in  Egypt,  is 
higher  and  will  impound  more  water.  The 
work  here  is  under  the  immediate  supervision 
of  the  Denver  Reservoir  Irrigation  Company, 
but  one  of  the  chiefs  of  Mr.  White's  staff, 
Mr.  W.  E.  Goldsbo rough,  is  director. 

BUILDING   A    PHILIPPINE   RAILROAD   SYSTEM. 

*  But  by  far  the  most  important  and  the 
most  interesting  from  the  patriotic  point  of 
view  is  the  work  this  American  engineer  is 
now  doing  in  the  construction  of  300  miles 
of  railway  in  the  Visayan  group  of  the 
Philippines.  This  railway  construction,  so 
far  as  Mr.  White  is  concerned,  is  the  result 
of  his  excellent  work  in  harbor  improvements 
at  the  ports  of  Iloilo  and  Cebu  three  years 
ago.  The  insular  government  expended 
$1,000,000  on  these  harbors.  Stone  dikes 
over  a  mile  long  and  terminating  in  jetties 
have  been  built  on  either  side  of  the  Jaro 
River  at  Iloilo.  The  river  between  the  jet- 
ties and  walls  has  been  dredged  to  a  uniform 
fniEiiiiuini  depth  of  it>  lect  anti  a  vxidth  uf 
4(j(>  feet.  A  cott Crete  sea- wall  a  mil<'  lung 
and  t  nun  fled  an  piles  ten  feet  below  mean 
low- water  leseh  ha^  been  built  at  Cehu, 
It  is  located  im  the  harbor  frjreshtjre,  atld 
forms  a   bund,  or  cs  pi  an  a  tie.      The   d  red  ml 


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PRESENT  CITY   TRAVEL    IN    SAN   JUAN,   PORTO   RICO. 
(On  the  lines  of  the  Porto  UIco  Tramways  Co.,  Ltd.,  built  and  ()i)oratod  by    the  New  York  company.) 


52 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REf/IElVS, 


The  route  for  the  road  on 
the  island  of  Negros  has 
only  been  located.  On  the 
island  of  Cebu  the  road 
traverses  the  east  coast 
from  Aragao  on  die  south 
to  Danao  on  the  north, 
passing  through  the  capital, 
Cebu.  Track  is  laid  m 
twenty-six  miles  of  this  linf. 
There  is  also  a  brandi  run- 
ning across  the  island  from 
Carcar  to  Barrilli.  On 
Panay  no  miles  is  being 
built,  connecting  Capiz,  a 
seaport  on  the  north,  with 
Iloilo.  Twenty-five  miles 
is  graded,  and  six  miles  of 
track  is  laid  down  from 
Iloilo. 

Fifteen  millions  of  dol- 
lepth  of  the  harbor  is  sixteen  feet  at  mean  lars  are  invested  in  the  construction  of 
3W  tide.  Wharves  for  sea-going  ships  have  these  roads,  10,000  natives  are  employed 
een  constructed.  as    laborers,    and    the    enterprise    promises 

These  two  modern  ports  are  the  principal  to  develop  three  of  the  richest  and  most 
ermini  of  the  railroads  being  built  on  the  populous  islands  in  the  Archipelago.  Mr. 
►lands  of  Penay  and  Cebu,  actual  construction  White  has  so  much  faith  in  the  future 
f  which  began  last  fall.  It  is  estimated  that  of  these  islands  that  he  is  not  only 
bout  a  fourth  of  the  work  is  now  finished,    building,  but  will  operate  these  roads  on  a 


A    HEADQUARTERS    OF    THE    PHILIPPINE    RAILROAD    ENGINEERS. 


PAY  DAY  AT  ONE  OF  THE  MANY  BRANCH  OFFICES  OF  THE    PHILIPPI>^E   RAILWAY   COMPANY    IN    THl 

VISAYAN   ISLANDS. 


A    YANKEE  ENGINEER   ON  FI^E  CONTINENTS, 


453 


^    ^    ? 


k 


,  .»  3  • ,  *  I  f  s  ♦  f  M 


PARTY    OF    PIONEER    RAILROAD    BUILDERS,    ORGANIZED    BY     THE    NEW    YORK    COMPANY. 
(On  the  SS.  Minnesota,  on  route  to  Manila  to  begin  construction   of   the    new    Philippine    railroad    system. 
The  cross  designates  Chief  Engineer  Beard,    formerly  of  the  Rock  Island  road.) 


thirty-year  lease,  with  an  option  of  a  renewal 
of  the  lease.  It  is  believed  that  there  is  no 
equal  area  of  territory  on  the  globe  capable 
of  producing  so  much  sugar  as  the  island  of 
Negros,  which  is  also  immensely  rich  in  tim- 
ber forests.  With  modern  methods  of  agri- 
culture Cebu  will  grow^  more  corn  acre  for 
acre  than  will  the  State  of  Illinois.  Panay 
not  only  produces  sugar  and  rice,  but  it  will 


grow  enough  hemp  to  supply  the  world.  And 
upon  every  square  mile  of  these  islands  there 
is  an  average  population  of  250  to  300  souls, 
and  judging  by  the  racial  characteristics  of 
the  people  of  Luzon,  travel  by  rail  will  be- 
come very  popular. 

In  the  construction  of  these  roads  the  en- 
gineers have  nowhere  encountered  very  seri- 
ous problems.     The  surface  of  the  islands 


mCOTlAlIK^*    WTTC    LEAUrNG    KAT1VT-F    F^K    f^l   PPTJES    D^     TntPK!^    P»N    TJKfi. — ritrTTriTMS   «AJU 


454 


THE  AMERICAN  REk'/ElV  OF  REI^IE]VS. 


along  the  routes  of  the  roads  is  mainly  level 
or  slightly  rolling.  There  is  considerable 
bridge  and  culvert  work.  The  roads  are  nar- 
row-gauge, as  are  all  roads  in  the  Philippines. 
The  cost  of  construction  will  range  from 
$30,000  to  $35»ooo  per  mile. 

Mr.  White's  engineers  have  had  much  ex- 
perience in  the  handling  of  labor  in  the  Phil- 
ippines, in  the  installing  of  a  traction  system 
in  Manila,  and  in  the  harbor  works  men- 
tioned above;  they,  therefore,  took  no  stock 
in  the  oft- repeated  prediction  that  they  could 
not  build  railroads  on  contract  with  Filipinos 
as  laborers.  Mr.  E.  J.  Beard,  the  chief  en- 
gineer on  the  ground,  says  there  is  no  better 
labor  in  the  world  for  railroad-building  in  a 
torrid  climate  than  the  natives  of  these 
islands,  and  Mr.  White  regards  this  as  one 
of  the  most  hopeful  and  reassuring  facts  in 
the  future  of  the  islands.  The  work  has 
gone  on  from  the  beginning  without  interrup- 
tion except  during  the  rainy  season.  The 
supply  of  labor  has  always  been  greater  than 
the  demand,  but  the  natives  have  to  be  care- 
fully humored.  Every  holiday  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  calendar  must  be  observed. 


and  the  love  of  sport,  amusements,  cock-fight- 
ing, and  dancing  must  be  fully  indulged. 

The  methods  of  labor  are  simple,  and  in 
Europe  or  America  would"  be  regarded  as 
primitive.  Nowhere  is  the  modern  steam- 
shovel  in  use,  but  everywhere  is  to  be  seen 
the  pick,  the  hand-shovel,  and  the  wheel- 
barrow. It  has  often  required  the  eloquence 
of  the  section  masters  to  dissuade  natives 
from  carrying  the  wheelbarrow  as  a  brick- 
layer carries  a  hod.  They  are  paid  the  price 
of  30  cents  per  day  of  ten  hours,  and  in  the 
Philippines  this  is  a  good  wage. 

Mr.  White  is  certain  that  these  islands, 
instead  of  being  a  burden  to  the  American 
people,  as  they  now  are,  will  soon  be,  not 
only  self-sustaining,  but  one  of  the  most  pros- 
perous regions  on  the  earth. 

Thus,  within  less  than  fifteen  short  years, 
this  American  engineer  has  put  a  chain  of 
construction  and  operating  companies  around 
the  globe,  employing  everywhere  American 
methods  and  skill.  He  does  business  in  his 
New  York  offices  on  the  scale  of  a  govern- 
ment bureau  of  a  great  power,  and  with  the 
exception  of  that  part  of  the  world  where  the 


PHILIPPINE    RAILROADS. — RIGHT    OF    WAY    GRADED    AND    READY    FOl    TRACK-LAYING. 


A    YANKEE  ENGINEER  ON  Flf^E  CONTINENTS. 


455 


LOCOMOTIVE   AT   CEBU,   PHILIPPINE   ISLANDS. 


(Just  net  up  and  ready  for  steam. 


Special  spark-arresting     smolcestick  to  prevent  setting  fire  to  the  nlpa 
thntcli  roofs  of  native  houses.) 


Gfnman  an  J  French  engineers  have  a  monop- 
oty»  he  IS  an  active  force  in  the  capacity  either 
of  a  contractor  or  of  a  consulting  engineer, 
;tnd  in  technical  disputes  Mr.  White  has 
(iUcn  been  called  on  to  arbitrate  between 
grivemments  and  corporations  and  individ- 
uals, and  his  decisions  are  looked  upon  as 
mtidtl*  of  equity. 

A  $hon  time  ago  Mr,  \V''hite  was  called  on 
ta  help  adjust  a  differt^nce  of  opinion  be- 
rwcrn  the  New  York  Central  and  the  New 
Yark,  New  Haven  &  Hartford  Railroad  as 
in  what  .^hare  of  electrical  power  the  latter 
fijad  should  have  in  the  electrification  at  the 
Gmnd  Central  Station  in  New  York.  Both 
moid!-  ii»ie  the  sarre  tracks  for  sixteen  miles, 
biit  each  road  has  installed  a  different  sys- 
tem, and  the  matter  was  delicate  and  com- 
plicaied,  bnt  was  at  last  amicably  adjusted. 

Th<?re  are  conspicuous  places  in  this  coun- 
liy  VI  here  Mr.  White  s  company  does  not  do 
commiction  work,  does  not  make  an  effort 
in  get  work  under  present  conditions.  One 
of  these  places,  strangle !y  enough,  is  New 
York,  where  more  money  is  being  expended 
for  enlarging  and  developing  public  utilities 


than  anywhere  else.  *'  To  be  frank,"  said 
Mr.  White,  significantly,  "  I  will  not  take  a 
contract  at  the  largest  profit,  if  I  am  com- 
pelled, in  securing  it,  to  pay  one  pentiy  of 
graft.  This  rule  I  laid  down  in  the  be- 
ginning of  my  career,  and  there  is  not  room 
here,  or  in  the  hundred  places  where  our 
companies  are  at  work,  for  the  employee  who 
violates  this  rule.  The  rule  has  worked  well, 
and  I  do  not  believe  we  are  any  the  poorer 
for  having  adopted  it,  but  whether  we  are 
or  not,  we  shall  always  stand  by  it." 

Mr.  White's  one  official  position,  w^hich 
denotes  as  much  as  anything  eUc  his  stand- 
ing in  his  profession,  was  his  appointment  by 
the  Government  as  a  member  of  the  Railway 
Test  Commission  at  the  St.  Louis  Exposi- 
tion. He  was  made  chairman  of  this  com- 
mission, whose  purpose  was  to  investigate 
and  report  upon  the  construction  and  opera- 
tion of  street  and  interurban  railways  in  this 
countrj'.  It  was  a  body  of  eminent  experts, 
and  the  report  of  its  exhaustive  investigation 
has  done  much  to  improve  and  economize  in 
construction  and  correct  many  of  the  faults 
In  operation  in  electric  traction. 


KEOKUK,  lA.,  WHERE  THE  PRESIDENTS  RIVER  TRIP  WILL  BEGIN. 


THE  PRESIDENT'S  MISSISSIPPI  JOURNEY. 

BY  WILLIAM  FLEWELLYN   SAUNDERS. 

["  The  great  Middle  West  will  control  the  trade  of  the  entire  west  coast  of  South  America 
when  the  Panama  Canal  is  completed,  providing  the  deep  waterway  from  the  Lakes  to  the  Gulf 
is  constructed.  Otherwise  it  will  be  Japan,  Germany,  and  England  which  will  exercise  commer- 
cial sway  over  this  vast  empire  to  be  opened  up."  In  these  words  Hon.  John  Barrett,  Director  of 
the  International  Bureau  of  the  American  Republics,  recently  summed  up  the  vast  import  of  the 
deep  waterway  project  to  our  actual  present  and  potential  future  trade  as  a  nation.  That  the 
nation  and  the  national  Government  are  beginning  to  realize  this  import  is  clear,  from  the  wide 
popular  interest  in   President  Roosevelt's   trip    this  month  down  the  Mississippi. — The  Editor.] 


npHE  people  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  are 
hoping  that  out  of  the  voyage  of  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  down  the  Mississippi  River 
this  month  may  come  the  creation  of  a  de- 
partment of  public  works  that  will  begin 
systematic  and  vigorous  improvement  of  all 
the  internal  waterways  of  this  country,  and 
will  be  supported  by  Congress  with  adequate 
appropriations  of  money. 

The  President's  recent  appointment  of  the 
Inland  Waterways  Commission  is  certainly  a 
step  toward  the  making  of  such  a  new  de- 
partment. A  bill  has  already  been  introduced 
in  Congress  by  Representative  Richard 
Rartholdt,  of  St.  Louis,  for  an  issue  of  half 


: 

.      ,[ 

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i 

k 

It            1 

.    :''^SH 

■ 

THE      STEAMROAT      '*  MISSISSIPPI,         WHICH       WILL 

CARRY     PRESIDENT     ROOSEVELT     FROM     KEO- 

KIK   TO  ST.    LOUIS   AND   MEMPHIS. 


a  billion  dollars'  worth  of  bonds  to  provide 
money  to  be  spent  on  the  rivers,  and  the  men 
who  asked  him  to  introduce  this  bill  are 
bankers  and  substantial  merchants  of  Chi- 
.  cago,  St.  J^uis,  Memphis,  and  New  Orleans, 
— the  men  who  shoulder  the  great  financial 
affairs  in  those  cities. 

President  Roosevelt  will  not  be  the  first 
President  w^ho  has  traveled  on  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  nor  the  first  who  realized  its  im- 
portance as  a  freight  carrier.  Millard  Fil- 
more  and  Andrew  Johnson  each  joumcj'cd 
on  the  river,  and  Abraham  Lincoln,  speaking 
in  Congress,  in  1848,  declared  that  the  im- 
provement of  the  Mississippi  River,  next  to 
the  maintenance  of  the  navy,  was  of  most 
general  benefit  to  the  people  of  the  United 
States  of  all  the  objects  of  Government  pat- 
ronage. President  Roosevelt,  however,  is 
the  first  President  of  the  United  States  who 
has  with  deliberation  undertaken  a  trip  on 
the  Father  of  Waters  for  the  expressed  pur- 
pose of  seeing  for  himself  what  should  be 
done  by  the  Government  to  prevent  this  enor- 
mous freight-carrying  force  from  being 
longer  wasted. 

FROM  KEOKUK  TO  ST.  LOUJS, 

The  President's  trip,  while  dignified,  will 
be  unique,  and  the  spectacular  elements  in 
it,  though  entirely  natural,  are  extraordinary. 
It  was  planned  last  May  on  the  request  of 
the  Governors  of  all  of  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley States,  which  request  was  formally  pre- 


THE  PRESiDENtS  MISSISSIPPI  JOURNEY. 


457 


sented  to  the  President  by  Mr.  James  E. 
Smith,  the  president  of  the  Business  Men*s 
League  of  St.  Louis.  The  trip  was  so  ar- 
ranged that  the  President  will  pass  over  parts 
of  the  three  great  divisions  of  the  river: 
The  upper  Mississippi,  which  has  the  only 
lock  navigation  on  the  river;  the  middle 
river,  between  St.  Louis  and  Cairo,  distin- 


Commission  are  to  be  joined  at  Keokuk  by 
the  Governors  of  twelve  States, — Governor 
Cummins,  of  Iowa;  Governor  Broward,  of 
Florida;  Governor  Johnson,  of  Minnesota; 
Governor  Burke,  of  North  Dakota;  Gov- 
ernor Blanchard,  of  Louisiana;  Grovernor 
Davidson,  of  Wisconsin;  Governor  Brooks, 
of  Wyoming;  Governor  Deneen,  of  Illinois; 


guished  by  great  engineering  successes  in  bank   Governor  Crawford,  of  South  Dakota ;  Gov- 

protection,  or  mattress  and  revetment  work,   ernor  Sheldon,  of  Nebraska ;  Governor  Hoch, 

and  the  lower  river,  from  Cairo  past  Mem-   of  Kansas;  Governor  Frantz,  of  Oklahoma. 

phis  and  Vicksburg  to  . 

New    Orleans,    where 

he  will  study  the  most 

careful  development  of 

the  levee  system  which 

protects     the     fertile 

lands  of  the  Southern 

States  from  the  river's 

destruction. 

The  trip  was  planned 
to    begin    at    Keokuk, 
Iowa.       There     the 
President  will  be  met 
by  the  members  of  the 
Inland     Waterways 
Commission,     coming 
dow^n    from    St.    Paul 
on      the     Government 
snag     boat     Colonel 
Mackenzie.      These 
snag  boats,  while  they 
arc  built  for  business, 
with    steel    hulls  and   equipment   of   diving 
apparatus,  rams,  big  electric  saws,  and  huge 
chains    for    discovering   snags    imbedded    in 
the    bottom    of    the    river    which    endanger 
the  hulls  of  vessels,  and  for  hauling  them  up 
and    cutting  them   to   pieces,   are  also  well 
furnished.     The  older  members  of  the  com- 
mission are  Theodore  E.  Burton,  chairman 
of  the  commission  as  well  as  of  the  Rivers 
and    Harbors  Committee   in  the   House  of 
Representatives;  Dr.  W  J-  McGee,  the  soil 
expert ;    Brig.-Gen.    Alexander    Mackenzie, 
Senators  William  Warner,  of  Missouri,  and 
Francis  G.  Newlands,  of  Nevada,  and  Sena- 
tor-elect John   H.   Bankhead,  of  Alabama. 
The  younger  men  are  Gifford  Pinchot,  the 
forester,  who  has  already  distinguished  him- 
self by   bringing  order  out  of  the  forestry 
chaos  of  this  country;  Frederick  H.  Newell, 
Chief  of  the  Reclamation  Service,  whose  en- 
gineers have  turned  more  than  one  desert  into 
a  flourishing  community  of  prosperous  farm- 
ers, and  Herbert  Knox  Smith,  Commissioner 
of  Corporations, 


THE   GOVERNMENT    SNAG-BOAT        MACKENZIE. 


By  the  request  of  the  President,  the  Busi- 
ness Men*s  League  of  St.  Louis  has  organ- 
ized the  whole  river  trip.  The  Governors 
of  ten  other  States  will  join  the  party  at  St. 
Louis,  where  the  President  w^ill  address  the 
people, — Governor  Comer,  of  Alabama ;  Act- 
ing-Governor Pindall,  of  Arkansas;  Gov- 
ernor Folk,  of  Missouri;  Governor  Toole,  of 
Montana;  Governor  Chjwxiberlain,  of  Ore- 
gon; Governor  Patterson,  of  Tennessee; 
Governor  Campbell,  of  Texas;  Governor 
Buchtel,  of  Colorado;  Governor-Elect  Noel, 
of  Mississippi,  and  Governor  Curry,  of  New 
Mexico. 

AT 


The  President  and  the  Inland  Waterways 


THE    DEEP    WATERWAYS    CONVENTION 
MEMPHIS. 

The  three  official  boats  and  a  score  of 
steamboats,  loaded  with  delegates  to  the  con- 
vention of  the  Lakes- to-the-Gulf  Deep 
Waterway  Association,  will  proceed  from  St. 
Ixjuis  to  Memphis,  where  the  President  is 
to  speak.  Making  a  stop  at  Cairo,  where 
the  President  will  also  speak,  it  is  expected 
that  the  President  and  the  fleet  of  boats  will 


458 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REyiElVS. 


Gulf  Waterway  Asso- 
ciation will  be  the  larg- 
est river  convention 
ever  held  in  the  United 
States.  It  is  the  second 
convention  of  the  as- 
sociation, which  war 
organized  last  year  for 
the  purpose  of  convinc- 
ing Congress  that  the 
present  waterway  be- 
tween Lake  Michigan 
and  the  Gulf  should  be 
so  deepened  and  im- 
proved as  to  earn- 
ships.  The  State  of 
Illinois  has  already 
built  this  deep  water- 
way from  Chicago  to 
Lockport  at  a  cost  of 
$50,ooo,ocx).  The 
State  wants  to  give 
this  finished  canal  to 
the  Government  on 
condition  that  the 
Government  will  build 
it  to  St.  Louis.  Gov- 
ernment engineers,  un- 
der the  authority  of 
reach  Memphis  on  Friday  afternoon,  Octo-  Congress,  have  sur\'eyed  a  route  for  this 
her  4.     This  convention  of  the  Lakes-to-the-   canal  by  way  of  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi 


A    MISSISSIPPI  RIVER  BARGE  CARRYING   A    MILLION  AND  A    HALF    FEET   OF 

LUMBER. 

iThJs  Is  oqiial  to  ono  hundred  and  flfty  carloads.     A  tow  boat  will  pull 
oaHlly  forty  barges  loadod  llko  this,  down-stream,  and  ten  up-stream.) 


HIMLDING   A    MATTRESS    ON    THE    MISSISSIPPI    RIVER, 

It   entirely  prevents   erosion  br 


i\  mattress  Is  a  sheathing  for  the  bank,  made  of  planks  or  of   willows. 

the  swift  current.) 


THE  PRESIDENTS  MISSISSIPPI  JOURNEY. 


459 


A  LEVEE  SCENE   AT  ST.   LOUIS. 


rivers  to  St.  Louis,  have  declared  the 
project  feasible,  and  have  estimated  the 
cost  of  building  it  at  $3 1  ,ooo,oCK).  This 
report  was  made  to  Congress  in  1904,  but 
Congress  did  nothing.  Then  the  shippers 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  chafing  under  the 
irritation  of  years  of  freight  congestion,  or- 
ganized the  Lakes- to- the-Gulf  Association, 
and  charged  on  Washington.  The  men  in 
the  management  of  this  association  are  all 
active  and  successful  business  men.  They 
are  the  men  of  the  future  in  the  river-trans- 
portation movement  of  the  United  States. 
The  most  active  of  them  are  D.  R.  Forgan, 
the  banker,  and  E.  S.  Conway,  the  merchant, 
of  Chicago;  William  K.  Kavanaugh,  the 
river  and  rail  transportation  manager,  of 
St.  Louis;  George  H.  Munroe,  the  banker, 
of  Joliets  R.  R.  Bourland,  the  statistician,  of 
Peoria ;  M.  J.  Sanders  and  John  M.  Parker, 
of  New  Orleans;  Alexander  Y.  Scott, 
of  Mississippi,  and  Sidney  M.  Neely,  of 
Memphis. 

The  effort  in  Washington  at  the  last  ses- 
sion of  Congress  failed  in  spite  of  the  enor- 
mous pressure  brought  to  bear  on  both  Sena- 
tors and  Representatives  by  shippers  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  because  Mr.  Burton,  with 
his  great  influence  positively  opposed  any  ap- 
propriation for  beginning  the  work  on  the 


deep  waterway  until  a  survey  could  be  made 
of  the  rest  of  the  route  from  St.  Louis  to 
New  Orleans.  An  appropriation  to  make 
this  survey  was  made,  therefore,  and  it  is 
now  going  on  in  charge  of  Col.  Clinton  B. 
Sears,  president  of  the  Mississippi  River 
Commission.  The  shippers  of  the  Middle 
West  will  not  be  satisfied  with  any  report 
that  does  not  declare  that  the  deep  waterway 
is  feasible,  and  will  not  accept  any  other. 
They  know  the  solution  of  any  engineering 
problem  is  only  a  matter  of  money,  and  that 
the  only  question  as  to  the  building  of  this 
waterway  is  what  it  will  cost.  It  is  ex- 
pected that  the  convention  at  Memphis  will 
adopt  resolutions  declaring  that  the  deep 
waterway  is  absolutely  necessary  to  the  com- 
merce of  the  United  States  and  that  it  is 
worth  all  that  it  will  cost  to  the  shippers 
of  the  country. 

RISE    AND    DECLINE    OF    RIVfiR    TRANSPORTA- 
TION. 

Not  indeed  significant  in  this  connection, 
but  most  striking,  is  the  fact  that  Nicholas 
J.  Roosevelt,  of  kin  to  the  President,  built 
the  first  steamboat  that  ever  plied  on  the 
Mississippi  River.  This  boat  was  designed 
by  Robert  Fulton  himself,  was  built  at  Pitt^ 
burg  by  Mr.  Roosevelt,  and  went  down  the 


460 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REyiEWS. 


river  to  New  Orleans  in  1811.  J.  H.  B. 
Latrobe,  a  relative  of  Mrs.  Roosevelt,  gave 
a  most  interesting  account  of  this  trip  before 
the  Maryland  Historical  Society,  in  1882. 
River  navigation  grew  from  that  time  to  the 
'70*s,  when  it  was  at  its  zenith.  Then  the 
young,  growing,  and  vigorous  railways  began 
to  need  the  freight  the  boats  were  carrying, 
and  a  fight  on  the  steamboat  lines  began. 
They  were  harassed  in  every  way.  The  rail- 
ways cut  the  rates  and  conspired  together  to 
delay  steamboat  freight  that  liad  to  go  part 
of  the  way  by  railways.  Transportation  cap- 
ital saw  the  boats  losing  ground  and  went  to 
the  railways.  Year  after  year  the  river  busi- 
ness decreased.  Congress  continued  to  take  a 
somewhat  desultory  interest  in  river  im- 
provement, making  insufficient  appropria- 
tions at  each  session  of  Congress,  so  small 
that  they  did  not  even  protect  the  work 
previously  done  by  the  Government  at  a  cost 
of  millions  of  dollars.  The  feeling  in  Con- 
gress was  such  that  Mr.  Reed  did  not  scruple 
once  to  announce  publicly,  and  I  am  quoting 
Representative  Champ  Clark,  who  heard 
him:  "The  Missouri  River  is  not  navigable 
and  the  Mississippi  River  ought  not  to  be." 
In  1900  Senator  Thomas  Carter,  of  Mon- 
tana, was  not  afraid  to  kill  deliberately  an 
entire  rivers  and  harbors  bill  by  talking  for 
hours  while  it  was  on  its  passage  until  the 
time  for  adjournment  arrived.  The  indiffer- 
ence toward  rivers  in  the  country  was  so 
great  that  at  the  tiipe  this  was  treated  more 
as  a  joke  than  as  the  crime  against  commerce 
which  it  was. 

THE  RIVERS  AND  THE   FREIGHT  CONGESTION. 

Senator  Carter  did  this  just  at  the  time 
when  the  railways  were  discovering  that  they 
could  not  possibly  handle  the  freight  offered 
to  them.  As  the  second  Roosevelt  goes  down 
the  Mississippi  River,  a  century  after  the 
first  one,  every  great  traffic  expert  in  the 
United  States  is  insisting  upon  river  im- 
provement in  order  that  the  congestion  of 
freight  in  the  country  may  be  relieved.  Hill. 
Harriman,  and  President  Finley,  of  the 
Southern,  for  .two  years  have  been  publicly 
insisting  on  this.  M.  C.  Markham,  traffic 
expert  of  the  Missouri  Pacific,  and  formerly 
traffic  manager  of  the  Illinois  Central,  a  line 
paralleling  the  Mississippi  River,  five  years 
ago  publicly  testified  to  the  influence  of  the 
river  as  a  rate  regulator,  saying  that  it  not 
only   controlled    the    rate   north    and   south 


from  St.  Paul  to  New  Orleans,  but  east  and 
west  from  New  York  to  Denver. 

Mr.  Hill  last  winter  testified  that  the  rail- 
ways were  so  congested  that  he  himself  sent 
freight  by  water  to  get  quicker  service.  Mr. 
Hill  also,  in  a  letter  to  Governor  John  A. 
Johnson,  of  Minnesota,  goes  into  detail  to 
show  that  it  is  impossible  for  the  railway's  to 
keep  pace  with  the  growth  of  the  countn; 
that  they  can  get  neither  the  mone>',  thf 
laborers,  nor  the  material  with  which  to 
build  the  new  lines  needed,  and  that  if  the 
Government  does  not  so  improve  the  rivers 
that  they  may  take  from  the  railways  a  part 
of  the  burden,  the  freight  congestion  will 
grow  worse  yearly.  Mr.  Burton  last  winter, 
answering  an  argument  containing  these 
statements,  in  his  committee  room  intimated 
that  the  congestion  would  be  relieved  by  a 
period  of  industrial  depression.  He  was 
merely  repeating  in  this  expression  the  thcon 
he  advances  in  his  very  scholarly  book  on 
"  Crises  and  Depressions,"  that  there  arc 
cycles  of  industrial  depression  and  panics. 
But,  put  against  that  the  judgment  of  all 
the  locomotive  and  car  builders  of  the  coun- 
try and  of  the  bankers  and  of  the  fanners 
that,  no  matter  what  may  happen  to  stocb 
and  what  is  happening  to  them,  the  manu- 
facturing and  agricultural  business  of  the 
country  will  go  on  increasing  and  making 
more  freight. 

Consider,  too,  the  important  letter  just 
written,  in  September,  to  the  railway  operat- 
ing officials  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Midgley,  the 
freight  car  expert  of  Mr.  Morgan,  Mr. 
Hill,  and  Mr.  Harriman,  warning  these 
officials  of  a  coming  car  shortage  this  fall. 

Four  great  river  conventions  will  follow 
this  one  at  Memphis,  the  gatherings  of  the 
Trans-Mississippi  Commercial  Congress,  of 
the  Upper  Mississippi  River  Improvement 
Association,  of  the  Ohio  Valley  Improvement 
Association,  and  of  the  National  Rivers  and 
Harbors  Congress.  These  conventions  will 
all  be  held  this  fall  and  winter  before  Con- 
gress convenes  and  while  it  is  sitting.  The 
demand  for  immediate  congressional  action 
to  help  the  rivers  will  increase  through  each 
of  these  conventions.  If  President  Roosevelt 
will  recommend  to  Congress  in  his  message 
practical  measures  that  will  make  real  freight 
carriers  of  the  rivers,  the  shippers  of  the 
country  will  see  that  Congress  provides  the 
legislation  necessary  to  carry  out  the  Presi- 
dent's plans. 


Bisiiop  Hobart.  Bishop  Seabury. 

THREE  FATHERS   OF   THE   AMERICAN   CHURCH. 


Bishop  White. 


THREE  HUNDRED  YEARS  OF  THE  EPISCOPAL 
CHURCH  IN  AMERICA. 

BY  CHARLES  JOHNSTON 


"Feed  the  flock  of  God  which  is  among  you, 
taking  the  oversight  thereof,  not  by  constraint, 
but  willingly;  neither  as  being  lords  over  God's 
heritage,  but  being  ensamples  to  the  flock." 

I.  Peter,  v,  2-3. 
TN  the  general  renewal  of  religious  life 
throughout  the  world  to-day  the  Ameri- 
can Episcopal  Church  has  singular  advan- 
tages, both  of  constitution  and  of  position. 
It  holds  the  golden  mean  between  all  ex- 
tremes, whether  of  discipline  or  of  doctrine. 
It  possesses  a  spirit  finely  balanced  and 
poised,  and  at  the  same  time  deeply  devo- 
tional. Well  grounded  in  the  past,  it  is  yet 
full  of  vital  strength  to  meet  the  future. 
Ruled  with  order  and  decorum,  it  is  none 
the  less  inspired  by  strong  faith  and  living 
^iritualit>\ 

THE   CHURCH   OF  THE   GOLDEN   MEAN. 

So  markedly  is  it  the  church  of  the  golden 
mean  that  other  divisions  of  the  church,  as 
they  move  forward, — and  all  are  moving 
forward, — approach  more  and  more  closely 
to  the  form  and  spirit  of  the  American  Epis- 
copal Church.  Thus  the  Church  of  England, 
decidedly  monarchical  at  home,  has  in  Cana- 
da' practically  adopted  the  American  form  of 


church  government,  at  once  orderly  and 
democratic.  And  the  same  Anglican  com- 
munion as  adapted  in  Ireland  to  the  condi- 
tions existing  in  1869  approaches  much  more 
closely  to  the  American  than  to  the  English 
form  of  church  government. 

In  another  field  we  see  the  Catholic 
Church  in  France  notably  advancing  toward 
that  free  local  government  which  was  first 
worked  out  by  the  Episcopal  Church  in 
America;  and  we  may  confidently  predict 
that,  in  spite  of  temporary  checks,  this  move- 
ment in  France  will  go  far,  and  that  it  will 
in  due  time  extend  to  Italy,  Spain,  and  other 
Catholic  lands. 

Going  still  further  afield,  we  find  in  the 
Russian  Orthodox  Church, — the  largest  rep- 
resentative of  Eastern  Christianity, — a  strong 
and  earnest  movement  toward  liberty,  to- 
ward separation  from  the  state  and  political 
exigencies;  and  this  genuinely  Christian 
movement  will  bring  it  a  long  way  toward 
the  American  Episcopal  form  of  government. 
It  may  be  said  here  that  the  Catholic  Church 
in  America,  in  its  relation  to  the  state,  close- 
ly parallels  the  Episcopal  Church,  as  it  does 
also  in  its  genuinely  democratic  spirit. 


462 


THE  AMERICAN   REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


Coming  nearer  home,  we  find  that  the 
Methodist  body,  in  one  of  its  divisions,  has 
accepted  the  Episcopal  form  of  government; 
and  even  more  important  is  that  spirit  of 
reconcih'ation  and  union  which  is  so  marked- 
ly alive  among  the  Congregational,  Presby- 
terian, Methodist,  and  other  bodies,  all  of 
which  are  seeking  a  common  expression,  and 
thus  approaching  ever  closer  to  the  ideal  of 
the  Episcopal  Church. 

We  hope  to  speak  more  fully  of  the  doc- 
trinal position  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  a 
moment ;  it  is  enough  here  to  say  that  in  doc- 
trine also  we  find  the  golden  mean:  con- 
tinuity of  spiritual  life  with  the  past,  and 
yet  a  thorough  acceptance  of  the  present,  and 
lively  faith  for  the  future. 

With  these  singular  advantages,  which  we 
may  rightly  call  providential,  the  Episcopal 
Church  in  America  has  like  responsibilities; 
and  we  may  well  express  the  earnest  hope 
that,  at  the  forthcoming  convention  at  Rich- 
mond, Va.,  when  the  Episcopal  Church  cele- 
brates its  three  hundredth  anniversary  in  the 
New  World,  ever>'  decision  taken  may  better 
fit  the  church  for  its  high  mission  of  spiritual 


BISHOP    BERKELEY. 

(From  an  old  steel  print.) 


mediator  and  reconciler,  in  the  genuine  spirit 
of  the  Master. 

HISTORICAL    CAUSES    OF    THIS    ADVANTAGE. 

When  we  consider  the  causes  which  have 
made  it  the  church  of  the  golden  mean,  wc 
cannot  fail  to  be  struck  by  the  providential 
fortune  which  decided  the  precise  time  of  the 
establishment  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in 
America.  In  1607  the  Church  of  England 
had  decided  its  quarrel  with  the  Vatican, 
and  established  its  relations  with  historical 
Christianity.  On  the  other  hand,  in  1607 
the  contention  between  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land and  the  Puritans  and  other  Dissenting 
and  Nonconformist  bodies  had  not  yet 
reached  the  stage  of  bitterness  which  so 
strongly  colored  later  church  history^  in  Eng- 
land, and  wliich  has  its  effect  even  to-day. 
In  1607  the  epoch  of  Cardinal  Wolscy  was 
past.  The  epoch  of  Archbishop  Laud  was 
not  yet  come.  Thus  the  Episcopal  Church 
in  America  was  founded  at  a  moment  when 
it  could  escape  many  of  the  historical  disad- 
vantages of  the  Church  of  England,  while 
sharing  all  its  advantages. 

The  personal  ambitions  and  desires  of 
Henry  VIII.  were  the  occasion,  not  the 
cause,  of  the  liberation  of  England  from  the 
despotism  of  the  Vatican.  And  it  was  provi- 
dential that  this  liberation  took  place  just 
when  it  did,  while  Luther  was  still  living, 
and  before  the  Council  of  Trent  had  marked 
the  watershed  between  Rome  and  Protestant- 
ism. Established  just  at  this  time,  the 
Church  of  England  was  able  to  secure  the 
best  elements  of  both  tendencies,  according 
to  the  prophetic  words  of  Gregor>^  the 
Great;  on  the  one  hand  preserving  its  unit) 
with  historical  Christianity,  its  spiritual  suc- 
cession from  the  Apostles;  and  on  the  other 
hand  leaving  the  way  open  for  the  acceptance 
of  the  best  elements  of  the  Reformation :  its 
ideal  of  universal  personal  inspiration,  its 
moral  earnestness,  its  intellectual  openness, 
its  return  to  the  study  of  the  Gospels  as  the 
source  and  standard  of  spiritual  life. 

These  virtues  of  the  Church  of  England 
the  Episcopal  Church  in  America  has  inher- 
ited, while  at  the  same  time  it  is  free  from 
memories  of  the  bitter  struggle  with  the 
Vatican,  and  had  no  part  in  the  not  less 
bitter  contest  with  Puritans,  Nonconformists 
and  Dissenters,  which  makes  up  so  much  of 
church  history  in  Great  Britain  through  die 
seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries.  Thus 
the  American  Episcopal  Church  has  been 
able  to  secure  continuity  without  despotism, 


THREE  HUNDRED  YEARS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH.  463 


DR.    WILLIAM    MUHLENBEW;. 

(One  of  the  great  phllanthrpplRts  and  hymn-writers 
of  the  church.) 

earnestness  without  acrimony,  liberty  with- 
out disorder,  inspiration  without  dogmatism, 
spirituality  w^ithout  vagueness. 

THE  HAPPY  CONSTITUTIOX  OF  THE  CHURCH. 

When  we  pass  from  the  history  of  the 
American  Episcopal  Church  and  come  to  its 
constitution  we  find  even  ampler  evidence 
of  the  providential  fortune  which  has  guided 
it.  To  begin  with,  this  constitution  ex- 
pressly and  explicitly  recognizes  the  whole 
body  of  the  faithful  as  constituting  the  spirit- 
ual body  of  the  visible  Church,  and  therefore 
entitled  to  direct  its  outer  life.  To  feel  the 
full  force  of  the  spiritual  principle  here  in- 
volved we  may  imagine,  in  contrast,  a  church 
in  which  all  power  resided  in  the  hands  of 
the  priesthood,  the  laity  being  regarded  as 
"  a  silent  flock,  whose  duty  is  to  obey." 
Without  doubt  we  should  find  the  same  ten- 
dency to  exclusion  governing  the  priesthood, 
so  that  only  the  higher  ranks  would  have 
any  real  authority.  And,  finally,  we  should 
have  all  power,  in  discipline  and  doctrine 
alike,  centered  in  a  chief  priest,  reigning 
despotically  over  the  minds  and  consciences 
of  believers,  decreeing  what  they  should  and 
should  not  think* 


The  "  perfect  law  of  liberty,"  which  is 
explicitly  embodied  in  the  constitution  of  the 
American  Episcopal  Church,  is  a  moral 
and  spiritual  safeguard  of  the  utmost  im- 
portance, and  the  church  cannot  too  care- 
fully guard  against  anything  which  seems  to 
encroach  in  the  slightest  degree  on  this 
sacred  principle. 

For  the  American  Episcopal  Church  the 
congregation  of  the  parish  is  the  unit  of  gov- 
ernment, and,  through  its  elected  representa- 
tives, the  church  wardens  and  vestrymen,  not 
only  holds  and  manages  the  material  prop- 
erty of  the  church,  but  further  practically 
elects  the  pastor,  by  sending  a  call  to  some 
minister  whose  character  and  teaching  have 
recommended  him  to  the  flock.  And  per- 
haps the  most  liberal  thing  in  this  most 
liberal  church  is  the  fact  that  membership 
in  the  congregation,  and  therefore  the  right 
to  vote  for  its  governing  body,  is  determined 
by  no  doctrinal  test:  the  only  conditions  arc 
attendance  at  its  services,  and  contribution, 
however  moderate,  toward  its  maintenance. 
And,  further,  the  bishops  of  the  American 
Episcopal  Church  are  elected  by  diocesan 
conventions,  at  which  clergy  and  laity  are 
alike  represented.  This  harmonious  work- 
ing together  of  clergy  and  laity  prevails 
throughout  the  whole  church,  in  the  parish, 
in  the  convention  of  the  diocese,  in  the  gen- 
eral convention  of  the  church.  Everywhere 
the  sacred  principle  of  the  spiritual  validity 
of  the  whole  body  of  the  faithful  is  safe- 
guarded, not  merely  implicitly,  as  in  the 
Church  of  England,  but  explicitly  and  e.x- 
pressly,  in  the  constitution  and  canons  of  the 
church.  The  ultimate  authority  is  the  con- 
science, the  spiritual  consciousness,  of  the  en- 
tire body  of  the  faithful ;  this  is  recognized  as 
the  field  of  inspiration,  of  divine  light  and 
leading. 

On  the  other  hand,  order  is  secured  by  the 
thorough  training  and  testing  of  candidates 
for  holy  orders,  a  training  lasting  not  less 
than  three  years;  and  the  utmost  care  is 
taken  that  only  men  with  a  genuine  voca- 
tion, men  well  prepared  and  fitted  for  the 
divine  ministry,  shall  become  priests  of  the 
church.  Further,  continuity  of  spiritual  life, 
association  with  the  historical  unity  of  the 
Christian  church,  and  whatever  spiritual  vir- 
tue lies  in  unbroken  apostolic  succession,  are 
secured  by  ordination  at  the  hands  of  bishops, 
themselves  consecrated  by  others,  who  trace 
their  spiritual  descent  to  the  dawn  of  Chris- 
tendom, the  first  institution  of  the  Christian 
church.     Thus,  the  extreme  liberty  of  the 


464 


THE  AMERICAN  kEyiElV  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


church    IS   balanced    by   order,   by   spiritual 
unity,  by  continuous  spiritual  life. 

THE   LITURGY  OF   THE   AMERICAN    CHURCH. 

In  the  spirit  and  form  of  its  divine  ser- 
vice, the  Episcopal  Church  in  America  has 
•  another  possession  of  great  price.  It  is  the 
beautiful  service  of  the  Church  of  England, 
• — itself  but  the  development  of  the  age-long 
service  of  the  church,  and  containing  prayers 
and  songs  that  go  back  to  the  Fathers  and 
the  apostolic  age;  prayers  no  longer  in  a 
strange  tongue,  but  in  the  peerless  English 
of  the  Elizabethan  age.  It  is  the  Anglican 
service,  with  all  its  beauty,  its  distinction,  its 
high  quality  of  devotion;  but  the  Anglican 
service  modified  in  certain  noteworthy  ways. 
For  example,  we  shall  look  in  vain  in  the 
American  prayer-book  for  the  old  commina- 
tion  service  of  Ash  Wednesday,  with  its 
series  of  condemnations,  drawn  from  the 
minatory  passages  of  the  Mosaic  law.  The 
Episcopal  Church  in  America  has  felt,  and 
wisely  felt,  that  these  condemnations,  with 
all  their  somber  splendor,  are  out  of  har- 
mony with  the  awakened  Christian  con- 
sciousness. And  a  like  intuition  has  dictated 
the  omission  of  the  so-called  Athanasian 
Creed,  with  its  metaphysical  subtleties  and 
its  concrete  threats  of  damnation.    The  same 


0!.I)    HKl'TON    PARISH    EIMS(  DPAL   CH  UKCH.  WIIXIAMSRl^RG,   VIRGINIA. 

(Whore  Washington,  .Trfferson,  Patrick  Henry,  Pendleton,  Randolph,  Marshall, 
the  CuKtlsoH.  Madison,  Monroe,  and  Tyler  worshipped.) 


instinct  seems  to  have  given  birth  to  the 
suggestion  that  the  "  descent  into  hell "  of 
the  Apostles'  Creed  should  be  paraphrased  as 
a  visit  to  the  "  abode  of  departed  spirits," 
and  even  that  the  use  of  this  clause  should 
be  made  optional.  These  are  only  three  in- 
stances of  variation  from  the  prayer-book 
of  the  Church  of  England,  but  they  arc 
enough  to  show  that  a  liberal,  enlightened, 
and  at  the  same  time  deeply  reverent  spirit 
effectively  governs  the  counsels  of  the  Ameri- 
can Episcopal  Church.  This  optional  vari- 
ation in  the  creed  suggests  a  matter  which  is 
likely  to  engage  the  attention  of  the  church 
for  some  time  to  come.  Another  clause  of 
the  creed,  the  declaration  that  Jesus  was 
"  born  of  the  Virgin  Mary,"  has  recently 
been  the  subject  of  a  very  important  heres) 
trial.  A  priest  of  learning  and  earnestness 
declared  that  he  could  no  longer  recite  this 
clause  in  a  literal  sense ;  and,  as  a  result,  he 
found  himself  excluded  from  the  ministr>'  of 
the  church.  We  can  hardly  regard  the  mat- 
ter as  closed.  The  principle  involved  is  far 
too  vital  to  be  thus  summarily  determined, 
and  we  may  be  certain  that  it  will  be  dis- 
cussed and  debated  by  the  whole  body  of  the 
cburch,  clergy  and  lait>^  alike,  until  a  solu- 
tion is  found  entirely  consonant  with  the 
spirit  of  the  Master. 

There  are  signs 
that  some  such  de- 
cision as  this  will  be 
reached:  the  creed  is 
a  document  of  uni- 
versal import,  and  no 
ecclesiastical  body  has 
a  right  to  determine 
its  particular  import, 
thus  interpreting  the 
creed  by  a  second 
creed.  So  long  as  a 
priest  of  the  church 
shall  be  able  and 
willing  to  recite  the 
creed  in  its  entiret)*, 
feeling  that  ever>' 
clause  has  its  signifi- 
cance, he  shall  be 
deemed  to  have  ful- 
filled his  dut\%  and 
no  one  shall  have 
the  right  more  narrow- 
ly to  determine  the 
significance  which  he 
shall  attach  to  the 
separate  clauses. 


THREE  HUNDRED  YEARS  OF  THE  AMERICAN  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH.  4G5 


THE    CATHEDRAL    OF    ST.    JOHN    THE    DIVINE,    NEW    YORK    CITY. 
(This  lilusfrritlun  Is  from  the  jilans  of  the  architects,  Ileins  A    I.a   Fargo.      The   cathedral   will   occupy   a 


rnnmnndlng  site  overlooking  the  lliirlson  River.) 


Those  who  stand  for  the  letter,  as  against 
the  spirit,  may  affirm  that  the  doctrine  of 
the  Virgin  Birth  should  be  understood  only 
in  one  sense,  as  the  record  of  a  material  fact ; 
but  will  even  the  staunchest  adherent  of  the 
letter  assert  that  the  immediately  preceding 
clause  is  to  be  taken  in  a  literal,  material 
sense,  and  that  he  knows  what  that  sense 
is?  Or  take  that  beautiful  phrase  of  the 
Niccne  Creed,  "  begotten  of  the  Father  be- 
fore all  worlds," — will  any  one  dare  to  say 
that  this  is  to  be  taken  in  a  literal,  material 
sense?  Do  not  Peter  and  James  and  Paul 
speak  of  all  the  regenerate  as  "  begotten  of 
God  ?  "  And  does  not  Jesus  himself  speak 
of  the  true  virgin  birth,  the  "  birth  from 
above,"  of  the  Holy  Spirit  and  fire,  as  being 
shared  by  all  the  regenerate?  Is  it  not  evi- 
dent that  the  creed,  which  the  Eastern 
church  so  wisely  calls  the  "  Symbol "  of 
Faith,  is  of  universal  spiritual  import,  and 
must  be  spiritually  apprehended? 


THE   COMING   CHURCH   CONVENTION. 

It  is  ver>'  probable  that  this  question  may 
be  brought  up  at  the  coming  convention  of 
the  church,  and  when  we  consider  that  this 
convention  is,  in  a  certain  sense,  a  tercente- 
nary celebration,  and  thus  marks  a  definite 
point  of  progress,  we  may  most  sincerely 
hope  that  this  weighty  matter  of  spiritual 
truth  will  be  decided  according  to  the  "  per- 
fect law  of  liberty,"  in  harmony  with  the 
history  and  awakened  spirit  of  the  Amer- 
ican Episcopal  Church,  and,  what  \t  far 
more,  in  harmony  with  the  spirit  of  the 
Master. 

Another  question  of  great  moment  is 
fhis:  There  are  congregations  composed  of 
negroes,  who,  very  naturally,  prefer  men 
of  their  own  race  to  minister  to  their  spirit- 
ual life.  The  question  is  now  raised,  whether 
these  negro  congregations  shall  continue  to 
form  an  integral  part  of  the  American  Epis- 


466 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REyiElVS, 


copal  Church,  or  shall  be  set  apart,  as  a 
separate  organism,  with  bishops  of  their  own. 
It  would  seem  that  the  church  has  here  an 
admirable  trial  of  her  faith:  is  she  to  recog- 
nize brotherhood  in  Christ,  irrespective  of 
skin-color,  or  is  she  tacitly  to  sacrifice  to 
Mammon,  by  affirming  that  all  are  not  alike 
in  the  divine  unity  of  the  church? 

Another  matter  of  high  importance  is  the 
suggested  establishment  of  an  ecclesiastical 
court  of  appeal.  Concerning  this,  the  best 
opinion  of  the  church,  clerical  and  lay,  seems 
to  be  expressed  in  the  following  words: 
"A  court  of  appeal  is  in  itself  inconsistent 
with  that  very  genius  of  the  Anglican  com- 
munion upon  which  our  Catholic  heritage 
rests.  From  the  dawn  of  the  Reformation 
in  England  until  to-day,  our  strength  has 
been  that  we  have  not  settled  doctrinal  dif- 
ferences. By  our  genius  for  comprehensive-, 
ness  we  have  united  irrcconcilables,  and  glor- 
ied in  the  simultaneous  possession  of  doc- 
trinal positions  radically  incompatible.  We 
set  up,  centuries  ago,  our  final  court  of  ap- 
peal. That  court  is  the  developing  Chris- 
tian consciousness  of  the  ages.  One  of  the 
foundation  stones  on  which  we  have  builded 
is  the  conviction  that  the  best  way  to  settle 
our  differences  is  not  to  settle  them."  These 
are  wise  and  admirable  words,  full  of  the 
spirit  of  genuine  tolerance. 

Another  proposal  to  be  brought  before  the 
convention  is  the  revision  of  the  Lectionary, 
so  as  to  allow  a  wider  choice  of  passages 
from  the  Old  and  New  Testaments  for  the 
lessons;  and  it  is  suggested  that  passages 
from  the  Apocryphal  books  also  may  be 
added.  We  believe  that,  so  far,  only  the 
Old  Testament  Apocrypha  are  suggested; 
but  there  is  much  of  beauty  and  interest  in 
the  Apocryphal  gospels  that  might  also  be 
considered,  and  the  Book  of  Enoch,  quoted 
in  the  Epistle  of  Jude,  forms  a  valuable  con- 
necting link  between  the  prophetical  books 
and  the  Apocalypse. 

The  tercentenary  of  the  American  Episco- 
pal Church  may  well  be  made  the  occasion 
of  another  adjustment,  also  according  to  the 
"  perfect  law  of  liberty."  By  a  singular 
anachronism,  the  house  of  bishops  sits,  in 
convention,  with  closed  doors.  No  reports 
of  its  deliberations  are  permitted  to  be  di- 
vulged. Only  an  outline  of  proceedings  is 
given  out.  This  very  anomalous  custom  is 
due,  it  is  said,  to  the  influence  of  Bishop 
Seabury,  who  was  consecrated  in  Scotland 
by  bishops  who  adhered  to  the  House  of 
Stuart,    with    its    tradition    of    Archbishop 


Laud  and  the  Star  Chamber  Court ;  and  it  is 
said  that  Bishop  Seabury  advocated  these 
secret  meetings  in  the  interest  of  deconun 
lest  in  the  heat  of  debate  the  bishops  might 
give  occasion  for  stumbling  to  the  body  of  the 
faithful.  There  may  have  been  some  founda- 
tion for  this  apprehension  in  the  early  izyi 
when,  as  at  Baltimore,  in  1800,  **  the  house 
of  bishops,  two  in  number,  met  in  the  hail 
bedroom  of  the  rectory  " ;  but  there  is  sonac- 
thing  ludicrous  in  the  suggestion  of  the  hoioc 
of  bishops  of  to-day  lapsing  from  decorum 
behind  closed  doors.  Surely  this  outworn 
practice,  for  which  there  seems  to  be  no  war- 
rant, either  in  the  constitution  or  the  canons 
of  the  church,  is  somewhat  out  of  harmony 
with  that  perfect  law  of  liberty  so  pro- 
foundly and  admirably  manifested  in  the  life 
of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  America, 

LOOKING  FORWARD. 

God  is  the  God,  not  of  the  dead,  but  of 
the  living.  The  church  is  not  so  mudi  the 
churdi  of  the  past  as  of  the  present  and  the 
future.  And  on  such  an  occasion  as  the 
coming  general  convention,  when  the  Epis- 
copal Church  marks  its  three  hundredth 
year  of  spiritual  life  in  America,  all  who  take 
part  in  its  councils,  we  may  well  believe,  will 
look  with  reverence  and  faith,  not  only  to 
the  past,  but  to  the  future  also. 

Great  changes  have  taken  place,  and  are 
taking  place,  in  the  spiritual  understanding 
of  mankind.  We  are  in  the  midst  of  a  uni- 
versal awakening,  a  quickening  of  spiritual 
consciousness;  and  in  all  reverence  we  may 
believe  that  the  spirit  of  the  Master  woria 
among  us  to-day  as  it  worked  by  die  Sea  of 
Galilee  nineteen  centuries  ago. 

We  have  come  to  understand  the  law  of 
evolution,  of  development.  We  are  advanc- 
ing daily  toward  a  truer  understanding  of 
spiritual  development;  on  the  one  hand,  the 
spiritual  development  of  the  human  race,  in 
all  lands,  through  long  aeons  of  time ;  on  the 
other  hand,  the  spiritual  development  of  the 
individual,  whereby  we  become,  by  progres- 
sive degrees,  inheritors  of  spiritual  worlds. 
If  she  aspires  to  be  the  church  of  the  future, 
the  church  must  open  wide  her  heart  to 
this  new  awakening,  so  that  there  shall  be 
room  within  her  for  every  one  who  reverences 
the  spirit  of  truth.  Brotherly  love,  rever- 
ence, genuine  devotion,  sacrifice,  obedience, 
once  more  stir  the  hearts  and  consciencei^  of 
all.  May  this  spirit  of  gentle  love  in  all 
things  rule  the  councils  of  the  coming  charch 
convention. 


— fl, 


wtftiiy 


C(ipyn;bt    1907.  by  M.  S.  Courtuey.  Cai.tuii. 

THE    M'i:rXLEY    MAUSOLEUM,    CANTON,    OHIO.      DESIGNED    DY     H.    VAN    BUREN    MAGONICLE. 


McKINLEY  MEMORIALS  IN  SCULPTURE. 

BY   E.    H.    BRUSH. 


npHE  month  of  September  was  that  in 
which  President  William  McKinley 
met  his  death  at  Buffalo,  in  the  year  of  the 
Pan-American  Exposition,  1901.  This 
month  in  1907  was  therefore  appropriately 
chosen  for  the  dedication  of  the  two  most 
notable  memorials  yet  erected  in  his  honor, 
that  at  Buffalo  and  that  at  Canton,  the  first 
a  monument  of  chaste  and  simple  character, 
the  second  a  noble  mausoleum,  a  fitting  rest- 
ing place  for  the  mortal  part  of  the  third 
martyr  President. 

The  mausoleum  at  Canton  was  erected  at 
a  cost  of  over  $500,000,  through  the  efforts 
cf  the  McKinley  National  Memorial  Asso- 
ciation.     This    association    raised,    through 
popular  subscriptions  from  all  over  the  coun- 
try,  more    than    $600,000,    of    which    sum 
$ioo,coo  was  set  aside  as  a  fund  to  be  used 
in  the  maintenance  of  the  mausoleum  and 
its  surroundings.     The  stately  tomb  stands 
upon  the  summit  of  a  hill,  on  the  borders  of 
the  beautiful   Westlawn   Cemetery,  and   in 
the  center  of  a  tract  of  land  twenty-six  acres 
in  extent,  owned  by  the  assodation  and  laid 
out  by  it  with   the  view  of  enhancing  the 
general  effect  of  the  memorial  erected  as  the 


resting  place  of  President  and  Mrs.  Mc- 
Kinley. As  a  portal  to  the  patriotic  Mecca 
there  is  a  circular  plaza,  surrounded  by  a 
parapet  wall,  and  directly  in  front  of  the 
mausoleum  is  a  basin,  more  than  500  feet  in 
length,  known  technically  as  the  long 
water.  Steps  rise  from  this  basin  to  the 
tomb  itself  and  the  latter  is  reflected  in  the 
smooth  water  below  as  in  a  great  mirror. 
The  steps  constitute  a  grand  stairway, 
seventy-five  feet  in  height  and  forming  the 
principal  approach  to  the  tomb.  The  mauso- 
leum itself  is  ninety-eight  feet  in  height  and 
sevent}'-nine  in  diameter.  It  is  of  circular 
form,  and  adapts  itself  to  the  shape  of  the 
hill  on  which  it  is  placed.  The  material 
of  the  exterior  wall  is  pink  Mil  ford  granite. 
The  interior,  which  has  been  given  an  im- 
posing columnar  treatment,  is  finished  in 
light  gray  Knoxville  marble  with  a  honed 
surface.  There  is  a  double  sarcophagus  of 
black  polished  granite  for  the  bodies  of  the 
late  President  and  his  wife. 

The  lighting  of  the  interior  of  the  tomb 
is  from  above,  the  opening  being  §0  propor- 
tioned to  the  space  to  be  lighted  as  to  attain 
an  effect  of  solemnity.     In  the  arranj!:ement 


468 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^lEU^  OF  REI/IEWS. 


LUNETTE  FOR  THE     m'kINLEY    MAUSOLEUM,    CANTON,    OHIO.       CHARLES    HENRY    NIEHAUS,    SCULPTOR. 


of  the  grounds  about  the  mausoleum  and  the 
approaches  to  the  tomb  there  is  a  suggestion 
of  a  cross  and  sword  ^uch  a  design  being 
thought  appropriate  i.  e  case  of  a  memor- 
ial to  a  martyr  President  who  was  a  warrior, 
and  a  chief  magistrate  in  time  of  war.  The 
Memorial  Association  had  the  counsel  of  an 


"^E 

B^  \ 

i    ^  ^^^^^^1 

__^_^^K^  ^^' 

Ml 

THE   m'kINLEY   STATUE   IN    FRONT  OF  THE  MAUSO- 
LEUM,   CANTON,    OHIO.      CHARLES    HENRY 
NIEHAUS,    SCULPTOR. 


advisory  commission  consisting  of  Robert 
Peabody,  of  Boston,  and  Walter  Cook,  of 
New  York,  architects,  and  Daniel  Chester 
French,  sculptor.  It  was  acting  under  the 
advice  of  this  board  that  the  association 
chose  the  design  for  a  memorial  submitted 
by  H.  V^an  Buren  Magonigle,  of  New  York, 
and  the  work  of  construction  has  been  cx^ 
cuted  in  accordance  with  this  design.  The 
corner  stone  was  laid  with  appropriate  cere- 
monies on  November  i6,  1905. 

At  the  head  of  the  grand  stairway  and 
about  fifty  feet  in  front  of  the  fa^de  of  the 
mausoleum  stands  the  statue  of  McKinlev 
executed  by  Charles  Henry  Niehaus.  It  Is 
of  bronze  and  of  heroic  size,  and  represents 
the  late  President  as  he  appeared  on  the  dav 
he  made  his  Pan-American  speech  at  Buffalo. 
He  stands  before  an  arm-chair,  wears  his 
customar}^  frock  coat,  has  his  right  hand  in 
the  pocket  of  his  trousers,  and  with  his  left 
holds  the  manuscript  of  his  speech. 

Above  the  door  of  the  tomb  and  formine 
a  background  for  the  statue  as  seen  by  the 
approaching  visitor,  is  a  lunette,  also  by  Mr. 
Niehaus.  In  the  semi-circular  field  are  three 
figures.  In  the  center,  wearing  a  mural 
crown,  is  the  figure  of  Ohio.  She  raises 
with  both  hands  a  voluminous  cloak  with 
which  she  appears  to  cover  with  a  protecti\'e 
gesture  the  two  kneeling  figures  to  right  and 
left.  On  the  right  of  the  central  figure 
kneels  a  male  genius  representing  the  arts 
of  peace.  Near  by  is  an  anvil.  In  his  right 
hand  this  figure  raises  toward  the  protecting 
deity  a  vase  and  in  his  left  carries  another 


McKINLEY  MEMORIALS  IN  SCULPTURE, 


469 


THE    M  KINLEY    MONUMENT,   BUFFALO.    N.    Y. 

(Iiotlloated  on  Srptomber  5.  1007.     A.  Phlnistor  Proctor,  sculptor  of  niiitnal 

groups  at  the  base.     John  M.  ('a^r^^e.  architect.) 


emblem  of  the  arts.  The  genius  of  war,  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  lunette,  kneels  and 
presents  a  sword  wreathed  with  flowers. 
The  figures  are  in  relief,  the  central  being 
the  highest.  The  effect  of  the  composition 
is  decorative,  and  it  gives  a  poetic  and  artistic 
background  to  the  McKinley  statue  itself, 
without  in  any  way  distracting  from  the  lat- 
ter  the  attention   it  should    receive. 

THE    BUFF.\LO    MONUMENT. 

The  sixth  anniversary  of  the  delivery  by 
President  McKinley  of  his  famous  Pan- 
American  speech  was  observed  in  Buffalo 
by  the  dedication  of  a  memorial  v/hich  seems 
a  most  appropriate  reminder  of  the  character 
of  the  dead    President.      It   is  perhaps   the 


finest  monument  of  the  kind  in  the  United. 
States.  The  McKinley  mausoleum  at  Can- 
ton helong3  to  an  entirely  different  class  as 
a  memorial.  It  is  a  tomb,  rather  than  a 
monument,  and  the  place  where  Grant's  re- 
mains rest,  on  Riverside  Drive,  New  York, 
is  of  the  same  character  and  is  properly 
called  **  Grant's  Tomb."  The  Garfield 
memorial  in  Cleveland  is  also  a  tomb.  The 
McKinley  memorial  at  Buffalo  is  a  simple 
shaft  of  pure  V^ermont  marble,  with  sculp- 
tured lions  at  its  base,  the  whole  giving  an 
impression  of  mobility  and  loftiness  of  char- 
acter. It  was  on  September  5,  1901.  that 
McKinley  delivered  his  speech  at  the  Pan- 
American  Exposition  grounds  on  reciprocity 
and  closer  relations  with  all  countries,  and 


470 


THE  AMERICAN  REl/lElV  OF  RE^/ElVS. 


THE    m'kINLEY    memorial,    SPRINGFIELD,    MASS. 
BY   PHILIP   MARTI  NY. 

especially  with  those  of  this  continent,  lliis 
date  was  chosen  for  the  dedication  of  the 
momument  rather  than  September  6,  on 
which  day  the  Anarchist  Czolgosz  fired  at 
the  President  the  fatal  shot  in  the  Temple 
of  Music. 

The  idea  of  some  memorial  to  the  third 
martyr  President  in  the  city  where  his  death 
took  place  was  advanced  soon  after  that  sad 
event,  and  the  fact  that  an  unexpended  bal- 
ance of  about  $100,000  existed  from  New 
York  State's  appropriation  for  a  building  and 
exhibits  at  the  exposition  made  it  compara- 
tively easy  to  carry  out  the  idea.  The  Legis- 
lature was  persuaded  without  difficulty  to 
allow^  this  unexpended  balance  to  be  used  for 
the  monument  and  the  city  gave  the  site,  in 
the  center  of  the  park  known  as  Niagara 
Square,  expending  considerable  money  in  its 
beautification. 

Niagara  Square  is  near  the  business  center 
of  Buffalo  and  is  about  500  feet  in  diameter. 
It  is  approached  by  streets  at  no  less  than 
eight  diflferent  points,  so  that  the  trees  lining 
these  streets  form  eight  charming  vistas, 
through  which  the  lofty  marble  shaft  may 
be  seen.  John  M.  Carrere,  architect  of  the 
memorial,  who  is  familiar  with  the  principal 
monumental  structures  of  the  world,  de- 
clared on  inspecting  the  site  that  he  knew  of 
no  monument  anywhere  having  a  location,  on 
the  whole,  so  advantageous.  The  shaft  is 
sixty-nine  feet  in  height  and  rests  en  a  base 


t\^^enty-four  feet  in  height.  At  the  four 
corners  of  the  base  are  lions,  the  work  of 
the  noted  animal  sculptor,  A.  Phimister 
Proctor,  modeled  by  the  artist  from  Sultan, 
the  noble  king  of  beasts  of  the  Bronx  Park 
Zoological  Gardens.  Facing  the  park  in 
which  the  monument  stands  is  the  house  once 
occupied  by  President  Millard  Fillmore. 
The  dedication  of  the  monument  formed  the 
leading  feature  of  Buffalo's  "  Old  Home  *' 
week,  and  the  principal  address  of  the  occa- 
sion was  delivered  by  the  Governor  of  New 
York  State,  the  Hon.  Charles  E.  Hughes. 
Perhaps  nowhere  is  the  memory  of  McKin- 
ley  held  in  greater  reverence  than  in  Buffalo, 
for  the  sad  scenes  attending  his  death  there 
left  an  impression  never  to  be  erased.  The 
memorial  which  has  been  erected  in  his 
honor  forms  a  fitting  expression  of  this  ven- 
eration and  affection. 

MEMORIALS   IN    MANY   CITIES. 

Although  the  memorials  at  Canton  and 
Buffalo  are  the  most  important  that  have 
been  erected  in  remembrance  of  McKinle>-, 
they  are  by  no  means  the  only  ones  the  coun- 
try possesses.  Among  other  cities  for  which 
such  memorials  have  been  designed  are 
Columbus,  Ohio;  Philadelphia,  Chicago, 
San  Francisco;  Springfield,  Mass.;  San  Jose, 
Cal. ;  Adams,  Mass. ;  Muskegon,  Mich.,  and 
Toledo,  Ohio.  Perhaps  no  hero  or  states- 
man of  American  history  was  ever  honored 
with  so  many  memorials  in  marble  and  gran- 
ite and  bronze  within  so  short  a  period  after 
his  death  as  McKinley.  In  most  cases  the 
funds  to  defray  the  cost  of  these  works  were 
raised  by  popular  subscription.  The  Mc- 
Kinley statue  at  Muskegon,  Mich.,  by  Nie- 
haus,  was  presented  by  a  wealthy  citizen,  the 
late  Charles  H.  Hackley,  who  gave  his  na- 
tive town  many  other  works  of  art  besides 
this  in  the  course  of  his  efforts  toward  its 
embellishment.  The  Columbus  memoriaK 
which  cost  $50,000,  was  paid  for  in  part 
through  an  appropriation  by  the  Legislature 
and  in  part  through  the  subscriptions  of 
Columbus  citizens.  That  at  Adams  was 
erected  mainly  through  the  offerings  of 
school  children  and  factory  employees.  At 
Toledo,  within  a  week  after  the  late  Presi- 
dent's death,  the  citizens  had  raised  $15,000 
for  a  memorial,  and  it  was  unveiled  on  the 
first  anniversary  of  that  lamented  event.  It 
is  a  portrait  in  bronze,  mounted  on  a  granite 
base,  and  stands  in  front  of  the  court  house. 
The  memorial  at  Adams,  Mass.,  is  a  bronre 
portrait  statue,  which  is  accounted  a  most 


McKINLEY  MEMORIALS  IN  SCULPTURE. 


471 


happy  reproduction  of  the  features  and  ex- 
pression of  McKinley.  It  is  the  work  of 
Augustus  Lukeman,  and  stands  in  front  of 
the  public  library  of  the  town.  A  memorial 
in  the  form  of  a  female  figure  in  bronze,  set 
upon  a  base  of  California  granite,  was  un- 
veiled in  Golden  Gate  Park,  San  Francisco, 
in  1904,  the  work  of  Robert  S.  Aitken.  The 
s}'mbolism  of  the  figure  is  that  of  a  mother 
of  citizens,  the  sword  of  war  dropped,  the 
palm  of  peace  raised.  The  sculptor  carved 
the  face  of  a  woman  in  sorrow,  but  with  an 
expression  of  serenity  and  resignation. 

The  memorial  at  Columbus,  the  capital  of 
Ohio,  is  by  Herman  A.  MacNeil,  and  con- 
sists of  a  statue  of  McKinley  flanked  by  two 
symbolic  groups.  One  represents  the  idea  of 
prosperity  through  progress,  this  being  typi- 
fied by  the  figures  of  a  man  of  great  strength 
and  energy  and  of  a  youth  seated  beside  him 
listening  to  the  counsels  of  maturity.  The 
group  on  the  other  side  of  the  statue  consists 
of  two  female  figures,  one  a  splendid  speci- 
men of  mature  womanhood,  whose  arm  en- 
circles the  second  figure,  a  maiden,  who 
holds  a  wreath.  The  woman  is  placing  the 
palm  of  peace  above  the  sword  and  helmet. 
The  group  is  symbolical  of  peace  and   the 


*•  THE    TRIBUTE    OF    THE    PEOPLE." 

(GroQp  on  the  MrKinley  memorial.  Columbus, 
Ohio.  H.  A.  MacNell,  sculptor;  Lord  &  Hewlett, 
architects.) 


PROSPERITY, — THROUGH    WORK     AND    STUDY. 

(Group  on  the  McKinley  memorial,  Columbus, 
Ohio.  H.  A.  MacNell.  srulptor ;  Lord  &  Hewlett, 
architects.) 


joys  and  virtues  of  domestic  life.  The  me- 
morial stands  in  front  of  the  Capitol  at 
Columbus,  where  McKinley  performed 
much  public  service  while  Governor  of  Ohio, 
and  the  statue  was  unveiled  on  the  fifth  an- 
niversary of  his  death  by  President  Roose- 
velt's daughter,  Mrs.  Nicholas  Longworth. 

At  Springfield,  Mass.,  is  a  work  of  strik- 
ing beauty  by  Philip  Martiny.  A  bust  of 
McKinley  surmounts  a  shaft  on  which  is 
sculptured  a  ferhale  figure  reaching  upward 
with  a  palm  branch  in  her  hand.  It  is  an 
exceedingly  chaste  and  noble  conception. 
The  Philadelphia  McKinley  monument  was 
to  have  been  the  work  of  the  late  Charles  A. 
Lopez.  On  his  death  the  completion  of  the 
task  assigned  to  him  was  intrusted  to  Isidore 
Konti.      . 

It  may  be  too  soon  to  fix  the  exact  rani 
which  history  will  give  McKinley  as  a  states 
man.  But  the  fact  that  within  a  half  dozen 
years  of  his  tragic  end  so  many  grand  and 
truly  beautiful  works  of  the  architect  and 
sculptor  have  been  erected  in  his  honor  and 
as  continual  reminders  of  his  services  to  his 
countrymen,  is  surely  proof  that  his  place  in 
the  heart  of  the  nation  is  secure. 


THE  JAPANESE  IN   KOREA. 

BY  ADACHI  KINNOSUKE. 


\\/'E  shall  be  frank  about  it, — ^we  shall  say 
that  we  are  carrying  things  with  a 
high  hand  in  Korea.  We  have  gone  over 
into  the  back  yard  of  our  neighbor,  and  are 
telling  him  to  kindly  move  on, — simply  be- 
cause we  need  his  home.  We  are  doing  this 
just  as  the  Americans  have  done  to  the  In- 
dians, the  rightful  owners  of  America;  just 
as  the  British  have  done  to  the  Hindus;  just 
as  the  Russians  have  done  to  the  Tartars 
and  the  Chinese;  as  Germany  in  Africa,  and 
Kiau  Chau  and  France  in  Cochin-China  and 
northern  Africa  have  done.  Nippon  has 
joined  the  household  of  great  powers;  she 
has  become  civilized. 

When  England  absorbed  India,  her  home 
isles  contained  about  16,000,000  people; 
when  Russia  played  her  clever  game,  though 
Muraviev,  and  ran  away  with  the  treaty 
of  Aigun  and  with  Siberia,  she  was  support- 
ing about  68,000,000  people  on  her  five  mil- 
lion square  miles;  when  Kaiser  Wilhelm 
heard  from  the  gods  of  his  ancestors  that  he 
was  to  be  the  military  Emmanuel  to  the  be- 
nighted African  races,  and  forthwith  went 
down  there  to  establish  an  empire  in  the 
name  of  all  the  Christian  virtues,  Germany 
had  less  than  40,000,000  people  on  208,830 
square  miles.  Now  Nippon  goes  over  to 
Korea.  She  is  supporting  about  50,000,000 
people  on  about  160,000  square  miles,  of 
which  the  possible  arable  land  is  less  than 
20  per  cent.,  and  the  actual  cultivation  is 
13.8  per  cent.,  that  is  to  say,  about  15,- 
000,000  acres.  She  has  heard  the  logic  of 
necessity. 

WHY  JAPAN  WANTS  AMERICAN  GOOD  WILL. 

But  why  all  this  solicitude  on  the  part  of 
Japan  for  the  good  opinions  of  the  world, — 
especially  that  of  the  United  States?  Simply 
this:  At  the  present  moment  the  statesmen 
of  Nippon  are  stalking  a  large  game,  a  very 
large  game, — nothing  less  than  a  triple  un- 
derstanding between  the  United  States, 
Great  Britain  and  Nippon.  In  their  judg- 
ment this  understanding  is  strong  enough  to 
form  a  despotic  tribunal  which  will  be  able 
to  dictate  the  peace  of  the  Far  East,  whether 
anybody  else  wishes  it  or  not.  Once  that  is 
established,  we  care  little  for  the  German 
Kaiser  and  his  pretty  hypnotic  influence  over 


the  good-nature  of  the  Russian  Czar;  we 
can  *'  sleep  on  a  high  pillow,"  as  wc  say  it 
home. 

This,  then,  is  the  prime  end  in  view.  In 
Nippon  it  is  not  thought  wise  to  sacrifkt 
a  matter  of  prime  importance  to  one  of 
secondary  moment.  Now,  we  want  Korea. 
and  want  her  badly.  But,  compared  with 
this  great  game  that  we  are  after, — the  triple 
understanding  aforesaid, — Korea  is  as  noth- 
ing. If  our  action  in  the  Korean  peninsula, 
therefore,  is  in  the  least  to  mar  our  success 
in  bringing  about  the  triple  understanding, 
we  would  not  hesitate  to  throw  overboard 
the  whole  Korean  business,  and  go  after  /A/ 
one  great  thing  we  want.  If,  however,  we 
can  obtain  both,  we  shall  be  glad.  This, 
then,  is  the  reason  why  we  are  particularly 
anxious  that  the  United  States  should  see 
where  we  stand,  what  we  are  doing,  and 
how  we  are  behaving  in  Korea. 

With  us  the  Korean  question  is  not  of 
yesterday,  nor  of  the  day  before  yesterday. 
For  centuries,  ever  since  the  invasion  and 
conquest  of  the  Hermit  Kingdom  by  the 
Empress  Jingo,  in  201  A.D.,  Korea  has  been 
flirting  with  us,  now  and  then  sending  us 
tribute  bearers,  and  sticking  us  in  the  back 
when  she  had  a  chance. 

The  opening  of  our  country  to  interna- 
tional commerce  and  intercourse  gave  birth 
to  the  first  note  of  contempt  among  the 
Koreans,  Of  old  they  had  loved  us  none 
too  much,  but  they  were  afraid.  Now  the>' 
sneered  at  us:  "They  are  the  friends  and 
flatterers  of  *  red-bearded  barbarians/  and 
are  like  unto  beasts,"  they  said  of  us.  Frtwi 
that  day  down  to  the  Chinese  War,  in  1894, 
our  policy  toward  Korea  was  one  continuous 
series  of  defeats.  Between  the  years  i8t8 
and  187 1  we  made  five  attempts  to  open 
friendly  negotiations  with  her.  On  the  fifth 
the  Koreans,  with  an  amazing  lack  of  cere- 
mony, simply  burned  the  historic  hall  in 
which  our  embassies  were  wont  to  be  re^ 
ceived  at  Seoul.  In  that  way,  emphatic,  if 
not  polite,  they  informed  us  that  they  wished 
to  have  nothing  more  to  do  with  us.  Jo 
August,  1872,  however,  we  compelled 
Korea,  by  sheer  force,  to  admit  our  embassy, 
which  succeeded  in  establishing  a  resident 
consulate  at  Fusan. 


THE  JAPANESE  IN  KOREA. 


473 


TEAJfQCILLITr   IN   KOREA   AT   LAST. A  JAPANRSB   VIEW 

OF   THE  "ABSORPTION." 

"Even  though  the  Yalu  should  flow  against  Its 
cour«»,  we  shall  not  neglect  the  payment  of  tribute,'* 
was  the  sacred  promise  of  an  ancient  Korean  King 
to  Japan.  But  the  tribute  has  rot  been  pold  for 
more  than  a  thousand  years.  Millions  of  lives  of 
Japan's  sons  have  been  sacrificed  In  th's  cause,  and 
thousands  of  Japan's  heroes  and  statesmen  havo 
passed  away  in  despair  because  of  It.  Now.  however, 
that  Korea  has  been  providentially  brought  under 
our  control,  the  spirits  of  the  great  Empress  Jingo 
and  of  all  the  other  departed  heroes  of  Japan  rest 
in  peace  satlsfled  in  their  heavenly  abode. *'-From 
retto  Puck, 


In  the  same  year,  the  Koreans,  depending 
on  the  Chinese  support,  threatened  to  attack 
and  burn  our  consulate.  Our  officers  at 
once  reported  the  fact  to  the  home  govern- 
ment. The  great  Saigo  was  then  the  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  army,  and  in  his 
office  of  the  Sangi  was  the  unquestioned 
Premier  de  facto.  The  anti-Korean  party 
found  in  him  a  great  and  powerful  leader. 
In  the  prophetic  vision  of  this  soldier-states- 
man, Korea  was  the  root  of  all  evils, — a 
political  cancer.  If  we  were  to  save  our 
political  health,  the  surgeon's  knife  was  in 
order.  "It  is  the  first  step,"  said  the  great 
captain,  "  in  the  making  of  the  Greater  Nip- 
pon,—one  opportunity  in  a  thousand  years, 
this  invasion  of  Korea."  He  wished,  how- 
ever, before  declaring  war,  to  send  an  em- 
bassy to  Korea,  and  define,  once  for  all,  the 
position  we  took  toward  her. 

japan's  mistake  in   1873. 

It  was  perhaps  the  most  difficult  task  be- 
fore the  cabinet,  and  he  himself  volunteered 
to  head  the  embassy.  It  was  September  of 
1873.  In  that  same  month,  the  embassy 
which  we  had  sent  to  America  and  Europe, 
headed  by  Prince  Iwakura,  returned.  Dazed 
by  the  wondrous  gildings  of  Western  civil- 
ization, the  members  of  the  Iwakura  embassy 
opposed  the  Saigo  party  with  all  their  might. 
At  one  of  the  "  before-the-throne "  confer- 
ences, Count  Okubo  (by  far  the  greatest 
statesman  that  we  have  produced  since  the 
days  of  leyasu,  the  founder  of  the  Tokugawa 
Shogunate)  supported  the  peace  measure.  A 
great  statesman,  moreover,  he  was  an  elo- 
quent speaker,  and  at  last,  unfortunately, 
the  peace  party  won  the  day.  Saigo  and  five 
of  the  cabinet  members  resigned  at  once. 
This  resulted  in  the  civil  war  of  the  loth 
of  Meiji  (1877).  If  our  government  had 
only  been  wise  enough  to  follow  Saigo  on 
this  occasion,  we  probably  would  have  been 
spared  the  three  great  wars  that  followed, 
— the  Satsuma  Rebellion,  the  Chinese  War 
and  the  Russian  War.  If  Saigo  had  taken 
the  field  in  Korea,  with  his  Satsuma  men, 
there  would  have  been  no  shadow  of  a  ques- 
tion as  to  the  issue  of  that  campaign.  China 
was  weaker  then  than  in  1894,  When  we 
fought  her;  Russia  was  not  active  along  the 
Korean  borders;  Germany  was  nowhere  in 
the  Far  East,  in  those  davs;  England  would 
have  looked  upon  the  Nippon  possession  of 
Korea  with  a  friendly  eye,  and  America 
would  certainly  not  have  taken  arms  against 
us  in  defense  of  Korea. 


474 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEiV  OF  REVIEWS. 


The  blunder  was  committed,  however. 
Since  then  we  have  had  no  such  thing  as  a 
stable  policy  toward  Korea.  Our  attitude 
toward  her,  down  to  the  very  day  of  the 
opening  of  the  Russian  War,  has  been  as 
fickle  as  an  autumn  sky.  At  first  it  was 
China  we  feared.  On  a  day  when  China 
would  waken  to  the  realization  of  her 
powers,  what  would  become  of  us  if  she 
were  permitted  to  make  herself  at  home 
in  Korea,  and  from  that  base  strike  at  us 
across  the  Korean  Channel,  which  on  a 
clear  day  you  can  span  with  the  naked 
eyes?  We  asked  ourselves:  "  Suppose  we 
make  Korea  a  buffer  state,"  and  so  we  went 
about  it,  trying  to  establish  an  independent 
state  out  of  Korea.  On  the  27th  of  Febru- 
ar)',  1878,  we  therefore  concluded  what  is 
known  to-day  as  the  Treaty  of  Kokwa,  the 
chief  feature  of  which  was  the  recognition  of 
Korea  before  the  world  as  an  independent 
and  sovereign  state.  The  Western  powers, 
led  by  the  United  States,  concluded  similar 
treaties  with  the  government  at  Seoul. 


THE     POWERS    AND    KOREAN 


INTEGRITY. 


The  integrity  of  Korea  was  now  guaran- 
teed by  a  combination  of  very  powerful 
states  of  Europe  and  America,  as  well  as  by 
us.  China  would  not  dare  to  violate  it.  We 
believed  we  had  attained  the  object  in  view. 
But  we  were  mistaken.  We  did  not  place 
sufficient  emphasis  on  the  utter  and  hopeless 
corruption  of  the  Korean  officials,  of  the  vice 
w^hich  had  sapped  the  vitals  of  the  nation 
for  many  centuries,  of  the  eternal  internal 
dissension  among  the  members  of  the  reign- 
ing house  which  had  turned  the  roy^al  resi- 
dence into  a  veritable  palace  of  vampires. 
Meanwhile,  China  played  her  game  cleverly, 
and  we  had  the  mortification  of  seeing 
Japan's  influence  at  Seoul  diminish  day  by 
day,  until  it  became  a  synonym  of  contempt. 
Then  came  the  Chinese  War. 

Even  throughout  that  war  and  afterward, 
we  dreamed  of  the  Korean  as  capable  of  at- 
tendint::  to  his  own  affairs.  Give  these  peo- 
ple another  chance,  we  have  all  said,  and 
with  a  friendly  assistance  here  and  there 
from  us,  the  Koreans  ought  to  straighten  out 
their  internal  affairs  without  our  making  her 
our  dependency.  Wc  permitted  ourselves  to 
be  deceived  by  the  adjectives  of  those  men 
who  predicted  the  glorious  career  of  Nippon 
paying  back  our  debt  to  Korea,  from  whom 
in  the  days  of  our  forefathers  we  had  re- 
ceived so  much,  in  a  kindly  coin  and  with 
much   interest. 


The  story  of  the  part  Korea  played  in  con- 
nection with  our  trouble  with  Russia,  the 
world  knows  by  heart.  And  still  we  per- 
sisted in  our  beautiful  dream ;  once  again  wc 
said,  give  her  one  more  chance.  We  did 
not  annex  Korea  outright.  To-day  we  are 
paying  for  our  folly. 

Foreign  criticisms  of  our  administration  in 
Korea  are  many.  In  reply  we  simply  point 
to  the  manner  of  people  we  are  facing  in 
Korea,  and  the  type  of  an  Emperor  with 
whom  we  have  been  dealing. 

When  he  ascended  the  throne,  in  his  thir- 
teenth year,  his  ex-majesty  did  not  come  into 
a  paradise  of  innocence.  In  fact,  he  came 
into  a  nest  of  murderers,  adulterers,  and  into 
a  kingdom  the  highest  art  of  which  was  in- 
trigue. In  comparison  the  Cencis  were  but 
awkward  amateurs.  His  Majesty  himself, 
moreover,  did  not  play  the  role  of  cither  a 
prophet  or  a  reformer.  In  commenting  upon 
Seoul  court  life,  an  Englishman,  who  thinb 
very  kindly  of  His  Korean  Majesty,  who 
says  a  great  many  pretty  things  about  him, 
has  this  to  say  of  Empress  Om :  "  Her  amours 
have  made  Korean  history.  Only  two  of  her 
five  children  belong  to  the  Emperor." 

His  Majesty  was  certainly  not  a  miser:  he 
spent  money  like  a  prince.  But  his  money, 
like  the  money  of  all  the  royal  purses,  came 
from  the  poor  nobodies  who  toiled  in  the 
field  and  through  the  dust  of  the  markets. 
Out  of  the  annual  budget  of  a  few^  years 
ago,  amounting  to  about  9,000,000  yen,  he 
appropriated  about  1 ,000,000  yen  for  imperial 
household  expenses,  then  somewhat  over  that 
amount  he  took  for  his  private  purse,  and 
when  I  tell  you  that  these  sums  were  by  no 
means  the  greatest  resources  of  revenue  to 
His  Majesty,  you  can  see  at  once  that  he 
was  not  a  pauper.  As  for  the  Korean  people, 
they  are  not  very  much  better  off  than  the 
Korean  imperial  house.  But  theirs  is  not 
the  blame.  As  if  the  government,  the  cor- 
ruption and  degradation  of  which  cannot  be 
described  by  all  the  adjectives  in  Latin,  were 
not  enough,  their  country  has  suffered  con- 
stantly from  the  depredations  consequent 
upon  her  neighbors*  quarrels. 

japan's   financial   reforms. 

In  spite  of  the  marvelously  efficient  advice 
and  assistance  of  Mr.  McLeavy  Brown,  who 
was  the  British  head  of  the  Korean  customs 
and  financial  adviser  to  the  government,  the 
financial  system  of  Korea  had  no  method  or 
order  whatever,  except  in  an  excellent  sys- 
t?Tj  of  extorticn  that  was  carried  on.     In 


THE  JAPANESE  IN  KOREA. 


475 


1897,  Mrs.  Bishop  wished  to  carry  about  $50 
in  Korean  currenc}^  She  was  given  choice 
between  a  pony,  and  employing  six  men 
to  carry  them.  To-day,  after  the  Dai 
Ichi  Ginko  of  Nippon  (Baron  Shibusawa^s 
bank)  has  established  its  branches  in  the  prin- 
cipal towns  of  Korea,  a  man  can  carry  $10,- 
000  in  his  vest  pocket.  Of  course,  $10,000 
in  bills  of  large  denominations  or  letter  of 
credit  does  not  look  nearly  as  big  as  $50  in 
Korean  iron  cash  carried  by  six  men  or  on  a 
pony,  and  perhaps  that  is  the  reason  why  the 
Koreans  think  that  the  Japanese  arrangement 
of  their  finance  has  reduced  their  wealth 
enormously. 

From  the  very  first'  days  when  Nippon 
began  to  take  an  active  interest  in  Korean 
reform,  our  statesmen  looked  upon  popular 
education  as  the  basis  of  all  reform  measures. 
Education  served  us  in  the  days  of  Nippon's 
re-birth  through  the  '60s  and  early  '70s  as 
the  magic  wand  that  wrought  so  many  won- 
ders. Why  should  it  not  work  the  same 
gracious  miracles  in  Korean  regeneration? 
There  was,  accordingly,  organized  in  Nippon 
an  association  called  To-a  Doshikai,  of  which 
the  distinguished  Ambassador  of  Nippon  at 
Washington,  Viscount  Aoki,  was  president. 
This  organization  alone,  for  many  years 
raised  thousands  upon  thousands  of  yen  for 
no  other  purpose  than  to  contribute  to  the 
cause  of  Korean  education.  Many  thousands 
of  yen  w^hich  were  raised  by  the  association 
and  sent  to  Korea  seemed  to  have  found  the 
same  marvelous  common  grave  of  all  wealth 
in  Korea, — the  pockets  of  corrupt  officials. 
When  Prince  I  to  was  appointed  to  the  Resi- 
dency-General in  Korea,  one  of  the  first 
things  that  engaged  his  thoughts  and  efforts 
was  the  question  of  popular  education  in 
Korea.  Schooling  looked  too  much  like  work 
for  easy-going  Koreans  and  the  Korean  boys. 
The  popularity  of  the  Residency-General  was 
not  heightened  by  it. 

Koreans  do  not  like  us  because  we  went 
into  their  country  and  said  to  them :  "  Work ; 
we  will  ^vt  you  money,  we  will  make  you 
wealthy."  They  said  to  us:  *' We  do  not 
wish  for  your  money,  \\'e  have  lived  com- 
fortably without  work,  we  do  not  wish  to 
work."  And  when  we  made  them  work, 
they  did  not  like  us.  We  built  the  Seoul- 
Fusan  and  Seoul- Wiji  railways,  and  they 
did  not  see  any  reason  whatever  why  they 
should  travel  at  such  a  mad  pace.  We  built 
waterworks  for  them,  furnished  them  with 
electric    lights,    and    told    them    that    their 


alleys  with  open  gutters,  with  their  green 
slimes,  affording  such  a  fruitful  factory  for 
pestilence  and  plague,  must  go.  They 
thought  that  we  were  too  particular  about 
too  many  things.  They  asked  us  why  we 
never  ceased  bothering  them.  We  estab- 
lished schools,  but  they  did  not  see  any  rea- 
son why  their  children  should  waste  their 
lives  over  books,  when  a  fat  office,  which  was 
the  end  and  aim  of  all  their  ambition,  schol- 
arly and  otherwise,  could  be  secured, — not 
by  scholarship,  but  by  a  certain  ability  at  ne- 
gotiation in  money.  We  found  the  Koreans 
with  an  endless  number  of  strong  strings 
laden  with  iron  cash,  and  showed  them  the 
way  to  carry  xn  their  pockets  an  amount  of 
money  which  would  take  two  mules  to  carry 
in  the  original  Korean  cash.  They  accused 
us  of  making  them  so  much  poorer. 

SOME  WESTERN  OPINION  OF  JAPAN's  WORK. 

I-^t  me  close  with  the  testimony  of  two 
Occidentals.  Dr.  J.  Hunter  Wells,  a  Chris- 
tian missionary  in  Korea,  speaking  of  the 
present  condition  of  the  country,  says: 

There  are  those,  who,  from  a  political  stand- 
point, see  fit  to  criticise  Japan  somewhat  on  her 
work  in  Korea,  but  I  do  not  see  how  any  one  in- 
terested in  the  progress  of  the  gospel  or  the  ex- 
tension of  Christ's  kingdom  can  do  anything  but 
thank  Japan  for  helping  along  the  good  work. 
.  .  .  As  to  the  improvements  in  roads,  water- 
works, education,  hospitals,  police,  reform  in 
the  Palace  and  locally,  in  financial  reforms,  codi- 
fication of  laws,  mining,  emigration  and  encour- 
agement of  industries,  the  official  reports  show 
that  great  good  is  being  done  for  the  country 
and  her  people. 

Dr.  W.  B.  Scranton  stated  his  impression 
of  Japan's  work  in  Korea  as  follows: 

It  only  needs  a  short  trip  to  Fusan  or  to  Pyeng- 
yang  to  see  for  one's  self  what  would  be  evident 
to  anybody  but  a  blind  man, — increased  trade; 
the  busy  little  towns  starting  up;  the  school  boy 
with  his  school  cap  and  bag  of  books;  forest 
culture,  so  necessary  in  this  land  of  clean-sl.aven 
hills ;  experimental  farms.  This  last  sight,  good 
for  the  eyes  of  conscientious  observers,  is  enough 
to  gladden  any  but  a  chronic  grumbler,  and  stop 
the  cavilling  of  some  who  ask,  and  never  look 
to  see.  what  is  being  done  for  Korea  by  her 
neighbors.  Exact  and  practical  teaching  is  what 
Korea  needs  most,  and  it  is  just  what  she  is  get- 
ting from  Japan.  .  .  .  Seoul  was  a  city  of 
officials,  and  office-seekers,  and  hangers-on.  To- 
day it  is  a  citv  of  students,  business  bustle,  and 
enterprise.  What  Korea  conld  not  do  before,  on 
her  own  initiative  and  would  not  do  on  the  ad- 
vice of  her  friends,  is  now  being  done  for  her, 
before  her  very  eyes,  in  her  own  land,  and  by  a 
neighbor.  They  refused  to  lead.  They  now 
have  the  privilege  of  following. 


LEADING   ARTICLES   OF   THE   MONTH. 


JOHN  JOHNSON    OF  MINNESOTA. 


TJNUSUAL  interest  attaches  to  the  person 
of  the  Governor  of  Minnesota  because 
of  the  fact  that  he  is  a  possibility  to  be  reck- 
oned with  by  those  who  undertake  to  dispute 
the  Democratic  nomination  for  the  Presi- 
dency. Col.  Henry  Watterson,  editor  of 
the  Louisville  Courier-Journal,  last  summer 
created  quite  a  flutter  by  announcing  that  he 
had  in  mind  a  Democrat  who  could  unite  his 
party  and  might  carry  the  election  if  nomi- 
nated, who  did  not  live  east  of  the  Alle- 
ghanies,  nor  south  of  the  Potomac  and  the 
Ohio.  That  man  was  John  Johnson,  Gov- 
ernor of  Minnesota,  a  biographical  sketch  of 
whom  appears  in  the  American  Magazine 
for  October  from  the  pen  of  Mr.  William 
Hard. 

"  The  best-loved  man  in  the  great  North- 
west to-day,"  says  he,  "  is  the  Democratic 
Governor  of  Republican  Minnesota,  John 
A.  Johnson."  Twice  has  he  broken  the  Re- 
publican party  in  that  State,  once  by  8000, 
when  Roosevelt  was  running,  and  once  by 
72,000,  wh^n  Roosevelt  was  out  of  the  way. 

The  son  of  a  good  woman,  but  also  of  the 
village  drunkard.  Governor  Johnson  rose 
from  the  dregs  of  poverty  through  the  suc- 
cessive stages  of  drug-store  clerk,  country  edi- 
tor, and  legislator,  to  the  highest  office  in 
the  gift  of  his  native  State.  The  writer  de- 
scribes his  subject  as  **  a  tall,  slightly  stoop- 
ing, freely-built,  long-armed  man."  His  face 
is  lined,  he  tells  us,  with  deep,  innumerable, 
interlaced  "  lines,"  especially  about  the  eyes. 
They  are  the  first  and  last  impression  left 
upon  you  by  John  Johnson.  He  has  an  easy 
lounging  attitude ;  a  height  of  about  six  feet, 
and  his  weight  is  about  180  pounds.  In 
build  he  is  **  rangy,"  and  his  hair  is  light 
brown,  not  very  thick,  and  streaked  with  a 
little  white  above  the  ears.  His  ears  are 
large  and  deeply  involuted.  His  head  is  long, 
broad  enough  in  front,  but  broader  farther 
back.  His  forehead  has  deep  lines;  his  eyes 
are  deeply  blue,  his  nose  long,  his  cheek-bones 
high,  and  his  jaw  clean-cut  and  long.  His 
complexion  is  that  of  the  prairie.  His  glance 
is  kindly,  keen  and  observant,  and  the  pupils 
of  his  eyes  so  small  as  to  be  scarcely  distin- 
guishable.    His  scholastic  training  ended  be- 


fore he  was  of  high-school  proficiency,  in  a 
little  country  schoolhouse,  on  the  frontier  of 
the  scholastic  world,  and  he  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor at  the  age  of  forty-three.  He  is  sim- 
ple, direct  and  courteous  to  every  person; 
but  riot  demonstrative.  In  the  words  of  a 
politician :  *'  He  is  an  awful  good  mixer,  but 
he  isn't  much  of  a  jollier." 

Governor  Johnson's  popularity  begins  with 
his  home  town,  St.  Peter.  He  was  popular 
first  with  his  family,  then  with  his  employers, 
then  with  his  village,  then  with  his  county, 
then  with  his  State.  His  influence  proceeds 
from  within  outward.  He  has  developed 
along  the  lines  of  purely  human,  homely  ac- 
tion. He  has  prepared  for  the  larger  duty 
by  performing  the  smaller.  His  father  was 
an  immigrant  blacksmith,  Gustav  Johnson, 
and  his  mother  a  Swedish  girl,  Caroline 
Haden.  Drink  was  the  curse  of  the  father, 
and  it  finally  led  to  his  being  sentenced  to 
the  county  poorhouse.  The  father's  fate  was 
an  essential  element  in  developing  the  son's 
character.  At  thirteen  he  left  school  to  help 
to  support  his  mother,  who  was  then  taking 
in  washing.  At  fifteen,  John  insisted  on  a 
discontinuance  of  this  work,  for  he  was  able 
to  support  his  mother,  sisters  and  younger 
brother ! 

His  first  job  was  in  a  grocery  store;  later, 
in  a  drug  store.  His  fondness  for  books  at- 
tracted the  general  storekeeper  and  to  him 
he  went  next  at  an  increased  salary.  About 
this  time  he  read  "  The  Conquest  of  Mexi- 
co," "  The  Conquest  of  Peru,"  and  "  Ivan- 
hoe."  At  the  end  of  seven  years  he  had  ex- 
hausted the  library  in  St.  Peter,  and  knew 
everybody  in  town.  At  twenty-five,  the 
local  Democrats  needed  an  editor  for  the  St. 
Peter  Herald,  They  selected  Johnson,  be- 
cause he  knew  human  nature.  He  was  suc- 
cessful. 

He  not  only  liked  people,  but  he  liked  to 
be  with  them;  and  he  passionately  loved  to 
dance.  Taking  care  of  the  "  wallflowers " 
was  his  specialty.  In  1898,  he  was  elected  to 
the  Minnesota  Senate,  in  a  strong  Repub- 
lican district.  He  was  returned  as  a  neighbor 
by  neighbors,  despite  his  politics.  At  one  rimf 
he  had  been  a  Republican,  but  the  tariff  con- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


477 


verted  him,  and  he  is  now  a  strong  revision- 
ist. While  his  opponent  talked  on  national 
issues,  Johnson  discussed  local  needs, — and 
won. 

Four  years  later  he  was  defeated  for 
re-election,  but  this  made  his  gubernatorial 
candidacy  possible.  His  friends  regard  his 
defeat  as  providential.  He  was  nominated 
in  1904  and  elected,  having  changed  84,400 
votes!  Two  years  later  his  plurality  was 
72,000. 

His  success  vas  due  to  his  honesty  and 
ability.  He  pleased  the  people, — not  the 
politicians.  In  certain  departments, — nota- 
bly, education — he  retained  the  Republican 
incumbents  because  they  were  satisfactory. 
He  has  never  attempted  to  influence  the  Leg- 
islature. He  favors  a  State  income  tax,  an 
inheritance  tax,  and  control  of  public-service 
corporations.  He  is  also  in  favor  of  an  ad- 
visory initiative  and  referendum  and  munici- 
pal ownership.  He  is  against  passes.  He  also 
believes  that  the  industry  and  not  the  indi- 
vidual injured,  should  bear  the  risk  in  ac- 
cidents. He  is  a  common-sense  conservative. 
His  insurance  reforms  are  practical  and  pop- 
ular, and  his  methods  in  everything  he  under- 
takes are  never  alarming.  He  opposes  na- 
tional railroad  ownership  until  every  regula- 
tive expedient  fails,  and  he  believes  in  the 
right  of  the  State  to  regulate  its  internal  af- 
fairs. Friend  and  foe  like  him  for  his  per- 
sonal fairness  and  kindliness,  and  James  J. 
Hill  is  very  fond  of  Johnson.  While  treat- 
ing the  whole  State  as  his  neighbor,  his  feel- 
ings of  neighborly  affection  never  restrain 
him  when  principle  is  involved. 

In  his  second  campaign  only  one  big  news- 
paper supported  him, — the  Duluth  Herald. 
There  were  no  contributions  from  corpora- 
tions and  his  campaigning  was  stringently 
economical.  Both  cost  only  $25,000.  As  a 
public  speaker,  he  is  of  the  first  rank,  with  a 


GOVERNOR   JOHNSON,   OF    MINNESOTA. 

magnetic  personality.  To  hear  him  is  to 
knoiv  him,  and  to  trust  him.  Progress  marks 
him  for  her  own  at  every  step.  He  expands 
to  fit  each  recurring  demand  or  duty.  This 
is  his  abiding  characteristic.  His  is  a  sort  of 
universal  human  interest  and  kindliness.  He 
succeeds  because  he  is  intensely  human.  His 
mind  is  good  and  expanding.  But  if  he  has 
genius,  it  is  genius,  not  of  mind,  but  of  tem- 
perament." 


PHILIPPINE   RAILROAD   DEVELOPMENT. 
pIGHTEEN  months  have  elapsed  since    Government.     The   Manila  Railway's  un 


the  Government  granted  a  concession 
for  the  construction  of  some  400  miles  of 
railroad  in  the  Visayan  Islands  to  the  Philip- 
pine Railroad  Company,  and  one  to  the 
Manila  Railway  Company  for  an  operation 
of  similar  extent  on  the  island  of  Luzon. 
The    former    company   will    complete    and 


dertaking  is  a  private  one,  and  is  largely 
British  in  its  personnel  and  interests.  Amer- 
ican capital  is  going  into  the  former,  and 
British  into  the  latter. 

On  April  29,  1906,  fifty  Americans, 
under  the  direction  of  Mr.  E.  J.  Beard, 
chief  engineer  of  construction,  sailed   from 


equip  Its  lines  in  four  years,  and  its  bonds    Seattle  to  undertake  the  construction  of  the 
will   be   guaranteed   by   the   United    States   Visayan    railroad.      In    November,     1906, 


478 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiEU^  OF  RE^IEiVS. 


I'ERRa  K    L.KM1XG    PARTS    OF   CARS    IN    THE    M\TEK1\L    YAKI^S    AT    ILOILO.    THE    METR«:>I\H.1S    OF   THE 

SOUTHERN    PHILIPPINES- 


ground  u*as  first  broken  and  the  actual  con- 
struction begun  on  the  Island  of  Cebu. 
"  C>n  Cebu,"  sa\^  Mr.  P.  H.  Ashmead.  in 
the  Ent^ineerln^  Magazine  for  September, 
"  the  sur\'e\^  have  been  completed  for  the 
lOO  miles  contemplated,  grading  is  com- 
pleted upi>n  thirt>-five  miles  and  track  has 
been  laid  on  t\vent> -se\-en  miles.  Opera- 
tion will  shortly  be  inaugurated  on  the 
twenty-mile  section  of  the  Cebu  railroad 
fn.im  the  cit>-  of  Cebu.  the  bus>-  metmpolis 
of  the  s.>uthem  Philippines,  to  Danao,  the 
northern  terminus-  C^e  of  the  first  steps  in 
the  c\>nstr\:ction  was  to  grade  and  lay  the 
rails  on  the  seven  miles  out  of  Cebu  toward 
the  M,inan^a  River,  tapping  a  gravel  bed 
that  has  supplied  Killas:  for  m^^t  of  the 
Pv^rthem  hair  of  the  line.  All  the  main  line 
frv  m  Cebu  jk^uth  to  C^rgiio  has  been  Ivvated. 
as  Kis  r>e  b'U'^o*""  line  acrv>>s  the  island  trom 
Caroar  to  Ba-l  i.  ASn::  ^.vxx^  workn-.en 
""avf  Sfrrn  r:  pved  on  Cebu.** 

V"^-^  :  e  l<a''i  .^r  Pana\  no  n:.les  cf  rail- 
'  vii  is  p-'  fctevi.  Surve\s  a'e  Ov-rpletei 
A- 1  t.^e  actual  w  .^'k  i>  well  ai'«anorvi. 
A>  _:  :^-X^  n'fi  a-e  err.plv  \f'v:.  '  F.ur 
•-.  "T^-^  a:::r'  u-vit^-ravr^  or^tr^vron  t'-^e 
^CT:i-'f  was  esti:^.  ^-evi  tr\  :r.  l. ;    o.  the  <.  ut**^- 


em  terminus,  nearly  to  Pototan.  t^'cnty 
miles  north  in  the  interior.  Rails  are  laid 
six  miles  out  of  Iloilo.  and  surve>^  have  been 
made  for  the  additional  mileage  along  the 
north  coast  of  the  island.  With  respect  to 
operation,  it  has  now  become  a  question 
whether  the  first  t^venty-mile  section  on 
Panay  or  the  second  section  on  Cebu  will 
first  be  ready.  Construction  has  not  >-et  be- 
gun on  Negroes,  but  the  surve>-5, — io8  miles 
in  all. — are  completed.  Just  what  percent- 
age of  the  work  of  the  whole  system  from 
the  commencement  of  survey-  to  the  inaugu- 
ration of  operation  throughout  has  been  exe- 
cuted is  difScult  to  estimate  exactly,  but  it 
may  quire  safely  be  figured,  counting  both 
surve>  and  const mcticn.  that  a  full  one- 
quarter  has  been  done." 

Work  on  Lu/^ti  by  the  Manila  Railway 
Con^pany  is  pn-gre^csing  fa\-orably.  Tliere 
anr  r'"^ree  principal  trunk  roads  wnth  ten 
snuill  brariC^esw  In  Benguet  province,  north, 
there  is  a  r.^-n-nv.le  extension  from  Dagu- 
Pvin  to  San  Fe-r.ando.  In  CaxHte  and  Ba- 
tan~as.  Si:„:h  f^otn  Manila,  there  is  a  se%*- 
e-trk-r'  le  c\  >::n  to  the  southu^st  coast. 
In  Al^a\  p-^.x  nof,  bet^^Ten  Pasacao  and  Al- 
>a» ,  t'-fre  is  a  <\t>-mile  sect^-^n.     About  15 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE   MONTH, 


479 


per  cent  of  the  new  roads  in  Luzon  has 
been  completed. 

To  insure  the  selection  of  the  best  adapted 
rolling  stock  and  equipment,  there  has  been 
formed  in  New  York  a  technical  advisor)' 
board  of  experts,  who  co-operate  with  the 
chief  executives  in  the  field.  The  gauge  is 
3  feet  6  inches,  provided  for  in  the  original 
concession ;  but  all  questions  of  construction, 
equipment  and  operation  are  left  to  the  com- 
pany directors,  the  technical  board  and  the 
Philippine  Commission.  Four  fifty-ton 
Mogul  locomotives  constituted  the  first  con- 
signment of  rolling  stock,  together  with  a 
number  of  small  construction  engines,  fifty 
forty-ton  flat  cars  and  fifty  interchangeable 
ballast  cars.  These  arrived  in  the  summer 
of  1906.  Four  thousand  tons  of  seventy- 
pound  steel  rails  were  ordered  at  the  same 
time.  The  engines  have  spark  arresters,  and 
the  tenders  carry  eight  tons  of  fuel  and 
4000  gallons  of  water.  Six  more  Mogul  lo- 
comotives, four  combination  parlor  and  first- 
class  cars,  four  combination  mail,  baggage 
and  third-class  cars,  and  fifteen  third-class 
cars  have  since  been  ordered.  These  cars 
are  to  be  49  feet  long  over  the  buffers.  Forty 
twenty-ton  box  cars,  forty  ten-ton  cars,  four 
cabooses,  4000  tons  of  rails  and  4000  tons 
of  bridges  made  up  the  additional  freight 
order.    Australian  jarrah  ties  to  the  number 


of  150,000  annually  have  been  contracted 
for,  but,  in  addition,  ties  are  procured  from 
Mindanao. 

The  labor  employed  is  exclusively  native. 
At  first  it  was  thought  by  those  in  charge 
that  the  Filipinos  would  not  prove  equal  to 
the  task  and  that  Chinese  would  have  to  be 
imported;  but  this  misgiving  has  been  dis- 
pelled in  the  industry  and  progress  of  the 
islanders.  Never  before  confronted  with 
such  a  task  and  ignorant  of  the  use  of  im- 
plements or  tools,  they  have  succeeded  in 
grading  110,000  yards  per  month,  of  which 
30,000  yards  was  rock,  which  had  to  be 
drilled  by  hand.  Grades  of  four  feet  are 
readily  thrown  up,  and  the  cost  of  such  is 
only  123^  cents  per  yard,  25  per  cent,  being, 
practically,  rock  work.  The  haciendero 
method  of  hiring  by  contract  under  the 
Spanish  regime  is  eliminated,  and  the  men 
receive  their  wages  directly  from  their  em- 
ployers. Steady  work  and  steady  pay  have 
proved  very  attractive.  Many  have  attained 
an  efficiency  almost  equal  to  white  railroad 
laborers  in  the  United  States;  and  an  indus- 
trial army  of  from  20,000  to  30,000  men 
will  have  been  drilled  through  this  enter- 
prise. For  the  future  industrial  develop- 
ment of  the  Philippines  this  training  must 
prove  beneficial  and  advantageous,  not  only 
in  railroad  building,  but  in  the  trades. 


WOMAN  SUFFRAGE    IN  COLORADO. 


A  FTER  thirteen  years  of  experience  with 
women  suffrage,  the  State  of  Colorado 
ought  to  be  competent  to  furnish  valuable 
testimony  as  to  the  wisdom  and  expediency 
of  the  experiment.  Yet  there  is  much  dis- 
pute, both  within  and  without  the  State,  re- 
garding the  results  of  this  extension  of  the 
franchise.  The  latest  writer  to  attempt  a 
candid  and  unbiased  presentation  of  the  evi- 
dence in  the  case  is  Mr.  William  MacLeod 
Raine,  a  contributor  to  the  October  number 
of  the  Circle  (New  York).  The  sum  of  his 
obscr\'ations  is  that  society  in  Colorado  has 
not  been  regenerated,  nor  political  corruption 
abolished,  that  the  ward  healer  still  holds  his 
place,  that  the  saloon  and  the  social  evil  still 
thrive,  but  that,  on  the  other  hand,  the  home 
has  not  been  disrupted  nor  woman  unsexed. 

It  was  found  that  comparatively  few  wom- 
en in  Colorado  had  any  desire  to  hold  public 
office. 

The  position  of  State  Superintendent  of  Pub- 


lic Instruction  was  the  only  State  office  which 
has  been  conceded  to  woman,  and  that  of 
county  superintendent  the  only  elective  one 
which  has  been  filled  by  her  to  any  large  ex- 
tent. During  the  first  years  of  equal  suffrage 
it  was  the  custom  to  elect  three  women  mem- 
bers to  the  Legislature  from  the  county  of 
Arapahoe  (Denver),  but  this  is  no  longer  done. 
Neither  of  the  last  two  legislatures  have  had 
any  women  members.  In  1900  there  were 
twenty-nine  women  county  superintendents 
elected,  505  school  directors,  and  scattered 
throughout  the  State  one  woman  representa- 
tive in  the  offices  of  county  clerk,  county  treas- 
urer, and  assessor.  At  the  present  time  there 
is  only  one  county  office,  outside  of  that  of 
county  superintendent,  held  by  a  woman ;  name- 
ly, the  treasurer  of  Gunnison  County.  Party 
politics  are  now  directed  almost  entirely  by  the 
men. 

It  will  be  at  once  apparent  from  these  figures 
that  the  field  conceded  to  woman  as  the  best 
adapted  to  her  qualifications  is  the  educational 
one.  Men  make  shrewder  politicians,  are  more 
unscrupulous,  and  more  desirous  of  power. 
Mere  partisan  politics  do  not  interest  women, 
except  the  ward  workers.    But  along  those  lines 


480 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


WOMEN    AT    A    COLORADO    POLLINC.    Pl-ACE.  IT    IS    LIKE    (lOING    TO   THE   GROCERY    STORE. 


which  are  an  extension  of  the  influence  pre- 
viously exerted  by  her  the  franchise  has  offered 
to  women  a  wider  field,  and  a  great  many  of 
them  have  entered  it  unselfishly.  The  things  of 
the  home  as  these  are  affected  by  official  action 
and  legislation, — those  things  that  make  for 
purity,  decency,  and  humanity, — here  woman 
has  discovered  a  use  for  the  suffrage  with 
markedly  beneficial  results.  Movements  that 
are  social  in  their  nature  rather  than  political, 
especially  such  as  have  to  do  with  education, 
morality,  civic  beauty,  charities  and  corrections, 
and.  above  all,  everything  relating  to  children, 
have  appealed  to  women  very  strongly. 

The  newly  aroused  interest  of  women  in 
civic  affairs  has  manifested  itself  especially  in 
the  sanitation  and  artistic  decoration  of  school- 
houses.  On  the  board  of  control  of  the  differ- 
ent State  institutions  women  have  a  represen- 
tation, and  in  some  instances  have  done  effi- 
cient work  in  improving  the  conditions  of  the 
institutions  under  their  care.  It  has  been  found 
the  part  of  wisdom  to  give  them  a  share  in  gov- 
erning those  institutions  in  which  they  take  an 
interest,  such  as  charitable  and  reformatory  es- 
tablishments for  girls  and  boys,  public  schools 
and  co-educational  State  colleges.  It  has  been 
felt  that  the  development  of  girls  can  hardly 
be  secured  along  the  best  lines  by  placing  the 
direction  of  their  lives  entirely  in  the  hands  of 
men. 

It  is  in  this  unloosing  of  a  dynamic  force 
vitally  for  good  that  woman  suffrage  has  made  its 
greatest  contribution  to  the  State.  Colorado 
has  to-day  the  best  laws  of  any  State  in  the 
Union    for  the   care  and   safeguarding  of  chil- 


dren, for  the  treatment  of  unfortunates-  Verj- 
largely  is  this  due  to  the  organized  efforts  of 
women.  The  founder  of  the  Juvenile  Court 
frankly  admits  that  the  success  of  his  work  is 
due  largely  to  the  whole-hearted  support  of 
women.  Not  all  women  have  joined  in  this, 
nor  indeed  the  majority,  but  a  considerable 
body  has  actively  worked  along  these  lines  as 
no  body  of  men  has  ever  done.  Individually, 
many  men  have  helped.  Perhaps  no  woman 
has  done  as  much  to  secure  them  as  Judge 
Lindsey,  of  the  Juvenile  Court,  but  the  majority 
of  men  in  public  life  have  lost  sight  of  them  in 
the  scramble  of  partisan  politics. 

It  appears  that  a  slightly  smaller  percent- 
age of  women  vote  than  of  men ;  but  a  large 
majority  of  the  women  of  the  State  regularly 
go  to  the  polls. 

There  is  no  distinct  "  woman  **  vote  in  the 
sense  that  there  is  in  most  cities  an  **  Italian  *' 
or  a  "  Swede "  vote.  Most  women  vote  as 
their  husbands,  because  their  interests  are  the 
same,  but  a  small  percentage  vote  independent- 
ly, with  no  apparent  friction  in  the  home. 

Very  o^ten  families  go  to  the  polls  together. 
the  different  parties  taking  them  to  and  from 
the  polls  in  carriages.  In  the  residence  sec- 
tions the  polling  place  is  nearly  always  a  pri- 
vate house.  There  is  not  the  least  disorder : 
no  discourtesy  or  offense  of  any  kind.  To  most 
women  it  is  no  more  trying  an  ordeal  to  vote 
than  it  is  to  go  to  the  grocery  store  and  order 
the  day's  provisions.  Women  sit  beside  men 
as  judges,  and  more  often  as  clerks,  of  election. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


481 


WOMAN   SUFFRAGE  THROUGHOUT  THE  WORLD. 


ENGROSSED  with  our  daily  problems. 
^^  and  seeing  things,  as  it  were,  through 
our  individual  peepholes  with  limited  per- 
spectives, many  things,  making  for  universal 
progress  and  emancipation,  are  taking  place 
around  us  of  which  we  know  but  little,  and 
ofttimes  nothing.  Probably  the  extent  of  the 
movement  for  woman  suffrage  is  a  fair  illus- 
tration of  our  limitations.  It  is  a  matter 
upon  which  not  i  per  cent,  of  our  readers,  in 
all  probability,  are  reliably  informed,  yet  it  is 
not  too  much  to  say  that  the  first  quarter  of 
the  present  century  is  likely  to  see  the 
'*  woman  suffrage "  slogan  triumphant  in 
most  highly  civilized  countries. 

In  the  September  issue  of  the  North  Amer- 
ican Review,  Ida  H  us  ted  Harper,  an  author- 
ity on  the  subject,  and  delegate  to  several 
international  conventions  of  wohaen,  writes 
at  great  length  on  the  present  status  of 
woman  suffrage  thrbughout  the  world.  The 
meeting  of  the  International  Council  of 
Women,  in  Berlin,  m  1904,  and  of  the  In- 
ternational Woman  Suffrage  Alliance,  in 
Copenhagen,  in  1906,  are  the  two  events 
which  make  the  question  one  of  world-im- 
portance. Delegates  from  twenty  countries 
were  present  at  Berlin,  and  from  twelve  at 
Copenhagen. 

Since  1893  women  in  New  Zealand  have 
had  the  full  franchise;  since  1895  »n  South 
Australia,  and  since  1899  in  West  Australia. 
After  the  establishment  of  the  Common- 
wealth, in  1901,  and  the  conferment  of  the 
nght  to  sit  in  Parliament  upon  women.  New 
South  Wales,  Tasmania,  and  Queensland 
gave  the  state  suffrage  to  women.  Victoria 
is  still  obdurate.  In  Switzerland  a  suf- 
frage association  is  striving  for  the  franchise 
for  women.  In  France^  likewise.  In  the 
latter  country  many  men  of  prominence 
favor  the  women's  claims,  notably  Baron 
d'Estoumelles  de  Constant,  French  delegate 
to  the  Peace  Congress  recently  held  in  this 
country. 

Belgium  is  aroused  on  this  question,  and 
in  order  to  ofbet  Socialism,  the  aristocracy 
may  confer  this  power  upon  women.  In  the 
Netherlands  the  movement  is  well  advanced. 
The  National  Council  has  thirty  associations 
and  30,000  members.  Dr.  Aletta  H.  Jacobs, 
Holland's  first  woman  doctor,  is  its  president. 
In  1909  it  is  expected  the  franchise  will  be 
granted  to  women.  In  Denmark,  eighteen 
national  societies  for  woman's  electoral  rights 


exist.  One,  formed  in  1870,  has  thirty-five 
branches,  and  another  has  sixteen  auxiliaries. 
A  liberal  municipal  franchise  for  women  is 
soon  expected.  In  Iceland  women  now  vote 
for  municipal  office,  and  the  government  has 
announced  its  intention  of  presenting  a  bill 
for  their  full  suffrage. 

Germany's  National  Council  of  Women 
has  200  societies  and  100,000  members. 
They  are  endeavoring  to  have  the  word 
"  persons "  in  the  electoral  statutes  con- 
strued to  embrace  women,  as  it  naturally 
should,  in  state  and  municipal  elections. 
While  there  is  no  immediate  prospect  for 
women's  enfranchisement  in  Germany,  the 
demand  for  it  grows  stronger  every  year. 
Austria  is  severely  handicapped  by  its  eight 
different  languages,  which  prevent  concerted 
action.  Nevertheless,  a  National  Council, 
with  a  membership  of  13,000,  is  working 
for  the  cause.  The  question  has  been  de- 
bated in  the  Lower  House,  and  postponed 
for  the  time  being.  Owing  to  the  fact  that 
men  in  Austria  have  obtained  universal  suf- 
frage, and  that  the  Socialists  have  a  majority 
in  Parliament,  hopes  are  entertained  for  a 
woman's  enfranchisement  law. 

Hungar}'  has  a  National  Council  of  seven- 
ty associations,  which  has  done  amazing 
work  for  woman  suffrage;  and  Italy  one  of 
sixty  federated  societies.  Russia  has  a 
"  Union  for  Women's  Rights,"  and  woman 
suffrage  has  found  place  in  the  platforms 
of  the  Democrats,  Laborites,  and  Social  Rev- 
olutionists. Poland's  proposed  constitution 
gives  women  a  vote  for  Zemstov  members. 

Finland  has  completely  emancipated  its 
women.  They  vote  and  are  eligible  for 
office  on  exactly  the  same  terms  as  the  men. 
This  gives  300,000  women  the  franchise.  In 
1884,  the  Finnish  Women's  Association  be- 
gan the  battle,  and  never  ceased  its  efforts. 
On  May  28,  1906,  the  Diet,  with  only  one 
dissenting  vote,  gave  the  franchise  to  every 
man  and  woman  twenty- four  years  old.  It 
was  signed  by  the  Czar  on  July  20.  Under 
this  law  the  first  election  has  been  held,  and 
nineteen  women  were  returned  to  Parlia- 
ment,— the  first  women  in  all  time  elected  to 
a  national  representative  body. 

Norway  has  struggled  for  woman  suffrage 
since  1885.  In  1901  women  were  given  a 
municipal  franchise  who  paid  taxes  of  a  cer- 
tain amount.  On  the  separation  from 
Sweden,  the  Storthing  reduced  the  property 


482 


THE  AMERICAN  REl'lEii'  OF  REl^IEU^S. 


AX    EMBARRASSING    ATTACHMENT. 

SUFFR-VOETTE  :  "  Take  me  with  you  !  " 
Plurai*  Voting  Bill:   **  Oh  I   do  let   me   go!      I 
CAN'T  take  you  with  me,  and  you're  a  nuisance ! " 
Prom   \Vv9tmin9ter  Oazeite   (London). 

test  SO  that  wives  may  vote  on  their  hus- 
band's income,  and  even  domestic  servants 
will  have  an  income  large  enough  to  entitle 
them  td  vote.  Women  enjoy  partial  suf- 
frage in  Sweden.  The  only  franchise  with- 
held is  that  for  members  of  Parliament.  In 
the  Isle  of  Man,  widows  and  spinsters  vote 
for  all  offices.  In  Natal,  women  vote  at 
municipal  elections.  In  Canada,  widows 
and  spinsters  enjoy  municipal  or  school  suf- 
frage, or  both,  and  in  the  Northwest  Prov- 
inces all  women  have  both  on  the  same  terms 
as  men. 

Great  Britain  is  the  storm-center.  The 
municipal  ballot  was  secured  to  women  in 
1869,  and  since  then  the  district  and  county 
vote;  but  not  the   Parliamentary  franchise. 


For  twenty-five  years  a  strong  National  Suf- 
frage Union  has  kept  the  pot  boiling.  In 
1906,  a  memorial  from  400,000  women  was 
received  by  Premier  Campbell-Banncnnan, 
while  the  militant  campaign  of  last  year,  b 
which  200  women  were  thrown  into  prison, 
will  not  soon  be  forgotten.  On  Mardi  8, 
last,  the  Suffrage  bill  came  up  in  the  House, 
with  a  majority  pledged  to  pass  it.  Owing 
to  the  Speaker's  hostility  a  vote  was  pre- 
vented, and  for  a  time  the  issue  is  postponed. 
Within  a  few  years,  at  the  most,  it  is  be- 
lieved, the  franchise  will  be  conferred  upon 
all  women  in  Great  Britain. 

On    the   status   of    this   question    in   the 
United  States  this  writer  says: 

The  conditions  for  securing  it  are  harder  and 
more  complicated  here  than  in  any  other  coun- 
try, for  in  all  others  it  is  only  necessary  to  win 
over  a  majority  of  the  members  of  the  Parlia- 
ment. In  the  United  States  there  are  forty-five 
parliaments  to  be  reckoned  with,  and  that  is  only 
the  beginning;  for,  when  a  majority  of  their 
members  have  been  enlisted,  they  can  only  submit 
the  question  to  the  electors.  It  encounters  then 
such  a  conglomerate  mass  of  voters  as  exists  no- 
where else  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  and  it  is 
doubtful  if  under  similar  conditions  >vomeii 
could  get  the  franchise  in  any  country  on  the 
globe.  Principally  for  this  reason  they  have  not 
succeeded  here,  though  they  have  worked  longer 
and  harder  than  those  of  any  other  nation,— 
almost  than  of  all  others  combined.  Neverthe- 
less, four  States  have  fully  enfranchised  women, 
there  is  unquestionably  a  large  favorable  increase 
of  public  sentiment  among  both  men  and  women, 
and  it  would  be  quite  possible  to  demonstrate 
that  there  are  substantial  grounds  for  encourage- 
ment and  expectation  of  an  ultimate  general  vic- 
tory. It  does  not,  however,  tend  to  stimulate  an 
American  woman's  national  pride  to  reflect  that 
this  may  be  the  last  of  civilized  countries  to 
grant  to  women  a  voice  in  their  own  Rovem- 
ment.  And  let  this  fact  be  remembered, — it  is 
the  only  one  where  women  have  been  left  10 
fight  this  battle  alone,  with  no  moral,  financial 
or  political  support  from  men. 


THE  SALVATION  ARMY  IN  BERLIN. 


TTHE  beneficent  activity  of  the  Salvation 
Army  in  Germany  is  steadily  increas- 
ing; its  efforts  are  encouragingly  seconded  by 
the  municipal  authorities  of  the  various  cities, 
the  capital  alone  forming  an  exception  to  the 
general  attitude.  A  copiously  illustrated 
article  in  the  Berlin  IVoche  gives  an  idea  of 
the  many-sided  and  noble  achievements  of 
the  "soldiers"  of  this  non-militant  army.  The 
writer,  Reinhold  Tronheim,  sa)rs  in  part: 
Even  in   the  capital,   whose  denizens  are  so 


prone  to  rail  and  scoff,  the  time  is  long  past 
when  it  was  considered  "the  thing**  to  indulge 
in  specially  witty  remarks  upon  beholding  fol- 
lowers of  the  Salvation  Army.  The  odd  ap- 
paritions have  grown  familiar ;  one  looks  beyond 
the  outside;  their  strivings  for  the  comni<»i 
good,  their  purely  human  aims,  their  work  of 
social  succor,  are  being  more  and  more  recog- 
nized. Throughout  Germany  new  institutions, 
prosperous  and  progressive,  continue  to  spring 
up,  owing  chiefly  to  the  most  unselfish  devotion, 
the  most  self-sacnficing  labor,  the  high  ideals  of 
its  disciples.  The  result  is  that  state  and  cit>' 
authorities  give  more  and  more  countenance  to 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH.  483 

the  social  efforts  of  the  Salvation  Army.  The  In  Hamburg  and  other  cities  the  army  has 
Senate  and  citizens  of  Hamburg  have  decided  to  achieved  splendid  success.  The  Maternity  Hos- 
grant  it  an  allowance  of  $1190  for  a  period  of  pital  at  the  capital  is  provided  with  every  re- 
three  years.  At  Cologne  and  other  towns  of  quirement  of  modem  hygiene.  Restaurants  and 
Western  Germany  a  certain  portion  of  the  mu-  lodging-houses  for  women  have  been  erected  in 
nicipal  funds  is  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  various  sections  of  the  city,  and  are  gladly  fre- 
army  for  its  social  work,  while  in  other  com-  quented.  There  is  also  a  training-school  for 
munities  its  efforts  are  seconded  by  p^ranting  aspirants  for  the  Salvation  Army,  the  head  of 
them  fhildren's  playgrounds  and  buildmgs  for  which  is  a  member  of  the  Imperial  Diet.  This 
their  various  purposes.  ,  institution  is,  indeed,  admirably  conducted : 
„  ,.  ,  Ml  1  1 1  1  f  1  »  f  1  about  seventy  young  men  and  women  make  thoir 
Berlin  alone  still  holds  back,  although  the  home  and  are  educated  there.  The  director  and 
army  ardently  desires  to  obtain  an  asylum  directress  are  Lieutenant-Colonel  Martin,  an 
for   Homeless  and   unemployed   men    in   the  Englishman,  and  a  Danish  lady,   Miss  Jensen. 

^:^^i    ^r    ^u-    Tr^.«:»«       T«    ^^i^^   ^i   «.k:*»  No  one  could   lead  a   more   Spartan   life  than 

capital  of  the  Empire.  In  spite  of  th^,  these  young  people ;  they  are  thoroughly  trained 
however,  its  efforts  have  been  extraordinanly  for  their  social  labors.  The  young  men  and 
successful  there.  young  girls  are  kept  strictly  apart  in  every  re- 
in a  world-center  like  Berlin  social  misery  as-  *^^^  * 
sumes,  of  course,  an  entirely  different  shape  j  •  1  jl  «^:*-j-  concludes  the 
from  that  in  smaller  communities,  and  requires  ^  ,  -  a  .  •  writer  concludes,  tnc 
entirely  different  means  to  combat  it.  It  is,  Salvation  Army  strives  for  and  achieves  only 
therefore,  readily  comprehensible  that  the  care  what  is  useful  and  good;  its  absolute  and 
of  infants,  of  fallen  women   and  so  en.  offered  prompt  readiness  of  relief  is  beyond  all  doubt, 

"^ Vi:™'^^K""*'?[^'*/^^'!i  ^  •'"''p'''^-    '^^"^*""  and    it  should,   therefore,   be   granted    free 
stitutions  have  been  founded  in  Berlin,  which,  as  •    .l  .    •      j  •      • 

they  are  conducted  in  so  model  a  manner,  have  scope    and    the    support    it    deserves    in    its 

evoked  the  appreciative  sympathy  of  its  citizens,  beneficent  efforts  for  the  general  good. 


IS  THERE  TO  BE  A  GERMAN -AMERICAN 
RAPPROCHEMENT? 

CINCE  early  in  the  last  century  American  to  art  (is  the  burden  of  Professor  Francke's 

scholarship  has  been  a  pupil  of  German  article)  the  sole  point  at  which  the  affiliation 

scholarship, — a  connection  between  the  two  of  the  two  peoples  is  furthered  at  the  present 

countries  being  thus  formed  which,  now  be-  day  is  music.    We  know  the  German  operas, 

come   somewhat   more    reciprocal,    is   being  oratorios,  and  many  minor  compositions ;  the 

still   further  cemented  by  the  exchange  of  Metropolitan  Opera  gives  us  Wagner,  and 

university  professors.    Yet  to-day  (so  we  are  the  Boston  Symphony  orchestra  reveals  and 

reminded  in  an  article  on  "  The  Attitude  of  unites ;  we  have  heard  the  Vienna  Singing 

America  to  German  Art,"  by  Prof.  Kuno  Society  sing.    Yet,  the  article  goes  on  to  say : 
Francke,    of    Harvard    University,    in    the 

Internationale    IVochenschrift   fiir    Wissen-  Apart  from  music,  the  average  American,  even 

uhaft,  Kunst  und  Technik)  Americans  though  cultivated,  is  convinced  that  a  German 

art  really  does  not  exist.  A  professor  of  the 
"  face  the  German  method  more  critically  and  history  of  art  at  one  of  the  first  American  uni- 
coolly  than  twenty-five  years  ago,  when  *Ger-  versities  confessed  to  me  recently  that  Bocklin 
man  *  and  *  scientific  *  passed  for  synonymout  was  to  him  little  more  than  a  name,  and  from 
terms.  They  have  learned  to  separate  the  chaff  the  little  that  he  had  seen  of  reproductions  of 
from  the  wheat  They  no  longer  capitulate  be-  Bocklin's  pictures  (including  "The  Island  of 
fore  every  doctor's  dissertation ;  on  the  contrary,  the  Dead  "  and  "  The  Villa  by  the  Sea  ")  he  had 
they  incline  to  take  a  German  dissertation  in  no  desire  to  see  more.  Of  Klinger*s  "Bee- 
hand  with  the  expectation  of  finding  therein  a  thoven."  Lederer's  "Bismarck,"  or  Tuaillon's 
new  prrof  of  the  harm  wrought  by  wholesale  "  Kaiser  Friedrich"  I  tried  in  vain  to  find  photo- 
intellectual  factory  work.  They  compare  the  graphs  in  New  York  art  stores.  The  very  fact 
German  accumulation  of  material  and  the  Ger-  that  these  works  existed,  nay,  the  very  names 
man  mania  for  system  with  the  mental  breadth  of  the  artists,  were  in  most  of  the  places  where 
of  the  English  and  the  finished  form  of  the  I  inquired  wholly  unknown. 
French,    ^fot  seldom  is  the  wish  expressed  that 

the  stream   of  American  students  may  be  de-  How  slight  has  been  the  influence  of  the 

^ed  from  Berlin  and  Leipzig  to  Oxford  and  most  recent  German  drama  upon  America  is 

*"*"  quite  apparent.      Sudermann's  "  Heimath " 

Undeniably  as  German  scholarship  Is  still  and  "  Es  lebe  das  Leben  "  have  had  great 

the  American  ideal,  however,  when  we  come  successes  on  the  American  stage ;  all  other 


484 


THE  AMERICAN  REI/IEIV  OF  REl/JElVS, 


attempts  to  naturalize  the  modem  German 
drama  have  virtually  failed. 

In  short,  America  has  scarcely  a  suspicion  of 
the  mighty  ferment,  of  the  fevered  straining  of 
all  the  forces,  that  marks  the  artistic  and  lit- 
erary life  of  Germany  to-day  no  less  than  her 
trade  and  industry.  America  docs  net  know 
that  in  art  creation,  also,  Germany  is  a^in 
striving  for  a  leading  place  among  the  nations 
of  Europe;  that  new  values  are  being  created 
and  new  ideals  set  up  in  German  art  also,  that 
in  this  field  also  the  bent  toward  the  Great,  the 
Permanent,  the  Universally  Human,  is  again 
coming  to  the  front.  America  does  net  know 
that  she  has  something  to  learn  from  German 
art,  too. 

Professor  Francke  is  convinced  that  "  to- 
day, as  at  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  Germany  is  producing  culture  values 
of  universal  import,  life  values  that  may  be 
transplanted  to  American  soil  and  contribute 
to  the  deepening  and  spiritualizing  of  the 
national  character  of  the  New  World. 
Speaking  from  the  standpoint  of  his  more 
than  twenty  years*  acquaintance  with  Ameri- 
ca, he  regards  the  representatives  of  German 
culture  at  our  universities  as  best  able  to 
implant  the  lacking  knowledge  of  and  en- 
thusiasm for  German  art.  These  posts  de- 
mand, he  thinks,  men  of  eminent  parts  and 
of  genuine  spiritual  buoyancy.  What  such  a 
man  can  effect  was  shown  last  winter  at 
Harvard  and  others  of  our  universities  and 
colleges  by  Eugen  Kuhnemann,  visiting  pro- 
fessor at  Harvard: 

Wherever  he  came  studentdom  acclaimed  him, 
the  heart  of  American  youth  opened  to  him. 
Everywhere  he  left  amid  the  expression  of  uni- 
versal regret  that  such  a  man  was  not  to  be 
found  also  in  our  own  ranks. 

The  large  part  that  mieht  be  played  in  the 
exemplification  of  the  history  of  German 
sculpture  of  the  Germanic  Museum  at 
Harvard  University  (of  which  Professor 
Francke  is  the  curator),  is  mentioned.  This 
museum  was  endowed  by  the  German  Em- 
peror, the  King  of  Saxony,  and  scholars, 
artists  and  business  men  of  Berlin.  It  con- 
tains one  of  the  finest  collections  anywhere  in 
existence;  but,  unfortunately,  its  present 
quarters  are  overflowing,  and  the  undertak- 
ing must  come  to  a  standstill  unless  a  larger 
edifice  can  be  secured.  The  university  itself 
has  no  funds  for  this  end.  To  the  larger 
building,  if  erected,  the  writer  would  like  to 
see  the  German  sculptors  of  to-day  send  the 
original  models  of  their  best  works.  The 
museum,  he  thinks,  should  exhibit  "  a  grand 
general  view,  at  least,  of  German  plastic  art. 
from  the  Hildesheim  bronze  gates  to  Ranch, 


Rietschel  and  Klingcr,"  so  "  disposing  of  tbc 
prevailing  absurd  idea  that  there  is  no  Ger- 
man plastic  art." 

As  to  the  German  stagei  both  of  the  classic 
epochs  and  of  to-day,  the  Professor  says: 

For  a  time  it  seemed  as  if  Conried's  German 
theater  in  New  York  had  been  called  to  play  a 
leading  part  in  this  field.  But  the  lack  of  em- 
phatic and  lasting  art  enthusiasm  among  the 
German  public  of  New  York,  and  the  ficklencs% 
and  uncertainty  of  the  American  taste,  have 
brought  these  hopes  to  naught ;  and  similarly,  or 
yet  worse,  stand  matters  with  other  Gennin 
theatrical  undertakings  in  Philadelphia,  Milwau- 
kee, and  St.  Louis.  The  result  is  that  the  Amer- 
ican has  not  the  slightest  notion  of  the  height 
at  which  the  German  dramatic  art  of  the  present 
stands.  He  does  not  know  what  one  is  speaking 
of  when  one  names  to  him  the  chamber  plays  of 
the  German  Theater  in  Berlin,  the  model  per- 
formances of  the  Prince  Regent  Theater  in 
Munich,  or  the  Diisseldorf  festival  plays.  I  do 
not  believe  that  an  actual  revoluticn  can  be 
effected  in  this  field  by  the  reorganization  of 
local  German  theaters  in  America,  however  de- 
sirable that  may  be.  A  really  successful  and 
epoch-making  impulse  to  German  dramatic  art 
could,  in  my  opinion,  be  given  only  by  starring 
tours  of  the  first  dramatic  companies  of  Ger- 
many in  all  the  large  cities  of  America. 

.  Americans  know  and  prize  the  work  of 
modern  English  and  French  painters,  own- 
ing, indeed,  not  a  few  specimens  of  it.  Of 
our  attitude  toward  German  pair^ing.  Pro- 
fessor Francke  says: 

Even  the  greatest  painter  personalities,  such 
as  Lenbach,  Menzel,  and  Bocklin,  have  hitherto 
left  American  art  almost  untouched.  In  great 
part  this  condition  is  also  to  be  ascribed  to  de- 
ficient knowledge.  The  exhibitions  of  German 
pictures  that  have  hitherto  taken  place  in  Amer- 
ica (such,  for  example,  as  that  in  connection 
with  the  St.  Louis  universal  exposition,  and  that 
collected  a  few  months  ago  at  the  Buffalo  Mu- 
seum) have,  taken  as  a  whole,  brought  only  me- 
dium goods.  Here,  too,  we  should  offer  America 
the  best  that  we  have ;  for  only  so  does  one 
work  for  a  national  cause.  Here,  too,  we  should 
bring  to  bear  the  great,  powerful  personalities, 
even  with  their  eccentricities  and  oddities,  not 
the  adroit,  technically  skilled  form  fellows  who 
have  nothing  new  to  say. 

What  Part  are  the  Qerman-Annerloans  to' 
Play? 

What  power  for  good  can  and  should  the 
German  clement,  constantly  on  the  increase, 
infuse  into  American  life?  These  and  other 
kindred  questions  are  warmly  discus^d  in 
the  Deutsche  Monatsschrift  by  Prof.  Otto 
Hotzsch,  who  was  invited  to  lecture  in  this 
country  by  the  Gcrmanistic  Society  of  New 
York.  He  describes  the  various  phases  of 
the  educational  system  in  the  United  States, 
devoting  the  concluding  portion  of  the  arti- 
cle   specifically    to    "  German    Nationalism 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


485 


{Deutschtum)  in  America,"  Why,  with  the 
immense  significance  of  the  German  element 
in  the  development  of  the  United  States,  it 
should,  on  the  whole,  have  exerted  so  little 
influence;  that  is  the  question  the  professor 
attempts  to  answer.  Further,  what  is  the 
political  future  of  these  millions  upon  mil- 
lions of  Germans  in  that  "  crucible  of  the 
nations?  " 

True  it  is  that  in  the  great  crises  of  the 
Union  the  German  vote  has  been  a  telling 
factor;  and  the  unanimous  and  unswerving 
loyalty  of  the  Germans  to  the  North  in  the 
War  of  Secession,  their  effective  military 
service,  are  still  gratefully  remembered  by 
the  American  people.  Nor  should  it  ever 
be  forgotten  that  it  was  the  German- 
Aroencans  who  smoothed  out  the  differences 
with  Germany  in  1898,  which  even  threat- 
ened to  plunge  the  United  States  into  a  war 
with  that  country.  And  yet,  says  the  writer 
in  the  German  review,  "  uninfluential "  is 
the  proper  term  to  apply  to  the  German- 
Americans.,  In  Congress  there  is  but  one 
man  who  may  be  said  to  specially  represent 
their  interests. 

Arc  not  municipal  concerns  which  could  be 
well  wielded  by  the  Germans,  largely  left  to  the 
Irish?  What  State  is  more  uerman  than  Penn- 
sylvania, where  there  are  entire  villages  whose 
inhabitants  do  not  even  speak  English;  and  yet, 
with  all  its  wealth,  has  this  element  ever  ex- 
ercised any  national  influence? 

Another  pervading  trait  of  German  na- 
tionalism in  the  United  States  is  that  it  has 


no  leaders,  or  but  very  few.  The  writer 
met  many  who  seemed  eminently  fitted  for 
leadership,  both  by  character  and  training, 
but  their  attainments  in  German  are  used 
only  as  aids  in  their  various  callings.  This, 
however,  is  but  natural,  since  a  distinctly 
German  party  in  America  is  out  of  the  ques- 
tion. The  national  character  of  the  coun- 
try, as  far  as  language  is  concerned,  is  a 
determined  fact.  Yet  there  is  no  incon- 
sistency in  characterizing  the  Germans' 
standing  aloof  from  politics  as  antiquated. 

Their  objection  to  taking  part  is  that  politics 
are  impure.  Yet  how  are  they  to  be  purified  if 
elements  specially  fitted  for  reform  stand  back 
with  folded  arms  because  they  are  not  clean? 
American  citizens,  who  actively  share  in  de- 
termining the  fortunes  of  the  Union,  but,  mind- 
ful of  their  German  blood,  introduce  the  treas- 
ures of  German  culture  into  the  new  Father- 
land, creating  thereby  a  better  understanding 
between  the  two  peoples, — that  is  what  Profes- 
sor Hotzsch  believes  the  German  element  should 
strive  to  be.  What  seems  requisite  to  this  end? 
Organization  in  the  first  place.  The  German- 
American  Union,  with  Dr.  Hexamer  as  presi- 
dent, already  numbers  a  million  and  a  half  mem- 
bers. Outside  of  this  the  strongest  organiza- 
tions are  the  various  Lutheran  synods  and  Turn- 
vereine. 

German  nationalism  lacks  self-conscious- 
ness. It  is  desirable,  for  example,  to  have  a 
comprehensive  history  of  what  the  German 
element  has  wrought  in  the  United  States,  as 
pioneers,  as  soldiers,  etc.  German-Ameri- 
cans should  keep  in  closer  touch  with  Ger- 
man culture.  The  exchange  of  professors  is 
a  step  in  this  direction. 


/ 


ENGLAND,   RUSSIA,  AND   THE  GERMAN  KAISER. 


T^HE  much-discussed  meeting  between  the 
German  Kaiser  and  the  Russian  Czar 
at  Schwinemunde  (August  3)  apparently 
had  no  effect  upon  the  conclusion  of  the 
Anglo-Russian  entente  which  was  signed 
September  2.  The  Russian  press  is  almost 
unanimous  in  attributing  great  importance' 
to  the  changed  relations  betu^een  the  British 
and  Russian  governments.  One  of  the  most 
significant  comments  appears  in  the  Russ- 
koye  Slovo.    This  journal  remarks: 

The  understanding  between  Russia  and  Great 
Britain  is  no  doubt  of  equal  importance  to  both 
nations.  Its  object  is  to  put  an  end  to  that  state 
of  mutual  distrust  within  the  sphere  of  Anglo- 
Russian  influence  and  aims  without  involving 
directly  questions  of  continental  and  especially 
of  World  politics.  .  .  .  Third  parties  should 
oflFcr  no  hindrance.     Some  of  them,  however, — 


following  the  example  of  Bismarck,  the  "  honest 
broker," — believe  that  they  have  cause  for  com- 
plaint when  any  transaction  is  concluded  on  the 
European  political  bourse  without  netting  them 
some  brokerage  at  the  current  rate.  Under- 
standing that  Russia  knew  this,  no  one  in  Lon- 
don was  surprised  at  the  circumspection  with 
which  the  Russian  Foreign  Ofiice  approached 
the  signing  of  this  agreement,  keeping  as  it  did 
a  constant  lookout  toward  the  Berhn  govern- 
ment. 

In  the  opinion  of  the  writer  of  the  edi- 
torial quoted  from  above,  the  historic  agree- 
ment just  concluded  between  the  two  great 
world  empires  will  prove  beneficial  in  pro- 
portion as  the  status  and  progress  of  Russian 
internal  affairs  meet  the  commendation  of 
public  opinion  in  England. 

Reasoning  from  the  course  of  English  in- 
ternational policies  (we  pass  over  the  details 


486 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS, 


of  the  argument),  the  writer  concludes  that, 
although  the  Engh'sh  people  have  been  sin- 
gularly indifferent  to  several  recent  develop- 
ments in  the  Russian  situation^  it  must  not 
be  concluded  on  that  account,  or  because  of 
the  agreement  just  arrived  at,  that  England 
will  loan  any  money  to  the  Czar.  At  this 
point  the  editorial  continues: 

The  English  people  will  invest  in  private  busi- 
ness undertakings  in  Russia,  particularly  in  min- 
ing in  the  Ural,  Caucasus,  and  Siberia.  They 
will  never,  however,  help  the  Russian  Govern- 
ment to  rule  the  Russian  people  without  the  con- 
sent of  a  parliament;  and  here  comes  in  the 
chance  for  Germany's  "brokerage."  German 
works  will  get  Russian  orders  for  battleships, 
while  the  necessary  sums  will  be  subscribed  in 
Parliament,  on  terms  agreeing  with  the  present 
economic  position  of  Russia,  perhaps  secured  by 
a  mortgage  on.  these  very  battleships  until  re- 
deemed from  the  Russian  treasury. 

Did  the  Kaiser  Advise  the  Czar  as  to 
Internal  Politics  ? 

As  to  this  meeting  of  Kaiser  and  Czar,  we 
find  some  interesting  opinion  and  speculation 
in  the  dignified  Russian  review  Vyestnik 
Yevropy.  It  is  impossible,  says  the  writer  of 
this  editorial,  to  deny  the  political  signifi- 
cance of  this  interview  and  to  consider  it  a 
mere  act  of  international  politeness,  as  the 
semi-official  press  of  Berlin  would  have  us 
believe.  For  one  reason,  Prince  von  Billow, 
the  German  premier,  and  Count  Isvolski, 
Russia's  foreign  minister,  were  both  present. 
The  international  aspect  of  the  meeting, 
however,  would  appear  to  have  interested  the 
Russian  public  very  little. 

The  questions  of  closer  relations  between 
Germany  and  Russia,  or  England  and  Russia, 
admitting  of  their  importance  for  the  future,  are 
subjects  far  without  the  ordinary  circle  of  the 
burning,  immediate  interest  of  us  Russians.  For 
us  it  is  sufficient  to  realize  that  Germany  con- 
siders it  necessary  to  sustain  and  strengthen  her 
friendly  relations  with  Russia,  and  does  not 
manifest  any  intentions  of  taking  advantage  of 
our  relative  military  weakness  for  any  hostile 
purpose.  What  interests  us  very  much,  how- 
ever, is  the  question  whether  William  II.  of 
Germany  has  attempted  to  influence,  directly  or 
indirectly,  the  internal  policy  of  the  Russian 
Government,  and  whether  such  influence  will  be 
injurious  to  the  interest  of  Russian  society  and 
the  Russian  people.  Such  apprehensions  cannot 
be  put  aside  lightly  by  the  formal  repetition  of 
the  statement  that  interference  in  the  internal  af- 
fairs of  neighboring  nations  is  against  the  rules 
of  international  custom.  It  remains  a  fact  that 
by  tradition  the  relationship  of  both  dynasties 
in  question  is  v^ry  close,  and  would  fully  admit 
of  the  giving  of  mutual  friendly  advices  on  in- 
ternal political  affairs.  It  is  a  historical  fact 
that  Kaiser  William  1.,  grandfather  of  the  pres- 


ent German  Emperor,  advised  the  Russian  Car 
Alexander  II.,  in  a  special  friendly  letter,  w  to 
the  limitations  necessary  in  the  granting  of  a 
constitution  to  the  Russian  people  in  order  to  se- 
cure the  independence  of  the  central  govcmmert 
in  matters  of  the  budget  Whatever  may  be  the 
present  views  and  inclinations  of  William  XL,  he 
IS  first  of  all  the  highest  representative  and  first 
patriot  of  Germany,  and  Germany  is  not  at  all 
mterested  in  the  speedy,  happy  end  of  the  pre^ 
ent  Russian  crisis.  On  the  contrary,  she  ba* 
many  reasons  for  wishing  that  this  crisis  con- 
tinue, even  until  it  bring  about  the  utter  down- 
fall of  Russia's  political  and  military  power.  An 
exhausted  Russia,  disordered  within  and  weak- 
ened from  without,  would  be  a  very  convenient 
neighbor  for  the  Germans.  It  would  open  up  a 
wide  field  for  German  enterprise  and  settle  for 
years  the  eastern  boundaries  of  Germany.  Even 
our  most  well-wishing  friends  among  the  Ger- 
man patriots  would  certainly  have  notfair^ 
against  the  transformation  of  Russia  into  a  dis- 
integrated empire  like  Turkey.  William  11 
would  probably  lose  no  favorable  opportunity 
for  helping  the  Russian  Government  to  turn 
resolutely  into  the  Turkish  path.  It  is  true  that 
the  present  German  Kaiser  conscientiously  ful- 
fills all  the  obligations  of  a  constitutional  ruler, 
in  no  way  violating  the  legal  rights  of  i>opuiar 
representation.  By  his  temperament,  by  his  turn 
of  mind,  by  his  character,  and  by  his  military 
feudal  conceptions  and  ideals,  however,  he  is  un- 
doubtedly an  absolutist  and  has  little  sympathy 
for  any  parliamentary  regime.  His  opinions  and 
declarations  concerning  our  internal  affairs, 
therefore,  could  hardly  lead  to  any  beneficial  re- 
sults helpful  in  a  peaceful  solution  of  the  present 
crisis.  When  we  consider  the  high  personal  in- 
fluence of  the  German  Emperor  and  his  remark- 
able role  in  present-day  Europe,  even  passing 
words  may  leave  a  deep  trace  and  have  an  in- 
fluence in  directing  future  events.  Our  Chinese 
adventure,  for  which  the  Russian  Government 
and  the  Russian  people  have  so  recently  had  to 
pay  so  dearly,  is  ascribed  to  his  direct  influence 
We  therefore  feel  very  uneasy  whenever  he 
makes  a  friendly  step  toward  Russia. 

Has  Germany  Any  Real  Love  for  Russia? 

There  are  those  who  believe  that,  for  lo 
these  many  years,  Germany  has  "  exploited 
Russia  unmercifully."  These  words  are 
from  a  recent  article  in  the  Gazeta  Codzien- 
na  {Daily  Gazette)^  of  Warsaw.  This 
Polish  journal  insists  that,  in  almost  all  their 
relations,  the  advantage  has  been  with  Ger- 
many,— or,  rather,  with  Prussia, — as  the 
writer  prefers  to  put  the  matter. 

On  the  one  hand  stand  the  saving  of  Germany 
from  suicide  in  the  Seven  Years'  War.  the  pres- 
ervation from  destruction  at  the  hands  of  Na- 
poleon, and  the  propitious  acquiescence  in  the 
conquest  of  France  by  Prussia  and  in  the  erec- 
tion of  united  Germany  into  an  empire;  on  the 
other  hand. — in  return  for  this, — stand  the  ma- 
chinations against  Catharine  II.  during  the 
Turkish  War,  the  tripping  up  of  its  savior  at 
the  Congress  of  Vienna,  and  Bismarck's 
•  honest  brokerage  '*  at  the  Congress  of  Berlia 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH.  487 

A    curious   psychological    contribution   of  temal  dissolution  of  Russia  there  ends  for  the 
Prussian  love  toward  Russia  is  furnished  by  JraVe^gr^elt^rt^h'  There' willT  f^I 
tJic      well-known     Lrerman     Governmental  gned  the  prediction  that  "there  will  arise  a  new 
Councilor  Rudolph  Martin,  in  his  new  book,  Germany  which  will  surpass  considerably  the 
**  Emperor  William   II.  and   King  Edward  o\A  Germany  in  greatness,  number  of   inhabi- 
VII  "     In  thi<i  worlr    \t  U  frii**    Dr    Martin  ^^mts,  and  wealth,  and  which  will  constitute  the 
vii.       in  tnis  uoric   It  is  true,  Ur.  Martin  ^^^^  ^^^^j^  defensive  bastion  against  all  kinds 
treats^  only  incidentally  the  subject  of  Ger-  of   Panslavism.   Russian  danger,  etc.    Not   St. 
many  s  relation   to   Russia ;   but,   placed    to-  Petersburg,  as  the  Slavonians  have  been  dream- 
gether,  Martin's  thoughts  and  opinions  on  »ng  f«r  the  last  twenty  years,  but  Berlin,  will 
this  subject  scattered  throughout  the  book,  ^^^^'"^  ^^  ^^P»^^^  ^^  continental  Europe." 
form  an  exceedingly  characteristic  picture.  Already  Germany   is   deriving  great  ad- 
According  to  him  the  source  of  Prussian's  vantages  from  the  weakness  of  Russia.    The 
love  toward  Russia  was  the  belief  in  Russia's  consequence  of  the  Franco-Russian  Alliance, 
invincible  power.    A  typical  exponent  of  this  directed  against  Germany,  has  fallen  entirely, 
policy  was  Bismarck,  who,  "  in  a  cbse  union  and  that  alliance  now  brings  France  only 
with  Russia  expected  to  find  for  the  German  losses.    A  Franco-Russian  war  against  Ger- 
statc  the  assurance  of  a  peaceful  existence."  many  has  become  an  impossibility.     In  the 
Beneficial  as  was  this  policy  to  Prussia,  it  English  designs  of  cooping  in  Germany,  the 
yet  had  the  evil  side  that  it  set  Prussia  in  a  weakness  of  Russia  is  also  of  immense  ad- 
ccrtain  dependence  on  Russia,    This  depend-  vantage  to  Germany.    **  If  the  gallant  Japa- 
cncc  Prussia  felt  very  sorely,  and  despite  all  nese  had  not  felled  the  Russian  colossus  and 
her  protestations  of  love  for  Russia,  she  se-  had  not  kindled  the  flame  of  revolution,  the 
cretly  gnashed  her  teeth.     "  I  want  to  be  a  policy  of  King  Edward  would  have  cost  Ger- 
fricnd  of  Russia's,  not  her  slave!  "  once  broke  many  dear.    Then  there  could  have  been  no 
forth  from  the  lips  of  Frederick  II.     The  thought  of  a  victorious  war  against  the  anti- 
notion  of  the  omnipotence  of  Russia,  how-  German  coalition/'  admits  Martin.     Now, 
ever,  has  proved  to  have  been  erroneous.     In  Russia's  joining  of  the  anti-German  coalition 
view   of    this,    the    German    Governmental  will  increase  only  its  weakness  and  vulnera- 
Councilor  evidently  regards  further  conceal-  bility.   "  When  the  German  lion,  exasperated 
ment   of    the    real    German    designs    as    no  by  England,  will  spring  to  his  defense,  he 
longer  needful.     He  observes:  will  be  glad  if  he  will  find  at  hand  a  victim 
In  the  weakness  of  Russia  lies  the  future  of    ^^'^^th  while.     The  larger  the  calf  will  be, 
Germany !    .    .    .    With  the  moment  of  the  in-  the  better  for  the  lion." 


A  TRENCHANT  JAPANESE   VIEW  OF  EXCLUSION. 


I 


N   a  recent  issue  of  the  Tokio  monthly,  elusion   of   the   Mikado's  subjects,   namely: 

Taiyo,  Dr.  S.   Nakamura,  professor  of  (i)   that  the  Japanese  are  an  unassimilable 

international  law  in  Gaku-siu-in,  the  Japa-  people,    maintaining    their    national    charac- 

nesc   school    for   peers,   presents  what  may  teristics  and   traditions  wherever  they   may 

fairly  be  regarded  as  the  real  attitude  of  the  immigrate,  and   (2)   that  the  existence  of  a 

Japanese  people  toward  the  United  States,  large  number  of  Japanese  in  this  country  will 

After  a  brief  survey  of  diplomatic  relations  necessarily  result  in  the  establishment  of  a 

between  the  two  countries,  this  scholar  dis-  distinct  communit)%  not  swearing  allegiance 

cusses   the  intemarional   trouble  which   has  to  this  republic,  but  paying  homage  to  the 

resulted    from    the  school    incident   in    San  Mikado's  throne."     The  economic   reasons 

Frandsco,    He  asserts  that  the  restriction  of  advanced  in  favor  of  Japanese  exclusion  are, 

Japanese  immigration  into  the  United  States  in  the  writer's  opinion,  not  so  vital  as  these 

is  mainly  due  to  the  "  fear  and  suspicion  "  two  reasons.     Indeed,  the  Japanese  laborers 

entertained   by    the  Americans   toward    the  are  welcomed  by  Americans  who  are  not  of 

Japanese  since ^  the  latter  have  become  the  the  laboring  class.    No  American  denies  that 

leading  factor  in  the  diplomatic  field  of  the  the  Japanese  immigrants  form  an  important 

Far  East.    "  This  sentiment  of  fear  and  sus-  factor  in  the  development  of  the  natural  re- 

picion  has  expressed^  itself  in  the  following  sources  of  the  Pacific  Coast.    The  Japanese 

assertions,   which   the  American   nation   as-  does  not  sell   his  labor  at  cheap  price,  nor 

sumes  to  be  potent  enough  to  justify  the  ex-  does  he  invade  the  white  laborer's  field  of 


488 


THE  AMERICAN  KEI^IEIV  OF  REI^/EIVS 


employment.  On  the  contrary,  he  gets  the 
highest  wages  he  can  reasonably  ask,  and  is 
mostly  engaged  in  such  work  as  is  avoided 
by  the  white  laborer.  It  is  therefore  ab- 
surd, the  writer  asserts,  to  attribute  the  re- 
striction of  Japanese  immigration  to  economic 
reasons;  the  real  reasons,  as  he  believes,  are 
wholly  sentimental.  He  does  not,  of  course, 
deny  that  the  Japanese  are  somewhat  differ- 
ent from  other  peoples  in  appearance,  in 
characteristics  and  in  customs,  but  he  ridi- 
cules the  idea  that  the  Japanese  immigrants 
will  form  in  this  country  an  element  inimi- 
cal to  its  political  existence. 

Dr.  Nakamura  demands  that,  in  the  event 
of  the  revision  of  the  Japanese- American 
treaty,  Japan  should  insist  upon  the  abroga- 
tion of  the  last  clause  of  Article  2  of  the  ex- 
isting treatjs  which  reads  as  follows:  "It 
is,  however,  understood  that  the  stipulations 
contained  in  this  and  the  preceding  article  do 
not  in  any  way  affect  the  laws,  ordinances 
and  regulations  with  regard  to  trade,  the 
immigration  of  laborers,  police  and  public 
security  which  are  in  force  or  which  may 
hereafter  be  enacted  in  either  of  the  tuo 
countries."  But  for  this  clause,  the  United 
States  could  never  have  restricted  Japanese 
immigration  without  the  consent  of  the 
Tokio  government.  The  writer  does  not 
lose  sight  of  the  fact  that,  according  to  the 
principles  of  international   law,   a  nation   is 


free  to  exclude  alien  immigrants  or  restrict 
their  incoming,  whenever  that  nation  con- 
siders such  a  measure  necessary  in  order  to 
maintain  and  promote  its  own  welfare 
Viewed  in  the  light  of  the  cold  theory  of 
jurisprudence,  the  prohibition  or  restriction 
of  Japanese  immigration  on  the  part  of  the 
Administration  at  Washington  is  thorough- 
ly justifiable.  The  writer,  however,  con- 
tends that  acts  which  are  justifiable  m 
the  jurists*  eyes  are  not  always  justi- 
fiable when  considered  from  a  broader 
point  of  view,  such  as  international  morality, 
diplomacy  and  national  policy.  The  ex- 
clusion of  Japanese  immigrants  at  a  time 
when  Japanese  labor  is  really  in  much  de- 
mand in  America,  and  even  welcomed  by  die 
majority  of  the  Americans,  would  be,  he 
contends,  impolitic  and  ill-advised. 

As  for  the  coming  of  the  American  Atlan- 
tic squadron  to  the  Pacific,  the  writer  de- 
clares that  the  movement  is  of  small  conse- 
quence to  Japan,  as  the  Mikado's  empire,  in 
his  opinion,  cherishes  no  intentions  to  enter 
into  armed  hostilities  with  the  United  States. 
"  The  Japanese  peril  exists  merely  in  the 
imagination  of  the  Americans."  At  the 
same  time  Dr.  Nakamura  does  not  hesitate 
to  express  the  conviction  that  if  war 
should  unfortunately  be  declared  between  the 
two  countries,  Japan  will  be  the  ultimate 
victor. 


IS  CIVILIZATION   REALLY   TRAVELING  V^^ESTWARD? 


TT  is  many  years  since  Bishop  Berkeley 
prophesied  that  the  course  of  empire  lay 
westward,  and  that  the  civilization  of  the 
East  would,  in  the  judgment  of  history,  be 
far  outshone  by  the  glories  of  the  West. 
Unfortunately,  the  Bishop  gave  us  no  sub- 
stantial facts  wherewith  to  support  his  theory, 
and  we  are  not  aware  that  any  person  has 
forestalled  the  effort  of  M.  Piobb,  in  Le 
Monde  Moderne  (Paris),  to  prove  that  to 
the  West  must  accrue  the  heritage  of  the 
future's  civilizing  influences.     Says  he: 

At  first  the  centers  of  civilization  were  all 
situated  in  the  north ;  subsequently  they  were  to 
be  found  between  the  parallels  28°  40  and  52** 
31'  of  latitude,  a  region  in  which  the  thermo- 
metric  mean  is  never  lower  than  15'  Centip:rade. 
All  centers  of  civilization  are  shown  by  history 
to  have  eclipsed  each  other  in  the  deprree  of 
their  progress  and.  at  the  same  time,  to  have 
improved  upon  their  geographical  situation,  a 
fact  which  leads  us  to  note  a  phenomenon,  like- 


wise proven,  that  each  center  of  civilization  has 
but  an  ephemeral  term  of  duration,  and  that 
when  it  has  reached  its  maximum  of  civilization 
it  falls  into  decay  and  disappears  altogether,  as 
in  the  great  centers  of  Mesopotamian  history. 
It  must  also  be  noted  that  when  the  people  of 
the  West  were  still  little  better  than  bushmen. 
the  people  of  the  East  had  built  big  cities  and 
possessed  a  high  type  of  progress  and  culture. 
At  present,  however,  the  Westerns  are  more  ad- 
vanced than  they  were  formerly  in  arrear,  while 
the  people  of  the  East  have  ceased  to  progress. 
Putting  aside  the  fallacy  that  Asia  Mmor  was 
the  cradle  of  the  human  race,  we  find  that  civ- 
ilization has  moved  upon  the  globe  from  east  to 
west,  in  the  direction  opposite  to  that  generally 
adopted  by  the  celestial  bodies  of  our  system, 
and  within  a  particular  zone,  of  which  the 
breadth  does  not  exceed  ten  degrees. 

There  have  been  three  halting-places  along 
the  line  of  progress,  nanwly :  Asia,  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  Western  Europe.  If  the  law 
which  governs  this  movement  is  correct,  then 
the  fourth  and  next  halting-place  should  be 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


489 


found  somewhere  in  North  America.  Here, 
according  to  the  French  writer,  are  some  of 
the  historic  world-centers: 

China's  greatest  capital  is  Nankin,  in  32**  5'  N. 
lat. ;  India's  ancient  capital  was  Lahore,  31**  50'; 
Babylon  in  Chaldca,  p^  30' ;  Memphis  in  Egypt, 
30**;  Athens,  Z7''  58  ;  Rome,  41'  6';  Paris,  let 
us  say  the  center  of  modem  civilization,  48°  50'. 
These  seven  great  cities  have  been  the  sources  of 
culture  and  progress,  and  it  is  evident  that  they 
are  situated  on  a  line  which  rises  and  falls  with 
almost  mathematical  precision.  The  most  north- 
erly point  having  been  reached  in  Paris,  the 
next  fall,  calculated  by  analogy,  would  be  to- 
ward the  equator,  giving  a  line  from  New  York 
(40"  42'  N.  lat.),  to  San  Francisco  (2^7''  4/  N. 
lat),  with  two  cities  similarly  situated  in  many 
respects  to  Rome  and  Athens. 

Taking  the  case  of  Egypt  ftlone,  though 
M.  Piobb  points  his  argument  from  others 
of  the  great  .cities,  we  find  that  Memphis 
had  for  its  feeder  Thebes,  that  she  projected 
her  secondary  civilization  toward  the  East, 
namely,  that  of  the  Hebrews,  and  her  pri- 


mary civilization  toward  Greece  and  Rome. 
According  to  M.  Piobb,  each  civilization  is 
awakened  by  the  races  situated  to  the  east 
of  it;  it  develops  on  the  spot  and  creates  its 
feeders,  establishing,  as  it  does  so,  several 
secondary  cities  in  the  east  and  arousing  in 
the  west  the  civilization  that  is  to  succeed 
it.  The  secondary  cities  in  their  turn  project 
themselves  toward  the  east,  destroying  the 
older  civilizations  and  imposing  their  own. 
The  ethnic  phenomenon  of  the  moment  is  the 
awakening  by  those  twin-sisters,  Paris  and 
London,  of  the  civilization  of  the  West 
which  will  one  day  return  upon  them.  In 
1850,  says  M.  Piobb,  a  Belgian  scientific 
investigator,  conceived  a  theory  of  the  move- 
ment of  civilization  in  direct  harmony  with 
terrestrial  magnetism,  a  theory  which  was 
never  followed  up,  but  which  is  plausibly 
worked  out,  and  affords  the  deepest  interest 
to  the  student. 


THE   DANGER  OF   ISOLATING  GERMANY. 


T  N  several  recent  issues  of  La  Revue  a  for- 
mer  French  Ambassador  discusses  **  The 
Europe  of  To-Morrovv."  He  has  a  good 
deal  to  say  as  to  the  effect  of  the  various 
understandings  and  ententes  concluded  by 
Great  Britain  at  the  expense  of  Germany. 
Speaking  of  the  change  in  the  methods  of 
diplomacy,  the  writer  declares  that  "  alli- 
ances are  not  made  for  something,  but 
against  some  one.  Diplomacy  always  makes 
peace  against  some  one."  Moreover,  it  has 
a  fatal  way  of  bringing  about  this  peace  by 
intimidation,  by  exasperating  others,  even 
when  it  is  in  the  most  peaceful  humor.  In 
short,  it  maintains  peace  by  preparing  for 
war,  and  it  is  apt  to  end  by  provoking  war. 
This  is  precisely  the  picture  presented  by  the 
English  ententes  and  the  progressive  isola- 
tion of  Germany,  asserts  the  writer,  and  he 
goes  so  far  as  to  say  categorically  that  "  when 
the  isolation  of  Germany  is  complete  the  cup 
of  peace  will  be  shattered." 

This  diplomat  willingly  admits  that  the 
mistakes  of  the  Germans  have  facilitated  the 
institution  of  the  unfriendly  coalition  of 
which  they  complain.  Ever  since  the  scan- 
dalous supnort  given  by  the  Kaiser  to  the 
Sultan  of  Turkey  at  the  time  of  the  Armen- 
ian massacres,  Germany's  international  pol- 
icy has  been  nothing  but  a  series  of  unfriend- 
ly acts  toward  all  the  Powers  except  Turkey, 
and  her  own  allies  have  been  reduced  to  the 


role  of  satellites.  The  policy  of  the  Kaiser 
is  described  as  the  greatest  anachronism 
imaginable,  yet  the  writer  says  it  would  have 
been  very  difficult  for  that  monarch,  with 
the  great  problem  of  expansion  as  sketched 
out  for  him,  to  have  acted  otherwise  except 
perhaps  in  a  few  minor  details. 

Germany's  brigand  protege. 

Turning  to  Morocco,  the  writer  points  out 
that  the  real  Sultan  is  not  Abdul  Aziz,  but 
Herr  von  Rosen.  A  most  serious  matter,  he 
says,  is  the  constant  anti-French  connivance 
of  Herr  von  Rosen  with  the  masters  of  the 
country.  Berlin,  he  does  not  hesitate  to  as- 
sert, subsidizes  certain  commercial  and  in- 
dustrial enterprises  simply  to  cover  the  losses 
of  German  works  undertaken  at  ridiculously 
low  prices,  and  any  international  tendering 
for  the  execution  of  public  works  is  the  pur- 
est comedy. 

In  the  best  German  diplomatic  circles  it  is  no 
secret  that  the  famous  brigand  Raisuli  acts  ac- 
cording to  the  instructions  of  Herr  von  Rosen, 
and  that  the  valiant  Mehalla  sent  to  pive  him 
chase  always  lets  him  escape.  The  writer  goes 
on  to  declare  that  he  knows  personally  a.  mer- 
chant, neither  French  nor  German,  who  suffered 
greatly  from  the  misdeeds  of  Raisuli  and  his 
band.  First  he  referred  the  matter  to  the  rep- 
resentative of  his  country,  and  was  informed 
that  nothinjj  could  be  done.  Then  he  went  to 
Herr  von  Rosen  and  explained  his  case.  At 
some   allusion   of  the   omnipotent   minister  the 


490 


THE  AMER/CAN  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEWS. 


merchant  chanced  to  show  his  inclination  to 
join  in  some  German  enterprise,  whereupon  Herr 
von  Rosen  said  he  would  do  something  for  him, 
but  the  matter  was  to  be  left  to  him  entirely. 
From .  that  day  the  merchant  had  no  more 
trouble  from  Raisuli  or  his  followers. 

With  regard  to  Anglo-German  coolness, 
the  writer  says  that  the  German  people  are  a 
prey  to  a  new  moral  evil  which  he  defines  as 
Edwardophobia.  They  believe  that  the  King 
is  animated  both  by  a  diplomatic  genius  of 
the  first  order  and  a  personal  hatred  toward 
Germany  and  the  Kaiser.  England,  they 
say,  is  grouping  the  whole  world  against 
Germany  to  prevent  the  economic  expansion 
so  vital  to  her  existence.  As  to  the  Kaiser, 
he  is  supremely  irritated  to  hear  on  every 
side  of  the  diplomatic  faculties  of  Edward 
VII.  He  believes  himself  to  be  as  strong  as 
his  illustrious  uncle,  whom  he  does  not  es- 
teem very  highly,  and  he  protests  with  per- 
severance and  sometimes  with  vehemence 
against  the  phobia  of  those  who  discern  the 
mysterious  hand  of  the  King  in  all  the  dis- 
agreeable things  which  happen  to  Germany. 
The  idea  of  a  Franco-German  entente  is 
cherished  by  the  Kaiser  more  and  more  as 
German  relations  with  England  grow  cooler, 
but  the  German  people  do  not  consider  the 
idea  feasible.  In  the  mind  of  its  promoters 
such  an  entente  is  regarded  as  only  the  first 
step  in  the  Continental  reconciliation  to  the 
disadvantage  of  England. 


ALLIANCES  NO  GUARANTEE  OF  PEACL 

It  is  indispensable,  if  ungrateful,  says  tk 
Ambassador  in   conclusion,  to   remark  tkt 
the  constitution  of  a  solid  group  of  the  Great 
Powers,  instead  of  guaranteeing  peace,  rariw 
diminishes    the    chances    of   maintaining  h. 
The  object  of  British  diplomacy  is  statol  to 
be  to   guarantee   British  supremacy  ag»inst 
German  enterprise,  and  whether  they  will  or 
no,  all  the  allies  and  cordial  friends  of  Great 
Britain  are  the  servants  of  the  British,  not 
in  a  work  equally  profitable  to  all,  but  for 
the  gain  of  Great  Britain  alone.     At  any 
rate,  this  is  the  absolute  conviction  of  tk 
Germans.       « 

It  is  impossible  to  conceive  that  in  Londoo 
the  fact  is  ignored  that  Germany  will  not  wah 
for  complete  isolation  before  breaking  through 
the  chain  which  she  believes  perfidious  AlbioB 
has  astutely  forged.  And  it  must  be  admitted 
that  if  all  the  advantages  of  the  British  systor 
of  alliances  are  naturally  for  Great  Britain,  al' 
the  disadvantages,  perils,  and  risks  of  an  ir 
remediable  catastrophe  are  for  France.  Should 
the  general  European  conflagration  break  out  it 
is  certain  that  it  will  be  reduced  practically  t? 
a  duel  between  France  and  Germany.  The  pro- 
gressive isolation  of  Germany  is  a  verital»e 
world-peril,  and  England  is  as  much  to  blaiiK 
for  it  as  is  the  policy  of  the  Kaiser,  while  France, 
in  taking  the  part  of  one  of  the  antagonists  of 
the  future,  has  helped  largely  to  create  a  dfe- 
quieting  international  situation  from  which  shf 
will  be  the  first  to  suffer.  But  who  dare  say 
thatlFrance|could  have  acted  otherwise? 


THE  LOW  DEATH   RATE  AMONG  THE  JEWS. 


'  I  HE  hardships  and  persecutions  endured 
by  the  Jews  are  constantly  impressed 
upon  us,  but  in  spite  of  all  these  things  the 
records  show  that  the  death  rate  among 
them  is  lower  than  among  European  stocks, 
generally  speaking,  and  since  length  of  days 
is  most  fervently  to  be  desired,  the  reason  for 
this  is  a  practical  question  of  general  interest. 

Dr.  Siegfried  Rosen f eld,  who  has  made  a 
study  of  the  condition  of  the  Jews  in  Vienna 
has  published  a  series  of  papers  on  the  sub- 
ject m  the  Archiv  fiir  Rassen  und  Gesell- 
schafts-Bioloj^ie  ( Berlin  ) . 

Do  the  Jews  owe  their  characteristically 
low  death  rate  to  a  race  peculiarity,  or  are 
they  better  able  to  resist  disease? 

The  writer  does  not  think  it  is  a  result  of 
any  differences  due  to  living  in  accordance 
with  their  religious  creed,  but  believes  that 
the  matter  of  greatest  importance  is  the  ex- 
treme care  the  Jews  take  of  their  health,  and 


calls  especial  attention  to  their  care  of  the 
children.  It  is  very  unusual  for  babies  to  be 
given  anything  except  their  natural  food, 
and  as  a  result  many  children  are  saved  that 
are  weak  at  birth  and  would  otherwise  die. 
As  a  result  of  the  close  watch  kept  of  chil- 
dren, and  the  immediate  call  of  a  physician, 
there  are  comparatively  few  deaths  from 
diphtheria,  while  there  is  no  difference 
in  the  number  of  deaths  from  scarlet  fever, 
where  it  is  of  no  great  importance  whether 
a  physician  is  called  a  day  earlier  or  later. 

The  effect  of  good  care  upon  the  chances 
of  life  among  children  in  their  early  years  is 
very  conclusively  shown  by  a  table  giving  the 
percentage  of  deaths  during  the  first  year  of 
life  of  the  legitimate  and  the  natural  chil- 
dren of  Roman  Catholic,  Protestant,  and 
Jewish  parentage.  Among  Roman  Catholics 
and  Protestants  about  19  per  cent,  of  the 
children  die  during  their  first  year,  and  about 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


491 


14  per  cent,  among  the  Jeu^,  while  with  the 
unfortunate,  neglected  and  uncared-for  natu- 
ral children,  about  35  per  cent,  die  among 
both  Roman  Catholics  and  Protestants,  less 
than  double  the  number  in  the  first  instance, 
and  among  the  Jews,  about  33  per  cent.,  or 
5  per  cent  more  than  double  the  number  in 
the  first  instance,  although  less  than  the  num- 
ber among  the  other  creeds. 

The  characteristic  precaution  with  regard 
to  health  is  also  shown  in  their  abstinence 
from  the  use  of  alcohol.  The  results  here 
are  far-reaching,  and  are  noticeable,  not  only 
in  the  comparatively  few  deaths  occurring  as 
a  direct  result  of  alcoholism,  but  also  in  the 
freedom  of  the  Jews  from  such  diseases  as 
inflanmiation  of  the  lungs,  etc.,  that  may 
result  indirectly  from  excesses  of  this  kind, 
and  still  further  in  the  results  among  the  un- 
protected members  of  the  community,  who, 
to  a  corresponding' degree,  escape  the  effects 
of  neglect,  and  the  inherited  tendencies  to- 


ward the  deep-seated  diseases  that  children  of 
inebriates  suffer  from. 

Other  data  showing  differences  in  the 
number  of  deaths  from  various  causes  among 
adults  in  the  community  where  the  obser\'a- 
tions  were  extended  through  several  years, 
bring  out  the  fact  that  there  were  252  sui- 
cides among  the  Roman  Catholics,  seven 
among  the  Protestants,  and  twenty-three 
among  the  Jews  on  account  of  domestic  in- 
felicity ;  from  the  morphine  habit  and  nervous 
affections,  fifty-three  deaths  among  Roman 
Catholics,  three  among  Protestants,  and 
twelve  among  Jews. 

The  writer  finds  that  in  his  locality  at 
least,  the  death  rate  among  the  Jews  is 
noticeably  lower  than  among  peoples  of  other 
creeds.  He  does  not  attribute  this  to  any 
inherent  race  characteristic,  but  to  more  care- 
ful living,  and  he  believes  that  his  observa- 
tions give  ground  for  the  hope  that  the  lease 
of  human  life  may  be  prolonged  for  all. 


THE  LEGEND   OF  PIUS  X. 


UNDER  the  title  of  "The  Legend  of 
Pius  X."  E.  Philippe  begins,  in  the 
August  issue  of  the  Bibliotheque  Universelle, 
a  character  study  of  Cardinal  Sarto  as  Pope. 
To  some  people,  he  writes,  the  Pope  is  a 
saint,  and  to  others  a  good  country  cure,  lit- 
tle prepared  for  the  functions  of  his  present 
position.  Five  years  have  made  little  change 
in  him.  In  appearance  the  Pope  is  almost 
the  same  as  when  he  first  appeared  in  the 
inner  loggia  of  St.  Peter's  for  the  benediction 
after  his  proclamation  in  the  Sistine  Chapel. 

HIS    CHARACTERISTIC    NOTE. 

Sarto's  valet  de  chambre  relates  that  his 
master  was  in  tears  when  he  first  put  on  the 
pontifical  vestments.  Tears  were  the  first 
manifestation  of  Pius  X.,  and  he  continued 
to  weep  after  the  benediction.  Nor  will  he 
allow  a  single  occasion  to  weep  in  public  to 
pass.  Every  time  he  has  received  in  audience 
a  band  of  French  pilgrims  he  has  had  at  a 
given  moment  tears  in  his  voice  if  not  in  his 
eyes.  It  is  a  characteristic  note  which  dif- 
ferentiates him  from  his  predecessqr.  Leo 
XIII.  was  the  proud,  triumphant  Catholic 
Church.  When  he  spoke  of  sorrow*  and  resig- 
nation it  was  in  a  tone  which  denoted  pres- 
ent consolation  and  certain  victory.  The 
eloquence  of  Pius  X.  is  very  different.  With 
him  Catholicism  has  suffered  from  the  begin- 


ning, it  has  been  reduced  to  despair,  has  un- 
dergone persecution,  and  finally  has  wept. 
The  resignation  of  Leo  XIII.  was  only  in 
his  words;  he  had  the  pride  of  spiritual 
power.  Pius  X.  had  the  pride  of  humility 
and  the  despair  of  weakness  from  the  mo- 
ment that  he  became  Pope.  He  is  sincere  in 
his  display  of  his  feelings,  but  from  the  strug- 
gle of  this  sensitive  character  with  daily 
events  there  has  come  into  existence  many 
contradictions,  all  the  more  conspicuous  be- 
cause of  the  exaggerated  humble,  feeble,  and 
modest  part  played  by  the  sovereign  pontiff. 
All  sorts  of  stories  are  told  of  his  simple 
habits.  He  was  no  sooner  crowned  than  he 
indicated  his  hatred  of  pomp  and  ceremony. 
Nevertheless,  the  Pope  has  been  constrained 
to  modify  somewhat  the  habits  of  Cardinal 
Sarto.  It  has  been  respectfully  explained  to 
him  that  the  successor  of  Leo  XIII.  de- 
tracted from  the  prestige  of  the  Papacy  in 
not  adhering  to  the  magnificence  and  the 
pomp  of  sumptuous  ceremonies,  and  gently 
he  has  been  made  to  sec  that  he  must  no 
longer  resemble  a  country  cure.  And  he  has 
at  last  given  way.  Two  or  three  dignitaries 
in  his  entourage  were  suppressed,  but  the 
numbei*  of  prelates  and  attendants  of  all 
kinds  has  been  increased,  and  gradually  the 
Pope  is  becoming  accustomed  to  the  digni- 
ties befitting  his  new  mode  of  life. 


492 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^/EIV  OF  REI/IEIVS 


AN   ALL-MAHOMEDAN  LEAGUE. 


npHE  Hindus  of  British  India,  cloaking 
their  unrest  in  council  under  the  im- 
pressive name  of  the  "  Indian  National  Con- 
gress," have  started  a  decidedly  aggressive 
**  reform  "  movement.  The  Mahomedans, 
over  62,000,000  in  number,  have  now  estab- 
lished the  "  All-India  Moslem  League,"  pal- 
pably intended,  as  is  the  **  Indian  National 
Congress,"  to  courteously,  yet  firmly  and  per- 
sistently, force  the  issue  of  representative 
government,  also  to  press  the  British  Viceroy 
and  Council  for  concessions  in  several  other 
directions. 

Regarding  this  latest  Mahomedan  move, 
Edward  E.  Lang,  in  the  Contemporary 
Review,  gives  an  interesting  account  of  the 
organization  and  what  it  hopes  to  achieve. 
Both  Hindus  and  Mahomedans,  on  the  sur- 
face, are  profuse,  through  their  leaders,  in 
protestations  of  loyalty  to  British  rule,  yet, 
reading  between  the  lines,  it  seems  reasonable 
to  assume  that^the  pacific  attitude  is  merely 
prcliminarj'^  to  *an  intensely  hostile  one  if  the 
reform  suggestions  are  thrown  aside  or  other- 
wise ignored  by  British  administrators. 

The  plan  and  purpose  of  the  "  All-India 
Moslem  League"  is  thus  stated: 

On  December  30th  last  a  Mahomedan  con- 
ference, in  session  at  Dacca,  the  capital  of  the 
newly-created  province  of  Eastern  Bengal,  de- 
parting absolutely  from  its  traditions,  openly 
discussed  the  question  of  the  protection  of  Ma- 
homedan interests  from  a  political  standpoint, 
and  finally  carried  unanimously  a  motion  for  the 
formation  of  an  "  All-India  Moslem  League,"  to 
promote  among  the  Mahomedans  of  India  feel- 
mgs  of  loyalty  to  the  British  Government,  and 
to  remove  any  misconceptions  that  may  arise  as 
to  the  intentions  of  government  with  regard  to 
any  of  its  measures;  to  protect  and  to  advance 
the  political  rights  and  interests  of  the  Mahome- 
dans of  India,  and  respectfully  to  represent  their 
needs  and  aspirations  to  government,  and  to  pre- 
vent the  rise  among  Mahomedans  in  India  of  any 
feelings  of  hostility  toward  other  communities, 
without  prejudice  to  the  other  objects  of  the 
league.  A  strong  Provisional  Committee  was 
formed,  with  power  to  add  to  its  number,  and 
the  joint  secretaries  appointed  were  the  Nawabs 
Vicar-ul-niulk  and  Mohsin-ul-mulk,  two  of  the 
most  important  members  of  the  Mahomedan 
community  in  India  and  men  of  great  intellectual 
capacity.  The  committee  was  charged  to  frame 
a  constitution  within  a  period  of  four  months, 
and  further  to  convene  a  meeting  of  Indian  Ma- 
homedans at  a  suitable  time  and  place  to  lay  the 
constitution  before  such  meeting  for  final  ap- 
proval and  adoption. 

The  charming  subtlety  of  the  oriental 
character  is  well  illustrated  in  the  general 
wording  and   arrangement   of   the    Moslem 


plan,  as  it  was  in  that  of  the  Hindus.  That 
portion  of  one  sentence  which  reads:  "to 
protect  and  advance  the  political  rights  and 
interests  of  the  Mahomedans  of  India,"  is 
full  of  significance,  and  is  merely  the  oriental 
way  of  saying  that  there  will  be  "  something 
doing  "  if  the>'  do  not  get  what  they  want, 
or  a  substantial  equivalent. 

The  Rubicon  has  been  crossed;  the  MahooM- 
dans  of  India  have  forsaken  the  shades  of  re- 
tirement for  the  political  arena;  henceforth  a 
new  factor  in  Indian  politics  has  to  be  rcdconed 
with.  It  has  arisen  at  a  grave  crisis  in  the  his- 
tory of  those  politics,  and  though  to  that  crisis 
its  inception  is  not  due,  without  a  doubt  its 
growth  has  been  quickened  thereby.  The  agita- 
tion of  the  Bengalis  against  the  partition  of 
Bengal  having  been  partly  successful  in  the  re- 
moval of  Sir  Bampfylde  Fuller,  a  loyal  servant 
of  the  empire,  to  whom  the  Mahomedans  are 
deeply  attached,  it  became  clear  to  the  leaders  of 
the  Slahomedan  community  that  by  a^tation 
alone  could  the  government  be  reached,  and 
forthwith  they  took  counsel  as  to  the  advisability 
of  forsaking  the  tenets  inculcated  by  Sir  Syed 
Ahmad  Khan,  the  key-note  of  which  was  quies- 
cence so  far  as  politics  were  concerned.  Meet- 
ings were  held  in  various  parts  of  India ;  one  of 
the  most  important  took  place  in  Lucknow  in 
September  last,  and  thereat  it  was  decided,  fi- 
nally, that  a  Mahomedan  deputation  should  be 
sent  to  Lord  Minto,  at  Simla,  to  lay  before  him 
the  grievances  of  the  Mahomedan  community  in 
India,  and  to  urge  redress  at  the  hands  of  gov- 
ernment. 

The  Viceroy  gave  the  deputation  1 
courteous  reception.  The  delegates  were 
assured  that  "  Mahomedan  wrongs  would 
be  righted,"  but 

fearing  lest  with  a  liberal  Ministry  the  hands 
of  the  government  of  India  might  not  be  as  free 
as  could  be  desired,  further  consultations  were 
held,  and  early  in  December  the  Nawab  of  Dacca 
issued  a  circular  to  the  principal  Mahomedans 
of  India  detailing  a  scheme  for  the  formation  of 
a  "Moslem  All-India  Confederacy,**  the  chief 
objects  of  which  were  to  be  "  to  support,  when- 
ever possible,  all  measures  emanating  from  the 
government  and  to  protect  the  cause  and  advance 
the  interest  of  our  co-religionists  throughout 
the  country,  to  controvert  the  growing  influence 
of  the  so-called  Indian  National  GDngress,  which 
has  a  tendency  to  mismterpret  and  subvert  British 
rule  in  India,  or  which  may  lead  to  that  de- 
plorable situation,  and  to  enable  our  young  men 
of  education,  who  for  want  of  such  an  associa- 
tion have  joined  the  Congress  camp,  to  find 
scope,  according  to  their  fitness  and  ability  for 
public  life." 

The  Nawab,  in  his  circular,  gives  "our 
Hindu  Brethren"  several  "digs"  taxiing 
to  show  that  there  is  a  lack  of  sympathy 
between  the  two  organizations.     TTiis  will, 


LEADING   ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


498 


however,  add  vim  to  the  general  movement,  their  civil  and  military  servants  actually  on 

'which  is  big  with  possibilities,  pacific  or  hos-  the  spot  and  able  to  soothe  or  irritate,  as 

tile,  according  to  the  manner  in  which  it  is  they  see  fit,  the  leaders  of  the  two  rival  and 

handled  by  the  British  home  authorities  and  yet  ''  friendly  **  politico-religious  factions. 


THE  FARM  THE   TRUE  SCHOOL. 


**   A   GRICULTURE  the  Basis  of  Edu- 
cation "  is  the  title  of  a  very  sug- 
gestive paper  in  the  Monist  by  Mr.  O.  F. 
Cook,  who  boldly  challenges  current  opinions 
of  training  the  next  generation.     Mr.  Cook 
begins  by  saying  that  "  interest  is  intellectual 
appetite."     It   is  the   index  of  the  mind's 
readiness  for  the  assimilation  of  knowledge. 
Formal  instruction  does  not  arouse  interest, 
but  can  speedily  deaden  and  destroy  it.     It 
results  in  a  scholastic  dyspepsia.     "  It  is  as 
though    horse-breeders  were   to   follow   the 
methods  of  the  hog-raisers,  or  as  though  the 
system  of  producing  fat-livered  geese  were 
applied  to  game-cocks  or  to  carrier-pigeons." 
Education   means  greater  power  of  action, 
not  mere  plethora  of  erudition. 

THE  PRIMAL  CONTACTS. 

He  then  lays  down  his  main  thesis : 
More  fundamental  than  all  questions  of  sub- 
ject-matter and  methods  of  formal  education  are 
the  two  primal  contacts  of  the  child,  with  Nature 
and  with  parents.  To  weaken  these  contacts  is 
to  impair  the  conditions  of  normal  development, 
the  basis  on  which  all  more  specialized  forms  of 
training  must  rest. 

The  actual  labor  of  farming  may  not  have  an 
educational  superiority  over  many  other  voca- 
tions, except  for  the  greater  variety  and  the 
more  numerous  contacts  with  nature. 

CITIES    NO    PLACE    FOR   CHILDREN. 

Education  fails  to  remedy  the  deteriora- 
tion that  takes  place  in  cities,  which  often 
overlook  this  main  fact.  Parents  who  move 
from  country  to  town  to  give  their  children 
greater  educational  advantages  often  leave 
behind  much  more  truly  educational  condi- 
tions than  any  they  find  in  the  city.  "  Chil- 
dren are  obviously  out  of  place  in  cities": 

The  mental  conditions  of  agriculture  are  just 
as  essential  to  the  normal  development  of  the 
human  mind  as  air,  food  and  exercise  for  the 
development  of  the  bodv.  Nature  is  hiehly  com- 
plex, and  also  exceedinprly  fine-gained;  it  is 
only  in  contact  with  this  multiplicity  of  fine- 
grained facts  of  Nature  that  fine-grained  percep- 
tions are  developed  by  the  child. 

OUT    OF    TOUCH    WITH    REALITY. 

Degeneration    is   an    inevitable   effect   of 
shutting  children   away   from   Nature   and 


from  their  parents  during  the  years  when  the 
senses  are  susceptible  of  their  most  rapid 
and  permanent  progress.  Attempts  to  graft 
agriculture  into  scholastic  courses  of  study 
have  rarely  been  successful,  for  formal  learn- 
ing leads  away  from  Nature  rather  than 
toward  it.  Complete  mastery  of  a  foreign 
language  is  seldom  possible  if  the  undertak- 
ing be  deferred  to  maturity.  The  mutifar- 
ious  agriculture  contacts  with  Nature  are 
similar;  unless  supplied  in  childhood  and 
youth  they  seem  to  find  no  adequate  entrance 
or  function  in  the  mind: 

The  mind  of  childhood,  rather  than  that  of 
later  youth  or  manhood,  is  adapted  to  absorb 
the  vast  number  and  complexity  of  details  with 
which  all  nature  contacts  abound.  Not  to  have 
these  contacts  at  the  right  time  of  life  is  to  be 
always  out  of  joint  with  the  terrestrial  environ- 
ment,— to  remain  a  transient  boarder  and  never 
completely  qualify  as  a  true  inhabitant  of  the 
earth. 

VALUE  OF   PARENTS  AND  GRANDPARENTS. 

Having  dealt  with  the  need  of  contacts 
with  Nature,  Mr.  Cook  proceeds  to  urge  the 
need  of  contact  with  previous  generations. 
He  says: 

It  is  not  enough  that  normal  .babies  be  bom, 
and  that  children  have  pure  air,  wholesome  food 
and  adequate  exercise,  so  that  their  bodies  attain 
normal  physical  development.  Even  when  these 
piaterial  conditions  are  supplied  they  carry  the 
young  only  to  the  status  of  savages,  unless  ef- 
fective contacts  with  the  older  members  of  the 
community  are  maintained. 

The  human  species  differs  from  all  others  in 
that  the  parental  instincts  are  not  temporary, 
but  continue  to  strengthen  with  age.  It  is  often 
not  the  parents  themselves,  but  the  grandparents, 
who  supply  the  wildest  experience  and  the  most 
sympathetic  relations,  especially  with  the  young- 
er children. 

It  is  only  in  agricultural  communities  that 
these  necessary  contacts  with  Nature  and  be- 
tween the  successive  generations  are  well  as- 
sured; just  as  it  is  only  in  ac^ricultural  societies 
that  civilizations  are  developed  and  maintained. 

THE  NEED  OP   SOLITUDE. 

A  further  argument  is  advanced.  "  Great 
men  of  all  the  ages  have  commended  solitude 
as  one  of  the  most  important  of  educational 
factors."    But  "  solitude  cannot  be  provv'  ' 


494 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^lEiV  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


on  the  factory  system,  and  educators  have 
ceased  to  consider  it,  despite  all  the  opinions 
of  saints  and  sages."  The  school  has  become 
an  agent  of  social  disorganization,  weakening 
the  contacts  between  successive  generations. 
The  boy  spends  his  time  with  his  undeveloped 
contemporaries,  instead  of  with  his  experi- 
enced elders.  Mr.  Cook  reiterates  and  con- 
cludes: 


Education  is  not,  primarily,  a  matter  of 
schools  and  systems  of  formal  instruction,  but  of 
maintaining  the  contacts  with  Natu«'e  and  with 
the  precedmg  generations.  Institutions  whi<4 
weaken  these  contacts  are  not  truly  educational, 
but  have  the  contrary  effect  of  arresting  the  df- 
velopment,  both   of   the   individual   and  of  the 


Wordsworth   has  evidently  not  preached 
in  vain. 


MUNICIPAL  OWNERSHIP  OF  TELEPHONES  IN  GREAT 

BRITAIN.    ' 


TJ  NDER  the  act  of  1899  six  municipalities 
in  Great  Britain  established  and  op- 
erated their  own  telephones,  and  in  June  of 
the  present  year  only  two  were  still  com- 
mitted to  the  venture.  These  were  Ports- 
mouth and  Hull.  Glasgow  and  Brighton 
.gave  up  in  1906,  Tunb ridge  Wells  in  1902, 
and  Swansea  in  the  spring  of  1907.  This 
collapse  is  due  to  peculiar  conditions  under 
which  the  operation  of  telephones  in  Great 
Britain  was  attempted,  and  is  not  considered 
a  reflection  on  the  merits  of  municipal 
ownership. 

In  1899  the  telephone  situation  had 
reached  a  crisis,  the  National  Telephone 
Company  enjoying  a  practical  monopoly 
and  controlling  all  the  local  exchanges.  The 
long-distance  lines  had  been  purchased  by 
the  government  in  1896,  and  the  licenses 
under  which  the  National  operated  were  to 
expire  in  191 1.  Should  the  government  fail 
to  purchase  its  lines  in  191 1,  or  refuse  to  ex- 
tend its  licenses,  the  plant  of  the  company 
would  be  useless.  The  extension  being  prac- 
tically out  of  the  question,  public  opinion, 
asserted  that  competition  was  the  only 
method  to  bring  the  monopoly  to  terms,  and 
to  prevent  it  from  asking  an  exorbitant  price 
should  the  government  elect  to  purchase  on 
the  expiration  of  its  tenure.' 

This  precipitated  the  question  whether  the 
local  exchange  business  should  be  municipal 
or  national,  and  the  government  tentatively 
authorized  municipal  competition.  To 
strengthen  its  attack  the  postal  authorities 
were  empowered  to  join  the  municipal 
forces.  The  contest  started  on  a  fair  basis. 
Municipalities  were  authorized  to  take  out 
licenses  for  not  more  than  twenty-five  years ; 
but  if  the  term  extended  beyond  191 1,  the 
company  was  privileged  to  secure  a  corre- 
sponding   extension    in  the    same    territory. 


On  the  expiration  of  the  licenses  the  plants 
of  the  company  and  the  municipalities,  con- 
formable to  a  certain  standard  of  efficiena 
prescribed  by  the  Postmaster-General,  would 
be  purchased  by  him  at  a  fair  market  value, 
exclusive  of  payment  for  good  will. 

Only  the  municipalities  named  accepted 
the  gauge  of  battle  and,  short-lived  though 
they  were,  they  rendered  excellent  service. 
High  rates  were  reduced  and  the  telephone 
greatly  popularized.  With  the  exception  of 
Glasgow,  upon  surrender  the  finances  of  the 
other  municipal  systems  were  technicall) 
sound.  The  National  Telephone  Company 
had  a  great  advantage  in  discriminations  in 
rates  in  non-competitive  territory,  and  from 
its  surplus  gains  therein  it  was  easily  able 
to  defray  the  cost  of  the  competition  in  the 
six  competitive  centers.  That  more  munici- 
palities did  not  enter  the  lists  was  a  sore 
drawback  to  those  that  did  and  a  great  ad- 
vantage to  the  company.  Moreover,  the 
local  authorities  found  it  difficult  to  organ- 
ize a  well-knit  system,  because  a  particular 
area  often  included  several  separate  munici- 
palities. Again,  they  were  loath  to  give  the 
company  statutory  rights  in  their  streets  as 
they  were  required  to  do  to  secure  an  ex- 
tended license  to  operate;  and  if  they  took 
out  one  expiring  in  1911  they  had  to  recoup 
their  capital  by  that  year. 

THE  government's  CHANGE  OF   ATTITUDE. 

The  government's  action  in  securing  co- 
operation from  the  postal  authorities  was  a 
very  discouraging  factor.  The  Postmaster- 
General  opened  a  central  exchange  in  1902, 
and  immediately  co-operated  with  the  enemy 
instead  of  competing.  An  agreement  was 
made  whereby  identical  rates  and  intercom- 
munication were  provided  for  between  the 
company  and  the  postal  system,  and,  most 


LEADING  ARTICLED  OF    I  HE  MONTH. 


495 


important  of  all,  the  purchase  of  the  com- 
pany's plant  in  191 1.  This  was  a  reversal 
of  the  original  attitude  and  a  most  effective 
prohibition  for  the  advocates  of  real  compe- 
tition. In  1904,  the  government,  convinced 
that  reliance  could  not  be  placed  in  munic- 
ipal competition  alone  to  compel  the  com- 
pany to  render  efficient  service,  extended  the 
terms  of  the  London  agreement  of  1901  to 
the  company's  telephone  systems  throughout 
the  kingdom,  and  decided  to  grant  no  more 
municipal  licenses. 

"  This  announcement,"  says  Mr.  A.  N. 


Holcombe,  in  the  Quarterly  Journal  of  Eco- 
nomics for  August,  "  terminated,  so  far  as 
the  government  was  concerned,  the  policy 
of  municipal  competition.  It  showed  that 
the  ultimate  solution  of  the  telephone  prob- 
lem was  to  be  national  monopoly  of  the  local 
exchange  business.  The  agreement  with 
the  company,  which  was  concluded  in  1905, 
was  the  consummation  of  the  purpose  of  the 
act  of  1899.  But  it  efEectually  killed  the 
prospects  of  the  then  existing  municipal  un- 
dertakings. Their  sale  became  only  a  ques- 
tion of  time." 


YOUTHFUL    CRIMINALS. 


A  VAILABLE  statistics  in  criminology  as- 
sure us  of  two  startling  facts:  more 
than  half  of  those  convicted  of  crime  are 
ignorant  of  any  kind  of  trade,  and  one-third 
of  the  total  ranges  in  age  from  eighteen  to 
twenty-five  years.  This  alarming  propor- 
tion of  youthful  criminals  and  high  ratio  of 
criminality  among  those  unskilled  in  any 
trade  or  profession  are  circumstances  with 
which  the  reading  public  is  not  generally 
familiar.  Few,  comparatively  speaking,  of 
the  younger  felons  are  illiterate,  and  many 
are  possessed  of  no  small  degree  of  intelli- 
gence. They  are,  in  the  main,  young  men 
who  have  never  applied  themselves  to  work 
of  any  useful,  honest  character. 

"  It  wasn't  drink  that  caused  my  down- 
fall," said  one ;  "  not  cigarettes,  nor  bad 
companions,  either.  It  w^^  just  idleness. 
Idleness  led  me  first  to  cigarettes,  then  to 
drink,  then  to  bad  companions, — then  to  the 
gallows.  And  I  blame  my  folks.  If  they 
had  made  me  remain  at  work,  work  would 
have  kept  me  too  busy  to  have  planned  rob- 
bery  and  murder." 

This  is  the  story  that  fits  them  all,  ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Thomas  Speed  Mosby,  State 
pardon  clerk  of  Missouri,  in  Success  for 
September.  With  cigarettes  blunting  the 
moral  sense,  coupled  with  idleness  and  riot- 
ous excesses,  ruin  is  inevitably  their  portion. 
The  story  of  the  gray-haired  father  pleading 
for  clemency  for  his  waj'ward  son  never  fails 
to  embody  the«e  vices.  But  it  is  never 
wholly  true.  The  real  cause  of  the  youth's 
fall  is  that  he  had  never  learned  to  work. 
His  heart  was  not  enlisted  with  his  hand 
and  brain,  even  though  he  "  had  a  job."  His 
soul  was  not  in  his  effort  and  he  knew  not 
the  joy  of  well-directed  labor. 


Such  a  boy  is  a  shirker,  who  looks  upon 
work  as  "  slavery,"  on  his  employer  as  a 
"  boss,"  and  dissipation  as  a  "  relief."  Gam- 
bling, playing  the  races,  forgery,  embezzle- 
ment,— anything,  in  fact,  that  promises  him 
a  living  without  drudgery, — break  down  his 
scruples,  and  the  penitentiary  soon  opens  to 
engulf  him.  The  tendency  of  the  youthful 
idler  is  ever  downward. 

IDLENESS   THE   GERM    OF   CRIMINALITY. 

In  most  of  these  cases  of  youthful  deprav- 
ity, the  joy,  beauty,  utility,  and  glory  of 
honest  work,  and  the  disgrace  of  indolence 
have  never  been  impressed  upon  the  offend- 
ers by  home  teaching.  The  boy  who  is 
brought  up  to  look  upon  work  as  a  blessine, 
and  to  think  more  of  what  he  owes  the  world 
than  of  what  the  world  owes  him,  will  never 
find  place  in  a  felon *s  cell.  "  Teach  the 
child  to  love  his  work,"  says  the  writer,  "  and 
he  will  understand  it.  Once  he  understands 
that  meaning  in  its  fullness  and  grandeur, 
once  he  realizes  the  sweetness  and  glory  of  a 
well-loved  task,  the  boy  is  safe;  you  need 
feel  no  concern  as  to  his  future;  you  have 
saved  the  boy  from  crime." 

Idleness  is  the  germ  of  criminality.  It  is 
the  devil's  workshop.  Close  it  and  you  will 
close  the  prison  doors  to  the  great  majority 
of  young  men  who  are  daily  donning  prison 
stripes.  Indolence,  procrastination,  shirking, 
half-work,  are  the  stepping-stones  to  theft, 
which,  beginning  with  an  employer's  time, 
lead  to  the  purloining  of  things  of  more  tan- 
gible value.  The  boy  who  is  taught  to  rec- 
ognize his  obligation  to  the  world  of  service 
for  service,  to  give  the  best  that  is  in  him, 
and  to  give  it  first,  has  learned  the  meaning 
of  "  work,"  and  is  bound  to  attain  success. 


496 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REf^IElVS. 


MR.  H.  G.  WELLS  ON  SOCL\LISM. 


2^  R.  H.  G.  WELLS,  having  found  salva- 
tion in  the  recognition  of  good  will 
as  the  permanent  and  dominant  factor  in 
human  affairs,  is  prophesying,  wherever  op- 
portunity presents,  on  the  manifestation  of 
this  good  will  in  terms  of  socialism.  In  the 
Grand  Magazine  he  is  expounding  socialism 
in  instalments  of  his  forthcoming  book  en- 
titled "  New  Worlds  for  Old."  He  points 
out  in  the  September  number  how  that  in 
land  and  housing:,  railways,  food,  drink,  and 
coal,  there  is  a  separate  strong  case  for  the 
substitution  of  collective  control  for  the  pri- 
vate ownership  methods  of  the  present  time. 
He  insists  that  private  ownership  is  only  a 
phase  in  human  development  necessary  and 
serviceable  in  its  time,  but  not  final.  He 
maintains : 

The  idea  of  private  ownership  of  things  and 
the  rights  of  owners  is  enormously  and  mis- 
chievously exaggerated  in  the  contemporary 
world. 

The  conception  of  private  property  has  been 
extended  to  land,  to  material,  to  the  values  and 
resources  accumulated  by  past  generations,  to  a 
vast  variety  of  things  that  are  properly  the  in- 
heritance of  the  whole  race. 

As  a  result  of  this,  there  is  an  enormous  ob- 
struction and  waste  of  human  energy  and  an  en- 
tire  loss   of   opportunity   and    freedom    for   the 


mass  of  mankind ;  progress  is  retarded,  there  is 
a  vast  amount  of  avoidable  wretchedness,  crudtj 
and   injustice. 

The  Socialist  holds  that  the  community  as  a 
whole  should  be  inalienably  the  owner  and  ad- 
ministrator of  the  land,  of  all  raw  materiab,  of 
all  values  and  resources  accumulated  from  the 
past,  and  that  all  private  property  must  be  of  a 
terminable  nature,  reverting  to  the  community 
and  subject  to  the  general  welfare. 

THE    SPIRIT   OF    SERVICE    VS.    THE    SPIRIT  OF 
CAIN. 

He  then  goes  on  to  preach  that  the  spirit 
of  gain  must  give  way  to  the  spirit  of  service. 
He  launches  the  striking  statement  that  all 
the  good  work  in  the  world  is  done  by  non- 
profit-seeking persons,  by  salaried  or  quasi- 
salaried  persons  who  prefer  a  small  measure 
of  security  to  the  perpetual  search  for  gain. 
The  great  element  for  success  is  the  good 
will  of  the  worker.  All  the  beauty  of  life 
is  chilled  and  crippled  by  the  predominance 
of  the  spirit  of  gain.  Socialism  would  abol- 
ish the  chaotic  scramble  of  employers  among 
sweated  employees,  and  would  rely  on  that 
social  spirit  which  shows  itself  already  in 
certain  professions  in  traditions  of  honor  and 
self-abnegation  which  are  more  powerful 
than  written  laws. 


CHAOS  IN    RUSSIAN  SCHOOLS. 


V/'ERITABLE  chaos  reigns  in  Russian 
schools  to-day.  For  at  least  two  years 
past,  says  Mr.  Victor  E.  Marsden,  writing 
in  the  Practical  Teacher  ( London ) ,  no  work 
has  been  done  in  the  schools  of  Russia,  ex- 
cept, perhaps,  the  rural  common  schools. 
From  the  universities  and  other  higher 
schools  of  equivalent  rank,  down  to  the 
secondary  schools  of  all  characters,  teaching 
has  been  impossible  and  learning  entirely  lost 
sight  of.  Instead  of  pursuing  the  regular 
course  of  university  studies,  ninety-nine  out 
of  every  hundred  students  have  been  engaged 
in  filling  their  brains  with  theories  of  gov- 
ernment. All  the  political  **  demonstra- 
tions," "  manifestations,"  etc.,  of  the  past 
few  years, — except  those  of  the  Black  Gang, 
— have  been  engineered  by  students.  They 
have  wrested  from  the  government  a  nomi- 
nal autonomy  for  the  universities.  But  in- 
stead of  utilizing  the  new  privilege  to  the 
full,  they  have  been  absorbed  in  political  agi- 
tation, and  there  will  be  a  deficiency  of  men 


qualified  to  fill  university  chairs  for  years  to 
come. 

SCHOOLBOY  BEHAVIOR  A   LA   MODE. 

The  secondary  schools  are  in  no  better 
case.  Little  fellows  of  eight  decline  to  rise 
in  the  morning,  declaring,  "  Wc  san't  get 
up;  we's  on  strike,"  in  the  lisp  of  child- 
hood: 

Playing  truant,  "strikes,"  mutinous  outbreaks 
with  smashing  of  windows  and  furniture,  occa- 
sional attacks  on  hated  masters  with  knife  or  re- 
volver, more  or  less  alarming  "bomb"  expkv 
sions  on  the  premises,  and  so  forth,  are  the  ordi- 
nary everyday  events  of  secondary  schools 
throughout  Russia.  "  Demonstrations  '*  in  thf 
streets,  processions  which  would  only  be  ridicu- 
lous if  the  police  would  leave  them  alone,  but 
are  turned  into  political  events  when  Cossacks, 
mounted  police,  gendarmes,  with  whips,  sabres, 
revolvers,  are  ordered  to  disperse  these  "  dan- 
gerous revolutionaries." — these  as  may  be 
imagined,  occupy  the  minds  of  boys. — ay,  and  of 
girls,  too. — for  weeks  before  they  take  place,  and 
for  months  afterwards,  to  the  utter  exclusion  of 
mere  work. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


497 


SCHOOLBOY  IDEALS  AND  ACCOMPLISHMENTS. 

The  Russian  schoolboy,  as  Mr.  Marsden 
describes  him,  is  not  a  very  pleasing  specta- 
cle.    He  says: 

The  fifteen-year-old  schoolboy  nowadays  in 
Russia  reads  his  newspaper,  plays  at  politics  in 
the  Duma,  assumes  the  name  of  his  favorite 
speaker,  adorns  his  classrooms  with  portraits  of 
members  of  the  Duma  who  are  anathema  to  au- 
thority, and,  for  the  most  part,  are  now  in  gaol. 
If  a  too  zealous  master,  ignoring  the  general 
situation,  presumes  to  inflict  a  well-deserved 
punishment  on  these  budding  senators,  it  is  ten 
to  one  he  has  to  listen  to  a  harangue  upon  the 
inalienable  rights  of  "man"  (there  are  no 
**boys/*  of  course,  nowadays!),  with  apt  and 
sometimes  really  clever  appropriations  from  such 


authors  as  Marx,  Bebel,  Lassalle,  Nordau,  Niet- 
zsche, and  others  of  native  growth  from  seed 
sown  by  names  like  these.  Even  religion  has 
gone  by  the  board;  and  that  is  perhaps  the 
worst  sign  of  all.  Fifteen-year-old  boys  reading 
Renan  in  rla^ss  when  they  should  be  mastering 
the  lives  of  Russian  saints  is  a  common  and  a 
very  unpromising  feature  of  the  secondary 
school  to-day.  Pornography  in  the  shape  of 
cheap  but  well-executed  weekly  papers,  contain- 
inpr  the  cream  of  the  subject  from  other  lands, 
with  copious  and  unmistakably  attractive  illus- 
trations, serves  to  distract  some  minds  from  pol- 
itics. 

The  only  hope  of  saving  the  students,  Mr. 
Marsden  adds,  is  by  giving  effect  to  the 
Czar's  promises  of  reform  and  so  pacifying 
their  parents. 


THE   FRICTION   MATCH    AND   ITS  PRECURSORS. 


'T^HE  making  of  artificial  fire  is  as  old  as 
^       human  history.    From  the  earliest  days 
almost   to  the  present   three  methods  have 
been   used   for   its   production:      i.  By   the 
rubbing  of  wood   upon   wood.     2.  By   the 
production  of  sparks  in  striking  stone  upon 
stone,  or  steel  upon  stone.     3.  By  the  burn- 
ing-glass or  mirror.    Among  civilized  people 
of  the  Middle  Ages  the  flint  and  steel  were 
the  chief  means  employ-ed  in  producing  fire. 
Up  to  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century^ 
a  wooden  box  was  used  with  two  compart- 
ments, the  smaller  of  which  held  the  flint 
and  steel,  the  other  dried  shavings,  which 
were  considered   better   than   punk  because 
they  could  be  more  easily  blown  into  a  flame. 
Later  metal  boxes  were  used  and  the  shav- 
ings were  replaced  by  tinder  and  a  thread 
covered  with  sulphur.    The  part  of  the  box 
for  the  latter  had  a  separate  cover  to  prevent 
the  going  out  of  the  fire.     When  the  spark 
was  produced   by  the  striking  of  the  steel 
upon  the  edge  of  the  flint  it  ignited  the  sul- 
phur-covered thread,  which  then  could  be  re- 
moved and  carried  wherever  required.    The 
steels,  in  course  of  time,  became  quite  orna- 
mental,  artistic,   and   costly.     The  original 
plain  piece  of  steel  was  artistically  chiseled, 
sometimes  inlaid  with  gold,  and  not  seldom 
fitted  with   a  handsome  handle  of  bronze, 
gold,  ivory,  or  other  precious  material.   The 
flint  also,  which  so  long  had  discharged,  its 
office,  was  no  longer  considered  important 
enough,  and  was  made  to  give  place  to  agate. 
The  bags,  too,  in  which  t!hc  flint  and  steel 
were  carried,  became  articles  of  ornament 
and  luxury.    The  high  esteem  in  which  the 


flint  and  steel  were  held  is  proved  by  the  fact 
that  they  were  considered  worthy  to  serve 
as  the  symbols  of  an  order  of  nobility.  We 
summarize  from  a  recent  article  in  Vragen 
van  den  Dag: 

The  insignia  of  the  Order  of  the  Golden 
Fleece,  founded  in  1429,  consisted  of  a  golden 
ram-skin  suspended  from  an  enameled  flint  emit- 
ting sparks  or  flames.  Above  this  is  a  steel  of 
unic^ue  form,  while  the  chain  consists  of  a  suc- 
cession of  steels  and  flame-emitting  flints.  In 
England  the  so-called  wheel  tinder-box  became 
very  popular  in  the  eighteenth  century.  This  con- 
sisted of  a  box  containing  a  cylinder  to  which  a 
cog-wheel  was  attached.  By  pulling  a  string  the 
two  were  rapidly  revolved,  the  cogs  striking  the 
sharp  edge  of  a  flint.  Under  this  lay  the  punk, 
which  was  ignited  by  the  sparks.  This  worked 
b^th  quickly  and  effectively.  About  1750  a  cer- 
tain Raymond  at  Paris  introduced  an  ingenious 
apparatus  consisting  of  an  alarm  and  fire-pro- 
(Incer.  When  the  alarm  was  wound  up  a  spring 
was  set,  which  was  released  when  the  alarm  ran 
down,  a  spark  was  struck  from  the  flint,  which 
ignited  a  match  of  sulphured  thread,  and  this,  in 
turn,  lighted  a  candle.  This  gained  p^reat  vogue 
among  the  aristocracy.  About  that  time  also  at- 
tempts were  made  to  obtain  fire  by  the  electric 
spark.  After  many  failures,  Fiirstenberg,  of 
Basel,  succeeded,  in  1770,  in  producing  a  prac- 
tical apparatus  based  upon  this  principle.  This 
consisted  of  a  bottle  in  which,  by  means  of  zinc 
and  sulphuric  acid,  hydrogen  was  formed  which 
was  made  to  pass  through  a  tin  tube  and  was 
ignited  by  the  spark  of  an  electrophone.  The 
thing  did  not  prove  of  practical  utility  and  was 
soon  put  aside.  Professor  Dobereiner,  of  Jena, 
was  somewhat  more  successful  with  a  lamp  in- 
vented by  him  in  1823,  and  which  bore  his  name. 

Experience  had  shown  that  platinum  begins  to 
glow  in  a  bath  or  stream  of  hydrogen,  so  that 
when  air  is  introduced  the  hydrogen  takes  flame. 
Now,  by  attaching  a  platinum-sponge  in  such  a 
v/ay  to  a  hydrogen  apparatus  so  that  the  gas 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


coming  through  a  fine  aperture  touched  this 
sponge,  he  obtained  a  very  practical  lighting- 
apparatus.  This  became  very  popular  among  the 
wealthy  classes,  and  as  the  whole  was  excellently 
adapted  to  ornamentation,  this  also  speedily  be- 
came an  article  of  artistic  luxury.  After  this 
numerous  inventors  also  tried  to  render  the  finely 
separated  platinum  serviceable  for  lighting  pur- 
poses, but  their  various  appliances  have  had  only 
an  ephemeral  existence.  About  this  sanie  period 
we  nnd  the  fire-lighters  assume  a  form  in  which 
the  fire-producing  material  is  divided  into  small 
quantities  of  these  affixed  to  small  sticks,  when 
the  ignition  is  brought  about  by  contact  with 
inflammable  matter.  The  first  combination  of 
this  form  was  the  tunic,  stip  or  fix-match. 
These  consisted  of  wooden  sticks,  about  two  and 
one-half  inches  long,  covered  at  the  ends  with  a 
mixture  of  chlorate  of  potash  and  sulphur  or 
other  inflammable  material,  and  colored  with  red 
lead.  When  these  were  plunged  into  strong 
sulphuric  acid  and  instantly  withdrawn  a  strong 
flame  was  produced.  A  hundred  of  these  sold  at 
48  cents.  At  first  the  bits  of  wood  were  cut  by 
hand,  usually  by  invalids,  for  which  laborious 
and  exacting  employment  they  received  71-5 
cents  per  100. 

The  first  machine  for  the  making  of 
matches  was  invented  by  a  pattern-maker,  at 
the  physical  laboratory  in  Vienna,  Heinrich 
Weilhofer.  This  would  cut  500  pieces  three 
and  one-half  inches  long  in  ten  minutes. 

A  great  objection  to  the  use  of  these  fire- 
sticks  was  found  in  the  highly  concentrated  sul- 
phuric acid  required,  and  which  led  to  many  ac- 
cidents. To  lessen  this  danger  asbestos  was 
mixed  with  the  acid  so  as  to  prevent  its  sputter- 
ing. 

In  1830,  Jones,  of  London,  put  upon  the  mar- 
ket his  so-called  Promethean  matches,  the  manu- 
facture of  which  was  based  upon  the  same  prin- 


ciples as  the  above,  with  this  difference :  that  in- 
stead of  wood,  sticks  of  tightly  rolled  paper  wm 
used.  At  the  end  of  each  was  a  minute  ghss 
tube  containing  a  drop  of  sulphuric  acid.  By 
the  breaking  of  this  the  mass  was  ignited 

A  marked  improvement  in  the  tcchnic  of 
ignition  was  made  when  it  was  found  that 
the  add  could  be  dispensed  with.  Simul- 
taneously Mcrkel  at  Vienna  and  Congrcve 
and  Jones  at  London  introduced  a  match 
which  differed  little  in  make  from  the  fim 
manufactured,  but  which  was  ignited,  not 
by  acid,  but  by  friction  upon  sandpaper.  In 
the  trade  these  were  called  Lucifers  or  Lud- 
fer  matches.  These,  however,  caused  so 
much  damage  by  self-ignition  that  their  man- 
ufacture and  sale  were  prohibited. 

A  new  period  in  the  match-industry  was 
opened  by  the  use  of  phosphorus.  The  booor 
of  this  belongs  to  Frederick  Kammerer,  who, 
while  in  a  prison,  succeeded  in  preparing 
phosphorus  for  this  purpose.  On  his  release, 
however,  some  schemers  cheated  him  out  of 
his  invention  and  left  him  to  die,  a  broken- 
hearted man,  in  an  asylum. 

The  greatest  lessening  of  danger  in  the 
use  of  matches  became  possible,  however, 
only  in  1845,  when  Von  Schrotter  discovered 
the  red  or  amorphous  phosphorus.  Xo  this 
discovery  both  the  match-industry  and  fire- 
employing  races  are  under  great  obligadoa, 
since  by  this  it  became  possible  to  make 
of  the  friction-match  a  quite  harmless  as 
well  as  wholly  indispensable  article  of  dailr 
life. 


KENESAW   MOUNTAIN    LANDIS,  JUDGE. 


QELDOM  has  a  federal  judge  achieved  at 
a  single  bound  an  international  fame. 
This  has  been  the  unusual  distinction  of 
Judge  Kenesaw  Mountain  Landis,  whose 
sentence  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company  to 
pay  a  fine  of  $29,240,000  made  him  known 
wherever  great  financial  "  interests  "  are  en- 
trenched. 

Judge  Landis  took  his  seat  on  the  federal 
bench  at  Chicago  at  the  age  of  thirty-nine. 
He  is  now  forty-one.  A  native  of  Butler 
County,  Ohio,  his  youth  was  mainly  passed 
in  Indiana.  Beginning  as  t  court  reporter, 
he  studied  law  and  in  course  of  time  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  of  Illinois,  but  after  two 
years  of  practice  in  Chicago  he  went  to 
Washington  as  private  secretary  to  Judge 
Gresham,  Cleveland's  Secretary  of  State. 


Taking  up  the  story  at  this  point,  John  T. 
McCutcheon  says  in  Appletons  Magazme 
for  October: 

When  Judge  Gresham  died,  in  1895.  Kenesaw 
Mountain  Landis  returned  to  Chicago,  hung 
up  his  shingle  again,  and  began  to  practice  law. 
He  became  a  corporation  attorney  and  repre- 
sented the  Grand  Trunk,  the  Calumet  Electric 
and  other  corporations.  It  was  a  good  school 
in  which  to  prepare  for  his  future  effidency  as 
a  judge.  He  learned  just  how  and  where  cor- 
poration attorneys  hand  gold  bricks  to  the 
court,  and  found  that  full  many  a  little  "  joker"* 
lurks  under  t  bewildering  maze  of  legal  ver- 
biage. 

In  1904  he  entered  actively  into  the  campaign 
in  support  of  Frank  O.  Lowden  for  Governor, 
and  won  himself  a  strong  line  of  political 
friendships.  A  year  later  Senator  Hopkins  and 
Congressman  Lorimer,  the  leaders  of  the  fed- 
eral   crowd,    urged   upon    President    Roosevelt 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


499 


his  appointment  as  fed- 
eral judge.  Corporations 
smiled  pleasantly  at  the 
thought  of  a  corporation 
lawyer  being  on  the 
bench.  They  smile  no 
more. 

Taft  was  twenty-nine 
years  old  when  Governor 
Foraker  appointed  him  a 
judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Cincinnati ; 
Landis  was  thirty-nine 
when  President  Roose- 
velt appointed  him  to  the 
federal  bench. 

Since  Judge  Landis  has 
been  on  the  bench  in  Chi- 
cago he  has  handed 
down  more  decisions 
which  have  won  public 
approval  and  brought 
down  corporation  wrath 
than  any  other  Chicago 
judge. 

"It  is  the  duty  of  the 
court  to  carry  out  the 
will  of  the  people  as  expressed  in  their  laws." 

Physically,  says  Mr.  McCutcheon,  Judge 
Landis  looks  like  a  man  who  mi^t  be  ex- 
pected to  follow  his  honest  convictions,  re- 
gardless of  consequences. 

He  is  a  bunch  of  steel  wires,  charged  with 
electricity.  He  is  thin,  but  with  the  thinness 
that  suggests  strength,  wiry,  with  the  sugges- 
tion of  dynamic  force  and  energy.  His  face  is 
lean  and  strikingly  individual,  strongly  stamped 
with  rugged  virility  and  marked  with  the  lines 
of  habitual  study.  When  he  smiles,  his  face 
lights  up  with  alert  kindliness  that  expresses 
the  presence  of  a  whimsical  humor.  His  move- 
ments   are    quick,    decisive,    and    betray    vigor- 


'  IT    18   THE    JUDGMENT   AND   SENTENCE   OF   THE    COURT.*' 


ous  mental  forces  extending  to  his  finger  tips. 
A  heavy  tangle  of  gray  hair  hangs  carelessly 
down  over  his  high,  clean  cut  brow  almost  to 
the  black  eyes  that  stab  from  the  pale  back- 
ground of  his  face.  It  is  the  face  of  a  strong 
man, — such  a  face  as  one  associates  with  tbo^e 
sturdy  pioneers  of  the  Middle  West  whose 
faces  were  hewed  out  in  gaunt  lines  by  the 
healthy,  rugged  life  they  led.  Perhaps  it  might 
be  said  broadly  that  he  is  a  representative  of 
a  type  rather  peculiar  to  the  Middle  West.  A 
composite  picture  of  a  thin  editor,  a  thin  law- 
yer, a  thin  humorist,  and  a  thin  farmer  might 
produce  features  of  his  sort.  It  is  an  interest- 
ing face  that  at  once  seizes  the  attention  and 
nothing  less  than  a  white  dress  suit  could  de- 
tract from  it. 


SINNING  BY    SYNDICATE. 


\X7'HILE  It  is  noteworthy  that  the  strife 
between  employer  and  employjee  was 
never  so  bitter  as  it  has  become  since  cor- 
porations came  to  be  the  general  employers, 
and  that  the  tension  between  the  railroads 
and  the  people  has  grown  with  the  merging 
of  lines  locally  owned  by  huge  systems  con- 
trolled by  remote  investors  in  the  East,  or  in 
Europe,  it  must  also  be  noted  that  this  im- 
personal control  of  industry  and  business  has 
not  proved  to  be  an  unmixed  blessing.  While 
religious  animosities,  race  antipathies,  political 
or  personal  feuds,  arc  not  factors  under  an 
inipersonal  corporate  employer,  it  is  not  with- 
out bearing  on  our  moral  situation. 

Corporate  misconduct  and  its  effects  are 
ably  presented  in  the  October  Atlantic 
Monthly  by  Prof.  Edward  Alsworth  Ross, 


of  the  University  of  Wisconsin.  Speaking  of 
the  evils  of  stock-watering  and  "  capitalizing 
and  marketing  the  last  turn  of  the  corpora- 
tion screw," — ^which  may  convert  a  "  hold- 
ing" preacher  into  a  labor  oppressor, — he 
says :  "  These  developments  tend  to  bring  to 
the  headship  of  certain  big  business, — espe- 
cially public-service  enterprises, — men  akin 
to  the  steward  on  a  feudal  estate  or  the  agent 
of  an  Irish  landlord.  With  growing  re- 
moteness and  anonymity  of  ownership,  the 
railroad,  gas,  or  traction  manager  who  aims 
to  develop  his  properties,  to  prosper  through 
the  prosperity  of  the  community  instead  of  at 
its  expense,  to  respect  local  sentiment,  the 
rights  of  others,  and  the  law  of  the  land,  is 
dropped.  Quietly,  but  relentlessly,  the  pop- 
ular man  of  local  antecedents  and  attach- 


500 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REHEIVS. 


PROFESSOR  EDWARD   A.    ROSS. 

ments,  who  calls  his  men  *  Bill  *  or  *  Jim/ 
is  discarded  for  the  imported  man  with 
*  nerve/  who  *  does  things/  who  *  gets  re- 
sults/— no  matter  how.  The  owners  fete 
and  cheer  the  *  efficient  *  railroad  president 
who  has  increased  the  net  earnings  *  520  per 
cent,  in  eight  years/  heedless  that  he  lets  the 
trestles  rot  till  cars  full  of  sleeping  passen- 
gers drop  through  them,  overworks  his  men 
till  people  are  hurled  to  destruction  in  daily 
smash-ups,  and  denies  sidings  for  the  swelling 
traffic  till  his  trainmen  pay  death  a  heavier 
toll  than  soldiers  in  the  field." 

Save  in  respect  to  their  avarice,  the  man- 
ager is  not  representative  of  the  stockholders, 
who  know  next  to  nothing  of  such  horrors. 
They  are  not  as  a  rule  law-despising  or  un- 
patriotic. But  the  labor  element  does  not  see 
this,  and  assumes  that  the  owners  and  mana- 
gers are  all  alike, — which  may  tend  to  an 
irrepressible  conflict  between  a  lawless,  anti- 
social capitalist  class  and  the  masses.  Aggres- 
sive corporation  men  produce  these  results. 
The  corporation  is  becoming  a  machine,  with 
Mammon  for  its  master.  It  can  only  be 
restrained  by  public  opinion  and  by  statute. 

"  In  the  will  of  these  men  (the  corporate 
directors)  lies  the  fountain-head  of  righteous- 
ness or  iniquity  in  the  policies  of  the  corpora- 
tion. Here  is  the  moral  laboratory  where 
the  lust  of  an  additional  quarter  of  a  per 
cent,  of  dividend,  on  the  part  of  men  already 
comfortable  in  goods,  is  mysteriously  trans- 


muted into  deeds  of  wrong  and  lawlessnes 
by  remote,  obscure  employees  in  terror  of 
losing  their  livelihood."  Only  by  fixing  on 
directors  responsibility  for  corporate  sinnbg 
can  the  anonymity  of  the  corporation  be 
reached.  Until  prison  doors  yawn  for  coo- 
victed  officers  of  lawless  corporations,  nodh 
ing  hopeful  may  be  expected.  Public  opinioD 
must  strike  right  for  the  top.  Directors 
should  be  individually  accountable  for  every 
case  of  misconduct  of  which  the  company  ^^ 
ceives  the  benefit,  for  every  preventable  abuse 
that  regularly  goes  on  in  the  course  of  the 
business. 

Let  it  be  understood  that  a  man's  reputadoo 
may  be  blasted  by  scandal  within  his  corport- 
tion,  and  we  shall  not  see  men  directors  on  a 
score  or  two  of  boards.  In  New  York  City  one 
man  is  found  to  be  director  of  forty-five  rail- 
roads, another  of  forty-two,  others  of  thirty- 
seven,  thirty-five,  twenty-eight,  twenty-two  roack 
Fifteen  men  are  in  sixteen  or  more  railroads 
thirty-four  are  directors  of  from  ten  to  fifteen 
roads.  Forty-eight  are  directors  of  seven  roads 
or  more.  Those  on  the  boards  of  from  two  to 
six  roads  are  almost  innumerable.  Seventy-six 
men  holding  among  them  about  sixteen  hundred 
directorships  are  said  on  high  authority  to  con- 
trol fully  100  of  the  greatest  railroads,  indus- 
trial, and  banking  corporations,  with  a  capital 
equal  to  one-fifth  of  the  national  wealth !  Now. 
stricter  accountability  would  greatly  enlarge  this 
directing  personnel  and  perhaps  rid  it  of  some 
of  that  plutocratic  arrogance  which  is  insep- 
arable from  filling  boards  of  directors  with  Wall 
Street  bankers  and  speculators  and  a  few  men 
of  enormous  wealth. 

Make  it  vain  for  a  director  to  plead  that  he 
opposed  the  wrong  sanctioned  by  the  majorit> 
of  his  colleagues.  If  he  will  keep  his  skirts 
clear,  let  him  resign  the  moment  he  is  not  ready 
to  stand  for  every  policy  of  his  board.  In  the 
board  of  directors,  as  in  the  cabinet  of  parlia- 
mentary countries,  the  principle  of  joint  re 
sponsibility  should  hold.  It  ought  to  be  as  in- 
evitable for  the  entire  board  of  directors  of  a 
railroad  company  caught  systematically  stealing 
mineral  lands  or  oppressing  coal  operators 
along  its  line,  to  resign,  as  now  it  is  a  matter 
of  course  for  college  trustees  to  resign  when 
they  have  been  caught  unloading  bad  securities 
on  to  the  college  funds. 

Admitting  that  corporations  arc  necessary 
and  entitled  to  reap  the  benefits  they  have 
sown,  he  sagely  concludes: 

But  why  let  them  declare  dividends  not  only 
on  their  capital,  but  also  on  their  power  to 
starve  out  labor,  to  wear  out  litigants,  to  beat 
down  small  competitors,  to  master  the  market 
to  evade  taxes,  to  get  the  free  use  of  public 
property?  Nothing  but  the  curb  of  organized 
society  can  confine  them  to  their  own  grist  and 
keep  them  from  grinding  into  dividends  the 
stamina  of  children,  the  health  of  women,  the 
lives  of  men,  the  purity  of  the  ballot,  the  honor 
of  public  servants,  and  the  supremacy  of  the  laws. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


501 


CONGRESSIONAL   COMMISSION  ON  THE  FALL  OF  GOLD. 


£^  XTRAORDINARY  conditions  now 
prevalent  in  our  business  world: 
violently  declining  security  prices,  time  dis- 
count rates  at  record  figures,  political  at- 
tacks against  every  form  of  business  activity, 
destroying  confidence,  continued  advances  in 
commodity  prices,  increases  in  cost  of  living, 
and  a  growing  spirit  of  impatience  and  radi- 
calism,— all  are  characteristics  of  an  era  of 
great  inflation. 

When   the   conditions   of   conunence   are 
disturbed,  especially  by  a  change  in  the  pur- 
chasing power  of  our  standard  of  value,  most 
vicious   results  follow.     The  calculations  of 
business  men  are  upset  and  industries  become 
over-extended.    This  results  in  over-produc- 
tion, because  the  purchasing  power  has  been 
reduced,  and  in  an  under^calculation  of  cost 
because   wages   advance.     Readjustment    of 
prices    forces    readjustment    of    wages    and 
leads  to  a  general  business  disturbance.    Be- 
lieving that  these  conditions  are  existent  in 
the  United  States  to-day  and  will  be  mani- 
fested more  fully   later,  and  are  attributable 
to  an  over-production  oif  gold.  Prof.  J.  Pease 
Norton,    of   Yale    University,    in    Moody's 
Magazine  for  September,  presents *an  inter- 
esting argument   for  a  Congressional   gold 
commission  to  investigate  the  economic  con- 
ditions governing  the  production,  cost,  and 
probable  output  of  gold  for  the  next  decade, 
the  supplies  of  money  and  adequate  currency, 
and  the  course  of  wholesale  and  retail  prices, 
with  a  view  to  the  enactment  of  remedial 
legislation. 

Quoting  two  authorities  on  questions  of 
finance,— one,  to  the  effect  that  in  1885  the 
production  of  gold  was  only  $115,000,000, 
and  that  the  world's  entire  monetary  stock 
in  1905  was  only  $5,700,000,000,  with  a 
possibility  of  obtaining  from  the  mines  in  the 
next  fourteen  years  an  output  equal  to  the 
latter  figures;  and  the  other,  that  a  rapidly 
increasing  output  and  supply  of  gold  gives  an 
artificial  and  temporary  stimulus  to  industry, 
which  has  the  appearance  of  genuine  pros- 
perity, leading  to  a  decline  in  prices  when 
gold  is  not  forthcoming, — Professor  Norton 
claims  that  a  disturbance  in  values,  as  inti- 
mated by  these  authorities,  is  now  being  felt, 
although  its  far-reaching  effects  have  not  yet 
been  generally  appreciated. 

This  calls  for  gravity  and  circumspection 
to  avoid  the  greatest  commercial  and  indus- 
trial crisis  in  our  history.  Our  financial 
markets  are  chaotic,   and   bonds  and    land 


mortgages  arc  declining.  The  real-estate 
boom  in  New  York  and  vicinity  has  collapsed 
and  will  spread  throughout  the  country.  In 
the  resulting  contraction  millions  of  dollars 
will  be  lost.  Underwriting  syndicates,  hold- 
ings hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars  of  bonds, 
are  confronted  with  vastly  different  condi- 
tions to-day  from  those  of  a  few  years  ago, 
when  they  were  formed.  Bonds  could  then 
be  sold  to  the  banks  and  insurance  com- 
panies. Now  it  is  doubtful  if  the  bonds  can 
be  sold  without  reorganization  of  the  cor- 
porations before  selling. 

This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  legal  con- 
ditions have  changed  in  two  years.  "  Often," 
says  he,  "  40  per  cent,  of  the  value  has  dis- 
appeared because  the  Government  frowns 
upon  corrupt  corporation  practice.  The 
alliance  between  railroads  and  industrial 
concerns  in  the  old  days  made  many  of  the 
industrial  railroads  extremely  prosperous. 
The  firm  course  taken  by  the  Government 
destroys  the  value  for  all  time.  Consequent- 
ly a  large  value  which  was  then  reckoned 
upon  has  been  eliminated." 

The  depreciation  of  gold  makes  bond  in- 
vestment hazardous,  if  not  disastrous.  A 
$1000  par  bond  for  five  years  at  4  per  cent., 
purchased  five  years  ago,  in  purchasing 
power  is  only  worth  to-day  about  $600  on 
account  of  the  rise  in  prices.  This  condition 
is  likely  to  prevail  for  several  years.  A 
New  York  Central  bond,  purchased  for 
1 1 1  a  few  years  ago,  is  now  worth  only  90 
in  the  market,  a  loss  in  dollars  of  nearly  2^5 
per  cent.  In  addition,  $90  will  only  pur- 
chase now  what  $55  would  have  bought  at 
the  time  of  this  investment,  and  this  is  a  fair 
illustration  of  the  entire  bond  market. 

Moreover,  banking  conditions  over  all  the 
country  are  weak,  as  shown  by  their  state- 
ments, and  discount  notes  are  nearly  the 
highest  of  record  for  this  season  of  the  year. 
Foreign  exchange  rules  high,  and  a  fall  in 
discount  rates  in  New  York  results  in  gold 
exports  holding  time  discount  rates  at  a  high 
level.  The  world's  credit  marts  are  greatly 
strained,  and  some  financial  accident  may 
occur  at  some  foreign  financial  center  and 
precipitate  a  disturbance  in  the  United 
States,  so  closely  interrelated  is  it  with  every 
foreign  money  market.  The  panic  of  1857 
is  a  parallel  to  the  present  situation. 

These  alarming  conditions  should  not  be 
Ignored,  and  we  should  endeavor  to  correct 
the  fundamental  causes  thereof:  A  Congres- 


602 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REf/IElVS. 


sional  gold  commission  should  be  our  instru- 
ment, in  this  writer's  opinion,  to  collect  re- 
liable information,  to  recommend  remedial 
legislation,  to  co-operate  with  similar  com- 
missions in  other  countries,  to  advise  a  com- 
prehensive reform  of  our  monetary  and  cur- 
rency systems,  a  systematization  of  our  credit 
system,  a  national  organization  of  our  clear- 
ing-houses. It  should  also  publish  a  fore- 
cast for  the  immediate  future  to  give  busi- 
ness men  a  rational  basis  for  their  operations, 
— so  far  as  further  depreciation  of  money  is 
concerned. 


In  conclusion,  he  says:  "  Calmly  rcasooed 
recommendations  of  a  commission  of  experts 
are  vastly  to  be  preferred  over  casting  thb 
question  into  the  throes  of  a  political  cam- 
paign. In  the  swift  increase  of  our  popula- 
tions too  much  care  to  anticipate  the  re- 
quirement$  of  to-morrow  cannot  be  .taken: 
and  when  the  unheeded  requirements  of  yes- 
terday are  producing  the  calamities  of  to- 
day, action  in  the  immediate  future  is  not 
only  the  part  of  prudence,  but  it  also  pos- 
sesses the  virtues  of  both  wisdom  and  na- 
tional duty." 


THE  ALLEGED    **  LOOTING "  OF  KOREA. 


AS  the  readers  of  the  Review  of  Reviews 
are  aware,  diverse  views  prevail  as  to 
the  ethical  justification  of  Japan's  conduct  in 
Korea.  A  frank  defense  of  Japan's  course 
appears  elsewhere  in  this  number.  Korea's 
case  against  Japan,  on  the  other  hand,  is 
presented  in  the  October  number  of  Apple- 
ton  s  Magazine  by  Mr.  Homer  B.  Hulbert, 
an  American  who  has  lived  for  many  years 
in  Korea  and  is  accepted  in  this  country  as 
an  authority  on  Korean  subjects. 

Mr.  Hulbert  declares  that  Japan's  whole 
dealing  with  Korea  has  been  "  a  tissue  of 
falsehood."  So  sweeping  are  his  charges 
against  Japanese  diplomacy  that  he  seems 
himself  to  feel  that  his  readers  may  demand 
more  proofs  of  their  truth  than  a  single  mag- 
azine article  can  afford.     He  says: 

The  proof  of  her  duplicity  is  written  large 
upon  the  pages  of  the  world's  press  and  smil- 
ingly acknowledged  by  the  Japanese,  who,  on  the 
strength  of  it,  demand  praise  for  consummate 
diplomacy.  The  murder  of  the  queen  and  the 
forcing  upon  the  emperor  of  a  cabinet  of  hire- 
lings in  1895,  the  promise  of  autonomy  in  1904, 
the  protestations  of  regard  for  the  imperial  fam- 
ily, the  usurpation  of  Korea's  rights  in  1905.  and 
the  bland  proclamation  to  the  Powers  that  it  was 
entirely  satisfactory  to  the  Korean  Government, 
the  further  promise  to  preserve  the  interests  of 
Korea,  and  finally  the  underhand  forcing  of  the 
abdication  on  a  plea  that  they  have  since  de- 
clared false  by  their  own  act, — all  these  things 
prove  duplicity  of  the  lowest  and  most  con- 
temptible kind.  And  furthermore  it  was  all  un- 
necessary. If  Japan  had  seized  Korea  as  an  ally 
of  Russia  at  the  beginning  of  the  late  war,  no 
one  would  have  stirred  a  hand  to  stop  it,  but  she 
apparently  preferred  the  other  method,  which 
was  purely  oriental  in  character.  Japan  has  de- 
clared repeatedly  that  the  open  door  in  Man- 
churia would  be  her  fixed  policy,  but  all  the  time 
she  was  pouring  her  people  in  that  they  might 
pre-empt  every  point  of  vantage  and  render  com- 


petition practically  impossible,  before  the  door 
was  opened. 

In  Mr.  Hulbert's  article  the  Japanese  are 
accused  not  only  of  deceit  in  their  dealings 
with  Korea,  but  of  persistent  and  ill-con- 
cealed thievery. 

The  whole  course  of  Japan  in  Korea  has  been 
the  sublimation  of  cupidity.  Some  say  the  build- 
ing of  a  railroad  compensates  for  much,  but  the 
land  on  which  it  was  built  was  stolen  from  the 
people,  whfle  the  Japanese  hid  behind  the  Korean 
Government  and  said  that  it  was  to  blame  for 
the  theft.  Go  to  Korea  and  see  what  has  been 
done  toward  better  government,  see  the  black- 
guards that  the  Japanese  choose  from  among  the 
Koreans  to  form  the  personnel  of  the  govern- 
ment, see  the  lesson  of  greed  and  lechery  and  de- 
ceit which  the  Japanese  are  teaching  the  Ko- 
reans, see  what  has  become  of  the  mines,  the 
fisheries,  the  forests,  the  harbors,  the  salt  works, 
and  you  will  find  out  what  Japan  is  capable  of 
in  the  way  of  selfishness  and  you  will  find  out 
the  moral  quality  of  a  government  which  places 
no  checks  upon  the  rapacity  of  its  people. 

I  have  been  lately  told  by  people  here  that 
we  do  the  same  things  in  the  Philippines.  I  have 
had  many  long  conferences  with  people  engaged 
in  various  kinds  of  work  is  those  islands  and  I 
find  the  unanimous  opinion  that  our  Government 
gives  the  people  ample  protection  in  their  rights. 
A  lady  high  in  the  educational  system  in  Manila 
told  me  that  if  an  American  teacher  should  box 
the  ears  of  an  insolent  native  boy  it  would  mean 
a  $50  fine  and  possible  dismissal.  It  is  not  true 
that  our  Government  will  give  aid  to  Americans 
to  filch  property  from  the  Filipino.  An  Ameri- 
can citizen  has  lately  been  sentenced  to  sixty-six 
years'  imprisonment  by  a  Filipino  judge, — and 
that  too  for  a  crime  which  in  this  country  could 
not  possibly  mean  more  than  five  years.  The 
lowest  Japanese  coolie  in  Korea  would  laugh  to 
scorn  any  Korean  judge  who  should  try  to  im- 
pose an  hour's  restrain  upon  him.  The  Japanese 
authorities  would  not  dream  of  allowing  the  evi- 
dence of  a  Korean  to  weigh  in  the  balance 
against  a  citizen  of  Japan.  This,  too,  I  have 
tested  more  than  once.    In  one  case  where  a 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


503 


Japanese  broker  refused  to  honor  his  own  note 
of  hand  the  Japanese  authorities  accepted  his 
statement  that  he  had  paid  the  money  without 
taking  the  note,  and  the  Korean  thus  robbed  se- 
cured justice  only  by  the  intervention  of  a  for- 
eigner, and  even  then  the  Japanese  official  an- 
grily demanded  of  the  Korean  why  he  dared  to 
drag  in  a  foreigner.  A  Japanese  tenant  in  the 
house  of  a  Korean  refused  to  pay  rent  or  to 
move  out.  The  Korean  tried  desperately  to  get 
access  to  the  Japanese  authorities,  but  was  re- 
fused admittance  each  time.  At  last  he  appealed 
to  a  foreigner  and  the  Japanese  were  shamed 
into  putting  the  fellow  out  of  the  house.  If  it 
had  not  been  for  foreign  interference  that  busi- 
ness property,  worth  $10,000,  would  have  been 
lost.  But  perhaps  more  contemptible  even  than 
this  is  the  way  the  Japanese  have  used  corrupt 
Korean  officials  to  get  hold  of  Koreans'  property. 
It  used  to  be  and  still  is  not  uncommon  for  high 
officials  in  Korea  to  require  common  people  to 
give  up  property  for  a  mere  fraction  of  its  value. 


The  Japanese  wanted  a  certain  property  in  Seoul, 
but  they  did  not  want  to  seize  it  openly,  so  they 
got  one  of  these  corrupt  officials  to  take  it.  He 
was  on  the  point  of  seizing  it  when  I  interfered 
and  bought  the  property.  After  one  has  been 
connected  with  a  few  score  of  operations  of  this 
nature  he  becomes  skeptical  as  to  the  good  in- 
tentions of  Japan  in  Korea. 

Korea  is  a  sufficient  object  lesson  to  show 
what  Japan  actually  is  beneath  these  new  gar- 
ments of  civilization  which  she  has  put  on.  But 
she  has  this  one  excuse,  equivocal  though  it  may 
be,  that  she  is  afraid  of  her  own  people.  If  the 
Japanese  Government  should  turn  about  and  be- 
gin to  treat  Korea  as  we  are  treating  the  Philip- 
pines it  would  mean  a  bloody  revolution  on  the 
part  of  the  Japanese  people  themselves.  They 
are  so  determined  that  Korea  is  the  El  Dorado 
where  wealth  can  be  acquired  merely  by  wrest- 
ing it  from  weak  Koreans  that  any  one  who 
comes  between  them  and  the  bone  they  are  pick- 
ing will  have  to  reckon  with  their  teeth. 


COOPER,  THE  STORY  TELLER. 


/^F  exceptional  interest,  and  real  literary 
^^^  excellence,  is  Prof.  Brander  Mat- 
thews' critical  estimate  of  the  genius  of  Fen- 
iraore  Cooper  in  the  September  Atlantic 
Monthly.  The  first  American  novelist  to 
depict  the  American  in  the  making, — the 
soldier,  the  sailor,  the  settler,  the  backwoods- 
man,— z,  service  of  inestimable  value  to  his 
country  and  its  literature;  the  first  to  tell 
tales  of  the  frontier,  of  the  backwoods,  and 
of  the  prairie, — Cooper,  in  the  opinion  of 
Professor  Matthews,  "  Stands  forth  even 
now  the  foremost  representative  in  fiction  of 
the  United  States  as  a  whole." 

Prefacing  his  lengthy  paper  with  a  sketch 
of  the  novelist's  early  life  and  youth,  he  says 
of  him:  "  He  reached  the  age  of  thirty,  not 
only  without  having  written  anything,  but 
even  without  any  special  interest  in  litera- 
ture; and  when  at  last  he  did  take  a  first 
step  into  authorship,  it  was  in  the  most  cas- 
ual fashion."  This  was  a  story  of  British 
manners  and  customs  called  "  Precaution," 
which  he  was  moved  to  write  through  his 
disgust  at  a  contemporary  offering  of  that 
period.  The  next  year,  1821,  he  published 
the  "  Spy,"  followed  swiftly  by  the  "  Pio- 
neers "  and  the  "  Pilot,"  which  established 
his  fame  in  America  and  abroad.  "  In  these 
three  books  he  made  good  his  triple  claim  to 
remembrance,  as  a  teller  of  tales,  as  a  cre- 
ator of  character,  and  as  a  poet  (in  the 
larger  sense  of  the  word)." 

Of  his  work  in  general  this  writer  says: 

Cooper  is  a  bom  story-teller;  and  the  kind  of 


story  he  excels  in  is  the  tale  of  adventure,  peo- 
pled, now  and  again,  with  vital  and  veracious 
characters,  having  a  life  of  their  own,  inde- 
pendent of  the  situations  in  which  they  may 
chance  to  be  actors.  Of  this  kind  of  story  the 
"  Odyssey "  is  the  earliest  example,  as  it  is  the 
greatest.  Professor  Trent  is  only  just  when  he 
insists  that  Cooper  lifted  "the  story  of  adven- 
ture into  the  realms  of  poetry.'*  It  may  be  ac- 
knowledged at  once  that  he  is  not  a  flawless 
artist,  never  quitting  his  work  till  he  has  made 
it  as  perfect  as  he  can;  and  his  best  books  are 
not  always  kept  up  to  their  highest  level.  Even 
though  he  is  denied  the  gift  of  verse,  he  is  es- 
sentially a  poet;  but  he  is  no  Virgil,  no  Racine, 
interested  in  his  manner  as  much  as  in  his  mat- 
ter, and  joying  in  his  craftsmanship  for  its  own 
sake.  He  had  the  largeness  of  affluent  genius, 
and  also  the  carelessness  which  often  accom- 
panies this,  such  as  we  may  observe  also  in  Scott 
and  even  in  Shakespeare,  rich  creators  of  char- 
acter, in  whose  works  there  is  much  that  we 
could  desire  to  be  different  and  not  a  little  that 
we  could  wish  away. 

Two  reasons  delayed  full  recognition  of 
Cooper's  real  genius:  The  enduring  vogue 
of  realism  which  has  failed  to  perceive  that 
he  was  one  of  its  precursors;  and  the  fact 
that  the  historians  of  literature  dwelt  more 
upon  Cooper's  obvious  defects  than  upon  his 
larger  merits,  his  fundamental  force,  which 
the  plain  people  feel  fully. 

Cooper  was  not  a  man  of  the  library,  but 
a  man  of  the  open  air, — of  the  ocean  and  of 
the  forest.  He  was  careless  of  rhetoric  and 
sometimes  in  grammar  he  was  no  precisian. 
He  was  sincere,  direct,  unpretentious,  and 
simple,  with  always  something  to  say.  His 
effort  at  humor  was  not  invariably  success- 


504 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REf/IEU/S. 


ful,  and  some  of  his  female  characters  are 
flat.  Irving  disclosed  to  him  the  unsuspected 
possibih'ties  of  rdftiance  in  American  life  in 
"  Rip  Van  Winkle  "  and  the  "  Legend  of 
Sleepy  Hollow";  and  Scott's  "  Ivanhoe " 
indicated  the  manner  in  which  to  treat  ad- 
vantageously this  subject.  The  writer  draws 
an  interesting  comparison  between  Scott  and 
Cooper  as  a  writer  of  the  sea,  concluding 
that  Scott  was  a  "  landsman,"  and  Cooper 
"  a  man  of  the  ocean,  with  a  tang  of  the  salt 
air  in  him."  Of  his  stories  of  the  sea,  he 
says: 

Heartened  by  the  cordial  acceptance  of  this 
first  sea-tale,  Cooper  soon  spun  another  yam, 
the  "  Red  Rover,"  the  action  of  which  was  laid 
wholly  on  the  water, — after  the  opening  chap- 
ters. In  none  of  his  novels  does  Cooper  better 
display  his  mastery  of  narrative  and  his  power 
of  sustaining  interest.  Thereafter  Cooper  could 
not  long  be  kept  away  from  salt-water ;  he  wrote 
sea-tale  after  Swa-tale,  until  there  were  half  a 
score  of  them,  setting  forth  the  most  varied 
aspects  of  the  unstable  element.  In  "  Wing- 
and-Wing"  he  skirted  the  lovely  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean;  and  in  the  "Two  Admirals"  he 
set  in  array  a  goodly  fleet  on  the  Atlantic.  Al- 
though these  ten  sea-tales  are  not  all  of  equal 
excellence,  they  are  all  proofs  of  his  love  for 
life  afloat,  of  his  insight  mto  the  shifting  moods 


of  Nature,  and  of  his  understanding  of  the  hardy 
men  who  go  down  to  the  sea  in  ships. 

In  his  "  Leather  Stocking  Tales  "  there  is 
rich  gift  of  narrative,  and  vigor  and  accu- 
racy of  description.  There  is  unfailing  fer- 
tility of  invention  and  a  larger  interpreting 
imagination.  There  is  unstrained  pathos, 
and  behind  all  these  things  the  author  him- 
self, sustaining  his  story  by  his  manly  wis- 
dom and  elemental  force.  He  was  intensely 
American  in  his  feeling,  yet  broadly  cosmo- 
politan in  his  outlook  on  the  world.  Civic 
courage  he  possessed  in  a  high  degree,  and 
his  opinions  were  founded  upon  principle. 
"  It  is  the  triple  duty  of  the  novelist  and  of 
the  dramatist  to  make  us  see,  to  make  us 
feel,  and  to  make  us  think.  Cooper  suc- 
ceeded in  making  his  readers  think,  because 
he  had  done  his  own  thinking  in  advance." 

A  poet,  a  teller  of  tales  which  moved 
many  others  to  imitation,  and  from  which 
many  others  might  borrow,  he  was  pre-em- 
inently a  creator  of  characters.  His  power 
in  this  respect  was  recognized  by  distin- 
guished critics,  and  the  world  will  never 
willingly  forget  the  ability  of  Cooper  in  this 
essential, — the  best  of  every  true  novelist. 


AERIAL    MOUNTAIN   RAILWAYS. 


A  GOOD  description  of  the  various  moun- 
tain railways  of  Switzerland,  from  the 
pen  of  Mr.  H.  G.  Archer,  appears  in  the 
September  number  of  the  London  Magazine, 
There  are  now  in  Switzerland  more  than 
thirty  rack-and-pinion  railways,  more  than 
forty  funicular,  and  one  aerial  mono-rail. 
The  latter,  an  entirely  novel  form  of  cable 
railway,  is  in  course  of  construction  up  the 
Wetterhorn.     Of  it  Mr.  Archer  writes: 

This  sensational  project  takes  the  form  of  an 
aerial  cableway,  from  which  a  car  body  is  sus- 
pended by  means  of  running  gear.  The  cable  is 
stationary,  the  tractive  effort  being  exerted  by 
motors  on  the  moving  vehicles.  The  departure 
station  is  situated  at  the  snout  of  the  Grindel- 
wald  upper  glacier,  at  an  elevation  of  4000  feet, 
whither  the  main  cable  soars  almost  perpendicu- 
larly upwards  to  the  Enge  station,  the  site  of 
which  is  the  northern  extremity  of  a  narrow 
goat  path  running  along  the  western  precipice  of 
the  mountain.  The  lift  realized  by  this  section 
of  the  line  is  about  1350  feet.  Passengers  will 
alight  at  the  Enge  station,  and  walk  along  the 
path  which  overlooks  the  entire  length  of  the 
glacier.  At  the  southern  extremity  of  the  path 
the  "  railway  "  recommences,  and  the  second  sec- 
tion, which  is  considerably  longer  and  even 
steeper. — i.e.,  pitched  in  a  more  acute  angle  than 


the  first, — is  carried  high  over  the  Zybachsplatten 
to  the  stony  hollow  occupied  by  the  Gleckstein 
Club  Hut,  at  an  altitude  of  7695  feet.  The  lift 
realized  by  this  section  amounts  to  2300  feet 
At  present,  the  ascent  to  the  Gleckstein  Hut  is 
five  and  a  half  hours*  stiff  climbing  from  the 
Hotel  Wetterhorn,  whereas  the  passenger  per 
aerial  cableway  will  have  but  fifteen  minutes  in 
the  cars  and  twenty  minutes  walking  on  the  flat 
along  the  Enge,  which  is  ^he  name  of  the  goat 
path. 

UP  THE  MATTERHORN  FOR  TEN  DOLLARS. 

This  latest  form  of  railway  mountaineer- 
ing does  not  disfigure  the  scenery,  it  requires 
no  cuttings  or  tunnels,  and  there  is  no  smoke. 
The  railway  up  the  Matterhorn,  for  which 
the  money  has  already  been  subscribed  aiid  a 
concession  granted,  will  be  constructed  on 
the  same  principle: 

The  line  will  be  divided  into  two  sections,  the 
first  being  an  electric  rack-and-pinion  railway 
from  Zermatt  to  the  Schwarzsee,  at  the  height 
of  8288  feet,  and  from  thence  by  a  tunnel  under 
the  Homli  to  the  Matterhorn  Hut,  at  an  altitude 
of  10,013  feet.  The  second  section  would  con- 
sist of  a  double  aerial  railway  like  the  Wetter- 
I'.orn.  passing  through  a  nearly  vertical  tunnel, 
inclining  only  a  few  degrees  out  of  the  upright, 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH, 


505 


to  the  summit  station  on  the  north  side  of  the 
Mattcrhorn,  at  a  height  of  14,682  feet,  only  sixty- 
five  feet  below  the  top  of  the  mountain.  The 
total  length  of  the  railway  would  be  7700  feet, 
and  the  work  could  be  completed  in  four  years, 
while  the  whole  undertaking  is  estimated  to  cost 
£400,000.  It  would  take  one  hour  and  fifty  min- 
utes to  reach  the  summit  from  Zermatt,  and  the 
ticket  for  the  round  journey  would  cost  £2. 

Switzerland  cannot,  however,   claim   the 
highest    mountain    railway    in    the    world. 


That  distinction  belongs  to  Peru.  The  cul- 
minating point  of  the  Central  Peruvian  Rail- 
way, which  is  an  ordinary  adhesive  line,  oc- 
curs in  a  tunnel  15,774  fcet  above  sea  level, 
or  forty-four  feet  higher  than  the  summit  of 
Mont  Blanc.  The  highest  rack-and-pinion 
line  in  the  world  is  that  up  Pike's  Peak, 
Colo.,  which  reaches  a  point  14,000  feet 
above  sea  level. 


THE   PROGRESS  OF    SCIENTIFIC   SPIRITUALISM. 

IN  ITALY. 


(^F  late  years  peoples  of  Latin  tongues 
have  shown  an  astonishing  power  of 
initiative  in  the  scientific  world.  Over  all 
Latin  Europe  is  spreading  a  wave  of  scien- 
tific interest  in  that  unexplored  region 
w^hich  has  given  us  the  phenomena  known 
variously  as  spiritualism,  occultism,  animal 
magnetism,  thought-transference,  and  telepa- 
thy. The  veteran  astronomer,  Camille  Flam- 
marion,  irregular  vanguard  of  this  move- 
ment, although  discredited  by  the  modern 
school  of  exact  scientists,  has  had,  neverthe- 
less, a  great  deal  to  do  with  stirring  up 
interest  in  the  matter.  His  latest  effort  in 
this  direction  is  a  series  of  articles  in  La 
Revue,  which  have  attracted  a  great  deal  of 
attention,  not  only  in  the  French  papers,  but 
in  the  Spanish  and  Italian  reviews.  Flam- 
ri^arion  is  a  spiritualist  of  the  old  school, 
so  to  speak,  who  really  believes  firmly  in 
the  existence  of  other  beings  besides  men, 
and  that  the  phenomena  of  spiritualistic 
seances  are  caused  by  forces  outside  of  the 
medium. 

The  great  Lombroso  also  has  examined 
the  celebrated  medium,  Eusapia  Paladino, 
and  prints  in  the  Lettura  his  views  on  so- 
called  spiritualism.  In  the  Car  Here  della 
Sera  (Rome)  appeared  recently  a  much 
talked  of  account  of  spiritualistic  seances 
written  in  a  very  racy  style  by  Dr.  Morelli 
and  Signor  Luigi  Barzini.  From  all  these 
sources  have  come  recently  a  flood  of  interest- 
ing, stimulating,  fascinating,  but  wholly 
vague  and  unauthenticated  accounts  of  psy- 
chic wonders,  from  which  a  few  general 
conclusions  were  drawn  by  those  reviewers 
who  believed  in  them. 

AN   ELABORATE  SCIENTIFIC  TEST. 

Now,  however,  in  the  very  last  numbers 
'^^  the  Revista  d' Italia  (Rome),  one  of  the 


best-known  Italian  reviews,  appear  two  ^ 
lengthy  articles  by  Prof.  Filippo  Bottazzi, 
head  of  the  Department  of  Physiology  of  the 
Royal  Universit}'  of  Naples  (a  man  whose 
position  guarantees  his  good  faith  and  his 
scientific  acumen),  describing  with  the  most 
painstaking  minuteness  the  results  of  a  series 
of  experiments  which  he  performed  with 
some  of  his  scientific  colleagues,  on  the  above- 
mentioned  Eusapia  Paladino.  He  had  been 
aroused  to  interest  in  the  matter  by  the  many 
published  reports  of  her  surprising  medium- 
istic  feats,  and,  hearing  stories  of  occasions 
where  she  had  been  detected  in  fraud,  he  was 
quite  sceptical  of  all  her  apparent  wonders, 
and  determined  to  conduct  a  series  of  seances 
with  her  under  strictly  scientific  conditions, 
in  his  own  laboratory  in  the  building  of  the 
University  of  Naples.  The  place  selected  was 
a  laboratory  of  experimental  physiology  in  a 
retired  part  of  the  building,  where  he  could 
control  ever>^  condition  absolutely  and  where 
he  was  able  with  the  help  of  one  or  two 
other  professors  to  arrange  personally  every 
detail. 

He  made  the  "  spiritualistic  cabinet  "  (the 
hidden  place  where  the  chief  wonders  are 
wont  to  be  executed)  by  simply  hanging 
before  a  closed  door  two  long  black  curtains, 
and  putting  up  a  shelf  in  this  narrow,  shal- 
low recess.  On  this  he  placed  the  usual  ob- 
jects selected  by  mediums  to  act  upon,  a 
guitar,  a  mandolin,  pitchers  of  water,  vases 
of  flowers,  etc., — this  not  to  run  too  counter 
to  the  fixed  and  ignorant  prejudices  of  the 
medium, — but  he  also  arranged  a  very  in- 
genious series  of  scientific  tests,  which,  if 
successful,  would  prove  without  question  the 
reality  of  the  phenomena. 

For  example,  it  is  a  common  trick  to  have  the 
medium  tap  the  key  of  a  telegrapher's  instru- 
ment, to  move  the  pendulum  of  a  metronome,  or 


606 


THE  AMERICAN  REk'lElV  OF  REf/lElV^. 


to  thump  on  a  tamborine,  when  these  instru- 
ments are  quite  out  of  sight  and  reach,  in  the 
closed  cabinet,  and  the  hands  and  feet  of  the 
medium  held  fast.  In  such  feats,  under  usual 
conditions,  there  is  every  possibility  of  fraud,  or 
at  least  of  unconscious  self-deception.  Some 
other  noise  may  be  made  elsewhere  in  the  room 
by  a  confederate,  or  there  may  be  no  noise  at 
all,  but  those  listening  intently  for  it  may  hyp- 
notize themselves  into  thinking  they  hear  it. 
However,  by  a  clever  device  he  wholly  obviated 
this  difficulty.  He  connected  the  instruments 
above-mentioned  (and  several  others,  too  com- 
plicated to  describe  here),  by  means  of  elec- 
tricity, with  recording  instruments  on  the  other 
side  of  the  door,  in  a  room  whose  only  entrance 
was  through  the  room  where  the  seance  was  held. 
Cylinders  covered  with  blackened  paper  were  set 
to  revolve  at  a  regular  rate,  while  poised  close 
to  them^  were  placed  pens  mounted  so  that  the 
points,  if  depressed,  traced  a  line  of  white  on 
the  cylinder.  Every  time  the  metronome  was 
moved  or  the  telegrapher's  key  lowered,  an  elec- 
tric circuit  was  closed,  which  depressed  the  pen 
so  that  it  touched  the  cylinder.  After  each 
seance  these  instruments  were  examined,  the 
records  made  were  photographed,  and  these  pho- 
tographs reproduced  as  illustrations  to  the  ar- 
ticle. 

SOME   REMARKABLE   RESULTS. 

Professor  Bottazzi  took  every  precaution 
that  the  medium,  when  she  came  to  examine 
the  cabinet,  should  not  see  the  electric  wires 
which  ran  through  the  door,  but  to  his  sur- 
prise she  said  she  did  not  care  to  look  inside 
the  cabinet,  "  that  it  was  nothing  to  her  what 
he  had  there.'*  Hence  she  not  only  never 
knew  that  there  were  devices  to  test  the  au- 
thenticity of  her  feats,  but  she  never  even 
saw  the  instruments  she  set  in  motion.  A 
few  times  she  touched  the  outside  of  the  cur- 
tain, but  never  more  than  that.  Here,  then, 
in  a  room  bare  to  the  eye,  ^y'holly  under  the 
control  of  t^he  skeptical  scientist,  which  had 
been  shut  up  by  himself,  and  only  opened 
when  the  medium  was  brought  there,  the 
experiments  were  conducted.  It  was  lighted 
by  electricity,  which,  although  frequently 
lowered  at  the  request  of  the  medium,  never 
gave  less  light  than  was  quite  sufficient  for 
them  to  read  with  ease  the  faces  of  their 
watches.  The  medium  and  the  professors,  to 
the  number  of  seven,  sat  about  a  plain  bare 
pine  table,  holding  each  other's  hands,  to 
make  the  usual  "  spiritualistic  Chain,"  and 
the  two  hands  of  the  medium  were  thus  firm- 
ly guarded  by  those  who  sat  on  each  side  of 
her.     Her  feet  were  also  secured. 

Eight  seances  were  held,  which  are  elabor- 
atcl>r  described,  but  to  a  non-scientific  reader 
the  important  results  can  be  summed  up  briefly 
as  amazing  but  very  convincing.  A  thousand 
interesting  phenomena   of   the    usual   sort   were 


observed,  apparitions  of  hands  and  arms,  and 
once  or  twice  of  faces,  veiled  heads,  pitchers  of 
water  borne  about  without  spilling  the  contents, 
blows  and  slaps  bestowed  on  those  present  by 
invisible  hands,  the  table  lifted  high  from  tbe 
floor  with  no  hand  tooching  it  (it  is  said  to  fed 
as  though  it  floated  in  some  such  matter  as 
water),  etc.,  etc. ;  but  the  author  lays  little  stress 
on  these,  since  they  are  not  verifiable,  and  might 
be  conceived  to  be  hallucinations.  _  The  first  sit- 
tings were  not  successful.  Eusapia,  who  is  ma 
a  woman  of  intelligence,  could  not  seem  to  grasp 
the  meaning  of  the  changed  conditions  about 
her,  and  was  not  only  daunted  and  discourag^ 
by  the  unfamiliar  atmosphere  of  doubt  and  in- 
credulity, but  seemed  incapable  of  adjusting  her- 
self to  the  novel  demands  made  on  her.  She 
wished  to  produce  the  usual  noisy,  futile  phe- 
nomena of  the  ordinary  seance,  throwing  aboot 
chairs  and  other  objects,  which  she  did,  greatly 
to  the  damage  of  the  delicate  instruments  thic 
scientists  had  placed  in  the  cabinet.  She  was 
apparently  quite  unable  to  do  any  of  the  more 
dextrous  operations  they  wished  to  see  per- 
formed. Even  here,  however,  in  spite  of  thdr 
complete  dissatisfaction  with  the  results  of  the 
experiment,  they  noticed  a  fact  which  proved  to 
be  the  most  important  brought  out  in  the  whole 
series, — namely,  that  every  movement  in  ^ 
cabinet  was  accompanied  by  an  absolutely  syin 
chronistic  muscular  movement  on  the  part  of 
the  medium.  For  instance,  a  small  table  was 
moved  out  of  the  cabinet,  through  the  curtains 
and  some  distance  over  the  floor,  where  all  pres- 
ent could  plainly  see  that  it  was  being  propelled 
by  no  visible  power,  but  exactly  corresponding 
to  the  jerky  and  irregular  movements  of  its 
progress  were  spasmodic  muscular  contractions 
of  the  medium,  as  though  she  were  actually 
moving  it  with  hrr  physical  hands  and  feet 
Professor  Bottazzi  insists  continually  upon  this 
point,  for  it  seems  to  be  a  condition  never  ab- 
sent from  such  phenomena,  and  on  it  he  bases 
his  theory  that  every  genuine  example  of  so- 
called  psychic  power  enamates  from  the  physi- 
cal organism  of  the  medium  and  is  in  no  sense 
of  the  word  dependent  upon  any  external  force. 

By  this  time,  being  virtually  convinced 
that  there  was  some  actual  psychic  power  at 
work,  and  no  fraud,  Professor  Bottazzi  tried 
by  every  means  to  discover  what  was  the 
nature  of  this  power,  and  what  its  limita- 
tions. At  one  of  the  last  seances  he  placcJ 
two  telegrapher's  instruments  in  the  cabinet, 
one  as  usual  and  one  covered  with  a  sort  of 
cage  made  of  strong  wire  netting.  Eusapia 
was  asked  to  press  the  key  to  the  covered 
one,  but,  though  she  exerted  herself  to  the 
utmost,  and  was  much  vexed  at  her  failure, 
she  could  not.  He  therefore  concluded  that 
the  force  is  no  mj-sterious  "  fluid,"  as  it  is 
sometimes  called,  nor  an  immaterial  dynamic 
extension  of  energy,  as  some  Spanish  scien- 
tists think,  but  something  quite  tangible  and 
material,  like  a  physical  hand  which  is 
stopped  by  physical  barriers. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


607 


ONE    OR  MORE       PSYCHIC  HANDS. 

Apparently  also  she  has  at  least  two  of 
these  **  hands,"  for  several  operations  which 
they  asked  her  to  do  and  which  she  managed 
sucxressfuUy,  after  some  trials,  could  not  be 
accomplished  with  one  hand  alone.    Indeed, 
one  phenomenon  leads  Professor  Bottazzi  to 
think  that  she  may  be  able  with  a  special 
effort   to  multiply  these  invisible  members, 
for  once  she  produced  simultaneous  knockings 
and.   rappings  in  many  places  at  once,  on  the 
table,  in  the  cabinet,  on  the  walls,  floor,  etc. 
These    were   all    not   only    absolutely   syn- 
chronous with  one  another,  but  corresponded 
to    spasmodic  movements  of  her  imprisoned 
hands.     In  his  studies  of  this  power  the  pro- 
fessor found  that  apparently  she  can  handle 
objects  with  these  invisible  fingers,  and  that 
they  are  sensible  to  physical  impu-essions,  for 
she  often  asked  about  objects  in  the  cabinet, 
**  what  it  was  that  felt  cold   and  wet," — 
clay, — "  or  hard  like  a  stone," — a  metal  ball 
connected  with  some  of  the  electric  contriv- 
ances.   But  he  was  unable  to  find  any  traces 
of  her  being  able  to  see  other  than  with  her 
physical   eyes.     As  she  often  spoke  of  not 
being  able  to  reach  things  because  they  were 
too  far  or  too  high,  he  concludes  that  the 
extension  of  these  mediumistic  limbs  is  little 
if  any  greater  than  her  natural  ones. 

TTierc  were  many  feats  which  this  medium 
is  accustomed  to  perform  which  were  not 
forthcoming  under  the  scrutinizing  eyes  of 
the    scientists.      She    frequently    announced 


materializations,  etc.,  as  about  to  occu^, 
whiqh  were  never  perceptible.  Professor 
Bottazzi  attributes  this  to  two  factors,  one, 
that  she  is  now  a  woman  of  more  than  mid- 
dle age,  whose  physical  forces  are  failing  her, 
and  secondly,  to  the  impossibility  of  her 
piecing  out  with  fraud  her  genuine  power. 
At  the  end  of  each  seance  her  hands 
were  sore  to  the  touch,  inflamed  and  looked 
and  felt  as  though  they  had  been  steeped 
in  a  solution  of  lye.  She  was  also  quite 
exhausted,  as  though  from  violent  physical 
exertion. 

It  is  perhaps  worth  while  to  translate  en- 
tire the  paragraph  with  which  Professor  Bot- 
tazzi ends  his  article  and  sums  up  his  con- 
clusions. Printed  over  his  name,  with  all 
the  weight  of  evidence  he  has  collected  back 
of  it,  he  says  it  cannot  but  give  food  for 
thought  to  all  except  those  obstinately  in- 
credulous skeptics  who  have  no  faith  \t\  the 
processes  of  their  own  mind  or  in  the  methods 
of  science,  and  as  he  himself  puts  it,  still 
say,  "  But  I  can  see  with  my  own  eyes  that 
the  sun  moves  around  the  world." 

Mediumistic  phenomena,  when  they  are  not 
entirely  hallucinations  of  tho^e  present  at  the 
seance,  are  biological  phenomena  entirely  de- 
pendent upon  the  organism  of  the  medium^  and 
if  so,  they  occur  as  if  accomplished  by  prolonga- 
tion of  the  natural  limbs,  or  as  if  by  additional 
limbs  which  spread  from  the  body  of  the  me- 
dium and  re-enter  it  after  a  variable  time,  dur- 
ing which  time  they  show  themselves,*  as  far  as 
the  sensation  they  bring  about  in  us,  as  limbs 
differing  in  no  essential  matter  from  natural  or 
physical  members. 


THE   PRESENT  CRISIS  OF  THE  PAPACY  IN  ITALY. 


T^HE  arrest  of  a  woman  bearing  the  name 
of  Giuseppina  Fumagalli,  who,  after 
having  assumed  the  nun's  garb  surreptitiously 
and  against  the  wishes  of  the  ecclesiastical 
authorities,  had  founded  an  institution  for 
poor  girls  and  then  made  them  the  objects  of 
an  immoral  trafllic,  has  aroused  in  Italy  a 
violent  anti-clerical  campaign,  the  conse- 
quences of  which  may  prove  exceedingly 
grave  and  find  an  echo  in  all  Catholic  coun- 
tries throughout  the  world. 

This  fact  adds  significance  to  the  follow- 
ing resume  of  Italian  opinion,  as  voiced  in 
the  national  press.  According  to  leading 
Italian  journals,  the  affair  of  the  woman 
Fumigalli  has  been  only  the  determining 
cause  of  this  movement,  and  we  must  rather 
seek  for  the  real  reason  in  the  political  atti- 


tude assumed  by  Pope  Pius  X.  during  the 
few  years  which  have  passed  since  his  ascen- 
sion to  the  papacy,  an  attitude  that  seemed 
destined,  if  not  to  provide  a  solution  of  the 
much-debated  "  Roman  question,"  at  least  to 
bring  about  a  modus  yivendi  which  would 
render  less  tense  the  relations  between  church 
and  state  in  Italy. 

The  true  reason,  therefore,  is  to  be  sought 
in  the  fact  that  His  Holiness  Pius  X.  has, 
for  the  first  time  since  the  occupation  of 
Rome  by  the  Italian  Government,  given  per- 
mission to  Catholics  to  use  their  electoral 
privileges.  In  consequence  of  this,  the  Cath- 
olics, in  alliance  with  the  conservative  party, 
have  gained  many  seats  in  Montecitorio,  de- 
feating a  great  number  of  Radical  and  Social- 
ist deputies;  while,  in  the  municipal  elections 


508 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEU/  OF  REI^IEIVS, 


throughout  Italy  they  have,  without  any  as- 
sistance, succeeded  in  obtaining  a  complete 
victory. 

In  the  face  of  such  a  vigorous  affirmation 
of  the  Catholic  party,  which  has  greatly 
strengthened  the  hands  of  the  government 
and  aided  the  maintenance  of  order,  the  ex- 
tremists have  endeavored  to  start  a  move- 
ment calculated  to  rob  the  Catholics  of  their 
prestige  in  the  eyes  of  the  nation.  And 
therefore,  to  the  real  scandal  concerning  the 
woman  Fumagalli,  for  whidh  the  ecclesias- 
tical authorities  were  not  responsible,  they 
have  tried  to  add  another,  by  accusing  the 
Salesian  priests,  of  the  order  founded  by 
Giovanni  Bosco,  who  have  institutions  and 
colleges  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  of  noth- 
ing less  than  the  celebration  of  "black 
masses,"  of  unmentionable  orgies  with  the 
boys  in  their  institution  at  Varazze,  basing 
these  accusations  on  the  revelations  of  one 
of  the  scholars  named  Besson. 

The  investigation,  which  was  carefully  made 
by  the  government,  has  demonstrated  the  com- 
plete innocence  of  the  Salesian s,  and  has  shown 
that  the  above-mentioned  Besson  was  a  psyco- 
pathic  victim  of  suggestion.  Nevertheless,  the 
Radical  press  would  not  acknowledge  defeat, 
and  has  continued  toifour  forth  insults  against 
the  Pope  and  the  carainals  and  to  print  obscene 
pictures  in  regard  to  them.  By  this  means  they 
have  produced  a  great  ferment  of  excitement  in 
the  most  ignorant  part  of  the  population,  which 
has  abandoned  itself  to  the  most  violent  excesses, 
striking  priests  on  the  open  street,  assaulting 
churches  and  convents,  and  indulging  in  riots 
and  disorders  of  every  sort. 

To  cite  only  two  of  the  gravest  examples : 
Sefior  Lorenzo  Perosi,  the  composer  of  sacred 
music,  whose  reputation  rs  world-wide,  on  leav- 
ing the  train  at  the  station  in  Rome,  was  ap- 
proached by  a  young  ruffian  who  spat  repeatedly 
in  his  face;  and  Cardinal  Merry  del  Val,  the 
Papal  Secretary  of  State,  now  residing  for  the 
summer  season  in  the  papal  villa,  Castel  Gan- 
dolfo,  had  the  window-panes  of  his  carriage 
broken  by  stones  that  were  thrown  at  it. 

These  grave  incidents,  which  disgrace  a 
civilized  nation,  and  which  the  government 
and  the  police  either  could  riot  or  would  not 
check,  have  induced  the  Pope  to  take  a  de- 
cision of  capital  importance ;  namely,  to  post- 
pone to  some  future  time  the  festival  cere- 
monies to  be  observed  on  the  occasion  of  the 
fiftieth  anniversary  of  his  entrance  into  the 
priesthood,  and  also  to  prohibit  the  arrival 
of  the  numerous  pilgrimages,  organized  in 
every  part  of  the  world,  in  order  to  avoid  ex- 
posing the  pilgrims  to  the  insults  of  the 
populace. 

At  the  same  time  it  is  said  that  the  De- 
partment of  State  is  preparing  a  diplomatic 


note  to  be  communicated  to  all  the  Powers, 
calling  the  attention  of  the  world  to  the  faa 
that  the  safety  of  the  Pope  is  not  assured  in 
accord  with  the  terms  of  the  famous  law 
known  as  the  '*  law  of  guarantees."  Thb 
document  of  exceptional  significance  might 
compromise  the  task  pursued  for  forty  years 
by  Italian  statesmen  and  members  of  the 
government,  whose  aim  has  been  to  demon- 
strate to  the  civilized  world  that  in  the  new 
Rome  two  powers,  one  religious  and  the 
other  political,  can  co-exist  without  serious 
disadvantages. 

What  would  be  the  answer  of  the  Powers 
to  such  a  communication?  This  is  an  un- 
known quantity,  which  might  be  pregnant 
with  important  events.  In  the  meantime  it 
is  not  considered  wise  even  to  transport  the 
mortal  remains  of  Pope  Leo  XIII.  from  the 
provisional  tomb  m  St.  Peter's  to  their  final 
resting-place  in  the  mausoleum  in  San 
Giovanni  in  Laterano,  because  of  the  fear 
that  the  mob  would  break  out  into  riotous 
excesses. 

It  is,  therefore,  quite  possible  that  the  attitude 
of  Pius  X.,  which  has  been  heretofore  so  con- 
ciliatory and  kindly  toward  the  Kingdom  of  Italy 
and  the  house  of  Savoy,  may  undergo  an  entire 
change,  and  that  his  reign,  which  was  inaugur- 
ated amid  the  hymns  of  joy  of  all  those  who 
saw  in  him  the  restorer  of  religious  and  political 
peace  to  Italy,  may  end  by  becoming  one  of  the 
most  uncompromising  and  contentious.  And 
this  uncompromising  attitude  in  the  political 
field  will  soon  be  followed  by  a  similar  attitude 
in  the  field  of  biblical  exegesis  and  dogmatics, 
since  the  document  which  wa.s  published  scarcely 
two  months  ago,  and  which  is  known  in  the  re- 
ligious world  as  the  "  New  Syllabus,"  contains 
a  very  explicit  condemnation  of  the  ideas  propa- 
gated by  the  most  advanced  expounders  of  the 
Holy  Scriptures.  This  has  caused  great  excite- 
ment in  the  ranks  of  the  younger  clergy  who  arc 
in  sympathy  with  these  ideas. 

The  mild  and  humble  Cardinal  Sarto  had 
good  reason  to  be  reluctant  to  abandon  hb 
seat  as  the  venerated  and  loved  Patriarch  of 
Venice,  and  to  assume  the  grave  charge  of 
Supreme  Pontiff  of  the  Catholic  Church! 
Possibly,  at  that  ver\'  time  he  saw  "  as  in  a 
glass,  darkly,"  the  bitter  cup  from  which  he 
would  be  forced  to  drink,  for  his  tribulations 
come  not  only  from  the  enemies  of  the 
church,  but  even  among  those  who  immedi- 
ately surround  him,  he  encounters  a  more  or 
less  tacit  hostility. 

The  nomination  of  so  young  a  man  as 
Mgr.  Merry  del  Val  to  the  position  of 
Secretary  of  State,  and  his  consequent  ele- 
vation to  the  rank  of  Cardinal,  met  with 
serious  opposition  among  the  most  authori- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


509 


tativc  members  of  the  Sacred  College,  an 
opposition  which  the  subsequent  policy  of 
this  too  young,  although  intelligent,  prelate 
has  been  far  from  disarming.  In  regard  to 
this  matter  there  is  a  persistent  rumor  in  the 
circles  of  the  Vatican  to  the  effect  that  he  is 
on  the  point  of  resigning  his  office  as  Secre- 
tary of  State  to  assume  that  of  Vicar  in 
place  of  Cardinal  Respiglio.  In  that  case 
the  latter  would  occupy  the  archiepiscopal 


seat  of  Bologna,  which  has  been  left  vacant 
by  the  death  of  Cardinal  Svampa,  who  was 
looked  upon,  during  the  reign  of  Leo  XIII., 
as  his  most  probable  successor.  But  the  de- 
crees of  destiny  are  always  very  different 
from  human  previsions,  and  the  philosopher 
never  risks  perilous  conjectures;  he  only  ex- 
amines and  judges  events  when  they  have 
already  taken  their  place  on  the  ineffaceable 
pages  of  history. 


FRAUD  UPON  THE  EYES. 


^  TRENCHANTLY  written  editorial 
article  under  the  above  title  recently 
appeared  in  the  Photo-Era,  The  editor,  Mr. 
Wilfred  A  French,  first  enters  a  vigorous 
protest  against  cheap,  poorly  made  glasses. 
He  says: 

It  is  no  uncommon  thing  for  well-to-do  i)er- 
sons  to  purchase  eyeglasses  or  spectacles  which, 
on  account  of  their  inadequate  material  and 
abominable  workmanship,  are  unfit  for  use.  The 
amount  of  injury  they  impart  to  the  most 
precious  of  the  senses  is  very  great,  and  fre- 
quently results  in  total  blindness.  This  state 
of  things  is  due  as  much  to  ignorance  as  to  a 
false  idea  of  economy;  for,  were  persons  really 
aware  of  the  danger  they  incur  when  buying 
glasses  which,  instead  of  correcting  visual  de- 
fects, simply  aggravate  them,  they  would  first 
seek  reliable  advice  on  so  serious  a  matter  as 
the  eyes. 

After  warning  all  persons  with  weak  eyes 
to  consult  an  oculist, — not  an  optician, — be- 
fore purchasing  gkisses,  the  writer  of  this 
article  goes  on  to  say: 

Another  menace  to  the  safety  of  human  sight 
is  the  very  cheap  and  inferior  opera-glass,  few 
people  realizing  the  destructive  power  that  lurks 
within  some  of  these  dainty  and  handsomely 
mounted  instruments.  The  low  price  demanded 
for  these  baubles  ($2  to  $3  each)  little  more 
than  pays  for  tlie  mother-of-pearl,  which  forms 
the  chief  attraction,  and  the  cheap  labor  spent 
upon  them, — for  they  are  "made  m  France," — 
whereas  the  principal  (optical)  element,  the  lens, 
has  little  or  no  practical  value.  There  may  be 
some  excuse  for  curbstone  peddlers  to  carry  a 


line  of  cheap  optical  goods,  partly  due  to  the 
lack  of  technical  knowledge  of  their  properties ; 
but  there  is  positively  no  reason  why  opticians 
should  engage  in  the  traffic  of  these  breeders  of 
astigmatism  and  muscular  weakness,  and  one 
naturally  does  not  expect  to  encounter  imposi- 
tions in  the  stocks  of  such  merchants.  We  look 
upon  the  sale  of  such  wares  as  nothing  less 
than  a  crime,  and  will  gladly  support  any  move- 
ment which  shall  put  a  stop  to  it.  If  persons 
are  afflicted  with  weak  eyes,  so  that  they  can- 
not fully  enjoy  a  theatrical  performance,  let 
them  first  ascertain  if  they  require  eyeglasses, 
for  opera-glasses  are  not  intended  to  take  their 
place.  If  an  opera-glass  is  desired,  let  the 
first  thought  be  its  optical  properties,  rather 
than  the  consideration  of  its  external  appear- 
ance. An  important  point  to  be  remembered  in 
this  connection  is  that  the  distance  between  the 
eye-pieces  (from  center  to  center)  should  cor- 
respond exactly  with  that  of  the  pupils  of  the 
eyes, — technicaly  known  as  "the  interpupilary 
distance."  This  item  is,  therefore,  of  serious 
import,  and  should  be  as  familiar  to  a  person 
as  his  height  or  weight.  The  average  inter- 
pupilanr  distance  in  men  in  2%  inches ;  in  wom- 
en, 2%  inches.  The  opera-glass  thoughtfully 
provided  by  the  management  of  a  theater  is  a 
manifest  convenience,  but  unfortunately  it  fits 
the  eyes  of  only  a  relatively  small  number  of 
patrons.  The  difficulty  will  be  remedied  when 
the  variety  known  as  the  jointed  bar  opera- 
glass  is  installed.  A  scientifically  made  glass  of 
this  type,  in  plain  japan  mounting,  retails  at 
about  $8;  the  kind  m  ordinary  fixed  mounting 
at  not  less  than  $4.50-  The  increase  in  price 
represents  the  quality  or  character  of  the  mount- 
ing or  workmanship  of  superlative  excellence 
as  characterizes  the  productions  of  the  world's 
leading  optical  firms. 


THE  NEW  BOOKS. 
RECENT  AMERICAN  PUBLICATIONS. 


HISTORIES  AND  MEMOIRS. 

There  have  now  been  published  three  volumes 
of  Dr.  Elroy  M.  Avery's  "  History  of  the  United 
States  and  Its  People"  {Cleveland:  The  Bur- 
rows Brothers  Company).  We  have  in  earlier 
numbers  of  this  Review  commented  at  sorne 
length  on  the  illustrations  and  typography  of  this 
very  satisfactory  work,  as  well  as  on  the  faith- 
ful and  painstaking  efforts  of  the  editor  and  his 
corps  of  associates  to  produce  a  thoroughly  re- 
liable and  accurate  history.     The  third  volume 


the  Spanish-American  War,  particularly  those 
written  from  the  purely  military  point  of  view, 
are  more  valuable  in  proportion  to  the  length  of 
time  which  their  authors  have  been  able  to  cm- 
ploy  in  verifying  statements  of  fact.  Many  of 
the  so-called  histories  that  were  published  with- 
in a  year  or  two  after  the  Treaty  of  Paris  were 
notably  defective  and  misleading.  The  three- 
volume  record  of  * "  The  Campaign  of  Santiago 
de  Cuba,"  by  Capt.  Herbert  H.  Sargent,  U.  S.  A. 
( Chicago:  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.),  is  the  most 
elaborate  account  of  the  war  that  has  yet  ap- 
peared. During  the  war  Captain  Sargent  was 
colonel  of  the  Fifth  United  States  Volunteer  In- 
fantry. He  is  widely  known  as  an  authority  on 
military  operations  and  strategic  movements,  be- 
ing the  author  of  "Napoleon  Bonaparte's  First 
Campaign  "  and  "  The  Campaign  of  Marengo.** 
Captain  Sargent  supplements  his  narrative  of 
the  events  of  the  campaign  with  impartial  pro- 
fessional comment  on  the  most  important  mili- 
tary and  naval  movements.  All  three  volumes 
are  well  supplied  with  maps. 

A  dignified  historical  study, — which,  however, 
has  not  disdained  to  be  interesting, — is  Prot 
Justin  H.  Smith's  "Our  Struggle  for  the  Four- 
teenth Colony"  (Putnams).  This  two- volume, 
finely  illustrated  monograph  on  the  position  of 
Canada  during  the  American  Revolution  is  dedi- 
cated to  President  Roosevelt.  The  "  fourteenth 
colony  "  was,  of  course,  what  is  now  known  as 
Lower  Canada  (Quebec),  the  other  provinces  of 
the   Dominion   being  at   that   time    (1776)    un- 


DR.    ELROV    M.    AVERY. 

is  devoted  to  what  has  commonly  been  regarded 
as  the  least  interesting  period  in  American  co- 
lonial development.  At  any  rate,  it  was  the  pe- 
riod which  has  been  most  neglected  by  histor- 
ians. It  begins  in  the  latter  half  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  when  the  first  impulse  to  colonize 
had  practically  spent  its  force,  and  ends  about 
a  century  later,  when  the  great  conflict  for  su- 
premacy in  America  between  France  and  Eng- 
land was  well  under  way.  Dr.  Avery  demon- 
strates in  this  volume  that  the  period  under  con- 
sideration, far  from  being  uninteresting,  abounds 
in  thrilling  incident  and  rich  historical  mate- 
rials. Dr.  Avery's  style  illumines  the  annals  of 
those  primitive  times,  sustaining  the  reader's  in- 
terest and  admirably  preparing  the  way  for  the 
account  of  the  French  and  Indian  War  and  the 
war  of  the  Revolution,  to  follow  in  succeeding 
volumes. 
.  There  can  be  no  question  that  the  histories  of 


C.\PTAIN    HERBERT    H.    SASGENT,    U.    S.     A. 


THE  NEW  BOOKS. 


611 


formed.  Professor  Smith's  attitude  is  that  of 
the  historian  and  not  the  partisan.  A  portrait 
of  Gen.  Richard  Montgomery  is  the  frontispiece 
to  the  first  volume,  and  an  old  print  of  Sir  Guy 
Carleton  is  the  frontispiece  to  the  second.  The 
work  is  well  supplied  with  lists,  tables,  maps, 
and  helpful  notes. 

"  The  Story  of  a  Cannoneer  Under  Stonewall 
Jackson,"  by  E.  A.  Moore  (New  York  and 
Washington:  The  Nealc  Publishing  Company), 
relates  the  part  taken  by  the  famous  RockDridge 
Artillery  in  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia. 
This  Confederate  battery,  which  served  under 
Stonewall  Jackson,  was  largely  made  up  of  stu- 
dents in  Washington  College,  Virginia,  who  took 
up  arms  for  their  State  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  War  in  1861.  The  modest  author  of  these 
memoirs,  who  was  a  boy  when  the  war  began, 
served  all  through  the  conflict,  and  seems  to 
have  been  proud  to  fight  from  the  ranks  under 
such  a  leader  as  Jackson.  The  story  is  well  told 
and  gives  a  real  insight  into  the  every-day  life 


MR.   EDWARD  A.    MOORE. 

and  t>'pical  privations  of  the  Confederate  soldier- 
boy.  Mr.  Moore's  sympathetic  narrative  is  full 
of  "human  interest"  of  a  very  genuine  kind. 

ESSAYS  IN  POLITICAL  SCIENCE. 

The  second  edition  of  "  Proportional  Repre- 
sentation," by  John  R.  Commons  (Macmillan), 
appeared  during  the  summer.  Since  the  publi- 
cation of  the  first  edition,  in  1896,  this  system  of 
representation  has  been  adopted  in  Belgium  and 
rejected  in  Switzerland  for  the  election  of  na- 
tional legislatures.  The  author  has  somewhat 
modified  his  views  on  the  referendum  and  initia- 
tive, attaching  more  importance  to  these  reforms 
than  they  seemed  to  him  at  first  to  possess.  In 
an  appendix  he  develops  the  relations  of  these 
different  reforms  one  to  another  and  the  stages 


PROFESSOR   JUSTIN    H.    SMITH. 

which  they  necessarily  follow.  Some  interest- 
ing statistics  of  recent  American  elections  are 
embodied  in  the  preface  of  this  edition. 

Mr.  Henry  Holt  has  rewritten  his  "  Talks  on 
Civics,"  bringing  together  all  the  material  of 
these  talks  in  a  volume  entitled  "On  the  Civic 
Relations"  (Boston:  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.). 
Mr.  Holt  explains  in  his  preface  th»t  the  book 
was  written  m  the  hope  of  "  doing  a  little  some- 
thing to  develop  in  younr  people  a  character  of 
mind  which  is  proof  against  political  quackery, — 
especially  the  quackery  which  proposes  imme- 
diate cures  by  legislation  for  the  abiding  ills  re- 
sulting from  human  weakness  and  ignorance." 
A  considerable  part  of  the  present  volume  is  de- 
voted to  discussions  of  the  labor  problem  ^nd  of 
expenditures  on  public  works. 

TWO   BOOKS  ON  MODERN  SPIRITUALISM. 

In  **  The  Physical  Phenomena  of  Spiritual- 
ism"  (Boston:  Herbert  B.  Turner  &  Co.),  Mr. 
Hereward  Carrington  gives  an  exposition  of  the 
methods  employed  in  fraudulently  reproducing 
spiritualistic  phenomena.  He  does  this,  not  for 
the  sake  of  making  an  attack  on  the  so-called 
spirit  mediums,  but  because  he  believes  that  the 
only  way  in  which  any  progress  can  be  made 
toward  an  understanding  of  genuine  phenomena 
in  this  field  of  investigation  will  be  the  absolute 
elimination  of  everything  fraudulent.  His  atti- 
tude is  that  of  an  earnest  seeker  after  truth  who 
desires  first  of  all  to  clear  the  field  of  rubbish 
in  order  that  the  foundations  of  the  true  psychi- 
cal science  may  be  properly  laid. 

A  really  remarkable  book,  entitled  "Behind 
the  Scenes  with  the  Mediums"  (Open  Court 
Publishing  Company),  appears  under  the  signa- 
ture of  David  P.  Abbott,  purporting  to  be  a  full 
revelation  of  the  "secrets  and  tricks"  of  spirit- 
ualistic mediums, — "  not  a  few  of  them  purchased 
at  exorbitant  prices." 


612 


THE   AMERICAhJ  REI^IEIV  OF  REk'IElVS. 


LITERATURE  AND  THE   DRAMA. 

An  English  translation  (by  G.  Mantellini)  of 
the  "  Memoirs  and  Artistic  Studies  of  Adelaide 
Ristori,"  with  a  biographical  sketch  by  L.  D. 
Ventura,  has  just  been  brought  out  by  Double- 
day,  Page  &  Co.  Mme.  Ristori's  world  career 
was  crowned  with  incident  and  episode  which 
were  dramatic,  not  only  in  the  stage  sense,  but 
in  the  intensity  of  their  appeal  to  humanity  in 
general.  Her  acquaintance  with  the  great  mas- 
ters of  her  own  art,  including  Rachel,  Salvini, 
and  Booth,  and  with  other  worthies  of  eminence 
in  politics,  literature,  and  art  generally,  has  sup- 
plied this  volume  with  a  wealth  of  anecdote  and 
description.  In  addition,  there  is  a  critical  an- 
alysis of  Ristori  herself  and  several  of  the  fa- 
mous plays  in  which  she  appeared.  A  number 
of  full-page  portraits  illustrate  the  book. 

Rosa  Newmarch's  series  of  essays  entitled 
"  Poetry  and  Progress  in  Russia "  (John  Lane 
Company)  is  a  welcome  relief  from  the  vast 
number  of  books  on  Russian  politics  and  eco- 
nomics which  have  been  pouring  from  the 
presses  of  America  and  Europe  during  the  past 


THE  RUSSIAN   POET  PUSHKIN. 


(Reproduced  from   the  frontispiece  of 
Progress  In  Russia.") 


Poetry  and 


few  years.  In  five  chapters  Miss  Newmarch 
considers  the  literary  development  of  Russia 
from  Pushkin  to  the  present.  In  the  empire  of 
the  Czar, — as,  indeed,  throughout  the  rest  of  the 
civilized  world,  the  poets  have  been  the  pio- 
neers of  liberty  and  enlightenment.  This  phase 
of  Russian  culture  is  represented  by  the  poets 
Pushkin.  Koltsov,  Nikiti.i,  Nekrassov,  Khomia- 
kasov,  and  Nadson.  Translations  of  a  number 
of  the  representative  poems  from  these  masters 
supplement  the  essays. 

Maeterlinck's   "  Measure   of   the   Hours "  has 


ADELAIDE  RISTORI    AS    MARIE   ANTOINETTE. 

been  translated  by  Alexander  Teixeira  de  Mat- 
tos  and  published  by  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  The 
volumes  consist  of  a  series  of  essays,  some  now 
published  in  English  for  the  first  time,  on  re- 
ligious, ethical,  and  social  conceptions  of  life 
treated  in  the  subtle,  beautiful  style  which  marks 
all  the  work  of  the  Belgian  philosopher.  The 
chapters  on  "  Perfumes  "  and  "  The  Psychology 
of  Accident"  are  particularly  thought-provok- 
ing, although  the  one  which  M.  Maeterlinck 
has  called  "(Dur  Anxious  Morality"  is  perhaps 
the  most  distinctive  and  best  known,  having  al- 
ready appeared  in  one  of  our  American  month- 
lies. 

In  the  series  "  French  Classics  for  English 
Readers  "  being  issued  by  Putnams  we  have  an 
excellent  edition  of  the  essays  of  Montaigne 
translated  by  John  Florio.  The  contents  of  the 
English  volume  were  selected  by  Adolphe  Cohn. 

Perceval  Landon's  "  Under  the  Sun  "  (  Double- 
day,  Page  &  Co.)  is  a  volume  made  up  of  a  scries 
of  impressions  of  certain  Indian  cities.  Many 
illustrations  in  color  and  tint  add  to  the  interest 
of  the  volume,  which  is  not  in  any  sense  a  guide 
book.  Several  tales  and  a  chapter  on  the  life  of 
the  famous  Nana  Sahib  are  appended. 

ASTRONOMY. 

A  useful  and  even  interesting  study  of  "  The 
Friendly  Stars'*  (Harpers)  is  presented  us  by 
Martha  Evans  Martin.  How  to  learn  with  the 
naked  eye  the  rising  and  setting  of  the  best 
known  of  the  stars,  their  number,  colors,  dis- 
tances, movements,  and  distinguishing  character- 
istics, are  recounted  in  an  untechnical  manner. 
There  are  a  number  of  helpful  diagrams. 

Another  helpful  little  guide  to  the  heavens  is 
William  T.  01cott*s  "  Field-book  of  the  SUrs  " 
(Putnams).  This  is  briefer  and  rather  more 
copiously  illustrated  than  Miss  Martin's  book. 


THE   AMERICAN    REVIEW   OF    REVIEWS. 

EDITED  BY  ALBERT  SHAW. 

CONTENTS  FOR    NOVEMBER,  1907. 


McKinley  Mausoleum  at  Canton. Frontispiece 

The  Progress  of  the  World— 

The  Crops  of  1907 515 

An  Average  Decrease 515 

Conserving  Natural  Resources 315 

More  Conferences  on  Internal  Progress. .....  516 

Corporation  Control 517 

Standard  Oil  and  Publicity 517 

'Chance  for  a  Model  Corporation. . .    518 

Legislation  Needed 518 

The  Street  Railroads  of  New  York 518 

A  Vast  Amalgamation. 519 

Scandalous  Conditions 52 1 

The  New  York  Utilities  Commisaons 521 

Some  Practical  Resulu 522 

New  Subways  and  Other  Activities. 523 

Destrojring  Records 524 

Loose  Methods  in  Ceneral 524 

American    and    European   Railroad    Express 

Schedules  Compared 525 

Three  Livdv  State  Campaigns ".  526 

The  New  York  Situation 526 

Apologies  for  Fusion 526 

Political  Forecasts 527 

RelatioDS  Vith  Our  Neighbors 527 

Good  Will  in  the  Far  East 527 

An  Age  of  Internationalism 528 

What  Has  Been  Done  at  The  Hague  ? 529 

As  to  Fordhle  Collection  of  Debts 529 

British  and  Continental  Opinion 529 

Work  for  the  H^ue  Arbitration  Ccurt 530 

Latin-American  Good  FeeUng 530 

Secretary  Root  in  Mexico 530 

Qemenceau  on  the  Soldier's  Life 531 

Socialism  and  "Patriotism" 531 

Marking  Time  in  Morocco 532 

Kaiser  Wilhelm.  Preacher 533 

The  Austro- Hungarian  Ausgleich 533 

The  Third  Russian  Duma 534 

Limitations  and  Capacities 534 

England,  Russia,  and  Persia 535 

A^hanisUn  and  Tibet 535 

Our  Peaceful  Secretary  of  War 536 

The  Speech  at  Tokio 536 

Correct  Attitude  of  the  Tokio  Government . .  537 

The  Canadian  Position 537 

The  Philippine  Assembly 537 

Constitutional  China 537 

By  Wireless  Across  the  Atlantic 538 

With  portraits,  cartoons,  and  other  illustrations. 

Record  of  Current  Events 539 

with  portraits  and  other  illustrations. 

Some  of  the  Current  Cartoons 544 

Art  Effects  at  the  Jamestown  Exposi- 
tion   549 

By  Ernest  Knaufft. 
With  illustrations. 


Francis  Joseph  of  Austria-Hungary.  552 

By  Wolf  von  Schierbrand. 
With  portrait. 

An  Example  for  Retired  Business  Men  556 

With  portrait  of  Mr.  Marcus  M.  Marks. 

Retirement  from  Business 557 

By  Marcus  M.  Marks. 

The  Lumber  Industry  of  America..  561 

By  Milton  O.  Nelson. 
With  illustrations. 

Dr.  Robertson  and  the  Training  of 
Canadian  Farmers 576 

By  George  lies. 
With   portraits   and   other   Illustrations. 

The     Milk     Supply    as    a    National 
Problem 585 

By  Charles  Culver  Johnson. 
With  II lustrations. 

How  Boston  Solved  the  Gas  Problem  594 

By  Louis  D.  Brandcis. 
With  iUustrations. 

The  Regeneration  of  Persia 599 

*  By    Herman   Rosenthal. 

With  map  and  portrait. 

Leading  Articles  of  the  Month — 

The  Taritf— Bryan-Beveridge  Debate 603 

Untrained  Children  and  Industry 604 

The  Copper  Situation 605 

The  Cape  to  Cairo  Railway 607 

The  Princeton  Preceptorial  System 608 

Yale's  Elxperiments  with  "  Fletcherism  ** 609 

Standard  Oil  on  Its  Industrial  Side 610 

Tom  Johnson  and  the  Qty  of  Cleveland  ....  612 

The  New  Chilean  Ministry 614 

When  England  and  Russia  Agree 615 

The  Roumanians  and  the  Russian  Revolution.  617 

The  Valuation  of  Sully  Prudhomme 619 

The  Elducational  Evolution  of  China 620 

South  America  and  Asiatic  Labor 622 

The  Galveston  Plan  of  City  Government 623 

University  Life  in  the  Antipodes 625 

French  School  Girls  of  To-day 626 

An  Opportunity  for  Modern  Feminism 627 

Iceland  s  Fight  for  Autonomy 626 

Doctors  Carry  Contagious  Disease 630 

Latent  Life  of  Seeds 631 

The  Dangers  of  the  Roentgen  Rays 632 

Germans  and  Denationalization 633 

With  portraits,  cartoons,  and  other  illustrations. 

The  New  Books 635 

Witli    portraits   and   other    illustrations. 


TERMS :  $8.00  a  year  in  advance ;  26  cents  a  number.  Foreira  postage  $1.00  a  year  additional.  Subscribers  may 
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fraph  Copyright.  1907,  by  rnderwoodA  Underwood.  N.  Y. 


DEDICATION   OF  THE  McKINLEY  MONUMENT  AT  CANTON,  O. 

#- 

At  tlie  dedicatory  exercises,  on  September  30,  President  Roosevelt  made  the  principal  address.  Ptor 
script  ion  of  the  mausoloum  and  the  statue  of  McKinley,  seethe  October  number  of  the  Review  of  Rk- 
s,  page4G7.  This  photograph  was  taken  at  the  moment  of  the  unveiling  of  the  statue  of  the  late 
idont  by  his  niece,  Miss  Helen  McKinley.) 


THE    AMERICAN 

Review  of  Reviews 


Vol.    XXXVI. 


NEW  YORK,  XOVEMBER,  1907. 


No.  5 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


Th9         Crop  statistics  may  be  dull  rcad- 
Crops  of     ing,   but  when   interpreted   they 
'  ^  *       carry  some  meaning  even  to  the 
uninstructed.     Last  month  it  was  reported 
that  the  high  price  of  wheat  and  flour  had 
compelled  bakers  to  reduce  by  several  ounces 
the  weight  of  the  standard  loaf  of  bread  sold 
at  a  fixed  price.    The  total  wheat  crop  of  the 
year  is  estimated  at  about  625,000,000  bush- 
els.    This  is  more  than  100,000,000  bushels 
less  than  last  year,  but  it  is  a  large  crop. 
High  prices  maintain  the  farmers*  prosperity. 
We  may  be  thankful  that  for  a  good  while 
past  we  have  had  no  years  of  extreme  crop 
shortage.    Whereas  other  countries  have  had 
their  seasons  of  disastrous  crop  failure,  with 
famine  conditions  ensuing,  we  have  had  a 
marvelous  succession  of  bountiful  years,  with 
a  tendency  toward  greater  steadiness  and  re- 
liabilit}'  in  the  way  of  results.    This  is  due 
to  many  causes,  among  which  is  to  be  noted 
the  constant  growth  in  the  scientific  knowl- 
edge of  agriculture.    Furthermore,  the  coun- 
try is  so  extensive,  with  such  a  variety  of  soils 
and  climates,  and  also  with  such  a  range  of 
standard  crops,  that  average  results  are  al- 
ways pretty  well  assured. 

^^  This  year,  as  it  turns  out,  there 
Aotrage  is  a  marked  though  not  a  serious 
"'  shortage  in  almost  every  one  of 
the  staple  farm  products.  The  figures  given 
by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  indicate 
that  1967  has  yielded  a  crop  that  in  almost 
every  one  of  its  items  is  less  than  last  year, 
though  somewhere  nearly  e^al  to  the  aver- 
age of  the  ten  years  previous  in  yield  per 
acre.  The  corn  crop  is  expected  to  aggre- 
gate about  2,500)000,000  bushels,  which  is 
perhaps  16  per  cent,  less  than  last  year's 
yield,  and  10  per  cent,  less  than  that  of  1905. 
The  total  production  of  the  standard  cereals, 
that  is  to  say,  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  and  bar- 


ley, is  expected  this  year  to  be  about  4,046,- 
000,000  bushels,  whereas  last  year  it  was 
4,840,000,000,  and  in  1905  4,520,000,000 
in  round  figures.  The  cotton  crop  is  ex- 
pected to  amount  to  about  12,500,000  bales, 
which  about  equals  the  average  of  the  pre- 
ceding four  years,  last  year's  crop  being  a 
million  bales  larger.  Prices  for  all  kinds  of 
farm  products,  as  we  have  remarked,  are 
very  high,  so  that  the  total  income  oif  the 
farmers  will  not  be  reduced  in  keeping  with 
the  lessened  bulk  of  the  output.  There  is  a 
marked  tendency  on  American  farms  toward 
an  increased  production  of  minor  crops,  and 
taking  the  present  year  in  connection  with 
many  that  have  gone  before,  it  is  plain  that 
farming  holds  its  own  as  our  most  assured 
and  lucrative  industry. 

Conserving     4   ^""^   ^^^^^^   P^l'^^*   ^^^    "?" 

Natural  tional  and  local,  will  promote  in 
every  possible  way  the  prosperity 
of  our  farming,  and  the  best  utilization  of  all 
our  natural  resources,  of  which  the  soil  is 
by  far  the  most  valuable.  President  Roose- 
velt's address  before  the  Waterways  Con- 
vention at  Memphis  dwelt  at  length,  and 
with  a  wide  range  of  statement  and  sugges- 
tion, upon  the  policies  that  should  govern  our 
dealing  henceforth  with  the  inherent  sources 
of  national  wealth.  It  is  not  unlikely  that 
among  the  many  things  for  which  Mr. 
Roosevelt's  administration  will  be  notable  in 
historj',  the  very  foremost  will  be  its  con- 
structive statesmanship  in  all  that  has  to  do 
with  the  material  advancement  of  the  coun- 
try through  the  scientific  development  and 
proper  control  and  distribution  of  its  natural 
resources.  Even  Mr.  Roosevelt's  policies  re- 
specting the  control  of  railroads  and  corpora- 
tions are  to  be  regarded  as  an  essential  part 
of  his  constructive  program  for  the  proper 
administration  of  the  national  domain.     His 


516 


THE  AMERICAN  REt^lElV  OF  REyiFlTS 


policies  are  meant  to  promote  the  larger  pro- 
duction and  the  more  even  distribution  of 
the  means  of  human  livelihood  and  comfort. 
One  motive  of  his  forestry  policy  is  to  pre- 
vent floods,  and  thus  save  the  washing  away 
of  an  enormous  amount  of  productive  soil 
every  3'ear  which  passes  down  the  streams 
into  the  ocean.  The  President's  Memphis 
speech  ought  to  be  read  by  every  intelligent 
citizen  in  the  country,  because  it  shows, — 
more  clearly  than  almost  anything  else  that 
the  President  has  ever  said, — the  relationship 
of  different  policies  as  they  lie  in  his  own 
mind.  Far  from  being  of  a  destructive  and 
vindictive  character,  his  policy  for  the  regula- 
tion and  control  of  the  great  highways  and 
agencies  o^  interstate  commerce  is  for  all 
practical  purposes  identical  with  his  ideas  and 
plans  respecting  the  conservation  of  the  na- 
tion's resources. 

u^^^n^^f..  In  December  there  will  be  held 
«nce«  on  Inter-  at  Washmgton  a  congress  in  the 
rogreaa,  j^^gj-^g^  ^f  general  waterway  im- 
provement, under  the  presidency  of  the  Hon. 
Joseph  E.  Ransdell,  of  Louisiana.  The  one 
at  Memphis  was  devoted  to  the  one  project 
of  improving  the  Mississippi.  The  President 
announces  that  in  the  course  of  the  winter  he 


hopes  there  may  also  be  convened  at  Wash- 
ington a  large  and  influential  conferenct  qd 
the  whole  subject  of  the  preservation  and 
wise  development  of  the  country's  natural 
resources.  Mr.  Roosevelt  has  in  mind  tk 
public  lands,  the  mineral  deposits  still  b^ 
longing  to  the  national  domain,  the  forcss, 
the  waterways,  and  the  unutilized  waterfalls, 
with  their  capacity  for  the  electrical  trans- 
mission of  power.  Up  to  this  time  wc  ha\t 
allowed  far  too  much  of  the  wealth  of  tl» 
country  to  be  grasped  by  private  individual^ 
and  corporations.  The  resources  that  renuic 
in  the  hands  of  the  people  should  be  intelli- 
gently utilized  for  the  general  welfare.  One 
of  the  ablest  exponents  of  these  new  ideas  ts 
Mr.  Gifford  Pinchot,  at  the  head  of  the  For- 
estry Bureau.  His  policies  have  been  assailcti 
by  selfish  and  monopolistic  private  interests, 
but  he  maintains  his  views  with  courage;  anJ 
the  right-minded  and  intelligent  people  of 
America  will  not  fail  to  support  him.  There 
is  a  short-sighted  notion  prevalent  in  sovac  of 
the  Western  States,  to  the  effect  that  the 
lands  and  forests  still  belonging  to  the 
United  States  Government  ought  to  be  made 
to  pass  by  almost  any  methods  into  private 
hands  as  rapidly  as  possible.  In  the  long 
run,  however,  the  enforcement  of  the  vicwi 


Copyright.  1907.  byUn(ier«rood  A  Underwood.  N.  Y. 

PRESIDENT  ROOSEVELT  LEAVING  CAIRO,  ILLINOIS,  ON    HIS  TRIP  DOWN  THE  MISSISSIPPI  PIVER. 


THE  PkOGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


517 


of  the  present  Administration  will  be  far 
more  advantageous  for  the  States  in  which 
the  public  lands  are  situated  than  a  continu- 
ance of  the  short-sighted  and  wasteful  pol- 
icy of  the  past. 


Corpor- 
ation 
Control. 


The    principal    aggressors    with 
whom  the  Government  has  had 
to  deal  in  its  attempts  to  protect 
the  public  domain  have  been  large  corpora- 
tions.    The  work  of  the   Interior  Depart- 
ment in  its  several  bureaus  has  illustrated  a 
hundred  times  over  the  need  of  a  better  and 
closer  regulation  of  corporations.     It  is  per- 
fectly useless  for  Wall  Street  and  for  cor- 
poration directors  in  general  to  try  to  per- 
suade the  country  that  Mr.  Roosevelt  has 
been  waging  war  upon  productive  capital  and 
energy,    or   upon    any   legitimate    forms   or 
methods  of  business  in  any  field  whatsoever. 
The  Government's  efforts  have  been  directed 
against  corporation  abuses.     Whatever  else 
may  have  been  demonstrated  thus  far,  it  is 
clear    that    investigations    and    prosecutions 
have  shown  that  great  corporations  engaged 
in   interstate  commerce  must  be  compelled 
henceforth  to  do  business  openly  and  publicly 
under  close  governmental  control. 

standard  Oil  ^^^    Standard    Oil    cases,— re- 

and        gardless  of  the  question  of  mo- 

^*     nopolistic  power  and  methods, — 

have  brought  to  light  a  state  of  facts  that 


Prestoent  Roosevelt:  "Uncle  Sam,  It  sceras  to 
me  that  this  tool  ought  to  be  used.'* 

From    the    Tribune    (Minneapolis). 


A    SNAPSHOT    OF    PRESIDENT    ROOSEVELT    WITH    MR. 
GIFFORD    PINCHOT,    HEAD   OF    THE   GOVERN- 
MENT'S   FORESTRY   SYSTEM. 

can  no  longer  be  tolerated  in  this  country. 
In  very  many  respects  the  Standard  Oil 
Company  is  a  model  institution.  There  is 
nothing  slack  or  slovenly  in  the  way  in  which 
its  business  of  making,  distributing,  and  sell- 
ing its  products  is  carried  on.  But  its  finan- 
cial organization  is  not  at  all  in  keeping  with 
the  proper  requirements  of  modern  corpora- 
tion laws.  Disclosures  made  in  the  Govern- 
ment's suit  to  dissolve  the  Standard  Oil 
Company  of  New  Jersey  show  that  the  cen- 
tral company  controls  a  very  large  number 
of  subsidiary  corporations,  some  of  which 
have  done  business  ostensibly  as  independent 
and  rival  concerns,  and  that  the  whole  sys- 
tem has  been  one  adapted  to  the  dodging  of 
those  proper  responsibilities  to  the  laws  of 
the  land  and  the  community  at  large  that 
every  business  corporation  ought  to  face.  It 
does  not  follow  that  this  great  organization 


518 


THE  AMERICAN  kEyiEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


should  be  broken  up  into  seventy-five  or  a 
hundred  smaller  constituent  companies.  It 
would  seem  practically  impossible  to  force 
the  industries  of  the  country  back  to  an 
earlier  stage  of  competitive  strife.  But  a 
great  national  industry  like  that  controlled 
by  the  Standard  Oil  Company  must  abandon 
the  idea  that  it  can  carry  on  its  business  in 
the  old-fashioned  secretive  way  that  was  per- 
missible a  generation  ago. 

Chance  for  a  '^^^  ^^^^  ^^  comt  when  there 

Model       should  be  enacted    a  model   na- 

orpora  on.  ^j^p^j  j^^^,  £pj.  ^j^g  incorporation 

of  large  business  enterprises,  and  the  Stand- 
ard Oil  Company  should  avail  itself  of  the 
opportunity  to  take  out  a  national  charter. 
Its  assets  and  its  business  would  justify  a 
capitalization  of  at  least  $500,000,000,  and 
perhaps  twice  that  amount.  Its  scores  of 
thousands  of  employees  should  be  encouraged 
to  invest  in  its  shares  df  stock.  It  should  be 
carried  on  with  such  a  continuance  of  its 
good  business  methods  that  it  could  earn  and 
pay  a  yearly  dividend  of  6  or  7  per  cent.,  and 
its  shares  ought  to  be  the  safest  and  steadiest 
of  any  in  the  entire  market  for  the  small 
investor.  It  ought  to  be  protected  under  its 
national  charter  from  unfair  attacks  by  local 
authorities,  and  it  ought  to  set  the  example 
for  all  business  corporations  in  the  United 
States  of  patriotism,  obedience  to  law,  and 
wise   and   enlightened   methods  of  manage- 


^TTTTTTirr^- 


_jp^^t-A_ 


3^-i>^ 


ment.  The  fact  is  that  the  Standard  03 
Company  has  now  outgrown  and  outlived 
the  sharp,  keen,  mysterious,  moncy-makiiig 
schemes  and  strategies  of  the  group  of  able 
business  men  who  built  it  up.  The  time  has 
come  for  a  complete  reversal  of  policy.  Such 
a  reversal,  instead  of  lessening  the  value  of 
the  property  and  diminishing  the  market 
value  of  the  shares  of  its  stock,  would  have 
the  opposite  effect.  Those  powerful  business 
men,  like  Mr.  Rogers  and  his  associates,  who 
have  had  the  ability  to  build  up  the  Standard 
Oil  Company  to  its  vast  dimensions,  have 
also  the  ability,  if  they  could  but  read  the 
signs  of  the  times,  to  turn  this  great  concern 
into  a  public  institution  and  set  a  great  con- 
crete example  of  the  way  in  which  the  cor- 
poration question  is  to  be  solved  in  this 
country. 

Legia-  Meanwhile,  it  would  seem  that 
lotion  Congress  ought  to  have  the  cour- 
age to  make  corporation  reform 
possible  by  abolishing  the  Sherman  anti-trust 
law,  or  so  amending  it  as  to  rid  it  of  its 
dangerous  and  mischievous  character.  If 
the- railroads  had  not  been  arbitrarily  pre- 
vented from  making  useful  agreements 
among  themselves,  we  should  have  been  saved 
from  some  of  the  worst  phases  of  railroad 
consolidation  and  railroad  finance  that  recent 
investigations  have  been  bringing  to  light. 
It  will  not  do  to  cling  to  the  idea  that  a  cor- 
poration is  criminal  because  it  is  large  and 
because  its  strength  might  give  it  something 
like  monopolistic  power  if  it  chose  to  exercise 
its  ability  to  crush  its  competitors.  The 
great  corporation  must  be  legalized,  but  it 
must  be  controlled. 


SEEMS  AS  moron  THAT  OUGHT  TO  BE   ENOUGH   WITH- 
OUT BREAKING  THE   LAWS  OP  THE  COUNTRY 
TO    GET    MORE. 

From  the  RcgittUr  and  Leader   (Dps  Moines). 


The  strett  P^^haps  the  most  stnrtlinj^  tllus- 
RaUroads  of  tration  the  country  has  ever  haJ 
of  reckless  and  gigantic  abuse  in 
the  forming  and  merg:ing  of  corporations,  ha> 
come  to  light  in  the  invTsti^^ation  of  the  str«t 
railroad  monopoly  cM^tiriK  in  New  York 
City.  Originally  tlicrc  were  many  surfacr 
lines  of  street  railroad,  operated  by  horse**, 
and  owned  by  separate  companies.  The  ob* 
taining  of  franchises  and  charters  in  rhc  ear 
Her  period  involved  ionii  chapters  of  corrup- 
tion and  fraud  which  reached  the  climax  in 
the  wholesale  briberies  that  attended  thr 
granting  of  the  Broadway  franchise.  Gradu- 
ally the  surface  lines  were  brought  into  uni- 
fied control,  although  the  process  was  at- 
tended with  a  vast  amount  of  detailed  cor- 
poration history.    The  men  most  active  and 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


519 


authoritative  in  amalgamating  the  lines  and 
producing  the  street  railroad  monopoly  were 
the     late    William    C.    Whitney    and    Mr. 
Thomas   F.   Ryan.     After   Mr.   Whitney's 
death  Mr.  Ryan  dominated  the  situation,  his 
most  important  associates  being  a  well-known 
group     of    so-called    "  traction    magnates," 
whose  headquarters  were  Philadelphia,  name- 
ly, Mr.  Elkins,  now  dead,  Mr.  Widener,  and 
Mr.     Dolan.     Mr.    Ryan    was    always    re- 
garded   as   the  silent   but   m^terful    figure 
dominating  the  whole  situation.    Meanwhile, 
the  elevated  system  had  been  built  up  by  the 
Gould    interests  to  meet  the  imperative  de- 
mand   for   rapid   transit  up   and   down   the 
length  of  Manhattan  Island.     And,  finally, 
when  the  pressure  upon  transit  facilities  went 
far  beyond  the  capacity  of  the  elevated  sys- 
tem,   the  underground   lines   were  built  by 
direction  of  a  public  Rapid  Transit  Com- 
mission,   the  capital    for   constructing  these 
subway  lines  being  provided  by  the  city  itself. 
The  contract  for  building  and  operating  the 
subway  -lines  was  obtained   by  a  syndicate 
headed    by    Mr.    August    Belmont.     These 
lines,    known    as   the    Interborough   system, 
were  a  brilliant  success  from  the  very  moment 


Photocnph  by  Davis  A  Sanford,  N.  Y. 

MR.    THOMAS  F.   RYAN. 

of  their  opening,  three  years  ago.  The  sub- 
way system  had  been  made  possible  by  the 
successful  application  of  electricity  to  the  op- 
eration of  such  roads.  The  elevated  system 
meanwhile  had  also  abandoned  steam  and 
adopted  electricity.  The  surface  lines  had 
gradually  abandoned  horses  and  adopted  a 
costly  but  effective  system  of  operation  by 
electric  trolley  wires  underneath  the  tracks. 


A  Vast 
AmalgU' 
motion. 


MR.    P.   A.   B.    WIDENER. 


The  Interborough  Company,  at 
about  the  time  of  the  opening  of 
its  first  subway  lines,  obtained 
control  of  the  Manhattan  (elevated)  system, 
by  the  device  of  leasing  it  for  999  years  and 
guaranteeing  to  pay  7  per  cent,  interest  on 
its  outstanding  stock.  In  this  connection  it 
would  hardly  be  necessary  to  attempt  an  ex- 
planation of  the  series  of  holding  companies, 
which  were  formed  one  after  another  to 
round  out  the  monopoly  of  the  surface  lines. 
At  some  future  stage  in  the  process  of  inves- 
tigation we  shall  attempt  to  present  a  some- 
what detailed  analysis.  The  situation  illus- 
trates, more  fully  than  anything  else  that 
has  come  to  light  in  this  country,  the  need 


520 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


of  some  sharp  and  strict  regulation  of  the 
power  of  business  corporations  to  control 
other  Companies  by  the  holding  of  a  majority 
of  their  stock, — these  other  companies  them- 
selves in  turn  also  holding  the  controlling 
interest  in  still  earlier  companies.  In  the 
case  of  the  New  York  City  street  railroads, 
the  device  of  successive  holding  companies 
has  proved  to  be  a  means  for  loading  an  ever- 
increasing  volume  of  obligation,  in  the  form 
of  stocks  and  bonds,  upon  each  mile  of  the 
street  railway  system.  The  crowning  step 
was  in  the  formation  of  the  Interborough- 
Metropolitan  Company  early  in  the .  year 
1906,  which  through  the  acquisition  of  a 
majority  of  the  stock  of  the  Metropolitan 
Securities  Company  and  of  the  Interborough 
Rapid  Transit  Company,  obtained  control  of 
the  surface  lines,  elevated  lines,  and  subway 
lines  of  Manhattan  Island  and  the  suburban 
territory  lying  to  the  northward. 


A  Bad 
Bar' 
gain. 


The  Metropolitan  Company  had 
threatened  to  build  a  system  of 
subways  and  thus  Mr.  Ryan  and 
his  associates  had  brought  about  conditions 
under  which  they  were  able  finally  to  per- 
suade Mr.  Belmont  and  the  capitalists  asso- 
ciated with  him  that  the  consolidation  of  all 
traction    interests    was    to    be    desired.      It 


turned  out  to  be  a  bad  bargain  for  the  Bd- 
mont  interests.  Although  the  surface  Boc^ 
in  New  York  City  would  seem  to  )mm  tfc 
most  profitable  opportunities  of  any  Ifirtcc 
railrosids  in  the  world,  they  had  beoQBK  K' 
enormously  overcapitalized  that  diqr  Unit 
not  able  to  earn  the  interest  and  drrilend^ 
necessary  for  the  protection  of  their  i»ws 
of  bonds  and  stock.  The  accompanjratt  dia- 
gram, though  far  from  complete  in  itSfffor- 
mation,  throws  light  upon  the  way  in  wiach 
separate  companies  were  merged  untfl  rfw) 
w^re  finally  controlled  by  the  "  Into^lfet** 


Th9 
Present 
Inquett, 


When  the  new-  Public  Sarricc 
Commission  for  "New  Yoik  Oty, 
headed  by  Mr.  Willcox,  c<|rrrii 
upon  its  duties,  its  most  important  wo^  bad 
to  do  with  the  oversight  of  congested  tQk»t 
facilities,  and  the  attempt  to  improve  mmx 
and  conditions.  The  inquiries  that  twrt 
started  led  of  necessity  into  a  study  of  At  or- 
ganization and  obligations  of  the  tran^  mo- 
nopoly. For  the  carrying  on  of  the  investi- 
gation, the  commission  secured  the  services 
of  Mr.  William  M.  Ivins  as  its  principal  at- 
torney. A  situation  so  unsound,  complicated, 
and  scandalous  was  soon  revealed  that  it 
became  rumored  that  the  whole  surface  sys- 
tem would  have  to  be  thrown  into  the  hands 


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From  the  New  York  Tributu. 

AN    ATTEMPT    TO    SHOW    BY    DIAGRAM    THE    SICCESSIVE  TRACTION    MERGERS   IN    NEW    YORK   CITY. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


621 


PbotoKiapb  by  DiHt  St  Sanford.  N.  Y. 


MR.   ADRIAN    H.   JOLINE.  MR.   DOUGLAS  ROBINSON. 

(Receivers  of  New  York  City's  street  railroad  system.) 


of  receivers.  The  City  Railway  Company 
faced  the  situation  very  promptly  on  its  own 
behalf  and  S€^ured  the  appointment  by  Judge 
Lacombc,  of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court, 
of  two  receivers,  appointed  upon  a  so-called 
friendly  apph'cation.  Judge  Lacombe  named 
Mr.  Douglas  Robinson  and  Mr.  Adrian  H. 
Joline,  the  one  being  a  well-known  business 
man  and  brother-in-law  of  President  Roose- 
velt, while  the  other  is  a  lawyer  prominent 
in  corporation  management.  At  first  Mr. 
Vreeland,  who  had  long  been  the  president 
of  the  surface  system,  was  retained  by  the 
receivers.  Meanwhile,  the  investigation  of 
the  Public  Service  Commission  went  steadily 
forward,  and  various  transactions  were 
brought  to  light  which  made  it  expedient 
that  Mr.  Vreeland  should  retire. 


who  blows  open  a  safe  and  takes  a  few  thou- 
sand dollars  is  sure  of  a  long  term  in  the 
penitentiary  if  caught.  But  the  burglar  is 
not  nearly  so  dangerous  or  so  culpable  as  the 
director  or  high  officer  of  a  corporation  who 
takes  advantage  of  his  position  of  trust  to 
steal  the  money  of  the  stockholders  who  have 
confided  in  him  and  who  covers  up  his  crimes 
V  jtiggling  with  bookkeeping  entries.  Re- 
cent investigations,  not  only  in  the  New  York 
City  traction  situation  but  in  various  other 
directions,  have  of  late  shown  that  large  cor- 
porations liable  to  public  inquiry  have  the 
habit  of  destroying  their  ledgers  and  books 
of  account. 


Seandaloua 
Condi- 
tions. 


The  investigation  is  likely  to  con- 
tinue for  some  weeks  to  come, 
and  at  this  juncture  it  would  not 
be  wise  to  pronounce  other  than  very  tenta- 
tive opinions  upon  the  matters  brought  to 
hght.  Apparently  the  group  of  insiders;  in 
the  process  of  amalgamating  and  conducting 
the  surface  lines,  had  robbed  the  stockhold- 
ers and  had  lined  their  own  pockets  to  the 
extent  of  millions  of  dollars.     The  burglar 


The  New  York  ^  ^^  Stated  some  months  ago, 
utnitiea  the  most  comprehensive  and  far 
omm  as  ona  ygj|^,|^jj^g  measure  of  its  kind  that 
has  been  adopted  by  any  State  is  the  New 
York  statute  commonly  known  as  the 
Hughes  Public  Utilities  bill,  which  became 
a  law  in  July,  and  which  created  two  com- 
missions: One,  called  the  Commission  for 
the  First  District,  having  jurisdiction  over 
Greater  New  York,  the  other,  called  the 
Commission  for  the  Second  District,  having 
jurisdiction  over  the  rest  of  the  State.  These 
commissions  have   far   greater   powers  over 


5^ 


THE  ytMERlCAN  RE^IEH^  OF  REVIEWS. 


Pbotuerepbed  by  Pach  Bros..  N.  Y. 

MR.    WILLIAM    R.   V/ILLCOX. 

private  corporations  than  have  ever  been  con- 
ferred upon  administrative  officials.  This  is 
true  especially  of  the  Commission  for 
Greater  New  York,  which  not  only  has  su- 
pervision of  gas,  electric,  street  railway,  ex- 
press and  railroad  companies  and  other  com- 
mon carriers,  but  also  has  the  duty  to  plan 
and  construct  and  possibly  to  equip  and  oper- 
ate subway  lines  throughout  the  whole  city. 
It  is  natural,  therefore,  that  the  entire  coun- 
try should  watch  with  considerable  interest 
the  experiment  being  tried  in  New  York,  for 
the  plan  is  likely  to  be  copied  by  other  States 
if  found  to  be  successful.  The  work  of  the 
New  ^"ork  City  Commission  has  attracted 
attention  throughout  the  United  States, 
largrly  because  of  the  ania/ing  financial  op- 
erations brought  to  light  by  the  investigation 
into  the  transit  amipanies  being  conducted 
by  Chairman  William  R.  Willcox,  with  the 
assistance  of  Mr.  William  M.  Ivins,  special 
ctumsel,  tt>  which  we  have  referred  already. 
In  order  ti^  determine  how  tar  it  would  be 
possible  to  g\^  in  this  direction  without  run- 
ning foul  K>i  the  provision  oi  the  United 
States  Constitution  rec-Uviir^  the  a>nrisca- 
tii^n  of  prv>i>ertv.  it  became  necrssan*  n>  de- 
teni>it>e  what  projx>rtion  of  the  immense  cap- 
irxU/ation  reprrsenrevl  actual  invcsnuent, 
ami    what    pr\>piirtion    represented    expendi- 


tures which  should  not  be  charged  to  et^ 
ital.  This  portion  of  the  investigaticm  led 
to  the  astounding  disclosures  which  hiTt 
been  heralded  broadcast  by  the  daily  prca 
Two  of  the  largest  street  railway  oompanks 
have  gone  into  the  hands  of  receivers,  and 
nearly  all  of  the  surface  roads  in  Manhattan 
Island  are  now  being  managed  under  the  di- 
rection of  a  federal  court,  w^hich  has  in- 
structed the  receivers  to  administer  the  prop- 
erty in  harmony  with  the  orders  of  the  Pub- 
lic Service  Commission.  It  is  probable  that 
the  companies  will  have  to  be  entirely  reor- 
ganized, for  there  is  a  large  amount  of 
''  water "  in  their  capital  which  must  be 
squeezed  out  in  order  that  service  may  be 
improved.  The  commission  has  taken  def- 
inite stand  that  improvements  must  be  made 
in  every  possible  direction. 

Some  '^^  investigation  is  also  gping 
Practical  to  have  an  immediate  effect  upor. 
**"'**  service.  Already  orders  ha^f 
been  issued,  and  in  order  that  funds  may  be 
available  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  com- 
mission, the  Interborough  -  Metropolitan 
Company,  which  controls  all  the  sub^-ay, 
surface  and  elevated  lines  in  Manhattan  and 
the  Bronx,  and  one  of  the  Brooklyn  compa- 
nies have  passed  their  usual  dividends.  The 
latter  company  has  been  ordered  to  overhaul 
and  reconstruct  its  rolling  stock.  The  In- 
terborough Company  has  been  ordered  to  in- 
crease its  service  on  the  subway  and  elevated 
lines  in  various  degrees  ranging  from  5  per 
cent,  to  66  2-3  per  cent.  In  both  instances 
the  companies  hav2  announced  their  inten- 
tion to  comply  with  the  orders.  The  com- 
mission is  examining,  one  after  another, 
every  line  in  Greater  New  York,  and  will 
issue  orders  for  better  service  as  rapidly  as 
each  line  is  finished.  Such  examinations  of 
the  Madison  Avenue  and  Broad^^-ay  lines 
have  been  completed,  and  action  has  been 
taken  calling  for  an  improvement  of  service 
equivalent  to  25  per  cent,  approximately  over 
certain  portions  of  these  lines.  In  these  cases 
also,  the  companies  have  given  assurance  that 
they  will  comply  with  the  demands.  Similar 
orders  on  several  Brookl)^!  lines  were  under 
advisement  last  month.  The  congestion  of 
traffic  over  the  Brookhii  Bridge  is  one  of 
the  most  serious  problems  with  which  the 
a^mmission  has  to  deal,  and  sufficient  time 
h»is  not  \-et  elapsed  for  the  initiation  of  any 
tax  reachinir  plan  for  amelioration.  Thf 
omtmissfon  has  shown  its  hand,  however,  in 
the  adoption  of  certain  minor  regulations  re- 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


523 


yarding  vehicular  tmffic  and  the  running  of 
:ars.  It  is  understood  that  an  effective  plan 
is  being  considered. 

hew  Subways  ^^^  commission  has  also  ordered 
and  other  the  Construction  of  the  Fourth 
etioitet.  ^ygi^yg  subway,  to  cost  about 
$25,000,000,  which,  by  diverting  some  traf- 
fic from  the  Brooklyn  Bridge,  will  tend  to 
relieve  the  present  situation.  This  subway 
is  in  addition  to  subway  and  tunnel  work  al- 
ready under  construction  under  the  direction 
of  the  commission  which  will  cost  about 
$20,000,000.  Night  work  upon  the  subway 
from  the  Battery  to  Brooklyn  has  been 
ordered  so  that  this  tunnel  may  be  completed 
this  fall.  The  attitude  of  the  commission 
towards  labor  is  reflected  by  the  fact  that  it 
has  issued  peremptory  orders  to  one  of  the 
contracting  companies  upon  the  subway  to 
cease  immediately  the  violation  of  the  eight- 
hour  day,  under  pain  of  forfeiture  of  its  con- 


tract. Naturally  the  greater  portion  of  the 
work  of  the  commission  has  not  been  spec- 
tacular, but  nevertheless  of  great  value  to 
the  public.  The  following  instances  will 
show  how  varied  are  its  powers:  A  compre- 
hensive system  of  meter  inspection  has  been 
instituted,  and  all  gas  meters  are  now  being 
tested  and  sealed  before  being  put  into  use. 
The  subway  lines  now  under  construction 
are  being  built  with  fewer  impediments  to 
vehicular  triffic.  Numerous  complaints  re- 
garding the  service  and  charge  of  gas  and 
electric  companies  have  been  investigated  and 
settled  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  con- 
sumers. Proceedings  have  been  begun  for 
the  condemnation  of  the  New  York  Central 
tracks  on  Eleventh  Avenue,  which  have  long 
been  a  menace  to  the  lives  of  the  people  in 
the  vicinity,  and  an  injury  to  the  adjoining 
property.  All  corporations  have  been  re- 
quired to  deposit  copies  of  their  franchises 
and  charters,-  and  maps  of  their  pipes,  mains. 


A    DAINTY    DISH. 

Sing  a  song  of  sixpence,  a  pocket  full  of  rye, 
Pour  and  twenty  blackbirds  baked  in  a  pie. 
When  the  pie  was  opened,  the  birds  began  to  sing, 
Wasn't  that  a  dainty  dish  to  set  before  the  king ! 
From  the  North-American   (Philadelphia). 


624 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS, 


of  one  officer  or  another,  with  no  subseqoem 
vouchers  or  accounting.  G)rporation  fund- 
have  been  loaned  to  private  individuals  as  a 
they  were  the  personal  assets  of  the  oftcen. 
Even  the  railroad  companies  have  shown  i 
most  reprehensible  practice  of  treating  tbe: 
surplus  cash  as  a  thing  to  be  borrou-ed  W 
lent  as  a  matter  of  private  accommodatm 


Loose 

Methods  in 

General, 


Copyrlrbt.  1906,  by  Pacb  Bros..  N.Y. 

HON.   WILLIAM   M.  IVINS. 

(Special     counsel     In     Investigating     the     traction 
situation  in  New  Yorls.) 

tracks,  etc.  Indeed,  the  four  months  that 
have  just  expired  have  been  full  of  work  and 
action.  So  far  the  decisions  of  the  com- 
mission have  met  with  general  and  almost 
unanimous  approval. 

Destroy-  ^^  would  seem  as  if  It  ought  to  be 
ing  very  important  for  the  street 
railway  companies  of  New  York 
to  preserve  the  records  of  transactions  con- 
nected with  their  amalgamation;  but  Mr. 
Ivins  and  the  Public  Service  Commission  last 
month  found  that  there  had  been  wholesale 
destruction  of  books  of  account.  Mr.  Kel- 
logg has  found  in  the  Standard  Oil  investiga- 
tion a  similar  regrettable  tendency  to  destroy 
records  and  obliterate  the  evidence  of  busi- 
ness transactions.  To  the  ordinary  citizen 
who  conducts  his  small  business  with  care, 
accuracy,  and  fidelity,  the  daily  reports  of 
inquiries  into  the  management  of  great  cor- 
porations bring  tales  of  looseness  that  are 
absolutely  astounding.  Large  sums  of  money 
have  been  habitually  paid  out  at  the  request 


Where  there  is  so  much  financial 
slackness,  it  is  not  strange  dm 
slovenly  habits  should  have  q- 
tended  to  the  operation  of  the  railroad  com- 
panies. A  quarter  of  a  century  ago  out  nH- 
roads  w-ere  operated  with  a  sort  of  militan 
promptitude  and  regard  for  details.  At  pre^ 
ent,  there  is  an  effort  made  to  operate  a  vctt 
few  limited  trains  with  speed,  certainty,  and 
fine  service  and  appointments.  But  apan 
from  these  trains,  American  railroad  opera- 
tion is  slack  and  shiftless,  and  far  inferior  to 
that  of  the  leading  European  countries.  In 
the  matter  of  speed  the  European  railroad> 
are  doing  better  than  our  own.  Further  Aan 
that,  the  foreign  trains,  as  a  rule,  are  oper- 
ated in  accordance  with  their  schedules, 
while  there  is  practically  no  attempt  to  run 
trains  on  schedule  time  in  the  United  Stites. 
We  publish  on  the  facing  page  a  list  of  the 


Pbotujrrapli  by  Giitckuiist. 

MR.  THOMAS  DOLAN. 

(One  of  tlie  "Traction   Magnates**  associated  with 
the  Whitney-Ryan  Merger  in   New  York.) 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  U^ORLD. 


625 


AMERICAN  AND   EUROPEAN  EXPRESS  SCHEDULES  COMPARED. 


TUIBTY    FASTEST    TRAINS    TROH    MBW    TOSK. 


THIRTY    FASTKST   TRAINS   FROM    BBBL.IN. 


Lea  re 
lew  York 
or  Jersey 

CltjT). 

7.o<>  a.m. 
2.55  p.m. 
4.30  p.m. 
5.20  p.m. 
8.00  a.m. 
10.00  a.m. 
l.oop.m. 
5.00  p.m. 
8.45  a.m. 
12.50  p.m. 
2.00  p.m. 
12.00  m. 
IU.14  a.m. 
4.14  p.m. 
3.30  p.m. 
5.30  p.m. 
8.17  a.m. 
9.45  a.m. 
10.17  a.m. 

11.16  a.m. 

12.17  p.m. 
1.14  p.m. 
3.44  p.m. 
5.26  p.m. 
6.14  p.m. 
8.12  a.111. 

12.12  p.m. 
2.12  p.m. 
4.12  pjn. 
7.12  p.m. 


Arrive  at 
Alt*an;     . . . 


Boston 


Buffalo    ... 

Spiingfleid.'. 
Pittsburgh. 

Rochester. . 

WashJngton 


.  11.15  a.in. 
.  4.07  p.m. 
.  7.45  p.m. 
.  8.35  p.m. 
.  1.00  p.m. 
.  3.00  p.m. 
.  6.00  p.m. 
.  10.00  p.m. 
.  7.15  p.m. 
.  10.20  p.m. 
.12.15  a.m. 

3.11  p.m. 
.  7.u0p.m. 
.  12.40  a.m. 
.10.33  p.m. 
.  2.17  a.m. 
.   1.33  p.m. 

3.21  p.m. 
3.45  p.m. 

4.15  p.m. 
5.40  p.m. 

6.16  p.m. 
8.30  p.m. 

10.55  p.m. 
11.30  p.m. 

1.12  p.m. 
5.20  p.m. 
7.00  p.m. 
0.00  p.m. 

12.22  a.m. 


Average 

miles 

Min- 

per 

Miles. 

utes. 

hour. 

143 

205 

41.85 

143 

192 

44.70 

143 

195 

44.00 

143 

195 

44.00 

232 

300 

46.40 

232 

300 

46.40 

232 

300 

46.40 

232 

300 

46.40 

440 

630 

41.90 

440 

570 

46.32 

440 

615 

42.93 

135 

191 

42.41 

443 

626 

60.53 

443 

506 

62.53 

372 

423 

62.77 

372 

527 

42.68 

228 

316 

43.29 

228 

336 

40.71 

228 

328 

41.71 

228 

299 

45.75 

228 

323 

42.35 

228 

302 

45.29 

228 

286 

47.13 

228 

329 

41.58 

228 

816 

43.29 

228 

300 

45.20 

228 

308 

44.02 

228 

288 

47.08 

228 

288 

47.08 

228 

310 

43.74 

7.767  10,304 
General  average  per  hour,  45.23  miles. 


Leave 

Farls. 
12.26  p.m. 

8.»aju. 

7^p.in. 

9.Sn.oi. 


Arrive  at- 
Bayonne  .. 
Helfort   . . . 


8.1 

12.1 
9Jt 


lU 


Bordeaux 
Boulogne 
Brussels  . 
Calais   ..! 

.Dijon    .'.*.' 


(VL  Havre  . . . . 

.  Jenmont  . 

!  Marseilles'. 
,  Nancy 


9.55  p.m. 

2.56  p.m. 

1.34  a.m. 

3.35  a.m. 

5.07  p.m. 
3.43  a.m. 

11.35  a.m. 

6.49  p.m. 
12.15  p.m. 

4.40  p.m. 

1.10  a.m. 

1.15  p.m. 
3.30  p.m. 

12.37  p.m. 

3.24  p.m. 
6.27  p.m. 

7.08  p.m. 
11.33  p.m. 
12.46  p.m. 

1.35  p.m. 

2.25  p.m. 

11.10  p.m. 
7.45  p.m. 

4.26  p.m. 
12.58  p.m. 

10.11  p.m. 
1.05  p.m. 

1.16  p.m. 
9..'S3p.m. 

12.22  a.m. 


rROM  PARIS. 

Average 

miles 

Mln- 

per 

Miles. 

utes. 

hour. 

486 

569 

51.25 

275 

371 

44.47 

275 

349 

47.28 

275 

325 

50.77 

363 

431 

50.53 

363 

473 

46.05 

158 

190 

49.89 

158 

169 

56.09 

192 

240 

48.00 

192 

240 

48.00 

185 

200 

55.50 

185 

200 

55.50 

185 

210 

52.86 

195 

252 

46.43 

195 

244 

47.95 

195 

237 

49.37 

195 

268 

43.66 

195 

243 

48.15 

195 

2.^»6 

45.70 

195 

275 

42.54 

195 

245 

47.75 

141 

165 

51.27 

141 

200 

42.30 

147 

156 

56.54 

147 

178 

49.56 

536 

776 

41.45 

219 

305 

43.08 

219 

256 

5132 

219 

278 

47.27 

219 

302 

43.51 

6,840    8.603 
eral  average  per  hour,  47.70  miles. 


Leave 

Berlin. 

1.00  p.m. 

3.55  p.m. 
-  9.25  p.m. 

8.53  a.m. 

3.32  p.m. 

9.15  a.m. 

4.25  p.m. 

8.00  a.m. 

3.20  p.m. 

8.10  a.m. 

8.20  a.m. 
10.30  a.m. 
10.40  a.m. 
10.45  a.m. 

1.50  p.m. 

2.00  p.m. 

3.20  p.m. 

8.25  p.m. 

8.35  p.m. 

8.45  p.m. 

9.40  p.m. 

6.20  a.m. 

8.58  a.m. 

1.20  p.m. 

5.25  p.m. 

7.12  p.m. 

8.53  a.m. 
11.38  a.m. 
11.52  a.m. 
10.25  a.m. 


Arrive  at- 
Brunswlck. 
Brunswick. 
Brunswick. 
Cologne  . . . 
Cologne  . . . 
Dresden  . . 
Dresden  . . 
Frankfort . . 
Frankfort. . 
Halle 


Hamburg. . 

Hanover*. 
Munich. . . 


4.18  p.m. 

7.34  p.m. 

12.43  a.m. 

5.46  p.m. 

11.37  p.m. 
11.57  a.m. 

6.51  p.m. 
,  3.45  p.m. 

11.38  p.m. 
10.10  a.m. 
10.37  a.m. 
12.30  p.m. 
12.40  p.m. 

1.05  p.m. 
3.50  p.m. 

4.00  p.m. 
5.22  p.m. 

10.28  p.m. 
10.37  p.m. 
10.47  p.m. 
11.40  p.m. 
9.50  a.m. 

1.01  p.m. 

4.52  p.m. 
8.52  p.m. 

11.02  p.m. 
12.37  p.m. 

3.25  p.m. 

3.40  p.m. 

8.12  p.m. 


miles 

Min- 

per 

Miles. 

utes. 

hoar. 

164 

198 

46.67 

154 

219 

42.19 

164 

198 

46.67 

366 

633 

41.20 

366 

485 

46.28 

112 

162 

41.48 

112 

146 

46.03 

364 

465 

46.68 

354 

498 

42.65 

100 

120 

60.00 

100 

137 

44.09 

100 

120 

50.00 

100 

120 

60.00 

100 

140 

42.86 

100 

120 

50.00 

100 

120 

60.00 

100 

122 

49.18 

100 

123 

48.78 

100 

122 

49.18 

100 

122 

49.18 

100 

120 

60.00 

177 

210 

60.67 

177 

243 

43.70 

177 

212 

50.09 

177 

207 

61.30 

177 

230 

46.17 

163 

224 

43.66 

163 

227 

43.08 

163 

228 

42.90 

456 

687 

46.61 

5,156    6,758 
General  average  per  hour.  45.77  miles. 


THIRTX  FASTEST  TRAINS  FROM  LONDON. 


I-eave 
London. 
11.50  a.m. 

2.30  p.m. 

4.45  p.m. 

6.55  p.m. 
11.00  a.m. 

1.00  p.m. 

4.15  p.m. 
10.00  a.m. 
11.50  a.m. 

8.15  p.m. 
11.30  p.m. 
10.30  a.m. 
11.50  a.m. 

3.30  p.m. 
10.30  a.m. 

2.40  p.m. 

5.55  p.m. 
10.30  a.m. 
11. .50  p.m. 

3.25  p.m. 

1.40  p.m. 

4.55  p.m. 

6.20  p.m. 

1..30  p.m. 

6.00  p.m. 

6.10  p.m. 

9.45  a.m. 

9.30  a.m. 

6.00  p.m. 

8..30  p.m. 


Arrive  at— 
Birmingham. 


Bristol    ... 
Edinburgh  . 

Exeter  . . . ! 
Liverpool . . 


Plymouth. . 
Glasgow . . . 
Sheffield  . . . 


Leeds 


1.50  p.m. 
4.30  p.m. 
6.45  p.m. 
8.55  p.m. 
1.00  p.m. 
3.00  p.m. 
6.25  p.m. 
6.15  p.m. 
7.50  p.m. 
4.00  a.m. 
7.15  a.&. 
1.30  p.m. 
2.50  p.m. 
6..30  p.m. 
2.20  p.m. 
6.30  p.m. 
9.30  p.m. 
2.37  p.m. 
7.50  a.m. 
6.23  p.m. 
4.59  p.m. 
8.03  p.m. 
9.30  p.m. 
4.39  p.m. 
9.00  p.m. 
9.00  p.m. 
1.20  p.m. 
1.22  p.m. 
0.52  p.m. 
12.22  a.m. 


A 

verage 
mliej 

Min- 

per 

Miles. 

utes. 

hour. 

113 

120 

56.50 

113 

120 

56.50 

113 

120 

66.50 

113 

120 

56.50 

117 

120 

58.50 

117 

120 

58.50 

117 

130 

54.00 

400 

495 

48.48 

400 

480 

50.00 

395 

435 

54.43 

395 

465 

50.97 

173 

180 

57.67 

173 

180 

67.67 

173 

180 

57.67 

201 

230 

52.43 

201 

230 

52.43 

201 

215 

56.10 

226 

247 

54.90 

401 

480 

50.12 

164 

178 

65.28 

164 

199 

49.45 

164 

188 

52.34 

164 

190 

51.79 

158 

189 

50.16 

158 

180 

52.67 

162 

170 

57.18 

186 

215 

51.91 

196 

232 

50.69 

196 

232 

60.69 

196 

232 

50.69 

6.050    6,872 
General  average  per  hour,  52.82  miles. 


This  comparison  considers  "  runs  "  of  not  less  than  loo  miles  each,  but  not  long  enough  to 
involve  changes  in  standards  of  time,  such  as  those  at  Buffalo  and  Pittsburg,  or  delays  for  cus- 
toms examinations,  such  as  occur  at  European  frontiers.  These  data  are  all  obtained  from 
Bradshaw's  Continental  and  English  Time-Tables  and  from  American  railroad  folders.  As  to 
the  charges  for  fast  train  service  in  the  different  countries,  it  is  to  be  noted  that  on  thirteen  of 
the  thirty  American  trains  the  passenger  must  either  pay  an  extra  fare  or  at  least  buy  a  Pull- 
nvan  ticket.  In  France  extra  rates  are  charged  on  only  three  of  the  thirty  trains.  On  all  of  the 
English  and  most  of  the  German  trains  one  may  travel  "  third-class." 


526 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


thirty  fastest  trains  operated,  respectively, 
from  New  York,  Paris,  Berlin,  and  London. 
The  American  average  of  speed  is  45.23 
miles  per  hour;  the  German  average  45.77; 
the  French  average  47.70,  and  the  English 
average,  52.82. 

European  and  ^\  }^   "^^  .V^^^^""'  ^^^    ht\\tVt,    tO 

American  add  that  if  actual  running  time 
Roads.  ^^YG  substituted  for  time-table 
schedules,  the  American  roads  would  not 
show  up  so  well  as  in  our  tabulation.  The 
men  responsible  for  our  railroads  have  been 
engaged  in  making  large  fortunes  rather  than 
in  securing  efficient  operation  of  their  lines. 
In  a  great  variety  of  respects  European  rail- 
roading is  now  far  ahead  of  the  American. 
In  particular  is  it  true  that  the  ordinary  trav- 
eler in  Europe  can  obtain  his  transportation 
much  more  cheaply  than  in  the  United 
States.  For  a  few  short,  independent  lines 
of  road,  undoubtedly  the  indiscriminate  2- 
cent  passenger  rate  now  enforced  by  some  of 
the  States  is  too  low.  But  for  the  large  sys- 
tems of  railway  the  2-cent  fare  is  undoubt- 
edly ample.  In  various  European  countries 
equal  accommodations  can  be  had  at  very 
much  lower  rates.  Our  railroads,  in  spite 
of  Wall  Street  troubles,  are  still  earning  a 
great  deal  of  money,  and  what  they  need 
above  all  else  is  skilful  and  up-to-date  oper- 
ating management. 

j^^^^  In  this  year  of  political  dullness 
Lively  State  at  least  three  of  the  State  cam- 
Campaigna.  ^^\^^  j^^ve  developed  a  degree 
of  animation  not.  often  attained  in  "  off " 
years.  In  Maryland  the  Republicans  have 
made  a  strenuous  effort  to  capture  the  gov- 
ernorship and  have  been  fortunate  in  their 
candidate,  the  Hon.  George  R.  Gaithers, 
who  commands  the  support  of  many  inde- 
pendent voters.  Judge  Crothers,  on  the 
other  hand,  is  expected  to  poll  the  normal 
Democratic  vote, — which  has  carried  every 
State  election  in  Marjland,  save  one,  since 
Reconstruction  days.  New  Jersey,  once 
reckoned  as  "  safely  "  Democratic  as  Mary- 
land, has  for  some  years  kept  its  place  in  the 
Republican  column  and  in  this  fall's  con- 
test for  the  gover^rship  the  presumption  is 
in  favor  of  the  Republican  candidate,  the 
Hon.  J.  Franklin  Fort,  although  a  vigorous 
campaign  has  been  waged  on  behalf  of  his 
Democratic  opponent,  the  Hon.  Frank  S. 
Katzenbach,  Jr.  The  only  other  contest  in 
the  East  that  is  attracting  much  attention 
in  the  country  at  large  is  the  Massachusetts 


gubernatorial  campaign,  in  which  the  present 
incumbent,  Gov.  Curtis  Guild,  Jr.,  has  been 
renominated  by  the  Republicans,  while  the 
Democrats  of  the  State,  unable  to  agree  00 
a  single  candidate,  will  have  the  unusual 
privilege  of  voting  for  either  one  of  two 
distinguished  standard-bearers, — the  Hoo. 
Henry  M.  Whitney  and  Gen.  Charles  W. 
Bartlett.  Mr.  Whitney  is  an  ardent  advo- 
cate of  tariff  revision.  The  Massachusetts 
Ballott  Law  Commission  dedded  that  the 
Whitney  ticket  was  entitled  to  use  the  desig- 
nation **  Democratic"  General  Bartlctt's 
will  be  designated  as  the  "Anti-Merger" 
ticket. 

The  Neui  ^^^^  ^^'^  ^^crc  is  a  ncw  align- 
York       ment  in  New  York  City  poUtks. 

Situation.  ^^  Hearst's  Independence 
League,  being  now  as  completely  at  outs 
with  Tammany  Hall  as  it, was  in  the  mu- 
nicipal election  of  1905,  made  overtures  to 
the  Republican  county  organization  for  a  fu- 
sion ticket,  to  include  sheriff  and  judges,  as 
well  as  candidates  for  the  Assembly.  Chair- 
man Parsons,  of  the  Republican  County 
Committee,  arguing  that  such  a  combination 
would  give  an  opportunity  to  elect  a  superior 
group  of  judiciary  candidates,  besides  matrh 
taining  a  strong  support  for  Governor 
Hughes  in  the  State  Legislature,  accepted 
the  proposition  and  a  merger  ticket  was 
placed  in  the  field.  Meanwhile,  Mayor  Mc- 
Clellan  and  Mr.  Murphy,  having  reconciled 
their  differences,  the  Tammany  organization 
again  represents  the  united  Democracy  of 
New  York  County.  On  the  Hearst-Repub- 
lican ticket  the  candidate  for  sheriff  and  five 
of  the  ten  judiciary  candidates  are  Hcarsr 
men.  On  the  other  hand.  Republican  candi- 
dates for  the  Assembly  receive  fusion  sup- 
port in  Republican  districts. 

Apoiogies     There  has  been  much  discussion 
for  in  New  York,  and  sharp  diffcr- 

*'*'""'  ence  of  opinion,  regarding  the 
propriety  of  the  fusion.  Good  argumentj 
can  be  made  on  both  sides  of  the  question. 
In  recent  local  elections  it  may  be  said  in  a 
rough  way  that  half  the  voters  are  adherents 
of  Tammany  and  that  of  the  remaining  half 
two-thirds  belong  to  the  Independence 
League,  or  Hearst  organization,  and  one- 
third  are  Republicans.  The  Hearst  voters 
as  a  mass  are  workingmen  who  read  the 
newspapers  and  are  genuine  in  their  convic- 
tions. They  are  against  the  trusts  and  cor- 
porations and  arc  in  revolt  against  Tammany 


THE  PROGRESS  OP  THE  U^ORLD. 


627 


>ecause  that  organization  is  always  in  cor- 
•upt  alliance  with  law-breaking  business  in- 
ercsts  and  represents  nothing  sincere  or  pro- 
gressive in  political  life.    Whatever  one  may 
think  of  Mr.  Hearst  himself  as  a  political 
leader,  the  Hearst  movement  owes  its  extent 
and  popularity  to  the  strong  conviction  of 
honest  men.     Mr.  Parsons,  the  Republican 
county  chairman  who  has  brought  about  the 
fusion,  would  hold  that  the  arrangement  he 
has  entered  into  is  virtually  a  laying  aside  of 
partisanship  in  a  local  contest  for  the  sake 
of  bringing  about  an  anti-Tammany  coali- 
tion that  gives  the  only  possible  chance  to 
elect  a  comparatively  superior  group  of  ten 
judges,  while  also  giving  opportunity  to  car- 
ry a  larger  number  of  assembly  districts  for 
members  of  the  Legislature  who  will  support 
Governor  Hughes  at  Albany  in   his  com- 
mendable measures  for  reform  and  progress. 
The  opponents  of  the  fusion  point  to  the  b't- 
ter  fight  between  Hughes  and  Hearst  for  i.  j 
govcmership,  and  hold  that  the  Republican 
party  is  compromising  itself  in  ways  that  will 
be  embarrassing  next  year.     It  all  depends 
upon  the  point  of  view.    It  is  fair  to  remem- 
ber that  the  present  contest  is  strictly  local, 
and  that  it  involves  no  vital  questions  of 
national  politics. 


Poltt- 


The  President's  Western  and 
ieai  Southern  speeches  naturally  in- 
*'***"***  creased  the  talk  of  a  third  term. 
Further  sharp  declines  of  stock  prices  in- 
tensify the  bitterness  of  the  Wall-street  feel- 
ing against  the  President,  who  is  held  per- 
sonally responsible  by  the  financiers  and  spec- 
ulators for  their  heavy  losses.  The  country, 
however,  has  been  following  the  revelations 
made  in  various  investigations,  and  the  Wall 
Street  plight  has  probably  added  to  his  politi- 
cal strength.  At  the  present  moment  there 
arc  only  three  men  in  the  country  who  have 
a  popular  following,  and  they  are  Roosevelty 
Hearst,  and  Bryan.  Many  things,  however, 
will  happen  before  next  June,  when  the 
national  conventions  are  held. 

itnations  ^^^'  ^'*'^"  lB.oot,  when  Secretary 
Sdgk&i  ^^  WsLT,  laid  out  a  large  prog- 
gram  of  important  things  to  be 
accomplished,  and  he  carried  his  work 
through  with  an  efficiency  and  success 
nardly  ever  equaled  in  our  departmental 
annals.  Now,  as  Secretary  of  State,  in  his 
owrn  quiet  and  effective  way  he  surveys  the 
^'holc  field  of  things  that  seem  to  him  pos- 
sible to  be  achieved,  and  proceeds  to  bring 


things  to  pass.  One  of  the  chief  aims  of  his 
period  as  foreign  minister  has  been  the  bring- 
ing about  of  improved  relationships  through- 
out the  Western  Hemisphere.  To  this  end 
he  made  his  South  American  tour,  visited 
Canada,  and  has  just  now  been  traveling  in 
Mexico,  where  he  has  been  the  recipient  of 
all  sorts  of  honors.  His  Mexican  sojourn 
has  been  as  tactful  as  was  his  South  Amerir 
iCan  trip,  and  it  will  not  fail  to  have  valu-  * 
able  consequences.  The  Administration  is 
pushing  the  work  at  Panama  with  amazing 
energy,  and  there  seems  a  fair  prospect  that 
the  canal  may  be  completed  within  five  or 
six  years  instead  of  ten  or  twelve.  By  the 
time  the  canal  is  opened  great  progress  ought 
to  have  been  made  in  our  trade  with  the 
Latin-American  republics  and  in  other  forms 
of  relationship.  It  is  a  good  sign  that  some 
of  our  scholars  and  statesmen  are  becoming 
acquainted  with  South  American  leaders  and 
institutions,  and  when  we  have  arrived  at  a 
just  appreciation  of  what  has  been  accom- 
plished in  South  America,  we  may  expect  a 
better  opinion  of  this  country  on  the  part  of 
the  press  and  people  of  the  Southern  repub- 
lics. All  this  xVIr.  Root  understands  particu- 
larly well. 

Good  Will  While  Mr.  Root  is  accomplishing 
'"iSJff"''  ^  '""^^  by  his  Western  Hemi- 
sphere policies  and  his  personal 
relations  with  the  leaders  of  Canada,  Mexico, 
and  South  America,  Mr.  Taft  in  a  similar 
way  has  been  promoting  pleasant  relation- 
ships in  the  Pacific  and  the  Far  East.  His 
reception  in  Japan  has  done  more  than  any 
other  one  thing  to  stop  the  foolish  talk  about 
war.  He  has  been  made  welcome  in  China, 
and  his  visit  has  added  something  to  the  con- 
fidence that  the  Chinese  authorities  undoubt- 
edly feel  in  the  friendship  of  the  United 
States.  He  has  made  it  plain  in  the  Philip- 
pines that  this  country  has  no  present  inten- 
tion of  withdrawing  its  flag  and  its  authority, 
while  doing  everything  in  its  power  to  show 
that  the  American  people  desire  to  see  the 
Philippines  making  progress  in  every  direc- 
tion. Undoubtedly  Mr.  Taft  is  sincere  in 
his  belief  that  our  occupation  of  the  islands 
has  already  been  justifiea  by  the  educational 
and  political  advancement  that  the  Filipino 
people  show,  and  when  Mr.  Taft's  ideas  of 
economic  and  commercial  policy  are  wholly 
developed,  there  is  reason  to  think  that  our 
Administration  will  be  generally  regarded 
as  fortunate  from  the  standpoint  of  business 
interests. 


528 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEW^  OF  REI^IEW^. 


"K-;  i's--'-j*^|NA.  .-sr^' 

< ;\«te^ 'f  1.''  Gifts' ^-^-^i 

It  ^  '• 

Photos raph  by  L.  Lazamick.  N.  Y.  , 

THE  BISHOP  OF  LONDON    PREACHING  IN   WALL     STREET. 
(Ut.   Rev.  Arthur  F.  Winnington-Ingram,    Lord    BiBbop  of  London,  whose  recent  visit  to  this  coon- 
try  was  primarily  to  attend  the  tercentenary  celebrations  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church,  held  during 
September  at  Richmond,  Virginia,  has  been  preaching  to  the  business  men  of  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and 
Washington,  addressing  large  gatherings  in  the  open  air.) 


An  Age  of  ^^^  increasing  extent  to  which 
Inter-  national  problems  and  develop- 
ment all  over  the  world  are  be- 
coming matters  of  internationalism  is  one  of 
the  most  noteworthy  and  remarkable  signs 
of  the  times.  Certainly,  if  the  nineteenth 
century  was  one  of  nationalism  the  twen- 
tieth is  rapidly  becoming  a  cycle  of  interna- 
tionalism. Great  Britain's  pressing  problems 
are  those  of  her  foreign  relations  or  the  re- 
lations of  her  home  government  with  the  de- 
pendent alien  peoples.  The  questions  that 
press  for  settlement  at  the  Japanese  capital 
are  largely  of  international  import,  concern- 
ing the  emigration  of  Japan's  citizens  to 
other   lands.      Germany   is   concerned    with 


the  balance  of  power  in  Europe,  The  fate 
of  the  Austro- Hungarian  Empire  is  depen- 
dent on  the  centrifugal  forces  acting  upon 
the  diverse  nationalities  within  its  borders. 
The  French  Republic,  which  is  becoming 
more  and  more  nearly  a  purely  socialistic 
state,  is  concerned  with  class  problems,  which, 
however, — socialistic  as  they  are, — involve 
the  recognition  of  class  rather  than  national- 
ity, but  are  international  in  that  they  arc 
causing  a  drift  away  from  the  old  concep- 
tion of  patriotism  and  breaking  down  bar- 
riers between  nations.  China  is  schooling 
herself  in  Western  ways,  that  she  may  the 
more  effectively  protect  herself  against  the 
forces  of  Western  civilization  led  by  Japan. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


529 


The  motives  which  move  most  of  the  South 
American  statesmen  have  their  origin  and 
guidance  in  the  inter-relations  of  the  South- 
cm  continent,  Europe,  and  the  United 
States.  Our  own  national  tasks  are  becom- 
ing more  and  mo're  closely  interwoven  with 
our  necessary  relations  to  the  peoples  and 
governments  of  the  rest  of  the  world.  And, 
as  a  final  expression  of  the  international  drift 
of  men's  thoughts  to-day,  the  month  of  Oc- 
tober saw  the  closing  sessions  of  the  second 
world  congress  of  peace  at  the  Dutch  cap- 
ital, where  for  four  months  representatives 
of  forty-five  nations  have  been  talking  over 
in  the  friendliest  of  spirits  the  vexed  ques- 
tions between  them. 


submitted  to  arbitration.  Moreover  (in  the 
words  of  the  proposition),  it  is  understood 
that  **  coercive  measures  implying  the  use  of 
military  or  naval  force "  to  collect  these 
debts  shall  not  occur  "  until  the  creditor 
country  offers  arbitration  and  the  debtor 
country  refuses  it  or  leaves  the  offer  unan- 
swered, or  until  after  the  decision  of  the 
arbitrators  is  not  fulfilled  by  the  debtor 
country."  This  proposal  was  approved  by 
thirty-nine  votes,  with  five  abstentions  (Bel- 
gium, Sweden,  Roumania,  Switzerland,  and 
Venezuela),  twelve  American  governments 
making  reservations, — a  strong  endorsement, 
but  not  sufficient  to  make  the  proposition  the 
will  of  the  conference. 


What  HoMB^nV  !"^y  Y  ^*^^^^^,  ^^\  g^^^^  "^^• 

Dome  at  jonty  of  mankind  who  are  not 
TtMHagye?  international  lawyers  the  net  re- 
sult of  the  second  Hague  Peace  Conference 
can  be  summed  up  in  the  resolution  unani- 
mously adopted  on  October  i6,  based  on  the 
report  of  Baron  Guiljaume,  of  Belgium,  re- 
garding obligatory  arbitration,  and  the  prop- 
osition offered  by  General  Horace  Porter,  of 
the  American  delegation,  on  the  subject  of 
the  collection  by  force  of  contract  debts,  the 
latter  approved  but  not  adopted.  The  reso- 
lution on  obligatory  arbitration  declared  that 
the  principle  was  unanimously  favored 'by  the 
conference,  which  believed,  further:  . 

That  certain  differe'nces,  especially  those  re- 
garding the  interpretation  and  application  of 
conventional  clauses,  are  susceptible  of  being 
submitted  to  obligatory  arbitration  without  re- 
striction. The  conference  unanimously  pro- 
claims that  while  a  convention  on  the  subject 
was  not  concluded  the  differences  of  opinion  had 
more  of  a  judicial  character,  as  all  the  states  of 
the  world,  in  working  together  for  four  months, 
not  only  learned  to  know  each  other  better  by 
getting  closer  together,  but  developed  during  this 
long  collaboration  high  ideals  for  the  common 
welfare. 

The  United  States  delegation  ahptaine4 
from  voting,  Mr.  Choate  in  a  \Jgorous 
speech  justifying  the  abstention  dn  the  ground 
of  "  the  unworthiness  of  this  feeble  result  of 
the  arbitration  commission's  work. 

J  *^  r^  -/    General  Porter's  proposition  was 

M§  to  rorcf"     ,  ,  .'^      ^  •!• 

bit  CoiiectJon  m  substance  a  plan  to  avoid  in- 
of ottna.  temational  armed  conflicts  "of 
purely  pecuniary  origin  caused  by  contractual 
debts  claimed  by  the  subjects  or  citizens  of 
one  country  from  the  government  of  an- 
other," and  also  to  guarantee  that  all  con- 
tract debts  of  this  nature  not  settled  in  a 
friendly  manner  through  diplomacy  shall  be 


British  and  Br»tish  Opinion  of  the  good  re- 
Continentai  sults  of  the  Conference,  aside  from 
'* "  ^"'  its  general  educational  value  as  a 
world  parliament  would  include  the  certainty 
of  holding  periodical  meetings  in  the  future, 
the  conversion  of  Germany  to  the  principle 
if  not  the  operation  of  arbitration,  a  wider 
recognition  of  the  rights  of  neutrals,  the 
probable  institution  of  an  international  prize 
court,  the  "  discovery  by  Europe  of  South 
America's  influence  in  international  affairs 
and  through  South  America's  initiative  the 
abolition  of  the  forcible  collection  of  debts," 
the  declaration  in  favor  of  arbitration,  and 
the  humanization  of  war  in  many  directions. 
Baron  Marschall  von  Bieberstein,  the  bril- 
liant leader  of  the  German  delegation, 
summed  up  the  Continental  opinion  in  a 
recent  interview  the  main  points  of  which 
follow : 

Slowness  and  fruitlessness  have  been  charged 
against  the  conference,  and  people  who  are  im- 
patient about  the  time  given  for  regulating  war- 
fare complain  of  the  presence  of  naval  and  mili- 
tary representatives  at  a  peace  conference.  They 
want  differences  settled  by  jurists  alone.  That 
will  not  do.  If  war  must  be.  then  war  must  be 
free,  and  a  country  entitled  to  the  previous 
guidance  of  all  its  services.  Jurists  alone  would 
never  be  satisfactory.  They  would  abolish  con- 
traband, but  what  would  any  country  say  if  in 
actual  war  her  admirals  looked  on  passively 
while  carpoes  of  supplies  steamed  past  them  to 
the  enemy?  Rules  of  warfare  are  very  difficnlt 
and  cannot  be  framed  simply  by  a  power  with 
many  ports.     Naval  reasons  must  prevail. 

The  conference  adjourned  on  October  i8, 
after  ofl'icially  announcing  that  it  had,  in 
committee,  agreed  upon  thirteen  conventions 
which  "  will  be  open  to  the  plenipotentiaries 
to  sign  until  June  30,  1908."  These  con- 
ventions follow: 

T.  The  peaceful  regulation  of  international 
conflicts. 


530 


THE  AMEklCAN  REVlElV  OP  REyiElV$. 


2.  Providing  for  an  international  prize  court. 

3.  Regulating  the  rights  and  duties  of  neutrals 
on  land. 

4.  Regulating  the  rights  and  duties  of  neutrals 
at  sea. 

5.  Covering  the  laying  of  submarine  mines. 

6.  The  bombardment  of  towns  from  the  sea. 

7.  The  matter  of  the  collection  of  contractual 
debts. 

8.  The  transformation  of  merchantmen  into 
warships. 

9.  The  treatment  of  captured  crews. 
ID.  The  inviolability  of  fishing  boats. 

11.  The  inviolability  of  the  postal  service. 

12.  The  application  of  the  Geneva  Convention 
and  the  Red  Cross  to  sea  warfare,  and, 

13.  The  laws  and  customs  regulating  land  war- 
fare. 

It  is  understood  that  the  initiative  in  sum- 
moning the  next  congress  is  to  come  from 
the  Russian  Czar,  who  summoned  the  first 
one  eight  years  ago. 

Work  for  the  ^^^  publication,  during  the  first 
Haoue  Arbitra-  days    of  October,    of   a    British 

tion  Court,  j^p^^ial  Orde^n-Council,  sus- 
pending several  sections  oif  the  Newfound- 
land Foreign  Fishing  Vessels  Act,  marked 
the  close  of  another  stage  in  the  long  drawn 
out,  vexatious  differences  between  the  United 
States  Governipent  and  the  colonial  author- 
ities at  St.  Johp's.  The  British  Foreign  Of- 
fice having  come  to  an  agreement  with  our 
Ambassadm*  at  London  regarding  the  rights 
of  American  fishermen  in  Newfoundland 
waters,  it  was  to  have  been  expected  that 
Premier  Bond  of  the  colony  would  acquiesce 
in  the  imperial  decision.  His  refusal  to  do 
so,  however,  prolongs  ^  disagreeable  situa- 
tion and  suggests  forcibly  the  propriety  of 
referring  this  qif^tion  to  the  arbitration  of 
the  Hague  Tribunal.  One  interesting  and 
significant  result  of  the  Peace  Conference, 
although  not  directly  traceable  to  the  delib- 
erations at  The  Hague,  has  been  the  sign- 
ing of  the  arbitration  treaty  between  Italy 
and  Argentina,  the  signatures  being  attached 
in  the  conference  hall  at  the  Dutch  capital 
by  Count  Tornielli,  Italian  Ambassador  at 
Paris,  and  Dr.  Saenz  Pena,  formerly  Argen- 
tine Foreign  Minister. 

Latin-       Europe's   "  discovery  "   of  Latin 
American     America    has    been    trenchantly 

Good  Feeling.    ^^    ^^^^^    ^^    ^^^    ^^    ^^^   "  WOrth 

while  **  results  of  the  Hague  Peace  Confer- 
ence. The  people  of  the  United  States  are 
also  discovering  Latin  America.  Dr.  L.  S. 
Rowe,  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
one  of  the  delegates  to  the  Pan-American 
Conference  last  summer,  who  has  just  re- 


turned from  an  extended  trip  through  Bn- 
zil,  Argentina,  Chile,  Bolivia,  and  Peru,  1$ 
enthusiastic  in  his  contention  that  all  Latin 
America  is  ready  to  be  our  friend  if  wc  only 
say  the  word.  A  wave  of  good  feeling  i> 
now  sweeping  over  the  fouthem  continent 
toward  the  United  States,  he  declares.  To 
take  advantage  of  this,  however,  the  Amer- 
ican people  must  "  discard  once  for  all  the 
traditional  and  widely  accepted  belief  that  in 
the  countries  to  the  south  of  us  government 
is  unstable,  law  is  corruptly  administercii, 
and  respect  for  person  and  property  is  almos:. 
if  not  quite,  lacking." 

In  all  the  countries  that  I  visited  the  stabiHtv 
of  government  is  an  assured  fact,  and  .both  per- 
son and  property  are  well  protected.  Foreign 
capital  need  have  no  fear  of  discrimination  o: 
denial  of  justice.  In  fact,  so  strong  is  the  de- 
sire to  attract  American  capital  that  all  thtr 
governments  are  willing  to  offer  special  induce- 
ments in  order  to  encourage  the  niovcmcnt 
...  In  almost  every  town  that  I  visited  ' 
found  a  demand  for  American  teachers,  and  I 
bring  with  me  definite  requests  and  offers  frcnn 
Argentina,  Qiile,  and  Bolivia.  The  plan  for 
closer  university  co-operation  was  received  with 
much  enthusiasm. 

Secretary  Roct^^^^    ^\    f^l»"?    >S     ?^     ^oubl 

in  primarily  due  to  the  visit  of  Sec- 

exico.  j-etary  Root  last  year  to  the  coun 
tries  of  South  America.  The  importance  of 
the  work  Mr.  Root  is  doing  for  the  general 
cause  of  world  peace  and  the  good  name  of 
the  United  States  is  but  imperfectly  under- 
stood by  the  American  people.  The  Mexi- 
can trip,  however,  which  he  began  in  Sep- 
tember, really  marks  the  rounding  out  of  our 
new  program  of  Latin-American  policy 
The  people  of  the  South-American  countries 
are  now  quite  convinced  that  the  United 
States  has  no  other  desire  than  to  live  peace- 
ably with  its  neighbors.  The  reception  ac- 
corded the  American  Secretary  of  State  b>' 
the  Mexican  Grovernment  and  the  Mexican 
people  was  hearty,  sincere  and  lavish  in  its 
generosity.  As  a  result  of  his  visit  to  our 
neighbor  republic,  Mr.  Root,  it  is  confidently 
expected,  will  develop  some  plan  whereby 
the  chronic  state  of  war  in  Central  America 
will  be  done  away  with  and  the  five  repub- 
lics and  Mexico  be  persuaded  to  live  in  peace 
one  with  the  other.  The  installation  of  new 
cabinets  in  Chile  and  Peru  (we  note  the 
formation  of  the  Chilean  ministry  more  in 
detail  on  another  page),  a  scries  of  labor  dis- 
turbances in  Cuba,  and  the  authorization  by 
the  Bureau  of  Insular  Affairs  of  a  new  $20,- 
000,000  loan  by  Santo  Domingo  were  among 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


631 


Jaur^ 


Hervfi. 
France's  three  socialist  leaders. 


Gu^^sde. 


the   other    happenings   worthy    of    note    in 
Latin  America  during  the  month  of  October. 

Ciemenceau  ^  notable  speech  delivered  by 
oti  th€  Premier  Ciemenceau  on  October 
Sotdiersufe.  ^  at  Amiens,  at  the  dedication 
of  the  monument  to  the  late  French  states- 
man Rene  Goblet,  exalted  the  soldier^s  life 
and  presented  a  plea  for  the  preservation  and 
development  of  national  power  with  an  ear- 
nestness worthy  of  the  German  Kaiser  and 
the  American  President.  It  is  the  supreme 
achievement  of  the  man  of  power,  said  M. 
Ciemenceau,  to  give  his  life  for  an  idea. 
"The  stupid  Frenchman  who  aids  the  for- 
eigner against  France  on  the  stupid  pretext 
of  serving  human  progress  injures  human 
progress  of  which  the  French  mind  can  only 
live  as  spokesman  in  complete  independence." 
This  speech,  which  was  deh'vered  with  all  of 
the  Premier's  fiery  eloquence,  was  really  an 
answer  to  the  anti-military  agitation  which  ^ 
has  become  so  widespread  and  powerful  in 
the  republic  during  the  past  two  years.  Re- 
cent utterances  by  a  number  of  the  Socialist 
leaders,  including  M.  Jean  Jaures,  M.  Jules 
Gucsde,  and  M.  Edouard  Herve,  in  speeches 
and  the  public  press,  have  been  extremely 
radical  on  the  question  of  the  duty  of  the 
army  in  cases  of  a  conflict  between  citizens 
and  the  government. 


Sociaiiam  ^hese  three  well-known  French 
and      ^  Socialists    have,    time    and    time 

atrotam,  ^gajj^^  advised  the  soldiers  of  the 
republic  to  shoot  their  own  officers  rather 
than  their  brothers  under  an  opposing  flag. 
Herve*s  speeches  at  the  recent  Socialist  con- 
gress at  Stuttgart  created  an  uproar  among 
the  delegates.  Later  he  was  arrested  for 
publishing  articles  inciting  French  soldiers 
to  mutiny.  It  is  true  that  the  Radical  and 
the  Radical  Socialist  members  of  the  French 
Parliament  have  formally  repudiated  the 
anti-military  extremists.  The  growth  of  this 
agitation,  however,  has  been  extensive.  In- 
deed, upon  the  failure  of  the  internationalist 
Socialist  Congress  at  Stuttgart  to  pass  a 
resolution  calling  for  an  active  anti-military 
campaign  throughout  the  world,  M.  Jaures 
made  a  remarkable  speech  in  Paris  in  favor 
of  compulsory  international  arbitration.  The 
best  method,  declared  this  brilliant  French- 
man, to  bring  about  arbitration  between  na- 
tions would  be  for  all  the  workers  of  the 
world  to  refuse  to  fight  for  any  government 
declining  to  submit  its  differences  of  any 
kind  to  arbitration.  The  aggressor,  the 
enemy  of  civilization,  said  M.  Jaures,  is  the 
government  which  refuses  arbitration. 

The  government  that  has  thus  become  the 
enemy  of  civilization,  and  especially  of  the 
working  classes,  should  expect  to  see  the  wa- 


532 


THE  AMERICAN  REf^/ElV  OF  RE^lElVS. 


FRENCHMAN    AND    MOOR    TALKING    OVER    THE     SITUATION. 
(The    meeting    of    the    delegates    from    seven     Morocean    tribes    and    the    representatives    <>**** 
French  army  sent  by  General  Drude  to  talk  peace    terms  outside  the  French  camp  at  CasabUnca.     From 
a  sketch  In  lUuBtration  (Paris). 


pons  which  it  has  placed  in  the  hands  of  the 
people  turned,— not  against  the  enemy,  but  in 
revolution  against  that  criminal  government. 

While  M.  Jaures  may  go  too  far  in  recom- 
mending an  armed  revolt  against  a  govern- 
ment refusing  arbitration,  he  has  undoubt- 
edly done  good  service  in  pointing  out  that 
the  refusal  to  arbitrate  is  the  best  test  of  a 
government's  sincerity  in   professing  peace. 

u  ^i  n  The  situation  in  the  Moorish 
ATofOMo.  ^^.p^j^  ^^^  jjpg^  somewhat  obscure 
to  the  outside  world.  It  is  certain  that  a 
number  of  the  Moorish  tribes,  thoroughly 
convinced  of  France's  power  and  determina- 
tion bv  tlie  engagements  in  and  around  Casa- 
blanca, have  formally  submitted  to  the  peace 
terms  imposed  by  General  Drude.  There 
seems,  however,  no  possibility  of  withdrawal 
bv  the  French,  and  of  course  the  pressure  is 
to  take  a  forward  rather  than  a  backward 
step.  The  reiiming  Sultan,  Abd-el-AzIz,  has 
quitted  his  capital,  Fez,  and  retired  to  Rabat, 
a  town  on  the  western  coast,  while  his 
brother,  Mulai  El  Hafid;  is  successfully  con- 
solidating his  power  in  the  south.  It  is^  re- 
ported and  denied  that  the  bandit  Raisuli 
has  surrendered  Sir  Harr>'  MacLean  for  a 


ransom  from  England,  to  be  guaranteed  by 
the   Moroccan   Sultan.     Early   in   October 
Abd-el-Aziz  received  in  audience  the  French 
minister,  M.  Rcgnault,  and  several  Frend 
military  commanders.     His  complaisance  af 
the  interview  has  aroused  the  suspicion  of 
many  of  his  loyal  subjects  and  of  the  German 
Foreign  Office,  who  apprehend  that  French 
influence  with  the  Sultan  is  growing  too  rap- 
idly for  the  success  of  their  own  enterprises. 
Meanwhile  the  bill  against  Morocco  is  run- 
ning up,  the  Moorish  treasury  is  bankrupt, 
and  Germany  forbids  the  liquidation  of  the 
debt  by  any  territorial  concessions.      More 
and  more  of  the  Ulemas,  or  holy  men,  art 
proclaiming  the  justice  of  armed  resistance 
to  the  infidel.    The  French  intelligence  <l^ 
partment,  which  has  a  close  knowledge  of 
African  affairs,  has  for  some  time  been  await 
of  the  existence  of  a  vast  organized  anti- 
European  movement  over  the  greater  part  of 
the  northern  half  of  Africa.    This  movement 
is  being  guided  by  the  Senussia,  a  Moham- 
medan    religious     organization,     which     h 
straining  every  nerve  to  proclaim  a  general 
Jehad,  or  holy  war,  with  Morocco  as  one  of 
its  principal  fields.    This  is  what  makes  the 
Moroccan   problem  of  vaster  import  than 
even  its  European  factors  would  indicate. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  U^ORLD. 


533 


JTo/Mr  Upon  two  occasions  during  the 
Wiihtim,  past  month  the  versatile  and  bril- 
liant German  Emperor  appeared 
in  his  favorite  role  of  moralist  and  preacher. 
Although  the  cynics  may  scoff,  it  is  impossi- 
ble not  to  be  impressed  by  the  profound  sin- 
cerity of  the  Kaiser  in  his  role,  particularly 
when,  as  upon  these  two  occasions,  he  speaks 
as  a  member  of  the  German  race,  not  as  the 
head  of  the  HohenzoUern  dynasty.  At 
Miinster  and  at  Memel  the  Kaiser  made  two 
addresses  on  the  one  hundredth  anniversary 
of  the  lowest  ebb  of  the  fortunes  of  Prussia, 
the  anniversary  of  her  crushing  defeat,  at 
Jena,  by  the  first  Napoleon.  After  empha- 
sizing the  duty  of  a  union  of  all  classes  and 
creeds  in  the  work  of  social  reform  in  the 
empire,  the  Kaiser  urged  the  lesson  of  na- 
tional salvation  through  national  repentance. 
Germany  has  made  great  progress,  he  said, 
but: 

The  more  we  are  in  a  position  to  win  for  our- 
selves a  pre-eminent  place  in  the  world  in  every 
sphere,  the  more  must  all  classes  and  callings  of 


our  people  remember  that  in  this,  too,  the  hand 
of  the  Divine  Providence  is  to  be  seen.  If  the 
Lord  our  God  had  not  still  great  tasks  in  store 
for  us,  He  would  not  have  endowed  our  nation 
with  such  splendid  capabilities.  .  .  .  Our 
first  duty  is  to  raise  our  eyes  to  Heaven  in  the 
consciousness  that  all  our  prosperity  and  success 
is  wrought  by  dispensation  from  on  high.  .  .  . 
Then  we  shall  be  men  of  action  and  a  resolute 
nation  pressing  forward  in  the  knowledge  that  a 
great  duty  and  a  great  task  have  been  assigned 
to  us.  .  .  .  Then  our  German  nation  will  be- 
come the  block  of  granite  upon  which  the  Lord 
our  God  can  build  up  and  complete  his  work  of 
civilizing  the  world. 

Solemn  and  noble  sentiments  these,  but  it 
is  impossible  to  forget  that  while  the  Kaiser 
was  uttering  them  the  German  delegates  at 
the  Hague  Conference  were  blocking  the 
progress  of  the  cause  of  international  arbi- 
tration and  other  moves  in  the  direction  of 
universal  peace.  Certain  radical  changes  in 
the  German  ministr>',  coincident  with 
France's  triumph  and  progress  in  Morocco, 
may  presage  new  developments  in  the  Euro- 
pean political  game.  Herr  von  Tschirsky, 
Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs,  has  resigned, 
and  it  is  announced  he  will  succeed  Count 
von  Wed  el  as  German  Ambassador  at  Vien- 
na. Herr  von  Schoen,  now  German  Ambas- 
sador at  St.  Petersburg,  report  says  will 
become  Foreign  Minister. 


The  Auatro' 
Hungarian 
Auagleich 


WILL    THERE    BK    A     HOLY     WAR     IN     AFRICA? 

Mohammkd:  •' -Vllah,  shall  I  summon  each  of  thy 
loyal  p<>opIe8  to  a  Holy  War  against  the  Infldel?" 
From   Vlk   (Berlin). 


Although  the  new  Ausgleich  or 
compact  between  the  Austrian 
Empire  and  the  kingdom  of 
Hungary  has  not  yet  been  ratified  by  the  two 
parliaments  or  officially  signed  by  the  com- 
mon monarch,  its  approval  by  the  negotiators 
of  both  parts  of  the  dual  monarchy  virtu- 
ally settles  the  relations  of  Austria  and  Hun- 
gary for  the  next  decade.  The  coming  ses- 
sions of  the  Hungarian  Diet  and  the  imperial 
Reichsrath  at  Vienna  will  undoubtedly  ratify 
this  arrangement.  Thus  the  commercial  in- 
dustrial problem  facing  the  two  peoples,  the 
only  point  of  real  difference,  has  been  settled. 
In  another  part  of  the  magazine  this  month 
Dr.  Wolf  von  Schierbrand  reviews  Austro- 
Hungarlan  history  during  the  past  century 
and  graphically  sums  up  the  career  of  the 
venerable  Emperor  Francis  Joseph.  As  to 
the  break-up  of  the  famous  artificial  empire- 
kingdom  on  the  Danube,  what  every  one 
has  been  prophesying  may  not  come  to 
pass,  at  least  not  in  our  time.  A  much 
weaker  conglomeration  of  diverse  peo- 
ples than  Austria-Hungary,  the  Ottoman 
Empire,  has  been  held  together  for  more 
than  a  generation  by  the  jealousies  of  the 
Powers.    There  are  many  reasons  why  Aus- 


534 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^/ElVS. 


tria-Hungary  may  not  break  apart  so  soon, 
despite  many  facts  which  would  seem  to 
point  in  that  direction.  The  German  For- 
eign Office  has  seen  fit  during  the  past  month 
to  issue  a  statement  to  the  effect  that  the  Ber- 
lin government  has  no  desire  to  see  the  Ger- 
man-speaking subjects  of  the  house  of  Haps- 
burg  incorporated  in  the  German  Empire. 
Eventually,  no  doubt,  however,  these  por- 
tions will  come  to  Germany  proper,  the 
Hungarian  portions  probably  forming  an 
autonomous  kingdom  and  the  Slavonic  ones 
(Galicia,  Bohemia,  and  Croatia)  a  confeder- 
ation, perhaps  under  Russian  protection. 
Meanwhile  the  chancelleries  of  Europe  are 
"  echoing  the  pious  exclamation  of  the  Austrian 
court:  "  The  empire  will  be  buried  with  the 

/mperor,  God  keep  him." 
The  Third  ^^^  closing  weeks  of  1907  will 
RuMsian  see  the  assembling  of  the  third 
Duma.  Russian  Duma.  Elections  al- 
ready held  under  the  new  law  indicate  that 
despite  the  obstacles  put  in  their  way  the 
peasants,  workmen,  and  lower  classes  of  the 
cities  have  expressed  their  unabated  radical- 
ism. The  urban  classes,  particularly  the 
landlords,  in  whose  favor  the  new  law  (an- 
nounced June  16)  was  formulated,  are  of 
course  conservative.  Prof.  Paul  Milyukov, 
a  member  of  the  first  and  second  Dumas  and 


NOT    MUCU     LIBERTY    LEFT. 

Stolypin  (to  Czar  Nicholas)  :  "  Sire,  here  is  the 
third  Duma.  The  new  election  law  has  made  her 
very  docllo." — From  Ulk   (Berlin). 


a  leading  Liberal,  in  reviewing  the  actnritks 
and  achievements  of  the  second  parliament 
(in  the  Contemporary  Retnttv)  gives  tl^ 
following  figures  of  the  number  of  electors 
"  chosen  by  the  primary  constituencies  to 
elect  deputies  from  their  midst  in  the  pro- 
vincial colleges  " :  Law  of  December  24, 
1905:  Land-owners,  1949;  peasants,  2424: 
inhabitants  of  cities  and  towns,  1347;  work- 
ingmen,  176;  Cossacks,  iii;  total,  6009. 
LTnder  the  new  law  of  June  1 6,  1 907 :  Land- 
owners, 2594;  peasants,  11 13;  inhabitants 
of  cities  and  towns,  1308;  workingmcn,  112: 
and  Cossacks,  34;  total,  5 161.  Another 
analysis  shows  that  the  ratio  of  representa- 
tion by  classes  gives  one  wealthy  land -owner 
as  much  voting  power  as  fifty  peasants.  Such, 
says  Milyukov,  is  the  "  immediate  result  oi 
the  violation  of  the  Russian  constitution  in 
the  interest  at  the  Russian  nobility." 

i/m/tflf/a»/l"  *^  same  issue  bf  the  same 
and        magazine  Dr.  E.  J.  Dillon  praises 

capacit,es  premj^r  Stolypin  for  his  fair- 
minded  treatment  of  the  preceding  sessicms 
of  the  Duma,  each  of  which,  he  says,  "  left 
things  rather  worse  than  they  were."  Dr. 
Dillon  despairs  of  the  usefulness  and  per- 
manency of  a  Russian  Parliament.    He  says: 

I  cannot  conceive  any  body  of  elected  Rus- 
sians, sitting  in  St.  Petersburg  and  making  help- 
ful laws  for  one-sixth  oi,  the  terrestrial  planet 
and  150,000,000  of  men,  and  also  because  I  have 
not  yet  acquired  the  conviction  that  a  nation  can 
go  to  bed  one  night  utterly  ignorant  and  rise 
up  the  next  morning  endowed  with  profound 
political  wisdom.  And  even  if  that  miracle  were 
not  wholly  unknown,  it  has  not  been  wrought  in 
favor  of  Russia. 

Just  at  this  time,  on  the  eve  of  the  final 
elections  for  the  coming  Parliament,  and 
when  speculation  and  controversy  are  rife 
as  to  what  will  happen  when  this  Parliament 
meets,  it  is  symptomatic  of  the  intellectual 
as  well  as  physical  chaos  in  Russia  that  two 
such  honest  and  keen  critics  as  Professor 
Milyukov  and  Dr.  Dillon  should  hold  such 
different  opinions.  An  equally  keen  and 
well-informed  observer  from  the  outside,  M. 
.Anatole  Leroy-Beaulieu,  in  the  current  num- 
ber of  the  Revue  ties  Deux  Mondes,  gives  it 
as  his  opinion  that,  despite  its  reactionar}' 
complexion,  the  new  Duma  will  not  be  reac- 
tionary. Whatever  the  theories  of  its  mem- 
bers, says  this  French  economist,  "  a  repre- 
sentative assembly  is  always  impelled  to  de- 
fend and  extend  its  rights  rather  than  to  per- 
mit them  to  be  restricted."  This  is  the  hope- 
ful sign  in  the  Russian  political  sky. 


yj      THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


536 


Bnaiand  ^^^  official  Wording  of  the  An- 
Russiaand  glo-Russian  agreement,  signed  on 
Persia,  ^ugust  3 1  and  referred  to  last 
month  in  these  pages,  does  not  alter  the  gen- 
eral view  already  held  of  the  provisions  and 
influence  of  this  highly  significant  interna- 
tional event.  An  analysis  of  what  is  gained 
or  lost  on  either  side,  by  that  Oriental  schol- 
ar and  traveler,  Professor  Vambery,  is  pre- 
sented on  another  page  this  month.  The 
agreement  really  deals  with  three  disputed 
political  situations  in  the  near  East:  Persia, 
Afghanistan,  and  Tibet.  The  true  inward- 
ness of  the  situation  in  Persia  is  presented  by 
Mr.  Rosenthal  on  page  599  this  month. 
The  settlement  as  far  as  Britain  and  Russia 
are  concerned  amounts  to  a  mutual  agree- 
ment that  Russia  shall  have,  undisturbed, 
northern  Persia  for  her  sphere  of  influence, 
leaving  to  Great  Britain  the  southern  sec- 
tion (the  divisions  being  carefully  indicated 
by  lines  agreed  upon),  with  a  neutral  strip 
between.  This  neutral  strip,  however,  con- 
tains the  entire  shore  line  of  the  Persian 
Gulf,  thus  shutting  out  Russia  from  a  warm- 
water  port  in  this  part  of  Asia.  On  this 
latter  point  a  reference  is  made  in  the  treaty 


to  an  utterance  of  Lord  Lansdowne,  in  May, 
1903,  to  the  effect  that  "  we  [the  British 
Government]  should  regard  the  establish- 
ment of  a  naval  base  or  of  a  fortified  port  in 
the  Persian  Gulf  by  any  other  power  as  a 
very  grave  menace  to  British  interests,  and 
we  should  certainly  resist  it  with  all  the 
means  at  our  disposal." 


AfghanMan  ^ith  regard  to  Afghanistan, 
and  the  two  great  powers  declare 
that  they  will  not  encroach  upon 
the  territorial  integrity  of  that  country,  Eng- 
land engaging  to  exercise  her  influence  only 
in  a  pacific  sense  and  Russia  recognizing 
Afghanistan  as  outside  the  sphere  of  her  ac- 
tivities. This  practically  makes  Afghanistan 
a  British  protectorate,  since  the  Ameer  recog- 
nized England's  ascendancy  by  the  treaty  of 
Kabul,  signed  March  21,  1905.  The  pres- 
ent agreement  completes  the  chain  of  buffer 
states  surrounding  and  defending  British 
India,  which  now  for  the  first  time  Russia 
explicitly  agrees  not  to  invade.  As  to  Tibet, 
both  powers  agree  to  recognize  the  suzer- 
ainty of  China  and  to  abstain  from  all  inter- 


THE    ANOI.O-RU8SIAN    AQREEMBNT    PBOM    TUB    PERSIAN      VIEWPOIVT. 

All  right  when  they  quarrel,  but  perilous  for  the  third  party  when  they  make  up.— From  Ulk  (Berlin). 


536 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^/EIVS. 


SECRET ARY 


tion  to  the  cordial  relations.  Many  honors 
were  showered  on  Mr.  Taft,  and  on  Octo- 
ber 2  the  Japanese  Emperor  granted  him  a 
private  audience. 

jf^^  Although  the  Japanese  people 
Speech  at  are  liot  given  to  enthusiastic  dis- 
plays of  emotion,  nothing  could 
be  more  indicative  of  the  friendly  feeling  to- 
ward this  countr}'  than  the  welcome  ac- 
corded in  speech  and  press  to  Mr.  Taft's 
speech,  delivered  on  October  i  at  a  banquet 
given  him  in  Tokio  by  the  municipality  and 
Chamber  of  Commerce.  Bringing,  he  an- 
nounced, a  message  of  good  will  from  Presi- 
dent Rosevelt,  Mr.  Taft  said: 

War  between  Japan  and  the  United  States 
would  be  a  crime  against  modem  civilization.  It 
would  be  insane.  Neither  the  people  of  Japan 
nor  the  people  of  the  United  States  desire  war. 
The  governments  of  the  two  countries  would 
strain  every  point  to  avoid  such  an  awful  catas- 
trophe.   Neither  would  gain  anything. 

Japan  has  undertaken  with  the  legitimate  in- 
terests of  so  close  a  neighbor  to  reform  and  re- 
juvenate the  ancient  kingdom  that  is  governed 
or  misgoverned  by  fifteenth  century  methods. 
No  matter  what  the  reports  may  be,  no  matter 
what  criticism  may  be  uttered,  the  world  will 
have  confidence  that  Prince  Ito  and  the  Japanese 
Government  are  pursuing  a  policy  in  Korea 
which  will  make  for  justice,  civilization,  and  the 
welfare  of  a  backward  people. 

Why  should  Japan  wish  for  war?  It  must 
stop  or  seriously  delay  the  execution  of  her 
plans  for  the  reform  of  Korea. 

Why  should  the  United  States  wish  for  war? 
It  would  change  her  in  a  year  or  more  into  a 
military  nation.  Her  great  resources  would  be 
wasted  in  a  vast  equipment,  which  would  serve 
to  no  good  purpose,  but  would  tempt  the  nation 
into  warlike  policies.  Why  should  she  wish  for 
v/ar,  in  which  all  the  evils  of  society  flourish  and 
all  vultures  fatten? 

She  is  engaged  in  establishing  a  government 
of  law  and  order  in  the  Philippines,  fitting  those 
people  by  general  education  to  govern  them- 
selves. It  has  been  suggested  that  we  might  re- 
lieve ourselves  of  this  burden  by  the  sale  of  the 
islands  to  Japan  or  some  other  country.  The 
suggestion  is  absurd.  Japan  does  not  wish  for 
the  Philippine  Islands.  She  has  problems  of  a 
similar  nature  nearer  home.  More  than  this,  the 
United  States  could  not  sell  the  islands  to  an- 
other power  without  the  grossest  violation  of 
its  obligations  to  the  Philippine  people.     .     .    . 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  assure  the  people  of 
Japan  that  the  good-will  of  the  American  people 
toward  Japan  is  as  warm  as  ever  and  that  the 
reported  breach  in  the  amicable  relations  be- 
tween them  finds  no  confirmation  in  public  opin- 
ion in  the  United  States. 

The  Japanese  press  almost  without  exccp- 
TiTB   FKVRRED,  RUFFLED   tion  commcnts  favorably  and  with  a  sense  of 
relief  upon   this  utterance  of  our   peaceful 
From  iho  Timre  (Now  York).  Secretary  of  War. 


ference  in  the  internal  administration  of  the 
country.  Neither  Russia  nor  England  is  to 
seek  any  commercial  or  industrial  concessions 
or  other  rights  in  Tibet.  The  agreement  in 
general  has  the  further  effect  of  shutting  out 
German  commercial  advance  into  Persia, 
since  henceforward  the  country  tapped  by 
the  Bagdad  railroad  will  be  under  the  recog- 
nized influence  of  two  great  world  powers, 
both  of  which  are  watching  closely,  if  not 
with  jealousy,  the  advance  of  German  trade 
interests. 

Our  Peaceful  Secretary  Taft,  on  his  trip 
Secretary  around  the  world,  reached  the 
^^  ^'^'  Japanese  capital  on  September 
28.  It  had  been  popularly  believed  that  the 
object  of  our  peaceful  Secretary  of  War  in 
taking  this  trip  was  primarily  to  watch  the 
beginnings  of  self-government  in  our '  far 
Eastern  possessions  by  presiding  over  the 
opening  sessions  of  the  Filipino  Assembly. 
Secretary  Taft's  most  noteworthy  accom- 
plishment, however,  on  this  trip  so  far  has 
been  the  resumption  of  negotiations  by  Japan 
over  the  question  of  coolie  immigration  to 
this  country.  As  at  Rome  some  years  ago  he 
straightened  out  the  friars*  land  tangle  in  the 
Philippines  and  later  helped  solve  the  revo- 
lution question  in  Cuba,  and  smoothed  over 
more  than  one  rough  point  in  the  Panama 
Canal  progress,  so  it  has  been  Mr.  Taft's 
duty  and  good  fortune  to  soothe  Japanese 
sensibilities  at  home  in  the  matter  of  the 
treatment  accorded  their  compatriots  on  our 
Pacific  Coast,  and  to  pave  the  way  for  a  new 
treaty  satisfactory  to  both  governments  and 
peoples.  Despite  the  shriekers  for  war  in 
the  yellow  press  of  both  countries,  it  is  evi- 
dent from  the  reception  accorded  Mr.  Taft 
and  his  party  by  the  Japanese  people  and  of- 
ficials that  there  has  been  no  real  interrup- 


TAFT  SOOTHES 

FGRLINGR  OF  JAPAN. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


637 


Ccrrect  Atti-    '^^^  much  admiration  and  credit 
tm^oftk^Tokioczn  scarcely  be  rendered  to  the 
Japanese    Government    for    its 
calm,    dignified,  and   proper  attitude  in   all 
this  an ti- Japanese  agitation  and  for  its  evi- 
dendy  sincere  desire  to  have  the  question  set- 
tled in  a  dignified,  friendly,  and  reasonable 
spirit.     Despite  the  truculence  of  some  of  the 
Japanese  politicians  and  newspapers,  who  re- 
sumed   their  violent  attacks  upon  both  our 
gdvemment  and  their  own  after  the  attack 
(on   October  14)   by  a  drunken  San  Fran- 
cisco mob  on  some  Japanese  restaurants,  and 
despite   the  deepening  anti-Japanese   feeling 
evident  in  Canada,  the  government  at  Tokio 
has  remained  calm  and  has  been  earnestly  en- 
deavoring to  keep  its  working  classes  at  home. 
There  have  been  protests  and  expostulations 
from  commercial  bodies  in  the  Mikado's  em- 
pire against  exclusion,  but  it  is  a  significant 
fact   that  the  imperial  government  publicly 
proclaims  its  desire  that  Japanese  coloniza- 
tion shall  go  westward  to  Korea  and  Man- 
churia and  not  eastward   to  the  American 
continent.     Early  in  October  a  new  bureau 
of  immigration  and  colonization  was  estab- 
lished,   as   a   result   of   several   government 
measures   which   virtually   dissolved   certain 
immigration    companies   formerly   supplying 
the  bulk  of  the  immigrants  to  our  shore  of 
the  Pacific     By  largely  increasing  the  sum 
which  these  companies  must  deposit  as  secu- 
rity with  the  government,  and  by  refusing  to 
issue  passports  to  Mexico  and  Peru,  Japanese 
emigration  has  been  decreased  very  appreci- 
ably during  the  past  few  months. 

y^^  The  Canadian  Government,  it  is 
Ctmadian  announced  from  Ottawa,  will 
send  a  commissioner  to  Japan  to 
negotiate  if  possible  for  the  restriction  of 
immigration.  Premier  Laurier,  in  a  speech 
before  the  Canadian  Manufacturers'  Asso- 
ciation at  Toronto  on  September  26,  ad- 
nutted  the  Dominion's  great  need  of  agricul- 
tural laborers  in  its  great  West,  and  an- 
nounced that  the  Ottawa  government  must 
decline  to  approach  the  imperial  Parliament 
with  a  suggestion  for  the  abrogation  of 
the  Japanese  treaty.  The  sentiment  in 
favor  of  the  strict  exclusion  of  Orientals 
from  the  Dominion,  however,  appears  to  be 
on  the  increase.  Mr.  R.  L.  Borden,  leader 
of  the  opposition,  in  a  vigorous  speech  at 
Vancouver  on  September  25,  laid  it  down  as 
the  sentiment  of  every  Canadian  that,  de- 
spite the  Anglo- Japanese  treaty  and  the  ne- 
cessity for  Canada  on  her  part  to  live  up  to 


its  provisions,  "  there  are  greater  and  higher 
considerations  than  those  of  trade  and  ma- 
terial prosperity,  and  we  maintain  as  a  first 
consideration  tfiat  British  Columbia  must  re- 
main a  Canadian  province,  dominated  and 
ruled  by  men  in  whose  veins  courses  the 
blood  of  British  ancestors." 

y.^^  The  inauguration  of  the  first 
Philippine  Philippine  Assembly  took  place 
ABsembiy,  ^^  October  16  in  the  National 
Theater,  at  Manila.  Governor-General 
Smith  read  the  organic  act,  and  then  intro- 
duced Secretary  Taft,  "  Father  of  the  Fili- 
pinos," who  addressed  the  Assembly.  Mr. 
Taft  recounted  the  evidences  of  satisfactory 
political,  commercial,  legal,  and  educative 
progress  throughout  the  islands.  The  ques- 
tion of  self-government,  he  reminded  his 
hearers,  rests  eptirely  in  the  hands  of  Con- 
gress. "  The  importance  of  the  army,"  said 
Mr.  Taft,  **  is  not  minimized,  but  the  ac- 
quiescence of  the  Fihpinos  in  the  Govern- 
ment has  been  largely  influenced  by  the  pros- 
pect of  participation  in  it."  The  Secretary 
denied  emphatically  that  the  United  States 
has  any  intention  of  disposing  of  the  islands 
and  expressed  confidence  in  the  Filipino  ca- 
pacity to  use  properly  the  degree  of  self-gov- 
ernment they  have  now  been  granted.  On 
this  point  he  said: 

Our  obligations  present  only  two  alternatives, 
either  the  permanent  maintenance  of  popular 
government  under  American  control  or  giving 
control  to  the  Filipinos  when  they  are  fitted  for 
it.  I  believe  the  Assembly  is  a  logical  step  in 
President  McKinley's  policy,  and  that  it  is  not 
radical.  The  power  to  absolutely  veto  legisla- 
tion, .  except  appropriations,  and  the  power  to 
initiate  proposed  laws,  is  a  substantial  test. 

The  organization  of  the  Assembly  was 
completed  by  the  election  as  presiding  officer 
of   Senor   Osmena,    ex-Governor   of   Cebu. 

Consti'  ^  '°"S  step  forward  in  the  di- 
tutionai  rection  of  the  modernization  of 
the  Chinese  Empire  was  taken 
on  October  i,  when  the  Dowager  Empress, 
on  the  eve  of  her  formal  abdication,  issued  a 
decree  declaring  the  government  of  China  to 
be  a  constitutional  monarchy.  It  is  true  that 
an  actual  constitution  and  the  machinery  of 
a  constitutional  government  are  still  to  be 
worked  out.  The  decree,  however,  estab- 
lished a  legislative  council  and  appointed  emi- 
nent statesmen  to  draft  an  actual  code  of 
executive  and  administrative  laws.  The  leg- 
islative body,  which  is  known  as  the  Council 
of  Administration,  has  already  begun  a  thor- 


538 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^IElVS. 


Premier  Laurier  to  the  British  capitaL  Al- 
most immediately  afterward  press  messages 
were  dispatched  with  an  accuracy  and  at  i 
rate  which  attested  the  success  of  the  system. 
For  five  years  Signor  Marconi  has  been 
working  hard  to  bring  about  this  result.  Tla 
points  of  transmission  of  the  \%-irclcss  mes- 
sages were  at  Glace  Bay,  Nova  Scotia,  not 
far  from  the  town  of  Sydney,  and  at  QiMcn, 
Ireland.  The  equipment  at  the  Nova  Scoda 
station  includes  four  large  towers  and  VtmSs- 
four  masts,  each  of  the  towers  being  215  Iw 
high.  A  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
Sun  who  visited  the  station  during  the  trans- 
mission of  messages,  gives  the  following  de- 
scription of  the  working  of  the  apparatus: 


Copyricht.  Rockwood.  N.  Y. 

SIGNOR  GUGLIELMO   MARCONI. 

ough  reorganization  of  the  education  system 
of  the  empire.  It  is  interesting  to  note  the 
fact  that  Secretary  Taft*s  reception  in  Shang- 
hai (on  October  8)  was  scarcely  less  cordial 
and  effusive  than  the  ovations  given  him  in 
Japan.  This  welcome  bears  witness  to  a 
remarkable  change  in  the  attitude  of  the 
Chinese  Government  and  people  toward  the 
United  States  and  the  American  people  since 
the  time  of  the  boycott  not  so  many  months 
ago.  The  Chinese  are  beginning  to  under- 
stand the  real  attitude  of  this  Government 
and  people  toward  them  and  to  realize  that 
our  friendship  for  China  Is  genuine.  It 
should  be  said  In  passing  that,  late  in  Septem- 
ber, the  Chinese  Foreign  Office  announced 
the  reappointment  of  Wu  Ting  Fang  to  his 
former  post  as  Chinese  Minister  at  Wash- 
ington. 

By  wireieaa  Almost  half  a  century  has  elapsed 
Across  since  the  first  Atlantic  cable  was 
successfully  laid.  Not  since  that 
day  (August  6,  1858)  which  saw  the 
triumph  of  Cyrus  W.  Held  and  his  as- 
sociates has  there  been  such  a  significant 
happening  in  the  history  of  world  com- 
munication as  the  successful  consumma- 
tion of  the  Marconi  wireless  method 
of  sending  messages  across  the  Atlantic. 
On  the  morning  of  October  17  the  first 
wireless  message — without  Interruption — 
across  the  Atlantic  was  sent  by  the  Canadian 


Just  as  the  party  arrived  the  wires  began  to 
crack  and  from  inside  the  building  great  tongi^ 
of  flame  about  a  foot  in  leng^th  began  to  dan. 
These  were  separated  into  dot  and  dash  inter- 
vals and  a  noise  like  deep  bass  organ  notes  fell 
on  the  ear.  The  wires  fairly  hummed,  so  great 
was  the  potentiality.  The  flames  were  of  a 
white  bluish  color.  The  operator  sent  verr 
slowly,  and  so  far  as  the  correspondents  could 
make  out  everything  worked  well.  Relays  of 
ten  minutes  sending  and  then  ten  minutes  re- 
ceiving was  the  order  of  business.  The  key 
was  the  ordinary  Morse  kind  and  the  Conti- 
nental code  was  used.  The  receiving  is  done 
by  means  of  a  telephone  receiver,  which  the 
operator  places  on  his  head.  The  new  receiver 
lately  invented  by  Marconi  is  a  gn*eat  improve- 
ment over  the  old  magnetic  detector. 


CHINA     HAS    A    NIGHTMARE. 

(The  mighty  giant  would  arise  were  It  not  for 
the  accursed  nightmare  sitting  on  his  chest!) 
From  Humoriatische  Bldtter  (Munich). 


1 

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PtHCoKn^  by  Underwood  A  Unienrood.  N.  Y. 

SECRETARY   ROOT  AND    MEMBERS   OF   HIS    PARTY    WATCHING  GAMES  IN  HIS   HONOR  AT  XOCHIMILCO, 

MEXICO. 


RECORD  OF   CURRENT   EVENTS. 


(From  September  21  to  October   20,  1907.) 


POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT-AMERICAN. 

September  21. — Geveland  Democrats  renomi- 
nate Mayor  Tom  L.  Johnson  by  acclamation. 

September  23. — The  trial  of  United  States 
Senator  Borah,  of  Idaho,  on  charges  of .  land 
'      ^  ,  in  bc^n  at  Bobp  Clfy 

^ptcmbcr  24. — The  Rej>al>[ic,in  State  con- 
vctrhon  of  Nebraska  endorst^s  Secretary  Taft 
for  president ,..  .In  a  speech  at  Nashville 
Tenn,,  Governor  Folk,  of  Missouri,  outlines  a 
naiion&f  platform  for  the  Dcm^icrats  in  1908. 

Septcmher  25. — Attomcy-Gcncral  Bonaparte 
mitrticis  United  States  Di strict  Attorneys  in 
various  parts  of  the  counlry  to  bring  suits 
apifift  railroads  for  alleged  vJiJations  of  the 
Safety  Appliance  law. 

September  26-— President  Roosevelt  an- 
tiouttcies  that  he  will  give  the  Oklahoma  consti- 
tution hif  offjcia!  approval. 

September  28. — Cincinnati  Republicans  nomi- 
ittte  Leopold  Markbright  for  mayor. 

September  30. — Thirteen  States  are  repre- 
sented at  the  conference  opened  at  St.  Louis  of 
attorneys-general  invited  to  discuss  anti-trust 
legislation. 

October  i.— President  Roosevelt,  speaking  at 
Keokuk,  Iowa,  announces  that  there  will  be  no 
Wation  from  his  announced  policies  regarding 
the  punishment  of  offenders. ..  .The  attorneys- 


general  in  conference  at  St.  Louis  adopt  a 
memorial  to  Congress  asking  that  the  power  of 
federal  judges  over  State  courts  be  restricted 
....Cincinnati  Democrats  renominate  Mayor 
Edward  J.  Dempsey. 

October  2. — The  Illinois  primary-election  law 
is  declared  unconstitutional  by  the  State  Su- 
preme Court United   States   Senator   Borah, 

of  Idaho,  is  acquitted  at  his  trial  on  charges  of 

alleged  land  frauds Nine  of  the  twenty-one 

nominees  on  the  Democratic  municipal  ticket  in 
Cincinnati  refuse  the  nominations  because  of 
boss  rule  in  the  convention. 

October  3. — The  Independence  League  of 
Massachusetts  nominates  Thomas  L.  Hisgen 
for   Governor. 

October  5. — Massachusetts  Republicans  re- 
nominate the  entire  State  ticket  headed  by  Gov- 
ernor Guild. ..  .Massachusetts  Democrats  nomi- 
nate two  State  tickets  headed  by  Henry  M. 
Whitney  and  Gen.  Charles  W.  Bartlett,  respec- 
tively...  .The  Deep  Waterways  Convention  at 
Memphis  adopts  a  resolution  asking  Congress 
for  an  appropriation  sufficient  to  create  a  14-foot 
channel  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

October  8. — Rhode  Island  Democrats  renomi- 
nate Governor  James  H.  Higgins. ..  .The  City 
party  of  Cincinnati  nominates  Frank  L.  Pfaff 
for  mayor. 


640 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


October  ro. — Rhode  Island  Republicans  nomi- 
nate Lieut.-Gov.  Frederick  H.  Jackson  for  Gov- 
enior. 

October  i6. — Secretary  Taft  opens  the  Fili- 
pino Assembly  at  Manila;  Senor  Osmena  (Na- 
tionalist), former  Governor  of  Cebu,  is  elected 
presiding  officer. 

October  18. — The  Massachusetts  Ballot  Law 
Commission  decides  that  Henry  M.  Whitney  is 
the  legal  nominee  of  the  Democratic  party  for 
Governor. 

POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT— FOREIGN. 

September  21. — The  Emperor  of  Japan  dis- 
tributes war  rewards  among  generals  and  ad- 
mirals. 

September  28. — Sir  John  Charles  Bell  is 
elected  Lord  Mayor  of  London. 

October  2. — Further  edicts  tending  to  prepare 
the  people  for  a  constitutional  government  are 
issued  in  China. 

October  8. — The  Persian  National  Assembly 
adopts,  and  the  Shah  sanctions,  the  revised  con- 
stitution (see  page  599). 

October  9. — Dr.  Charles  Washburn,  Peruvian 
Minister  of  Justice,  succeeds  as  Premier  Au- 
gustin  Tovar. 

October  11. — The  congress  of  French  Radical 
and  Radical  Socialist  parties  at  Nancy  passes  a 
resolution  severing  relations  with  the  extreme 
anti-military  element. 

October  15. — The  French  cabinet  decides  to 
press  at  the  coming  session  of  Parliament  meas- 
ures to  transfer  church  property  to  communes,  to 
tax  incomes,  and  to  appropriate  money  to  relieve 
sufferers  from  floods. 

October  17.— Sir  Thomas  Henry  Grattan  Es- 
monde  is  ousted  from  the  chairmanship  of  the 
general  council  of  the  Irish  county  councils  be- 
cause of  his  desertion  from  the  Nationalist 
party. 

INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS. 

September  21. — It  is  announced  that  Greece 
will  re-establish  a  legation  at  Washington. 

September  22. — Formal  negotiations  for  peace 
having  failed,  the  French  forces  near  Casablanca 
resume  hostilities  against  the  Moors. 

September  23. — Three  leading  Moroccan  tribes 
sign  the  peace  conditions  imposed  by  General 
Drude....The  Sultan  orders  the  free  entry  of 
wheat  into  Turkey. 

September  24. — Wu  Ting  Fang's  appointment 
as  Chinese  Minister  to  the  United  States  is  an- 
nounced at  Peking. 

September  25. — An  imperial  rescript  is  made 
public  at  St.  John's,  N.  F.,  forbidding  the  serv- 
ice by  any  colonial  authority  of  any  legal  process 
regarding  fishery  rights  on  board  any  American 
vessel  and  suspending  all  colonial  statutes 
authorizing    seizure    of    American    vessels    for 

alleged  violation  of  fishery  laws The  text  of 

the  Anglo-Russian  convention  is  made  public  in 
London ;  it  contains  a  special  reservation  by 
Great  Britain  of  her  rights  in  the  Persian  Gulf. 

September  26. — Premier  Bond,  of  Newfound- 
land, declares  that  the  imperial  rescript  on  fish- 
cries  is  invalid Seven  Moorish  tribes  accept 


the  peace  terms   oflFercd  by  the  French  cc«- 
mander. 

September  27. — Four  more  Moroccan  tribes 
submit  to  the  French  terms. 

September  29. — President  Cabrera,  of  Goate 
mala,  announces  his  intention  to  send  a  dekgztc 
to  the  Central  American   Peace  Conference  ai 

Washington Peru  agrees  to  a  new  arrangr 

ment  for  the  settlement  of  the  French  claims. 

September  30. — Chinese  officials  resist  tlw 
Jcipanese  demands  regarding  Manchuria  owiuft 
to  the  attitude  of  the  United  Sutes. 

October  i. — President  Diaz,  of  Mexico,  wel- 
comes Secretary  Root  at  the  national  palace 

October  2. — The  Emperor  of  Japan  recci\T' 
Secretary  Taft  in  private  audience  at  Tokio. 

October  7. — The  Russo-Chinese  convention 
signed  at  Peking  restores  to  China  all  her  for 
mer  rights  to  telegraph  lines  in  Russian  Mar. 
churia. 

October  8. — The  Sultan  of  Morocco  receive 
the  French  Minister  and  expresses  his  intcnn  •' 
to  carry  out  the  reforms  provided  in  the  Alg? 
ciras  Convention. 

October  9. — The  Japanese  Government  open- 
a  millions  acres  of  Korean  land  to  settlement 
and  places  restrictions  on  immigradcm  com- 
panies. 

October  11. — Rodolphe  Lemieux  is  appointed 
Canada's  envoy  to  Japan  to  take  up  the  imna- 
gration  problem. 

October  12. — Secretary  Taft  is  warmly  wel- 
comed in  Hong  Kong. 

October  15. — It  is  reported  from  Tangier  that 
the  Moroccan  Sultan  is  endeavoring  to  induct 
France  to  assume  a  protectorate  over  Morocco 

October  16. — The  Crown  Prince  of  Japan  i* 
welcomed  by  the  Korean  Emperor  and  the 
Korean  Crown  Prince  at  Chemulpo. 

THE   PEACE  CONFERENCE  AT  THE  HAGUE. 

September  21. — At  its  plenary  sitting  the  con- 
ference adopts  the  proposed  convention  for  the 
institution  of  an  international  prize  court. 

September  26. — The  committee  on  maritime 
warfare  votes  that  submarine  mines  shall  be- 
come inoflfensive  when  the  reason  for  which 
they  were  employed  ceases  to  exist. 

October  4. — ^At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  on 
niaritime  warfare  Russia  carries  an  amendment 
in  the  face  of  British  opposition,  permitting  bel- 
ligerent warships  to  remain  in  port  until  coal 
enough  to  carry  them  to  the  nearest  home  port 
has  been  obtained. 

October  5. — The  arbitration  committee,  by  a 
vote  of  thirty  to  eight  approves  the  prindple  of 
obligatory  arbitration;  uermany  and  Austria 
vote  in  the  negative. 

October  7. — The  arbitration  committee  finally 
approves  the  Anglo-American  scheme  of  obh- 
gatory  arbitration  by  a  vote  of  thirty-one  to 
nine. 

October  10. — By  a  vote  of  thirty-eight  to  three 
the  arbitration  committee  adopts  the  report  on 
the  international  high  court  of  justice  and  a 
resolution  for  it  to  go  into  eflFect  as  soon  as  the 
judges  are  selected. 

October  11. — The  arbitration  committee  adopts 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


641 


Stereocnpb  Copyrifbt.  1907,  by  Underwood  A  Underwood.  N.  Y. 

PRESIDENT  ROOSEVELT  AND  THREE  OF    HIS  FORMER    "ROUGH  RIDERS  "  ON    HIS    MISSISSIPPI  RIVER  TRIP, 

OCTOBER    1-4. 
(Seated  beside  the  President  is  the  Hon.  John  A.  Mcllhlnny.  of  Louisiana.  U.  S.  Civil  Service  Coramls- 
lioner ;  standing,  from  left  to  right,  Governor  Curry,  of  New  Mexico,  and  Governor  Franz,  of  Oklahoma. ) 


a  declaration,  without  binding  power,  in  favor 
of  obligatory  arbitration;  the  United  States  re- 
frains from  voting. 

October  i8. — The  work  of  the  conference  is 
reviewed  at  its  cIdSing  session  by  M.  Nelidoff. 

OTHER  OCCURRENCES  OP  THE  MONTH. 

September  21. — The  Scottish  Arctic  expedi- 
tion under  Dr.  Bruce  arrives  safely  at  Tromsoe. 

September  24.— The  third  Pan-Celtic  Congress 
opens  in  Edinburgh Emperor  William  of  Ger- 
many unveils  at  Memel  a  memorial  emblematic 
cf  the  rise  of  Prussia  after  the  defeat  of  1807. 
...Receivers  are  appointed  by  the  United  States 
Circuit  Court  for  the  New  York  City  Railway 
Company. 


September  25.— President  Roosevelt  and  fam- 
ily arrive  in  Washington  from  their  summer  home 

at  Oyster  Bay Secretary  of  State  Root  leaves 

Washington  for  Mexico Heavy  frost  is  re- 
ported in  Iowa,  South  Dakota,  Minnesota,  and 
Wisconsin. 

September  26.— The  New  York  Yacht  Club 
declines  Sir  Thomas  Lipton's  challenge  for  the 

America's  cup The  Standard  Oil  Company's 

methods  of  handling  its  pipe  lines  are  disclosed 
at  the  Government's  hearing. 

September  27. — Great  damage  to  vineyards  in 
the  south  of  France  and  Spain  resuhs  from 
floods....  A  monument  to  Gen.  George  S. 
Greene,  erected  by  the  State  of  New  York 


542 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REI/IEWS. 


Copyright.  1907.  by  Underwood  A.  Underwood.  N.  Y.        * 
F.  AUGUSTUS    HEINZE,  THE  COPPER   MAGNATE. 

unveiled  on  the  Gettysburg  battlefield ;  Governor 
Hughes  makes  the  principal  address. 

September  28. — In  a  collision  between  a  Bal- 
timore &  Ohio  express  train  and  a  freight  train 
at  Bellaire,  Ohio,  fifteen  persons  are  killed  and 
many  injured. 

September  29. — The  comer-stone  of  the  Cathe- 
dral of  Sts.  Peter  and  Paul  is  laid  in  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. ;  addresses  are  made  by  President 
Roosevelt  and  the  Bishop  of  London. 

September  30. — President  Roosevelt  delivers 
the  principal  address  at  the  dedication  of  the 
McKinley  monument  at  Canton,  Ohio,  in  the 
presence  of  50,000  persons. . .  .An  administrative 
decree  providing  for  the  separation  of  church 
and  state  in  Algeria  is  issued  at  Paris. 

October  i. — Seventy  thousand  employees  of 
the  Northwestern  and  state  railways  in  Austria 
begin  a  passive  resistance  strike  for  higher 
wages. 

October  2. — The  annual  meeting  of  the  Ca- 
nadian Pacific  stockholders  is  held  in  Montreal. 

The  general  convention  of  the   Protestant 

Episcopal  Church  opens  at  Richmond,  Va. ;  the 
Bishop  of  London  preaches  a  sermon. 

October  4. — Twelve  thousand  dock  laborers  in 
New  Orleans  strike  in  syrnpathy  with  the  cotton 
screwmen  demanding  an  increase  of  wages. 

October  5. — President  Roosevelt  arrives  at  his 
hunting  camp  in  the  Louisiana  canebrakes. . .  . 
Delegates  to  the  Episcopal  General  Convention 


gp  to  Williamsburg,  Va.,  to  witness  the  presenta- 
tion to  the  Bruton  Parish  Church  of  a  kctnm 
from  President  Roosevelt  and  a  bible  Iron  King 

Edward The  Arctic  steamer  Fridjiff  U  work 

off  Iceland  with  the  loss  of  her  capldk  and 
fifteen  men. 

October  8.— The  triennial  Caagntfthtal 
Council  is  opened  at  Cleveland. 

October  9. — At  the  Government  hdffaf  ad- 
ditional evidence  is  brought  out  intemBif  t*< 
show  the  large  profit  to  the  Standar4  GCCosh 
pany. 

October  10. — New  York  Day  is  observed  at 
the  Jamestown  Exposition,  addresses  being 
made  by  Governor  Hughes  and  President  Schur- 
man  of  Cornell  University John  Mttcfttfl  an- 
nounces that  because  of  ill  health  he  wiU  not  be 
a  candidate  for  re-election  as  president  of  th^ 
LTnited  Mine  Workers  of  America. 

October  11. — ^The  Cunard  steamship  Lusitanii 
completes  her  run  across  the  Atlantic  frcrai 
Queenstown  to  Sandy  Hook  in  four  days,  ninf- 
tcen  hours,  fifty-two  minutes,  her  highest  day's 
record  being  617  miles. , .  .The  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company  is  convicted  of 
rebating  at  Los  Angeles. 

October  12. — The  new  steel  steamer  Cypreis 
founders  in  Lake  Superior,  only  one  of  th« 
twenty-two  persons  on  board  being  saved. 

October  15. — A  series  of  explosions  in  the 
plant  of  the  DuPont  Powder  Company  near 
Fontenet,  Ind.,  causes  the  death  of  ^  pcrsom. 

October  17. — The  Marconi  trans-ocean  wire- 
less telegraph  system  is  successfully  opcrateil 
between  Glace  Bay,  N.  S.,  and  Qifden,  Ireland 
. . .  .Haller,  Soehle  &  Co.,  bankers,  of  Hamburg, 

fail  with  liabilities  of  $7,500,000 F.  Augustus 

Heinze  resigns  the  presidency  of  the  Mercantile 


HANDS  ACRCSS  THE  SEA  3T   WIRELESS. 

From   the  PrefiS   (New  York). 


kECORD  OF  CURRENT  EI^ENT$. 


543 


N.  Y.,  78.... Miss  Charlotte 
Murray,  the  English  writer, 
64. 

September  23.— Gen.  Cecil 
Clay,  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Justice,  65. 

September  24. — Anna  T. 
Jeanes,  the  philanthropic 
Quakeress  of  Philadelphia, 
85.... Rev.  Joseph  H.  Ry- 
lance, D.  D.,  rector  emeritus 
of  St.  Mark's  Episcopal 
Church,  New  York  City,  81. 

September  25. — G  e  n  e  r  a  1 
Charles  E.  Furlong,  a  famous 
traveler  and  old-time  New 
Yorker. 

September  26. — George  L. 
Heins,  New  York  State  Ar- 
chitect, 47. 

September  27. — Rev.  Wil- 
lard  Parsons,  for  many  years 
a  promoter  of  fresh-air  phi- 
lanthropy. 

September  28. — Grand  Duke 
Frederick  of  Baden,  81. 

September  29. — W  i  1 1  i  a  m 
Shaw  Tiffany,  the  artist,  83. 

September  30. — Dr.  H.  W. 
Kitchen,  president  of  the 
State  Banking  and  Trust 
Company  of  Cleveland,  64. 

October  i. — Major-Gen.  Sir 
John  Charles  Ardagh,  former 
director  of  military  intelli- 
gence at  the  British  War  Of- 
fice, 67 Mrs.  Susan  Arnold 

Wallace,  widow  of  Gen.  Lew 
Wallace,  77. 

October  3. — Rev.  Henry 
Van  Rensselaer,  a  well-known 
Catholic  priest  of  New  York 

National  Bank  of  New  York  and  the  firm  of    City,  56 Rev.  James  M.  King,  D.  D.,  the  ex- 

Heinze  &  Co.  is  suspended. ..  .The  direct  New  ecutive  head  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions 
York-Havana   cable  of  the   Commercial   Cable    and  Church  Extension  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 


MEMORIAL  STATUE  OF  THE  LATE  GEN.    FRANZ    SIGEL,   BY   CARL 
BITTER. 

(Unveiled  at  New  York  City  on  October    19,  1907.) 


Company  is  completed. 


pal  Church,  78 Charles  Coles  Markham,  art- 


October  18.— President  Roosevelt  kills  his  first    1st  and  portrait  painter,  69. 


bear  in  the  Louisiana  canebrakes. ..  .The  Car- 
negie Hero  Fund  Commission  announces  the 
award   of   twenty-four   medals   and  $26400   in 

rash It  is  announced  at  St.  Louis  that  J.  C. 

McCoy  and  Capt.  Charles  D.  F.  Chandler,  having 
covered  475  miles  in  Signal  Corps  balloon  No. 

10,  have  won  the  Lahm  cup The  entire  board 

ot  directors  of  the  Mercantile  National  Bank  of 
New  York  resigns. 

OBITUARY 

September  21. — Ex-United  States  Senator 
Robert  E.  Withers,  of  Virginia,  86 Capt.  Al- 
fred McLean  Waite.  a  well-known  commander 
of  British  troop  ships,  60. 

September  22. — Samuel  Sloan,  chairman  of  the 
board  of  directors  of -the  Lackawanna  Railroad, 

90 Prof.  Wilbur  O.  Atwater,  the  well-known 

experimenter  in  the  chemistry  of  foods,  63 


Dr.  Peter  M.  Wise,  ex-president  of  the  New   md  landscape  arlist,  53. 


October  6. — Mrs.  Mary  Jane  Holmes,  the 
novel  writer,  .Ex-Congressman  Andrew  Wil- 
liams,  of   New   York,   79 Baron    Brampton, 

better  known  as  Sir  Henry  Hawkins,  90. 

October  7. — Prof.  David  Masson,  the  Scottish 
historian,  85. 

October  9. — Associate  Justice  James  Edward 
Riddick  of  the  Arkansas  Supreme  Court,  58. 

October  11.— Rt.  Rev.  H.  Tully  Kingdon,  Lord 
Bishop  of  the  Anglican  Diocese  of  Fredericton, 
N.  B.,  72. 

October  13. — Representative  Campbell  Slemp, 
of  the  Ninth  Virginia  District,  68. 

October  15. — Cardinal  Andreas  Steinhuber,  82. 
....  Maurice  Loewy,  the  eminent  French  as- 
tronomer and  director  of  the  Paris  Observa- 
tory, 75. 

October  16. — Henry  Pember  Smith,  a  marine 


York  State   Board   of  Lunacy,   56 Dr.   Joel 

Wilbur  Hyde,  a  leading  physician  of  Brooklyn, 


October  i8.--Judge  John  W.  Akin,  president 
of  the  Georgia  Senate,  49. 


SOME  OF  THE  CURRENT  CARTOONS 


WAfK 


■y.>W 


^^^^/9 


AT  HOMC 


•PIIWT    IN    WAR,    FIRST    IN   PEACE,   AND   FIRST    IN   THE    HEARTS   OF      HIS  CODNTRrMEN," 

From  the  Ohio  Slate  Journal  (Columbus). 


WHY.  OEUTAINLY  ! 

'  You  plenso  tako  this  to  Uncle  Sam/ 
From   the   Tribunv   <  Minneapolis). 


THAT  LITFLE    MISUNDFRSTANDINO    WILL   BR    FIXSP  '^ 
TO-DAY — LEAVE    IT    TO    BILL. 

From  the  Rccord-Heraid   (Chicago). 


I  '^ 


SOME  OF   THE  CURRENT  CARTOONS. 

iMATRIMOMlAll 
LICENSES      I 


645 


'SAY,    SQUIBB^    MP.    AND    NKVADA    ARE    THINKING    OF    GETTING      SPLICED  I 

From  the  Plain-Dealer  (Cleveland). 


SAYS    HARAHAN    TO    TIARRIMAN.    ''IIE'S    A    WIIOl'PER  !  ' 

From  the  Ohio  f^tntc  Journal   (('olnnil)ns). 


546 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^lEiV  6F  RBl^lEi^S. 


PRRSIDENT    ROORRVELT   FINDS    THE    DBNIZKNS    OF   THB    CANBBRA.KB     PBRPARED. 

From  the  Herald  (New  York). 


RmrmT 


nir  nrvTKR  nrxTKO. 
From    the    JoHmal   (Minneapolis). 


Japax  :  *•  Uncle  Sam  looks  as  If  be  means  bosineas.** 
From  the  Meddirr  (ClncUmatl). 


SOME  OF  THE  CURRENT  CARTOONS, 


647 


HOW    HAPPY    I    COULD    BR    WITH    NBITHBB. 

From  the  Inquirer  (Philadelphia). 


BEATS    THF    CANEBRAKE3    FOR    SPORT. 

Voice    Irom    the  Background :    **  Hold   your  ears, 
boys :  thvre'B  going  to  ?^  an  awful  boom !  " 
From  the  Daily  Nctrs  (Chicago). 


A    SDRPRISR   von  THE   PRESIDENT. 

The  third  term  idea  confronts  him  on  e* 
From  the  Journal  (Minneapolis; 


-  ■-#£?.  r-^.V  REVIEW^  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


UNCOVRRING   THE    METROPOLITAN    MASTODOST. 

"It'8  A  big  find!  I'll  bring  the  bones  to  light 
and  If  there  are  any  missing  we  can  reconstruct 
them." 

From  the  Prrta  (New  York). 


.^v?>^ 


THB  USUAL  TXCTIM. 

fYom  the  Herald  (New  York). 


ART    EFFECTS   AT    THE    JAMESTOWN 
EXPOSITION. 


Copyright.  1907.  by  The  Jamestown  OfflcUI  Photo.  Corporation. 


A  Practical  Demonstration  of  the  Value  of  the  Colonial 
IN  Domestic  Architecture. 

BY  ERNEST  KNAUFFT. 


TpHE  value  of  the  Jamestown  Exposition 
is  a  practical  one.  For  the  first  time 
an  exposition  is  built  that  could  be  duplicated 
in  all  its  details,  with  ready  at  hand  mate- 
rials, by  any  local  architect,  for  civic  or  village 
embellishments.  Previous  expositions  have 
been  flamboyant,  impressive  and  imposing, 
not  practicable.  Beautiful  as  was  the  White 
City  at  Chicago,  it  was  only  of  staff,  and 
could  never  have  been  duplicated  in  marble 
because  of  the  great  expense  it  would  entail. 

The  value  of  exposition  architecture  may 
be  of  different  degrees.  If  an  exposition  were 
held  consisting  of  replicas  of  the  Pyramids, 
the  Taj  Mahal,  or  the  mosque  of  St.  Sophia, 
It  certainly  would  be  instructive. 

But  after  the  architect  has  his  lesson  from 
studying  the  great  examples  of  the  world's 
history,  how  is  he  to  apply  it  to  everyday 
architecture  in  the  United  States?  He  can- 
not build  a  White  City  in  Texas  and  Ari- 
zona; but  he  might  duplicate  the  Jamestown 
Exposition.  The  streets  are  only  about  lOO 
feet  wide  and  the  buildings  some  forty  feet 
high,  with  details  belonging  to  the  classical 
orders,  and  are  of  that  simplicity  of  design 
known  as  Colonial.  From  now  on  there  is 
nothing  to  prevent  a  board  of  architects, 
wishing  to  rebuild  in  a  harmonious  style 
some  city  like  Johnstown,  Charleston,  or 
Galveston,  that  has  been  visited  by  fire  or 
flood,  doing  so  artistically,  yet  within  the 
means  of  its  treasury. 

The  Colonial  looks  pleasantly  familiar  to 
us,  and  for  the  first  time  we  begin  to  realize 
that  America  has  a  national   architecture. 


The  Mission  style  of  the  Pan-American  was 
local  to  Lower  California,  not  national.  The 
Georgian,  extending  from  Maine  to  Louisi- 
ana, has  its  monuments  in  every  seaboard 
State,  and  is  copied  through  the  land. 

AUTHENTIC  "  COLONIAL." 

Nor  do  we  have  to  take  it  upon  faith  that 
the  architects,  in  planning  the  main  build- 
ings, have  followed  the  native  style.  For  we 
havtf  but  to  turn  a  corner  of  the  Grand 
Plaza,  and  we  find,  along  the  water  front, 
some  half  dozen  State  buildings  that  are  built 
in  almost  exact  replicas  of  celebrated  Co- 
lonial buildings.  Pennsylvania  has  dupli- 
cated Independence  Hall,  Maryland  the 
famous  "  Homewood,"  at  Carroll  ton,  and 
Massachusetts  the  old  State  House,  in 
Boston. 

The  general  scheme  of  the  Exposition 
which  has  encouraged  this  uniting,  both  in 
revival  and  duplication,  of  the  Georgian 
style,  cannot  be  too  highly  commended,  and 
the  architects,  Messrs.  Parker,  Thomas  and 
Peebles,  and  Mr.  Robert  S.  Peabody,  of  Bos- 
ton, the  advisory  associate,  deserve  recogni- 
tion for  their  judgment  in  selecting  this 
Colonial  architecture  as  the  basis  of  design. 

BUILDINGS  IN  LESS  SEVERE  STYLES. 

All  is  not  classical.  The  center  of  the 
grounds  has  been  wisely  confined  to  the  clas- 
sical, but  the  whole  plan  seems  to  terminate 
at  its  four  corners  in  delightful  experiments 
in  less  severe  styles.  At  the  eastern  end  we 
find  a  most  charming  group  of  low  yellow 
stucco  buildings,  with  green  Dutch  roofs  and 


560 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


THE   MAIN  BUILDING  OF  THE  EXPOSITION. 

(The  auditorium  In  the  center,  the  wing  to  our  left  devoted  to  colleges  and  universities,  the  right  wing 
to  education.  Designed  by  the  Board  of  Architects,  Messrs.  Parker,  Thomas,  Peebles,  and  Mr.  Peftbody  as 
advisory,  and  the  chief  of  design,  Mr.  Ritchie,  and  his  assistant,  Mr.  Faelton.  The  group  glres  the  keynote 
to  the  architecture  of  the  Exposition.  The  main  building  with  its  portico,  pediment,  and  dome  is  mock 
like  Jefferson's  **  Montlcello,"  1770,  save  in  being  two  stories  high;  while  the  two  wings  remind  us  of 
the  proportions  of  **  Homewood,"  *•  Whitehall,"  **  Mt.  Vernon,"   and  other  Southern  manor  homes.) 


green  solid  window-shutters,  surrounding  a 
tiny  sunken  garden,  in  which  grows  a  beauti- 
ful walnut  tree  that  the  landscape  gardeners 
had  wisely  preserved.  The  entrance  is  fenced 
in  with  a  picket  fence,  and  the  gateway  is  in 
form  of  a  Japanese  tori  or  temple  entrance. 
This  is  the  Army  and  Navy  Club,  and  was 
designed  by  Mr.  James  Knox  Taylor,  archi- 
tect also  of  the  Government  buildings,  and  is 
an  ideal  model  for  a  seaside  cottage. 

.Further  on  in  the  same  direction  is  a 
curved  street  with  pathway  lined  with  flower 
beds  set  out  in  the  flora  of  grandma's  time, 


— ^bachelor's  buttons,  ~  marigold,  and  deep 
dyed  coxcomb,  and  along  this  path  is  the 
"  Arts  and  Crafts  Village."  One  is  dissq)- 
pointed  that  the  "  Arts  and  Crafts  ".  wx>ii- 
ers,  the  weavers  and  potters  and  bookbinders, 
promised  for  the  buildings,  did  not  material- 
ize. But  the  buildings  themselves  are  of 
charming  conformation,  with  sloping  roofs, 
dormer  windows,  double  doors,  and  plenty  of 
wrought  iron  hinges,  brackets  and  anchors. 
They  were  designed  by  the  Board  of  Archi- 
tects. So  was  the  fire  house,  which  is  a 
clever  combination  of  stucco  fagadc  and  green 


THE    CONCRETE    BRIDGE    AT    THE    END    OF    THE    GOVERNMENT    PIER. 

(The  best  entrance  to  the  Exposition  Is  not  through  the  main  gate  at  the  sonthorn  end  of  the 
RfoundB,  but  under  this  arch.  The  pier,  surrounding  a  rectangular  basin,  Is  1,600  feet  long  by  800  feet 
wide,  surmounted  by  a  promenade  the  front  ends  of  which  support  two  pylons,  which  do  not  show  hi 
this  picture,  that  remind  one  somewhat  of  the  Howard  Tower  at  the  Pan-American,  and  In  the  center  Is 
an  archway  measuring  151  feet,  under  which  visitors  are  brought  In  small  )>oat8.  The  Government  Pier, 
designed  In  Washington  In  collaboration  with  the   Exposition    architects,  cost  over  $400,000.) 


ART  EFFECTS  AT  THE  JAMESTOWN  EXPOSITION. 


551 


shingled  roof,  that  has  a  semi-rural,  yet 
slightly  metropolitan  look  that  quite  fits  its 
purpose.  The  whole  plan  of  the  building 
is  suggestive  of  a  village  combined  public 
library,  post  ofHce,  police  station,  fire  house 
and  garage. 

At  the  western  end  of  the  grounds,  under 
the  cool  shade  of  a  beautiful  wood  of  pines, 
has  been  erected  Kentucky's  replica  of  Daniel 
Boone's  fort  at  Boonesboro. 

Some  of  the  commercial  buildings  are 
equally  happy  in  their  designs.  The  Walter 
Baker  building'  is  perhaps  more  genuinely 
Colonial  than  many  of  the  more  pretentious 
buildings.  It  is  a  small  shingle  house  built 
after  a  Colonial  model  in  Dorchester,  Mass. 
Both  architect  and  owners  spared  no  pains  to 
make  outside  and  inside, — framework  and 
details,  including  a  Dutch  oven  in  the  kitch- 
en, the  porch,  over-grown  with  morning- 
glories,  the  garden,  neatly  planted  with  old- 
fashioned  flowers, — give  the  impression  of 
the  comfortable  spirit  of  the  homes  of  our 
forefathers. 

BEAUTIFUL  COLOR  EFFECTS  AT  NIGHT. 

If  the  effect  of  the  light  colored  "  Har- 
vard brick  "  and  the  terra  cotta  and  stucco 
trimmings  k  pleasing  in  the  day  time,  it  is 
still  more  lascinating  at  night,  under  the 
warm  rays  of  the  electric  lights. 

The  electric  lighting  has  been  most  ad- 
mirably installed  under  the  supervision  of 
W.  M.  Dixon.  Wherever  possible  the 
horizontal  line  has  been  accentuated,  as  the 
horizontal  is  characteristic  of  Greek  archi- 


tecture. Nowhere  has  the  lighting  been  al- 
lowed to  distort  the  symbolic  iiorizontals 
and  angles  and  flattened  curves  of  the  classi- 
cal buildings.  Thus  all  Coney  Island  effects 
have  been  eliminated,  and  a  dignified  and 
classic  impression  is  preserved. 

FURNISHING     OF    CONNECTICUT     BUILDING. 

The  casual  visitor  who  goes  hurriedly 
through  the  Exposition  may  miss  a  further 
attraction  of  the  State  Buildings,  which  is 
their  interiors.  In  the  Maryland  Building,  a 
replica  of  the  Carroll  home  near  Baltimore, 
one  large  room  in  it  is  a  very  close  dupli- 
cate of  the  assembly  room  of  the  old  Senate 
chamber  at  Annapolis  where  Washington  re- 
signed his  commission  as  commander-in-chief 
of  the  army.  In  the  rear  of  this  room  is  a 
balcony,  and  here  the  details  of  its  railings 
and  the  trim  of  the  whole  room,  as  well  as 
the  details  of  the  circular  balcony  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Building,  and  many  newel 
posts,  or  balustrades,  or  bits  of  paneling,  or 
lines  of  molding,  throughout  the  several  Co- 
lonial buildings,  emphasize  the  attractiveness 
of  the  Georgian  architecture  for  interior 
decoration. 

But  a  special  blue  ribbon  certainly  should 
go  to  the  Connecticut  Building  for  not  only 
the  thorough  harmony  of  its  fagade  and  its 
interior  details,  but  for  the  furnishing 
throughout  as  well.  For  here  Colonial 
tables,  chairs,  beds  and  mirrors  gathered  from 
various  sources  have  furnished  the  building, 
showing  us  what  a  dwelling  house  of  the 
Georgian  style  should  be  like. 


CopTTi^bt  1907,  by  The  Jamestown  Oflfidal  Photo  Corporation. 


WILLOUGHBV  AVENUE,  LOOKING  TOWARD  THE  PIER. 
(The  building  with  a  cupola  la  the  Pennsylvania  Bulldln? :  the  next  Is  the  Virginia  Building,  built  In 
*trtct  Colonial  style,  with  high  Corinthian  columns;  the  next  Is  the  Maryland.  These  three  buildings,  witn 
the  two  at  the  eastern  portion  of  the  grounds— the  Connecticut  Building,  a  copy  of  the  famous  Benjamin 
Talmadge  home  at  Litchfield,  and  the  Massachusetts  Bulldin?— give  the  most  satisfactory  Impression  of 
the  dignity  of  Colonial  details,  both  Inside  and  outside.  The  next  four  buildings  are  those  of  M  ssourl, 
Ohio.  Georgia— a  replica  of  "Bulloch  Uall,"  the  home  of  President  Uoosevelfs  mother— and  West  VI- 


FRANCIS  JOSEPH  OF  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

BY   WOLF   VON    SCHIERBRAND. 


(Author  of  "Germany,  the  Welding  of  a  World   Power* 

Weakness/'  etc.) 


'  Russia :  Her  Strength  and  Her 


\X/'ITH  Francis  Joseph  will,  in  all  hu- 
man probability,  pass  away  the  last 
monarch  who,  living  and  dying,  has  worn  on 
his  brow  the  dual  crown  of  St.  Stephen  and 
that  of  the  ancient  German-Roman  Empire. 
And  with  him  will  also  vanish  the  most  pic- 
turesque figure  among  the  rulers  of  our  day. 
During  the  sixty  years  of  Queen  Victoria's 
reign  the  nations  over  which  she  held  sway 
passed  through  momentous  stages  of  their 
development,  and  to  be  a  Briton  meant  some- 
thing very  different  at  her  death  from  what 
it  had  meant  when,  in  1837,  she,  a  blushing, 
blooming  maid  of  eighteen,  had  first  tasted 
the  sweet  and  bitter  of  royalty.  The  paral- 
lel between  her  and  Francis  Joseph  holds 
good  in  more  ways  than  one.  But  with  the 
sole  exception  of  France,  no  country  has 
undergone  such  striking,  thorough  changes 
of  recent  times  as  has  Austria  in  the  single 
reign  of  Francis  Joseph. 

Consider  the  bare  facts.  When  at  the 
height  of  the  storm  and  stress  of  the  revo- 
lutionary uprising  all  over  the  Hapsburg 
monarchy,  the  aged  Emperor  Ferdinand, 
cowed,  bewildered,  helpless,  resigned  the 
crown  into  the  hands  of  his  nephew  Francis 
Joseph,  a  slim,  lithe  youth  of  eighteen,  this 
intrepid  youth  faced  a  sea  of  troubles.  The 
bonds  of  loyalty  had  everywhere  snapped 
within  the  many-tongued  empire.  Hungary 
had  risen.  The  Italian  provinces  had  risen. 
Bohemia  had  risen.  Even  the  most  favored 
element  within  the  monarchy,  the  Germans 
of  the  Austrian  provinces,  had  revolted.  In 
the  very  capital  by  the  Danube,  in  Vienna, 
the  population,  usually  so  gay  and  debonair, 
so  careless  and  politically  so  indifferent,  the 
Minister  of  War,  Count  Latour,  had  been 
torn  limb  from  limb  by  the  infuriated  pop- 
ulace, and  the  academic  youth  had  spilt  their 
blood  on  the  barricades,  fighting  for  a  greater 
measure  of  freedom.  There  was  then  no 
Kingdom  of  Hungary.  For  Hungary,  with 
a  dynastic  history  antedating  that  of  the 
Hapsburgs  by  several  centuries,  had  been 
governed,  contrary  to  constitutional  rights, 
as  an  integral  portion  of  the  empire,  and  it 
was  simply  "  Austria  *'  then.     The  form  of 


-government  was  purely  autocratic;  there  was 
no  check  on  the  monarch's  will. 

For  a  while  the  revolution  was  successful 
In  vain  grim  Haynau,  the  "  Butcher  of 
Brescia,"  was  sent  to  subdue  rebellious  Hun- 
gar>%  It  required  the  aid  of  8o,cxx)  Russian 
troops  to  bring  about  Vilagos  and  the  end  of 
independent  Hungary.  The  Ban  of  Croatia, 
Jellachich,  who  alone  had  remained  true  to 
his  sovereign,  and  he  only  because  of  Croa- 
tian hatred  of  the  Magyar,  had  to  march 
with  his  troops  across  the  monarchy  for 
help.  It  took  eighteen  months  of  hard  fight- 
ing and  a  deluge  of  blood  to  drown  the  up- 
rising. At  the  beginning  of  the  trouble,  at 
Santa  Lucia,  Francis  Joseph  had  received  his 
baptism  of  fire.  And  then,  on  December  2, 
1848,  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  had  shifted 
the  heavy  burden  on  the  young,  untried 
shoulders  of  his  nephew  and  crawled  from 
under.  From  that  date  until  1866  the  young 
monarch  reigned  in  haphazard  fashion, — it 
was  still  the  "  Austrian  Empire  " ;  there  was 
a  feeble  attempt  at  constitutional  govern- 
ment, but  the  attempt  was  not  an  honest  one. 
"  Austria  "  still  strove  to  maintain  her  proud 
hegemony  within  the  Germanic  Confedera- 
tion. Her  aim  still  was  to  remain  a  state 
of  predominantly  Germanic  civilization,  with 
a  number  of  subject  races  as  an  appendage, 
unmindful  of  the  fact  that  the  tail  to  this 
kite  was  far  larger  and  heavier  than  the  kite 
itself,  and  that  "subject  races"  had  begun 
to  become  conscious  of  their  national  selves. 

"  Austria,"  in  a  word,  slid  deeper  and 
.deeper  into  the  mire.  She  had  to  fight  for 
her  Italian  possessions.  In  1849  she  was 
victorious  under  Radetsky  in  upholding  her 
supremacy  in  Lombardy;  in  1859  the  Italian 
patriots  had  Napoleon  III.  for  ally,  and  the 
battle  of  Solferino  went  against  Austria. 
When  peace  was  concluded  Austria  found 
herself  despoiled  oi  most  of  her  Italian  prov- 
inces. The  remainder  she  lost  as  the  disas- 
trous result  of  the  short  but  bloody  war  of 
1866.  Thus  ended  ignominiously  Austrian 
rule  in  the  peninsula,  after  enduring  for  a 
number  of  centuries. 

Next  the  Austria  of  Francis  Joseph  lost 


FRANCIS  JOSEPH  OF  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


553 


her  share  and  pre- 
dominance in  the 
Germanic  Confed- 
eration, The  fierce 
duel  with  Prussia 
and  her  allies,  an- 
ticipated for  dec- 
ades, came  at  last  in 
the  early  summer  of 
1866,  and  the  battle 
of  Sadowa  put  an 
end  not  only  to  the 
decrepit  Germanic 
Confederation,  4)ut 
forever  ousted  Cath- 
olic Austria  from 
Protestant  Ger- 
many, and  estab- 
lished Prussia  as  the 
undisputed  arbiter 
of  the  new  Ger- 
many's fate. 

These  were  but 
the  most  important 
and  far-reaching  dis- 
asters that  overtook 
Austria.  Altogether 
Francis  Joseph, 
though  personally 
one  of  the  most 
peace-loving  of  sov- 
ereigns, had  to  en- 
gage in  five  wars: 
The  complex  one  of 
1848-49,  where  he 
had  to  face  not  only 
his  revolted  subjects 
in  Hungary,  Bohe- 
mia, and  the  Ger- 
man provinces,  but 
also  a  foreign  foe 
in  the  person  of 
Charles  Albert, 
King  of  Sardinia; 
the  war  of  1859, 
waged    against    the 

combined  forces  of  France  and  Sardinia;  the  for.  l*hese  two  new  acquisitions  are  rich  in 
war  with  Denmark,  1863-64;  the  one  of  natural  resources,  though  as  yet  lying  fal- 
1866;  and  the  one  for  the  possession  and  low.  Austria  also  grew  in  population  from 
pacification  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina.  34,ooo,ocx)  to  50,ocx),ooo,  and  more  than 
From  the  pre-eminent  Continental  power  doubled  her  national  wealth  in  the  time  of 
which  she  was  at  the  accession  of  Francis   Francis  Joseph. 

Joseph,  Austria  sank  to  a  secondary  place  in  The  most  momentous  change,  however, 
world  politics.  wrought  is  in  having  transmuted  an  undi- 

On  the  other  hand,  by  the  acquisition  of  vided,  absolute  monarchy,  into  a  dual  and 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  (20,000  square  constitutional  one.  Since  1867,  the  year 
miles,  2,100,000  population)  the  loss  of  her  when  the  Ausgleich  {kiegyezes  in  Hungar- 
Italian  provinces   was   almost   compensated   ian)  was  formally  adopted,  Hungary  is  the 


FRANCIS  JOSEPH,  EMPEROR  OF  AUSTRIA  AND  KING  OF   HUNGARY. 


554 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


keystone  of  the  whole.  She  became  a  per- 
fectly independent  kingdom,  having  very  few 
common  interests  with  the  western  half  of 
the  monarchy,  but  only  in  having  for  king 
the  same  person  who  wears  the  imperial 
crown  of  Austria.  When  on  the  battlefields 
in  Bohemia,  in  1866,  the  autocratic  regime 
crumbled  to  pieces ;  when  Austria  was  thrust 
out  of  her  ancient  place  in  Germany;  when 
it  was  discovered  that  the  blind  obedience  of 
old  was  no  longer  to  be  wrung  from  the 
masses:  then  it  was  that  Francis  Joseph  and 
his  crown  advisers,  observing  nothing  but 
seething  discontent  in  every  part  of  the  mon- 
archy, and  a  disposition  in  Hungary  to  re- 
new the  struggle  for  freedom  and  independ- 
ence, made  up  their  minds  to  govern  there- 
after constitutionally,  and  to  satisfy,  above 
all,  Hungary.  Accordingly,  Francis  Joseph 
was  crowned  King  of  Hungary,  and  took  a 
solemn  oath  at  this  ceremony  to  observe  the 
laws  and  customs  of  the  country. 

A    "  MULTIPLE  "    MONARCHY. 

The  western  half  of  the  monarchy,  Cis- 
leithania,  as  it  is  often  called,  is  a  hodgepodge 
of  small  nationalities,  none  large  enough  to 
either  dominate  or  obstruct  the  whole.  The 
Germans  there,  it  is  true,  form  the  most 
numerous  element,  but  they  are  now  de- 
prived of  the  strong  pressure  in  their  favor 
from  Germany  proper,  and  they  face  the 
common  hatred  of  the  Slavs, — the  Czechs 
and  Moravians,  Poles  and  Ruthenians, 
Slovenes,  etc.  Thus,  then,  Cisleithania  is  in 
a  ceaseless  political  ferment  and  would  be  a 
prey  to  armed  internecine  strife  were  it  not 
for  the  steadying,  calming  influence  of  the 
eastern  half  of  the  monarchy,  of  the  King- 
dom of  Hungary.  The  Hungarians,  besides, 
have  a  strong,  natural  talent  for  politics, 
which  the  population  of  the  western  half, 
owing  to  historical  causes,  lack.  Deprived 
of  an  outlet  for  her  ambition  toward  the 
west,  the  young  dual  monarchy  has  gravi- 
tated more  and  more  toward  the  east,  the 
Balkans.  In  a  certain  and  important  sense 
the  A ustro- Hungarian  monarchy  may  even 
to-day  be  termed  the  chief  Balkan  Power. 
The  accession  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina, 
after  the  Russo-Turkish  war,  was  largely 
owing  to  the  good  offices  of  Germany  and 
Bismarck  at  the  Congress  of  Berlin  in  1878, 
and  this  service  facilitated  greatly  soon  after 
the  forming  of  the  Triple  Alliance.  To  what 
an  extent  Austria-Hungary  to-day  is  expand- 
ing toward  and  seeking  her  political  and 
economic  interests  in  the  Balkans,  contempor- 


ary events  have  at  every  step  shown.  Bu: 
here  is  just  one  economic  fact:  The  total 
imports  and  exports  of  Austro-Hungary  ag- 
gregate about  $i,ooo,ooo,cxx>  and  of  ilas 
$175,000,000,  /.  e.,  more  than  onc-axrfu 
goes  to  or  comes  from  the  Balkan  States 
alone.  Servia  is  almost  wholly  dependent  00 
Austro-Hungary  finandally. 

Throughout  these  tremendous  changes, 
due  largely  to  po\Verful  causes  over  which  he 
had  no  control  whatever,  Francis  Joseph  re- 
mained the  same.  The  qualities  whidi  dis- 
tinguished him  as  a  youth  of  eighteen  dis- 
tinguished him  in  his  old  age.  The  keynote 
to  his  character  is  conscientiousness,  stead- 
fastness. Truthful,  straightforward,  frant 
calm,  simple  in  his  tastes,  plain  in  his  living 
handsome,  and  strong  physically,  fond  of  out- 
door life,  an  enthusiastic  soldier  and  sports- 
man,— these  are  qualities  inherent  in  him.- 
Withal  full  of  old-time  prejudices,  of  auto- 
cratic leanings,  an  aristocrat  to  his  finger 
tips;  and  yet  graciously  sincere,  good- 
natured,  amiable,  benevolent,  affable,  con- 
siderate of  others,  even  the  humblest.  Tber 
tell  many  instances  of  this.  In  1879,  at  the 
disastrous  Szegedin  flood,  when  the  Thciss 
River  destroyed  nearly  the  whole  city,  Fran- 
cis Joseph,  rowing  himself  in  a  frail  skiff, 
risked  his  life  repeatedly  and  rescued  scores 
of  lives  by  his  personal  efforts.  Then  he 
dived  down  deep  into  his  own  purse  in  aid 
of  the  sufferers.  To  him  it  was  due  that 
Szegedin  was  rebuilt  far  finer  than  ever 
before. 

CHARACTER   OF   THE    MAN. 

When  Joseph  Libenyi,  his  would-be  assas- 
sin, in  1853,  wounded  the  Emperor  seriously 
by  a  knife  thrust  bet^\Ten  the  shoulders,  the 
wounded  monarch  cried  out  to  the  mob  that 
was  on  the  point  of  lynching  the  wretch: 
^'  Do  not  hurt  him ;  he  has  been  badly 
mauled  already!"  It  was  his  aid-de-camp. 
Count  0*Donnell,  who  saved  Francis  Joseph 
from  death  on  that  occasion. 

One  day,  driving  to  his  castle  of  Schon- 
bninn,  the  Emperor  found  a  fire  engine, 
which  had  been  on  the  way  to  a  big  con- 
flagration, stuck  in  the  mire  of  the  road. 
He  instantly  caused  his  carriage  horses  to  be 
unharnessed  in  order  to  help  pull  the  engine 
out  of  the  mud,  while  he  himself  hailed  a 
passing  hack  to  take  him  to  his  destination. 

At  the  recent  army  manoeuvres,  a  little 
ragged,  barefooted  urchin  pressed  a  scrawl 
into  the  sovereign's  hand.  It  was  a  petition 
from  the  boy's  mother,  abandoned  and  left  in 


FRANCIS  JOSEPH  OF  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.  655 

misery  with  her  babes  by  a  cruel  husband,  be  surmised.     His  mother,  the  Archduchess 
The  Emperor  at  once  took  up  the  matter  and  Sophia,  was  certainly  much  to  blame.     She 
sa^v  to  it  that  prompt  aid  reached  the  woman,  was  imperious,  domineering,  and  bitterly  re- 
in humor  Francis  Joseph  is  deficient,  like  sented  the  influence  of  the  wife.   Then  came 
all  the  Hapsburgs.     One  of  his  rare  pleas-  the   notorious   infidelitie;s   of   the    Emperor. 
antries   was   exercised    on    the   late   Count  But  probably  the  root  of  evil  lay  in  the  com- 
Julius  Andrassy,  who,  condemned  to  die  as  a  plete   contrast   between    her   character   and 
rebel  in  the  Hungarian  uprising,  afterward  disposition  and  his, — she"  romantic,  he  very 
b<?came    premier   of    the    Dual    Monarchy,  much  matter-of-fact;  she  high-strung,   ner- 
Laughingly  patting  him  on  the  shoulder,  the  vous,  he  cool  and  rather  prosaic.     However, 
Emperor  said  to  him:  "  How  glad  I  am  that  when  his  Elizabeth  was  brought  to  him, — 
I  did  not  have  you  hanged  in  1849!  "  the  rents  of  Luccheni's  dagger  still  visible  in 
As  a  statesman  and  a  ruler  an  iron  sense  the  blood-stained  garments, — as  lovely  food 
of  duty,  strict  loyalty,  a  strong  feeling  of  as  the  worms  ever  craved,  the  old  man,  total 
justice  and  impartiality,  and  a  high  concep-  stranger  though  he  had  been  to  his  wife  for 
tion  of  public  obligations  have  characterized  many  years,  shed  bitter  tears  of  grief  and 
Frands  Joseph.    Patience  and  endurance  un-  repentance.     "  Fate  spares  me  nothing,"  he 
dcr  adversity  are  also  traits  of  his.     His  im-  moaned.    The  only  child  of  this  ill-assorted 
partial  sense  of  duty  made  him,  the  ruler  over  pair,  the  Crown  Prince  Rudolph,  met  his 
a  many-tongued  monarchy,  a  polyglot  him-  death  at  Meyerling,  as  the  culmination  of  a 
self,  able  as  he  was  to  converse  in  every  one  of  reckless,  dissolute  career.     This  and  other 
the  fourteen  languages  spoken  in  his  domains,  cases  from  the  recent  Hapsburg  history  of 
A  number  of  these  he  learned  late  in  life,  scandals  show  unmistakably   that  root  and 
Despite  his  purely  German  lineage  he  has  branch  are  rotten.     Perhaps  the  inbreeding 
never  shown  any  national  or  racial  bias,  and  that   has   been    going  on    for   several    cen- 
hc  has  been  as  popular  with  the  Hungarians  turies  within  this  dynasty  has  something  to  do 
as  wnth  the  Czechs  and  Germans,  Poles  or  with  it.     It  is  nevertheless  a  singular  stroke 
Ruthenians,  Croats  or  Slavonians,  Bosnians  of  ill-fortune  that  one  so  thoroughly  proud 
or  Roumanians,  Italians  or  Moravians,  Ser-  of  birth  as  Francis  Joseph  should  have  been 
vians,   Slovaks  or  Latins.     This  strict  im-  overwhelmed  just  with  this  type  of  family 
partiality  he  has  manifested  throughout  the  disgrace. 

lengthy  Ausgleich  negotiations  of  late  years,  And  the  horoscope?  Francis  Joseph  has 
negotiations  as  stubbornly  fought  on  the  undoubtedly  been  the  "  personal  cement " 
Hungarian  as  Austrian  side,  and  which,  but  which  has  held  the  monarchy,  so  discordant 
for  the  Emperor,  would  long  ago  have  ended  and  centrifugal  in  its  tendency,  together  these 
in  failure  and,  consequently,  dismemberment  many  years  past.  Is  it,  therefore,  to  become 
of  the  monarchy.  The  only  matter  wherein  true,  what  everybody  has  been  forecasting, — 
he,  apparently,  has  been  a  partisan  regards  the  dismemberment  of  the  monarchy,  if  not 
the  management  of  the  dual  monarchy's  immediately,  then  shortly  after  the  death  of 
army.  He  has  insisted  on  one  tongue, —  Francis  Joseph?  What  all  the  world  ex- 
German, — being  used  as  the  language  of  ptcts  is  on  that  very  account  sometimes  not 
command,  but   this  only  because  otherwise  bound  to  happen. 

the  unity  of  the  army,  its  cohesion,  and  its  Francis  Ferdinand  himself,  who  will  suc- 

tactical  worth  as  a  fighting  machine,  would  ceed   his  uncle,   a  man  of  forty-four,   is  a 

be  sadly  jeopardized.  very  mediocre  sort  of  person.     He  is  not 

THE   TRAGEDY  OF   HIS   FAMILY  LIFE.  P°P"'Y  '''^''  ^'t  *^'   "l"?-^"'' WVK^.k" 

man  elements  in  the  population.  With  the 
To  outsiders  Francis  Joseph  has  princi-  Slavs,  particularly  the  Czechs,  he  enjoys  a 
pally  ^pealed  as  a  man  of  sorrow.  Indeed,  fleeting  species  of  popularity,  mainly  because 
he  has  drunk  deep  of  the  cup, — to  the  lees,  he  gave  up  so  much  to  marry  a  Czech  lady. 
In  htt  family  life  he  has  been  singularly,  nay.  But  constitutional  monarchs  fulfil  their  office 
tragically,  unhappy.  The  union  with  his  best  if  nondescript,  neutral.  And,  anyway, em- 
late  wife,  the  Empress  Elizabeth,  was  pires  have  a  knack  of  hanging  together,  often 
prompted  purely  by  love, — an  unusual  thing  for  a  long  time,  by  the  sheer  force  of  inertia, 
among  crowned  heads,  especially  in  those  It  is  not  probable,  however,  that  Austria- 
days.  What  led  to  the  gradual  but  total  Hungary,  in  its  present  shape,  will  long  sur- 
cstrangement  between  the  couple  can  only  vive  the  death  of  Francis  Joseph. 


Photosrapb  by  Pach.  N.  Y. 


MR.     MARCUS    M.     MARKS,    OF    NEW    YORK. 


AN  EXAMPLE  FOR  RETIRED  BUSINESS  MEN. 


/^N  the  following  page  appears  an  article 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Marcus  M. 
Marks,  on  the  subject  of  retirement  from 
active  business  life.  Mr.  Marks  is  a  product 
of  New  York  educational  methods  and 
New  York  business  life.  He  attended  Public 
School  No.  35  and  the  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York,  Class  of  1877,  leaving  in  his 
senior  year  to  begin  a  business  in  Passaic, 
N.  J.  This  opened  the  first  outlet  for 
clothing,  which  his  father  and  brother,  with 
his  co-operation  then  began  to  manufacture, 
under  the  firm  name  of  David  Marks  & 
Sons,  which  has  since  become  so  well- 
known  in  commercial  circles.  Mr.  David 
Marks    retired    in    1890,   since   which    time 


the  subject  of  our  sketch  has  been  the  held 
of  the  firm. 

He  has  always  devoted  time  and  thought 
to  philanthropic  endeavor.  Four  years  ago, 
however,  in  order  to  be  entirely  free  to  sent 
the  many  public  movements  in  which  he  had 
become  absorbed,  he  reorganized  his  business 
in  such  a  way  that  he  might  be  relieved  of  all 
detail,  while  preserving  a  general  interest  in 
the  corporation.  Mr.  Marks  has  been  for 
many  years  president  of  the  National  Asso- 
ciation of  Clothiers,  which,  under  his  leader- 
ship, has  become  one  of  the  most  perfectly 
organized  associations  of  merchants  in  the 
world.  With  his  active  assistance  other 
trades,  such  as  woolens,  trimmings,  cloaks, 


RETIREMENT  FROM  BUSINESS, 


557 


fur,  paints,  etc.,  have  organized  on  similar 
lines.  His  idea  is  to  spread  the  spirit  of  co- 
operation in  all  the  other  trades,  with  a 
view  of  establishing  throughout  the  country 
a  complete  chain  of  voluntary  associations  of 
merchants.  He  feels  strongly  that  the  whole 
tone  of  business  will  be  elevated  by  friendly 
contact  between  merchants,  even  when  they 
are  competitors  in  trade. 

Mr.  Marks'  educational  and  philanthropic 
activities  are  many  and  varied.  He  is  vice- 
president  of  the  Educational  Alliance,  of 
which  he  was  one  of  the  founders.  He  is 
president  of  the  Goddard  Anti-Policy  So- 
ciety; chairman  of  the  Tenement  House 
Janitors'  Sodety;  trustee  of  the  Hospital 
Saturday  and  Sunday. Association;  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  New  York  Peace  Sodety,  and  an 
executive  member  of  the  Peace  G>ngress. 

For  the  past  ten  years  Mr.  Marks  has 
devoted  considerable  attention  and  study  to 
the  labor  question.  He  has  acted  as  mediator 
in  scores  of  strikes,  many  of  them  of  vast 
importance,  with  remarkable  success.  He 
has  secured  the  confidence  of  both  capital  and 
labor  by  his  fairness  in  adjusting  differences 
between  them.  He  is  chairman  of  the 
Conciliation  Committee  of  the  New  York 


Civic  Federation,  and  a  member  of  the 
executive  committee  of  the  National  Civic 
Federation. 

Recently  he  \%'as  appointed  a  member  of 
President  Roosevelt's  Nobel  Prize  Commit- 
tee on  Industrial  Peace. 

Last  spring,  a  committee  of  prominent  citi- 
zens, under  Mr.  Marks'  chairmanship,  drew 
up  two  important  legislative  mcasuics  for 
the  protection  of  immigrants  against  steam- 
ship-ticket swindlers.  Both  of  these  bQk  have 
become  laws,  largely  through  his  influence 
and  energy. 

Although,  as  shown  in  this  sketch,  Mr. 
Marks  is  so  intensely  interested  in  public 
activities,  his  svmMners  arc  spent  in  retire- 
ment in  his  Adirondack  camp,  with  hb  wife 
and  five  children.  There  everything  be- 
tokens the  "  simple  life,"  with  ample  leisure 
for  outdoor  sports  and  for  study. 

While  there  are  many  merchants  who  have 
acquired  a  competence  and  realize  that  they 
are  not  living  the  proper  life  in  the  intense 
rush  and  absorption  of  present-day  business, 
still  there  are  few  who,  like  Mr.  Marks, 
have  the  courage  to  cut  loose  from  gainful 
occupations  to  devote  themselves  to  altruistic 
pursuits;  but  the  number  is  growing. 


RETIREMENT  FROM  BUSINESS. 

BY  MARCUS   M.   MARKS. 


'  I  *HERE  are  many  business  men  who  could 
render  most  valuable  service  to  the 
community  and  at  the  same  time  benefit 
themselv^  physically,  morally,  and  intellect- 
ually, if  they  would  but  recognize  their  pos- 
sibilities. To  give  full  measure  of  their  ser- 
vice involves  retirement  from  the  all-absorb- 
ing detail  of  ever>'day  business.  It  is  my 
purpose  to  point  out  that  such  retirement  is 
within  the  reach  of  many  business  men  (and 
in  that  classification  I  include  merchants  of 
all  kinds,  manufacturers,  promoters,  agents, 
etc ) ,  and  to  offer  some  practical  suggestions 
to  this  end. 

L    BUSINESS   ONLY  A   MEANS,   NOT  AN   ENT). 

Many  men  whose  success  has  been  phe- 
nomenal, and  whose  fortunes  have  far  ex- 
ceeded their  fondest  hopes,  continue  the  daily 
grind  of  business  because  they  have  no  taste 
for  anything  else.  From  early  boyhood  they 
have  been  completely  absorbed  in  business,  to 
the  exclusion  of  everything  that  interfered  in 


the  least,  until  they  have  become  slaves  to 
their  occupations.  These  men  now  go  about 
their  daily  routine  like  the  imprisoned  squir- 
rel treading  the  wheel  in  his  cage,  turning 
and  turning,  without  making  any  real  prog- 
ress. 

There  are  some  who  contend  that  busi- 
ness, per  se,  is  a  proper  end  in  life ;  that  any 
man  may  well  devote  all  his  years  to  build- 
ing up  and  improving  his  establishment,  giv- 
ing himself  up  entirely  to  the  one  ideal  of 
commerdal  development.  The  plea  is  made 
that  wherever  one's  lot  in  life  may  cause  him 
to  be  placed,  there  he  should  work  out  his 
destiny  and  develop  the  best  that  is  in  him; 
that  business  is  an  honorable  and  can  be  a 
noble  calling,  and  that  a  great  service  to 
mankind  may  be  performed  by  pushing  a 
business  to  its  highest  plane,  even  though 
this  may  require  a  man's  whole  lifetime.  A 
minister  of  the  gospel  may  fairly  take  this 
position  and  carr>'  on  his  good  work  to  his 
last    day,   spreading   blessings   among   those 


558 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


with  whom  he  comes  in  contact,  and  giving 
himself  up  with  free  heart  to  the  service  of 
God  and  man.  A  physician  who  has  the 
spirit  of  self-sacrifice  may  also  consecrate 
himself  to  the  cause  of  humanity,  respond- 
ing day  and  night,  summer  and  winter,  to 
the  call  of  the  suffering. 

There  are  also  other  callings  that  bring 
men  into  holiest  touch  with  the  hearts  of 
their  fellow-men,  that  may  also  well  be  fol- 
lowed to  the  last  day  in  properly  working 
out  maji's  highest  destiny.  Shall  business  be 
included  among  these  occupations?  It  is 
certainly  not  my  intention  to  deprecate  in  the 
slightest  degree  the  great  constructive  oppor- 
tunities of  a  business  career.  In  the  relations 
with  employees,  with  customers,  with  fellow- 
merchants,  there  are  possibilities  of  achieving 
the  highest  ideals  by  co-operation.  But  let 
us  not  forget  the  restrictions  of  business. 
Hard  as  it  may  sound,  business  is  not  a  phil- 
anthropic institution.  Its  first  test  is  its 
earning  power;  it  is  a  failure  if  one  doesn't 
make  money.  To  make  money  one  must 
meet  competition.  This  entails  a  great  and 
cruel  limitation  of  one's  ideals;  it  restricts 
liberality  and  compels  one  to  push  and  grind 
whether  so  inclined  or  not.  The  position  of 
the  minister  and  of  the  physician  is  different. 
The  amount  of  money  they  have  saved  does 
not  enter  into  the  consideration  upon  which 
is  based  their  "  rating "  in  the  community. 

Now,  as  to  the  exaggerated  idea  of  service 
to  society  in  perfecting  one's  commercial 
scheme:  What  business  man  cannot  retire 
with  little  loss  to  those  who  use  the  articles 
he  may  be  manufacturing  or  distributing? 
In  case  he  decides  to  step  out,  will  not  some 
one  else  be  able,  in  a  reasonable  time,  to 
grow  into  his  place?  In  fact,  may  not  the 
new  man,  possibly  younger  and  more  ambi- 
tious, put  new  life  and  energy  into  the  de- 
velopment of  the  ideals  of  the  business? 
This  plea  of  a  life-mission  to  be  worked  out 
to  the  end  in  business  is,  to  my  mind,  usually 
not  a  reason  for  continuing  in  business,  but 
more  likely  an  excuse  for  satisfying  the 
miserly  instinct  to  pile  up  more  money. 

The  complete  absorption  in  business  which 
we  so  often  see  seems  to  me  positively  unethi- 
cal. Piling  up  business  after  the  need  of  it 
is  past  is,  I  contend,  as  sinful  and  useless  as 
the  hoarding  of  gold  by  the  miser.  No  man 
has  a  right  to  give  up  his  soul  exclusively  to 
financial  gain.  If  men  do  not  arrive  naturally 
at  the  realization  of  this  fact,  the  day  will 
come  when  the  feeling  of  unrest  and  dissatis- 
faction, now  strongly  showing  itself  among 


the  poorer  classes,  will  break  forth  in  turnuit 
and  disorder.  It  is  not  only  right  but  pcditic 
to  give  heed  to  this  sign  of  the  times.  Men 
who  cling  to  business  after  securing  a  com- 
petence, are  encouraging  discontent  by  their 
commercial  avarice.  Having  secured  the 
means  to  live,  why  should  they  not  truly  Kvt 
and  give  others  a  chance  to  work  up,  and  in 
turn  get  their  competence? 

II.  THE  AGE  TO  RETIRE. 

It  frequently  happens  that  men  acquire 
the  means  which  would  fully  enable  them  to 
retire  at  an  early  age, — say,  when  forty  or 
fifty  years  old, — but  feel  that  they  arc  too 
young  to  retire;  feel,  in  fact,  that  they  hare 
no  right  to  retire  in  the  prime  of  life.  How 
do  they 'know  that  they  will  ever  reach  old 
age,  or  that  in  the  rapid  ups  and  downs  of 
business  they  will  be  able  to  retain  what  thcv 
have  acquired  till  they  reach  the  age  which 
they  have  arbitrarily  set  as  the  proper  one? 
Many  a  man  has  been  rich  at  fifty  and  wdl 
able  to  retire,  and  poor  at  sixty.  Happy  the 
man  who  can  live  the  better  life  while  the 
blood  is  still  running  warm  and  vigorous  in 
his  veins.  Were  there  only  enough  such 
men  to  take  an  active  part  in  public  life,  in 
the  preservation  of  the  rights  of  true  citizen- 
ship, where  would  the  scheming  "  bosses  *' 
be  ?  There  is  crying  need  in  public  work  for 
practical,  successful,  honest  men  who  have 
time.  Nearly  everybody  seems  to  be  "  too 
busy"  except  the  political  "  heeler,"  who,  tak- 
ing advantage  of  the  situation,  puts  his  time 
into  the  scales  with,  alas!  too  much  effect. 

No  one  with  a  reasonable  competence 
should  be  afraid  to  retire  young.  I  do  not 
mean  retire  like  an  oyster  in  its  shell,  to  a 
narrow  sphere,  but  retire  from  the  detail  and 
routine  of  business  to  do  what  is  best  for  his 
own  higher  development,  best  for  his  famOy, 
best  for  humanity.  If  a  man  retire  young, 
he  can  properly  work  out  his  life's  problem. 
If  he  wait,  he  may  be  too  old,  his  habits  too 
firmly  formed,  his  ability  or  even  desire  to 
adopt  a  new  manner  of  life,  gone. 

If  a  man  should  decide  to  withdraw  from 
active  business,  plans  must  be  carefully  laid 
and  carried  out  with  judgment  to  supply  to 
the  organization  the  equivalent  of  the  talent 
and  energy  that  are  to  be  withdrawn.  It  wnll 
take  time  and  thought  to  shift  duties  and  re- 
sponsibilities gradually  and  wisely  upon  the 
shoulders  of  others.  A  corresponding  in- 
crease in  the  share  of  the  profits  of  the  busi- 
ness and  of  the  honors  of  its  management 
should  compensate  those  who  now  assume 


RETIREMENT  FROM  BUSINESS. 


569 


these  added  cares.  The  founders  of  a  busi- 
ness as  well  as  the  ones  who  have  led  it  to 
success  arc  entitled  to  fair  consideration  for 
their  important  constructive  work.  What- 
ever the  good-will  of  the  business  is  worth 
should  properly  be  credited  to  them.  But 
the  new  managers  should  not  be  handi- 
capped; they  should  be  liberally  dealt  with 
and  encouraged,  for  their  own  sakes  and  for 
the  safety  and  earning  power  of  the  invest- 
ment which  may  remain  in  the  business. 

If  the  business  has  been  well  organized, 
there  is  reason  to  expect  that  the  withdrawal 
can  be  effected  without  appreciable  loss  and 
without  changing  the  personnel  of  the 
juniors;  but  if  there  has  been  too  much  con- 
centration of  authority  in  the  hands  of  the  one 
who  now  contemplates  retirement,  the  proc- 
ess of  reorganization  will  not  be  so  simple. 
New  blood  may  have  to  be  infused  by  ac- 
quiring one  or  more  men  experienced  in  simi- 
lar undertakings.  But  with  patience,  skill, 
and  determination,  there  is  usually  a  way  to 
solve  the  problem  in  a  reasonable  time. 

in.  THE  FINANCE  OF  RETIREMENT. 

Some  men,  when   they  have  acquired  a 
'capital  of,  say,  $25,000,  set  the  sum  of  $100,- 
000  as  the  standard  of  their  ambition.    They 
declare,  in  all  sincerity,  that  if  they  arc  ever 
fortunate  enough  to  amass  that  amount  of 
wealth  they  will  certainly  retire  from  active 
business,  devote  themselves  to  study  and  to 
travel,  and   get  acquainted   with  wife  .and 
children,  whom  they  now  more  or  less  nc^ect 
in  the  absorption  of  their  affairs.  They  figure 
out  their  budget  about  as  follows:  $100,000 
at  4  per  cent,  would  give  a  reliable  income 
of  $4000  a  year.    Their  expense  now  is,  say, 
$2500  a  year;  so  even  allowing  for  an  in- 
crease of  $1000  to  $1500  a  year  in  their  ex- 
penses, retirement  at  $100,000  would  still 
be  conservative,  and  leave  them  beyond  any 
possibility  of  deficit.     But  alas  for  human 
calculations!     As  prosperity  continues,  one 
luxury   after  another   is   indulged   in,    and 
gradually   becomes   a  necessity;   there   is   a 
move  from  the  little  flat  to  a  neat  house,  at 
higher  rent,  and  requiring  an  additional  ser- 
vant; other  conditions  change  in  proportion, 
so  that  by  the  time  the  $100,000  dream  of 
fortune    becomes    a    realty,    expenses    have 
doubled  and  show  signs  of  still  growing ;  and 
the  thought  of  retirement  is  put  aside  till  the 
day  when  a  fortune  of  $200,000  may  make 
it  conservative  to  figure  on  an  income  of 
$8000  a  year.    Thus  the  standard  of  retire- 
ment from  business  is,  like  the  cup  of  Tanta- 


lus, always  a  little  out  of  reach;  and  ex- 
penses grow  and  grow. 

Meanwhile  the  business  man  has  been 
working  and  planning,  his  whole  soul  ab- 
sorbed in  his  occupation.  He  leaves  home 
early,  before  his  young  children  are  about, 
and  returns  home  late,  after  they  have  re- 
tired. Weary,  often  fretful  and  impatient, 
after  the  strain  of  the  day,  he  is  hardly  a 
proper  companion  for  his  wife.  The  tele- 
phone, the  stenographer,  and  other  modern 
facilities  have  put  two  days*  business  stress 
into  one;  the  pressure  is  intense.  More 
agencies,  more  customers,  more  employees; 
rush,  rush,  rush;  no  time  for  anything  but 
business ;  no  time  to  do  a  true  citizen's  duty ; 
no  time  for  charity;  no  time  for  any  of  the 
higher,  better  things  of  life.  And  at  home 
more  luxury,  more  society,  more  expenses, — 
an  automobile,  perhaps, — and  the  day  of  re- 
tirement further  and  further  away.  If,  some 
day,  exceptional  success  should  roll  up  a 
fortune  beyond  his  ever-growing  require- 
ments, what  then?  The  chances  arc  that 
by  this  time  the  man  has  become  so  attached 
to  his  daily  tasks  that  he  hasn't  the  heart  to 
leave  them.  He  no  longer  does  business  to 
make  money,  but  for  the  mere  pleasure  of 
merchandising.  All  the  higher  hopes  of  his 
youth  have  been  stifled.  The  most  serious 
mistake  was  made  when  his  home  expenses 
were  allowed  to  grow  out  of  proportion  to 
his  means.  This  is  what  kept  him  "  in  har- 
ness "  so  long,  that,  like  the  old  car-horse,  he 
can  be  happy  only  when  he  hears  the  wheels 
rattle  and  the  bells  ring. 

IV.  CONSIDERATION  FOR  THE  CHILDREN. 

Few  so-called  merchant  princes  who  keep 
on  toiling  laboriously  after  the  need  of  such 
toil  is  past  are  willing  to  admit  their  weak- 
ness. Some  of  the  reasons  they  give  for  con- 
tinuing (that  are  really  only  excuses)  have 
already  been  mentioned.  Another  so-called 
reason  is  their  consideration  of  the  welfare 
of  their  children.  They  say  that  they  do  not 
wish  their  boys  to  be  compelled  to  work  as 
hard  as  they  themselves  did,  nor  their  girls 
to  have  any  need  to  work  at  all.  The  girls, 
of  course,  should  be  provided  for;  and  so 
they  will  be.  For  they  are  much  more  pro- 
tected after  their  father  has  retired  than 
when  he  has  all  his  capital  at  the  risk  of  a 
single  undertaking ;  for,  in  the  latter  case,  his 
chances  of  failure  increase  with  his  years. 
The  boys,  naturally,  would  have  an  easier 
time  were  they  to  receive  a  prosperous  busi- 
ness, in  good  running  order,  or  a  substantial 


560 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


capital  to  start  in  with,  than  if  they  had  to 
strike  out  and  build  up  for  themselves.  But 
they  would  lose  that  most  satisfying  and 
proud  feeling  which  comes  to  those  who,  by 
enterprise  and  ability,  push  their  own  way  to 
the  front. 

The  father,  in  taking  from  his  son  this 
great  satisfaction,  is  also  depriving  him  of 
the  important  knowledge  of  the  value  of 
money,  which  only  he  thoroughly  appreciates 
who  has  earned  his  first  dollar;  who  knows 
what  it  means  to  be  in  need ;  who  denies  him- 
self comforts,  perhaps  at  times  even  necessi- 
ties, in  order  to  tide  over  a  critical  period. 
This  father  is  taking  from  the  son  he  loves  so 
much  the  best  opportunity  for  the  develop- 
ment of  strong  character  which  comes  in  the 
first  hard  struggle  with  the  world;  and,  on 
the  other  hand,  he  is  laying  him  bare  to  a 
great  danger.  A  young  man  coming  into  his 
father's  well-established  business  is  exposed 
to  many  temptations.  He  is  at  once  in  the 
false  position  of  having  received  what  he  has 
not  earned.  On  account  of  his  name,  defer- 
ence is  shown  him  which  is  not  due  either  to 
his  ability  or  his  experience.  This  is  apt  to 
demoralize  not  only  the  young  man  himself, 
but  the  employees  of  the  business,  who  see 
the  old  standard  of  worth  displaced  by  the 
new  standard  of  birth. 

Putting  all  these  considerations  aside  for  z 
moment,  let  us  carry  the  father's  argument 
to  its  logical  conclusion:  If  it  is  the  duty  of 
this  father  to  continue  in  business  for  years 
after  he  has  a  competence,  for  his  son's  sup- 
posed welfare,  will  it  not  be  just  as  much  the 
duty  of  the  son,  in  his  turn,  to  keep  the 
wheels  moving  for  years  and  years  for  his 
son's  sake,  and  so  on?  In  other  words,  will 
not  each  generation  be  compelled  to  sacrifice 
vainly  for  the  next?  For  the  chances  are 
great  that  a  business,  easily  secured,  will  not 
be  appreciated  or  properly  guarded.  How 
much  oftener  do  we  hear  of  the  failure  of  a 
son  who  inherits  a  business  than  of  one  who 
has  worked  up  his  own.  Another  sugges- 
tion :  Before  you  place  your  son  into  business 
ask  yourself  this  question:  What  will  he  do 
after  retiring?  If  we  live  to  do  business,  then 
my  suggestion  is  irrelevant ;  but  if,  as  I  firmly 
believe,  we  do  business  to  live,  then  I  feel 
that  business  men  should  prepare  to  retire 
from  the  absorbing  detail  of  everyday  routine 
as  soon  as  they  have  secured  a  fair  compe- 
tence. This  being  conceded,  a  youth  in- 
tended for  a  business  career  should,  where- 
ever  possible,  be  given  the  opportunity  to  de- 
velop those  higher  tastes,  for  literature,  art, 


languages,  the  sciences,  etc.,  which  will  en- 
able him  to  enjoy  life  more  and  appreciate 
leisure  when  he  has  earned  it. 

v.    THE    LEISURE    CLASS. 

The  American  business  man  occasiofudlY 
falls  back  on  another  excuse  for  not  retiring: 
He  would  be  "  out  of  things,"  would  fed 
lost,  would  have  no  company,  no  friends  situ- 
ated similarly  to  himself;  in  other  words  he 
says  he  fears  to  retire  because  we  have  no 
leisure  class.  If  by  leisure  class  he  means  the 
lazy,  idle  class,  the  drones  in  the  human  hive, 
let  us  accept  his  excuse;  for  business  life  with 
all  its  limitations  is  much  to  be  preferred. 
But  he  forgets  that,  with  retirement  from 
business,  new  duties  will  soon  come  to  him, 
which,  if  he  does  not  shirk,  will  occupy  his 
time  to  such  an  extent  at  least  that  he  will 
have  no  cause  to  be  lonesome.  In  England, 
in  Germany  and  in  France  there  is  a  sub- 
stantial leisure  class;  in  America  it  is  only 
now  in  formation.  And,  with  the  spread  ot 
the  movement  in  America,  every  year  will 
strengthen  the  bond  of  sympathy  bct\*'een 
those  who  arrange  to  devote  themselves  to 
true  living.  In  England  there  are  some  men 
who  live  on  their  income  and  give  all  their 
time  to  hunting,  fishing  and  other  sports; 
but  a  comparatively  large  number  enter  pub- 
lic life  actively,  throwing  their  effort  and 
their  influence  in  the  direction  of  municipal 
and  national  betterment. 

In  Germany,  while  there  are  some  men 
of  the  leisure  class  who*Spend  their  tinae  at 
the  coflFee-houses  and  beer-gardens,  there  are 
many  who  lead  most  useful  lives,  always 
ready  to  lend  a  helping  hand  wherever 
needed,  in  private  or  public  affairs.  In 
France,  though  gambling  and  other  dissipa- 
tions attract  many  who  have  achieved  leisure, 
others  in  large  numbers  interest  themselves 
in  the  field  of  art,  in  philanthropy,  and  in 
public  matters. 

Here,  then,  is  the  opportunity,  the  mission 
of  our  successful  business  men.  As  soon  as 
they  can  afford  it,  let  them  retire  from  the 
pursuit  of  gain,  joining  the  true  leisure  class, 
devoted  to  the  patriotic  work  of  highest  dti- 
zenship.  Their  children  may  not  receive  as 
large  a  legacy  in  the  shape  of  fortune  as  they 
would  if  the  father  had  slaved  all  his  life,  but 
they  will  have  a  much  dearer  and  more  en- 
during inheritance  in  the  proud  memory  of 
a  parent  who  co-operated  with  them  to  work 
out  the  best  that  was  in  them,  and  whose  h'fe 
was  spent  in  developing  the  highest  ideals  of 
humanity. 


LUMBER-SHIPS   LOADING   FOR  EXPORT  AT   PORT  BLAKELY    MILL,   WASHINGTON. 


THE  LUMBER  INDUSTRY  OF  AMERICA. 

BY    xVIILTON    O.    NELSON. 


A  FEW  American  citizens  are  still  liv- 
ing who  were  alive  in  the  days  when 
the  Indiana  and  Ohio  pioneers  were  cutting 
great  clear-grained  black  walnut,  white  oak, 
and  hickory  logs,  piling  them  and  burning 
them  to  ashes  in  order  to  be  rid  of  them. 
Farmhouses  are  still  standing  in  the  Ohio 
Valley  whose  tenoned  frames  are  of  black 
walnut,  and  whose  roof  boards  are  of  wide, 
clear  lumber,  such  as  is  now  sought  for  to 
be  made  into  king's  table  tops.  Black-wal- 
nut lumber  in  American  commerce  is  to-day 
little  more  than  a  memory;  white  oak  in  the 
finer  finishing  grades  is  worth  half  the  price 
of  mahogany,  and  the  American  vehicle  in- 
dustry is  in  distress  for  the  lack  of  hickory. 
Even  in  sawmill  cities  at  the  present  day 
the  lath  from  the  walls  of  wrecked  houses 
is  carefully  cleaned  and  bundled  for  resale, 
while  half-decayed  pine  logs  are  sawed  into 
merchantable  lumber.  Thus  in  the  span 
of  one  life  the  American  lumber  industry 
has  passed  from  surfeit  to  hunger.  Such 
another*  span  promises  to  carry  us  from  hun- 
ger to  starvation. 

The  slaughter  of  timber  in  the  pioneer 
days  was  not  altogether  an  offense  against 
public  economy.  America  presented  a  tim- 
bered front  to  every  white  man  approaching 
her  coasts.  From  the  Atlantic  seaboard 
westward  to  and  beyond  the  Mississippi 
River  stretched  an  almost  unbroken  forest. 
Through  this  the  settlement  of  the  country 
had  to  clear  its  way.     It  may  be  said  that 


up  to  the  day-s  of  Abraham  Lincoln  every 
American  citizen  was  a  wood-chopper.  Civ- 
ilization in  his  day  had  just  begun  to  hew 
its  path  through  the  big  woods  to  the  prairie 
openings  of  Illinois.  Up  to  that  time  a  tree 
had  been  counted  quite  as  much  an  enemy 
as  a  friend  to  agricultural  progress.  It  was 
not  until  the  great  treeless  belt  between  the 
eastern  forest  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  had 
been  settled  that  prairie  Americans  began 
to  perceive  at  what  great  loss  of  forest  re- 
sources the  Ohio  Valley  had  been  won.  The 
Ohio  Valley  now  perceives  it.  Enough  small 
fragments  of  the  primeval  forests  of  Indiana 
and  Ohio  are  still  standing  to  prove  that  had 
each  farmer  in  the  rich  timber  regions  re- 
served one-fifth  of  his  farm  as  a  wood-lot 
and  forested  it  wisely  it  would  not  only 
have  paid  good  annual  dividends  on  the  in- 
vestment, but  the  wood  alone  to-day  would 
be  worth  more  than  the  remaining  four-fifths 
of  his  farm,  including  all  his  homestead  im- 
provements. The  early  slaughter  of  timber 
was  destructive  to  American  material  inter- 
ests mainly  in  that  it  bred  a  wanton,  de- 
structive spirit  toward  the  forests,  a  spirit 
that  continued  far  beyond  the  point  where 
timber  ceased  to  be  a  hindrance  to  agricul- 
tural development.  This  wasteful,  unsym- 
pathetic treatment  of  forests  still  remains, 
not  only  among  lumber  manufacturers,  but 
among  American  citizens  generally.  The 
man  in  the  woods  values  his  young  trees 
lightly.     The  man  in  the  treeless  region  is 


562 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^IElV  OF  REl^IElVS. 


oblivious  to  his  lack.  Physical  distress  from 
the  lack  of  fuel  and  lumber  is  the  only  force 
that  will  bring  Americans  to  begin  the  long, 
slow  task  of  rebuilding  our  forest  resources. 

THE   ORIGINAL   WOODS. 

The  land  area  of  the  United  States  is  a 
little  less  than  2,000,000  square  miles.  Of 
this  area,  the  best  timber  historians  believe 
that  more  than  70  per  cent.,  or  about  1,440,- 
000  square  miles,  was  originally  wooded. 
The  present  wooded  area  is  reckoned  at 
about  1,000,000  square  miles,  or  about  50 
per  cent,  of  the  total  area.  But  of  that 
amount,  the  present  actual  forest  area,  from 
which  our  lumber  supply  must  be  drawn,  is 
but  about  26  per  cent  of  the  total  area. 
The  Atlantic  Forest,  as  the  wooded  region 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River  is  called,  com- 
prised about  three-fourths  of  the  original 
wooded  area  of  the  United  States.  The  east 
front  of  this  forest  extended  from  Maine  to 
Florida,  stretching  westward  to  and  beyond 
the  Mississippi  River,  being  indented  on  its 
central  western  front  by  the  prairies  of 
northern  Ilh'nois  and  Iowa,  but  compassing 
to  the  northwestward  the  Qreat  Lake  sys- 
tem and  ending  only  at  the  valley  of  the 
Red  River  of  the  North.     South  westward 


it  reached  to  eastern  Texas,  covering  in  this 
direction  all  of  Arkansas,  nearly  all  of  Mb- 
souri,  the  southeast  corners  of  Iowa  and  of 
Kansas,  a  large  part  of  Indian  Territon, 
and  presenting  a  forest  front  from  Florida 
to  Galveston.  Toward  the  western  border 
of  this  forest  considerable  prairie  areas  were 
found  here  and  there. 

Much  of  this  great  jegion  was  of  small 
growth,  but  vast  unbroken  areas  were  dense 
with  the  finest  standing  timber  then  known 
to  civilized  man.  The  center  and  heart  of 
this  big  woods  was  of  broad-leaved  deciduous 
trees,  mixed  with  little  or  no  coniferous  tim- 
ber. But  to  the  north  and  to  the  south 
coniferous  growths  mingled  with  the  hard- 
woods, becoming  more  predominant  toward 
either  border,  and  in  large  sections  running 
to  pure  stands,  of  pine.  The  northern  belt 
was  broadly  termed  northern  pine,  or  whitf 
pine,  from  the  predominance  of  the  stand  of 
white  pine  therein.  The  southern  belt  was 
termed  yellow,  or  Georgia,  pine.  The  white 
pine  belt  covered  practically  all  of  Maine, 
much  of  northern  New  Hampshire,  V^er- 
mont,  and  New  York,  all  but  the  southern- 
most part  of  Michigan,  and  the  north  half 
of  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota.  The  southern 
pine  belt  began  in  central  New  Jersey,  and. 


A  MAP  SHOWING  THE  UXATION   OF  THE  POUR  GREAT  LUMBKR-PRODUaNG    DISTRICTS    IN    THE   VSim 
STATES,    WITH    THE  GENERAL  PISTRIBITION    OF   YELLOW-PINE  TIMBER   IN   THE   SOLTH. 


THB  LUMBER  INbUStkY  OF  AMBRtCA. 


563 


FOREST  REQIONS 

or   THt 

UNITED  STATES 


running  south,  grew  broader  as  it  advanced, 
covering  the  east  third  of  Virginia  and  all 
but  the  westerly  and  northerly  ends  of  the 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  to  and  including 
southern  Arkansas  and  southeastern  Texas. 
While  coniferous  growths  prevailed  over 
more  than  half  of  this  Atlantic  Forest,  the 
greatest  value  in  terms  of  lumber  and  of 
agricultural  soil  lay  in  the  hardwood  center. 
It  was  the  soil  and  climate  of  this  central 
region  that  sealed  the  early  doom  of  the  big 
deciduous  woods  of  the  immediate  Ohio 
Valley.  This  forest  contained  230  varieties  of 
broad-leaved  deciduous  trees,  seventy-two  va- 
rieties of  which  were  of  commercial  value. 
It  is  said  that  the  average  Wabash  Valley 
farm  originally  contained  more  varieties  of 
hardwood  trees  than  can  be  found  in  all 
Europe. 

Extending  from  the  western  border  of 
the  original  Atlantic  Forest  to  the  foothills 
of  the  Rockies,  is  and  has  been  from  prehis- 
toric times  a  treeless  belt  from  400  to  800 
miles  wide,  beginning  far  north  of  the  Cana- 
dian boundary  and  running  south  to  the 
Mexican  line.  In  this  belt  are  five  States 
almost  naked  of  trees  and  a  total  treeless  re- 
gion equal  in  area  to  one-half  the  great  At- 
lantic Forest.  West  of  this  the  growth  of 
broad-leaved  deciduous  trees,  commercially 
known  as  hardwoods,  is  insignificant.  Con- 
»(crs  prevail  to  the  Pacific  Coast. 


Two  forest  regions  lie  between  this  prairie 
belt  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  These  are  called 
the  Rocky  Mountain  Forest  and  the  Pacific 
Coast  Forest.  The  former  comes  over  the 
international  line  as  a  continuation  of  the 
forests  of  British  Columbia,  covering  the 
western  third  of  Montana  and  the  northern 
half  of  Idaho  in  fairly  continuous  growths, 
continuing  thence  southerly  in  diminishing 
and  broken  belts  and  patches  along  the  high- 
lands and  valleys  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
finally  ending  in  a  spattering  of  widely  sep- 
arated oases  a  few  hundred  miles  north  of 
the  Mexican  border.  In  this  forest,  in 
higher  altitudes  and  toward  the  south,  a  va- 
riety of  pines  prevail,  being  generally  of 
poorer  quality  toward  higher  and  dryer  loca- 
tions. But  to  the  north  the  forest  partakes 
of  the  nature  and  habit  of  the  Coast  Forest, 
gradually  merging  into  it  to  the  westward. 
^The  Pacific  Coast  Forest,  in  its  density 
and  its  average  quantity  of  timber  per  acre, 
is  the  greatest  forest  on  the  face  of  the  earth. 
Here  are  the  oldest  and  largest  trees  in  the 
world.  Here  timber  grows  to  such  enor- 
mous size  that  for  many  years  the  lumber 
industry  did  little  but  nibble  about  the  edges 
of  it  and  in  the  most  easily  worked  spots. 
This  forest  runs  south  along  the  western 
slopes  of  the  Cascade  (Sierra  Nevada)  and 
Coast  ranges,  having  its  maximum  density 
and  width  in  Washington  and  Oregon,  and 


664 


TH£  AMERICAN  kE^IElV  OF  REf^lEU^S. 


dwindling  to  small,  isolated  mountain  areas 
in  south  central  California.  In  quantity  the 
Douglas  or  red  fir  is  almost  equal  to  all 
other  varieties  combined.  This  is  found 
chiefly  in  Washington  and  Oregon.  With 
this  timber  arc  found  western  white  and  yel- 
low pine,  red  cedar  and  other  cedars,  a  va- 
riety of  spruces  and  firs,  and  western  hem- 
lock, all  growing  to  excellent  merchantable 
size  and  quality.  Beginning  at  the  south  line 
of  Oregon,  hemmed  in  between  the  Coast 
Range  and  the  sea,  and  running  south  to  San 
Francisco,  is  the  famous  California  redwood. 
This  is  the  sequoia  (sempervirens) ,  own 
cousin  of  the  "big  trees"  {sequoia  gigan- 
tea)i  which  are  found  in  a  few  patches  far- 
ther east  and  south  in  California.  Califor- 
nia is  also  the  home  of  the  sugar  pine,  the 
nearest  known  relative  of  the  famed  white 
pine  of  the  north  Atlantic  Forest.  The  red- 
wood grows  only  near  sea  level,  being  rarely 
found  in  good  stand  beyond  300  feet  above 
tide  water.  Sugar  pine,  on  the  contrary,  is  at 
home  from  3000  to  7500  feet  above  the  sea 
and  occupies  much  almost  inaccessible  terri- 
tory. 

THE  PRESENT  TIMBER  SUPPLY. 

Lumbering  on  a  large  scale  is  conducted 
chiefly  in  the  coniferous  forests.  The  hard- 
wood forests  have  gone  into  consumption 
mainly  by  way  of  the  small  mill.  What  the 
original  American  forest  was  in  terms  of 
lumber  feet  no  one  will  ever  know.  Even 
as  recently  as  the  census  of  1880  official  es- 
timators were  so  far  wide  of  the  facts  re- 
garding the  timber  then  standing  that  any 
estimate  of  the  original  supply  can  be  only 
a  blind  guess.  What  the  remaining  forests 
contain,  however,  is  more  nearly  known, 
though  the  Pacific  Forest  is  yet  in  large  part 
an  unknown  quantity.  The  best  credited 
estimators,  one  of  them  being  the  federal 
Forest  Service,  reckon  our  present  standing 
merchantable  timber  at  about  2,000,000,- 
000,000  feet.  Of  that  amount  about  400,- 
000,000,000  feet  are  hardwoods,  the  «st 
conifers.  Of  the  total  standing  timber,  the 
Northern  States  are  credited  with  500,000,- 
000,000  feet;  the  Southern  States  with  700,- 
000,000,000  feet;  the  Western  States  with 
800,000,000,000  feet.  These  figures  mean 
little  except  for  purposes  of  comparison ;  but 
they  give  real  information  as  to  our  supply 
when  it  is  known  that  our  annual  cut  from 
this  forest  is  40,000,000,000  feet.  This 
means  that  at  the  present  rate  of  consump- 
tion our  forests  will  last  but  fifty  years. 


White  pine,  the  cream  of  the  com/ers, 
that  soft,  satiny,  biddable  wood,  the  joy  of 
the  carpenter,  was  the  first  of  the  original 
woods  to  go  into  consumption.  This  wood 
is  the  standard  by  which  all  varieties  of  lum- 
ber wood  are  measured.  The  early  loggers 
of  the  north  picked  out  all  the  big  white 
pines  and  reckoned  the  forest  logged.  Along 
with  this  pine  grew  the  red  or  Norway  pine, 
a  harder,  heavier  wood,  which  later  on  was 
logged  and  sawed  with  the  other.  Both 
now  are  counted  as  white  pine  in  com- 
merce. The  original  stand  of  these  ti**o 
pines  in  the  three  Lake  States, — Michigan, 
Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota, — is  estimated  at 
350,000,000,000  feet.  To-day,  in  all  the 
north  Atlantic  Forest,  from  Maine  to  Min- 
nesota, there  is  probably  not  more  than  50,- 
000,000,000  feet  remaining.  Conifers  that 
even  so  late  as  fifteen  years  ago  were  quite 
despised  are  now  quite  commonly  piled  and 
sold  as  white  pine  and  no  questions  asked. 
Chief  of  these  inferior  woods  are  hemlock, 
spruce,  tamarac,  balsam,  and  jack  pine.  In 
the  northern  forests  all  these  are  now 
counted  by  the  "  cruiser  "  and  logged  by  the 
lumberman. 

Much  of  the  northern  pine  land  is  now 
being  logged  for  the  second,  third,  or  fourth 
time.  This  is  not  so  much  because  of  the 
natural  increase  in  the  timber  as  because  of 
the  increased  value  of  all  timber.  The  first 
logging,  as  has  been  said,  took  the  largest, 
choicest  pines,  cutting  the  stumps  high  and 
taking  but  the  very  best  cuts  of  the  log. 
Often  after  such  a  cutting  the  land  was 
abandoned  by  the  owner  and  allowed  to  be 
sold  for  the  taxes.  The  next  logging  took 
smaller  pines  and  a  larger  proportion  of  the 
log.  The  mixture  of  hardwood  was  often 
neglected.  The  cutting  of  to-day  is  a  clean 
sweep  of  everything  that  will  make  a  six- 
teen-foot pole  with  a  six-inch  top  diameter. 
Some  loggers  cut  to  five  inches.  Old  logs 
that  were  thrown  away  in  the  earlier  log- 
gings are  now  picked  up  and  hauled  to  mill 
Sunken  logs  from  logging  streams  are  dug 
from  the  mud  and  sent  to  mill  by  rail.  In 
many  cut-over  sections  shingle  mills  have  fed 
for  years  on  the  old  stiunps  and  refuse  of 
early  logging.  Twenty-five  years  agp  timber 
that  could  not  go  to  mill  by  water  was  of 
little  value.  The  price  of  lumber  would  not 
pay  the  freight  by  rail.  So  late  as  fifteen 
years  ago  all  logs  for  the  mills  at  Minneap- 
olis, then  the  largest  lumber  manufacturing 
point  in  America,  came  to  the  saws  by  float- 
ing down  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries. 


THE  LUMBER  MDUSTRY  OF  AMERICA. 


565 


To-day  logs  of  a  quality  unmarketable  then 
cx)me  to  the  sanne  mills  over  3CX)  miles  of 
railroad  and  prove  a  good  paying  venture  at 
that.  No  sawable  timber  in  the  Lake  States 
IS  too  difficult  of  access  to  be  marketable. 
If  swamps  surround  it  and  no  driveable 
water  is  near,  the  swamps  are  crossed  in  win- 
ter and  the  logs  hauled  to  some  lake  from 
which  a  spur  railroad  can  take  them  to  mill 
during  the  following  summer.  Portable 
mills  follow  up  the  scattering  timber,  the 
pulp-wood  cutter  follows  the  portable  mill, 
and  the  denuded  land,  if  non-agricultural,  is 
left  to  Its  fate.  Should  forest  fires  be  ex- 
cluded, the  naked  land  slowly  covers  itself 
with  brush  and  inferior  trees  of  little  account 
for  either  fuel  or  lumber. 

The  long-leaf  yellow  pine  is  the  standard 
of  excellence  in  the  southern  pine  forests. 
Where  this  is  swept  away,  Cuban  and  lob- 
lolly pine, — both  good  commercial  timbers, 
— naturally  follow.  The  short-leaf  yellow 
pine  will  easily  succeed  itself  and  is  of  com- 
paratively rapid  growth.  Lumbermen  are 
now  cutting  logs  from  eighteen  to  twenty- 
four  inches  in  diameter  in  short-leaf  pine 
forests  grown  on  old  cotton  fields  abandoned 
during  the  war.  We  are  cutting  about  12,- 
000,000,000  feet  of  southern  yellow  pine 
annually.  This  pine  now  furnishes  nearly 
one-third  of  all  lumber  now  manufactured 
in  the  United  States.  The  Government  es- 
timates the  present  stand  of  this  timber  at 
about  300,000,000,000  feet.    At  the  present 


REPRESENTATIVE    LABORERS    IN    A    SOUTHERN    LOG 
CAMP — "  SAWYERS." 


pulled  up  and  laid  for  another  swath.    The- 
standing  cypress  is  estimated  at  65,000,000,- 
rate  of  cutting  this  will  last  about  twenty-    000  feet,  of  which  about  1,000,000,000  feet 
five  years.  is  cut  annually. 

Next  to  pine  among  southern  conifers.  Lumber  production  reached  its  maximum 
cypress  ranks  highest  in  commercial  impor-  in  the  extreme  Northeastern  States  in  1870; 
tance.  This  timber  grows  principally  at  sea  in  the  Lake  States  in  1890;  the  Southern 
level,  where  the  tide  water  washes  the  roots  States  are  probably  at  their  maximum  to-day, 
of  the  trees,  or  makes  the  waters  of  the  cy-  and  very  soon  the  Pacific  Coast  will  lead, 
press  bayous  brackish.  The  logging  of  this^At  present  more  than  one-third  of  the  coun- 
timber  calls  for  methods  unknown  elsewhere,  try's  lumber  supply  stands  on  the  Pacific 
No  teams  can  be  used  in  these  swampy  slope,  reckoning  in  Idaho  and  Montana  tim- 
woods,  but  temporary  logging  railroads  are  ber.  The  total  timber  now  standing  in  that 
laid  through  the  forests  and  trees  are  felled 
for  about  half  a  mile  each  side  of  the  track. 
Wire  cables  are  run  from  an  engine  at  the 
track  to  the  fallen  logs.    Overhead  and  sup-    practically  all  be  used  in  the  Canadian  trade. 


tQfritory  is  estimated  at  700,000,000,000 
feet.  Added  to  this  is  150,000,000,000 
standing  in  British  Columbia,  but  that  will 


ported  by  the  standing  trees,  a  trolley  cable 
is  rigged.  The  top  of  the  log  is  raised  and 
atr^iched  by  cable  to  a  pulley  on  this  over- 


This  total  of  850,000,000,000  feet  is  divided 
into  varieties  by  the  best  estimators  as  fol- 
lows:  Douglas  fir,   374,000,000,000;  west- 


head  cable  and  also  to  the  cable  from  the    ern  yellow  and  white  pine,  176,000,000,000; 


drum  at  the  engine.  Power  is  turned  on 
and  the  log,  butt  down,  goes  bumping  over 
stumps,  brush,  and  rubbish  quickly  and  safe- 


red  cedar,  79,000,000,000;  redwood,  75,- 
000,000,000 ;  hemlock,  6 1 ,000,000,000 ; 
sugar  pine,  50,000,000,000;  spruce,  25,000,- 


ly  to  the  logging  cars.    Thus  a  swath  about   000,000;  all  other  varieties,  10,000,000,000. 
one  mile  wide  is  log8:ed,  when  the  track  is   Of    the    700,000,000,000    credited    to    the 


666 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEU^  OF  REt^/ElVS. 


American  side  of  the  Pacific  Forest,  we  are 
now  cutting  about  7,500,ooo,ckx»  feet  annu- 
ally. 

Our  hardwood  supply,  as  has  been  said, 
IS  reckoned  at  about  400,cxx),ooo,ooo  feet. 
Of  this  we  are  using  about  25,000,000,000 
feet  annually.  Of  this  cut  approximately 
43  per  cent,  is  oak  (principally  white  oak), 
10  per  cent,  poplar,  9  per  cent,  maple,  with 
lesser  amounts  of  the  lesser  species.  To- 
gether with  the  rapid  disappearance  of  our 
forest  supply,  our  per  capita  consumption  is 
increasing.  From  1880  to  1900  our  increase 
in  population  was  52  per  cent.,  but  the  in- 
crease in  our  lumber  consumption  was  94 
per  cent.  Our  annual  consumption  of  lum- 
ber per  capita  is  400  board  feet,  as  compared 
with  sixty  feet  per  capita  in  Europe.  The 
natural  annual  increase  of  our  forests  is  es- 
timated by  the  Forest  Service  to  be  not  much 
more  than  one-fourth  of  our  annual  con- 
sumption. 
V  An  enormous  percentage  of  the  freight 
transportation  of  the  United  States  is  in  lum- 
ber. No  one  lumber-producing  locality  is 
sufficient  unto  its  own  lumber  needs.     The 


hardwoods  go  practically  to  every  quarter  of 
the  land,  all  the  territory  west  of  the  Miss- 
issippi being  supplied  from  timber  cast  of 
that  line.  Yellow  pine,  in  the  form  of  floor- 
ing, finish,  and  timbers,  goes  north  to  the 
Canadian  border,  and  in  all  its  items  forms 
the  chief  lumber  of  the  Eastern  market. 
White  pine  from  the  Lake  States  and  froni 
Canada  goes  to  the  Eastern  market  in  quan- 
tity. These  two  pines,  together  with  the 
hemlock  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  spruce  of 
Maine,  form  the  bulk  of  the  lumber  in  the 
Eastern  markets.  The  Pacific  Coast  lumber 
that  now  reaches  the  Atlantic  Coast  in  any 
considerable  amount  by  rail,  is  red-cedar 
shingles  and  Douglas  fir  timbers.  Of  the 
15,000,000,000  shingles  cut  annually  in  the 
United  States,  10,000,000,000  are  of  Wash- 
ington red  cedar.  The  white-pine  shingle, 
once  the  standard  roofing,  has  shrunken  to 
but  2>^  per  cent,  of  the  total  product. 

Red-cedar  siding  and  finish  are  also 
shipped  in  quantity  east  of  the  Mississippi 
River.  Fir  dimension  (joists,  scantling, 
etc.),  is  now  driving  white  pine  out  of  the 
retail  yards  of  the  Dakotas  and   Nebraska. 


A    LUMBER    FLUME    AT    A    SUGAR-PINE    MILL    (CALIFORNIA). 

(This  Is  the  beginning  of  a  "  V  "  flume  70  miles  long,  down    which  lumber  Is  carried  to  market  by  watec) 


THE  LUMBER  INDUSTRY  OF  AMERICA. 


56? 


SECTIONS   OF   A   GIANT  REDWOOD  TREE   AT   THE   MILL. 


Yellow  pine  dimension  is  driving  white  pine 
steadily  northward,  being  found  in  large 
percentage  well  north  in  Iowa.  Cypress 
lumber  as  tank  stock  and  sash-and-door  ma- 
terial is  in  demand  over  the  entire  country 
cast  of  the  Rockies.  This  is  the  most  en- 
during wood  under  liioist  conditions.  Red- 
wood is  a  strong  competitor  for  these  pur- 
poses, but  the  bulk  of  redwood  is  consumed 
west  of  the  mountains.  The  wood  most 
widely  sought  around  the  world  is  white 
pine,  wide  and  clear  for  pattern  stock. 
Sugar  pine  is  now  largely  taken  for  this  pur- 
pose. Fifty  years  ago  a  large  part  of  old 
San  Francisco  was  built  of  white  pine 
shipped  "  around  the  Horn "  from  Maine 
and  sold  at  gold  fever  prices.  To-day  sugar 
pine  is  shipped  past  the  back  door  of  San 
Francisco  to  the  State  of  Maine  and  sold  at 
about  the  same  prices, — $90  to  $100  per 
1000  feet.  The  match  manufacturers,  who 
must  have  for  their  use  a  soft,  straight- 
grained  wood,  have  so  far  exhausted  their 
supply  in  the  Lake  States  that  they  are  now 
scoiring  sugar-pine  timber  lands  against  a 
time  of  need.  The  sash-and-door  factories 
that  must  use  a  soft,  clear,  straight-grained 
lumber  are  drawing  on  the  white  pine  of 
Idaho  and  the  sugar  pine  of  California  to 
supplement  their  failing  supply  from  the 
Northern  forests.  The  long  haul  of  lumber 
from  the  West  coast  to  points  of  consump- 


tion adds  enormously  to  its  cost  to  the  con- 
sumer. For  example,  fir  timbers  now  cost- 
ing $12  per  1000  feet  at  the  mills  on  the 
coast  pay  $12  freight  to  reach  Minneapolis 
and  common  points.  For  years  the  trans- 
continental roads  have  been  getting  more  for 
hauling  lumber  from  the  West  coast  mills 
to  the  Mississippi  Valley  than  the  manufac- 
turers have  received  for  the  lumber  at  the 
mills.  Now  these  roads  have  filed  a  sched- 
ule of  rates  to  take  effect  on  November  i, 
1907,  that  will  increase  the  freight  by  from 
$2  to  $3.50  per  1000  feet  at  Mississippi 
River  points. 

Not  only  are  endless  currents  of  manu- 
factured lumber  crossing  each  other  on  their 
way  to  various  quarters  of  our  own  country ; 
America  is  and  has  been  for  many  years  the  '' 
source  of  supply  of  lumber  for  lumber-hun- 
gry countries  abroad.  Our  annual  export  of 
manufactured  lumber  is  about  two  and  one- 
third  billion  feet,  or  about  5  per  cent,  of  our 
total  cut.  But  counting  all  the  wood  enter- 
ing into  the  forest  products  we  export,  the 
amount  is  greater  than  the  figures  given.  The 
value  of  our  annual  export  of  forest  products 
is  not  far  from  $90,000,000. 

THE    FOREIGN    TRADE. 

While  the  United  States  is,  above  all 
others,  the  chief  reliance  of  lumber  importing 
nations,  yet  four  other  countries, — Canada, 


568  THE  AMERICAN  REI^lElV  OF  RE^IEli^S. 

Rusiia,  Sweden  and  Nomay.-afe  large  ex-  ^„^  pulp-W(JoD  fMDUSmy. 

porters  of  lumber  tor  general  building  pur- 
poses. The  bulk  of  these  exports  are  of  If  Nature  were  allowed  to  rehabilitate  the 
coniferqus  woods.  Canada  sells  annually  to  earth  in  the  wake  of  the  lumberman,  the 
us  about  I  ,ooo,ooo,ocxD  feet  of  lumber,  case  of  the  reforestration  of  our  countr> 
counting  the  logs  that  come  to  our  mills  from  would  not  be  so  wholly  without  hope.  But 
over  the  line.  We  get  from  her  also  about  this  is  not  permitted.  The  pulp-wood  in- 
750,ooo,cxx)  shingles  annually.  Aside  from  dustry  takes  practically  the  last  standing 
these  importations,  we  ask  from  foreign  coun-  tree,  choosing  first  spruce,  then  poplar,  but 
tries  practically  no  lumber  except  cabinet  content  to  use  balsam,  cottonwood,  maple, 
woods.  Of  such  woods  our  hardwood  for-  birCh  and  even  the  pitch  pines.  Our  de- 
ests  furnish  the  greater  part  we  consume,  and  mand  for  pulp- wood  is  beyond  the  ability  of 
in  large  and  excellent  variety.  White  oak  our  own  country  to  furnish.  Of  the  3,000,- 
is  our  chief  and  best  wood  for  this  purpose,  coo  cords  of  this  wood  consumed  by  our 
Our  birch,  stained,  is  used' as  an  imitation  mills  annually,  20  per  cent,  is  drawn  from 
of  mahogany;  and  our  cherry,  now  nearly  the  spruce  and  poplar  groves  of  Canada, 
gone,  is  also  a  good  substitute  for  that  im-  The  market  for  pulp-wood  is  never  over- 
ported  wood.  We  are  selling  abroad  for  stocked.  Prices  are  above  those  offered  for 
cabinet  and  interior  finish  our  red  gum  of  the  best  fuel  wood.  At  the  mills  of  Min- 
the  Southern  Forest,  under  the  name  of  satin  nesota,  Wisconsin,  and  New  York,  $6  and 
walnut.  Our  imported  cabinet  woods,  which  more  per  cord  is  now  paid.  Hemlock 
aggregate  about  65,000,000  feet  annually,  manufacturers  of  Wisconsin  have  this  year 
and  cost  us  about  $3,500,000,  are  scattered  been  offered  $15  per  1000  feet  for  hemlock 
about  and  find  final  consumption  in  the  fur-  logs,  a  price  that  has  taken  them  from  the 
niture  factories,  the  sash  and  door  factories  saws  and  sent  them  to  be  ground  up  into 
and  the  cabinet  shops.  The  chief  consump-  paper.  The  Forest  Service  estimates  that  at 
tive  point  for  cabinet  woods  is  Grand  Rapids,  the  present  rate  of  consumption  our  pulp- 
Mich.,  where  probably  more  mahogany  is  wood  supply  will  last  but  twenty-one  years, 
made  into  furniture  and  office  fittings  than  As  an  illustration  of  the  excessive  drafts 
at  any  other  point  in  the  world.  upon  forests  to  supply  our  paper  industry, 

^•,»  r..^,^rr^  «,^^..«  ex-Judgc  Howlattd,  president  of  the  Associa- 

OUR  CABINET  WOODS.  ^-         £  ^u      t>     -.    ^-  z  .l      aj-         j      u 

tion  for  the  Protection  of  the  Adirondacks, 
Of  the  65,000,000  feet  of  cabinet  woods  states  that  on  Sunday,  March  25,  1903,  a 
we  import  annually,  about  45,000,000  feet  certain  New  York  paper,  credited  with  a 
is  mahogany.  Of  this  about  10,000,000  feet  circulation  of  800,000  copies,  issued  an 
comes  from  the  British  markets, — primarily  eighty-page  edition  which  required  the  prod- 
from  Africa, — about  12,000,000  feet  from  uct  of  9779  trees  sixty  feet  high  and  ten 
Mexico,  10,000,000  feet  from  Nicaragua,  inches  in  diameter  at  breast  height,  and 
6,000,000  feet  from  Cuba,  and  2,000,000  which,  if  planted  forty  feet  apart,  would  rep- 
feet  from  Honduras.  The  chief  source  of  resent  a  forest  of  367.8  acres, 
the  European  supply  of  maho^ny  is  the  for-  ^  ^^^  ^ 
ests  of  west  Africa.     These  forests  send  to 

Europe  over  200,000,000  feet  of  mahogany       The  demand  of  the  railroads  of  our  coun- 

annually,  beside  much  timber  of  other  and  try  upon  the  forests  aids  and  abets  the  pulp 

cheaper  variety.     It  is  estimated  that  at  the  mills  in  the  destruction  of  young  trees.    The 

present  rate  of  consumption,  which  is  fairly  wood  most  sought  by  the  railroads  is  the 

large,  the  west  African  forests  will  last  for  young  white  oak  tree  about  eight  inches  in 

200  years,  during  which  time,  if  permitted,  diameter.      This    is   cut    for    tic    purposes, 

they  will  have  fully  recovered  from  the  cut-  Probably  the  average  tree  used  will  make 

ting.    The  forests  of  the  Amazon  also  offer  a  two  ties.    These  last  about  eight  years  in  ser- 

tiniber  supply  that  is  of  vast  and  unknown  vice.    One-half  of  all  railway  ties  now  used 

quantit}' ;  but  all  attempts  at  lumbering  there  are  of  oak.     During  the  past  quarter  of  a 

on  a  large  scale  have  practically  failed  be-  century  the  tie  demand  has  almost  swept  the 

cause  of   the  fevers  that  attack  the  woods  young  white  oak   trees  from   the  northern 

workmen  and  ambitious  exploiters  of  foreign  half  of  the  Atlantic  Forest.    When  the  orig- 

birth.     For  this  same  reason,  though  not  in  inal   forests  shall  have  passed  away,  it  will 

so  urgent  measure,  the  forests  of  west  Africa  be  remembered  that  the  white  oak  was  the 

will  probably  never  be  rapidly  reduced.  richest  tree  endowment  America  ever  had* 


THE  LUMBER.  INDUSTRY  OF  AMERICA. 


m 


BLOCKS   OF    WOOD   READY    FOR       CHIPPING       TO   PRODUCE    MAGAZINE-PAPER   PULP. 

<The  "chips"  are  carried  by  conveyors  to  large  tanks  or  dfgesters.      From  this  point  on   the  process   Is 

purely  chemical.) 


Of  the  other  woods  used  for  tic  purposes, 
white  pine  and  white  cedar  are  most  in  use. 
We  produce  about  9I,500,ckx»  ties  annually. 
It  is  thought  that  the  railroads  of  the  United 
States  require  for  all  purposes  the  product 
of  at  least  i,cxx),ooo  acres  of  forest  land 
annually!  While  white  cedar  stands  third 
in  use  as  a  railroad  tie  it  furnishes  the 
greater  part  of  all  telegraph  and  telephone 
poles,  much  of  the  piling,  and  a  large  part 
of  the  fence-posts  of  commerce.  The  three 
Lake  States  and  the  State  of  Idaho  furnish 
nearly  all  the  cedar  posts  and  poles  of  the 
present  day. 

ECONOMIES     IN      LUMBER     MANUFACTURE. 

The  cooperage  industry  is  a  steady  con- 
sumer of  the  best  hardwoods.  The  total 
consumption  for  last  year  for  tight  cooperage 
only,  expressed  in  board  measure,  was  about 
350,000,000  feet.  Practically  all  tight 
cooperage  demands  for  its  use  the  best  of 
white  oak.  The  use  of  oak  for  this  purpose 
is  about  12  per  cent,  of  the  total  oak  con- 
sumption of  the  country.  Elm  staves  and 
basswood  heading  are  largely  used  in  slack 
cooperage.  Before  the  invention  of  the  cyl- 
inder saw  for  making  staves,  only  the  very 
choicest,  clear  and  straight  oak  and  elm  tim- 
ber could  be  used  for  cooperage  purposes. 
Now  much  lower  grade  timber  can  be  used 
to  good  advantage. 


When  population  was  small  and  forests 
vast,  when  labor  was  cheap  and  machinery 
undeveloped,  the  making  of  lumber  was 
naturally  accompanied  with  great  waste  of 
time  and  material.  The  early  mills  of  the 
country  were  equipped  with  "  sash "  saws 
that,  as  was  a  common  saying  among  old 
mill  men,  "  went  up  this  week  and  down 
next."  It  was  with  such  saws  as  these  that 
fifty  years  ago  lumbermen  were  cutting  into 
the  edges  of  the  white  pine  forests  of  the 
Lake  States.  The  circular  saw  was  one  of 
the  long  steps  forward  in  quickening  the 
pace  of  lumber  manufacture.  These  early 
circulars  were  frightfully  wasteful  from  a 
modem  point  of  view.  Even  so  late  as  fif- 
teen years  ago  these  saws  were  cutting  a  gash 
of  from  three-eighths  to  half  an  inch  in  width.  /«^ 
Thus,  in  cutting  inch  lumber,  one-third  of 
the  log  was  thrown  away.  In  fact,  on  the 
Pacific  Coast,  where  logs  were  large  and 
fiber  coarse,  circular  saws  used  to  cut  almost 
to  three-fourths  of  an  inch.  The  waste  in 
sawdust  was  appalling.  The  invention  of 
the  band  saw  corrected  this  and  rescued  more 
good  lumber  from  the  dust  heap  than  all 
other  items  of  modem  mill  equipment  com- 
bined. With  these  saws  the  gash  in  the  log 
is  reduced  to  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  or  less. 
Thus  in  cutting  a  log  of  twenty- four  inch 
diameter  into  inch  lumber,  the  modern  band 
saw  saves  seven  boards  that  the  old  ciicular 


670 


THE  AMERICAN  kEyiElV  OF  RE^/ElVS. 


tlirew  away.  In  fact  in  modern  practice  a 
twenty- four  inch  "cant"  (a  squared  log), 
will  be  cut  into  twenty-four  one-inch  boards ; 
because  the  trade  of  the  Middle  West  has 
come  to  be  satisfied  with  inch  lumber  that 
comes  from  the  saw  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch 
thin.  The  two-inch  lumber  is  cut  one  and 
three-fourths  inches  thick.  The  reduction  of 
the  freight  biU  by  reason  of  this  thinning 
easlljf  reconcile^!  the  lumber  merchant  and 
the  consumer  to  Hie  thinner  material. 

The  gang  saw,  which  commonly  consists 
of  fort>'^-two  parallel  sash  saws,  set  in  a  stiff 
frame,  has  been  a  great  factor  in  increasing 
the  speed  of  lumber  manufacture.  Logs  or 
cants  are  fed  to  this  saw  in  bunches,  and  the 
lumber  result  is  large,  while  the  sawing  is 
true.  These  saws  have  recently  been  made 
shorter,  so  as  to  reduce  the  thickness,  which 
is  now  less  than  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch. 
Gang  saws  are  economical  only  on  logs 
that  are  of  even  quality  throughout.  Other- 
wise the  band  saw,  that  gives  opportunity 
for  turning  the  log  on  the  carriage,  will 
make  the  most  profit  out  of  a  log.  The  hori- 
zontal band  resaw  is  the  most  important  re- 
cent step  in  mill  economy.  This  saw,  which 
is  very  thin,  is  given  the  sawing  of  thick 
slabs  from  the  main  band  saw,  and  of  many 
of  the  small  logs.  It  can  be  run  by  men 
earning  $3  per  day,  who  relieve  the  main 
band  sawyers  at  $8  per  day.  With  this  saw, 
short  and  narrow  lumber  is  worked  up  with 
very  little  loss. 

During  fifty  years  of  sawmill  development 


A  bk;  cedar  tree,  showing  method  of  felling. 


the  inventor  bent  his  energies  to  increase  the 
speed  of  manufacture.  The  steam  nigger,  i 
device  that  puts  the  log  into  place  upon  the 
carriage,  more  than  doubled  the  capacity  of 
the  steam  mill.  The  steam  feed  (a  piston 
in  a  long  steam  cylinder  that  drives  the  log 
carriage  back  and  forth  past  the  saw)  more 
than  doubled  it  again.  Live  rolls  that  cany 
the  lumber  to  the  various  finishing  saws 
about  the  mill,  the  edger  and  the  trimmer 
(gangs  of  saws  that  square  the  sides  and  ends 
of  boards)  were  developed  to  take  care  of 
the  ever-increasing  stream  of  lumber  that 
came  from  the  main  saws.  The  white-pine 
mill  of  fifty  years  ago  was  counted  first-class 
if  it  cut  25,000  feet  of  lumber  in  ten  hours. 
Ten  years  ago,  when  the  typical  white-pine 
mill  consisted  of  two  main  band  saws  (or 
circulars),  one 'gang,  and  their  accompanying 
machinery,  the  largest  record  of  sawing  ever 
reached  was  made  in  test  runs  in  Minneapo- 
lis mills.  The  highest  cut  in  any  one  mill  in 
ten  hours  reached  nearly  800,000  feet,  or 
about  a  month's  work  of  the  big  mill  of  forn- 
years  before.  Such  forced  speed  as  this 
would  now  be  forbidden  because  of  the  re- 
sultant waste  of  good  lumber. 

In  the  white-pine  mill  of  a  quarter-centur\- 
ago  no  lumber  less  than  six  feet  long  was 
saved ;  a  vast  amount  of  short  lumber  and 
now  merchantable  refuse  went  into  the  fill- 
ing of  swamps  or  into  the  refuse  burner. 
Now  every  sawn  thing  tw^o  inches  wide  and 
two  feet  long  is  picked  out  and  saved,  the 
smaller  pieces  for  the  use  of  match  factories 
and  sash-and-door 
shops.  In  the  old  da>*s 
sawdust  in  vast  quanti- 
ty was  poured  into  the 
Mississippi  River  from 
the  mills  along  its 
banks.  At  the  same 
time  the  flour  mills  of 
Minneapolis  were 
pouring  wheat  bran 
into  the  river.  Saw- 
dust is  now  worth 
about  $30  per  carload 
and  wheat  bran  $24 
per  ton. 

One  of  the  interest- 
ing economies  ot  lum- 
ber manufacture  that 
is  rapidly  developing 
with  the  decreasing 
supply  of  timber,  is  the 
making  of  veneers  for 
finishing  purposes.    By 


TH£  LUMBER  INDUSTHY  OP  AMEklCA. 


571 


INTERIOR  OF  A   FIR   MILU 
vSbowing  log  on  loading  deck,  tackle  for  handling,  log  on  carriage,  and  double  circular  saw  used  for  logs 

of  large  diameter.) 


this  means  the  woods  of  beautiful  grain  are 
made  to  cover  more  surface  than  otherwise. 
For  this  purpose  we  use  about  217,000,000 
feet  of  lumber  annually  and  from  it  make 
more  than  1,000,000,000  superficial  feet  of 
veneers. 

THE    PRICE    OF    LUMBER. 

Every  citizen  who  plans  to  build  a  house 
or  has  occasion  to  buy  a  handful  of  lumber 
from  his  retail  dealer,  is  staggered  by  the 
swift  increase  in  the  price  of  this  commodity 
within  recent  years.  Nearly  all  kinds  of 
lumber  have  doubled  in  value  in  the  past 
twelve  years.  In  the  period  from  1894  to 
1906  white-pine  rough  "uppers"  rose  from 
$47  to  $92  in  the  Buffalo  market ;  yellow 
poplar  **  firsts  and  seconds  "  in  New  York, 
from  $32  to  $53.50;  Southern  yellow  pine 
flooring,  from  $16.50  to  $29.50;  cottonwood 
"  firsts  and  seconds  "  from  $24  to  $44 ;  hem- 
lock from  $11.50  to  $22.25.  In  1896  the 
Minneapolis  mills  sold  their  output  on  an 
average  wholesale  basis  of  from  $10  to  $12 
per  thousand  feet.  In  1906  they  sold  at  from 
$20.25  to  $21.50,  with  the  quality  much  re- 
duced. Coniferous  woods  have  advanced  more 
rapidly  than  hardwoods.  Clear,  wide  white 
pine  is  worth  more  to-day  in  the  Minneapolis 
market  by  $20  per  thousand  than  is  quarter- 
sawed  white  oak, — the  best  interior-finish 
lumber  grown  in  America. 


The  cause  of  this  sensational  rise  in  lum- 
ber prices  is  not  hard  to  find.  Everything 
entering  into  the  cost  of  lumber  has  advanced 
with  about  equal  pace.  In  1890  Northern 
pine  stumpage  (standing  timber),  the  esti- 
mates of  which  included  only  the  best  tim- 
ber, was  sold  at  from  $5.50  to  $6.50  per 
thousand  feet  in  Michigan ;  from  $2  to  $4.50 
in  Wisconsin  and  from  75  cents  to  $4  in 
Minnesota.  To-day  with  small  and  inferior 
timber  reckoned  in,  the  little  timber  left  in 
Michigan  is  selling  at  from  $10  to  $20  and 
up;  in  Wisconsin  from  $6.50  to  $15,  and  in 
Minnesota  at  from  $5  to  $13.50.  In  On- 
tario white-pine  stumpage  sells  at  $20  on  the 
Ottawa  River  and  from  $22  to  $25  on  the 
Georgian  Bay.  Not  only  has  the  standing 
timber  increased  in  value,  the  cost  of  lum- 
bering has  vastly  increased.  The  following 
comparison  of  Northern  pine  lumbermen's 
monthly  wages  (board  included)  shows  one 
element  that  enters  into  the  increased  cost 
of  lumber: 

18967.  1906-7. 

Teamsters $16.00  $40.00 

Swampers 13.00  45.00 

Choppers   14.00  4r».00 

Loaders   •. 20.00  *  45.00 

Sawvers    14.00  42.00 

Graders    1 3.00  40  00 

Chain   tenders 16.00  40  00 

Blacksmiths .35.00  75  00 

Cooks 40.00  75.00 

Thus,  while  manufactured  lumber  has  ad- 
vanced in  value  loo  per  cent.,  with  a  great 


672 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^lElV  OF  REl^lElVS. 


reduction  in  quality,  standing  timber  has 
advanced  from  150  to  300  per  cent.,  and  with 
a  great  reduction  in  quality.  Woodsmen's 
wages  also  have  risen  from  75  to  240  per 
cent.,  and  with  a  decline  in  quality  estimated 
at  from  one-fourth  to  one- third  below  the 
quality  of  work  in  the  low-wage  period. 

GREAT  COMBINATIONS  IN   THE   LUMBER   IN- 
DUSTRY. 

The  high  market  price  of  lumber  suggests 
to  the  popular  mind  the  work  of  a  lumber 
trust.  This  term  is  applied  to  an  idea  that 
<^ ,  has  prevailed  for  ten  years  or  more,  but  the 
actual  corporate  body  of  such  an  entity  has 
not  yet  been  located.  To  one  familiar  with 
present'  timber  and  lumber  conditions  it  is 
clear  that  such  a  thing  as  a  lumber  trust 
could  not  now  exist.  It  is  true  that  there  are 
individual  and  corporate  holders  of  very  large 
tracts  of  timber  land  and  of  very  large  lum- 
ber manufacturing  interests.  Four-fifths  of 
all  the  standing  timber  in  the  United  States 
is  in  private  hands,  but  these  owners  are 
legion,  and  their  interests  often  antagonistic. 
A  very  large  part  of  the  standing  timber  is  in 
what  might  be  called  large  and  strong  hands, 
but  in  their  getting  and  holding  there  is  as 
yet  no  sign  of  agreement  against  competition. 
And  it  is  not  necessary  to  suppose  an  agree- 
ment among  these  wealthy  lumbermen  to  ac- 
count for  their  possession  of  the  forests. 

It  is  the  over-generous  laws  of  our  country 
that  have  fostered  the  monopoly  of  the  for- 
ests. The  Homestead  act,  the  Pre-emption 
act,  and  later  the  Stone  and  Timber  act  put 
millions  of  acres  of  choice  timber  into  the 
hands  of  little  adventurers,  men  of  small 
means  who  were  willing  to  sell  their  patents 
to  any  cash  buyer  at  a  low  figure.  The 
Government  grant  of  land  scrip  to  old  sol- 
diers, and  the  enormous  issues  of  such  scrip 
as  bonuses  to  transcontinental  railways  liter- 
ally threw  the  bulk  of  Government  timber 
easily  into  the  hands  of  moneyed  men  who 
had  the  wit  to  invest  in  standing  timber.  As 
a  rule  the  railways  were  willing  to  sell  their 
scrip  at  a  low  cash  price ;  and  it  is  safe  to  say 
that  once  in  the  hands  of  men  who,  through 
their  trained  timber  hunters,  had  learned  the 
location  of  rich  timber,  it  was  placed  on  Gov- 
ernment limber  worth  from  ten  to  a  thousand 
times  its  cost. 

The  bounty  of  the  federal  Government 
had  left  holes  in  its  land  laws  through  which 
six  logging  teams  could  be  driven  abreast, 
and  a  ver>'  dull  speculator  it  would  be  who 
would  not  have  driven  his  team   in.     Un- 


scrupulous men  went  beyond  the  law  by  aJ- 
lecting  and  hiring  men  to  use  their  individual 
homestead  and  other  rights  on  rich  timber 
already  spied  out.  In  earlier  days  loggcn 
even  went  so  far  as  to  cut  right  and  left  in 
Government  timber  without  pcrmissioci. 
Doubtless  big  fortunes  were  acquired  by  these 
unlawful  means  without  any  retribution. 
State  lands  in  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota 
were  shamelessly  stolen  by  means  of  corrupt 
legislation.  But  such  undue  greed  was  not 
necessary  to  the  easy  getting  of  great  timber 
fortunes.  Men  of  moderate  means,  keeping 
wholly  within  the  law,  disappeared  into  the 
woods,  kept  quiet  as  to  their  operations  and 
came  out  millionaires.  Twenty-five  years 
ago  it  took  no  prophet,  if  he  knew  anything 
at  all  about  timber,  to  tell  that  the  purchase 
of  good  pine  at  going  prices  was  a  safe  invest- 
ment. A  supply  surely  and  rapidly  diminish- 
ing and  a  population  surely  and  rapidly  in- 
creasing gave  security  to  the  venture.  It 
was  really  no  venture  at  all.  It  was  cer- 
tainty. Men  who  had  bought  Northern  pine 
in  the  Lake  States  at  a  few  cents  per  thou- 
sand and  had  sold  or  sawed  their  holdings 
till  cents  turned  to  dollars,  went  to  the  Gulf 
States  or  to  the  Pacific  Coast  and  with  the 
wisdom  of  lumber  experience  and  the  dollars 
of  sugarcd-off  deals,  bought  heavily  into  rich 
and  ridiculously  cheap  timber.  The  sensa- 
tional timbei  fortunes  have  been  made  with- 
in the  past  twenty-five  years,  and  nearly  all 
of  these  within  the  past  ten  years. 

Frederick  Weyerhaeuser,  of  St.  Paul,  is 
credited  by  current  report  with  being  the 
incarnation  of  the  "  Lumber  Trust."  He  is 
probably  the  largest  individual  owner  of 
timber  and  lumber  interests  in  the  United 
States,  though  in  this  regard  he  does  not  far 
surpass  any  one  of  a  long  list  of  wealthy 
lumbermen.  For  the  first  forty  years  of  hfc 
life  he  operated  in  Wisconsin  and  Minneapo- 
lis pine,  becoming  wise  and  rich  above  his 
fellows  by  reason  of  his  personal  knowledge 
of  standing  timber  and  his  square  dealing 
with  his  competitors.  When  his  mills  and 
those  in  which  he  had  a  stockholder's  interest 
had  sawed  their  way  past  the  white  pine 
maximum,  Mr.  Weyerhauser  went  west  to 
look  for  a  future  timber  supply. 

Just  at  this  time, — in  the  fall  of  1899,— 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  wis 
loaded  with  Government  bonus  timber  on 
the  Pacific  Coast,  but  short  of  ready  money. 
To  a  man  of  the  woods  like  Mr.  Weyc^ 
haeuser,  the  Pacific  slope  of  Washington  and 
Oregon,  with  its  smothering  crop  of  timber, 


THE  LUMBER  INDUSTRY  OF  AMERICA. 


578 


Icwke-I  like  the  garden  of  the  Lord.  And  a 
block  of  this  in  weak  hands  at  a  few  cents 
per  thousand  feet,  looked  like  the  opportunity 
of  a  century.  And  it  was.  He  formed  a 
plan,  laid  it  before  twenty  or  more  of  the 
iumhernien  who  had  been  connected  with 
hi-n  in  a  business  way,  and  the  result  was 
the  Weyerhaeuser  Timber  Company,  which 
bought  ior  $6,ooo,ckx»  all  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific timber  in  Washington  and  Oregon. 
The  timber  was  so  good  and  the  price  so  low 
that  the  purchasers  did  not  trouble  to  esti- 
mate more  than  one-third  of  it  before  clos- 
ing the  deal.  The  company  added  $2,000,- 
000  for  the  building  of  mills  and  the  acquir- 
ing of  mere  lands.  The  holdings  of  the  com- 
pany in  the  two  States  are  now  about  one 
million  acres.  They  have  also  holdings  and 
mills  in  Idaho,  and  timber  in  British  Colum- 
bia. Mr,  Weyerhaeuser  owns  but  a  small 
part  of  this  total,  but  in  other  combinations 
his  lumber  and  timber  interests  in  Wisconsin, 
Minnesota,  and  the  South  are  large. 

It  may  not  be  far  from  fact  to  say  that  the 
land  of  the  Weyerhaeuser  Timber  Company 
in  the  two  States  named  contains  40,000,- 
000,000  feet  of  standing  timber.  At  the 
time  of  the  great  purchase  stumpage  was 
selling  there  at  from  10  to  75  cents  per  thou- 
sand. To-day  it  is  worth  from  75  cents  to 
$3  per  thousand.  To-day  hemlock  and  sound 
dead  and  down  timber  is  counted  in  the  price 
quoted,  while  in  1899  it  was  counted  as 
valueless.  This  timber  company  was  formed 
with  the  expectation  of  holding  the  timber 
for  twenty  years  at  least  before  making. a 
good  profit.  But  the  very  buying  and  hold- 
ing in  firm  hands  of  this  block  of  timber 
stiffened  the  market.  The  great  seven  years 
of  prosperity  since  have  done  the  rest.  This 
company  owns  perhaps  10  per  cent,  of  the 
standing  timber  in  the  two  States,  not  for 
the  purpose  of  taking  it  out  of  the  market, 
for  it  is  selling  to  all  legitimate  log  buyers  at 
market  prices,  and  at  the  same  time  is  con- 
tinuing to  buy  timber,  and  to  manufacture  it. 
This  is  probably  the  nearest  thing  to  a  tim- 
ber trust  in  America.  If  there  is  any  iniquity 
in  it  the  loose  laws  of  the  United  States  are 
responsible  for  it.  But  these  laws  have  made 
a  $6,000,000  deal  worth  something  like 
$100,000,000,  and  will  in  time  double  and 
treble  this  amount. 

lumbermen's  associations. 

Prosecuting  attorneys  and  legislative  in- 
vestigating committees  have  from  time  to 
time  looked  for  a  lumber  trust  among  the 


MR.   FREDERICK    WEYERHAEUSER. 

(Reported  to  be  the  "Lumber  King"  of  the  United 
States.) 

lumbermen's  asociations  of  the  country. 
These  organizations  are  nearly  if  not  quite 
all  creations  of  the  past  twenty  years.  The 
country  is  well  covered  with  them,  there 
being  a  dozen  or  more  manufacturers' 
associations,  the  greater  part  of  which  are 
loosely  co-ordinated  in  the  National  Lum- 
ber Manufacturers'  Association,  with  head- 
quarters at  St.  Louis.  Their  work  is 
primarily  to  make  the  grades  of  lumber 
uniform  and  to  keep  the  members  informed 
as  to  stocks  on  hand,  the  surplusses  or  the 
shortages,  the  market  demand,  and  the  pre- 
vailing prices.  They  also  have  much  to  do 
with  railroads  in  defending  lumber  shippers* 
rights,  and  they  have  at  times,  through  their 
legislative  committees,  appeared  before  State 
legislatures  and  Congress.  The  retailers*  as- 
sociations are  generally  limited  by  State 
lines,  though  two  .of  these  comprise  four 
States  each.  These  organizations  attempt  to 
define  the  territory  belonging  to  each  retail 
dealer  and  to  prevent  one  dealer  from  ship- 
ping in  car  lots  into  the  territory  of  another. 
They  define  what  is  a  legitimate  retail  yard 
and  blacklist  as  "  unfair "  any  wholesaler 
who  sells  to  a  private  individual  or  to  a  yard 
not  pronounced  legitimate.    Thus,  a  farmcr5' 


674 


THE  AMERICAN  RE(^/ElV  OF  REyiElt^S. 


A     WELL-BUILT    MODERN     WHITE-PINE    LUMBER    MILL    IN     MINNESOTA, 
(A  type  of  Northern  up-to-date  mills.) 


elevator  company  or  a  farmers*  co-operative 
yard  that  buys  evidently  for  the  purpose  of 
supplying  lumber  only  to  the  stockholders  of 
the  company,  is  usually  put  upon  the  black- 
list. These  organizations  also  fight  the  sup- 
ply houses  that  advertise  to  furnish  lumber, 
sash,  doors,  etc.,  to  the  consumer  at  less  than 
retail  prices.  One  of  the  methods  recently 
employed  (presumably  by  some  one  of  these 
associations)  for  crippling  supply  houses  is 
the  circulation  among  retail  lumbermen  and 
their  friends  of  "  the  little  black  book," 
which  contains  a  list  of  supply  houses  and  a 
suggestion  that  each  recipient  of  the  book 
make  up  a  building  plan  and  bill  in  detail, 
and  send  it  to  the  supply  houses,  asking  for 
estimates  of  cost  and  a  bid  on  the  material. 
Ten  or  twenty  thousand  of  such  decoy  letters 
per  month  could  not  only  swamp  the  estimat- 
ing department  of  the  average  supply  house, 
but  would  so  hopelessly  mix  the  honest  in- 
quiries' with  the  false  ones  that  the  house 
would  be  in  danger  of  losing  its  hold  on  its 
established  trade. 

Local  retail  associations,  covering  one  or 
more  counties,  are  numerous.  Before  the 
anti-trust  laws  were  so  rigidly  enforced,  it 
was  not  an  uncommon  policy  of  certain  of 
these  local  associations  to  meet  at  stated 
times  and  divide  the  rural  districts  between 
towns,  drawing  a  dead  line  over  which  a 
farmer  tributary  to  town  A  could  not  come 
for  lumber  to  town  B,  under  penalty  of  being 
quoted  a  price  so  high  as  to  drive  him  back 
to  his  own  town.  A  scale  of  prices  was  also 
agreed  upon,  and  rigidly  held.  In  at  least 
one  large  Western  town  the  retail  dealers  at 
one  time  formed  an  association,  fixing  prices. 


each  member  contributing  a  considerable 
sum  to  a  forfeit  fund  as  a  guarantee  to  (^ 
serve  the  rules  of  the  game.  A  hired  secre- 
tary kept  watch.  Any  member  found  guilty 
of  quoting  a  price  below  the  list  or  of  filling 
an  order  with  material  any  grade  better  than 
fixed  specifications,  paid  a  heavy  fine.  This 
arrangement  was  broken  up  w^hen  the  anti- 
trust investigation  committees  began  to  make 
inquir>\  At  the  present  time  it  is  doubtful 
if  any  of  these  organizations  are  doing  this 
coarse  work,  or  are  overstepping  the  letter  of 
the  law  in  their  endeavor  to  control  the 
trade.  Some  of  these  organizations  have 
never  done  so. 

The  retail  lumber  trade,  particularly  in  the 
Middle  West,  has  in  great  measure  passed 
into  large  hands.  "  Line-yard  "  companies, 
— a  name  given  to  firms  or  companies  own- 
ing and  operating  three  or  more  retail  yards, 
— now  sell  probably  more  than  half  the  lum- 
ber in  the  territory  indicated.  In  the  four 
States,  Minnesota,  Iowa,  and  the  two  Da- 
kotas,  there  are  150  of  these  line-yard  con- 
cerns, of  which  fifty  have  their  headquarters 
at  Minneapolis.  Some  of  these  companies 
own  and  operate  about  icx)  yards  each,  while 
twenty  or  thirty  yards  is  not  an  uncommonly 
long  "  line."  The  advantages  to  be  gained 
by  such  a  combination  are  obvious.  The 
buying  of  lumber,  the  auditing  of  accounts, 
and  much  of  the  high-priced  thinking  is  done 
for  the  whole  line  from  the  headquarters  of- 
fice. The  bank  account  back  of  the  line  not 
only  tends  to  keep  the  retail  market  steady, 
but  permits  the  head  buyer  to  go  into  the 
wholesale  market  and  buy  in  blocks  of  a 
hundred  car  loads  or  more  or  less.     Such  an 


THE  LUMBER  INDUSTRY  OF  AMERICA. 


676 


attack  in  force  on  the  wholesale  market  rare- 
ly fails  to  bring  a  price  a  substantial  fraction 
lower  than  the  single  yard  owner  can  com- 
mand. 

THE  GOVERNMENT   AND   THE    FORESTS. 

The  federal  Government  has  been  slow  in 
waking  up  to  the  treeless  days  coming.  Pres- 
ident Roosevelt  is  to  be  credited  with  much 
of  the  recent  arousing.  The  Government 
forest  reserves,  all  created  within  the  past 
sixteen  years,  now  cover  about  150,000,000 
acres.  The  total  wooded  area  of  the  country 
is  about  700,000,000  acres.  This  area  of 
forest  reserves,  it  must  be  remembered,  is 
not  all  timber  land.  Much  of  it  is  treeless 
and  almost  naked  of  vegetation.  All  these 
areas  are  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  com- 
paratively little  heavy  timber  is  found  on 
them  east  of  the  Pacific  Slope.  The  timber 
is  not  seized  and  held  from  the  citizen  by 
the  Government.  It  is  merely  effectively 
protected  from  trespass  and  fire  and  thrown 
open  on  advantageous  terms  to  the  use  of  the 
people.  The  motto  of  the  Forest  Service  is: 
"  Use  the  wood  and  save  the  forest." 

So  far  as  funds  will  permit,  the  Forest 
Service  has  been  exceedingly  efficient.  Its 
offidals  have  shown  the  people  how  to  pre- 
vent and  to  fight  forest  fires;  how  to  save 
young  forests  from  the  ravages  of  grazing 
stock;  how  to  harvest  ripe  trees  without 
slaughtering  the  forests ;  how  to  re-forest  the 
deforested  and  prairie  areas.  Private  timber 
owners  are  coming  to  apply  to  the  Govern- 
ment foresters  for  aid  and  instruction  in  for- 
esting their  own  holdings.  Beyond  the  actual 
work  of  protecting  and  propagating  forests, 
the  Forest  Service  is  carrying  on  extensive 
experiments  in  the  preservation  of  ties,  pil- 


ings, etc.,  in  order  to  extend  the  life  of  our 
diminishing  forest  products.  It  is  also  find- 
ing substitutes  for  the  scarcer  varieties  of 
wood  and  new  sources  and  methods  of  pro-^ 
ducing  turpentine  and  other  "  naval  sup- 
plies "  that  will  save  the  more  valuable  tim- 
ber from  the  present  destruction  of  wasteful 
gathering.  Experiments  in  tree  planting  for 
the  various  climatic  and  soil  conditions  of 
the  country  are  carried  on.  Forest  planting 
bulletins  are  issued  instructing  the  farmers 
and  landowners  as  to  the  cultivation  of  trees 
best  suited  for  their  particular  localities.  A 
most  generous  and  persistent  campaign  of 
education  is  being  directed  from  the  Forest 
Bureau.  All  this  has  had  a  stimulating  ef- 
fect on  many  of  the  States.  New  York, 
Pennsylvania  and  Wisconsin  have  taken  the 
lead  in  setting  aside  considerable  areas  for 
permanent  forestry  purposes;  schools  of  for- 
estry are  being  established  in  some  of  .the 
States,  and  associations  for  the  promotion  of 
forestry  are  multiplying.  Thus  the  people 
are  gradually  being  provoked  to  good  works.  . 

But  let  no  citizen  rest  content  that  the 
federal  or  State  governments  will  provide 
against  a  lumber  famine  thirty-five  years 
hence.  During  the  entire  year  of  1907  the 
Forest  Service  has  planted  but  750  acres  of 
new  forest.  Thirty-five  years  from  now  the 
timber  on  this  area,  if  well  cared  for  in  the 
meantime,  will  make  two  Sunday  editions  of 
the  New  York  daily  previously  referred  to. 
Ten  acres  of  trees,  planted  next  year  on 
every  quarter-section  of  un forested,  planta- 
ble  land,  is  the  only  provision  for  the  future 
fuel  and  lumber  supply  that  will  save  the 
coming  generation  from  sore  inconvenience 
and  the  following  generation  from  sore  dis- 
tress. 


A  TRAIN   OF  THIRTEEN  CARS  ON   THE  IDAHO   NORTHERN    RAILROAD,    HAULING    WHITE-PINE    LOGS. 
(The  entire  train  load  scales  72,170  feet.    These  logs  can  be  put  from  the  stump  to  the  mill  In  12  houre.) 


DR.  ROBERTSON'S  WORK   FOR  THE  TRAINING 
OF  CANADIAN  FARMERS. 

BY  GEORGE   ILES. 

(Author  of  "Inventors  at  Work.") 

f)  F  yore  the  educator  was  wont  to  look  at  A  notable  leader  in  this  work,  whose  ca- 
the  work-a-day  world  from  afar,  and  reer  is  here  sketched,  came  from  the  wheat- 
somewhat  askance.  At  college  he  had  passed  field,  the  milkroom,  the  warehouse,  thence 
from  the  student's  desk  to  tutoring,  from  deriving  golden  lessons,  and  thither  rctum- 
tutoring  to  a  professor's  chair.  He  was  ac-  ing  to  broaden  the  knowledge  of  practical 
customed  to  regard  men  and  things  chiefly  men  with  the  winnings  of  the  laboratory  and 


as  depicted  in  books, 
tabulated  in  statis- 
tics, or  reported  in 
the  proceedings  of 
legislatures  and 
courts.  How  the 
college  looked  from 
outside,  wherein  it 
failed  to  prepare  its 
graduates  for  the 
toil  and  tug  of  ac- 
tual life,  he  knew 
not.  And  thus  usu- 
ally the  college  staffs 
of  a  generation  ago 
were  leaven  indeed, 
but  leaven  that  kept 
to  its  own  corner, 
secluded  from  the 
lump.  In  contrast 
to  these  aloof  edu- 
cators of  times  past 
are  thousands  of 
teachers  throughout 
the  technical  and 
agricultural  schools 
of  America  to-day. 
They  stand  for  a 
revolution  pro- 
foundly affecting  all 
other  schools.  Not 
many  years  ago  all 
boys  we  re  educated  as 
if  to  become  clerks, 
or  pass  to  the  professions  of  law,  the  ministry, 
or  medicine.  But  most  boys  must  earn  their 
bread  at  farming  or  railroading,  in  the  fac- 
tory, or  workshop ;  why  not,  therefore,  begin 
at  school  to  teach  how  these  life  tasks  may  be 
performed  faithfully  and  well?  And  why 
not,  also,  bring  out  the  significance  of  these 
tasks,  involving  as  they  do  principles  of  the 
highest  importance  and  interest? 


DR.    J.\MES    WILSON     ROBERTSON. 

(Principal  of  the  Macdonald  College,   Ste.  Anne  "de 
Bellevue,  Quebec,  Canada.) 


the  experimental 
plot.  His  labors, 
ever  rising  in  width 
and  dignity,  dedarp 
a  public-spirited  pio- 
neer of  the  first  or- 
der; he  asks:  What 
great  opportunities 
are  there  for  good  to 
all  the  people  ?  How 
best  may  these  op- 
portunities be  de- 
veloped ? 

James  Wilson 
Robertson,  a  fann- 
er's son,  was  bom  in 
Dunlop,  Scotland, 
in  1857.  From 
fourteen  to  seven- 
teen he  was  clerk  to 
a  firm  in  Glasgpw, 
where  he  learned 
much  that  has  since 
stood  him  in  good 
stead.  He  mt  a  s 
taught  to  keep  ac- 
counts accurately; 
to  write  letters 
promptly,  clearly, 
and  civilly;  he  was 
impressed  with  the 
essential  morality  of 
living  uptoan  agree- 
ment. Every  day, 
and  especially  at  the  annual  stock-takings,  he 
came  to  a  sense  of  values;  he  saw  how  de- 
preciation may  overtake  well-bought  goods, 
how  wear  and  tear  bring  dow^n  the  worth  of 
buildings,  machinery,  fittings. 

In  1875  Robertson's  father,  with  his  fam- 
ily, emigrated  to  Canada,  taking  up  the  Ma- 
ple Grove  farm,  three  miles  from  London, 
Ontario,  in  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural 


DR.  ROBERTSON'S  IVORK  FOR  CANADIAN  FARMERS. 


677 


district.  Here  the  elder  Robertson  resumed 
his  business  as  a  farmer,  and  began  exporting 
farm  produce  to  G^eat  Britain,  in  all  this 
being  assisted  by  his  son.  Young  Robertson 
soon  remarked  that  cheese  and  butter  were  in 
active  demand  across  the  Atlantic,  that  their 
markets  promised  wide  extension  if  supplied 
with  prime  qualities.  But  how  was  this  ex- 
cellence to  be  secured?  At  that  time  but 
little  Canadian  butter  and  cheese  was  of  the 
first  grade ;  most  brands,  indeed,  were  below 
medium  quality.  Young  Robertson  resolved 
that,  as  far  as  possible,  the  making  of  in- 
ferior grades  should  cease.  Near  Ingersoll, 
Ont.,  he  found  a  first-rate  factory  where  he 
could  thoroughly  learn  how  the  best  export 
cheese  was  made;  he  took  service  at  $13  a 
month.  Soon,  through  his  employer's  illness, 
he  was  given  charge  of  the  place.  His  man- 
agement was  a  success  from  the  start ;  he  had 
uncommon  ability,  energy,  and  conscience; 
he  turned  out  products  which  won  the  re- 
spect of  his  farming  critics. 

Before  long,  at  Q)tswold,  Wellington 
County,  not  far  away,  he  took  charge  of  a 
factory  for  a  joint  stock  company  of  farmers, 
but  it  was  not  big  enough  to  keep  him  busy. 
In  a  few  months  he  was  looking  after  eight 
similar  factories,  and  doing  well  by  them  all. 
His  talent  for  initiative,  for  administration, 
was  already  in  evidence.  Then  from  many 
dairymen,  whose  output  was  second-rate, 
came  questions  as  to  his  working  methods. 
In  winter  evenings  he  told  them,  first  in 
groups  of  a  dozen  or  twenty,  then  in  assem- 
blies that  rose  to  100  or  more.  He  laid 
stress  on  cleanliness,  on  the  use  of  the  ther- 
mometer. He  pointed  out  that  hay,  a  com- 
mon crop  for  export,  grievously  impover- 
ished the  soil,  while  dairying  withdrew  from 
land  hardly  any  mineral  values.  He  showed 
that  com  is  a  cheap  and  good  fodder ;  he  dis- 
tributed seed  that  his  hearers  might  prove 
this  at  home.  He  demonstrated  simple  tests 
for  the  quality  of  milk,  which  decide  whether 
a  cow  should  be  kept  at  work  or  sent  to  the 
butcher;  and  he  offered  prizes  for  the  cows 
jrielding  most  rich  milk.  He  attracted  and 
held  his  hearers  because  he  was  one  of  them- 
selves, speaking  their  own  and  not  an 
academic  tongue.  Not  long  before  he  had 
shared  their  ignorances  and  perplexities;  he 
rejoiced  to  tell  them  the  way  out,  that  they 
might  exchange  a  lean  wage  for  a  decent 
profit.  In  dexterity  and  information  Rob- 
ertson has  his  peers;  in  good  will,  in  the 
passion  to  have  his  neighbor  thrive  as  him- 
self, I  know  not  his  equal. 


CALLED  TO  A  COLLEGE  CHAIR. 

Once  his  labors  were  interrupted,  but  only 
that  they  might  be  renewed  with  more  zest 
and  discernment  than  before.  During  the 
winter  of  1878-79  he  attended  the  college  at 
Woodstock,  Ont.,  where  he  received  an  in- 
estimable "impulse  at  the  hands  of  that  born 
teacher.  Prof.  S.  J.  McKee,  now  of  Bran- 
don, Man.  Robertson,  returning  home,  re- 
sumed his  dairying,  and  continued  his  infor- 
mal talks  far  and  near,  gaining  power  as  an 
expositor,  growing  constantly  in  the  confi- 
dence and  regard  of  the  people.  Naturally 
enough,  many  of  his  auditors  told  their  rep- 
resentatives in  the  Ontario  Parliament  of  his 
mastery  of  an  industry  vital  to  the  province, 
of  his  faculty  to  make  others  as  proficient  in 
the  milkroom  as  himself.  In  1886  the  On- 
tario Government  asked  Robertson  to  become 
professor  of  dairy  husbandry  at  the  Agricul- 
tural College  at  Guelph,  to  promote  and 
advance  the  dairying  of  the  province  at  large. 
During  his  stay  at  Guelph  the  college  sought 
more  earnestly  than  ever  before  to  further 
the  welfare  of  farmers  at  home.  Its  staff 
went  the  length  and  breadth  of  Ontario  ad- 
dressing the  farmers'  institutes,  which  flour- 
ish there  as  nowhere  else  on  the  continent. 
As  a  rule,  each  institute  meets  four  times  a 
year;  the  speakers  on  dairying,  live  stock, 
field  crops,  or  other  topics  are  men  of  suc- 
cessful practice.  In  this  work,  of  course, 
Robertson  took  part,  growing  still  happier  in 
making  plain  to  his  hearers  how  care  and  in- 
telligence, order  and  cleanliness  could  better 
their  products  and  lighten  their  toil.  As  his 
stay  in  Guelph  drew  to  a  close  the  college 
began  to  organize  its  famous  traveling  dairies. 
In  this  task  Robertson  had  a  share,  glad  that 
appliances  simple  and  good  should  take  their 
way  through  the  villages  of  Ontario  for  the 
behoof  of  thousands  of  farmers  who  other- 
wise might  never  be  stirred  to  reform. 

BRINGS   IMPROVED  METtlODS   FROM   ABROAD. 

More  than  once  Robertson  accompanied 
shipments  from  Canadian  farms  and  dairies 
to  the  markets  of  Great  Britain.  There  he 
saw  the  butter  of  Denmark,  the  bacon  of 
Ireland,  the  eggs  and  poultry  of  France,  the 
apples  from  the  United  States,  all  better  than 
the  Canadian  exports.  Why  were  they  bet- 
ter? Because  produced  with  more  skill  and 
transported  with  more  care.  He  came  home 
informed  as  to  improved  strains  of  cattle  and 
swine,  their  best  housing  and  feeding;  the 
latest  apparatus  for  creameries  and  cheese 


578 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REI^IEWS. 


factories;  instruction  as  to  how  chickens 
should  be  fattened,  killed,  shaped,  and 
shipped  for  the  tables  of  London,  Manches- 
ter, and  Glasgow.  He  sketched  how  Ca- 
nadian butter,  cheese,  and  poultry  should  be 
packed  and,  forwarded  at  low  temperatures, 
so  that  no  link  should  be  wanting  or  weak 
betwixt  a  farm  or  factory  in  Canada  and  a 
shop  counter  in  Liverpool  or  Leeds.  With 
persistence  and  address  he  carried  these 
projects  to  complete  adoption ;  he  had  studied 
the  situation  as  a  whole;  he  persuaded  all 
concerned  to  a  long  pull,  a  strong  pull,  and 
a  pull  all  together.  Soon  Canadian  farmers, 
dair>'men,  railroad  managers,  and  steamship 
owners  joined  hands  to  develop  a  trade  which 
grew  fast  to  stupendous  proportions.  Backed 
throughout  by  the  Dominion  Treasury,  the 
dairy  exports  which  in  1890  were  but  $9,- 
700,000  rose,  in  1 900,  to  $25,000,000,  and 
in  1906  reached  $31,500,000.  The  man 
who  chiefly  wrought  this  great  result  had  a 
national  helm  in  his  hands.  In  1890  Rob- 
ertson was  appointed  Commissioner  of  Dairy- 
ing for  the  Dominion,  so  that  the  good  prac- 
tice of  Ontario  might  extend  to  her  sister 
provinces.  In  1895  he  was  given  the  addi- 
tional post  of  Commissioner  of  Agriculture 
for  the  Dominion.  Loyally  did  he  discharge 
his  trusts.  From  ocean  to  ocean  he  lifted 
farming  and  dairying  to  new  excellence,  un- 
til his  ambition  to  see  their  methods  at  the 
highest  level  seems  fast  approaching  fulfil- 
ment. And  his  hour  is  fortunate.  New 
areas  for  the  plow  in  the  United  States  are 
too  few  for  national  needs,  and  the  scarcely 
broached  wheat-belt  of  Canada  invites  the 
settler  as 'Minnesota  and  the  Dakotas  did  a 
generation  ago.  At  a  bound  this  influx  has 
opened  a  new  era  in  the  Dominion,  and  thor- 
oughly aroused  her  farmers  to  the  gifts  prof- 
fered by  the  new  education. 

PRIZES  FOR  SELECTED   SEED. 

While  Robertson  jpurneyed  from  his  home 
in  Ottawa  to  Prince  Edward  Island,  thence 
stage  by  stage  to.  British  Columbia  and  back 
again,  he  steadily  gained  experience  as  an 
educator,  but  of  adults  solely.  Would  it 
not  be  well,  He  thought,  to  give  lessons  to 
girls  and  boys,  who,  after  all,  are  somewhat 
more  plastic  and  teachable  than  their  par- 
ents? In  1899,  accordingly,  he  addressed 
himself  to  Young  Canada:  he  had  seen  the 
profit  in  scientific  dairying,  he  knew  that 
equal  gain  awaited  the  twin  pursuit  of  farm- 
ing through  sowing  selected  seed.  He  of- 
fered $100  in  prizes  to  girls  and  boys  who 


SIR    WILLIAM    MACDONALD. 

would  send  him  the  largest  heads  from  the 
sturdiest  wheat  and  oats  from  their  fathers* 
inarms.  So  gratifying  were  the  responses  that 
he  enlisted  the  sympathetic  aid  of  Sir  Wil- 
liam Macdonald,  of  Montreal.  This  wise 
and  generous  friend  of  education  had  given 
technological  departments  to  McGill  Uni- 
versity, at  a  cost  of  more  than  $2 ,000,00a 
He  at  once  offered  $10,000  as  prizes  to  girls 
and  boys  who  from  the  most  vigorous  plants 
on  home  farms  should  select  the  largest 
heads,  and  grow  seed  from  these  on  plots  of 
their  own.  By  1903  the  yield  of  spring 
wheat  thus  sown  and  rt^apcU  was  28  per 
cent,  heavier  than  that  of  three  years  bcforr 
from  unselected  seed;  \n  oats  the  incmsr 
was  27  per  cent.,  area  for  area*  All  told, 
1500  entries  were  received,  450  young  folfc 
rounding  out  three  years'  work,  their  par 
ents  always  among  the  best  farmers  in  their 
counties. 

Of  course,  part  of  the  recarded  gain  ifl 
yield  was  owing  to  improved  cultivadofi; 
but  the  chief  part  was  unquestionably  due  to 
systematic  selection  of  seed.  And  the  rtJf 
was  confirmed  which  regards  a  plant  ws  a 
whole,  and  restricts  the  choice  of  seed  rc^ 
only  the  most  vigorous  plants.  It  may  be 
asked,  when,  in  1903,  the  prizes  ceased^  did 
selection  come  to  an  end?  No,  A  Se<d 
Growers'  Association  wa^  formed,  of  senioi^ 
as  well  as  juniors.    In  1906,  at  their  annual 


DR.  ROBERTSON'S  IVORK  FOR  CANADIAN  FARMERS. 


579 


meeting,  they  reported  manifold  gains;  ker- 
nels had  been  improved  in  size  and  quality, 
harvests  had  matured  more  evenly,  strains 
had  become  better  adapted  to  local  condi- 
tions»  more  resistant  to  disease  and  more  pro- 
ductive. It  is  estimated  that  in  1906  the 
crops  directly  bettered  by  the  Macdonald 
seed-grain  competition,  were  increased  in 
value  by  half  a  million  dollars.  And  im- 
mensely more  is  under  way.  In  the  Cana- 
dian Northwest,  Red  Fife  is  the  best  variety 
of  wheat  to  sow.  In  1900,  outside  the  ex- 
perimental farms  there  was  not  known  to  be 
more  than  360  acres  in  reasonably  pure  Red 
Fife  in  that  vast  territory.  There  was 
plenty  of  No.  1  hard  wheat  for  marketing, 
but  the  seed  grain  had  become  mixed,  had 
lost  quality.  To-day,  thanks  to  the  360 
acres  just  mentioned,  to  the  experimental 
farms,  and  to  the  Macdonald  competition,  no 
less  than  34,000  acres  are  sown  with  reason- 
ably pure  Red  Fife,  with  the  expectation  that 
in  about  five  years  the  whole  Canadian 
Northwest  will  be  seeded  with  wheat  true  to 
name  and  true  to  strain. 

MANUAL  TRAINING  INTRODUCED. 

Sir  William  Macdonald,  warmly  inter- 
ested in  the  higher  education,  also  earnestly 
desired  to  aid  primary  schools,  especially  those 
in  country  districts.  He  took  counsel  with 
Dr.  Robertson,  who  reviewed  their  problems 


in  the  light  of  wide  observation,  and  then,  as 
is  his  wont,  inquired :  "  Where  are  the  best 
examples  for  our  guidance  ?  "  He  examined 
kindergartens,  and  classes  in  manual  train- 
ing, nature  study,  and  domestic  science  in 
the  United  States  and  England,  that  their 
best  methods  might  be  adapted  to  Canada. 
He  was  convinced  that  Canadian  elementary 
schools  were  too  bookish,  that  they  did  not 
appeal,  as  they  should,  to  the  skill  of  hand 
and  eye  which  fully  call  Qut  intelligence, 
and  prepare  for  the  home,  the  farm,  the 
workshop,  the  mill,  where  most  girls  and 
boys  as  they  grow  up  must  do  their  work. 
With  Dr.  Robertson  as  planner  and  coun- 
sellor, Sir  William  Macdonald  founded 
throughout  Canada  manual-training  centers 
at  twenty-one  places,  attended  by  7000  chil- 
dren, and  costing  $3600  a  month  for  teachers* 
salaries  during  three  years.  At  the  end  of 
that  term  the  local  authorities  were  free  to 
continue  the  schools  if  they  pleased.  In  every 
province  manual  training  has  been  continued, 
and  with  constantly  widening  popularity.  In 
Nova  Scotia,  for  instance,  more  than  twenty 
school  centers  of  the  Macdonald  type  have 
arisen,  built  and  conducted  with  local  funds. 
Ontario  had  at  first  Macdonald  schools  in 
three  cities;  now,  counting  their  progeny, 
she  has  forty  manual-training  centers.  What 
more  can  apostle  desire  than  to  gather  disci- 
ples in  such  telling  fashion?    To-day  about 


THE    MANUAL   TRAINING   ROOM    OF   THE    MACDONALD    CONSOLIDATED    SCHOOL,    GUELPH. 


580 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElt^  OF  REVIEWS. 


THE    MACDONALD    CONSOLIDATED    SCHOOL,    GUELPH,    ONTARIO. 
(OoachoH  used  for  the  transporting  of  pupils  In  the  foreground.) 


22,000  children  are  attending  manual  train- 
ing classes  in  Canada,  and  that  instruction 
now  forms  part  of  the  normal  school  courses 
throughout  the  Dominion. 

CONSOLIDATION    AND    REFORM    OF    COUNTRY 
SCHOOLS. 

In  Canadian  township.,  the  schools  were 
long  sadly  inadequate,  chiefly  through  being 
too  small,  and  out  of  touch  with  home  life, 
with  parental  occupations.  Most  of  them 
were  attended  by  as  few  as  twenty  to  thirty 
pupils,  and,  as  a  rule,  one  teacher  taught  2^^ 
best  she  could  boys  and  girls  all  the  way  from 
seven  to  fourteen  years  of  age.  Here,  surely, 
were  defects  crying  for  remedy.  Hand  in 
hand  Sir  William  Macdonald  and  Dr.  Rob 
ertson  went  to  \\ork  with  a  will.  They  in- 
vestigated how  in  Ohio,  and  other  States  of 
the  Union,  many  petty  schools  had  been  su- 
perseded by  consolidated  schools  at  central 
points.  In  many  cases  It  was  found  that  the 
consolidators  had  continued  much  the  same 
courses,  and  methods  of  study,  which  had 
prevailed  in  the  one-room  schools  of  old.  It 
was  deemed  well  that  in  Canada  consolida- 
tion should  be  chiefly  a  means  of  enriching 
the  whole  round  of  instruction  by  school  gar- 
dening, by  sewing  and  cooking  classes,  by 
carefully  chosen  courses  in  manual  training. 
All  these  to  be  of  the  ver>-  essence  of  a  school, 


not  merely  tacked  on  as  extras,  to  be  pursued 
or  omitted  at  will. 

A  prime  necessity  of  the  reform  was,  of 
course,  in  providing  transportation.  How 
this  might  easily  be  accomplished  had  been 
shown  long  before  as  individual  dairies  had 
given  place  to  creameries  and  cheese  factories. 
If  routes  for  the  carriage  of  their  milk  and 
cream  could  be  readily  established  and  main- 
tained, why  not  similar  routes  for  the  con- 
veyance of  children  to  a  consolidated  school? 
There  they  would  receive  varied  and*  com- 
plete instruction,  the  classes  graded  as  in 
cities, -every  teacher,  as  in  Montreal  or  To- 
ronto, keepinj  to  subjects  she  had  thoroughly 
mastered.  Four  consolidated  schools  were 
founded  by  Sir  William  Macdonald,  in  On- 
tario, New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  and 
Prince  Edward  Island,  with  classes  in  man- 
ual training,  household  science, 'and  nature 
study,  based  on  work  in  school  gardens.  :tt%c 
cost  of  preparing  special  teachers,  of  netting 
and  equipping  the  schools,  and  of  tneeting 
all  the  expenses  beyond  those  prev'iously 
borne  by  the  twenty-six  districts  concerned, 
was  $180,000  for  three  years.  This  capital 
example  had  the  usual  effect  of  inciting  on- 
lookers to  do  likewise.  At  Riverside  and 
Florenceville,  New  Brunswick,  are  hand- 
some consolidated  schools,  reared  and  sus- 
tained by  these  comnuinities  for  themselves; 


DR.  ROBERTSON'S  WORK  FOR  CANADIAN  FARMERS. 


581 


Nova  Scotia  has  now  twenty-two  consoli- 
dations in  the  room  of  fifty-three  schools  of 
the  old  and  inferior  scale.  On  an  average 
the  daily  attendance  at  the  Macdonald  con- 
solidated schools  has  been  55  per  cent,  more 
than  at  the  schools  they  supplanted ;  at  Kings- 
ton, New  Brunswick,  the  figure  is  140  per 
cent.  Thanks  to  the  Macdonald  movement, 
sound  education  in  rural  Canada  is  acquiring 
the  force  of  fashion.  Yet  a  few  years  and 
the  Dominion  will  rank  with  Scodand  her- 
self, the  land  of  good  schools. 

SCHOOL  GARDENS. 

• 

A  moment  ago  it  was  said  that  every  Mac- 
donald school  has  a  school  garden.  Besides 
those  at  the  four  original  consolidated 
schools,  a  garden  was  laid  out  at  each  of  five 
rural  schools  in  each  of  five  provinces,  twen- 
ty-five in  all.  A  trained  instructor  took 
charge  of  every  group  of  five,  giving  one  day 
every  week  to  each  school  in  his  circuit.  The 
outlay  during  three  years  grew  to  $40,000. 
The  plots  varied  from  15  to  120  square  feet, 
the  smallest  being  assigned  to  little  tots.  A 
wide  variety  of  grains  and  grasses,  vegeta- 
bles and  flowers  were  sown,  with  the  inci- 
dental effect  of  adding  much  beauty  to  school 
grounds.  At  Hillsboro,  Prince  Edward 
Island,  partnership  was  one  year  introduced 
w-ith  happy  effect.  While  each  pupil  was 
responsible  for  his  own  plot,  he  shared  with 
three  others  the  work  of  keeping  in  order  the 
intervening  paths,  of  making  the  whole  co- 
operative area  as  handsome  as  possible. 

Everywhere  these  gardens  prove  with  what 
delight  and  profit  children  may  begin  at 
school  the  work  of  later  life,  how  principles 
of  unending  interest  may  be  unfolded  in  sim- 
ple tasks  of  sowing  and  pruning,  hoeing  and 
reaping.  Here,  harking  back  to  noteworthy 
experiments,  selected  seeds  are  sown,  with 
the  striking  contrast  betw-een  their  harvests 
and  the  crops  reaped  from  ordinary  seeds. 
Not  less  instructive  is  it  to  compare  two  plots 
planted  with  potatoes,  one  sprayed  against 
blight,  the  other  neglected  and  so  only  pro- 
ducing a  few  under-sized  tubers.  In  the 
course  o(  four  years  a  special  area,  of,  say, 
twenty-five  square  yards,  is  cropped  the  first 
year  with  wheat,  the  second  with  clover,  the 
third  with  grass  for  pasture,  and  the  fourth 
with  a  cultivated  crop  as  Indian  corn  or  po- 
tatoes. All  to  illustrate  the  profit  of  a  rota- 
tion which  in  four  years  works  much  less  ex- 
haustion to  the  soil,  yields  larger  crops,  and 
leaves  the  land  freer  from  weeds,  than  if 
only  grain  had  been  sown  year  after  year. 


These  simple  lessons  form  what  Dr.  Rob- 
ertson calls  the  tripod  of  good  farming:  (1) 
sowing  selected  seed  on  prepared  soil;  (2) 
protecting  crops  against  insects  and  fungous 
diseases;  (3)  a  rotation  of  crops  adapted  to 
the  soil  and  to  the  markets.  At  Tryon 
School  Garden,  Prince  Edward  Island,  the 
children  reaped  32  per  cent,  more  wheat 
from  a  plot  sown  with  selected  seed  than  was 
borne  on  an  adjoining  plot  sown  with  un- 
selected  seed.  When  barley  followed  clover 
it  yielded  1 7  per  cent,  more  than  when  bar- 
ley followed  a  cereal  without  clover  stubble 
having  been  plowed  in.  As  remarkable  as 
these  results  in  crops  are  the  effects  on  the 
young  sowers  and  reapers  themselves.  Uni- 
form examinations  for  entrance  to  high 
schools  are  held  throughout  Ontario  in  July. 
In  1906  in  Carleton  County  from  schools 
without  gardens  49  per  cent,  of  the  candi- 
dates were  successful ;  from  five  Macdonald 
schools,  where  all  candidates  had  been  school 
gardeners  for  three  consecutive  years,  71  per 
cent,  were  admitted,  mostly  with  high  stand- 
ing. As  in  all  such  education  it  was  shown 
that  when  part  of  a  schcol-day  is  given  to 
toil  with  the  hands,  at  the  bench  and  out  of 
doors,  the  book  work  at  the  desk  takes  on  a 
fresh  meaning,  and  inspires  a  new  zest. 

TRAINING    TEACHERS. 

Sir  William  Macdonald  and  Dr.  Robert- 
son had  now  entered  upon  an  educational 
reform  so  broad  and  deep,  so  novel  in  many 
details,  that  it  demanded  teachers  trained  on 
purpose.  Recognizing  this  need  Sir  William 
Macdonald  provided  at  the  Ontario  Agri- 
cultural College,  Guelph,  two  large  build- 
ings, equipped  for  the  due  instruction  of 
teachers.  Here  are  headquarters  for  manual 
training  and  household  science,  with  brief 
courses  in  cooking,  sewing  and  other  domes- 
tic arts.  Short  courses  in  nature  study  and 
school  gardening  are  free  to  teachers.  To 
promote  their  attendance  four  Provincial 
Governments  have  granted  scholarships 
which  have  already  enabled  two  hundred 
teachers  to  take  elected  instruction.  In  one 
important  regard  this  College  at  Guelph  has 
an  enviable  record:  Two  out  of  every  three 
of  its  graduates  return  to  the  farm.  This 
dividend  back  to  the  land  is  considerably 
higher  than  is  usual  at  other  such  institutions. 

MACDONALD   COLLEGE   AT  STE.   ANNE's. 

Taking  many  a  sterling  lesson  from  the  col- 
lege at  Guelph,  from  sister  colleges  through- 
out the  Union,  has  arisen  the  Macdonald 


582 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


SCHOOL    CHILDREN    SPRAYING    POTATOES. 
(TlhiBtration    plots   of   grain    and    potatoes.) 

College  at  Ste.  Anne  de  Bellevue,  on  the 
Ottawa  River,  twenty  miles  west  of  Mon- 
treal. The  grounds,  through  which  pass  the 
main  lines  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  and  the 
Grand  Trunk  railroads,  are  561  acres  in  ex- 
tent, arranged  in  three  areas :  First,  the  cam- 
pus, with  plots  for  illustration  and  research 
in  grains,  grasses  and  flowers,  74  acres;  sec- 
ond, the  small-cultures  farm  of  100  acres,  for 
horticulture  and  poultry  keeping;  third,  the 
live  stock  and  grain  farm  of  387  acres.  All 
the  buildings  are  of  fireproof  construction,  in 


stone,  brick,  steel,  and  concrete,  with  red  tile 
roofing.  Every  building  is  heated,  lighted 
and  furnished  with  water  from  a  power- 
house having  six  horizontal  tubular  boilers, 
each  of  150  horsepower.  The  college; 
now  about  to  be  opened,  has  Dr.  Robert- 
son for  its  principal  or  president.  It  is  un- 
derstood to  have  cost  Sir  William  Macdon- 
ald  about  $2,ooo,o<X).  He  has  placed  its 
administration  in  the  hands  of  the  trustees 
of  McGill  University,  Montreal,  with  a  sum 
exceeding  $2,000,000  as  endowment.  Some 
of  the  courses  at  the  college  lead  to  degrees 
from  McGill  University. 

Macdonald  College  has  three  departments: 
First,  the  School  for  Teachers,  which  takes 
the  place  of  the  Protestant  Normal  School, 
removed  from  Montreal.  Special  regard  is 
paid  the  needs  of  rural  districts.  Second, 
the  School  of  Agriculture,  which  aims  to  pro- 
vide thorough  training  both  in  theory  and 
practice.  Third,  the  School  of  Household 
Science,  to  impart  instruction  in  all  that  con- 
cerns good  housekeeping.  In  engaging  his 
staff,  in  discussing  item  by  item  the  pro- 
grams of  study.  Dr.  Robertson  has  sought  to 
profit  by  the  widest  available  experience.  He 
stands  ready  to  modify  any  detail  in  which 
the  future  may  show  an  opening  for  im- 
provement. There  is  no  charge  for  tuition. 
Board  costs,  with  a  room  to  oneself,  $3.50  a 
week;  where  tA\'o  share  a  room,  $3.25  each. 


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THE   MACDONALD  SCHOOL  GARDEN,  BOWESVILLE,  NEAR  OTTAWA,  ONTARIO. 


DR.  ROBERTSON'S  WORK  FOR  CANADIAN  FARMERS. 


683 


•  THE  BUILDINGS    OF   THE    MACDONALD   COLLEGE,    STE.    ANNE    DE    BELLEVUE,   QUEBEC. 


Next  year  the  college  farms  will  be  worked, 
in  part,  by  apprentice-students,  who  will 
have  an  opportunity  to  earn  enough  in  six 
months  to  pay  for  their  board  the  following 
winter. 

THE    SCHOOL   OF   AGRICULTURE. 

This  school  offers  many  courses ;  let  it  suf- 
fice to  mention  the  two-years'  course.  It  in- 
cludes field  and  cereal  husbandry,  animal  and 
poultry  husbandry,  home  dairying,  and  hor- 
ticulture. Farm  machinery  will  be  taken 
apart,  reassembled  and  tested;  at  need  mow- 
ers, self-binders,  and  the  like  will  be  repaired. 
Object  lessons  of  the  first  order  are  given  on 
the  main  farm;  its  387  acres  are  thoroughly 
drained  and  cultivated,  and  have  good  roads. 
Its  buildings  comprise  a  farmhouse,  several 
cottages  and  barns,  with  stables  for  horses 
and  cattle,  and  a  sanitary  piggery  of  con- 
crete.   The  equipment  for  the  study  of  cattle 


and  swine  is  capital;  a  fair  example  is  the 
dairy  herd  of  pure-bred  Ayrshires,  one  of  the 
best  in  America. 

The  small-cultures  farm  of  100  acres  is 
for  productive  work,  for  investigations  in 
fruits  large  and  small,  in  vegetables  and 
poultr>'.  There  are  several  acres  of  apple 
orchard,  displaying  the  Fameuse  and  other 
leading  varieties.  Spacious  poultry  runs  ac- 
commodate about  a  thousand  fowls. 

Last  August  on  the  college  grounds  I  saw 
the  results  of  an  experiment  which  might 
well  be  repeated  by  school  gardeners 
throughout  America:  Five  adjoining  plots 
had  been  sown  with  wheat ;  one  on  the  earli- 
est possible  day;  the  others  at  intervals  each 
one  week  later  than  the  sowing  next  before 
it.  The  plot  first  sown  bore  much  the  larg- 
est and  best  crop.  This  lesson,  added  to  Dr. 
Robertson's  "  tripod,"  already  outlined, 
clearly    proves    that    the    farmer    who   puts 


BROODER   HOUSES   FOR  CHICKENS. 
(Colony  houses  for  hens  in  the  background.) 


584 


THE  AMERICAN   kBl^lEW  OF  RBt^lEwS, 


THE    DOMESTIC    SCIENCE    RCX)M,    MACDONALD    CONSOLIDATED     SCHOOL,   GUELPH. 


brains  and  energy  into  his  business  can  readi- 
ly earn  a  dollar  where  a  careless  farmer 
finds  50  cents. 

SCHOOLS  FOR  TEACHERS  AND  HOUSEKEEPERS. 

A  word  as  to  the  School  for  Teachers, 
which  proffers  a  comprehensive  and  thor- 
oughly practical  training  in  the  art  and 
science  of  teaching.  Its  five  classes  are  (i) 
elementar>',  (2)  advanced  elementary,  (3) 
kindergartening,  (4)  model-school  instruc- 
tion, (5)  pedagogy,  including  study  of  the 
history  of  educational  theories  and  practice, 
of  educational  methods  and  philosophy,  the 
organization  and  management  of  schools. 
On  the  campus  is  a  school  for  the  village  of 
Ste.  Anne's,  embodying  the  best  rural  meth- 
ods; its  classes  are  available  for  teachcrs-in- 
training.  In  addition,  they  have  access  to 
schools  in  Montreal,  easily  reached  in  less 
than  an  hour. 

The  School  of  Household  Science  affords 
a  wide  range  of  instruction,  an  important 
feature  being  the  housekeeping  of  the  college 
itself,  in  which  students  bear  part.  The  one- 
year  courses  embrace  the  study  of  foods, 
cooking,  household  economics,  clothing  ma- 
terials, dressmaking,  and  millinery;  fuels, 
ventilation  and  house  sanitation ;  home  nurs- 


ing and  hygiene,  and  home  art.  These 
courses  admirably  supplement  those  of  the 
sister  School  of  Agriculture,  which  show 
how  wealth  is  won  from  the  soil  and  the 
dairy,  the  cattle  bam  and  the  poultry  shed. 
How  to  earn  a  good  income  is  taught  in  one 
school,  in  the  other  school  is  learned  the 
equally  important  art  of  using  an  income 
with  economy,  good  sense,  and  good  taste 
withal. 

In  all  its  departments  the  college  ofFcrs  ex- 
cellent short  courses,  adapted  to  the  needs  of 
young  men  and  women  limited  in  means  and 
time.  Such  courses  are  among  the  most  useful 
afforded  by  the  agricultural  colleges  of  On- 
tario, Wisconsin,  and  Iowa,  and  similar  in- 
stitutions of  mark.  Education,  it  would 
seem,  may  in  many  cases  come  too  early. 
When  a  learner,  in  the  fulness  of  his  powers, 
comes  to  great  principles,  unstated  by  prema- 
ture familiarity,  he  may  have  reason  to  re- 
joice in  the  lateness  of  his  lessons. 

Much,  too,  is  learned  by  the  interested 
visitor  at  such  a  college  as  that  at  Ste.  Anne's. 
Negotiations  are  afoot  which  next  year  will 
offer  excursions  to  Macdonald  College  at 
nominal  rates,  following  the  example  of  the 
Guelph  College,  which  welcomes  every  year, 
in  June,  no  fewer  than  30,000  visitors. 


1 

^    1     ,    'T'^'^^i^           -».T*.*-m*£ 

jJ^^i^lj^BSpi^ 

MILK    DEPOT  OF   THE   NEW    YORK   CENTRAL- &    HUDSON   RIVER   RAILROAD   IN    NEW   YORK   CITY. 


THE  MILK  SUPPLY  AS  A   NATIONAL   PROBLEM. 


BY    CHARLES    CULVER  JOHNSON. 


\7[7HEN  the  Second  International  Pure 
Milk  Congress,  at  Brussels,  on  Sep- 
tember 1 2- 1 6,  1907,  recommended  the  uni- 
versal pasteurization  of  milk  as  the  best  im- 
mediate means  of  improving  the  milk  supply, 
the  pasteurized-milk  movement  Nathan 
Straus  inaugurated  in  New  York  City  more 
than  fifteen  years  ago  became  a  world  policy. 
Delegates  from  thirty-one  nations  gave  in- 
dorsement to  the  plan.  The  donation  by 
Mr.  Straus  of  a  complete  pasteurization 
plant  to  the  City  of  Brussels,  made  at  the 
conclusion  of  the  conference,  is  the  latest 
forward  movement  in  the  pure-milk  cam- 
paign in  European  cities. 

Following  this  international  action  comes 
the  report  of  the  results  of  the  work  of 
thirty-five  experts  selected  by  the  milk  con- 
ference held  in  Washington,  some  months 
ago.  This  report  recommends  the  grading 
of  milk  into  three  classes,— certified,  in- 
spected, and  pasteurized.  Certified  milk  is 
from  inspected  dairies,  from  cows  proved 
free  from  disease;  this  milk  is  to  be  fre- 
quently analyzed,  to  contain  not  more  than 
10,000  bacteria  to  the  cubic  centimeter,  and 
to  be  not  more  than  twelve  hours  old  when 
delivered  to  the  consumer.     Such  milk  is  to 


be  sold  raw,  and  labeled  "  certified."  Milk 
not  quite  up  to  these  requirements  is  in- 
cluded in  the  same  grade,  but  is  to  be  marked 
"  inspected." 

Second-grade  milk  is  that  not  produced 
under  the  conditions  named,  which  must  be 
pasteurized  and  sold  under  the  pasteurized 
label.  The  third  grade  consists  of  milk  of 
unknown  origin,  to  be  classified  and  pasteur- 
ized at  central  pasteurization  plants  under 
the  personal  supervision  of  officers  of  boards 
of  health. 

While  these  are,  as  yet,  merely  suggestions, 
their  importance  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 
the  Secretarv  of  Agriculture  co-operated 
with  the  milk  experts,  that  by  direction  of 
the  President  the  Agricultural  Department 
is  investigating  the  milk  question,  that  it  is 
probable  the  next  Congress  will  be  asked  to 
pass  a  Pure-Milk  law  largely  along  the  lines 
of  the  experts'  recommendations.  A  vigor- 
ous pure-milk  campaign  seems  foreshadowed. 
These  things  lend  additional  importance  to 
the  giant  fact  that  4,ooo,ix>o  persons  are  en- 
gaged in  furnishing  80,000,000  inhabitants 
of  the  United  States  with  milk.  Not  all 
these  sell  milk  to  the  consumer,  but  a  num- 
ber slightly  in  excess  of  that  given  represents 


586 


THE  AMERICAN  REl/IEH^  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


the  actual  army  of  individuals  involved  in 
the  industry's  operation. 

Dairying  is  rehabilitating  drooping  agri- 
cultural interests  in  many  sections.  The 
ratio  of  the  number  of  milch  cows  to  each 
looo  of  the  country's  population  is  262. 
Market-milk  production  is  one  of  the  great- 
est wealth-producing  industries  of  the  land. 
The  story  of  the  revolution  of  market- 
milk  methods,  from  cow  to  consumer,  is  a 
recital  of  one  of  the  most  striking  chapter3 
of  the  book  of  modem  progress. 

The  slogan  Gail  Borden,  inventor  of  the 
condensed-milk  process,  sounded  more  than 
a  half-century  ago,  **  Clean  milk  is  pure 
milk,"  is  the  accepted  doctrine  of  the  honest 
milk  producer  and  dealer.  The  word  "  hon- 
est "  is  used  advisedly,  for  can  any  man  of 
ordinary  intelligence  sell  milk  he  knows  to 
be  impure  without  being  dishonest?  Twen- 
ty years  ago  he  might  have  been  excused. 
To-day  the  doctrine  of  sanitation  has  pene- 
trated even  remote  sections  so  noticeably  that 
ignorance  is  no  longer  pardonable. 

Two  billion  gallons  of  milk  is  consumed 
daily  in  the  United  States.  The  growth  of 
the  demand  for  milk  as  food  is  greater  to-day 
than  it  has  ever  been.  With  this  steadily 
increasing  volume  confronting  the  pure-milk 
advocate,  it  is  plain  that  his  task  is  far  from 
light. 

Rochester's  vigorous  campaign. 

The  most  successful  experiment  in  the 
purification  of  milk  sold  to  the  public  has 
been  accomplished  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Here 
precedent  and  fear  of  consequences  were 
ignored,  and  the  city  itself  went  into  the 
milk  business  in  July  and  August,  after 
inaugurating  a  safeguard  system  th^t  is  a 
model  in  its  way.  Just  how  great  the  real 
effect  upon  the  mortality  record  of  Rochester 
the  municipal  milk  experiment  has  had  is  not 
known,  although  figures  have  been  freely 
given.  That  it  reduced  the  infant  death  rate 
at  least  40  per  cent,  is  undoubtedly  true. 

This  was  accomplished  neither  by  the  pas- 
teurization nor  the  sterilization  of  milk,  but 
by  guarding  the  milk  from  the  time  it  left 
the  cow  until  it  reached  the  consumer,  by 
preventing  the  fluid  from  encountering  any- 
thing that  was  unsterile.  Every  receptacle 
utilized  was  actually,  not  theoretically,  steril- 
ized. Some  of  this  milk,  refrigerated  at  a 
moderate  temperature,  keeps  pure  and  sweet 
ten  days,  without  difficulty.  With  pasteur- 
ized milk  this  would  be  impossible. 

Rochester  has  had  much   in   its  favor  in 


carrying  on  its  pure-milk  campaign.  Its 
sources  of  supply  are  comparatively  near  at 
hand.  Its  force  of  inspectors,  none  too 
large,  is  sufficient  to  carry  on  an  inspection  of 
dairy,  milk  station,  and  other  utensils  that 
really  accomplishes  its  purpose.  In  a  city 
like  New  York,  for  instance,  where  the  milk 
supply  comes  from  six  States, — Vermont  has 
just  entered  the  list  of  purveyors  of  milk  to 
New  York, — the  impossibility  of  giving  as 
rigid  an  inspection  as  Rochester  enjoys  is 
apparent,  unless  an  army  of  men  be  em- 
ployed, something  the  city  authorities  who 
appropriate  money  say  is  out  of  the  question. 

GUARDING  THE  PURITY  OF  NEW  YORK's  SUP- 
PLY. 

New  York  Cit>'  utilizes  more  milk  than 
any  other  community  in  the  United  States. 
There  are  just  thirty  inspectors  to  keep  an 
eye  on  the  four  hundred  million  quarts  an- 
nually required.  This  milk  is  received  from 
the  States  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania, Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  and 
Vermont.  Some  cream  comes  from  Ohio, 
but  this  is  not  considered  in  outlining  the 
milk  sources.  Statements  are  occasionally 
seen  that  New  York  City*s  force  of  milk 
inspectors  is  greater  in  number  than  this. 
But  it  is  not,  despite  most  earnest  effort  to 
bring  about  an  increase. 

As  far  as  it  goes.  New  York's  milk  in- 
spection is  excellent.  Dr.  Darlington, 
Health  Commissioner,  does  all  in  his  power 
to  insure  pure  milk,  but  his  force  is  too 
limited  to  gain  results  such  as  Rochester 
enjoys.  Fifteen  inspectors  are  assigned  to 
the  city;  fifteen  to  the  country.  They  first 
inspect  the  milk  on  its  arrival,  watch  the 
milk  sales  on  the  street  and  in  grocery  stores, 
see  that  laws  requiring  the  cleansing  of  cans 
and  bottles  are  observed,  and  attend  to  the 
prosecution  of  offenders. 

It  is  the  "  loose  "  milk,  as  the  fluid-milk 
sold  in  the  stores  from  cans  in  any  desired 
quantity  is  called^  that  is  to  be  feared  the 
most.  Even  where  it  is  handled  in  sanitary 
fashion,  the  constant  removal  of  the  cover 
and  the  consequent  fluctuation  of  tempera- 
ture, offers  ample  opportunity  for  bacteria 
of  all  sorts  to  find  lodgment.  If  the  can  is 
clean  and  the  dipper  is  also  sanitary,  the  dan- 
ger is  less,  but  at  the  best  it  is  a  menace. 

The  milk  cans,  filled,  are  often  left  at 
the  door  of  the  grocery  store,  long  before  the 
store  is  opened,  and,  standing  thus,  the  milk  s 
temperature  speedily  becomes  far  too  high. 
When  the  groceryman  comes  he  may  place 


THE  MILK  SUPPLY  AS  A  NATIONAL  PROBLEM, 


587 


A   CLEAN,   INEXPENSIVE   DAIRY    STABLE    ANY    FARMER   CAN    AFFORD. 


the  can  on  ice,  but  the  chances  are  that  he 
does  not,  and  sometimes  the  milk  becomes  of 
a  temperature  approaching  blood  heat,  when 
the  bacteria  it  contains  double  every  twenty 
minutes.  New  Y'ork  inspectors  report  the 
utmost  difficulty  in  inducing  the  storekeepers 
to  wash  milk  cans.  There  is  a  law  against 
not  doing  so,  and  early  in  September,  1907, 
the  city  secured  its  first  conviction  of  an 
offender  in  the  Court  of  General  Sessions,  a 
fine  of  $15  being  imposed.  It  is  probable 
this  will  check  thp  evil,  although  the  oppor- 
tunity to  detect  offenses  is  so  limited,  owing 
to  the  shortage  of  inspectors,  that  the  evil 
can  only  be  checked  at  best. 

A  number  of  East  Side  New  York  City 
milk  dealers  were  convicted  in  October  of 
adulterating  milk  they  sold,  and  fined  the 
law's  limit  for  the  offense. 

New  York's  milk  supply  is  principally 
received  at  four  points,  Weehawken,  N.  J., 
the  terminal  of  the  West  Shore  and  other 
railroads;  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  Jersey  City,  and 
West  Thirtieth  street,  New  York.  Milk  is 
also  received  in  the  Bronx,  but  not  in  large 
amount.  Lx)ng  Island  contributes  practically 
none  of  IVIanhattan's  milk  supply,  and  only  a 
small  fraction  of  the  milk  served  residents  of 


Brooklyn  Borough.  Milk  receipts  are  sup- 
posed to  be  inspected,  but  such  inspection  is 
.only  possible  in  limited  and  occasional  degree. 

INSPECTING  COUNTRY  DAIRIES. 

The  inspectors  at  work  in  the  country 
make  a  dairy-to-dairy  inspection.  They  at- 
tend to  all  dairy  complaints.  They  furnish 
each  dairyman  with  a  printed  card  telling 
him  what  an  ideal  stable  is.  It  is  not  to  be 
supposed  that  the  man  with  a  half-dozen 
dairy  cows  will  be  able  to  equip  his  premises 
after  the  fashion  of  a  model  dairy.  Those 
who  oppose  the  pure-milk  movement  in  the 
country  have  been  quoting  the  New  York 
Health  Department's  card  outlining  what  a 
model  dairy  w^ould  be,  as  a  list  of  rules  the 
inspectors  insist  each  dair\'man  whose  milk 
comes  to  New  York  shall  live  up  to.  The 
manifest  injustice  of  this  is  apparent.  What 
the  inspector  demands  is  that  the  premises 
shall  be  kept  clean,  that  the  utensils  shall 
also  be  purified,  that  the  milkman  and  all 
who  handle  the  milk  shall  keep  clean  during 
the  process,  that  the  milk  shall  not  be  placed 
in  an  unclean  place,  and  that  it  be  kept  at  a 
safe  temperature.  None  of  these  require- 
ments  is  even   difficult,   unless  a   dairyman 


>88 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^IElV  OF  REl^IEP^S. 


prefers  uncleanness  of  premises  and  person. 

A  feature  of  tlie  municipal  market  milk 
supply  few  persons  consider  a  thorn  in  the 
flesh  of  the  pure  milk  advocate,  is  the  "  neigh- 
borhood "  milkman.  For  instance,  while  the 
law  of  the  Borough  of  Manhattan  forbids 
any  person  maintaining  a  cow  within  the 
borough  limits,  no  such  law  really  applies  to 
the  other  boroughs.  Q)nsequently,  in  each 
of  the  latter  dairy  cows  are  no  rarity.  It  is 
seldom  that  the  milk  from  these  cows  goes  to 
a  milk  company.  Instead,  it  is  disposed  of  to 
nearby  families. 

Such  dairies  are  inspected  as  often  as  cir- 
cumstances will  permit;  that  is,  if  they  ob- 
serve the  law  and  take  out  a  license.  Un- 
doubtedly there  are  cases  where  half  a  dozen 
families  are  served,  and  a  license  is  consid- 
ered less  necessary,  even,  than  one  for  the 
faCmily  dog.  The  record  of  a  license  gives 
the  milk  inspector  his  opportunity,  and  he 
does  all  his  limited  time  permits.  Many  of 
these  two,  three  and  six  cow  dairies  are  a 
distinct  menace  to  the  health  of  the  com- 
munity, because  their  owners  make  no  seri- 
ous attempt  to  observe  sanitary  rules. 

The  same  truth  holds  good  outside  the 
city,  where  similar  conditions  prevail.  A 
campaign  of  prosecution  and  education  has 
been  found  the  most  effective  method  in  such 
cases.  Urban  and  suburban  experience 
shows,  however,  that  until  inspection  be- 
comes more  general,  the  evil  will  continue 
to  exist  in  various  degrees  of  harmfulness. 

Inspection  of  dairy  cows  is  the  most  potent 
weapon  used  in  stamping  out  tuberculosis 
and  other  ailments.  No  matter  how  much 
cleanliness  may  be  observed  in  handling  milk, 
it  will  not  kill  tuberculosis  germs.  Careful, 
competent  and  continuous  inspection  has  al- 
ready worked  wonders.  The  few  milk  in- 
spectors of  New  York  City  who  are  assigned 
to  the  country  dictricts,  aided  by  the  veteri- 
narians of  such  companies  as  the  Borden, 
working  steadily,  succeed  in  maintaining  a 
fairly  good  inspection  of  perhaps  one-half  to 
two-thirds  of  New  York  State's  dairy  *herds. 
As  to  inspection  in  other  States  contributory 
to  New  York's  milk  supply,  the  percentage, 
particularly  in  Massachusetts,  is  very  nearly 
the  same,  in  fact,  as  frequent  as  conditions 
permit. 

The  actual  inspection  of  herds  is  so  dis- 
tant from  the  major  portion  of  the  body  of 
milk  consumers  that  realization  of  its  im- 
portance seems  halting,  as  the  public  is  loath 
to  approve  of  that  which  it  cannot  see.  This 
feeling  has  been  noticed  in  the  official  actions 


of  those  who  have  the  power  of  appropriating 
money  for  just  such  purposes.  The  inspec- 
tion movement  is  by  no  means  at  a  stand- 
still, however.  The  Department  of  Agri- 
culture is  lending  all  possible  aid,  while  lead- 
ing milk  companies  are  urging  dairymen  to 
keep  their  herds  healthy  and  buy  none  but 
certified  cows,  meaning  cows  that  are  certi- 
fied to  be  healthy.  Records  show  that 
blooded  cattle  are,  if  anything,  more  sus- 
ceptible to  disease  than  others.  Fifty  per 
cent,  of  the  dairy  herds  of  the  United  States 
are  **  scrubs,"  or  native  cattle,  and  these  have 
proved  more  healthy  than  their  better  bred 
sisters. 

So  far  as  inspection  is  concerned,  experi- 
ence shows  that  the  least  frequent  inspection 
which  can  be  considered  a  fairly  perfect  safe- 
guard against  maintaining  disease  in  a  dairy 
herd  is  not  less  than  once  in  t^^^o  months. 

With  the  water  supply  of  dairies,  as  with 
inspection,  a  campaign  of  education  seems 
the  only  permanent  road  to  absolute  reform. 
Many  wells,  springs  and  cisterns  used  in 
cooling  milk,  located  close  to  sources  that  arc 
hotbeds  of  disease,  are  poorly  protected  from 
surface  drainage.  The  purity  of  the  dairy 
farm's  water  supply  is  given  scant  notice, 
with  rare  exception.  When  attention  is 
called  to  this  fact  it  is  excused,  on  the  ground 
that  there  is  a  choice  of  evils,  and  effective 
treatment  of  this  one  must  come  later. 

INTELLIGENT    CO-OPERATION    OF   THE    MILK 
COMPANIES. 

After  all,  the  city's  greatest  aid  in  keeping 
milk  pure  is  the  company  or  individual  who 
sells  the  milk  to  the  consumer  direct.  There 
are  about  twenty-five  companies  operating 
in  New  York  City,  retail  and  wholesale. 
Some  of  these  companies,  like  the  Borden* 
the  largest  of  them  all,  which  has  seventy 
receiving  stations  in  the  country  districts 
where  it  gathers  the  milk  disposed  of  in 
New  York,  exercise  the  greatest  precautions. 
Several  of  these  bottle  the  milk  sold  to  con- 
sumers at  the  receiving  stations,  while  others 
prefer  to  have  it  shipped  to  the  city  in  cans 
and  bottled  there.  The  loose  milk,  of  course, 
is  received  wholly  in  cans. 

These  milk  companies  will  declare,  if 
questioned,  that  the  Health  Department  is 
merely  following  in  their  footsteps.  To  an 
extent  this  is  true,  but  the  companies  lacked 
co-operative  action.  The  health  departments 
of  cities  where  milk  inspection  obtains,  have 
unified  and  invigorated  the  effort  to  attain 
cleanliness*.    The  honest  milk  purveyor  must 


THE  MILK  SUPPLY  AS  A  NATIONAL  PROBLEM. 


589 


IV I  assach  iisetts    was 


fall  into  line,  the  dis- 
honest ones  are  pun- 
ished as  speedily  as 
possible.  Rochester  is 
proud  of  the  fact  that 
it  prosecuted  20  per 
cent,  of  its  milkmen  up 
to  1905  before  it  made 
them  understand  that 
the  pure-milk  move- 
ment  was  not  a 
shadow. 

STATE    LEGISLATION. 


Legislative  enact- 
ment has  helped  and  is 
helping  to  safeguard 
milk.  Occasionally  the 
State  has  taken  a  hand 
in  helping  the  city, 
really  the  first  commonwealth  to  take  offi- 
cial action  toward  the  purification  of  the 
milk  supply.  Thus  Boston  became  the 
pioneer  of  all.  American  cities  in  securing 
the  benefits  of  milk  inspection.  New  York 
claims  supremacy  in  system  and  in  the  ef- 
fect of  enforcement,  but  Boston's  record  is 
gratif)  ing.  Philadelphia  is  making  a  strong 
effort  to  improve  conditions.  Chicago  is 
taking  giant  strides  toward  better  conditions, 
hastened  by  the  statement  of  the  official  in- 
vestigators that  at  the  time  of  inquiry  one- 
third  of  the  milk  supply  of  Illinois  cities  was 
unfit  for  use. 

JUST  WHAT  IS  REQUIRED  OF  THE  DAIRYMAN. 

Exp)erience  demonstrates  that  milk  puri- 
fication begins  at  the  dairy.  Dairymen  sup- 
plying most  of  the  milk  companies  work 
under  contract.  In  the  contract  used  by  the 
largest  of  the  milk  companies,  which  serves 
Chicago  as  well  as  New  York,  the  dairyman 
agrees : 

That  the  cow  stables  will  be  amply  lighted 
with  windows  and  well  ventilated ;  that  no  hogs, 
sheep,  6r  fowls  shall  be  housed  in  the  stables, 
^hat  the  cows  shall  be  kept  clean. 

To  thoroughly  wash  and  rinse  all  milk  utensils 
at  the  dairy  immediately  after  use,  morning  and 
evening;  to  rinse  milk  cans  and  covers  with 
dean  water  before  putting  milk  therein ;  to  put 
no  milk  in  unclean  cans ;  to  keep  the  outside  of 
cans  and  covers  clean  and  bright,  and  when  not 
in  use  to  keep  the  cans  upside  down,  with  covers 
off,  on  a  rack  elevated  at  least  three  feet. 

To  provide  a  milk-house  with  clean  surround- 
ings, lighted  and  ventilated,  of  suitable  capacity 
and  not  connected  with  any  stable  or  kitchen ; 
to  be  painted  or  whitewashed  inside,  to  be  used 
for^the  safe  keeping  of  milk  and  for  no  other 
purpose,  unless  for  storing  milk  utensils. 


A    DAIRY    STAHLE    WITHIN    FIFTY    MILES    OF    NEW    YORK,    WHICH    THE    CITY 
I N  .S  PECTOR    CO  N  DE  M  N  EI). 


To  have  the  milking  done  with  dry  hands,  in 
the  most  cleanly  manner;  immediately  after 
milking  to  remove  the  milk,  including  strippings, 
to  the  milk  house,  strain  it  through  a  loo-mesh 
wire  cloth  strainer,  and  to  cool  the  milk  to  58 
degrees  within  forty-five  minutes  from  the  time 
it  is  drawn  from  the  cow,  by  placing  the  cans  of 
milk  in  a  vat  of  water  and  frequently  stirring 
the  milk,  or  by  the  use  of  approved  aerators; 
to  keep  the  cans  of  milk  in  the  vat  of  water  un- 
til time  for  delivery;  to  prevent  the  milk  from 
freezing  or  rising  in  temperature  to  exceed  58 
degrees  between  forty-five  minutes  after  drawn 
from  the  cows  and  when  delivered  at  the  com- 
pany's plant,  to  which  place  it  shall  be  trans- 
ported in  a  spring  wagon,  covered  with  a  clean 
canvas ;  to  not  mix  evening's  and  morning's  milk, 
except  the  remnants  of  each  milking ;  to  not  de- 
liver milk  from  any  cow  in  an  unhealthy  condi- 
tion. 

To  immediately  notify  the  company  if  any 
member  of  his  or  her  household,  or  any  member 
of  any  family  occupying  the  premises  on  which 
the  milk  is  produced,  has  any  infectious  or  con- 
tagious disease,  or  any  person  who  may  be  as- 
sisting in  the  work  of  the  dairy  who  comes  in 
contact  with  any  infectious  or  contagious  dis- 
ease. 

There  is  small  chance  here  for  dirt,  in- 
fection, or  adulteration,  for  the  contract  fur- 
ther provides  that  "  the  company  has  a  right 
to  cancel  this  contract  in  case  it  has  satisfac- 
tory evidence  that  adulterated,  skimmed,  or 
contaminated  milk  is  being  delivered  or  of- 
fered for  delivery  by  the  dairyman." 

The  company  goes  still  further.  It  has  a 
corps  of  inspectors,  whose  dut>'  it  is  to  inspect 
every  dairy  under  contract  once  or  twice  a 
week.  In  addition,  skilled  veterinarians  are 
employed,  who  carefully  examine  the  herds, 
at  least  twice  each  month.  It  is  true  that 
this  course  is  not  followed  by  all  companies, 
but  the  laggards  are  being  gradually  forced 
toward   this  standard. 


690 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REl^lEi^S. 


1 

'     ^  '-iT-|rl' 

MECHANICAL    STERILIZER    IN    MILK-RECEIVING 
STATION. 


TESTS  APPLIED  AT  THE  RECEIVING  STATION. 


THE  BOTTLING  PROCESS. 

At  the  country  receiving  station  the  mSk 
is  poured  from  the  cans  through  a  strainer 
into  a  metal  tank.  Then  it  passes  througb 
a  pipe  into  a  filter  and  tank,  whose  compirt- 
ments  are  filled  with  quartz,  ground  fine  ind 
sterilized.  From  here  it  goes  to  anodier 
tank,  from  which  it  is  piped  to  the  filling 
table. 

The  process  of  filling  a  milk  bottle  is  as 
ingenious  as  it  is  simple.  A  long,  metal 
lined  box,  large  enough  to  hold  sixty  dozen 
bottles  in  rows  of  eight,  furnishes  a  founda- 
tion for  a  traveling  tank,  filled  when  desired 
with  milk  from  the  storage  tank.  At  die 
bottom  of  one  end  of  this  tank  are  sixteen 
copper  discs,  called  fillers,  opened  and  closed 
by  lever  action.  When  the  tank  is  in  posi- 
tion, the  fillers  being  directly  over  tn-o  rows 
of  bottles,  lever  action  causes  the  discs  to 
drop  into  the  mouths  of  the  waiting  bottles. 
The  traveler  then  moves  backward,  crab 
fashion,  leaving  the  filled  bottles  ready  to  be 
capped.  Sometimes  a  paper  cap  that  fits 
These  are  the  precautions  taken  at  the  tightly  in  the  bottle's  neck  is  the  sole  pro- 
receiving  station :  The  forty-quart  can,  the  tection  from  the  air.  Again,  a  paper  cap  is 
size  ordinarily  used  by  the  dairyman,  is  adjusted  in  a  little  different  fashion,  and 
opened  and  the  temperature  tested  by  an  in-  over  this  a  tin  clamp  or  cap,  operated  by 
spector.  If  the  temperature  is  too  high, —  heavy  adjustable  wires, 
above  50, — the  milk  is  rejected.  The  milk  is  Once  capped,  the  bottle  is  placed  in  a 
then  tested  for  solids  and  butter  fats,  the  case,  ice  is  thrown  on  top  and  the  whole 
lactometer  used  in  connection  with  the  Bab-  loaded  by  means  of  trucks  into  a  waiting 
cock  fat  test  reveals  adulteration  if  it  exists,  car,  in  which  the  milk  is  transported  to  the 
It  is  possible  for  the  dairyman  to  adulterate  point  of  distribution, 
his  milk  and  not  de- 
stroy the  appearance  of 
pure  milk,  but  this  is 
rarely  attempted,  be- 
cause the  risk  of  loss  of 
contract  is  great,  and 
the  inspectors  are  lynx- 
eyed  in  such  matters. 

In  fixing  and  main- 
taining a  temperature 
standard,  the  milk  com- 
panies have  practically 
forced  the  abandon- 
ment of  preservatives. 
At  one  time  the  use  of 
borax  to  prevent  milk 
souring  was  extensive. 
Bicarbonate  of  soda 
was  also  used.  To-day 
the  better  class  of  milk- 
men arc  the  first  to 
denounce  an  offender 
m  tnis  regard.  testing  milk  with  a  lactometer. 


THE  MILK  SUPPLY  AS  A  NAT/ONAL  PROBLEM. 


mi 


jatyni^'^H 

1    1 

\  1 

flli.^V 

^^^^HjLa-j                       X 

FILLING  BOTTLES   WITH'^MILK   IN  ONE  OF  THE  LARGE   MILK    STATIONS. 


CLEANSING   THE    EMPTY    BOTTLES. 

Now  comes  the  task  of  caring  for  the 
empty  bottles.  These,  rinsed,  are  placed  in 
cases  and  returned  to  the  milk  stations.  Here 
they  are  plunged  into  water  containing  a 
washing  solution  that  creates  no  suds.  Then 
the  bottle  is  placed  over  a  brush  attached  to 
a  wheel.  In  the  course  of  one  revolution  of 
the  wheel  the  inside,  exterior,  top,  and  bot- 
tom of  the  bottle  are  scrubbed  by  four  sepa- 
rate brushes.  Running  water  is  used  in  all 
cases.  From  the  wheel  the  bottle  goes  to  its 
final  bath,  and  thence  to  a  mechanical  steril- 
izer, which  gives  room  to  560  bottles.  Into 
this  a  jet  of  steam  is  turned.  Afterward, 
the  sterilizer,  mounted  on  wheels,  is  rolled 
aside,  remaining  undisturbed  until  the  fol- 
lowing day,  when  the  bottles  are  trans- 
ported to  the  filling  table  as  needed,  bright 
and  dean.  Nor  does  cleanliness  cease  here, 
for  the  wooden  cases  are  swept  by  powerful 
jets  of  water  that  drive  out  everything  in  the 
nature  of  dirt. 

That  is  the  fashion  in  which  milk  is  safe- 
guarded by  the  companies,  according  to  the 
belief  that  experience  is  constantly  endorsing, 
— ^that  the  way  to  be  certain  of  pure  milk  is 
to  keep  It  absolutely  free  from  contamination. 


That  the  public  is  beginning  to  appreciate 
the  fact  that  added  care  makes  milk  more 
desirable  is  shown  by  the  surprising  gain  in 
the  demand  for  bottled  milk.  If  the  bottled 
milk  sold  in  the  United  States  each  calendar 
day  were  distributed  per  capita  to  the  na- 
tion's population,  there  would  be  a  bottle 
for  every  individual.  This  feature  of  the 
milk  trade  had  its  inception  barely  twenty- 
one  years  ago.  The  facts  concerning  its 
origin  are  these: 

It  happened  that  in  1886  several  employees 
of  a  milk  company,  then  modest  in  size,  but 
now  an  industrial  giant,  were  discussing 
ways  of  improving  the  milk  service,  when  one 
turned  to  a  route  man  standing  near  and 
asked :  "  If  you  had  some  bottles  in  which  to 
serve  loose  milk  to  customers,  do  you  think 
your  sales  would  increase  ?  " 

"  I  think  they  would,"  was  the  answer. 
"  I  think  the  customers  would  take  to  the 
idea." 

The  following  day  the  man  was  given 
several  dozen  quart  bottles,  in  appearance 
something  like  the  milk  bottle  of  to-day,  and 
served  his  customers  by  dipping  the  milk 
from  the  can  into  the  bottle  and  leaving  the 
bottle  until  the  day  following.  The  experi- 
ment was  an  immediate  success. 


692 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^/EIV  OF  REI^/EIVS, 


The  story  of  the  milk  bottle  and  its  equip- 
ment reveals  an  interesting  sitWtion.  Its 
construction  for  one  company  ^at  uses 
5,ocx>|000  bottles  annually  keeps  eight  glass 
factories  busy,  most  of  them  the  year  through. 
Inasmuch  as  100,000,000  bottles  are  used 
yearly,  the  milk  bottle's  importance  to  the 
American  glass  trade  is  clear,  because  a  large 
part  of  this  stock  has  to  be  replaced  every 
twclfthmonth.  A  milk  bottle  contains 
twenty-seven  ounces  of  glass,  and  has  a 
capacity  of  thirty-two  ounces. 

The  paper  cap  that  is  part  of  the  milk 
bottle's  equipment  is  made  by  machinery, 
^each  machine  turning  out  from  400,000  to 
j6oo,00O  a  day.  One  man  manages  five  ma- 
chines. Each  milk  bottle  is  filled  on  an 
average  once  in  four  days.  Thus  each  one 
of  the  100,000,000  bottles  receives  a  fresh 
cap  every  time  it  is  used,  which  will  average 
seven  times  a  month. 

Sixty  per  cent,  of  the  milk  bottles  in  use 
are  equipped  with  a  tin  cap  or  clamp,  as  well 
...as  the  paper  cap.  A  dozen  factories  are  busy 
each  year  producing  them. 

Completely  furnished,  the  wholesale  cost 
of  the  milk  bottle  is  five  cents.  It  forms  a 
component  part  of  three  trades.  It  furnishes 
employment  to  thousands  of  workmen  in  the 
trades  into  which  it  enters. 

The  wooden  cases  in  which  milk  bottles 
are  transported  are  so  widely  used  that  their 
construction  is  almost  an  industry  in  itself. 
Thousands  of  freight  cars  are  needed  in  the 
daily  transportation  of  the  milk,  for  the 
milk  trade  knows  no  day  of  rest.  In  New 
York  City,  where  the  trade  is  highly  organ- 
ized, the  rail  receipts  in  1906  exceeded 
10,000,000  forty-quart  cans.  These  were 
brought  by  fifteen  different  railroads  from 
five  States,  many  traveling  300  miles  in 
transit. 

PASTEURIZATION  AND  STERILIZATION. 

In  presenting  their  wares  to  the  public, 
milk  purveyors  sometimes  use  the  terms  pas- 
teurized and  sterilized  as  guarantees  of  the 
purity  of  the  milk  they  offer.  Looking  past 
the  atmosphere  of  respectability  these  words 
cast  about  milk,  the  fact  becomes  clear  that 
while  pasteurized  milk  serves  its  purpose,  it 
is  not  the  best  method  of  permanently  im- 
proving the  milk  supply.  Dr.  Henry  L. 
Coit,  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  president  of  the 
American  Association  of  Medical  Milk 
Commissioners,  stated  at  the  International 
Congress  that  not  only  is  pasteurized  milk 
intrinsically   less   desirable   than  clean    raw 


milk,  which  is  primarily  the  purest  milk,  but 
is  actually  unsafe  unless  it  is  consumed 
within  twenty-four  hours  from  the  time  it 
goes  through  the  pasteurization  process. 

Pasteurization  technically  consists  of  plac- 
ing the  receptacles  containing  milk  in  cold 
water  and  bringing  that  water  up  to  the  boil- 
ing point.  In  the  case  of  milk  companies  the 
milk  is  placed  in  large  tanks  and  heated  to 
the  requisite  degree  of  temperature.  Then 
it  passes  to  another  tank  and  from  that  into 
bottles.  Pasteurizing  is  supposed  to  kill  all 
germs  harmful  to  health,  but  the  process 
under  the  conditions  named  offers  such  op- 
portunities for  absorbing  bacteria  while  in 
transit  from  tank  to  bottle  that  it  can  hardly 
be  considered  entirely  satisfactory.  Effective 
pasteurization  really  means  holding  the  milk 
at  a  temperature  of  about  165  degrees  for, 
say,  twenty  minutes. 

That  pasteurized  milk  as  applied  to  the 
home  is  better,  far  better,  than  the  so-called 
loose  milk  is  indisputable,  and  its  use  in 
New  York  has  had  a  bene/icial  effect.  This 
fact  is  especially  notable  in'^the  case  of  the 
Straus  milk  depots,  in  New  York,  which  dis- 
pensed 2,917,336  bottles  during  the  summer 
months  of  1907  from  the  various  stations, 
much  of  this  milk  being  sold  by  the  g^ass. 
The  Straus  depots  often  substitute  their 
milk  for  that  hitherto  consumed  in  the  least 
sanitary  and  poorest  sections  of  the  city, 
where  the  mortality  caused  by  impure  milk 
is  the  greatest. 

Under  certain  conditions  the  pasteurized 
milk  is,  therefore,  beneficial,  but  at  no  time 
is  it  the  equal  of  such  milk  as  is  sold  in 
Rochester,  for  instance.  Sterilized  water  is 
not  so  desirable  as  water  that  is  pure  as 
Nature  can  create.  So  it  is  with  milk, — 
original  purity  is  far  superior  to  renovated 
results.  That  is  the  issue  in  the  pure-milk 
crusade, — pasteurization  and  sterilization  as 
far  as  they  go,  but  milk  in  its  original  purity, 
from  cows  known  to  be  free  from  disease, 
over  all.  It  must  be  distinctly  understood, 
however,  that,  in  the  absence  of  universal 
and  thorough  inspection  of  dairy  cow3,  pas- 
teurization and  sterilization  are  the  only 
safeguards  the  milk  consumer  can  depend 
upon  to  protect  him  from  germs  contained  in 
milk  from  cows  suffering  from  disease. 

THE  dairyman's  PROFITS. 

The  question  is  frequently  raised,  **  Does 
it  pay  to  be  a  dairyman,  and  observe  the 
milk-inspection  rules?"  Official  fig:urcs, 
those  compiled  by  the  United  States  Govern- 


THE  MILK  SUPPLY  AS  A  NATIONAL  PROBLEM. 


593 


ment,  tell  the  story.  The  dairyman  sells  his 
milk  by  weight,  although  the  consumer  buys 
by  the  quart.  (A  quart  of  milk  represents  a 
little  more  than  two  pounds.)  While  the 
figures, — the  prices, — vary  greatly,  $1.05  to 
$1.75  per  hundred  represent  an  average 
year.  Conditions  in  1907, — the  late  spring 
and  summer  and  an  unexpected  increase  in 
demand, — made  this  an  unusual  year.  The 
tendency  was  toward  higher  rather  than 
lower  prices. 

The  Connecticut  dairyman  makes  an  an- 
nual profit  of  about  22  per  cent,  on  his  in- 
vestment. This  is  striking  an  average,  and 
does  not  refer  to  the  dairymen  who  sell  to  a 
cheese  factory,  or  the  rich  man  with  a  dairy 
hobby ;  simply  to  the  plain,  every-day  market 
milkman.  Official  records  in  Georgia  show, 
as  an  example  of  a  Southern  State  dairying, 
that  one  dairy  cow  and  one  acre  of  land  net 
an  annual  profit  of  $28.75. 

THE   ADVANCE   IN    PRICE. 

These  facts  render  the  advance  in  retail 
prices  of  milk,  which  is  becoming  general,  of 
unusual  interest.  Individual  instances  where 
higher  rates  are  justified  undoubtedly  exist. 
When  all  facts  are  considered,  however,  it 
seems  difficult  to  reconcile  them  with  the 
reasons  given  for  a  general  increase,  unless 
the  broad  ground  be  taken  that  milk  prices 
should  go  up  because  those  for  other  foods 
have.  It  should  always  be  remembered  that 
the  market  milk  business  is  not  controlled  by 
a  national  combination.  Hence  the  individ- 
ual producer  counts  more  than  if  he  were  a 
tiny  part  of  a  great  commercial  machine. 

The  retailer  claims  in  justification  of  his 
action  that  never  before  has  he  been  obliged 
to  pay  the  producer  so  much  for  his  milk. 
The  producer  declares  that  the  demands 
made  upon  him  in  the  line  of  milk  purifica- 
tion are  such  that  the  cost  of  production  is 
materially  increased. 

Investigation  by  pure-milk  advocates  re- 
sults in  the  statement  that  the  dairyman  who 
complies  with  pure-milk  requirements  makes 
a  larger  net  profit  than  the  dairyman  who 
refuses  to  live  up  to  regulations. 

Of  course,  a  certain  amount  of  trouble  is 
involved  in  keeping  up  to  the  mildest  stand- 
ard, just  as  with  personal  cleanliness,  but 
the  trouble  in  both  cases  seems  to  be  worth 
while.  The  difficulty  lies  in  convincing  a 
class  of  producers  by  no  means  small  in  num- 


bers that  it  pays  to  keep  clean.  One  of  these 
when  interviewed  by  a  milk  inspector  ob- 
jected to  cleansing  his  stable  before  the  morn- 
ing milking,  because  it  would  force  him  to 
rise  at  what  he  considered  an  unreasonable 
hour. 

A  few  years  ago  this  was  a  nation  of 
buttermakcrs,  but  conditions  have  changed 
rapidly  in  the  last  decade.  The  demand  for 
market  milk  has  grown  with  the  years.  In- 
telligent and  well  posted  farmers  have 
learned  that  sanitary  dairj^ing  pays.  The 
cry  that  it  is  too  expensive  is  not  borne  out 
by  the  facts.  An  expensive  equipment  is  not 
necessary  to  neatness  on  a  dairy  farm. 

VALUE  OF  THE  NATIVE  COW. 

One  of  the  most  notable  changes  that  al- 
tered conditions  have  caused  is  seen  in  the 
character  of  the  dairy  herds.  When  butter 
instead  of  milk  was  king  of  the  dairy,  every 
dairyman  sought  to  grade  his  herd  into  rich 
milkers, — that  is,  cows  partly  thoroughbred, 
whose  milk  was  above  the  average  in  fats. 
Jerseys  were  the  favorites  because  of  the  ex- 
ceeding richness  of  their  yield.  To-day,  in 
sections  of  the  country  where  market  milk 
is  a  leading  product,  the  native  is  the  most 
valued  dairy  cow.  A  native  may  be  called  a 
mongrel  cow,  in  the  best  sense  of  the  term. 
A  good  specimen  has  large  feed  capacity, 
without  tendency  toward  beef.  The  feed 
capacity  is  an  essential,  because  milk  cannot 
be  manufactured  without  material  therefor. 
One  indication  of  the  growth  of  the  dairy 
industry  is  the  50,000  increase  in  the  number 
of  dairy  cattle  in  Iowa  during  1906.  Most 
of  these  are  natives,  although  there  is  also  a 
mixture  of  good  grades, — half  thoroughbreds. 

The  milk  industry  is  perhaps  the  only  in- 
dustry in  the  United  States  which  represents 
investment  exceeding  $500,000,000  that  is. 
not  controlled  from  a  central  source.  Its 
very  nature  renders  such  control  impossible. 
At  the  same  time  no  industry  is  more  vital 
in  its  influence  upon  the  nation's  health. 
This  fact  is  evidenced  by  the  investigation  of 
the  milk  question  being  conducted  by  the 
Government  which  may  and  is  likely  to  ex- 
tend over  many  months.  It  is  believed  that 
when  Congress  passes  a  Pure-Milk  law  it 
will  be  sufficiently  drastic  in  its  provisions  to 
prove  a  material  aid  in  hastening  the  day 
when  pure  milk  will  be  a  matter  of  course 
rather  than  a  matter  of  conscience. 


HOW  BOSTON  SOLVED  THE  GAS  PROBLEM. 

BY   LOUIS   D.   BRANDEIS. 


C  HALL  the  public  utilities  be  owned  by  the 
public? — is  a  question  pressing  for  de- 
cision in  nearly  every  American  city. 

To  aid  in  its  proper  solution  the  National 
Civic  Federation  began  about  two  years  ago 
a  comprehensive  investigation  of  representa- 
tive American  and  British  gas,  water,  elec- 
tric-light, and  street-railway  plants,  with  a 
view  to  comparing  the  advantages  and  disad- 
vantages of  private  and  public  ownership. 
The  opinions  of  the  experts  upon  the  data  so 
collected  appear  to  be  widely  divergent,  and 
to  indicate,  so  far  as  they  can  be  reconciled  at 
all,  that  neither  private  nor  public  ownership, 
as  ordinarily  practiced,  is  wholly  satisfactory. 

While  this  investigation  was  proceeding, 
Massachusetts  entered,  in  connection  with 
the  Boston  gas  supply,  upon  an  experiment, 
new  in  America,  which  may  lead  to  the  best 
practical  solution  of  the  public-utilities  prob- 
lem. The  new  Boston  system  creates  sub- 
stantially a  partnership  between  the  public 
and  the  stockholders  of  the  gas  company, — a 
partnership  in  which  the  public  will  secure 
an  ever-increasing  share  of  the  profits  of  the 
business. 

TWENTY  PER  CENT.  REDUCTION  IN  TWO 
YEARS. 

This  system  has  already  given  to  Boston  80- 
cent  gas,  although  Boston  is  located  many  hun- 
dred miles  from  the  mines  which  supply  its 
coal.  Eighty  cents  is  a  lower  price  for  gas  than 
is  actually  enjoyed  by  any  other  city  in  the 
United  States,  except  a  few  within  the  coal 
and  oil  region,  like  Cleveland  or  Wheeling, 
and  Redlands  and  Santa  Ana,  Cal.  Even 
in  those  cities  the  price  is  not  lower  than  75 
cents, — a  price  which  Boston  may  reasonably 
expect  to  attain  soon.  For,  during  the  two 
years  ending  July  i,  1907,  four  reductions  in 
price  each  of  5  cents  have  been  made.  To 
have  reduced  the  price  of  gas  20  per  cent, 
during  that  period  of  generally  rising  prices 
in  labor  and  materials  is  certainly  a  notable 
achievement.  The  most  recent  reductions  in 
price  were  the  wholly  voluntary  acts  of  the 
company,  made  under  wise  laws  framed  in 
the  interest  both  of  the  public  and  of  the 
stockholders.  The  saving  to  the  gas  con- 
sumer by  these  reductions  was  in  the  first 


year  $265,404.55,  in  the  second  ye^  $565,- 
725.60,  and  will  be  in  the  third  (the  cur- 
rent) year  about  $800,000. 

EARNINGS    unimpaired;    A    COMPARISOK 
WITH   NEW  YORK. 

That  this  saving  to  the  consumer  was  not 
attained  by  a  sacrifice  of  the  interests  of  the 
stockholder  may  be  inferred  from  the  market 
price  of  the  stock  of  the  association  whkh 
controls  the  gas  company.  In  the  tw^  years 
following  the  legislation  of  1905,  a  period  in 
which  most  other  stocks  depreciated  largely, 
the  common  stock  of  the  Massachusetts  Gas 
Companies  rose  from  44}^  to  57^  ;  and 
even  in  the  severe  stock  depression  of  late 
September,  1907,  this  stock  was  firm  at  52. 

Compare  with  the  results  of  the  Boston 
experiment  the  attempt  in  New  York  Cit>* 
made  at  about  the  same  time  to  reduce  the 
price  of  gas  from  $1  to  80  cents  by  legislativT 
fiat  and  the  compulsory  orders  of  the  State 
commission.  The  New  York  company  con- 
tended that  the  law  was  unconstitutional; 
the  federal  court  issued  an  injunction;  the 
consumer  still  pays  out  $1  for  each  1000  feet 
of  gas;  and  the  market  price  of  the  stock  of 
the  Consolidated  Gas  Company  of  New  York 
fell  during  the  same  period  of  two  years  from 
200  to  118,  and  in  late  September,  1907,  to 
96^. 

But  Boston  has  reaped  from  the  sliding 
scale  system  as  applied  under  President  Rich- 
ards' administration  of  the  company  far  more 
than  cheaper  gas  and  higher  security  values. 
It  has  been  proved  that  a  public-service  cor- 
poration may  be  managed  with  political  hoo- 
esty,  and  yet  successfully,  and  that  its  head 
may  become  a  valuable  public  servant.    The 
officers  and  employees  of  the  gas  company 
now  devote  themselves  strictly  to  the  business 
of  making  and  distributing  gas,  instead  of  dis- 
sipating their  abilities,  as  heretofore,  in  lobby- 
ing and  political  intrigue.    As  a  result,  gas 
properties  which  throughout  the  greater  part 
of  twenty  years  had  been  the  subject  of  finan- 
cial and  political  scandals,  developing  ulti- 
mately bitter  hostility  on  the  part  of  the  peo- 
ple, are  now  conducted  in  a  manner  so  hon- 
orable as  to  deserve  and  to  secure  the  highest 
public  commendation. 


HOIV  BOSTON  SOLl^ED   THE  GAS  PROBLEM. 


595 


WORK  OF  THE  PUBLIC-FRANCHISE  LEAGUE. 

The  passage  of  the  SHding-Scale  act  of 
1 906  marked  the  close  of  the  campaign  upon 
which  the  Public-Franchise  League  entered 
in  1903.  All  Massachusetts  gas  companies 
had  since  1885  heen  subject  to  the  supervision 
of  a  State  commission  with  very  broad  pow- 
ers, including  that  of  fixing  prices.  New 
securities  could  be  issued  only  with  the  com- 
mission's approval.  For  many  years  stringent 
law's  prohibiting  stock-watering  had  been  in 
force.  While  these  law^  are  of  great  value 
and  have  protected  Massachusetts  from  many 
of  the  evils  of  corporate  management  from 
which  other  States  have  suffered,  dissatisfac- 
tion with  conditions  from  time  to  time  pre- 
vailing in  connection  with  the  Boston  gas 
supply  was  persistent  and  well  founded.  Bos- 
ton tried  successively  "  regulated  *'  monopoly, 
competition,  and  the  combination  of  gas  com- 
panies. The  service  was  poor  and  the  man- 
agement unprogressive.  The  price  of  gas, 
which  after  a  strenuous  contest  had  been  re- 
duced in  parts  of  Boston  to  $1  in  1893,  ap- 
peared to  be.  immutable. 

The  application  to  the  Legislature  made 
in  1903  for  leave  to  consolidate  the  several 
Boston  companies  then  in  combination  af- 
forded the  Public-Franchise  League  its  op- 
portunity. Several  minor  provisions  were 
inserted  in  the  consolidation  act  designed  to 
protect  the  people's  rights,  and  the  issue  of 
capital  by  the  united  company  was  limited 
to  the  net  **  fair  value  of  the  plants  and  prop- 
erty of  the  several  corporations  as  the  same 
shall  be  determined  "  by  the  Gas  and  Elec- 
tric Light  Commisioners,  "  without  enhance- 
ment on  account  of  the  value  of  franchises  or 
earning  capacity  or  on  account  of  exclusive 
privileges  derived  from  rights  in  the  public 
streets." 

MODERATE  CAPITALIZATION. 

The  aggregate  outstanding  securities  of  the 
constituent  companies  had  a  par  value  of 
only  $15,124,121  (of  which  $9,309,600  was 
stock  and  $5,814,521  funded  debt).  But 
when,  in  1904,  application  was  made  under 
the  act  to  fix  the  capital,  the  companies 
claimed  that  the  properties  had  recently  cost 
the  then  owners  over  $24,000,000,  that  their 
replacement  value  was  about  the  same 
amount,  and  that  the  fair  value  for  capi- 
talization should  be  not  less  than  $20,609,- 
989.99.  The  Public-Franchise  League,  on 
the  other  hand,  contended  that  substantially 
any  excess  in  value  over  the  $15,124,121  rep- 


resented not  contributions  by  stockholders, 
but  accumulations  from  excessive  payments 
exacted  from  gas  consumers ;  that  in  the  re- 
organization of  the  business  such  value 
should  not  be  capitalized ;  and  that  the  Con- 
solidated Company's  capital  stock  should 
therefore  be  limited  to  the*  aggregate  of  the 
capital  of  the  constituent  companies  then  out- 
standing, plus  such  additional  amount  of* 
stock  as  it  might  be  necessary  to  issue  at  its 
estimated  market  value  (which  was  above 
the  par  value)  to  provide  funds  for  paying 
off  all  existing  indebtedness.  The  League 
deemed  the  retention  of  the  original  capital 
so  augmented  of  fundamental  importance, 
mainly  because  the  payment  of  a  high  rate  of 
dividend  on  a  small  capital  issue  would  tend 
to  keep  the  public  vigilant. 

After  a  long  and  bitter  struggle  the  gas 
companies,  acting  under  the  enlightened  and 
able  leadership  of  Mr.  Richards,  agreed,  in 
1905,  with  the  Public-Franchise  League  upon, 
legislation  which  provided  that  the  capital  of 
the  consolidated  company  should  be  limited 
to  the  aggregate  par  value  of  the  outstanding 
stock  and  funded  indebtedness  of  the  constitu- 
ent companies,  to  wit:  $15,124,000;  that 
the  maximum  price  of  gas  in  Boston  should 
be  reduced  to  90  cents  within  twelve  months 
after  the  consolidation  was  effected ;  and  that 
the  Governor  should  appoint  a  commission  to 
consider  and  report  to  the  next  Legislature 
whether  the  adoption  in  Boston  of  the  so- 
called  London  sliding-scale  system  for  **  the 
automatic  and  interdependent  adjustment«of 
the  price  of  gas  to  consumers  and  the  rate  of 
dividends  to  stockholders  of  gas  companies  '* 
was  expedient.  The  favorable  recommenda- 
tion of  the  minority  of  this  commission, 
Messrs.  James  E.  Cotter  and  Charles  P. 
Hall,  was  supported  by  the  Public-Franchise 
League  and  the  gas  company,  and  on  May 
26,  1906,  the  Sliding-Scale  act  received  Gov- 
ernor Guild's  approval  in  spite  of  the  strenu- 
ous opposition  of  both  conservatives  and  rad- 
icals. 

THE  PRINCIPLE  OF  THE  SLIDING  SCALE. 

The  Boston  Sliding-Scale  act,  which  em- 
bodies with  some  modifications  the  main  pro- 
visions of  the  system  widely  used  in  England, 
provides  as  follows : 

First:  Ninety  cents  per  1000  feet  of  gas 
(that  is,  the  maximum  price  then  actually 
charged  by  the  Boston  company)  is  made  the 
"  standard  price  "  of  gas. 

Second:  Seven  per  cent,  (that  is,  I  per 
cent,  less  than  the  dividend  which  was  then 


596 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REk'/ElVS. 


FUTURE   REDUCTIONS 


ANOTHER  INCRBASe 
ANTICIPATED 


CONTINUED 
CO-OPERATION 


FAULTS 
CORRECTED 


INCREASE  IS 
DOUBLE 

ADVANTAGES 
APPEAL 


EVEN  LOWER 
PRICES 


In  ftBOUCiNQ  the  PRICB  of  Gn  to  80c  «e  hmve  oot  oalr 
depended  opoa  the  LARQB  mCRBASB  in  tales  of  the  past  year.  b«t  «■ 
have  ANTICIPAT6D  another  substantial  mCMKSB  dv^  the 
coming  year. 

We  are  CONFIOBNT  that  with  die  CONTINUBO  CO-OPBRaTION 

which  the  PuUic  has  shown  hi  the  past  this  increase  will  be  effectrrt 
With  this  end  in  view,  we  are  trying  to  do  oar  share  by  IMPROVINQ  TUB 
SBRVlCB  wherever  possible,  and  we  have  spent  much  time  and  money  in 
doing  this.  Widi  the  same  end  in  view,  we  WBLCOMB  MfQOBSTHm  or 
CRiTiasM  as  to  the  conduct  of  the  business  or  te  >trif*lo  oi  cm 
tmployes  who  come  in  contact  with  the  Public.  • 

We  have  established  a  mediom  in  Ae  ff*ORTY  RBPRBSBNTA- 
TIVBS.  in  order  that  SUCH  FAULTS  as  exist  may  be  broaght  to  oar 
attention  and  CORRBCTCD.  and  to  explain  the  aOVantaobs  at 
USING  QAS  for   UQNT,    HBAT  and  f>OWBR. 

This    CAMPAION    OP    EDUCATION   is    beil«    APPRBCIATBIK    V 

we  may  judge  from  the  fact  that  the  INGRBASB  to  SALBS  of  the  past 
year  is  more  than  boublB  that  of  the  preceding  year. 

As  tiie  AOVANTAOBS  of  Gas  cvideody  APPBAL  to  the  Pablic 
more  vsd.more  as  they  become  more  familiar  with  the  various  mrflmit 
of  using  it  the  COMINO  ybar  should  show  even  orbatbr  aooi. 

TIONS  to  the  business. 


While    FUTURB    RBOUCTIONS   will 
they  depaid  upon  the  samb  PRINCIPLBS.    If  with  YOUR  IIBLJ»  < 
boldness   continues  to  giow.   as  it  has  the  past  two   years.    BVEn 
LOWRR  PRICBS  may  be  possifcda  ia  the  futna. 


BOSTON  CONSOLIDATBD  0A8  COMPANY 


TtL  Oifor4  ISM.   Cooaerctel  Dwt 


JS  W«i 


ADVERTISEMENT   IN   THE   BOSTON    NEWSPAPERS   ANNOUNONC    EIGHTY-CENT  CAS. 


being  paid  by  the  Boston  company)  is  made 
the  "  standard  dividend." 

Third:  The  company  is  prohibited  from 
paying  more  than  7  per  cent,  dividend  unless 
and  until  one  year  after  it  shall  have  reduced 
the  price  of  gas  below  90  cents,  and  then 
may  increase  its  dividend  at  the  rate  of  i 
per  cent,  for  every  5  cents  reduction  in  price 
of  gas. 

Fourth :  New  stock  can  be  issued  only  with 
the  consent  of  the  Gas  and  Electric  Light 
Commissioners  and  must  be  sold  at  auction  at 
such  nn'nimum  price  and  under  such  other 
conditions  as  the  commissioners  prescribe. 

Fifth:  Provision  is  made  for  determining 
annually,  and  publishing  in  detail  in  the 
newspapers,  the  cost  of  manufacturing  and 
distributing  gas. 

Sixth:  After  the  expiration  of  ten  years, 
the  Gas  and  Electric  Light  Commissioners 


may  upon  petition  "  lower  or  raise  the  stand- 
ard price  per  thousand  feet  to  such  extent  as 
may  justly  be  required  by  reason  of  greater 
or  less  burden  which  may  be  imposed  upon 
the  company  by  reason  of  improved  methods 
in  the  art  of  manufacture,  by  reason  of 
changes  in  prices  of  materials  and  labor,  or 
by  reason  of  changes  in  other  conditions  af- 
fecting the  general  cost  of  manufacture  or 
distribution  of  gas," 

LIMITATION  OF  DIVIDENDS  A  MEANS,  NOT  AN 
END. 

A  7  per  cent,  dividend  upon  the  capital  of 
the  consolidated  company  was  equivalent  to  a 
return  of  about  4.35  per  cent,  on  the  replace- 
ment value  of  the  gas  properties  as  tesdfied 
to,  and  of  their  cost  to  the  then  owners.  The 
"  standard  dividend,"  therefore,  though  nom- 
inally 7  per  cent.,  represented  but  a  nuxlest 


HOIV  BOSTON  SOLVED    THE  GAS  PROBLEM. 


597 


return  upon  the  capital  then  recently  in- 
vested, and  was  about  $150,000  less  than 
the  aggregate  amount  then  being  paid  by  the 
several  companies  as  return  upon  capital. 
Nevertheless,  strenuous  opposition  was  made 
to  the  Sliding-Scale  bill  on  the  ground  that 
successive  reductions  in  price  would  enable 
the  gas  company  to  pay  very  large  dividends. 
The  Public-Franchise  League  recognized 
fully  that  after  a  few  years'  operation  under 
the  act  much  larger  dividends  would  proba- 
bly be  paid  than  capital  as  capital  is  entitled 
to  when  employed  in  a  business  which  is  not 
only  safe  because  it  enjoys  a  substantial  mo- 
nopoly, but  which  also  receives  from  the 
community  without  the  payment  of  any  com- 
pensation the  franchise  to  lay  and  maintain 
its  pipes  in  the  public  streets.  The  League 
insisted,  however,  that  the  proper  aim  of  the 
public  must  be  not  to  limit  dividends,  but  to 
secure  gas  of  good  quality  at  low  prices ;  that 
a  limitation  of  dividends  was  desirable  only 
when  it  conduced  to  that  end ;  and  that  under 
proper  conditions  a  reasonable  assurance  of 
the  undisturbed  enjoyment  of  large  dividends 
Tiight  be  the  best  method  of  attaining  cheap 
^^as. 

EFFICIENCY  IN   MANAGEMENT  SOUGHT. 

The  league  therefore  urged  that  the  possi- 
bility of  a  large  return  upon  capital  offered 
under  the  sliding-scale  system  sliould  be  re- 
garded merely  as  an  incentive  to  securing 
for  the  gas  business  the  kind  of  management 
most  likely  to  produce  and  distribute  gas  at 
the  lowest  possible  cost,  and  thus  supply  an 
essential  prerequisite  to  cheap  gas.  Protec- 
tion a^inst  corporate  abuses  demands  for  gas 
companies  strict  supervision  and  publicity. 
Fairness  demands  that  proper  compensation 
be  made  in  some  form  for  the  use  of  our 
streets.  But  no  self-sustaining  system  of  sup- 
plying gas  can  give  to  the  people  cheap  gas 
unless  it  rests  upon  high  efficiency  in  manage- 
ment. 

The  gas  business  has  many  of  the  charac- 
teristics of  both  manufacturing  and  merchan- 
dising. Like  other  manufacturing  businesses, 
it  produces  an  article  for  sale.  The  cost  of 
its  product  is  dependent  largely  upon  the 
character  and  condition  of  the  'plant ;  upon 
the  extent  to  which  labor  and  waste-saving 
de\'ices  are  adopted;  upon  the  skill  with 
which  raw  materials  and  supplies  are  pur- 
chased and  waste  or  residual  products  are 
disposed  of;  and  whether  the  plant  is  oper- 
ated to  its  full  capacity. 

To  an  even  greater  extent  than  in  most 


mercantile  businesses,  the  pro  rata  cost  of 
distribution  of  gas  is  dependent  upon  large 
volume.  The  distributing  plant  requires  an 
exceptionally  large  investment.  But  the 
mains  or  pipes  are  rarely  used  to  their  full 
capacity-.  The  interest,  depreciation,  and 
maintenance  charges  are  the  same  whatever 
the  volume  of  sales.  The  inspection  of 
meter,  and  many  other  charges,  increase  but 
slightly  with  the  increase  of  sales.  The  pro 
rata  cost  of  distributing  gas  diminishes  large- 
ly, therefore,  with  the  increase  in  the  quantity 
sold.  But,  as  in  most  mercantile  businesses, 
the  quantity  of  gas  which  can  be  sold  in  any 
of  our  large  cities  is  dependent  mainly  upon 
the  skill,  energy,  initiative,  and  intelligence 
with  which  the  business  is  conducted.  The 
demand  for  gas  is  not  a  fixed  quantity.  There 
is,  undoubtedly,  a  minimum  quantity  which 
will  be  used  under  almost  any  conceivable 
circumstances.  But  limits  can  scarcely  be 
set  to  the  possible  increase  of  its  use  in  our 
large  cities.  Not  only  is  there  an  ever-grow- 
ing demand  for  intense  artificial  lighting  of 
public  places,  stores,  and  residences,  but  there 
is  an  almost  limitless  field  now  occupied  by 
electric  light,  coal,  and  oil,  of  which  gas  is 
the  natural  competitor.  The  limits  of  the 
use  of  gas  in  any  city,  therefore,  will  be  set 
mainly  by  the  skill,  energy,  and  initiative  of 
those  who  manage  the  business,  and  by  the 
extent  to  which  they  appreciate  the  fact  that 
increased  use  of  gas  will  result  from  reduc- 
tion in  price,  bettering  of  appliances,  and  im- 
proving facilities. 

A  management  possessing  the  requisite 
ability  and  skill  for  such  a  business  and  which 
would  exercise  the  requisite  vigilance  and 
energy  may  be  best  secured  by  following  those 
lines  upon  which  the  remarkable  industrial 
advance  of  America  has  proceeded,  the  lines 
of  intelligent  self-interest.  Those  who  man- 
age our  gas  companies  and  other  public  ser- 
vice corporations  should  be  permitted,  subject 
to  the  limitations  stated  above,  to  conduct  the 
enterprise  under  the  conditions  which  in  ordi- 
nary business  have  proved  a  sufficient  incen- 
tive to  attract  men  of  large  ability,  and  to 
insure  from  them  their  utmost  efforts  for 
its  advancement.  These  essential  conditions 
are: 

A.  The  right  to  enjoy  a  fair  share  of  the 
fruits  of  successful  effort. 

B.  The  opportunity  of  devoting  one's 
whole  efforts  to  developing  the  business. 

C.  The  probability  of  pursuing  for  a  rea- 
sonable time  without  interruption  such  busi- 
ness policy  as  may  be  adopted. 


698 


THE  AMERICAhi  REyiElV  OF  REI^IEWS. 


The  Public-Franchise  League  believed  that 
the  sh'ding-scale  system  supplies  in  large 
measure  these  conditions  essential  to  the  suc- 
cessful conduct  of  our  public  services, — con- 
ditions which  are  in  no  respect  inconsistent 
with  the  restrictions  demanded  for  a  proper 
protection  of  the  public  interests.  It  be- 
lieved also  that  the  Boston  company  pos- 
sessed in  its  president,  Mr.  Richards,  a  man 
of  the  character  and  ability  required  to  make 
the  sliding-scale  system  a  pronounced  success. 
The  results  of  the  new  law  under  his  admin- 
istration have  happily  confirmed  the  judg- 
ment of  the  League. 

FURTHER   GAINS   TO    THE    CONSUMERS. 

The  rate  of  increase  in  savings  to  the  gas 
consumer  noted  above, — that  is,  from  $265,- 
404.55  in  the  first  year  to  $800,000  (esti- 
mated) for  the  third  year, — is  due  in  large 
measure  to  the  rapid  successive  reductions  in 
the  price  of  gas;  and,  obviously,  further  re- 
ductions wil!  come  more  slowly.  But  fur- 
ther reductions  may  be  expected,  both  be- 
cause of  the  growing  efficiency  of  the  man- 
agement, and  the  rapidly  increasing  consump- 
tion of  gas. 

The  efficiency  of  the  management  is  being 
largely  promoted  through  the  voluntary  ex- 
tension by  the  company  of  the  sliding  scale 
principle  to  its  employees.  Under  this  wise 
provision  681  employees  receive,  in  addition 
to  regular  wages,  a  dividend  on  their  wages 
at  the  same  rate  as  the  dividend  on  capital 
stock  paid  to  stockholders.  And  these  681 
employees  have  either  already  became  stock- 
holders, or  under  the  operation  of  the  system 
will  soon  be  such. 

Even  without  further  reductions  in  price, 
some  increase  in  the  saving  to  the  consumer 
may  be  expected  each  year.  For  it  is  one  of 
the  great  merits  of  the  sliding-scale  system 
that  while,  upon  reduction  in  price,  the  in- 
creased dividend  is  figured  from  year  to  year 


upon  the  same  or  substantially  the  same  cap- 
ital, the  saving  in  price  is  practically  certain 
to  be  figured  upon  an  ever-increasing  quan- 
tity sold.  The  reduction  in  price  increases 
sales;  and  the  increase  of  sales  renders  fur- 
ther reductions  in  price  possible.  The  sales 
of  the  Boston  company  to  consumers  in  the 
year  ending  June  30,  1907,  were  23.73  per 
cent,  greater  than  in  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1905, — the  first  reduction  in  price  having 
been  made  as  of  July  i,  1905.  The  sales 
from  July  i,  1907  (when  the  price  was  re- 
duced to  80  cents),  to  October  i,  1907, 
were  1 6.6  per  cent,  greater  than  that  of  tbc 
corresponding  period  of  the  preceding  year. 
It  IS  expected  that  the  company  will  thb  year 
increase  its  dividend  rate  i  per  cent.,  calling 
for  an  additional  payment  to  stockholders  of 
$151,240,  but  the  people  will  save  in  the  cur- 
rent year  (as  compared  with  the  standard 
price  of  9C)-cent  gas)  about  $400,000.  When 
the  80-cent  rate  shall  have  been  in  force 
twelve  months  the  company  may  increase  its 
dividends,  if  earned,  by  another  i  per  cent 
But  it  cannot  be  so  earned  without  a  further 
increase  in  consumption  of  gas,  which  in 
turn  must  result  in  further  reduction  of 
cost  and  further  increase  of  the  amount 
saved  by  the  people.  The  experience  of 
the  English  companies  under  the  sliding- 
scale  system  shows  that  while,  at  the  out- 
set, the  saving  to  the  conununity  and  the 
amount  paid  on  the  increase  of  dividend  were 
about  equal,  after  a  series  of  years  the  savings 
to  the  consumer  were  from  three  to  seven 
times  as  great  as  the  increase  of  dividends  to 
stockholders. 

If  the  demand  for  municipal  oU^ership  in 
America  can  be  stayed,  it  will  be  by  such  wise 
legislation  as  the  Pub  lie- Franchise  League 
has  promoted,  and  by  such  public  service  as 
Mr.  Richards  and  his  associates  are  render- 
ing in  the  management  of  a  private  corpora- 
tion. 


THE  REGENERATION  OF  PERSIA. 

BY    HERMAN    ROSENTHAL. 


T^E  rapid  current  of  Western  evolution 
is  quickening  the  sluggish  streams  of  the 
Eastern  world.  The  remarkable  growth  of 
Japan  and  its  eager  acquisition  of  modern 
ways  have  already  ceased  to  fill  us  with 
wonderment.  Our  thoughts  are  turning 
now  to  China  and  its  evident  awakening 
from  the  sleep  of  stolid  centuries.  When 
the  leaven  of  the  West  shall  have  fermented 
the  inert  mass  of  her  people  China  will  surely 
come  to  play  an  eventful. part  in  the  world's 
politics  and  in  international  commerce.  The 
shifting  panorama  of  the  Far  East  in  en- 
grossing our  attention  makes  us  almost  ob- 
livious to  the  important  events  that  arc  shap- 


ing their  course  in  the  Nearer  East.  The 
granting  of  a  constitution  to  Persia,  and  the 
opening  of  its  first  Parliament,  have  been 
scarcely  noticed,  or,  at  any  rate,  their  true 
significance  has  not  been  sufficiently  empha- 
sized. The  ancient  monarchy  of  the  Archae- 
menians  and  of  the  Sassanides  seemed  to  us 
immersed  in  profound  sleep,  even  though 
under  the  calm  surface  the  current  was  being 
quickened  by  the  spirit  of  the  West. 

Persia  has  not  been  a  stranger  to  political 
evolution  for  some  time  past,  and  the  consti- 
tution and  the  Parliament  were  only  the 
cumulative  expression  of  this  evolution. 
England  and  Russia  had  long  been  competing 


600 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEU^S, 


for  political  and  commercial  supremacy  in 
Persia,  and  Russia  had  seemingly  won  in  the 
struggle.  By  the  Bagdad  Railway,  a  con- 
cession secured  from  the  Turkish  Govern- 
ment in  1902,  and  through  various  institu- 
tions established  by  her  subjects  in  Teheran, 
Germany  gained  a  foothold  in  Persia.  These 
facts  did  not  modify,  however,  our  impres- 
sion of  Persia  as  a  country  of  corrupt  and 
brutal  satraps,  where  offices  were  sold  to  the 
highest  bidder,  where  men  and  women  were 
sold  for  unpaid  taxes,  and  where  the  basti- 
nado still  held  sway.  We  caught  a  glimpse 
now  and  then  in  the  columns  of  our  mission 
papers  of  the  religious  fermentation  now  go- 
ing on  in  Persia.  The  American  missionaries 
have  called  our  attention  to  the  rapid  spread 
of  Babbism  and  have  interpreted  the  latter  as 
a  drifting  of  the  Persian  masses  from  Mo- 
hammedanism toward  Christianity.  Intelli- 
gent Persians,  however,  would  scarcely  accept 
this  as  the  true  interpretation,  since  the  doc- 
trines of  the  sect  would  indicate  that  Bab- 
bism is  a  pantheism  permeated  by  gnostic  and 
communistic  elements.  But  whatever  Bab- 
bism may  be  wc  should  accord  due  credit  to 
the  English  and  American  mission  schools  for 
their  valuable  contribution  to  the  moderniza- 
tion of  Persia.  The  new  elementary  schools 
are  modeled  after  the  American  schools. 

The  analysis  of  the  causes  which  have  led 
to  the  establishment  of  constitutionalism  in 
Persia  is  complicated  by  the  reports  and 
rumors  which  have  found  their  way  to  the 
columns  of  the  European  press.  The  Per- 
sians themselves  had  long  ago  realized  that 
the  antiquated  code  of  the  Sheirat  was  en- 
tirely out  of  touch  with  the  needs  of  every- 
day life.  They  began  to  feel  the  necessity  of 
new  laws  that  should  serve  as  a  check  on  the 
greed  and  arbitrariness  of  the  corrupt  offi- 
cials; of  laws  that  would  safeguard  the  pri- 
mary rights  of  the  much-afflicted  people,  and 
would  provide  for  modern  methods  in  the 
conduct  of  public  affairs.  Such  fundamental 
laws,  in  keeping  with  modern  political  in- 
stitutions, are  now  being  elaborated  in  the 
first  Persian  Parliament. 

Under  the  old  system  every  governor  of  a 
province  was  a  law  unto  himself.  All  classes 
of  the  Persian  people  were  subject  to  his  will 
and  pleasure.  Petty  officials  and  other  per- 
sons were  subjected  to  cruel  punishment,  at 
times  being  deprived  of  their  ears  and  noses. 
The  despot  Nasr-ed-Din  found  pleasure  in 
quartering  people  who  had  in  any  way  dis- 
pleased him.  Governors  were  bastinadoed  to 
gratify  the  whim  of  the  Shah  or  of  his  coun- 


cillors. Army  officials  robbed  the  soldien  of 
their  supplies  and  drove  them  to  marauding. 
All  public  offices  were  auctioned  off  to  die 
highest  bidder.  The  prevailing  abuses  thus 
intensified  the  popular  discontent,  whidi 
finally  found  utterance  in  the  upheaval  pre- 
ceding the  assembly  of  the  Parliament. 

In  drawing  a  comparison  between  Persia 
and  Russia  we  note  an  absence  in  the  former 
of  the  terrorism  that  is  so  characteristic  of 
the  Russian  revolution.  The  revoIutioD 
which  broke  out  in  the  market  place  of 
Terehan  in  1906  was  not  accompanied  by 
bloodshed,  the  thousands  of  Babbists  and 
their  sympathizers  who  assembled  before  the 
palace  demanded  only  justice  and  impartial 
administration  of  the  law.  Muzaffer-ed-Din, 
who  well  remembered  the  fate  of  his  father, 
the  arch  persecutor  of  the  Babbists,  finally 
murdered  by  one  of  them  at  a  shrine  near 
Teheran,  May  i,  1896,  readily  yielded  to 
the  popular  clamor  for  a  constitution.  How- 
ever, even  his  rule  was  marked  by  greed  and 
treason  to  his  people.  He  died  January  8, 
1907,  and  was  followed  by  his  son,  Mo- 
hamed-Ali   (born  1872). 

While  the  Babbists  must  be  regarded  as 
an  important  fiactor  in  bringing  about  die 
modernization  of  Persia,  we  should  not  over- 
look the  fact  that  educated  Persians  have 
come  in  intimate  contact  with  European  dv- 
ilization  for  many  years,  and  that  they  have 
helped  to  spread  Western  ideas  in  their  coun- 
try. Essentially  a  commerdal  people,  the 
Persians  have  formed  business  connections  in 
most  of  the  European  countries.  In  thus 
coming  in  contact  with  European  civiliza- 
tion they  learned  to  know  of  its  advantages, 
and  were  led  to  organize  secret  socieries  for 
the  spread  of  Western  ideas  in  their  o^n 
country.  Prominent  among  such  patriots  are 
Seid  Djemal-ed-Din,  and  Malcolm  Khan. 
The  last-named  published  in  London  the 
liberal  periodical  Hanun  (Law),  which  was 
widely  circulated  in  Persia.  These  West- 
erners among  the  Persians  also  introduced 
Free  Masonry  into  their  country.  This  or- 
ganization has  grown  rapidly  in  influence, 
and  has  played  an  important  role  as  an  edu- 
cational factor  and  as  a  center  around  which 
the  opposition  to  the  antiquated  government 
crystallized.  Secret  and  open  meetings  held 
by  these  organizations  discussed  the  political 
situation.  Measures  were  also  proposed 
there  as  a  remedy  for  the  existing  ills.  There 
was  then  scarcely  any  censorship  in  Persia, 
and  the  government  did  not  at  first  prohibit 
the   holding  of  such  meetings.      However, 


THE  REGENERATION  OF  PERSIA. 


mi 


M'hen  the  government  became  aware  of  the 
gravity  of  the  situation,  physical  clashes  oc- 
curred between  its  representatives  and  the 
members  of  the  societies. 

7'he  antagonism  between  the  Babbists  and 
the  Shah's  government,  which  had  smoldered 
under  the  surface  for  a  long  time,  burst  out 
into  open  flame  two  years  ago..  The  Persians 
believe  that  the  revolutionary  movement  in 
Russia  has  stimulated  the  progressive  ele- 
ments openly  to  throw  down  the  gauntlet  to 
the  government.  Moreover,  the  Grand 
Vizier  (Ain-ed-Dowleh),  by  his  high-handed 
measures,  hastened  the  catastrophe.  His 
predecessors,  Amined-Dowleh  and  Emines- 
Sultan,  knew  how  to  retain  the  good-will  of 
the  clergy.  They  were  willing  to  grant 
them  a  share  of  the  booty  and  to  keep  them  in 
good  humor  by  promises.  Ain-ed-Dowleh, 
however,  refused  to  give  anything. 

The  merchants  who  were  compelled  to 
pay  tribute  to  him  joined  the  clergy  in  their 
opposition.  The  progressists,  under  the  lead- 
ership of  the  Mushtaid  (Doctor  of  Divinity) 
Seid-Mahomet  were  particularly  prominent 
in  organizing  the  elements  of  opposition  to 
the  government.  He  went  so  far  as  to  main- 
tain that  religious  education  was  not  essen- 
tial to  the  progress  of  the  political,  struggle. 
Secondary  schools  where  geography,  foreign 
languages,  history,  etc.,  were  taught  were 
opened  by  him  at  his  own  expense. 

On  January  ii,  1906,  the  clergy  in  large 
numbers  entered  Teheran  and  were  met  with 
noisy  acclamation  by  the  populace.  They 
were  awaiting  the  fulfillment  of  the  Shah's 
promise,  made  a  few  days  previously,  of  re- 
forms, and  especially  of  the  establishment  of 
an  Idalet-Khane  (House  of  Justice).  How- 
ever, -the  Grand  Vizier  succeeded  in  stem- 
ming the  tide  until  the  following  summer. 
Oppressive  measures  against  the  people  and 
the  clergy  were  freely  instituted.  In  spite  of 
these  the  revolutionary  movement  gained  in 
force.  The  revolutionists  when  hard  pressed 
by  the  armed  representatives  of  the  govern- 
ment, sought  refuge  in  the  English  mission 
and  in  the  Mohammedan  temples.  The  ex- 
tensive gardens  of  the  mission  appeared  at 
one  time  like  a  huge  camp,  with  its  numerous 
tents,  and  its  outdoor  cooking.  An  interest- 
ing incident,  which  may  be  mentioned  here, 
occurred  during  the  ocaipancy  of  the  English 
mission  by  the  Persian  guests.  The  latter 
were  accused  by  the  English  of  being  noisy, 
and  were  told  that  they  would  be  expelled 
unless  they  mended  their  ways.  The  Per- 
sians proudly  replied  that  they  came  as  the 


SULTAN     ACHMED     MIRZA,     THE     PERSIAN     CROWN 
PRINCE. 

guests  not  of  the  English  officials,  but  of  the 
English  Parliament,  and  would  not  leave  the 
mission  unless  ordered  out  by  the  latter. 

The  Grand  Vizier  attempted  to  keep  the 
Shah  in  ignorance  of  the  progress  of  the  revo- 
lutionary movement,  and  went  so  far,  even,  . 
as  to  bribe  the  court  physician  to  persuade 
the  Shah  to  send  his  family  to  the  country. 
Khazrete-Olia,  the  Shah's  first  wife,  man- 
aged to  acquaint  him  with  the  gravity  of  the 
situation  and  on  August  6  the  Grand  Vizier 
was  removed  from  office.  In  spite  of  the 
opposition  the  constitution  was  granted  on 
September  10.  On  September  25  the  Majlis 
(Parliament)   was  assembled. 

The  constitution  does  not  diflFer  much 
from  other  modern  constitutions,  as  may  be 
seen  from  the  following  paragraphs: 

[Section  2.I  The  Majlis  (Parliament),  which 
represents  the  whole  population  of  the  Persian 
Empire,  takes  part  in  all  the  interior  and  local 
affairs  of  the  fatherland.  [Sections  3  and  4.I 
It  consists  of  162  delegates,  and  if  necessary  the 
number  of  elected  delegates  may  be  increased  to 
200.  They  are  elected  in  Teheran  and  in  the 
provinces;  the  sessions  of  the  Parliament  to  be 
held  in  Teheran.  [Section  5.]  The  delegates 
are  elected  for  a  term  of  two  years  and  may  be 
re-elected.  No  delegate  can  be  punished  or  ar- 
rested without  the  consent  of  the  Majlis.  [Sec- 
tion 6.1  No  laws. can  be  passed  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  Majlis.     [Sections  23-25.]     No  con- 


602 


THE  AMERICAN  REk'/ElV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


cessions  can  be  granted,  no  treaties  can  be  con- 
cluded, and  no  loans  floated  without  the  consent 
of  the  Majlis.  All  Persian  subjects  of  good 
character,  who  have  reached  the  age  of  thirty, 
and  who  are  able  to  speak,  read  and  write  the 
Persian  language,  can  be  elected  as  delegates. 
Officials  and  women  cannot  be  elected. 

On  October  9  the  Shah  Muzaffer-ed-Din 
opened  the  Parliament  with  great  solemnity, 
and  the  members  at  once  proceeded  with  the 
work  of  legislation.  In  November  the  Shah, 
realizing  the  critical  state  of  his  health,  sent 
for  his  son  and  heir,  Mohamed-Ali,  then 
Governor-General  of  Tabriz ;  and  on  Decem- 
ber 22  the  Shah  and  the  heir  apparent  at- 
tached their  signature  to  the  constitution  pre- 
pared in  the  Majlis.  The  Shah  died  on  Jan- 
uary 8,  1907,  in  the  fifty-third  year  of  his 
life  and  the  eleventh  of  his  reign.  The  next 
day  Mohamed-Ali  was  proclaimed  Shah. 

Mohamed-Ali,  who,  by  the  way,  is  not 
very  popular  among  his  people,  was  said  to 
be  a  friend  of  Russia,  while  his  brother  and 
pretender  to  the  throne,  Shua-Us-Sultane, 
posed  as  a  friend  of  the  English. 

As  previously  noted,  the  struggle  in  Persia 
between  England  and  Russia  is  of  long  stand- 
ing, and  dates  back  to  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. In  1 8 10  England  concluded  a  treaty 
with  Persia  in  which  it  was  stipulated  that 
the  latter  receive  a  subsidy  for  pursuing  a 
policy  contrary  to  Russian  interests.  In 
1 813,  in  virtue  of  the  Gulistan  agreement, 
Russia  was  ceded  some  Persian  territory,  and 
after  the  war  of  1834  Russia  compelled 
Persia  to  subscribe  to  an  anti-English  agree- 
ment. In  1837  an  English  fleet  entered  the 
Persian  Gulf,  and  took  possession  of  the 
Persian  island  of  Karak.  In  1846,  Russia 
received  important  commercial  privileges  and 
the  right  to  maintain  war-vessels  in  Enzeli 
and  Astrabad,  and  in  1856  it  demanded  from 
Persia  the  occupation  of  Herat.  In  the  same 
year  the  English  took  possession  in  the  Per- 
sian Gulf  of  Bender-Bushir  and  other  ports. 
In  1835  Russia  acquired  from  Persia  Serakhs, 
and  in  1888  England  succeeded  in  securing 
the  opening  of  the  Karun  River  to  interna- 
tional navigation.  In  1889  Russia  was 
given  permission  to  establish  insurance  and 
transportation  companies,  a  match-factory, 
and  a  street  railway  in  Teheran.  In  the 
same  year  England  secured  a  concession  for 
the  establishment  of  a  Persian  Imperial  Bank, 
for  the  exploitation  of  the  mineral  resources, 
and  for  the  construction  of  a  railroad  from 
Teheran  to  Ispahan  and  Shuster.  In  1890 
England  was  given  the  tobacco  monopoly  for 
fifty  years,  but  after  the  great  popular  revolt 
it  had  tn  inrev^  these  privileges  for.  a  con- 


sideration of  500,000  pounds.  In  1892  Rus- 
sia secured  permission  to  establish  a  com- 
mercial bank,  and  received  important  rail- 
road and  mining  concessions.  In  1900  Rus- 
sia made  Persia  a  loan  of  22,500,000  rubles, 
which  was  guaranteed  by  the  custom  receipts. 
Germany  also  succeeded  in  obtaining  certain 
railroad  and  banking  concessions. 

While  England  and  Russia  arc  destined 
to  exercise  great  influence  in  Persia  for  years 
to  come,  we  can  already  perceive  that 
Turkey,  which  has  of  late  manifested  a 
decided  aggressiveness  in  the  boundary  zone 
and  has  occupied  about  150  villages  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Hoi,  may  clash  with  the 
interests  of  both.  The  Turkish  interest  in 
Persia  is  not  stimulated  merely  by  the  antag- 
onism of  orthodox  Mohammedanism  against 
Babbism,  but  it  would  seem  that  it  is  guided 
also  by  political  motives. 

It  is  difficult  to  foresee  how  the  present 
constitution  will  affect  the  everyday  life  of 
the  Persian  people.  The  162  members  of 
the  present  Parliament  include  patriots  as 
well  as  men  of  broad  ideas.  Yet  it  is  for 
time  to  decide  whether  they  will  be  able  to 
resist  the  insistent  pressure  of  a  bureaucracy 
deprived  of  its  income,  as  well  as  the  political 
intriguesx)f  foreigners.  The  Persian  Premier 
was  shot  by  a  money-changer  August  3 1 ,  and 
last  month  a  new  cabinet  was  formed,  with 
the  sanction  of  the  Parliament.  Saad-Ud- 
Dowleh,  former  Minister  to  Belgium,  was 
made  Foreign  Minister,  while  Echtis-Sham- 
Us-Salgame,  former  Minister  to  Berlin, 
was  appointed  president  of  the  Parliament. 
Constitutionalism  and  its  intricate  machinery 
involve  additional  expenses  and  impose  addi- 
tional burdens  on  a  sorely  tried  people.  To 
the  ignorant  the  constitution  is  only  another 
evidence  of  foreign  influence,  and  it  is  there- 
fore regarded  by  them  with  suspicion.  A 
prominent  government  official  recently  voiced 
this  suspicion  by  declaring  that  in  the  end 
Persia  will  fall  a  prey  to  foreigners.  The 
periodical  Khabl-ul-Matin  advises  the  aboli- 
tion of  embassies  in  European  countries  of 
slight  importance  to  Persia,  as  for  instance. 
Belgium,  Greece,  Italy,  etc.,  and  the  estab- 
lishment, instead,  of  an  embassy  in  Japan. 
One  of  the  ablest  of  the  Persian  statesmen 
should  be  appointed  to  the  post,  and  he 
should  be  instructed  to  study  the  political 
structure  of  Japan.  It  also  recommends  the 
education  of  Persian  youths  in  Japan.  It  b 
to  be  hoped  that  the  land  of  poetry  and  rcscs 
has  before  it  a  happy  future,  a  return  per- 
haps of  some  of  the  glories  of  a  once  might}* 
people. 


LEADING   ARTICLES   OF   THE   MONTH. 


THE  BRYAN-BEVERIDGE   DEBATE  ON  THE  TARIFF. 


2^R.  BRYAN  and  Senator  Bevcridge  in- 
dulge in  an  exchange  of  views  on  the 
tariff  in  the  November  Reader,  Both  favor 
a  revision,  but  in  different  forms  and  for  dif- 
ferent reasons.  Bryan  tells  us  that  this  issue 
has  been  before  us  for  115  years,  since  1791, 
when  Alexander  Hamilton  submitted  his  re- 
port on  manufactures.  **  As  freedom  of 
trade,"  says  he,  "  is  the  natural  condition, 
and  restrictions  upon  exchange  an  arbitrary 
interference  with  the  liberty  of  the  individ- 
ual, the  advocate  of  a  protective  tariff  has 
upon  him  the  burden  of  proof  to  show,  first, 
that  it  is  right  in  principle ;  second,  that  it  is 
wise  in  policy,  either  generally  or  under 
special  circumstances;  and,  third,  that  it  is 
necessary  to  the  extent  that  it  is  asked." 

These,  he  declares,  protectionists  have 
never  established,  and  the  right  of  the  princi- 
ple that  the  Government  may  tax  one  man 
for  another's  benefit  is  habitually  ignored  by 
them,  although  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  declared  the  same  to  be  inde- 
fensible. The  foreigner  does  not  bear  the 
tax;  that  inequality  falls  upon  the  consumer. 
Raw  material  causes  the  manufacturer  to 
pay  a  tax,  but  this  the  people  pay  back  in  the 
added  price  on  the  finished  article.  Hence, 
he  asks :  "  Why  do  protectionists  confess  that 
a  tariff  on  raw  material  is  a  burden  to  the 
manufacturer,  and  then,  in  the  same  breath, 
contend  that  a  tariff  upon  the  manufactured 
product  is  not  a  burden  ?  " 

When  the  protectionist  tells  the  farmers 
that  the  consumer  pays  the  tariff  in  addition 
to  the  foreign  price  for  the  farmer's  produce 
he  deludes  them.  The  price  of  agricultural 
staples  in  this  country  is  fixed  by  the  price 
brought  by  our  surplus  abroad.  If  the  farm- 
ers could  combine  they  might  benefit  under 
protection;  but,  at  present,  a  tariff  on  farm 
products  is  a  mockery.  With  the  manufac- 
turers the  case  is  otherwise.  They  can  add 
the  tariff  to  the  price  of  their  goods  and  thus 
compel  the  consumer  to  pay  the  tax,  whether 
he  purchases  here  or  abroad. 

In  foreign  competition,  American  manu- 
facturers imdersell  foreign  competitors.  As 
a  patriotic  system,  or  an  enabling  system  for 
infant  industries,  the  tariff  may  be  approved ; 


but  it  is  absurd  to  employ  the  argument  to 
shield  industries  which  are  not  only  able  to 
stand  upon  their  own  feet,  but  to  walk  over 
the  feet  of  others.  The  contention  that  labor 
needs  protection  is  exploded,  and  with  free 
raw  material  American  iron  manufacturers 
can  compete  with  the  world. 

"  The  tariff  which  we  have  to-day,"  says 
he,  "  does  not  rest  upon  argument,  or  logic, 
or  theory;  it  rests  purely  upon  the  power  of 
the  protected  interests  to  control  Congress. 
.  .  .  Opposed  to  the  policy  of  protection 
for  protection's  sake  stands  the  policy  of  a 
revenue  tariff."  In  his  opinion  a  25  per 
cent,  tariff  for  revenue  would  be  sufficient. 
In  conclusion,  he  says:  "The  substitution 
of  a  tariff  levied  for  the  purpose  of  raising 
revenue  for  a  tariff  levied  primarily  for  the 
purpose  of  protection  seems  likely  to  be  one 
of  the  important  reforms  that  will  come  in 
the  near  future  as  a  result  of  the  present 
awakening." 

SENATOR     BEVERIDGE     PROPOSES     A     TARIFF 
COMMISSION. 

Senator  Beveridge  declares  protection  to 
be  a  fixed  American  fiscal  policy,  and  tariff 
for  revenue  a  tariff  upon  articles  which  all 
the  people  consume  but  do  not  produce.  The 
latter  program  no  informed  voter  would  tol- 
erate. Withal,  he  favors  revision,  and  pre- 
sents a  logical  and  reasonable  argument  in 
favor  of  the  appointment  of  a  tariff  commis- 
sion to  revise  our  present  Dingley  schedules. 
This  should  be  composed  of  business  men  and 
not  politicians, — for  the  tariff  is,  strictly 
speaking,  a  business  problem.  Time  should 
be  given  this  body  to  examine  exhaustively 
the  cost  of  production,  prices  of  commodities, 
possibilities  of  production,  extent  of  compe- 
tition by  foreign  countries,  effect  of  foreign 
tariffs  upon  our  own,  the  condition  of  foreign 
markets,  and  how  we  can  best  enlarge  the 
sale  of  our  surplus  in  those  foreign  markets. 
Only  by  thorough  study  and  accurate  infor- 
mation can  the  tariff  be  revised  scientifically, 
and  this  can  never  be  accomplished  by  Con- 
gress "  in  the  steaming  days  of  a  torrid 
Washington  summer." 

The  commission  should  not  be  hurried  in 


604 


THE  AMtKICAN  REk'lElV  OF  RE^JEIVS. 


its  work.  In  proof  of  this  he  cites  the  case 
of  Germany,  which  devoted  six  years  to  study 
and  investigated  the  situation  before  adopt- 
ing its  present  maximum  and  minimum  tariff, 
which,  Senator  Beveridge  believes,  is  the  most 
thorough  and  accurate  tariff  scheme  ever 
adopted.  It  is  the  logical  development  of 
the  American  protective  theory  and  if  we  are 
wise  we  will  hasten  to  adopt  it. 

By  means  of  a  discriminating  tariff  we  can 
make  a  foreign  market  for  our  surplus,  be- 
cause we  have  room  for  concessions.  The 
present  rates  could  serve  as  the  maximum 
rates  in  our  dual  tariff.  Under  the  present 
flat  system  we  have  no  latitude.  The  com- 
mission should  set  to  work  on  its  appoint- 
ment and  assemble  daily  until  the  opening  of 
the  Congress  following  the  next  Presidential 
election.  Then  its  data  should  be  laid  before 
that  body,  while  the  commission  sat  daily 
with  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  of  the 


House,  and  the  Finance  Committee  of  the 
Senate,  to  advise  in  any  contemplated  re- 
vision. His  plan  is  not  promising  in  speedy 
results,  but  it  is,  nevertheless,  practical  and 
constructive. 

What  he  designates  a  "  rational  and  inc\> 
table  American  tariff  policy  '*  may  be  sum- 
marized : 

First,  a  revision  of  the  tariff  only  upon  full 
thorough,  and  accurate  information. 

Second,  a  permanent  commission  of  tariff  ex- 
perts who  shall  gather  this  information  and  thu^ 
act  as  the  assistant  to  Congress,  so  that  Con- 
gress can  legislate  intelHgently. 

Third,  a  maximum  and  minimum  tariff  with 
the  present  Dingley  rates,  or  higher  rates,  a^ 
the  maximum ;  and  lower  rates  which  still  shall 
carefully  protect  all  American  industries  as  the 
minimum,  together  with  the  power  in  the  hand^ 
of  the  President  to  apply  these  minimum  rates 
to  imports  coming  from  foreign  countries  in  ex- 
change for  a  like  favor  from  such  countries  to- 
ward American  exports  to  their  markets. 


UNTRAINED   CHILDREN  AND  INDUSTRY. 


^^'Y'WENTY-FIVE  thousand  children 
between  fourteen  and  sixteen  years 
of  age  in  the  State  of  Massachusetts  are  not 
at  school."  So  runs  the  report  of  an  indus- 
trial commission  in  the  Bay  State.  Five- 
sixths  of  this  number  have  not  completed  the 
course  in  the  grammar  school,  one-half  have 
not  finished  the  seventh  grade,  and  one- 
fourth  have  not  gone  through  the  sixth  grade. 
To  explain  why  these  children  have  left 
school  and  its  effect  upon  their  future  is  the 
task  essayed  by  Susan  M.  Kingsbury,  assist- 
ant professor  of  history  and  economics,  Sim- 
mons College,  in  Charities  and  the  Com- 
mons for  October. 

This  group  of  25,000,  she  assumes,  rep- 
resents the  entire  number  of  the  State's  future 
Industrial  workers  who  will  be  dependent 
upon  their  ov\  n  resources, — a  matter  of  great 
concern  to  the  future  of  our  citizens  and 
of  our  industries.  To  every  one  that  goes 
into  an  occupation  which  is  worth  while, 
more  than  four  enter  a  cotton  mill,  or 
(ion  a  messenger  suit,  or  wear  a  cash 
lilrVs  uniform.  They  seldom  receive  over 
:>5  before  they  are  seventeen,  and  at 
twenty  they  reach  the  height  of  their  power, 
— an  income  of  $8  or  $10.  These  employ- 
ments afford  no  development  or  apprentice- 
ship, and  make  for  vice,  dishonest)',  and 
retrogression. 

Only  by  getting  in  touch  with  the  parents 


in  the  homes  is  the  reason  for  the  withdra\%-al 
of  these  children  from  school  'understood. 
Then,  even,  the  results  are  negative.  The 
answer  is  elicited  that  the  child  left  school 
from  *'  choice."  This  appears  to  be  correct; 
for  many  of  the  parents  could  and  would 
afford  industrial  training  for  these  children: 
76  per  cent,  of  these  families  were  so  situ- 
ated. About  66  per  cent,  of  these  children 
could  have  continued  at  school,  and  55  per 
cent,  of  the  families  declared  they  would  send 
their  children  to  trade  schools.  The  trouble 
is  to  convince  the  child.  These  percentages 
were  based  on  an  allowance  of  $2  per  week 
for  each  member  of  a  family,  and  in  the  fami- 
lies in  question,  of  from  five  to  seven  persons, 
the  annual  income  ranged  from  $720  to 
$1200.  Out  of  100  families  considered, 
only  seven  of  the  five-to-seven-member  fam- 
ilies had  an  income  of  $2  or  less;  incomes  of 
children  under  sixteen  were  not  included ; 
and  in  3000  families  visited  not  more  than 
one-sixth  were  below  the  $2  margin. 

Why  does  the  child  desire  to  leave  school  ? 
Because  the  school  life  is  disliked  by  him, 
through  a  disinclination  for  books,  and 
through  the  ineffectiveness  of  the  school  to 
meet  the  child's  natural  desire, — to  do  rather 
than  to  study.  The  example  of  "other 
boys  "  at  work,  and  a  desire  for  dress  like 
that  of  girls  at  work,  are  also  contributing 
agencies.   The  result  is  that  the  child,  as  here 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH, 


605 


shown,  fails  to  gain  admittance  to  a  skilled 
trade,  and  his  constant  changing  from  em- 
ployer to  employer  brings  idleness,  unsteadi- 
ness of  purpose,  irresponsibility  of  character, 
and  irregularity  of  habit,  which  are  the  un- 
doing of  manhood  and  womanhood. 

Again,  the  attitude  of  the  employer  is 
worthy  of  note.  He  throws  these  children 
at  unskilled  work  because  he  cannot  "  bother 
to  teach  them."  He  sifts  and  weeds,  keeping 
the  brighter  and  abler  one,  and  sends  the 
other  out  to  hunt  another  job.  What  about 
the  boys  and  girls  who  are  not  bright  ?  They 
must  fall  by  the  way, — that  is  their  outlook. 
Even  the  child  who  enters  the  skilled  indus- 
try without  training  is  not  the  fortunate  lad 
of  former  days.  Although  called  an  appren- 
tice, he  does  a  man's  work  and  receives  a 
child's  pay.  Hence,  he  leaves  and  applies  for 
a  man's  work  elsewhere.  The  employer  does 
not  agree  to  teach  him,  and  he  has  to  virtu- 
ally steal  his  trade,  says  this  writer. 

Returns  from  large  railways  and  other 
immense  industries  show  not  one  boy  in  lOO 
being  apprenticed.  In  the  skilled  trades  the 
boy,  by  means  of  correspondence,  night,  and 
night  trade  schools,  endeavors  to  learn  a 
trade.  He  has  "got  into  a  trade,"  but  has 
not  "  got  a  trade."  Such  efforts  are  a  con- 
demnation of  the  supposed  assistance  given  to 
the  untrained  child  by  skilled  trades.  The 
absence  of  technical  training  makes  laborers 
or  "  helpers  "  of  these  children,  and  this  cir- 
cumstance, in  the  opinion  of  this  writer,  is 
not  only  a  tragedy  of  home,  but  one  of  indus- 
try and  citizenship,  as  well.     Trade  schools 


]i[Thei|  Enter  Unskilled  or 
Undesirable  Industries. 


Boqs 
Girls 

1 

Mfo§Sf/nes 


CHART    BASED    ON    INVESTIGATIONS    OF    INDUSTRIES 
AND  RETURNS  FROM    I905  CENSUS. 

are  demanded  by  the  boys  as  well  as  by  their 
parents. 


THE  COPPER  SITUATION. 


/^  OFFER,  owing  to  its  price,  has  been 
^^  noticeably  in  the  public  eye  for  some 
time.  In  a  sense  this  price  is  abnormal  and 
fictitious,  and  was  never  realized  by  any  of 
the  producers  on  much  of  their  product. 
Between  the  producer  and  manufacturer 
there  is  a  community  of  interest,  since  the 
former  contracts  ahead  to  supply  the  latter. 
Owing  to  selling  ahead,  in  consequence,  the 
producers  have  not  realized  to  the  full  the 
benefit  of  the  rise  in  prices,  which  has  stim- 
ulated the  public  to  purchase  copper  stocks 
and  thus  send  the  figures  for  same  skyward. 
The  real  reason  for  the  increased  price  of 
copper  IS  simply  the  fact  that  the  demand 
exceeded  the  supply.  Owing  to  the  belief 
that  the  scarcity  would  continue  and  would 
be  perennial,  the  price  continued  to  soar  until 


the  demand  fell  off,  and  the  delusion  was 
dissipated. 

In  the  Engineering  Magazine  for  October, 
Mr.  James  Douglas  says  that  in  the  last  ten 
years  there  has  been  consumed  eighty-four 
tons  of  iron  to  one  ton  of  copper,  on  an  aver- 
age, in  the  United  States.  The  world's  de- 
mand was  in  the  same  ratio.  Since  copper  is 
free  under  the  McKinley  bill,  we,  as  th^ 
world's  greatest  producers,  regulate  its 
price.  We  make  54.7  per  cent,  of  the 
world's  total.  Last  year's  production  showed 
a  very  slight  gain  over  the  preceding  year, 
the  figures  being:  1905,  390,733  tons;  1906. 
409,652  tons.  "  When  copper  is  20  cents," 
says  he,  "  money  can  be  made  out  of  ore 
which  is  valueless  with  copper  standing 
at    12    cents." 


606 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEIV  OF  REyiEV/S. 


Two  tons  of  average  iron  ore  will  make 
one  ton  of  metal,  but  it  takes  from  thirty- 
three  to  seventy-five  tons  of  copper  ore  to 
produce  pne  ton  of  copper.  Iron  ore  occurs 
in  very  large  deposits,  worked  in  some  cases 
by  steam  shovels,  whereas  copper  comes  from 
comparatively  narrow  veins  or  irregular 
masses.  In  1882  the  Western  States  attained 
prominence  as  copper  producers,  the  Lakes 
supplying  25,000  long  tons,  Arizona  8000 
long  tons,  and  Montana  4000  long  tons  of 
copper.  In  1887  Montana  was  first  in  pro- 
duction and  has  never  been  headed,  with 
Arizona  second  and  the  Lakes  third  in  1905. 
Before  the  Civil  War*  Tennessee  was  the 
chief  copper  State.  In  1896,  that  State  was 
credited  with  3,750,124  pounds  of  copper, 
and  18,821,000  pounds  last  year.  Utah 
added  49,712,000  pounds  to  the  world's 
stock  in  1906,  and  California  24,421,000 
pounds.  Alaska  sent  to  the  smelter  8,700,000 
pounds  of  copper  last  year,  and  Utah  and 
Nevada  are  the  largest  certain  sources  of 
new  supply.  In  two  or  three  years  these 
States  are  expected  to  yield  200,000,000 
pounds  a  year. 

The  presence  of  small  quantities  of  gold 
and  silver  in  copper  ores,  owing  to  the  process 
of  electrolytic  copper  refining,  serves  to  make 
copper  mining  profitable  for  the  fortunate 
producers  whose  ores  contain  the  precious 
metals.  In  Montana,  $6,650,000  has  been 
thus  extracted;  in  Arizona  and  Sonora,  $2,- 
105,000;  Canada,  $460,000,  and  from  other 
districts,  $2,500,000,  or  $11,000,000  in  all. 
"  We  cannot  expect,"  says  he,  "  to  grow  as 
vigorously  as  we  did  in  the  past.  We  are 
using  up  our  natural  resources  of  iron,  cop- 
per, and  lumber  at  headlong  speed,  and  they 
cannot  last.  Nevertheless,  there  need  be  no 
immediate  alarm  as  to  a  heavy  decline  in  our 
copper  supply." 

Mines  in  Osceola  and  Kearsage,  Portage 
Lake,  the  Copper  Range  in  the  Southwest, 
\Visconsin  and  Minnesota,  are  still  to  be  de- 
veloped. The  discovery  of  large  copper 
bodies  below  the  argentiferous  ores  of  the 
North  Butte  mine  may  also  extend  the  life 
of  Butte  indefinitely.  Arizona's  districts 
show  no  signs  of  exhaustion. 

Last  year,  865,000,000  pounds  of  electro- 
lytic copper  were  turned  out  by  nine  electro- 
lytic refineries.  The  large  quantity  of  cop- 
per carried  in  the  vats  of  these  electrolytic 
works  introduces  an  element  of  uncertainty 
into  the  calculation  of  stocks  in  hand,  and  of 
consumption.  It  also  influences  the  price,  as 
the  value  of  copper  is  undoubtedly  influenced 


by  the  quantity  in  stock,  actually  available 
for  sale.  At  the  present  time,  the  writer  as- 
serts, there  must  be  100,000,000  pounds  of 
copper  in  these  vats.  This  reserve  is  a  safe- 
guard. In  England,  a  certain  amount  is  held 
under  warrant;  but  this  is  delusively  small. 
In  this  country  the  stock  on  hand  is  subjca 
to  guesswork. 

It  is  impossible  to  forecast  the  future  of 
copper.  If  the  demand  grow^  and  no  vcr>' 
important  new  discoveries  are  made  the  metal 
will  become  scarcer  and  will  demand  a  higher 
price  than  the  average  price  of  the  past.  In 
that  evei]t,  wherever  a  substitute  metal  can 
be  used,  that  will  be  resorted  to,  and  a  drop 
in  consumption  follow.  This  will  restore  a 
normal  value.  Great  Britain  and  Venezuela 
are  disappearing  as  copper  producers.  Spain 
and  Portugal  are  also  declining.  Germany- 
has  a  long  life  ahead.  Chile  is  recoverin;: 
from  her  exhaustion  between  1870  and  1880. 
and  along  wnth  Bolivia  and  Peru  w^ill  show 
future  increases,  Mexico  and  British  Colunb 
bia  likewise.  In  Alaska,  British  Columbis. 
Labrador,  and  between  the  Lakes  and  Hud- 
son Bay,  are  great  possibilities  of  future  dis- 
covery. In  the  Congo  Free  State  are  ex- 
tensive, but  practically  inaccessible,  deposits. 
Australia  is  progressing;  little  is  known  of 
China's  or  Siberia's  possibilities,  and  Japan 
is  a  growing  copper  power. 

From  this  review  it  is  evident  that  the  old 
mines  are  approaching  exhaustion,  and, 
therefore,  that  the  trade  must  turn  to  de- 
posits of  lower  grade  than  heretofore,  if  the 
active  demand  of  the  present  continues.  This 
copper  cannot  be  made  as  cheaply  as  the 
copper  we  have  been  consuming  so  reck- 
lessly for  the  past  generation.  In  the 
manufacture  of  electrical  machinery  and  the 
transmission  of  electrical  current,  in  the  com- 
position of  alloys,  and  in  architecture,  where 
it  replaces  iron  and  lead,  is  copper  largely 
consumed. 

The  draft  on  copper  for  telegraph  wires, 
trolley  lines,  etc.,  is,  doubtless,  very  large, — 
probably  one-third  of  the  world's  supply.  It 
is  difficult  to  determine  the  amount  of  copper 
which  enters  brass  and  other  alloys.  The 
railroads  consume  about  5000  tons  for  this 
purpose  annually.  Automobiles,  stationary 
engines,  and  steamboats  make  heavy  demands 
on  copper.  War  material  and  ammunition, 
likewise.  In  architectural  work  it  has  re- 
placed wrought-iron  work  profusely,  **  and 
probably  more  of  the  world's  supply  will  go 
into  architecture  and  house-furnishing  than 
into  any  ether  use." 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


607 


THE  CAPE  TO   CAIRO  RAILWAY. 

P^ROM  time  to  time 
'*'  during  the  past 
ten  years  readers  of 
this  Review  have  been 
informed  as  to  the 
progress  of  the  great 
African  railroad  proj- 
ect known  as  the  Cape 
to  Cairo  line.  It  will 
be  remembered  that 
this  scheme  was 
fathered  by  Cecil 
Rhodes,  and  later  re- 
ceived substantial  en- 
couragement from  Mr. 
Rhodes'  partner,  Al- 
fred Beit,  who  pro- 
vided in  his  will  that 
the  sum  of  $7,500,000 
should  be  used  for  the 
furtherance  of  this 
railroad  scheme  and  the 
"  Cape  to  Cairo  tele- 
graph system,  includ- 
ing telephones."  Mr. 
M.  E.  Hutchinson, 
writing  in  the  Inde- 
pendent (New  York) 
for  October  3,  makes 
several  interesting 
statements  concerning 
the  most  recent  prog- 
ress of  this  continental 
railroad  project. 

The  present  termi- 
nus of  the  line  is  at 
Rhodesia  Broken  Hill, 
about  2000  miles  due 
north  from  Cape 
Town,  in  south  cen- 
tral Africa.  The  road  was  completed  to  this  it  seems,  has  shown  little  sympathy  with  the 
point  on  June  24,  1906.  It  is  now  a  mooted  enterprise,  and  it  has  been  seriously  proposed 
point,  says  Mr.  Hutchinson,  whether  the  that  the  idea  of  continuing  it  through  Ger- 
road  will  eventually  be  carried  northward  man  East  Africa  be  abandoned  in  favor  of 
via  the  southern  extremity  of  Lake  Tangan-  the  water  route  presented  by  Lake  Tangan- 
jnka  and  so  on  through  German  East  Africa,  yika,  the  line  being  resumed  at  the  northern 
or  through  northern  Rhodesia  and  Katanga  point  of  that  great  waterway,  and  going  on- . 
to  Belgian  territory,  there  to  connect  with  ward  through  the  British  colony  of  Uganda 
the  main  line,  known  as  the  Benguela  Rail-  to  Cairo,  and  perhaps  connecting  with  the 
way,  which  is  now  in  course  of  construction  existing  Uganda  Railway. 
from  Lobito  Bay,  in  Portuguese  East  Africa,  Since  the  money  market  is  now  in  a  bad 
a  line  some  900  miles  in  length,  running  due  condition  for  the  raising  of  funds  to  con- 
cast  into  the  Congo  Free  State.  The  ques-  tinue  the  Rhodesian  railways,  which  have 
tion  of  continuing  the  line  from  Rhodesia  now  come  to  the  end  of  their  capital,  great 
Broken  Hill  to  the  southern  end  of  Lake  interest  is  manifested  in  the  plans  to  be 
Tanganyika  is  still  in  abeyance.    Germany,   adopted  by  Mr.  Beit's  trustees.    Mr.  Hutch- 


\v":*V""..y^fiiti_ 

ftt^tijr 

FROM  CAIRO  TO  THE  CAPE. 
(Showing  completed  and  projected  sections  of  the  continental  railway.) 


608 


THE  AMERICAN  REk^IEW  OF  REk'IElVS. 


inson  points  out  that  the  Egyptian  end  from 
Cairo  or  Alexandria  southward  to  Assuan,  a 
distance  of  590  miles,  has  already  been  con- 
structed, and  that  another  560  miles  between 
Wady  Haifa  and  Khartoum  is  projected.  In 
the  aggregate,  the  line  from  the  north  com- 


pleted or  contemplated  is  about  1600  miles, 
and  from  the  south  are  more  than  2000 
miles.  Although  it  is  impossible  to  say  when 
this  great  undertaking  will  be  completed,  Mr. 
Hutchinson  is  confident  that  the  project  will 
not  be  abandoned. 


THE  PRINCETON   PRECEPTORIAL  SYSTEM. 


npWO  years  ago  President  Woodrow  Wil- 
'■'  son  inaugurated  at  Princeton  the  pre- 
ceptorial system,  and  the  same  is  now  a  firmly 
established  institution,  its  success  having  ex- 
ceeded all  anticipations.  The  preceptors  are 
not  tutors  who  help  other  young  men  to  pass 
examinations;  they  are  in  no  sense  coaches 
for  the  examinations,  supplied  by  the  uni- 
versity; with  getting  men  through  examina- 
tions they  have  practically  nothing  to  do.  Of 
course  a  preceptor's  work  will  count  in  the 
examination  hall,  but  his  aim  is  to  quicken 
interest  and  incentive  in  the  student's  work, 
and  not  to  prepare  him  for  particular  exami- 
nations.   He  teaches  subjects,  not  books. 

Mr.  Edward  G.  Elliott,  one  of  the  Prince- 
ton preceptors,  in  the  October  South  Atlantic 
Quarterly,  says  of  this  innovation :  "  The 
purpose  of  the  new  system,  which  is  not  new 
except  in  the  fashion  of  its  application,  as 
President  Wilson  has  so  aptly  expressed  it.  is 
to  combine  the  intimacy  and  closeness  of  con- 
tact between  professor  and  student  as  it 
exists  in  the  small  college,  with  the  inspira- 
tion that  should  come  from  the  broader  life 
of  the  university, — the  intimacy  of  associa- 
tion and  the  inspiration  it  is  the  task  of  the 
preceptor  to  apply." 

The  system  is  elastic  in  its  application  to 
the  different  branches  of  knowledge,  and  to 
the  varying  capabilities  of  the  students.  The 
writer  illustrates  his  article  with  the  manner 
in  which  it  is  applied  in  the  department  of 
history,  politics  and  economics.  "  At  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Junior  year,"  says  he,  "  all 
students,  who  have  elected  the  department, 
are  divided  into  as  many  groups  as  there  are 
preceptors  in  the  department  working  with 
Juniors.  The  number  in  each  group  is  from 
twenty  to  twenty-five,  so  that  each  preceptor 
has  this  number  of  men  under  his  direction 
in  the  courses  of  the  department.  These 
same  men  who  are  assigned  to  a  particular 
preceptor  at  the  beginning  of  the  Junior  year, 
remain  under  his  direction  till  the  end  of 
their  course.*' 

Answering  the  question:  "What  does  a 


preceptor  do?"  he  says:  "He  meets  the 
twenty  or  more  men  assigned  him,  in  groups 
of  not  more  than  four  or  five,  one  hour  a 
week  in  each  course  taken  in  the  department, 
for  a  conference  on  a  certain  amount  of  read- 
ing assigned  in  connection  with  the  course." 
Upon  the  skill  with  which  the  preceptor 
handles  the  work  does  its  success  depend, 
and  on  the  mental  attitude  and  equipment 
of  the  latter  rests  success  or  failure.  These 
conferences  interest  the  students  in  their 
work,  introduce  them  to  good  books,  show 
them  the  delights  that  spring  from  intimate 
contact  with  great  writers,  the  charm  of  a 
well-stocked  mind,  and,  in  brief,  tend  "  to 
make  reading  men  of  them."  With  all  these 
purposes  a  minimum  of  work  must  be  done, 
and  this  is  assured  by  the  preceptor's  auAor- 
ity  to  debar  from  examination  students  whose 
work  has  been  unsatisfactory. 

Men  of  like  minds  and  tastes  are  grouped 
under  this  system.  The  bright  men  are  seg- 
regated and  met  individually,  or  by  ti^os  or 
threes,  and  given  a  wide  liberty  in  their  read- 
ing and  conferences.  The  dullards  or  slug- 
gish students  can  likewise  be  grouped,  as  well 
as  the  mediocre  ability  of  the  class.  One 
thing  that  the  preceptor  has  to  do  is  to  point 
out  to  the  student  the  fact  that  certain  great 
bodies  of  knowledge  arc  intimately  related, 
and  to  point  out  the  points  of  contact  and  re- 
lationship as  they  arise. 

To  an  outsider  the  most  apparent  change 
is  noted  in  the  character  of  the  conversation, 
whether  in  rooms  or  in  clubs;  it  is  no  longer 
of  sports  and  records,  but  of  books  and  men. 
Men  are  becoming  enough  interested  in  the 
things  they  read  of  to  talk  about  them,  and 
this  is  exactly  what  the  system  desires  ihe>* 
should  do.  Indeed,  something  of  a  literary 
and  intellectual  atmosphere  is  making  itself 
felt.  The  attitude  of  the  average  under- 
graduate toward  the  faculty  is  decidedly 
changed.  Hostility  has  yielded  before  the 
intimate  relationship  of  preceptor  and  stu- 
dent, and  in  its  place  has  come  an  intelligent 
appreciation  of  another  viewpoint 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH.  609 

YALE'S  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  **  FLETCHERISM/' 


pAULTY  utilization  of  good,  and  insuf- 
ficient or  bad  food,  are  the  evil  roots 
of  most  of  the  diseases  which  afflict  us. 
Scientists  are  persistently  fighting  them,  and 
at  Yale  University  there  is  an  important 
:ampaign  against  that  ignorance  and  calam- 
ity,— the  cause  and  effect, — in  dietary  mat- 
ters. Profs.  Russell  H.  Chittenden,  Irv- 
ing P.  Fisher,  Lafayette  B.  Mendel,  and 
Dr.  William  G.  Anderson  are  the  scientists 
directing  this  humanitarian  undertaking. 
They  are  all  believers  in  open  air  and  ade- 
quate dieting,  and  their  cause  was  given  a 
lew  impulse  when  Horace  Fletcher  came  to 
k'ale  in  1902. 

This  man  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 
)f  modern  characters, — the  hero  of  a  thou- 
sand adventures.  In  turn,  he  has  been  a 
vhaler,  explorer,  miner,  sharpshooter,  gym- 
last,  merchant,  traveler,  philosopher,  philan- 
hropist,  author,  and  originator  of  "  Fletcher- 
sm,"  wTiich  the  public  accept  as  another 
lame  for  "  complete  mastication,"  but  which, 
n  realhy,  represents  a  new  system  of  philoso- 
)hy.  By  a  new  dietetic  method  he  cured 
limself,  at  fifty  years  of  age,  of  several  dis- 
ibling  diseases.  Through  thorough  mastica- 
ion,  eating  only  two  meals  a  day, — far  less 
han  that  of  the  average  man, — he  attained 
>erfcct  health,  great  strength  and  wonderful 
indurance.  Believing  his  methods  of  con- 
iderable  value  to  the  human  race,  after  con- 
ulting  with  Foster,  at  Cambridge;  Pawlow, 
t  St.  Petersburg;  Moso,  of  Italy,  and  others 
\i  equal  eminence,  he  came  to  Yale  and  gave 

new  turn  to  the  experiments  therein  at- 
empted. 

The  press  has  flippantly  treated  the  efforts 
f  the  Yalensians  at  times,  and,  save  in  very 
ew  cases,  the  people  have  not  been  given  an 
ccount  of  this  most  vitally  important  move- 
lent.  "  The  Chittenden  and  Mendel  and 
'isher  experiments  have  no  theories  or  dog- 
las  to  support,  but  are  concerned  solely,  ex- 
lusively,  unremittingly,  with  efforts  to  as- 
ertain  exact  and  demonstrable  truths  in  re- 
3rd  to  man's  nutriment,"  says  Mr.  Michael 
Villiams,  in  the  Van  Norden  Magazine  for 
)ctobcr.  Stripped  of  scientific  terminology, 
nc  most  important  idea  maintained  and  sup- 
orted  by  these  men  is:  The  commonly  ac- 
epted  dietetic  standards  are  altogether  too 
ligh.  Man  consumes  altogether  too  much 
ood,  especially  meat  and  eggs,  and  by  re- 
lucing  the  same,  great  economy  in  time, 
Doncy  and  health  will  be  effected. 


MR.    HORACE    FLETCHER. 

If  he  would  eat  less,  and  eat  it  with  proper 
mastication,  with  enjoyment  at  its  taste,  and 
without  worry  and  straining,  he  would  in- 
crease his  efficiency  and  heighten  his  physical 
and  mental  endurance.  Overeating,  on  the 
human  system  produces  an  effect  similar  to 
feeding  coal  under  the  boilers  of  machines, 
— straining  the  delicate  parts  and  wearing 
out  the  mechanism  with  overwork. 

During  the  experiment  on  Fletcher,  his 
food  cost  about  1 1  cents  a  day,  and  consisted 
of  a  little  milk,  maple  sugar,  and  prepared 
cereal.  His  weight  of  165  pounds  remained 
constant,  he  did  much  mental  work  and  re- 
mained in  perfect  health.  He  performed  the 
severest  tests  of  physical  endurance,  without 
soreness  or  lameness.  His  thorough  masti- 
cation and  low  food  intake  transformed  him 
from  a  decrepit  invalid  into  a  marvelously 
and  wonderfully  powerful  man. 

Professor  Chittenden  then  began  to  ex- 
periment with  himself.  This  was  in  Novem- 
ber, 1902.  Gradually  his  dietary  standards 
were  lowered,  and  in  the  course  of  a  month 
or  two  breakfast  was  abolished,  save  for  a 
small  cup  of  coffee.  A  light  lunch  was  taken 
at  1.30  o'clock,  and  a  heavier  dinner  at  6.30 


610 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS, 


p.  m.  The  total  intake  of  food  was  gradual- 
ly diminished,  as  well  as  the  proteid  content, 
albuminous  foods  (meat  and  eggs).  There 
was  no  change  to  a  vegetable  diet.  Rheuma- 
tism, biliousness,  sick  headaches,  from  which 
he  had  suffered  formerly,  passed  away;  ap- 
petite became  keener;  taste  became  more 
acute,  and  a  relish  foh  simple  foods  increased. 
Strength  and  endurance,  and  capacity  for 
work,  likewise  increased,  and  in  his  case  the 
experiment  proved  a  pronounced  success. 

Through  the  assistance  of  Mr.  Fletcher, 
the  United  States  Ai:my  Hospital  Corps  was 
interested  in  the  movement,  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Carnegie  Institu- 
tion, and  many  men  of  wealth  and  promi- 
nence. Throughout  the  next  five  vears  many 
experiments  followed.  First,  with  a  group 
of  five  men  of  varjn'ng  ages,  Yale  instructors 
and  professors,  for  a  mental  test  of  the  re- 
sults. Second,  with  thirteen  volunteers  from 
the  Army  Hospital  Corps  throughout  six 
months.  Third,  with  a  group  of  eight  young 
men,  students,  trained  athletes.  Fourth, 
with  a  group  of  dogs,  to  study  the  effect  of  a 
low-proteid  diet  on  a  typically  high-proteid 
animal. 

In  addition,  Professor  Fisher  carried  out 
the  following  experiments  at  his  own  cost: 
First,  on  a  group  of  nine  healthy  students; 
second,  the  influence  of  flesh-eating  on  en- 
durance as  contrasted  with  the  effect  of  vege- 
tarianism on  endurance,  on  a  group  of  forty- 


nine  persons,  consisting  of  athletes  accus- 
tomed to  high-proteid,  or  full-flesh  dietary; 
athletes  accustomed  to  a  low-protcid,  or  noo- 
flesh  dietary;  third,  sedentary  persons  accus- 
tomed to  a  low-proteid  and  non-flesh  dietary. 
The  results  of  these  experiments,  say  the 
Yalensians,  prove  that  all  the  needs  of  the 
body  can  be  supplied  by  quantities  of  proteid 
foods  fully  50  per  cent,  less  than  the  every- 
day habits  of  mankind  imply  to  be  ncce^ary, 
and  this  without  increasing  unduly  the  con- 
sumption of  non-nitrogenous  or  vegetable 
food,  and  that  health  and  strength  and  en- 
durance  can  be  equally  well  supplied. 

**  Fletcherism,"  roughly  speaking,  amounts 
to  this:  Chew  all  food  until  it  is  dissolved 
completely,  removing  from  the  mouth  any 
fibers,  etc.,  which  refuse  to  dissolve,  after  all 
taste  has  been  extracted  from  it;  and  also 
sip,  or  taste,  all  liquids  having  taste.  Pro- 
fessor Crittenden  declares  that  sixty  grammes 
of  proteid  are  all  that  are  required  by  the 
average  man  of  150  pounds.  Dietary  habits 
should  not  be  regulated  in  accordance  with 
fixed  principles,  such  as  "  standard  diets*" 
"  normal  diets,"  etc.  There  should  be  full 
latitude  for  individual  freedom,  governed  by 
intelligence  to  appreciate  the  significance  oi 
scientific  facts  and  to  mold  custom  and  habit 
in  accord  with  them.  Simplicity  in  the 
character  of  the  dietary  and  moderation  in 
the  amount  eaten  daily  are  the  master-words 
for  the  working  out  of  an  intelligent  plan. 


STANDARD  OIL  ON   ITS  INDUSTRIAL  SIDE. 


^^IL  occurs  in  the  crevices  of  certain  kinds 
of  porous  rock  300  to  2000  feet  below 
the  surface.  It  is  raised  by  means  of  an  oil 
well,  which  is  simply  a  hole  in  the  ground,  a 
foot  in  diameter  at  the  top  and  six  inches  at 
the  bottom,  through  which  the  oil  is  pumped. 
This  well  is  bored  by  a  steel  drill  with  fit- 
tings thirty  feet  in  length  and  weighing  from 
half  a  ton  to  a  ton  and  a  half.  By  impact 
the  rock  is  crushed,  and  removed  by  means 
of  a  sand  pump, — a  tube  with  a  valve  at  the 
bottom, — and  when  the  oil  rock  is  reached 
the  pressure  sometimes  brings  the  oil  with  a 
rush.  This,  generally,  does  not  happen,  and 
then  the  well  must  be  **  shot.'*  This  is  ac- 
complished by  exploding  at  the  bottom  a 
charge  of  nitro-glycerine,  which  breaks  the 
rock  and  stimulates  the  flow  of  the  oil.  Two 
hundred  quarts  of  glycerine  are  used,  at 
times,    and    are   lowered    into    the   well    in 


"  shells."  The  well  is  then  filled  for  a  couple 
of  hundred  feet  with  water  to  "  tamp  "  the 
charge.  When  everything  is  in  readiness 
the  "  shooter  **  starts  a  "  jack  squib," — * 
long,  slender  shell,  filled  with  a  small  charge 
of  glycerine,  a  fulminating  cap,  and  a 
slow-burning  fuse, — downward,  and  seeks  1 
place  of  safety.  Soon,  a  shock  is  felt,  a  dull, 
muffled  report  follows,  and  then  a  jet  of 
muddy  fluid  leaps  a  hundred  feet  or  more  in 
the  air.  When  this  dies  down,  the  v^-^M  is 
lined  with  iron  piping  and  connected  up  to  a 
receiving  tank.  If  a  flowing  well,  oil  wili 
rush  out  in  a  few  hours  to  pay  for  the  cost 
of  the  drilling. 

Next  day  a  pump  is  added  and  connected 
with  a  gas  engine,  by  means  of  an  iron  rod. 
300  or  400  yards  distant.  If  it  produces 
gas  in  addition  to  oil,  this  is  piped  to  the 
engine  and  the  well  then  does  its  own  pump- 


leadmg  articles  of  the  month. 


611 


ing.  This  pump  is  extrtmely  simple:  A 
tube  belovv  ground  running  nearly  to  the 
bottom  of  the  well,  with  a  valve  at  its  lower 
end,  and  within  it  a  pump- rod  working  up 
and  down.  Above  ground  is  a  framework, 
in  which  works  a  combination  of  two  levers, 
a  "  jack,"  connected  to  transform  the  hori- 
zontal pull  of  the  rod  coming  from  the  en- 
gine into  a  vertical  pull  on  the  pump-rod. 
Since  the  wells  are  connected  to  the  engine 
in  pairs,  the  up-stroke  in  one  coincides  with 
the  down  stroke  in  another, — an  economy  of 
power. 

This  description  is  based  on  an  article  in 
the  October  Outlook,  by  Mr.  Harold  J. 
Howland,  in  which  he  describes  the  indus- 
trial and  mechanical  side  of  Standard  Oil. 
"  It  should  be  noted,"  says  he,  "  that  the 
Standard  Oil  is  not  primarily  or  even  largely 
engaged  in  the  production  of  petroleum.  In 
1905  it  produced  less  than  12  per  cent,  of 
the  crude  oil  in  the  United  States."  At  first 
it  was  engaged  in  the  refining  of  oil  and 
transporation  by  pipe  lines,  and  tank  cars 
followed  to  facilitate  the  control  of  the  raw 
material.  "  The  production,"  says  he,  "of 
oil  has  always  been  in  the  hands  of  many  in- 
dividuals or  small  companies.  In  the  Illinois 
field  alone,  where  production  was  begun 
hardly  two  years  ago,  there  are  185  pro- 
ducing companies." 

Therein,  the  Standard  owns  one-third  of 
the  wells,  and  produces  one-fifth  of  the  oil. 
It  is  only  when  the  oil  is  above  ground  and 
stored  in  the  producers'  tanks,  that  the 
Standard  becomes  interested.  The  "gauger  " 
marks  the  first  point  of  contact  between  the 
producer  and  the  Standard.  Armed  with  a 
ten-foot  pole,  he  measures  the  depth  of  the 
oil  in  the  tanks,  and  by  means  of  a  small 
oblong  instrument  of  brass  procures  from  the 
lowest  layer  a  sample  of  the  oil  for  test.  Sat- 
isfied as  to  the  oil's  quality  he  then  opens  a 
valve  connecting  the  tank  with  the  Stand- 
ard's pipe  line,  and  the  oil  is  then  the  latter's 
property.  Next  morning  he  measures  the 
oil  remaining  in  the  tank,  and  then  tele- 
graphs (over  the  Standard's  own  system)  to 
the  central  office  of  the  company  in  his  dis- 
trict, the  results  of  his  inspection.  At  any 
time  within  two  months  the  producer  may 
elect  to  receive  his  pay  for  the  oil  credited  to 
him  at  the  ruling  market  price  of  the  day  of 
his  election.  On  the  first  day  of  the  third 
month,  if  he  has  not  so  elected,  a  check  is 
sent  to  him,  according  to  the  ruling  price  of 
that  day.  Thus  does  the  Standard  "  take 
care  of  "  the  producer,  * 


A   SPOUTING  OIL   WELL   IN  TEXAS. 

In  the  Illinois  field,  on  one  oil  farm,  the 
writer  saw  a  number  of  tanks  ninety  feet  in 
diameter,  thirty  feet  high,  each  holding  30,- 
000  barrels  of  crude  oil,  bought  from  the 
producer  for  $20,000.  Other  tanks  were 
being  added  daily,  to  accommodate  and  serve 
the  producer.  In  the  Kansas  field  are  stored 
21,000,000  barrels  of  crude  oil,  representing 
between  $12,000,000  and  $13,000,000.  The 
pipe  lines  are  operated  directly  from  the  Illi- 
nois field,  by  means  of  a  "  great  triple  ex- 
pansion "  pump,  which  draws  the  oil  from 
the  tanks  and  pushes  it  on  through  two  lines 
of  pipe,  one  eight  inches  in  diameter,  the 
other  twelve,  stretching  away  toward  the 
East.  Forty  miles  further  along  another 
pumping  station  energizes  the  flow,  and  200 
miles  from  the  start  it  joins  a  greater  stream, 
moving  steadily  seaward.  Thirty-five  thou- 
sand barrels  a  day  this  great  pump  pours  out. 
The  Standard  owns  8000  miles  of  trunk  pipe 
lines,  fed  by  75,000  miles  of  gathering  lines. 

Refining  is  the  center  of  the  Standard  sys- 
tem. In  1906  the  Standard  produced  23,- 
000,000  barrels  of  refined  oil  and  6,000,000 
barrels  of  naphthas,  together  with  millions 
of  barrels  of  lubricants  and  millions  of 
pounds  of  paraffin  wax  and  candles.  It  has 
nineteen  refineries,  and  that  at  Bayonne 
covers   400  acres  and   employs   6000  men. 


612 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEU^S. 


The  pumps  used  in  this  work  are  made  by 
the  Standard.  Similarly  its  tank  cars,  bar- 
rels, glue,  sulphuric  acid,  wooden  cases,  and 
five-gallon  tin  cans  for  exportation  to  the 
Orient.  It  has  a  fleet  of  sixty-five  steamers, 
and  nineteen  sailing  vessels  for  foreign  ser- 
vice; 105  barges,  twenty  tugs,  nine  towing 
steamers,  six  launches,  and  9200  tank  cars 
for  domestic  trade.  It  has  3326  distributing 
stations  for  domestic  trade.  In  the  foreign 
service  the  Standard  has  162  importing  sta- 
tions, 5000  distributing  stations,  thirty  man- 
ufacturing plants,  and  4CXX>  tank  wagons. 
Sixty  per  cent,  of  the  refined  oil  which  it 
produces  is  exported.  Every  refinery  has  a 
fully  equipped  laboratory,  with  one  under 
the  direction  of  the  chief  chemist  of  the 
company  on  the  top  floor  of  "26  Broadway," 
^  the  company's  headquarters.  It  demands  the 
highest  excellence  in  its  products,,  and  has 
steadily  improved  the  quality  of  oil,  by  con- 
stant inspection  and  tests.  It  "  takes  care 
of  "  the  producer  and  satisfies  the  consumer. 
Its  "  legitimate  greatness/*  Mr.  Howland 
concludes,  is  summarized  in  the  following 
statement  of  Mr.  Rockefeller: 


I  ascribe  the  success  of  the  Standard  to  its 
consistent  policy  to  make  the  volume  of  its  busi- 
ness large  through  the  merits  and  cheapness  oi 
its  products.  It  has  spared  no  expense  in  find- 
ing, securing,  and  utilizing  the  best  and  cbe2pc<t 
method  of  manufacture.  It  has  sought  for  the 
best  superintendents  and  workmen  and  paid  tk 
best  wages.  It  has  not  hesitated  to  sacrilkc  oi>. 
machinery  and  old  plants  for  new  and  better 
ones.  It  has  placed  its  manufactories  at  th 
points  where  they  could  supply  markets  at  ttf 
least  expense.  It  has  not  only  sought  markets 
for  its  principal  products  but  for  all  possibk  by- 
products, sparing  no  expense  in  introdudng 
them  to  the  public.  It  has  not  hesitated  to  in- 
vest millions  of  dollars  in  methods  for  cheapen^ 
ing  the  gathering  and  distribution  of  oils  If 
pipe  lines,  special  cars,  tank  steamers,  and  tank 
wagons.  It  has  erected  tank  stations  at  every 
important  railroad  station  to  cheapen  the  stor 
age  and  delivery  of  its  products.  It  has  sparec 
no  expense  in  forcing  its  products  into  the  mar- 
kets of  the  world,  among  people  civilized  aD< 
uncivilized.  It  has  had  faith  in  American  y%~ 
and  has  brought  together  millions  of  money  for 
the  purpose  of  making  it  what  it  is,  and  hold- 
ing Its  market  against  the  competition  of  Ra*- 
sia  and  all  the  many  countries  which  arc  pr^ 
ducers  of  oil  and  competitors  against  Amerkau 
oil. 


TOM  JOHNSON  AND  THE   CITY  OF  CLEVELAND. 


ACCORDING  to  Mr.  Frederic  C.  Howe, 
in  the  October  Reader,  Tom  Johnson, 
Mayor  of  Cleveland,  was  a  disciple  of  Henry 
George,  the  noted  single-taxer.  It  was  at 
the  latter's  instigation  that  Johnson  entered 
politics.  Twice  a  Congressman,  he  learned 
from  that  experience  that  *'  the  place  to  do 
things  is  in  the  city."  In  1900  he  sold  out 
all  his  street  railway  interests,  and  holdings 
in  steel  mills  at  Johnstown,  Pa.,  and  Lorain, 
Ohio,  in  order  to  be  free  to  devote  himself 
to  his  political  ideals. 

In  the  spring  of  1901  he  was  elected  to 
the  Cleveland  mayoralty  against  the  opposi- 
tion of  Mark  Hanna.  He  tried  to  be  Gov- 
ernor of  Ohio,  but  met  defeat.  This  he  at- 
tempted in  order  to  free  the  cities  of  Ohio 
from  the  control  of  privileged  interests  oper- 
ating through  State  laws.  The  cities  in 
Ohio  have  no  home  rule  and  little  freedom. 
"They  have  little  power  to  be  good,  but  every 


l*hc  American  city  is  fettered  at  cveir 
turn.  In  the  last  five  years  Cleveland  has 
had  almost  lOO  injunctions  filed  against  it 
— forty,  in  the  last  two, — to  prevent  the  in- 
auguration of  a  competing  street  railway  that 
promised  to  carry  passengers  for  3-ccnt  fares. 
The  city  did  not  plan  to  own  this  railway, 
but  merely  sought  to  grant  it  a  franchise. 

In  the  war  thus  provoked,  which  has  beer 
prosecuted  for  six  years,  the  city  charter  wa5 
declared  unconstitutional,  and  the  Legisii- 
ture  drafted  a  municipal  code  designed  to 
"  rip  "  Mayor  Johnson  out  of  office,  and  to 
prevent  the  re-election  of  a  strong  exccutirt. 
In  this  the  scheme  was  unsuccessful,  for 
Johnson  is  still  Mayor. 

AN    IDEALIST    IN    POLITICS. 

"  Tom  Johnson,"  says  the  writer,  "brought 
to  the  city  administration  not  only  that  bu«- 
ness  training  which  reformers  have  been  cry* 


power  to  be  bad.      State   legislatures  havering  for ;  he  brought,  as  well,  ideals  of  libcrtr. 


proceeded  on  the  theory  that  the  people  of 
the  cities  cannot  be  trusted." 

Tom  Johnson  cherishes  an  ideal  of  a  free 
city,  such  as  flourished  in  ancient  Greece,  in 
Italy  during  the  Renaissance,  or  in  Germany. 


of  freedom,  the  ideals  of  Henr>'  Geor^, 
whose  most  intimate  friend  he  had  been  for 
nearly  a  score  of  years.  It  is  an  interesting 
story,  this  devotion  of  a  big  monopolist  to  a 
dreaming  philosopher,  whose  whole  life  was 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


61^ 


g:iven    over    to    a    ceaseless    warfare    upon 
monopoly." 

Johnson's  life  is  dedicated  to  the  promo- 
tion of  that  industrial  liberty  which  the  sin- 
gle-tax involves.  His  former  business  asso- 
ciates say  of  him :  "  He  has  deserted  his 
class;  he  cannot  be  sincere."  But  his  sin- 
cerity is  believed  in  by  Cleveland's  voters. 
He  was  twice  elected  to  Congress  on  a  plat- 
form which  declared  for  absolute  free  trade, 
the  abolition  of  all  custom-houses,  and  the 
collection  of  all  revenues  from  a  tax  upon 
land  values.  He  refused  to  vote  for  the 
Wilson-Gorman  bill  because  it  was  a  betrayal 
of  Democratic  principles  and  replied  to  pro- 
tectionist taunts :  That,  while,  as  a  steel  man- 
ufacturer, he  would  take  advantage  of  the 
wretched  laws  which  they  had  placed  upon 
our  statute  books,  as  a  member  of  Congress 
he  would  fight  to  the  end  for  their  repeal. 

A  CLEAN  ADMINISTRATION. 

In  six  years  he  has  earned  the  phrase  of 
being  "  the  best  mayor  of  the  best  governed 
city  in  the  United  States."  There  have  been 
no  scandals,  no  grafting,  no  bossism  in 
Cleveland  under  Johnson's  rule.  The  people 
have  developed  a  "city  sense."  They  talk 
and  think  city,  and  believe  in  it  in  a  way  that 
is  not  to  be  found  elsewhere  in  America. 
Voters  arc  independent,  and  voting  "  straight 
tickets  "  is  not  the  rule. 

The  Cleveland  situation  to-day  is  thus  de- 
picted by  the  writer:  Untrained,  undisci- 
plined democracy  seeking  relief  from  monop- 
oly oppression,  under  the  resourceful  and  in- 
genious Johnson,  supported  by  the  City 
Council  and  the  voters,  on  the  one  hand ; 
and  a  systematized  merger  of  the  financial, 
business,  social  and  legal  influences  of  the 
dty,  united  for  the  purpose  of  securing  con- 
trol of  the  city,  on  the  other. 

Cleveland,  says  the  writer,  has  aspired  to 
be  beautiful,  and  has  shown  a  willingness  to 
pay  the  price.  The  city  and  the  county  have 
obligated  themselves  to  the  extent  of  from 
$10,000,000  to  $15,000,000  to  erect  a  group 
plan  of  public  buildings  in  the  very  heart  of 
the  city.  A  city  hall,  a  county  court  house,  a 
public  library,  a  federal  building,  and  a  new 
union  station  arc  all  to  be  built  at  the  same 
time. 

The  federal  building  is  well  under  way, 
and  plans  have  been  accepted  for  the  other 
buildings,  which  will  all  be  grouped  in  the 
form  of  a  Roman  cross.  A  broad  mall,  600 
feet  wide,  with  a  sunken  garden,  statuary  and 
parkagc,  forms  part  of  the  adornment  scheme. 


The  designs  are  classical,  and  on  either  side 
of  the  mall  public  and  semi-public  or  private 
structures  will  be  built,  under  the  approval 
of  the  city.  The  total  cost  is  upward  of 
$30,000,000.  From  either  side  of  the  group, 
boulevards  will  connect  a  magnificent  system 
of  parks,  extending  clear  around  the  city. 
These  are  nearly  completed,  at  a  cost  of  many 
millions  more.  Democracy  has  ideals  ap- 
parently, and  courage  to  realize  them. 

LANDMARKS  OF  PROGRESS. 

Under  Mayor  Johnson  a  splendid  sewer 
system  has  been  built,  the  water  supply  has 
been  improved,  water  meters  have  been  in- 
stalled, grade  crossings  have  been  abolished, 
streets  have  been  paved,  and  many  other 
basic  improvements  effected.  The  work  has 
been  done  with  an  eye  to  the  future, — when 
Cleveland  will  have  1,000,000  inhabitants. 
Children  play  in  the  parks  and  the  "  keep-oflF- 
the-grass "  signs  are  absent.  Playgrounds 
have  been  opened  up  in  the  tenement  district, 
with  skilled  instructors  in  charge.  Bath 
houses  have  been  opened,  gymnasiums  have 
been  added,  fifty  baseball  diamonds  have  been 
laid  out  in  the  parks  and  on  private  property 
loaned  to  the  city  by  the  owners,  band  con- 
certs are  given,  and  during  the  winter  chil- 
dren are  invited  to  the  parks,  as  well  as  in 
summer,  to  participate  in  all  kinds  of  festivals 
and  sports.  **  The  aim  of  the  administra- 
tion," says  the  writer,  "  is  to  get  the  maxi- 
mum use  out  of  the  city's  property." 

Most  important  of  all  is  the  change 
wrought  in  the  workhouse..  Before  John- 
son's incumbency  it  made  money:  now  it 
makes  men.  It  has  become  a  school,  with 
classes  from  the  alphabet  to  higher  mathe- 
matics. The  purpose  is  to  re-establish  self- 
respect.  Some  miles  from  the  city  is  a  1900- 
acre  farm.  All  of  the  cit>^  institutions  are 
to  be  located  there,  the  infirmary,  the  work- 
house and  a  tuberculosis  hospital.  The  site 
commands  Lake  Erie.  Gymnasiums,  recrea- 
tion rooms,  industrial  schools,  and  farm  work 
are  the  activities  of  this  institution.  "  Boy- 
ville,"  a  truant  school,  is  another  innovation, 
where  street  boys  and  truants  are  treated 
with  kindness  and  consideration,  and  not 
branded  with  the  stigma  of  the  **  reforma- 
tory." It  is  also  an  agricultural  institution 
with  a  school  attached. 

The  democracy  of  Mayor  Johnson,  says 
Mr.  Howe,  is  like  that  of  Jefferson,  of  Jack- 
son, and  of  Lincoln.  It  would  break  the 
fetters  which  chain  democracy  and  give  it  an 
opportunity  to  express  itself. 


614 


THB  AMERICAN  RB^IEIV  OF  REk^IElVS. 
THE  NEW   CHILEAN  MINISTRY. 


IN  the  Z'tg'Zag,  an  excellent  illustrated 
magazine  published  in  Santiago,  Chile, 
is  printed  the  accompanying  group  illus- 
tration of  the  Chilean  cabinet.  Chile  is  so 
flourishing  and  important  a  member  of  the 
South  American  family  of  nations  that  the 
picture  of  its  public  men,  with  the  accom- 
panying comment  from  a  Chilean  magazine, 
may  be  of  interest  to  Americans.  The  ex- 
tremely colorless  and  innocuous  nature  of 
these  characterizations  must  strike  Ameri- 
cans forcibly,  accustomed  as  we  are  to  the 
freest  and  most  relentless  dissection  of  our 
own  public  men.  This  discreet  caution  sug- 
gests to  a  Yankee  mind  the  possibility  that 
South  American  republics  may  not  be  so 
modern  and  advanced  as  they  appear,  and 
that  the  freedom  of  the  press  may  still  be 
restricted  by  the  fear  of  disturbing  a  public 
opinion  already  alarmingly  unstable.  The 
comments  are  presented  almost  verbatim. 


His  Excellenc}'  Senor  Montt.  "  If  thf 
most  impassioned  of  his  adversaries  were  to 
give  an  honest  opinion  on  the  character  of 
the  President  of  Chile,  he  would  be  forced 
to  say  that  Senor  Montt  is  a  great  patriot, 
whose  chief  care  is  to  serve  his  country  rather 
than  to  flatter  her.  He  is  a  censor  of  the 
Roman  Republic  as  far  as  the  strictest  hon- 
esty goes,  and  is  at  once  profound  and  gifted 
with  a  genius  for  detail.  The  greatness  of 
his  character  consists  in  his  acting  with  cn- 
crg>',  following  the  dictates  of  reason,  not  of 
passion." 

Don  Luis  Antonio  V>rgara.  '*  President 
Balmaceda,  who  was  noted  for  his  profound 
knowledge  of  men,  used  Seiior  Vergara  as 
his  most  intimate  collaborator  in  moments  of 
great  difficulty.  In  the  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties, as  a  diplomat,  as  Minister  of  State,  he 
has  shown  that  he  is  as  tactful  as  talented,'' 

Don  Federico  Puga  Borne.    **  He  has  been 


Don  Alejandro  Lira. 


Don    Emlliano   FIgiieroa.    Don  Gulllermo  SiibercaseauT. 


Don  Luis  A.   Vergara.    Don  (iunzolo  I'rrejula.    President  Montt. 


Don  Federico  Puga  Borne. 


THE   MEMBERS  OF  THE  NEW  CHILEAN   CABINET. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH, 


615 


>oth  deputy  and  diplomat,  and  is  now  at  once 
Senator  and  Minister.  His  most  marked 
:haracteristic  is  his  flexibility  and  capacity  for 
accommodating  himself  to  circumstances." 

Don  Guillermo  Subercaseaux.  "  Chilean 
:iicn  of  politics  are  not  noted  for  their  erudi- 
tion ;  but  Senor  Subercaseaux  entered  politics 
preceded  by  his  fame  as  a  scientist." 

Don  Emiliano  Figueroa.  "  An  accom- 
plished gentleman,  he  has  known  how  to 
preserve  his  courtesy  even  in  political  bat- 
tles." 

Don  Alejandro  Lira.  "  There  are  those 
who  say  that  in  Chile  it  is  necessary  to  be  in 
politics  to  achieve  any  distinction  whatever. 
The  present  Minister  of  War  disproves  this 


idea,  since  his  personal  prestige  alone  has 
raised  him  to  an  important  position  in 
politics." 

Don  Gonzalo  Urrejola.  "All  Chileans 
know  him  to  be  a  conservative  by  tradition 
and  conviction;  but  if  a  stranger  wished  to 
know  his  political  opinions  by  reading  his 
speeches  in  the  accounts  of  Parliamentary  ses- 
sions, he  would  come  to  know  this  member 
of  the  cabinet  as  a  progressive  spirit  who  has 
dedicated  himself  to  the  study  of  industrial 
problems,  and  who  has  been  among  the  most 
earnest  defenders  of  the  interests  of  Chilean 
agriculture.  Hence,  as  Minister  of  Industry 
and  Public  Works  he  is  certainly  the  right 
man  in  the  right  place." 


V  

WHEN   ENGLAND   AND    RUSSIA  AGREE,— WHICH  WINS? 


^^LL  international  agreements  are  assumed 
to  be  fair  bargains.  Generally,  how- 
ever, one  country  has  a  little  the  better  of 
the  **  deal."  In  the  case  of  the  recently  con- 
cluded Anglo-Russian  understanding  the 
real  winner  is  England,  in  the  opinion  of 
Prof.  Arminius  Vambery,  the  celebrated 
Hungarian  traveler  and  Orientalist.  In  a 
recent  issue  of  the  Neue  Freie  Presse,  of 
Vienna,  Professor  Vambery  analyzes  the  bar- 
gain just  made  between  the  tw^o  world  pow- 
ers, and  gives  us  some  of  his  keen,  incisive 
opinions  on  the  subject.  In  the  first  place, 
he  is  not  quite  certain,  as  yet,  that  the  agree- 
ment will  at  once  remove  the  "  acuteness  of 
the  rivalry  existing  for  more  than  a  century, 
and  secure  a  peaceful  future  in  Asia  to  these 
two  European  powers."  The  reason  for  an 
entente,  however,  has,  of  late,  become  more 
and  more  urgent  to  both  countries.  Says 
Professor  Vamber\' : 

England,  notwithstanding  the  alliance  with 
Japan,  has  renounced  any  further  territorial  ex- 
pansion, and  will  direct  her  principal  attention 
to  the  cultural  development  of  the  countries 
under  her  sceptre.  Such  a  course  is  much  more 
an  imperative  necessity  for  Russia,  as  a  com- 
parison of  the  conditions  in  Turkestan  and  in 
India  clearly  demonstrates.  A  decade  ago  there 
were  few  statesmen  who  could  find  comfort 
in  the  words  of  i-ord  Beaconsfield:  "Asia  is 
larjrc  enough  for  both  of  us"  (Russia  and  Eng- 
land). To-day  the  two  rivals  must,  of  a  neces- 
•^ity,  acquiesce  herein, — no  rnatter  whether  they 
want  to  or  not, — for  if  the  intellectual  progress 
of  the  Asiatics  keeps  up  the  pace  set  at  its  start, 
the  price  of  martial  laurels  will  soon  soar  in- 
credibly high  in  the  Old  World. 

There  were, — and  perhaps  still  are, — the 
Hungarian  scholar  points  out,  three  points  at 


which  the  "  spheres  of  influence  "  of  England 
and  Rossia  threatened  to  meet  in  opposition. 
First  in  importance  is  Persia.  On  another 
page  this  month  we  discuss  the  Persian  situ- 
ation more  in  detail.  Here  we  quote  briefly 
from  Vambery: 

Since  the  Russian  annexation  of  the  Khanats 
of  Turkestan,  the  economic,  political,  and  stra- 
tegical influence  of  Russia  has  pressed  forward 
with  giant  strides  from  the  north  of  Persia  to- 
ward the  south,  and  has  consequently  forced  the 
influence  of  England  into  the  background,  step 
by  step.  Why  the  London  government,  in  spite 
of  all  warnings,  gave  Russia  such  a  wide  leeway 
and  preserved  an  Olympic  serenity,  is  not  easy, 
for  an  outsider  to  explain.  Be  it  sufficient  to 
say  that  one  became  aware,  after  waking  up, 
that  not  only  all  of  Chorasan,  Chamseh,  Azer- 
baidschan,  and  the  entire  Caspian  shore  were, 
so  to  speak,  under  the  moral  reign  of  the  Rus- 


^^ 


^^■:^^^-^' 


THE    HARMLESS    NECESSARY    CAT. 

British  Lion  (to  Russian  Bear):  "Look  here! 
You  can  play  with  his  head,  and  /  can  play  with 
his  tall,  and  we  can  })o1h  stroke  the  small  of  his 
back." 

Tersian  Cat:  "I  don't  remember  having  been 
consulted  about  this  !  " 

From  Punch   (London). 


616 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiEiy  OF  REyiEU^S. 


sians,  but  that  they  also  intended  to  extend 
themselves  over  Ispahan,  Jezd,  Kerman,  and 
Schiras,  and  to  branch  out  from  the  Trans- 
Caspian  railroad  a  line  to  Bender  Abbas,  and 
furthermore,  to  establish  a  settlement  on  the 
Persian  Gulf.  Now  John  Bull,  who  had  re- 
mained phlegmatic  until  this  development  mani- 


PROFESSOR  ARMINIUS  VAMSilRY. 

fested  itself,  became  thoroughly  aroused.  Apart 
from  the  considerable  material  losses, — ^accord- 
ing to  the  more  recent  accounts  the  Persian 
trade  with  Russia  during  the  years  1905  arid 
igojS  amounted  to  7,836,706  pounds  sterling, 
while  that  with  England  only  reached  the  sum 
of  2,968,354  pounds  sterling, — Russia's  progress 
carried  with  it  hidden  political  dangers  in  re- 
gard to  India.  The  approach  of  a  foreign 
power  toward  the  entrance  gate  to  that  great 
domain  could  not,  from  an  English  point  of 
view,  be  tolerated  under  any  circumstances. 
Lord  Curzon  has,  as  is  well  known,  expressed 
the  opinion  that  any  British  statesman  who 
would  tolerate  a  foreign  power  on  this  gulf 
ought  to  be  looked  upon  and  punished  as  a 
traitor.  It  would  serve  the  interests  of  both 
rivals,  and  also  those  of  universal  peace,  if  the 
spheres  of  influence  were  defined  here  in  such 
a  way  that  the  Russians  were  allowed  to  pursue, 
without  interference,  their  trade  and  traffic  in 
the  north,  and  the  English  in  the  south  of  Iran, 
while  both  nations,  each  in  its  own  way,  might 
together  contribute  to  the  cultural  development 
of  the  sorely  tried  Persian  country.  What  has 
emanated  from  certain  quarters  regarding  the 
danger  of  German  interference  is  not  worthy 
of  serious  consideration.  Even  after  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Bagdad  Railway,  Germany's  posi- 
tion in  Persia  will  be  very  little  different  from 
that  of  France,  Austria-Hungary,  and  other  not 
immediately  adjoining  neighboring  countries. 
The  English  and  the  Russians  will  yet  for  a 
long  time  remain  the  principal  exponents  of  oc- 
cidental influence  in  Persia. 

As  to  the  second  point  of  contact  between 


the  rivals,  namely  in  Central  Asia  proper,  a 
peaceable  arrangement  is  easier. 

An  annexation  of  Afghanistan  has  never  sug- 
gested itself  to  any  prudent  English  statesman, 
and  since  the  consolidation  of  Afghanistan 
under  Abdurrahman  Khan  and  his  able  son, 
Habibullah  Khan,  England  has  secured  a  suffi- 
ciently safe  boundary  and  may  therefore  view 
future  developments  with  equanimity.  With 
Russia  the  matter  presents  an  entirely  different 
aspect.  Her  offensive  policy  has  become  perma- 
nent, and  no  secret  is  made  of  that  fact.  Even 
while  Russia  found  herself  in  dire  straits  on  the 
plains  of  Manchuria,  and  suffered  one  defeat 
after  another,  her  proposed  line  of  attack  on 
India  was  being  strengthened.  Not  a  single 
soldier  was  withdrawn  from  the  standing  army 
in  Turkestan,  and  she  even  went  so  far  as  tc 
construct  a  new  military  railway  from  Samar- 
kand via  Hissar,  to  Afghanistan,  in  order  to  be 
able  to  close  in  with  so  much  more  force  on 
the  perfidious  Briton,  who  was  considered  the 
principal  instigator  of  the  war  with  Japan. 
After  Mukden  and  Tsushima  a  complete  rever- 
sal of  this  policy  occurred  in  St.  Petersburg  and 
more  peaceful  plans  were  taken  into  consider- 
ation. One  is  expecting  with  justifiable  anxiety 
the  announcement  of  the  conditions  under  which 
Russia  may  agree  to  renounce,  even  if  only  tem- 

Sorarily,  her  favorite  policy  of  harrassing  her 
Iritish  rival.  England,  represented  in  the  nego- 
tiations by  Sir  Arthur  Nicolson,  the  present  am- 
bassador at  the  Neva,  a  prominent  diplomatist 
and  a  man  intimately  acquainted  with  Central 
Asiatic  politics,  will  naturally  be  on  her  guard, 
so  that  she  may  not  be  defrauded.  Her  chances 
are,  furthermore,  much  more  promising  in  this 
case  than  those  of  her  rival 

In  regard  to  the  third  point  of  the  mutual 
agreement,  that  is,  the  Anglo-Russian  rela- 
tions to  Tibet,  the  contracting  parties  ought 
not  to  encounter  any  considerable  obstacles. 
Neither  of  them  represents  the  interests  of 
an  immediate  neighbor.  England,  moreover. 
has  only  an  economic  end  in  view.  The 
opinion  long  prevailed  in  Europe  that  Lord 
Curzon  intrusted  the  e.xpedition  to  Lassa  to 
the  explorer  Younghusband  for  the  purpose 
of  exposing  the  mystic  shrine  of  the  Buddhis- 
tic world,  and  procuring  due  respect  for 
England's  prestige.  Vambcry  claims  this 
opinion  to  be  wrong. 

England  was  compelled  to  invade  Tibet,  aivd 
that  on  account  of  the  activity  of  the  Russian 
politicians  with  the  Dalai  Lama,  who  in  response 
to  the  suggestions  of  the  bojas  Banzaron,  sent 
an  embassy  of  homage  to  St.  Petersburg,  and 
entered  into  negotiations  about  the  mining  con- 
cessions. When  the  Buddhistic  pope  had  de- 
liberately insulted  the  English  and  made  him- 
self liable  to  chastisement,  the  Russian  politi- 
cians left  him  in  the  lurch.  He  had  to  leave  his 
rock-castle  Potala  and  exchange  his  princely 
abode  for  the  wretched  monastery  in  Urga, 
while  his  rival,  the  Teschu  Lama,  cultivates  the 
friendship  of  the  British  and  promotes  the  trade 
relations  with  them. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


617 


THE    ROUMANIAN    FARMER    AND  THE  RUSSIAN 

REVOLUTION. 

TpHE  intimate  relationship  between  the 
topography  of  a  country  and  the  char- 
acter of  its  inhabitants  is  revealed  to  an 
cxtraordinarj'  degree  in  Roumania,  a  country 
which  has  a  unique  position  among  other 
European  countries  in  that  it  is  almost  ex- 
clusively agricultural.  The  country  itself  is 
cither  very  mountainous  and  wild,  or  abso- 
lutely and  featurelessly  flat,  and  the  people 
are  still  in  the  mediaeval  and  miserable  con- 
dition of  having  no  middle  class.  They  are 
desperately  and  hopelessly  poor,  or  excessive- 
ly and  irresponsibly  wealthy.  From  an  edi- 
torial article  in  the  Spanish  magazine,  Hojas 
Selectas  (Barcelona),  based  on  a  close  study 
of  conditions,  we  glean  the  following : 

The  climate  and  soil  of  Roumania  render  it 
admirably  adapted  to  agriculture,  the  extreme 
fertility  of  the  plains  equaling  that  of  the  fa- 
mous Roman  Campagna,  and  the  wide  range  of 
temperature  making  it  possible  to  grow  to  per- 
fection every  European  product.  The  soil  yields 
abundantly,  with  little  effort  on  the  part  of  the 
cultivators,  wheat,  corn,  grapes,  apples,  prunes, 
pears,  all  the  nut-bearing  trees,  and  those  val- 
uable for  timber.  But  this  very  fertility  is  an 
obstacle  in  the  way  of  reform  in  agricultural 
methods,  those  in  use  being  quite  out  of  date 
and  wasteful ;  and  it  has  been  the  means  of  con- 
tinuing a  system  of  land-ownership  and  renting 
which  is  very  burdensome  to  the  peasants  and 
unbelievably  bad  from  an  economic  point  of  view. 

As  late  as  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth 
century  the  feudal  system  of  agricultural 
servitude  was  in  full  force,  and  the  peasants 
were  obliged  to  labor  desperately  without 
hope  of  personal  gain,  on  lands  which  were 
either  entailed  and  held  generation  after 
generation  by  the  same  great  family,  or  which 
belonged  to  large  religious  organizations.  In 
1864  the  "liberation  of  the  soil"  was  ac- 
complished, the  great  estates  were  no  longer 
entailed,  and  the  peasants  received  from  the 
state  an  allowance  of  land,  which  was,  how- 
ever not  sufficient  to  support  them  in  inde- 
pendence. 

Although  this  was  done  in  the  purest  spirit  of 
philanthropy  and  according  to  the  most  advanced 
theories  of  political  economy  as  seen  from  the 
council  chamber  of  the  government,  it  has 
brought  in  its  wake  a  vast  number  of  wretched 
consequences.  The  land  belonging  to  the  peas- 
ants being  insufficient,  the  only  remedy  lay  in 
renting  land  at  exorbitant  rates  of  the  great  pro- 
prietors, who,  like  the  land-owners  of  Ireland 
and  Andalusia,  are  noted  chiefly  for  their  ex- 
treme indifference  to  the  welfare  of  their  father- 
land, and  for  their  devotion  to  the  luxurious 
life  of  the  great  European  capitals.    They  urge 


GENERAL  JACQUES  LAHOVARY. 
(Roumanian  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs.) 

as  excuse  for  their  almost  universal  absenteeism 
the  low  state  of  general  culture  in  the  country 
districts  of  Roumania,  the  impassable  condition 
of  the  roads  at  many  times  of  the  year,  the  iso- 
lation of  the  long  winters,  etc.,  not  realizing  that 
they  alone  can  better  these  conditions.  The 
unique  and  intolerable  factor  in  the  Roumanian 
question,  however,  is  the  presence  of  an  inter- 
mediary between  the  peasant  renters  and  the 
great  landed  proprietors.  For  the  most  part 
these  are  Jews  and  Armenians,  who  are  in  the 
business  for  what  it  will  bring  them  in  cash,  and 
their  grasping,  unrelenting  natures  make  them 
the  harshest  of  masters  to  the  poor  peasants  in 
their  power. 

The  government  has  made  some  feeble 
endeavors  to  correct  this  evil,  but  it  •  has 
lacked  the  courage  and  energy  to  go  to  the 
root,  and  affairs  go  on  as  before,  only  from 
bad  to  worse.  In  the  last  seven  years  the 
rents  have  been  raised  until  they  have  tripled, 
and  this  without  the  slightest  excuse  in  a 
larger  price  for  produce  or  in  larger  crops. 
Indeed,  the  land,  though  fertile,  is  being  ex- 
hausted by  unscientific  methods,  and  yields 
less  every  year. 

The  peasants,  unable  to  get  money  enough  to 
pay  these  exorbitant  rents,  have  recourse  lo 
borrowing  as  the  only  means  to  avoid  eviction. 


618 


THE  AMERICAN  REytElV  OF  kEt^lElV$. 


and  naturally  the  only  people  of  whom  they  can 
borrow  are  exactly  the  same  Jews  and  Armen- 
ians who  have  already  so  oppressed  them.  They 
pay,  therefore,  extravagantly  high  rates  of  in- 
terest, and  end  by  being  virtually  the  slaves  of 
their  creditors.  In  the  plains  the  conditions  of 
life  are  excessively  hard.  The  farm  houses  and 
hamlets  are  mud  huts,  low  and  unsanitary,  with 
no  garden  or  other  token  of  prosperity  about 
them.  The  food  of  the  family  consists  of 
mamaliga,  a  sort  of  porridge  of  corn-meal. 
They  almost  never  eat  meat,  except  on  great 
fete  days,  and  as  for  the  things  they  raise  them- 
selves, fruits,  milk,  wine,  and  bread,  they  are 
far  too  valuable  ever  to  be  considered  as  food 
for  the  farmers  whose  produce  they  are. 

It  was  against  such  conditions  as  these  that 
the  little-understood  Roumanian  agrarian 
riots  took  place,  which  bore  a  striking  re- 
semblance to  the  French  Jacquerie.  They 
were  quelled  not  so  much  by  soldiers  as  by  a 
definite  promise  from  the  government  to  in- 
stitute legislative  reforms  which  would  put 
an  end  to  the  intolerable  hardships  of  the 
despairing  farmers.  The  sovereigns  of  the 
country  have  done  their  best  to  alleviate  the 
sorrows  of  their  adopted  fatherland,  but  until 
one  of  two  things  has  happened  little  is  to  be 
hoped. 

Either  the  wealthy  classes  of  landed  proprie- 
tors must  be  awakened  to  a  sense  of  their  duty 
to  their  country  and  recalled  from  the  dissipa- 
tions of  Paris,  Nice,  and  the  Riviera,  to  do  their 
share  in  uplifting  a  country  which  might  have 
a  noble  future,  or  the  iniquitous  disproportion  in 
the  size  of  land  holdings  must  be  rectified.  The 
immense  estates,  often  of  the  very  best  land  in 
the  country,  must  not  continue  to  be  monopolized 
by  an  idle  and  vicious  nobility. 

Russia  the  Thermometer  of  the  Balkans. 

Russia  is  the  thermometer  of  all  social, 
commercial  and  political  changes  in  the 
Balkan  peninsula.  Even  Greece  is  directly 
influenced  by  the  commotion  of  the  empire 
of  the  Czar.  The  Roumanian  peasant  riot 
was  charged  to  the  instigation  of  Russian 
emissaries.  The  simple-minded  Russian 
traders  in  holy  pictures  (ikons)  were  ac- 
cused as  the  disturbers  of  the  peaceful  Rou- 
manian peasants. 

Owing  to  the  strict  press  censorship  in 
Roumania,  the  newspapers  have  not  as  yet 
printed  the  real  facts  of  the  riot.  We  draw 
from  the  press  of  other  Balkan  states.  Den 
(Day)  says: 

The  periodic  agrarian  troubles  in  Roumania 
are  a  mystery  to  those  uninitiated  in  the  Balkan 
Peninsula  situation.  The  racial  elements  which 
constitute  the  kigdom  of  Lower  Dacia  make  this 
a  hard  problem  for  the  foreign  press  to  under- 
stand. The  agrarian  troubles  are  purely  eco- 
nomic. They  are  similar  to  the  Russian.  The 
land  owners,  whom  the  natives  call  cheokoi,  are 


absolute  owners  of  the  land  and  in  reality  the 
peasants  attached  to  it.  The  peasant  is  free  to 
go  but  he  cannot,  as  he  is  deeply  in  debt  to  his 
master.  The  harvest  may  be  large  and  it  may 
bring  a  good  price,  but  at  the  end  of  the  year 
when  the  accounts  are  balanced  the  peasant  is 
still  heavily  in  debt  to  the  landlord.  Many  of 
the  merchant  landlords  are  not  Roumanians,  and 
like  the  Irish  landlords,  for  the  greater  part  of 
the  year  they  do  not  reside  at  home.  They 
spend  their  money  extorted  from  the  peasant 
lavishly  abroad.  Meanwhile  the  peasants  are 
known  to  spend  their  earnings  foolishly,  be- 
cause they  are  not  accustomed  to  lay  aside  some- 
thing for  rainy  weather. 

The  government  is  in  a  tight  place.  The 
wealthy  land  owners  possess  a  great  influence 
in  the  country.  Many  of  the  land  owners 
occupy  some  of  the  highest  and  most  influen- 
tial offices  in  the  country.  The  land-owning 
peasants  are  insignificant  in  number,  and 
their  material  condition  is  not  much  better 
than  the  other,  as  it  is  very  often  that  their 
land  is  mortgaged  to  some  neighbor  cheokoi 
to  the  fullest  extent  of  its  worth. 

But  the  trouble  in  Roumania  was  created  by 
the  Roumanian  agitators ;  students,  teachers,  and 
even  the  priests  took  part  in  the  agitation  which 
prepared  the  people  for  the  riot.  The  intelli- 
gent classes  prepared  the  people  for  the  agrarian 
trouble,  but  these  classes  no  doubt  are  greatly 
influenced  by  the  existing  disquietude  in  Rus- 
sia. A  Dr.  Rakovsky,  Bulgarian  by  birth,  but 
Roumanian  in  citizenship  and  sympathy,  on  the 
occasion  of  tne  fortieth  anniversary  of  the  reign 
of  King  Charles  of  Roumania,  wrote  a  tract  en- 
titled "Forty  Years'  Shame  of  King  Charles' 
Reign."  The  tract  gave  a  realistic  picture  of 
the  miserable  social  and  economic  condition  of 
the  peasants.  It  advised  the  soldiers  to  refrain 
from  shooting  the  revolted  peasants.  The  au- 
thor was  exiled.  This  sentiment  being  enter- 
tained by  many,  especially  by  the  intelligent,  the 
government  dealt  rather  harshly  with  them. 
Editors  and  writers  were  imprisoned.  Any  one 
telling  the  truth  about  the  condition  of  the  peas- 
ants was  spotted  as  a  dangerous  person.  A  re- 
port was  circulated  that  the  cheokoi,  landlords, 
hired  assassins  to  kill  the  most  popular  profes- 
sor, lorgo,  who  took  a  strong  stand  in  favor  of 
the  peasants,  but  his  students  formed  themselves 
into  a  regular  bodyguard,  taking  their  turns  to 
protect  their  beloved  teacher.  The  government 
is  convinced  that  the  principal  agitators  were  no 
other  than  the  Roumanians  themselves ;  in  spite 
of  this  the  government  is  still  in  search  of  out- 
side cause  for  the  riot.  The  government  even 
tried  to  throw  the  blame  on  the  exiled  Russian 
sailors  who  landed  into  Roumania  from  the  re- 
volted Black  sea  cruiser  Potemkin,  but  after 
careful  investigations  it  was  found  out  that 
these  poor  exiles  attend  to  their  business; 
neither  had  they  any  idea  what  was  going  on. 
They  were  discharged  and  allowed  to  follow 
peacefully  their  humble  occupation. 

Another  Balkan  paper  asserts  that  the 
Roumanian  Kingdom  stands  as  a  barrier  be- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


619 


twccn  Russia  and  the  Balkan  Slavs,  hence 
Russia  sends  secret  emissaries  to  create  these 
disturbances  in  order  to  remove  these  bar- 
riers. Meanwhile,  among  the  higher  circles 
the  socialistic  Jews  are  accused  as  the  real 
agitators.  The  hatred  against  the  Jews  in 
Besarahia  and  Roumania  has  been  encour- 
aged in  order  to  hide  the  real  facts  which 
caused  the  riot. 

On  the  surface  there  is  a  visible  hatred  in 
Roumania  of  everything  Russian,  but  it  is 
superficial,  and  it  is  created  by  the  influence 
of  the  reigning  German  dynasty.  The  peas- 
ants are  in  hearty  sympathy  with  Russia. 
Every  event  in  the  great  empire  would  re- 
appear in  some  modified  form  in  every  Bal- 
kan state.  This  cultivated  hatred,  through 
the  influence  of  the  government  toward 
Russia,  is  of  t\vo  kinds;  political  and  social. 


Politically  the  Roumanians  cannot  reconcile 
themselves  to  the  fact  that  Russia  took  the 
southern  part  of  Basarabia  in  1878,  without 
taking  into  consideration  they  were  recom- 
pensed by  Dobroutza,  a  province  three  times 
as  large  and  more  fertile  than  Basarabia. 

They  have  spent  over  $40,o<X),oc)0  to  forti- 
fy their  capital,  Bucharest;  and  why?  To 
defend  themselves  from  a  supposed  Russian 
invasion.  She  has  not  thus  far  invaded  the 
kingdom,  nor  does  she  so  intend,  but  the 
reigning  dynasty  and  the  German  element 
have  put  forth  their  exertions  to  create  such 
a  state  of  affairs  in  order  to  spend  the  mil- 
lions for  fortifications.  But  in  spite  of  this 
artificial  hatred  the  Russian  Empire  has  the 
largest  and  most  powerful  influence  in  Rou- 
mania, as  well  as  in  all  the  other  Balkan 
States. 


THE  VALUATION  OF  SULLY  PRUDHOMME. 


T^HE  French  periodical  press  is  full  of 
appreciation  for  the  late  Sully  Prud- 
homme,  pointing  out  the  sweetness  and  light 
which  he  was  able  to  bring  into  the  lives  of 
so  many  of  his  readers  through  the  loftiness 
and  ideality  of  his  verse.  In  an  article  in 
the  Annates  Anatole  France  analyzes  the 
character  of  the  late  academician.     He  says: 

The  general  influence  of  Prudhomme's  poetry 
may  be  summed  up  in  a  remark  made  to  the 
poet  at  a  banquet  by  Gaston  Paris :  "  You  have 
well  deserved  the  sympathy  and  gratitude  of  all 
who  read  your  writings  in  their  youth.  Yon 
have  aided  them  to  love."  Is  it  not  just  this 
that  poets  can  do  best,  and  is  it  not  for  this 
reason  that  they  are  dear  to  us? 

As  a  scholar  Prudhomme  explored  all  the 
sciences.  Thoughtful  and  attentive  by  na- 
ture, when  out  of  the  classroom  he  contem- 
plated the  splendid  development  of  the 
sciences  and  made  their  results  his  own, — 
chemistry,  astronomy,  geology,  physiology, 
natural  history,  and  archaeology.  He  was 
proficient  in  them  all.  "  His.mental  appetite 
was  patient  and  his  emotions  profound." 

All  through  the  writings  of  this  poet,  M. 
France  says,  is  traceable  "  the  sorrowful  and 
delicate  appeal  to  sympathy." 

Prudhomme  never  laughed  in  his  writings. 
His  was  the  peculiar  mental  lucidity  of  those 
who  sleep  but  little,  and  he  bound  his  thoughts 
with  the  long,  tense  thread  spun  only  during  the 
sleepless  hours  when  every  sense  is  keen  and 
the  brain  abnormally  active.  His  work  was  the 
proof  of  patience  acquired  in  the  closed  room 
of  the  invalid 


The  editor  of  the  Revue  Bleue  puts  this 
estimate  on  Prudhomme: 

Judged  by  the  standards  of  abstract  morality 
M.  Sully  Prudhomme  was  one  of  the  great  men 
of  France,  as  great  in  generosity  of  heart  as  he 
was  firm  and  straightforward  and  true  to  the 
inspiration  of  his  poetic  genius.     All  his  anxiety 


M.    SILLY   PRUDHOMME. 


(S20 


WE  AMEklCAfi  REl^IEH^  OF  kEf^lElVS. 


was  for  the  future  of  poetry.  He  feared  the 
world's  disrespect  for  art  and  the  daily  increas- 
ing hostility  of  the  majority  toward  literary  con- 
scientiousness. In  general  his  work  was  thank- 
less and  financially  fruitless.  Now  and  then  he 
made  a  good  contract,  and  that  failed.  But  he 
kept  his  artistic  consciousness  clear.  .  .  . 
The  national  lack  of  idealistic  faith  made  it  im- 
possible for  Sully  Prudhomme  to  attain,  not 
the  rank  of  a  great  artist,  but  the  rank  of  the 
nation's  poet.  He  was  honored  by  the  Academy 
of  France  and  in  1901  he  won  the  Nobel  prize 
for  literature. 

It  will  be  interesting  to  quote  the  words  of 
the  deceased  poet  to  young  authors.  In  an 
address  published  some  years  ago  on  "  Poetry 
and  Youth,"  M.  Prudhomme  said : 

Ah,  I  beg  of  you  all,  even  you  who  are  most 
serious,  whose  studies  are  most  arduous  and 
most  positive, — ^never  repudiate  poetry.  It  is 
your  natural  ally.  For  the  dream  of  which  I 
speak  is  not  imagination,  nor  even  the  ecstasy 
of  a  soul  aspiring  to  the  ideal  object  of  its  vows. 
It  is  the  consciousness  of  sending  deep  into  the 
infinite  all  the  roots  of  hurnan  life, — all,  even  to 
the  mysterious  fibers  of  life's  beginning.  The 
field  of  poetry  is  not  the  unreal  but  the  inde- 
finable. The  sources  are  not  near  the  sparkling 
surface  of  the  earth,  but  in  the  inaccessible 
principle  in  which  radiates  universal  activity. 
It  is  a  truth  that  the  poet  culls  his  imagery  like 


symbolical  flowers  from  the  ground  he  searches; 
but  it  serves  him  only  as  an  indication  shown  in 
features  of  faint  resemblance  to  his  ideals  and 
illustrations  of  the  infinite  revelations  and  signs 
given  by  Nature  to  man  to  guide  him  in  his 
night.  Savants,  jurists,  philosophers,  you  who 
have  lost  your  last  hold  on  truth,  you  stand  for 
reality ;  but  the  thing  that  escapes  from  you,  the 
hold  on  truth,  the  anchorage  of  your  thought, 
is  there  nevertheless  and  you  know  that  it  is 
there.  You  recognize  it  in  the  indefinable,  that 
which  is  the  most  real  and  the  most  important 
because  it  maintains  and  explains  all  realities. 
It  is  the  essence  of  what  we  call  life  and  mor- 
ality. Were  they  who  meditate  upon  the  prob- 
lem of  Free  Will  to  wait  to  act  until  absolutely 
certain  of  the  best  move  to  make  the  most  use- 
ful and  the  noblest  action  would  be  suspended 
But,  Heaven  be  praised !  Impelled  by  the  heart 
alone,  hands  generously  open  of  themselves  and 
with  eyes  closed  to  the  death  that  threatens 
them  the  heroes  rush  forward.  A  gift  is  never 
more  spontaneous,  nor  the  scorn  of  danger 
stronger,  than  at  your  age.  Then  all  the  feelings 
and  all  the  instincts  that  draw  men  together,  all 
the  inclinations  to  justice  and  fraternity. — the 
dower  of  all  the  human  race, — in  a  word,  all  the 
springs  of  civilization,  are  in  action  in  their  in- 
tegrity in  your  being.  Each  new  generation 
brings  the  hereditary  gift  or  deposit,  giving  it  as 
he  who  preceded  him  gave  it  to  him.  This  gift 
or  deposit  is  the  consciousness  of  the  people, 
their  most  fruitful  capital,  their  treasure  of  war. 


THE  EDUCATIONAL  EVOLUTION  OF  CHINA. 


TN  speaking  of  the  problem  before  China  in 
her  attempt  to  modernize  her  educational 
s>^tem,  Mr.  C.  D.  Tenney,  writing  in  the 
new  magazine,  the  Pacific  Era,  says: 

The  problem  is  a  very  complicated  one.  If 
the  old  learning  were  to  be  entirely  discarded 
and  the  modern  scientific  studies  substituted  for 
it,  the  matter  would  be  comparatively  simple. 
But  no  one  who  has  any  adequate  understand- 
ing of  conditions  in  China  would  dream  of  this 
solution.  The  literature  upon  which  the  ancient 
civilization  of  China  is  founded,  and  in  which 
her  moral  ideas  have  been  expressed,  the  long 
record  of  her  national  life,  the  reflections  of  her 
many  great  thinkers,  cannot  be  discarded.  A 
way  must  be  devised  to  conserve  the  important 
parts  of  the  old,  while  adopting  the  new.  The 
study  of  the  Chinese  classics  has  degenerated 
into  an  irrational  and  laborious  mass  of  finicali- 
ties which  tend  to  obscure  rather  than  to 
emphasize  the  real  meaning  of  th^  ancient  writ- 
ings. In  combining  the  study  of  Chinese  litera- 
ture with  modern  scientific  study,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  shorten  and  simplify  the  literary  study, 
and  this  is  what  is  being  done  in  the  schools 
now  established.  The  result  of  this  change  is 
likely  to  be  to  make  the  moral  teachings  of  the 
classics  exert  a  more  real  and  practical  influence 
on  the  minds  of  men  than  they  did  under  the 
old  method  of  study.  It  must  not  be  forgotten 
that  the  Chinese  classics  furnish  both  literature 
and  religion  to  the  Chinese  scholars,  and  they 


are  fixed  in  their  determination  that  in  gi%'ing 
up  the  dogma  of  the  sufficiency  of  the  ancient 
writings  in  matters  of  practical  knowledge  and 
science  they  will  not  give  up  the  religion  or 
ethical  system  in  which  they  have  been  trained. 
Fortunately  Confucian  ethics  are  remarkably 
pure,  and  on  the  religious  side  Confucianism  is 
broad  enough  to  allow  a  gradual  infusion  of 
Christian  ideas  without  any  necessary  antagon- 
ism, if  the  change  is  allowed  to  proceed  natut- 
ally.  It  would  be  a  serious  thing  for  a  great 
race  to  throw  off  suddenly  all  that  has  hereto- 
fore acted  upon  them  as  a  moral  restraint 
However  it  might  be  explained,  a  sudden  aban- 
donment of  the  ceremonies  of  respect  for  Con- 
fucius and  reverence  for  ancestors  would  seem 
to  the  mass  of  the  people  a  renunciation  of  their 
obligation  to  the  moral  law,  and  >vould  be  a 
retrograde  step  in  Chinese  civilization,  unless 
another  system  of  ethics  had  already  fully  estab- 
lished its  authority  in  the  minds  of  the  people. 

government's  efforts  at  reform. 

The  first  impulse  to  educational  reform 
in  China,  Mr.  Tenney  reminds  us,  came 
about  at  the  time  of  the  China- Japanese  war. 
A  number  of  the  educational  institutions  of 
the  empire  were  thoroughly  reorganized  at 
that  time.  The  "  T*ung  Wen  "  Kuan,  or 
Interpreters'  School  of  Peking,  was  reorgan- 
ized as  the  Peking  University.    At  Tientsin 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE   MONTH. 


621 


was  organized  the  "  Pei-yang,"  or  Northern 
Administration  University,  and  at  Shanghai 
the  **  Nan-yang  "  or  Southern  Administration 
College.  Both  these  latter  institutions  were 
regularly  organized  with  preparatory  depart- 
ments and  advanced  technical  courses,  and 
both  continue  now  as  flourishing  institutions, 
having  been  incorporated  into  the  national 
system  of  education  adopted  after  the  dis- 
orders of  1900. 

Up  to  the  time  of  the  reform  edicts  of  1901 
the  position  of  these  'govcmment  schools  of  ad- 
vanced learning  was  not  satisfactory,  since  they 
were  outside  the  regular  line  of  education.  The 
old  examination  halls  were  still  open,  and  classi- 
cal attainment  still  furnished  the  only  means  of 
obtaining  the  regular  scholastic  degrees.  No 
secondary  schools  were  organized  to  feed  the 
technical  schools,  which  had  to  depend  entirely 
upon  their  own  preparatory  departments.  In 
1901  an  imperial  edict  announced  that  a  provin- 
cial high  school  was  to  be  established  in  the 
capital  of  each  province,  middle  schools  in  the 
prefectural  cities,  elementary  schools  in  the  dis- 
tricts, and  primary  schools  in  the  villages.  Vol- 
uminous regulations  and  an  impossible  curricu- 
lum of  studies  were  drawn  up  by  the  learned 
viceroy  Chang  Chih  Tung,  based  mainly  on  the 
Japanese  school  system.  Practical  educators 
were  rather  staggered  at  the  impracticability 
of  these  regulations,  which  illustrated  well  the 
unpractical  habit  of  mind  that  ages  of  exclu- 
sively classical  study  had  produced. 

THE  OLD  EXAMINATION  SYSTEM  ABOLISHED. 

In  April,   1903,  an  edict  was  issued  an- 
nouncing the  abolition,  within  ten  years,  of 


CHINESE    CHILDREN    AT    DUMB-BELL    EXERCISE. 

(The  Soath  Gate  Presbyterian  Mission  School, 

Shanghai.) 

the  ancient  system  of  literary  examinations. 
This  decree  may  be  considered  to  mark  the 
commencement  of  the  new  educational  era 
in  China. 

With  the  passing  of  the  old  examination  sys- 
tem the  only  entrance  into  official  life  is  through 


Sieipormth  Copy  rig  in  \xr  Undenrood  A  Underwood.  N.  Y. 

EXAMINATION    HALL  OF  A   CHINESE  COLLEGE,   CANTON. 
(Showhig  rows  of  12,000  cells,  where  the  Chlljen  (M.A.  degree)  triennial  examinations  occur.) 


A 


The  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REl^/EU^S. 


the  modern  schools,  and  there  is,  therefore,  no 
lack  of  scholars.  At  present,  **  on  paper,"  a 
thorough  and  elaborate  school  system  on  the 
Japanese  model  is  completely  organized.  The 
lack  of  competent  teachers  and  the  confusion  of 
ideas  in  the  minds  of  the  officials  in  charge  of 
many  of  the  schools,  make  impossible  any  gen- 
eral state  of  efficiency  yet.  In  the  Metropolitan 
province  the  early  organization  of  special 
schools  has  given  a  limited  supply  of  teachers 
for  that  province  in  the  former  students  of  the 
Pei-yang  University  and  the  Naval  College.  In 
other  of  the  coast*  provinces  there  has  been 
found  a  limited  number  of  teachers  with  some 
practical  training;  hut  throughout  the  country 
generally  the  teaching  of  modern  learning  is 
still  very  shallow  and  even  somewhat  farcical, 
owing  to  the  lack  of  real  teachers.  This  condi- 
tion will  change  as  competent  men  are  turned 
out  from  the  new  schools,  which  are  properly 
equipped,  and  as  students  return  from  foreign 
lands.  The  scholars  themselves  soon  recognize 
the  difference  between  poor  and  efficient  teach- 
ing, and  they  will  demand  the  real  article.  At 
present  nearly  all  the  officials  are  men  trained 
m  the  old  school,  with  the  haziest  ideas  of  what 


modern  learning  is.  They  witl  gradually  be  re- 
placed by  men  of  better  training,  so  that  in  the 
end  the  schools  throughout  the  interior  will  be- 
come more  thorough  and  efficient  It  has  been 
recently  announced  that  all  students  returning 
from  foreign  countries  shall  serve  for  a  time 
as  teachers  in  the  schools  before  they  receive 
official  appointments.  This  will  have  an  excel- 
lent effect  upon  the  tone  of  the  schools. 

The  most  encouraging  fact  of  the  whole 
educational  reform  movement,  says  Mr.  Ten- 
ney,  in  conclusion,  is  the  high  character  and 
ability  of  the  circle  of  officials  who  have  made 
themselves  responsible  for  the  reforms. 

In  this  powerful  circle  there  is  not  perhaps 
the  same  degree  of  harmony  that  characterized 
the  able  body  of  nobles  that  controlled  Japan 
during  the  critical  period  when  she  was  making 
the  change  from  the  old  to  the  new,  but  there 
is  sufficient  unanimity  in  essential  matters  to 
give  a  reasonable  hope  that  China  may  pass 
through  this  anxious  period  of  change  without 
serious  disorganization  of  society. 


SOUTH  AMERICA    AND  ASIATIC  LABOR. 


TpHAT  the  Asiatic  labor  problem  is  be- 
coming a  matter  of  concern  to  the  re- 
publics of  the  west  coast  of  South  America 
is  shown  by  a  vigorous  article  in  a  recent 
number  of  the  Aler curio,  of  Valparaiso, 
Chile.  The  views  which  it  expresses  assume 
added  importance  from  the  fact  that  the 
writer  is  Mr.  Augustin  Edwards,  who,  as 
member  of  Congress^  Minister  of  Foreign 
Relations  and  Minister  to  Spain  and  Italy, 
has  taken  a  prominent  part  in  Chilean  af- 
fairs. He  is  the  proprietor  and  directing  edi- 
tor of  the  six  principal  Chilean  newspapers, 
and  has  been  a  warm  advocate  of  closer  com- 
mercial relations  with  the  United  States. 
The  scarcity  of  labor  has  greatly  hampered 
the  chief  industries  of  Chile,  more  particu- 
larly copper  and  nitrate  mining,  and  to  rem- 
edy this  a  political  faction  of  the  people  has 
advocated  Asiatic  immigration.  Says  this 
article  in  part : 

The  reports  which  the  recent  papers  of  the 
United  States  bring  us  will  cause  many  of  those 
who  have  hitherto  favored  a  current  of  Asiatic 
immigration  to  our  coast  to  pause  to  consider 
the  effect.  Count  Okuma,  head  of  the  Japanese 
Progressive  party  and  the  president  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wascda,  the  chief  institution  of  learn- 
ing in  the  empire,  has  recently  made  declara- 
tions that  may  be  regarded  as  a  faithful  inter- 
pretation of  Japanese  sentiments.  Because  of 
his  importance  and  his  social  and  political  in- 
fluence, these  utterances  involve  a  grave  menace 
to  international  tranquility,  especially  of  Mexico, 


Peru,  and  our  own  country.  .  .  .  In  an  ar- 
ticle published  just  a  few  weeks  ago  in  The 
Economist,  of  Tokio,  by  Count  Okuma,  refer- 
ring to  Japanese  expansion,  the  writer  expresses 
himself  in  terms  that  affect  us  even  more  di- 
rectly. Speaking  in  general  on  the  subject  of 
emigration,  which  he  considers  it  necessary  to 
stimulate  on  account  of  the  excessive  popula- 
tion of  the  empire.  Count  Okuma  declares  him- 
self strongly  in  favor  of  directing  the  current 
of  such  emigration  toward  the  coasts  of  Chile, 
Mexico,  ana  Peru,  rather  than  to  Brazil,  be- 
cause the  countries  named  are  much  easier  to 
include  within  the  sphere  of  influence  of  Japan 
in  the  future. 

Count  Okuma  has  thus  rendered  a  great 
service  to  America  and  especially  to  Chile, 
continues  Mr.  Edwards,  in  opening  the  eyes 
of  her  people  to  the  intentions  which  have 
sprung  from  the  recent  victory  of  Japan  in 
the  Far  East. 

On  the  one  hand,  he  indicates  that  Chile  is  z 
very  convenient  country  to  serve  as  a  field  of 
influence  for  Japan  and  as  ap  asylum  for  the 
excess  of  her  population,  and  on  the  other  hand 
he  pictures  the  bright  future  that  would  be  ours 
when  the  length  of  our  coast  should  be  con- 
stituted a  naval  station  for  Japan,  considering 
that  the  naval  and  military  forces  of  that  coun- 
try are  to  be  considered  useful  rather  than  or- 
namental. Acquiescence  in  immigration  from 
densely  populated  China,  awakening  from  the. 
sleep  of  ages  and  seeking  the  liberation  of  her 
hordes  of  humanity, — an  evil  per  se, — ^would  be 
but  a  stepping-stone  to  the  more  dangerous  in- 
vasion from  Japan,  owing  to  the  proud  and  arro- 
gant temper  of  these  people  since  their  recent 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH, 


628 


successes  in  war.  To  admit  one  would  remove 
the  most  efficient  barrier  to  the  admittance  of 
the  other,  and  deprive  us  of  the  one  valid  rea- 
son which  can  be  urg^d  against  an  alien  race 
dissimilar  in  habits,  morals,  and  process  of 
thought  Discrimination  against  Japan  in  favor 
of  Qiina  would  be  particularly  offensive  to  the 
present  haughty  spirit  of  the  Japanese  and  per- 
haps afford  them  a  pretext  for  demonstrating 
that  their  naval  and  military  forces  are  not  for 
ornament  only. 

Passing  to  a  consideration  of  the  Monroe 
Doctrine,  "  viewed  for  many  years  by  Europe 
with  siispidon  and  by  the  republics  of  South 
America  with  undeserved  jealousy  and  mis- 
giving," Mr.  Edwards  saj's: 

While  in  its  terms  it  is  not  applicable  to 
Asiatic  encroachment,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
its  spirit  and  purport  will  be  adopted  and  made 
a  part  of  the  foreign  policy  of  the  United  States 
toward  Asia,  and  I  venture  to  say  that  in  this 
policy  the  United  States  will  have  the  general 
support  of  Europe  and  the  entire  support  of  the 
republics  of  this  continent.  Its  effect  will  be  to 
form  a  Pan-American  bond  of  union  extending 
from  Bering  Strait  to  Cape  Horn,  and  serve 
as  an  insurmountable  barrier  to  the  exaggerated 
ambitions  of  Count  Okuma's  countrymen.  The 
relations  subsisting  between  the  countries  of 
Europe  and  the  republics  of  South  America  are 
well  established.  Those  countries  have  ac- 
knowledged our  independence  and  seek  in  our 
territory  only  commercial  expansion,  which  we 
cordially  welcome  with  the  amity  that  obtains 
between  the  older  and  younger  members  of  a 
family.  Against  Asia,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
provisions  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine,  which  all 
Americans  must  regard  as  a  common  standard, 
have  become  necessary.  If  there  remains  any 
country  on  this  continent  which  still  entertains 
suspicion  concerning  the  true  purpose  of  this 
doctrine,    let   it   heed   the   warning   of    Count 


i 

1     ^^Hj 

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TBWIlMiimV'^  , 

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^^^^H 

ff*^ 

^^^^H 

1 

y 

w 

MR.   AUGUSTIN   EDWARDS. 

Okuma,  that  the  military  and  naval  forces  of 
Japan  are  not  for  ornament  but  for  use,  and 
that  the  west  coast  of  South  America  is  within 
her  sphere  of  influence.  Then  its  principles  will 
be  appreciated  as  they  deserve,  and  the  great 
people  that  have  given  it  life  and  vigor  will  be 
seen  as  our  best  friends  and  most  valuable  ally,' 


THE  SPREAD  OF  THE    GALVESTON    PLAN   OF   CITY 

GOVERNMENT. 


\X7'HEN  the  Constitution  u^as  framed  the 
city  was  not  included  because  it  was 
unknown.  Hence,  to-day  it  is  an  arm  of  the 
State  with  no  legal  powers  of  its  own;  it 
derives  them  all  from  the  State  Legislature, 
and  is  governed  by  the  country  members, 
who  outnumber  the  city's  representatives  two 
to  one.  These  men  know  nothing  about 
cities,  and  care  less.  Indeed,  they  usually 
look  upon  them  with  suspicion  and  distrust. 
To  "  reform  "  the  cities  is  a  popular  effort, 
but  the  difficulty  is  to  agree  on  the  particular 
brand  of  "  reform."  Graft  should  be  elimi- 
nated most  men  admit.  Also,  they  concur  in 
economic  administration.  Reform  is  agree- 
able in  the  abstract;  it  is  unpopular  in  the 


concrete,  unless  it  is  impersonal.  It's  like 
Huckleberry  Finn  and  the  Widow  Douglass, 
when  the  latter  attempted  to  cure  the  former 
of  smoking.  "  She  took  snuff,  too,"  said  he; 
**  of  course,  that  was  all  right ;  she  done  that 
herself." 

Confusion  and  misdirected  effort  are  the 
real  results  of  reform.  Men,  not  systems, 
were  the  objectives;  hence,  our  failure.  The 
city  charter  is  the  first  step  toward  real 
municipal  reform.  In  general,  it  is  the  pat- 
ent right  of  an  oligarchy  of  greedy  politicians 
and  plutocrats.  Galveston  discovered  this  in 
her  attempt  at  reform  and  determined  on  a 
radical  change.  Des  Moines  followed  suit, 
and   to-day   is   the  most  democratic  city  in 


624 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REt^/ElVS, 


America.  With  all  our  pretense  Democracy 
is  not  generally  trusted.  We  have  State 
Commissions  in  control  of  city  affairs,  and 
metropolitan  police  forces  conducted  by  a 
board  appointed  by  a  Governor*  Likewise, 
State  boards  to  regulate  public  utilities*  Po- 
lice, utilities,  and  franchises  of  a  city  should  be 
controlled  by  a  city  and  not  by  a  Governor 
or  his  friends. 

In  this  vein  Mayor  Whitlock,  of  Toledo, 
writes  in  the  Circle  for  November.  The 
cities,  as  they  sprang  up,  copied  the  State's 
system  and  had  two  legislative  chambers, 
and  a  "  board  "  for  everything.  Responsi- 
bility could  not  be  fixed,  clashes  were  inevi- 
table, and  everything  went  wrong, — except 
the  politician,  the  grafter  and  the  lobbyist, 
who  found  a  situation  shaped  to  their  very 
needs.  "Parties,"  not  the  city,  were  the 
issue  in  every  election,  and  "  party  success  " 
was  always  the  most  vital  thing  in  the  uni- 
verse. 

In  September,  1900,  after  their  city  had 
been  desolated,  six  thousand  of  their  brethren 
slain,  and  seventeen  millions  of  dollars'  worth 
of  property  destroyed,  Galveston's  people, 
with  a  sublime  civic  devotion,  determined  to 
rebuild  their  fallen  municipality  and,  in  the 
task  they  set  themselves,  discovered  the  use- 
lessness  of  their  old  system  of  government. 
They  realized  the  spirit  of  democracy  essen- 
tial in  every  city:  the  city  sense.  They  real- 
ized the  folly  of  boards  and  ward  boundaries, 
— and  they  abolished  them,  and  evolved  a 
commission  plan. 

Under  this  system  four  commissioners  are 
elected  by  the  people,  and  these  are  the  only 
four  officials  elected.  All  power  is  vested  in 
this  quartette;  they  are  mayor,  council,  and 
all  the  boards  conjointly.  They  are  re- 
sponsible to  the  people  alone.  One  is  presi- 
dent and,  in  a  sense,  mayor;  another  has 
charge  of  the  streets  and  public  properties; 
a  third  has  control  of  revenue  and  finances; 
and  the  fourth  looks  after  waterworks  and 
sewerage. 

Des  Moines  has,  in  addition  to  this  com- 
mission, the  recall,  the  initiative  and  referen- 
dum, including  the  compulsory  reference  of 
all  franchises  to  the  people.  Thus  the  people 
retain  the  veto  power  in  themselves,  and  by 
passing  on  all  franchise  grants  have  strangled 
corporate  bribery  and  graft.  Officials  are 
chosen,  under  the  charter,  with  reference  to 
their  views  on  cit\'  issues  and  not  in  State  or 
national  issues.  Party  systems  have  no 
weight  in  municipal  elections. 

These  western  movements,  says  he,  show 


MAYOR   BRAND   WHITLOCK,  OF   TOLEDO. 

the  unmistakable  drift  of  power  toward  the 
people  and  not  away  from  them.  **  The 
people  make  the  city,"  and  with  the  system 
outlined  governmental  power  is  in  their 
hands.  Cleveland's  federal  plan  is  another 
of  Democracy's  efforts.  Under  that  the  city 
had  a  council  and  a  mayor;  the  council  had 
legislative  power  and  the  mayor  executive 
functions,  appointing  directors  to  administer 
various  departments.  But  the  party  system 
and  wards  remained,  and  the  initiative,  etc., 
was  not  included. 

To  make  a  city  free  to  realize  itself,  with- 
out the  blight  of  **  Special  Privilege,"  a  city 
for  all  the  people,  the  writer  prescribes  the 
following  essentials : 

1.  A  charter  that  provides  simply  and  directly 
for  a  few  responsible  officials,  with  a  mayor  and 
a  small  legislative  or  councilmanic  board  chosen 
from  the  city  at  large  without  reference  to 
wards. 

2.  Non-partisan  nominations  and  elections. 

3.  The  initiative  and  the  referendum,  includ- 
ing the  submission  of  all  franchises  to  the  people. 

4.  The  recall. 

5.  The  merit  system  for  all  employees  other 
than  heads  of  departments ;  and,  most  important 
of  all, 

6.  Home  rule  on  all  subjects  of  purely  local 
nature,  the  right  of  taxation,  and  the  police 
power  so  far  as  purely  local. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


625 


_<\.  r    -»^*-^       ^^    ^^._ 


THE    MAIN    BUILDING   OF   THE    UNIVERSITY   OF   SYDNEY,    AUSTRALIA. 


UNIVERSITY   LIFE   IN  THE   ANTIPODES. 


AUSTRALIA  was  settled  by  the  English 
and  is  still  held  by  them.  Its  history  is 
monotonous,  because  its  story  of  struggle  and 
sacrifice  is  individual,  since  it  never  had  a 
common  enemy,  a  glorious  war  or  an  upris- 
ing of  common  feeling.  Its  color  is  gray  and, 
likewise,  the  spirit  of  the  people.  Its  litera- 
ture is  sober,  and  this  difference  in  tone 
shows  itself  in  its  way  in  the  life  of  the 
universities.  Contrasted  with  the  American 
student,  who  knows  that  "  the  world  is  his 
oyster,"  and  that  '*  he  can  get  what  is  com- 
ing to  him  "  by  training,  sobriety,  and  per- 
sistency, the  Australian  youth  is  not  so  am- 
bitious, and  in  his  case  a  "  drooping  of  spirit  " 
is  noticeable.  His  going  to  college  is  more  in 
keeping  with  his  social  status  than  as  a  prepa- 
ration for  his  life-work,  and,  for  the  rest, 
Australia  looms  up  huge,  gray  and  insur- 
mountable. 

Writing  on  this  subject  in  Appletons 
Magazine  for  November,  President  David 
Starr  Jordan,  of  Stanford  University,  says: 
"llic  universities  of  Australia  are  four, — 
those  of  Sydney,  Melbourne,  Adelaide,  and 
Hobart.  Of  these  that  of  Sydney  is  the  old- 
est and  the  largest,  and  in  some  regards  has 
set  the  pace  for  the  others.  All  of  these  are 
urban  institutions  in  the  heart  of  the  city. 
They  arc  founded  on  a  basis  of  private  gifts 
and  the  state  has  duplicated  these  gifts,  so 
that  the  general  control  is  part  in  public, 
part  in  private  hands.     In  general  the  stu- 


dents live  with  their  parents  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  university,  there  being  Very  few 
from  the  outside.  As  a  result  of  this  the  **  col- 
lege spirit  "  and  the  "  college  atmosphere," 
as  we  know  these  in  America,  afe  scantily 
developed.  At  Sydney  and  Melbourne 
different  religious  denominations  (Presbyte- 
rians, Anglicans,  Methodists,  Catholics) 
have  established  *'  colleges  "  on  the  university 
grounds.  These  colleges  are  for  the  use  of 
the  residential  students,  or  students  from  the 
outside,  and  in  them  the  students  are  under 
the  direct  influence  of  representatives  of  the 
religious  denomination  by  whom  the  college 
was  founded." 

Co-education  is  the  unquestioned  rule  in 
all  Australian  universities,  and  at  Melbourne 
and  Sydney  there  is  a  residential  college  for 
women.  At  Sydney  there  are  about  900  stu- 
dents, 100  women ;  at  Melbourne  about  800. 
The  other  universities  are  much  smaller. 
The  women  students  generally  become 
teachers.  Their  physical  standards  are  lower 
than  those  in  women's  colleges  in  this  coun- 
try, which  IS  probably  due  to  the  climate. 
Continuing,  Dr.  Jordan  says: 

The  model  of  organization  for  Australian  in- 
stitutions is  found  not  in  Oxford  nor  Cam- 
bridge, but  in  the  provincial  universities  of 
England,  as  Manchester,  Birmingham,  Liver- 
pool, or  Leeds.  These  have  escaped  some  of 
the  ahuses  of  the  English  system,  at  the  same 
time  losing  its  chief  strength,  the  close  asso- 
ciation of  the  students  with  their  teachers. 


626  THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REFIEIVS. 

To  a  large  extent  the  Australian  universities  principal  activities  in  this  line.     Neglecting 

are  free  from  the  tyranny  of  the  idea  that  an  ...Q^k  in  favor  of  athletics  incurs  no  penaltv 

examination  with  the  degree  which  follows  it  .^-  ^,               .       .                         ,       x           ^      . 

constitutes   an   end    in   itself.    It   is   generally  it  the  examinations  are  passed.     In  each  uni- 

recognized  that  an  "  examining  university,"  as  versity  there  is  a  "  Christian  Union/   similar 

distinguished  from  a  "teaching  university/*  is  to  our  college  Y.  M.  C.  A.     There  is,  how- 

-  no  university  at  all,  and  that  an  education  is  ^^^  ^,^5^^^   unknown  to  American  un- 

•  valuable  m  proportion  to  its  effectiveness  m  hu-  ,      '     ,              ^          j    «*          •       .»     ^r^- 

'  man  life  and  not  for  the  social  standing  its  de-  dergraduates,  termed      capping.         1  his  oc- 

gree  may  confer.  curs   at   degree  conferring    time,    %%'hcn   the 

University  fees  are  high,  and,  also,  of  the  students  may  "  guy"  each   person   capped, 

secondary  schools.     There  is  no  "  well-trod-  interrupt  the  speakers,   and  even  cr\'  thcro 

den  path  from  the  cottage*  to  the  college."  down.    While  the  American  student  is  at  his 

The  only  path  to  the  university  for  the  stu-  hest  at  commencement  time,  the  Australian  is 

dent  without  money  leads  through  competi-  at  his  worst.  The  principal  student  festival  b 

tive  scholarships  and  bursaries,  and  the  pass-  a  grotesque  procession  through  the  streets  at 

ing    of    honor   examinations    and    text-book  night,    generally  winding  up   at   a   theatre, 

cramming  become  fine  arts.     Entrance   re-  ^^'hen   the  play   is  punctuated   in    the  time- 

quirements  are  similar  to  our  own,  with  more  honored  fashion  with  which  **' Uncle  Tom's 

insistence  on  Latin  and  less  on  science  and  Cabin  "  is  received  in  an  American  college 

history.    The  course  is  three  years.    Gradu-  town. 

ate  students,  except  in  law  and  medicine,  are  New  Zealand  also  has  a  universit>%  con- 
very  few.  Instruction  is  principally  by  lee-  sisting  of  four  colleges:  Otago,  Canterbury, 
tures,  and,  in  general,  the  work  in  science,  Victoria  and  University.  The  student  lite 
English,  philosophy,  and  mathematics  is  very  is  essentially  the  same  as  in  Australia,  In 
well  done,  and  the  schools  of  medicine,  law  conclusion  the  writer  says: 
and  engineering  are  admirable.  Modem  ^he  chief  weakness  of  the  university  svstem 
social  economic  history  and  political  science  of  Australia  is  th.t  in  this  pioneer  period  it 
are  negtected.  Professors  are  well  paid,  and  does  not  reach  one-tenth  of  the  students  who 
most  of  them  are  chosen  from  the  honor  lists  need  its  help.  This  same  condition  existed  in 
of  Cambridge.  Oxford,  and  Edinburgh.  America  forty  years  ago.  The  great  growth  of 
Student  life  is  vastly  different  from  that  our  American  universities  confusing  and  over- 
in  Amerira.  There  are  no  f raternitie*;  "  rol-  whelming  in  its  rapidity,  began  with  their  fir^ 
n  America.  1  here  are  no  traternities,  col-  ^,^^^  realization  of  their  duty  to  the  pioneer  man 
lege  yells,  no  elaborate  athletic  training,  and  j^  the  free  state.  A  like  change,  expansion,  and 
no  student  clubs.  Athletics  are  clean,  and  intensification  is  imminent  in  the  universities  of 
cricket,  Rugby  football,  and  boating  are  the  the  Antipodes. 


FRENCH  SCHOOL  GIRLS  OF  TO-DAY. 


A 


S  is  well-known,  the  restrictions  imposed  and  the  elements  of  history  and  geography, 
upon  girls  in  French  convents,  as  far  Notwithstanding  Fenclon,  Voltaire,  Didc- 
back  as  the  seventeenth  century,  were  ex-  rot  and  Mirabeau  agitated  for  an  improvc- 
tremely  rigorous  and  intolerant.  The  recent  ment,  nothing  was  done  until  after  the  Revo- 
suppression  and  expulsion  of  the  religious  lution.  Madame  de  Maintenon  founded 
teaching-orders  from  France  makes  an  in-  the  first  lay  boarding-school  in  France,  in  the 
quiry  into  the  effect  of  same  in  the  French  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  for  the  purpose  of  "  en- 
girls*  future  one  of  extreme  interest.  Fenelon  livening  the  education  given  to  girls."  She 
informs  us,  in  the  century  aforementioned,  believed  that  schools  were  made  for  action 
that  there  was  "  more  than  one  woman  of  and  not  for  prayer,  and  to  help  girls  ac- 
noble  birth  who  knew  neither  how  to  read  or  complish  their  destiny  as  women, 
write  correctly,"  Until  late  in  the  nine-  In  1800-1804  the  convents  were  closed, 
teenth  century,  deportment,  dancing,  acting  and  in  all  Paris  there  were  only  twenty-four 
of  classic  pieces,  and  playing  graceful  games,  municipal  schools, — the  school  law  having 
made  up  the  programme  of  the  French  girls'  **  no  reference  whatever  to  girls."  Later, 
studies.  Teachers  only  were  required  to  Napoleon  took  the  matter  in  hand,  and  ap- 
know  a  limited  knowledge  of  religion,  writ-  pointed  Madame  de  Genlis  the  first  school 
ing,  reading,  first  four  rules  of  arithmetic,  inspectress  in  France.  She  reported  to  him 
rules    of    society,    beginnings    of    grammar,  that  class-rooms  were  desolate, — no  books,  no 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE   MONTH. 


627 


furniture,  no  pupils.  He  t)ien  interested  him- 
self earnestly,  and  schools  for  girls  sprang 
up  like  mushrooms.  Later,  he  sanctioned  the 
reopening  of  the  convents,  and  when  he 
founded  the  Maison  de  la  Legion  d'Hon- 
neur,  he  called  upon  the  nuns  to  teach  in  this 
school.     . 

With  this  imperial  example  there  followed 
the  creation  of  the  Sacre  Coeur,  the  Assump- 
tion, the  Oiseaux,  religious  teaching  orders, 
and  in  1899  these  instructors  in  France  were 
countless.  Since  1905  the  reaction  has  come, 
with  violence  unprecedented.  All  the  teach- 
ing nuns  have  been  banished,  and  the  con- 
vents dismantled  and  closed  by  order  of  the 
government.  Accordingly,  Mrs.  John  Van 
Vorst,  in  the  November  issue  of  Lippincott's 
Magazine,  says  that  the  question  for  the 
French  parent  to-day  is,  "  Where  shall  our 
daughters  be  educated  ?  " 

Where  can  there  be  found  a  combined  in- 
fluence to  produce  the  veritable  jeune  fillef 
This  veritable  young  girl  was  courteous  and 
considerate  in  a  marked  degree,  devoid  of 
vanity,  lacking  in  individuality  and  in  initia- 
tive, and  wonderfully  ignorant, — never  hav- 
ing been  encouraged  to  reason  "  why  "  and 
"  wherefore."  The  convent  strove  more  to 
cultivate  her  sentiments  and  discipline  her  in- 
clinations than  to  train  her  mind  or  develop 
her  brain.  As  far  back  as  1880,  the  French 
Government  had   begun  to  open   lycees  or 


colleges  for  girls,  where  girls  might  receive 
an  education  equal  to  that  of  their  brothers. 
Their  studies  included  higher  mathematics, 
natural  sciences,  common  law,  hygiene,  draw- 
ing and  .gymnastics,  with  courses,  also,  in 
morals  and  domestic  economy.  The  course 
in  morals  is  divided  into  five  separate  sec- 
tions, intended  to  take  the  place  of  the  con- 
vent discipline. 

"  Violent,"  says  this  writer,  "  as  may  be 
the  opposition  to  this  idea  of  *  pure  morals,' 
irrespective  of  religion,  the  wedge  of  progress 
has  nevertheless  found  here  its  point  to  lean 
upon.  Among  the  middle-class  French  the 
lycees  have  become  popular.  .  .  .  The 
result  is  that  a  movement  has  already  started 
among  those  who  waited  only  the  chance  to 
assume  the  burden  of  their  social  and  civic 
obligations."  The  first  training-school  for 
nurses  has  been  established.  Likewise,  tu- 
berculosis laundries  and  dispensaries  for  the 
first  time,  and  old  tenements  are  being  reno- 
vated. Working  girls'  clubs,  fresh  air  colo- 
nies, teachers'  settlements  for  "  slum  "  work, 
have  all  been  introduced  by  young  unmarried 
women  who  are  profiting  from  their  scholas- 
tic freedom.  Indeed,  the  writer  thinks  that 
there  is  no  limit  to  the  reforms  these  workers 
may  bring  about  under  their  new  influences, 
and  hence  concludes  that  the  French  school- 
girls of  to-day  promise  to  be  a  source  of 
national  prosperity  in  the  future. 


AN  OPPORTUNITY  FOR   MODERN  FEMINISM. 


TN  a  strong  article  in  the  Dutch  review, 
Onze  Eeuw,  Prof.  P.  J.  Blok,  writing 
on  the  higher  education  of  women,  after 
reciting  the  well-known  traditional  argument 
of  woman's  physical  inferiority  to  man  de- 
barring her  from  many  of  the  activities  of 
life,  admits  a  certain  benefit  to  both  sexes 
from  co-educational  methods,  but  condemns 
these  methods  "  utterly  from  a  higher  point 
*of  view."    He  says : 

To  put  girls  in  boys*  schools  is  only  an  evil. 
To  attempt  to  put  woman  on  complete  equality 
with  man  as  to  her  fitness  for  filling  commercial 
positions  is  to  be  condemned  in  advance.  Girls 
should  receive  education  adapted  to  girls,  a 
training  based  particularly  upon  the  functions 
thev  will  be  most  likely  to  be  called  upon  to 
fulfill  during  life.  There  are  to-day  a  number 
of  positions,  many  more  than  formerly,  which 
arc  acknowledged  to  be  fitted  for  women  as 
well  as  for  men.  Let  girls  be  trained  with  a 
view  to  accepting  such  positions.  Let  this  train- 
ing obtain  during  the  preparatory  studies  par- 


ticularly, amid  surroundings  adapted  to  the  girls* 
requirements.  Primary  and  grammar  schools 
for  girls,  academies  and  colleges  for  women, — 
these  are  what  is  required,  rather  than  an  ex- 
tension of  woman*s  attendance  at  the  universi- 
ties. 

Whether  woman  is  really  capable  of  con- 
tributing to  scientific  advance  in  any  large 
degree  is  a  question  about  which  the  professor 
is  m  doubt.  He  says  on  this  point, — pro- 
testing that  he  speaks  only  from  personal 
observation : 

My  experience  demonstrates  that  in  the  do- 
main of  historical  study  woman  stands  on  an 
equal  footing  with  man.  The  young  woman  on 
the  benches  of  my  classroom^  undoubtedly  excels 
in  industry  and  application,  and  her  memory  as 
a  rule  leaves  nothing:  to  be  desired.  She  ap- 
pears to  be  extraordinarily  well  fitted  for  the 
collating  of  data,  and  in  that  respect  she  gen- 
erally surpasses  the  male  student.  The  differ- 
ence between  them,  however,  appears  as  soon  as 
there  is  any  question  of  historical  criticism  or 


62d 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


of  insight  into  the  connection  and  interdepend- 
ence of  things, — as  soon,  one  might  say,  as  the 
student  has  to  ascend  from  knowledge  (which, 
to  be  sure,  is  the  basis  of  science)  to  science 
itself.  There,  with  some  few  exceptions,  the 
young  woman  is  left  in  the  rear.  She  may  be 
able  to  produce  a  spirited,  well- written  narra- 
tive from  the  knowledge  she  has  gathered,  and 
the  experienced  layman  may  therefore  be  led  to 
imagine  that  he  has  before  him  a  pleasing  prod- 
uct of  science.  In  reality,  however,  this  is 
nothing  more  than  a  product  of  scientific  knowl- 
edge put  together  with  some  artistic  taste  and  a 
good  sense  of  form.  That  is  all.  The  feminine 
mind,  according  to  my  experience,  is  deficient 
in  the  faculty  of  impartiality,  which,  in  the 
search  for  scientific  truth,  is  a  prime  requisite. 
The  feminine  mind,  is  by  nature  partisan,  strong- 
ly inclined  in  the  .direction  of  this  or  that  solu- 
tion, not  scientifically  independent. 

When  asked  whether  young  women  could 


not  render  some  service  in  scientific  fidds  tlie 
professor  replied: 

Most  assuredly, — thejr  can  be  exceedingly  use- 
ful as  archivists,  as  assistant  librarians,  and  al^o 
in  the  collection  of  materials,  the  publkatioa  of 
registers  arid  catalogues,  and  the  writing  of 
articles  of  various  kinds. 

To  sum  up  the  whole  matter,  the  professor 
says: 

In  my  experience  woman  is  neither  ph3rsicaDy 
nor  mentally  the  equal  of  man.  By  this  I  do 
not  mean  that  she  stands  lower  than  he.  Shf 
is  simply  different,— different  in  body  and  mind 
If  modern  feminism  should  set  itself  the  task  of 
investigating  just  wherein  the  differences  be- 
tween the  two  sexes  lie,  and  not  how  far  th^ 
must  lead  to  a  difference  of  activities,  feminism 
might,  in  my  humble  opinion,  become  as  great 
a  blessing  to  humanity  as  now  by  its  frig[htftilly 
exaggerated  zeal  in  an  opposite  direction  it  is  in 
danger  of  becoming  a  curse. 


ICELAND'S  FIGHT  FOR  AUTONOMY. 


TPHE  attention  of  not  only  the  Scandi- 
navian world  but  of  all  Europe  con- 
tinues to  concern  itself  to  an  unusual  extent 
with  Iceland,  that  forlorn  and  weather-worn 
old  island  in  the  North  Atlantic  which,  in 
spite  of  its  volcanic  wonders  and  its  store  of 
history,  legend  and  lore,  would  seem  unable 
to  inspire  any  feeling  but  that  of  dread.  It 
can,  however,  boast  a  love  on  the  part  of 
Its  children, — about  8o,o<X)  in  all,  at  the 
last  count, — that  is  rarely  equaled  and  proba- 
bly never  surpassed  in  more  fortunately  situ- 
ated lands.  And  if  the  interest  of  Europe, 
half  in  amusement  and  half  in  admiration, 
continues  to  be  drawn  toward  that  lonely 
spot  in  the  utmost  seas,  it  is  mainly  because 
of  the  fight  put  up  by  the  Icelandic  people 
for  a  political  relationship  to  Denmark  that 
will  leave  not  even  a  shadow  of  dependence 
attaching  to  the  smaller  partner  in  this  un- 
equal union.  "A  free  federation  under  a 
common  monarch,"  cry  the  voters  of  the 
island,  "  these  are  no  longer  points  for  argu- 
ment, but  the  very  basis  for  all  future  nego- 
tiations." 

Parties  exist  in  Iceland  as  everywhere  else, 
and  the  cry  quoted  represents  the  extreme  or 
**  separatist  "  view, — the  view  of  the  group 
said  to  have  for  its  final  aim  the  complete 
separation  from  the  Danish  kingdom  and  the 
establishment  of  an  Icelandic  republic  It  is 
not  love  of  republican  institutions  or  objec- 
tions to  the  monarchial  government  of  the 
larger  country  that  underlies  this  desire  for 
total  independence,  and  which  is  said  to  be 


shared  even  by  those  Icelanders  who  arc  cool- 
headed  enough  to  realize  the  danger  of  any 
advance  in  that  direction  at  the  present  time. 
"  The  national  side  of  the  whole  matter  is 
the  important  one,"  says  a  writer  in  Gads 
Danske  Magasin, 

Not  only  do  the  Icelanders  feel  themselves  to 
be  a  people  talking  a  language  different  from 
Danish,  but  they  feel  themselves  to  be  a  nation 
with  the  same  rights  as  Norwegians,  Swedes, 
and  Danes.  Furthermore,  there  is  at  the  present 
time  a  strong  current  of  national  revival  run- 
ning through  the  Icelandic  people,  and  this 
sentiment  will  demand  that  the  national  rights 
be  respected  also  in  outward  forms.  The  Ice- 
landers will  require  an  arrangement  which 
places  Iceland  clearly  before  the  outside  worW 
as  "  a  free  ally."  This  goal  is  in  reality  that  of 
all  Icelanders,  even  though  all  of  them  do  not 
state  it  with  the  same  degree  of  impatience. 

This  struggle  has  been  going  on  since 
1 85 1,  or  since  the  new  Danish  constitution 
was  granted  by  the  last  autocratic  ruler  and 
a  modern  constitutional  monarchy  estab- 
lished. At  that  time  Iceland  was  not  in- 
cluded in  the  royal  proclamation,  although 
later  five  Icelandic  delegates  sat  in  the  con- 
vention that  drafted  the  constitution.  The 
negotiations  that  followed  were,  in  fact,  re- 
markable for  the  patience  of  the  Danes  and 
the  refusal  of  the  islanders  to  take  nothing 
less  than  all.  The  result  was  a  rupture  in 
the  negotiations  and  the  establishment,  in 
1 87 1,  of  a  provisional  arrangement  by  royal 
prescript.  There's  where  part  of  the  present 
trouble  rests.  All  subsequent  laws  and  agree- 
ments have  been  founded  on  that  first  one, 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


629 


which  was  wholly  one-sided,  and  issued  with- 
out reference  to  the  will  of  the  Icelandic  peo- 
ple. And  for  this  reason  all  the  subsequent 
laws  are  held  to  be  vitiated  by  the  Icelanders, 
who  are  famous  for  their  fondness  for  formal 
rather  than  natural  justice.  And  yet  most  of 
the  laws  that  have  come  into  existence  since 
1 87 1  have  been  thoroughly  to  their  liking, 
granting  them  an  amount  of  autonomy  that 
leaves  nothing  but  the  shadow  of  power  with 
the  Danish  Government. 

Thus  the  constitution  of  1874,  granted  in 
celebration  of  the  millennial  anniversary  of 
the  settlement  of  Iceland  by  the  Norse,  gave 
the  island  a  Parliament  of  its  own,  the  posi- 
tion as  a  free  but  inalienable  part  of  the 
Danish  realm,  and  an  annual  support  of 
about  $18,000  from  the  larger  country.  By 
an  additional  law  of  1903,  properly  voted  on 
and  ratified  not  only  by  the  Alting,  as  the 
Icelandic  legislative  body  is  called,  but  by 
the  people  itself,  the  island  was  granted  a 
minister  of  its  own,  to  be  a  resident  of  Reyk- 
javik, the  capital  of  Iceland,  but  with  duty 
to  report,  whenever  so  required,  to  the  King 
at  Copenhagen.  Still  the  Icelanders  are  not 
satisfied.  The  agitation  goes  on  as  before, 
even  though  the  tone  of  it  has  grown  less 
defiant.  In  the  summer  of  1906  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Alting  visited  Copenhagen  as 
guests  of  the  Danish  Government,  for  the 
double  purpose  of  telling  the  Danes  what 
they  wanted  and  of  hearing  how  anxious  the 
Danes  were  to  satisfy  them.  The  principal 
demands  of  the  Icelanders  at  the  present  time 
seem  to  be  the  following: 

The  appointment  of  the  Icelandic  Minister  is 
to  be  signed  by  the  King  alone,  without  being 
countersigned  by  the  Danish  Prime  Minister; 
Icelandic  laws  are  not  to  be  submitted  to  the 
Danish  cabinet,  but  to  the  King  alone ;  the  King 
is  to  be  represented  on  the  island  by  an  earl,  or 
royal  Governor,  holding  power  equal  to  that 
vested  in  the  gcv^emors  of  the  most  independent 
of  the  English  colonies;  the  King  is  to  include 
the  name  of  Iceland  in  his  official  title,  and  the 
island  is  to  be  referred  to  in  all  official  docu- 
ments by  some  title  other  than  that  of  "  inalien- 
able part  of  the  realm";  a  special  flag  in  blue 
and  white  is  to  be  given  the  island ;  the  present 
annual  contribution  of  60,000  crowns  is  to  be 
paid  out  otice  for  all  by  an  appropriation  of 
1,500,000  crowns  in  Danish  government  bonds. 

In  the  meantime  King  Frederick  and  a 
delegation  from  the  Danish  Rigsdag  have 
paid  a  visit  to  Iceland,  meeting  the  foremost 
of  its  citizens,  listening  to  measured  and 
friendly  speeches  of  welcome,  looking  at  the 
strange  sights  of  the  island,  and  returning 
home  again  full  of  wonder,  not  at  the  nature 


of  the  land,  but  of  the  people.  For  that 
nature  showed  itself  in  many  characteristic 
ways  while  the  notable  visitors  were  staying 
in  or  about  Reykjavik,  and  some  of  the  things 
noted  down  then  by  Danish  journalists  go 
far  to  explain  the  attitude  of  the  islanders 
during  the  fifty-six  years  of  struggle  for 
complete  independence.  Says  one  of  these 
writers : 

Undoubtedly  the  attitude  of  the  Icelandic  peo- 
ple surprised  the  King  at  first.  When,  within  an 
hour  of  his  arrival,  he  took  a  walking  tour  all 
by  himself  through  the  streets  of  the  city,  there 
were  many  who  failed  to  salute  him,  although 
undoubtedly  not  one  failed  to  recognize  him. 
And  later,  in  the  course  of  the-  horseback  tour 
through  the  island,  one  might  see  the  peasants 
stand  stiff  and  silent  in  front  of  their  farm- 
houses a  couple  of  hundred  feet  from  the  road, 
gazing  quietly  at  the  passing  cavalcade.  They 
did  not  run  forward  to  get  a  better  look  at 
Konungar  vor  (our  king)  and  his  noble  follow- 
ing, nor  did  they  even  permit  the  little  children 
to  run  down  to  the  road.  The  peasant  and  his 
kindred  remained  on  their  own  ground.  Rather 
than  to  expose  himself  to  the  accusation  of  be- 
ing intrusive  or  impertinently  curious,  he  would 
forego  the  chance  of  seeing  at  close  distance 
this  royal  procession,  of  which  every  one  had 
been  talking  for  weeks  and  months  in  every 
nook  and  corner  of  the  island. 

It  was  noticed  by  those  accompanying  the 
King  that  wherever  he  appeared  every  Ice- 
landic backbone  seemed  to  become  twice  as 
straight  and -stiff  as  it  was  before, — and  the 
upright  position  with  head  thrown  backward 
is  said  to  be  a  general  characteristic  of  every 
man  in  the  island.  When  the  royal  guest 
arrived  at  the  Tingvold,  the  meeting  place 
of  the  Alting  and  the  ancient  center  of  the 
island's  political  life,  he  was  met  by  hun- 
dreds of  Icelandic  chieftains,  some  of  them 
dating  their  ancestry  back  to  Odin  and  the 
prehistoric  kings  of  Norway  and  Sweden, 
the  old  Folkungs.  They  were  all  on  horse- 
back, sitting  up  as  straight  as  carved  figures, 
and  this  is  part  of  the  speech  the  King  lis- 
tened to: 

This  is  the  ancient  sacred  meeting  place  of 
our  forefathers.  So  mighty  and  noble  it  is,  that 
only  God  and  fire  and  no  other  power  wrought 
such  a  masterpiece.  The  floor  of  the  hall  is 
formed  by  streams  of  hardened  lava;  snow- 
capped mountain  peaks  form  its  columns;  its 
ceiling  is  the  blue  dome  of  the  sky.  High  it  is 
and  lofty,  and  the  air  in  it  is  wholesome.  Here 
Icelandic  mountain  winds  breathe  on  every 
cheek,  and  here  the  Icelanders  have  learned 
afi^ain  and  again  to  keep  their  backs  straight. 
Here  the  laws  were  made  and  approved  which 
made  our  forefathers  a  free  and  far-famed  peo- 
ple. Here  grew  the  life-flowers  of  the  Ice- 
landic people. 


m 


THE  AMERICAN  kE^lElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Viewed  from  the  standpoint  of  the  world 
at  large,  extreme  poverty  reigns  in  this  hid- 
den corner  of  the  earth,  many  hundred  miles 
away  from  the  nearest  civilized  coast.  A  few 
cows,  some  more  sheep,  a  bunch  of  small- 
sized  and  sure-footed  ponies, — these  form  the 
live  stock  of  the  peasants.  No  grain  is  cul- 
tivated, and  garden  fruits  or  vegetables  are 
out  of  question.  But  the  grass  in  certain 
parts  of  the  island  is  fairly  abundant  and 
pretty  good.  Dairy  farming  is  becoming  a 
customar>'  occupation,  with  the  necessity  for 
the  peasant  to  carry  his  small  store  of  cream 
to  the  dairy  on  horseback, — for  that  is  the 
only  mode  of  communication  known  in  the 
inland  parts  of  the  island.  In  seven  years 
the  export  of  butter  has  increased  from  3000 
to  300,000  Danish  pounds  a  year.  Wool, 
codfish  and  the  down  of  the  eider  bird  are 
the  only  other  exports.  And  the  fishing  is 
interfered  with  in  an  exasperating  degree  by 
English  trawlers'  that  refuse  to  let  them- 
selves be  warned  off  by  the  little  Danish 
gunboat  stationed  in  Icelandic  waters  for 
that  very  purpose.  And  yet  the  Icelanders 
are  now  proposing  to  carry  their  own  bur- 


dens entirely,  to  furnish  their  own  p^ote^ 
tion,  and  to  stand  on  their  own  feet  in  every 
respect,  all  for  the  sake  of  a  freedom  which 
to  them  is  dearer  even  than  life  itself.  How 
do  the  Danes  look  upon  the  presumptuous 
attitude  of  the  little  island  people?  This  b 
what  a  writer  in  Det  Ny  Aarhundrede 
(Copenhagen)  has  to  say  on  the  subject,  and 
his  views  seems  to  be  shared  by  a  majority, 
although  less  temperate  voices  have  be^ 
heard  here  and  there: 

Have  we  Danes  anything  to  lose  through  the 
granting  of  Icelandic  independence  so  tl^t  we 
might  place  ourselves  in  its  way?  Finandany 
we  would  be  gainers  by  it.  We  save  our  con- 
tribution and  our  guardship.  From  a  military 
point  of  view,  Iceland  is  not  worth  anything  to 
us  at  all.  We  would  never  be  able  to  defend  it, 
and  the  island  could  never  save  us.  Could  we 
lose  anything  in  the  way  of  honor  or  reputation 
by  this  independence?  We  can  only  gain  in 
honor  and  reputation  by  taking  the  most  liberal 
attitude  possible  toward  Iceland.  It  is  one  of 
the  distinctions  of  the  Danish  people  that  it  was 
the  first  one  to  abolish  the  commerce  in  slaves 
in  its  colonies,  and  that  it  led  the  other  peoples 
in  setting  the  peasants  free.  And  we  will  now 
display  the  same  sense  of  justice  toward  those 
who  are  weaker  than  we  that  we  demand  trom 
those  who  are  stronger  than  we. 


DO  DOCTORS  CARRY   CONTAGIOUS  DISEASE? 


AN  article  in  La  Revue,  by  .Dr.  J.  Heri- 
court,  accusing  doctors  of  being  the 
most  dangerous  carriers  of  infection  in  mod- 
ern life,  has  attracted  great  attention  and 
commendation  in  other  European  countries. 
Espafka  Moderna  (Madrid)  and  Minerva 
(Rome)  both  review  the  article,  exclaim 
over  the  obvious  truth  of  the  French  doctor's 
statements,  and  comment  on  the  surprising 
fact  that  no  one  has  been  struck  before  by 
this  so  apparent  danger.  The  statement  of 
conditions  applies  quite  as  accurately  to 
American  "  general  practitioners  "  as  to  Eu- 
ropean, and  there  is  the  same  need  here  as 
in  Europe,  to  insist  on  a  reform.  Says  the 
French  physician: 

The  medical  profession  is  so  loud  in  its  pro- 
testations of  zeal  in  the  war  against  the  spread 
of  disease  by  contagion,  they  have  dwelt  so  on 
the  necessity  of  instructing  the  public  in  the 
theory  of  germs  and  the  modern  systems  of 
antiseptic  prevention  of  infection,  that  it  is 
curious  to  observe  that  the  doctors  themselves 
are  the  worst  offenders  in  this  regard,  the  care- 
lessness of  the  average  family  doctor  being 
amazing,  except  that  we  are  so  accustomed  to 
It.  Surgeons  use  the  utmost  precautions  against 
contagion,  the  extreme  minuteness  of  which  arc 
familiar  to  all  of  us,  but  in  spite  of  that  we  are 


not  shocked  at  the  sight  of  a  family  doctor 
visiting  a  case  of  scarlatina,  or  even  diphtheria, 
and  leaving  the  house  on  his  way  to  other  pa- 
tients, having  taken  no  precautions  except  the 
very  elementary  one  of  washing  his  hands. 
Dr.  Remlinger  has  recently  cited  several  cases, 
especially  eruptive  fevers,  which  could  be  at- 
tributed to  no  other  cause  than  a  visit  from 
the  doctor,  who,  called  to  prescribe  for  a  trifling 
indisposition,  left  behind  him  the  seeds  of  a 
dangerous  disease  which  appeared  several  days 
later. 

In  a  similar  way  the  consulting  room  of 
the  average  doctor,  often  in  his  ovm  house, 
hung  with  curtains,  prettily  furnished  with 
carpets  and  pictures,  and  provided  with  mag- 
azines wMch  the  patients  handle  over  while 
waiting,  are  often,  from  the  very  nature  of 
the  case,  veritable  pest-holes  of  contagion, 
into  which  a  person  may  enter  in  fairly  good 
health,  but  from  which  he  may  carry  away 
the  germs  of  a  fatal  malady.  And  even  if 
one  never  calls  a  doctor  to  one's  own  house 
or  goes  to  consult  him  in  his  office,  one  can- 
not be  safe  from  this  danger.  Doctors  are 
everywhere,  in  the  theaters,  in  shops,  railway 
trains,  wherever  we  pass.  "  The  man  beside 
you  in  the  street-car  may  be  a  doctor  on  his 
way  from  a  scarlet  fever  case  to  a  case  of 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


631 


measles,  from  whose  clothes  you  may  be  re- 
ceiving fatal  germs  which  you  will  take  home 
to  your  delicate  child." 

Dr.  Hericourt  not  only  draws  a  start- 
ling picture  of  the  dangers  of  the  present  sys- 
tem, but  he  suggests  some  very  practical  and 
efficacious  means  of  bettering  it.  He  insists 
that  a  doctor  should  never  enter  the  room  of 
a  patient  sick  with  a  contagious  disease  with- 
out changing  his  street-suit  for  a  complete 
suit  made  of  some  material  which  can  be 
easily  washed  and  boiled,  and  which  should 
be  left  at  the  house  of  the  patient.  His  hair 
should  be  kept  cut  very  short,  and  he  should 
never  wear  a  beard,  although  a  moustache  is 
allowable,  since  it  can  easily  be  disinfected, 
and  besides  is  not  so  exposed  to  infection,  as 
for  instance  in  auscultation.  He  should  not 
leave  the  house  without  changing  his  clothes 


and  thoroughly  disinfecting  his  head,  face, 
neck,  and  hands.  His  eonsulting  room  should 
never  be  in  his  house,  and  ought  to  be  con- 
structed so  that  it  can  be  kept  as  scientifically 
clean  as  an  operating  room. 

If  only  a  few  physicians  would  begin  this  re- 
form, public  opinion,  roused  by  their  action, 
would  soon  force  all  reputable  practitioners  to 
follow  their  example.  It  is  argued  against  these 
extreme  precautions  that  they  might  lay  doctors 
open  to  the  charge  of  cowardice,  f.  e.,  fear  of 
contagion  for  themselves.  But  everybody 
knows  the  dauntless  courage  and  spirit  of  dis- 
interested self-sacrifice  of  the  medical  profes- 
sion, qualities  of  which  doctors  are  justly  proud 
It  would  be  ostentatious  fool-hardiness  for  them 
to  stand  out  against  such  a  reform.  Nobody 
now  laughs  at  the  exaggerated  cleanliness  of 
operating  rooms  and  hospitals,  and  in  a  very 
short  time  similar  care  on  the  part  of  the  ever- 
present  general  practitioner  would  meet  with  in- 
telligent and  very  grateful  appreciation. 


LATENT  LIFE  OF  SEEDS. 


COME  animals  and  plants  possess  the 
curious  power  of  actually  withdrawing 
within  themselves  and  remaining  for  a  long 
time  without  any  sign  of  life  or  any  apparent 
means  of  supporting  life;  then,  later  on,  re- 
gaining all  their  powers  and  resuming  their 
usual  order  of  affairs.  Myriads  of  these 
creatures  live  in  every  pond.  Whenever 
hard  times  come  to  their  realm  they  with- 
draw from  active  life  until  conditions  are 
more  favorable.  It  is  only  to  be  regretted 
that  the  human  race  has  lost  this  convenient 
wzy  of  meeting  exposure  and  hardship. 

Some  of  the  lower  members  of  the  animal 
kingdom  were  first  to  win  renown  by  their 
power  to  do  this,  and  observation  of  them 
gave  rise  to  ardent  controversies  which  never 
have  been  satisfactorily  settled. 

During  this  latent  period,  vital  activities 
probably  are  not  completely  arrested,  but 
continue  at  a  very  low  ebb,  and  it  is  uncer- 
tain how  long  different  kinds  of  organisms 
can  exist  in  this  condition  of  suspended  ani- 
mation without  being  completely  destroyed. 

In  view  of  the  contradictory  opinions  Dr. 
Paul  Becquerel,  in  the  last  number  of  Annales 
des  Sciences  Naturelles  (Paris),  reports  upon 
a  series  of  experiments  in  which  he  made  a 
special  study  of  the  latent  life  of  seeds,  to 
find  out  the  duration  of  their  germinativc 
power. 

Seeds  from  twenty-five  to  135  years  old 
were  procured  from  the  Museum  of  Natural 
History  of  Paris  for  the  tests.     Seeds  of  a 


kind  of  water-lily  germinated  that  had  been 
gathered  fifty-six  years  before,  and  some 
others  germinated  that  had  been  preserved 
eighty  years,  but  the  older  seeds  did  not  grow. 
The  results  did  not  seem  to  depend  entirely 
upon  the  age  of  the  seed,  but  were  affected 
by  the  degree  of  impermeability  of  the  outer 
integument  and  succeeded  best  in  the  kinds 
of  seeds  least  permeable  to  gases  or  moisture. 

The  effect  of  intense  cold  was  tried  upon 
four  different  lots  of  seeds,  one  of  which  was 
left  in  its  natural  state,  one  dried  in  a 
vacuum  for  a  month,  another  soaked  in  water 
for  twelve  hours,  while  in  the  fourth  lot,  the 
integument  of  the  seeds  was  perforated.  All 
were  exposed  to  intense  cold  by  plunging  into 
liquid  air. 

The  seeds  were  planted  afterward  and  all 
those  that  had  been  dried  in  a  vacuum  for  a 
month  germinated,  but  only  a  few  of  the 
seeds  with  perforated  integument  or  of  those 
left  in  their  natural  condition,  while  those 
soaked  in  water  failed  to  germinate  at  all. 
The  reason  the  dried  seeds  retained  their 
vitality  seems  to  be  due  to  the  fact  that  they 
were  already  in  a  state  of  latent  life  before 
exposure  to  the  cold  of  the  liquid  air  and 
were  in  a  high  state  of  dessication,  with  prac- 
tically no  water  in  their  tissues.  Under 
these  conditions  seeds  can  grow  after  exposure 
to  temperatures  as  low  as  — 190  degrees  C. 
Evidently  dessication  modifies  the  physico- 
chemical  properties  of  tissues  and  also  affects 
the  permeability  of  the  membranes. 


THE  AMERICAN  REf^/ElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


The  activity  of  matter  is  not  suspended 
when  it  is  exposed  to  I9W  temperatures.  That 
chemical  action  goes  on  is  shown  by  the 
union  of  liquid  fluorine  and  hydrogen  with 
such  violence  that  an  explosion  is  produced 
at  — 210  degrees  C. ;  and  also  by  the  ap- 
pearance of  phosphorescence,  which  is  a  re- 
sult of  oxidation,  at  similar  low  temperatures. 


Vital  activities  are  closely  correlated  with 
chemical  action,  and  in  view  of  these  facts 
we  cannot  assert  that  life  is  completely  sus- 
pended at  low  temperatures.  It  may  be  that 
in  all  cases  of  latent  life  the  physico-chemical 
phenomena  continue,  but  so  slowly  that  re- 
serve supplies  in  the  protoplasm  last  almost 
indefinitely. 


THE  DANGERS  OF  THE  ROENTGEN  RAYS. 


TpHAT  the  X-rays  possess  wonderful  cura- 
tive  powers  is  well  known;  the  fact 
that  their  use  is  beset  with  the  gravest  dan- 
gers is  also  familiar.  But  it  is  well  to  an- 
swer as  clearly  as  possible  the  questions  as  to 
the  actual  danger  incurred,  the  basis  upon 
which  the  idea  of  such  danger  rests,  whether 
indeed  it  exists  at  all,  and,  if  so,  whether  it 
is  so  great  that  their  application  should,  as 
some  think,  be  entirely  discontinued,  or  at 
least  restricted.  Frederich  Dessauer, — an 
engineer, — in  answering  these  queries  in  the 
Deutsche  Revue,  gives  a  lucid  exposition  of 
the  present  status  of  the  application  of  the 
X-rays, — ^^'hat  illimitable  fields  their  activity 
may  cover,  even  in  the  very  near  future,  no 
one,  he  adds,  can  to-day  predict.  His  argu- 
ment runs  about  as  follows: 

It  was  throug'i  the  un'ntentional  injuries  in- 
flicted by  repeated  and  lengthy  examination 
with  X-rays  that  Freund  of  Vienna  was  led  to 
discover  their  therapeutic  qualities.  Violently 
antagonized  at  first  by  the  schools  and  other- 
wise, Roentgen  therapeutics  has  pursued  its 
world-career  of  victory.  The  X-ray  is  to-day, 
indisputably,  one  of  the  most  efficacious  reme- 
dies in  dermatology,  is  employed  by  thousands 
of  physicians,  and  has  been  successfully  tested 
in  millions  of  cases.  This  march  of  triumph 
has,  it  is  true,  involved  great  sacrifice  of  life, — 
no  greater,  however,  than  many  other  benefits 
wrung  from  Nature. 

But  the  sufferings  of  the  X-ray  victims  are 
of  a  peculiarly  distressing,  we  might  say, 
tragic,  character.  It  often  happened, — par- 
ticularly at  first, — that  through  unskilled 
handling  the  patient  or  the  operator  was  un- 
intentionally burned.  Many,  therefore,  ex- 
aggerating the  actual  danger,  vigorously  pro- 
tested against  the  use  of  this  admirable  rem- 
edy. Only  two  years  ago  a  number  of  dam- 
age suits,  widely  and  sensationally  circulated 
by  the  European  press,  gave  rise  to  a  nervous 
agitation  on  the  subject;  and  recently  an 
eminent  Roentgenologist  of  Vienna  was  con- 
demned to  pay  30,000  crowns,  and  that  un- 


justly.    As  to  the  actual  menace,  the  case 
stands  thus: 

For  purposes  of  diagnosis, — the  determination 
of  disease  by  irradiation  and  absorption, — the 
patient,  in  the  hands  of  an  expert,  incurs  not  the 
slightest  danger.  Furthermore,  in  therapeutic 
application,  the  danger,  in  the  majority  of  cases, 
is  disappearing  or  non-existent.  At  any  rate,  it 
is  far  less  than  that  incurred  by  other,  even 
rather  harmless,  recourses,  such  as  slight  oper- 
tions.  There  is,  besides,  a  group  of  grave  mala- 
dies where  there  is  question  of  life  and  death. 
In  such  cases,  mostly  quite  desperate  ones,  the 
X-rays,  opportunely  and  forcibly  applied,  have 
often  wrought  surprisingly  beneficial  changes. 
True,  there  is  the  risk  of  consequent  injury,  in- 
volving, it  may  be,  loss  of  life,  but  one  fights  a 
malignant  evil  which,  surely  and  more  rapidly 
than  burning,  leads  to  death;  and  at  least  in 
almost  all  such  instances  the  acutest  suffering 
is  removed,  rendering  the  close  of  the  patient's 
life  more  bearable.  In  ,the  hands  of  the  ignor- 
ant, of  course,  achievements  ever  so  certain  turn 
to  harm.  It  is  the  bounden  duty  of  a  physician 
to  make  a  searching  study  of  the  properties  of 
the  X-rays,  of  the  physical  foundation  of  his 
remedy, — in  short,  to  know  his  weapon.  No  one 
should  apply  them  in  diagnosis  or  therapeutics 
without  familiarizing  himself  with  the  existing 
data,  particularly  by  following  courses  and  par- 
ticipating in  the  investigations  of  others.  In  the 
case  of  patients  supersensitive  to  the  rays. — if 
there  be  su*h,  which  is  a  mooted  question, — 
some  practitioners  apply  preliminary  test-rays 
by  way  of  precaution. 

The  one  who  really  does  incur  danger  in 
using  the  Roentgen  treatment  is  the  operator, 
— the  physician  and  the  engineer.  Many 
doctors  have  thereby  sustained  serious  in- 
juries, particularly  of  the  hands,  while  a 
number  of  technicians  have  succumbed  to 
the  peculiar  disease, — chronic  Roentgen  in- 
flammation,— mostly  after  acute  suffering. 
Almost  all  Roentgen  technicians  who,  in  the 
development-period  of  the  method,  worked 
at  its  underlying  principles,  experienced  more 
or  less  serious  injuries, — from  losing  the 
beard  or  nails,  to  grave  skin  degeneration. 

The  worst  evil,  and  one  constantly  men- 
acing the  professional,  unless  he  is  properly 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


63Ji 


protected,  is  that  of  chronic  cell-degenera- 
tion, tending  to  malignity.  He  is  subject  to 
the  Roentgen  ulcers,  which  are  liable  to  turn 
into  cancerous  growths. 

To-day  this  danger  exists  in  no  high  degree, 
for  science  has  found  ways  and  means  to 
shield  the  doctor  and  the  physicist  from  these 
weird,  insidious  transformations.  The  operator 
keeps  away  from  the  field  of  irradiation.  He 
manages  his  apparatus  from  a  protected  spot, 
behind  a  leaded  glass  wall.  He  can  see,  but  the 
leaded  glass  absorbs  the  greater  part  of  the  X- 
rays.  Special  houses  have  been  constructed, 
while  the  operator  wraps  himself  in  garments 
containing  lead,  which,  naturally,  owing  to  their 
weight,  mterfere  with  his  movements.  The 
main  thing  is  that  the  examiner  should  never, 
whether  in  demonstrating  or  testing  his  appafa- 
tus,  serve  as  an  object  of  transparency;  that  he 


should  not,  unless  in  case  of  urgency,  step  from 
his  coign  of  shelter  into  the  field  of  irradiation. 

What  we  have  to  deal  with  in  Roentgen 
radiation  is  an  entirely  new  form  of  energy. 

All  other  powers  of  Nature,  and  especially  all 
other  forms  of  energy,  which  we  employ  in 
medicine, — heat,  light,  electricity,  motion, — we 
understand  sufficiently  well,  and  can,  therefore, 
also  comprehend  and  estimate  their  effects.  The 
X  radiation  is  a  form  of  energy  which  never  ap- 
pears of  itself  in  man's  sphere  of  life.  Nature 
never  engenders  it.  in  our  world's  domain.  It 
was  only  a  combining,  far-reaching  intelligence 
which  conquered  it  for  us.  Therefore  does 
it  seem  invested  with  singular  properties.  It 
produces  marvelous  effects,  such  as  cannot  be 
attained  by  any  other  form  of  energy.  But  it 
can  be  terrible,  as  well,  and  the  very  diseases 
which  a  proper  measure  of  it  heals  are  created 
when  used  in  excess. 


GERMANS  AND   DENATIONALIZATION. 


r\R.  CARL  PETERS,  the  noted  German- 
^"^  African  explorer  and  administrator, 
and  founder  of  the  German  Colonization 
Societ>%  has  an  earnest  and  suggestive  article 
in  the  Deutsche  Monatsschrift,  in  which  he 
discusses  the  difference  in  race  and  national 
feeling  between  Germans  and  other  civilized 
nations.  To  his  regret,  he  finds  that  in  spite 
of  Germany's  splendid  history  and  her  pres- 
ent greatness,  political  and  industrial,  the 
spirit  of  nationality  is  but  feebly  developed 
among  his  countrymen  as  compared  with 
people  of  other  lands,  even  those  whose  an- 
nals are  far  less  splendid  than  hers.  Though 
Dr.  Peters*  main  theme  is  the  attitude  of 
Germans  who  emigrate  as  regards  this  feel- 
ing, he  traces  the  cause  of  their  slender  al- 
legiance to  the  spirit  which  animates  the 
German  at  home,  for  whom  a  foreigner  bears 
a  badge  of  superiority', — so  contrary  to  the 
sentiments  of  the  English  and  French,  for 
instance,  who  are  everywhere  and  always 
proud  to  avow  their  nativity*  His  observa- 
tions are  based  more  particularly,  he  states, 
upon  his  experiences  among  Anglo-Saxons,  he 
having  made  his  home  in  England  for  the  last 
thirteen  years,  and  having  been  thrown  in 
constant  contact  with  Britons  for  a  quarter  of 
a  century.  Without  regarding  his  explana- 
tion as  at  all  final,  he  cites  a  number  of 
causes  which,  in  his  view,  appear  accountable 
for  this  diflFerence. 

At  the  outset  of  his  article  he  recounts  a 
most  significant  incident:  A  ship  with  2000 
to  3000  passengers  is  wrecked  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.     Among  the  stranded  there  are  two 


Englishmen  and  three  Englishwomen.  All 
find  refuge  on  an  isolated,  unknown  island, 
where  they  succeed  in  maintaining  a  primi- 
tive commonwealth.  About  a  hundred  years 
later  this  commonwealth  is  discovered, — it 
has  become  an  English-speaking  colony;  the 
five  English  and  their  descendants  had  An- 
glicized the  whole  company.  Though,  Dr. 
Peters  remarks,  such  an  occurrence  could  not 
be  repeated  in  our  era  of  international  inter- 
course, the  principle  of  race-agitation  under- 
lying the  story  is  actively  carried  out  in  many 
parts  of  the  world.  The  German  name,  he 
goes  on,  has  unmistakably  risen  in  foreign 
estimation  in  the  last  generation,  yet  the  Ger- 
man continues  to  change  his  allegiance.  This 
is  a  resiJt  of  necessity,  thousands  being 
obliged  to  seek  their  livelihood  in  foreign 
lands.  Nor  can  it  justly  be  asked  that  they 
should  form  a  nation  within  a  nation ;  in  the 
interest  of  their  children,  particularly,  it  is 
better  that  these  should  belong  unequivocally 
to  the  country  of  their  birth.  The  Germans 
should,  therefore,  not  execrate  their  country- 
men who  are  naturalized  as  Britons,  Ameri- 
cans, and  so  on,  becoming  thus,  instead  of 
civic  pariahs,  a  part  of  the  body  politic. 

GROWTH   OF  GERMAN    PATRIOTISM. 

The  world  moves  on ;  to  be  of  German 
extraction  is  no  longer  regarded  as  a  stigma. 
The  doctor  recalls  how,  in  the  early  *8o's, 
Germans  in  England  were  downright  rude 
if  accosted  in  their  native  tongue;  ashamed, 
particularly  in  English  company,  of  their 
birth,  as  of  some  misdemeanor.    Such  directly 


634 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


contemptible  instances  he  has  not  met  with 
in  recent  years.  The  German  military  union 
{Heeresverband)  with  its  system  of  reserve 
officers  to  be  found  everywhere,  Dr.  Peters 
regards  as  an  essential  factor  in  raising  the 
national  tone.  These  officers  form  a  power- 
ful nucleus  around  which  patriotism  gathers. 
In  spite  of  these  advances,  however,  the  de- 
nationalization of  his  countrymen  in  foreign 
lands  continues.  No  European  nation  of  his 
acquaintance,  he  remarks,  has  as  feeble  a 
power  of  national  resistance  as  the  Germans 
in  intermingling  with  aliens.  He  has  never 
met  an  Englishman  who  acknowledged  his 
nationality  only  as  a  duty;  the  French  are 
animated  by  a  like  spirit;  both  people  look 
upon  it  as  a  sort  of  recommendation ;  and  the 
national  feeling  of  such  firmly-knit  peoples  as 
the  Italians,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  is  of 
the  same  nature. 

Nor  is  this  dependent,  as  so  many  in  Germany 
claim,  upon  a  great  history:  Italy  was  for  cen- 
turies a  mere  dependency  of  Germany,  yet  we 
find  that  the  Italian  language-limit  is  steadily 
extending  in  Switzerland  and  the  Tyrol.  And 
in*  Posen  the  Polish  tongue  threatens  to  drive 
back  that  of  the  politically  dominant  Germans, 
instead  of  retreating  before  it.  As  the  result  of 
long  observation  the  doctor  finds  that,  in  gen- 
eral, if  a  German  marries  a  foreigner  he  poes 
over  to  the  other  camp;  the  children  of  mixed 
marriages  prevailingly  follow  the  non-German 
part.  Why  all  this  should  be  so  might  have 
seemed  explicable  while  Germany  was  "  a  geo- 
graphical conception,"  its  people  torn  by  dissen- 
sion, living  petty  lives.  "  But  the  most  power- 
ful military  nation  on  earth,  with  an  unprece- 
dented economic  development,  a  past  as  proud 
as  that  of  any  people,  a  record  of  culture  as 
splendid  as  any  can  boast,  should,  one  would 
think,  inspire  every  individual  member  with  the 
natural  instinct  of  indestructible  pride  of  race." 

THE  GERMAN   EMIGRANT. 

The  doctor  finds,  however,  daily  evidences 
of  the  contrar>'  spirit;  his  countrymen  in 
England  are  still  piqued  at  being  recognized 
as  Germans.  It  is  a  mistake,  though,  he  adds, 
to  suppose  that  the  emigrating  Germans  form 
a  particularly  unpatriotic  part  of  the  German 
nation  :  their  leaving  is  a  matter  of  necessity ; 
their  tendency  to  assimilate  with  the  foreign 
element  in  their  new  home  is  a  thing  they 
bring  with  them.     Every  visit  to  Germany, 


he  remarks,  confirms  this  idea;  the  German 
finds  foreign  women  "  attractive  " ;  the  Ger- 
man girls  think  foreign  men  "  interesting." 
In  England  the  farther  a  person  is  from  the 
English  type,  the  less  impression  docs  he 
create. 

To  a  German  the  fact  that  a  hotel,  at  a  fash- 
ionable resort,  has  an  international  patronage, 
lends  it  distinction;  an  Englishman  shtms  a 
London  hotel  known  to  be  international. 
"  Foreigner "  for  a  German,  at  least  in  the  in- 
tercourse of  the  sexes,  is  a  term  of  recommenda- 
tion ;  for  Britons  of  both  sexes  it  signifies  some- 
thing inferior,  nay,  repellent.  In  Xorth  Ger- 
many Anglomania  predominates;  in  South  Ger- 
many Paris  is  still  the  center  of  attraction. 

PLEA    FOR  A    FIRMER   RACE    FEELING. 

A  firmer  German  race-feeling  would  form 
the  basis,  the  doctor  thinks,  of  a  greater  cen- 
tripetal development  of  the  German  genius. 
The  new  Prussia-Germany  has  not  as  yet 
developed  a  homogeneous  culture  which  pen- 
etrates the  inmost  fiber  of  its  every  member, 
riveting  him  to  the  common  whole.  What 
is  typical  of  the  Germany  of  the  last  genera- 
tion, differentiating  it  from  other  nations,  is 
really  only  militarism,  in  customs  and  man- 
ners; it  is  no  accident. 

Therefore,  the  military  union,  even  in  for- 
eign lands,  constitutes  the  firmest  bulwark 
against  the  centrifugal  tendencies  of  the  Ger- 
man genius.  It  is  the  distinctive  forms  of  life, 
peculiar  customs,  fundamental  ideas,  which 
make  it  a  necessity  for  the  members  of  estab- 
lished civilized  nations  to  belong  to  it,  regard- 
ing expatriation  as  a  punishment  It  was  so  in 
ancient  Greece  and  Rome;  it  is  so  to-day  in 
England  and  France.  The  same  may  be  said 
of  modern  China  and  Japan,  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal,— nay,  of  Bulgaria  and  Roumania,  Where 
cosmopolitan  tendencies  prevail,  we  may  con- 
clude that  there  is  a  dearth  of  basic  racial  oil- 
ture,  as  with  the  modern  Greeks,  the  Jews,  and 
the  Germans. 

Dr.  Peters  closes  with  the  discouraging 
reflection  that  his  countrymen  are  not  wel- 
comed in  foreien  lands ;  the  Briton,  owing  to 
his  country *s  dominion  of  the. sea  and  vast 
colonial  power,  is  conscious  that  he  belongs 
to  the  master-race,  wherever  he  may  be:  the 
Germans,  too,  must  aim  at  a  world-embrac- 
ing colonial  expansion  if  they  wish  at  least 
to  join  in  the  race. 


THE  NEW  BOOKS. 
NOTES  ON  RECENT  AMERICAN  PUBLICATIONS. 


BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

Probably  every  American  who  has  read  his 
newspaper  faithfully  during  the  past  ten  years 
has  come  to  the  conclusion  that  nothing  new 
can  be  said  concerning  the  character,  career,  and 
achievements  of  Theodore  Roosevelt  Biogra- 
phies and  magazine  articles  have  certainly  not 
been  lacking,  and  a  foreigner  landing  on  our 
shores  would  have  comparatively  little  difficulty, 
if  he  knew  the  language,  in  obtaining  sufficient 
data  to  enable  him  to  form  a  definite,  if  not  al- 
ways truthful  picture  of  our  present  Chief 
Magistrate.  Mr.  James  Morgan,  the  voung  man 
who  has  just  written  a  volume  on  Theodore 
Roosevelt,  the  Boy  and  the  Man"  (Macmillan), 
undeterred  by  the  number  and  prominence  of  his 
predecessors,  has  succeeded  in  writing  a  biogra- 
phy that  will  take  its  own  place  on  the  shelf  and 
will  be  found  auite  able  to  stand  alone.  It  is  a 
straightforward  story  of  the  first  American 
President  since  Washington  who  comes  from 
the  small  class  of  Americans  born  amid  the  in- 
fluences of  hereditary  wealth.  It  is  easy  to  see 
that  the  biographer  is  intensely  sympathetic  and 
in  close  touch  with  his  subject  from  start  to 
finish.  Needless  to  say,  there  is  abundance  of 
action  in  the  story.  Few  Americans  of  to-day 
under  fifty  have  had  careers  more  varied  and 
replete  in  picturesque  incident  The  well-worn 
phrase,  "the  strenuous  life,"  has  been  by  com- 
mon consent  adopted  as  particularly  applicable 
to  the  career  of  our  popular  President.  In  nar- 
rating the  details  of  that  career  Mr.  Morgan  has 


DR.  JOHN   M  LOUGHUN. 


MR.   JAMES    MORGAN. 

been  especially  fortunate  in  his  sense  of  propor- 
tion and  in  his  gift  of  essential  statement.  He 
has  told  the  things  that  are  significant  and  has 
arranged  them  in  their  proper  relations.  Alto- 
gether, this  new  biography  is  one  of  the  indis- 
pensable books  of  its  class  so  far  as  contem- 
porary literature  is  concerned. 

The  latest  life  of  Robert  E.  Lee  is  contributed 
by  Dr.  Philip  A.  Bruce  to  the  "  American  Crisis 
Biographies  (Philadelphia:  George  W.  Jacobs 
&  Co.).  This  volume  is  sympathetically  writ- 
ten and  presents  the  accepted  Southern  view  of 
Lee,  which,  however,  differs  at  the  present  time 
hardly  at  all  from  the  Northern  view.  The  au- 
thor has  had  the  benefit  of  many  important  pub- 
lications of  recent  years  which  to  the  earlier 
biographers  of  Lee  were  as  sealed  books.  A 
brief  bibliography  at  the  close  of  the  volume  re- 
fers the  interested  reader  to  numerous  standard 
works  which  deal  with  one  or  more  phases  of 
Lee's  career. 

"Dr.  John  McLoughlin,  the  Father  of  Ore- 
gon," is  the  title  of  a  book  by  Frederick  V. 
Holman,  of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society 
(Cleveland:  The  Arthur  H.  Clark  Company). 
All  Easterners  do  not  know  that  Dr.  John  Mc- 
Loughlin is  known  to  this  day  in  the  far  North- 
west because  of  his  immense  services  during  our 
joint  occupation  of  the  Oregon  country  with 
England  more  than  fifty  years  ago.  As  the  rep- 
resentative of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  m 
what  was  then  the  western  wilderness  beyond 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  Dr.  McLoughlin  was  for 


636 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


years  the  absolute  ruler  of  the  Pacific  Coast 
from  San  Francisco  to  Alaska.  In  the  opinion 
of  hundreds  of  Oregon  pioneers  Dr.  McLough- 
lin's  generous  deeds  in  the  era  of  first  immigra- 
tion from  the  States  really  determined  the  settle- 
ment of  Oregon,  since  without  his  kindly  aid 
whole  companies  of  pioneers  would  certainly 
have  perished. 

A  clear  insight  into  post-Revolutionary  times 
at  Boston  is  afforded  by  Col.  Thomas  Went- 
worth  Higginson's  "  Life  and  Times  of  Stephen 
Higginson "  (Boston:  Houghton,  Mifflin). 
Stephen  Higginson,  grandfather  of  his  biog- 
rapher, was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress and  author  of  the  famous  **  Laco  "  letters 
relating  to  John  Hancock.  All  patriotic  Ameri- 
cans who  have  accepted  the  common  traditions 
as  to  Hancock's  greatness  will  be  rudely  shocked 
when  they  read  the  comments  of  his  contem- 
porary fellow-citizen,  Stephen  Higginson.  But 
even  though  we  may  not  be  inclined  to  accept 
unreservedly  the  estimate  of  Hancock  given  by 
"  Laco,"  there  is  much  material  in  the  letters 
published  in  this  volume  which  has  an  impor- 
tant bearing  on  the  manners  and  politics  of  that 
day.  Stephen  Higginson  died  in  1828,  at  the 
age  of  eighty-five. 

A  series  of  "Pioneers  in  Education"  has  just 
come  from  the  press  of  Crowcll  &  Co.  These 
volumes  are  all  brief,  averaging  less  than  150 
pages  each,  and  are  all  from  the  pen  of  a  single 
writer,  M.  Gabriel  Compayre,  who  has  long  been 
recognized  as  one  of  the  foremost  educational 
experts  of  France.  The  six  volumes  composing 
this  series  treat  of  the  following  subjects:  (i) 
"Rousseau,  and  Education  by  Nature";  (2) 
"  Herbert   Spencer,  and   Scientific   Education " ; 

(3)  "  Pestalozzi,  and   Elementary   Education"; 

(4)  "  H^rbart,  and  Education  by  Instruction  " ; 

(5)  "  Montaigne,  and  Education  of  the  Judg- 
ment"; (6)  "Horace  Mann,  and  the  Public- 
School  System  of  the  United  States."  It  is  in- 
teresting to  note  in  the  last-named  volume  this 
modern    French    educationist's    appreciation    of 

.  one  who  fifty  years  ago  ranked  as  the  greatest 
exponent  of  the  American  idea  of  popular  edu- 
cation. 

A  new  book  containing  some  interesting  inti- 
mate revelations  of  Arab  life  has  just  been 
brought  out  by  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  under 
the  general  title  "  Memoirs  of  an  Arabian  Prin- 
cess." The  volume,  which  is  translated  from 
the  German  by  Lionel  Strachey,  is  the  romantic 
story  of  the  career  of  the  daughter  of  a  Sultan 
of  Zanzibar  who  subsequently  married  a  German 
merchant. 

As  one  of  the  features  of  the  memorial  which 
marked  the  Victor  Hugo  centenary  the  heirs  of 
the  great  Frenchman  gave  out  to  publication 
his  "  Post  Scriptum  de  Ma  Vie."  This  last 
of  the  French  poet  and  novelist's  unpublished 
work,  embodying  his  ideas  on  literature,  phi- 
losopliy,  and  religion,  has  just  been  brought  out 
in  English  translation  by  Funk  &  Wagnalls 
Company,  under  the  title  "  Victor  Hugo's  Intel- 
lectual Autobiography."  The  translation  is  by 
Lorenzo  O'Rourke,  who  has  also  written  a  study 
of  what  he  terms  the  last  phase  of  Hugo's 
genius. 

In  the  series  of  works  on  Spanish  painters  be- 
ing published  by  John  Lane,  we  now  have 
•*  Murillo,  A  Biography  of  Appreciation,"  by  Al- 


bert F.  Calvert,  with  156  illustrations  reoroduced 
from  the  most  famous  of  Murillo's  pictures. 

HISTORICAL  ESSAYS  AND  TREATISBS. 

In  the  opinion  of  Dr.  A.  F.  Pollard,  professor 
of  constitutional  history  at  University  College, 
London,  the  most  important  **  Factors  in  M^ii- 
em  History"  have  included  nationality,  the  ad- 
vent of  the  middle  class,  the  rise  and  progress 
of  parliaments,  the  social  revolution,  the  reb- 
tions  of  church  and  state,  and  colonial  expan- 
sion. A  volume  setting  forth  his  ideas  on  Xhtst 
topics  has  just  been  brought  out  by  Putnams. 

The  third  and  fourth  volumes,  completing  the 
work  of  Dr.  Henry  Charles  Lea's  **  History  of 
the  Inquisition  of  Spain,"  have  just  come  from 
Macmillans.  We  have  already  had  occasion 
more  than  once  to  refer  to  the  excellent  schol- 
arly character  of  Dr.  Lea's  work.  These  vol- 
umes cover  the  history  of  the  closing  years  of 
that  remarkable  institution,  considering  special 
doctrines  and  heresies  reprobated  by  the  Inqui- 
sition, and  the  concluding  chapter  is  devoted  to 
a  suuiming  up  of  its  influence.  There  is  an  ap- 
pendix and  an  excellent  index. 

An  increasing  number  of  scholarly  volumes  is 
appearing  on  life  and  its  surrounding  circum- 
stances in  bygone  days.  Among  such  volumes 
of  particular  note  issued  during  the  past  few 
months  are :  Prof.  Hugo  Winckler's  **  History 
of  Babylonia  and  Assyria"  (Scribners),  trans- 
lated and  edited  with  an  excellent  map  by  Dr. 
James  A.  Craig  (University  of  Michigan); 
"Life  in  the  Homeric  Age"  (Macmillan),  by 
Prof.  Thomas  Day  Seymour  (Yale),  with  map 
and  illustrations;  "Life  in  Ancient  Athcn?" 
with  map  and  illustrations  (Macmtllan),  by  Dr. 
T.  G.  Tucker,  of  the  University  of  Melbourne; 
"A  Historj'  of  Mediaeval  and  Modern  Civiliza- 
tion to  the  End  of  the  Seventeenth  Century," 
by  Charles  Seignobos,  of  trhe  University  of  Paris, 
translated  by  Dr.  James  A.  James  (Northwest- 
ern University)  and  published  by  Scribners; 
"Town  Life  in  the  Fifteenth  Century"  (Mac- 
millan),  in  two  volumes,  by  Mrs.  J.  R.  Green, 
dedicated  to  the  memory  of  her  famous  historian 
husband,  John  Richard  Green ;  and  '*  Edinburgh 
Under  Sir  Walter  Scott"  (Dutton),  by  W.  T. 
Fyfe,  with  an  introduction  by  R.  S.  Rait. 

A  new  venture  in  the  publication  of  annuals 
is  an  American  year-book  published  for  sale  in 
Russia,  under  the  title  " Contemporary  America." 
This  handbook,  printed  entirely  in  the  Russian 
language,  is  a  dignified  historical,  descriptive, 
and  statistical  summary  of  such  conditions  of 
American  territory  and  life  as  are  likely  to  be 
of  interest  to  Russians  socially  or  commercially. 
A  number  of  charts  *and  maps  accompany  the 
volume.  Its  compiler  is  L.  S.  Holtzoft  and  iis 
publisher  A.  M.  Evalenko  (22  William  street, 
New  York). 

The  Scribners  are  bringing  out  a  series  of 
historical  volumes  which  are  entitled  "  Original 
Narratives  of  Early  American  History."  Wc 
have  just  received  the  volume  **  Voyages  of  Sam- 
uel de  (Thamplain,  1604-1618,"  edited  from  the 
original  documents  by  W.  L.  Grant,  lecturer  in 
the  University  of  Oxford.  Maps  and  plans  com- 
plete the  volume. 

One  of  the  most  noteworthy  works  of  classical 
analytical  history  of  recent  years  is  Guglielmo 
Ferrcro's    "Greatness    and   Decline   of   Rome.** 


THE  NEIV  BOOKS, 


637 


This  monument  of  historical  research,  by  one 
of  the  most  eminent  of  living  Italian  scholars, 
has  now  been  translated  into  English  by  Alfred 
E.  Zimmem,  of  New  College,  Oxford,  and  pub- 
lished by  Putnams  in  two  volumes.  These  two 
volumes,  according  to  the  author,  are  intended 
to  cover  the  age  of  Caesar,  "  those  critical  years 
in  which  Roman  imperialism  definitely  asserted 
its  sway  over  the  civilized  world,  when  by  the 
conversion  of  the  Mediterranean  into  an  Italian 
lake  Italy  entered  upon  her  historic  task  as  in- 
termediary between  the  Hellenized  East  and 
barbarous  Europe." 

An  entertaining  volume  of  sketches  by  Charles 
Burr  Todd  is  entitled  **  In  Olde  Massachusetts  " 
(New  York:  The  Grafton  Press).  Much  of  the 
material  utilized  by  Mr.  Todd  in  this  volume 
was  dug,  as  he  says,  from  mines  never  before 
explored  by  the  literary  craftsman.  Only  a 
writer  having  the  background  of  New  England 
tradition  could  have  written  these  sketches  of 
ancient  Massachusetts. 

In  "The  Great  Plains"  (Chicago:  A.  C.  Mc- 
Clurg  &  Co.)  Mr.  Randall  Parrish  presents 
within  a  single  volume  a  great  array  of  histori- 
cal facts  which  have  heretofore  been  accessible 
only  in  a  great  number  of  books  anS  newspaper 
files.  It  has  been  the  author's  aim  to  clothe  his 
statement  of  facts  in  picturesque  language.  The 
result  is  a  book  of  far  more  than  ordinary  in- 
terest. Whatever  else  is  attempted,  Mr.  Parrish 
has  at  least  set  forth  the  romantic  aspects  of  the 
story  in  a  most  vivid  and  fascinating  way. 

"  Socialism  Before  the  French  Revolution " 
(Macmillan)  is  a  historical  monograph  by  Dr. 
William  B.  Guthrie,  instructor  in  history  m  the 
College  of  the  City  of  New  York,  which  has  an 
aitroduction  by  Prof.  E.  R.  A.  Scligman,  of 
Columbia  University. 

DESCRIPTIONS  OP  PLACES  AND  PEOPLES. 

There  are  many  passages  in  "  Poland,  the 
Knight  Among  Nations,"  by  Louis  E.  Van  Nor- 
man (Revell),  which  go  far  to  justify  the  choice 
of  title.  The  romance  of  Poland's  history  led 
Victor  Hugo  to  exclaim,  "  While  my  own  dear 
France  was  the  missionary  of  civilization,  Po- 
land was  its  knight."  The  reader  of  Mr.  Van 
Norman's  book  is  quickly  impressed  by  the  apt- 
ness of  the  simile.  Yet  it  should  not  be  inferred 
that  the  Polish  people,  living  so  intensely  in  the 
atmosphere  of  the  past,  are  without  a  share  in 
the  triumphs  even  of  this  materialistic  present. 
It  is  a  gifted  and  virile  race.  The  two  millions 
who  have  come  to  America  are  making  their 
impress  on  our  workaday  national  life.  In  ar- 
tistic achievement  no  modern  people  can  be  said 
to  surpass  them.  It  is  in  the  portrayal  of  mod- 
em Polish  activities  and  accomplishments  that 
Mr.  Van  Norman's  book  performs  its  most  dis- 
tinct service.  He  introduces  this  Slavic  nation, 
with  its  pathetic  historical  background,  its  im- 
perishable aspirations,  to  the  world  of  the  un- 
ima^ative  "  Anglo-Saxon  "  who  dominates  our 
civilization.  There  are  special  chapters  on  "  Po- 
lish Music  and  the  Slav  Temperament,"  "A 
Race  of  Artists  by  Birth,"  "  Polish  Country  Life 
and  Customs."  "  Poland's  Modern  Interpreter " 
(Sienkiewicz),  and  "The  Poles  in  America." 
In  an  introduction  to  the  volume  Madame  Mod- 
jeska  commends  the  work  for  its  fairness  and 


CHAM  PLAIN,  FROM  AN  OLD  PRINT. 

discrimination  *  in  its  treatment  of  her  native 
land. 

A  few  years  ago  a  book  bearing  the  significant 
title  *'  with  Flashlight  and  Rifle "  established 
for  its  author  a  reputation  in  Germany,  England, 
and  America  as  an  African  explorer.  The 
unique  feature  of  the  work,  however,  was  not  in 
its  text,  but  rather  in  the  remarkalle  series  of 
illustrations,  every  one  of  which  was  made  from 
a  photograph  taken  by  the  author  himself  and 
reproduced  from  the  original  negative  without 
retouching  of  any  kind.  These  remarkable  pho- 
tographs at  once  attracted  and  held  the  attention 
of  the  reader.  The  author,  Mr.  C.  G.  Schilling, 
has  now  brought  out  a  companion  volume,  **  In 
Wildest  Africa"  (Harpers),  accompanied  by 
300  additional  photographic  studies  direct  from 
the  author's  negatives.  Mr.  Schilling's  main 
motive  in  writing  this  book  is  to  iSrge  that  steps 
be  taken  at  once  to  prevent  the  extermination  of 
African  wild  life. 

A  noteworthy  contribution  to  the  descriptive 
literature  of  vanishing  peoples,  which  the  pub- 
lishers (Harpers)  have  brought  out  in  an  ex- 
ceedingly attractive  and  artistic  form,  is  "The 
Indians*  Book,"  recorded  from  the  utterances 
and  pictorial  reproductions  by  the  Indians  them- 
selves and  edited  by  Natalie  Curtis.  This  is  a 
record  of  the  lore,  musical  and  poetic,  of  the 
American  Indians,  with  illustrations  from  pho- 
tographs and  from  original  drawings  by  Indians 
themselves.  By  far  the  most  interesting  illus- 
trations in  the  volume  are  those  reproduced 
from  drawings  by  red  men,  each  tribe  now  ex- 
istent being  represented.  In  its  compilation  the 
oldest  men  and  women,  keepers  of  the  ancient 
lore,  were  consulted,  and  it  is  the  Indian  ver- 
dict that  the  book  "  speaks  with  a  straight 
tongue."  Song,  ceremony,  prayer,  legend,  and 
folk  lore  are  all  given.  The  editor  in  her  intro- 
duction makes  a  plea  for  not  only  better  treat- 
ment of  the  Indian  as  a  man,  but  for  some  system- 


THE  AMERICAN  REk'IElV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


DAKOTA  TITLE  PAGE  TO  "THE  INDIANS'  BOOK." 

A   Dakota   brave   and   medicine   man   painted    by   a 

Dalcota  Indian. 


atic  and  conscious  attempt  at  preservation  of 
the  artistic  skill  in  handicraft  which  he  pos- 
sesses. *•  We  are  a  people  of  great  mechanical 
and  inventive  genius,  but  we  are  not  naturally 
song-makers,  poets,  or  designers.  Can  we  af- 
ford to  lose  from  our  country  any  sincere  and 
spontaneous  art  impulse,  however  crude?  The 
undeveloped  \alents  native  to  the  aboriginal 
American  are  precisely  those  in  which  the 
Anglo-Saxon  American  is  deficient." 

A  Kentucky  mountain  man,  Mr.  William  H. 
Haney,  has  written  a  book  on  "  The  Mountain 
People  of  Kentucky "  (Cincinnati :  The  Robert 
Clarke  Company).  Most  of  the  accounts  of  life 
in  eastern  Kentucky  that  have  heretofore  been 
published  have  been  more  of  less  objective  in 
character,  representing  the  views  of  interested 
observers  from  the  outside.  In  this  modest  vol- 
ume by  Mr.  Haney  we  have  the  mountain  man's 
own  impressions  of  the  character  and  future  of 
his  own  people, — the  people  who  dwell  in  that 
part  of  the  United  States  which  President  Frost 
has  so  aptly  designated  as  "Appalachian 
America."  President  Frost's  declaration  that 
"  the  poor  boy  is  the  hope  of  the  mountains  of 
Kentucky"  receives  full  confirmation  from  a 
reading  of  Mr.  Haney's  most  interesting  sketch. 

In  "A  Handbook  of  the  Philippines"  (Chi- 
cago: A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.)  Mr.  Hamilton  M. 
Wright  attempts  to  portray  the  Philippines  as 
they  are  to-day,  giving  just  enough  of  the  his- 


tory of  the  islands  to  enable  the  reader  to  fona 
intelligent  conclusions  regarding  modem  condi- 
tions m  the  archipelago.  The  writer  dweUs  on 
the  commercial  importance  of  the  Philippints. 
stating  that  the  Filipinos  are  far  better  educated 
as  to  American  goods  than  are  other  Oriental 
peoples.  American  importers,  he  says,  art 
everywhere  in  the  archipelago  handling  Ameri- 
can wares.  The  islands  are  now  purchasing  an- 
nually $10,000,000  worth  of  imports  from  Europe, 
most  of  which  America  will  supply  as  scK)n  as 
American  manufacturers  learn'  to  put  up  thar 
goods  in  a  form  to  meet  the  demands  of  the 
countries  to  which  they  are  sold.  NIr.  Wrisrht 
has  had  good  opportunities  for  obtaining  first- 
hand information,  having  traveled  almost  20,000 
miles  through  the  interior  of  the  islands  or. 
horseback  and  afoot,  and  still  gjreater  distances 
by  boat  and  other  means.  The  volume  is  well 
supplied  with  maps  and  illustrations. 

Two  new  volumes  on  Japan  are  noteworthy: 
Dr.  William  E.  Griffis'  **  The  Japanese  Nation 
in  Evolution  "  (Crowell)  and  **  Life  of  Japan,' 
by  Masuji  Miyakawa  (Baker-Taylor).  Dr 
Griffis,  who  is  perhaps  better  fitted  by  actual 
experience  than  any  other  living  Western  writer 
to  discuss  the  Mikado's  empire,  attempts  in  this 
volume  to  trace  to  its  white  ancestry  die  Arj-an. 
or  Ainu,  stock,  the  secret  of  the  nation's  su- 
periority. It  is  a  scholarly  book,  presenting  a 
thorough  discussion  of  Japanese  ethnology,— 
not,  however,  in  a  technical  manner.  Mr.  Mi- 
yakawa's  volume  is  of  a  diflFcrent  sort.  It  is 
really  a  general  study  of  Japan's  progfress,  with 
a  spirited  account  of  the  empire's  "  romantic  re- 
lation to  the  United  States."  Mr.  Miyakawa,  it 
will  be  remembered,  is  author  of  a  law  volume 
entitled  "  Powers  of  the  American  People." 

In  his  volume  **  The  Real  Australia"  (George 
W.  Jacobs  &  Co.)  Alfred  Buchanan  attempts  to 
do   from   the   standpoint   of   a   native   what  is 


MR.    WILLIAM    H.    HANEV. 


THE  NEIV  BOOKS. 


Jsually  done  for  a  country  and  people  by  "  a 
:raveled  and  cosmopolitan  novelist  who  rushes 
across  Japan  and  biberia  and  is  back  in  six 
nonths  with  the  manuscript  of  a  book  that  will 
*xhaust  the  subject/'  Mr.  Buchanan's  style  is 
dignified  and  his  narrative  informing. 

A  trenchantly  written  volume  of  courageously 
expressed  opinions  on  "  The  Near  East "  has 
L>een  brought  out  by  Doubleday,  Page.  So  in- 
risive  and  outspoken  are  the  opinions  that  the 
luthor  thinks  it  advisable  not  to -sign  his  name. 
The  book  is  really  a  discussion  of  the  present 
situation  in  Montenegro,  Bosnia,  Servia,  Bul- 
garia, Roumania,  Turkey,  and  Macedonia.  It 
:ontains  many  plain  statements  and  considerable 
outspoken  criticism.  All  through  the  Balkan 
[>eninsula  to-day,  says  the  writer,  the  weak  are 
being .  crushed   by   the   strong.     Moreover,    "  to 


DR.   WILLIAM   E.  GRIFFIS. 

Germany  in  great  measure  is  the  present  terri- 
ble state  of  Macedonia  due."  The  volume  is  il- 
lustrated from  photographs  taken  by  the  author 
and  Princess  Xenia  of  Montenegro. 

An  excellent  book  of  travels,  unusually  well 
told,  is  Frederic  Courtland  Penfield's  "  East  of 
Suez"  (Century),  which  is  made  up  of  de- 
scriptions of  a  visit  to  Ceylon,  India,  China,  and 
Japan,  illustrated  from  drawings  and  photo- 
g^raphs. 

W.  S.  Monroe's  account  of  "Turkey  and  the 
Turks"  (L.  C.  Page  &  Co.)  is  a  thorough  dis- 
:ussion  of  the  lands,  the  peoples,  and  the  institu- 
tions of  the  Ottoman  Empire.  A  bit  of  history 
is  given,  but  the  main  portion  of  the  book  is  de- 
voted to  present-day  conditions,  particularly  to 
the  economic  status  of  the  subject  peoples  and 
the  rank,  progress,  and  general  activities  of 
Constantinople.    The  volume  is  illustrated. 

Prof.  Barrett  Wendell  has  collected  into  a 
[)ook  his  lectures  on  France  and  the  French  peo- 
ple delivered  at  the  French  universities  last  year 


MASUJI    MIYAKAWA. 

in  the  course  of  the  university  exchange  be- 
tween France  and  the  United  States.  Professor 
Wendell,  who  holds  the  chair  of  English  at  Har- 


A   TURKISH    PEASANT. 

Illustration     (redrawn)     from     "Turkey     and     the 

Turks.** 


640 


THE  AMERICAN  RFt^/ElV  OF  RE^IEH'S. 


PROFESSOR  BARRETT  WENDELL. 

vard  and  was  the  first  lecturer  on  the  Hyde 
Foundation  at  the  Sorbonne,  gives  these  impres- 
sions of  contemporary  France  in  eight  lectures 
under  the  general  title  "  The  FVance  of  To- 
day** (Scribners).  It  is  a  rather  keen  study  of 
the  highly  complex  French  temperament  which 
Professor  Wendell  gives  in  considering  the  gen- 
eral subjects  of  the  universities,  the  structure  of 
society,  the  family,  temperament,  literature,  re- 
ligion, and  politics  of  the  French  people. 

In  the  Spanish  series  of  descriptive  historical 
volumes,  issued  by  John  Lane  Company,  we  have 
"  Seville,  The  Pearl  of  Andalusia,"  prepared 
with  numerous  illustrations  by  Albert  F.  Cal- 
vert. 

"  The  Umbrian  Cities  of  Italy,"  a  work  of  art 
and  history,  by  J.  M.  and  A.  M.  Cruickshank, 
has  been  brought  out  in  two  volumes,  copiously 
illustrated,  by  L.  C.  Page  &  Co. 
^  A  finely  illustrated  little  volume  is  Dr.  Her- 
•  bert  M.  Vaughan's  book  on  '*  The  Naples  Ri- 
vierjf"  (Stokes).  The  illustrations  in  color  arc 
by  Maurice  Greiffenhagen. 

Another  descriptive  book  on  Italian  scenery 
is  "Scenes  and  Shrines  in  Tuscany"  (Dutton), 
by  Dorothy  Neville  Lees. 

"  On  the  Mexican  Highlands,"  a  volume  of 
travelers'  impressions,  by  William  Seymour  Ed- 
wards, comes  from  the  press  of  Jennings  & 
Graham. 

In  "With  Wordsworth  in  England"  (Mc- 
Clurg)  Anna  Ben ne son  McMahon  takes  the 
reader  of  English  poetry  through  the  country 
sung  of  and  described  by  the  gentle  poet,  quot- 
ing appropriate  verses  and  also  from  Words- 
worth's correspondence.  The  volume  is  illus- 
trated from  photographs. 

A  series  of  bright,  philosophic  remarks  on 
travel  in  general  have  been  gathered  into  a  lit- 
tle volume  by  Don  C.  Seitz,  which  is  entitled 
"Discoveries  in  Every-Day  Europe"  (Har- 
pers). 


An  entertaining  volume  of  travels,  *Iii 
Search  of  El-Dorado"  (George  W.  Jacobs ^. 
recites  the  globe-trotting  experiences  of  Alex- 
ander Macdonald,  F.  R.  G.  S. 

OTHER  IMPORTANT  BOOKS  OP  THB  MONTH. 

In  the  Variorum  Edition  of  Shakespeare,  ed- 
ited by  Dr.  Horace  Howard  Fumess  (Philadel- 
phia: J.  B.  Lippincott  Company),  the  version  of 
*' Antony  and  Cleopatra  "  has  just  appeared  h 
is  hardly  necessary  to  remind  our  readers  tha' 
the  high-water  mark  of  Shakespearean  scholar- 
ship has  been  attained  in  this  remarkable  cci 
tion.  The  fullness  and  richness  of  the  criticii 
notes  afford  some  compensation  to  Shakespear- 
ean students  for  the  long  intervals  that  ocomi 
between  the  pubUcation  of  the  several  plays. 

Mr.  Romeyn  Beck  Hough's  "  Handbook  oi 
the  Trees  of  the  Nortliern  States  and  Canada" 
(Lowville,  N.  Y. :  published  by  the  author)  ii 
unique  in  arrangement  and  descriptive  method 
It  is  made  up  of  a  series  of  photographic  illus- 
trations of  fresh  leaves,  fruits,  leaflets,  branch- 
lets,  and  typical  barks  of  our  native  trees,  ac- 
companied by  terse  descriptive  paragraphs,  in- 
cluding all  the  essential  points  necessary  for 
identification  of  the  various  species.  In  each  in- 
stance the  trunk  of  the  tree  is  pictured  on  the 
right-hand  page,  while  the  leaves,  branchlets, 
and  fruit  appear  on  the  facing  left-hand  page 
As  a  convenient  means  of  indicating  size  the 
background  of  all  the  leaf  illustrations  is  ruled 
into  square  inches.  The  illustrations  used 
throughout  the  work  were  made  from  photo- 
graphs taken  by  the  author  himself,  who  is  an 
experienced  forester  and  expert  on  the  subjea 
of  American  woods.  These  photographs  arc  of 
unusual  excellence  and  give  to  this  handbook 
its  distinctive  value  as  a  work  of  reference. 

The  lectures  for  the  year  1907  on  the  Bull 
Foundation  at  the  Philadelphia  Divinity  School 
were  delivered  by  Booker  T.  Washington  and 
W.  E.  Burghardt  DuBois,  and  were  devoted  to 
the  economic  progress  of  the  negro  in  the 
South  in  relation  to  his  moral  and  rehgious 
development.  The  lectures  havfe  now  been  pub- 
lished in  a  volume  entitled  **  The  Negro  in  the 
South"  (Philadelphia:  George  W.  Jacobs  k 
Co.).  They  contain  an  excellent  summing  up 
from  the  negro's  point  of  view  of  the  conditions^ 
both  adverse  and  favorable,  under  which  the 
Southern  negro  is  gradually  working  out  his 
own  salvation. 

One  of  the  most  timely  of  the  fall  books  is 
"  Railway  Corporations  as  Public  Servants,**  by 
Henry  S.  Hames  (Macmillan).  The  author, 
who  is  an  experienced  engineer  and  railroad 
manager,  gives  in  this  volume  an  exposition  of 
the  real  nature  of  the  public  service  performed 
by  railroads,  the  public  burden  imposed  on  rail- 
roads, and  the  recent  attempt  to  secure  pubhc 
control  through  legislation.  In  the  discussion  of 
these  topics  the  author's  point  of  view  differs 
from  that  of  most  writers  on  railroad  problems, 
and  the  reader  is  enabled  to  gain  from  his 
pages  a  clearer  conception  of  the  advantages 
inherent  in  railroad  management  and  the  htile- 
understood  aspects  of  the  railroad  problems 
which  present  themselves  to  those  who  are  act- 
ually in  control  of  our  great  transportation  s>'s- 
tems. 


THE  AMERICAN   REVIEW   OF   REVIEWS. 

EDITED  BY  ALBERT  SHAW. 
CONTENTS   FOR    DECEMBER,  1907. 


VS^all    Street  During    the    Banking 

Panic Frontupiccc 

The  Progress  of  the  World— 

Rdief  for  the  Money  Markets 643 

Banks  and  Their  Functions 643 

Panici  and  Their  Nature 644 

••Credit-  and  Ordinary  Buaness. 644 

Banks  and  Current  Tiade 645 

Scarcity  of  Capital 646 

Luzuriotts  Expenditure 647 

No  Money  to  Be  Borrowed 648 

Sound  and  Solid  Progress 648 

CaoMS  of  Reaction. 648 

Too  Much  WaU-Street  Control 648 

Speculation  and  Finance 649 

1^  threat  Knickerbocker  Failure 649 

Bankers  and  Their  Duties. 650 

As  to  Guaranteeing  Depositors 650 

Need  of  Security 651 

Postal  Savings  Banb 651 

How  the  Tide  Was  Turned 652 

The  Final  GoTernment  Coup 652 

Need  of  Elastic  Curriebcy 652 

The  President's  Views. , 654 

The  Chicago  Trust  Conference  -. 654 

Some  Resulls  of  die  Panic 655 

Immitfation  and  Labor 655 

Dull  Times  and  the  Tariff 656 

Wood  Pulp  and  the  Taritf 656 

The  November  Elections. 656 

Congress  and  Politics 657 

Progress  at  Panama 657 

The  Central  American  Peace  Confere:ice 658 

Our  New  Ambassador  to  Germany 659 

The  Net  Result  at  The  Hague 660 

The  Reet  and  the  Pacific 660 

The  Sailing  of  the  Fleet ,...  661 

Japan's  P^iceful  Aims 661 

The  WorU's  ParUamenls  and  CabioeU 661 

The  Hard- Working  British  Ministry 661 

The  Threatened  I^way  Strike  in  England . .  662 

Kaiser  Wilhehn  in  England 663 

The  Berlin  Court  Scandals 663 

A  Corrupt  "Court  Ring" 663 

A  Sensational  Trial 664 

Russia's  Third  Duma 664 

"  Sky- Autoing  "  versus  Drifting 665 

Records  in  Ballooning 665 

Wltb  portraits,  cartoons, .  and  other  illustrations. 

Record  of  Current  Events '..\.  666 

Some  of  the  Recent  Cartoons 669 

The  Present  Financial  Crisis 672 

By  Byron  W.  Holt 


The  West's  Financial  Revelation....  677 

By  Charles  Moreau  Harger. 

Trust  Companies  and  the  Panic 680 

By  William  Justus  Boies. 

The  Clearing-HousCy — ^Its  Scope  and 

Functions 684 

•  By  Frank  Greene. 

(With  fftcirfTnila  of  dearing-house  oertiflcate.) 

An  Artist's  Plea  for  American  Art  . .  688 
American  Painting  To-day 689 

By  Ernest  Knaulft 
With  illustrations. 

Victoria:  Queen,  Wife,  and  Mother..  703 

By  Jeannette  L.  Gikler. 
With  portraits. 

The  German  Toy  Industry. 708 

By  Edward  T.  Heyn. 
With  Illustrations. 

The  Navy  Department  and  Its  Work.  714 

By  Winthrop  L.  Marvin. 
With   portraits  and  other  illustrations. 

TheS^oU  of  the  Tourist. 723 

By  Charles  F.  Speare. 
The  Net  Result  at  The  Hague 727 

By  David  Jayne  Hill. 

Leading  Articles  of  the  Month — 

The  Decay  of  Childhood 731 

,  Education  of  the  Neglected  f^ich 732 

The  Migrations  of  Labor 733 

Fiftieth  Anniversary  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  735 

The  Centenary  of  Whittier 736 

The  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts  and  Iti  Influence  .  737 

Oil  Transportation  Industry 738 

Norway's  "  Fight  of  the  Tongues  " 739 

Fascinating  Egjrpt  Old  and  New 741 

The  Growth  of  German  Trades-Unionism  . . .  744 

The  World  Renascence  of  Mohammedanism..  745 

Railroad  Control  in  Mexico 747 

I^elisious  Philosophy  of  the  German  Kaiser. . .  748 

A  New  Plan  for  State  Liouor  Control 749 

Modern  **  Illuminati "  and  Relidous  Thought .  750 

The  Situation  Before  the  Third  Duma 751 

With  portraits. 

The  New  Books 753 

With   portraits  and  other   illustrations. 

The  Season's  Books  for  Children 762 

With  illustrations. 


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THE    AMERICAN 

Review  of  Reviews 


Vol.   XXXVI. 


NEW  YORK,  DECEMBER,  1907. 


No.  6 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


BHi9f  for  ^^  ^^  announced  on  the  morning 
tk0  Mofff/  of  November  1 8  that  the  Govern- 
mark€t8,  ^^^^  ^^  Washington  had  de- 
cided upon  two  important  measures  for  the 
relief  of  the  money  markets  of  the  cpuntry. 
One  of  these  was  the  issue  of  Panama  Canal 
construction  bonds  to  the  extent  of  $516,000,- 
ofX>J  The  other  was  the  exercise  of  a  powei 
conferred  by  Con^^rrss  at  the  time  of  the  war 
with  Spain,  undtr  sv^hich  the  Executive  may 
issue  short-term  notes  to  be  marketed  in  such 
a  way  as  to  provide  rtadv  means  for  public 
needs.  Under  this  authority  it  was  deter- 
mined to  issue  $ioo/xx>,fK)o  of  notes  bear- 
ing interest  at  3  per  cent.  The  plan,  as 
worked  out  by  President  Roosevelt,  Mr. 
Cortelyou,  Secretary'  oi  the  Treasury,  and 
the  other  members  of  the  Administration* 
provided  for  the  use  of  these  new  bonds  and 
notes  as  a  basis  upon  which  the  banks  could 
issue  new  currency  and  thus  assist  in  the 
restoration  of  normal  business  conditions. 

wttat  '^^^  ^^^^  reader  wholly  unfamiliar 
Ha^  with  financial  and  business  af- 
Mapp^n^.  fairs  it  is  not  altogether  easy  to 
explain  things  that  have  happened  within,  the 
past  fcw^  weeks.  From  the  standpoint  of  the 
ordinaiy  thrifty  individual  who  had  somi 
money  deposited,  whet  fie  r  in  an  ordinary 
bank,  a  savings  bank^  or  a  trust  company,  the 
thing  apparent  was  an  infectious  sort  of 
fear*  It  spread  from  New  York  across  the 
country  w^ith  great  rapid  ity^  until  it  assumed 
the  form  of  a  veritable  panic  on  a  continental 
«MraIe-  Certain  banks,  and  trust  .companies 
had  failed  and  had  closed  their  doors  against 
depositors  who  were  trying  to  get  their 
money  out.  This  led  people  to  feel  that  other 
banks  and  trust  companies  might  also  be  in 
trouUe,  and  an  unusually  large  number  of 
people  on  one  pretext  or  another  began  to 
draw  out  their  deposits.  Weak  institutions 
soon  had  their  closet  skeletons  exposed  when 


Copyrighu  iyo7.  by  Tach  Bros..  N.  V. 

HON.  GEORGE  B.  CORTELYOU,  SECRETARY  OF  THE 
TREASURY. 

this,  ordeal  had  to  be  faced.  Strong  institu- 
tions, on  the  other  l^^nd,  were  compelled  to 
band  themselves  together  for  mutual  pro- 
tection, because  an  unreasoning  sort  of  dread 
is  sometimes  communicated  from  one  deposi- 
tor to  another,  so  that  a  perfectly  sound  and 
well-administered  bank  may  be  subjected  to 
demands  .that,  it  could  not  meet  without 
delay.  Our  clearing-house  article, — on  page 
684, — explains  in  detail. 


It  is  the  business  of  banks  to  lend 
money   to   the  commercial  com- 


Banka 
and  Their 
Functions. 


munity  upon  safe  security  and 
upon  the  established  credit  of  reputable  busi- 
ness names  and  reputations.     If  a  bank  ke 


644 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REI//EIVS. 


nary  times,  taking  things  on  the  average,  a 
bank  takes  in  as  much  moAey  from  day  to 
day  at  the  window  of  the  receiving  teller  as 
it  passes  out  at  the  window  of  the  patying 
teller.  It  is  merely  necessary  to  keep  on  hand 
a  certain  percentage  of  its  resources  as  a  re- 
serve fund  to  meet  possible  emergencies  when 
demands  for  payment  are  much  in  excess  of 
current  deposits.  The  great  bulk  of  the  re- 
sources of  the  bank,  meanwhile,  is  supposed 
to  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  business  people 
in  the  form  of  interest-bearing  loans.  No 
legitimate  condition  of  business  is  ever  going 
to  compel  all  depositors  to  make  a  wild  rush 
at  the  same  time  to  draw  their  money  out  of 
all  the  banks. 


Panic* 

and  Their 

Mature, 


A    GEBMAN     VIEW     OP    THR    PANIC     IN     WALL     STREET. 

From  Kladderadaiach,  Berlin. 

in  its  vaults  all  of  the  money  that  its  de- 
positors bring  to  it  it  would  miss  its  func- 
tions altogether,  for  it  is  not  the  business  of 
a  bank  to  withhold  money  from  circulation 
by  locking  it  up  in  the  vaults,  but  to  keep  as 
much  as  possible  of  the  money  of  the  country 
moving  in  the  channels  of  trade.     In  ordi- 


When  such  a  rush  occurs  the 
reasons  are  psychological.  Peo- 
ple have  become  panic-stricken 
with  the  idea  that  the  banks  are  unsafe  and 
that  they  must  get  their  money  out  at  the 
quickest  possible  moment.  The  money  once 
out  is,  under  such  circumstances,  hoarded 
until  the  people  are  in  a  different  state  of 
mind.  They  lock  it  up  in  safe-deposit  boxes, 
or  hide  it  in  various  ways  about  their  homes. 
It  is  thus  taken  out  of  the  channels  of  busi- 
ness circulation,  and  there  ensues, — if  such  a 
movement  is  widespread, — a  condition  that 
makes  what  is  called  a  currency  famine.  A 
great  part  of  the  ordinary  business  of  the 
country  is  carried  on  by  means  of  what  is 
known  as  credit.  Thus,  in  the  autumn,  all 
over  the  country  there  are  producers  of  com, 
wheat,  cotton,  and  other  natural  products 
'who  are  in  the  habit  of  selling  their  crops  at 
the  nearest  market  town  to  dealers  who  pay 
them  in  cash.  These  dealers  in  turn  sell  to 
the  large  market  centers,  and  -the  crops  arr 
thus  distributed  for  domestic  and  foreign  use. 
This  series  of  transactions,  known  as  the 
"  movement  of  the  crops,"  rests  in  large  part 
upon  the  banks,  which  are  accustomed  to  ad- 
vance the  money  with  which  to  pay  the  fann- 
ers and  the  local  dealersi  The  crops  are  so  vast 
and  so  valuable  that  the  sums  of  money  en- 
gaged in  marketing  them  are  also  enonnoos. 

But  the  banks  in  turn  arc  de- 
pendent upon  their  regular  de- 
positors for  the  greater  part  of 
the  volume  of  money  they  are  able  to  lend 
for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  this  vast  crop 
movement  and  other  analogous  transactions, 
such  as  the  distribution  of  the  winter's  sup- 
ply of  coal,  of  dry-goods  and  general  mer- 
chandise, and  so  on.    And  if  people  who  usu- 


'Credit"  and 
Ordinary 
Butineat, 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


645 


dly  deposit  money  in  the  banks  are  not  only 
if  raid  to  make  fresh  deposits,  but  are  simul- 
:aneously  scrambling  to  withdraw  all  that 
they  have  already  deposited,  it  is  evident 
that  the  banks  cannot,  with  their  usual  con- 
idencc  and  freedom,  supply  the  means  with 
kvhich  to  lubricate  the  marketing  of  crops 
md  the  distribution  of  other  commodities. 
Furthermore,  the  great  majority  of  indus- 
trial and  manufacturing  establishments  are 
iepcndent  to  a  considerable  extent  upon  the 
use  of  borrowed  money  for  what  is  known  as 
'  working  capital."  The  manufacturer  has 
to  make  large  pi/rchases  of  raw  material  and 
has  to  pay  his  workmen  during  the  period 
that  must  elapse  before  he  can  sell  his  fin- 
ished product  and  receive  payment.  He  is 
likely  to  rely  upon  his  bank  to  assist  him  in 
what  is  known  as  the  "  turn  over  "  of  his 
3utput.  The  wholesaler  of  merchandise 
pays  the  factory  in  notes  having  a  time  limit 
of  several  months,  perhaps,  and  in  turn  he 
receives  the  notes  of  the  retail  merchants 
whose  needs  he  is  in  the  habit  of  supplying. 
The  banks  in  both  cases  are  in  the  habit  of 
discounting  the  notes;  that  is  to  say,  they 
lend. the  manufacturer  money  on  the  notes  of 
the  jobber,  and  they  lend  the  jobber  money 
on  the  notes  of  the  retailer. 


MR.    GEORGE    F.    BAKER,    PRESIDENT    OF    THE    FIRST 
NATIONAL   BANK    OP    NEW    YORK. 

(Who  aided  Mr.  Morgan  and  the  Clearing-IIoiise 
Committee. ) 


MR.   J.    PIERPONT    MORGAN,   WHO   LED   IN    EFFORTS 
TO  RELIEVE   THE   PANIC. 

Banks  ^^  ^^^  banks  are  suddenly  put  in 
and  Current  a  Condition  where  they  cannot 
extend  the  customary  credit  to 
the  manufacturers,  the  jobbers,  and  the  mer- 
cantile community  at  large,  it  is  easy  on  re- 
flection to  see  what  a  frightful  check  may  be 
placed  upon  the  ordinary  freedom  of  the  so- 
called  distributive  process.  Now  it  is  just 
these  phenomena  that  we  have  been  witness- 
ing for  some  weeks  past  in  the  United  States. 
The  subject  has  so  many  phases  that  when  a 
little  time  has  passed,  so  that  it  may  be 
studied  in  the  historic  and  objective  way, 
various  experts  will  write  large  books  upop 
the  monetary  panic  of  1907  and  the  general 
financial  and  industrial  conditions  that 
caused  it  and  followed  it.  It  will  not,  there- 
fore, be  useful  to  attempt  now  to  anticipate 
in  detail  the  studies  and  explanations  that 
can  only  be  made  with  real  value  when  the 
events  are  a  little  more  remote.  There  are, 
however,  a  great  many  things  that  can  fairly 
be  said  at  the  present  time.  In  the  first  place, 
it  is  well  to  remember  that  there  have  been 
certain  sigrts  of  impending  trouble  for  many 
months  past.  The  article  contributed  by 
Mr.  Byron  Holt  to  our  pages  this  month 
sets  forth  these  matters  in  a  remarkable  way. 
He  writes  as  an  authority  upon  financial 
subjects,  and  other  able  writers  treat  of  dif- 
ferent phases  of  the  business  situation. 


m 


THE  AMERICAN  kEl^lElV  OP  kE^/El^S. 


Alexander  Gilbert 

(President  of  the  Market  and 

Fulton   National  Bank.) 


William   A.   Nash. 

(President  of  the  Corn  Exchange 

Bank.) 


James  T.  Woodward. 
(President    of    the    Hanover   Na- 
tional  Hank,   chairman.) 


Soarolty 
Capital. 


The  first  and  most  important 
fact  among  those  readily  to  be 
discerned  has  been  the  great 
scarcity  of  capital.  It  should  be  remembered 
that  capital  does  not  mean  money  or  cur- 
rency, but  property  in  such  available  form 


that  It  can  be  loaned  and  applied  fredy  to 
one  purpose  or  another.  Thus  a  man  whose 
capital  has  gone  into  the  form  of  investment 
in  houses  and  lands  cannot  use  that  capital  to 
invest  in  railroad  bonds  unless  he  may  find  i 
purchaser  who  will  pay  him  for  his  real  estate. 


Photosrapha  by  GoMford.  N.  Y. 

Alonzo   B.   Hepburn. 
^President  of  the  Chase  National 
Bank.) 


Dumont  Clarke.  Edward   Townseftd. 

(President   of   the   American   Ex-      (President  of  the  Importeis*  tad 
change  National  Bank.)  Traders'  National  Bank.) 

THE  SIX   MEMBERS  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  CLEARING-HOUSE  COMMITTEE. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD. ' 


647 


CirpirL^lii,  I'Ai-.,  hy  I   iiLlrJHtjrfxl  Jt  I.  ii.!(*tWL"4JHl>  S^  V. 

UNLOADING    MILLIONS    IN    COLD    AT.   NEW    YORK     FROM    A   EUROPEAN    STEAMER. 


When  the  free  capital  of  a  country  available 
for  investment  in  important  enterprises  such 
as  the  construction  of  railroads  becomes  to  a 
great  extent  fixed  in  construction  work,  much 
of  which  has  perhaps  not  yet  begun  to  yield 
returns,  it  is  not  unusual  that  there  should 
begin  to  appear  the  phenomenon  known  as 
scarcit)^  of  capitnj.  This  is  exactly  what  has 
happened  in  the  United  States.  We  have 
been  developiag  during  the  past  decade  at  a 
rate  bgfond  all  precedent.  The  country  has 
been  so  prosperous  in  its  crops  and  its  varied 
economic  undertakings  that  there  has  been 
an  increasing  buoyancy  and  confidence.  All 
aver  the  countr>^  the  price  of  real  estate  has 
risen.  Throughout  the  West  there  has  been 
great  increase  in  the  value  of  farm  lands,  and 
around  New  York  and  other  cities  there  has 
been  both  real  and  speculative  advances  in 
th**  v?lMf»  of  T^ii'lrHng  plots.  There  has  also 
been  tremendous  investment  in  the  extension 
of  trolley  lines,  in  the  opening  of  mines,  in 
the  development  of  factories,  and  in  a  thou- 
sand detailed  ways.  These  things  have  been 
going  on  simultaneously  in  various  parts  of 


the  country,  and  no  one  has  quite  realized 
what  they  meant  in  the  aggregate. 


Luxurfoua 
turt. 


Moreover,  alongside  of  these 
well-intended  investments  in  the 
lines  of  business  expansion,  there 
has  been  a  remarkable  average  increase  in 
the  general  scale  of  living.  The  rich  have 
become  more  luxurious  and  have  spent  hun- 
dreds if  not  thousands  of  millions  bf  dollars 
in  the  construction  of  splendid  palaces  from  i 
one  end  of  the  country  to  the  other.  Hun- 
dreds of  millions  of  dollars  has  been  spent 
for  automobiles  alone,  and  a  great  deal  of 
this  money  has  been  spent  by  those  Who 
could  ill  afford  it.  Such  an  outlook  repre- 
sents the  withdrawal  of  capital  much  of 
which  would  otherwise  be  available  for  the 
carrying  on  of  business  enterprises.  Again, 
there  has  been  much  more  expended  in  the 
past  two  or  three  years  for  such  beneficial 
though  costly  purposes  as  European  travel 
than  at  any  earlier  period  in  our  history.  It 
is  obvious  that  the  same  money  cannot  be 
spent  at  the  same  time  for  automobiles  and 


648 


THE  AMERICAN  REl/IElV  OF  REI/IElVS. 


for  the  financing  of  the  extension  of  trolley 
lines  or  the  double-tracking  of  railroads. 

No  Mtmey    ^^  ^^^  ^^^^  railroad  companies 

to  B9       have  been  face  to  face  with  the 

Borrou,mt.     ^^^j   ^f   ^^  extension   of   their 

facilities  to  accommodate  the  inunense 
growth  .of  business.  Yet  they  have  not  been 
able  to  borrow  the  money,  and  so  their  ex- 
tension work  has  been  for  the  most  part  post- 
poned. Their  inability  to  borrow  money  is 
not  due  to  lack  of  confidence  in  the  security 
of  railroad  bonds,  although  there  might  have 
been  some  feeling  of  this  kind ;  but  it  is  due 
chiefly  to  the  fact  that  there  are  no  large 
available  supplies  of  capital  free  just  now  to 
enter  into  that  form  of  investment.  Instead 
of  expanding  our  business  and  our  credit  by 
diverging  straight  lines,  we  have  been  ex- 
panding by  diverging  curved  lines.  In  short, 
we  have  been  pushing  things  forward  in  such 
a  way  that  a  slackening  and  a  reaction  were 
bound  to  take  place.  Just  one  year  ago  we 
published  a  remarkable  article  from  the  pen 
of  the  editor  of  the  Manufacturers'  Record, 
entitled  "  The  Most  Prosperous  Period  in 
Our  History."  It  sets  forth  by  means  of 
statistics  and  of  graphic  devices  a  growth  in 
our  material  development  since  1900  that 
amazed  even  the  most  intelligent  readers. 
Everything  seemed  so  safe  and  sound  that 
optimism  everywhere  prevailed,  and  few  in- 
deed were  those  who  believed  that  any  se- 
rious reaction  could  be  experienced  in  the 
near  future. 

Sound  ^^  matters  stand,  let  us  endeav- 
anti  Solid  or  to  make  a  clear  distinction  in 
ProgrtM,  ^^^  minds  between  the  develop- 
ment of  resources  that  has  been  valuable  and 
that  makes  for  the  permanent  enrichment  of 
the  country  and  the  speculative  abuses  which 
are  likely  to  attend  a  period  of  great  pros- 
perity. For  example,  the  money  that  has 
been  expended  in  the  opening  of  farms  and 
the  improvement  of  agricultural  conditions 
will  fully  justify  itself.  The  same  thing  is 
true  of  all  outlays  for  the  improvement  of 
transportation  service.  The  hundreds  of 
millions  expended  for  the  more  advantageous 
production  of  iron  and  steel  will  be  justified 
in  the  ultimate  results.  Nearly  all  that  has 
gone  into  the  vast  expansion  of  cotton  mill- 
ing in  the  South  and  of  varied  manufactur- 
ing throughout  the  rest  of  the  country  will 
sooner  or  later  give  ample  returns  upon  the 
capital  that  has  been  absorbed.  Thus  most 
of  the  great  progress  of  the  decade  that  lies 


behind  us  is  not  merely  apparent  but  real 
and  permanent.  The  rate  of  advanceinent 
in  material  directions  will  be  checked  and 
retarded  for  a  time,  but  what  has  been 
gained  will  not  be  lost. 

Cauau  '^^^  reaction  has  been  attributed 
of  to  several  causes,  but  it  should  be 
Roaotion.  remembered  that  it  would  have 
come  in  any  case.  The  structure  of  credit 
had  become  so  much  inflated  that  the  basis  of 
available  capital  upon  whicTi  it  rested  could 
no  longer  support  it  With  the  tendency  to 
do  business  in  the  large  way,  there  has  been 
a  corresponding  tendency  to  center  the  con- 
trol of  business  in  New  York  in  association 
with  the  center  of  financial  operations.  The 
amalgamation  of  railroads  into  large  systems 
has  brought  the  control  of  transportation  into 
Wall  Street.  The  oil  business,  the  sugar 
business,  the  steel  business,  the  tobacco  busi- 
ness, and  a  great  many  other  leading  indus- 
tries are  practically  controlled  from  oflices 
located  in  the  financial  district  of  New  York 
City.  The  chief  insurance  companies  of  the 
country,  with  their  assets  reaching  into  the 
hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars,  have  their 
headquarters  in  that  same  financial  district. 
The  great  insurance  companies,  railroad  com- 
panies, and  industrial  companies  are  now 
controlled  by  a  set  of  men  who  also  control 
the  great  banks  and  trust  companies  of  New 
York  City.  It  is  easy  to  see,  therefore,  when 
one  stops  to  reflect,  how  anything  that  tends 
to  throw  distrust  upon  the  management  of 
one  of  these  sets  of  interests  must  aflfect  other 
sets  of  interests  in  the  public  mind. 

Too  Much  ^^^  insurance  investigations  in 
waii-strett  New  York  played  their  part  in 
*"  "*  *  awakening  distrust,  whether  well- 
founded  or  ill-founded.  Certain  railroad  in- 
vestigations also  had  similar  effects.  Dis- 
closures in  the  recent  investigation  of  street 
railroad  interests  in  New  York  City  had 
also  their  measure  of  influence  in  arousing  a 
feeling  of  distrust.  This  distrust  played  its 
part  in  keeping  investors  away  from  Wall 
Street,  and  thus  the  actual  shortage  of  capi- 
tal was  increased  by  artificial  causes.  TTie 
companies  that  were  extending  telephone  sys- 
tems and  other  facilities  could  no  longer 
market  their  bonds,  and  so  they  ceased  to  bi^ 
supplies,  especially  copper.  Then  followed 
the  sensational  drop  in  the  market  price  of 
copper,  causing  a  collapse  in  the  market  for 
copper  mining  stocks  and  affecting  very 
directly  certain  banks  and  trust  companies 


THE  PROGRESS  OP  THE  WORLD. 


m 


THE   FIFTH    AVENUE   OFFICES   OF   THE     KNICKERBOCKER    TRUST    COMPANY. 


which  had  been  supporting  copper  interests. 
It  IS  needless  to  follow  the  ramifications  that 
ensue.  When  all  sorts  of  enterprises  seem 
prosperous  and  their  shares  have  a  high 
quotation  in  the  stock  market,  the  banks  and 
trust  companies  are  in  danger  of  assuming 
that  there  can  be  no  end  to  flush  times,  and 
that  these  stocks  are  all  safe  security  for 
loans  of  money.  And  there  is  a  special  dan- 
ger that  the  officers  of  banks  and  trust  com- 
panies wilt  take  this  roseate  view, — if  it 
happens,  as  is  the  case  in  New  York,  that 
the  same  set  of  men  are  acling  as  the  pro- 
moters of  industrial  and  mining  enterprises, 
and  as  the  directors  in  such  companies,  who 
are  also  the  directors  and  officers  of  the  banks 
and  trust  companies. 


speculation 

and 

FJneuiee. 


Under  such  circumstances,  when 
an  industrial  collapse  or  two  oc- 
curs, there  is  almost  sure  to  be 
disclosed  some  weak  point  in  a  bank  or  trust 
company.  This  is  just  what  happened  in 
New  York.  Articles  contributed  to  this 
number  by  capable  experts  in  the  pages  that 


follow  give  many  details  of  what  happened, 
and  it  is  needless  to  recount  them  here.  But 
the  principle  should  be  pointed  out.  Certain 
men  engaged  in  highly  speculative  business 
enterprises,  and  using  a  great  deal  of  money 
borrowed  from  banks  and  trust  companies 
with  which  they  were  more  or  less  directly 
connected,  were  so  unfortunate  as  to  suffer  a 
virtual  collapse  of  their  speculations.  This 
led  to  the  collapse  of  the  financial  institu- 
tions which  had  supported  them.  A  series 
of  disasters  came  to  its  climax  with  the  clos- 
ing of  the  doors  of  the  great  Knickerbocker 
Trust  Company.  Doubt  had  been  cast  upon 
its  condition  and  it  could  not  meet  the  drain 
that  followed.  It  had  deposits  to  the  amount  of 
about  $70,cxx),ooo,  and  most  of  this  money  of 
innocent  and  trusting  people  had  been  loaned 
out  on  widely  varying  kinds  of  security. 


\ 


The  Great 


.„.  w,»«*     ^^  *^  ^^'^'^  ^®  assume  that  it  was  all 
Kniclterbocier  loaned  in  good  faith  and  in  the 
belief  that  the  securities  deposited 
would  protect  the  loans.    But  when  the  col- 
lapse came  it  was  evident  that  there  had  been 


660 


THE  AMERICAN    REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


THE  LATE   MR.    CHARLES   T.    BARNEY. 

great  unwisdom  and  recklessness,  and  that 
this  was  due  primarily  to  the  way  in  which 
men  in  the  control  of  financial  institutions 
have  thrown  themselves  into  the  development 
of  other  kinds  of  business.  The  head  of  the 
Knickerbocker  Trust  Company  was  Mr. 
Charles  T.  Barney,  who  was  a  man  of  busi- 
ness ability  and  of  very  wide  interests  out- 
side of  the  trust  company  which  he  had  per- 
sonally built  up  to  such  great  dimensions. 
After  the  closing  of  the  Knickerbocker  Trust 
Company  late  in  October  Mr.  Barney  had 
resigned  from  the  presidency,  and  his  tragic 
death  in  November  gave  a  further  shock  to 
the  business  community. 


Bahher$ 

and  Their 

Duties. 


A  prominent  Chicago  banker  of 
great  experience  remarked  a  few 
weeks  ago  that-  he  had  never 
known  a  serious  bank  failure  that  was  not 
due  to  the  use  of  bank  funds  by  officers  or 
directors  for  outside  enterprises,  speculative 
or  otherwise.  He  holds  that  nobody  con- 
nected responsibly  with  a  bank  should  ever 
directly  or  indirectly  borrow  that  bank's 
money,  no  matter  upon  what  form  of  se- 


curity. It  might  indeed  not  ht  feasible  to 
fix  such  a  rule  in  the  laws  that  regulate 
banking;  but  it  is  quite  feasible  for  the  stock- 
holders of  banks  to  insist  that  the  officers  and 
directors  shall  not  borrow  the  funds»  and  it 
Ls  still  more  feasible  for  the  officers  and  41 
rectors  themselves  to  agree  that  they  ^ill 
observe  a  conservative  principle  of  this  kinJ. 
The  wreck  of  the  financial  instttutions  at 
Chicago  that  were  controlled  by  i\Ir.  John 
R.  Walsh  was  simply  due  to  the  use  of  thr 
resources  of  the  banks  for  the  carr>Tng  on 
of  Mr.  Walsh's  other  enterprises.  It  ha^ 
become  quite  too  frequent  a  thmg  through- 
out the  country  for  men  hav  ing  large  indus- 
trial or  mining  or  other  interests  to  obtain 
control  of  banks  in  order  that  rhe>^  may  havr 
the  easier  access  to  the  funtl*i  of  the  deposi- 
tors. One  of  the  lessons,  therefore,  to  be* 
taken  to  heart  by  the  country  at  this  time  is 
the  need  of  a  sharper  separation  of  banking 
control  fh)m  the  management  of  business  in- 
terests which  depend  upon  the  borrowing  Df 
money  from  banks. 

Aa  to       J"^^  *^  ^^^^  ^^^^  *^  ™*y  ^  ^^ 

Guaranteeing  to  Call  attention  to  a  Suggestion 

Depoaitora,    j^^    ^^    means    new    but    urged 

afresh  in  various  quarters.  This  suggestion 
is  that  the  Government  of  the  United  States 
should  guarantee  the  safety  of  deposits  in 
the  national  banks.  Our  readers  will  re- 
member that  no  matter  how  disastrously  a 
national  bank  may  fail,  its  circulating  notes, 
that  are  current  throughout  the  country  as  a 
part  of  our  money  supply,  are  not  affected  at 
all.  The  Government  guarantees  them  and 
maintains  a  fund  for  their  protection.  This 
fund  is  collected  in  the  form  of  a  tax  on  the 
banks.  It  has  been  pointed  out  that  a  small 
additional  tax  would  produce  a  fund  that 
would  justify  the  Government  in  guarantee- 
ing the  safety  of  bank  deposits.  It  is  not 
well  to  jump  to  the  conclusion  that  this  step 
ought  to  be  taken.  It  is  evident,  however, 
that  in  a  time  of  panic,  when  all  banks  are 
in  some  danger  of  having  frightened  deposi- 
tors crowding  at  their  doors,  a  Government 
guaranty  of  the  safety  of  deposits  would 
make  a  vast  difference.  People  do  not  make 
runs  on  banks  because  they  want  their 
money  instantly,  but  because  they  want  to 
be  sure  of  its  safety.  If  the  Government 
could  offer  protection  to  rfie  depositors,  as  it 
does  to  the  note  holders,  the  national  banks 
at  least  would  be  practically  immune  from 
the  outbreak  of  depositors'  panics.  As  for 
the  State  banks,  it  would  seem'  possible  for 


THB  PROGRESS  Of'  THE  U^ORLD. 


651 


THE       KUN       ON    THE   LINCOLN    TRUST   COMPANY    OF   NEW   YORK. 


the  States,  if  they  so  chose,  to  offer  protec- 
tion to  depositors,  the  same  thing  being  true 
of  savings  bank. 

^^^^  There  was  a  time  when  a  great 
of         part    of    the    currency    of    this 

^^''^^'  country  was  issued  under  vary- 
ing State  laws,  and  when  the  holders  of 
notes  felt  no  sense  of  security.  All  that  has 
passed  away,  and  to  the  ordinary  citizen  the 
Treasury  notes,  bank  notes,  gold  certificates, 
and  silver  certificates  that  enter  into  the 
great  volume  of  our  circulating  medium  are 
all  alike  perfectly  sound  and  valid,  because 
Uncle  Sam  is  behind  them*  and  will  make 
them  good.  There  is  great  question  as  to 
the  propriety  of  pushing  the  functions  of 
government  very  far  in  the  direction  of  the 
ownership  and  operation  of  public-service 
enterprises.  A  very  different  extension  of 
government  agency,  however,  is  that  which 
lies  in  the  line  of  the  securing  of  mo'netar>' 
and  financial  conditions.  It  is  a  great  pub- 
lic misfortune  when  the  honest  and  indus- 
trious poor  are  so  afraid  of  the  savings  banks 
that  they  rush  to  draw  their  money  out  in 
times  like  those  of  last  month. 


PagttU 
Saolnga 


Investigation  would  show  that  a 
great  many  people  of  foreign 
birth  last  month  drew  money  out 
of  American  savings  banks  and  sent  it  to 
Italy  and  other  foreign  countries  to  be  de- 


posited in  governmental  and  postal  savings 
institutions.  The  situation  in  this  country 
undoubtedly  lends  a  fresh  and  immediate  ar- 
gument to  the  support  of  the  urgent  proposal 
of  Postmaster-General  Meyer  that  Congress 
should  authorize  the  establishment  of  postal 
savings  banks  as  well  as  of  a  system  of  par- 
cels post.  The  Government  is  the  one  power 
and  authority  in  existence  that  can  fully 
guarantee  and  protect  the  people's  savings. 
This  is  not  said  in  criticism  of  the  savings 
banks  of  the  United  States,  which  as  a  rule 
are  exceedingly  well  managed  and  very  safe 
and  sound.  But  the  question  is  worth  con- 
sidering whether  besides  the  establishment  of 
a  postal  savings  system  some  way  might  not 
also  be  devised  for  giving  added  State  or 
Government  security  to  the  depositors  in  the 
existing  savings  banks  of  the  country.  The 
people  are  bound  to  associate  in  their  minds 
the  varied  functions  of  banking  with  those  of 
the  monetary  system.  The  whole  tendency 
of  the  day  is  toward  the  use  of  bank-notes 
as  a  means  for  giving  expansion  and  elastic- 
ity to  our  currency.  That  being  the  case, 
the  banks  must  more  than  ever  in  the  pop- 
ular mind  be  regarded  as  peculiarly  under 
governmental  auspices.  It  would- seem  plau- 
sible, therefore,  that  the  Government  should 
try  to  find  a  way  to  give  increased  security  to 
depositors,  in  order  to  lessen  the  chances  of 
panic  and  of  consequent  industrial  paralysis. 
The  subject  deserves  study. 


652 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  RE^lilVS. 


How  the  ^"  ^^^  recent  monetary  stress  the 
Tide  Was     great  bankers  of  New  York,  un- 

^''^"•''-  der  the  leadership  of  Mr.  J. 
Pierpont  Morgan,  showed  courage  and 
power.  The  Clearing-House  Association, 
made  up  of  the  leading  banks,  took  measures 
to  strengthen  confidence  and  to  uphold  insti- 
tutions which  were  in  danger  from  persistent 
runs.  These  powerful  financiers  were  able 
to  add  a  good  deal  of  relief  by  using  their 
financial  power  to  bring  in  many  millions  of 
dollars'  worth  of  gold  from  the  banking  cen- 
ters of  Europe.  But  it  was,  after  all,  to  the 
United  States  Treasury  that  every  one  looked 
for  the  largest  and  most  decisive  measures 
of  relief.  When  the  tension  grew  very  se- 
vere, Mr.  Cortelyou  deposited  large  addi- 
tional sums  from  the  Treasury  reserve  in 
various  approved  banks.  Mr.  Ridgley, 
Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  placed  a  liberal 
interpretation  upon  the  banking  laws  and  in- 
duced banks  to  take  out  many  millions  of 
additional  circulation  upon  the  deposit  of 
securities.  President  Roosevelt  reassured  the 
country  by  letters  and  statements  expressing 
his  confidence  in  the  essential  honesty  and 
solvency  of  the  banks  and  the  general 
strength  of  the  country's  business  conditions. 

The  Final  ^^^  when  on  the  top  of  these 
Government  measures  and  assurances  came  the 
**"''*  announcement  of  the  Govern- 
ment's plan  to  issue 
the  Panama  bonds  and 
to  market  $100,000,- 
000  of  short-term 
notes,  the  opinion  of 
bankers  and  of  news- 
papers throughout  the 
country  was  almost 
unanimous  to  the  ef- 
fect that  the  crisis  was 
safely  passed.  It  was 
not  the  actual  currency 
that  was  needed  so 
much  as  it  was  the  as- 
surance that  there  was 
strength  enough  in  re- 
serve to  meet  emergen- 
cies. Knowing  that  the 
Government  was  so 
liberally  behind  them, 
the  banks  Were  able  to 
pay  out  money  more 
freely,  and  to  show  the 
kind  of  confidence  that 
relieved  the  fright  of 
depositors.       It     was 


all  something  like  getting  a  balking  horse  to 
forget  the  fear  and  delusion  that  had  afflicted 
him  with  temporary  paralysis.  Nothing  is 
steadier  than  a  banking  situation  in  normal 
motion.  In  that  regard  it  is  like  a  bicycle. 
The  difficulty  has  been  to  get  the  machine 
moving  again  and  under  conditions  of  equi- 
librium as  between  income  and  outgo.  It 
was  natural  enough  that  people  should  board 
money  and  be  afraid  of  the  banks  when  the 
banks  themselves  were  so  afraid  that  they  re- 
sorted to  every  device  in  their  power  to  keep 
depositors  from  drawing  any  money  out. 
The  situation  was  even  worse  on  the  Padfic 
Coast  than  in  New  York,  and  in  some  of 
the  far  Western  States  legal  holidays  were 
declared  day  after  day  in  order  to  give  the 
banks  a  chance  to  keep  their  doors  closed  and 
protect  their  reserves  from  being  drawn  out. 
The  country  expressed  in  many  ways  its  ap- 
preciation of  the  decisive  action  of  President 
Roosevelt,  Secretary  Cortelyou,  and  the  Ad- 
ministration. 


The  restoration  of  something 
like  normal  conditions  in  the 
banking  system,  so  that  the 
currency  circulates  again  with 
comparative  freedom,  removes  the  critical 
and  desperate  features  of  the  business  situa- 
tion and  makes  it  possible  to  take  up  and 
deal  with  certain  problems  that  have  to  be 


.     Need  of 
'      Elastic 
Currency. 

country's 


MR.    J.    PIERPONT    morgan's    PRIVATE   ART  GALLERY,    IN   WHICH   FINANUAL 

CONFERENCES    WERE    HELD    THAT    SAVED   TRUST   COMPANIES    FROM 

FAILURE    AND    THAT   CONSUMMATED   THE    PURCHASE   BY 

THE  U.  S.  STEEL  CORPORATION  OF  THE  TENNESSEE 

COAL  &    IRON  COMPANY. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE   WORLD. 


653 


faced.     For  many  years  it  has  been  known 
that  there  ought  to  be  some  way  provided 
by  which  in  times  of  stringency  a  special  sup- 
ply of  currency  could  be  issued.     Congress 
could  vote  a  large  issue  of  Treasury  notes 
on  the  old  greenback  plan,  but  this  would 
expand  the  currency  with  no  method  of  get- 
ting rid  of  the  notes  when  not  needed.    A 
plan  generally  approved  by  bankers  has  been 
one  which  would  allow  banks  to  issue  an 
emergency  currency  based  upon  their  assets 
and  business  strength,  upon  which  the  Gov- 
ernment should  collect  a  tax  so  heavy  that 
the  banks  would  naturally  retire  the  notes 
as   soon    as   the   emergency   conditions   had 
passed  away.     The  tax  would  also  be  large 
enough  to  justify  the  Governnient  in  guaran- 
teeing the  safety  of  such  notes  in  the  iiands 
of  all  holders.     Plans  for  the  issue  of  emer- 
gency currency  have  greatly  varied  in  detail, 
and    Congress,    while    having    the    matter 
under  consideration  for  many  years,  has  not 
been  able  to  bring  the  matter  to  a  conclusion. 
The  Hon.  Leslie  M.  Shaw,  while  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  advanced  excellent  ideas  on 
this  subject,  and  Mr.  Fowler,  chairman  of 
the  committee  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives having  charge  of  questions  of  currency 
and    banking,    has   given   the   subject    great 
study,  as  have  also  the  members  of  the  Fi- 
nance Committee  of  the  Senate.     Congress 
will  assemble  on  the  second  day  of  Decem- 
ber.    There  will  be  a  strong  demand  on  the 
part  of  the  country  for  prompt  action  upon 
this  question.     It  is  true  that   the  present 
eniergfTdcy  being  nuw  tided  over,  there  is  no 
need  of  hasty  legislation.     But  the  subject 
has  been  under  discussion  for  so  many  years 
that  some  one  of  several  excellent  and  well- 
considrrcd  plans  ought  to  be  adopted. 

^^  A  few  weeks  ago  there  was  a  per- 
futMfttft^  the  sistcnt  attempt  on  the  part  of 
Babttt?  ^j-jjijj^  interests  to  fix  upon  Pres- 
ident Ro^istveit  all  the  responsibility  for 
linngini;  about  a  state  of  financial  embar- 
rassment and  a  nirn  \xi  the  tide  of  national 
prosperity.  It  ^v^il  not  be  the  verdict  of 
history  that  President  Roosevelt  precipitated 
a  panic.  It  h  in  the  nature  of  bubbles  to 
end  their  alfuring  existence  after  a  brief  in- 
terval of  time.  It  matters  little  who  or  what 
may  have  punctured  the  bubble.  Certainly 
Mr.  Roosevelt  was  not  responsible  for  the 
throwing  of  the  street-railroad  system  of 
New  York  City  into  the  hands  of  receivers. 
Nor  did  he  create  that  shortage  of  capital 
which  finally  made  it  impossible  for  the  rail- 


WILLIAM    BARRET  RIDCELY,  OF   ILLINOIS. 
(Comptroller  of  the  Currency.) 

roads  to  finance  their  improvements  and 
which  was  the  chief  factor  in  causing  the 
collapse  of  the  copper  market  and  the  shrink- 
age in  the  quoted  values  of  the  shares  in  the 
stock  market.  It  is  probably  true,  on  the 
other  hand,  that  the  prosecutions  of  the 
Standard  Oil  Company,  for  which  Mr. 
Roosevelt  may  be  regarded  as  in  part  re- 
sponsible, had  much  to  do  with  the  decline 
in  the  quoted  price  of  the  shares  of  that  great 
monopoly.  This,  however,  did  not  affect 
many  people,  since  the  Standard  Oil  shares 
are  closely  held  by  a  few.  There  has  been 
no  marked  personal  equation  in  the  attitude 
of  the  Roosevelt  administration  as  regards 
the  enforcement  of  Interstate-Commerce  and 
Sherman  Anti-Trust  laws.  The  creation  of 
the  Bureau  of  Corporations  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Commerce  provided  a  great  mechan- 
ism for  inquiry  into  the  facts  regarding  law 
violation.  On  the  other  hand,  the  develop- 
ment of  methods  and  principles  in  the  De- 
partment of  Justice,  following  upon  the  ac- 
tivities of  Attorney-General  Knox,  put  that 
department  into  the  business,  so  to  speak,  of 
enforcing  the  laws  against  restraint  of  trade. 
The  President  has  shown  no  animus,  but  he 
has  endeavored  to  enforce  the  law,  and  es- 
pecially to  strike  at  the  real  evils  that  the 
law  was  meant  to  correct 


654 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OP  REy/EtVS. 


tvxc.    27()2 


IHcw  Peril. 


O 


The  National  City  Bank 


__^     B>nv  to  the  Ovtjcr  ot  l!J:.\kl:K 


rH^Oiuir-:*. 


StanJciril  nil  Cu.   tr   \v\\    N-rk 


=^       $2;:. 


A    FACSIMILE    REPRODUCTION    OF    A    STANDARD    OIL      PAY-ROLL    CHECK — GREAT    QUANTITIES    OF    THESE 
HAVE  BEEN   I^ASSING  CURRENT  AS    MONEY. 

(See  also  article  on  clearing-houses,  page  684.) 


Th9 


President  Roosevelt  does  not  at 
PniiSinVa  all  believe  in  smashing  large  cor- 
***'*'  porations  or  industrial  combina- 
tions. He  recognizes  the  tendencies  of  mod- 
em business.  He  has  frequently  .expressed 
himself  as  simply  desiring  the  proper  public* 
regulation  of  great  interests  for  the  sake  of 
the  general  welfare.  Mr.  Roosevelt's  views 
are  very  different  from  those  of  Mr.  Bryan 
regarding  corporations.  Mr.  Bryan  it  hos- 
tile toward  a  corporation  if  it  is  large.  Mr.- 
Roosevelt  is  hostile  to  it  only  if  it  is  actually 
harming  the  business  community  by  its  meth- 
ods. Mr.  Roosevelt  believes  the  present  laws 
to  be  defective  in  that  they  put  the  honest 
corporation  in  danger  of  being  prosecuted, 
even  when  its  methods  are  beneficial  rather 
than  harmful.    The  time  has  come  for  some 


extensions  of  the  Interstate  G>imnerce  act 
and  for  some  modifications  of  the  Sherman 
Anti-Trust  act.  There  are  certain  agree* 
ments  among  railroads  that  are  reasonable 
and  beneficial  and  practically  necessary  to 
their  stable  operation.  Under  the  present 
law,  as  interpreted  by  the  courts,  it  is  not 
permissible  to  make  such  agreements.  The 
law  should  be  changed  and  railroads  should 
be  allowed  to  make  certain  agreements 
among  themselves,  under  conditions  of  pub- 
licity and  with  the  sanction  of  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission. 

jf^^        The  great  conference  on  oombi- 

CMcago  Trust  nations  and  trusts,  held  at  Chka- 

wfnnet.   ^^  j^^^   .^   October,  under    the 

auspices  of  the  National  Civic  Federation, 


No.  X     ^  '  WtUMvilU,  Ohio,  Nooem^her  14,  lfi07 

The   Silver   BafHdng  Company 

$1.00  ''^^■„T:;.;"i«.i'iH"""  $1.00  ^| 

Payable  in  PITTSBURGH  EXCHANGE, 


AN    EXAMPLE   OF    THE    TEMPORARY    SO-CALLED    "WILDCAT**  CURRENCY  THAT   SERVED  A    UMITED   PUR- 
POSE  OF   CIRCULATION    LAST    MONTH     IN   VIEW    OF   THE    MONEY  FAMINE. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


655 


manifested  in  its  discussions  and  in  its  final 
adoption  of  resolutions  a  remarkable  develop- 
ment of  sentiment  in  the  country.  The  con- 
ference was  widely  representative,  being 
made  up  chiefly  of  delegates  appointed  by  the 
governors  of  aJl  the  States.  In  addition  to 
these  there  were  delegates  from  labor  organ- 
izations, chambers  of  commerce,  manufac- 
turers' associations,  and  other  bodies.  The 
spirit  of  the  conference  was  that  of  warm 
approval  of  the  policy  of  President  Roose- 
velt and  the  Administration.  The  resolu- 
tions as  adopted  were  moderate  in  tone,  care- 
fully prepared  and  thoroughly  discussed  by 
a  sub-committee,  then  by  a  large  committee 
representing  all  the  States  and  various  spe- 
cial interests,  and  finally  by  the  conference 
at  large. 

Unanimous  ^^  ^^  highly  significant  that  the 
Ccw-  resolutions  were  reported  unani- 
uaions.     mQusjy    (q    ^]^^    conference    and 

after  discussion  were  unanimously  adopted. 
They  agree  that  experience  had  shown 
the  necessity  of  legislation.  They  call, 
first,  for  immediate  action  to  permit  cer- 
tain railroad  agreements.  They  hold,  next, 
that  experience  has  shown  the  imperfec- 
tions of  the  Sherman  Anti-Trust  act,  and 
they  propose  that  various  phases  of  the  sub- 
ject be  referred  to  a  commission  to  be  pro- 
vided for  by  Congress,  to  study  various 
phases  of  the  subject.  The  resolutions  fur- 
ther declare  that  the  law  against  combina- 
tions should  be  modified,  first,  as  regards 
labor  organizations  and  their  agreements 
with  employers;  second,  as  regards  farmers' 
organizations  in  some  of  their  activities; 
third,  as  regards  certain  business  and  indus- 
trial agreements  having  the  public  interest 
as  their  object.  The  resolutions  next  recom- 
mend a  thorough  inquiry  into  the  subject  of 
federal  license  or  incorporation  for  certain 
classes  of  corporations  doing  interstate  com- 
merce business.  The  functions  of  the  De- 
partment of  Commerce  and  Labor,  according 
to  these  resolutions,  ought  to  be  enlarged  so 
as  to  require  "  complete  publicity  in  the  capi- 
talization, accounts,  operations,  transporta- 
tion charges  paid,  and  selling  prices  of  all 
such  producing  and  manufacturing  corpora- 
tions whose  operations  are  large  enough  to 
have  a  monopolistic  influence."  Finally,  the 
resolutions  express  the  unwillingness  of  the 
conference  to  say  anything  about  conflicts  be- 
tween. State  and  federal  authority  on  the 
ground  that  such  conflicts  will  be  determined 
justly  by  due  process  of  law  in  the  courts. 


No  such  resolutions  as  these  could  possibly 
have  been  adopted  in  a  similar  conference 
three  years  ago  or  five  years  ago.  They  show 
a  remarkable  disposition  to  deal  franldy  and 
reasonably  with  the  great  economic  problems 
of  our  time.  The  ability  of  this  conference 
to  agree  in  the  expression  of  certain  prin- 
ciples ought  to  help  Congress  in  its  more  dif- 
ficult task  of  working  out  the  actual  legisla- 
tion needed  to  put  those  principles  into  effect. 


8om9 


It  is  evident  that  the  financial 
ffesuii'sof  crisis  will  not  only  have  checked 
the  Panic,  ^j^^  development  of  new  business 
projects  but  will  also  have  rendered  business 
men  timid  in  the  carrying  on  of  their  accus- 
tomed volume  of  business.  We  have  there- 
fore entered  upon  a  period  when  judgment 
and  caution  and  care  will  be  requisite*  We 
have  been  witnessing  a  period  of  steadily 
advandng  prices.  While  the  demands  of 
labor  have  been  great,  it  is  to  be  remembered 
that  the  cost  of  living  has  also  sharply  ad- 
vanced. The  standards  of  comfort  have 
been  so  gradually  though  steadily  increased, 
that  the  ordinary  family  would  feel  it  a  hard- 
ship to  live  as  families  of  like  condition  lived 
fifteen  or  twenty  years  ago.  These  facts 
make  a  period  of  business  depression  seem  a 
deeply  serious  thing  after  so  many  years  of 
continuous  prosperity.  We  have  grown  ac- 
customed to  a  situation  in  which  there  was 
ample  work  for  everybody  at  good  wages,  so 
that  the  scarcity  of  men  in  the  labor  market 
seemed  the  only  limit  upon  the  further  rapid 
development  of  many  enterprises. 


immigration 


One  of  the   first   effects  of  the 


and  changed  condition  will  be  the 
"  *^'  falling  off  in  the  tide  of  immi- 
gration. The  flow  of  foreigners  to  our 
shores  has  never  been  so  large  as  during  the 
past  two  years.  Just  now  the  movement  is 
much  larger  in  the  opposite  direction.  We 
have  always  a  large  supply  here  of  floating 
labor.  There  are  a  great  many  men  with- 
out families  who  work  three-quarters  of  the 
year  and  then  return  to  Italy  or  elsewhere 
abroad  to  spend  the  winter.  Last  month  wit- 
nessed an  unprecedented  return  movement 
of  this  kind.  We  shall  doubtless  have  to 
note  a  good  deal  of  distress  during  the  com- 
ing months  in  consequence  of  a  general  cur- 
tailment of  productive  and  manufacturing 
enterprises  all  along  the  line.  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  employers  will  endeavor  to  take  a 
cheerful  view  of  the  outlook  and  do  every- 
thing in  their  power  to  keep  their  men  at 


666 


THB  AMERICAN  REyiEW  OF  RE^lElVS. 


v^orL  The  labor  unions  may  find  it  neces- 
sary to  make  some  concessions,  in  view  of  the 
fact  that  wages  have  as  a  rule  been  greatly 
advanced  during  the  past  few  years. 


Oull  Tlm9§ 

amltk9 

Tariff. 


The  slackening  of  a  condition  of 
domestic  prosperity  usually  has 
the  result  of  attracting  attention 
to  foreign  markets.  For  several  years  past 
the  home  demand  has  been  so  great  that  in 
most  lines  the  manufacturers  could  not  meet 
their  orders.  When  the  home  demand  grows 
less  there  is  a  tendency  to  seek  outside  mar- 
kets for  the  sale  of  the  surplus.    Such  a  con- 


HON.  TOM   L.  JOHNSON. 

(Be-elected  Mayor  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  for  his  fourth 
term.) 

dition  always  precipitates  a  discussion  of  the 
tariff  question.  It  is  quite  plain  that  with 
other  things  on  hand,  Congress  cannot  and 
will  not  attempt  to  revise  the  tariff  before  the 
Presidential  election  of  next  year.  But  it 
might  well  be  possible  to  create  a  tariff 
bureau  either  in  the  permanent  census  or- 
ganization or  under  the  Department  of  Com- 
merce for  the  sake  of  making  careful  studies 
of  the  schedules  and  preparing  data  for  Con- 
gressional action  at  an  early  period. 


Wood  Pulp  There  are  certain  instances  of 
and  the  conspicuous  tariff  abuse  whidi 
Tariff,  ^Quld  seem  n-^uly  enough  :u,  _ 
tion  without  much  further  inquir>%  It  will 
be  remembered  that  at  the  time  of  the  grtai 
coal  strike  Congress  was  indLiccd  to  put  coat 
on  the  free  list  for  the  particular  benefit  OJ 
New  England.  Just  now  there  is  an  yrg^rfii 
demand  for  the  prompt  placing  of  wood  pulp 
on  the  list  of  non-dutiahle  articles.  In  the 
first  place,  the  pulp  mills  are  destroying  ouj 
remaining  forests  with  frightful  rapidity.  In 
the  second  place  the  making  of  white  paper 
for  the  use  of  newspapc^rs,  magazines*  afi4 
books  seems  to  have  bien  subjected  to  a 
monopolistic  control  which  is  forcing  up  tht 
prices  of  paper  and  thus  gravely  abusing  the 
protection  afforded  by  the  tariff.  The  news- 
papers of  the  country  are  demanding  the 
abolition  of  the  tariff  on  wood  pulp,  anu 
many  reasons  of  public  interest  would  sccrr^ 
to  justify  Congress  in  dealing  with  this  itan 
as  a  separate  and  urgent  matter.  The  forests 
of  Canada  are  so  vast  that  they  can  never  be 
exhausted  by  the  demand  of  the  paper  mills. 
Furthermore,  a  reasonable  use  of  the  forests 
that  remain  in  this  country  is  readily  assured 
by  the  fact  that  the  distance  of  the  Canadian 
forests  makes  a  differential  in  the  form  of 
freight  rates  that  would  afford  ample  protec- 
tion to  pulp  and  paper  mills  on  this  side  of 
the  international  boundary. 

y.^^  A  summary  of  the  results  of  the 
November  November  elections  will  be  found 
£iectione,     j^     ^^^    "Record     of     Current 

Events,"  on  page  666.  When  placed  in  com- 
parison with  election  happenings  in  corre- 
sponding off-years  preceding  a  Presidential 
campaign,  the  party  in  power  has  done  vcr>' 
well.  Kentucky  and  New  Jersey  elected  Re- 
publican governors,  while  Mar>4and  and 
Rhode  Island  were  carried  by  the  Democrats. 
It  was  a  foregone  conclusion  that  the  Re- 
publicans would  carry  Massachusetts.  The 
fusion  between  Republicans  and  the  Hearst 
Independence  League  in  New  York  City  to 
defeat  Tammany  was  not  successful.  The 
contest  for  the  mayoralty  in  Cleveland,  Ohio, 
attracted  national  attention.  The  Hon.  Tom 
L.  Johnson  was  re-elected  by  the  Democrats, 
and  Congressman  Burton  will  retain  his  seat 
in  Congress,  where  he  is  a  bright  and  shin- 
ing light  and  a  credit  to  his  State.  In  San 
Francisco  the  reform  movement  was  success- 
ful, and  the  Hon.  Edward  R.  Taylqr  will 
continue  his  good  work  as  Mayor.  Further 
details  will  4^^  found  in  our  "  Record  "  de- 


\ 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVOHt). 


HON.    AUSTIN    L.    CROTHERS. 
(Governor-elect  of  Maryland.) 


HON.    AUGUSTUS   E.   WILLSON. 
(Governor-elect  of  Kentucky.) 


HON.    JOHN   F.    FORT. 
(Governor-elect  of  New  Jersey.) 


partment.  The  elections,  generally  speak- 
Ipg,  had  more  local  than  national  significance. 
They  indicate  a  growth  of  independent  ac- 
tivity and   a   lessening  of  partisan   ties. 


Congress 

and 
Politics. 


The  first  session  of  the  Sixtieth 
Congress  begins  on  Monday,  De- 
cember 2.  This  is  the  body  that 
was  elected  in  November  of  last  year.  It  has 
a  large  Republican  majority  and  will  re-elect 
the  Hon.  Joseph  G.  Cannon,  of  Illinois,  as 
Speaker.  The  session  will  extend  almost  to 
the  time  for  holding  Presidential  conven- 
tions. Its  work  will  naturally  be  more  or 
less  influenced  b>'  political  considerations.  It 
is  hopcJ  that  the  session  will  enact  a  law  to 
provide  for  greater  elasticity  in  the  currency 
system.  Some  modifications  of  the  laws  un- 
der which  interstate  commerce  is  regulated 
are  needed  and  will  doubtless  be  asked  for 
by  the  President  in  his  message.  It  is  note- 
worthy that  Oklahoma  has  now  completed 
all  preliminaries  and  has  become  a  State,  and 
that  her  representatives  in  the  lower  house 
will  appear,  as  well  as  her  two  new  members 
of  the  Senate.  We  have  reached  the  period 
when  the  newspapers  and  politicians  are  con- 
stantly discussing  the  Presidential  outlook. 
Everything  indicates  the  likelihood  that  Mr. 
Bryan  will  again  receive  the  Democratic 
nomination.  No  one  knows  what  the  Re- 
publicans may  decide  upon.  Unless  condi- 
tions change  greatly  there  will  be  a  very 


strong  demand  for  the  renomination  of  Pres- 
ident Roosevelt.  It  is  needless  to  add  that 
he  is  not  a  candidate,  although  if  the  electoral 
college  should  choose  him  it  is  not  to  be  sup- 
posed that  he  would  refuse  to  take  the  oath 
of  office.  There  is  much  talk  of  Governor 
Hughes,  of  New  York,  and  one  hears  more 
frequently  the  name  of  Secretary  Cortelyou. 
Secretary  Taft,  who  is  on  his  way  home  from 
the  Philippines,  having  come  by  way  of  Vlad- 
ivostok and  the  Trans-Siberian  Railway,  still 
remains  the  most  conspicuous  of  the  Repub- 
lican possibilities.  The  American  people  en- 
joy the  game  of  Presidential  politics,  and  it 
seems  likely,  that  they  will  send  their  Repub- 
lican delegates  to  the  next  convention  with 
no  idea  as  to  what  is  going  to  happen. 


Progress 

at 
Panama, 


Doubtless  the  President*s  mes- 
sage will  make  a  brilliant  show- 
ing to  Congress  of  the  work  at 
Panama.  Not  only  are  sanitary  and  labor 
conditions  in  excellent  shape ;  the  actual  work 
of  excavation  is  proceeding  at  a  rate  beyond 
the  most  sanguine  expectations,  the  best 
month's  record  having  been  made  in  Octo- 
ber. As  things  are  now  proceeding  no  one 
will  question  the  propriety  of  pushing  the 
canal  under  direct  Government  control,  and 
the  question  of  finding  private  contractors 
will  not  be  raised.  The  sale  of  the  new  issue 
of  Panama  bonds  is  not  so  much  to  expedite 
the  work  as  to  relieve  the  money  market. 


658 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


The  Central     ^^^    ^^    ^^     hlStoriC     CVCntS     of 

American  P9ac9  2l  century  took  placc  in  Wash- 
ington last  month  without  os- 
tentation br  sensational  circumstances.  Af- 
ter more  than  loo  years  of  revolutions  and 
internal  wars  the  five  republics  of  Central 
America,  upon  the  friendly  suggestion  of  the 
United  States  and  Mexico,  have  come  to- 
gether in  a  general  conference  to  thorough- 
ly discuss  their  various  differences,  and  if 
possible  to  arrive  at  a  clear  understanding 
which  shall  secure  permanent  peace  to  them 
all,  with  a  chance  for  the  development  of 
their  marvelous  natural  resources.  On  No- 
vember 14,  in  the  room  of  the  Bureau  of 
American  Republics,  at  the  State  Depart- 
ment, the  Peace  Conference  of  the  Central 
American  nations  began  its  sessions.  Secre- 
tary Root  and  Senor  Enrique  Creel,  the 
Mexican  Ambassador  to  Washington  repre- 
senting the  two  governments  which  had  sug- 
gested the  conference,  formally  welcomed 
the  del  equates  and   addressed  them,  express- 


ing the  friendly  wishes  of  the  American  and 
Mexican  governments  and  peoples  for  the 
success  of  the  meeting  and  the  conclusion  of 
permanent  peace  in  Central  America.  Mr. 
Root,  while  entirely  avoiding  the  admonitory 
tone  which  might  have  wounded  the  sensi- 
bilities of  the  delegates,  expressed  with  deli- 
cate emphasis  the  necessity  for  dealing  prac- 
tically with  the  important  questions  before 
the  conference.  Senor  Cr^l,  to  whom  is 
due  in  large  measure  the*  successful  initiation 
of  the  conference,  spoke  in  like  tone.  What- 
ever may  come  of  the  meeting,  the  very  fact 
of  having  brought  together  representatives 
from  these  warring  nations  on  an  errand  of 
peace  under  the  direct  influence  of  such  wise 
and  diplomatic  counselors  as  Secretary  Root 
and  Senor  Creel,  with  the  authority  of  the 
two  northern  republics  behind  them,  is  cer- 
tainly a  great  gain  for  civilization  and  inter- 
national peace.  Therefore,  the  conference 
now  being  held  in  Washington  is  one  of  the 
historic  events  of  the  century. 


Copyii^lit.  1V07.  by  Ccorire  R    Lawrence  Co..  V\  asliitiKton, 

THE  CENTRAL-AMERICAN  PEACE  CONFERENCE  IN  SESSION  IN  WASHINGTON. 
S<»cretary  Root  at  head  of  table ;  Robert  Bacon,  Assistant  Secretary,  in  window ;  Ambassador  Creel 
Mexico,  at  Mr.  Root's  right:  SeAor  Joaquin  Bernardo  Cnlvo.  Costa  Rica;  Dr.  Jos^  Madrls.  Nicara- 
gua ;  Dr.  Luis  Felipe  Corea.  Nicaragua  ;  Dr.  Angel  Uguarte,  Honduras;  Seflor  Pollcarpo  Bonilla,  Honduras; 
S«M\or  E.  CcnHtantlne  Fiallos.  Honduras :  Dr.  Luis  Toledo  Herrarte,  Guateraalat  Front  center :  Se&or 
Victor  Sanchoz-Ocanya,  Guatemala ;  SeAor  Federlco  Mejla,  Salvador;  Seflor  Salvador  Rodrlyuex,  Salva- 
dor ;  Dr.  Salvador  Oallegos.  Salvador ;  Dr.  Antonio  Batres-Jauregul,  Guatemala ;  Seflor  Luis  Ander- 
son, Minister  of  Foreign  AfTalrs,  Costa  Rica ;  William  I.  Buchanan,  United  States ;  Jo84  F.  Godoj* 
Urst  secretary  Mexican  Embassy,  Washington,  seated  at  window   back  of  Anderson. 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD 


659 


1  (5|   M3«(t:ciu.  S     Y 

HON.   DAVID  JAYNE   HILL,   OUR   NEW   AMBASSADOR  TO   GERMANY. 


Our  Hew     Elscwhcfc  in  this  number  will  be 
AmbaBsador  found  an  admirable  article  from 

Hill  upon  the  result  of  the  Hague  Peace 
Conference.  Dr.  Hill  was  a  member  of  the 
American  delegation,  and  our  Minister  resi- 
dent at  The  Hague.  He  has  now  been  ap- 
pointed Ambassador  at  Berlin,  a  promotion 
amply  deserved.  Dr.  Hill  was  First  As- 
sistant Secretary  of  State  at  the  time  of  the 
former  Hague  Conference,  and  was  especially 
conversant  with  everything  done  at  that  time. 


He  is  a  high  authority  upon  international  law 
and  the  author  of  an  important  historical 
work  on  the  development  of  diplomacy  and 
international  principles.  He  is  in  this  country 
at  present  on  leave  of  absence  and  his  appoint- 
ment to  Berlin  came  to  him  as  an  entire  sur- 
prise upon  landing  at  New  York.  The  State 
Department,  in  our  foreign  services,  is  recog- 
nizing merit  and  securing  a  constantly  higher 
average  of  efficiency.  Dr.  Hill's  advance- 
ment, as  a  conspicuous  example  of  this  recog- 
nition, will  please  the  American  people. 


660 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


matum  with  a  con- 
ditional declaration 
of  war."  This  one 
almost  unanimous 
expression  of  opin- 
ion, in  the  .-words  of 
M.  Bourgeois,  chief 
of  the  French  dele- 
gation, "  made  us 
realize  that  \vc  had 
at  last  heard  the 
whispering  of  the 
universal  conscience, 
the  first  slow  but 
regular  and  distinct 
beatings  of  the  heart 
of  humanity." 


The  Fleet 
and  the 
Pacific. 


Those 
timid 
souls 
who  fear  that  in  the 
near     future     these 
United     States     o  f 
America  are   likely, 
if    not    certain,     to 
come    into    armed 
conflict    with    an- 
other of  the  world's 
powers    are    assert- 
ing that  we  are  un- 
prepared   for    war, 
and  that  in  case  of 
a  conflict  our  coasts 
and     dependencies 
are  certain  to  be  at- 
tacked suddenly  and 
without    warning. 
These    same    timid 
In  his  excellent  informing  arti-   souls  are  finding  fault  with 'the  President  for 
cle  on  page  727  of  this  issue  on    demonstrating  to  the  world  that  we  are  pre- 
the  net  results  of  the  second  In-    pared  to  defend  ourselves,  in  case  of  attack 
ternational  Peace  Conference  at  The  Hague,    (a  contingency  so  remote  that  it  may  be 
Dr.  Hill  points  out  the  extent  to  which  the   called   an   impossibility)  in  .sending  to   the 
conventions  agreed  upon  at  the  Dutch  capi-    Pacific  Ocean  our  battleship  fleet  on  a  cruis: 
tal  by  'the  assembled-  powers  of  the  world    which  should  have  been-  taken. long  ere  this, 
make-  for-  international , peace  by  •  restricting  Too  mapy  of  .usseeiri  to.  Have*  forgotten  that 
the  field  of  war  and  definitely  prescribing   we  have  a  Pacific,  as  w.ell  as  4ni  Atlantic  coast, 
the  conditions  undex  whi^h  it  may  -be  waged,   and  that  the  appearance  of  Jbuf  .warships  ofiE 
particularly  the  rpanner' in  which  It  shall  be   the  coast. of  California,  is  a- perfectly  proper 
begun.    The  Hague  Conference  recognized,    and  peacefuloccurrcnce»!rip  more  unfriendly 
by  an  almost  unanimous  vote,  the  propriety   to  Japan  than  th^' maintenance  of  battleship 
and  necessity  of  the  contention  that  hostfli-.  fleets  in  the  Atlai>tw>  ;QQean  •  by  France  and 
ties  ought  not  to  begin  between  two  nations   Great  Britain,  afe  ynffiendly  acts  toward  the 
without  a  "previous  and   unequivocal  an-    United  States.^    .N^v/cr/ for  ^a  moment  has 
nouncement  which  shall  have  the  form  either   there  been  aniohg  n^asbnable,  responsible  peo- 
of  a  declaration  of  war,  accompanied  by  an    pie,  either  in  this  country  or  in  Japan,  any 
explanation  of  its  motives,  or  of  an  ulti-   real  belief  that  the  dispatch  of  our  fleet  to 


Copyrifht,  1907,  by  Underwood  A  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

WLAR-ADMIRAL  "  BOB  "  EVANS,  IN   HIS  CABIN  ON  THE    BATTLESHIP 
"CONNECTICUT." 

("  Fighting  Bob,'*  who  is  here  shown  about  to  communicate  with  the  rest  of  the 
fleet  by  wireless  telegraphy,  will  command  our  battleships  on  their  long  cruise  • 
to  the  Paclflc.) 


The  Net 
Result  at 
The  Hague, 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD. 


m 


the  Pacific  Ocean  is  done  with  anything  vtnore 
than  the  friendliest  of  feelings  toward  our 
trans-Pacific  neighbors. 

Tk€  Sailing  ^^^  sailing  of  our  battleship 
o^  th9  fleet,  under  command  of  Admiral 
***'  Evans,  for  its  long  cruise  to  the 
Pacific,  will  take  place  from  Hampton 
Roads,  Va.,  on  December  i6.  Its  departure 
will  be  a  noteworthy  event,  and  the  Presi- 
dent and  his  cabinet  are  expected  to  attend 
the  ceremonies  of  sailing.  The  itinerary  in- 
cludes stops  at  Trinidad,  Rio  Janeiro,  Punta 
Arenas,  Callao,  Magdalena  Bay,  and  thence 
northward  to  San  Francisco.  Although  no 
official  announcement  has  as  yet  been  made, 
it  is  believed  that  the  fleet  will  not  make  a 
long  stay  in  the  Pacific.  It  is  unnecessary 
to  state  that  no  protest  of  any  kind  against 
the  fleet  sailing  has  come  or  will  come  from 
Japan.  Meanwhile  Secretary  Taft  will  have 
returned  to  Washington  (he  is  due  to  sail 
from  Hamburg  on  December  7)  after  his 
highly  significant  and  important  visit  to  the 
Philippines  and  Japan,  and  his  rather  rapid 
journey  across  Siberia  and  the  continent  of 
Europe.  Mr.  Taft's  reception  in  Japan, 
cordial  as  it  was,  did  not  indicate  a  more 
friendly  feeling  to  the  United  States  than 
that  now  existing  in  Russia,  as  shown  by  the 
ovations  accorded  our  peaceful  Secretary  of 
War  at  Vladivostok  and  at  other  points  along 
his  journey  through  the  vast  Russian  Empire. 

Japan'M  During  early  November  the  Japa- 
Peaceful  nesc  Foreign  Office  for  the  first 
'***'  time  broke  its  silence  on  the  sub- 
ject of  American- Japanese  relations.  Baron 
Hayashi,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  made 
a  public  statement  (on  November  7)  "  for 
the  express  purpose  of  giving  an  official  check 
to  misrepresentations  calculated  to  excite  the 
public  in  the  two  countries  and  stir  up  mis- 
chief." The  Minister  said,  after  deprecating 
the  distortion  of  "  facts  that  can  be  explained 
easily  and  naturally  by  the  commonest  kind  of 
common-sense  into  the  most  far-fetched,  im- 
possible hypotheses  " : 

A  relieving  feature  is  found  in  the  happy  fact 
that  these  ominous  statements  find  no  echo  on 
this  side  of  the  Pacific.  Notwithstanding  per- 
sistent reports  to  the  contrary,  the  people  of 
Japan  regard  the  situation  with  a  sense  of  com- 
plete complacency  and  absolute  confidence.  It 
IS  true  that  at  the  time  of  the  San  Francisco 
troubles  popular  mortification  and  resentment 
were  aroused,  but  our  people  knew  that  the  hos- 
tile feeling  in  America  was  only  local  and  tem- 
porary, and  their  confidence  in  the  fairness  and 
justice  of  Americans  never  deserted  them,  even 


in  these  trying  days.    At  present  the  situation  in 
Japan  is  calmer  than  ever. 

A  further  and  even  more  convincing  in- 
dication of  Japan's  peaceful  intentions  is  to 
be  found  in  her  invitation  just  issued  to  all 
the  nations  of  the  world,  most  cordially  in- 
cluding our  own,  to  participate  in  a  great  in- 
ternational exposition,  to  be  held  at  Tokio  in 
191 2.  To  all  except  the  shriekers  for  war  it 
is  evident  that  Japan  is  preparing  for  a  cam- 
pign  of  peace  and  industrial  development 
rather  than  for  one  of  international  strife. 

The  World's  National  legislatures  all  over  the 
Parliaments  world  have  been  resuming  their 
an  a  nets,  ggggJQ^g  jj^  November  and  Decem- 
ber. Our  own  Congress  meets  on  the  2d 
of  the  present  month.  The  British  Parlia- 
ment, the  date  for  the  reassembling  of  which 
was  put  at  November  16,  has  been  repro- 
rogued  until  January  28.  The  French  Cham- 
ber met  for  the  winter's  term  on  October  22. 
The  third  Russian  Duma  began  its  official 
labors  on  November  14.  The  Hungarian 
Chamber  reassembled  on  October  23. 
Other  interesting  constitutional  administra- 
tive developments  during  the  past  few  weeks 
have  been  the  clearing  of  the  political  situa- 
tion in  Portugal,  the  appointment  of  a  new 
ministry  in  Norway,  and  the  constitution  of 
a  cabinet  on  European  lines  in  Abyssinia  by 
that  remarkable  monarch,  the  Negus  Menelek. 

rA.//ari/.ifor*-T}ie  iHncss  of  the  British  Pre- 
ing  British    mier.  Sir  Henry  Campbell-Ban- 

iiinistry.  '  u-  u  ^  J    * 

nerman,  which  was  reported  to 
have  become  so  serious  by  the  middle  of  last 
month  as  to  necessitate  his  early  retirement 


UNCLE    SAM    AT    LAST    VENTURES     INTO    THE    PACIFIC. 

"Be  careful."  advises  Fischietio   (Turin),  "there 
are  unknown  perils  in  the  great  sea." 


662 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^/EIV  OF  REVIEW. 


president  of  the 
Board  of  Trade,  has 
found  the  duties  of 
his  post,  particularly 
during  the  trying 
days  of  the  threat- 
ened railway  strike, 
so  arduous  that  his 
doctors  have  issued 
special  warnings  to 
him  about  his 
hiealth.  The  entire 
Liberal  administra- 
tion, in  fact,  has 
been  pushing  its 
work  at  a  pace 
never  before  real- 
ized in  Britain. 


Th9  Threatened  After 
Railway  Strike  a     S  U  S- 

of  weeks  England 
and  the  English 
people  breathe  more 
freely  at  the  news 
that  the  long-threat- 
ened railway  strike 
will  not  take, place. 
Eleven  of  the  lead- 
ing railway  c  o  m- 
panies  and  repre- 
sentatives of  the 
Amalgamated  S  o- 
ciety  o  f  Railway 
Servants  have  final- 


▲  POPCLAE  GKBMAN  POSTKK  APItOPOS   OF  THE  VISIT  OP  THF    KAISLB   TO  IX)NDON. 


From  the  JllMtrirte  Zeitunff  (Berlin). 


ly  signed  an  agree- 
ment for  a  six  years' 
truce.     The    diplo- 

from  public  life,  has  drawn  the  attention  of  macy  of  Mr.  Lloyd-George  and  the  good 
Englishmen  to  the  exceedingly  onerous  duties  sense  and  reasonableness  of  Mr.  Richard 
of  the  premiership  in  these  days.  Sir  Henry  Bell,  M.P.,  secretary  of  the  society,  have 
has  combined  these  duties  with  the  leader-  effected  the  settlement.  The  demands  of 
ship  of  the  House  of  Commons,  and  in  ad-  the  society, — which  has  a  membership  of 
d  it  ion  has  been  conducting  an  exceedingly  more  than  ioo,cxx)  and  which  stands  for 
strenuous  campaign  throughout  the  country  a  class  of  more  than  600,000  workers, 
in  favor  of  curtailing  the  power  of  the  House  — included  a  number  of  points,  but  laid 
of  Lords.  Serious  indisposition  from  over-  special  emphasis  on  the  recognition  of  the 
work  is  the  result.  Not  long  ago  Mr.  Au-  union  by  the  railways.  Shorter  hours  and 
gustine  Birrell,  while  still  Secretary  of  the  higher  wages  were  also  asked.  The  directors 
Education  Board,  almost  succumbed  from  of  the  railways  of  the  entire  kingdom  de- 
overwork;  Mr.  John  Morley  has  taken  the  clined  to  accede  to  the  men's  demands,  and 
work  of  the  Indian  Office  so  seriously  that  early  in  October  the  members  of  the  A.  S. 
his  health  is  reported  to  be  in  danger;  Sir  R.  S.  were  asked  to  declare  by  ballot  whether 
Edward  Grey  has  been  running  the  Foreign  they  favored  a  general  strike  to  secure  their 
Office  at  a  pace  which  has  quite  astonished  demands.  Out  of  a  total  of  more  than  85,000 
Downing    Street,    and    Mr.    Lloyd-George,  votes  76,925  were  in  favor  of  a  "  strike  "  in 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  IVORLD 


663 


case  the  companies  refused  to  recognize  the 
union.  Several  subsequent  conferences  be- 
tween Mr.  Lloyd-George  and  Mr.  Bell, 
however,  resulted  in  "an  honorable  com- 
promise," the  companies  agreeing  to  the 
wages  and  hour  demands  of  the  men,  not, 
however,  specifically  recognizing  the  union. 

Kaiaer  '^^^  topics  of  popular  discussion 
wiiMm  and  interest  in  Germany  during 
m  ngan  ,  Qctober  and  November  were 
Kaiser  Wilhelm's  visit  to  England  and  the 
sensational  trial  of  Maximilian  Harden,  at 
Berlin,  on  a  charge  of  criminal  libel  brought 
by  Count  Kuno  von  Moltke.  The  German 
Emperor's  present  trip  to  London,  while  of- 
ficially only  a  friendly,  family  matter,  is 
being  referred  to  by  keen  students  of  Euro- 
pean politics  as  in  reality  simply  one  more 
chapter  in  the  history  of  King  Edward's 
diplomatic  triumphs  in  his  world  campaign 
for  peace  and  British  prestige.  Could  there 
be  a  more  fitting  or  glorious  climax  to  the 
series  of  cordial  "  agreements "  between 
Britain  and  France,  Spain,  Japan,  and  Rus- 
sia than  a  complete  understanding  with  the 
German  Emperor,  whose  world  aims  have 
so  long  been  supposed  to  run  counter  to  those 
of  His  Britannic  Majesty? 

A  Popular  ^^^  German  monarch  is  deserv- 
'wiiSt'  edly  popular  in  England,  and 
from  the  tone  of  the  speeches  and 
articles  in  the  press  of  both  countries  it  is 
evident  that  cordiality  between  the  govern- 
ments at  London  and  Berlin  and  between 
the  English  and  German  peoples  has  not 
only  become  a  real  fact  but  is  becoming  an 
international  political  factor  of  increasing 
importance.  Sixteen  years  ago  the  German 
Emperor,  in  a  speech  at  the  Guildhall  in  the 
British  capital,  announced  that  his  great  and 
only  desire  was  to  preserve  the  world's  peace. 
Last  month  he  reaffirmed  this  desire  and 
called  upon  the  world  and  particularly  the 
British  people  to  witness-  that  he  had  kept  his 
Avord.  If  a  real  deepening  of  the  friendly 
feeling  between  the  two  governments  and 
the  two  peoples  shall  result  from  the  visit  of 
the  German  Kaiser  to  England  a  really  solid 
work  for  the  maintenance  of  the  world's 
peace  will  have  been  accomplished. 

TkeBeHin    Some   months   ago    it   was   an- 
Court       nounced    from    Berlin    that   the 


the  empire,  so  that  he  might  know  all  the 
machinery  of  administration  by  direct  con- 
tact with  it.  This  was  cited  as  an  evidence 
of  his  patriotism  and  public  spirit.  A  far  bet- 
ter illustration  of  the  quality  and  spirit  of 
this  young  man,  however,  was  his  braving  of 
the  iron-clad  etiquette  at  Potsdam  and  bring- 
ing to  the  personal  attention  of  his  royal 
father  the  facts  in  the  now  famous,  or  in- 
famous, von  Moltke-Harden  libel  suit.  Maxi- 
milian Harden,  one  of  the  most  talented  con- 
temporary poh'tical  writers  in  Germany,  edi- 


Crown  Prince,  Fried  rich  Wil- 
helm,  had  decided  to  work  his  way  through 
the   different  governmental  departments  of 


MAXIMILIAN    HARDEN. 

(The  fighting  German  editor  who  has  been  stirring 

up  corrupt  court  circles  at  Berlin.) 

tor  of  the  Zukunft,  one-time  friend  of  Bis- 
marck, and  fearless  critic  of  even  the  impe- 
rial palace  itself,  has  done  a  real  service  to 
German  prestige  at  home  and  abroad  by  ex- 
posing the  malign  influence  of  the  corrupt 
court  camarilla  and  the  immoral  practices 
of  more  than  one  of  the  most  exalted  person- 
ages in  German  political  life. 

A  Corrupt  ^^  ^^  ^^^  ^  matter  of  common 
"%>i  "  '^"^wl^^^g^  ^"  Germany, — and  in 
"^'  the  rest  of  the  world,  for  that 
matter,  with  the  exception  of  the  palace  at 
Berlin, — ever  since  the  days  of  Bismarck,  that 
a  ring  of  influential  persons  in  close  relations 
with  the  Kaiser  were  influencing  him  in 
their  own  interests,  keeping  from  him 
(which  it  is  quite  possible  to  do  in  the  case 
of  every  ruler  whose  life  is  prescribed  in 
every  detail,  as  is  the  case  with  European 
monarchs),  all  facts  or  even  reports  which 
might  be  detrimental  to  their  private 
schemes.     Chief  of   these   irresponsible   ad- 


664 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


THE   NEW   GERMAN    MINISTER  OF    FOREIGN    AFFAIRS, 
WILHELM    VON    SCHUN. 

visers  at  Berlin  were  Prince  Phillip  Eulcn- 
burg,  a  former  Ambassador  and  a  favorite 
of  the  Kaiser;  Count  Kuno  von  Moltke, 
militarj'  governor  of  Berlin  and  general-ad- 
jutant of  the  Emperor;  and  Count  Hohe- 
nau,  a  brilliant  army  officer.  Even  Harden's 
stinging  articles  in  the  Zukunft  failed  to 
reach  their  marie  until  the  Crown  Prince  in- 
sisted upon  bringing  them  to  the  personal 
attention  of  the  Kaiser. 

^  As  the  most  effective  means  of 

Sensational  making  these  men  forever  harm- 
^'^'^''  .  less,  Harden  accused  them  of 
certain  private  immoralities,  a  matter  of  the 
same  degeneracy  which  at  one  time  sent  the 
English  poet,  Oscar  Wilde,  to  the  peniten- 
tiary. As  a  direct  result  of  these  journal- 
istic exposures  Prince  Eulenburg  has  retired 
to  private  h'fe.  General  Moltke,  however, 
attempted  to  clear  his  reputation  by  bringing 
a  hbel  suit  against  Editor  Harden.  The  lat- 
ter, after  a  trial  unique  in  (jerman  legal  an- 
nals for  the  popular  interest  excited  and  the 
liuh  personages  involved,  was  acquitted  and 
Count  von  Moltke  ordered  to  bear  the  costs 
"f  the  suit.  A  great  popular  demonstration 
Inl lowed  in  favor  of  Harden.  The  affair,  it 
i>  believed,  will  result  in  a  purification  of  the 
court  at  Berlin  and  in  awakening  the  Kaiser 
to  the  necessity  for  guarding  himself  against 
irresponsible    advisers.       Meanwhile    Editor 


Harden  must  share  with  Crown  Prince 
Wilhelm  the  honor  and  credit  of  haviog  ex- 
posed and  broken  up  the  notorious  Tafel- 
runde  (Round  Table),  which  triuniphantly 
withstood  all  the  cncrg>'  and  resources  of 
four  successive  Chancellors  of  the  Empire. 


V-, 


Third 
Duma 


The  third  Russian  Ehima,  which 
assembled  in  the  Tauride  Palace 
in  St.  Petersburg  on  November 
14,  begins  its  deliberations  under  radically 
different  auspices  from  the  first  and  second. 
This  body  accepts  the  status  quo  and  does 
not  preface  its  discussions  with  a  declaration 
of  war  upon  the  existing  order.  Its  prede- 
cessors regarded  the  present  regime  in  Rus- 
sia as  detestable  and  its  abolition  as  the  first 
duty  of  all  good  citizens.  The  government, 
for  its  part,  having  disfranchised  the  ma- 
jority of  Russian  electors,  has  at  last  suc- 
ceeded in  securing  a  Parliament  which,  while 
not  react ionar)%  is  far  from  being  radical  or 
even  liberal.  It  is  a  significant  fact,  how- 
ever, that  in  his  opening  speech  Mr.  Komia- 
kov,  the  new  president,  declared  frankly  that 
Russia  is  no  longer  an  autocracy  but  a  con- 
stitutional monarchy,  that  the  majorit>'  of  the 
Duma  would  unite  on  the  doctrine  that  it 
is  really  a  legislature  with  a  common  desire 
to  reform  Russia,  that  no  party  would  take 
its  orders  from  the  government,  that  the  first 
business  of  the  Duma  would  be  to  look  into 
the  budget,  and  that  it  would  then  proceed 
to  investigate  all  recently  passed  laws,  par- 
ticularly those  relating  to  land  and  liberty-. 
The  general  complexion  of  the  chamber  is 
different  from  that  of  its  predecessors  in  that 
this  third  Duma  contains  no  avowed  Social 
Revolutionists.  There  are  Social  Democrats, 
the  Group  of  Toil,  the  Constitutional  Demo- 
crats (Cadets),  Octobrists,  Conservatives, 
and  Reactionaries. 


The 
Duma  In 
Session. 


ztiortaric 


president  of  the  Dum.a, 
Nicholas  A.  Komiakov,  of  Smol- 
ensk, w  ho  was  chosen  by  a  ma- 
jority of  371  out  of  379  votes  cast,  is  an  ex- 
bureaucrat  and  a  Marshal  of  Nobility.  He 
is  nominally  an  Octobrist, — that  is,  a  believer 
in  a  strict  interpretation  of  the  famous  mani^ 
festo  of  October  30,  1905, — ^but  leans  rather 
toward  the  Conservatives  than  the  Radicals. 
He  is  fift>'-four  years  of  age,  a  Slavophile,  a 
poet,  and  a  godson  of  the  famous  writer, 
Gogol.  An  examination  of  the  budget  oc- 
cupied the  first  sessions  of  the  Duma;  an 
acknowledged  deficit  of  $94,000,000  must 
be   provided    for,    with    probably    a   much 


THE  PROGRESS  OF  THE  WORLD, 


665 


arjjer  deficit  to  be  acknowledged  later  on. 
2arly  in  the  session  the  Conservatives  and 
)ctobrists  effected  a  coalTtion  and  elected 
heir  candidates,  Prince  Vladimir  Volkonski 
s  first  vice-president,  and  Professor  Baron 
on  Me\'endorf,  of  the  Baltic  provinces,  sec- 
nd  vice-president.  Both  these  men  are  of 
iberal  views.  The  secretary,  however,  I. 
^.  Sazanovich,  is  an  avowed  Reactionary. 

Sku-Autoing"  Remarkable,  almost  sensational, 
M,  progress  in  aerial  navigation  has 
'"^'  been  achieved  in  recent  weeks, 
ndeed,  **  sky  automobiles  "  have  been  mak- 
ig  their  chauffeurs  happy.  The  dirigible 
lar-balloons  Nulli  Secundus,  of  England, 
nd  La  Pat  tie,  of  France,  have  been  answer- 
T^  to  their  helms  successfully,  and  now  our 
\\n  Congress  may  be  asked  for  $200,000  to 
rovlde    similar   steerable   balloons    for    the 

.  S.  A.  Signal  Corps.  At  Paris,  on  No- 
ember  9,  the  aeronaut  Farman  sailed  his 
eroplane  on  a  circle  of  999  meters,  failing 
y  only  one  meter  to  win  the  $10,000  Arch- 
eacon-Deutsch  prize;  and  on  the  i8th  he 
-.ade  a  1500-meter  circle,  but  allowed  his 
eroplane  wheel  to  touch  the  ground  twice. 
)n  the.  13th,  Alexander  Graham  Bell 
lunched  into  'the  water  at  Halifax  his  big- 
est  tetrahedral  "  kite-ship,"  built  up  of  3393 
nail  tetrahedrons,  provided  with  a  20-horse- 
ow  er  motor,  and  *'  theoretically  prepared  to 
y."     But  it  is  the  old-fashioned,  drifting, 

round-gas-bag-and-basket,"  little  altered 
11  ring  the  century  and  a  quarter  since  its 
rst  use  by  daring  Frenchmen,  that  still  in- 
vests scientists  as  well  as  sportsmen  because 


of  the  actual  intimate  knowledge  its  skippers 
get  of  upper  air  currents,  their  situation  and 
behavior. 


Records 
in 


It  was  by  accurate  observation  of 
favoring  "slants," and  quick  rising 
a  oonng,  ^^^  dropping  to  meet  them,  that 
Oscar  Erbsloeh  (on  October  23)  piloted  the 
round  German  war-balloon  from  St.  Louis 
to  Asbury  Park,  N.  J.,  873.4  miles  as  the 
crow  flies,  thereby  lifting  the  Gordon  Ben- 
nett Aeronautic  Cup  from  America  to  Ger- 
many. When  Erbsloeh  deflated  the  big  Pom- 
mern  after  its  forty-hour  trip,  fifteen  of  his 
forty-one  ballast  bags  were  unused ;  he  might 
have  traveled  500  miles  further.  By  skilful 
"  jockeying,"  however,  he  had  proved  that 
all  the  air  currents  from  300  to  10,000  feet 
above  ground  were  moving  east.  He  stopped 
his  career,  therefore,  when  the  ocean  seemed 
too  near  for  safety,  only  six  miles  ahead  of 
the  French  balloon  Ulsle  de  France,  The 
latter  broke  the  world's  duration  record, 
with  a  flight  of  forty-three  hours  fifty-nine 
minutes.  Previous  to  the  international  race. 
Captain  Charles  DeF.  Chandler  and  J.  C. 
McCoy,  by' a  flight  of  475  miles  in  the  U.  S. 
Signal  Corps  "  No.  10,"  had  won  the  Lahm 
Cup  offered  by  the  Aero  Club  of  America 
to  the  first  American  balloon ists  to  exceed 
402  miles,  the  distance  which  won  the  Gor- 
don Bennett  Cup  last  year.  But  none  of 
these  balloons  approached  the  world's  dis- 
tance record,  made  in  1900  by  Comte  de  la 
Vaulx,  1 1 93  miles.  The  American  record 
is  1 1 50  miles,  achieved  by  Professor  John 
Wise  in  1859. 


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'■  i    CCWiftD'.', 

THE  START  IN  THE  GREAT  BAILOON   RACE  AT   ST.   LOUIS. 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 

{From  October  20  to  November  19,  1907.) 


POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT— AMERICAN. 

October  26.  —  Attorney-General  Bonaparte 
holds  that  the  Porto  Rican  Legislature  has  the 
right  to  regulate  the  method  of  expenditure  of 
insular  funds. 

November  4. — The  United  States  Supreme 
Court  holds  to  be  legal  the  Massachusetts  law 
requiring  street-railway  companies  to  sell  tickets 
to  school  children  at  half  rates. 

November  5. — Elections  are  held  in  thirteen 
States;  Massachusetts,  New  Jersey,  and  Ken- 
tucky elect  Republican  governors;  Maryland, 
Mississippi,  and  Rhode  Island  elect  Democratic 
governors ;  in  Pennsylvania,  Nebraska,  and  New 
York  the  Republican  candidates  for  judicial  and 
other  State  offices  are  successful,  the  judicial 
candidates  in  New  York  being  indorsed  by  the 
Democratic  party  also;  in  Qeveland  Tom  L. 
Johnson  (Dem.)  is  re-elected  Mayor,  defeating 
Congressman  Theodore  E.  Burton  (Rep.);  in 
San  Francisco  Edward  R.  Taylor,  candidate  of 
the  Democratic  party  and  the  Good  Government 
League,  is  elected  over  Daniel  A.  Ryan  (Rep.)  ; 
in  New  York  county  the  Democratic  ticket  is  suc- 
cessful over  the  **  Fusion"  movement  of  the  Re- 
publican part^  and  the  Independence  League; 
m  Cincinnati  Leopold  Markbreit  (Rep.)  is 
elected  over  Mayor  Edward  J.  Dempsey 
(Dem.)  ;  in  Salt  Lake  City  John  S.  Branstord, 
candidate  of  the  American  party,  is  elected;  in 
Columbus  Charles  A.  Bond  (Rep.)  is  elected 
over  Judge  Duncan  (Dem.) ;  in  Jersey  City 
Mayor  Mark  M.  Fagan  (Rep.)  is  defeated  by 
H.  Otto  Wittpenn  (Dem.)  ;  in  Toledo,  Brand 
Whitlock  (Ind.)  is  re-elected  over  R.  A.  Bartley 
(Rep.). 

Following  are  the  names  of  the  governors- 
elect  : 

Kentucky Augustus  E.  Willson  (Rep.). 

Maryland Austin  L.  Crothers  (Dem.). 

Massachusetts Curtis  Guild,  Jr.   (Rep.).* 

Mississippi E.  F.  Noel  (Dem.). 

New  Jersey John  Franklin  Fort  (Rep.). 

Rhode  Island James  H.  Higgins  (Dem.).* 

November  11. — The  United  States  Supreme 
Court  in  reversing  a  decision  by  the  district 
court  of  the  Eastern  District  of  Arkansas  re- 
iterates previous  rulings  that  the  status  of  ne- 
groes depends  upon  the  State  courts  rather  than 
upon  United  States  judges. 

November  14. — William  Jennings  Bryan  pub- 
lishes in  the  Commoner  a  statement  that  he 
would  accept  the  Democratic  Presidential  nomi- 
nation next  year  but  will  not  ask  for  or  seek  it. 

November  16. — By  proclamation  of  the  Presi- 
dent, Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory  are  for- 
mally admitted  to  the  Union  as  the  forty-sixth 
State  under  the  name  of  Oklahoma ;  Charles  N. 
Haskell  is  inaugurated  as  the  first  Governor. 

November  19. — ^The  United  States  Govern- 
ment assumes  the  cost  of  labor  and  service  in 

*  Reelected. 


aiding   San   Francisco  to  combat   the  bubonic 

plague The  Alabama  Senate,  by  a  vote  of 

32  to  2,  passes  the  House  Prohibition  bill,  to 
take  effect  January  i,  1909 The  Court  of  Ap- 
peals of  New  York  declares  the  Recount  act 
to  be  unconstitutional. 

POLITICS  AND  GOVERNMENT— FOREIGN. 

October  20. — In  China  imperial  edicts  arc  is- 
sued providing  for  provincial  le^slatures,  whose 
powers  for  the  present  will  be  limited  to  debate. 

October  22. — The  French  Parliament  reopens. 

October  23. — The  Shah  of  Persia  dismisses 
his  cabinet 

October  29. — The  Finnish  Diet  votes  an  ajK 
propriation  to  the  Russian  Government  of  $f- 
000,000,  in  payment  for  exemption  from  mil- 
itary service. 

November  i. — ^The  Finnish  Diet  unanimously 
adopts  a  bill  prohibiting  the  manufacture  or 
importation  of  alcohol  in  Finland. 

November  2. — Municipal  elections  in  England 
and  Wales  result  in  crushing  defeats  to  the 
Socialists. 

November  3. — The  Swiss  people,  by  a  vote  of 
300,000  to  250,000,  approve  the  plan  of  armj 
reform. 

November  6. — ^The  Netherlands  Government 
has  presented  to  Parliament  a  bill  to  reclaim 
40,000  acres  of  land  from  the  Zuyder  Zee,  at  a 
cost  of  $11,200,000. 

November  9. — The  Crown  Princess  of  Ger- 
many gives  birth  to  a  son. 

November  13. — Spain's  navy  reform  commis- 
sion recommends  the  expenditure  of  nearly 
$40,000,000  for  additions  to  the  navy. 

November  14. — The  third  Russian  Ehima 
opens  in  the  Tauride  Palace  at  St  Petersburg ; 
M.  Komiakov  is  elected  President 

November  19. — The  Korean  Emperor  issues 
an  edict  ordering  his  subjects  to  co-operate  with 
the  authorities  in  restoring  peaceful  conditions. 

INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS. 

October  20. — The  Japanese  Crown  Prince 
leaves  Seoul  for  Japan Mogador  is  threat- 
ened by  a  division  of  Mulai  Hahg's  forces. 

October  21. — It  is  reported  that  Mulai  Hafig's 
forces  have  defeated  the  Sultan's  troops   and 

have  captured  General  Bagdani  near  Hettat 

Secretary  Taft  speaks  at  a  dinner  given  by  mem- 
bers of  the  Assembly  at  Manila. 

October  22. — A  dispatch  from  Tangier  states 
that  the  French  near  Casablanca  have  suffered 
a  serious  reverse Secretary  Taft  has  a  con- 
ference with  Senor  Osmena,  president  of  the 
Philippine  Assembly. 

October  23.— -Secretary  Taft  leaves  Manila  to 
inspect  the  defenses  at  Subig  Bay. 

October  25. — China  has  begun  a  grain-rate 
war  directed  against  Japanese  lines  in   Man- 


RECORD  OF  CURRENT  EVENTS. 


667 


rhuria.  has  cancelled  the  foreign  concessions  on 
the  imperial  railways,  and  has  sent  troops  into 
the  disputed  boundary  zone. 

October  26. — Mr.  Taft  arrives  at  Baguio,  in 
:he  Philippines. 

October  28. — King  Alfonso  and  Queen  Vic- 
toria are  warmly  welcomed  in  Paris  on  their 
way  to  England. 

October  29. — King  Alfonso  and  Queen  Vic- 
toria arrive  at  London. 

November  i. — Japan  has  turned  over  the  con- 
trol of  the  mails  to  Peking  to  the  Chinese  au- 
thorities as  a  result  of  the  refusal  of  China  to 
abandon  postal  control. 

November  2. — France,  Great  Britain,  Ger- 
many, and  Russia  have  signed  a  treaty  guaran- 
teeing the  integrity  of  Norway. 

November  6. — Secretary  Taft  speaks  to  the 
I-ilipinos  at  a  dinner  given  by  the  Progressives 
of  Manila  on  the  subject  of  political  parties. 

November  7. — The  Presidents  of  Nicaragua, 
Honduras,  and  Salvador  meet  at  Amapala  and 
<Jcclare  for  peace  in  Central  America. 

November  8. — Emperor  William  and  the  Em- 
press Augusta  leave  Berlin  for  Flushing,  where 
they  will  embark  for  England. 

November  9. — Secretary  Taft  leaves  Manila 
for  Vladivostok. 

November  11. — Emperor  William  and  Em- 
press Augusta  Victoria  arrive  at  Windsor. 

November  13. — Emperor  William,  in  an  -ad- 
dress in  London,  emphasizes  his  desire  for  the 
rraintenance  of  the  gcod  relations  between  Eng- 
land and  Germany. 

November  17. — The  Mexican  Government 
ctdes  Magdalcna  Bay  for  three  years  to  the 
United  States  as  a  coaling  station. ..  .Secretary 
Taft  arrives  at  Vladivostok. 

November  18. — Secretary  Taft  is  the  guest  of 
General  Pflug  at  Vladivostok. 

November  19. — A  commercial  convention  is 
signed  in  London  admitting  British  works  of 
art  to  America  at  one-quarter  less  than  the  pres- 
ent duty  and  admitting  samples  of  American 
commercial   travelers  free  of  duty  in   England 

Secretary  Taft  leaves  Vladivostok  for  St. 

Petersburg. 

THE  FINANCIAL  SITUATION. 

October  21. — Charles  T.  Barney  resigns  as 
president  of  the  Knickerbocker  Trust  Company. 

October  22. — Mayer  &  Co.,  a  New  York 
Stock  Exchange  firm,  assign,  with  $6,000,000 
liabilities. ..  .The  Knickerbocker  Trust  Com- 
pany of  New  York  suspends  after  paying  out 
$^^ ,000,000. ..  .President  Roosevelt  speaks  at 
Nashville,  Tenn.,  on  the  financial  situation. 

October  23. — Receivers  for  three  Westing- 
h'use  concerns  are  appointed  in  Pittsburg.... 
Secretary  Cortelyou  announces  that  $25,000,000 
of  government   money   would   be   deposited   in 

New  York  banks The  State  Bank  and  Trust 

Company  and  the  Neye  &  Orens  Bank,  located 

at  Reno,  Nev..  close There  is  a  run  on  .the 

Trust  Company  of  America,  New  York,  $13,000,- 
000  in  cash  being  withdrawn. 

October  24. — Call-money  at  100  per  cent,  on 
New  York    Stock   Exchange. ..  .Bankers'  pool, 


headed  by  J.  P.  Morgan,  loans  $25,000,000  at  10 
per  cent. ..  .There  is  a  run  on  the  Lincoln  Trust 
Company  of  New  York.... The  run  on  the 
Trust  Company  of  America  of  New  York  con- 
tinues. 

October  25. — The  savings  banks  of  New  York 
City  announce  that  they  will  require  from  de- 
positors the  legal  notice  of  from  30  to  90  days 

before     making     withdrawals Ernst     Thal- 

mann,  Orto  T.  Bannard,  and  Henry  C  Ide,  all 
of  New  York  City,  are  appointed  temporary  re- 
ceivers of  the   Knickerbocker  Trust   Company. 

Bank  suspensions  in   Brooklyn  include  the 

First  National,  Williamsburg  Trust  Company, 
Jenkins  Trust  Company,  Borough  Bank,  Brook- 
lyn Bank,  and  the  Guardian  Savings  Bank 

The  United  States  Exchange  Bank  of  New  York 
City  also  suspended  payment. 

October  26 — New  York  Clearing  House  Asso- 
ciation authorizes  issue  of  loan  certificates. 

October  27. — Dispatches  fronv  all  sections 
show  confidence  in  the  financial  situation. 

October  28. — Clearing-House  Associations  in 
all    large  cities   decide   to   issue   clearing-house 

certificates Oklahoma  banks  close  their  doors 

following  a  proclamation  by  Acting  Territorial 
Governor  Charles  Filson,  ordering  a  legal 
holiday  until  November  2  because  of  the  money 

stringency The  Bankers'  Trust  Company  of 

Kansas  City,   with   deposits   of  $800,000,  closes 

its  doors The  municipal  pay  roll  of  Chicago 

is    held   up The    Bath    Trust    Company,   of 

Bath, 'Maine,  controlled  by  Charles  W.  Morse, 
suspends  operations  on  account  of  the  with- 
drawal of  deposits. 

October  29 — The  New  Orleans  exchanges  are 
closed  for  six  days  as  a  precautionary  measure. 

October  30. — New  York  City  issues  $30,000,- 
000  6  per  cent,  revenue  bonds  at  par Comp- 
troller Metz,  of  New  York  City,  announces  that 
ht  will  hold  back  salary  warrants  to  prevent 
bank  runs George  L.  Rives  is  appointed  re- 
ceiver of  the  Knickerbocker  Trust  Company  in 

the  place  of  Otto  T.  Bannard Kessler  &  Co., 

of  Wall  Street,  assign. 

October  31.— The  three  committees  of  the 
Knickerbocker  Trust   Company   meet  and  con- 

sohdate     into     one     committee Comptroller 

Ridgely  announces  that  $1,339,000  increased  cir- 
culation has  been  issued  to  national  banks  to- 
day. 

November  2. — An  important  conference  of 
prominent  financiers  is  held  at  the  home  of  Mr. 
J.  Picrpont  Morgan Secretary  Cortelyou  or- 
ders the  transfer  of  $1,000,000  in  government 
funds  to  San  Francisco  savings  banks;  the 
checking  system  adopted  by  the  banks  goes  into 
eftect  in  various  cities. 

November  3.— Governor  Chamberlain  of  Ore- 
gon proclaims  a  legal  holiday,  so  that  banks  may 
remain  closed. 

November  5.— Charles  H.  Treat,  United  States 
Treasurer,  orders  all  sub-treasuries  to  cash  pen- 
sion  vouchers,    disbursing   officers'    drafts,   and 

other    obligations    of    the    Government The 

United  States  Steel  Corporation"  acquires  con- 
trol of  Tennessee  Coal  &  Iron  Company  in  the 
settlement  of  the  affairs  of  the  Trust  Company 
of  America. 

November  7. — Gold  engaged  from  abroad  to- 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REf^lEU/S. 


day  to  amount  of  $3»375»ooo;  total  to  date, 
$40,000,000. 

November  9. — The  Texas  State  Treasury  sus- 
pends payment  of  warrants. 

November  12. — Governor  Hughes  appoints  a 
committee  of  bankers  of  New  York  City  to  sug- 
gest new  banking  laws. 

November  17. — The  President  announces  that 
the  Government  will  issue  $50,000,000  Panama 
bonds,  and  interest  bearing  certificates  of  indebt- 
edness to  the  amount  of  $100,000,000. 

November  18. — President  Roosevelt  and  Sec- 
retary Cortelyou  receive  many  congratulations 
on  their  plan  for  financial  relief. 

OTHER  OCCURRENCES  OP  THE  MONTH. 

October  20. — Railway  employees  in  Italy  de- 
cide on  a  general  strike. . .  .Nine  balloonists,  rep- 
resenting United  States,  England,  Germany,  and 
France,  start  in  the  second  international  aero- 
nautic contest  in  St.  Louis. 

October  21. — The  town  of  Karatagh,  in  Rus- 
sian Turkestan,  is  destroyed  by  an  earthquake, 

the  victims  numbering  about  14,000 President 

Roosevelt  makes  a  speech  at  Vicksburg,  Miss. 

October  22. — President  Roosevelt  makes  a 
speech  at  Nashville. ..  .A  three  days'  conference 
on  the  subject  of  trusts  and  corporations  is 
opened  at  Chicago,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Na- 
tional Civic  Federation. 

October  23. — A  wireless  message  from  the 
Marconi  station  at  Glace  Bay  is  sent  to  Clifden 
and  a  reply  received  within  five  minutes  for  both 

dispatches President    Roosevelt     returns    to 

Washington  from  his  trip  to  the  South The 

German  balloon  Pommern  is  declared  the  win- 
ner in  the  Bennett  cup  contest. 

October  24. — The  steamer  Lusitania  arriyes  in 
Queenstown  after  a  run  from  Sandy  Hook  of 
4  days  22  hours  and  46  minutes,  lowering  the 
eastern  record  nearly  six  hours. 

October  29. — Edward  P.  Weston,  the  aged 
pedestrian,  leaves  Portland,  Maine,  to  walk  to 
Chicago  in  twenty-six  days. 

November  3. — Nearly  77.000  British  railway 
employees  vote  in  favor  of  a  strike  to  obtain 
their  demands. 

November  6. — Richard  Bell,  M.  P.,  leader  of 
the  movement  of  the  British  railway  employees, 
announces  a  settlement  of  the  trouble  between 

the  men  and  the  employers The  telegraphers' 

strike  is  called  off  as  far  as  it  concerns  New 
York  City. 

November  7. — Judge  Wellborn,  at  Los  An- 
geles, Cal.,  fines  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  Railroad  Company  $330,000  for  rebating. 

November  9. — The  Crown  Princess  of  Ger- 
many gives  birth  to  a  son Fire  in  the  Great 

Northern  Elevator  at  Superior,  Wis.,  causes  a 

total  damage  of  $2.268,000 E.  P.  Weston,  the 

pedestrian,  reaches  Syracuse. 

November  13. — Lumbermen  of  the  Northwest 
file  a  complaint  with  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission  charging  practically  all  the  impor- 
tant Northwestern  railroad  companies  with  sup- 
pression of  competition. ..  .E.  P.  Weston,  the 
pedestrian,   reaches   Buffalo. 

November  15. — An 'immense  flame,  shooting 
up  from  the  sun  at  the  rate  of  10,000  miles  a 


minute  to  the  height  of  325,000  miles,  then 
breaking  into  fragments  and  disappearing,  is 
observed  at  Radcliffe  Observatory,  Oxford. 

November  18.— The  United  States  Supreme 
Court  decides  that  the  consolidation  of  tbc 
cities  of  Allegheny  and  Pittsburgh  is  not  in  vio- 
lation of  the  constitution, 

OBITUARY 

October  20.— Col  James  W.  Powell.  U.  S.  A, 
retired,  of  New   York,  a  veteran  of  the  Crnl 

War.   67 Sir    Charles    A.    Turner,    formerly 

chief  justice  of  the  Madras  High  Court,  74. 

October   21. — George    Frederick    Bodley.  the 

English  architect,  80 Capt.  Charles  H.  Allen, 

a  Washington  newspaper  man,  and  veteran  of 

the    Civil    War,   75 Howard    Saunders,  the 

English  ornithologist,  72. 

October  23. — Chief  Judge  James  McSherry, 
of  the  Maryland  Court  of  Appeals,  65. 

October  25. — Alexander  Maitland,  of  New 
York,  a  prominent  philanthropist,  62. 

October  26. — Major  Don  G.  Lovell,  of  Ta- 
coma,  a  veteran  of  the  Civil  War,  66. 

October  27. — Charles  Henry  Wilson,  first 
Baron  Nunburnholme,  74. 

October  29. — ^Jenico  William  Joseph  Preston. 

Viscount     Gormanston,     70 Gerald     Massey, 

poet  and  historian,  79. 

Octdber  30. — Mrs.  Caroline  Dana  Howe,  the 

poet,  of  Portland,  Me.,  87 Mrs.  Ellen  Elizi- 

beth  Harper,  mother  of  the  late  President  Hir- 
per  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  75. 

October  31. — Dr.  Charles  Mohr,  a  distin- 
guished  homeopathist    of    Philadelphia,    63 

Capt.  John  T.  Sheppard,  of  Brooklyn,  a  veteran 
of  the  Civil  War,  87. 

November  3. — Dr.  Alexander  Caldwell,  physi- 
cian and  philanthropist  of  Philadelphia,  63. 

November  4, — Diego  Barros  Arana,  the  emi- 
nent historian  and  educator  of  Chile,  77. 

November  6. — Brevet  Brig.-Gen.  Thomas  EU- 
wood  Rose,  U.  S.  A.,  retired,  who  led  the  fa- 
mous escape  from  Libb^  Prison  in  1864,  77 

Sophia  Cruvelli,  the  Vicomtesse  Vigier,  at  one 
time  the  leading  opera  singer  of  Europe,  82. 

November  9. — Col.  J.  H.  Estill,  proprietor  of 
the  Savannah  Morning  News,  67. 

November  10. — Lewis  Emory  McComas.  for- 
mer United  States  Senator  from  Maryland,  61. 

November  11. — Ex-Judge  William  T.  Elmer, 
of  Middletown,  Conn.,  72. 

November  12.— Gen.  W.  E.  W.  Ross,  of  Bal- 
timore, a  veteran  of  the  Civil  War,  70 Mrs. 

Harriet  Farley  Donlevy,  the  first  woman  editor 
of  a  woman's  magazine  in  the  United  States, 
90.  ...Sir  Lewis  Morris,  the  Welsh  poet,  74. 

November  14. — Charles  T.  Barney,  ex-presi- 
dcnt  of  the  Knickerbocker  Trust  Company,  of 
New  York,  57. 

November  15. — Moncure  D.  Conway,  the  emi- 
nent author,  minister,  and  lecturer,  75 Ho- 
ratio Richmond  Palmer,  the  author  and  com- 
poser, 73. 

November  17. — Admiral  Sir  Francis  Leopold 
McClintock,  discoverer  of  the  fate  of  the  Frank- 
lin Expedition  in  1859,  88. 


SOME  OF  THE  RECENT  CARTOONS 


A   BAD   STORM^    BUT   NO   GREAT   DAMAGE. 

I'NCLB  Sam  :  "That  was  a  pretty  lively  breeze,  but  I  don't  see  that  any  of  my  best  trees  are  I.? 
red." — From  the  Saturday  Globe  (Utica). 


"  HEBE    COMES    THE    TIDE  !  " 

From  the  PresB  (New  York). 


IHEY    DON'T    CARE    IP    HE    NEVER    COMES    BACK. 

The  financial  ballooning  season  Is  over  for  a  good 
long  spell. — From  the  Journal   (Minneapolis). 


670 


THE  AMERICAN  kEVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


^ 


J.    PIERPONT    BLUDSO. 

"  1*11  hold  her  nozzle  agin*  the  bank  till  the  last 
piloot'a  ashore." — From  the  Daily  News  ( Chicago  )i 


DIFFERENT   HE8UI.T8    POLIXJW    PERPETUAL    CANDIDATKL 

From  the  Herald  (Washington). 


ItB^ 


THE    DEMOCRATIC   DOO    IN    THE    MANGER. 

Democratic   leaders  declare  that   If  Bryan  would 
stand  aside  the  donkey  would  get  a  square  meal. 
From  the  Journal  (Minneapolis). 


GETTING     OUT    THE     PAPER     UNDER    DIFFICCLTII 

From  the  Ohio  State  Journal   (Columbus). 


MILLIONS    OF     RKAL    WEALTH. 

From  the  Leader  (Cleveland). 


NOW    THE    PRESIDENT   IS   AFTBR   TH«    PAFSl  TSUSC 

From  the  Po$t  (Cincinnati}. 


SOME  OF  THE  RECENT  CARTOONS. 


671 


L^- 


TKKED  ! 

From   the    World    (Now   York). 


\ 


\^Vi\'''"'''^''^ 


C~^,#"r4 


ANOTHRB    OHIO    SON    RISE. 

From  the  Pr€98  (New  York). 


"  VS-S     THAT     PE     OKLAHOMA?" 

From  the  Preai  (New  York). 


THE  PRESENT  FINANCIAL  CRISIS. 

BY    BYRON  W.    HOLT 

T^HIS  country  is  now  passing  through  a  working  at  reduced  speed*. in  all  sections  of 
money  panic,  a  financial  crisis,  and  a  the  country,  business  is  being  curtailed,  fail- 
business  depression.  ures  are  increasing,  bank  exchanges  are  dc- 

The  financial  crisis  began  last  January,  creasing,  men  are  being  laid  off  or  put  an 
but  did  not  become  pronounced  until  last  short  time,  commercial  activities  are  lessen- 
March,  when  liquidation  in  bonds  and  ing,  and  other  evidences  of  industnal  re- 
stocks assumed  alarming  proportions.  It  trenchment  are  multiplying  at  a  more  rapid 
was  renewed  in  August  and  again  in  Octo-  rate,  perhaps,  than  was  ever  witnessed  by 
ber.  It  is  still  on  in  Wall  Street,  but  has  the  present  generation.  Never  before  was 
extended  into  other  fields,  and  severe  liquida-  there  such  a  sudden  stoppage  of  industry, 
tion  is  now  in  progress  in  commodities,  real  Perhaps  500,000  men  have  been  laid  off 
estate,  commerce,  general  business,  and  labor,  within  three  weeks,  about  100,000  of  whom 
In  all  directions  prices,  rates,  and  wages'are  are  in  the  iron  and  steel  industries  and 
falling.  50,000  or  75,000  in  the  railroad    industry. 

The  money  panic  began  on  October  22,  So  many  men  are  out  of  work   and   so 

when  the  first  public  demonstration  of  dis-  great  is  the  exodus  of  workingmcn  to  Europe 

trust  was  shown  by  the  great  run  on  the  that,   for  two  weeks,    the  steamships    have 

Knickerbocker    Trust    Company,    at    Fifth  been    unable    to   carry    those    applying    for 

avenue  and  Thirty-fourth  street,  and  on  its  steerage   passage.     In   some   instances    they 

Harlem  and   downtown  branches.      It  has  could  take  only  half  of  the  applicants.     The 

continued  to  the  present  moment   (Novem-  Lusitania  stopped  selling  third-class  tickets 

ber  18),  though  its  panicky  aspects  are  less  two  days  before  sailing  on  November  16. 

in   evidence  because   the  commercial   banks  „,„„^,    ,^„„    ^„,ere    ««, ,     «^r^ 

will  cash  only  very  small  checks  and  the  ^"^^    ^"^  /^"^'"^    ^"'''    ^^- 

savings  banks  will  permit  withdrawals  only  .    The  money  panic  will  probably  end   not 

at  the  end  of  thirty,  sixty,  or  ninety  days  after  later  than  December  i,  when  the  premium 

notice  has  been  given  by  depositors.      The  on  money  will  disappear  and  hoarded  money 

premium  of  from  2  to  4  per  cent,  on  cur-  will  return   in  large  volume  to  the  banks. 

rency, — ^r,  rather,  the  discount  of  2  to  4  per  Currency  famines  of  the  past  have  been  of 

cent,  on  checks, — which  has  existed  for  two  short  duration. 

or  three  weeks  in  New  York  and  other  cities  The  financial  crisis  will  end  only  when 

(reaching  5  per  cent,  at  one  time  in  Pitts-  the  rapid  fall  in  prices  of  securities  ceases 

burg),  attests  the  eagerness  of  people  to  get  and    when   the   demand    for   credit   caphal 

money,  while  the  fact  that  a  large  propor-  (loans)  has  lessened  so  that  the  rate  of  in ter- 

tion  of  the  country's  exchanges  are  now  made  est  is  not  much  above  normal, 

with    clearing-house    certificates    and    other  The  industrial  depression  will  continue  for 

similar  substitutes  for  money  indicates  the  six  or  eight  months,  possibly  for  one  or  tMro 

extent  to  which  money  is  hoarded  and,  in  a  or  even  three  years.     It  will  be  marked  by 
crude  way,  measures  the  distrust  and  sus- '  numerous  failures  of  banking  and  conimer- 

picion   of   our   banking   institutions   in    the  cial    houses,    manufacturing,    mining,    and 

minds  of  a  large  proportion  of  our  popula-  transportation     corporations     possibly,     and 

tion.  even   probably  by  severe  declines   in    rcal- 

The  business  depression  did  not  begin  un-  estate  values  in  many,  if  not  most,  sections 

til    about   November    i ,    though   a   marked  of  the  country. 

decline  occurred  in  some  industries  earlier, —  The  above  is  a  brief  description  of   die 

in  the  automobile,  piano,  and  confectionery  ordinary  course  of  events  following  an  acute 

industries  last  spring,  in  the  copper  industry  crisis  such  as  we  are  now  passing  through, 

last  summer,  and  in  the  theatrical  industry  Economic  students  can   trace  the   different 

since  September.     Railroads  have  also,   for  stages  of  a  financial  and  industrial  crisis  as 

many   months,    been    gradually   abandoning  accurately  as  a  physician  can  trace  the  various 

improvements  and  laying  off  men.      Since  stages  of  a  somewhat  complicated  disease. 

November  began  mills  have  been  closing  or  More  than  a  year  ago  these  students  saw 


THE  PRESENT  FINANCIAL  CRISIS. 


678 


that  wc  were  approaching  a  crisis  and  began 
to  make  predictions  and  to  issue  warnings. 

A     MUCH-PREDICTED     PANIC. 

Besides  numerous  professors,  and  others 
of  a  more  academic  nature,  many  financiers 
and  industrial  leaders  long  ago  saw  trouble 
ahead.  James^J.  Hill  and  Jacob  H.  SchiflE 
w^erc  among  the  first  of  our  calamity 
prophets.  Following  them  came  August 
Belmont,  Stuyvesant  Fish,  E.  H.  Harriman, 
John  D.  Rockefeller,  and  others. 

No  one,  perhaps,  analyzed  conditions  more 
accurately  and  foresaw  more  clearly  what  is 
now  transpiring  than  did  W.  H.  Lough, 
Jr.,  Secretary  of  the  New  York  University 
School  of  Commerce,  Accounts  and  Finance, 
who  last  February  wrote  an  article  on  "  The 
Irrepressible  Crisis,"  which  was  published 
in  Moody's  Magazine  for  April.  In  this 
article  he  discussed  the  general  theory  of 
crises  and  made  up  a  list  of  twelve  factors  to 
be  considered  in  prognosticating  the  business 
future.  After  carefully  reviewing  each  he 
reached  the  conclusion  that  "  the  situation 
is  strikingly  similar  to  that  which  existed  be- 
fore the  crisis  of  1857."  Continuing,  he 
said : 

Then,  too.  there  had  been  for  several  years 
previous  a  heavy  production  of  gold,  which  piled 
up  in  the  bank  vaults  the  world  over  and  stimu- 
lated the  output,  first,  of  bank  and,  next,  of 
commercial  credit.  .  .  .  Plenty  of  gold, 
abundant  credit  outrunning  the  gold  reserves, 
high  prices,  prosperity,  heavy  production  of 
goods,  and  in  the  end  a  crash;  such  is  a  fair 
summary  of  the  conditions  from  1849  to  1857. 
The  same  data  have  already  been  given  about 
the  present  situation,  except  the  date  of  the 
crash. 

The  experience  of  the  last  100  years  indicates 
that  the  forces  now  at  work  are  driving  us 
straight  toward  a  crisis, — and  I  mean  by  crisis 
not  a  Wall  Street  flurry,  such  as  we  have  lately 
seen,  which  may  come  at  any  time  from  purely 
local  influences,  but  a  general,  temporary  break- 
down of  industry.  With  credit  everywhere  ex- 
panded to  the  danger  point,  we  are  in  a  posi- 
tion from  which  only  two  ways  of  escape  are 
possible.  One  is  a  large  and  rapid  increase  in 
our  gold  reserves,  which  is  out  of  the  question. 
The  other  is  a  progressive  restriction  of  credit, 
necessarily  gathering  momentum  as  it  proceeds, 
which  is  another  name  for  crisis.  Just  when 
or  how  the  wave  of  credit  withdrawals  will 
start  no  one  can  tell.  ...  The  crisis  of  1857, 
under  conditions  similar  to  those  of  to-day,  was 
sudden  and  severe,  but  short-lived.  Let  us 
hope  that  nothing  worse  can  be  said  of  the  com- 
ing crisis. 

CAUSES    OF    PANICS. 

Mr.   Lough  was  able   to  prophesy  thus 
accurately  because  he  knew  something  of 


the  causes  and  antecedents  of  a  great  crisis. 
What,  then,  are  the  causes?  Why  is  it  that 
this    great    country,    with    its    unparalleled   \ 
resources  and  ample  crops  this  year, — fol-    ) 
lowing  years  of  bumper  harvests, — is  now 
in  the  throes  of  panic  and  depression? 

There  is,  it  is  true,  a  shortage  in  our 
cereal,  fruit  and  vegetable  crops,  as  com- 
pared with  last  year.  The  yield  of  the  most 
important  products,  however,  are  not  below 
the  average  of  the  last  ten  years.  Thus, 
according  to  Bradstreet's  of  November  16, 
the  total  estimated  yield  of  the  six  cereals 
(corn,  wheat,  oats,  barley,  rye,  and  buck- 
wheat) for  1907  is  4,113,487,000  bushels, 
against  an  actual  yield  of  4,854,514,833 
bushels  in  1906, — a  decrease  of  15.2  per  cent. 
Not  only  have  we  ample  cereals  for  our  own 
needs,  with  hundreds  of  millions  of  bushels 
to  spare,  but,  because  of  higher  prices,  the 
total  value  of  our  crops  is  greater  than  ever 
before.  Our  hay  crop  is  6  per  cent,  greater 
than  last  year,  while  our  cotton  crop  will  be 
a  big  one.  Our  potato,  rice,  and  peanut 
crops  are  above  the  ten-year  average,  while 
our  apple,  pear,  grape,  and  cranberry  crops 
are  below  this  average. 

Compared  with  previous  panic-year  crops, 
our  crops  and  their  values  make  a  wonderful 
showing.  Thus,  cur  present  corn  crop  of 
2,553,732,000  bushels,  valued  at  $1,270,- 
000,000,  is  contrasted  with  1,619,496,131 
bushels  in  1893,  valued  at  $591,625,627. 
Our  present  wheat  crop  of  625,567,000 
bushels,  worth  $563,000,000,  is  contrasted 
with  460,267,416  bushels  in  1893,  worth 
$225,902,025.  Our  present  cotton  crop  of 
about  13,000,000  bales,  worth  $700,000,000, 
contrasts  with  7,549,817  bales  in  1898, 
worth  $250,145,067. 

Taking  these  three  crops  as  an  index,  our 
farm  products  have  increased  fully  50  per 
cent,  since  1898,  and  their  values  about  140 
per  cent.,  while  our  population  has  increased 
less  than  30  per  cent.  Surely  there  is  nothing 
in  the  amount  or  value  of  this  year's  crops 
to  indicate  panic  or  depression. 

Since  1893  the  gross  earnings  of  our  rail- 
roads have  nearly  doubled,  while  the  net 
earnings  and  dividends  have  more  than 
doubled.  Our  exports  have  more  than 
doubled,  while  our  imports  have  increased 
70  per  cent.  Our  pig  iron  production  has 
increased  from  7,124,502  tons  in  1893,  to 
25,307,191  tons  in  1906,  or  more  than  250 
per  cent. 

On  June  30,  1893,  we  had  $636,000,000 
of  gold  in  the  country,  while  on  October  i, 


674 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REy/ElVS, 


1907,  we  had  $1,482,969,710,  an  increase  of 
^33  per  cent.  The  total  money  in  circula- 
tion increased  from  $24.03  per  capita,  in 
1893,  to  $36.46,  on  September  i,  1907. 

Wliy  is  it  that,  in  spite  of  this  marvelous 
growth  in  material  wealth,  we  are  to-day  in 
industrial  distress,  with,  perhaps,  more  idle 
men  than  ever  before  in  this  country? 

WAS    THE    PANIC    PREMEDITATED? 

These  and  similar  questions  are  now  being 
asked  by  many  able  newspapers,  not  all  in 
the  West  or  South.  A  frequent  answer  is 
that  the  panic  is  the  result  of  a  few  hundred 
gambling  criminals  and  prosperity  wreckers 
with  their  headquarters  in  Wall  Street. 
Some  even  charge  that  this  crisis  was  delib- 
erately planned  by  these  plunderers,  who 
precipitated  the  panic  by  discriminating 
against  certain  copper  and  other  securities 
as  collateral  for  loans,  by  refusing  to  clear 
for  the  Knickerbocker  Trust  Company,  by 
refusing  bank  credits  to  any  except  them- 
selves, by  cornering  the  money,  and  by  sand- 
bagging Charles  W.  Morse,  F.  A.  Heinze, 
E.  R.  Thomas,  John  W.  Gates,  the  unfortu- 
nate Charles  T.  Barney,  and  others,  until 
they  "dropped  their  goods "  and  fled  in 
despair. 

These  charges  are,  perhaps,  heard  as  often 
in  the  offices  of -Wall  Street  brokers  as  in  the 
Populist  sections  of  the  country.  They  even 
appear  in  Wall  Street  literature  and  in  the 
metropolitan  press.  The  Evening  World  of 
November  12,  in  a  bitter  editorial  on 
"  Where  the  Money  Is,"  compares  Wall 
Street  bankers  with  pawnbrokers  who 
appropriate  the  properties  hypothecated  with 
them,  accuses  the  bankers  of  illegally  over- 
certifying  checks  and  refusing  to  pay  cash  to 
their  ordinary  creditors,  and  says  that  they 
have  curtailed  their  commercial  credits, 
called  in  their  business  loans  and  cut  off 
manufacturers,  storekeepers  and  merchants 
from  their  facilities  for  doing  their  legitimate 
business  in  order  that  they,  the  great  Wall 
Street  bankers,  "  might  take  advantage  of 
the  low  prices  for  stocks  and  bonds  and  buy 
in  other  people's  property  cheap."  Continu- 
ing the  Evening  World  says : 

Of  the  more  than  $1,000,000,000  of  loans  in 
the  New  York  associated  banks  less  than  one- 
half  are  commercial  loans  on  business  paper. 
More  than  half  are  on  Stock  Exchange  collat- 
eral. The  men  who  control  the  credit  of  these 
banks  are  usinj?  it  to  acquire  for  themselves  the 
mines,  the  railroads,  the  steamships,  and  the  other 
jjreat  incorporated  industries  of  the  United 
States.       People  who  are   not  able  to  borrow 


have  to  sell.  The  few  men  who  can  get  kans 
are  the  purchasers.  .  .  .  The  owners  of 
these  great  banks  have  taken  Heinze's  copper 
company  from  him.  They  have  taken  from 
Charles  W.  Morse  his  banks  and  his  steamboat 
lines,  from  Thomas  his  banks  and  his  insurance 
company,  from  Thorne  his  Portchester  railroad 
and  Georgia  Central  Railroad,  from  Gates  and 
his  friends  their  Tennessee  Coal  &  Iron  Com- 
pany. It  is  reported  that  they"  are  taking  from 
Harriman  his  Union  Pacific.  For  these  men 
who  are  despoiled  the  public  has  no  sympathy. 
They  deserved  their  fate,  but  when,  instead  01 
stopping  there,  the  great  Wall  Street  bankers 
keep  from  the  manufacturer  his  pay-roll  money, 
from  the  farmer  the  means  with  which  to  mar- 
ket his  crops,  from  the  shopkeeper  the  accom- 
modations necessary  to  carry  his  stock  in  tradt. 
then  it  is  plain  time  that  the  attention  of  the 
public  should  be  called  to  the  facts,  and  that 
these  banks  should  be  compelled  to  conduct  a 
legitimate  business  and  to  pay  their  legitimate 
commercial  depositors  in  money,  even  if  to  d. 
so  they  have  to  close  the  Stock  Exchange  and 
abolish  gambling  in  Wall  Street. 

How  much  truth  and  how  much  falsity 
there  is  in  these  statements  is  known  to  but 
few  and  these  usually  keep  their  own  counsel. 
Of  the  frequenters  of  brokers'  offices  in  New 
York,  it  is  reasonably  certain  that  a  majorit) 
believe  that  these  statements  contain  more 
fact  than  fiction,  and,  of  the  older  and  more 
experienced  habitues  of  these  offices,  a  still 
larger  portion  are  ready  to  believe  the  worst 
of  the  great  "  high  financiers."  There  arc 
numerous  surface  indications  that  seem  to 
justify  these  widely-held  opinions.  Besides, 
so  many  frauds  in  great  corporations  ha\T 
been  revealed,  in  the  past  two  years,  that 
there  is  reason  for  the  opinion  that  if  there 
are  any  honorable  men  in  control  of  these 
corporations,  they  are,  at  least,  in  bad  com- 
pany. These  men  have  only  themselves  to 
blame,  if  they  are  regarded  with  suspicion  b> 
a  majority  of  their  fellow-citizens.  Such 
men  should  help  to  scourge  Wall  Street  and 
the  great  corporations  that  congregate  there 
of  their  many  malefactors,  and  should  cxKidua 
the  business  of  these  corporations  legally  and 
honestly. 

CAUSED    BY    ECONOMIC    CONDITIONS. 

Notwithstanding  these  widely-held  opin- 
ions and  the  many  indications  that  the  pres- 
ent panic  has  been  made  to  order  by  those 
who  would  profit  by  it,  it  is  reasonably 
certain  that  this  panic  is  as  much  the  product 
of  natural  order  and  conditions  as  have  been 
most  previous  panics. 

Fundamentally  this  panic  is  due  to  un- 
sound financial  and  economic  conditions. 
Modern   civilization    is  constructed   on  an 


THE  PRESENT  FINANCIAL  CRISIS. 


675 


unsound  economic  basis, — one  that  distributes 
the  products  of  industry  unjustly  and  that, 
in  large  degree,  discourages  honest  effort 
and  thrift  and  encourages  speculation  and 
extravagance.  While  society  permits  private 
individuals  and  corporations  to  enjoy  vir- 
tually imregulated  control  of  public  fran- 
chises and  other  special  privileges  and  to 
gamble  in  them,  there  will  be  speculative 
booms,  and,  when  the  booms  collapse,  specula- 
tive reaction.  In  one  case  the  wild  "  bulls  " 
will  put  security  and  other  prices  ( by  the  aid 
of  a  gullible  public)  far  above  their  normal 
values,  and  in  the  other  case  the  wicked 
'*  bears  "  will  depress  prices  far  below  their 
real  values.  While  our  economic  conditions 
provide  such  excellent  material  for  specula- 
tion as  are  the  securities  of  most  franchise 
corporations  and  of  titles  to  land,  there  will 
be  speculation.  When  there  is  speculation 
there  will  be  booms  and  panics.  Human 
nature  changes  but  little  from  generation  to 
generation.  Men  seek  to  gratify  their 
desires  with  the  least  effort.  If  governments 
permit  those  who  get  control  of  the  oppor- 
tunities of  production  to  live  practically  with- 
out work,  there  will  always  be  a  scramble  to 
get  control  of  these  opportunities.  Hence, 
until  these  opportunities  or  special  privileges 
are  either  taken  out  of  private  hands  or  are 
so  regulated  and  controlled  that  their  values 
will  not  swell  and  shrink  and  thus  furnish 
food  for  speculation,  we  may  expect  boom 
and  panic  cycles. 

MINOR    CAUSES. 

According  to  this  theory,  neither  specula- 
tion, nor  bad  currency  systems,  nor  bad  bank- 
ing laws,  nor  anti-corporation  legislation,  nor 
"  muck-raking,"  nor  corporation  mismanage- 
ment, nor  even  the  deliberately  laid  plans  of 
high  financiers  are  the  primary  cause  of  this 
or  of  any  other  panic,  though  any  or  all  may 
be  contributing  and  aggravating  causes. 
For  practical  purposes,  however,  we  may,  as 
does  Horace  White,  attribute  panics  to  over- 
speculation.  Bagehot's  views  were  not  very 
different.  He  said  that  panics  are  due  to 
the  fact  that  "  at  particular  times  a  great 
many  stupid  people  have  a  great  deal  of 
stupid  money."  He  said  that  "This  blind 
capital  seeks  for  some  one  to  devour  it  and 
there  is  plethora :  it  finds  some  one,  and  there 
IS  speculation :  it  is  devoured,  and  there  is  a 
panic." 

Leone  Levi  put  the  matter  tersely,  truth- 
fully, and  forcefully  when  he  said :  "  The 
main  cause  for  the  occurrence  of  crises  is  the 


sudden  realization  of  an  insufficiency  of  capi- 
tal to  meet  present  demands. 

Prof.  W.  S.  Jevons  and  some  others 
attribute  panics  to  sun  spots  and  their  effects 
on  harvests.  While  the  facts  do  not  appear 
to  substantiate  this  theory,  it  cannot  be  cast 
aside  with  ridicule.  Curiously,  this  has  been 
a  year  of  sun  spots  and  solar  disturbances 
and  abnormally  cool  weather  in  the  northern 
hemicphere. 

PANIC    CYCLES. 

Apparently,  great  panics  tend  to  recur 
regularly  about  every  twenty  years,  with 
lesser  intermediate  crises  or  depression  about 
half-way  between.  This  tendency  is  fre- 
quently interfered  with  by  wars,  earthquakes, 
fires  and,  most  important  of  all,  perhaps, 
great  and  comparatively  sudden  changes  in 
the  standard  of  value, — gold.  These  upset 
the  regular  order  and  hasten  to  delay  the 
cycle  period.  The  principal  panic  and  crisis 
years  noted  in  this  country,  since  1 800,  were, 
perhaps,  those  of  1814,  1837,  1857,  1873  and 
1893.  The  years  of  lesser  panics  were  1826, 
1844,  1864,  1884  and  1903.  While  the 
Civil  War  apparently  caused  the  1873  panic 
to  come  four  years  ahead  of  time,  it  did  not 
prevent  1877  from  being  the  year  of  lowest 
prices  for  corporation  securities.  Similarly 
the  1893  panic  really  extended  to  1896  and 
1897,  which  were  the  years  of  lowest  prices 
for  both  securities  and  commodities. 

PRESENT     PANIC     AHEAD     OF     TIME. 

There  are  many  reasons  why  the  present 
panic  has  occurred  farther  ahead  of  the 
twenty-year  cycle  period  (191 3)  than  did 
any  previous  recent  panic.  There  has  been 
great  destruction  of  capital  by  wars,  earth- 
quakes, and  fires.  These  were  undoubtedly 
important  factors  in  hastening  the  panic 
period.  But  by  far  the  most  important  fac- 
tor was  undoubtedly  that  of  the  rapidly  de- 
preciating value  of  gold,  which  is  disturbing 
values,  cancelling  debts,  upsetting  calcula- 
tions, and  throwing  out  of  gear  much  of  the 
financial  mechanism  of  the  universe. 

A  few  words  on  the  revolutionary  effects 
of  gold  depreciation  will  not  be  out  of  place 
here. 

EFFECTS  OF  GOLD  DEPRECIATION. 

Because  gold  is  being  produced  more 
cheaply,  its  annual  production  has  doubled 
twice  in  twenty  years, — increasing  from 
$105,000,000  in  1887  to  about  $430,000,- 
000  in  1907. 


676 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REI//EU/S. 


Because  of  the  rapidly  increasing  supply  of 
monetary  gold  (from  about  $3,624,ooo,0(X), 
in  1887,  to  about  $6,750,000,000,  in  1907) 
its  value  is  rapidly  depreciating.  This  is 
seen, — and  can  be  seen  in  no  other  way, — by 
the  advancing  prices  of  the  things  for  which 
gold  is  exchanged. 

According  to  the  price  tables  of  Dun  and 
Bradstreet,  the  average  price  of  commodities 
is  now  fully  50  per  cent,  higher  than  it  was 
ten  years  ago.  If  we  take  the  lowest  points 
of  1896  or  1897  and  the  highest  points  of 
1907,  we  find  a  difference  of  60  per  cent. 
In  England  the  average  rise  has  been  about 
35  per  cent.  This  probably  measures  roughly 
the  depreciation.  The  remaining  15  to  25 
per  cent,  rise  in  this  country  can  be  credited 
to  the  tariff  and  tariff  trusts  and  to  the  exces- 
sive speculation  engendered  by  the  factors 
not  common  in  England. 

HIGH     INTEREST     RATES. 

A  depreciating  standard  of  value  and  ris- 
ing prices,  continued  for  a  number  of  years, 
inevitably  results  in  high  interest  rates.  It 
may  seem  strange  that  more  gold  does  not 
mean  cheaper  money,  but  it  is  not  inexplicable. 
When  prices  are  rising  rapidly  there  are  op- 
portunities in  real  estate,  trade,  and  commod- 
ities to  invest  and  benefit  by  the  rise  in  prices. 
The  demand  for  capital  for  investment  pur- 
poses puts  up  interest  rates.  But  there  is 
another  reason :  When  prices  are  rising  and 
the  purchasing  power  of  money  is  decreasing 
the  principal  of  debts  is  shrinking.  Thus,  if 
A  borrows  $1000  from  B  when  prices  are 
rising  5  per  cent,  a  year,  an  interest  rate  of  4 
per  cent,  would  not  cover  the  shrinkage  in 
the  $1000  each  year.  If  the  debt  were  paid 
at  the  end  of  a  year,  B  would  get  $1040, 
but  this  $1040  would  only  purchase  as  much, 
at  that  time,  as  $990  would  have  purchased 
at  the  beginning  of  the  year.  When  ex- 
changed for  goods,  B  would  have  less  at  the 
end  than  at  the  beginning  of  the  year.  He 
would  not  care  to  continue  to  loan  at  4  per 
cent.,  but  would  demand  and  get  6  per  cent., 
7  per  cent.,  or  8  per  cent. 

LOW    PRICES   FOR   BONDS. 

But  rising  and  high  interest  rates  mean 
declining  and  low  prices  for  bonds,  preferred 
stocks,  and  for  all  securities  and  titles  that 
draw  a  fixed  rate  of  income.  In  the  last  ten 
years  average  interest  rates,  for  time  money, 
have  risen  from  about  3.7  per  cent,  to  6  or 
7  per  cent.  During  the  last  six  years  the 
highest  grade  national,  municipal,  and  rail- 


road bonds  of  the  world  have  declined  an 
average  of  about  20  per  cent.  Such  an  enor- 
mous decline  in  the  face  of  great  prosperity 
and  rising  prices  of  property  is  unparalleled. 
Thus,  the  holder  of  British  consols,  during 
the  last  eight  years,  has  not  only  lost  as 
much,  in  the  shrinkage  of  the  value  of  con- 
sols, as  he  has  received  in  interest  rates,  but 
he  has  lost  the  difference,  in  purchasing 
power  (35  per  cent.),  between  what  £100 
would  have  bought  then  and  what  it  will 
buy  now.  It  is  this  shrinkage  in  bonds  and 
preferred  stocks  that  is  playing  havoc  with 
insurance  companies,  savings  banks,  and  other 
fiduciary  institutions.  Instead  of  carrying 
these  securities  on  their  books  at  less  than 
their  market  values,  as  has  been  customary  in 
past  years,  these  institutions  must  now 
charge  off  large  amounts  for  losses,  even 
after  putting  these  securities  on  their  boob 
at  the  present  market  values. 

SPECULATION^  EXTRAVAGANCE  AND  CORRUP- 
TION. 

But  It  IS  through  rising  prices  and  the 
speculation  that  rising  prices  engender  that 
depreciating  gold  has  hastened  the  present 
panic.  Largely  because  of  this  change  in  the 
value  of  gold  we  have,  in  the  last  four  years, 
or  in  the  last  ten  years,  experienced  as  much, 
speculatively,  as  we  would  ordinarily  ex- 
perience in  twice  the  time.  Of  course  the 
faster  prices  rise  the  greater  speculation 
there  is  and  the  sooner  the  inflated  bubble 
will  burst.  With  rising  prices  and  specula- 
tion go  manipulation,  corruption,  stock  and 
corporation  jobbery,  and  wild-cat  promotions 
in  all.  lines.  Big  paper  profits  lead  to  ex- 
travagance and  many  other  evils. 

In  these  ways  cheapening  gold  is  respon- 
sible for  the  present  panic  at  the  present 
time.  But  there  are  still  other  effects  that 
will  only  be  suggested  here.  By  causing  an 
unfair  distribution  of  products  and  by  pluck- 
ing the  many  creditors  (savings  banks  de- 
positors, etc.)  for  the  benefit  of  the  compara- 
tively few  debtors  (big  stockholders  of  rail- 
roads, etc.)  it  creates  dissatisfaction,  discon- 
tent, and  radicalism.  These  frighten  capital- 
ists and  make  them  as  susceptible  to  panics  as 
is  a  flock  of  sheep  when  a  wolf  is  ap- 
proaching. 

PARALLEL  OF  1 857  PANIC. 

The  present  panic,  caused  by  a  breakdown 
in  speculation  in  a  time  of  seemingly  unusual 
prosperity,  when  prices  are  tending  upward 
strongly,  is  a  close  parallel  to  the  1857  pamtc. 


THE  WEST'S  FINANCfAL  REf^ELATION. 


677 


It  IS,  therefore,  reasonably  certain  to  be  short 
and  sharp,  rather  than  prolonged,  as  were 
the  panics  of  1873  and  1893,  which  occurred 
during  periods  of  falh'ng  prices.  So  closely 
do  conditions  of  to-day  parallel  those  of  1857 
that,  by  slight  changes  in  names,  dates,  and 
amounts,  much  of  Mr.  J.  S.  Gibbon's  de- 
scription of  "The  Panic  of  1857,"  written 
in  1858,  would  fit  present  conditions.  The 
1857  panic  lasted  but  a  few  weeks  and  the 
resultant  depression  but  a  few  months. 

While  the  present  panic  was  not  so  much 
like  a  clap  of  thunder  out  of  a  clear  sky  as 
was  that  of  1857,  Y^^  there  are  several  rea- 
sons why  the  recovery  should  be  even  more 
prompt  than  at  that  period.  First,  the  out- 
put of  gold  is  now  increasing  rapidly,  while 
in  1857  *^  had  ceased  to  increase.  Prices, 
therefore,  will  tend  upward  more  strongly 
now  than  then.  This  means  that  liquidation 
is  not  likely  to  go  as  far,  in  commodities  and 
real  estate,  as  it  did  in  1873  and  1893. 

Again,  while  our  banking  and  currency 
systems  are  far  from  perfect,  they  are  not 
so  bad  as  were  those  of  1857.  At  that  time 
nearly  all  banks  in  the  country  closed  their 


doors.  There  was  mismanagement  and  cor- 
ruption then  as  now  and,  possibly,  to  an  even 
greater  extent.  It  took  longer  to  clean  it 
out  then  than  it  is  likely  to  take  now. 

For  these  and  other  reasons  it  seems  prob- 
able that  our  present  financial  and  business 
depression  will  end  almost  as  suddenly  as  it 
began  and  that,  within  ti^'o  months,  and 
possibly  one,  money  will  be  plentiful  and 
cheap,  stocks  and  bonds  will  be  rising  rapidly, 
and  that,  within  six  months,  most  of  the  men 
now  idle  will  be  re-employed,  and  industry 
will  again  be  on  the  upgrade.  Wounds  heal 
slowly,  however,  and  we  cannot  expect  full 
recovery  in  1908, — a  Presidential  election 
year.  The  radical  action  of  the  Administra- 
tion at  Washington,  on  November  18,  in 
deciding  to  issue  $50,0C)0,CXX)  worth  of  Pan- 
ama bonds  and  $ioo,cxx),ooo  in  treasury 
notes,  may  stop  the  currency  famine  within 
a  week  and  bring  a  return  of  confidence 
that  will  soon  end  this  crisis.  There  is 
ample  money  in  the  country  for  all  legiti- 
mate purposes,  and  it  will  come  out  of 
its  hiding  places  as  soon  as  confidence  is 
restored. 


THE  WESTS  FINANCIAL  REVELATION. 

BY  CHARLES  MOREAU  HARGER. 


pOR  half  a  decade  it  has  been  the  boast  of 
the  West, — meaning  thereby  the  grain- 
raising  territory  lying  between  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Alleghenies,  with  the 
Pacific  Northwest  as  an  adjunct  associated 
in  sympathy  and  business, — that  it  was  inde- 
pendent of  Wall  Street;  that  whatever 
might  happen  to  New  York's  financial  op- 
erations it  would,  with  its  swelling  bank 
deposits,  its  abundant  crops,  its  reduced 
debts,  be  unaffected  and  secure.  This  self- 
confidence  apparently  extended  to  all  classes ; 
it  was  expressed  by  bankers  as  well  as  by 
farmers,  by  merchants,  and  by  manufacturers. 
It  was  the  popular  position  to  take,  and  he 
who  declared  otherw  ise  was  frowned  upon 
as  being  in  a  way  disloyal  to  the  West's  in- 
terests,— so  that  those  who  took  broader 
views  discussed  all  these  facts  and  interests 
in  moderation. 

Then  in  a  single  week,  following  the 
Wall  Street  upheaval  of  October  24,  like  a 
paralytic  stroke,   every  bank  in  the  entire 


West  was  driven  to  extremit}' ;  several  States 
declared  a  week's  hoh'day,  and  sudden  stag- 
nation reached  from  the  cities  back  to  the 
hamlets  twenty  miles  from  a  railroad. 

For  a  time  the  people  of  the  West  would 
not  believe  it.  They  could  not  in  a  day 
readjust  their  views  of  the  financial  condi- 
tions to  include  a  nation-wide  mutuality  of 
interest.  They  had  looked  for  a  business 
reversal  to  come  to  them,  if  at  all,  after  a 
long  period  of  financial  disaster  in  the  East, 
— that  it  could  reach  the  farthest  sections  of 
our  vast  country  in  a  single  night  was 
preposterous. 

WESTERN    BANK    EXPANSION. 

When  they  found  practically  every  bank 
limiting  the  payment  of  currency  over  the 
counter  to  sums  of  $25  or  $50  in  a  week; 
when  loans  were  called,  interest  rates  raised, 
new  accommodations  refused,  the  realization 
came  with  full  force, — and  there  was  in  the 
remote  hamlet  the  same  fright  among  de- 


678 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


positois  that  was  manifested  on  Manhattan 
Island. 

The  very  multiph'city  of  banks  was  an 
clement  of  danger.  For  the  past  eight  years 
banking  in  the  West  has  been  exceedingly 
profitable.  Earnings  have  been  high,  de- 
mand for  money  has  been  strong,  surplus 
savings  were  seeking  investment, — what  bet- 
ter investment  than  a  bank?  Any  business 
man  of  good  address  could  organize  a  bank 
almost  anywhere.  Two  banks  in  a  town  of 
less  than  looo  population  arc  common.  A 
bank  to  every  300  families  can  be  found  in 
purely  agricultural  counties  200  miles  west 
of  the  Missouri  River.  Nebraska  has  over 
800  banks,  Kansas  has  937,  Oklahoma  750, 
Minnesota  700,  North  Dakota  500, — and 
other  States  with  similar  abundance. 

The  customers  of  these  banks  are  largely 
farmers,  or  those  directly  dependent  on  agri- 
culture. They  have  been  educated  slowly 
in  banking  habits.  Up  to  three  years  ago 
rolls  of  currency  buried  in  the  years  fol- 
lowing 1893  were  frequently  brought  to  the 
banks  for  deposit.  It  has  been  a  hardly 
taught  lesson,  but  it  was  learned  finally, 
and  at  a  farmers'  public  auction  anywhere 
in  the  prairie  States,  out  of  $3000  in  the 
amount  of  sales,  $2500  would  be  cash  and 
90  per  cent,  of  that  sum  itself  would  be  paid 
in  checks. 

When  all  this  constituency,  slowly  won 
to  confidence  in  the  banks  and  which  had 
deposited  in  many*  instances  $200,000  in  an 
institution  with  only  $10,000  capital,  saw 
its  house  of  self-sufficiency  crumble,  it  suf- 
fered as  severely  in  its  pride  as  in  its  finan- 
cial standing.  It  was  for  the  moment 
stunned  by  the  new  conditions. 

HOW    THE    DEMAGOGUE     PUT    IT. 

This  was  the  opportunity  of  the  dema- 
gogue. His  explanation  delivered  generally 
on  the  street  corner,  but  sometimes  from  the 
platform,  ran  like  this:  "Down  in  Wall 
Street  is  a  gang  of  gamblers  and  robbers; 
they  have  borrowed  from  our  banks  out  here 
in  the  West  your  money  and  my  money  and 
have  lost  it  in  their  gambling  operations. 
Now  when  our  banker  wants  it  he  cannot 
get  it;  when  you  and  I  want  it  we  are 
refused, — and  it  is  all  due  to  the  Wall  Street 
thieves." 

This,  it  will  be  observed,  is  not  materially 
different  from  the  "  Great  Red  Dragon  " 
and  the  "  Hated  Money  Power "  of  old 
Populist  oratory, — ^but  fortunately  it  has 
this  time  been  addressed  to  audiences  com- 


paratively out  of  debt,  with  resources  of 
grain  and  stock  and  prosperous  farms,  and  it 
has  been  received  with  little  applause. 

The  direct  effect,  however,  has  been  a 
steady  drain  of  deposits  from  the  banks  of 
the  interior,  extending  through  the  month  of 
November.  Day  by  day,  week  after  week, 
the  clerks  have  come  in  asking  for  cash  or 
exchange.  Debts  have  been  paid,  balances 
have  been  transferred,  and  not  a  bank  in  the 
entire  West  has  escaped.  The  slightest 
rumor  has  been  exaggerated  into  reason  fw 
a  "  run ; "  it  has  been  a  battle  with  every 
banker  how  to  meet  the  unusual  situation, — 
one  for  which  no  ordinary  amount  of  fore- 
sight could  have  prepared  him. 

The  currency  condition  was  comparatively 
simple,^-cashiers'  checks  and  clearing-house 
certificates  solved  much  of  the  problem.  The 
strain  came  in  the  meeting  of  the  downward 
tide  of  deposits.  The  timid  individual  was 
again  putting  currency  beneath  the  cellar 
floor.  Who  would  have  thought  it  possible 
two  months  ago  that  the  haughty  and  inde- 
pendent West  would  have  so  changed,  and 
in  so  short  a  time? 

ELEMENTS     OF     STRENGTH. 

The  hopeful  side  of  the  West's  condition 
lies  in  the  falsity  of  the  demagogue's  argu- 
ment. The  Western  banks  have  not  loa^ 
money  to  gamblers  on  Wall  Street  or  any- 
where else.  One  prairie  commonwealth  had 
last  September  $15,000,000  in  conmiercial 
paper, — ^^^hich  is  the  form  of  investments  out- 
side the  local  field.  Probably  not  10  per 
cent,  of  this  was  written  east  of  Chicago.  It 
was  in  notes  of  great  packing-houses,  of  loco- 
motive manufacturers,  of  dry-goods  firms,  of 
dealers  in  staples  of  every  description,  all  of 
it  the  highest  class  of  security  and  creditable 
alike  to  maker  and  investor. 

Another  thing  of  importance:  the  West- 
ern banks  have  also  a  great  deal  of  short-term 
paper  that  is  based  on  warehouse  receipts  for 
articles  of  food.  These  are  as  good  as  any 
investment  that  can  be  made,  for  the  material 
itself  is  certain  to  be  utilized,  and  when  it 
is  purchased  and  paid  for  the  notes  will  be 
paid.  Compare  this  sort  of  paper  with  that 
based  on  manufactured  luxuries  selling  at 
high  prices  and  the  advantage  becomes  appar- 
ent. In  other  words,  the  Western  banks  are 
on  a  steady  business  basis,  one  that  should 
and  will  commend  them  to  their  depositors 
and  encourage  confidence.  In  no  part  of  the 
countr}'  has  there  been  a  safer  sort  of  invest- 
ment of  surplus.     In  the  State  banks  the  farm 


THE  IVESTS  FINANCIAL  REyELATION 


679 


mortgage  holds  a  large  place, — not  a  "  quick 
asset,"  but  a  sure  one ;  the  speculative  stocks 
of  Wall  Street  are  practically  an  unknown 
security  to  the  Western  banker. 

With  this  kind  of  investments,  hundreds 
of  Western  banks  could,  if  necessary,  liqui- 
date and  have  a  handsome  surplus  for  their 
stockholders ;  it  is  unfortunate  that  they  have 
been  compelled  to  present  a  semblance  of  un- 
certainty when  nothing  of  the  sort  actually 
existed. 

PROBLEMS    OF    THE    WEST. 

In  addition  to  the  immediate  problem  of 
depleted  deposit  accounts.  Western  banks 
have  to  solve  the  readjustment  of  loans  and 
the  matter  of  investment  of  surplus.  In  an 
agricultural  section,  with  no  clearing-house 
facilities,  the  country  bank  stands  alone 
against  the  community.  It  has  been  en- 
couraging that  up  to  November  15  in  many 
Mid- Western  towns  deposits  have  held 
steady,  that  currency  demands  have  been 
met  and  that  the  height  of  the  wave  of 
nervousness  among  depositors  seems  to  have 
passed.  Indeed,  in  some  cities  banks  man- 
aged to  retain  such  confidence  of  depositors 
that  no  limit  on  the  amount  of  currency  to 
be  drawn  was  ever  made.  These,  however, 
were  exceptional.  What  was  a  banker  to 
do,  for  instance,  in  a  little  country  town 
with  $200,000  deposits  and  $80,000  in  cash 
and  sight  exchange, — but  with  $73,000  of 
the  latter  in  reserve  banks  which  would  not 
send  currency?  Little  wonder  that  $25 
limits  and  less  were  made. 

Another  thing  that  has  embarrassed  the 
West  has  been  the  sudden  slump  in  prices 
of  stock  and  grain.  The  farmer,  seeing  his 
wheat  worth  15  cents  a  bushel  less  and  able 
to  get  only  checks, — not  currency  or  gold, 
— for  it  at  that,  locks  up  his  granary.  The 
owner  of  hogs  and  cattle  takes  similar  action. 
Business  in  an  agricultural  community  is 
thus  at  a  standstill,  and  the  people  quite 
naturally  draw  from  the  banks  the  funds  for 
their  support. 


Had  the  Eastern  banks  limited  their  local 
customers,  but  sent  sufficient  currency  to  the 
interior  to  have  kept  the  country  banks  sup- 
plied, it  would  have  prevented  this  stagna- 
tion at  the  initial  shipping  points  for  farm 
products  and  have  gone  far  to  maintain  usual 
business  conditions.  Solvency  and  business 
activity  are  in  this  instance  two  very  differ- 
ent things. 

In  the  vaults  of  the  Western  banks  are  se- 
curities based  on  the  things  people  miist  eat 
and  use,  on  the  contents  of  cold-storage  build- 
ings and  of  warehouses  that  will  soon  be  need- 
ed. As  these  goods  are  purchased  they  will  be 
paid  for,  and  the  banks  will  get  their  money. 
Bright  skies  and  commercial  activity  should 
first  come  where  such  conditions  exist.  So 
long  as  the  sun  shines  and  the  rain  falls  on 
the  fertile  acres  of  the  West,  financial  dis- 
tress cannot  long  continue.  A  large  portion 
of  the  past  season's  produce  is  yet  in  the  bin 
or  remains  unharvested  in  the  field.  It  is 
not  such  a  crop  as  that  of  1906,  but  with 
the  higher  prices  prevailing  in  October  it 
was  estimated  to  be  worth  more  money. 
The  farmers,  looking  at  this  and  considering 
the  newly  planted  wheat  which  is  going  into 
'winter  in  excellent  condition  throughout  the 
Southwest,  are  unable  to  find  c^use  for  pes- 
simism. 

It  is  perhaps  not  a  bad  thing  for  the  West 
to  have  been  awakened  out  of  its  sectional 
self-sufficiency  and  to  have  it  brought  home 
sharply  that  this  nation  is  one  in  business 
and  finance,  as  it  is  in  political  organization. 
When  normal  conditions  are  restored,  there 
ought  to  be  accepted  a  broader  and  mofe 
helpful  sympathy  between  East  and  West, 
a  realization  that  will  have  a  strong  influ- 
ence in  the  safer  adjustment  of  mutual 
interests. 

The  West  has  had  a  striking  object  lesson 
in  national  finance,  sharing  its  revelation 
with  the  East,  which  perhaps  underestimated 
its  dependence  on  the  nation's  granary.  Both 
should  gain  an  experience  not  to  be  for- 
gotten. 


^^^^^-  ^^  i<^^SK^i-^  ^  ^^ 


TRUST  COMPANIES  AND  THE   PANIC. 


BY  WILLIAM  JUSTUS  BOIES, 


T^HIS  has  been  the  first  real  panic  that  the 
trust  companies  of  New  York  City 
have  ever  encountered.  There  were  hardly 
a  dozen  companies  competing  for  business  in 
the  Wall  Street  District  during  the  trouble- 
some days  of  1893.  These  were  for  the  most 
part  of  the  old-fashioned  type  which  con- 
fined their  activities  to  the  trustee  business 
and  the  functions  for  which  trust  companies 
were  originally  incorporated.  But  the  mod- 
cm  trust  company  which  is  to-day  estab- 
lished at  every  trade  center  in  the  United 
States  is  distinctly  the  product  of  the  remark- 
able prosperity  which  this  country  has  wit- 
nessed during  the  past  seven  years.  In  that 
period  900  trust  companies  have  been  organ- 
ized in  the  United  States,  making  altogether 
1500  in  active  business  to-day.  The  trust 
companies  have  prospered  everywhere,  and 
in  New  York  City  their  progress  has  reached 
a  point  where  they  hold  to-day  nearly  $700,- 
000,000  deposits,  which  is  just  about  double 
what  the  Clearing  House  banks  reported  in 
the  panic  of  1893. 

The  modem  trust  company  is  essentially 
the  rich  man*s  savings  bank.  But  rich  men 
often  lose  their  heads  like  othe;-  mortals  in 
panicky  times.  I  shall  never  forget  the  scene 
on  lower  Broadway  on  the  aftemoon  of 
October  22  last,  when  the  Knickerbocker 
Trust  Company  suspended  payment.  It  re- 
minded one  of  "  bargain  day  "  in  a  great  de- 
partment store,  with  rushing,  murmuring 
people  struggling  to  purchase  for  49  cents 
something  which  ordinarily  costs  fifty.  It  was 
literally  a  scramble  of  millionaires,  old  men 
and  women,  prosperous  brokers,  and  agents 
of  wealthy  estates,  fighting  like  mad  men  to 
reach  the  teller's  window  before  the  doors 
were  closed.  On  upper  Fifth  avenue,  where 
the  Knickerbocker's  white  marble  palace  of 
a  head  office  is  located,  on  the  site  of  the  old 
A.  T.  Stewart  mansion,  high-powered  auto- 
mobiles were  adding  their  occupants,  some 
wecpinjr*  to  the  great  throng  of  waiting 
depositors.  Within  three  hours  fully  $8,- 
000,000  of  the  company's  $bo,000,ooo  de- 
posits were  \M*thdrawn,  and  you  might  as 
well  have  tried  to  quell  a  mob  of  angr>-  long- 
shoremen as  to  win  the  co-operation  of  those 
rich  men  in  saving  the  company  from  instant 
embarrassment.     As  soon  as  the  21,000  de- 


positors,— a  sufficient  number  to  populate  a 
small  cit}', — saw  by  the  headlines  of  the 
afternoon  papers  that  the  company  had  sus- 
pended. New  York  had  a  genuine  panic  on 
its  hands.  Within  twenty-four  hours  almost 
every  trust  company  in  the  city  was  under 
suspicion,  for  the  simple  reason  that  21,000 
angry  depositors  were  using  the  words  "  trust 
company  "  in  tones  that  were  hardly  calcu- 
lated to  allay  the  misgivings  of  a  frightened 
community. 

WHO  "unsettled  conftoence"? 

To  make  matters  worse,  the  Knicker- 
bocker did  not  open  its  doors  the  next  day, 
as  its  officers  said  it  would.  Instead  of  that 
there  were  excuses,  charges  and  denials,  with 
an  attempt  by  one  officer  to  hold  President 
Roosevelt  responsible  for  "  unsettling  "  the 
confidence  of  depositors.  Mr.  J.  P.  Morgan 
with  other  bankers  did  heroic  work  night 
and  day  to  keep  the  trouble  from  spreading, 
and  had  Mr.  Morgan's  first  proposals  been 
adopted  I  think  that  the  community  might 
have  been  spared  the  worst  phases  of  the 
widespread  disturbance  which  followed. 
Curiously  enough,  the  Knickerbocker  was 
one  of  the  three  trust  companies  of  the  city 
that  enjoyed  Clearing  House  privileges. 
That  would  have  assured  it  inunediatc  as- 
sistance from  the  great  banks  had  it  merited 
it.  But  the  company  did  not  have  proper 
collateral  to  pledge  for  the  funds  that  w^re 
required  to  carry  it  through. 

The  Clearing  House  Committee  made  a 
thorough  investigation  of  its  affairs,  saw  ex- 
actly how  its  money  was  invested,  and  said 
quietly:  ""No,  gentlemen,  we  cannot  help 
you."  That  meant  that  the  company  had 
most  of  its  deposits  tied  up  in  syndicate  un- 
derHTitings,  time  loans  and  various  forlorn 
hopes.  Its  president,  Mr.  Charles  T.  Bar- 
ney, who  has  since  committed  suicide,  was  a 
brilliant  real  estate  operator  rather  than  a 
banker.  For  that  reason  the  concern  he 
managed  became  more  of  an  investment  in- 
stitution than  a  bank  whose  deposits  Mrere 
subject  to  recall  wthout  notice.  It  was 
largely  a  case  of  **  one-man<ontTol  hanking/* 
for  the  company's  directors  were  for  the 
most  part  too  rich  and  too  busy  with  tbetr 
own  affairs  to  keep  in  close  toudi  with  the 


TRUST  COMPANIES  AND  THE  PANIC.  681 

bank'ji  management     Several  of  them  have  reckoned  with  before  the  episode  closes.    In 

since  admitted,  what  most  people  knew,  that  the  case  of  the  Trust  Company  of  America 

what  Mr.  Barney  said  "  went,"  and  that  the  assistance  was  afforded  through  the  organi- 

details   of  management  were  largely  com-  zation  of  a  special  relief  committee  of  trust 

mitted  to  his  care.  company  officials  who  worked  in  conjunction 

A  "  RUN  "  UNPARALLELED  IN  OUR  HISTORY.  ^'*^  ^}':  J'  ^-   ^''/^'^  and  Others  tO  help 

It  meet  the  unusual  demand.    The  experience 

The  Knickerbocker  had  three  New  York  taught  the  directors  of  both  these  companies 

City  branches,  and  through  stock  ownership  that  there  were  serious  responsibilities  attach- 

or  control   it  had   largely  to  do  with   the  ing  to  .the  office  of  a  trust  company  director, 

affairs  of  half  a  dozen  up-State  banks  and  and  that  every  company  must  receive  assist- 

tnist  companies.     In  that  way  its  failure  be-  ance  from  its  own  board  before  applying  to 

came  a  matter  of  real  concern  to  hundreds  outside  quarters.    Altogether  there  were  half 

of  depositors  outside  its  immediate  constitu-  a  dozen  companies  in  the  Greater  New  York 

ency.     Within  a  few  hours  after  the  Knick-  territory  that  virtually  suspended  payment  or 

erbocker's  suspension  there  was  a  run  on  the  were  given  assistance. 

Trust  Company  of  America,    That  run  was    ^,^ , 

without  parallel  in  banking  histoiy  and  soon  ^'^  illegality  on  the  part  of  the  com- 
assumed  almost  national  importance,  requir-  ,  panies. 
ing  the  united  efforts  of  the  most  powerful  Now  the  trust  companies  have  nothing 
bankers  in  the  United  States  to  meet  the  to  be  ashamed  of  for  the  part  that  they 
trying  complications  that  immediately  arose,  played  in  this  panic.  The  suspension  of 
The  company  had  $73,000,000  deposits  be-  the  Knickerbocker  seems  to  have  been  a 
longing  to  some  17,000  different  people,  and  clear  case  of  injudicious  banking.  One 
because  of  the  excitement  attending  the  sus-  of  the  companies  may  find  it  expedient 
pension  of  the  Knickerbocker  the  throngs  at  to  secure  a  new  head  for  much  the  same 
its  doors  were  a  hundredfold  more  stubborn  reasons  as  actuated  the  directors  of  the 
and  hard  to  handle  than  those  in  the  case  of  Mercantile  National  Bank  in  obtaining  the 
the  Knickerbocker.  On  two  of  the  six  days,  services  of  a  conservative  business  man  as 
while  the  run  was  in  progress,  the  crowd  president.  But  there  are  several  obvious  les- 
became  so  dense  as  to  virtually  close  Wall  sons  which  the  trust  companies  of  the  entire 
street  to  traffic.  Men,  women  and  children  country  must  take  to  heart  if  they  wish  to 
held  their  places  night  and  day  in  the  cease-  strengthen  their  prestige  and  continue  in  the 
less  rush  to  reach  the  teller's  window,  the  field  of  deposit  banking.  With  characteristic 
throngs  extending  a  full  block  in  both  direc-  quickness  of  action.  Governor  Hughes  has 
tions.  It  looked  like  a  mob  that  is  attracted  risen  to  the  occasion  by  appointing  an  ex- 
by  a  spectacular  fire,  and  on  several  occa-  ceptionally  strong  commission  to  recommend 
sions  the  police  were  obliged  to  rush  down  such  changes  in  the  trust  company  law  as  ap- 
a  mounted  force  to  keep  the  crowds  back.  pear  expedient  to  those  who  have  devoted 
While  this  was  going  on,  the  Lincoln  their  lives  to  trust  company  management. 
Trust  Company,  which  did  a  large  uptown  The  commission  is  headed  by  A.  B.  Hepburn, 
business,  was  going  through  a  similar  ordeal,  president  of  the  Chase  National  Bank  of 
No  one  knew  how  the  run  started,  except  New  York,  who  made  a  splendid  reputation 
for  the  unreasoning  alarm  of  women  de-  as  Comptroller  of  the  Currency.  Other 
positors  who  had  become  panic  stricken  as  New  York  bankers  who  will  serve  with  him 
soon  as  the  Knickerbocker  closed  its  doors,  are  Edwin  S.  Marston,  president  of  the 
It  took  virtually  $50,000,000  cash  to  meet  Farmers'  Loan  and  Trust  Company;  Ed- 
the  withdrawals  by  the  depositors  of  both  ward  W.  Sheldon,  president  of  the  United 
these  institutions  before  the  excitement  sub-  States  Trust  Company;  A.  S.  Frissell,  presi- 
sided.  Both  companies  were  perfectly  sol-  dent  of  the  Fifth  Avenue  Bank;  Stephen 
vent,  but  they  found  themselves  suddenly  Baker,  president  of  the  Bank  of  the  Man- 
confronted  with  a  situation  requiring  the  hattan  Company,  and  Andrew  Mills,  presi- 
immediate  co-operation  of  New  York's  most  dent  of  the  Dry  Dock  Savings  Institution, 
powerful  financiers  to  relieve.  It  was  pecu-  , 
liarly  a  time  when  every  financier  had  to  governor  hughes  commission. 
work  for  the  common  good  of  the  whole  This  commission,  acting  under  Governor 
community.  The  few  who  did  not  give  their  Hughes'  injunction  to  determine  "what,  if 
support, — and   there  were  a  few,— will  be  any,  changes  are  advisable  in  the  laws  of  the 


682 


THE  AMERICAN  REf^IEU/  OF  REl^/ElV^. 


State  relating  to  the  incorporation,  conduct 
of  business,  and  supervision  of  banks  and 
trust  companies,"  will  report  to  the  Gov- 
ernor on  December  15  what  modifications 
of  the  New  York  State  trust  company  law 
are  necessary  to  strengthen  the  companies 
and  safeguard  the  interests  of  depositors. 
The  essential  provisions  of  this  law,  which 
has  been  regarded  by  many  as  the  most  im- 
portant trust  company  law  of  the  country, 
authorize  a  trust  company: 

1.  To  act  as  the  fiscal  or  transfer  agent  of  any 
State,  municipality,  body  politic  or  corporation; 
and  in  such  capacity  to  receive  and  disburse 
money,  and  transfer,  register,  and  countersign 
certificates  of  stock,  bonds,  or  other  evidences 
of  indebtedness. 

2.  To  receive  deposits  of  trust  moneys,  se- 
curities, and  other  personal  property  from  any 
person  or  corporation,  and  to  loan  money  on 
real  or  personal  securities. 

3.  To  lease,  hold,  purchase,  and  convey  any 
and  all  real  property  necessary  in  the  transac- 
tion of  its  business,  or  which  the  purposes  of  the 
corporation  may  require,  or  which  it  shall  ac- 
quire in  satisfaction  or  partial  satisfaction  of 
debts  due  the  corporation  under  sales,  judg- 
ments, or  mortgages,  or  in  settlement  or  partial 
settlement  of  debts  due  the  corporation  by  any 
of  its  debtors.  ^ 

4.  To  act  as  trustee  under  any  mortgage  or 
bond  issued  by  any  municipality,  body  politic  or 
corporation,  and  accept  and  execute  any  other 
municipal  or  corporate  trust  not  inconsistent 
with  the  laws  of  this  State. 

5.  To  accept  trusts  from  and  execute  trusts 
for  married  women,  in  respect  to  their  separate 
property,  and  to  be  their  agent  in  the  manage- 
ment of  such  property,  or  to  transact  any  busi- 
ness in  relation  thereto. 

6.  To  act  under  the  order  or  appointment  of 
any  court  of  record  as  g^iardian,  receiver,  or 
trustee  of  the  estate  of  any  minor,  the  annual 
income  of  which  shall  not  be  less  than  $100, 
and  as  depository  of  any  moneys  paid  into 
court,  whether  for  the  benefit  of  any  such  minor 
or  other  person,  corporation,  or  party. 

7.  To  take,  accept,  and  execute  any  and  all 
such  legal  trusts,  duties,  and  powers  in  regard 
to  the  holding,  management,  and  disposition  of 
any  estate,  real  or  personal,  and  the  rents  and 
profits  thereof,  or  the  sale  thereof,  as  may  be 
granted  or  confided  to  it  by  any  court  of  record, 
or  by  any  person,  corporation,  mimidpality,  or 
other  authority;  and  it  shall  be  accountable  to 
all  parties  in  interest  for  the  faithful  discharge 
of  every  such  trust,  duty,  or  power  which  it 
may  so  accept. 

&  To  take,  accept,  and  execute  any  and  all 
such  trusts  and  powers  of  whatever  nature  or 
description  as  may  be  conferred  upon  or  in- 
trusted or  committed  to  it  by  any  person  or 
persons,  or  any  body  politic,  corporation,  or 
other  authority,  by  grant,  assignment,  transfer, 
devise,  bequest,  or  otherwise,  or  which  may  be 
intrusted  or  committed  or  transferred  to  it  or 
vested  in  it  by  order  of  any  court  of  record,  or 
any  surrogate,  and  to  receive  and  take  and  hold 


any  property  or  estate,  real  or  persona!^  wWdi 
may  be  the  subject  of  any  such  trust. 

9.  To  purchase,  invest  in,  and  sell  stocks,  bills 
of  exchange,  bonds  and  mortgages,  and  other 
securities,  and  when  moneys,  or  securities  for 
moneys,  are  borrowed  or  received  on  deposit,  or 
for  investment,  the  bonds  or  obligations  of  the 
company  may  be  given  therefor,  but  it  shall  have 
no  right  to  issue  bills  to  circulate  as  money. 

10.  To  be  appointed  and  to  accept  the  appoint- 
ment of  executor  of  or  trustee  under  the  last 
will  and  testament,  or  administrator  with  or  with- 
out the  will  annexed,  of  the  estate  of  any  de- 
ceased person,  and  to  be  appointed  and  to  act  a§ 
the  committee  of  the  estates  of  lunatics,  idiots, 
persons'  of  unsound  mind,  and  habitual  drunk- 
ards. 

11.  To  exercise  the  powers  conferred  on  indi- 
vidual banks  and  bankers  by  section  fifty-five  of 
this  act,  subject  to  the  restriction  contained  in 
said  section. 

PROBLEMS  OF   THE   TRUST  COMPANY. 

The  chief  problems  have  to  do  with  the 
accumulation  of  a  proper  cash  reserve  and 
the  question  of  restricting  investments.  As 
the  trust  companies,  under  the  present  law, 
are  able  to  "  loan  money  on  real  or  personal 
property,"  and  *'  to  lease,  hold,  purchase  and 
convey  any  and  all  real  property,"  they  en- 
joy privileges  not  conferred  upon  any  other 
financial  institutions.  The  State  banks  are 
restricted  in  their  investments  "  to  stocks,  or 
bonds,  or  interest-bearing  obligarions  of  the 
United  States,  or  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
or  of  any  city,  county,  town,  or  village  of 
this  State,  the  interest  of  which  is  not  in 
arrears."  They  must  not  deal  in  raflroad 
stocks  or  in  r«d  estate,  and  are  forced  to 
content  themselves  with  the  revenues  result- 
ing from  discounting  and  negotiating  prom- 
issory notes,  trading  in  exchange,  coin,  and 
bullion,  and  from  loans  made  on  personal 
security.  The  State  banks  urge  that  it  is 
manifestly  unfair  for  the  State  to  restiict 
them  in  this  H-ay,  when  their  competitors, 
the  trust  companies,  which  do  chiefly  the 
business  of  deposit  banks,  arc  given  a  free 
field  for  investment.  It  is  for  the  cooimts- 
sion  to  recommend,  dicrefore,  whether  this 
freedom  of  investment  should  be  continued, 
or  w4iether  the  trust  companies  should  be 
made  to  employ  their  funds  in  specific  chan- 
nels. ^Vhile  it  may  be  urged  that  depositors 
have  never  su£Fered  much  from  losses  sus- 
tained through  unwise  investments  of  trust 
company  funds,  the  fact  remains  that  an  un- 
restricted field  affords  opportunity  for  such 
recklessness  as  has  been  exposed  in  the  case 
of  the  Knickerbocker.  The  commissioa  will 
imdoubtedly  view  the  subject  in  a  broad- 
minded  way,  but  Ac  hct  diat  most  of  its 


TRUST  COMPANIES  AND  THE  PANIC.  883 

members  have  been  identified  with  the  most  Harly  descriptive  of  the  conditions  prevailing 

conservative  type  of  trust  company  banking  in  New  York  this  month: 

indicates  that  its  reconunendations  may  im-  "The  depositor  doesn't  want  his  money  in 

pose  some  restrictions.     Clark  Williams,  the  cash,  but  he  wants  to  feel  that  it  is  in  sight. 

new  superintendent  of  banks   who  will  ad-  1^^^^,  I'^r wilfL^perh^s^t^'il 

vise  with  the  commission  on  these  matters,  is  so,  but  it  is  the  hardest  fact  that  1  know  of  in 

an  experienced  trust  company  official  of  de-  banking.    Then  there  is  this  plain  duty  to  safe- 

cided  ability.  guard  the  deposits  of  the  people.    The  State  of 

York,  and  especially  the  city,  is  the  dearing- 

LEGAL   STATUS   OF   THE   TRUST   COMPANY,  house   of   the  country.    The   country   looks   at 

New  York, — if  it  is  sound  the  country  is  reas- 

Even  those  who  last  winter  cqiposed  the  sured;  if  it  is 'weak,  or  doubtful,  distrust  is  felt 

adoption  of  the  present  trust  company  re-  everywhere.    The  aim  of  this  law  is  to  rein- 

»nr>  U'..,  o<lm:»  »K«»  »k.  no^:/.  t...  .^»v..oJ  .'»<■  forcc,  to  strengthen,  to  ward  off  panic,  to  reassure 

serve  law  admit  that  the  panic  has  proved  Its  depositors,  to  institute  those  long  established 

inadequacy  as  a  sufficient  protective  measure,  rules,  which  if  evaded,  or  despised,  bring  ruin 

That  law,  which  became  effective  on  April  on  those  who  hold  them  as  if  of  no  account.    It 

27  last,  after  one  of  the  bitterest  fights  in  "«<•«  to  be  strengthened  and  braced  up.    Fre- 

..,k.vk  »Te»  /•^n^.^or...  »a;/.:oto  ,.—....  ..,>^  «,  quent   statements   are   good,   examinations   are 

which  trust  company  officials  were  even  ar-  iJg,pf„^  ^ut  an  adequate  cash  reserve  is  worth 

rayed    against    their    rivals   of    the    deposit  more  than  all." 

banks,  provides  for  companies  located  in  the  a  trust  company  expert,  Vestus  J.  Wade, 

principal  aties:  head  of  the  Mercantile  Trust  Company  of 

Every  trust  company  having  its  principal  place  ^t-  Louis,  in  speaking  of  the  run  on  St  Louis 

of  business  in  any  city  in  the  State  having  a  fust  companies  four  years  ago,  says  of  his 

population   of  over  800,000  shall  at  all  times  conversion  to  the  cash  reserve  theory: 

have  on  hand  a  reserve  fund  equal  to  at  least  j^e  reason  why  trust  companies  should  keep 

IS  per  centum  of  the  aggregate  of  its  deposits.  ^  „,„y^  the  same  as  the  banks  is  because  the? 

1   ^^*  "''?i-  5*.k"^''  V^'^^l  fund  may   and  at  ^e,  no  matter  what  you  may  call  them,  active, 

east  one-third  thereof  must,  consist  of  either  energetic  financial   institutions.     They  are  no 

lawful  money  of  the  United  States,  gold  certifi-  i^^^^  f^m  the  "runs."    I  was  one  of  those, 

cates,  sUver  certificates,  or  notes  or  bills  issued  representing  one  of  the  great  number  of  trust 

ty  any  lawfully  organized  national  banking  as-  companies,  that  thought  the  deposits  in  a  bank 

sociauon,  one-third  thereof  may  consist  of  bonds  ^gre  equivalent  to  cash  on  hand.    One  hour's 

of  the  United  States,  bonds  of  the  State  of  New  experience   on   the   27th    day   of   October   last 

York,  and  bonds  issued  in  compliance  with  law  s^^ed  me  the  dissolution  of  that  fallacy,  and 

State  of  New  York  computed  at  their  par  value,  that  occasion  the  trust  companies  of  the  city  of 
which  must  be  the  absolute  property  of  the  cor-  gt.  Louis  had  before  their  doors  enough  des- 
peration exclusive  of  all  other  investments;  the  it^^  to  draw  all  of  the  available  cash  out  of 
balance  thereof  over  and  above  the  part  consist-  j^e  trust  companies  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis  if 
ing  of  lawful  money  of  the  United  States  gold  j^e  run  had  continued.  From  that  day  to  this 
certificates,  silver  certificates,  notes  and  bills  is-  i  have  determined  that  so  long  as  1  was  an  ex- 
sued  by  any  lawfully  organized  national  banking  ecutive  of  a  financial  institutTon.^all  it  what 
association,  and  the  part  thereof  consisting  of  „„  may,-when  the  "holler"  came  I  would  be 
bonds  as  above  provided,  must  consist  of  ready  to  meet  the  storm, 
moneys  on  deposit  subject  to  call  in  any  bank  '- 

or  trust  company  in  this  State  having  a  capital  The  trust  companies  of  the  country  are  a 

of  at  least  $200,000  or  a  capital  and  surplus  of  great   deal   stronger  than   they  were  then. 

goo,«x,  and  approved  by  the  superintendent  of  ^^e  experience  of  this  panic  will  make  them 

Stronger  still.     The  trust  company  is  pre- 

The  panic  has  shown  that  a  15  per  cent,  eminently  an  American  institution.     It  has 

reserve,  one-third  of  which  is  in  actual  cash,  come  to  stay  because  we  cannot  get  along 

IS   not  enough  to  insure  a  trust  company  without  it.    The  trust  companies  have  made 

against  the  vicissitudes  of  deposit  banking.  In  tremendous  progress  in  the  last  decade  and 

the  notable  discussion  before  the  legislative  having  been   tried  by  fire  in   New  York's 

committee    last    winter,    Mr.    William    A.  great  panic,  they  will  be  better  fitted  than 

Nash,  president  of  the  Com  Exchange  Bank  ever  to  meet  the  needs  of  a  people  that  will 

of  New  York,  advocating  the  adoption  of  ultimately  be  satisfied  with  nothing  short  of 

a  cash  reserve  law  for  trust  companies,  ut-  the  safest  and  best  banking  system  in  the 

tered  this  word  of  warning,  which  is  pecu-  world. 


9 


THE    SCOPE    AND    FUNCTIONS    OF    THE 
CLEARING-HOUSE. 

BY  FRANK  GREENE. 
(Managing  Editor  of  Bradstreet's,) 


TV/f UCH  has  been  written  and  printed  of 
late  regarding  the  clearing-houses  of 
this  and  other  cities  of  this  country.  Thus 
we  have  read  that  the  Clearing-House  at 
New  York  took  action  to  save  several  banks ; 
that  other  banks  suspended  because  of  the 
withdrawal  of  clearing-house  support;  that 
clearing-house  certificates  were  issued  to 
lessen  the  stress  of  monetary  stringency,  and 
we  even  learn  that  clearing-house  certificates 
have  been  issued  to  pay  the  wages  of  work- 
men, clerks,  operatives,  and  store  employees. 
The  wide  range  of  action  here  indicated  and 
the  diversity  of  directions  in  which  the  ac- 
tivities of  clearing-houses  have  been  mani- 
fested may  be  a  matter  puzzling  to  the  or- 
dinary person.  For  these  and  others  the 
following  description  may  be  enlightening: 

THE    ORDINARY    FUNCTION    OF   THE    CLEAR- 
ING HOUSE. 

In  Its  primary  and  simplest  form,  the  form 
in  which  the  fathers  of  the  clearing-house 
system  knew  it,  a  clearing-house  is  merely  a 
centrally  located  place,  where  checks,  drafts, 
bills,  notes,  or  other  kinds  of  credit  instru- 
ments coming  into  the  possession  of  the  banks 
are  brought  to  be  exchanged  for  their  equiv- 
alent in  other  similar  credit  instruments  or 
for  cash.  Just  as  in  the  old  original  "  Ex- 
change," where  merchants  met  to  buy  and 
sell  commodities,  so  do  the  banks  through 
clerks  meet  to  exchange  checks  or  money  for 
other  checks  or  obligations  they  owe  or  are 
owed.  To  illustrate,  we  must  compare  the 
old  system  of  exchanging  claims  against  the 
respective  banks  with  that  now  in  vogue  in 
nearly  all  the  cities  of  the  world  having  any 
pretension  to  financial  importance. 

Under  the  old  system  a  porter  chosen  for 
his  strength  perhaps  as  much  as  for  his 
known  honesty  took  all  the  checks  upon 
other  banks  that  came  into  his  own  bank's 
possession  and  went  the  rounds  from  bank 
to  bank  collecting  his  claims  in  the  form  of 
cash,  whether  bank  bills  or  gold.  One  re- 
sult was  the  carrying  of  large  sums  of  money 
through  the  streets,  with  the  consequent  dan- 
ger of  loss  by  robbery  or  carelessness.     As 


the  banks  increased  in  number,  an  informal 
meeting  of  the  porters  at  one  central  point  to 
exchange  checks  for  cash  was  a  natural  evo- 
lution. This,  however,  was  cumbersome 
and  oftentimes  unsatisfactory  because  of  the 
lack  of  knowledge  in  advance  of  the  clJums 
that  would  be  presented  and  of  the  sums  nec- 
essary to  meet  them.  Finally,  the  banks  took 
cognizance  of  the  necessities  of  the  case  and 
arranged  for  a  central  place  of  exchange, 
with  a  manager  and  clerks  to  supervise  and 
conduct  the  exchanges.  This  was  the  gen- 
esis of  the  clearing-house  as  it  exists  to-day. 
and  it  may  be  said  also  that  a  great  many 
clearing-houses  are  to-day  merely  places  of 
exchange  for  items  held  by  banks  against 
other  banks. 

HOW  THE   "clearing"   IS  DONE, 

As  to  the  present  methods  of  clearing  at, 
say,  any  of  the  larger  clearing-houses,  the 
systfem  in  vogue  at  the  New  York  Clearing- 
House  may  be  cited  as  exemplifying  the  mod- 
em plan  of  action.  Two  clerks  come  from 
each  bank  that  is  a  member  of  the  Cleaxing- 
House  each  business  day  at  9.30.  Exchanges 
are  made  at  10  a.m.  Each  bank  has  a  desk 
assigned  it,  behind  which  sits  one  of  the 
clerks,  prepared  to  receive  checks  or  other 
claims  against  his  bank.  The  other,  or  de- 
livery clerk,  has  a  bag  filled  with  checks 
against  other  banks.  At  the  stroke  of  a  bell 
the  line  of  delivery  clerks  moves  slowly  down 
and  around  the  room,  stopping  at  each  other 
bank  desk  in  turn,  laying  down  the  respective 
bundles  of  checks,  getting  receipts  therefor, 
and  passing  on  until  they  have  made  the 
round  of  all  the  bank  desks  and  return  to 
their  own  desks.  When  the  delivery  clerk 
returns  to  his  own  desk  he  finds  it  piled  hi^ 
with  checks  left  by  other  delivery  clerks. 
After  comparing  the  totals  of  these  checks 
with  his  fellow  clerk's  list  he  takes  them  to 
his  bank.  The  clerk  remaining  adds  his 
totals  of  checks  received  from  other  banks 
and  compares  it  with  his  original  list  of 
checks  against  other  banks  which  he  made  up 
before  he  left  his  own  bank.  The  dtfikrcnce 
between  his  two  totals  of  checks  for  and 


THE  SCOPE  AND  FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  CLEARING-HOUSE.     685 


against  his  own  bank  is  the  amount  of  bal- 
ance his  bank  owes  or  is  owed.  If  his  bank 
owes  more  than  he  receives  from  the  other 
banks  he  fills  out  a  debit  slip  and  hands  it 
to  the  manager.  If  the  total  he  receives  is 
less  than  what  he  has  brought  from  his  bank 
he  fills  out  a  credit  slip.  The  clerks  of  the 
Clearing-House  have  a  memorandum  of 
what  he  brought  and  what  he  received,  and, 
footing  them  up,  the  manager  knows  what 
each  bank  owes  and  what  it  should  receive. 
The  totals  of  what  is  owed  by  all  of  the 
banks  are  the  clearings,  and  the  differences 
then  are  alone  to  be  settled  for.  Usually  the 
clearing-house  sheets  are  finished  and  proved 
by  10.45  a.m.,  and  fines  are  levied  for  any 
mistakes  made  in  footings.  From  12.30  to 
1.30  the  banks  settle  for  balances  they  owe  at 
the  Clearing-House.  Shortly  after  1.30  the 
clerks  whose  banks  are  owed  sums  collect 
and  return  to  their  banks.  Differences  due 
are  paid,  if  the  sums  are  large,  in  certificates 
representing  gold  deposited  in  the  vaults  of 
the  Clearing-House.  Small  balances  are  set- 
tled in  bank-notes,  legal  tenders,  and  silver 
or  copper  coins.  All  balances  due  at  the 
New  York  Clearing-House  are  therefore  set- 
tled in  cash.  Other  clearing-houses  through- 
out the  country  pursue  very  much  the  same 
plan,  some  of  them  paying  balances  in  cash 
or  its  equivalent,  some  giving  New  York  ex- 
change, and  some  cashiers'  checks,  which  are 
later  presented  at  the  banks  issuing  them  or 
are  passed  through  the  clearing-house  the 
next  day,  and  others  still  have  a  variety  of 
ways  satisfactory  to  themselves  for  settling 
the  differences.  There  are  fully  115  clear- 
ing-houses in  this  country  and  Canada  re- 
porting the  total  of  their  exchanges  each 
week  and  month,  and,  representing  as  they 
do  the  payments  on  account  of  all  kinds  of 
financial  transactions  going  on  all  over  the 
two  countries  each  day,  week,  month,  and 
year,  they  constitute  a  statistical  measure  of 
the  business  of  these  countries  which  is  in  a 
high  degree  valuable. 

A  COMPARISON  WITH  THE  ENGLISH  SYSTEM. 

So  much  for  the  mere  plan  of  exchanging 
or  clearing  checks  or  other  forms  of  indebted- 
ness between  banks.  This  plan  with  subse- 
quent modifications  to  meet  changing  condi- 
tions has  been  in  operation  practically  since 
the  organization  of  the  New  York  Clearing- 
House  in  1853.  In  England  the  London 
Clearing-House  dates  back  to  about  the  time 
when  the  Thirteen  Colonies  revolted  from 
the  mother  country.     There,  however,  the 


balances  now,  as  then,  are  settled  by  drafts 
on  the  Bank  of  England,  whereas  the  settle- 
ments dt  New  York  are  made  in  actual  cash 
at  the  time  of  clearing,  and  competent  au- 
thorities are  quoted  as  saying  that  the  New 
York  clearing  operation,  which  is  all  com- 
pleted early  in  the  afternoon  of  each  day,  is 
superior  to  the  London  system,  which  re- 
quires a  much  longer  time  and  employs  an 
apparently  much  more  cumbersome  system. 

THE  CUSTODIAN  OF  OUR  CREDIT  MACHINERY. 

This  exchanging  of  checks,  however,  is, 
after  all,  only  the  primary  or  simplest  form 
of  clearing-house  activities.  It  is  in  its  wider 
scope  as  the  real  custodian  of  the  credit  ma- 
chinery of  the  country  that  the  clearing-house 
finds  its  fullest  reason  for  existence.  Here 
the  highest  type  of  that  much  overworked 
phrase  "  community  of  interest "  finds  its 
tangible  expression,  and  here  in  time  of 
stress  or  of  actual  panic  the  really  modern 
conception  of  what  a  clearing-house  should 
be  is  demonstrated.  We  have  in  this  coun- 
try no  central  bank  system  such  as  is  pos- 
sessed by  England,  France,  Germany,  and  al- 
most all  of  the  leading  European  countries. 
The  American  Treasury  system  is,  of  course, 
in  the  last  analysis,  the  custodian  of  the  coun- 
try's reserve  of  specie.  But  the  Associated 
Banks  of  New  York,  which  is  usually  known 
as  the  New  York  Clearing-House,  may  be 
said  to  be  the  custodians  of  a  large  part  of 
the  moneys  of  the  country,  because  they  hold 
in  normal  times  much  of  the  reserves  re- 
quired by  the  National  Banking  act  to  be 
held  by  all  national  banks.  On  November 
16,  1907,  the  New  York  Clearing-House 
banks  held  $218,659,000  of  legal  tender  cur- 
rency and  specie.  At  the  same  date  a  year 
ago  they  held  $252,682,400.  This  is  be- 
cause New  York,  like  London,  is  the  finan- 
cial heart  and  clearing-house  of  the  country, 
point  to  this  statement  being  given  by  the 
fact  that  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  entire 
country's  bank  exchanges  in  1906  were 
cleared  at  the  metroplis.  This  is  of  course 
made  possible  by  the  fact  that  as  the  largest 
city  and  the  most  important  port  of  the  coun- 
try New  York  holds  the  largest  supply  of 
actual  cash.  Here,  in  fact,  is  the  place  where 
liquid  capital  finds  its  promptest  and  widest 
use. 

PROTECTING  INDIVIDUAL   BANKS. 

In  normal  times,  therefore,  the  New  York 
banks  as  holders  of  a  large  part  of  the  coun- 
try's actual  cash  and  as  trustees  for  the  rest 


686 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^lElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


of  the  country's  banks  hold  the  greater  part 
of  the  country  j5  liquid  wealth  outside  of  the 
Treasury.  When,  however,  as  in*the  past 
month,  a  condition  of  severe  monetary  strin- 
gency supervenes  and  the  needs  of  the  banks 
of  the  country  cause  them  to  draw  down 
their  reserves  of  cash  while  the  work  of 
financial  settlement  is  but  little  reduced, 
there  is  thrown  upon  the  New  York  banks 
a  burden  which  would  be  impossible  to  carry 
were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  in  process  of 
time  a  solidarity  of  interest  and  a  plan  of 
working  out  from  these  conditions  had  been 
evolved  thrpugh  the  medium  of  the  clearing- 
house. Practically  the  banks  of  New  York 
pool  their  issues,  combine  their  reserves,  and 
stand  together  as  one  bank  for  the  common 
good  of  all.  The  strong  banks  lend  aid  to 
their  smaller  and  in  no  disparaging  sense 
be  it  said,  their  weaker  brethren.  The  need 
for  cash  is  met,  and  in  the  words  of  an  Eng- 
lish writer  the  Associated  Banks  of  New 
York,  the  Clearing-House,  plays  the  part 
in  the  United  States  that  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land does  for  the  United  Kingdom. 

"  CLEARING-HOUSE    CERTIFICATES." 

Docs  a  bank  in  New  York  need  cash? 
Then  the  Clearing-House  -  advances  it  out 
of  the  store  of  gold  that  the  banks  as  a  whole 
have  lodged  in  the  vaults  of  the  Clearing- 
House.  Of  course,  there  must  be  security 
therefor,  and  the  perfectly  solvent  bank, 
short  perhaps  of  cash  but  possessed  of  good 
securities,  brings  its  securities  to  the  Clear- 
ing-House Loan  Committee  and  obtains 
clearing-house  certificates,  which,  taken  free- 
ly as  they  are  by  the  other  banks  in  settle- 
ment of  balances,  pass  current  between  the 
banks  as  cash.  The  certificates  issued  at 
New  York  in  the  past  have  been  usually  in 
denominations  of  $50CX),  $10,000  and  $20,- 
000.  They  are  good  only  between  the  banks, 
and  the  ordinary  man  never  sees  them.  Thus 
the  time  of  stress  is  passed  safely,  as  the  crisis 
of  late  October  and  early  November  has 
been  passed,  and  the  financial  situation  re- 
sumes, as  it  is  now  resuming,  its  normal  con- 
dition. Hereby  the  strong  banks  support 
the  weak,  the  dread  of  failure  of  other  sol- 
vent clearing-house  banks  is  avoided,  the 
long  train  of  attendant  evils,  such  as  the  in- 
solvency of  business  houses,  depositors  in 
those  banks,  is  obviated,  and  the  banks  stand 
"  shoulder  to  shoulder  like  brethren,"  or  like 
one  bank  that  cannot  be  broken,  be  the  strain 
ever  so  severe. 

This  is,  of  course,  rendered  possible  by 


the  co-operation  of  the  banks,  which  has 
taken  the  place  of  the  old  selfish  plan  of 
every  one  for  himself,  which  usually  resulted 
in  a  useless  waste  of  financial  life  and  a 
slaughter  of  commercial  credit.  This  co-op- 
eration in  turn,  as  already  explained,  takes 
the  form  of  an  issuance  of  clearing-house 
certificates,  which  is  the  tangible  evidence  of 
the  faith  of  the  banks  themselves  in  them- 
selves as  a  whole  and  in  the  individual  bank 
possessed  of  good  securities  but  lacking  in  a 
sudden  emergency  the  necessary  liquid  sup- 
ply of  capital  which  could  not  otherwise  be 
had  under  our  peculiar  American  currency 
system.  This  form  of  co-operation,  at  least 
the  issuance  of  clearing-house  certificates, 
had  its  inception  in  the  troubled  da>'s  of 
i860,  and  eight  times  since  then  have  the 
Associated  Banks  of  New  York  issued  cer- 
tificates which  have  passed  current  between 
the  banks  as  cash,  as  indeed  they  were,  be- 
cause they  represented  the  surplus  gold  hold- 
ings of  the  banks  of  New  York.  TTie 
younger  sisters  of  the  New  York  Clearing- 
House  have  followed  New  York's  example. 
In  1893  eight  other  cities  did  this.  Thb 
year  the  example  has  been  followed  by  so 
many  cities  thut  it  may  be  said  the  entire 
country  has  been  working  for  three  ^vccks 
on  a  clearing-house  certificate  basis. 

SOME  DISADVANTAGES  OF  THE  SYSTEM. 

It  may  be  claimed,  and  perhaps  with  some 
justice,  that  the  employment  of  these  cer- 
tificates is  a  form  of  temporary  relief,  and 
that,  while  the  end  may  justify  the  means. 
it  is  at  best  a  makeshift  policy.  As  to  the 
first  objection  it  may  be  answered  that  the 
system  of  taxation  of  these  certificates  pro- 
vided by  the  clearing-houses, — that  b,  the 
rate  of  interest  charged  the  banks  taking 
out  these  certificates,  which  is  6  per  cent,  at 
New  York, — is  high  enough  to  discourage 
speculative  use  of*  this  source  of  credit,  and 
past  experience,  the  short  time  they  are  cm- 
ployed,  and  their  quick  return  and  cancella- 
tion furnish  the  best  proof  that  the  privilege 
is  not  abused.  It  may  also  be  admitted  that 
the  plan  is  a  makeshift  in  the  absence  of  a 
more  scientific  system,  but  it  might  be  v?ell 
to  recall  that  criticisms  of  our  currency  sys- 
tem as  a  whole  are  not  content  with  sdg^ma- 
tizing  that  system  as  being  merely  a  make- 
shift. Some  foreign  critics,  in  fact,  apply  the 
epithet  of  barbarous  to  our  present  currency 
system  with  its  known  lack  of  elasticity  and 
with  the  recurring  strains  which  its  disorder 
places  upon  the  country's  business. 


THE  SCOPE  AND  FUNCTIONS  OF   THE  CLEARING-HOUSE.      687 


EMERGENCY  CURRENCY. 

Just  as  past  financial  crises  called  for  and 
found  some  old,  some  new,  and  some  perhaps 
curious  methods  of  carrying  the  country  over 
a  trying  period,  so  has  the  present  trouble 
seen  a  new  development  of  the  use  of  clear- 
ing-house certificates,  so  called.  The  usual 
lorms  of  certificates  employed  were  as  out- 
lined above,  designed  to  cirailate  between 
the  banks  merely,  and  it  was  never  intended 
by  the  original  users  that  clearing-house  cer- 
tificates should  be  employed  in  the  everyday 
operations  of  the  public.  This  time,  how- 
ever, a  form  of  emergency  currency,  credit 
checks,  or,  as  they  are  called  in  many  cities, 
"  clearing-house  certificates,"  have  been  is- 
sued under  the  authority  of  the  clearing- 
houses of  various  cities.  These  have  been 
for  sums  as  small  as  $i,  $2,  $5,  and  ^10,  and 
not  in  the  usual  denominations  of  as  many 
thousands.  These  small  checks  have  been 
paid  out  for  wages,  accepted  for  food  sup- 
plies and  goods,  and  will  presumably  be  re- 
turned  and  cancelled  when   the  craze   for 


hoarding  money  in  boxes,  cupboards,  and 
stockings  passes  away.  Where  a  high  rate  of 
interest  for  their  employment  is  charged  they 
undoubtedly  will  be  called  in  just  as  early  as 
possible,  except  as  numismatists  and  philat- 
elists choose  to  preserve  samples  as  illustra- 
tions of  the  various  kinds  of  currency  issued 
in  our  national  history.  Here  it  may  be 
claimed  that  this  form  of  currency  is 
extra-legal  in  character,  and  there  certainly 
have  been  some  objections  to  accepting 
them,  but  they  are  not  open  to  the  im- 
putation of  being  unsafe,  as  was  the  cur- 
rency of  an  earlier  time,  which  was  often 
entirely  unsecured.  These  certificates  have 
behind  them  the  pledged  faith  of  the  clear- 
ing-houses issuing  them  and  they  will  be  re- 
deemed when  presented.  Still  they  are  an- 
other and  striking  example  of  the  burden  to 
a  country's  trade  of,  to  put  it  mildly,  an 
unscientific  currency  system  which  has 
strewn  the  economic  and  financial  history  of 
the  country  with  the  wrecks  of  thousands  of 
what  would  otherwise  have  been  prosperous 
business  enterprises. 


Loan  Committee  of  the  New  York  Cleariog  House  Associatioo- 


fin  A  4ltpoi»fftJl 


j  \        jr^ : 

hf.    A  amar.  if  it  Ln  J  jX^  4    f^ectm  &!*"  PSrd 


-.-i_.- 


TEN   THOUSAND  DOLLARS  IN       EMERGENCY  CURRENCY. 

(FftCBimUe  of  a  certificate  issued  by  (he  New  York  Clearing  House  Association.     Notice  the  method  of 

cqjicellation.) 


AN  ARTIST'S  PLEA  FOR  AMERICAN 

ART. 

Editor  Review  of  Reviews: 

Art  has  been,  and  is,  my  very  life.  It  gives  me  ail  my  joy.  It  is 
simply  for  art's  sake  that  I  speak  to  the  home  of  my  adoption,  America. 

Mr.  Shaw,  ex-Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  stated  a  few  weeks  ago 
that  "  the  products  of  the  United  States,  this  year,  amounted  to  the 
stupendous  sum  of  over  twenty-six  billions  of  dollars."  Almost  beyond 
comprehension! 

Certainly  this  country  is  now  the  greatest  and  richest  in  all  the  world. 

But  alas!    fVhat  of  America's  art  f 

A  national  art  gallery, — it  has  none!  A  national  school  of  painting, — it 
has  none!  A  national  conservatory  of  music  or  dramatic  art, — it  has  none! 
A  national  school  of  sculpture, — it  has  none! 

What  a  contemplation!  fVhat  a  burning  shame!  For  patriotic  Ameri- 
cans, in  the  true  sense  of  the  word,  to  realize  that  notwithstanding  we 
have  the  greatest  and  richest  country  on  earth,  yet  in  art  of  the  brush,  of 
the  chisel,  and  of  song,  America  is  probably  below  most  of  the  poorest 
countries  of  the  world. 

fVhen  we  reflect  that  in  this,  the  richest  and  greatest  country  on  earth, 
there  is  not  one  national  institution  of  art  in  which  the  young  Americans 
of  both  sexes,  rich  or  poor,  can  secure  free  art  education,  it  makes  the  lover 
of  art  blush  with  shame! 

European  nations,  through  their  art  (at  our  expense)  enjoy  immense 
revenues  and  profits  from  the  American  people  which  ought  to  be  expended 
and  enjoyed  at  home.  And  these  same  European  nations  are  wondering 
why  everything  except  art  is  encouraged  in  the   United  States. 

When  we  read  and  wonder,  and  the  whole  world  reads  and  wonders, 
at  our  cascade  of  billions  of  annual  wealth,  is  it  not  time  for  the  American 
press  to  give  this  subject  the  consideration  it  deserves  and  begin  a  campaign 
in  favor  of  national  art  institutions  f 

After  living  eighteen  years  in  this  country  and  having  learned  to  love 
its  institutions  and  its  people,  I  have  found  that  American  men  and  women 
are  as  much  in  love  with  art  as  are  the  brightest  in  Europe. 

National  art  institutions  would  surely  place  the  United  States  in  the 
front  rank  with  her  composers,  painters,  sculptors,  and  her  dramatic  artists. 
But  America  never  can  hope  to  occupy  its  place  in  art  unless  it  generously 
invites  and  encourages  the  development  of  genius. 

The  sooner  the  American  people  realize  that  it  is  not  the  ceaseless, 
unique  thought  of  making  dollars  that  makes  a  country  great,  the  better. 
For  a  country's  greatness  does  not  lie  in  its  wealth  measured  in  dollars. 
No,  by  all  means!  It  lies  in  the  exalted  character  of  its  citizenship.  It 
has  always  been  and  will  always  be  through  its  great  artists;  and  the  more 
there  are,  the  greater  the  country  is  in  the  eyes  of  the  world  and  posterity. 

In  behalf  of  American  art  and  its  future  history,  I  plead  with  the  great 
American  press  to  impress  upon  our  Government  the  necessity  of  founding 
national  art  schools,  in  order  that  the  elevating  lessons  evolving  from  art 
may  broaden  the  minds  of  the  people  to  higher  ideals  and  loftier  purposes, 
to  the  fullest  development  of  that  noblest  of  all  feelings,  "  Patriotism." 

Yours  sincerely. 


November  6,  iQoy. 


OuJ. 


CopTrifht  1907.  by  WilUim  Claiuen.  N.  Y. 

"  HOUND-  AND  HUNTER."  BY  WINSLOW   HOMER. 

(Veracity  is  tlrc  keynote  of  Homer's  art.  Here  we  seem  to  part  the  branches  Ol  the  opposite  bank 
and  look  directly  on  a  llttie  drama  In  the  North  Woods.  We  do  not  feel  that  this  Is  a  picture  built  up 
from  several  other  sketches  In  the  artist's  studio.  Homer  not  only  paints  complete  corapos'tlon.  but  equally  ti^e 
and  freph  and  sparkling  in  color  are  his  sketches,  mostly  in  water  color,  of  camp  fires  throwlne  forth  a 
sputt^^rlng  fountain  of  sparks  in  the  night,  salmon  or  trout  with  crimson  gills  leaping  from  the  water, 
palmettos  of  the  Florida  lagoons,  and  Bermuda  fishing  boats  flying  before  the  wind.) 

AMERICAN  PAINTING  TO-DAY. 

BY   ERNEST    KNAUFFT. 


TN  the  article  on  Saint  Gaudcns  in  the 
Review  of  Remews  for  September,  an 
analogy  was  drawn  between  the  restraint  of 
his  treatment  of  the  Lincoln  statue,  and  the 
restraint  of  Lincoln's  Gettysburg  speech.  A 
similar  quality  of  restraint  permeates  Ameri- 
can painting;  it  is,  as  it  were,  its  hall  mark 
of  refinement.  So  often  the  visitors  to  our 
galleries  are  disappointed  because  the  paint- 
ings they  sec  there  are  not  more  forceful, 
more  brilliant  and  entertaining.  Let  them, 
however,  but  sympathize  with  the  quality  of 
restraint,  and  they  will  soon  view  the  paint- 
ings in  a  new  light.  But  this  sympathy  they 
must  have ;  they  must  recognize  that  restraint 
is  a  desideratum  of  the  fine  arts,  as  it  is  of 
refined  social  life. 
All  are  familiar  with  the  merit  of  Cordelia : 

Her  voice  was  low, — 

m        Hi        *        *        *        *        * 

An  excellent  thing  in  woman. 

Less   familiar   is   Dante's  picture  of   the 

antique    heroes,    Caesar,    Brutus,    Socrates, 

Plato,  and  their  quiet  dignity: 

There  dwelt  a  race,  who  slow  their  eyes  around 
Majestically  moved,  and  in  their  port 


Bore  eminent  authority;  they  spake 

Seldom,  but  all  their  words  were  tuneful  sweet. 

Similarly  we  look  for  reticence,  the  ex- 
pression that  is  "  tuneful  sweet,"  in  the 
graphic  vernacular  of  our  American  painters. 

We  have  selected  a  few  painters  whose 
work,  we  believe,  represents  this  reticent 
quality.  It  is  not  intended,  however,  to 
suggest  that  they  are  the  only  artists  worthy 
of  consideration ;  the  brevity  of  our  article 
prevents  our  doing  full  justice  to  many 
painters  of  equal  eminence. 

JOHN  LA  FARGE  THE  NESTOR  OF  AMERICAN 
PAINTERS. 

John  La  Farge  stands  for  all  that  is  best 
in  American  art.  He  is  the  Nestor  of  our 
painters.  He  belongs  to  three  decades.  In 
the  old  days  he  fought  with  Hunt,  Inness, 
Wyant,  and  Martin  to  uphold  the  dignity 
of  our  art.  When  the  younger  school 
returned  from  Munich  and  Paris,  and 
founded  the  Society  of  American  Artists,  in 
1878,  and  arrayed  themselves  against  the 
Academy,  and  fought  for  recognition  of  a 
more  individual  technique  than  then  in  vogue, 


690 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


t 

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THE  RIGHT  HON.   LORD  RIBBLESDALE,      BY  JOHN    S.    SARGENT. 

(One  of  the  strongest  portraits  in  modem  art.  A  perfect 
piece  of  characterization.  Realism  In  the  best  sense  of  the  word. 
But  there  is  more  than  characterization  and  realism, — there  is 
decoration.  Every  object, — hat,  cravat,  coat,  riding  whip,  boots, 
columns,  and  dado  in  the  background,  makvis  a  pattern  that 
forms  a  decoration.  This  quality  is  much  admired  by  Sargent's 
fellow  artists.  In  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  New  York,  there 
are  throe  notable  portraits  by  Sargent,  of  Henry  G.  Marquand, 
Wm.  M.  Chase,  and  liobert  Louis  Stevenson,  wherein  this  deco- 
rative pattern-making  may  be  discerned.  In  the  Marquand,  the 
white  chair  now  appearing  and  now  disappearing  in  light  and 
dark  tonos ;  In  the  Chase,  the  palette,  the  mall  stick,  and  the 
blue  cravat  pin,  are  placed  to  form  pleasing  '*  spots "  in  the 
pattern  of  the  canvas.  Alonprside  of  the  portraits  by  Sargent, 
the  cp.'t-in-one-mold  p?rtralts  of  our  t»arly  painters,  like  Hunt- 
ington and  Elliot,  seeu"  as  perfunctory  as  does  a  sophomore's 
thesis  alongside  of  a  polished  essay  by  Walter  Pater.) 

From  a  photo?:ravure  in  the  London  Art  JoumaL 


he  joined  them,  and  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  Society  of  American 
Artists  from  1897  to  1906.  And 
still  later,  when  men  like  Dewing 
and  Twachtman  changed  the 
character  of  their  academic  tech- 
nique, caring  less  for  the  display 
of  brush  work  than  for  the  "  feel- 
ing" that  penneated  their  canvases. 
La  Farge's  work  could  hang  side 
by  side  with  theirs,  and  even  at 
times  excel  it.  Indeed,  strange  to 
say,  the  more  they  advanced  the 
more  they  seemed  to  revert  to  the 
delicacy  of  his  1868  picture, 
"  Paradise  Valley,  Newport." 
And  when  this  picture  was  hung 
in  the  Comparative  Exhibition  in 
1905,  it  seemed  cousin  german  to 
the  works  of  Sisley  and  Monet, 
the  ultra  impressionists  of  France! 
His  greatest  painting  is  prob- 
ably his  large  decoration  repre- 
senting the  "  Ascension,"  in  the 
Church  of  the  Ascension,  Fifth 
avenue  and  Tenth  street.  New 
York  City.  This  has  at  once  all 
the  qualities  of  the  old  masters,  as 
well  as  all  the  qualities  of  the 
American  school  of  painting.  Like 
an  old  master,  it  is  rich  in  its  com- 
position and  beautiful  in  draw- 
ing; but  it  is  lighter,  more 
atmospheric,  more  pearly  in  color 
than  the  altar  pieces  of  the  Old 
World. 

La  Farge  was  bom  with  a 
strong  predilection  for  color,  and 
his  workings  in  stained  glass  have 
developed  his  knowledge  of  the  ef- 
fect of  the  juxtaimposing  of  colors, 
and  their  reciprocal  effects  upon 
one  another.  But  his  color  has 
neither  become  Rubens-likc  in  ef- 
fect, nor  has  it  the  rich  textural 
effects  of  an  Abbey,  nor  the  bril- 
liant realism  of  Sargent,  nor  the 
dry  luminosity  of  the  impression- 
ists ;  the  pearly  tints  that  he  found 
in  the  sea-haze  when  making  his 
early  studies  from  nature  at  New- 
port, seem  to  have  permeated  all 
his  future  paintings,  so  that  the 
rich  blue  robes  of  his  figures,  and 
the  hyacinth-tinted  wings  of  his 
angels,  are  modeled  with  prismatic 
colors,  and  are  bathed  in  a  slight 
amber  and  opal  mist. 


AMERICAN  PAINTING   TO-DAY. 


691 


Copyhsbu  1889.  by  John  La  Fargc 

"the  ascension,"  by  JOHN  LA  FARCE. 

^Decoration  in  the  cliancol  of  the  Church  of  the  Ascension,  Now  Yorlc.  The  scene  is  on  the  Mount  of 
Olives  at  Bethany.  "  And  He  lifted  up  Ills  bands  and  blessed  them.  And  it  came  to  pass,  while  lie 
blessed  them.  He  was  parted  from  them,  and  carried  up  into  heaven,"  St.  Luke,  xxiv,  50,  51,  "  and  a 
clond  received  Him  out  of  their  slight.  And  while  they  looked  steadfastly  toward  heaven,  as  He  went  up, 
behold  two  men  stood  by  them  in  white  apparel.  Which  also  said,  '  Ye  men  of  Galilee,  why  stand  ye 
^xing  up  into  heaven?  This  same  Jesus,  which  is  taken  up  from  you  into  heaven,  shall  so  come  in 
like  manner  as  ye  hare  seen  Him  go  into  heaven." — Acts  I,  9-11.  The  space  is  large,  some  thirty  five  feet 
high  and  about  as  wide,  making  it  one  of  the  largest  pictures  in  the  world,  and  the  subject  is  expan- 
sively treated.     There  is  plenty  of  light  on  the  canvas,  and  an  out-of-doors  effect  is  realized.) 


Beside  keeping  a^  a  painter  abreast  of,  and 
sometimes  in  the  lead  of,  our  younger  paint- 
ers, who  have  worked  for  sustaining  the 
supremacy  of  color,  Mr.  La  Farge  has  also 
been  pre-eminent  as  a  designer.  The  flow 
and  harmony  of  the  mere  lines  in  such  win- 
dows as  his  "  Ayer  Memorial — An  Angel 
Troubled  the  Water,"  are  so  rhythmetic  that 
they  have  all  the  charm  of  a  Raphael.  A 
Raphael,  we  all  know,  may  be  reduced,  or 
engraved,  or  transferred,  by  a  less  knowing 
hand,  and  yet  will  always  retain  its  charm 
of  adjustment  of  line. 

La  Farge  learned  much  in  the  science  of 
design  from  the  Japanese,  yet  he  does  not  imi- 
tate  them.     Even   in   his  windows,,  where 


line  is  a  fundamental  and  a  very  obvious  ele- 
ment in  the  mode  of  expression,  there  is  no 
making  us  feel,  as  is  the  case  with  the  Japa- 
nese, that  the  outline  is  a  major  part  of  the 
design.  On  the  contrary,  as  in  the  best 
Italian  work,  the  outline  is  present,  but  is 
welded  into  the  plastic  forms. 

It  must  not  be  thought  La  Farge's  compo- 
sition consists  solely  of  beauty  in  color  or  line. 
There  is  an  invention  to  everything  he  does 
that  marks  it  as  having  been  evolved  from  a 
mind,  that,  like  Michael  Angelo's,  Millet's 
and  Rembrandt's,  sees  things  only  in  the  es- 
sence. Just  as  in  Michael  Angela's  "  Crea- 
tion," there  is  in  La  Farge's  illustrations 
(like  "The  Wolf  Charmer,"  1864,  and  his 


692 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REVIEIVS. 


PORTRAIT  OF  MISS  AMY  HOWE. 

BY   WILLIAM    M.    CHASZ. 

(Many  second-rate  but  popular  portraits  look  so 
shiny  that  they  appear  to  have  been  smeared  all 
over  with  vaseline.  The  charm  of  Mr.  Chase's  por- 
traits Is  that  there  are  no  forced  passages,  no  glit- 
tering high  lights,  no  **  slicked-up  "  details  that  leap 
out  of  the  canvaK. — all  recede  into  their  proper 
places  within  the  frame.) 

painting  of  the  same  subject  made  over  forty 
years  af terw^ard ) ,  a  directness  of  expression 
belonging  to  great  art.  As  with  a  Rem- 
brandt "Tobit,"  or  a  Millet  "Angelas," 
they  are  drawn  not  casually  or  plausibly,  but 
so  synthetically  that  they  are  to  ordinary 
work  as  classic  literature  is  to  journalism, — 
something  for  all  time. 

Still  another  attribute  of  La  Farge's  genius 
is  his  unerring  taste  in  his  interior  decora- 
tions. He  has  the  same  architectural  feeling 
that  William  Morris  had;  though  where 
Morris  is  Gothic,  he  is  of  the  Renaissance. 
Morris  was  sensitive  to  the  "  all-over  "  deco- 
ration, but  La  Farge  is  too  fond  of  form  to 
be  satisfied  with  mere  pattern ;  even  in  stained 
glass  he  models  by  plating  (putting  one 
layer  of  glass  over  another). 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  La  Farge  has  not 


had  given  him  some  public  building  in  New 
York,  that  he  might  have  decorated  through- 
out, controlling  the  color  harmonies  from 
cellar  to  roof  so  he  could  have  set  a  precedent 
for  the  younger  decorators  to  follow. 

SARGENT^  CHASE,  AND  OTHER   PORTRAIT 
PAINTERS. 

Sargent  and  Chase  may  be  selected  as  the 
brilliant  technicians  of  our  school. 

John  S.  Sargent's  art  is,  as  is  his  reputa- 
tion, and  we  may  say  his  citizenship,  in- 
ternational. He  was  born  in  Florence,  re- 
ceived his  art  education  in  Paris  (under 
Carolus-Duran)  and  it  is  only  by  virtue  of 
his  American  parentage  that  he  may  be 
classed  among  our  painters.  As  in  the  case 
of  Whistler  and  Saint  Gaudens,  his  art  is 
universal,  not  native.  Probably  a  foreigner 
studying  Sargent's  portraits  closely  would  be 
^Ht  to  discover  slight  ear  marks  of  American 
tradition  in  his  way  of  portraying  a  sitter, 
but  an  American  regarding  them,  sees  but  a 
touch  quite  unhampered  by  any  national 
brogue.  His  art  is  the  most  universal  of  any 
living  painter's.  The  director  of  an  art 
school  in  Germany,  Russia,  France,  or  Eng- 
land, wishing  to  hang  up  an  example  of  in- 
dubitable craftsmanship  for  his  pupils  to  fol- 
low, might  hesitate  at  selecting  a  Lenbach,  a 
Zorn,  an  Aman  Jean,  a  Boldini,  an  Orchard- 
son,  because  of  some  marked  German,  Swed- 
ish, French,  Italian,  or  English  traits  pre- 
vailing in  it,  but  he  could  safely  hang  up  a 
Sargent  upon  the  merits  of  its  universalit)*. 

Characterization  is  the  chief  note  of  Sar- 
gent's style.  No  matter  how  much  some 
artists  may  find  fault  with  what  they  con- 
sider a  too  frank  rendering  of  carnal  form, 
of  his  being  wholly  objective,  and  no  matter 
how  laymen  may  find  fault  with  his,  in  their 
opinion,  liability  to  portray  the  sinister  ner- 
vous side  of  his  sitter's  personality,  neither 
artist  nor  layman  ever  dreams  of  accusing 
Sargent  of  painting  a  characterless  picture* 

Sargent's  paintings  are  landmarks  to  which 
the  student  of  painting  refers.  And  they 
nearly  always  mark  an  ultima  Thule  in  the 
divers  fields  of  personification.  How  far  can 
one  go  in  the  characterization  of  the  tjrpc  of 
man  who  drives  bargains?  Surely  no  fur- 
ther than  the  art  dealer  "  Wierthcimcr's " 
portrait.  How  far  can  the  characteri2uition 
of  the  scholar  type  go?  Hardly  further  than 
the  poet  "  Coventry  Patmorc's "  portrait. 
How  far  can  the  characterization  of  national 
feminine  types  go?  Hardlv  further  than  the 
"  Misses  Hunter  "  or  the  "  Misses  Vickers  " 


AMERICAN  PAINTING   TO-DAY. 


69$ 


portraits,  or  the  "  Carl 
Meyer  Family."  How 
far  can  the  characteriza- 
tion of  aristocracy  go? 
Hardly  further  than  the 
"Lord  Ribblesdale" 
portrait, — here  we  have 
masculinity  portrayed  to 
the  utmost.  How  far 
can  the  characterization 
of  poise  go?  Hardly  fur- 
ther than  in  the  "  Car- 
mencita." 

The  painter  of  the 
"Lord  Ribb4esdale" 
portrait  certainly  proves 
himself  the  confrere  of 
Velasquez.  The  man  and 
his  garments  form  a  per- 
fect unit.  It  is  parti V  by 
virtue  of  his  still-life 
painting  that  Sargent  is 
a  stupendous  portrait 
painter;  for  in  his  canvas 
he  "  relates "  the  envi- 
ronment,— a  hall,  a 
screen,  a  chair,  a  rug,  a 
parrot, — so  knowingly  to 
the  sitter's  figure,  that 
the  vividness  of  the  por- 
trayal is  enhanced,  as  it 
is  on  the  stage  by  the  cos- 
tumes, wigs,  scenery,  and 
music,  over  and  above  the 
mere  reading  of  a  play 
in  a  bare  assembly  hall. 
The  actor  who  could  not 
move  his  audience  with- 
out these  theatric  ad- 
juncts is  no  actor  at  all, 
but  every  good  actor  knows  their  value  and 
prefers  to  obtain  his  maximum  effects  with 
them.  The  painter  who  cannot  paint  a  head 
against  a  simple  background  is  no  painter  at 
all, — Sargent  can  do  it,  and  often  has  done 
it, — but  he  prefers  the  more  telling  effect  ob- 
tained by  a  mise  en  scene. 

There  i^  a  finish  in  Sargent's  work  that  is 
quite  new  in  American  art.  Not  the  finish 
usually  accepted  as  such  by  the  layman,  a 
niggling  that  brings  out  unimportant  details 
quite  irrelevant  to  the  effect  of  the  whole, 
but  a  building  up  upon  a  broad  organic 
foundation  of  a  superstructure  of  vital  facts ; 
woven  by  a  thousand  half-tones  and  flecks  of 
gray, — few  painters  strike  their  grace  notes 
of  gray  more  legato  than  does  Sargent, — 
these  constructing  notes  rounding  the  planes 


PORTRAIT    OF   DR.    SPARHAWK    JONES,      BY    WILLIAM     M.   CHASE. 

rit  is  only  an  art  studont  who  can  appreciate  tbe  fact  that  behind  the 
brush-work  in  this  head  is  a  knowledge  of  the  "planes"  of  the  face  equal 
to  a  surgeon's  knowledge  of  the  muscles  of  the  face.  It  is  only  after  years 
of  practice  in  the  study  of  painting  that  the  human  eye  Is  able  to  discern 
all  of  the  many  planes  in  a  rugged  countenance  like  this.) 


here,  accentuating  certain  needed  edges  there, 
or  supplying  high-lights  upon  finger  nails, 
knuckles,  nose,  or  jaw,  are  like  the  brackets, 
gargoyles,  and  finials  of  flamboyant  gothic, 
that  add  perfection  to  the  already  organically 
planned  edifice. 

William  M.  Chase  is  usually  ranked  next 
to  Sargent  among  our  portrait  painters.  He 
is  not  so  brilliant  as  Sargent.  His  canvases  do 
not  "  carry  "  as  do  Sargent's,  but  he  has  sober 
qualities,  as  for  instance  m  his  "  Lady  with 
a  Shawl,"  that  make  his  figures  set  wtII 
behind  the  frame,  as  a  portrait  should,  and 
give  his  canvases  a  dignity  that  has  had  good 
influence  on  American  art. 

Indeed,  under  the  influence  of  Sargent  and 
Chase,  there  has  been  little  excuse  for,  and 
we  are  happy  to  say,  few  examples  of,  colored 


694 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Smedlcy,  Vinton, 
Vonnoh,  and  Irving 
R.  Wiles,  have  not 
developed  methods  of 
their  own  which  arc 
quite  worthy  of  rec- 
ognition, but  limited 
space  prevents  our 
recording  their  fine 
qualities. 

Chase,  for  his 
splendid  work  in  in- 
structing the  Ameri- 
can public,  both 
through  the  innumer- 
able pupils  he  has 
turned  out,  in  over 
thirty  years'  teaching, 
and  in  his  continual 
exhibiting  of  well- 
handled  canvases,  de- 
serves to  be  ranked 
next  to  Sargent  as  an 
influential  factor  in 
the  development  of 
American  painting. 
Many  of  the  younger 
portrait  painters  who 
to-day  follow  Sar- 
gent very  closely,  re- 
ceived their  funda- 
mental  instruction 
from  Chase. 

His  own  student 
days  were  passed  in 
Munich,  and  on  his 
return,  about  1878, 
he  showed,  like  Du- 
veneck,  Shirlaw,  and 
Currier,  in  his  heavy, 
bitimiinous  shadows, 
distinct  Munich  in- 
fluence. But  it  was 
not  long  before,  his 
palette  became  con- 
siderably lightened, 
drawings  on  a  canvas;  the  painted  subject  is   and  to-day  he  paints  with  a  pure  color  that 


WINGED    FIGURE,       MEMORIAL    TO    ROBERT    LOUIS    STEVENSON. 
BY    ABBOTT    H.    THAYER. 

( Typically  American,  though  the  tlipme  of  a  woman's  figure  represent- 
ing "  Memory,*'  **  Victory,"  *'  Thought,"  "  Hope,"  or  '*  Faith  "  has  been  re- 
peated thousands  of  times.  Italian  and  German  cemeteries  are  full  of 
such  flgures,  and  the  French  use  them  In  mural  paintings  and  on  nn^dals. 
But  the  type  here  represented  Is  not  found  In  European  art.  The  senti- 
ment and  the  feeling  Is  entirely  native.) 

From  a  copyrighted  photograph  loaned  by  Knoedler  &  Co. 


the  rule  in  America  to-day. 

Indeed,  in  studying  Sargent  and  Chase 
together  one  exhausts  fairly  well  all  the 
representative  phases  of  American  por- 
traiture. Though  it  is  not  to  be  intimated 
that  other  painters,  like  Alexander,  Beck- 
with,  Eakins,  Miss  Lydia  F.  Emmet,  Duve- 
neck,  Decamp,  Fowler,  Franzen.  Fromke, 
Glackens,  Henri,  Kendall,  Lx)ckwood,  Ma- 
jor, Moschcowitz,  Rice,  Shannon,  Rosina 
Emmet     Sherwood,     Shinn,     Mrs.     Sears, 


foreign    influence, 
close  student  of 


has   little   trace   of   any 
though  in   reality  he  is  a 
Velasquez. 

The  strength  of  his  work  consists  mainly 
in  a  keen  sense  of  construction.  He  has 
painted  probably  more  still-life  studies  than 
any  artist  in  this  country,  as  well  as  many 
landscapes,  though  he  is  best  known  for  \Ss 
innumerable  portraits.  In  them  his  knowl- 
edge of  construction  is  prominently  brought 
into  play,  each  stroke  of  the  brush  bringing 


AMERICAN  PAINTING    TO-DAY. 


695 


out  a  plane  of  the  face,  and  each  plane  prop- 
erly related ;  till  a  head,  with  its  full  volume 
of  rotundity  is  relieved  from  the  background 
in  a  masterly  manner. 

ABBOTT   H.   THAYER   A    PAINTER   OF   THE 
IDEAL. 

Abbott  H.  Thayer,  as  a  painter  of  the  ideal, 
stands  where  Sargent  and  Chase  stand  as 
portrait  painters.  His  reputation  is  perhaps 
limited  because  he  himself  has  specialized, 
and  the  gamut  of  his  subjects  is  narrow. 
They  are  almost  entirely  figures  of  young 
womanhood.  His  style  is  eminently  stable, 
and  has  changed  but  little  since  he  first  took 
up  figure  work, — his  early  exhibits  were 
mostly  of  landscapes  and  cows. 

Like  Mr.  Blashfield,  he  originates  types; 
his  faces  are  not  the  faces  of  the  average  ideal 
canvas;  they  almost  suggest  the  creations  of 
a  sculptor,  calm,  reposeful,  soulful,  and  ap- 
pealing; they  are  among  the  most  thinking 
pictures  (if  we  may  use  so  clumsy  an  ex- 
pression) in  American  art.  His  faces  are 
so  spiritually  beautiful  that  he  might  fairly 
be  called  our  Botticelli.  Not  that  his  types 
closely  resemble  the  Tuscan's,  nor  that  he 
cares  at  all  for  the  naturalistic  treatment  of 
a  multitude  of  objects  in  a  single  picture ;  in- 
deed, his  taste  is  quite  the  opposite,  and  except 
for  the  figure,  his  canvases  are  more  blank 
than  any  other  American  painter's ;  but  they 
are  like  Botticelli's  inasmuch  as  they  are  to  be 
admired  for  their  sheer  beaut>';  and  that  they 
are  part  national  and  part  strongly  individ- 
ual, just  as  Botticelli's  were.  Like  Botti- 
celli, he  often  selects  the  emblematic  figure, 
and  his  lovely  memorial  io  Stevenson,  that 
we  here  reproduce,  is  full  of  that  same 
seductively  human  beauty  that  we  associate 
with  the  serene  Madonnas,  Nymphs,  and 
Athenas  of  Botticelli. 

THOMAS  W.  DEWING. 

Thomas  W.  Dewing  stands  for  the  aes- 
thetic principle  in  art.  He  is  like  a  medalist 
who  strives  for  perfection  of  arrangement 
within  limited  space. 

As  Thayer  may  be  called  our  Botticelli, 
Dewing  may  be  called  Giorgionesque.  The 
Giorgionesque  symbolizes  the  idealistic  com- 
posed of  the  not  too  familiar,  the  melange 
of  modem  and  antique,  as  witnessed  in  the 
clothed  men  but  nude  women  in  Giorgione's 
"  Concert  Champetre."  Dewing's  figures 
are  costumed  in  the  mode  of  to-day,  but  they 
are  not  ultra  fashionable.  Flowing  gowns 
suggest  drapery.     His  women  are  seated  in 


Copyright.  1907,  by  N.  E.  Montrpss. 

"  PLOUGHING  FOR  BUCKWHEAT." 
BY  J.  ALDEN  WEIR. 
(A  forcible  example  of  modem  landscape.  There 
Is  no  attempt  at  picturesqueness  here.  The  picture 
does  not  look  **  composed."  The  tiny  bit  of  land- 
scape gives  suggestion  of  much  that  Is*  beyond^  and 
outside  of  the  picture,  the  sicy  effect  being  particu- 
larly strong  In  this  regard.) 

Colonial  chairs,  or  they  trip  stately  meas- 
ures, like  the  parvane,  in  dreamy  landscapes. 
His  color  is  perhaps  his  greatest  charm. 

His  pictures,  mostly  small,  though  treated 
in  miniature  style,  do  not  have  that  high  fin- 
ish of  a  Meissonier  that  we  expect  in  a 
cabinet  piece.  Nor  are  they  quite  like  the 
Dutch  school.  Tarbell  is  more  like  Vermeer 
than  is  Dewing.  The  painter's  style  is  quite 
his  own,  founded  upon  a  keen  sense  of 
the  beauty  of  touch,  selection,  decoration,  and 
atmosphere. 

WEIR,  HASSAM,  WALKER^   METCALF,  TRYOX, 
RANGER. 

It  IS  perhaps  in  our  landscapes  thnt  we 
find  most  saliently  the  ^*  tuneful  sweet " 
attribute  of  American  painting.  Should  one 
select  Weir,  Hassam,  Walker,  IVIetcalf, 
Tryon,  and  Ranger,  as  typical  landscapists, 
he   would   find    that    there   were   no    harsh 


696 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


notes,  no  forced  passages,  no  keyed-up  color, 
in  any  of  their  paintings. 

A  brief  characterization  of  Weir's  work 
will  give  the  reader,  we  trust,  some  slight 
idea  of  the  general  aspects  of  American  land- 
scape at  its  best. 

Of  all  the  artists  in  this  group,  J.  Alden 
Weir  is  the  most  of  an  experimentalist.  Like 
Whistler,  he  has  been  much  influenced  by 
the  Japanese,  and  many  of  his  compositions 
are  purposely  painted  flat,  and  in  them 
"  spots  "  of  color  are  balanced  as  in  Japanese 
prints,  and  the  local  color  of  these  spots  is 
beautifully  considered.  The  reds  of  a  child's 
chair  and  ball  in  one  of  his  early  portrait 
groups,  are  particularly  "  mat  "  and  ceramic- 
like  in  their  chromatic  quality. 

But  some  of  his  later  canvases  are  quite 
the  opposite  to  flat,  indeed  their  charms  de- 
pend upon  the  consummate  knowledge  of 
managing  subtile  planes,  which  nevertheless 
do  not  appear  obviously  as  brush  work  (as 
in  Hals  and  Rubens),  but  blend  in  a  close 
harmony  of  tones,  such  as  make  Whistler's 
portrait  of  Miss  Alexander  one  of  the  most 
marvelous  essays  in  pigment  the  world  has 
ever  seen.  Weir's  "  Rose  Pink  Bodice  "  is 
not  an  essay  in  drawing,  not  a  problem  in 


chiaroscuro,  but  is  an  essay  in  suave  pigment, 
as  delicate  in  its  graduations  of  tints  as  the 
color  tinctures  of  an  orchid. 

In  his  landscapes,  as  in  "  Ploughing  for 
Buckwheat,"  there  is  always  more  of  the 
vastness  of  nature  than  his  small  canvases,  or 
the  modesty  of  the  subjects,  would  at  fint 
suggest.  He  seems  to  have  in  mind  Millet's 
dictum  that :  "  Every  landscape,  however 
small  it  may  be,  ought  to  suggest  the  possi- 
bility of  indefinite  extension ;  the  tiniest  cor- 
ner of  the  horizon  ought  to  be  so  painted  as 
to  make  us  feel  that  it  is  but  a  segment  of 
the  great  circle  which  bounds  our  sight" 

American  landscape  is  no  longer  topo- 
graphical, as  it  was  in  the  by-gone  days  of 
Cole,  Bierstadt,  and  Church  and  the  pano- 
ramic "  views."  There  is  not  a  vestige  of 
Diisselldorf  influence  left. 

Our  artists  are  slowly  working  toward  an 
American  school  that  is  honestly  native,  with- 
out any  transmuted  foreign  conceptions  of 
what  a  picture  ought  to  be;  this  may  be  felt 
in  viewing  "  Ploughing  for  Buckwheat." 

True,  this  distinctive  quality  of  our  art  is 
little  more,  just  yet,  than  a  negative  one,— 
it  is  not  so  much  that  it  is  forced  upon  us 
that  such  a  picture,  is  native,  as  it  is  that  Mt 


Copyriihu  1906.  by  N.  E.  Montrow. 

"twilight, — autumn/'  by  dwight  w.   tryon. 
(The  «»xtrome  d<»licaoy  of  the  rendering,  the  modesty  of  the   Kuhjeot  matter,  the  sacrificing  of  all  tieta:! 
for  the  effvct  of  the  haziness  of  autumn,  is  characteristic  of  this  painter's    refinement    of    exprejcslon. » 

m  the  collection  of  W.  K    Blxby,  Esq. 


AMERICAN  PAINTING   TO-DAY. 


697 


Copriirlit.  1902,  by  N.  E.  MontroM. 

"  MCX)NR1SE/' — A    CANADIAN    PASTORAL,   BY    HORATIO  WALKER. 
(Simple  in  treatment,  the  compOBltlon  carefully  balanced,  and  the  theme  an  mihackncyed  one.     Walker, 
though  less  of  an  impressionist  than  Weir  and  Hassam,  paints  with  the  same  delicate  feeling  for  values. 
He  uses  perhaps  a  little  richer  color  scheme,  and  shows  more  of  a  tendency  to  make  a  picture  in  the  popu- 
lar senee.     He  has  sometimes  been  called  the  Millet  of  America,   because   he   selects   the    farmer  with   his 
cattle  as  the  subject  matter  for  his  pictures,  but  rarely  are  his   figures  as  dominant  an  element  In  the  com- 
position as  are  Millet's.    Most  of  Walker's  subjects  are  found  in   Canada,  where  he  resides.) 
In  the  collection  of  Dr.  Alexander  C.  Humphreys. 


become  aware  that  it  is  native  when  we  try 
to  tabulate  it,  or  compare  it  with  other  art. 
Imagine  iismjj  an  Old  World  title  and  call- 
ing such  a  picture  as  "  Ploughing  for  Buck- 
vvhcat'*  "rural,"  or  "pastoral,"  or  "buco- 
lic," or  even  using  the  epithet  "  pictur- 
esque!''  Think  of  comparing  it  with  Eng- 
lish "  park  scenery!  " 

The  truth  is,  our  painting  really  is  so  dis- 
ti naively  American  that  all  these  adjectives 
fail  to  convey  to  the  mind  any  idea  of  its 
content.  It  fs  only  by  such  comparative  anal- 
pis  that  wQ  fintl  out  just  what  is  the  sub- 
siance,  the  essence  of  our  own  art. 

And  so  throut;hr)ut  the  whole  category  of 
our  painters,  Hassam,  Metcalf,  Tryon,  Ho- 
ratio Walker,  Lothrop,  Benson,  Tarbell, 
Reid,  a  key  is  struck  in  their  landscapes  that 
seems  to  have  different  intervals  than  the 
conventional  European  key.  In  Eastern 
music  IS  found  a  scale  with  quarter  tones. 


May  It  not  be  that  American  landscape  will 
go  so  far  in  delicacy  of  modulation  that  we 
shall  add  quarter  tones  to  our  color  scale? 

In  looking  at  the  work  of  these  painters, 
one  sees  how  slightly  objective  painting  real- 
ly is,  and  how  it  is  on  the  contrary  thorough- 
ly subjective, — "  nature  seen  through  a  tem- 
perament." Nature  has  not  changed  since 
the  days  of  the  Hudson  River  school,  but 
the  temperament  of  our  painters  has  changed. 

Edmund  C.  Tarbell,  F.  W.  Benson, 
Robert  Reid,  Willard  Metcalf  and  Edward 
Simmons  are  men  who  were  educated  in 
France  upon  academic  principles,  but  have 
broken  away  from  the  tight  method  of  the 
schools,  and  have  evolved  methods  of  their 
own. 

In  1898  Metcalf . painted  "The  Fury  of 
the  Bacchantes,"  just  as  Dewing  painted  his 
"  Sorceress,"  in  1878,  in  the  academic  style 
of  the  Gerome  atelier. 


698 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REk'lElVS. 


Copyright.  1905.  by  N.  C.  Montross. 

.    "summertime,"  by  CHILDE  HASSAM. 

(An  exquisite  example  of  modem  landscape  paint- 
ing; the  delicacy  of  the  laurel  flowers  relieved 
af^alnst  a  gray  sky  full  of  the  vibration  of  a  sum- 
mer's wind.  Chllde  Hassam  In  his  "  Old  Church  at 
Lyme  "  proved  that  the  line  between  realism  and  Im- 
pressionism Is  very  slight.  One  might  hazard  a 
guess  that  a  photograph  of  that  painting  shown  to 
the  average  person  not  posted  In  art,  would  be  mis- 
taken for  a  photograph  from  nature.) 


What  Strides  these  painters  have  made 
since  their  apprenticeship  days!  There  was 
about  as  much  quality  in  Metcalfs  "-Bac- 
chantes "  as  in  an  unwashed  raw  potato.  Yet 
his  "  May  Night,"  an  old  house  in  Lyme, 
exhibited  this  j-ear  with  "  The  Ten  Ameri- 
can Painters,"  and  loaned  by  the  Corcoran 
Art  Gallery,  contains  more  "  quality  "  than 
Gerome's  atelier  would  see  in  half  a  cen- 
tury! Here  again  we  find  the  "tuneful 
sweet "  key.  Surely  any  fair  minded  person 
looking  at  such  a  painting  as  Metcalfs  "May 
Night,"  or  Hassam's  "Old  Church  at 
Lyme,"  must  feel  that  our  artists  have  often 
excelled  the  "  Pointellists  "  from  whbm  they 
learned  much,  in  that  they  obtain  the  same 
effect  of  vibration  that  the  "  Pointellists " 
aim  at,  without  their  rough  mode  of  address. 

William  R.  Ranger  does  not  belong  to  the 
group  of  "  The  Ten  American  Painters,"  as 
do  the  artists  previously  mentioned  in  this 
section,  but  he  represents  as  fully  as  they,  the 
modern  tendency  in  American  art  toward 
li^ht  coloring.  The  molasses-brown  shadow 
of  the  old  landscape  has  received  its  death 


knell.  The  uniting  of 
the  sky  with  terra 
firma  is  also  a  marked  • 
characteristic  of  mod- 
ern work  that  finds 
verification  in  Mr. 
Ranger's  canvasei. 

Besides  the  paint- 
ers we  have  named, 
and  those  listed  in 
the  next  section  in 
speaking  of  moon- 
light effects,  there 
are  scores  of  land- 
scapists  who,  like 
Mr.  Ranger,  paint 
with  a  colorful 
brush ;  among  them 
are  Bogert,  Buncc, 
Coffin,  Cooper,  Cole- 
man, Crane,  Cur- 
rier, Dearth,  Dewer, 
R.  S.  Giflord,  Groll 
Hitchcock,  Alexan- 
der Harrison,  Birge 
Harrison,     Kost,    C 


THE    BELATED    RETURN,      BY    VAN    OBARINC 
PERRINE. 
(A  very  direct  and  graphic  portrayal  of  a  moco' 
light  night.     The  story  Is  told  without  any  of  t^ 
usual  overworked  detallfi.) 

In  the  collection  of  Mrs.  J.  Montgomery  SMn.  of 
Boston. — From  a  photograph  loaned  by  tke  New  GaI 
lery. 


AMERICAN  PAINTING    TO-DAY. 


699 


H-  Miller,  Muhrman^  Piatt,  Pott  hast,  Prcn- 

dergast,    KedJield,    Rtxik.    Surtain, 

Schofield,  Hnptin^jnStnith, 

Van   Laer,  Williaais^ 

Woodbury 

and      many 

others. 


CopTTisbt.  1898.  br  Edward  Simmons. 

Copley  Print.  Copyriirbt.  1899,  by  Cards  k  Cameron. 

"  night/'  by  EDWARD  SIMMONS. 
(One  of  the  panels  of  **  Night  and  Morning,"  lllua- 
trating  Swhfibnrne's  poem,  "  Before  Dawn.'*     Decora- 
tion In  the  home  of  R.  A.  Canfleld,  Esq.,  New  Tqrk.) 


wiNSLOw  homer:  surface;  light;  atmos- 
phere; VOLUME. 

Winslow  Homer,  like  John  La  Farge,  Is 
comparatively  self-taught.  His  idea  of  tech- 
nique is  simply  a  means  to  an  end.  His 
effects  of  sunlight  or  firelight  or  starlight, 
obtained  in  oil  or  water  color,  attract  because 
of  their  vividness,  and  not,  as  in  the  case  of 
Dcu  in^p  beLaii^e  of  beauty  of  workmanship. 

Homer^s  genius  is  two-edged;  he  not 
only  paints  a  water  color  sketch  full  of  force 
and  sparkle,  but  lie  also  paints  a  master- 
piece in  oil  with  all  the  planning,  and  edit- 
ing, and  round  in  i£  off  that  go  toward  making 
a  composition  that  shall  have  monumental 
spacing  and  balancing  and  directness  of  ap- 
peal- Each  of  his  sea  idyls  is  as  complete  an 
epitome  of  our  miirinc  workers'  life  as  is 
Gray's  "  Eleg>^ "  an  epitome  of  the  life  of 
the  English  peasant.  These  idyls  are  "The 
Life  XAutr  "The  Look-Out,— Airs  Well," 
a  part  of  a  ship's  deck,  showing  a  sailor  and 
the  ship's  bell  above  him, — this  bronze  bell 
seen  in  the  starlight  is  a  rare  piece  of  paint- 
ing,— "In  the  Gulf  Stream,"  now  at  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  and  "  Eight 
Bells,"  a  sailor  with  his  sextant  seen  in  a  fog. 

ALBERT  p.  RYDER. 


than  its  moon- 
light pictures.     Prior 
to  i8()5j  moonlight /fl  an 
atmospheric    ef]fect    was    not 
painted    at    all.      There   wxrc 
enty  of  dark  skies  with  the  moon 
peepioj^  through  woolly  clouds,  and' 
moonbeams  dancing  below  on  tin  rip- 
ples of  river  or  lead  waves  of  sea.     But 
the    hills    m   the   distance,    the    trees   or* 
njcks  on  the  banks,  were  mere  silhouettesi^ 
of  black,  formless  and  colorless.     It  was  ' 
left    for    the    men    of    to-day,    men    like » 
Ben  F'oster^  Paul  Dessar,  Elliott  Dainger- 
fiehl,    William    Coffin,    Leonard    Ochtman, 
Winslow   Homer,   Willard    Metcalf,   Paul 
Dougherty,    C.    H.    Davis,    Van    Perrine, 
D.  W.  Tryon,  to  demonstrate  that  a  tree, 
a  field,   has  its  full  quota  of  color  in  the  > 
moonlight  as  in  the  daylight.     A  moonlight 
hy  these  artists  is  as  fully  wrought  out  as  a| 


Copley  Print.  Copyrirbt  1901,  by  Curtis  *  Cameron. 

"  phcebe/'  by  albert  e.  sterner. 


There     is,     perhaps,    no    more    significant  (Among  the  younger  artists,   many  of  them,  like 

feature   of  our  landscape   art   to-day,    as   op-  ^\   sterner    are   proving   their   ability    to   portray 

J    ^      ^t    -.      ^    ^t-      TT    J           -n*              u   ..1  racial  typos  by  doUneating.  as  here,  with  a  perfectly 

posed    to    that   of    the    Hudson    River   f^hool  ,„„ff,eted  art.   without  affectation  «r  bravado,   the 

(the  prevailing  art  of,  say,  1845  up  to  1865),  personal  characteristics  of  the  subject.) 


700 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


daylight  scene,  and  their  gamut  of  pale  or 
half  defined  colors  is  such  as  was  unknown 
to  the  more  primary  color  schemes  of  Bier- 
stadt,  Church,  Durand  and  Cropsey. 

These  artists  obtain  this  effect  by  the 
recognized  vernacular  of  modern  painting, 
but  Albert  P.  Ryder  uses  a  patois  entirely 


IN    THE    GARDEN.      BY    GEORGE    DE    FOREST    BRUSH. 
HEARN     COLLECTION,     METROPOLITAN     MU- 
SEUM,   NEW    YORK.       A   PICTURE 
OF  THE  artist's  WIFE  AND 
CHILDREN. 
(A  beautiful   piece  of  draut;htsmanshlp,   showing 
the   artist's   keen    sense   of   composition.      Never   is 
there  a  sketchy  or  Fllghtly  bnished-ln  passage  in  one 
of  Brush's  canvases.     Every  head,  every  foot,  every 
hand.  Is  "  conald'^rod."     The  curves  of  the  hands  are 
particularly  praceful.) 

From  a  photograph  by  the  Museum  photographer. 
Metropolitan  Museum,  N.  Y. 


his  own, — a  mixture  of  paints  and  vami^, 
much  like  Blakelock's  and  MonticelH's  pig- 
ment. His  works  are  less  a  reflex  of  nature 
than  an  evidence  of  power,  that  like  Blake's, 
transcends  mere  draughtsmanship.  His  paint 
and  varnish  appeal  to  our  imagination,  even 
where  the  technique  is  childish. 

FORCEFUL  designers:  BRUSH,  BLASHFIELD, 
VEDDER,  ABBEY,  SIMMONS,  OCX. 

In  art,  the  term  "  composition  "  is  of  wdc 
significance.  The  most  rapid  sketch  by 
Whistler,  of  any  subject  whatever  balanced 
by  his  emblem  the  butterfly,  or  the  simplest 
Japanese  design  of  a  grasshopper  on  a  single 
blade  of  grass,  may  be  perfect  composition. 
But  outside  of  the  arts  of  the  Japanese  the 
term  "  composition "  usually  implies  a  suc- 
cessful, well-balanced  arrangement  of  many 
elements.  When,  therefore,  we  wMsh  to  af- 
firm that  one  of  the  chief  charms  of  George 
de  Forest  Brush's  work  is  his  "  composition." 
we  refer  to  his  ability  "  to  place  "  a  single 
figure,  as  the  Indian  in  "  The  Aztec  Sculp- 
tor," "  Mourning  Her  Brave,"  and  "  The 
Silence  Broken,"  or  to  arrange  a  group,  as  in 
his  "  Picture  Writer,"  and  in  many  of  his 
pictures  of  a  mother  and  her  children. 
Brush  seems  to  care  little  for  atmospheric 
effect,  and  technically  his  painting  does  not 
appeal  to  one's  aesthetic  sense.  But  his  draw- 
ing has  the  firmness  that  characterizes  the 
work  of  Ingres  and  Gerome. 

Edwin  H.  Blashfield  is  pre-eminently  a 
creator  of  beautiful  types.  In  his  Boston  and 
Congressional  Library  decorations,  he  has 
used  the  general  characteristics  of  ^lary 
Anderson,  Ellen  Terr}',  and  other  beautiful 
women  of  our  day,  and  has  succeeded  in 
evolving  types  of  symbolic  womanhood  that 
seem  almost  alone  in  the  history  of  American 
paintings.  They  are  in  marked  contrast  to 
the  ideal  heads  in  the  painting  and  sculpture 
of  fiftj'  years  ago,  when  artists  seemed  to 
think  it  necessary  to  borrow  their  forms  from 
classical  sculpture,  so  that  heads  of  Venuses, 
Dianas,  and  Minervas  surmounted  the 
**  Americas,"  the  "  Liberties "  and  the 
"  Arts  "  with  such  regularity  that  one  would 
suppose  that  some  edict  had  been  issued  that 
our  artists  were  not  to  observe  nature  for 
themselves ! 

Elihu  Vedder  is  unique  in  American  art. 
Although  Allston,  G)le,  and  Rimmer  in 
the  past,  and  A.  P.  Ryder  and  A.  B.  Davies 
in  the  present,  placed  one  foot  within  the 
Temple  of  My$tery,  they  did  not  make  it 
their  domicile  as  has  Vedder.    He  is,  indeed. 


AMERICAN  PAINTING    TO-DAY. 


701 


DECORATION  FOR  THE  BALTIMORE  COURT  HOUSE,  BY  E.  H.  BLASH FIELD. 
(The  sonso  of  beauty  is  a  fundamental  requisite  for  the  true  dvoorator.  Mr.  Biasbfield  realizes  this  as  do 
few  other  decorators.  To  cov(*r  a  wall  space  with  a  mere  allegorical  group  is  a  task  easily  learned.  Our 
walls  are  full  of  emblematic  flgiires,  but  when  we  come  to  i?zamine  them  we  find  thoy  are  of  a  coarse  type, 
or  elso  slavish  copies  of  the  classics.  Mr.  Blashfleld's  beautiful  heads  are  neither,  but  are  original  crea- 
tions of  distinctive  beauty.) 


to  be  ranked  with  Blake,  Moreau,  Victor 
Hugo,  and  Rops.  Vedder  never  plays  with 
his  art,  and  the  seriousness  of  his  designs 
commands  respect.  As  illustrations,  his 
Rubaiyat  designs  are  unequaled ;  they  at 
times  add  beauty  not  in  the  quatrains.  His 
color  sense,  however,  has  been  but  little 
trained. 

Edwnn  A.  Abbey  is  an  example  of  a  suc- 
cessful illustrator  having  turned  painter ;  the 
result  has  been  that  he  seems  very  sure  of 
himself  as  regards  composition,  though, 
strange  to  say,  m  most  of  his  decorations,  like 
the  Holy  Grail  series  in  the  Boston  Public 
I/ibrary,  he  has  crowded  his  space  much 
more  than  he  did  in  his  illustrations.  In  his 
early  black  and  white  work,  and  in  his  water 
color  drawings,  he  was,  like  Mr.  Brush,  a 
master  in  making  one  or  two  figures  beauti- 
fully balance  a  stretch  of  background.  But 
the  rhythm  required  in  the  massing  of  a  well 


crowded  canvas,  such  as  we  find  in  Italian 
decoration,  is  not  always  prevalent  in  Ab- 
bey's mural  work. 

Edward  Simmons  is  not  a  frequent  con- 
tributor to  our  exhibitions,  hence  his  easel- 
pictures  are  not  well  known;  but  those  who 
have  kept  posted  upon  the  progress  of  mural 
painting  in  this  country  are  familiar  with 
his  decorations  in  the  Criminal  Court,  the 
Appellate  Court,  and  the  Waldorf-Astoria, 
New  York,  the  Congressional  Library, 
Washington,  the  State  House,  Boston, 
Mass.,  and  the  State  Capitol,  Minnesota. 
His  methods  are  large,  his  brush  work 
sweeping,  his  color  light  in  key,  and  his  com- 
positions, when  embodying  historic  or  em- 
blematic subject  matter,  are  thoughtfully 
and  accurately  wrought  out. 

Kenvon  Cox  proves  by  his  valuable  criti- 
cal writing  that  he  possesses  a  sound  and 
precise  taste,  which  re-enforced  by  years  of 


702 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


Miss  Mary  Cassatt  is  known  but  very  little 
outside  of  the  circle  of  connoisseurs,  and  yet 
her  drawing  is  so  exquisite  that  her  etchings 
rank  with  the  classics  in  the  art.  In  her 
paintings  her  draughtsmanship  serves  her  in 
rendering  form  with  a  maximum  effect,  to 
which  she  adds  a  hypersensitive  feeling  for 
values. 

Cecelia  Beaux  paints  the  pretty  ch3d, — 
her  little  "  Cynthia  "  is  exquisite,— or  the 
adult,  with  a  brushwork  closely  approxi- 
mating Sargent's,  while  her  ideal  subjects,  as 


THE  MORNING  TOILET,  BY  MARY  CASSATT. 
(Miss  Cassatt's  workmanship  Is  thoroughly  mod- 
em. Though  subjects  of  this  kind  were  painted 
often  by  masters  like  Reynolds  and  lAwrence,  their 
workmanship  was  much  heavier,  and  their  shadows 
more  forced.— the  true  *'  values  "  of  the  light  flesh  and 
draperies  and  their  luminous  shadows,  against  the 
background,  were  not  preserved  ac  faltlifully  as 
here.) 

From  a  photograph  loaned  by  Duran-Roel. 

Paris  training,  permits  him  to  rank  among 
our  most  academic  painters. 

Other  painters  who  are  pre-eminent  in 
figure  work,  either  in  history  or  genre,  are: 
Bell,  Ballin,  Breckenridge,  Burroughs, 
Bridgman,  Caliga,  Mrs.  Louise  Cox,  Cur- 
ran,  Mrs.  Dewing,  Du  Mond,  Dannat, 
Glackens,  Hale,  Koopman,  Low,  Loeb,  Mil- 
let, Mowbray,  Macmonnies,  Melchers,  Mc- 
Ewens,  Marr,  G.  W.  Maynard,  Murphy, 
Newman,  Miss  Oakley,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Prell- 
witz,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sewell,  Shinn,  Tanner, 
Turner,  Volk,  H.  O.  Walker,  and  Shirlaw. 

However  successfully  the  Greek,  Gothic, 
and  Renaissance  artist  practiced  story-telling, 
we  must  remember  that  art  has  changed 
considerably  since  those  days,  and  problems 
not  known  to  the  ancients,  of  the  beauty  of 
mere  form  and  color,  especially  the  latter, 
have  arisen  to  occupy  the  mind  of  the  painter. 

MARY  CASSATT  AND  CECELIA  BEAUX. 

Although  the  American  public  has  rapid- 
ly learned  to  appreciate  good  color,  it  is  very 
slow  in  recognizing  good  draughtsmanship. 


Copley  Print,  Copyright.   1902.  by  Curtis  A  Camefon. 

"the  surprise/'  by  KENYON  CX>X. 

(Mr.  Cox  is  a  deep  studient  of  comooRlfion.  and  b*i 
distribution  of  line  Is  always  thons'htful.  There  is 
a  harmony  here  In  the  swirl  of  the  scarf  and  tb« 
lines  of  the  drapery  and  the  figures,  that  remind  ooe 
of  Guido  RenL) 

her  beautiful  "  Reverie  "  (or  the  Dreamer), 
have  a  soulful  and  poetic  appeal. 

PERRINE^  STERNER^  AND  THE  YOUNGER  MEN. 

Among  the  younger  painters,  men  like  Van 
Deering  Perrine,  Albert  Sterner,  Eugene 
Higgins,  Jonas  Lie,  Paul  Dougherty,  Jerome 
Myers,  Leon  Dabo,  Scott  Dabo,  and  George 
Luks,  are  proving  their  ability  to  sec  for 
themselves,  rather  than  imitate  the  stereo- 
typed methods  of  the  past. 

Perrine  can  express  the  concrete  phases  of 
nature, — wind,  storms,  snow,  ice,  starUght, 
— with  rare  frankness  and  sureness,  \xsmg 
shades  of  color, — ^browns  and  grays, — never 
seen  on  canvas  before. 


VICTORIA:  QUEEN,  WIFE,  AND  MOTHER. 


The  Development  of  Her  Character  as  Shown  in  Her 

Letters. 

BY  JEANNETTE   L.   GILDER. 

'T*0  read  these  three  volumes  of  Queen 
'*'  Victoria's  letters*  gives  one  an  insighi 
into  the  life  of  this  great  ruler  and  nobit 
woman  that  one  gets  from  no  other  source. 
In  these  letters,  from  and  to  the  Queen,  we 
see  her  in  public  and  in  private  life;  the 
ruler  of  a  great  nation,  the  devoted  wife,  the 
unselfish  mother. 

Viscount  Esher  and  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson, 
the  gentle  essayist,  have  had  600  bound  vol- 
umes of  manuscript  to  read  and  digest  in  the 
making  of  this  book,  and  they  have  had 
King  Edward  at  their  'elbow  to  aid  and 
abet.  Every  page  of  proof  was  read  by  His 
Majesty  before  the  word  to  publish  was 
given.  This  delayed  the  publication  for 
fully  two  years,  for  kings  have  little  time  to 
spare  for  private  duties.  His  Majesty  was 
not  only  deeply  interested  because  of  the  per- 
sonal character  of  these  letters,  but  because 
of  their  bearing  upon  public  questions. 

It  is  not  for  reason  of  the  latter  attribute 
that  I  find  these  volumes  absorbing,  but  be- 
cause they  show  us,  as  we  have  never  seen  be- 
fore, the  awakening  and  development  of  a 
woman  who  at  the  age  of  eighteen  became  the 
ruler  of  a  mighty  nation.  Not  only  a  ruler, 
but  a  wise  and  just  ruler.  With  no  taste  for 
politics  or  affairs  of  state,  she  mastered  the 
details  of  both,  and  administered  them  as 
they  had  not  been  administered  in  many 
reigns.  Neither  George  IV.  nor  William 
IV.,  whom  she  succeeded,  were  admirable  as 
rulers  or  men,  and,  as  her  editors  say  without 
exaggeration,  "  the  accession  of  the  Princess 
Victoria  reinstated  the  English  monarchy  in 
the  affections  of  the  people." 

From  her  earliest  childhood  it  had  seemed 
more  than  probable  that  the  Princess  Vic- 
toria would  in  time  become  Queen  of  Eng- 
land. Her  mother,  the  Duchess  of  Kent, 
appreciated  this  probabih'ty  and  trained  and 
educated   her    daughter   with    that   end    in 

•  The  Letters  of  Qukfn  Victoria.  A  Selection 
from  Her  MaJe8ty*R  CorresDondence  Between  the 
Tears  18.^7  and  1900.  Published  by  authority  of 
His  Majesty  the  King.     Edited  by  ArthilY  Chrlsto- 

8 her  Benson.  M.  A.,  and  Viscount  EPher,  O.  C.  V.  C, 
:.  C.  B.    8vo.    New  York:  Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 
TtLTM  Tolumes,  |15. 


QUEEN   VICTORIA    IN    184O. 

(.\t  the  time  of  her  marriage.) 

I'rom  the  portrait  by  John  Pfirtridge  at  Buckingham 

I*alace. 

View.  She  was  not  taught  to  be  proud 
and  overbearing  because  she  might  one 
day  be  the  ruler  of  England,  but  she 
was,  on  the  contrary,  brought  up  to  be 
just  and  kind,  to  control  her  temper,  while 
not  subjugating  her  will.  In  the  pages  of 
her  journal,  which  are  quoted  in  this  book, 
the  Queen  tells  us  that  her  mother  brought 
her  up  most  simply,  and  not  until  after  her 
accession  did  she  have  a  room  to  herself. 
What  do  the  young  girls  of  this  republic 
who  have  their  bedrooms,  their  boudoirs,  and 
their  private  bathrooms,  say  to  such  simplici- 
ty? From  her  letters  and  journals  we  gath- 
ered that  although  the  young  Princess  was 
of  an  affectionate  and  exceptionally  feminine 
temperament,  she  was  at  the  same  time  high- 
spirited  and  inclined  to  be  wilful.    She  liked 


704 


THE  AMEltlCAN  RE^IEU^  OF  REVIEWS. 


the  stir  of  London  and  enjoyed  dancing, 
though  It  kept  her  up  till  early  morning.  She 
also  loved  music,  particularly  singing,  but 
was  not  much  given  to  the  theatre.  Pictures 
she  loved,  but  her  taste  in  this  line  might 
have  been  improved.  She  was  fond  of  read- 
ing, and  her  mother  wisely  guided  her  along 
the  paths  of  history  and  political  science. 

One  of  the  chief  blessings  of  Queen  Vic- 
toria's childhood  and  middle  life  was  the  in- 
fluence of  "  an  enlightened  and  high-minded 


Courtesy  of  Longmans.  Green  A  Co. 

THE  DUCHESS   OF    KENT. 

(Quppn  Victoria's  mother,  a  wise  and  lust  woman, 
who  trained  her  daughter  from  Infancy  for  her  great 
office. ) 
From  the  portrait  by  John  Lucas  at  Windsor  Castle. 

prince,"  Leopold,  her  maternal  uncle.  He 
was  the  youngest  son  of  Francis,  Duke  of 
Saxe-Saalfeld-Coburg.  His  first  wife  was 
the  Princess  Charlotte,  only  child  of  George 
IV.,  and  during  her  life  he  made  his  home 
at  Claremont,  where  the  little  Victoria  passed 
the  happiest  days  of  her  childhood.  His  sec- 
ond wife  was  I^uise,  daughter  of  Louis 
Philippe,  of  France.  In  1831  he  accepted 
the  offer  of  the  crown  of  Belgium,  having 
previously  refused  that  of  Greece.  Not  only 
did  Queen  Victoria  love  her  uncle  Leopold, 
but  she  respected  and  admired  him,  and 
leaned  largely  upon  his  judgment.  There 
were  times,  however,  when  she  thought  that 


he  drew  the  rein  too  ti^t,  but  she  arose 
to  these  occasions  and  expressed  her  dissent 
in  terms  of  affection,  but  .firmly. 

Another  person  who  had  a  large  share  in 
forming  the  Queen's  character  was  her  gov- 
erness, Louise  (afterward  Baroness)  Lehzen, 
the  daughter  of  a  Hanovarian  clergyman. 
In  the  pages  of  her  journal,  recording  the 
story  of  her  coronation,  the  Queen  particu- 
larly speaks  of  her  pleasure  at  seeing  her  dear 
Lehzen  at  the  Abbey,  and  mentions  that  they 
exchanged  smiles  on  this  momentous  occasion. 

One  great  bond  of  union  between  Queen 
Victoria  and  her  uncle  Leopold  was  that 
the  first  suggestion  of  her  marriage  to  Prince 
Albert  came  from  him.  When  Queen  Vic- 
toria first  saw  her  cousin  Albert  she  admired 
him  immensely,  both  for  the  beauty  of  his 
person  and  of  his  mind.  After  getting  better 
acquainted  with  him  she  liked  him  very 
much,  but  she  wrote  her  uncle  that  she  had 
not  **  the  feeling  for  him  which  is  requisite 
to  insure  happiness."  At  any  rate,  she  wrote, 
she  was  still  young  and  it  was  not  necessary 
for  her  to  marry  for  two  or  even  three  years. 
But,  alas,  for  prudence  when  the  **  requisite  " 
feeling  came !  It  was  while  he  was  visiting  at 
Windsor  Castle,  in  1839,  that  she  decided 
that  a  few  months  was  a  long  time  to  wait. 
Being  a  queen,  it  was  she  who  proposed,  and 
he  took  kindly  to  the  proposal.  "  My  mind 
is  quite  made  up,"  she  wrote,  "  and  I  told 
Albert  this  morning  of  it ;  the  warm  affection 
he  showed  on  learning  this  gave  mc  great 
pleasure.  He  seems  perfection,  and  I  think 
that  I  have  the  prospect  of  great  happiness 
before  me."  He  was  quite  ready  to  make 
the  sacrifice  for  her  sake,  she  wrote  King 
Leopold.  A  sacrifice  she  insisted  that  it  was, 
for  she  knew  that  to  be  the  husband  of  a 
queen  was  no  sinecure.  It  meant  criticism 
and  it  meant  opposition,  for  he  was  a  Ger- 
man prince,  ^nd  the  German  influence  was 
not  agreeable  to  Englishmen.  Just  after  she 
had  proposed  and  been  accepted.  Queen  Vic- 
toria wrote  to  her  uncle  from  Windsor 
Castle : 

I  write  to  you  from  here,  the  happiest,  hap- 
piest being  that  ever  existed.  Really,  I  do  not 
think  it  possible  for  any  one  in  the  world  to  be 
happier,  or  as  happy  as  I  am.  He  is  an  angel, 
and  his  kindness  and  affection  for  me  is  really 
touching.  To  look  in  those  dear  eyes,  and  that 
dear  sunny  face,  is  enough  to  make  mc  adore 
him.  What  I  can  do  to  make  him  happy  will 
be  my  greatest  delight. 

There  was  some  talk  of  making  the  Prince 
Consort  a  peer  of  the  realm,  but  Victora 
considered  this  unwise^  and  said  so  plainly, 


VICTORIA:  QUEEN.  WIFE,  AND  MOTHER. 


706 


and  it  was  not  done.  Just  before  their  mar- 
riage he  suggested  that  he  should  choose  his 
own  gentlemen.  *Firmly  but  kindly  she  told 
him  that  he  must  leave  this  choice  to  her,  and 
he  did.  Still  her  "  dearest  angel  "  was  al- 
ways a  great  comfort  to  her. 

"  He  takes  the  greatest  interest  in  what  goes 
on,"  she  wrote  to  her  uncle,  "  feeling  with  and 
for  me,  and  yet  abstaining  as  he  ought  from 
biassing  me  either  way,  though  we  talk  much 
on  the  subject,  and  his  judgment  is,  as  you  say, 
good  and  mild.    .    .    .'* 

Victoria  had  always  a  strong  sense  of 
queenly  dignity,  as  well  as  of  queenly  duty. 
She  loved  domestic  life  a  thousand  times 
more  than  anything  in  the  world.  In  her 
letters  to  her  ministers,  she  proves  that  she 
was  equal  to  the  most  trying  situations.  It 
is  not,  however,  so  much  the  Queen  as  the 
wife  and  mother  whom  the  average  reader 
of  these  volumes  will  find  the  most  interest- 
ing. Most  women,  be  they  subjects  or  citi- 
zens, would,  had  they  the  choice,  prefer 
to  rule  a  nation,  or  at  least  to  be  queens, 
rather  than  mere  wives  and  mothers.  This 
was  not  true  of  Queen  Victoria,  or  if  it  was, 
she  was  much  deceived  as  to  her  own  tastes. 

"  Albert  grows  daily  fonder  and  fonder 
of  politics,"  she  wrote  King  Leopold,  '*  and 
business,  and  is  so  wonderfully  fit  for  both, 
— such  perspicacity  and  such  courage, — and 
I  grow  daily  to  dislike  them  both  more  and 
more.  We  women  are  not  made  for  govern- 
ing,— and  if  we  are  good  women,  we  must 
dislike  these  masculine  occupations.    .    .    ." 

I^t  the  "  suffragettes "  put  this  in  their 
pipes  and  smoke  it,  or,  rather,  pin  it  in  their 
hats  and  remember  it.  If  the  greatest  queen 
since  Elizabeth  could  lay  her  hand  on  her 
heart  and  say  "  we  women  are  not  made  for 
governing,"  she  spoke  by  the  card.  She  had 
tried  it  and  she  found  herself  wanting.  And 
yet  when  her  uncle  Leopold  wrote  his  Con- 
gratulations upon  the  birth  of  her  first  child, 
— later  the  Empress  Frederic,  mother  of  the 
Emperor  of  Germany, — she  replied : 

"  I  think,  dear  uncle,  you  cannot  really  wish 
me  to  be  the  'mamman  d'une  nombreuse 
famille,'  for  I  think  you  will  see  with  me  the 
great  inconvenience  it  will  do  to  us  all,"  adding 
that  "Albert  makes  a  capital  nurse,  which  I  do 
not."  Of  her  second  child,  the  present  King, 
she  wrote  Leopold :  "  He  is  a  wonderfully 
strong  child,  with  very  large  dark-blue  eyes,  a 
finely  formed  but  somewhat  large  nose,  and  a 
pretty  little  mouth,  and  I  hope  and  pray  that  he 
may  be  like  his  dearest  papa.  He  is  to  be 
called  Albert,  and  Edward  is  to  be  his  second 
name.  ...  I  beg  you  to  forgive  this  letter 
being  so  badly  written,  but  my  feet  are  being 
rubbed,  and  as  I  have  got  the  box  on  which  I 


■ 

^^H^^^B^  «^'^^H 

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B 

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Pi 

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Courtesy  of  Longmans.  C.rcen  A  Co. 

THE   PRINCE  CONSORT. 

(Who  made  the  married  life  of  the  Queen  of  Eng- 
land as  happy  as  that  of  any  commoner.) 
Krom  the  portrait  by  John  ]*artridge  at  Buckingham 
Palace. 

am  writing  on  my  knee,  it  is  not  easy  to  write 
quite  straight, — but  you  must  not  think  my 
hand  trembles.     Ever  your  devoted  niece, 

"  Victoria   R." 
"  Pussy  is  fwt  at  all  pleased  with  her  brother." 

While  the  Queen  consults  her  uncle  on 
matters  of  state  she  does  not  always  act  upon 
his  advice.  She  finds  him  at  times  high- 
handed and  prone  to  dictate,  and  that  she 
cannot  tolerate.  To  him  she  unburdens 
freely  on  domestic  matters,  however: 

Our  fat  Vic  or  Pussette  learns  a  verse  of 
Lamartine  by  heart,  which  ends  with  "  le  tab- 
leau se  deroule  a  nies  pieds  " ;  to  show  how  well 
she  had  understood  this  difficult  line  which 
Mdlle.  Charier  had  explained  to  her,  I  must  tell 
you  the  following  hon  mot.  When  she  was 
riding  on  her  pony,  and  looking  at  the  cows 
and  sheep,  she  turned  to  Mdlle.  Charier  and 
said:  "  I'oild  le  tableau  qui  se  deroule  a  mes 
pieds."  Is  not  this  extraordinary  for  a  little 
child  of  three  years  old?  It  is  more  like  what  a 
person  of  twenty  would  say.  You  have  no  no- 
tion what  a  knowing,  and  I  am  sorry  to  say  sly, 
little  rogue  she  is,, and  so  obstinate.  She  arxl  le 
petit  Frere  accompany  us  to  dear  old  Clare- 
mont  to-day.     .     .    . 

After  a  few  days  at  Claremont  they  went 
to  Windsor,  but  evidently  the  Queen,  at 
least,  did  not  enjoy  the  change: 


706 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


Windsor  **s  beautiful  and  comfortable,  but  it 
is  a  palace,  and  God  knows  how  willingly  I 
would  always  live  with  my  beloved  Albert  and 
our  children  in  the  quiet  and  retirement  of  pri- 
vate life,  and  not  be  the  constant  object  of  ob- 
servation and  of  newspaper  articles. 

They  had  been  married  for  nearly  five 
years  without  a  day's  separation,  when  Prince 
Albert  was  called  away  for  family  reasons. 
"  I  have  never  been  separated  from  him  even 
for  one  night,"  she  wrote  her  uncle,  "  and 
the  thought  of  such  separation  is  quite  dread- 
ful." But  it  was  such  a  comfort  to  her 
"  dear  angel  "  that  she  let  him  go,  though  it 
was  for  a  whole  fortnight !  In  another  letter 
to  her  uncle  she  wrote : 

I  could  not  give  you  a  greater  proof  of  my 
love  for  you  all,  and  my  anxiety  to  give  you 
and  dearest  Charlotte  pleasure,  than  in  urging 
my  dearest  Albert  to  go  over, — for  I  encour- 
aged and  urged  him  to  go, — ^though  you  cannot 
think  combien  ccla  me  coute  or  how  completely 
deroutee  I  am  and  feel  when  he  is  away,  or 
how  I  count  the  hours  till  he  returns.  All  the 
numerous  children  are  as  nothing  to  me  when 
he  is  azvay;  it  seems  as  if  the  whole  life  of  the 
house  and  home  were  gone  when  he  is  away ! 

As  troubles  gathered  about  her  head,  wars 


Ctoonesy  of  LuhKuuiiis,  orccn  d  \^o. 

LEOPOLD,   KING   OF  THE  BELGIANS. 
(Queen  Victoria's  uncle  and  mentor.     "An  enlight- 
ened and  large-minded  Prince.") 
From  the  portrait  by   F.  Winterhalter  at  Bucking- 
ham Palace. 


and  rumors  of  wars,  political  dissension  at 
home,  she  wrote: 

I  feel  an  uncertainty  in  everything  existing, 
which  (uncertain  as  all  human  affairs  must  he) 
one  never  felt  before.  When  one  thinks  of 
one's  children,  their  education,  their  future,— 
and  prays  for  them, — I  always  think  and  say  to 
myself,  **  Let  them  grow  up  fit  for  luhatevcr 
station  they  may  be  placed  in, — high  or  low" 
This  one  never  thought  of  before,  but  I  do  al- 
ways now.  Altogether  one's  whole  disposition 
is  so  changed, — bores  and  trifles  which  'oik 
would  have  complained  6f  bitterly  a  few  months 
ago,  one  looks  upon  as  good  things  and  quite  a 
blessing, — ^provided  one  can  keep  one's  position 
in  quiet 

Queen  Victoria's  domestic  troubles  came 
thick  and  fast.  In  March  of  1861  her 
mother,  the  Duchess  of  Kent,  died,  and  the 
unhappy  Queen  experienced  her  first  great 
grief,  but  not  her  last  nor  her  greatest.  To 
her  uncle  she  wrote: 

On  this,  the  most  dreadful  day  of.  my  Hfc. 
does  your  poor  broken-hearted  child  write  ooe 
line  of  love  and  devotion.    She  is  gone!     That 

frecious,  dearly  beloved,  tender  mother, — whom 
never  was  parted  from  but  for  a  few  months. 
— without  whom  /  can't  imagine  life,—haLS  been 
taken  from  us !  It  is  too  dreadful !  But  she  i^ 
at  peace, — at  rest, — her  fearful  sufferings  at  an 
end!  It  was  quite  painless, — though  there  was 
very  distressing,  heartrending  breathing  to  wit- 
ness. I  held  her  dear,  dear  hand  in  mine  to  the 
very  last,  which  I  am  truly  thankful  for?  But 
the  watching  that  precious  life  going  out  was 
fearful !  Alas !  she  never  knew  me !  But  she 
was  spared  the  pang  of  parting! 

The  month  before  this,  February  12,  1861, 
the  twenty-first  anniversary  of  the  marriage 
of  Queen  Victoria  and  Prince  Albert  was 
celebrated. 

"On  Sunday,"  she  wrote  to  King  Leopold. 
"  we  celebrated,  with  feelings  of  deep  gratitude 
and  love,  the  twenty-first  anniversary  of  our 
blessed  marriage,  a  day  which  had  brought  u>. 
and  I  may  say  the  world  at  large,  such  incalcul- 
able blessings!  Very  few  can  say  with  me  that 
their  husband  at  the  end  of  twenty -one  years  i- 
not  only  full  of  the  friendship,  kindness,  and 
affection  which  a  truly  happy  marriage  bring* 
with  it,  but  the  same  tender  love  of  the  Terj 
first  days  of  our  marriage. 

Before  the  end  of  the  year,  which  had 
begun  so  happily,  in  December,  1861,  Prince 
Albert  died,  and  left  a  broken-hearted  wom- 
an to  mourn  his  loss.  No  woman,  be  she 
queen  or  commoner,  could  have  been  morf 
absolutely  crushed  by  this  blow  than  was  the 
Queen  of  England.  Here  is  her  letter  to  her 
uncle,  which  even  at  this  late  date  no  one 
can  read  without  emotion: 

My  own  dearest,  kindest  father,  for  as  soch 
have    I   ever   loved   you.    The   poor   fatberkss 


yiCTORiA:  QUEEN.  WIFE,  AND  MOTHER. 


707 


or  guide  or  dictate  to  me.  I  know  how  he 
would  disapprove  it.  And  I  live  on  with  him, 
for  him ;  in  fact  /  am  only  outwardly  separated 
from  him,  and  only  for  a  time. 


Alas!  "Only  for -a  time!"     How  little 


baby  of  eight  months  is  now  the  utterly  broken- 
hearted and  crushed  widow  of  forty-two.  My 
life  as  a  happy  one  is  ended. .  The  world  is 
gone  for  me.  If  I  must  live  on, — and  I  will  do 
nothing   to  make  me  worse   than   I   am, — it  is 

henceforth  for  our  poor  fatherless  children,  for  .  111/. 

my  unhappy  country,  which  has  lost  all  in  los-  she  knew  that  it  would  be  nearly  half  a  cell- 
ing him,  and  in  only  doing  what  I  know  and  tury  before  she  joined  her  "  adored,  precious, 
feel  he  would  wish;  for  he  is  near  me;  his  perfect,  and  great  husband,  her  dear  lord  and 
spirit  will  guide  and  inspire  me.  But,  oh!  to  be  ^^^<.^,  »>  „«  ^K-  r^»\\^A  k;,«  ;«  o  \^*.*.^^  «.«  T  ^*A 
cut  off  in  the  prime  of  life,  to  see  our  pure,  ^^stej-,  as  she  called  him  ma  letter  to  Lord 
happy,  quiet,  domestic  life,  which  alone  enabled  Canning,  who  had  just  lost  his  wife.  In  the 
me  to  bear  my  much-disliked  position,  cut  off  at  same  letter  she  says 
forty-two,    when    I 


had  hoped  with 
such  instinctive  cer- 
tainty that  God 
never  would  part 
us,  and  would  let 
us  grow  old  to- 
gether ! 

Although  he  al- 
ways talked  of  the 
shortness  of  life,  it 
is  too  awful,  too 
cruel,  and  yet  it 
must  be  for  his 
good,  his  happiness. 
His  purity  was  too 
great,  his  aspiration 
too  high,  for  this 
poor  miserable 
world.  His  great 
soul  is  now  only 
enjoying  that  for 
which  it  was  wor- 
thy, and  I  will  not 
envy  him,  only  pray 
that  mine  may  be 
perfected  by  it,  and 
fit  to  be  with  him 
eternally,  for  which 
blessed  moment  I 
earnestly  long. 


HER    MAJESTY   QUEEN   VICTORIA. 

(From  a  photograph  taken  shortly  before  her  death 

by  Hughes  &  Mullins,  of  Ryde,  Isle  of  Wight.) 


To  lose  one's 
partner  in  life  is, 
as  Lord  Canning 
knows,  like  losing 
half  of  one's  body 
and  soulf  torn 
forcibly  away, — and 
dear  Lady  Canning 
was  such  a  dear, 
worthy,  devoted 
wife!  But  to  the 
Queen, — to  a  poor, 
helpless  woman, — it 
is  not  that  only, — it 
is  the  stay,  support, 
and  comfort  which 
is  lost!  To  the 
Queen  it  is  like 
death  in  life! 

Queen  Victoria 
was  as  much  be- 
loved and  admired 
by  Americans  as 
by  her  own  coun- 
trymen, but  to 
them  as  well  as  to 
us  these  letters  are 
a  revelation.  I 
have  only  quoted 
from  the  more 
personal  ones  in 
this  review,  as  it 
has  been  my  inten- 
tion to  show  the 
It  is  in  her 


The  greater  part 
of  her  reign  was 
yet  to  come,  and 
in  all  those  busy 
years  of   "  weary, 

pleasureless  existence,"  she  never  for  one  mo-  woman  rather  than  the  queen 

ment  forgot  the  inspiration  of  the  husband  letters  to  Melbourne,  Peel,  Palmerston,  and 

who  had  been  the  greatest  happiness  of  her  other  members  of  her  cabinet  that  she  reveals 

Ufc.    After  her  first  letter  to  her  uncle,  after  herself  the  Queen.     They  are  extraordinary 

she  had  had  time  to  think,  she  wrote:  letters, — even  those  written  when  she  was  a 

3/y  firm  resolve,  my  irrevocable  decision,  viz.,  mere  girl.     They  show  a  woman  of  strong, 

that  his  wishes,— /n>  plans,— about  everything,  dignified  character,  and  a  queen  who  under- 

A/.y  views  about  every  thing  are  to  be  my  law!  g^ood   her  business  thoroughly.     Those  who 

And   no   human   power  will   make   me    swerve  it            r\          ir*  ^     •  »      'i^ 

from  what  he  decided  and  wished,-and  I  look  o"ly  know  Queen  Victoria  s  gifts  as  a  writer 

to  you  to  support  and  help  me  in  this.    I  apply  through  her  Highland  Journals  will  be  as- 

this    particularly    as    regards    our    children,—  tonished  when  they  read  these  volumes.    To 

Bertie.     '         '  *  ' .      .^   ^ 


ev( 
that 


^rtie    etc.,-for  whose   future  he  had  traced   ^^y  that  the  book  is  of  absorbing  interest  does 
erythmg  so  carefully.    I  am  also  determined   .  "^       ^  >      •       x      -^  •  l  X.  -..  l     1 

at  «o  one  person,  may  he  be  ever  so  good,   »t  scant  justice,  for  it  is  one  of  the  great  books 


ever  so  devoted,  among  my  servants, — is  to  lead   of  the  century. 


BLOWING    AND    PAINTING    GLASS    CHRISTMAS-TREE     ORNAMENTS    IN    SONNEBERG,   GERMANY. 


HOW    GERMANY    MAKES    TOYS    FOR    THE 
WORLD'S   CHRISTMAS. 

BY  EDWARD  T.   HEYN. 


TpHE  manufacture  of  toys  is  one  of  Ger- 
many's greatest  industries.  It  is  al- 
most entirely  dependent  on  foreign  markets, 
only  25  per  cent,  of  the  manufactured  prod- 
uct remaining  at  home.  Among  the  articles 
of  export  to  the  United  States  toys  rank 
fourth  in  importance.  Within  the  last  year 
the  United  States  has  become  the  heaviest 
buyer,  while  Great  Britain  ranks  next.  The 
total  production  of  toys  in  the  German  Em- 
pire in  1906  was  valued  at  $22,5CX),ooo.  Of 
this  total' product  toys  valued  at  $5,561,750 
went  to  the  United  States. 

The  exports  of  toys  to  the  United  States 
are  growing  faster  than  those  to  any  other 
country,  because  of  an  expanding  market 
and  owing  to  our  ad  valorem  tariff.  Other 
countries    exact    customs    duties    based    on 


weight.  Now,  as  toys  are  usually  bulky  and 
heavy,  the  cheapest  toys  are  admitted  in 
America  under  the  ad  valorem  system.  The 
light  and  expensive  dolls  pay  high  duties, 
while  there  is  a  low  duty  on  cheap  goods.  With 
a  weight  tariff  the  result  is  just  the  reverse 
The  German  toy  industry  is  grouped  in 
various  localities, — the  Saxon  Ore  Moun- 
tains, where  wooden  toys  are  chiefly  manu- 
factured ;  the  Thuringian  Mountains,  where 
papier-mache,  wooden,  and  leather  toys  arc 
made ;  and,  finally,  Nuremberg,  where  metal 
toys  predominate.  Some  toys  are  also  pro- 
duced in  Wiirttemberg,  in  the  Black  Forrest, 
and  even  in  Berlin  and  Hanover.  From 
Stuttgart  and  Nuremberg  the  wholesalers 
obtain  the  finest  goods,  second  only  to  those 
made   in    Paris;   in    Sonneberg   the    middle 


HOW  GERMANY  MAKES  TOYS  FOR  THE  WORLD'S  CHRISTMAS.  709 


quality,  and  the  cheapest  come  from  the  Ore 
Mountains. 

All  the  German  toy  centers  have  at  least 
one  characteristic  in  common, — that  the  toys 
are  chiefly  produced  in  the  workmen's  homes. 
An  exception  is  Nuremberg,  where  the  manu- 
facture is  almost  entirely  in  factories. 

The  making  of  toy?  in  the  homes  has  led 
to  a  diversity  of  goods,  which,  together  with 
cheap  prices,  has  established  Germany  as  the 
foremost  toy-manufacturing  country  of  the 
world.  Moreover,  this  cheap,  but  very  capa- 
ble labor  is  inclined  to  be  individualistic  in 
its  production.  Every  family  in  the  course 
of  years  has  developed  new  ideas  and  new 
methods  in  the  making  of  toys.  Where 
goods  are  produced  in  the  factories,  machines 
are  practical  only  for  sewing,  cutting,  and 
stamping,  while  the  beautifying  of  the  toys 
is  chiefly  the  result  of  individual  hand 
work. 

One  other  reason  for  the  development  of 
the  German  toy  industry  was,  of  course,  a 
bounteous  supply  of  raw  material,  coupled 
with  the  necessity  of  people  in  the  mountains 
to  earn  something  during'  the  long  winter 
months,  as  agriculture  alone  was  insufficient 
to  support  a  family. 


Strange  to  say,  although  the  toy-manu- 
facturing business  of  Germany  has  increased 
enormously  in  late  years,  the  wages  of  the 
workmen  show  no  great  improvement.  But 
the  Sonneberg  Chamber  of  Commerce,  while 
recognizing  this  sad  state  of  affairs,  in  a  re- 
cent report  declares  that  it  believes  the  home 
work  to  be  absolutely  necessary  for  the  pres- 
ervation and  future  development  of  the  in- 
dustry; for  it  claims  that  through  the  di- 
versity of  the  goods  produced  an  opportunity 
is  given  to  the  workmen,  influenced  l)y  na- 
ture and  contact  with  living  animals,  to  use 
their  imagination. 

Among  the  various  plans  proposed  to  im- 
prove the  condition  of  the  home  workers  has 
been  the  legal  enactment  of  a  mimimum 
scale  of  wages.  But  the  imperial* German 
Government,  recognizing  that  the  passage 
and  enactment  of  such  a  measure  would  be 
extremely  difficult,  will  probably  propose  to 
the  next  Reichstag  the  extension  of  the  na- 
tional Workmen's  Insurance  law  to  home 
workers,  including  those  employed  in  the 
toy  industry. 

All  the  toy  centers  in  Germany  in  the  last 
year  have  been  extremely  busy,  and  every 
effort  was  made  to  produce  better  and  more 


MAKING    SACRED    FIGURES. 

(Many  of  these  images  are  used  to  adorn  the  homes  of  devout  Christians  during  Christmas  week.) 


710 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REyiEiVS. 


A    SAMPLE  ROOM    IN    A    SONNEBERG    FACTORY,    SHOWING    SKIN-COVERED    ANIMALS. 
(The  largest  flgures  were  exhibited  at  the  St.  Louis  Fair  in  1904.) 


artistic  goods,  the  exporters  in  particular 
aiming  to  meet  the  tastes  of  the  foreign  buy- 
ers. As  so  many  of  the  goods  produced  go 
to  the  United  States,  the  sample  rooms  which 
I  saw  in  Sonneberg  bear  an  American  im- 
press. 

A  few  hours'  ride  from  Berlin,  pictur- 
esquely nestled  in  the  Thuringian  hills,  not 
far  from  the  city  of  Coburg,  stretching 
through  a  narrow  valley,  shut  in  by  the 
mountains,  is  the  little  town  of  Sonneberg, 
which  produces  45  per  cent,  of  all  the  toys 
going  to  the  United  States. 

On  entering  this  town  of  I5,0(X>  people, 
its  general  aspect  does  not  differ  materially 
from  that  of  other  places  of  the  same  size, 
hut  after  sauntering  through  the  main  streets, 
its  mountainous  and  picturesque  features  be- 
come strikingly  apparent.  One  lengthy 
street,  running  to  and  from  the  chief  square, 
brings  us  to  the  very  heart  of  the  town, 
where  the  real  toy-making  is  done.  There 
are  numerous  little  streets,  or  rather  allejrs, 
running  from  the  market-place  and  extending 
up  the  slopes  of  the  mountains,  with  rickety 


old  houses  on  either  side,  so  narrow  that 
persons  pass  each  other  with  difficulty.  All 
these  houses,  with  their  nar-row  surround- 
ings, remind  one  of  little  Italian  hamlets. 
Through  the  windows  of  the  Sonneberg 
homes  we  see  whole  families  busily  engaged 
in  making  toys,  sewing  dolls  and  dolls' 
dresses,  fashioning  animals,  etc.  Going  up 
the  other  side  of  the  square,  we  encounter 
similar  scenes,  the  street  becoming  narrower 
and  narrower,  until  after  about  a  mile  the 
town  ends,  and  we  are  in  full  view  of  the 
mountains.  In  these  narrow  streets  are 
crowds  of  children,  some  only  three  or  four 
years  old,  with  baskets  on  their  backs  or  in 
their  hands. 

There  are  also  toy  factories  in  Sonneberg, 
but  so  varied  is  the  industry  and  such  deft 
hands  are  required  to  produce  the  hundreds 
of  varieties,  that  it  can  be  said  the  toys  that 
have  made  Sonneberg  famous  are  the  product 
of  hand  labor  and  produced  in  the  home. 
The  amount  of  toys  made  in  the  homes  of 
Sonneberg  is  enormous.  There  is  hardly  a 
family  among  the  working  classes  of  Sonne* 


HOIV  GERMANY  MAKES  TOYS  FOR  THE  WORLD'S  CHRISTMAS.  711 


berg  and  of  the  neighboring  towns  and  vil- 
lages, of  which  several  or  all  of  its  members 
are  not  busy  making  toys  from  early  dawn 
till  night.  Some  of  the  workers  receive  the 
necessary  raw  materials  or  machines  from  the 
factories  for  which  they  work;  others  buy 
their  own  raw  materials  in  small  quantities 
and  deliver  the  product  of  a  week's  work  to 
the  manufacturer.  Many  of  these  women, 
living  in  some  of  the  neighboring  towns  and 
villages,  Sonneberg  being  the  shipping  cen- 
ter, make  their  Saturday  delivery  by  train. 
Their  arrival  at  the  local  depot,  both  young 
and  old,  carrying  enormous  baskets  on  their 
backs,  is  quite  spectacular.  The  baskets  are 
at  least  a  yard  high  and  several  feet  in  diam- 
eter. When  not  too  heavy,  a  long,  flat  bas- 
ket, three  by  five  feet,  is  bound  to  the  top 
of  the  first  basket  and  frequently  piled  so 
high  that  it  projects  several  feet  above  the 
head  of  the  women  carrying  the  burden. 
Firm  shoulder  straps  keep  these  loads,  which 
weigh  up  to  lOO  pounds  and  often  considera- 
bly more,  in  position. 

Probably  there  are  few  places  where  chil- 
dren are  so  numerous  as  in  Sonneberg.  One 
entire  family  group,  representing  four  gen- 


GIRL    WHO    HAS    ARRIVED    FROM    THE    MOUNTAINS 
WITH   A   LOAD  OF  TOYS. 


GIRLS   SEWING  DOLLS     DRESSES   IN    A    FACTORY    AT    SONNEDERG. 


712 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


erations,  is  engaged  in  making  tiny  Iambs. 
This  family  consists  of  a  great-grandmother, 
great-grandfather,  father,  son  and  sister;  the 
grandmother  being  ninety  years  old  and  the 
grandfather  five  years  older.  The  grand- 
mother has  been  sitting  in  this  one  room 
engaged  in  this  same  work  ever  since  she 
was  a  girl  of  six!  This  aged  couple  has 
sat  at  this  work  for  sixty  years  and,  perhaps, 
will  sit  for  some  time  to  come.  This  family 
of  five,  the  father  of  which  has  worked  for 
well-nigh  a  century,  produce  every  week 
from  250  to  300  dozen  of  lambkins,  netting 
them  12  cents  a  dozen,  or  from  $2.98  to 
$3*57  a  week!  In  another  little  village  in 
the  mountains  we  find  a  family  consisting 
of  father,  mother  and  six  little  children ;  the 
parents  making  little  Santa  Clauses.  Some 
of  the  larger  children  assist  in  the  work. 
This  family,  working  eleven  hours  a  day, 
earns  from  $2.38  to  $3.57  a  w^ek. 

A  yoimg  woman  who  makes  dolls*  shoes, 
and  at  the  same  time  performs  her  house- 
hold duties,  earns  from  $1.90  to  $2.38  a 
week,  when  all  goes  well,  at  other  times 
from  95  cents  to  $1.43  a  week.  She  begins 
her  work  at  five  or  six  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing and  often  closes  the  day  at  eleven  o'clock 
at  night. 

Many  of  these  young  women  are  at  work 
sewing  dolls'  dresses,  which  latter  are  gen- 
erally cut  out  at  the  factories,  carried  home, 
and  made  up  into  the  infinite  varieties  and 
st}'les  which  so  delight  the  hearts  of  our 
little  girls.  Can  you  imagine  at  what  wages 
such  dresses  are  produced?  For  sewing  ten 
dozen  under-garments  (shirts,  petticoats, 
and  drawers)  35.7  cents,  or  three-tenths  of 
a  cent  per  set,  is  paid !  For  the  sewing  of 
five  sets  of  clothes  of  a  certain  kind,  con- 
sisting of  dress,  petticoat,  drawers,  and  cap, 
the  munificent  sum  of  37.7  cents  is  paid! 
A  girl  requires  one  and  a  half  Azys  to  per- 
fonn  this  work,  and  even  if  she  works 
twelve  hours  for  six  days  in  a  week  she  can 
earn  no  more  than  from  $1.43  to  $1.67  a 
week. 

Wages  paid  in  the  factories  arc  somewhat 
higher  than  in  the  house  industry.  Appren- 
tices in  factories  receive  71.4  cents  a  week. 
Young  workmen  beyond  this  stage  earn  from 
95.2  cents  to  $1.19.  Assistant  workmen  in 
smaller  factories  earn  from  $2.14  to  $3.57 
a  week,  and  experienced  workers  from  $2.86 
to  $4.28  a  week  as  an  average.  After  the 
workman  has  acquired  the  necessary  under- 
standing and  deftness  of  hand  he  is  generally 
paid  by  the  piece.     Clever  hands  often  earn 


from  $4.76  to  $7.14,  and  sometiines  even 
more  a  week. 

Women  are  paid  somewhat  less.  Young 
girls  on  leaving  school  get  from  33.3  cents 
to  $1.07  per  week.  After  a  year  or  n^o 
this  is  raised  to  from  $1.19  to  $1.90,  and 
later  with  piece  work  from  $2.86  to  $3.81. 
Girls  employed  in  dressing  dolls  earn  from 
$2.38  to  $3.57  a  week  doing  piece  worL 
.Though  the  wages  given  here  are  very  low, 
the  day's  work  is  long  and  generally  in- 
cludes ten  hours  and  sometimes  eleven. 
twelve,  or  even  thirteen  hours. 

Although  the  first  German  toys  were  made 
in  Thuringian  Mountains,  it  was  the 
city  of  Nuremberg  that  first  became  knows 
to  the  world  at  large  as  the  home  of  toy! 
However,  in  the  seventeenth  century 
Thuringian  toy  industry  again  became 
dependent  and  sought  its  own  mar 
Since  then  its  development  has  been  in  _ 
strides.  Toward  th^  close  of  the  eighteetilk 
century  the  discovery  of  the  "  taig,"  a  dou^ 
composed  of  black  flour,  glue  and  water,  zmA 
used  for  modelling  dolls'  bodies  and  figures, 
revolutionized  the  industry.  Of  still  greater 
importance  was  the  discovery  of  papier- 
mache,  in   1820,  by  a  Sonneberg  modeller. 

The  doll-manufacturing  industry  did  not 
begin  to  assume  conspicuous  proportions  un- 
til 1850.  Before  that  time  only  wood  and 
leather  were  used  in  this  trade.  At  the 
time  of  the  first  London  World's  Fair  a 
Sonneberg  doll  manufacturer  brought  home 
and  improved  a  Chinese  doll,  made  of  heavy 
colored  paper,  and  with  movable  head  and 
limbs.  Next  came  hairless  wax  heads.  To 
begin  with,  the  wax  and  varnish  were  put 
on  the  prepared  head  with  a  brush  in  a  more 
or  less  crude  or  uneven  manner,  whereby 
the  face  was  left  expressionless.  A  thimble, 
so  the  story  goes,  one  day  fell  into  a  dish  of 
fluid  wax,  When  its  owner  drew  it  forth 
it  was  found  to  be  beautifully  covered  with 
a  uniform  coating  of  wax.  The  manufac- 
turer caught  the  idea  and  established  a  fac- 
tor}' for  wax  papier-mache  dolls  prepared 
by  the  dipping  process.  By  giving  the  papier- 
mache  a  flesh  tint  and  through  the  use  of 
wheat  powder,  he  attained  a  very  good  imi- 
tation of  the  human  skin.  Painting  com- 
pleted the  process  of  facial  expression.  Next 
came  the  setting  of  artificial  eyes,  which  are 
principally  made  in  the  little  town  of 
Laucha.  These  eyes  soon  were  made  mova- 
ble, and  the  result  was  a  sleeping  doll.  But 
the  hairless  head  had  to  be  improved.  Hu- 
man hair  was  originally  used,  but  the  dis- 


HOIV  GERMANY  MAKES  TOYS  FOR  THE  WORLDS  CHRISTMAS.  713 


A    FAMILY    OF    FOUR    GENERATIONS    MAKING    TOYS    IN    THEIR    HOME. 


►very  of  mohair  wigs  opened  up  large  possi- 
Ifties  in  this  lines,  as  the  fine,  glossy  hair  of 
le  Angora  goat  was  found  to  be  unsur- 
issable  for  this  purpose.  When  mohair 
•c\v  more  expensive  w^ool  was  added.  In 
pid  succession  there  followed  further  in- 
ntions  and  discoveries  until  the  modern, 
e-likc,  jointed  speaking  doll  was  the  result. 
At  the  head  of  this  industry  are  the  large 
jKjrting  houses,  both  German  and  foreign, 
►ing  business  directly  with  merchants  in 
1  quarters  of  the  globe.  They  correspond 
all  modern  languages,  and  are  organized 
the  most  approved,  modern  style.  Some 
them  do  a  commission  business  almost  ex- 
isively,  gathering  up  the  toys  in  small  lots, 
eking  and  shipping  them,  and  doing  little 
no  manufacturing  business  themselves. 
Next  in  rank  are  found  smaller  exporters 
d  manufacturers  doing  some  foreign  busi- 
es directly,  and  delivering  also  to  the  great 
porting  houses.  These  vary  from  large 
d  wealthy  establishments  to  lesser  factories 
ndling  but  small  quantities.  They  are  of 
irse  houses  which  confine  themselves  ex- 
sively  to  manufacturing.  The  output  of 
ny  of  the  factories  is  entirely  or  in  large 
't  controlled  by  some  of  the  big  exporters. 
The  annual  export  trade  has  grouped  it- 
f  in  three  seasons:  Christmas,  Easter  and 


Hallowe'en.  Originally  the  Christmas  sea- 
son alone  occupied  prominence,  because 
Easter  and  Hallowe'en  goods  were  called  for 
in  but  small  quantities.  Later  the  Easter 
trade  developed,  and  w^ithin  the  last  few 
years  the  demand  for  Hallowe'en  goods  in 
America  has  developed  so  tremendously  as 
to  create  an  entirely  new  line  of  business. 
Every  country  has  its  own  shipping  season 
for  toys,  according  as  its  distance  from 
Sonneberg  is  greater  or  less  than  that  of 
another.  Thus  Christmas  toys  intended  for 
Australia  are  shipped  much  sooner  than  those 
for  the  United  States,  while  toys  for  Ameri- 
ca are  shipped  earlier  than  those  going  to 
England,  and  those  for  England  sooner 
than  those  intended  for  the  German  mar- 
ket itself.  The  result  of  all  this  is 
that  the  great  exporters  are  kept  busy 
all  the  year  around,  though  a  noticeable  con- 
centration occurs  in  July,  September,  and 
even  in  the  early  part  of  October,  when  the 
main  exports  of  Christmas  toys  are  made  to 
the  United  States.  The  toy  industry  in 
Sonneberg  has  received  quite  a  boom  by  the 
craze  for  Teddy  bears,  over  10,000  going 
every  week  to  the  United  States  and  also  to 
England  and  France.  Numerous  Caruso 
monkeys  also  found  a  ready  market  in 
America. 


THE  NAVY  DEPARTMENT  AND  ITS  WORK. 

BY  WINTHROP  L.  MARVIN. 


(Author  of  "The  American  Merchant  Marine:   Its  History  and  Romance.") 


C IXTH  in  lineal  rank  of  the  great  execu- 
tive departments  of  the  federal  Govern- 
ment, the  Navy  Department  lacks  nine  years 
of  being  as  old  as  the  national  compact. 
There  had  been  a  navy  and  a  good  one  in 
the  War  of  the  Revolution,  but  no  Navy 
Department  at  that  time.  The  heroic  little 
fleet  of  the  struggle  for  independence  was 
administered  by  committees  of  the  Conti- 
nental Congress,  styled  the  "  Naval  Commit- 
tee," the  "  Marine  Committee,"  or  the 
*'  Marine  Board."  Under  the  first  federal 
Government  of  1789  both  the  army  and  the 
navy  were  placed  under  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  War  Department.  No  steps  to  create  a 
fleet  were  taken  until  1794,  when  the 
troubles  with  Algiers  moved  Congress  to 
authorize  the  building  of  six  frigates. 

George  Washington  was  the  real  father 
of  the  new  navy.  There  were  other  patriotic 
advocates  of  a  fighting  fleet,  but  to  his  voice 
more  than  to  that  of  any  other  did  the  coun- 
try listen.  The  new  Republic,  under  the 
protection  of  its  navigation  laws,  was  then 
building  up  a  large  and  prosperous  merchant 
marine,  and  in  an  address  before  both 
houses  on  December  7,  1796,  President 
Washington  urged  that  "  to  an  active  ex- 
ternal commerce  the  protection  of  a  naval 
force  IS  indispensable."  He  argued  also  in 
words  whose  vigor  matches  the  language  of 
our  present  President  that  "  to  secure  re- 
spect to  a  neutral  flag  requires  a  naval  force, 
organized  and  ready  to  vindicate  it  from  in- 
sult or  aggression." 

The  first  Secretary  of  the  Navy  took  his 
seat  in  the  cabinet  of  President  Adams  on 
April  30,  1 798,  and  at  almost  the  same  time 
a  regular  marine  corps  was  established.  Out 
of  the  neglect  of  the  Jefferson  regime  the 
Navy  Department  lived  to  win  imperishable 
glory  in  the  War  of  181 2,  and  since  then  it 
has  been  an  actual  and  honored  right  arm 
of  the  United  States. 

Ver>'  different  in  organization,  authority, 
and  importance  from  the  young  department 
ruling  over  half  a  dozen  frigates  in  1798  is 
the  present  department,  with  300  vessels  of 
all  classes  and  more  than  40,000  officers  and 


men  under  its  control,  which  is  about  to 
signalize  the  present  naval  prowess  of  the 
Republic  by  swinging  a  mighty  fleet  ot 
sixteen  armored  ships-of-the-Iine  from  tk 
North  Atlantic  to  the  North  Pacific  Oceaa 
In  sheer  fighting  strength  the  United  States 
Navy  at  the  present  moment  is  the  second  in 
the  world, — so  swiftly  and  skillfully  has 
there  been  carried  forward  the  work  of  rt- 
habilitation  and  increase  following  the 
strange,  temporary  stagnation  of  1870-1M2. 
Only  the  British  Admiralty  now  wields  a 
sea  power  surpassing  that  at  the  disposal  of 
the  Secretar>'  and  Assistant  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  in  Washington. 

THE  CHIEFS  OF  OUR  NAVY. 

The  present  Secretary  is  the  Hon.  Victor 
H.  Metcalf,  of  California,  formerly  the  Sec- 
retary of  Commerce  and  Labor,  who  before 
entering  the  cabinet  was  a  member  of  Con- 
gress and  a  membfcr  of  the  im[>ortant  Hmsc 
Committee  on  Naval  Affairs.  The  present 
Assistant  Secretary  is  the  Hon.  Truman  H. 
Newberry,  of  Michigan,  a  vigorous  man  ot 
business,  who  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  war 
with  Spain,  having  joined  the  service  i*iti 
the  Michigan  Naval  Reserve.  The  Secre- 
tary of  the  Navy  is  the  direct  rq>rescntati^T, 
at  the  head  of  the  department,  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  who  is  the  com- 
mander-in-chief. Over  all  the  work  of  tk 
na\T, — over  the  building,  manning,  arming, 
equipping,  and  employing  of  its  ships, — the 
Secretary  holds  general  supervision  and  au- 
thority, subject,  of  course,  to  the  direction 
of  the  President.  With  the  great  expan^w 
of  the  navy  and  of  the  interests  which  it 
must  protect  the  responsibilities  of  the  Sccre^ 
tari'  have  steadily  increased,  unril  the  office 
has  become  one  of  the  great  posts  of  the  na- 
tional Government,  sought  and  honored  b* 
public  men  of  the  first  rank. 

But  the  very  weight  and  scope  of  these 
responsibilities  have  compelled  a  dirskifl 
of  labor,  and  there  have  been  assigned  to 
the  Assistant  Secretary  certain  specific  in^ 
important^  features  of  the  general  administn- 
tion  of  the  department,  including  the  repair 


HON.   VICTOR   H.    METCALF,   SECRETARY  OF    THE  NAVY. 


of  ships,  the  naval  militia,  and  the  qualifica- 
tions of  applicants  for  commissions  from  civil 
life,  and  he  is  charged  also  with  the  personal 
inspection  of  all  first-rate  ships  in  home 
waters  and  of  the  naval  stations  on  the 
Atlantic  Coast.  In  the  frequent  absence  of 
the  Secretary  from  Washington,  on  the  gen- 
eral  duties  of  a  Cabinet  Minister,  the  As- 


sistant Secretary  acts  in  his  place,  directing 
the  movements  of  ships  and  otherwise  guid- 
ing the  great  activities  of  the  department. 

THE    EIGHT   GREAT   BUREAUS. 

Under  the  Secretary  and  Assistant  Secre- 
tary comes  a  complex  organization, — too 
complex,  so  sagacious  observers  hold,  for  the 


716 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REl/IEl^S. 


best  promptitude  and  the  highest  efficiency. 
In  the  first  place,  there  are  the  eight  great 
bureaus  which  have  directly  to  do  with  the 
building  and  maintenance  of  the  ships  and 
naval  stations.  First  of  these  in  importance, 
by  common  consent,  is  the  powerful  Bureau 
of  Navigation,  whose  chief  is  always  a  rear- 
admiral  of  distinguished  abilities,  a  post  of 
notable  honor  in  the  service.  This  bureau 
has  jurisdiction  over  the  naval  personnel, 
including  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis, 
where  the  young  officers  are  educated,  and 


CopynKbt  by  Clincdinit,  Washington. 

HON.    TRUMAN     H.     NEWBERRY,    ASSISTANT    SECRE- 
TARY   OF    THE     NAVY. 

the  recruiting  and  training  of  the  enlisted 
m.en.  Through  this  bureau  go  the  usual 
orders  of  the  department  to  the  fleets  and 
officers  of  the  navy;  it  establishes  the  com- 
plements of  ships  and  keeps  the  records  of 
service  of  all  squadrons,  ships,  officers  and 
men ;  in  many  other  ways  it  enters  intimately 
and  imperatively  into  the  technical  work  of 
naval  administration.  The  present  chief  of 
the  Bureau  of  Navigation,  the  latest  in  a 
long  line  of  able  and  accomplished  men,  is 
Rear-Admiral  Willard  H.  Brownson. 

Next  in  importance  among  the  eight  great 
bureaus  comes  unquestionably  the  Bureau  of 


Construction  and  Repair,  responsible  for  the 
general  design  and  the  structural  strength 
and  stability  of  all  the  naval  ships  and  of  all 
that  enters  into  the  fabric  of  the  ships  ex- 
cept their  steam  machinery,  their  armament, 
and  certain  articles  of  furnishing  and  equip- 
ment. There  is,  strangely,  a  separate  Bu- 
reau of  Steam  Engineering,  a  reminder  of 
the  old  years  when  boilers,  cylinders,  and 
shafts  were  still  objects  of  curiosity  and 
aversion  in  jsl  fleet  w^hose  officers  and  men 
had  been  bred  to  the  splendid  traditions  of 
spar-and-canvas  seamanship. 

The  Bureau  of  Ordnance  performs  a  work 
of  genuine  specialization  in  the  authority 
which  it  exercises  over  the  design  and  build^ 
ing  of  the  armor,  guns,  torpedoes,  small 
arms,  and  their  appliances.  The  Bureau 
of  Equipment  furnishes  what  might  be 
called  the  distinctive  nautical  fittings  of 
the  fleet,  including  rigging,  sails,  anchors, 
navigating  instruments,  flags,  and  stores  of 
many  kinds,  the  lighting  apparatus,  includ- 
ing search-lights,  and  the  all-important  fueL' 
The  Bureau  of  Yards  and  Docks  has  gen- 
eral charge  of  the  planning,  building,  and 
maintenance  X)f  the  navy  yards  and  naval 
stations  and  their  accessories,  including  the 
drj'  docks.  The  Bureau  of  Medicine  and 
Surgery  governs  the  health  of  officers  and 
men  afloat  and  ashore,  through  its  hospitals 
and  dispensaries.  The  Bureau  of  Supplies 
and  Accounts  is  intrusted  with  the  purchase 
of  most  of  the  supplies  and  materials  of  the 
navy  on  the  requisition  of  the  other  bureaus, 
— there  are  certain  exemptions  from  this 
rule, — and  of  the  provisions,  clothing,  and 
small  stores  in  general,  together  with  the 
keeping  of  a  rigid  system  of  accounts. 

THE   GENERAL   BOARD. 

l*hese,  in  brief,  are  the  eight  most  impor- 
tant branches  of  the  administrative  organi- 
zation of  the  Navy  Department,  but  they 
are  not  all.  The  office  of  the  Judge  Advo- 
cate General  is  the  legal  branch  of  the  navy, 
the  professional  counsellor  of  the  depart- 
ment, and  the  agenc>'  for  the  prosecution  of 
offenders  against  the  service  law  and  regula- 
tions. The  Commandant  of  the  Marine 
Corps  has  a  jurisdiction  of  his  own,  and  b 
responsible  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 
Last,  but  not  least,  some  very  important  ad- 
visory functions  are  vested  in  the  General 
Board,  of  which  the  distinguished  Admiral 
of  the  Na\y,  George  Dewey,  is  the  presi- 
dent, associated  with  a  group  of  earnest  and 
accomplished  officers.     The  General  Board 


THE  NA^Y  DEPARTMENT  AND  /TS  IVORK. 


717 


iJup>rtjElii  by  GcfiMil.  N.  Y. 
Uenr-Admiral   William  S.  Cowies. 
(Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Ekiufp- 
ment.) 


^l^niiUU  t'A}7,  ijy  Harris  ^  l^kiii-.  W;i:!j:i' 

Admiral   (>eorfl;e  Dewey, 
(President  of  the  Board.) 


Itear-Admiral  Wlllard  H.  Brownson. 
(Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Naviga- 
tion.) 


PRESIDENT  OF  THE  GENERAL   NAVAL   BOARD    AND  TWO  OF  THE  BUREAU   CHIEFS. 


is  charged  with  the  preparation  for  the  Sec- 
retary of  plans  of  naval  campaign  involving 
the  co-operation  of  the  army  and  the  utiliza- 
tion of  all  our  resources  of  maritime  defense. 
It  is  expected  to  devise  plans  for  the  prepara- 
tion and  maintenance  of  the  fleet  in  war,  and 
for  the  proper  distribution  of  the  fleet,  and 
to  counsel  the  department  as  to  the  number 
and  type  of  ships  of  which  the  fleet  should 
be  constituted,  and  the  proper  location  of 
coal  and  supply  stations.  Finally,  the  Gen- 
eral Board  is  intrusted  with  the  co-ordinating 
of  the  work  of  the  Naval  War  College  and 
the  Office  of  Naval  Intelligence. 

HOW  THE  SHIPS  ARE  BUILT. 

The  Secretary,  the  Assistant  Secretary^, 
the  great  bureaus,  the  General  Board, — 
these  are  the  machinery  of  organization  of 
the  Navy  Depaitment.  The  actual  working 
plant,  if  it  may  so  be  called,  consists  of  the 
navy  yards  and  naval  stations  on  shore,  and 
the  ships  built  and  afloat  or  building.  Of 
these,  the  ships  themselves  are,  of  course,  the 
first  in  interest  and  importance.  There  is 
nothing  haphazard  about  the  construction  of 
a  modern  navy.  Every  year  the  Secretary 
invokes  the  expert  judgment  of  his  profes- 
sional advisers,  the  bureau  chiefs  and  the 
General  Board,  as  to  the  t>'pe,  the  design, 
and  the  number  of  new  ships  to  be  under- 
taken. The  Construction  Board  may  recom- 
mend one  program  and  the  General  Board 


another,  though  the  usual  variation  is  in  the 
number  and  not  in  the  character  of  the  ships 
regarded  as  most  requisite  for  the  United 
States.  In  any  event,  the  program  as  drawn 
up  embodies  not  only  a  high,  patriotic  pur- 
pose, but  the  finest  technical  wisdom  availa- 
ble in  America.  As  to  the  details  of  any 
given  naval  program, — whether  there  shall 
be  three  new  battleships  or  only  two,  six 
destroyers  or  four,  a  dozen  or  half  a  dozen 
submarines,  and  whether  any  scout  cruisers 
or  fleet  colliers  shall  be  authorized, — the 
Secretary  himself  is  the  final  arbiter.  It  is 
his  decision  which  shapes  the  formal  recom- 
mendation of  the  department  in  his  annual 
report  to  Congress. 

If  Senate  and  House  then  duly  authorize, 
say,  three  battleships  of  20,000  tons  dis- 
placement, and  a  suitable  number  of  auxil- 
iaries, the  Bureau  of  Construction  and  Re- 
pair, the  BVireau  of  Steam  Engineering,  and 
the  Bureau  of  Ordnance,  in  co-operation 
under  the  general  lead  of  the  first-named, 
prepare  the  designs  for  the  new  vessels,  if, 
indeed,  these  have  not  already  been  partially 
prepared  in  anticipation  of  favorable  action 
by  the  lawmakers.  Then  proposals  for  the 
building  of  the  hulls  and  machinery  of  the 
ships  are  invited  by  the  department  from  all 
the  private  shipyards  of  the  country  compe- 
tent to  undertake  it,  and  for  the  making  of 
the  armor  from  the  two  or  three  armor- 
making  establishments. 


718 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW,  OF  REVIEWS. 


IN  PRIVATE  YARDS. 

This,  it  should  be  understood,  is  the  gen- 
eral practice  of  the  Government, — to  have 
its  ships  of  war  constructed  under  competi- 
tion by  private  establishments,  and  to  re- 
serve to  the  navy  yards  only  the  important 
work  of  repair.  But  there  have  been  a  few 
exceptions.  The  old  second-class  battleship 
Texas,  and  the  first  Maine,  destroyed  at 
Havana,  were  built  at  navy  yards;  so  were 
the  cruisers  Cincinnati  and  Raleigh,  and  a 
few  other  small  craft;  so  are  building  now 
two  colliers  of  a  non-mercantile,  unusual 
type.  But  the  only  first-class  battleship  of 
the  United  States  which  was  constructed  at 
a  navy  yard  and  not  by  private  builders  was 
the  Connecticut,  and  she  cost  so  much  more 
heavily  in  time  and  money  than  her  sister, 
the  Louisiana,  built  in  the  great  private  ship- 
yard at  Newport  News,  that  the  experience 
is  not  likely  to  be  repeated.  This  is  no  re- 
flection on  the  Government.  The  naval  con- 
structors are  masters  of  their  calling;  the 
navy  yard  workmen  are  good  and  skillful 
men.  But  building  a  ship,  like  building  a 
railroad,  is,  after  all,  a  business  affair,  which 
business  men,  if  they  are  honest  and  efficient, 
will  naturally  handle  a  great  deal  better  than 
evep  an  honest  and  efficient  government. 

There  is  no  ocean  shipyard  trust  in  the 
United  States.  The  great  yards  capable  of 
building  ships-of-the-line  are  about  six  in 
number  on  the  Atlantic  and  two  on  the 
Pacific  seaboard.  Seldom  have  more  than 
three  battleships  been  authorized  at  once,  and 
there  is  always  eager  and  intense  competi- 
tion. As  a  rule,  the  contracts  are  given  by 
the  Navy  Department  to  the  lowest  bidder, 
though  sometimes  this  principle  is  set  aside 
for  what  seems  to  be  a  more  equitable  geo- 
graphical distribution  of  what  has  now  be- 
come almost  the  only  heavy  and  important 
ship  construction  available  for  the  ocean  ship- 
yards of  America, 

These  contracts,  as  has  been  said,  cover 
hull  and  machinery.  The  armor  is  procured 
by  the  Navy  Department  on  a  competitive 
basis  from  the  great  steel  concerns  which 
have  the  costly  apparatus  for  producing  it. 
Many  articles  of  equipment,  like  anchors  and 
cables,  are  furnished  by  the  department,  and 
the  guns  are  fabricated  by  the  department  in 
its  noble  great  gun  factory  in  Washington, 
out  of  forgings  made  by  private  manufac- 
turers. Torpedoes  are  now  purchased  from 
manufacturers,  but  the  department  is  pre- 
paring to  produce  its  own  supply  of  these 


weapons,  and  also  a  large  part  of  the  powder 
for  the  magazines,  which  has  been  provided 
under  contract  by  powder-making  companks. 
Every  process  in  the  building  of  a  ship  and 
the  making  of  her  armor  is  supervised  by  in- 
spectors from  the  Navy  Department,  and 
both  ships  and  armor  are  subjected  to  ex- 
haustive tests  before  acceptance.  Indeed,  the 
final  payments  on  a  new  ship  are  not  made  to 
her  builders  until  she  has  been  **  shaken 
down  "  in  actual  commission. 

THE    PERSONAL    FACTOR. 

While  the  Navy  Department  has  been 
watching  the  growth  of  a  new  battleship 
through  the  thiee  or  four  years  required  for 
her  completion,  and  has  been  preparing  her 
powerful  batteries  and  her  elaborate  equip- 
ment, careful  thought  has  been  given  to  the 
all-important  personal  factor,  her  comple- 
ment of  officers  and  men.  A  first-class  ship- 
of-the-line  requires  for  her  navigation,  her 
propulsion,  and  the  working  of  her  guns  al- 
most the  equivalent  of  a  full  regiment  of  in- 
fantry of  the  old  wars.  The  Kansas,  for 
example,  a  magnificent  ship  of  16,000  tons, 
which  has  just  been  made  ready  to  join  the 
fleet,  will  have  forty-one  officers  and  809 
men,  including  seamen  of  the  various  ratings, 
firemen,  coal  passers,  and  members  of  other 
branches  of  enlisted  service. 

The  commissioned  line  officers  of  the  navy. 
as  is  generally  known, — that  is,  the  officers 
who  navigate  the  ship,  direct  her  engines, 
and  fight  her  batteries, — are  highly  educated 
experts,  trained  for  the  lifelong  service  of 
the  sea  at  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis. 
They  have  been  selected  on  nomination,  a 
few  by  the  President,  but  most  of  them  by 
members  of  Congress.  Many  have  owed 
their  appointment  to  severe  competitive  ex- 
aminations. They  have  not  been  taken  by 
favor,  as  is  the  rule  abroad,  from  one  small 
aristocratic  class,  but  have  come  from  all 
classes,  as  they  have  from  all  sections,  repre- 
senting, however,  substantial  homes  and  the 
soundest  physical  and  mental  characteristics 
of  the  whole  American  people.  It  stands  to 
reason  that  young  men  thus  selected  frcwn 
the  great  body  of  a  nation  of  80,000,000  in- 
habitants are  sure  to  be  of  a  higher  mental 
and  physical  average  at  the  start  than  a  sim- 
ilar number  of  young  men  selected  from 
among,  say,  500,000  people  of  the  nobiUty 
and  gentry  of  the  British  Isles,  or  of  the  old 
aristocracy  of  Germany  or  France.  And 
these  young  Americans  who  enter  Annapolis 
from  our  democratic  environment  are  sub- 


THE  NAyy  DEPARTMENT  AND  ITS  IVORK. 


719 


REA&-ADMIRAL   CHARLES   W.   RAE. 

r Chief   of   the  Bureau   of   Steam 
Kngineering.) 


REAR-ADMIRAL   NEWTON    E. 
MASON. 
(Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Ordnance.) 


REAR-ADMIRAL     WASHINGTON     L. 
CAPPS. 

(Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Construc- 
tion and  Repair.) 


jected  to  a  discipline  quite  as  thorough  and 
a  professional  training  broader  in  many  ways 
and  more  ambitious  than  that  of  the  young 
officers  of  foreign 


services. 


A  SPLENDID  CORRS. 


The  result  is  a  corps  of  sea  officers  in  the 
American  service  which  observers  of  all  na- 
tions have  generally  agreed  in  adjudging  the 
most  efficient  in  the  world.  But  the  difficul- 
ty is  that  there  are  too  few  of  them.  Thus, 
thoiigh  our  fleet  in  actual  strength  of  ships 
and  guns  is  second  only  to  that  of  Great 
Britain,  we  have  fewer  officers  than  either 
France,  Germany,  Russia,  or  Japan.  The 
Naval  Academy  is  now  graduating  large 
classes,  and  in  due  time  our  weakness  in 
numbers  will  be  remedied.  But  meanwhile 
the  officers  of  our  navy  are  being  seriously 
overworked,  and  midshipmen  are  perform- 
ing duties  which  were  once  supposed  to  tax 
all  the  seasoned  skill  of  lieutenants  of  a 
dozen  or  twenty  years  of  service. 

There  are  now  on  the  active  list  of  the 
navy  about  1800  commissioned  and  620  war- 
rant officers.  Not  only  are  the  line  officers 
graduates  of  Annapolis,  but  the  construction 
corps  under  the  modern  system  is  drawn 
from  the  same  institution.  Those  young 
officers  who  at  the  Academy  manifest  the 
requisite  scholarly  ability  are  given  especial 
instruction  in  naval  architecture  at  the 
Massachusetts     Institute     of     Technology. 


This  training  is  supplemented  by  practical 
work  and  observation  in  this  country  and 
abroad,  and  the  corps  of  constructors  on 
active  duty  is,  therefore,  composed  of  picked 
men  of  the  highest  scientific  attainments. 

The  surgeons  of  the  navy  are  chosen 
through  a  severe  professional  examination  of 
graduates  in  medicine,  and  the  successful  ap- 
plicants are  further  instructed  in  the  navy's 
own  medical  school  at  Washington.  The 
members  of  the  pay  corps,  like  the  navy  sur- 
geons, arc  carefully  selected  from  civil 
life. 

THE  WARRANT  OFFICERS. 

Betw^een  the  officers  holding  commissions 
and  the  enlisted  men  of  the  navy  stand  a 
class  of  boatswains,  gunners,  carpenters,  sail- 
makers,  and  machinists,  highly  skilled  men 
indispensable  on  shipboard,  masters  each  of 
his  technical  calling,  who  have  won  their 
warrants  through  merit  and  long  service, 
having  entered  the  navy  as  enlisted  men. 
The  value  of  these  warrant  officers  and  the 
honorable  position  held  by  them  in  the  ser- 
vice have  been  recognized  of  recent  years  not 
only  by  a  provision  that  boatswains,  gunners, 
carpenters,  and  sail-makers  shall  be  eligible 
for  appointment  as  chief  boatswains,  chief 
gunners,  chief  carpenters,  and  chief  sail- 
makers,  after  six  years  from  the  date  of  their 
warrants,  but  that  twelve  warrant  officers 
may   be   annually   commissioned    as   ensigns 


720 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEU/  OF  RE^IEIVS. 


after  suitable  examinations, — that  is,  that 
especially  deserving  warrant  officers  shall  be 
able  to  gain  commissioned  rank.  These  same 
distinctions  are  now  recommended  for  war- 
rant machinists,  a  class  of  men  peculiarly 
skilled  and  deserving  and  of  ever-increasing 
value  to  the  navy  with  the  growth  of  the 
power  of  the  engines  of  the  ships  and  of  their 
whole  complex  mechanism. 

THE    ENLISTED    MEN. 

Out  of  a  total  authorized  strength  of 
about  37,000  enlisted  men  there  are  now 
34,000  actually  in  the  service.  These  are 
"  the  men  behind  the  guns,"  and  not  only 
that,  the  men  in  the  engine  and  fire  rooms, 
who  are  just  as  indispensable  to  the  manoeu- 
vering  and  fighting  of  a  battleship.  These 
34jOOO  men  are  recruited  under  the  author- 
ity of  the  Bureau  of  Navigation  from  every 
part  of  the  United  States.  The  regular 
term  of  naval  enlistment  is  for  four  years. 
There  is  a  rigid  physical  examination,  and, 
more  than  that,  the  navy  wmU  not  take  any 
man  who  is  not  of  good,  sound  character. 
There  were  40,918  applicants  for  enlistment 
in  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1906,  the 
last  for  which  report  has  been  made,  and  of 
these  16,518  were  rejected  for  physical  dis- 
ability and  9381  for  other  causes.    The  total 


number  of  men  accepted  and  enlisted  wat 
13,418. 

Young  men  without  sea  experience  arc 
usually  enlisted  as  apprentice  seamen,  unless 
they  have  some  special  trade.  No  young  men 
are  now  accepted  who  are  not  American 
citizens,  and  applicants  must  be  able  to  read 
and  write  the  English  language. 

The  ocean  wars  of  the  United  States  have 
always  been  fought  in  the  main  by  seamen 
who  were  not  only  American  citizens,  but 
American-born.  There  was  a  great  body 
of  these  thorough-going  American  seamen  in 
the  federal  navy  in  the  Civil  War,  drawn 
chiefly  from  the  merchant  service  and  the 
seafaring  population  of  the  New  England 
and  other  maritime  States.  Massachusetts 
alone  in  the  Civil  War  sent  30,000  men  into 
the  nav>\  With  the  reduction  of  our  war 
fleet  in  the  years  after  1865,  and  the  swMt 
shrinkage  of  our  merchant  shipping,  this  fine 
body  of  veteran  American  seamen  disap- 
peared, and  in  the  early  '70's  our  few  and 
small  ships-of-war  were  manned  to  a  large 
degree  by  foreigners.  Indeed,  on  many  ships 
in  those  years  of  neglect  the  American  citizen 
seamen  were  actually  in  a  minority,  and 
were  jostled  around  the  berth-decks  by  alien 
adventurers  who  sailed  under  all  flags,  and 
loved  and  honored  none. 


From  a  Storeograph.  Copyritht.  1907.  by  Underwood  A  Underwood.  N.  V. 

A    PARTIAL   VIEW   OF  THE   BROOKLYN      (N.     Y.)      NAVY   YARD. 

(Looking  over  th"  docks  of  the  Connecticut  and  showing  other  war  vessels  preparing  for  their  long  craiac 

to  the  Pacific.) 


THE  NA^Y  DEPAkTMENT  AND  ITS  U^ORK. 


721 


When  the  work  of  our  naval  rehabilita- 
tion was  begun,  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago» 
thtrc  were  prophets  of  calamity  who  urged 
that  the  undertaking  never  could  succeed 
because  young  Americans  could  not  be  in- 
duced to  go  to  sea.  It  was  insisted  then,  just 
as  it  is  insisted  now  against  the  upbuilding 
of  a  merchant  marine,  that  the  Americans 
are  no  longer  a  seafaring  race,  and  this  not 
a  sea-loving  country. 

NEARLY  ALL  AMERICANS  NOW. 

It  is  eloquent  comment  on  such  assertions 
that  the  records  of  the  Bureau  of  Navigation 
show  that  at  the  present  time  no  fewer  than 
94.2  per  cent,  of  the  total  enlisted  force  of 
the  navy  is  composed  of  citizens  of  the 
United  States,  84  per  cent,  of  these  men 
being  native-bom  and  10.2  per  cent,  natural- 
ized. Moreover,  the  American  predomi- 
nance among  the  crews  of  our  ships-of-war 
is  steadily  increasing  year  by  year.  It  was 
93.1  per  cent,  in  1906,  and,  as  has  been  said, 
is  94.2  per  cent,  in  1907.  And  those  few 
enlisted  men  of  the  navy  who  are  technically 
foreigners  are  not,  as  a  rule,  the  actual 
fighting  men,  but  either  the  servants  of  the 
ships  or  natives  of  our  own  insular  pos- 
sessions. 

A  great  deal  has  been  said  about  desertions 
from  the  navy.  There  are  desertions,  it  is 
true;  more  perhaps  than  there  ought  to  be, 
and  more  than  there  will  be  in  the  years  to 
come.  But  these  desertions  are  decreasing 
and  not  increasing.  They  numbered  only  9 
per  cent,  of  all  the  men  in  the  service  in 
1907,  a  slightly  smaller  proportion  than  in 
the  year  before.  This  does  not  express  any 
real,  deep  dissatisfaction,  but  rather  the  rest- 
lessness of  youth, — for  most  of  the  men  who 
abandon  the  service  are  very  young,  and  most 
of  them  from  the  far  interior  of  the  country. 
Moreover,  as  a  rule,  the  deserters  are  the 
very  men  of  ^"hom  the  navy  is  best  rid. 

On  the  other  hand,  out  of  the  total  num- 
ber of  enlisted  men  who  were  recommended 
for  re-enlistment  in  the  fiscal  year  1906,  43.1 
per  cent,  actually  did  re-enlist;  so  that  in  a 
few  years  50  per  cent,  of  the  enlisted  force 
of  the  navy  will  have  become  trained  men 
who  had  served  one  or  more  enlistments. 
Already  the  number  of  men  now  serving 
under  continuous  service  is  5248,  a  gain  of 
about  7  per  cent,  over  the  year  preceding. 
Men  are  enlisted  at  the  regular  seaboard 
naval  stations  of  the  United  States,  but  it  is 
a  striking  and  significant  fact  that  most  of 
the  permanent  recruiting  stations  for  the 


navy  are  located  in  cities  and  towns  in  the 
interior  of  the  country,  and  that  not  only  a 
majority  of  all  of  the  recruits  but  some  of  the 
very  best  of  them  come  from  inland  sections. 
There  are  successful  naval  recruiting  sta- 
tions at  such  points  as  Cincinnati,  Indianap- 
olis, Minneapolis,  Des  Moines,  Kansas  City, 
Omaha,  Denver,  and  Oklahoma,  and  from 
time  to 'time  temporary  recruiting  stations 
are  established  in  the  smaller  interior  towns. 

A  REAL  NATIONAL  SERVICE. 

This  system  has  genuinely  nationalized  the 
naval  service.  Though  the  seaboard  States 
still  furnish  a  great  many  men, — Massachu- 
setts, as  always,  leading  in  proportion  to 
population, — ^yet  the  chief  .inland  States 
make  a  remarkably  strong  showing.  Thus 
there  are  1713  enlisted  men  of  the  navy 
whose  homes  are  in  Ohio,  12 16  in  Missouri, 
and  1 812  in  Illinois.  Iowa  is  the  native 
State  of  601  enlisted  men,  Kansas  of  557, 
Kentucky  of  488,  Minnesota  of  471,  Wis- 
consin of  523,  and  Michigan  of  950. 

The  pay  of  an  apprentice  seaman  is  $16 
a  month,  or  much  less  than  that  of  the  aver- 
age farm-hand.  But  the  young  man  afloat 
receives  his  board  and  lodgings  free,  and 
there  are  certain  allowances  which  leave  him 
far  better  off  than  the  farm-hand  at  the  end 
of  the  month.  Then,  if  he  is  of  the  right 
stock,  there  is  sure  to  be  steady  advancement 
through  the  grades  of  ordinary  seaman  and 
seaman  to  petty  officer,  or  similar  promotion 
in  the  engine-room  or  fireroom.  Every  man 
has  $5  added  to  his  monthly  pay  on  first  re- 
enlistment  and  $3  for  every  re-enlistment 
thereafter.  A  chief  petty  officer  is  paid  $70 
a  month  and  is  eligible  for  promotion  to  the 
rank  of  warrant  officer,  at  $1200  to  $2100 
per  annum. 

Enlisted  men  are  given  substantial  boun- 
ties on  re-enlistment,  and  expert  marksmen 
and  gun  captains  have  extra  allowances. 
There  is  a  generous  provision  for  retirement 
for  blue-jackets.  After  twenty  years  of  ser- 
vice a  man  who  is  physically  disqualified  may 
retire  on  half  pay,  and  after  thirty  years  of 
service  on  three-quarters  pay.  Modern  ships- 
of-war  require  many  men  of  the  skilled 
trades, — electricians,  machinists,  carpenters, 
plumbers,  painters,  ship-fitters,  coppersmiths, 
blacksmiths,  and  boiler-makers.  Even  the 
cooks  are  liberally  paid. 

The  sea  soldiers,  or  marines,  of  the  United 
States,  half  soldiers,  half  sailors,  number 
now  when  their  ranks  are  full  6000  men, 
with  279  officers.    The  officers  of  the  marine 


722 


THE  AMERICAN  REl/IEW  OF  REI/IEWS. 


corps  may  be  appointed  from  dvil  life, 
though  some  of  them  are  graduates  of  An- 
napolis. Young  officers  entering  this  corps 
are  given  a  thoroughgoing  professional  in- 
struction. In  spite  of  occasional  recommen- 
dations that  marines  are  no  longer  needed  on 
ships-of-war,  and  that  their  services  might 
be  dispensed  with,  most  of  the  ships  afloat 
still  carry  ^  marine  guard,  and  fhese  sea 
soldiers  are  active  and  useful  in  garrisoning 
our  insular  possessions.  The  marine  corps 
has  a  long  record  of  brilliant  service  and 
martial  traditions  worth  preserving.  It  is 
as  conspicuous  now  for  neatness  and  precision 
as  it  ever  was,  and  it  has  had  its  full  share 
in  the  improved  spirit  and  efficiency  of  the 
naval  service.  Time  and  time  again  has  the 
call  of  duty  proved  that  this  splendid  corps  is, 
indeed,  "  always  ready."  Its  officers  bear  the 
titles  of  and  hold  relative  rank  with  officers 
of  infantry  ashore.  But  there  is  no  regular 
regimental  organization,  though  this  can  be 
quickly  arranged,  and  it  is  only  on  shore 
service  that  a  considerable  body  of  marines 
is  brought  to  act  together. 

THE  NAVAL  STATIONS. 

The  principal  naval  stations  of  the  United 
States  are  those  at  New  YorlL,  Boston,  Nor- 
folk, and  San  Francisco.  But  there  are  sta- 
tions of  importance  at  Portsmouth,  Philadel- 
phia, Charleston,  Pensacola,  New  Orleans, 
and  Bremerton,  on  Puget  Sound.  In  our 
insular  possessions  there  are  stations  at 
Cavite  and  Subig  Bay  in  the  Philippines,  at 
San  Juan,  Porto  Rico,  and  Culebra,  at 
Guam,  Honolulu,  and  Samoa,  and  at  Guan- 
tanamo,  Cuba.  Newport,  R.  L,  though  it 
has  no  heavy  workshops,  is  a  naval  station 
of  consequence,  long  the  headquarters  of  the 
training  system,  of  the  torpedo  service,  and 
of  the  naval  war  college. 

The  New  York  yard  is  equipped  for 
construction  work,  and  the  yard  near  San 
Francisco  is  building  a  collier  similar  to 
one  being  brought  to  completion  at  New 
York.  But  the  other  yards  have  facilities 
for  repair  only,  and  the  naval  stations  as 
a  rule,  as  has  been  said,  are  kept  to  work  of 
this  description.  All  workmen  are  now  se- 
lected on  the  merit  system. 

The  organization  of  a  large  naval  station 
is  that  of  the  Navy  Department  in  miniature. 
At  the  head  is  the  commandant,  a  line  officer 
of  the  rank  of  rear-admiral.  He  is,  as  it 
were,  the  president  and  general  manager  in 
direct  charge  of  and  directly  responsible  for 
the  activities  of  the  station.     In  time  of 


emergency  the  commandant  would  fasve 
broad  discretion  as  to  emergency  work  of 
repair,  but,  as  a  rule,  he  follows  dosdy  fb- 
stnictions  transmitted  from  Washington. 

The  bureau^  of  Construction,  of  Steam 
Engineering,  of  Ordnance,  of  Exiuipment, 
and  of  Navigation, — ^all  these  have  their  rep- 
resentation or  division  in  the  organization  o( 
the  yard,  and  so  do  the  Bureau  of  Supplies 
and  Accounts  and  the  Bureau  of  Medidnc 
and  Surgery.  There  is  undoubtedly  too 
much  complexity  here,  and  the  work  of  the 
naval  stations,  like  the  work  of  the  depan* 
nient  in  general,  would  be  simplified  and 
facilitated  by  a  consolidation  at  least  of  Htxt 
bureaus  of  G>nst ruction  and  Repair  and  of 
Steam  Engineering.  The  Bureau  of  Yards 
and  Docks  has  a  large  jurisdiction  at  eadi  of 
the  naval  stations.  The  officers  of  this  bu- 
reau are  trained  civil  engineers,  selected  from 
civil  life. 

Preparations  for  the  cruise  of  the  great 
battleship  fleet  to  the  Pacific  Ocean  are  nov 
testing  the  efficiency  of  the  whole  naval  or- 
ganization, and  especially  the  efficiency  of 
the  principal  navy  yards  of  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board. Of  late  years  a  plan  has  been  adopted 
of  sending  given  battleships  always  to  the 
same  yard  for  repair,  so  that  the  officers  to 
charge  of  the  work  and  the  workmen  them- 
selves may  become  familiar  with  the  require- 
ments. But  at  best  it  will  be  a  difficult  un- 
dertaking to  get  the  whole  great  fleet  ready 
in  time  to  sail  on  December  i6.  One  weak- 
ness in  our  naval  preparations  which  the  plas 
of  the  cruise  has  already  disclosed  is  the  lad 
of  American  steam  colliers.  Although  tk 
navy  has  a  fleet  of  these  vesels  brought  down 
from  the  Spanish  War,  yet  it  has  been  neces- 
sary to  charter  many  foreign  "  tramps "  to 
convey  the  coal  required  by  the  fleet  not  only 
at  ports  of  call  on  both  coasts  of  South 
America,  but  even  in  the  Bay  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. Though  President  Roosevelt  gener- 
ously offered  to  American  steamships  a  pref- 
erence of  50  per  cent,  in  freight  rates,  few 
or  no  ships  have  been  forthcoming.  This  L^ 
a  serious  matter,  for  though  we  can  employ 
foreign  "  tramps  "  to  supply  and  convoy  our 
fighting  fleet  in  time  of  peace,  we  could  not 
lawfully  or  decently  do  so  in  actual  war.  In 
other  words,  this  battleship  cruise,  thouf;^ 
inspired  by  broad  considerations  of  states- 
manship and  calculated  to  enhance  the  cfli- 
ciency  of  our  naval  service,  is  demonstiating 
that  the  weakness  of  our  merchant  marine  is 
as  grave  a  menace  to  us  as  a  similar  Mreakncs 
proved  to  Russia  in  her  clash  with  Japaa. 


THE  TOLL  OF  THE  TOURIST. 


BY   CHARLES    F.    SPEARE. 


A  TRAVELER  making  his  way  through 
an  impoverished  section  of  Ireland 
was  moved  to  ask  this  question  of  a  native: 

"  What  do  the  people  round  here  live  on, 
Pat?" 

And  the  answer,  containing  the  germ  of 
much  economic  truth,  came  this  wise: 

"  Pigs,  sorr,  mainly,  and  tourists  in  the 
summer." 

The  business  of  entertaining  the  foreigner 
and  of  showing  him  the  sights  has  become  a 
leading  one  in  several  countries.  If  Ireland 
is  sustained  by  the  summer  tourists,  so,  in 
much  larger  proportion,  are  Switzerland, 
France,  and  Italy.  It  will  probably  surprise 
most  persons  to  know  that  the  annual  income 
of  France  from  tourists  is  something  like 
$500,000,000.  Paris  bankers  have  even 
placed  the  figure  as  high  as  $600,000,000. 
This  is  $16  per  capita  compared  with  a  per 
capita  export  of  domestic  products  of  $25. 
The  Swiss  are  said  to  be  "  a  nation  of  inn- 
keepers," and  any  one  who  has  traveled 
about  in  the  twenty-two  cantons  knows  how 
the  people  of  that  republic  cater  to  foreign 
visitors.  But  very  few  realize  that  the  in- 
come from  pleasure  seekers  in  the  Swiss 
mountains  and  valleys  is  greater  than  that 
from  Swiss  exports  of  merchandise  or  from 
farm  products.  Italy  has  lately  been  forced 
to  admit,  through  some  of  her  economists, 
that  the  gold  of  the  transient  population  is  a 
source  of  profit  ranking  well  up  with  that  of 
industry  and  commerce,  and,  further,  that  the 
northern  part  of  the  kingdom  derives  much 
compensation  from  the  liberal  tourist  and 
collector.  The  tourist  toll  to  Italy  is  now 
reckoned  at  $100,000,000  a  year,  or  nearly 
equal  to  the  value  of  exports  from  January 
to  May.  Wealthy  old  John  Bull  does  not 
ignore  the  rising  stream  of  gold  that  flows 
into  his  vaults  from  the  pocketbooks  of  the 
foreigner  and  acknowledges  that  his  favor- 
able trade  balance  with  the  United  States, 
from  June  until  October,  is  primarily  due 
to  the  bills  that  the  American  tourist  con- 
tracts while  abroad.  Egypt,  Norway,  and 
Holland,  as  well  as  Germany,  draw  freely 
on  the  balances  of  the  sightseer,  though  it 
virill  be  readily  admitted  that  the  English, 
the  Germans,  and  the  Dutch  give  back  in 


the  pursuit  of  their  own  pleasures  more  than 
they  receive  from  those  of  others. 

Two  generations  ago  John  Stuart  Mill 
made  an  elaborate  argument  against  the  eco- 
nomic profit  to  a  country  from  the  spendings 
of  tourists.  Latter-day  economists  like  M. 
Leroy  Beaulieu,  speaking  for  France,  and 
Signor  Luzzatti,  for  Italy,  together  with  the 
noted  Swiss  banker.  Dr.  Geering,  strongly 
oppose  this  argument  and  go  so  far  as  to  say 
that  tourists'  moneys  play  an  important  part 
in  their  respective  countries  in  establishing  a 
favorable  trade  balance  and  in  permitting  the 
cancellation  of  international  obligations. 

The  tide  oi  travel  rises  with  prosperity 
and  ebbs  again  in  lean  times.  The  years 
since  1900  have  witnessed  more  money-mak- 
ing throughout  the  world  than  any  others  in 
history.  This  same  period  has  •seen  the  de- 
velopment of  tourists'  routes  that  had  been 
but  pioneer  paths.  Travel  has  brought  about 
revolution  in  the  ocean-steamship  business 
and  in  Continental  railroad .  service.  To 
cater  to  the  transatlantic  trade  alone  more 
than  a  score  of  new  "  liners  "  have  been  built 
at  a  cost  of  approximately  $100,000,000. 
London,  a  city  of  the  poorest  hotel  accom- 
modations a  decade  ago,  has  been  forced  by 
the  foreign  invasion  to  erect  a  dozen  or  more 
splendid  hostelries  where  the  American  can 
enjoy  some  of  his  home  comforts  and  conve- 
niences. Paris,  aptly  described  as  **  the  great 
international  pocket  into  which  pours  a  mar- 
velous yield  of  the  most  willingly  paid  taxes 
in  the  world, — taxes  of  pleasure," — has  met 
the  situation  by  doubling  her  hotel  capacity. 
Even  slow-going  Italy  has  recognized  the 
profits  from  tourists,  for,  while  Italian  rail- 
roads, under  government  ownership,  seem  to 
be  getting  worse  instead  of  better,  and  a  200- 
mile  trip  in  a  first-class  carriage  is  more 
wearisome  than  the  long  ride  in  the  Riviera 
express  from  Paris  to  Monte  Carlo,  Italian 
hotels  have  been  growing  less  romantic  and 
more  comfortable.  Going  over  to  Alexan- 
dria and  Cairo  one  finds  abundant  evidence 
that  the  $6,000,000  annually  spent  in  Egypt 
by  tourists  is  making  an  impression  there  and 
leading  to  improvements  on  a  liberal  scale. 

The  Englishman  used  to  be  the  world's 
greatest  traveler.    It  was  part  of  his  educa- 


724 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  RE^IElVS. 


tion  to  make  the  "  grand  tour."  English 
colonization  in  the  East  gave  an  object  for 
visits  to  India,  Japan,  and  China.  When 
he  had  gone  half-way  round  the  world  the 
Briton  very  often  decided  to  make  the  entire 
circuit  of  the  globe.  The  English  are  still 
much  given  to  roving,  and  the  Gladstone  and 
"  kit  "  bag  may  be  seen  any  day  at  any  prom- 
inent railway  station  east  or  west  of  Suez. 
But  the  English  tourists  are  not  so  conspicu- 
ous as  they  were  before  the  American,  the 
German,  and  the  South  American  began  to 
accumulate  wealth  and  to  evince  a  desire  to 
see  what  other  countries  than  their  own  had 
to  offer  in  the  way  of  scenery,  historical  asso- 
ciations, and  pleasure  making.  You  can  find 
an  American  in  almost  any  place  on  the  Con- 
tinent of  Europe  nowadays,  quite  as  readily 
as  an  Englishman.  The  dress  suit  case  is  the 
national  trademark  displayed  by  every  band 
of  American  tourists.  It  is  due  to  the  Amer- 
ican passion  and  fashion  for  traveling,  which 
has  developed  within  recent  years,  that  such 
elaborate  schemes  have  been  created  abroad 
for  the  entertainment  of  our  people. 

There  are  now  but  three  months  in  the 
year  when  the  stream  of  American  tourists 
to  and  from  Europe  dries  up,  between  Octo- 
ber and  January.  Not  so  long  ago  Ameri- 
cans crossed  in  May  or  June  and  returned 
in  August  or  September,  going  and  coming 
by  the  North-Atlantic  route.  Then  they 
were  through  for  the  year.  Now  they  begin 
to  pack  again  soon  after  Christmas,  and  the 
Mediterranean  boats,  from  January  to  May, 
are  sold  out  months  in  advance.  In  Italy 
there  is  one  continuous  season.  The  dread 
of  Roman  fever  and  of  intense  summer  heat 
has  passed,  and  tourists  find  that  the  months 
which  were  formerly  tabooed  for  travel  south 
of  Venice  and  Milan  are  among  the  most 
delightful  of  the  year.  The  American  is 
just  beginning  to  learn  that  Switzerland  in 
the  winter  offers  great  opportunity  for  good 
fun.  For  a  long  time  the  Englishman  has 
been  spending  his  Christmas  holidays  in  the 
Engadine,  at  Davos,  Montreaux,  St.  Mor- 
itz,  and  at  Grindelwald,  eating  his  plum 
pudding  and  roast  duck  there  in  the  whirl 
of  the  finest  winter  sports  that  are  to  be  had 
anywhere  in  the  world.  The  French  Rivi- 
era provides  an  outlet  during  the  cold 
weather  for  those  who  fill  Paris  and  the  sea- 
side resorts  like  Trouville,  Ostend,  and 
Scheveningen  in  the  summer.  It  will  read- 
ily be  seen  how  to  Switzerland,  France,  and 
Italy,  where  the  tourist  movement  is  almost 
perpetual,  the  economic  development  of  the 


country  is  closely  related  to  the  spend ings  of 
outside  people. 

HOW   FRANCE   PROFITS   FROM  THE   TOURIST. 

It  is  to  France,  and  especially  to  Paris, 
that  the  tourist  is  drawn.  The  French  cap- 
ital is  filled  with  foreigners  with  their  purses 
wide  open  from  one  year's  end  to  the  other. 
It  is  a  common  saying  that,  but  for  the  pat- 
ronage of  Americans  and  English,  half  of  the 
large  Parisian  hotels  would  be  tenantlcss  and 
compelled  to  close.  The  American  invaskm 
of  Paris  this  year  has  been  unprecedented. 
We  read  that  "  the  dining  room  of  the  Hotel 
Ritz  looked  like  the  Casino  in  Newport," 
because  of  the  well-known  Americans  there. 
Always  a  magnet,  Paris,  since  motoring  oo 
the  Continent  has  become  such  a  fad,  is  the 
real  hub  of  the  pleasure-making  universe. 
"  Automobilism,"  said  Yves  Guyot,  the 
French  economist,  recently,  "  has  contrib- 
uted to  the  general  augmentation  of  ricbes 
in  France."  The  perfect  roads  of  the  re- 
public are  very  nearly  paying  for  themselves 
in  the  great  fund  of  gold  that  motorists  an- 
nually leave  in  the  country.  There  has  been 
a  sort  of  renaissance  among  the  old  inns  of 
the  chateau  region,  where  nearly  every  mo- 
torist now  spends  part  of  his  time,  and  also 
in  the  cathedral  towns  south  and  east  of 
Paris.  At  one  time  this  summer  it  was 
reckoned  that  8000  automobile  parries,  em- 
bracing 40,000  Americans,  were  touring  the 
Continent,  and  that  their  running  expenses 
would  be  $25,000,000. 

But  it  is  in  the  capital  itself  that  the  yield 
to  the  nation  from  her  visitors  of  pleasure  is 
largest.  Frank  H.  Mason,  Consul-General 
to  Paris,  in  his  latest  report  to  Washington, 
placed  the  value  of  exports  from  the  various 
American  consulates  in  France  to  the  United 
States  at  $129,000,000.  This  was-  for  the 
year  ending  June  30,  1907.  From  the  city 
and  district  of  Paris  the  amount  was  $64,- 
143,000.  This  was  an  increase  over  1906 
of  $12,105,000.  But  It  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  these  figures  do  not  include  any 
of  the  vast  amount  of  clothing,  furs,  jewelry, 
and  other  articles  of  luxury  and  taste  bought 
by  Americans  and  taken  home  for  personal 
use.  These  may  have  a  value,  Mr.  Mason 
says,  of  $20,000,000  as  a  minimum,  or  thcr 
might  be  twice  as  much.  Taking  an  avo*- 
age,  it  would  be  conservative  to  estimate  the 
money  spent  for  souvenirs,  for  wearing  ap- 
parel, jewelry,  and  the  like  at  about  10  per 
cent,  of  the  actual  living  and  traveling  ex- 
penses. 


THE   TOLL   OF   THE   TOURIST, 


726 


These  figures  include  only  the  American 
toll  to  France.  The  English  contribute  nearly 
as  much,  if  not  more;  the  Germans  a  good 
bit,  while  few  persons  realize  the  liberal 
spendings  in  Paris  of  the  South  Americans, 
such  as  the  Brazilian,  Argentinian,  and 
Chilean. 

Switzerland's  tidy  income. 

While  the  tourist  revenue  of  Switzerland 
does  not  compare  in  the  aggregate  with  that 
of  France,  it  still  represents  a  greater  pro- 
portion of  the  national  revenue.  It  is,  as  I 
stated  before,  more  important  even  than  the 
returns  from  trade.  We  are  able  to  get  a 
very  accurate  idea  of  what  it  amounts  to, 
since  the  business  of  catering  to  the  foreigner 
is  so  much  a  part  of  the  republic's  life  that 
a  record  has  been  kept  of  the  moneys  ex- 
pended in  this  direction.  The  report  of 
the  Swiss  Hotel-Keepers'  Association,  whose 
latest  publication  I  have  been  able  to  obtain, 
gives  some  very  interesting  data  on  the  sub- 
ject. This  shows  how  hotel  receipts  alone 
have  doubled  since  1880.  They  are  to-day 
200,000,000  francs  ($40,000,000)  a  year. 
In  the  past  twenty-five  years  the  number  of 
hotels  has  risen  from  1080  to  2000.  One 
reason  is  the  inauguration  of  winter  sports. 
Whereas  in  1903,  the  year  when  the  last 
figures  were  available,  Swiss  exports  of 
watches  were  valued  at  118,000,000  francs, 
laces  at  131,000,000  francs,  silks  at  11 1,- 
000,000  francs,  and  cotton  goods  and  cheese 
combined  at  a  little  under  90,000,000  francs, 
the  hotel  receipts  for  1905  were  190,000,000 
francs.  Not  only  for  the  money  it  produces 
but  for  the  numbers  it  employs  the  Swiss 
hotel  industry  ranks  high,  with  33,480  em- 
ployees in  1905,  compared  with  45,000 
workers  on  farms,  45,000  on  fabrics,  and 
44,000  in  jewels.  This  does  not  include  pro- 
prietors and  their  families,  who  all  work  to- 
gether in  the  common  cause. 

Mr.  R.  E.  Mansfield,  American  Consul 
at  Lucerne,  in  his  reports  to  his  home  office, 
has,  in  the  past  year,  frequently  mentioned 
the  importance  to  the  confederacy  of  money 
annually  spent  by  tourists  in  Switzerland. 
Lucerne  is  the  Mecca  to  which  every  pilgrim 
turns, — next  perhaps  to  Paris  in  its  fascina- 
tion. It  b  the  only  Swiss  municipality  where 
an  accurate  record  of  all  tourists  is  main- 
tained. Therefore  the  figures  it  provides  are 
important. 

Between  May  and  November  last  year, 
186,227  visitors  and  tourists  were  registered 
in  Lucerne.     For  local   railway   fares  they 


paid  about  $6,500,000.  They  spent  about  as 
much  more  for  hotel  expenses,  carriage  hire 
and  incidentals,  so  that  the  gross  revenue  was 
$11,095,000,  or  $347.35  per  capita,  for  the 
Lucernese.  These  figures  only  tell  the  story 
of  the  city  of  the  four  cantons.  Writing  to 
me  in  June,  Mr.  Mansfield  goes  deeper  into 
the  subject  and  estimates  that  the  400,000 
visitors  to  the  various  winter  and  summer 
Swiss  resorts  in  1906  spent  $31,000,000,  or 
$10  for  every  one  of  the  3,500,000  men, 
women,  and  children  in  the  country.  It  will 
be  seen  that  his  figures  are  very  much  below 
those  of  the  Hotel-Keepers'  Association, 
which  is  concerned  with  living  accommoda- 
tions alone. 

Thirty  per  cent,  of  the  tourists  to  Switzer- 
land are  Germans.  The  Swiss  are  the  next 
best  patrons  of  their  own  hotels  and  railways. 
ITiey  represent  20  per  cent.  The  English 
are  third  with  a  14  per  cent,  ratio;  but  they 
stand  first  in  the  length  of  time  spent  in  the 
mountains  and  valleys.  France  is  fourth, 
and  the  remaining  25  per  cent,  is  composed 
of  Austrians,  Hungarians,  Russians,  and 
Dutch.  Probably  many  Americans  are 
classed  under  the  head  of  English,  for  cer- 
tainly Americans  swarm  in  Lucerne,  Inter- 
laken,  and  Geneva  in  the  summer  months. 

THE    AMERICAN    TOURIST   TOLL. 

Of  the  20,000  tourists  who  visit  Norway 
each  season  and  spend  $3,000,000  there,  it  is 
conceded  that  the  Americans  lead.  So  large 
a  part  of  the  travel  to  the  fiords  is  by  yacht 
and  steamer  especially  chartered  by  tourist 
agencies  that  Norway  does  not  get  anywhere 
near  the  full  benefit  of  it.  A  great  deal  of 
the  money  is  paid  out  in  Londoti  and  at  Ger- 
man ports. 

The  question  of  how  much  the  American 
nation  annually  contributes  to  Europe  for 
tourist  travel  and  its  incidentals  has  been 
widely  discussed  of  late.  It  is  everywhere 
admitted  that  the  sum  has  been  growing  at 
a  rapid  rate  in  the  last  five  years.  It  has 
come  to  be  one  of  the  best  indices  of  national 
extravagance  as  well  as  of  national  prosper- 
ity. Europeans  have  been  astonished  at  the 
freedom  with  which  money  has  been  spent 
abroad.  It  has  been  a  policy  of  carte  blanche 
for  almost  everything,  everywhere.  This 
reckless  and  prodigal  spirit  has  had  a  great 
deal  to  do  with  giving  foreigners  the  impres- 
sion that  American  worship  is  of  the  golden 
god.  No  one  doubts  but  that  it  has  lowered 
the  standard  of  European  commercial  moral- 
ity and  exaggerated  the  venality  of  French, 


726 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^lElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


Italian,  and  'Swiss  innkeepers  and  shopkeep- 
ers. I  read  in  an  English  paper  recently  that 
railway  guards  in  England  received  $1,500,- 
000  a  year  in  tips,  "  most  of  it  probably  given 
by  Americans."  When  I  saw  ^he  son  of  a 
Boston  banker  throwing  his  unused  five-lira 
bills  from  the  steamer  at  Naples  to  the  rab- 
ble on  the  quay  below  I  felt  that  he  was  com- 
mitting a  crime  against  his  countrymen. 
This  foolish  and  sinful  waste  of  money  im- 
posed a  tax  on  some  other  American  when  he 
bargained  with  the  Neapolitan  serving  class. 

From  careful  investigation  in  many  quar- 
ters I  should  place  the  yearly  American  tour- 
ist toll  to  Europe  at  from  $125,000,000  to 
$150,000,000.  I  include  in  that  the  money 
that  goes  to  purchase  valuable  works  of  art. 
J.  P.  Morgan  already  has  a  collection  picked 
up  abroad  at  a  cost  of  nearly  $10,000,000. 

The  number  of  American  travelers  to 
Europe  this  year  ran  from  125,000  to  150,- 
000.  Eastbound  cabin  passengers  from  the 
port  of  New  York,  from  January  to  October, 
were  83,500,  and  second-cabin  passengers 
85,500.  The  individual  expenses  of  a  party 
in  a  personally  conducted  tour  would  be 
from  $400  to  $500.  The  average  for  a 
motor-touring  party  would  be  from  $2500 
to  $3000.  Bankers  who  draw  a  great  many 
letters  of  credit  for  wealthy  Americans  say 
that  the  average  credit  is  for  $3000,  though 
instances  are  common  where  credits  as  high 
as  $25,000  to  $50,000,  and  even  of  $75,000, 
are  established  abroad  for  our  people  and 
two-thirds  exhausted  in  a  three  months'  sea- 
son. Elisha  Flagg,  general  agent  in  London 
for  the  American  Express  Company,  figures 
that  Americans  take  $100,000,000  abroad 
with  them  in*  various  drafts,  but  that  they 
do  not  spend  it  all.  A  German  has  recently 
prepared  an  estimate  on  the  annual  profit  to 
Europe  of  the  American  invasion.  He  is 
radical  in  his  statements,  as  he  figures  that 
300,000  citizens  of  the  United  States  cross 
annually  and  spend  $760  a  head,  exclusive 
of  steamship  tickets,  or  $228,000,000  in  all. 
American  women,  he  reckons,  leave  $8,000,- 
000  with  Parisian  dressmakers  and  $1,500,- 
000  with  milliners,  while  American  tourists 
of  both  sexes  spend  $2,000,000  in  Paris  for 
trifling  mementoes  of  their  trip. 

A  conservative  English  journal  said  edito- 
rially last  spring,  when  preparations  were 
being  made  to  receive  the  traveler  from  **  the 
States  " :  "  Not  an  insignificant  item  in  the 
balance  of  trade  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain  is  the  expenditure  in  this 


country  of  American  tourists."  It  was  then 
estimated  that  the  money  value  to  the  credit 
of  this  account  was  $25,000,000.  Of  this 
nearly  $10,000,000  represents  the  American 
subsidy  to  London  alone.  A  detailed  reckon- 
ing places  the  American  hotel  bills  at  the 
English  capital  at  $2,500,000;  purchases  of 
jewels,  $1,000,000;  of  antiques,  $1,750,000; 
of  draperies,  $1,000,000,  and  to  dressmakers, 
hatters,  tailors,  and  haberdashers  another 
$1,000,000.  The  average  bill  at  one  hotel, 
that  housed  6600  Americans  in  the  season, 
was  $250. 

Probably  three  times  as  much  is  spent  by 
Americans  in  Paris  and  in  France  generally 
as  in  London  and  the  British  Isles;  nearly  as 
much  in  Germany  as  in  England,  especially 
since  so  many  rich  Americans  take  the  water 
cure  and  count  a  season  of  physical  retreat 
at  the  leading  German  spas  as  a  part  of  their 
annual  round  of  living;  as  large  an  amount 
in  Italy  as  in  England  and  Germany  com- 
bined,— Italy  now  draws  her  largesse  from 
nine  of  ten  Americans  who  go  abroad  in  the 
winter  or  spring, — while  of  the  $6,000,000 
tourists'  bonus  to  Egypt  each  year  the  Amer- 
ican contributes  a  goodly  share. 

As  an  incident  to  this  great  yearly  bounty 
on  American  pleasure-seeking  is  the  further 
sum  of  $15,000,000  which  is  spent  by  tour- 
ists in  Canadian  resorts,  in  Bermuda,  Ja- 
maica, and  the  West  Indies.  Every  summer 
Americans  fill  the  hotels  of  the  Canadian 
Rockies.  The  toll  of  the  Yankee  is  as  great 
an  incident  in  Bermuda's  fiscal  affairs  as  the 
revenue  from  her  lilies,  her  onions,  or  her 
potatoes  used  to  be. 

**^  In  the  balance  sheet  of  the  nations,"  it 
has  been  wisely  said,  "  the  expenditures  for 
travel  form  part  of  the  invisible  claims  of 
other  countries  against  us.  The  question 
comes  up  every  year  whether  it  pays,  and  the 
answer  is  both  yes  and  no."  Each  individual 
must  make  his  own  answer.  Has  he  wasted 
his  time  flitting  from  place  to  place,  return- 
ing with  a  hodge-podge  of  impressions  and 
hotel  labels,  or  has  he  assimilated  and  drawn 
profit  from  the  change  of  scene  and  the  mo- 
saic of  ideas  about  better  living  put  together 
from  world-wide  experiences?  It  is  not  so 
much  that  we  spend  $125,000,000  or  $150,- 
000,000  abroad  each  year,  a  sum  equal  to 
one  and  a  half  times  our  gold  production  and 
50  per  cent,  more  than  the -five-year  average 
of  our  wheat  and  flour  exports,  but  what  in- 
terest this  great  sum  of  money  draws  for  the 
higher  culture  of  the  investing  nation. 


THE  NET  RESULT  AT  THE   HAGUE. 


BY  DAVID  JAYNE  HILL. 


'  I  ^  HERE  are  two  widely  accepted  theories 
with  regard  to  the  pacification  of  the 
world  which  tend  to  belittle  the  value  of 
the  Hague  Conferences.  One  is  that  perma- 
nent peace  between  the  "nations  is  intrin- 
sically impossible,  because  their  vital  interests 
and  purposes  are  in  essential,  conflict,  and 
the  love  of  domination  is  so  strong  in  human 
nature  that  war  is  certain  always  to  recur  in 
the  future  as  it  has  in  the  past.  The  op- 
posing theory  is  that  universal  peace  is  at 
once  attainable  by  the  mere  resolution  to 
abolish  war,  and  that  governments  have  only 
to  agree  to  maintain  peace  by  referring  all 
their  differences  to  third  parties  for  settle- 
ment, binding  themselves  to  abide  by  their 
decisions,  whatever  they  may  be. 

Those  who  hold  the  first  theory  regard 
international  conferences  like  those  that  have 
been  held  at  The  Hague  as  nugatory  and 
superfluous,  for  the  reason  that  such  con- 
gresses can  add  nothing  to  the  motives  to 
refrain  from  war  or  to  the  power  to  prevent 
it.  On  the  other  hand,  those  who  accept  the 
second  theory  regard  as  sterile  and  derisory 
all  discussions  and  agreements  that  do  not 
go  to  the  root  of  the  matter  and  by  one  de- 
cisive act  render  war  impossible. 

Between  these  two  ways  of  thinking,  the 
Hague  Conferences  have  been  saluted  with 
contempt  on  the  one  hand,  and  satire  on  the 
other;  and  have  found  their  friends  chiefly 
among  those  who  consider  that  education, 
the  perception  of  the  practical  value  of  law, 
and  the  gradual  subjection  of  impulse  to  rea- 
son are  progressive  elements  of  national  de- 
velopment under  the  laws  of  social  evolu- 
tion ;  and  who,  therefore,  simply  ask  that,  as 
in  other  spheres  of  political  growth,  there 
may  be  found  in  international  relations  a 
reasonable  rate  of  progress  toward  the  real- 
ization of  the  great  ideals  of  peace,  co-opera- 
tion, and  good  will. 

Leaving  aside  the  merely  theoretical  as- 
pects of  the  subject,  let  us  modestly  inquire 
what  are  the  results  of  the  Second  Peace 
Conference  at  The  Hague? 

It  is  not  without  significance  that,  for  the 
first  time  in  the  history  of  the  world,  the 
representatives  of  forty-five  independent 
powers, — diplomatists,  jurists,  and  experts  in 


military  and  naval  science, — have  been  able 
to  meet  together  in  a  friendly  manner  and  to 
discuss  without  animosity  some  of  the  most 
delicate  international  questions  during  more 
than  four  months  without  a  rupture  of  per- 
sonal or  national  amity.  When  it  is  consid- 
ered that  the  Second  Peace  Conference  at  The 
Hague  has  included  nearly  every  sovereign 
state, — and  all  of  the  greatest  importance, 
— that  in  many  instances  the  truth  has  been 
spoken  clearly,  earnestly,  and  sometimes  with 
vivacity;  that  some  of  the  delegates  were  but 
recently  arrajed  against  each  other  in  the 
heat  of  battle  on  sea  and  land,  that  others 
held  or  represented  opinions  diametrically 
opposed,  that  they  were  all  largely  occupied 
with  considering  what  they  might  or  might 
not  do  to  one  another  in  the  event  of  a  future 
struggle  in  which  their  lives  and  those  of 
their  countrymen  would  be  the  pawns,  the 
courtesy,  the  reasonableness,  and  the  agree- 
ment of  these  gentlemen  regarding  certain 
great  principles  present  a  commentary  on 
our  contemporary  civilization  and  an  expo- 
sition of  its  tendencies  most  gratifying  to 
the  moralist  and  the  philanthropist  as  well 
as  to  the  jurist  and  the  publicist. 

But  what  has  the  Second  Conference 
done?  It  has  demonstrated,  first  of  all,  not 
only  that  a  universal  congress  of  this  char- 
acter is  possible,  but  that  certain  great  prin- 
ciples,— or  postulates  of  constructive  action, 
as  we  may  call  them, — are  now  beyond  dis- 
pute. Among  these  are  the  propositions  that 
peace  is  the  normal  and  war  the  abnormal 
condition  of  civilized  nations;  that  the  rela- 
tions of  sovereign  states  are  properly  based 
on  principles  of  justice,  and  not  upon  force; 
that  really  sovereign  states  should  have  equal 
rights  before  the  bar  of  international  justice, 
independently  of  their  size  or  military 
strength ;  that  disputes  between  governments 
should  be  settled,  as  far  as  possible,  by  judi- 
cial methods,  and, not  by  war;  and  that  war, 
if  inevitable,  is  an  evil  whose  disastrous  con- 
sequences,— especially  as  regards  neutrals, 
non-combatants,  the  sick  and  the  wounded, 
— should  by  general  agreement  be  reduced 
to  a  minimum. 

What,  then,  has  the  Conference  done  to 
give  practical  effect  to  these  principles?    It 


728 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^lElV  OF  REI^IEIVS. 


has  concluded  thirteen  conventions,  made 
two  declarations,  passed  one  resolution, 
emitted  five  voeux, — ^which  the  irreverent 
characterize  as  "  pious  wishes," — and  offered 
one  special  recommendation. 

As  the  conventions  have  not  yet  been  rati- 
fied, and  the  action  which  the  different  gov- 
ernments may  take  regarding  them  is  un- 
known, it  would  not  be  appropriate  for  a 
recent  delegate  to  do  more  than  describe 
them  in  the  most  objective  manner.  It  is 
impossible,  therefore,  at  this  time  and  in 
this  article  to  attempt  an  analysis  of  the 
motives  and  policies  of  the  different  govern- 
ments,— interesting  as  this  might  be, — in  fix- 
ing the  limitations  that  have  been  imposed. 
It  is  important  to  note,  however,  that,  what- 
ever may  be  the  fate  of  these  treaties  as  re- 
spects ratification  and  subsequent  execution, 
they  accurately  register  the  degree  of  prog- 
ress which  an  international  conference,  seri- 
ously and  conscientiously  aiming  at  the  task 
of  pacification,  is  now  ready  to  accept. 

The  work  of  the  Conference  not  only 
serves  to  indicate  the  exact  stage  that  has 
been  reached  in  international  development, 
— which  has  a  considerable  value  for  stu- 
dents of  thfc  subject, — ^but  it  renders  appar- 
ent what  remains  to  be  done  in  order  to 
carry  forward  the  movement  of  which  it 
forms  a  part.  That  movement  cannot  be 
promoted  by  heaping  reproaches  upon  those 
powers  whose  conservatism  Tias  prevented  a 
further  advance  in  making  definite  engage- 
ments. Each  sovereign  state  has  its  own 
peculiar  problems  of  government,  is  the 
rightful  judge  of  its  own  interests  and  re- 
sponsibilities, and  cannot  justly  be  placed  in 
the  pillory  of  public  condemnation  for  the 
attitude  which  it  regards  as  appropriate  to 
the  discharge  of  its  obligations  to  its  con- 
stituents. It  is  by' solid  argument  and  by 
good  example,  and  not  by  censure,  therefore, 
that  international  progress  is  to  be  promoted. 
However  dear  our  theories  and  ideals  may 
be  to  us  as  individuals  dr  as  nations,  the  first 
principle  of  all  harmonious  international  de- 
velopment is  that  no  sovereign  state  is  to 
be  coerced,  and  that  each  shall  be  permitted 
to  act  freely  in  the  light  of  its  interests  and 
responsibilities  as  it  sees  them.  Progress, 
therefore,  can  be  made  no  faster  than  the 
powers  will  consent  to  make  it ;  and  that 
consent  will  depend  in  the  future,  as  it  has 
depended  in  the  past,  upon  educational  in- 
fluence and  wise  diplomacy.  What,  then,  is 
the  stage  of  progress  actually  attained  by  the 
Second  Peace  Conference? 


The  first  convention  Is  a  careful  revision 
of  the  treaty  of  1899  for  the  pacific  settle- 
ment of  international  disputes.  With  re- 
gard to  good  offices  and  mediation,  a  slight 
step  forward  was  taken  by  the  acceptance  of 
the  American  proposition  that  the  initiative 
of  powers  foreign  to  the  controversy  in  oflEer- 
ing  them  is  not  only  "  useful  "  but  "  desira- 
ble." Greater  precision  has  hecn  given  to 
the  operation  of  commissions  of  inquiry, 
whose  great  utility  has  already  been  tested, 
but  it  was  decided  that  the  functions  of  such 
commissions  should  be  confined  to  a  deter- 
mination of  facts  and  should  not  extend  to 
fixing  responsibility.  As  regards  arbitration, 
while  it  was  reasserted  that  "  in  questions  of 
a  legal  character,  and  especially  in  the  inter- 
pretation or  application  of  international 
conventions,  arbitration  is  recognized  by  the 
contracting^  powers  as  the  most  efficacious 
and  at  the  same  time  the  most  equitable 
means  of  settling  differences  that  have  not 
been  adjusted  by  diplomacy,"  and,  "  in  con- 
sequence, it  would  be  desirable  that,  in  con- 
tentions of  this  character,  the  powers  should 
resort  to  arbitration,"  it  was  not  found  pos- 
sible to  render  this  resort  an  obligation. 

It  is  necessary  to  state,  however,  that  while 
unanimity  upon  this  proposal  was  not  ob- 
tainable,— even  for  a  convention  that  omitted 
all  questions  affecting  "  the'  vital  interests, 
independence,  or  honor"  of  the  contestants 
and  included  only  a  meager  list  of  mainly 
unimportant  subjects, — thirty-two  powers 
voted  in  favor  of  it,  only  nine  Were  opposed, 
and  three  abstained  from  votinfe.  As  prac- 
tical unanimity '  was  held  to  be  necessary 
for  the  inclusion  of  a  convention  in  the  final 
act,  even  this  very  moderate  atteiiipt  at  ob- 
ligatory arbitration  was  unfruitful.  Still,  as 
this  strong  manifestation  of  a  disposition  to 
make  a  definite  engagement  could  not  con- 
veniently be  nullified  without  being  in  some 
measure  recognized,  it  was  resolved,  with 
four  abstentions,  that  the  first  commission 
was: 

"unanimous  (i)  in  recognizing  the  princh>le 
of  obligatory  arbitration;  and  (2)  in  aeclaring 
that  certain  differences,  notabl)r  those  relative 
to  the  interpretation  and  application  of/  con- 
ventional stipulations,  are  susceptible  of  being 
submitted  to  obligatory  arbitration  witnout 
restriction." 

Regarding  this  resolution  as  a  retreat 
from  the  more  advanced  position  that  had 
been  taken  by  thirty-two  powers,  the  head  of 
the  American  delegation  clearly  explained 
its  attitude  and  refrained  from  voting. 


THE.  NET  RESULT  AT  THE  HAGUE. 


729 


It  must,  in  jiistice,  be  added  that  some  of 
the  powers  voting  against  an  obligatory  ar- 
bitration convention  probably  did  so  chiefly 
for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  the  isolation  of 
others,  and  that  some  of  the  powers  most 
earnest  in  opposing  the  project  not  only  have 
negotiated  special  treaties  of  obligatory  arbi- 
tration, but  declare  their  intention  of  nego- 
tiating many  more.  The  state  of  the  ques- 
tion, then,  is  this:  all  accept  the  principle 
of  obligatory  arbitration  in  certain  dasses  of 
cases,  thirty-two  powers,  are  prepared  to 
make  definite  engagements  with  all  the  rest, 
nine  prefer  to  make  them  only  with  states  on 
whose  responsibility  they  can  rely,  and  three 
decline  at  present  to  commit  themselves. 

The  second  convention  relates  to  the  lim- 
itation of  the  employment  of  force  for  the 
collection  of  contractual  debts.  The  form 
which  this  American  proposition  finally  took 
is  suflidently  shown  by  citing  the  text  of  its 
first  artide: 

The  contracting  powers  are  agreed  not  to  have 
recourse  to  armed  force  for  the  recovery  of 'con- 
tractual debts  claimed  of  the  government  of  one 
country  by  the  government  of  another  country 
as  due  to  its  nationals. 

Nevertheless,  that  agreement  will  not  be  valid 
when  the  debtor  state  refuses  or  leaves  without 
reply  an  ofiFer  of  arbitration,  or,  in  case  of  ac- 
ceptance, renders  impossible  the  conclusion  of  a 
protocol,  or,  after  arbitration,  fails  to  comply 
with  the  judgment  rendered. 

It  is  also  provided  that  the  judgment  shall 
determine  the  question  whether  or  not  the 
daim  is  well  founded,  the  amount  of  the 
debt,  and  the  time  and  mode  of  payment. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  point  out  that 
this  convention  is  not  only  a  very  substantial 
gain  in  the  process  of  substituting  justice  for 
force  in  international  dealings,  but  demon- 
strates a  spirit  of  conciliation  and  regard  for 
equity  in  the  treatment  of  the  weak  by  the 
strong  that  promises  well  for  the  future. 
Its  deep  significance  for  the  financial  credit 
and  the  political  security  of  the  smaller 
states,  especially  on  the  American  continents, 
does  not  require  emphasis.  Although  ac- 
companied with  several  reserves  by  certain 
states  which  hold  that  force  should  in  no 
case  be  employed  for  the  collection  of  debts 
based  on  contract,  and  the  abstention  of  six 
of  the  smaller  European  states,  the  proposi- 
tion was  adopted  by  the  Conference  by 
thirty-nine  votes  with  five  abstentions. 

The  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  conventions 
relate  to  the  opening  of  hostilities,  the  laws 
and  customs  of  war  on  land,  and  the  rights 
and  duties  of  neutral  powers.     The  pro- 


visions are,  in  general,  in  the  interest  of 
humanity  and  a  wider  recognition  of  the 
world's  brotherhood.  The  sixth,  seventh, 
eighth,  and  ninth  conventions  relate  to  the 
prosecution  of  naval  warfare.     . 

The  acceptance  of  the  American  proposi- 
tion for  the  immunity  of  the  private  property 
of  belligerents  at  sea, — which  received  twen- 
ty-one favorable  votes  in  the  Fourth  Com- 
mission against  eleven,  and  one  abstention, — 
would,  no  doubt,  have  radically  affected  the 
substance  of  this  group  of  conventions;  but, 
being  opposed  by  several  of  the  most  impor- 
tant naval  powers,  it  was  impossible  to  ob- 
tain for  it  the  necessary  support. 

As  several  of  these  conventions  rest  upon 
no  general  principle  whatever,  but  consist 
merely  of  concessions  based  upon  the  mari- 
time interests  of  the  powers,  no  attempt  will 
be  made  to  explain  them  here;  for,  in  order 
to  comprehend  them,  it  is  necessary  to  refer 
to  the  text  of  the  articles  as  interpreted  by 
the  procis'verbaux  of  the  Conference.  The 
sixth  and  seventh  conventions  the  American 
delegation  did  not  sign,  partly  because  they 
seem  to  be  more  oppressive  to  the  rights  of 
private  propert}'  than  the  present  customary 
law  of  nations,  and  partly  because  they  ap- 
pear to  affect  the  rights  of  self-defense,  which 
the  United  States,  as  a  peaceful  nation,  has 
always  maintained,  as  correlative  to  customs 
of  naval  warfare  which  have  not  yet  been 
abolished.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  re- 
strictions upon  submarine  mines  do  not  seem 
to  humanitarians  as  radical  as  thej  would 
desire,  it  must  be  remembered  that  nations 
with  long  and  distant  coast-lines  exposed  to 
the  attacks  of  powerful  navies  cannot  safely 
forego  the  right  of  self-protection  even  at 
considerable  risk  to  peaceful  commerce.  As 
respects  the  bombardment  of  unfortified 
places  by  naval  forces,  the  ninth  convention 
prohibits  such  forms  of  attack,  except  when 
they  contain  military  material  ifor  which  sur- 
render has  been  demanded  and  refused. 

The  tenth  convention  applies  the  principles 
of  the  revised  Geneva  convention  to  mari- 
time warfare.  The  eleventh  exempts  from 
capture  all  postal  correspondence,  official  or 
private,  found  at  sea  on  any  vessel,  neutral 
or  belligerent,  as  well  as  the  boats  of  fisher- 
men. The  twelfth  establishes  an  Inter- 
national Prize  Court,  to  which  appeal  may 
be  made  from  the  decision  of  a  belligerent 
prize  court,  under  certain  conditions,  either 
by  a  neutral  power,  a  neutral  private  person, 
or  even  a  private  individual  belonging  to  a 
belligerent  power,  if  the  decision  of  the  na- 


780 


THE  AMEklCAN  kB^IEW  OF  kEyjEWS. 


tional  tribunal  concerns  merchandise  carried 
by  a  neutral  ship.  The  thirteenth  conven- 
tion presents  a  code  of  thirty- three  articles 
concerning  the  rights  and  duties  of  neutral 
powers  in  case  of  maritime  war.  It  has  not 
been  signed  by  the  American  plenipotenti- 
aries, for  the  reason  that  it  imposes  upon 
neutrals  obligations  which  it  might  be  im- 
practicable for  them  to  discharge. 

Such  are  the  conventional  engagements 
which  the  Second  Peace  Conference  at  The 
Hague  has  proposed  to  the  nations.  In  ad- 
dition, it  has  adopted  by  twenty-eight  votes 
to  eight,  with  seven  abstentions,  a  declara- 
tion prohibiting  the  throwing  of  projectiles 
and  explosives  from  balloons'.  In  a  resolu- 
tion stating  that  it  is  "  highly  desirable  "  to 
see  the  governments  take  up  the  serious  study 
of  the  continued  increase  of  military  charges, 
it  has  merely  absolved  itself  from  the  discus- 
sion of  a  question  which  it  would  be  power- 
less to  settle,  and  has  thrown  the  responsibil- 
ity for  examining  it  upon  the  separate  gov- 
ernments. As  no  one  of  them  has  made  a 
definite  proposition  to  diminish  its  military 
strength,  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  the  Con- 
ference could  take  any  other  than  this  purely 
advisory  attitude. 

There  remain  the  Voeux,  These  unful- 
filled aspirations  are  confessions  that  the 
Conference  has  had  hopes  that  it  could  not 
realize.  Foremost  among  them  is  the  pro- 
posed adoption  of  an  elaborate  project  for 
the  establishment  of  a  Court  of  Arbitral 
Justice,^ not  to  supersede  but  to  supplement 
the  present  Tribunal  of  Arbitration.  Origi- 
nally suggested  in  the  instructions  of  the 
American  delegation,  its  present  form  is  due 
to  the  collaboration  of  the  delegates  of  the 
United  States,  Great  Britain,  and  Germany. 
It  is  appended  textually  to  the  final  act, 
and  requires  for  completion  nothing  but  an 
agreement  for  the  choice  of  judges.  The 
serious  labor  expended  upon  it  is  not  lost, 
though  its  fruits  may  be  late  in  maturing. 
It  only  remains  for  the  powers  to  take  up  the 
project  at  the  proper  time  through  diplomatic 
channels,  and  thus  carry  to  completion  a 
great  international  institution. 

The  second  Voeu  invites  the  competent 
authorities,  in  case  of  war,  to  consider  it  a 
special  duty  to  assure  and  protect  pacific 
relations  between  the  populations  of  bellig- 
erent states  and  neutral  countries.  The  third 
proposes  that  the  situation  of  strangers  es- 
tablished in  the  territory  of  the  powers  with 


regard  to  military  burdens  be  made  tbe  sub- 
ject of  special  conventions.  The  fourth 
urges  the  elaboration  of  a  code  regarding 
the  laws  and  customs  of  naval  warfare  by 
the  next  Conference.  Finally,  the  Third 
Peace  Conference  at  The  Hague  is  fore- 
shadowed in  the  recommendation  that,  after 
an  interval  similar  to  that  which  has  elapsed 
between  the  preceding  and  the  recent  meet- 
ing, a  date  be  fixed  for  another  by  common 
agreement  between  the  powers,  that  a  sufli- 
cient  notice  be  given  in  advance,  and  that 
two  years  before  it  is  convened  a  special  com- 
mittee shall  prepare  its  program,  and  be 
charged  with  the  proposal  of  its  mode  of 
organization  and  procedure. 

Until  that  time  the  promotion  of  the  peace 
and  good  understanding  of  the  nations  will 
probably  be  left  to  the  methods  of  diplomacy. 
If  the  task  remains  difficult  and  deUcate,  it 
should  certainly  be  less  so  than  it  was  before 
the  Second  Peace  Conference  convened ;  but 
the  experience  of  that  assembly  has  made  it 
morp  clearly  evident  that,  as  the  work  of 
schools  and  churches  does  not  consist  chiefly 
in  educational  and  ecclesiastical  congresses 
but  in  the  steady,  careful,  and  faithful  per- 
formance of  duty  by  the  rank  and  file  of  the 
teachers  and  the  clergy,  so  international  con- 
ferences in  the  interest  of  peace  and  justice 
owe  their  fruits  mainly  to  the  care,  the  fidel- 
ity, and  the  competency  of  statesmen  and 
diplomatists  who  maintain  the  daily  relations 
between  sovereign  states.  That  this  \s^  in 
truth,  a  serious  business,  \  affecting  the 
welfare  of  all  mankind,  is  b^oining  more 
and  more  evident  as  the  interests  of  great 
nations  are  more  and  more  closely  inter- 
twined by  the  growth  of  individual  and  com- 
mercial intercourse.  Without  the  previous 
preparation  for  the  recent  Conference  by  the 
action  of  the  eminent  Secretary  of  State  of 
the  United  States,  and  the  ripe  experience 
and  high  prestige  of  the  ambassadors  w^hom 
the  President  sent  to  The  Hague  to  head  the 
American  delegation,  it  would  have  been 
difficult  to  hold  the  place  there  which  that 
delegation  has  held.  If  the  results  of  the 
Conference  do  not  seem  brilliant,  it  is  not 
because  noble  ideals  were  not  held  steadily 
aloft,  but  because  it  is  the  function  of  an  in- 
ternational conference  simply  to  register  the 
general  average  of  progress  that  has  been  at- 
tained. However  this  may  be  estimated,  it 
represents  the  materials  with  which  the 
diplomacy  of  the  future  has  to  deal. 


LEADING  ARTICLES   OF  THE  MONTH. 


THE  DECAY  OF   CHILDHOOD. 


npHE  prcccx:it\'  of  the  average  American 
boy  and  girl  and  the  encouragement  by 
many  parents  of  mental  "  forwardness  "  are 
themes  with  which  newspaper,  periodical, 
and  magazine  readers  are  tolerably  familiar. 
So  much,  has  been  said  during  the  past  few 
years,  by  way  of  reproof,  from  sober-minded 
seniors  and  juniors,  both  lay  and  clerical, 
that  the  present  tendency  among  reflective 
parents  is  rather  more  toward  the  suppres- 
sion of  that  "  awful  child,"  who,  to  use*  a 
well-worn  colloquialism,  is  always  "  butting 
in,"  than  it  was,  say,  ten  years  ago. 

But  all  the  '*  too-previousness  "  and  for- 
wardness and  other  unenviable  traits  among 
children  is  not,  apparently,  on  the  North 
American  side  of  the  Atlantic.  A  few  re- 
marks on  this  ever-timely  topic, — remarks  as 
vigorous  as  they  are  true, — ^are  recorded  in 
the  current  Westminster  Review.  The 
writer,  Wilfred  M.  Leadman,  says  exactly 
what  he  thinks.     Hear  him: 

Our  children  are  children  only  in  their  beauty, 
and  if  nature  be  consistent  even  that  charac- 
teristic will  disappear  soon.  Our  boys  are  al- 
ready becoming  mere  animated  lumps  of  muscle 
and  flesh,  impelled  solely  by  material  considera- 
tions. The  soft  treble  tones  of  boyhood  or  the 
mellower  notes  of  adolescence  can  rarely  be 
heard  murmuring  the  exquisite  fables  of  old, 
but  they  are  too  apt  to  grate  on  the  ear  with  the 
horrid  slang  of  the  football  field  or  the  hideous 
jargon  of  the  mathematical  classroom.  Bounded 
as  the  modem  lad  is  on  all  sides  by  the  para- 
phernalia of  a  pernicious  i>edantry,  and  ever 
breathing  a  scarcely  less  injurious  atmosphere 
of  athletic  snobbery,  his  eyes  have  become  sealed 
to  the  perception  of  an)rthing  that  is  not  tinged 
with  the  prevalent  spirit  of  grab  or  curiosity. 
It  is  a  terrible  indictment  to  make,  but  our  pop- 
ular educational  system  is  heart  and  soul  ma- 
terialistic; it  holds  out  before  its  victims  but 
one  ideal, — the  ideal  of  "  getting  on "  at  all 
costs;  it  resolutely  neglects  the  goal  of  high 
aspirations.  Small  wonder,  then,  that  our  boys 
and  girls  under  analysis  present  a  singularly 
unattractive  set  of  ideals. 

Furthermore,  the  writer  who  thus  antag- 
onizes our  very  earliest,  very  latest,  and  most 
cherished  traditions,  proceeds  to  "  jump 
upon"  the  (British)  poets  in  this  alarming 
fashion: 


There  are  only  chemists  and  critics  nowadays. 
True,  the  poet  still  lingers  with  us,  but  (with 
the  present  generation)  poetry  is  considered  at 
best  only  an  amusing  intellectual  aberration, — 
a  sort  of  glorified  mania, — at  worst  as  a  literary 
dry  rot,  possessing  a  weird  beauty,  perhaps,  but 
always  denoting  hidden  corruption.  And  this 
spirit, — this  hatred  of  romance  and  detestation 
of  fancy,— ;-is  gencially  sure  to  stifle  any  latent 
poetic  instinct  in  the  young  to-day.  I  am  con- 
vinced that  if  Edgar  Allan  Poe  had  undergone 
an  English  train uig  such  as  boys  have  to  pass 
through  at  the  present  time  he  would  certainly 
have  wasted  a  long  life  in  riotous  prosperity, 
and  died  in  the  odor  of  rich  respectability,  but 
he  would  not  have  extracted  from  his  heart  all 
that  golden  music  with  which  h^  has  charmed 
a  drab  worid.  1  know  that  this  seems  to  be 
fooling,  and  yet, — how  many  noble  instincts  and 
divinely  sent  natural  gifts  are  being  perverted 
and  utterly  transformed  by  the  vile  leaven  of 
base  modern  ideals?  It  is  hard  enough  for  an 
adult  to  attain  to  such  a  splendid  detachment 
from  current  convention  as  to  pursue  consist- 
ently an  original  mode  of  life ;  surely  it  must  be 
impossible  for  the  average  child  to  move 
counter  to  the  direction  of  the  majority. 

The  British  educational  authorities,  too, 
come  in  for  unmerciful  castigation  in  this 
wise: 

How  much  may  not  this  country  be*  losing 
by  her  absurdly  rigid  educational  system?  She 
is  cramming  her  youth  with  solely  commercial 
or  athletic  ideals.  She  is  completely  blind  to  a 
boy's  promising  individuality;  instead  of  giving 
him  a  sympathetic  environment  and  treating  him 
with  the  same  minute  attention  to  the  smallest 
details  as  the  animals  at  the  zoo  are  treated,  in- 
stead of  trying  to  discover  his  innate  abilities 
and  nourishing  them  to  a  grand  and  p^lorious 
growth,  she  is  herding  all  her  boys  m  huge 
barracks^  training  them  all  on  the  same  wicked, 
egoistic  principles,  pitchforking  them  into  the 
professions  or  trades  which  most  suit  their 
parents'  pockets,  and  then  congratulating  her- 
self on  her  splendid  results.  Yes;  wrecked 
lives,  distorted  ideals,  degraded  abilities, — ^those 
are  often  the  fruits  of  our  superb  scholastic 
regime.  If  I  may  risk  the  charge  of  irreverence 
I  would  say  that  man  in  future  is  to  be  made  in 
the  image  of  Rockefeller  or  Sandow,  not  of 
God.  And  we  still  go  gayly  on,  heedless  of  the 
warnings  coming  to  ear  and  eye  from  school 
and  nursery.  Here  are  one  or  two.  Almost  all 
hoys  and  girls  now  have  a  morbid  dislike  of 
legend  and  fairy-tale.  One  constantly  hears  ex- 
pressions of  do'ibt,  distrust,  and  positive  disbe- 
lief from  childish  lips  with  reference  to  any  nar- 


732 


THE  AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REyiE]VS. 


ration  that  seems  inexplicable.  The  wonderful 
vital  elasticity  of  a  child's  imagination  is  being 
gradually  rotted  by  what  Oscar  Wilde  so  ad- 
mirably called  a  creeping  common  sense.  It  is 
possible  to   obtain  much  amusement   from  the 


labored  elaborations  of  some  shrivelled  scholar 
who  is  endeavoring  to  explain  away  the  story 
of  "  Puss-in-Boots."  There  is  a  certain  har- 
mony between  the  cracked  lips  and  the  cracked 
theories. 


EDUCATION  OF   THE  NEGLECTED   RICH. 


T^O-DAY  there  are  indications  at  hand  es- 
tablishing  the  fact  that  the  children  of 
parents  in  very  moderate  circumstances  re- 
ceive a  better  training  for  life's  problems, 
and  are,  therefore,  better  enabled  to  make 
something  of  themselves,  than  the  children 
of  very  rich  parents.  "  The  child  who,  un- 
der our  present  laws,  is  to  inherit-  great 
wealth,  and,  potentially,  great  position  and 
great  influence,  too  often  is  not  given  a  fair 
chance  to  become  a  decent,  intelligent,  self- 
respecting  citizen,  because  of  the  folly  or  neg- 
lect of  his  parents,"  says  Dr.  Nicholas  Mur- 
ray Butler  ^n  the  Educational  Review  for 
November. 

In  the  public  school  the  child  of  the  par- 
ents in  moderate  circumstances  learns  the 
first  great  lesson  of  practical  life, — punctual- 
ity and.  regularity  in  keeping  engagements 
and  in  the  discharge  of  daily  duty.  From 
his  associations  he  learns  that  natural  ability, 
good  sense,  friendly  companionship,  and  high 
purposes  are  as  likely  tol)e  the  characteristics 
of  the  son  of  the  artisan  as  of  the  lawyer  or 
large  manufacturer.  False  consciousness, 
caddishness,  and  snobbery,  hence,  are  not  de- 
veloped in  him.  When  he  goes  to  college  he 
makes  good  use  of  his  time  and  his  oppor- 
tunities to  fit  himself  for  intelligent  citizen- 
ship, no  matter  what  his  future  calling  may 
be.  He  is  the  stock  of  which  his  community 
is  made  up. 

Contrariwise,  the  child  of  the  wealthy  has 
no  such  opportunity.  Fashion  dictates  his 
up-bringing.  Horse  shows,  or  the  like,  hap- 
pening about  the  period  when  schools  open 
in  the  fall,  defer  his  entrance  upon  study 
until  November  at  the  earliest.  Occasionally 
there  are  absences  of  from  two  to  four  weeks, 
and  by  mid-April  the  "  country  house  "  must 
be  opened,  and  school  sees  no  more  of  him 
for  that  session.  With  such  interruptions  in 
his  school  life  it  is  practically  impossible  for 
him  to  derive  any  good  effects. 

Moreover,  his  associations  are  apt  to  make 
him  a  member  of  a  class  apart  from  the  rest 
of  the  Republic's  juveniles, — the  worst  pos- 
sible preparation  in  our  American  democracy. 
Or,  the  school  which  he  attends  is  probably 


one  subordinated  to  the  caprices  of  the 
wealthy;  hence  systematic  and  judicious 
training  of  mind  and  character  is  impossible. 
Private  tutoring  does  not  benefit  him.  It 
tends  to  develop  all  his  idiosyncrasies,  de- 
prives him  of  the  opportunity  and  aid  of 
companionship  and  healthy  emulation  of 
other  boys,  and  builds  up  a  dismal  sort  of 
self-consciousness  which  is  singularly  un- 
fortunate. 

At  fashionable  boarding-schools  things  go 
from  bad  to  worse.  Snobbishness  repl^res 
character  and  sport,  sometimes  study.  QJ- 
lege  is  entered  through  the  strenuous  efforts 
of  "  coaches,"  and  from  his  college  life  he 
practically  gets  nothing.  His  associates  are 
exclusives  like  himself;  his  aims  are  usually 
social,  occasionally  athletic,  never  scholarly. 
As  a  rule  he  loafs  through  college,  hires  a 
substitute  to  pass  his  examinations,  and,  after 
scraping  over  the  barriers  to  graduation,  in 
a  few  years  secures  a  degree,  and  is  there- 
upon eligible  for  membership  in  any  uni- 
versity club  in  the  land.  This  process,  sajrs 
Dr.  Butler,  is  gone  through  with  every 
year. 

To  youths  of  this  class  a  college  is  never 
thought  of  as  an  educational  institution.  "  It 
is  a  social  opportunity,  an  agreeable  covintry 
club,  where  one  takes  his  valet,  his  polo 
ponies,  his  bulldog,  his  motor  car."  Wealth 
weighs  lightly  on  him  and  so  abdicates  its 
natural  and  just  position  in  the  community- 
Parents  are  principally  responsible  for  thb 
condition  of  affairs.  With  low  ideals  of  life, 
or  no  ideals  at  all,  they  thus  neglect  their 
children's  education,  inflicting  a  positive  in- 
jury on  the  body  politic  by  leaving  immense 
fortunes  to  uneducated,  untrained  children 
with  no  sense  of  responsibility  to  the  public, 
and  no  ideak  other  than  display  and  personal 
enjoyment. 

To  wealth,  as  such,  there  is  little  real 
antagonism.  There  is  a  plainly  growing  re- 
sentment to  the  abuse  of  it  by  the  children 
and  grandchildren  of  those  who  accumulated 
family  fortunes.  The  excesses  of  the  younger 
generation  are  the  result  of  bad  education, 
or  no  education  at  all.    The  only  solution  is 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


733 


for  the  rich  parent  to  treat  the  question  of 
his  children's  education  as  a  matter  of  su- 
preme seriousness.  He  must  charge  himself 
with  seeing  that  their  habits  of  mind  and 
body  are  sound;  likewise  their  study  and 
play ;  that  their  instruction  and  discipline  are 
serious  and  systematic,  that  their  outlook  on 
life  is  broad,  rational,  and  well-balanced; 
and  "  finally,  that  their  ideals  of  conduct  are 
such  that  will  make  them  good,  law-abiding, 
responsible  citizens,  able  and  willing  to  bear 
their  share  in  forming  public  opinion  and  in 


contributing  to  the  life  of  our  democracy." 
The  obstacles  to  such  a  reformation  are 
found  in  the  folly  and  indifference  of  fathers 
and  in  the  vanity  and  false  pride  of  mothers. 
Perhaps  the  latter  are  more  blameworthy 
than  the  fathers.  The  number  of  such  un- 
educated boys,  fortunately,  in  the  whole  com- 
munity is  not  large;  but,  un/ortunately,  the 
publicity  which  attaches  to  the  slightest 
movement  or  action  of  themselves  or  family, 
lends  undeserved  weight  to  their  example,  so 
often  a  pernicious  one. 


THE  MIGRATIONS   OF  LABOR. 


**  T^HE  modem  migrations  of  peoples  sur- 
pass, in  intensity  and  extent,  the 
great  popular  migrations  of  olden  times. 
They  tear  whole  generations  out  of  their 
native  soil,  and  transplant  whole  nations  in 
foreign  territory;  they  annihilate  here  the 
cultural  characteristics  of  a  people,  and  there 
they  cause  new  nations  and  cultures  to 
spring  forth."  In  these  words  Herr  EUen- 
bogen,  one  of  the  Austrian  delegates  to  the 
recent  International  Socialist  congress  at 
Stuttgart,  concluded  an  eloquent  address  be- 
fore that  gathering. 

If  any  one  should  regard  this  as  an  exag- 
geration, his  attention  may  be  called  to  the 
following  facts,  set  forth  in  a  strong  arti- 
cle by  Friedrich  Naumann,  in  Suddeutsche 
Monatshefte: 

For  centuries  the  negroes  have  been  trans- 
ported to  America,  and  have  there  become  an 
clement  of  the  population  which  gave  rise  to 
the  North  American  Civil  War,  and  the  in- 
corporation of  which  into  the  American  na- 
tional body  has,  by  no  means,  even  yet,  been 
accomplished.  From  America,  and  also  to  a 
certain  extent  directly  from  Africa,  the  negro 
IS  distributed,  in  individuals,  all  over  the 
great  ports  and  cities  of  importance,  especial- 
ly those  in  warmer  climes. 

From  China  and  Japan  flows  a  stream  of 
labor  toward  all  tropical  and  sub-tropical 
colonies,  unless  these  put  up  the  law  as  a 
bar  against  It,  as  Australia  has  done.  The 
advent  of  the  Chinese  and  Japanese  have  al- 
ready, in  the  Far  West  of  North  America, 
become  a  vital  question  to  the  European  ele- 
ments of  the  population,  and  they  are  also 
becoming  more  and  more  numerous  in  the 
Eastern  cities  of  the  United  States.  In  the 
gold  and  diamond  fields  of  South  Africa  they 
have  a  Chinese  question,  and  London  and 


Hamburg  have  already  quite  a  number  of 
Chinese  among  their  seafaring  people.  "  Our 
[German]  coal  industry  magnates  and  agri- 
cultural landowners  of  prominence  are  con- 
templating whether  they  should  import 
Chinese." 

From  southern  and  western  Russia,  from 
Poland,  Galicia,  and  Roumania,  great  hosts 
emigrate,  either  to  America  or  to  Germany 
and  England.  "  Our  baronial  estates  are 
already  unable  to  get  along  without  these 
migratory  laborers,  and  in  the  German  min- 
ing regions  there  have  arisen  colonies  with 
foreign  population." 

Italy  sends  to  Germany  and  Austria  nu- 
merous masons,  diggers,  and  foundry  work- 
ers. "Just  think  of  the  Lothringian  iron 
industry."  In  all  large  German  cities  colo- 
nies of  Italians  are  found.  At  the  same  time, 
the  Italian  populates  northern  Africa  and 
South  America,  and  he  is  also  generously 
represented  in  North  America. 

The  Irish  leave  their  home  country,  and 
become  Americans  in  large  numbers.  The 
same  applies,  in  a  certain  degree,  to  the 
Scotch  and  Norwegians. 

The  Germans  have  contributed  largely  to 
the  colonization  of  North  America,  but  have 
also,  in  earlier  times,  sent  considerable  num- 
bers of  laborers  to  France.  "  Nowadays,  the 
great  emigration  has  ceased  and  has  been  re- 
placed by  an  immigration,  but  German  strag- 
glers are  yet  to  be  found  in  every  country." 

Through  all  these  migrations  the  racial  char- 
acter of  entire  nations  is  changed.  This  fact  is 
most  apparent  in  the  United  States  of  North 
America.  There  the  English-German  race,  to- 
gether with  a  certain  French  element  in  former- 
ly French  territory,  forms  the  core  of  the  popu- 
lation. Language  and  customs  are  English- 
American.  But  with  every  year  the  forr 
element  increases  and  expands  the  more,  as/ 


734 


THE  AMERICAN  REy/EU^  OP  REVIEWS. 


number  of  children  of  English  stock  is  decreas- 
ing, while  the  immigrants  of. other  races,  in  most 
instances,  come  abundantly  endowed  with  pro- 
lific propensities.  American  writers  have,  and, 
not  without  reason,  pointed  to  the  transforma- 
tion process  which  the  Roman  Empire,  and 
particularly  the  city  of  Rome,  underwent  in  the 
first  centuries  after  the  birth  of  Christ,  when  all 
old  Roman  institutions,  while  yet  remaining  as 
such,  were  filled  with  non-Romans,  until  a  time 
arrived  when  the  empire  was  governed  by  Il- 
ly rians,  Spaniards,  and  Africans,  and  was  no 
longer  a  Roman  empire.  Among  the  other 
theories  as  to  the  causes  of  the  downfall  of  the 
Roman  Empire,  the  contention  that  the  barbar- 
ians destroyed  Rome  through  their  influx  and 
settlement  is  certainly,  in  a  measure,  justifiable, 
and  may  serve  as  a  warning  to  us  modems. 

The  historical  warning  cannot,  however, 
continues  T>t.  Naumann,  help  us  out  of  the 
present  situation  in  the  United  States.  What 
will  free  America,  which  has  founded  its 
present  culture  on  migration  only,  do  in  this 
case  ?  Should  she,  and  could  she,  close  herself 
up  against  immigration  ?  Exclusion  measures 
have  been  tried  against  the  Slavic,  as  well  as 
against  the  eastern  Asiatic,  immigration. 

Can  a  modem  state  close  its  doors?  Can  it 
withdraw  labor  from  its  agriculture  and  indus- 
tries because  this  labor  is  of  foreign  origin? 
Or  should  it  not  have  such  a  strong  faith  in 
the  power  of  assimilation  that  it  does  not  ques- 
tion its  own  ability  to  amalgamate  all  strange 
elements  into  a  future  unity? 

With  Germans,  says  this  writer,  further, 
the  immigration  question  has  not  yet  become 
as  urgent  as  it  is  in  North  America,  but 
among  all  nations  we  rank  next  after  the 
Americans  in  regard  to  immigration  interests 
and  immigration  troubles. 

Our  Polish  question  is  only  a  part  thereof, 
although  the  one  which  has  been  most  frequent- 
ly dealt  with,  and  which  has  excited  the  keenest 
interest.  As  far  as  one  may  rely  on  the  rather 
uncertain  statistics  on  the  use  of  the  mother 
tongue,  it  appears  that  fully  nine-tenths  of  the 
population  in  the  German  Empire  is  German. 
The  non-German  inhabitants,  however,  trace 
their  origin,  to  a  great  extent,  from  German  na- 
tional territory  (Poles,  Danes,  Alsatians,  Ma- 
nures, Wends,  Lithuanians ) .  The  number  of  im- 
migrants, in  the  proper  sense  of  the  word,  is, 
then,  not  overwhelmingly  great,  yet  it  cannot  be 
denied  that  the  Rhenish-Westphalian  industrial 
district,  Berlin,  Upper  Silesia,  and  partly  also 
Saxony  have  already  a  pretty  mixed  population, 
and  that  all  the  great  landed  estates  east  of  the 
Elbe  are  dependent  on  foreigners.  Thus  the 
question  presents  itself  also  to  us,  whether  we 
should  let  matters  take  their  own  course  and 
shape  themselves  as  they  may.  The  Prussian 
Government  plays  a  double  hand.  It  supports 
the  ultra-agrarian  policy,  of  which  it  knows  that 
the  effect  will  be  a  gradual  Slavic  influx,  and  at 
the  same  time  it  busies  itself  with  making  re- 
strictions as  to  residence  against  the  migrating 


laborers.     There  is  an  absolute  lack  of  system 
in  dealing  with  the  situation  in  hand. 

Just  as  there  are,  in  a  financial  way, 
creditor  states  and  debtor  states,  so  there 
are,  we  arc  i^eminded  by  Dr.  Naumann,  in 
a  migrator}'  respect,  immigration  states  and 
emigration  states. 

As  we  Germans  have  earlier  been  an  emigra- 
tion state,  and  lately  have  become  an  immigra- 
tion state,  we  can,  in  a  measure,  understand  the 
interests  connected  with  both  phases.  While  an 
emigration  state,  we  have  complained  of  all  re- 
strictions placed  against  Germans,  **  out  of 
spite,"  by  any  foreign  country.  We  protested 
against  the  decision  of  the  municipal  council  of 
Paris  to  employ  only  French  street-sweepers,  as 
this  action  was  prejudicial  to  the  interests  of 
the  German  street-sweepers  of  La  Villette.  This 
is  only  a  sample  of  many.  We  have  always  con- 
sidered it  as  some  sort  of  right  of  man  that 
Germans  should  be  permitted  to  put  themselves 
in  evidence  everywhere.  But  we  have  not  al- 
ways found  it  quite  so  easy  to  concede  this  same 
right  of  man  to  all  those  who  have  desired  to 
settle  down  with  us.  This  was  most  glaringly 
brought  forth  in  the  anti-Semitic  representations 
against  Jewish  immigration,  but  has  also  mani- 
fested itself  publicly  on  many  other  occasions, 
when  it  was  stipulated,  at  the  building  of  the 
magnificent  canals,  that  no  foreigners  should,  if 
possible,  be  employed.  Hardly  any  class  of  the 
population  is  altogether  free  from  sentimental 
dislike  of  any  kind  of  immigration  whatsover. 

It  would  seem  highly  desirable  to  permit 
the  migration  to  continue  as  it  may,  but  to 
limit  the  trade  in  men.  To  this  end  the 
following  means  are  provided: 

1.  Prohibition  of  the  in^portation  of  contract 
laborers.  This  is  the  principal  thing,  and  would, 
if  carried  into  actual  practice,  act  almost  as  a 
heavy  tariff. 

2.  Raising  the  standard  of  labor  protection 
for  all  classes  of  laborers,  even  the  lowest,  to 
such  a  height  that  it  would  not  pay  to  employ 
unskilled  labor.  This  idea  has  been  most  thor- 
oughly carried  through  in  Australia,  but  appears 
there  in  connection  with  a  prohibition  of  immi- 
gration. 

3.  Concession  of  all  political  rights  to  immi- 
grants. This  is  a  rather  double-edged  means. 
It  promotes,  on  the  one  hand,  the  political  and 
professional  organizability  of  the  immigrants, 
but  gives  them,  on  the  other  hand,  a  controlling 
influence  so  much  the  sooner. 

Thus,  concludes  the  German  writer,  we 
see  that  the  leading  idea  is  this:  We  should 
admit  orjy  such  people  as  we  may  expect  to 
be  able  to  raise  to  the  level  of  our  own  cul- 
tural requirements. 

To  this  latter  end  the  trades  unions  should 
direct  their  educational  attention.  To  this  cor- 
responds, on  the  other  hand,  that  which  is  de- 
manded of  the  emigration  countries.  Especially 
is  a  close  control  of  the  emigration  agencies  re- 
quired, and  also  stipulations  in  regard  to  mini- 
mum space  on  emigrant  ships. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


736 


FIFTIETH  ANNIVERSARY   OF  THE  "ATLANTIC 
MONTHLY."      - 


pOR  fifty  goodly  )rears  our  Slustrious 
contemporary,  the  Atlantic  Monthly, 
has  been  a  beacon-light  in  the  realms  of 
American  belles-lettres.  The  name  of  every 
prominent  and  distinguished  man  of  letters 
in  this  country  during  the  past  half  century 
has,  relatively  speaking,  at  one  time  or  an- 
other appeared  between  its  covers.  Emer- 
son, Longfellow,  Lowell,  Whittier,  and 
Holmes,  it  will  suffice  to  mention;  and  the 
general  excellence  of  its  contributions  has 
never  been  seriously  questioned.*  As  then,  it 
is  now,  our  representative  literary  magazine, 
and  of  its  ideals  and  purposes  every  American 
has  just  reason  to  be  proud. 

Its  November  issue  contains  some  unpub- 
lished" verse  by  James  Russell  Lowell;  "  The 
Launching  of  the  Magazine,"  by  Prof. 
Charles  Eliot  Norton ;  "  An  Early  Contribu- 
tor's Recollections,"  by  Mr.  John  Town- 
send  Trowbridge ;  "  Recollections  of  an  At- 
lantic Editorship,"  by  Mr.  William  Dean 
HowcUs;  "Literature"  (185 7- 1907),  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson;  "Sci- 
ence" (1857-1907),  by  Mr.  Henry  S. 
Pritchett;  "Art"  (1857-1907),  by  Mr. 
Hamilton  Wright  Mabie ;  "  Politics  "  ( 1857- 
I907)»  by  President  Woodrow  Wilson  of 
Princeton ;  "  Atlantic  Dinners  and  Diners," 
by  Mr.  Arthur  Oilman;  " The  Editor  Who 
Was  Never  the  Editor,"  by  Mr.  Bliss  Perry 
(its  present  editor)  ;  "  Unbound  Old  At- 
lantics,"  by  Lida  F.  Baldwin,  "  The  Writer 
and  the  University,"  by  Mr.  Walter  H. 
Page ;  and  "  Rose  Macleod,"  a  serial  by 
Alice  Brov^Ti. 

Entertaining  as  are  these  articles  for  all 
readers,  to  subscribers  and  friends  who  have 
supported  the  magazine  from  its  foundation 
they  must  prove  exceedingly  interesting  and 
grateful. 

In  the  spring  of  1857, — ^o  be  exact,  on 
the  tM'cnty-third  of  May, — Lowell  wrote  to 
Professor  Norton,  in  England,  as  follows: 

We  are  going  to  start  a  new  magazine  here  in 
October.  .  .  .  The  magazine  is  to  be  free, 
without  being  fanatical,  and  we  hope  to  unite  in 
it  all  available  talent  of  all  modes  of  opinion. 
The  magazine  is  to  have  opinions  of  its  own  and 
not  be  afraid  to  speak  them.  I  think  we  shall 
be  scholarly  and  gentlemanlike. 

Professor  Norton  returned  to  America 
with  several  manuscripts  from  various  Eng- 
lish writers  in  July,  but  the  trunk  containing 
the  precious  contributions  mysteriously  dis- 


appeared. "The  whole  affair,"  wrote 
Lowell  hereon,  "  is  as  melancholy  as  it  is 
mysterious."  As  the  weeks  wore  on,  how- 
ever, it  was  discovered  that  this  embarrass- 
ment was  in  reality  a  blessing,  for  it  relieved 
the  editors  from  the  necessity  of  rejecting 
well-intended  but  unsatisfactory  material. 
The  Atlantic  was  to  depend  for  its  success 
upon  American  writers. 

Nevertheless,  the  leading  article  of  the 
first  number  was  the  sketch  of  an  English 
author,  Douglas  Jerrold,  by  James  Hannay, 
an  English  writer,  then  widely  celebrated, 
but  little  remembered  to-day, — ^this  manu- 
script having  escaped  the  ill-luck  of  being  in 
the  lost  trunk. 

Lowell  was  determined  to  maintain  a  high 
standard,  and  read,  personally,  every  manu- 
script submitted  for  publication.  The  read- 
ing, he  complained,  "  was  hard  work,"  and 
the  amount  of  work  that  just  fell  short  of 
being  good  "  astonishing."  The  second  num- 
ber of  the  magazine  was  better  than  the  first, 
according  to  him,  and  he  expressed  a  fervent 
aspiration  that  the  third  issue  would  be  still 
better. 

"  No  magazine,"  says  Professor  Norton, 
"  could  have  had  a  more  brilliant  and  pros- 
perous start,  or  one  which  gave  better  prom- 
ise for  continued  success." 

At  the  outset  it  depended  largely  for  its  cor- 
dial reception  by  the  public  upon  the  contribu- 
tions of  writers  already  eminent,  the  great 
writers  of  the  middle  of  the  century.  As  one 
by  one  these  lights  were  extinguished,  their 
places  were  not  supplied  by  any  of  equal  lustre. 
But  while  the  higher  ranks  of  literature,  espe- 
cially poetry,  were  thus  depleted,  there  was  a 
rapid  mcrease  of  capable  writers  of  abundant 
knowledge,  and  of  trained  faculty  of  thought 
and  of  expression,  and  of  manifest  talent  A  de- 
mocracy was  substituting  itself  for  the  older 
aristocracy  and  with  the  usual  result :  the  general 
level  was  raised,  while  but  few  conspicuous 
elevations  lifted  themselves  above  its  surface. 

According  to  this  writer,  the  difference 
between  1857  and  1907  seems  like  that  be- 
tween ancient  and  modern  times.  There  was 
no  Atlantic  cable,  no  telephone.  The  Civil 
War  was  still  unfought.  The  increase  in 
knowledge  has  been  immense  and  rapid,  while 
material  conditions  have  altered  greatly  and 
with  them  the  world's  intellectual  outlook. 
"  To-day,"  says  he,  "  the  writing  about  ma- 
terial things  and  of  the  daily  affairs  of  men 
of  politics  and  of  society,  history,  biography. 


786 


THE  AMBRlCAhl  kE^IElV  OF  REHElVS. 


voyages  and  travels,  encyclopaedias,  and  scien- 
tific treatises,  far  outweighs,  in  quality  no  less 
than  in  quantity,  the  literature  of  sentiment 
and  the  imagination.  The  whole  spiritual 
nature  of  man  is  finding  but  little,  and  for 
the  most  part  only  feeble  and  unsatisfactory, 
expression." 

He  complains  that  there  is  not  a  single 
commanding  voice   in   poetry   to-day.     But 


this  shall  not  be  forever.  The  spirit  is  never 
wholly  quenched.  Romance  never  dies.  The 
stars  of  night  still  shine  to  the  souls  of  men. 
Great  harpers  will  come  again,  "  and  the  lat- 
ter days  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  in  that  per- 
haps still  distant  time,  may  be  no  less  worthy 
of  fame  than  when  Emerson  and  Longfellow 
and  Lowell  and  Whittier  and  Holncies  were 
its  regular  contributors." 


THE  CENTENARY  OF  WHITTIER: 
•    SINGING  VOICE." 


*  AMERICA'S  ONE 


JOHN    GREENLEAF    WHITTIER,     1807-1892. 

ON  December  17,  1807,  John  Greenleaf 
Whittier,  poet  and  reformer,  was  born 
in  the  outskirts  of  Haverhill,  Mass.  This 
month  New  England  celebrates  the  Whittier 
centenary,  and  a  number  of  articles  appear 
in  the  literary  magazines  setting  forth  the 
Quaker  poet's  claims  to  the  appreciation 
and  gratitude  of  his  countrymen.  In  Put- 
nam's Alonthly  for  December  there  ap- 
pears an  appreciation  by  H.  W.  Boynton, 
who  gathers  up  into  several  interesting 
pages  the  main  points  of  Whittier*s  claim  to 
distinction. 

A  recent  pilgrimage  to  the  old  farmhouse 
in  which  the  poet  was  born  did  not  impress 
Mr.  Boynton  very  deeply.     The  birthplace 


looked  exactly  as  it  might  have  been  expected 
to  look, — "  such  a  little  old  farmhouse  as  you 
may  see  on  any  New  England  hillside."  The 
very  homeliness  and  apparent  commonplace- 
ness  of  the  place,  however,  suggest  to  the 
writer  of  the  article  in  question  the  true  dis- 
tinction of  Whittier. 

Quite  as  truly  as  Burns,  Whittier  was  in- 
digenous incorrigibly  provincial  in  the  narrow 
sense,  yet,  through  his  very  loyalty  to  the  prov- 
ince which  nature  had  made  his  own,  achieving 
an  integrity  of  eflFort  and  result  hardly  to  be  at- 
tained by  the  most  ardent  cosmopolitanism,  the 
most  skilful  compliance.  The  Haverhill  farm- 
house was  not  merely  Whittier's  birthplace :  it 
was  his  home  for  some  thirty  years,  and  the 
rest  of  his  long  life  was  lived  within  a  few 
miles  of  it.  He  did  not  "  drag  at  each  remove 
a  lengthening  chain,**  for  there  were  no  re- 
moves. He  was  not  translated  from  one  State 
to  another,  froiti  one  plane  of  living  to  another, 
like  Longfellow  and  Bryant.  He  would  never 
travel ;  he  refused  repeatedly  to  go  to  England^ 
though  the  warmest  of  welcomes  awaited  him 
there.  He  was  content  to  take  always  deeper 
root  in  the  soil  from  which  he  sprang.  There 
are  plenty  of  farmers  in  the  neighborhood  to- 
day who  are  equally  immovable,  equally  stub- 
bom  in  their  parochialism.  They  are  a  silent 
race,  but  they  have  had  their  voice. 

Whittier  was  more  than  reformer  and 
genre  poet ;  he  has  a  clearer  title  to  fame  in 
the  fact  that  he  is  a  true  singer, — ^the  "  only 
remarkable  singer  America  has  certainly 
produced." 

Due  tribute  has  been  paid  to  his  ardent  and 
generous  services  of  a  public  nature  and  to 
the  beautiful  serenity  and  purity  of  his  private 
life.  We  may  remember  him  here  for  a  mo- 
ment as  a  singing  voice. 

Not  that  the  gentle  poet  himself  was  un- 
der any  delusions  as  to  his  capacities  and 
hmitations.  It  will  be  remembered  that  in 
the  "Proem"  to  the  collected  edition  of 
his  poems  in  1857,  he  says: 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH 


737 


Not  mine  the  seer-like  power  to  show 

The  secrets  of  the  heart  and  mind; 
To  drop  the  plummet-line  below 
Our  common  world  of  joy  and  woe, 

A  more  intense  despair  or  brighter  hope  to  find. 

Yet  here  at  least  an  earnest  sense 
Of  human  right  and  weal  is  shown; 
A  hate  of  tyranny  intense. 
And  hearty  in  its  vehemence, 


As  if  my  brother's  pain  and  sorrow  were  my 
own. 

But,  according  to  Mr.  Boynton,  his  great 
claim  IS  that  he  was  a  pure  singing  voice, 
with  a  fine,  close  acquaintance  with  nature. 
"  The  truth  is,  no  other  American  poet  has 
had  so  intimate  a  knowledge  of  the  subtle 
lines  and  softer  shades  of  Nature's  face." 


THE  ECOLE   DES  BEAUX   ARTS:  ITS  INFLUENCE  ON 
OUR  ARCHITECTURE. 


TN  the  architectural  world  the  strongest 
^  influence  operating  in  the  United  States 
is  that  of  the  modem  French  school.  The 
**  change  of  front "  of  American  architecture 
during  the  past  decade  is  both  significant  and 
systematic,  and  really  deserves  the  considera- 
tion and  attention  of  the  public.  "  Is  this  as 
it  should  be,  and  were  we  to  throw  oflf  this 
influence,  would  we,  in  our  untutored  and 
susceptible  condition,  indulge  in  other  archi- 
tectural excesses  which  would  be  even  worse  ? 
Should  we  not  before  we  have  allowed  this 
transplanted  art  to  take  so  firm  a  hold  of  our 
people  as  to  nip  in  the  bud  or  postpone  in- 
definitely any  tendency  to  develop  a  national 
architecture,  stop  and  consider  ?  " 

Thus  writes  Mr.  J.  Stewart  Barney,  on 
this  subject,  in  the  Architectural  Record  for 
November,  in  explaining  why  we  have 
adopted  the  teachings  of  the  modern  French 
school  while  neglecting  the  magnificent  archi- 
tecture immediately  preceding  the  Renais- 
sance. The  influence  of  this  school,  he  de- 
clares, IS  not  the  best  for  the  future  archi- 
tect of  America.  A  few  years  ago  we  had 
not  a  single  graduate  of  the  "  Ecole  des 
Beaux  Arts."  Now,  we  have  many.  Yearly 
hundreds  of  young  Americans  go  to  Paris 
to  study  architecture  in  that  school  or  under 
the  direction  of  one  of  its  graduates. 

The  purpose  of  the  writer  is  to  point  out 
that  the  theories  and  teachings  of  the  "  Ecole 
des  Beaux  Arts"  do  not  apply  to  modem 
American  requirements,  not  to  criticise  the 
French  architecture  of  the  Renaissance.  The 
methods  of  the  modem  French  school  are 
indispensable  for  the  French  student  aiming 
for  the  "  Grand  Prix  de  Rome,"  but  not  at 
all  serviceable  for  the  American.  While  re- 
gretting the  absence  of  that  atmosphere  of 
universal  appreciation  of  art  which  gives  to 
the  American  student  in  Paris  new  interest 
and  encouragement,  he  says  the  latter  must 


be  able  to  distinguish  clearly  and  distinctly 
betw  een  true  thought  and  raving,  reason  and 
nonsense,  conviction  and  pose.  "  He  must  be 
able  to  disabuse  his  mind  of  the  idea  that  in 
his  work  in  Paris  he  is  preparing  himself  for 
his  work  in  America." 

The  French  student,  says  he,  is  taught  to 
plan  with  his  eyes.  "  He  uses  a  very  soft 
pencil,  or,  preferably,  a  piece  of  charcoal. 
With  this,  on  a  small  piece  of  paper,  he 
spins  and  spins  and  spins  in  concentric  cir- 
cles, until  he  has  covered  the  entire  paper 
with  a  soft  gray  tone  of  interlacing  lines. 
These  he  smears  occasionally  with  his  fin- 
gers, and  in  this  shadowy  uncertainty  his 
quick  and  trained  imagination  sees  or  devises 
a  form  which  his  experience  has  shown  will . 
be  considered  good.  He  then  forces  the  con- 
ditions which  govern  the  problem  to  fit  this 
beautiful  form.  By  the  process  of  propor- 
tioning the  different  parts  of  his  plan  he 
claims  to.  arrive  at  a  solution,  and  by  means 
of  his  power  of  indication  he  renders  the 
whole  pleasing  to  the  eye.  The  first  is  false, 
the  second  deceiving." 

In  brief,  they  may  be  accused  of  wrongly 
applying  the  rules  of  artistic  combinations  of 
forms,  lights  and  shades.  Accordingly,  the 
writer  says,  their  theories  are  just  as  ap- 
plicable to  the  working  drawings  for  an  au- 
tomobile. They  will  criticise  a  plan  without 
even  thinking  of  asking  the  scale  at  which  it 
is  drawn,  and  are  apt  to  form  standards  of 
excellence  which  are  erroneous.  When  their 
methods  are  applied  to  American  competi- 
tions for  a  real  building,  great  injustice  may 
be  done  to  those  who  are  not  educated  in 
these  theories,  or,  understanding  them,  con- 
sider them  worthless  and  reflise  to  be  in- 
fluenced by  them. 

By  the  French  teaching,  the  plan  is  an  as- 
semblage of  symbolic  indications,  and  when 
rendered  in  accordance  with  their  rules  of 


738 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REl^lElVS. 


shades,  tones,  values,  etc,  is  perfectly  under- 
stood by  their  judges.  Under  such  a  system 
the  student,  if  he  is  a  master  of  the  art,  can 
at  will  suggest  to  the  judges  grayness,  sad- 
ness, light  and  air,  or  absence  of  both, — a 
beautiful  view  or  a  dense  forest.  All  this  is 
meaningless,  childish,  and  aimless,  to  the 
writer,  who  believes  that  it  is  time  to  stop 
and  consider. 

Advocates  of  the  French  system  who  have 
attained  proficiency  claim  to  be  able  to  de- 
sign by  the  theory  of  proportion  the  correct 
solution  of  any  problem,  a  blockhouse  in 
Alaska,  the  palace  of  a  king,  the  hou^  of  an 
American  millionaire,  or  an  undertaker's 
shop,  twenty  or  thirty  stories  high,  to  be  built 
in  New  York,  without  any  other  prepara- 
tion than  a  good  eye  for  proportion  and  a 


wonderful  skill  in  indication.  Since  this 
school  encourages  "  false  indication "  the 
writer  thinks  it  is  time  to  object  to  the 
importation  of  its  product  into  this  coun- 
try. False  conditions,  false  solution,  false 
indication,  false  construction  arc  its  char- 
acteristics. 

It  is  an  architect's  chief  duty  to  produce 
artistic  solutions  from  given,  practical  condi- 
tions. His  real  business  is  not  with  the 
drawings  but  with  buildings  and  their  ar- 
rangements. The  French  school  reverses 
this  and  then  exceeds  it,  by  giving  the  exe- 
cution of  the  tirawings  paramount  considera- 
tion. These  tendencies,  the  writer  says,  \%t 
are  unduly  magnifying,  and  are  permitting 
to  creep  into  our  every-day  architectural 
practice. 


OIL  TRANSPORTATION   INDUSTRY. 


CTANDARD  OIL  for  more  than  a  gen- 
eration furnishes  the  clearest  illustra- 
tion of  prevalent  oil-shipping  practices.  In 
fact,  the  course  of  the  company  has  been 
shaped  largely  through  its  transportation 
conditions.  Prior  to  1872  the  railroads  did 
this  work,  and  up  to  1877  were  embroiled 
in  "  pools,"  rate  wars  and  the  like.  The 
Interstate  Commerce  act  of  1887  put  an 
end  to  pooling  and  discriminations.  In  1874 
the  reorganization  of  the  United  Pipe  Lines 
took  place,  and  1877  found  this  company  in 
control  of  the  oil  industry  through  its  ab- 
sorption of  the  Empire  Transportation  Com- 
•  pany  and  the  Columbia  Conduit  Company. 
In  1879  the  Tide  Water  Pipe  Company  at- 
tempted to  extend  its  lines  to  the  seaboard, 
and  in  1881  the  National  Transit  Company 
was  organized,  by  Standard  interests,  to  con- 
vey oil  by  pipe  from  the  fields  to  the  Atlantic 
Coast.  In  1883  resulting  wars  with  the 
railroads  were  terminated  by  an  agreement 
to  divide  the  traffic  between  them  and  the 
pipe  lines.  Various  independent  pipe  lines 
were  built  subsequently  and  combined  into 
one  system,  the  Pure  Oil  Company,  in  1900, 
and  this  company  is  now  a  formidable  com- 
petitor of  the  Standard. 

The  problems  presented  in  oil  transporta- 
tion by  rail  still  remain  unsolved.  Those 
arising  from  pipe-line  transportation  are,  in 
some  respects,  similar  to  the  problems  of  the 
common  carrier,  and,  in  all  respects,  unique. 
As  auxiliaries  to  pipe  lines,  tank  steamers, 
tank  cars,  and  tank  wagons  are  employed, 


and  these  were  discussed  recently  by  Com- 
missioners Garfield  and  Smith  in  their  re- 
port on  the  investigation  of  the  oil  industry. 

The  capacity  of  a  pipe  line  is  strictly  lim- 
ited by  the  gauge  of  the  pipe.  It  can  only 
be  increased  by  duplication.  This  is  ag- 
gravated by  the  variable  production  of  oil  in 
the  fields.  In  Colorado  it  fell  from  501,763 
barrels  in  1904  to  376,238  barrels  in  1905, 
while  it  rose  exceedingly  in  Louisiana,  Texas, 
Kansas,  and  Indian  Territory  in  the  same 
period.  Notwithstanding  this  risk,  pipe  lines 
have  been  laid  with  increasing  regularity. 
Pipe-line  charges  have  been  fixed  at  a  figure 
which  will  move  the  traffic  rather  than  at 
the  actual  cost  of  operation  over  the  distance 
covered.  Trunk-line  charges  are  correspond- 
ingly larger  than  the  fcost  of  operarion  in 
order  to  avoid  a  deficit  on  the  entire  system, 
says  Mr.  Gilbert  Holland  Montague,  in  the 
Journal  of  Political  Economy  for  October. 

"The  charges  which  the  commissioner 
makes  against  the  pipe  line  companies,"  sa>-s 
he,  "  are  that  they  refuse  to  transport  oil 
for  others,  or  to  deliver  at  desired  points,  or 
to  sell  crude  oil,  or  to  enforce  reasonable 
regulations  as  to  the  quantity  of  shipment." 
These,  the  writer  thinks,  are  untenable,  be- 
cause the  pipe  lines  are  not  common  carriers. 
The  practices  complained  of,  he  maintains, 
are  common  to  all  private  businesses.  The 
pipe  lines  do  not  own  the  oil  which  they 
carry ;  hence  they  cannot  sell  oil.  As  to  their 
regulations  regarding  shipment,  the  writer 
contends  that  regulation  is  clearly  necessary 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


739 


to  prevent  loss  from  admixture  of  different 
oils  in  transit  through  the  pipes. 

As  a  whole,  the  pipe-line  situation  presents 
surprisingly  few  problems.  While  seeming- 
ly a  public-service  company,  it  is  conducted 
like  a  private  business.  Its  importance  in 
the  economy  of  Standard  Oil  cannot  be 
overestimated.  That  company's  public  and 
private  lines  aggregate  35,000  miles  at  a 
cost  of  $50,000,000.  The  commissioner 
likens  its  holdings  to  one  vast  system  extend- 
ing from  Indian  Territory  to  the  Atlantic 
seaboard,  though  the  lines  in  and  from  each 
field  form  a  distinct  group  or  system.  The 
oldest,  the  "  Appalachian,"  has  five  trunk 
lines  running  from  its  fields  to  New  York, 
Philadelphia,  and  Baltimore,  at  tidewater, 
where  there  are  large  refineries,  and  at  Mar- 
cus Hook,  where  crude  oil  export  shipments 
are  made.  Another  is  the  "  Buckeye-Indiana," 
w^hich  covers  the  Lima  district,  where  one 
trunk  line  extends  westward  to  the  com- 
pany's great  refinery  at  Whiting,  and  an- 
other eastward  to  Pennsylvania.  A  third 
system  covers  the  Illinois  fields,  and  a  fourth 


the  oil  regions  of  Kansas,  Oklahoma,  and 
Indian  Territory. 

For  marketing  purposes  the  oil  sold  in  the 
United  States  is  delivered  through  tank  ves- 
sels, tank  cars,  tank  wagons,  and  tank  sta- 
tions, in  bulk,  without  the  use  of  barrels  or 
other  packages  and  without  the  jobber's  in- 
tervention. At  the  refineries  tank  vessels  or 
cars  receive  the  oil,  and  it  is  redelivered  by 
these  to  the  tank  stations,  which,  in  densely 
populated  sections,  are  situated  about  fifteen 
miles  apart.  The  consumer,  or  dealer,  gets 
it  from  the  latter  by  means  of  tank  wagons, 
which  hold  about  five  to  ten  barrels.  Re- 
tailers greatly  prefer  this  method  of  delivery 
to  the  antiquated  fashion  of  delivery  in  bar- 
rels, which  were  apt  to  leak,  collect  dirt,  emit 
bad  odors,  and  cause*  damage  through  fire. 

"  By  reason  of  being  the  first  to  incur  the 
expense  of  equipping  its  extensive  system  of 
bulk  delivery,"  says  he,  "  and  of  being  the 
earliest  to  reach  the  market,  the  Standard 
Oil  Company  enjoys  the  natural  advantage 
which  always  accrues  to  the  first  transporta- 
tion agency  in  the  field." 


NORWAY'S  **  FIGHT  OF  THE  TONGUES.' 


\X^HAT  happened  in  Britain  a  thousand 
years  ago  is  being  virtually  repeated 
in  Norway  at  the  present  time.  The  strug- 
gle for  existence  between  a  half  dozen  Saxon 
dialects  ended  in  the  establishment  of  one 
of  the  least  important  as  the  basis  for  modern 
English.  The  Norwegian  people  have  for 
ages  been  divided  by  a  similar  contention  for 
supremacy,  but  it  was  not  until  the  middle 
of  the  last  century  that  the  struggle  took  on 
forms  tending  to  bring  it  to  the  attention  of 
the  outside  world.  The  change  that  led  to 
a  sharpening  as  w^ell  as  a  defining  of  the 
conflict  came  with  the  attempt  of  Ivar 
Aasen  to  produce  linguistic  unity  in  an 
artificial  way  by  the  creation  and  adoption 
of  a  standardized  tongue,  supposed  to  rep- 
resent a  compromise  between  the  prevailing 
dialects. 

The  fight  was  supposed  to  be  directed 
wholly  against  the  sway  held  by  Danish,  the 
accepted  literary  medium  of  the  country  for 
several  centunes,  but  in  reality  the  issue  in- 
volved was  the  very  same  that  preceded  the 
establishment  of  what  is  now  generally  desig- 
nated as  Old  English, — in  other  words,  it  is 
a  battle  of  life  and  death  between  the  dia- 
lects of  the  West  Lands  (the  Atlantic  Coast 


provinces)  and  the  East  Lands  (the  inland 
provinces,  along  the  Swedish  border  and  the 
southern  coast).  The  recent  separation  of 
Norway  from  Sweden  seems  to  have  brought 
matters  to  a  climax.  In  the  same  direction 
have  tended  some  steps  taken  lately  by  the 
Norwegian  Government,  all  of  which  appear 
to  favor  the  standardized  language  of 
Aasen.  This  is  known  as  the  Landsmaal, 
or  "  the  country  tongue,"  in  distinction  from 
the  Rigsmaal,  or  "the  national  tongue,"  by 
which  name  the  still  dominant  literary  lan- 
guage is  known.  So  bitter,  indeed,  has  this 
Maalstrid,  or  "  fight  of  the  tongues,"  be- 
come, that  Dr.  Andr.  M.  Hansen  expresses 
the  fear  in  Samtiden  ( Christ iania),  that  it 
may  result  in  the  definite  establishment  of 
two  parallel  Nor\\^egian  languages.  The 
question  has  additional  interest  to  the  non- 
Norwegian  world  because  it  serves  to  shed 
light  on  the  interrelationship  between  Swed- 
ish, Danish,  and  Norwegian,  as  well  as  on 
the  relationship  of  all  the  modern  Scandi- 
navian languages  to  Icelandic  and  Old 
Norse, — a  vexatious  problem  to  those  who 
have  not  by  training  acquired  the  power  of 
distinguishing  the  comparatively  small  differ- 
ences   in    sound    and    vocabulary   of    those 


740 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^/EIV  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


BJORNSTJERNE  BJORNSEN. 

(One  of  the  leaders  In  the  Norwegian  language  flght.) 

tongues.     In  reviewing  the  history  of  the 
struggle,  Dr.  Hansen  says: 

There  was  a  time  when,  according  to  pre- 
served linguistic  specimens,  it  was  impossible  to 
make  any  clear  distinction  between  several 
Scandinavian  languages  or  dialects.  The  "  Pro- 
to-Norse  "  of  the  older  runes  does  not  even 
show  a  positive  separation  from  the  Gothic  or 
the  West  German.  But  from  this  language, 
known  to  have  existed  between  406  and  700 
A.D.,  later  progress  has  carried  us  so  far  away 
that  its  understanding  now  requires  philological 
expertness.  It  became  subject,  particularly  in 
the  years  from  700  to  900,  to  a  process  of  dis- 
integration and  regeneration  so  extraordinarily 
deep-reaching  that  the  change  produced  ex- 
cluded mutual  understanding  between  the  stages 
preceding  and  succeeding  that  period.  But  the 
resultin|^  Old  Norse,  which  is  familiar  to  us 
from  still  existing  examples,  does  not  yet  show 
any  perceptible  division  into  dialects.  And 
when  for  the  first  time, — after  1000, — sl  tangi- 
ble distinction  appears  in  the  medium  of  writ- 
ing, then  the  line  of  demarcation  does  not  corre- 
spond to  the  nationalities  which  had  already 
become  established.  There  are  two  languages, 
West  Norse  and  East  Norse,  while  the  differ- 
ence between  the  tongues  spoken  in  Sweden  and 
Denmark  remains  hardly  noticeable.  The  char- 
acteristically Western  Norse,  or  Norrbne,  lan- 
guage is  first  known  to  us  as  existing  in  Ice- 
land. Of  this  Old  Norse  we  begin  to  get  speci- 
mens in  greater  numbers  only  about  the  year 
1200.  And  from  the  very  beginning  it  may  be 
said  that  the  documents  originating  in  eastern 
Norway  show  peculiarities  which  differ  wholly 


froin  those  of  West  Norse  and  Icelandic,  but 
which  agree  with  those  of  East  Norse  and  old- 
fashioned  Swedish.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  language  of  those  documents  must  be  classed 
with  what  we  now  call  a  solidified  literary 
medium,  a  nationally  proclaimed  standardized 
language  which  to  a  large  extent  was  deter- 
mined by  the  court  and  the  Icelandic  court 
poets,  and  from  which  undoubtedly  the  living 
dialects  had  already  begun  to  differ  considera- 
bly. The  differences  between  the  tongues  pre- 
vailing in  western  and  eastern  Norway  were 
no  doubt  as  early  as  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
— or  before  Norway  had  lost  its  independence 
of  the  other  Scandinavian  countries, — much  more 
marked  than  what  is  made  apparent  by  royal 
manifestoes  and  other  documents.  And  in  the 
establishment  of  these  differences  the  Eastern 
Norwegian  has  throughout  allied  itself  to  Dan- 
ish and,  still  more,  to  Swedish. 

The  key  to  the  present  situation  lies  just 
in  that  early  splitting  up  of  the  language 
spoken  within  Norw^ay  into  two  groups  of 
widely  separated  dialects.  During  the  cen- 
turies that  Norway  remained  under  Danish 
dominion  the  medium  of  the  educated 
classes  and  of  all  official  intercourse  was 
Danish, — or,  to  be  more  correct,  it  was  wTit- 
ten  Danish,  pronounced  practically  as  Swed- 
ish. When  Norway  became  joined  to 
Sweden  in  a  personal  union  only,  the  re- 
vived desire  for  complete  national  independ- 
ence turned  toward  the  language  also,  de- 
manding that  this  should  be  as  thoroughly 
and  exclusively  Norwegian  as  the  govern- 
ment. Undoubtedly  the  most  suitable  and 
most  widely  spread  dialect  of  the  many  ex- 
isting from  the  capital  up  to  North  Cape 
would  have  been  selected  as  basis  for  a  new 
national  tongue  had  it  not  been  for  the  un- 
bridgeable division  pointed  out  by  Dr.  Han- 
sen. He  shows  in  his  article  that  eastern 
Norwegian  diclects  arc  much  more  closely 
related  to  the  present  "  national  tongue," 
and  through  this  to  Danish  and  Swedish, 
than  to  the  Landsmaal,  or  the  Western  Nor- 
wegian dialects.  And  from  the  latter 
Aasen  drew  most  of  the  elements  he  used  to 
build  up  his  standardized  "  country  tongue." 

Were  it  not  for  the  evident  inclination  of 
the  present  Norwegian  Government  to  favor 
the  Landsmaal  by  making  the  knowledge  of 
It  obligatory  in  academic  examinations  and 
by  other  steps  of  similar  nature,  the  matter 
might  be  said  to  stand  just  where  it  stood 
fifty  years  ago.  During  these  fifty  years, 
which  have  seen  Norwegian  literature  rise 
to  universal  importance,  linguistic  chaos  has 
reigned  in  that  literature, — so  much  so  that 
at  times  it  has  seemed  as  if  every  Norwegian 
writer  had  worked  out  a  language  all  his 
own.     Ibsen,  the  greatest  of  them  all,  ad- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


741 


hcrcd  throughout  to  the  written  Danish. 
Bjomsen  has  modified  this,  but  has  refused 
to  accept  the  LandsmaaU  His  example  has 
been  followed  by  all  but  a  very  few  of  the 
authors  whose  reputation  has  spread  beyond 
the  borders  of  their  native  country.  The 
weightiest  among  those  who  have  used  a 
dialect  is  Ame  Garborg,  and  he  has  chosen 
to  employ  one  wholly  different   from   the 


standardized  tongue  of  Aasen.  With  the 
recent  actions  of  the  government,  the  situa- 
tion may  be  said  to  have  passed  into  a  new 
stage,  however,  and  there  are  those  who  as- 
sert with  seemmg  good  reason  that  Norway 
has  already  become  burdened  with  two  par- 
allel and  equally  recognized  languages, 
neither  one  of  which  shows  any  sign  of  de- 
cline or  of  surrender  to  the  other  one. 


FASCINATING  EGYPT,  OLD  AND  NEW. 


TpO  the  average  modern  mind  Egypt  has 
seemed  for  so  long  a  place  like  Venice, 
picturesque,  interesting  to  tourists  and  art- 
ists, but  entirely  past  taking  any  active  part 
in  the  industrial  life  of  the  world,  that  it  is 
interesting  to  find  some  one  who  treats  of 
this  historic  land  from  a  purely  commercial 
and  practical  standpoint.  M.  Pierre  de 
Boisseu  has  written  a  book  on  the  develop- 
ment of  Egypt  in  recent  years  (the  account 
is  taken  from  a  review  of  the  book  in  Italia 
Moderna)  which  makes  one  wonder  if  the 
ancient  fame  of  Egypt  for  marvelous  fertil- 
ity of  soil  may  not  be  earned  afresh  in  the 
t\ventieth  century. 

The  changes  which  have  taken  place  in 
this  land  of  immovable  and  fixed  tradition 
arc  certainly  of  deep  significance.  First,  the 
Nile,  which  has  so  capriciously  done  its 
share  in  enriching  the  soil,  is  now  harnessed 
by  the  great  engineering  feats  of  Assouan 
and  Syout  and  the  overflow  is  under  definite 
control.  This,  together  with  a  modem  sys- 
tem of  irrigation,  increases  the  crops  and  the 
value  of  the  land  a  hundredfold,  not  meta- 
phorically but  in  hard  figures.  More  than 
this,  numerous  schemes  for  more  extended 
irrigation,  now  in  course  of  realization  and 
soon  to  be  begim,  will  distribute  water  to 
regions  which  arc  known  to  have  very  fertile 
soil,  but  which,  owing  to  the  total  absence 
of  moisture,  have  never  produced  crops. 
This  land  will  be  as  virgin  to  cultivation 
as  our  own  Western  prairies  in  the  days  of 
the  fabulous  crops  of  the  early  settlers  in 
Iowa  and  Kansas. 

The  cultivation  of  cotton  is  the  principal  in- 
dustry of  E^ypt.  The  production  of  this  staple 
has  tripled  in  the  last  thirty  years,  and  now  oc- 
cupies a  territory  of  525,000  hectares,  or  one- 
quarter  of  the  entire  agricultural  territory  of 
the  country.  As  to  amount  produced,  Egypt 
now  ranks  third  in  the  countries  of  the  world, 
coming  after  the  United  States  and  British  In- 
dia. There  is  a  great  future  for  the  weaving 
of  cotton  into  fabrics  in  Egypt,  as  almost  none 


of  this  is  now  done  in  the  country  where  it  is 
produced.  After  the  most  elementary  processes 
of  ginning  and  baling  it  is,  almost  without  ex- 
ception, all  exported.  Secondary  crops,  such  as 
cereals  of  all  kinds,  rice,  maize,  lentils,  etc.,  are 
alternated  with  the  cotton  crops  so  as  not  to 
exhaust  the  land.  These  crops  are  produced 
in  great  abundance,  the  fertility  of  the  soil  be- 
ing such  that  these  pay  for  all  the  costs  of  culti- 
vation both  of  cotton  and  themselves,  so  that 
the  great  profit  from  cotton  growing  is  reck- 
oned as  clear  gain.  Cultivation  of  cane  sugar  is 
another  important  industry.  Great  quantities 
are  grown  with  ease,  and  contrary  to  the  cus- 
tom of  exporting  cotton  in  a  crude  state,  there 
has  been  a  definite  attempt  to  complete  all  the 
processes  of  sugar-refining  before  exporting  the 
product.  This  industry  has  received  an  unfor- 
tunate check  from  the  failure  of  a  large  sugar 
company,  but  it  is  expected  to  recover  easily 
from  this  and  add  greatly  to  the  riches  of  the 
country. 

All  this  industrial  activity  has  created  a 
system  of  modern  banking  which  has  been 
highly  successful  and  is  entirely  new  in  this 
immeasurably  old  Oriental  country.  Busi- 
ness companies,  with  modern  organization, 
have  multiplied  also.  In  the  period  between 
1856  to  1899  there  were  seventy- four  of 
these  companies  incorporated,  with  a  capital 
of  $299,650,  while  in  the  five  years  between 
1900  and  1905  eighty-four  companies  were 
incorporated,  with  a  capital  of  $4,080,420. 
All  this  reads  singularly  like  the  sudden  de- 
velopment of  a  country  which  has  been  un- 
known till  a  recent  date,  and  the  considera- 
tion of  the  fact  that  this  sweeping  advance 
in  material  prosperity  comes  to  a  country 
which  has  been  occupied  by  man,  and  civil- 
ized man,  longer  than  any  other  country  now 
an  entity,  makes  the  cautious  reader  wonder 
if  this  seeming  inflation  of  values  can  be 
either  healthy  or  permanent.  M.  Boisseu  an- 
swers this  question  by  quoting  from  Lord 
Cromer  to  the  effect  that  although  the  fer- 
tility of  Egypt  has  been  from  all  times 
proverbial,  it  is  literally  only  within  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century  that  nature  has  received 


742 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS 


seconding  from  man  intelligent  and  compe- 
tent enough  to  show  the  amazing  fecundity 
of  the  soil.  Hence  has  come  the  sudden  rise 
in  values  and  in  general  prosperity  which 
seems  so  great  a  surprise  to  the  rest  of  the 
world,  used  to  thinking  of  Egypt  as  a  worn- 
out  piece  of  antiquity.  It  is,  however,  all 
based  on  a  solid  foundation  of  exceptionally 
favorable  climatic  and  agricultural  con- 
ditions. 

Personality  of  the  Khedive  Abbas  Hllml. 

While  no  mention  is  made  of  English  rule 
as  the  direct  cause  for  this  awakening  of  an 
old  country  sunk  in  torpor  for  centuries,  no 
observer  of  modern  affairs  can  doubt  that  it 
is  wholly  due  to  English  administration  of 
Egyptian  aflFairs  and  to  the  genius  of  Lord 
Cromer.  Indeed,  so  complete  and  unques- 
tioned a  success  has  been  the  English  occu- 
pation that  the  nominal  ruler  of  Egypt,  the 
native  Khedive,  is  all  but  forgotten.  La 
Revue  of  recent  date  prints  an  article  on  the 
personality  and  private  life  of  the  present 
Khedive  which  is  interesting  in  itself  and  as 
calling  to  mind  a  sovereign  in  an  even  more 
anomalous  position  than  most  modern  so- 
called  "  rulers.''  He  is  the  legitimate  ruler 
of  Egypt,  whose  claim  has  never  been  dis- 
puted (on  the  contrary  upheld  consistently) 
by  the  English,  and  yet  he  has  absolutely  no 
power  in  his  own  land.  He  is  a  young  man, 
who  is  described  as  having  a  very  agreeable 
personality,  medium  stature,  brown  hair, 
golden-brown  moustache,  a  very  fresh  com- 
plexion, and  beautiful  eyes.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  Switzerland  and  Vienna,  and  is  in 
most  ways  a  complete  European  in  his  tastes. 
He  speaks  five  languages  with  ease  and  is  a 
great  reader,  preferring  scientific  works  to 
belles  lettres.  He  is  passionately  devoted  to 
his  country,  and  devotes  a  great  deal  of 
study  to  modern  and  scientific  methods  of 
agriculture  and  to  their  adaptation  to  the 
needs  of  Egj'pt.  He  himself  owns  large 
tracts  of  land,  in  whose  administration  he 
takes  an  intelligent  interest,  and  which  are 
managed  to  great  advantage. 

When  he  came  of  age  he  wished  to  marry 
a  Turkish  princess,  but  this  was  opposed  by 
Egyptian  statesmen,  who  feared  the  eflFect  of 
a  foreign  wife.  They  gave  him  instead  a 
beautiful  Circassian  slave,  Icbaal  by  name. 
She  is  a  tall,  beautiful,  intelligent  woman, 
and  the  young  Khedive  fell  seriously  in  love 
with  her.  Great  was  the  dismay  of  his 
counsellors  when  he  insisted  that  he  wished 
to  marry  her,  but  in  spite  of  their  protests 


he  did  so,  carrying  his  European  ideas  so 
far  that  she  is  his  only  wife  and  their  chil- 
dren his  only  heirs.  Icbaal  is  as  charming 
and  sprightly  as  she  is  beautiful,  and  has 
profited  by  the  good  instruction  she  has  re- 
ceived since  her  elevation  to  her  lofty  posi- 
tion, and  now  speaks  the  European  lan- 
guages fluently  and  is  a  fit  consort  for  her 
civilized  and  modern  husband. 

Abbas  Hilmi  endures  the  yoke  of  English 
supremacy  in  his  country  with  a  very  recal- 
citrant resignation.  He  feels  his  helplessness 
acutely  and  bitterly,  and  has  never  been  will- 
ing to  keep  up  relations  with  British  officials 
as  cordially,  friendly  and  amiable  as  they 
would  like.  He  feels,  however,  that  there 
is  nothing  for  him  to  do  except  to  abdicate 
if  he  does  not  accept  silently  his  present  role 
as  figure-head.  He  does  this  with  no  open 
revolt,  but  he  never  ceases  to  hope  that  some- 
thing may  turn  up  to  engage  the  attention  of 
the  English  elsewhere.  In  the  meantime, 
when  he  suffers  too  much  from  what  he 
considers  his  false  position  he  betakes  him- 
self to  Constantinople,  leaves  his  wife  and 
children  in  a  beautiful  palace  given  him  by 
the  Sultan,  and  goes  forth  incognito  to  amuse 
himself  in  Europe.  Young,  healthy,  happy 
in  his  home  life,  wholly  without  care  and 
free  to  travel  when  and  where  he  will,  he 
has  many  advantages  over  some  hard- 
worked,  anxious  modern  monarchs. 

What  Ancient  Efiryotlan  Monarchs  Looked 
Like. 

As  far  as  Abbas  Hilmi's  resentment  at  the 
usurpation  of  power  by  foreigners  goes,  he 
has  not  a  logical  leg  to  stand  on,  since  his 
own  ancestors  did  exactly  the  same  thing  to 
the  native  Egyptians,  and  since  the  same 
thing  has  taken  place  from  time  immemoriaL 
In  connection  with  the  seizure  of  Egypt  by 
Alexander  the  Great  and  the  rule  of  the 
Ptolemies,  some  ver>'  interesting  discoveries 
have  been  made  of  late,  which  are  reported 
and  described  in  Hojas  Selectas  (Barcelona) 
under  the  title  "  Funeral  Portraits  of  the 
Ptolemies."  The  article  is  well  illustrated 
with  reproductions  of  some  of  these  marvel- 
lous examples  of  ancient  realism  in  art  which 
bring  the  far-away  people  of  that  ancient 
period  very  close  to  us.  The  origin  of  these 
portraits  may  be  briefly  stated  as  coming 
from  the  invasion  of  Greek  ideas  into  Egypt 
with  the  new  rulers.  From  time  immemorial 
the  Egyptians  have  preserved,  from  religious 
motives,  the  bodies  of  their  dead,  pladng  on 
the  outside  of  the  mummy-case  a  conven- 


LEADiNG  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


743 


Ptolemy  Pbiladelpbos. 
(284-246  B.  C.) 


Ptolemy  Philometor. 
(164-145  B.  C.) 


The  Famous  Queeo  Cleopatra. 
(51-30  B.  C.) 


ANCIENT  EGYPTIAN    MONARCHS    AS    PICTURED    IN    NEWLY   DISCOVERED  TOMBS. 


tional  mask,  built  up  with  a  mixture  of  sand, 
plaster  of  Paris,  and  lime.  The  Ptolemies 
and  the  Graeco-Egyptians  who  followed 
them,  bringing  in  the  artistic  traditions  of 
Greece,  changed  this  mask  to  a  real  portrait 
done  from  life  in  encaustic  or  distemper,  and 
executed  with  a  high  degree  of  technical 
skill  and  realism..  There  were  several  meth- 
ods of  painting  in  encaustic,  but  in  general 
it  can  be  described  as  the  use  of  colored  wax 
laid  on  over  a  wooden  base  while  the  wax 
was  hot  and  liquid.  This  afterwards  hard- 
ened to  an  enamel-like  surface,  which  has 
preserved  the  portraits  perfectly.  There 
were  many  mixtures  devised  to  make  the  wax 
stay  liquid  as  long  as  possible,  so  as  to  obviate 
the  necessit>'  of  an  excessively  rapid  execution. 
Beeswax  was  boiled  in  sea-water  until  a  sort 
of  emulsion  was  obtained,  turpentine  was  in- 
troduced, etc.,  but  the  general  process  re- 
mained the  same.  In  the  Portrait  of  Cleo- 
patra Iryfena  (I.)  58  B.C.,  there  is  no  at- 
tempt at  prettification,  and  the  worn  face  of 
a  woman,  probably  sickly,  and  certainly  old 
before  her  time,  is  presented  with  a  ruthless 
truthfulness.  The  portrait  of  the  celebrated 
Cleopatra  (II.)  shows  to  what  a  high  de- 
gree of  perfection  the  technique  of  this  for- 
gotten art  was  carried.  The  author  calls 
attention  to  the  marked  Semitic  cast  of 
countenance  of  the  great  queen.  The  head 
of  Ptolemy  Philadelphos    (III.)    (284-246 


B.C.)  is  done  in  the  same  manner  and  shows 
a  face  of  dark  beauty  and  great  nobility. 
Painting  in  distemper  (water-colors  to 
which  some  agglutinative  substance  like  the 
whites  of  eggs  had  been  added ) ,  so  common 
among  early  European  painters,  is  also  much 
used,  and  the  spirited  likeness  of  the  great 
Ptolemy  Soter  (IV.)  was  done  in  this  medi- 
um. It  will  be  remembered  that  he  was  the 
great  statesman  who  advanced  the  commerce 
of  Egypt  in  a  marked  degree  and  who  in- 
troduced coined  money  into  that  country, 
this  medium  of  commerce  having  been  totally 
unknown  to  the  ancient  Egyptians. 

The  perfection  with  which  the  individual- 
ity of  the  models  has  been  preserved  by  these 
forgotten  portrait  painters  is  shown  by  the 
contrast  between  the  refined,  almost  effem- 
inate, head  of  Ptolemy  Philometor  (V.) 
(164-145  B.C.)  and  the  bull-like  strength 
of  Perseus  (VI.)    (179-168  B.C.). 

Several  theories  have  been  advanced  since 
the  discovery  of  these  portraits  as  to  the  way 
in  which  they  were  painted, — /.  e,,  whether 
from  the  face  after  death  or  from  the  subject 
in  life.  The  generally  accepted  theor>'  now 
is  that  they  were  painted  very  much  as  our 
modern  portraits  are,  for  house  decoration 
in  the  first  place,  and  then  used  after  the 
death  of  the  individual  on  his  mummy-case 
for  identification  when  the  wandering  soul 
returned  to  the  body. 


1U 


THE  AMERICAN  REf^lElV  OF  REyiElVS, 


THE   GROWTH   OF    GERMAN   TRADES-UNIONISM. 


TN  a  recent  official  report  concerning  gen- 
eral labor  organizations  in  the  United 
States  it  is  shown  that  the  American  Federa- 
tion of  Labor  has  an  aggregate  membership 
of  2,000,000,  embracing  about  27,000  local 
unions,  between  500  and  600  city  central 
unions,  and  thirty-seven  State  branches.  The 
above  figures  represent,  approximately,  the 
strength  of  the  leading  labor  organization  in 
the  United  States,  grouped  in  120  or  more 
national  and  international  unions.  The  Fed- 
eration administration  consists  of  a  president, 
secretary,  treasurer,  and  eight  vice-presidents. 
The  affiliated  unions  publish  over  250  news- 
papers. Nearly  1000  permanent  organizers 
of  labor  unions  are  employed  under  Federa- 
tion orders.  Contrast  these  figures  with 
those  of  German  organized  labor. 

According  to  Doctor  Bernstein,  in  the 
current  Contemporary  Review,  the  Federa- 
tion of  Labor  in  Germany  has  an  aggre- 
gate trade-union  membership  of  more  than 
2,300,000  in  149  unions.  One  of  these 
unions,  that  of  the  German  metalworkers, 
has  a  membership  of  372,000,  "  the  largest 
membership,"  snys  the  writer,  "of  any 
trade-union  in  the  world." 

The  comparisons  of  this  writer  between 
trades-unionism  in  Germany  and  other  Euro- 
pean countries  make  a  very  significant  show- 
ing. Quoting  the  report  of  the  English 
Amalgamated  Society  of  Engineers,  he  points 
out  that  that  organization,  established  fifty- 
six  years,  has  only  110,000  members,  while 
the  German  Metalworkers'  Union,  having 
similar  interests,  and  founded  only  seventeen 
years  ago,  hasa  membership  more  than  three 
times  as  large,  including  150,000  belonging 
to  engineering  occupations  proper.  He  then 
goes  on  to  say: 

As  far  as  the  number  of  organized  workers  is 
concerned,  it  is  not  in  one  trade  only  that  Brit- 
ish trades-unionism  has  ceased  to  lead  the  inter- 
national movement  of  wage-earners.  On  the 
contrary,  in  almost  all  trades  it  has  been  dis- 
tanced by  the  German  unions,  which,  against 
the  1,900,000  organized  workers  of  Great  Britain, 
can  to-day  show  an  army  of  no  less  than 
2,300,000  members  in  all.  Numbers  alone  say 
little  as  yet  of  the  effective  force  of  a  move- 
ment; but  even  the  growth  in  numbers  of  Ger- 
man trade-unionists  must  strike  the  observer  as 
an  extraordinary  phenomenon  in  the  social  life 
of  our  times,  well  worth  a  closer  examination. 

Not  that  Germany  can  boast  of  having  the 
largest  percentage  of  workers  organized  in 
trade-unions.       Statisticians     of     the    labor 


movement  know  that  in  this  rc^)ect  little 
Denmark  leads  the  way. 

In  Germany  the  proportional  number  of  or- 
ganized workers  is  now  about  30  per  cent,  of 
the  workers  occupied  in  trade  and  commerce, 
and  for  the  United  Kingdom  it  will  even  be 
somewhat  smaller,  while  in  Denmark  it  exceeds 
50  per  cent.  Next  to  Denmark  comes  Sweden 
to-day  with  a  similar  percentage.  But  the  two 
Scandinavian  countries  are  still  in  the  main 
agrarian,  their  industries  are  of  comparatively 
recent  date  and  occupy  on  the  whole  only  a 
few  hundred  thousand  workers.  Consequently, 
their  trade  movements,  so  interesting  in  them- 
selves, and  well  worth  studying,  represent  in 
the  army  of  the  organized  workers  of  the  world 
only  minor  forces. 

Evidently  included  in  the  grand  total  of 
2,300,000  are  a  number  of  minor  or  less 
radical  organizations,  all  of  these  varieties 
of  trade-union.  Among  them  are  the  Chris- 
tian (Catholic)  trade.-unions,  the  trade  so- 
cieties of  the  Max  Hirsch  type,  some  inde- 
pendent or  nondescript  unions,  several  local 
unions,  "  and,  quite  recently,  the  patriotic 
workingmen's  societies,  or  yellow  trade- 
unions,  as  they  are  called  by  their  opponents." 

One  class  of  peculiarly  German  semi- 
labor  organizations,  having  no  real  equiva- 
lent in  any  other  country  where  the  labor- 
union  idea  is  practical,  is  the  "patriotic 
class."  They  are  organized  by  the  well- 
known  Imperial  League  for  Combating  So- 
cial Democracy, — 2l  political  sodet>%  as  its 
name  indicates. 

This  league  is  led  by  an  ex-officer  of  the  Ger- 
man army,  General  von  Liebert,  and  is  repudi- 
ated by  many  strong  opponents  of  Social  Dem- 
ocracy because  ot  its  repulsive  methods  of  ac- 
tion. The  workingmen's  societies  organized  by 
it  have  for  their  avowed  object  to  oppose  frivo- 
lous strikes  and  to  fight  for  genuine  freedom  of 
combination,  i.  r,  for  the  freedom  not  to  join 
the  great  represer.tative  trade-unions.  In  short, 
they  may  be  regarded  as  the  German  counter- 
part of  the  Bntish  free-laborers'  unions,  and 
their  action  in  case  of  conflicts  will  be  to  pro- 
vide employers,  as  far  as  possible,  with  non- 
strikers,  otherwise  blacklegs.  Their  numerical 
strength  is  a  mystery  to  outsiders,  but  even 
according  to  their  own  declarations  it  is  below 
10,000.  Their  committee  is  rather  an  Sigency  for 
non-unionists  than  an  elected  representation  of 
genuine,  though  small  and  heterodox,  trade- 
unions.  It  is  disavowed  by  all  the  other  unions. 
Socialists  or  non-Socialists  alike. 

Politics  appears  to  enter  largely  into  Ger- 
man labor  affairs.  i\  strong  political  com- 
plexion was  for  a  long  time  conspicuous  in 
the  "  Max  Hirsch "  trade-unions,  organi- 
zations nearly  fifty  years  old.     They  were 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH.  746 

founded  In  opposition  to  the  unions  then  or-  unions    is    the    Christian    (Catholic)    Miners' 

ganized  by  Socialists,  and  aimed  to  promote  ^"io"- 

harmony  between  employers  and^  employees.  ^^^^^^   Bernstein    follows   his   statement 

In   spite  of  considerable  protection  on   the  regarding  the  strength  and  attitude  of  Ger- 

part  of  some  leade,^  of  the  then  powerful  ^^„    trade-unions    by    a   review    of    events 

Liberal  party  and  of  their  pre<^,  they  failed  j^^jj^           ^^     ^^^^^  conditions.     He  also 

to  secure  widespread  support.    Employers,  as  .^^  historical  and  other  details  of  several 

a  rule,  and  the  mass  of  the  workers,  arc  not  eminent  societies.     Regarding  trade   dis- 

m  sympathy  with  the  Hirsch  idea.     They  ^„j  ^^^  ^^^^^^  "fighting  quality"  of 

consist  to-day  altogether  of  twenty-one  so-  centralized  German  unions,  a»  shown  in  re- 

cietics,  with   a  total   membership  of  about  ^^j^^^  ^^  remarks: 

D«i;rrL«  ♦.vr^  «r,«^«,  \^4^r.  r'-,^««  Uk^*  1"  IQO^— thc  last  ycHf  for  which  comprehcn- 
Religion,  too,  enters  into  German  labor  ^j^^  gg^res  for  Great  Britain  are  accessible- 
organization,  an  unthinkable  element  in  the  loo  principal  British  unions  paid  away 
Great  Britain  or  the  United  States.  £126,445  in  disputf^  benefits,  the  centralized  Ger- 
man unions,  with  numbers  one-tenth  less,  paid 
A  larger  force  than  the  Hirsch  unions  are  the  the  equivalent  of  £285,711  under  the  same  head, 
Christian  trade-unions.  In  all  they  count  at  to  which  must  be  added  £26,800  paid  to  victim- 
present  in  twenty-five  unions  about  350,000  mem-  ized  members,  an  item  always  many  times  higher 
hers.  Of  these,  nineteen  unions  with  260,000  in  Germany  than  in  Great  Britain.  In  1906  these 
members  were,  at  the  end  of  1906,  united  in  a  two  items  had  risen  to  £687.420  and  £39,760,  re- 
general  federation  of  Christian  trade-unions,  spectively.  In  1904  Great  Britain  had,  accord- 
while  seven  Christian  unions  with  75,000  mem-  ing  to  the  report  of  the  board  of  trade,  a  total 
l)ers  proceed  on  independent  lines.  The  latter  of  354  strikes;  in  Germany  imperial  statistics 
are  practically  mere  benefit  societies;  of  the  show  for  the  same  year  a  total  of  1876  trade 
former  several  show  some  fighting  spirit,  but  disputes.  The  German  figure  for  1905  is  2257, 
they,  too,  repudiate  the  Sociah'st  class-war  and  the  figure  for  1906  will  most  probably  be 
theory.      The    largest    of   the    Christian    trade-  still  higher. 


THE   WORLD   RENASCENCE   OF  MOHAMMEDANISM. 

pOR  many  centuries  the  only  representa-  dans  is  a  phase  of  modern  days.     Not  only 

tives  of  the  Mohammedan  creed  to  be  do  the  followers  of  the  Prophet  come  to  the 

found  in  the  west  had  come  there  as  con-  west  for  a  temporary  stay,  in  order,  as  stu- 

qucrors.    While  Christians  lived  among  the  dents  at  the  great  centers  of  civilization,  to 

Mussulmans,    the    latter  seldom    or    never  acquire  knowledge  and   to   employ  this  in 

dwelt  in  the  lands  of  the  Christians.     Of  their  fatherland  for  their  personal  and  na- 

late  years,  however,  a  change  has  been  com-  tional  benefit ;  but  Mohammedans  of  more 

ing  about.    An  article  in  a  recent  number  of  advanced  ".ge  in  increasing  numbers  establish 

the  Hollandsche  Revue  supplies  some  inter-  themselves  in  the  west.     Hundreds  of  their 

esting  information  on  this  subject.    Sajrs  the  students   attend    the  higher   institutions   of 

writer:  learning  in  England  and  the  United  States. 

Not  only  do  numerous  Mohammedans  settle  I"  Vienna  many  Bosnian  Mohammedan  stu- 

at  present  in  the  Christian  west,  but  Islamism  dents  are  found  m  the  colleges;  and  among 

as  a  cult  is  gaining  adherents  there.    The  Mo-  the  Russian  students  of  both  sexes  the  Tar- 

hammedans  are  gradually  losing  their  fear  for  ^^r   element   is  strongly   represented.      The 

the  Diaspora,  the  dispersion.    In  past  centuries,  ^    ^          u        /  ^i.        j*            j     ju 

indeed,   numbers  of  individual   Mohammedans  greatest  number  of  these  dispersed  adherents 

were    transported   to    Christian   countries,   but  of  Islam  are  found  in  Russia,  where  nearly 

then  they  went  by  compulsion,  and  by  way  of  every   large  dty   contains  a  mosque,   or  at 

punishmeiit    for    some    uprising    against    their  ig^st  a  congregation.     A   mosque   is  being 

rulers.      Thus,    111    the    sixteenth    century,    the  i-i^r      ^u                   ^c^tj^l           t»l 

Dutch  carried  some  thousands  of  Mohammedan  ^^'^\  ^^\  ^^^^"^  "ow  at  St.  Petersburg.  These 

Malays  to  the  Cape,  where  their  descendants  are  for  the  most  part  of  the  poorer  class,  who 

still  live  and  still  adhere  firmly  to  their  faith,  make  their  living  as  small  tradesmen  or  in 

though  they  have  lost  their  native  Malay  Ian-  ^^^^^   subordinate  employment.     They   fre- 

guage.    In  like  manner  the  rulers  of  Poland,  m  ^1      .  .  x  w  u  \ 

The  lame  century,  brought  many  Tartar  Mussul-  ^^e^J^y  secure  positions  for  which  trust- 
mans  to  Lithuania,  who  also  have  remained  worthy  men  are  required,  and  m  the  entour- 
true  to  Islam,  though  in  language  and  many  age  of  the  Czar  are  found  a  considerable 
customs  they  have  become  genuine  Poles.  number  of  Mohammedan  servants. 

The  voluntary  dispersion  of  Mohamme-  In   the  past  years   Islamism  has  had   in 


146 


TH£  AMERICAN  REt^lElV  OF  REylEU^S. 


Germany  a  very  energetic  champion,  one 
who  is  a  full-blooded  German,  with  the 
sonorous  title  of  the  Rhinelander  Moham- 
med Adil  Schmitz  du  Monlin. 

After  a  residence  of  twenty  years  m  the  east, 
where  he  was  engaged  as  civil  engineer  at 
Palembang  on  Sumatra,  during  the  develop- 
ment of  the  petroleum  region  in  that  section, 
where  he  accepted  Islamism  and  married  a 
Mohammedan  woman,  he  returned  to  his  na- 
tive land,  and  ^iow  resides  with  his  family  at 
Eugers  on  the  Rhine.  Schmitz  du  Monlin  is 
strenuously  endeavoring  to  win  adherents  to  his 
new-found  faith,  but  in  doing  so  is  often  vio- 
lently partisan  in  tone.  He  looks  upon  the  so- 
called  Christian  world,  with  its  eager  pursuit 
of  wealth,  station,  and  luxury,  as  having  fallen 
back  into  heathenism,  and  regards  himself  and 
his  fellow-religionists  as  better  followers  of  the 
Christ  than  they.  It  may  not  be  generally 
known  that  Helene  Bohlau,  the  writer  on  femin- 
ism in  Munich,  was  married  to  a  Mohammedan 
according  to  the  Moslem  rite,  and  has  adopted 
the  faith  of  her  husband,  Omar  al  Raschid  Bey. 
In  Heidelberg  an  Egyptian  is  on  the  staff  of 
the  medical  faculty  of  the  university.  In  Mun- 
ich another  Egyptian  Moslem  was  assistant  to 
Professor  Schlosser,  the  oculist,  but  has  now 
returned  to  Cairo  and  practices  his  profession 
there.  From  India  many  Mohammedans  have 
established  themselves  in  England ;  Liverpool 
and  London  have  mosques  of  considerable  size. 
The  one  at  the  East  End  of  London  has  been 
found  too  small,  and  is  being  enlarged. 

In  England  the  Mohammedans  have  also 
established  several  useful  institutions  for  the 
people  of  their  faith, — ^schools,  children's 
homes,  and  benevolent  societies.  Periodicals 
are  also  published  there  devoted  to  the  Mos- 
lem propaganda.  The  "  Panislam  Society  " 
has  for  its  object  the  material  and  moral  ad- 
vancement of  Mohammedans  in  the  western 
world,  combats  erroneous  views  regarding 
them,  removes  misconceptions,  renders  assist- 
ance where  needed,  and  promotes  their  in- 
terests in  every  direction.  The  soul  of  this 
society  at  present  is  the  Hindu  Mohammed 
Abdullah  al  Mamum  Schrawardy,  born  at 
Dakka,  near  Calcutta,  and  barrister-at-law 
in  London.  He  is  only  tu'ent>'-seven  years 
old,  but  has  already  written  and  published 
many  articles  advocating  the  cause  of  Islam, 
e.  jf.,  "  Sayings  of  Mahommed,"  "  First 
Steps  in  Moslem  Jurisprudence,"  "  First 
Steps  in  Moslem  Theolog}'.**  **  Shakespeare 
and  Oriental  Literature,"  etc. 

Among  Englishmen  converted  to  Islamism  we 
name  here  Lord  Stanley  of  Alderney.  whose 
Moslem  name  is  Abdul  Rahman,  one  of  the  earli- 
est proselytes,  a  member  of  the  House  of  Lords, 
and  who  died  December  lo.  1003.  at  the  age  of 
seventy-seven.  In  his  younger  years  he  was 
attache  to  the  Embassy  at  Constantinople.  Next 
there  were  Lemesurier.  for  many  years  a  lawyer 
in  Ce\Km;  Ciehnia  el  Nasr  Parkinson,  a   Scot, 


who  has  glorified  Islamism  in  verse,  several  edu- 
cated ladies,  like  the  violinistc,  Miss  Dclbastc.  a 
Canadian;  the  painter,  Mrs.  Louise  A.  Chiffner; 
and,  last,  but  not  least,  Ahmed  Quilliam  Bey. 
the  Turkish  Consul  at  Liverpool.  He  is  the 
head  of  the  Mohammedan  congre^tions  in 
England,  Sheik-uI-Islam  of  the  British  Isles, 
and  bears  the  title  of  EflFendi.  He  is  also  the 
editor  of  the  Crescent,  a  weekly,  and  of  the 
monthly,  the  Islamic  World,  In  the  L'nited 
States  also  the  number  of  Mohammedans  is 
growing  both  by  immigration  and  by  conversiocu 
The  head  of  the  cult  there  is  Mohammed  Alex- 
ander Russell  Webb,  at  one  time  United  States 
Consul  at  Manila.  Since  his  adoption  of  Islam- 
ism he  is  said  to  reside  in  New  Jersey,  where 
he  devotes  all  his  powers  to  the  propagation  of 
his  new  faith. 

Modern  Intellectual  Tendencies  of  the 
Mussulmans. 

Contrary  to  the  opinion  of  the  Arab- 
haters,  who  consider  the  Mussulman  a  dor- 
mant being,  devoid  of  intellectual  interests, 
the  Mohammedan  has  marked  literary  tastes 
and  philosophical  tendencies. 

The  people  of  the  cast  have  never  gone 
•beyond  the  conditions  of  childhood,  and  the 
book  of  Life,  Science,  and  Literature  reads 
to  them  like  their  fairy  tales. 

The  contemplative  life  of  the  Mussulman 
tends  naturally  to  mental  work.  The  students 
of  the  schools,  sons  of  Djerbian  grocers  and 
embroiderers  or  Tunisian  slipper- makers,  learn 
to  read  and  to  calculate  with  an  ardor  promis- 
ing well  for  the  Mussulman's  future.  When  Si- 
Kir-Clak,  president  of  the  Association  of  Let- 
tered Mussulmans,  founded  the  Grand  KontaK 
before  the  first  twenty-four  hours  were  over  169 
pupils  knocked  at  its  doors,  and  shortly  after 
it  registered  250  students.  It  is  absurd  to  say 
that  the  Mussulman  is  **  half  asleep."  A  man 
who  is  half  asleep  does  not  sit  down  for  the 
purpose  of  thinking;  if  he  sits  down  to  think 
he  IS  awake  and  he  knows  what  he  is  doing. 

In  Arabia  everything  predisposes  to  intel- 
lectual labor,  the  thoughtful  temperament. 
the  national  inclination  to  avoidance  of  physi- 
cal fatigue,  the  immobility  so  natural  to  the 
Oriental  and  so  necessary  to  the  man  before 
the  desk,  the  eager  imagination, — all  that  has 
been  there  from  the  beginning  to  prepare  the 
way  for  the  reception  of  the  science  of  this 
age.  "  Henceforth  the  man  of  the  cast  is 
to  find  something  more  necessary  to  the 
Arabian  evolution  than  all  the  keys  of  the 
palaces  of  Golconda." 

It  may  be  added  that  the  number  of  Mo- 
hammedans is  increasing  also  in  Australia. 
Whether  the  Mohammedan  plant  wfll  flour- 
ish in  western  soil  the  future  will  show ;  but 
its  present  place  is  at  least  H-orthy  of  note 
by  all  the  world  from  a  psychological  point 
of  view. 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


747 


RAILROAD  CONTROL   IN  MEXICO. 


^X^.H I LE«  actual  government  ownership  of 
railroads  does  not  exist  directly 
in  Mexico,  that  country  controls  her  trans- 
portation system  absolutely.  Now  this  is  to 
be  extended  so  that  the  national  government 
will  become  the  majority  stockholder  of  a 
great  securities  corporation,  which,  in  turn, 
will  control,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  ex- 
isting companies  now  having  more  than  two- 
thirds  of  the  entire  railroad  mileage  in  Mexi- 
co. These  railroads  will  continue,  after  this 
project  has  been  eflFected,  to  be  privately 
managed,  for  operation  is  not  part  of  the 
government's  plan. 

To  be  the  controlling  owner  of  her  rail- 
road system  is  Mexico's  purpose,  and  to  do 
this  the  railroad  corporation  must  continue  to 
perform  its  functions, — ^with  the  government, 
presumably  in  the  interests  of  the  people, 
holding  the  voting  power  in  order  to  bar  out- 
side "systems,"  like  the  Harrimans,  Fricks, 
Rockefellers  and  Morgans.  Hence  it  can 
dictate  the  policy  of  the  railroads  and  the 
conduct  of  their  officials.  This  system  of 
control  was  first  asserted  a  little  over  seven 
years  ago,  through  the  establishment  of  a 
railroad  commission  to  regulate  railroad 
rates. 

For  more  than  three  years  the  government 
has  held  more  than  48  per  cent,  of  the  total 
stock  of  the  National  Railroad  Company  of 
Mexico.  This  was  acquired  to  prevent  an 
absorption  of  the  railroad  mentioned  by  the 
Mexico  Central  Railway  Company,  Ltd., 
then  the  dominant  system.  Soon  the  govern- 
noent  will  acquire  a  majority  interest  in  a 
$230,000,000  stock  corporation  to  control 
the  two  great  and  commanding  railroad  sys- 
tems of  the  country.  Since  the  government 
acquired  its  stock  in  the  National  it  has  not 
found  it  necessary  to  interfere  in  the  manage- 
ment of  the  company,  owing  to  the  efficient 
control  of  the  commission.  Railroad  officials 
in  Mexico  are  not  alarmed  or  distressed  by 
government  control,  like  their  brothers  in  the 
United  States.  Indeed,  Mexican  railroad 
managers  complain  because  the  commission 
refuses  to  sanction  low  rates  at  times! 

In  the  last  twenty  years,  virtually,  Mexi- 
co's railroad  system  has  been  built,  and  to-day 
embraces  10,840  miles.  Under  the  wise 
guidance  of  President  Diaz  it  has  been  won- 
derfully developed.  To-day,  in  Mexico, 
capital  IS  not  afraid  to  embark  in  railroad 
development,  because  the  government  is  there 
to  protect  the  carrier  from  unjust  public  ag- 


gression and  from  foolish  managerial  action 
alike. 

Mexico  is  the  living  argument  for  gov- 
ernmental ownership.  Largely  through  gov- 
ernmental assistance,  such  as  subsidies  and 
exemptions  from  taxation,  according  to  Mr. 
Samuel  H.  Barker,  in  the  Van  Nor  den  Mag- 
azine for  October,  has  Mexican  railroad  de- 
velopment been  attained.  In  1864,  the  gov- 
ernment gave  $560,000  to  the  Mexican 
Railway  Company,  Ltd.,  and  guaranteed  a 
like  payment  annually.  In  addition,  it  was 
stipulated  that  no  other  railroad  should  be 
subsidized  for  sixty-five  years  between  Vera 
Cruz  and  the  City  of  Mexico.  In  1889,  the 
Mexican  Railway  was  given  a  concession  for 
ninety-nine  years  for  extension  purposes.  At 
the  expiration  of  this  term,  the  government 
may  purchase  the  line  at  a  price  to  be  deter- 
mined by  experts.  On  the  expiration  of  their 
charters,  other  railroads  will  pass  over  to  the 
government,  some  of  them  free  of  charge. 

Under  a  plan  carried  out  in  1903,  the  gov- 
ernment acquired  $29,972,700  worth  of  the 
$62,182,925  capital  stock  of  the  National 
Railway  Company  of  Mexico,  which  controls 
a  system  of  3368  miles.  This  is  one-third  of 
all  the  railroad  mileage  in  Mexico.  By  its 
interest  in  the  Mexican  Central  Railroad, 
3356  miles,  the  government  will  be  able  to 
elect  a  Board  of  Directors  for  two-thirds  of 
the  entire  railroad  mileage  in  the  country. 
Minister  of  Finance  Limantour  greatly  as- 
sisted in  securing  the  consent  of  the  Mexican 
Congress  to  this  plan  of  government  control. 

**  Three  chief  objects,"  says  this  writer, 
"are  sought  to  be  accomplished  by  the  Diaz 
government.  First  and  foremost  the  pur- 
pose is  to  keep  the  Mexican  railroads  na- 
tional by  preventing  them  from  falling  into 
the  grasp  of  powerful  railroad  interests  in  the 
United  States.  Next,  it  is  thought  desirable 
to  bring  the  two  great  railroad  systems  of 
Mexico  together  so  as  to  avoid  all  friction 
between  them  because  of  the  peculiar  owner- 
ship connection  of  the  government  with  one 
but  not  the  other.  Third,  it  is  believed  that 
through  consolidation  considerable  economies 
in  operation  and  improvements  in  traffic  ar- 
rangements can  be  eflFected,  with  a  corre- 
sponding reduction  in  the  cost  and  waste  of 
transportation."  Besides  the  systems  to  be 
consolidated  there  are  only  four  railroads  in 
Mexico  with  more  than  200  miles  of  line. 

While  there  is  one  general  railroad  law  in 
Mexico  each  company  exists  under  a  special 


748  THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REI^/EIVS. 

concession  from  the  national  government,  promulgated  and  its  veto  power  is  absoliae. 
binding  both  parties  to  certain  undertakings.  Without  its  sanction  no  rate  can  be 
In  this  concession  the  maximum  rates  are  enforced.  • 
mentioned,  and  these  remain  during  the  life  Once  a  rate  is  established  it  can  only  be 
of  the  concession.  These  are  not  always  the  changed  by  the  conunission  after  the  r£- 
same,  but  vaiy  according  to  circumstances,  roads  have  satisfied  that  body  that  an  aim- 
location  and  resources.  While  these  rates  tion  is  beneficial  to  the  shipper,  to  the  publ : 
can  never  be  raised,  the  commission  has  to  the  government,  to  the  soliciting  railrwi 
power  to  reduce  them  in  the  interests  of  the  and  to  all  other  railroads  likely  to  be  afffct?^i 
people.  This  body  consists  of  five  govern-  Pooling  agreements  are  legal  in  Mexico,  ar: 
ment  members,  two  representatives  from  the  railroads  may  own  and  operate  coal  and  d 
Board  of  Trade,  and  two  from  the  railroads,  properties.  In  maintenance,  construction  wi 
The  latter  four  have  no  vote.  Hearings  arc  operation  Mexican  railways  compare  hmy 
held  once  a  week  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  bly  with  our  own,  although  not  of  the  k^ 
the  report  of  the  commission  is  promulgated  standards  in  the  United  States.  Comp^^ 
by  the  Department  of  Communications  and  hensively  summed  up,  Mexico  is  not  afraid  of 
Public  Works.  The  commission  is  endowed  government  rate  regulation,  and  is  c«i 
with  power  to  determine  the  reasonableness  ready  to  assume  a  general  proprietary  inters 
of  a  rate.     It  passes  on  rates  before  they  are  in  her  railroad  system. 


RELIGIOUS  PHILOSOPHY  OF  THE  GERMAN  KAISER. 

TpHOSE  who  think  that  in  the  variously  which  is  a  fundamental  part  of  the  Giri^ 

^       talented   German    Emperor   a   theolo-  doctnne.    Harnack,  the  historian,  may  wit . 

,       ,          ,        ^     ^1             11       Ml  /:    J  smile  have  made  his  imperial  listener  aware  r 

gian  has  been  lost  to  the  world  will  hnd  a  t^e  naiveness  in  such  a  construction  of  histon 

corroboration  of  their  opinion  in  the  speech  ^,      .^..                    •      r      •                 i 

which  the  Emperor  delivered  at  Miinster,  a  ,  ^^^   Munster  speech,   furthermore,  <^ 

short  while  ago.     This  address  proves,  in  ^'^^  ^^^^^^^  **5.  ^'^^  Professor  has  ak 

fact,  in  much  the  same  way  as  the  corre-  ^ransmmed  to  the  Eniperor  another  conct^ 

spondence  bet;feen  the  Emperor  and  Admiral  ^If"  ^*  9"^^  ^^^^^  *«  ^"^  ^"  »«»^*1  ^^* 

Hollmann  over  the  Tower  of  Babel  and  the  the  traditional  dogma: 

Bible,  that  Emperor  William  II.  has  a  strong  ,J^L*^:?^.*^^,,:^^"^.^^  ^^""^  ^^  ^S?"^ 

.     1..       ^1'^        u'u            1      c   J  religion  is  m  this  view  a  mere  man  like  cve^ 

inclination  toward  piety,  which  we  also  hnd  o^her  man  who  had  wandered  about  among  :^ 

as  a  characteristic  trait  in  his  grandfather,  rest  of  us  on  the  surface  of  this  earth,  where*: 

and   even   in   a  man   like   Bismarck.     The  jH  dwell  with  our   defects.    In    that  categ^r. 

present  Emperor  meditates  profoundly  and  ^!?l^l/t?.f^'i^*\«c  ^.^""^^t  ^iJ"  w*'''  ^^^l  ^ 

*^  .  .               \.  '  ^       ^          11  ^k    •  -.  11     *     1  among  tne  theologians,  to  which  Hamack,  hot- 

with  apparent  interest  on  all  the  intellectual  ever,  does  not  belong.    He  rather  takS  as  i 

problems  of  piety.     A  writer  in  the  K61-  follower  of  the  famous  Ritschl,  an  intermeto 

nische  Zeitung  says:  position,  and  sees  in  Christ  a  man  whose  cv 

istence  on  earth  is  firmly  fixed  in  the  frame  *^* 

Every    theologian    will    undoubtedly    discern  historical  events,  and  who  was  bom  and  d^^i 

without  difficulty  that  it  is  Hamack's  theology  in  a  natural  manner.    But  this  man  has,  throocb 

which  shines  forth  in  the  most  notable  sentences  his   religious  soul,  maintained  a   peculiar  rcb 

of  the   imperial   speech    at   Miinster.     The  in-  tion  to  God,  and  has  proved  this   relationshi? 

fluence  exerted  by  the  original,  fascinating  per-  by   a   life   full    of   unparalleled    manifestatiom 

sonality  of  the  great  church  historian  on  Em-  which  are  presented  to  us  in  the   New  Testa- 

peror  William  manifests  itself  here  publicly  for  ment.    Through    these   manifestations,   the  it- 

the  first  time.    When  the  speaker,  for  example,  ligious  value  whereof  can  never  become  oat  of 

sets  forth   in  unmistakable  words  the  religion  date,  he  exerts  a  prefigurative  and,  at  the  siJW 

that  he  wishes  to  see  observed,  as  against  the  time,   liberating   influence  on   all   persons  wb- 

rigorous  church  dogma,  this  is  certainly  in  line  willingly  submit  to  it.    Such,  in  -substance.  ^ 

with    the    evolution   of    religion,   which    liberal  Hamack's  theology.    As  we  see,  it  lets  tiie  ob- 

idea  the  Emperor  at  one  time  asserted  at  Bres-  jective  facts  of  salvation,  as  set    forth  in  tb< 

lau,  but  it  is  utterly  irreconcilable  with  the  doc-  dogma,  fall,  and  makes  reli^on  purely  an  li 

trine  of  the  two  revelations  as  propounded  in  fair  of  the  soul  of  the  individual  human  bcinr 

his  letter  to  Hollmann.    Now  he  has  dropped  The  soul  as  the  religious  organ  of  man  is,  for 

one  revelation,  which  the  Emperor  would  not  this  reason,  set  in  the  center  of  the  rcUgioo' 

give  up  at  that  time,  the  one  in  regard  to  the  expositions  in  the  Emperor's  speech, 

history   of   salvation,   which   taught   a   gradual  No  one  will  close  his  eyes  to  the  spiritual  ard 

preparation,  from  the  times  of  Paradise  on,  of  moral  sublimity  of  this  religion,  into  which  th( 

the  salvation  of  humanity  through  Christ,  and  Emperor's   piety  has   developed    under  the  in- 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF   THE  MONTH. 


749 


r   luencc   of   Harnack's   theology.     But  this  sub- 

n  .  jpctive  form  of  religion,  witlj  all  the  great  bene- 

its  it  confers  on  its  adherents,  has  not  yet, — 

t  must  be  reluctantly  admitted, — ^proved  to  be 

f  means  of  uniting  and  reconciling  humanity. 

Without  commenting  further  on  the  above 


statements,  we  reproduce  them  here,  since 
they  will,  in  all  likelihood,  be  the  cause  of 
a  continued  discourse  in  the  German  press, 
and  also  for  the  reason  that  they  offer  a  sig- 
nificant contribution  to  a  characterization 
of  Emperor  William  II. 


A  NEW  PLAN  FOR  STATE   CONTROL  OF  THE  LIQUOR 

BUSINESS. 


r)ESPITE  the  efforts  of  the  press,  the  pul- 
pit, the  Sunday  school  and  the  State, 
,  intemperance  still  remains  one  of  our  sorest 
evils.     Fifty  years  have  shown  us  the  weak- 
.  ness  of  either  license  or  prohibition  to  bring 
about  adequate  control  of  the  liquor  business. 
Accordingly,     the     Rev.     Justus     Newton 
Brown,  in  the  October  Bibliotheca  Sacra, 
unfolds  a  plan  for  State  control  which,  he 
claims,  is  an  embodiment  of  the  strength  of 
all  earlier  attempts  at  liquor  regulation  in 
conjunction   with  certain  economic  sugges- 
tions that  are  decidedly  novel  and  original. 
License,  high  or  low,  is  a  failure.    It  has 
led  to  some  improvement  in  order  on  the 
streets,  and,  perhaps,  to  less  drinking  than 
there  would  have  been  without  its  restric- 
tions, but  it  has  altogether  failed  to  diminish 
the  amount  of  drinking  indulged  in  by  the 
people.    It  has  also  not  succeeded  in  making 
the   liquor  interests  pay  their  part  of  the 
State's  burdens  through  taxation,  for,  in  the 
final  analysis,  it  is  the  wife  and  children  of 
the  drunkard  who  pay  the  saloon-keeper  and 
eventually  the  State.    The  license  fees  paid 
by  the  liquor  dealers  constitute  a  bribe  for 
the   public's  consent  to  the  existence  of  a 
traffic  that  ruins  men.    This  makes  the  State 
a  partner  in  the  business,  tending  to  make  it 
respectable  by  its  great  influence. 

Large  profits  induce  capitalists  to  invest 
millions  in  developing  and  protecting  this 
business;  to  corrupt  legislatures,  juries  and 
courts;  and  to  decide  elections  and  control 
the  policy  of  the  Government.  The  one 
lesson  deducible  from  this  experience  is  that 
the  only  way  to  solve  the  liquor  problem  is 
to  take  the  financial  profit  out  of  the  liquor 
business.  So  long  as  the  business  is  profita- 
ble men  will  engage  in  it,  and  do  what  they ' 
::an  to  build  it  up. 

Norway  furnishes  an  illustration  of  a 
liquor-selling  monopoly,  organized  by  pub- 
ic-spiritfed  dtizens  to  restrict  and  not  to  in- 
rreasc  the  business.  Interest  on  capital  in- 
fested IS  limited  to  5  per  cent. ;  and  all  ac- 


counts are  subject  to  municipal  scrutiny.  All 
further  profits  are  devoted  to  purposes  pub- 
licly useful, — especially  such  as  counteract 
the  drink  evil.  There  are  no  tables  or  chairs 
in  the  saloons,  but  merely  counters  and  small 
glasses,  graduated  like  an  apothecary's  for 
the  exact  dose.  No  encouragement  for  con- 
viviality, no  credit,  no  loafing,  no  disorderly 
conduct,  are  deterrents  against  excessive 
drinking.  Saloons  open  from  8  to  12  fore-v 
noon,  and  1.30  to  7  in  the  afternoon.  In 
fourteen  years  this  system  reduced  the  drink- 
ing of  distilled  spirits  per  capita  one-half. 

As  a  policy  of  State  control,  the  writer 
approves  Norway's  plan,  although  he  frankly 
admits  the  impossibility  of  establishing  any- 
where in  this  country  a  "  monopoly  "  of  the 
liquor  business.  The  **  dispensary  "  system 
of  South  Carolina  is  warmly  commended  as 
an  available  agency  by  which  the  State  can 
rid  itself  of  saloons  by  taking  the  liquor 
traffic  wholly  into  its  own  hands.  Prohibi- 
tion is  not  practicable,  owing  to  the  difficulty 
of  enforcement.  Kansas,  Iowa,  and  Maine 
all  reveal  its  loopholes.  Moreover,  for  vio- 
lations of  prohibitory  laws,  only  the  seller  is 
punished,  while  the  purchaser  goes  free. 
This  the  writer  considers  unjust  and  unfair. 

Local  option,  or  prohibition  by  counties, 
cities  or  towns,  is  easier  adopted  and  main- 
tained than  a  State-wide  prohibitory  law. 
But  its  weakness  lies  in  the  fact  that  when 
people  have  banished  the  saloon  from  their 
midst  they  have  no  protection  from  the  sa- 
loons in  the  neighboring  town  or  city.  It 
seems  more  effective  in  determining  where 
liquor  shall  be  bought  than  how  much  liquor 
shall  be  drunk.  It  is  merely  a  station  on 
the  road  to  something  better. 

Hence,  the  writer  submits,  in  three  propo- 
sitions, a  new  plan  for  State  control,  as 
follows : 

First:  That  the  State  should  abolish  all 
liquor  saloons  within  its  borders,  and  pro- 
hibit all  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquor  by  private  parties,  including  druggists. 


750 


THE  AMERICAN  REyiElV  OF  REVIEWS. 


making  just  compensation  to  any  persons 
who  may  be  injured  by  this  change  in  its 
policy;  and  should  prohibit  the  purchase  of 
intoxicating  h'quor  from  private  parties. 

Second:  That,  in  the  interest  of  temper- 
ance, the  State  should  take  the  whole  liquor 
business  into  its  own  hands;  and  that  it 
should  manufacture  pure  liquor,  and  sell  it, 
— so  far  as,  in  its  judgment,  liquor  ought  to 
be  manufactured  and  sold, — substantially  at 
cost,  through  carefully  selected  agents,  who 
should  have  no  financial  interest  in  their 
sales,  and  who  should  be  under  bonds  to 
keep  the  law. 

Third:  That  the  State  should  provide,  by 
a  general  law,  such  minimum  of  regulation, 
restriction  and  prohibition  of  its  own  sales  of 
liquor  as,  in  its  judgment,  may  wisely  be 
applied  in  all  places  within  its  borders;  and 
should  authorize  counties,  towns,  cities,  and 
wards  of  cities  to  add  thereto  any  further 
regulation,  restriction  and  prohibition  which 
they  might  deem  wise. 

This  plan  appears  to  him  to  possess  the 
following  advantages: 


First:  It  is  adapted  to  States  and  commun- 
ities in  every  condition  and  belief  and  prac- 
tice. 

Second:  It  would  tend  to  educate  the  peo- 
ple of  every  commum'ty  in  temperance. 

Third:  It  would  provide  laws  that  can  be 
enforced  everj'wherc. 

Fourth:  It  would  take  the  financial  prdit 
out  of  the  liquor  business. 

Fifth:  It  would  abolish  the  liquor  saloon. 

The  State,  he  contends,  can  better  afiord 
to  compensate  those  who  may  be  injured  by 
this  radical  change  in  its  policy  than  to  ha\'e 
them  continue  in  their  present  business.  Bjr 
employing  agents  "  under  bonds  "  wA  "  rw 
financial  interests  in  their  sales,"  the  law 
would  be  respected  and  excessive  selling  i^ 
strained.  By  selling  "  substantially  at  cost," 
the  State  would  be  acting  solely  for  the  pub- 
lic good,  and  in  the  interest  of  temperance; 
and,  moreover,  by  this  means  unlawful  sell- 
ing could  be  suppressed  more  eflfcctually. 
The  large  profit  is  the  inducement  to  sell 
liquor ;  by  reducing  the  price  the  State  would 
remove  this  temptation. 


MODERN    "ILLUMINATE'    AND    THE    CRISIS    IN    RE- 
LIGIOUS    THOUGHT.. 


**  A  NY  ONE  who  has  followed  the  move- 
^^  ment  of  religious  thought  during 
the  past  fifty  years,"  writes  M.  Goblet  d'Al- 
viella,  in  the  Revue  de  Belgique  (Brussels), 
"  cannot  have  failed  to  note  that  a  great 
change  has  taken  place  in  men's  attitude 
toward  religion. 

I  do  not  refer  to  the  reaction  which  has 
thrown  the  ruling  orders,  in  their  fear  of  So- 
cialism, into  the  arms  of  intrinsically  conserva- 
tive institutions,  but  to  the  position  which  men 
of  enlightenment,  litterateurs,  savants,  sociolo- 
gists, and  often  political  men,  have  taken  up  as 
regards  religion  and  its  value  to  mankind. 

According  to  M.  d'Alviella,  there  has  suc- 
ceeded to  the  disdain  which  marked  the  open- 
ing of  the  nineteenth  century  with  regard  to 
all  things  religious,  a  mixture  of  toleration, 
of  curiosity  and  of  respect  for  the  sincere 
and  spontaneous  manifestations  of  the  re- 
ligious instinct.  Moreover,  there  is  evident 
an  inclination  on  the  part  of  all  reflective 
men  to  trace  religion  to  its  vital  sources, 
and  to  so  organize  its  effects  as  to  make  it  as 
fruitful  as  possible.  Far  from  thinking  that 
ours  is  an  age  of  atheistical  indifference,  M. 
d'Alviella  declares  it  to  be  his  conviction, 


from  long  observation,  that  men  are  ceding 
to  look  upon  religions  as  artificial  and  arbi- 
trary creations,  and  are  beginning  to  regard 
them  as  having  their  source  in  the  deepest 
strata  of  human  nature,  holding  that  thfv 
constitute  an  indispensable  influence  in  sodal 
evolution.  The  United  States  alone  has 
shown  with  what  rapidity  and  excellent  re- 
sults the  churches  can  transform  themsdTCs 
into  instruments  of  humanitarian  refonn. 
leaving  aside  all  theological  divergences  that 
may  characterize  them. 

M.  d'Alviella  proceeds  then  to  point  the 
moral  of  his  convictions,  by  referring  to  the 
investigation  made  this  year  by  the  Mercmrt 
de  France  among  the  Uluminati  of  the  world, 
as  to  the  part  religion  played  in  their  mindx 
Men  of  all  classes  and  nationalities  were 
asked  to  give  their  views.  To  mention  but 
a  few  of  the  expressions  of  opinion  furnished 
by  141  well-known  men,  we  find  Francois 
Copee  declaring  that,  his  attitude  toward  re- 
ligion is  contained  in  the  word  "credo": 
Dr.  Kuyper,  the  well-known  Dutcii  minis- 
ter, asserts  that  though  the  moment  is  un- 
favorable  to  the   development  of   rdigioiis 


LEADING  ARTICLES  OF  THE  MONTH. 


751 


receptivity,  nevertheless  we  are  on  the  eve 
of  a  religious  revival  which  will  surpass  in 
intensity  the  religious  receptivity  of  the  past. 
Siegfried  Wagner  holds  that  the  truth  of  the 
Gospel  is  eternal;  M.  William  Gohier  de- 
clares that  religion  cannot  disappear,  but 
fhat  it  must  follow  a  course  of  evolution 
which  will  tend  to  laicize  it  in  men's  minds. 
Mr.  Maxim  Gorky,  in  answer  to  the  in- 
quiry of  the  Mercure,  has  the  following  re- 
marks to  make,  showing  that  his  views  differ 
from  those  of  other  literary  men: 

The  dissolution  of  the  idea  of  a  God  appears 
to  me  to  be  inevitable  as  much  among  the  en- 
lightened classes  as  among  the  masses.  I  be- 
lieve that  the  formation  of  a  new  psychological 
type  is  now  in  process.  In  order  that  this  be- 
ing may  attain  a  proper  development,  a  free  an4 
broad  commerce  is  essential  between  men.  So- 
cialism alone  can  realize  this  problem.  The  re- 
ligious sentiment,  as  I  conceive  it,  must  then 
exist  and  develop,  rendering  man  perfect  as  it 
evolves. 

With  somewhat  similar  sentiments,  M. 
Novicoff,  the  Russian  sociologist,  declares 
that  religions  are  falling  into  certain  disso- 
lution ;  Signor  Fogazzaro  asserts  that  we  are 
traveling  toward  a  religious  conception  in 
which  dogma  will  hold  a  very  large  place, 
but  in  which  the  relations  between  human 
intelligence  and  dogma  will  be  the  relations 
of  a  living  faith,  transcending  formulas  and 
finding  its  sphere  in  good  works;  Father 
Tyrrel,  the  Jesuit  who  has  recently  been 
suspended  by  the  Vatican-  from  his  clerical 
functions,  holds  that  "  nothwithstanding  the 
dissolution  of  many  religious  institutions  re- 
quired by  the  growth  of  a  religious  sentiment 
possessing  far  more  religion  and  depth  than 
wc  have  yet  known,  we  are  rapidly  traveling 
toward  a  revival  of  the  religious  idea  " ;  M. 
Flammarion,  the  French  astronomer,  epi- 
gnunmatically  tells  us  that  "  religion  and 


7 


religions  are  entirely  different  things,  the 
former  will  remain  in  man's  breast  for  all 
time,  the  latter  will  perish";  Sir  Charles 
Dilke  holds  that  religion  is  a  matter  that  is 
independent  of  churches;  Paul  Sabatier  de- 
clares that,  far  from  going  into  godlessness, 
we  are  on  the  eve  of  a  glorious  revival ;  Mr. 
H.  G.  Wells  thinks  that  the  religious  idea 
and  the  religious  sentiment  are  an  integral 
part  of  the  moral  and  intellectual  process 
of  humanity;  Mr.  Havelock-Ellis  declares 
that  churches  have  only  a  temporary  exist- 
ance,  but  that  religion  is  an  element  of  hu- 
man nature  almost  as  potent  as  the  sexual 
instinct;  Charles  Wagner  asserts  it  to  be 
his  belief  that  the  true  religion  has  yet  to 
come,  but  that  it  is  rapidly  approaching  and 
is  nothing  but  human  piety  in  its  simplest 
form,  the  respect  of  life,  of  sorrow,  of  labor 
and  all  that  constitutes  humanity;  finally, 
Mr.  Bjornstjern  Bjornsen  says: 

Dogmas  that  henceforth  cannot  be  rationally 
upheld  are  decaying,  and  the  distance  between 
religion  and  reality  is  being  lessened.  This 
transformation  is  going  on  slowly,  but  it  will 
only  cease  when  all  sects  shall  have  combined  to 
render  a  common  worship  to  the  eternal  power. 

The  causes  of  this  return  to  religion  to 
study  it  as  a  quasi-scientific  emanation  M. 
d'Alviella  finds  in  the  progress  of  science 
itself,  which  admits  that  it  is  powerless  to 
furnish  us. with  an  explanation  of  the  mys- 
tery of  life.  Even  the  boldest  scientific 
thinkers  admit  that  the  theory  of  the  uni- 
verse reposes  on  one  act  of  faith,  namely,  the 
undemonstrable  affirmation  that  nothing  can 
either  create  itself 'or  be  lost,  although  there 
is  a  growing  school  of  physicists  which  de- 
clares that  energy  is  dissipated  in  ether,  and 
which  doubts  the  tenets  once  universally 
prevalent  as  to  the  "  indestructible  atom." 


THE  SITUATION  BEFORE  THE  THIRD  DUMA. 


**§  T.  GR.,"  writing  for  the  Polish  Ty- 
godnik  lllustrowany  ( Illustrated 
Weekly),  of  Warsaw,  points  out  that  the 
question  Whether  the  third  Duma  will  be 
long-lived  is  considerably  more  important 
than  the  composition  of  that  Duma.  If  the 
third  Duma  should  perhaps  be, — as  is  popu- 
larly believed, — the  last  Duma,  "  a  liquidat- 
ing Duma,  a  Duma  that  will  not  live  to 
enact  any  law,"  or,  if  it  enact  any  law,  will 
not  receive  for  it  the  sanction  of  the  govern- 
ment,— the   dominant  political   direction   of 


the  chamber  would  be  of  no  real  consequence 
to  the  public.  Seeking  an  answer,  therefore, 
to  the  question  of  the  longevity  of  the  third 
Duma,  "  St.  Gr."  takes  a  survey  of  the  situ- 
ation in  which  the  Duma  will  enter  on  its 
work. 

In  view  of  the  failure  of  the  attempts 
made'  in  the  second  Duma  to  reckon  with 
the  government,  the  third  Duma  will  leave 
off  proclaiming  the  watchword :  "  Guard  the 
Duma !  "  says  the  writer  quoted.  The  pos- 
sibility  of   compromise   becomes,   therefore, 


762 


THE  AMERICAN  REI/IEIV  OF  REI/IEIVS. 


almost  excluded ;  a  conflict  with  the  govern- 
ment is,  therefore,  not  precluded  at  the  first 
opportunity  in  the  event  of  a  progressive  and 
radical  majority. 

The  wider  internal  and  external  political 
ground  of  Russia  has,  however,  recently  un- 
dergone a  change,  and  the  third  Duma  will 
appear  in  presence  of  the  government  under 
different  conditions.  Says  the  Polish 
journal : 

The  second  Duma  entered  on  its  work  in  a 
period  most  propitious  to  the  government, — the 
period  when  the  party  of  the  "true  Russian 
people"  flourished,  together  with  its  auxiliary 
divisions,  the  '*  Black  Hundreds.**  That  was 
the  epoch  of  the  greatest  hopes  of  the  creation 
of  a  powerful  and  compact  monarchical  party, 
of  which  the  Moskovskiya  Vyedomosti  pro- 
claimed wonders,  writing  in  gigantic  letters  at 
the  head  of  every  issue :  "  First  of  all,  however, 
it  is  necessary  to  disperse  the  second  Duma !  '* 
The  Right  was  strong  and  haughty.  It  prom- 
ised to  achieve  miracles;  to  reform  Russia's 
economic  forces,  to  bring  about  a  regenerated 
and  modified  third  chamber.  The  Committee 
of  Ministers  lent  a  willing  ear  to  these  assur- 
ances, and  sought  an  opportunity  to  dissolve  the 
Duma.  The  fate  of  the  Duma  was  prejudged 
for  a  few  weeks  before  its  close.  At  the  pres- 
ent moment  less  hopes  are  doubtless  placed  by 
the  government  in  the  "  Union  of  True  Russian 
People."  On  the  one  hand,  the  authorities 
know  that  the  "  Union  *'  has  not  been  able  to 
pacify  Russia ;  on  the  other,  the  "  Union  "  has 
recognized  that  it  is  itself  in  danger.  It  has 
been  observed  that  the  high  bureaucrats  are 
menaced  from  the  emboldened  "  Unionists  ** 
with  no  less  danger  than  from  the  most  fiery 
revolutionists.  The  "  Union  of  True  "Russian 
People  "  perhaps,  therefore,  still  enjoys  a  con- 
siderable mfluence,  but  it  has  forfeited  the  charm 
that  until  recently  it  possessed  over  the  authori- 
ties. In  this  respect  the  third  Duma  -will  find 
itself  in  a  far  more  auspicious  situation. 

Taking  a  survey  now  of  the  general 
ground  of  foreign  politics,  which,  as  he  ob- 
serves, has  weight  in  St.  Petersburg,  the 
writer  sa>'s: 

It  is  no  secret  that  Emperor  William  is  a 
headstrong  foe  not  only  of  Polish  autonomy, 
but  also  of  a  regenerating  reform  of  the  Russian 
state.  What  influence  the  German  monarch  has 
e.\erted  indirectly  and  directlv  on  St.  Petersburg 
is  also  a  matter  of  secrecy  to  no  politician.  We 
all  know  well  that  in  the  closing  of  the  Duma 
can  be  discovered  powerful  influences  of  a 
purely  external  nature.  But  German  friendship 
lias  proved  a  bad  friendship.     Berlin  was  an  ex- 


cellent ally  as  long  as  it  was  a  question  of  ad- 
vice and  cheap  promises.  Hopes  of  pacifying 
the  population  were  suggested,  assurances  5 
the  procuring  of  new,  convenient  loans  were 
given.  But,  neither  has  tranquillity  prevaild, 
nor  has  it  been  possible  to  obtain  a  loan.  The 
political  "  leaders  "  in  Russia  have  begun  slowly 
to  rub  their  eyes.  Thanks,  however,  to  the 
shortsightedness  of  the  oft-critidscd  Russian 
diplomacy,  the  state  of  things  would  undogo 
no  change,  and  Germany  would  continue  to  en- 
joy the  favor  and  attention  of  St  Petersbnnt 
But  at  the  other  end  of  Europe,  on  the  Thames, 
King  Edward  VII.  has  been  laying  wise  and 
wide-reaching  plans,  and  has  been  able  thr«^ 
the  clever  and  inexpressibly  energetic  Russian 
embassy  to  vie  in  strength  with  the  Prussian 
representation  on  the  Neva.  Despite  the  endeav- 
ors of  the  German  Ambassador,  who  has  recently 
been  recalled  from  St.  Petersburg,  England  con- 
cluded a  pacific  treaty  with  Russia,  at  the  same 
time  bringing  through  her  influence  Russia  and 
Austria  nearer,  and  projecting  an  undcntand- 
ing  with  Italy.  Together  in  contact  with 
France  there  is  being  drawn,  therefore,  the  per- 
spective of  the  conformation  of  political  com- 
binations entirely  new,  and  until  lately,  it  wooM 
seem,  impossible.  At  this  moment  Germany 
finds  herself  in  as  exceptional  a  situation  as 
she  has  never  been  in  during  her  existence  a^ 
an  empire.  By  the  hand  of  Edward  VII.  the  in- 
fluence of  Berlin  will,  therefore,  be  considerably 
removed  from  St.  Petersburg.  This  circum- 
stance alters  considerably  the  situation  in  which 
will  take  place  the  commencement  of  the  work 
of  the  third  Duma.  To  this,  finally,  must  be 
added  the  fact  that  the  weakness  of  Russia  does 
not  at  all  lie  in  the  interest  of  the  diplomaticallj 
co-ordinate  powers.  Nay,  considering  Germany, 
they  should  rather  care  for  the  vigor  of  tbe 
Russian  power.  But  the  first  condition  of  the 
vigor  of  the  Russian  state  is  a  firm  and  tree 
constitutional  form  of  government 

It  is  impossible  at  this  moment  to  ioreset 
in  what  direction  the  inter-European  politi- 
cal relations  will  develop ;  but  judging  frocD 
present  appearances,  it  may  be  foretold  that 
King  Edward  VII.  will  attain  his  ends.  "In 
such  conditions,**  says  the  writer  in  the  7r 
godnik  Illustrowany,  in  conclusion,  "the 
third  Duma  would  find  a  firmer  point  of 
support  and  would  afford  a  surprise  to  the 
world  by  holding  out  and  obtaining  ooosd- 
tutional  authority  in  Russia." 

Facts  are  known  in  the  history  of  ptrTi^ 
ments  of  the  lasting  work  of  chambers  tne  dis- 
solution of  which  was  already  expected  befc« 
their  convocation. 


THE  NEW  BOOKS. 
NOTES  ON  RECENT  AMERICAN  PUBLICATIONS. 


BIOGRAPHY,  REMINISCENCE,  MEMOIRS. 

**  The  Reminiscences  of  Carl  Schurz  "  (Mc- 
Clure)  fall  naturally  in  two  distinctive  parts. 
The  first  volume  is  concerned  with  the  early 
life  of  Mr.  Schurz  and  his  part  in  the  German 
revolutionary  movement  of  1848,  while  the  sec- 
ond volume  is  devoted  entirely  to  the  career  of 
Mr.  Schurz  in  America,  beginning  with  his  ar- 
rival in  New  York,  in  the  year  1852.  The  pub- 
lication of  these  memoirs  in  the  form  of  maga- 
:ine  articles  has  attracted  unusual  attention,  and 
especial  interest  attached  to  the  account  of  the 
rescue  of  the  revolutionist  Kinkel,  in  which 
Schurz  played  an  important  part.  There  were 
nany  other  dramatic  incidents  in  his  life  is  a 
jcrman  university  student,  but  the  really  im- 
portant part  of  his  career  was  passed  in  the 
United  States.  He  sympathized  heartily  with 
the  anti-slavery  movement,  and  took  a  leading 
part  in  the  formation  of  the  Republican  party 
in  the  Middle  West.  His  military  service  in 
the  Civil  War  and  his  subsequent  political  ac- 
tivities as  United  States  Senator  from  Missouri 
and  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  under  President 


A    WAR    TIME    PICTURE   OF   JAY    COOKE. 


CAgL    SCHURZ. 

Hayes,  are  matters  of  familiar  history.  Always 
influential  among  his  German-American  com- 
patriots, many  of  whom  had  fought  with  him  in 
the  revolutionary  uprising  of  1848,  Mr.  Schurz 
rapidly  gained  prominence  in  American  public 
life,  and  his  unselfish  devotion  to  principle  soon 
made  him  a  marked  man  in  our  national  poli- 
tics. He  enjoyed  intimate  personal  acquaintance 
with  a  remarkably  large  number  of  American 
soldiers  and  statesmen.  For  that  reason  and 
because  of  the  clarity  and  grace  of  his  literary 
style  these  volumes  of  reminiscences  by  Mr. 
Schurz  are  of  surpas.sing  interest. 

It  was  fitting  that  Ellis  Paxson  Oberholt;K|r, 
biographer  of  Robert  Morris,  the  financier  of 
the  American  Revolution,  should  be  intrusted 
with  the  preparation  of  the  authorized  life  of 
Jay  Cooke,  who  by  common  consent  is  recog- 
nized as  pre-eminently  the  financier  of  the  Civil 
War  (Philadelphia:  George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co., 
two  volumes).  This  elaborate  work  not  only 
deals  minutely  with  the  public  aspects  of  Jay 
Cook5*s  career,  but  presents  in  a  vivid  way 
those  personal  characteristics  which  endeared 
the  great  financier  to  a  remarkably  wide  circle 
of  friends  and  acquaintances.  Like  Robert  Mor- 
ris, Mr.  Cooke  was  a  Philadelphian  by  adoption, 
having  been  bom   in   Sandusky,  Ohio.     When 


754 


THE   AMERICAN  REI^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS, 


the  Civil  War  began  he  was  in  middle  life,  hav- 
ing behind  him  tv/enty  years  of  successful  bank- 
ing experience  in  the  City  of  Brotherly  Love. 
The  house  with  Which  he  had  been  connected  in 
the  early  years  of  his  business  life  in  Philadel- 
phia had  had  much  to  do  with  the  financing  of 
the  Mexican  War,  and  this  experience  was  of 
much  value  to  Mr.  Cooke  in  the  troublous  times 
that  followed  the  election  of  Lincoln.  His  first 
notable  share  in  war  financiering  was  in  con- 
nection with  the  floating  of  the  first  $50,000,000 
Government  loan,  but  important  as  his  services 
were  in  that  affair,  they  were  overshadowed  by 
the  brilliant  part  that  he  played  during  the  most 
serious  crisis  of  the  war  in  the  famous  "  five- 
twenty"  loan,  for  the  success  of  which  he  was 
given  unstinted  credit  at  the  time  and  for  which 
his  commissions,  according  to  Dr.  Oberholtzer, 
amounted  to  something  less  than  one-sixteenth 
of  I  per  cent.  In  the  space  at  our  command  it 
is  impossible  to  enter  into  the  details  of  these 
treihendous  transactions,  nor  can  we  relate  the 
subsequent  uncertain  and  in  some  respects  un- 
fortunate career  of  this  great  financial  genius, 
culminating  in  the  financial  crash  of  1873.  Not 
a  few  of  our  readers  have  personal  recollections 
of  those  times,  and  to  all  such  we  commend  this 
exceedingly  interesting  and  luminous  account, 
which  contains  much  information  gleaned  from 
correspondence  and  other  manuscript  sources. 
Dr.  Oberholtzer  has  made  a  valuable  contribu- 
tion to  the  history  of  the  Civil  War  period. 

"  The  Spirit  of  Old  West  Point "  is  the  well- 
befitting  titl?  of  a  volume  of  reminiscences  by 
Gen.  Morris  Schaff  (Boston:  Houghton,  Mifflin 
&  Co.).  General  Schaff  was  a  West  Point 
cadet  just   at   the  outbreak  of  the   Civil   War. 


He  gives  a  vivid  picture  of  the  scenes  in  the 
old  Academy  at  that  dramatic  moment  Gai- 
eral  Schaff  >yrites  with  a  certain  ease  and  in- 
formality which  are  admirably  suited  to  convey 
his  impressions  of  the  impending  conflict  as  it 
was  foreshadowed  in  those  days  at  the  nation's 
Military  Academy.  Interesting  portraitures  of 
Southern  as  well  as  Northern  cadets  who  Uter 
won  fame  on  the  battlefield  are  joined  with  bril- 
liant descriptions  of  impressive  war  scenes. 
Throughout  the  volume  the  element  of  human 
interest   strongly   predominates. 

Some  entertaming  chapters  of  autobiography 
have  been  collected  by  Captain   A.   T.    Mahan. 


CAPTAIN    ALFRED   T.    MAHAN. 


GEN.    MORRIS   SCHAFF. 

under  the  title  **  From  Sail  to  Steam  "  (Har- 
pers). Captain  Mahan*s  recollections  of  the  old 
navy  emphasize  with  startling  distinctness  the 
immense  transformation  that  has  been  wrought 
within  the  past  fifty  years  in  the  world's  ideals 
of  naval  equipment.  The  author  of  "  The  In- 
fluence of  Sea  Power  Upon  History  "  has  seen 
in  his  own  lifetime  changes  which  fairly  ro-o- 
lutionized  the  methods  of  naval  attack  and  de- 
fense. In  the  present  volume  he  discourses  upon 
some  of  these  changes  in  an  informal,  almost 
conversational  way,  which  gives  to  the  book  a 
unique  interest. 

For  the  benefit  of  the  present  generation  the 
title  "Lincoln  in  the  Telegraph  Office,"  which 
has  been  assigned  to  a  volume  of  remitaiacences 
by  David  Homer  Bates  (Century),  seems  to 
require  a  word  of  explanation.  During  the 
Civil  War  it  was  President  Lincoln's  daily  hibit 
to  pay  a  visit  to  the  War  Department  telegraph 
office,  where  he  received  thc-trews -from- the 
front.  In  this  way  the  martyr  Prcsid«it  came 
mto  close  personal  relations  whh  the  telegraph 


THE  NEIV  BOOKS. 


755 


ii'-j,-  ii  i-i    i-.  il.    iJ.riifj 

PRESIDENT    LINCOLN     IN     THE    WAR    DEPARTMENT    TELEGRAPH    OFFICE,    WRITING    THE    FIRST    DRAFT   OF 

THE    EMANCIPATION    PROCLAMATION. 

Frontispiece  of  **  Lincoln  In  the  Telegraph  OfBce." 


operators,  and  the  impress  that  his  personality 
left  upon  these  men  has  been  graphically  por- 
trayed by  Mr.  Bates  in  this  volume  of  recollec- 
tions. Aside  from  the  revelations  that  he  makes 
of  Lincoln's  relations  with  the  military  tele- 
graph corps  during  war  time,  Mr.  Bates  imparts 
in  his  book  a  great  deal  of  information  concern- 
ing  important   military  movements. 

That  brilliant  young  Kentucky  orator,  Rich- 
ard Hickman  Menefee,  who  has  been  charac- 
terized as  *•  the  young  Patrick  Henry  of  the 
VVest,"  is  the  subject  of  a  somewhat  elaborate 
biography  by  John  Wilson  Townsend  (New 
York:  The  Neale  Publishing  Company).  Men- 
cfee  was  bom  in  1809  and  died  in  1841.  He 
became  a  memb-T  of  the  Kentucky  Legislature 
and  of  the  national  Congress.  His  public  career, 
though .  cut  short,  was  of  such  promise  that 
even  to-day  he  is  ranked  as  one  of  the  three 
great  Kentucky  orators. 

In  the  "  Reminiscences  of  Richard  Lathers," 
edited  by  Alvan  F.  Sanborn  (New  York:  The 
Grafton  Press),  we  have  the  record  of  sixty 
years  of  an  active  life  spent  in  South  Carolina, 
Massachusetts,  and  New  York.  Colonel  Lath- 
ers, although  a  Southern  man,  was  strongly  op- 
posed to  secession.  He  strove  earnestly  for 
peace  and  co-operated  with  many  Northern  men 
in  efforts  to  save  the  Union.  The  many  friend- 
ships that  he  formed  during  and  after  the  Civil 
War  with  men  of  prominence  give  a  peculiar 
interest  to  his  letters,  which  chiefly  make  up 
the  present  volume. 


**  John  Harvard  and  His  Times,"  by  Henry 
C.  Shelley  (Boston:  Little,  Brown  &  Co.).  will 
appeal  with  especij]  force,  of  course,  to  all  Har- 
vard graduates.  Ic  is  a  scholarly  account  of  the 
career  of  one  of  those  colonial  Americans  whose 
antecedents  in  the  lapse  of  centuries  had  become 
more  or  less  obscured.  Harvard  was  a  young 
English  clergyman,  a  graduate  of  Emanuel  Col- 
lege in  the  English  Cambridge,  who  early  emi- 
grated to  America  and  founded  the  great  uni- 
versity which  bears  his  name.  How  little  was 
really  known  concerning  Harvard  up  to  recent 
times  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  in  1842  a 
reward  of  $500  was  offered  for  five  lines  of  in- 
formation about  John  Harvard  in  any  capacity, 
public  or  private.  The  reward  wa-s  never 
claimed.  Within  recent  years,  however,  many 
facts  have  been  brought  to  light,  and  such  care- 
ful researches  as  those  of  Mr.  Shelley  have 
resulted  at  last  in  quite  an  accumulation  of 
biographical  material. 

"  Camping  and  Tramping  with  Roosevelt "  is 
the  title  of  a  new  book  by  John  Burroughs 
(Boston:  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.),  which  em- 
phasizes the  President's  bent  for  natural  his- 
tory. The  first  part  of  the  book  tells  the  story 
of  Mr.  Burroughs'  trip  with  the  President  to 
Yellowstone  Park,  in  1903,  while  the  second, 
which  gives  an  account  of  a  visit  to  Oyster  Bay, 
treats  of  Mr.  Roosevelt  more  specifically  as  a  ^ 
nature-lover  and  observer.  Mr.  Burroughs  tells ' 
us  that  the  most  interesting  thing  that  he  saw 
among  the   wonders  of  the   Yellowstone   Pari^,^ 


766 


THE  AMERICAN  REI/IEIV  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


was  the  President  himself,  and  he  describes  his 
manner  of  meeting  people,  his  chats  with  old 
acquaintances  of  ranching  days,  and  his  camp- 
fire  •  conversation  and  story-telling. 

•  French  history  and  life  continue  to  supply  us 
with  the  most  fascinating  of  biographical  works 
and  memoirs.  Four  new  works  dealing  with 
the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  and  the 
beginning  of  the  nineteenth,  the  era  of  the  great 
•  Napoleon,  which  have  recently  come  from  Amer- 
ican presses,  are:  The  two  volumes  of  the 
"  Memoirs  of  the  Comtesse  de  Boigne  "  ( Scrib- 
ners),  which  contain  much  of  literary  and  per- 
sonal charm;  *' Julie  de  Lespinasse"  (Holt),  by 
the  Marquis  de  Segur,  translated  from  the 
French  by  Charlotte  Harwood ;  and  "  Napoleon 
Stael  and  Benjamin  Constant,"  unpublished  let- 
ters and  memoirs  (Putnams),  edited  by  Madame 
Constant's  great-granddaughter,  the  Baroness 
Elizabeth  de  Nolde,  and  translated  from  the 
French  by  Charlotte  Harwood ;  and  *  'Napoleon 
at  the  Boulogne  Camp"  (John  Lane),  being 
an  account  of  Napoleon's  fleet  and  his  colossal 
plans  for  invading  Great  Britain  in  1803,  from 
unpublished  documents  collected  and  edited  by 
Fernand  Nicolay,  translated  by  Georgina  L. 
Davis,  with  plans,  maps,  and  illustrations. 

"  Magda,  Queen  of  Sheba."  the  alleged  ro- 
mance of  that  famous  historic  personage,  from 
the  ancient  royal  Abyssinian  manuscript,  "  The 
Glory  of  the  Kings,"  translated  *'  for  the  first 
time  into  a  European  tongue,"  by  Hugues  Le 
Roux,  and  into  English  by  Mrs.  John  Van 
Vorst,  with  illustrations  by  Michel  Engueda 
Work,  an  Abyssinian  artist,  has  been  brought 
out  by  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Company,  'fhe  vol- 
ume, which  is  iialf  story;  halt  study,  has  an: 
undoubted  literary  charm  as  well  as  historic 
value.     .  . 


DR.   FRANCIS   E.   CLARK. 


A  very  sug^festive,  thought-provoking  voluine, 
written  espeaally  for  "those  who  are  settling 
down  in  life  and  who  arc  infected  with  the  per- 
sonal-history, disease,  also  for  those  who  are 
supersensitive  and  always  being  misunderstood.** 
is  Emily  M.  Bishop's  "Seventy  Years  Young" 
(Huebsch). 

Other  biographical  or  semi -biographical  works 
of  recent  issue  ars :  "  Father  and  Son  "  ( Scrib- 
ners),  anonymous:  "  The  Love  Affairs  of  Liter- 
ary Men"  (Putnams),  by  Myrtle  Reed;  "The 
Recollections  of  Hermann  Kriisi "  (Grafton 
Press),  edited  by  E.  S.  Ailing;  "  Osar's  Char- 
acter" (Neale),  by  William  VVaddell :  "The 
Life  and  Teachings  of  Thomas  Huxley" 
(Broadway  Publishing  Company),  by  Irving 
Wilson  Voorhees;  a  new  edition  of  Ingersoll's 
"Abraham  Lincoln"  (John  Lane),  and  Miss 
Qara  Barton's  "  Story  of  My  Childhood " 
(Baker  &  Taylor). 

HISTORY  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

Two  new  descriptive  volumes  on  South 
America  and  the  South  Americans  are  to  be 
especially  recommended:  Dr.  Francis  E.  Qark's 
"The  Continent  of  Opportunity"  (Revel! ),  and 
Dr.  Albert  Hale's  "The  South  Americans" 
(Bobbs-Merrill).  Dr.  Clark  took  a  long  toar 
of  the  southern  continent  in  the  interest  of  the 
Christian  Endeavor  movement  last  year,  visiting 
eight  of  the  eleven  republics.  He  has  returned 
very  deeply  impressed  with  the  possibilities  for 
-intellectual  and  iraterial  development  in  tbe- 
southern  continent.  "  In  all  material  matters. 
.  • .  .in  her  mines  and  manufactures,  in 
her  forests  and  fisheries,  in  her  commerce  and 
agriculture,  in  her  schools  and  churches,  in  her 
politics  and  business.  South  America  is  to-day 

Ere-eminently  the  •  continent  of  opportunity." 
►r.  Clark's  volume  is  well  illustrated.  **  The 
South  Americans,"  while  also  discussing  the 
material  resources  of  the  southern  continent, 
devotes  a  good  deal  of  attention  to  the  people 
and  particularly  to  their  commercial  relations 
with  the  United  States.  Dr.  Hale  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Geographical  Society  of  Rio  de  Ja- 
neiro and  other  learned  societies  in  Latin - 
America.  Although,  he  remarks  in  his  preface, 
this  book  has  been  written  "with  a  North 
American  pen,  I  have  looked  through  Sk>uih 
American  eyes  while  writing  it." 

Prominent  among  the  very  few  volumes  writ- 
ten on  the  present  Russian  reN'olution  "which 
are  worthy  of  more  than  casual  reading  is  Mr. 
Kellogg  Durland's  "Red  Rt'iim  in  Russia" 
(Centuiy  Company).  Mr.  Durland,  who  spent 
the  entire  year  of  1906  in  riding  horseback 
and  tramping  more  than  20,000  miles  in  the 
distracted  empire  of  the  Czar,  saw  all  condi- 
tions and  phases  of  the  conflict.  He  was  pre- 
sented at  court,  he  saw  the  inside  of  a  prison. 
messed  with  Cossack  regiments,  witnessed  the 
opening  of  the  first  Duma,  studied  the  famine 
belt,  explored  Siberia,  and,  in  general,  came  as 
near  to  the  heart  and  underlying  causes  of  the 
vast  social,  political,  and  economic  movement  in 
Russia  as  it  is  possible  for  a  foreigner  to  come. 
This  book,  which  is  illustrated  with  sixty  photo- 
graohs,— most  of  them  taken  by  the  author  him- 
self,— is  written  iu  a  graphic,  nervous,  journal- 
istic style  which  holds  the  attention  throughouL 

A  series  of  original  narratives  of  early  Amer- 
ican history  is  to  be  reproduced  under  the  aus- 


THE  NEW  BOOKS. 


767 


KELLOGG    DURLAND   AND    HIS    BRIGAND    GUIDE    AND    INTERPRETER.— Mr.   Durland   tO  the   Left. 

Frontispiece  of  the  "  Red  Reign  in  Russ|a." 


pices  of  the  American  Historical  Association 
(Scribners),  the  general  editor  of  the  series 
being  Dr.  J.  Franklin  Jameson,  director  of  the 
department  of  historical  research  in  the  Carnegie 
Institution.  This  series,  "  Narratives  of  Early 
Virginia,  1606- 1625,'*  edited  by  President  Lyon 
Gardiner  Tyler,  of  the  College  of  William  and 
Mary,  includes  Captain  John  Smith's  **  True 
Relation  **  and  llie  "  Description  of  Virginia," 
and  the  account  of  the  "  Proceedings  of  the 
English  Colony,"  which  Smith  and  his  friends 
drew  up.  together  with  other  important  docu- 
ments of  the  period. 

In  an  entertaining  little  volume  entitled 
"When  America  Was  Young"  (Crowell) 
Tudor  Jenks  undertakes  to  tell,  not  merely  what 
the  colonists  did,  which  has  been  told  many 
times  before,  but  how  they  lived  while  they 
were  doing  it.  Until  quite  recently  histories  of 
the  colonial  period  gave  little  information  con- 
cerning the  daily  life  and  employment  of  the 
men  who  founded  this  nation.  Mr.  Jenks  has 
tried  to  do  for  young  people  what  we  are  sure 
will  be  appreciated  by  many  older  heads  in  writ- 
ing this  simple  account  of  the  manners  and  cus- 
toms of  the  English,  the  Dutch,  and  other  peo- 
ples who  laid  the  foundations  of  the  thirteen 
original  States  of  this  Union. 


"  Historic  Landmarks  of  America  as  Seen 
and  Described  by  Famous  Writers,"  is  a  vol- 
ume of  selections  collected  and  edited  by  Esther 
Singleton  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.).  The  subjects 
of  these  selections  are  not  in  all  cases  "  historic 
landmarks."  Fiequ^ntly  they  are  battles  or 
other  historical  episodes.  In  one  or  two  in- 
stances they  are  localities  which  make  no  pre- 
tensions to  historic  renown.  In  some  cases,  too. 
the  places  or  episodes  described  are  far  more 
famous  than  the  writers  who  describe  them. 
On  the  whole,  however,  the  selections  are  note- 
worthy, and  well  entitled  to  a  place  in  a  collec- 
tion of  this  character. 

Under  the  auspices  of  the  Navy  League  of 
the  United  States  there  has  recently  been  pub- 
lished "  A  Short  History  of  the  American 
Navy,"  by  John  R.  Spears  (Scribners).  In 
view  of  the  special  interest  in  our  navy  aroused 
by  the  cruise  aboi't  to  be  undertaken  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  such  a  work  as 
this  should  find  many  readers  among  both  old 
and  young.  It  may  be  profitably  read  in  con- 
nection with  Mr.  Marvin's  article  on  the  Navy 
Department  in  this  number  of  the  Review  of 
Reviews. 

A  writer  who  approaches  the  Indian  problem 
from  a  somewhat  novel  point  of  view  is  Dr.  A. 


758 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REI^/EIVS. 


J.  Fynn,  of  Denver  University,  who  has  written 
a  volume  on  **  The  American  Indian  as  a 
Product  of  Environment"  (Boston:  Little, 
Brown  &  Co.).  While  Doctor  Fynn's  work  has 
especial  reference  to  the  Pueblo  Indians  of  the 
Southwest,  his  chapters  contain  many  sugges- 
tions which  have  force  as  related  to  the  study 
of  other  Indian  tribes.  There  is  no  attempt  at 
technical  discussion,  but  all  of  Doctor  Fynn's 
comments  are  of  interest  to  the  general  reader 
as  well  as  to  the  student  of  anthropology. 

In  '*  Decisive  Battles  of  the  Law  "  (Harpers) 
Mr.  Frederick  Trevor  Hill  gives  narrative 
studies  of  certain  great  legal  contests  which  in 
one  way  and  another  have  affected  American 
history.  Of  the  eight  trials  which  he  thus  de- 
scribes the-  most  famous  are  the  case  of  Aaron 
Burr,  the  I>red  Scott  case,  the  impeachment  of 
Andrew  Johnson,  the  Alabama  arbitration,  the 
Hayes-Tilden  contest,  and  the  Chicago  anar- 
chists' case.  Mr.  Hill  has  succeeded  to  a  re- 
markable degree  in  vitalizing  the  court  scenes 
which  he  describes.  So  well  does  he  succeed  in 
humanizing  dry  records  of  legal  procedure  that 
the  readers  become,  as  it  were,  listening  specta- 
tors. Few  writers  upon  legal  topics  have  ac- 
quired so  masterly  a  skill  in  narration. 

"  Northwestern  Fipjhts  and  Fighters "  is  the 
title  given  to  a  series  of  accounts  of  United 
States  army  operations  against  hostile  Indians 
during  the  '70's  and  *8o's  (McChire).  Most  of 
these  accounts  were  written  by  army  officers  who 
participated  in  the  engagements  described,  and 
the  entire  volume  was  edited  by  Cyrus  Town- 
send  Brady. 

"The  Farmer's  Boy"  and  "The  Country 
School "  are  two  companion  volumes  by  Clifton 
Johnson,  each  illustrated  by  the  author   (Cro- 


CIIARLES   EDWARD  RUSSELL. 


well).  Together  they  give  a  faithful  picture  of 
rural  life  in  this  country  during  the  middle  and 
latter  decades  of  the  last  century.  Mr.  Johnson 
has  exercised  unusual  diligence  and  skill  in  the 
selection  of  material,  and  text  and  pictures  alike 
contribute  to  an  intensely  realistic  view  of 
scenes  and  incidents  that  are  fast  fading  into 
oblivion. 

Mr.  Charles  Edward  Russell's  "  Uprising  of 
the  Many*'  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.)  is  a  re- 
vised edition  of  a  series  of  magazine  articles 
that  has  appeared  dtirlpg  the  past  year  under 
the  title  "  Soldiers  of  th^Xoramon  Good."  It  is 
a  comprehensive  suryey  wthe  world  movement 
for  the  democratization  of  industry.  A  new  chap- 
ter on  "  Co-operative  Experiments  in  America " 
has  been  added. 

SOCIOLOGY  AND  SOCIAL  PHILOSOPHY. 

A  very  strong  "story  of  social  service"  his 
just  come  from  the  pen  of  W.  J.  Dawson.  This 
story,  which  is  published  by  Revell,  has  been  en- 
titled by  Dr.  Da^^son  "A  Prophet  in  Babylon." 
It  is  the  account  of  the  attempt  by  the  minister 
of  a  fashionable  church  in  New  York  to  carry 
out  literally  the  social  humanitarian  demands  of 
the  Christian  gospel.  Discouraged  and  wearied 
with  his  lack  of  suc<fess  among  the  fashionable 
conventionalities  of  his  rich  church,  this  preach- 
er launches  a  movement  for  the  social  regenera- 
tion of  wicked  Manhattan.  The  League  of  Uni- 
versal Service  is  founded  and  great  work  ac- 
complished. The  whole  story  shows  Dr.  Daw- 
son's keen  analysis  of  character,  his  sympathetic 
and  high-minded  idealism,  and  his  fine  English 
style. 

The  bewildered  parent  who  attempts  in  these 
days  of  highlv  specialized  pedagogics  to  work 
out  for  himself  a  consistent  and  logical  scheme 
of  educational  theory  and  practice  and  to  apply 
it  'fearlessly  in  the  upbringing  of  his  own  chil- 
dren, is  sadly  in.  need  of  guide-posts  along  the 
way.  So  much  of  the  literature  of  the  subject 
is  hopelessly  technical  and  incomprehensible  save 
by  the  man  or  woman  expert  in  the  methods  and 
terminology  of  the  new  psychology,  that  the 
untrained  mind  of  the  average  American  parent 
may  well  despair  of  gaining  help  or  enlighten- 
ment from  it.  It  was  to  meet  the  needs  of  this 
average  parent  that  Miss  Annie  Winsor  Allen's 
little  book,  **  Home,  School, '  and  Vacation" 
(Boston:  Houghton,  MifHin  &  Co.)  was  writ- 
ten. Its  suggestions,  broadly  conceived  and 
evolved  from  a  long  and  valiiable  experience  as 
a  teacher,  cannot  fail  to  lead  to  saner  educa- 
tional processes  and  to  more  fruitful  results,  if 
intelligently  grasped  and  applied  in  the  homes 
and  schools  pf  to-day. 

That  human  society  in  the  progress  of  the 
years  has  found  new  ways  of  sinning,  just  as 
It  has  devised  new  methods  of  transportation 
and  a  wholly  new  industrial  system,  is  the  gen- 
eral thesis  set  up  by  Prof.  Edward  A,  Ross, 
of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  in  "  Sin  and 
Society,"  (Boston:  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.). 
It  is  not  the  purpose  of  Professor  Ross  to  con- 
vict the  individual  sinner  of  wrong-doing,  hut 
rather  to  influence  society's  attitude  towards 
the  most  flagrant  forms  of  iniquity.  Strange 
as  it  may  seem,  these  modem  methods  of  sin- 
ning against  society  have  to  be  pointed  out  to 
the  "  good  people  "•  of  our  time.    As  Professor 


THE  NEIV  BOOKS. 


759 


Ross  puts  it,  we  seem  to  need  an  annual  supple- 
ment to  the  Decalogue.  Franchise-grabbing, 
wholesale  bribery,  food  adulteratign,.  are  types 
of  modern  iniquity  that  are  so  impersonal  in 
character  as  to  escape  very  largely  the  condem- 
nation visited  by  the  pious  upon  the  head  of 
the  humbler  old-fashioned  malefactor, — such  as 
the  man  who  breaks  into  your  house  with  a 
"  jimmy."  In  a  letter  to  the  author  President 
Roosevelt  warmly  commends  the  wholesome- 
ness  and  sanity  of  this  book. 

To  have  attempted  in  this  year  of  grace  1907, 
and  in  this  Anglo-Saxon  atmosphere,  to  publish 
a  protest  against  "  the  tyranny  of  convention,  the 
appetite  for  luxury,  power,  and  strong  sensa- 
tion," is  courageous  enough.  To  have  done  this 
with  a  literary,  seductive  charm  and  a  mellow 
philosophic  appeal  which  really  presents  the 
joys  of  peaceful  work,  simplicity,  and  friend- 
ship in  an  apparently  new  and  attractive  guise, — 
thfis  is  a  real  achievement.  It  might  have  been 
.expected  of  Arthur  Christopher  Benson,  and  the 
reader  who  expects  is  not  disappointed  in  his 
latest  volumes  **  The  Altar  Fire  "  and  "  Beside 
Still  Waters"  (Putnams).  The  same  charm 
which  characterized  "  The  Upton  Letters  "  and 
"  From  a  College  Window "  characterizes  also 
these  books. 

Two  cleverly  written  little  volumes  of  social 
philosophy  are  Caspar  S.  Yost's  companion 
volumes,  "The  Making  of  a  Successful  Hus- 
band" and  "  The  Making  of  a  Successful  Wife." 
Each  consists  of  a  series  of  letters,  in  one  case 
from  a  father  to  his  son,  and  in  the  other  from 
the  same  father  to  his  daughter.  The  volumes 
are  published  by  Dillingham. 


PROF.   EDWARD  A.   ROSS. 


ARTHUR  CHRISTOPHER   BENSON. 

Mr.  Montrose  J.  Moses  has  brought  out 
through  Mitchell  Kennerley  a  helpful  little  sug- 
gestive volume :  "  Children's  Books  and  Read- 
ing." With  the  aid  of  library  experts  and 
teachers  Mr.  Moses  has  compiled  an  interesting 
monograph  embodying  lists  and  bibliographies 
which  is  a  plea  for  the  broadening  of  children's 
reading. 

Three  recently  issued  volumes  on  socialism 
include :  Austin  Lewis'  '*  The  Rise  of  the  Ameri- 
can Proletarian"  (Kerr  &  Co.),  an  exhaustive 
study  of  American  industrial  and  labor  condi- 
tions ;  Dr.  J.  E.  Rossignol's  "  Orthodox  So- 
cialism"  (Crowell),  a  scientific  criticism;  and  a 
revised  and  enlarged  edition,  brought  out  by 
Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  of  Thomas  Kirkup's 
"  Inquiry  Into  Socialism,"  originally  published 
in  1887. 

SOME  OP  THE  SEASON'S  ART  BOOKS. 

The  art  books  this  year  allow  one  a  wide 
choice.  If  one  wishes  yellow  journalism,  he  may 
choose  "  On  Arts  and  Artists,"  by  Max  Nordau, 
translated  by  W.  F.  Harvey,  M.  A.  (George  W. 
Jacobs).  In  it  he  may  read  such  nonsense  as 
the  following,  in  the  essay  on  Rodin: 

"  Sculpture,  however,  is  an  art  which  does  not 
allow  any  Impressioin'sm.  It  demands,  accord- 
ing to  its  nature,  a  perfectly  accurate  formation 
of  the  whole  figure,  and  simple  honesty  in  re- 
producing the  phenomenon.  This  can  be  proved 
by  a  theory  of  perception.  Sculpture  fills  space 
and  is  of  three  dimensions;  it  addresses  itself, 
in  the  first  place,  certainly  to  the  eye,  but  also 
to  the  sense  of  touch.  It  calls  for  stereoscopic 
vision,  and  is,  at  least  in  theory,  capable  of  fur- 
ther, proof  by  a  second  sense." 


760 


THE  AMERICAN  REl^l^W  Oh   REI/'IEIVS. 


TIMOTHY  COLE. 

Any  one  who  knows  the  horses  on  the  frieze 
of  the  Parthenon  will  realize  the  falseness  of 
this  assertion,  recognizing  that  those  horses  are 
not  perfectly  accurate  formations,  but  are  wholly 
impressionistic,  giving  the  effe,ct  oj  horses  in 
parade,  but  being  very  inadequate  as  models  for 
a  veterinary.  The  hair  of  Venus  of  Milo  or  of 
Zeus  does  not  jsimulate  real  hair,  but  gives  the 
impression  of  the  masses  of  hair. 

If  one  .wants  common  sense  in  criticism, 
backed  by  expert  knowledge,  he  may  turn  to  the 
beautifully  illustrated  volume,  "Painters  and 
Sculptors,"  that  Mr.  Kenyop  Cox  puts  forth 
this  year,  as  a  second  series  of  "  Old  Masters 
and  New"  (Duffield).  There  he  hiay  read  the 
following  about  Rodin,  .which  is  quite  different 
from  Nordau's  estimate.  Mr.  Cox  sees  virtue 
in  Rodin  where  Nordau  sees  evil. 

"  It  is  in  some  of  these  fragments  of  the  great 
gates"  (Gates  of  Hell),  "these  single  groups 
or  figures,  that  Rodin's  very  great  talent  shows 
at  its  best,  that  his  qualities  are  most  conspicu- 
ous and  his  defects  least  aggressive.  Considered 
in  themselves,  and  without  reference  to  the  pur- 
pose they  were  originally  destined  to  fulfill  as 
parts  of  a  greater  whole,  they  are  among  the 
most  admirable  things  in  modem  art.  One  of 
them,  the  so-called  "  Daniad,"  I  remember  well, 
and  it  seems  to  me  typical  of  Rodin's  art  in  its 
highest  development.  It  represents  a  single  fe- 
male figure  about  half  the  size  of  life,  fallen 
forward  in  an  odd,  crouching  attitude,  sufficient- 
ly expressive  of  utter  despair  or  of  extreme 
physical  lassitude.  .  .  .  .  I]t  is  a  fragment, 
— a  thing  made  to  be  seen  near  at  hand,  to  be 
walked  around,  to  be  looked  at  from  a  hundred 
points  of  view,  to  be  almost  handled.  It  is  not 
necessary  that  it  should  make  pretence  to  monu- 


mental composition  or  decorative  fitness, — its 
beauty  is  intrinsic.  It  is  a  piece  of  pure  sculp- 
ture, of  modelling." 

"  The  Story  of  American  Painting,"  by 
Charles  H.  Caffin,  illustrated  (Stokes),  is  not 
scholarly  like  Mr.  Cox*s  volume.  He  praises 
rather  indiscriminately;  but  considering  the 
difficulty  of  the  subject,  the  writing  of  a  more  or 
less  complete  history  of  American  art,  he  has 
put  forth  a  volume  that  has  surprisingly  few 
mistakes  in  it,  and  in  which  the  laymen  will 
find  a  great  deal  of  valuable  information.  It  is 
rich  in  illustrations,  having  no  less  than 
146,  which  are  selected  with  a  great  deal 
of  good  judgment,  and  though  a  trifle  large  for 
the  text  pages,  help  to  make  the  book  a  re- 
markably rich  one. 

"  Famous  Painters  of  America,"  by  J.  Walker 
McSpadden,  with  thirty-eight  illustrations 
(Crowell),  cannot  be  taken  so  seriously.  It  is 
anecdotal  in  the  extreme,  and  gives  the  reader 
the  idea  that  such  accessories  as  a  sociable  wife, 
a  waxed  mustache,  or  a  luxuriantly  furnished 
studio,  are  important  factors  worthy  of  record 
in  an  artist's  life. 

A  sumptuous  volume  is  "Old  Spanish  Mas- 
ters, Engraved  by  Timothy  Cole,  with  Histori- 
cal Notes  by  Charles  H.  Caffin,  and  Comments 
by  the  Engraver"  ( Century )%  With  the  excep- 
tion of  Henry  Wolf,  Mr.  Cole  is  the  only  Amer- 
ican wood-engraver  who,  having  raised  his  art 
above  the  commercial,  continues  its  practice  as 
a  branch  of  the  graphic  arts  worthy  of  pursuit. 
He  not  only  makes  us  feel  that  it  is  worthy  of 
pursuit,  but  his  prints  convince  us  that  it  is  an 
art  worthy  of  being  classed  with  copper  en- 
graving and  etchings.  Mr.  Cole  no  longer  en- 
deavors to  imitate  the  technique, — the  surface 
eccentricities, — of  the  painting  he  interprets. 
There  is  little  to  remind  us  of  Velasquez  in  the 
"  Head  of  a  Young  Man,"  or  of  El  Greco  in 
the  "Portrait  of  the  Daughter  of  El  Greco." 
The  engraver  has  simply  translated  into  the 
language  of  line,  the  subject  matter  of  the  origi- 
nal. And  those  who  love  the  beauty  of  line, 
and  the  mysterious  effect  of  chiaroscuro  will 
enjoy  these  works  to  the  utmost,  and  recognize 
them  as  masterpieces  of  the  graphic  arts. 

An  attractive  series  of  brochures  containing 
some  sixty  half-tones  of  masterpieces  in  each 

gallery,  is  entitled  "The  Tate  Gallery,"  "The 
uxembourg  Gallery,"  "  The  National  Gallery," 
and  "The  Louvre  (iallery  "   (Caldwell). 

"  The  Comedy  of  Life  "  is  a  handsomely  bound 
volume  including  a  number  of  the  drawings  ap- 
pearing in  Life  during  the  past  year.  It  is  is- 
sued by  the  Life  Pubhshing  Company. 

{ 

NEW  BOOKS  OP  POETRY. 

Among  the  volumes  of  new  verse  particularly 
noteworthy  at  the  present  season  are :  Mr.  Rich- 
ard Watson  Gilder*i5  little  collection,  which  he 
entitles  "The  Fire  Divine"  (Century),  includ- 
ing more  than  sixty  new  poems;  a  new  volume 
by  James  Whitcomb  Riley,  under  the  general 
head  "Morning"  ( Bobbs- Merrill )  ;  a  collection 
of  Alfred  Noyes*  latest  verse,  entitled  "  The 
Flower  of  Old  Japan  "  (Macmillan)  ;  a  volume 
entitled  "Light,"  by  Joaquin  Miller  (Herbert  B. 
Turner) ;  and  a  collection  of  strong,  passionate 
verse  with  considei-able  accomplishment  and 
much    greater    promise,-  by_(?eprge    Sylvester 


THE  NEW  BOOKS. 


761 


Vicrcck,  which  appears  under  the  general  title 
*  Nineveh,  and  Other  Poems"  (Moffat,  Yard). 

Other  volumes  of  verse,  lyrical  or  dramatic, 
which  have  come  to  us  for  notice  are :  "  Selected 
Poems,"  by  Edward  R.  Taylor  (A.  M.  Robert- 
son, San  Francisco) ;  "  Songs  of  the  Average 
Man,"  by  Sam  Walter  Foss  (Lothrop,  Lee  & 
Shepard):  "Jacob,  and  Other  Poems"  (The 
World  Supply  Company,  New  York),  by  Caro- 
line M.  Butterfield ;  "  Said  the  Rose,  and  Other 
Lyrics,"  by  George  Henry  Miles  (Longmans, 
Green);  ''Under  the  Laurel"  (Dodd,  Mead), 
by  Frederic  Crowninshield ;  "  Southern  Lyrics," 
by  Robert  P.  Hudson  (Southern  Lyrics  Publish- 
ing Company,  Nashville)  ;  "  The  Snow  Bride, 
and  Other  Poems,"  by  Daniel  Hugh  Verder; 
•*  Gypsy  Verses,"  by  Helen  Hay  Whitney  (Duf- 
field)  ;  "  Songs  After  Noon,"  by  Alvin  B.  Bishop 
(Richard  Badger,  Boston);  "Through  Painted 
Panes,  and  Other  Poems,"  by  Louis  A.  Robert- 
son (A.  M.  Robertson,  San  Francisco)  ;  "  Poems 
of  Mystery,"  by  W.  Y.  Sheppard  (Shelly  Print- 
ing Company,  St.  Louis) ;  "  For  Her  Sweet 
Sake,"  by  James  R  McGirt ;  "  Renard  the  Fox," 
by  William  Madoc  (Richard  G.  Badger)  ;  and 
** Pinafore  Palace"  (McQure),  edited  by  Kate 
Douglas  Wiggin  and  Nora  Archibald  Smith. 

Besides  these  we  have  the  third  volume  of 
"  The  Poefms  of  Philip  Freneau,"  which  are  be- 
ing edited  for  the  Princeton  Historical  Associa- 
tion by  Frederick  Lewis  Pattee;  "The  Poems 
of  Coleridge."  in  an  illustrative,  definitive  edi- 
tion (John  Lane),  edited  with  an  introduction 
by  Ernest  Hartley  Coleridge;  a  collection  of 
"Hymns  Every  Child  Should  Know"  (Double- 
day,  Page),  edited  by  Dolores  Bacon;  "The 
Pocket  Book  of  Poems  and  Songs  for  the  Open 
Air"  (Dutton),  compiled  by  Edward  Thomas; 
"  (Hiristmasse  Tyde"  (Paul  Elder),  chosen  and 
arranged  by  Jennie  Day  Haines ;  "  Abelard  and 
Heloise,"  by  Ella  C.  Bennett  (Paul  Elder). 

We  have  also  received  a  number  of  dramatic 
poems  or  collections,  including  the  poetical  plays 
of  William  B.  Yeats,  Volume  H. ;  "  Sappho  and 
.  Phaon,"  by  Percy  Mackaye;  "The  Changed 
Cross,  and  Other  Religious  Poems,"  compiled 
by  Anson  D.  F.  Randolph  (Putnams) ;  three 
volumes  of  the  plays  of  Henry  Arthur  Jones, — 
"The  Silver  Kmg,"  "The  Dancing  Girl,"  and 
"Joseph  Entangled,"— published  by  Samuel 
French;  pocket  editions  of  Oscar  Wilde's  "Sa- 
lome" and  Whittier's  "Snow-bound"  (The 
Caldwell  Company) ;  new  small  editions  of 
Bums'  "  Cotter's  Saturday  Night ; "  Milton's 
hymn  on  the  Nativity ;  Longfellow's  "  Building 
of  the  Ship;"  and  Lowell's  "Vision  of  Sir 
Launfal "  (Paul  Elder)  ;  Richard  Hovey's  "  Holy 
Grail"  (Duffield)  ;  "In  the  Harbor  of  Hope," 
by  Mary  Elizabeth  Blake  (Little,  Brown) ; 
"  The  Woman  in  the  Rain  and  Other  Poems " 
(Little,  Brown),  and  "Poems  with  Power  to 
Strengthen  the  Soul"  (Eaton  k  Mains),  com- 
piled by  James  Mudge. 

HOLIDAY  BOOKS  AND  NEW  EDITIONS. 

At  each  holiday  season  a  generous  supply  of 
the  excellent  editions  of  the  classics  of  all  ages 
comes  to  the  reviewer's  table  from  the  presses 
•  of  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.  This  fall  season  brings 
in  the  serviceable  and  delightfully  bound  flexible 
leather    of    the    "  Thin    Paper    Series "    Victor 


Hugo,  in  eight  volumes  ("Les  Miserables,"  in 
two,  "Toilers  of  the  Sea,"  "The  Man  Who 
Laughs,"  "Hans  of  Iceland,"  "Bug  Jargal," 
"Ninety-three,"  and  "Notre  Dame  de  Paris"), 
with  frontispiece  illustrations;  Alexander  Du- 
mas, in  ten  volumes  ("The  Count  of  Monte 
Cristo,"  in  two,  "  Marguerite  de  Valois," 
"  Dame  de  Monsereau,"  "  Three  Musketeers," 
"Twenty  Years  After,"  "The  Man  in  the  Iron 
Mask,"  "  Forty-five  Guardsmen,"  "  Louise  de  la 
Valliere,"  and  "Vicomte  de  Bragelonne  "),  also 
with  excellent  frontispiece  illustrations;  Eugene 
Sue's  "Wandering  Jew,"  in  two  volumes; 
Charles  Reade's  "The  Qoister  and  the 
Hearth ; "  Moore's  poems,  with  frontispiece  por- 
trait and  biographical  sketch  by  Nathan  Haskell 
Dole ;  (Tharles  Lamb's  "  Essays  of  Elia,"  with 
frontispiece  portrait  and  biographical  sketch  by 
Henry  Morley;  Barrie's  "Little  Minister,"  with 
frontispiece  portrait  of  Miss  Maude  Adams; 
Milton's  poems,  with  a  biographical  sketch  by 
Dole ;  Dante's  "  Divine  Comedy,"  with  an  intro- 
duction by  Prof.  Oscar  Kuhns;  and  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing's poems,  with  frontispiece  portrait.  In 
cloth  binding,  we  have  received  from  the  same 
publishers  the  complete  works  of  Henry  W. 
Thoreau,  illustrated,  in  five  volumes  ("  Excur- 
sions," "Week  on  the  Concord,"  "Cape  Cod," 
"The  Maine  Woods,"  and  "Walden");  Rich- 
ard Jefferies'  works,  in  three  volumes  ("The 
Life  of  the  Fields,"  "  The  Open  Air,"  and  "  Na- 
ture Near  London");  in  the  Handy  Volume 
Classics,  pocket  edition,  six  volumes, — "Best 
American  Tales"  (Trent),  "Meditations  of 
Marcus  Aurelius,"  "  Religio  Medici"  (Browne), 
"Cape  Cod"  (Thoreau),  "Little  Flowers  of  St. 
Francis,"  and  "  Natural  Law  in  the  Spiritual 
World"  (Drummond) ;  three  volumes  in  the 
Little  Stories  series, — "  Stories  from  Morris " 
(by  Madalen  Edgar),  "Stories  from  Early  Eng- 
land" (by  E.  M.  Wilmot-Buxton),  and  "  Stories 
from  Chaucer"  (by  J.  Walker  McSpadden)  ; 
"The  Rheingold,"  Wagner's  poerti  translated  in 
narrative  form  by  Oliver  Huckel ;  "  The  Great- 
est Fact  in  Modern  History,"  being  a  speech  by 
Whitelaw  Reid,  besides  a  number  of  other  small, 
attractively  bound  classical  stories  appropriate 
for  the  holidays. 

Other  little  holiday  editions  of  note  received 
are  six  of  the  Rubric  series  published  by  Duf- 
field &  Co.,  including  "The  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence," "  Washington's  Farewell  Address," 
"Lincoln's  Gettysburg  Oration,"  "The  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States,"  "  The  Rubaiyat  of 
Omar  Khayyam,"  and  "  The  Canticle  of  the  Sun 
of  St.  Francis  of  Assisi ; "  two  little  "  Books  of 
American  Humor,  Prose  and  Verse,"  also  pub- 
lished by  Duffield;  "The  Bible  as  Good  Read- 
ing," by  Senator  Albert  J.  Beveridge  (Henry 
Altemus)  ;  and  "  Betel  Nuts,"  some  of  the  phil- 
osophy of  the  Orient  cleverly  turned  into  Eng- 
lish rhyme,  by  Arthur  Guiterman,  and  pub- 
lished in  very  attractive  typographical  form  by 
Paul  Elder  &  Co. 

A  handsomely  illustrated  Christmas  story,  pre- 
senting Bible  history  touched  with  the  imagina- 
tion of  a  clever  narrator,  is  Dr.  James  M.  Lud- 
low's "Jesse  ben  David,  a  Shepherd  of  Bethle- 
hem" (Revell).  The  illustrations  and  border 
decorations  make  the  volume  a  particularly  ap- 
propriate holiday  book. 


Illustration  (reduced)  from  title-page  of  *' Son  Riley  Rabbit  and  Little  Girl.' 


X 


THE  SEASON'S  BOOKS  FOR  CHILDREN. 


r^B  < 


E  welcome  especially  three  books 
this  year:  '*  Abbie  Ann,"  "Cap- 
tain June."  and  *'  The  Millers  at 
Pencroft."  Of  these,  "  Abbie 
Ann,"  by  "  George  M.  Martin," 
illustrated  by  C.  M.  Relyea  (Cen- 


And  again,  when  his  mother  tells  him  that  she 
must  go  at  once  to  his  sick  father,  we  read: 
"  The  earth  seemed  suddenly  to  be  slipping  from 
under  June's  feet,  he  clutched  at  his  mother's 
hand, — *  I'm  going,  too,'  he  cried." 
We  would  strongly  recommend  *'  The  Miller? 


Illustration  (re-  tury  Company),  is  the  most  ar-  at  Pencroft,"  by  Clara  Dillingham   Pierson,  il- 

ducod)    from  tistic,  the  pages  scintillating  richly  lustrated  by  Charles  F.  Davidson  (EL  P.  Dutton 

"Childhood."  with  descriptive  gems.  The  author  &  Co.),  to  any  one  cultivating  the  proper  style 

of  *'  Emmy  Lou  "  not  only  shows  of  writing  for  children.     It  is  somewhat  similar 

that  she  understands  her  art  thoroughly,  but,  like  to  E.  Nesbit's  "  Sir  Toady  Crusoe,"  which  we 

Mrs.  Burnett,  she  lets  the  facts  move  the  reader,  recommended  last  year,  only  it  is  less  advcnture- 

.ind  abjures  ad J€;ctives.   The  description  of  Abbie  some  and  more  probable;  but  there  is  the  same 

Ann's  ride  on  the  flat-car  is  a  perfect  gem  of  wholesome  humor  throughout  the  book,  and  the 


direct  narrative.  Her  similes  always  draw  the 
complete  picture.  Abbie  Ann's  father  has  just 
tvld  her  that  he  is  going  to  send  her  away  from 
Coal  City  to  school ;  "  There  was  a  pause,  dur- 
ing which  there  seemed  to  be  no  support  under 
Abbie  Ann ;  there  was  a  singing  in  her  ears  and 
a  dr>'ness  in  her  mouth.  Coal  City  meant  all 
that  she  knew." 

While  in  "  Captain  June  "  (Century  Company) 
Mrs.  ^lice  Hcgan  Rice  does  not  write  with 
quite  the  same  firmness  of  touch  that  character- 
izes the  work  of  the  author  of  '*  Emmy  Lou." 
she,  like  Mrs.  Martin,  throws  her  picture  upon 
the  screen  in  clear,  sharp,  light  and  shadow. 
When  "Captain  June"  (short  for  junior),  who 
is  five  years  old,  visits  Japan,  he  sees  the  jin- 
ril<ishas,  the  wooden  shoes,  and  the  gorgeous 
dresses  of  purple  and  gold,  and  the  fans, — the 
simple  comment  is  made, — "  If  Cinderella,  and 
Jack  the  Giant  Killer,  and  Aladdin,  and  Ali 
Haba  had  suddenly  appeared,  June  would  not 
b.ave  been  in  the  least  surprised."  When  he  sees 
his  mother  cry,  like  Mrs.  Martin,  the  author 
makes  note  ,of  that  unstable  feeling  that  pos- 
sesses us  in  great  grief  or  fear, — '*  The  one  un- 
bearable catastrophe  to  him  was  for  his  mother 
to  cry.  It  was  like  an  earthquake,  it  shook  the 
very  foundation  on  which  his  joys  were  built." 


same  direct  style.  Mrs.  Pierson  is  not  self-con- 
scious when  making  her  points,  and  she  dtxrs 
not  multiply  their  possibilities.  Such  little  bits 
as  the  following,  show  the  sureness  of  her  touch : 
*'  Don't  you  know  that  mother  alwa^-s  says  pct>- 

ple  are  more 
likely  to  say 
'  yes  *  to  things 
when  their  stom- 
achs are  good 
and  full?  Well 
just  wait  until 
he  comes  out 
into  the  sit- 
ting-roora 

afterward." 

"  There  was  a 
long  silence, 
broken  only  by 
the  sound  of 
Helen's  scissors, 
and  the  noi^ 
Jack  made  in 
rubbing  out  a 
mistake.  He  was 
writing  with  a 
t'ovur  dosign  (reduced).  pencil." 


THE  SEASON'S  BOOKS  FOR  CHILDREN. 


763 


Illustrations  (reduced)  from  ••Father  and  Baby  Plays.' 


t           1 

i 

Ml 

^ 

jHj'i.^^H 

1 

wS\  -^^5^ 

i 

1 

Illustration    (reduced)    from  IlluRtration    (reduced)    from 

*•  Abble  Ann."  ♦•  The  Russian  Fairy  Book." 


Illustration    (reduced)    from 
"  Beautiful  Joe." 


Illustration    (reduced)    from 
••  Captain  June." 


Illustration    (reduced)    from 
••  The  Olive  Fairy  Book." 


Illustration  (reduced)  from 
•*  Wee  Winkles  and  Her 
Friends." 


764 


THE  AMERICAhi  REyiElV  OF  REI/IEIVS, 


TWICE  TOLD  TALES— FAIRY  TALES. 


IllufstrPtlon   'rr- 


It*s  very  strange  that 
books  should  have  \\  Both 
gay  and  sombre  covers,  \\ 
While  all  the  talcs  inside 
should  be  \\  Of  different 
kinds  of  lovers.  \\  — Githa 
Sowerby's      *'  Childhood." 

There  are  over  400  pages 
of  smaller  type  than  usual 
in  "  The  Old  Testament  for 
Children."    by    Harriet    S. 


uummlr"'meZ%   B'aine  Beale,  illustrated  by 
Dream."  E.     Roscoe     Shrader,     and 

Herbert  Moore  (Duffield 
&  Co.).  For  a  book  which  might  be  kept  in  a 
household  and  referred  to  every  other  Sunday, 
the  volume  seems  well  compiled,  thou^  we 
think  the  author  has  unnecessarily  preserved  the 
phraseology  of  the  Bible.  We  would  suggest 
that  since  her  narrative  is  in  the  language  of 
to-day,  the  conversation  should  be  also;  it  would 
then  seem  truer  to  the  child  reader. 

Professor  Church,  in  his  new  setting  of  "  The 
Iliad  for  Girls  and  Boys"  (Macmillan  Com- 
pany), shows  that  he  understands  better  how  to 
rehearse  the  classics  for  childish  minds. 


Illustration  (reduced)  from  "The  Iliad  for  Boys  and 
Girls." 

Lucy  Fitch  Perkins  contributes  twelve  colored 
illustrations  in  the  edition  of  **  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream  for  Young  People"  (F.  A. 
Stokes  Company).  Her  conception  of  Puck  is 
one  of  the  most  sprightly  effigies  of  this  much 
pictured  fay. 

In  the  **  Russian  Fairy  Book,"  by  Nathan 
Haskell  Dole,  the  illustrations  by  .Bilibin 
(Thomas  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.),  allure  on  account 
of  their  novelty.  However,  in  the  tales  there 
h  little  or  no  freshness  of  subject-matter  or 
style.    We  might  be  reading  Grimm  over  again. 

**  The  Olive  Fairy  Book,"  edited  by  Andrew 
Lang,  is  beautifully  illustrated  by  H.  J.  Ford 
(Longmans,  Green  &  Co.).  The  stories,  as 
usual,  are  from  many  sources,  France,  Norway, 
and  India,  and  at  times  are  gruesome  and  with- 
out moral,  to  an  extent  that  prohibits  their  being 
wholesome  reading  for  very  young  children. 
What  sense  can  there  be  in  a  story  like  "  The 
Silent  Princess,"  in  which  the  hero  wins  the 
princess  because,  as  a  spoilt  child,  he  flings  his 
ball  at  an  earthen  pitcher  an  old  woman  is  car- 


rying to  the  well,  and  breaks  it,  repeating  this 
escapade  a  second  time? 

For  children  who  have  not  already  been  pre- 
sented with  the  standard  fair>'  books,  the  very 
best  one  (because  the  stories  are  tried  ones,  with 
which  no  child  should  be  unfamiliar)  is  *'  The 
Twenty  Best  Fairy  Tales,"  by  Andersen.  Grimm, 
Miss  Muloch,  and  others;  illustrated  by  Lucy 
Fitch  Perkins  (F.  A.  Stokes  Company). 

Kate  Dickinson  Sweetser  edits  this  year 
"  Boys  and  Girls  from  Thackeray,"  illustrated 
by  George  Alfred  Williams  (Duffield  &  Co.). 

"  Famous  Stories  Every  Child  Should  Know," 
edited  by  Hamilton  W.  Mabie  (Doubleday,  Page 
&  Co.),  is  an  excellent  group  of  stories  by  Dick- 
ens. Ruskin,  Hawthorne,  and  others.  These  arc 
stories  every  child  should  know.  It  is  a  great 
pity  the  book  is  not  illustrated. 

HALF  HISTORY  AND  HALF   FICTION— BOYS' 
BOOKS. 

/  salute  my  weeping  mother, 
II  And  I  bid  the  cook  goodbye,  \\ 
As  I  buckle  on  my  armor,  ,|  And 
meander  out  to  die.  \  \  — ^Johs 
Carpenter's  "  Improving  Songs 
FOR  Anxious  Children." 

Since  the  Jamestown  Exposi- 
tion has  interested  many  in  the 
historical  attractions  of  Virginia,  it  was  a  good 
idea  of  Everett  T.  Tomlinson  to  have  the 
*•  Four  Boys  in  the  Land  of  Cotton,*'  illustrated 
by  H.  C.  Edwards  (Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard 
Company),  visit  the  land  of  Dixie. 

Mrs.  Mary  P.  Wells  Smith  has  evidently  made 
a  faithful  study  of  the  history  of  Deerfield. 
Mass.,  and  her  latest  book,  *'  Boys  of  the  Bor- 
der," illustrated  by  Charles  Grunwald  (Little, 
Brown  &  Co.),  tells  many  incidences  of  the 
French  and  Indian  Wars  in  northwestern  Mas- 
sachusetts. The  general  boy  reader  will,  how- 
ever, we  fancy,  rather  protest  at  the  overload- 
ing of  details  and  the  sad  record  of  slaughter 
in  the  ending  chapters. 

It  was  not  a  bad  idea  of  R.  H.  Hall  to  take  a 
hint  from  the  success  of  Stanley  Waterloo's 
story  of  "  Ab,"  and  Jack  London's  "  Before 
Ada(m,"  and  prepare  for  small  boys  a  story  of 
the  stone-age  man  as  he  has  in  '*  Days  Before 


Illustration     (reduced^     from     •♦  Western     Froatltr 
Stories.'* 


THE  SEASON'S  BOOKS  FOR   CHILDREN. 


765 


History,"  illustrated  (T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.),  and 
there  are  many  things  in  it  about  living  in  caves 
and  pits,  and  dressing  in  skins,  and  making  flint 
arrows,  that  may  introduce  a  boy  to  the  fasci- 
nating realm  of  ethnology.  The  writer  has  a 
good  subject,  although  his  handling  of  it  is  not 
of  the  best. 

"  A  Little  Prospector."  by  Edith  M.  H.  Bay- 
lor, illustrated  from  photographs  (Lothrop,  Lee 
&  Shepard  Company),  is  the  story  of  little 
Harry  Baldwin^  who  found  a  "  Gold  Mine  ^nd 
a  Gila  monster  all  in  one  day,"  and  lots  of 
other  things,  in  the  mining  country  of  our 
Southwest. 

From  the  Century  Company  comes  "Western 
Frontier  Stories  Retold  from  St.  Nicholas,"  by 
Joaquin  Miller,  Maurice  Thompson  and  others. 

QIRLS*  BOOKS. 

In  evenings  of  the  summer  days 
II  When  I  walk  out  on  our  high- 
ways II  In  my  new  dress,  I  must 
confess  \\  The  little  boys  quite  stop 
their  plays,  \\  And  swallow  fast 
in  mild  amaze.  \\  — "Improving 
^^    Songs." 

Miss  Nina  Rhoades,  the  author 
of  the  *•  Brick  House"  series,  gives 
us  this  year  the  realistic  story  of 
**  Marion's  Vacation,"  and  *'  Priscilla  of  the 
Doll  Shop,"  ilhistrated  by  Bertha  G.  David- 
son  (Lothrop.  Lee  &  Shepard  Company). 

"  Theodora,"  by  Katharine  Pyle  and  Laura  S. 
Porter,  illustrated  by  William  A.  McCullough 
(Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  is  only  about  eight  years 
old.  and  her  adventures  at  St.  Mary*^  School, 
New  York,  are  full  of  the  minor  trials  of  child- 
hood. 

**  Six  Girls  and  the .  Tea  Room,"  by  Marion 
Ames  Taggart, — illustrated  '  by  William  F. 
Stecher  (W.  A.  Wilde  Company),  is  a  com- 
panion book  to  last  year's  "  Six  Girls  and  Bob." 
All  will  be  glad  to  renew,  the  acquaintance  of 
Margery,  Happie,  Gretta,  and  the  rest  of  the  in- 
mates of  the  Patty  Pans. 

Other  girls'  books  of  this  year  are:  from 
Lothrop,    Lee    &    Shepard    Company,    "  Helen 

Grant,  Senior." 
by  Amanda  M. 
Douglas,  "  Dor- 
othy Dainty  at 
lionie,"  written 
and  illustrated 
Uy  Amy  Brooks; 
i  r  o  m  W.  A. 
Wiltie  Company, 
^*  (Tross  C  u  r  - 
rents."  by  Elea- 
nor H.  Porter ; 
frnm  Little, 
Brown  &  Co., 
'MJnrcaster 
Day^/'  by  A.  G. 
P  1  y  m  p  t  o  n  , 
*'  Bclty  Baird'.? 
Ventures,"  b  y 
Annn  Hamlin 
Wc:ikel,  "The 
Next  Door 
ninstratlon  (reduced)  from  Morelands,"  by 
"The  Little  Colonel's  Knight  Emily  Westwood 
Comes  Riding."  Lewis  ;      from 


Henry  Holt  &  Co.,  **  The  Luck  of  The  Dudley 
Grahams,"  by  Alice  Calhoun  Haines;  and  from 
George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co.,  **  The  Four  Corners 
in  California,"  by  Amy  E.  Blanchard. 

All  will  be  .sorry  to  hear  that  the  **  Little 
Colonel's  Knight  Comes  Riding,"  by  Annie  Fel- 
lows Johnston,  illustrated  by  Ethelred  B.  Barry 
(L.  C  Page  &  Co.),  is  the  last  of  "  The  Little 
Colonel  "  series. 

In  "  Ruth  Erskine's  Son,"  illustrated  by 
Louise  Clark  (Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Com- 
pany), "Pansy"  docs  not  do  so  well  in  de- 
picting her  characters  grown-up  as  did  Louise 
Alcott.  Ruth  Erskine  is  now  a  widow,  and  her 
son  marries  a  divorced  woman.  This  is  hardly  a 
wholesome  book  for  young  people. 

VERSES. 

In  winter,  when  the  Held  is 
white  II  And  all  the  flowers  are 
dead,  \\  My  mother  sin£s  a  song 
to  me  II  When  I  am  safe  in  bed; 
II  — "  Childhood." 

"Another  Book  of  Verses  for 
Children"  (Macmillan  Com- 
pany), gives  an  abundance  of 
riches  by  the  very  best  poets! 
It  would  be  difficult  to  get  a 
more  valuable  edition   for  household  use. 

Wilbur  Nesbit's  "  Land  of  the  Make-Believe, 
and  Other  Christmas  Poems"  (Harper  &  Bros.), 
tells  of  the  joys  and  trials  of  childhood,  and 
many  of  the  au- 
thor's conceits  like 
*'  Poor  Old  Mr. 
Green,"  "T^,*^ 
Longest  Day," 
**  N  o  t  C  o  m  i  n  g," 
a^nd  "The  Little 
Things,"  are  wor- 
thy of  versification, 
but  taking  it  as  a 
whole  the  book  is  a 
trifle   tiresome. 

On  opening  "  Im- 
proving Songs  for 
Anxious.  Children," 
by  John  and  Rue 
Carpenter  ( McClurg 
&  Co.),  we  are  in- 
clined to  place  the  book  among  the  very 
best  of  the  season's  and  feel  that  the  author 
and  illustrator  have  arrived  at  a  style  per- 
fectly adapted  for  the  composing  of  children's 
books.  The  illustrator  has  abandoned  the 
Boutet  de  Monvel  style,  and  uses  a  free  pen- 
cilling in  caricature  that  is  in  perfect  keeping 
with  the  flippant,  sceptical  spirit  of  the  verse. 
The  illustrations  of  "  Good  Ellen "  and 
•*  Spring  "  are  brimful  of  go  and  spirit,  and  the 
verses,  portions  of  which  we  have  quoted  in  our 
sub-headings  (together  with  figures  from  the 
illustrations)  are  terse  and  pointed.  True  as 
this  is,  there  is  something  lacking  in  the  pic- 
tures, and  especially  in  the  verses  that  makes 
the  book  fail  to  be  genuinely  suited  to  the  child 
reader.  If  this  book  were  published  in  a  small 
form  (it  is  an  oblong  quarto),  to  be  classed 
with  Oliver  Herford's  witty  brochures,  it  would 
seem  to  us  more  appropriate  in  every  way. 
**  A  Child's  Book  of  Abridged  Wisdom,"  by 
"  Childe  Harold,"  coines  from  Paul  Elder  &  Co. 


<UU»$&fl« 


Cover  design  (reduced). 


766 


THE  AMERICAN  RE^IEIV  OF  REVIEWS. 


PICTURE  BOOKS-ANIMAL   BOOKS-FOR   VERY 
LITTLE  ONES-HUMOROUS. 

"  /  have  my  bread  and 
milk  at  eight,  \\  And  les- 
sons at  eleven."  \\  "My 
birthday  is  a  week  to-day, 
■'  And  then  I  shall  be 
sez'en."  \\  "I  hope  you'll  come  and  see  me 
soon."  II  "I'll  come  to-morrow  afternoon."  \\ 
— •*  Childhcxjd." 

"  Childhood,"  illustrated  by  Millicent  Sower- 
by,  and  written  in  verse  by  Githa  Sowerby 
(Duffield  &  Co.).  comes  to  us  via  England,  and 
will  be  valued  mostly  for  its  pictures,  which, 
when  made  in  color,  as  the  **  Morning  Call."  and 
]*  Faded  Tapestry.**  are  refreshing  and  charm- 
ing. We  have  printed  several  o£  the  outline  il- 
lustrations alongside  of  our  subheadings. 

"  The  Santa  Clans  Club,'*  with  pictures  and 
verses  by  L.  J.  Bridgman  (H.  M.  Caldwell  Com- 
pany), is  gory  with  carmine,  but  no  doubt  may 
attract  some  children  on  account  of  its  liveli- 
ness. 

It  was  clever  of  Miss  Emilie  Poulsson  to 
compile  a  book  consisting  of  pictures,  verses, 
music  and  notes,  all  concerned  with  "  Father 
and  Baby  Plays,"  illustrated  by  Florence  E. 
Storer,  music  by  Theresa  H.  Garrison  and 
Charles  Cornish  (Century  Company).  The 
verses  which  Miss  Poulsson  has  written  are 
most  uneven.  '*  To  Mill  and  Back  **  is  as  good 
as  our  classic  nursery  rhymes,  but  other  verses 
are  inane  and  faltering  in  rhythm.  The  illus- 
trations, however,  are  spirited  and  above  the 
average. 

Teddy  Bear  pictures  are  in  order,  and  the 
"  Teddy  Bear  A,  B,  C,"  by  Laura  Rinkle  John- 
son, illustrated  by  Margaret  Landers  San  ford 
(H.  M.  Caldwell.  Company),  is  more  original 
than  usual  in  the  wedding  of  the  letter,  the  verse 
and  the  pictures,  though  the  bears'  coats  look 
rather  prickly. 


Frontispiece   (reduced)   from  "The  Ued  Time  IJook.' 


Illiustratlon  freduced)  from  "Childhood." 

The  engravers.  The  Beck  Engraving  Com- 
pany, and  the  printers.  S.  H.  Burbank  &  Ca. 
deserve  special  mention  for  their  clean  and  satis- 
factory work  in  connection  with  the  illustra- 
tions of  the  ••  Bed-Time  Book."  by  Helen  Hay 
Whitney,  illustrated  by  Jessie  Wilcox  Smith 
(Duffield  &  Co.),  the  most  attractive  picture 
book  of  the  year.  Thercr  is  a  strain  of  serious- 
ness, we  might  almost  say  sadness,  underlying 
the  expression  of  Miss  Smith's  characters,  that 
the  young  folks  may  not  find  attractive,  though 
Ihey  may  not  penetrate  deep  enough  into  the 
philosophy  of  art  to  know  the  cause.  But  artis- 
tically these  pictures  would  he  hard  to  equal. 

An  enlarged  edition  of  "  Beautiful  Joe/*  by 
Marshall  Saunders  (Griffith  &  Rowland  Com- 
pany), illustrated  by  Charles  Copeland,  will  no 
doubt  find  a  ready  sale. 

All  rabbit  books  challenge  comparison  with 
'*  Uncle  Remus,"  and  we  are  apt  to  be  preju- 
diced and  think  that  no  story  of  the. kind  can 
ever  equal  those  inimitable  chronicles,  but  fo*- 
the  child  of  this  decade  who  has  not  read  **  I'n- 
cle  Remus."  "Dorothy's  Rabbit  Stories "  by 
Mary  E.  Calhoun,  with  pictures  by  E,  Wardc 
Blaisdell  (T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.),  will  prove 
fascioating. 

"  Son  Riley  Rabbit  and  Little  Girl."  by  Grace 
^fcGowan  Cooke  ( F.  A.  Stokes  Company).  i> 
much  more  original  in  conception  than  the  imi- 
tations of  "  Alice  in  Wonderland.**  It  is  written 
with  a  conviction  that  makes  it  **  .seem  true."  a 
(juality  enhanced  by  the  photographs  from  life 
which  illustrate  the  book. 

In  selecting  books  for  very  little  childrm  to 
read,  one  has  not  a  very  great  choice,  as  few 
authors  understand  the  difficult  task  of  writing 
for  the  immature  mind.  But  Gabrielle  E.  Tack- 
son,    the    author   of   "Wee    Winkles    and' Her 


THE  SEASON'S  BOOKS  FOR   CHILDREN. 


767 


Friends."  illustrated  by  Rachael  Robinson  (Har- 
per and  Bros.),  has  mastered  this  art,  and  her 
story  deals  with  simple  incidents,  in  simple  lan- 
^age,  well  suited  to  hold  the  interest  of  the 
little  readers. 

This  year  "  Mj.  Golliwogg "  (Longmans, 
Green  &  Co.)  schemes  to  give  "the  girls"  a 
surprise,  and  dressing  up  as  Santa  Claus,  he 
enters  the  house  by  way  of  the  chimney,  but 
slipping,  he  makes  an  ignominious  entrance  into 
the  room  on  his  head,  smashing  the  tree,  and 
his  disguise  is  discovered.  But  to  make  up  for 
this  maladroit  event,  he  takes  "  the  girls  "  for  a 
ride  over  the  moon  in  his  reindeer  sleigh,  and 
they  return  to  find  that  the  true  Santa  Claus  has 
left  them  a  new  Christmas  tree  and  crammed 
th^ir  stockings.  All  of  which  adventures  are 
sptritedly  told  in  the  animated  verse  and  pic- 
turr:.   -T  "Hi  niia  and  Florence  K.   Vi-itijii 

A  new  edition  of  **  The  H:ippy  Heart  FamiK.' 
by,  Virginia  Gersen  (Diiflicld  &  Co.)  is  highly 
welcome, 

OtJier  children's  picture  books  are  ''}^c\^,  tlu: 


Illustration 


(reduced)      from     "The      GOllJwogg's 
Christmas." 


Giant  Killer,  Jr."  by  Dwight  Burroughs  (G.  W. 
Jacobs  &  Co.);  "Mother  Goose's  Puzzle  Pic- 
tures" (Henry  Altemus  Company);  "Us  Fel- 
lers," by  Izola  L.  Forrester  (George  W.  Jacobs 
&  Co.)  ;  and  "According  to  Grandma,"  by  Alice 
Calhoun  Haines  (F.  A.  Stokes  Company); 
"  Little  Boy  Pip,"  by  Philip  W.  Francis,  from 
Paul  Elder  &  Co. 

GAMES-WHEELS    THAT    "GO    WOUND »•- 
"BIOGRAPHY.*' 

I'll  write  down  every  single  thing 
that  children  want  to  know,  l|  And 
answer  all  the  questions  that  bother 
grown-ups  so;  ||  And  when  it's 
done  I'll  tie  it  up  as  safe  as  safe 
can  be,  \\  And  send  it  round  the 
zvorld  for  all  the  other  boys  to  see. 
II  — "  Childhood." 

"  I  want  to  see  the  wheels  *  go 
wound,'  "  is  the  natural  desire  of  all 
children;    and   as   they   grow    older   they   love 


Illustration    (reduced)    from    *•  A   Child's    Story    of 
Hans  Christian  Andersen.'* 

to  read  how  wheels  "go  wound,"  so  that  any 
book  on  mechanical  things  is  apt  to  be  wel- 
come, but  it  is  not  often  that  a  boy's  book  is 
so  comprehensive  both  in  text  (260  pages)  and 
in  illustrations  (over  100  halftones),  as  is 
"  The  Boys'  Book  of  Locomotives,"  by  J.  R. 
Howden  (McClure  Company).  Verily,  the 
small  boy  of  to-day  is  luc^y  in  the  riches  the 
publishers  prepare  for  him. 

A  scientifically  arranged  book  is  "  Electricity 
for  Young  People,"  by  Tudor  Jenks  (F.  A. 
Stokes  Company). 

"What  Shall  We  Do  Now?"  (F.  A.  Stokes 
Company)  gives  no  less  than  500  games  and 
pastimes,  so  it  is  probable  that  the  authors, 
Dorothy  Canfield  and  others,  used  the  scissors 
in  editing  the  book,  as  some  of  the  suggestions 
rather  savor  of  English  sources.  But  no  doubt 
such  a  book  will  be  the  cause  of  many  hours  of 
enjoyment  for  the  children,  thus  keeping  them 
out  of  mischief,  for  which  parents  will  be  justly 
thankful. 

In  '*  A  Child's  Story  of  Hans  Christian  An- 
dersen," by  Paul  Harboe  (Duffield  &  Co.),  we 
have  the  biography,  simply  told,  of  the  writer 
of  the  loveliest  stories  ever  written  for  children. 
His  ov\Ti  sad  life  brightened  by  his  Aladdin's- 
Lamp-imagination,  was  in  itself  a  rare  child's 
story,  and  well   worthy  of  record. 

NATURE'S  WONDERS-.O'ER  LAND  AND  SEA. 

/  wander  far  and  unrestrained, 
Myself  set  free,  my  Helds  regained, 
When  in  the  Spring,  the  South  winds 
sing,  II  And  I  by  birds  am  enter- 
tained. II  — "Improving  Songs." 

A  comparatively  new  field  for  a  child's 
book  is  explored  in  "  Water  Wonders 
Every  Child  Should  Know, — Little  Studies 
of  Dew,  Frost,  Snow,  Ice,  and  Rain,"  by 
Jean  M.  Thompson,  illustrated  from  pho- 
tographs by  Wilson  A.  Bentley  (Doubleday, 
Page  &  Co.).  The  author's  style  is  not  quite 
up  to  the  subject  or  to  the  pictures,  but  the 
photographs  from  nature  are  fascinating  in  the 
extreme.  .        .         '      . 

We  question  whether  the  child  himself  will  be 
interested  in  Clifton  Johnson's  one  hundred 
photographs  of  child-life  in  New  England, 
which  strung  together  with  voluminous  text,  is 
published  as  the  "Farmer's  Boy"  (T.  Y.  Cro- 


768 


THE  AMERICAN  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS. 


well  &  Co.).  Generally  children  like  more  ex- 
citement or  mystery,  but  grown-up  readers  will 
find  these  photographs,  even  if  just  a  bit  posed, 
faithful  pictures  of  **  Childhood's  Simple  Life." 
Periodically  there  appear  in  the  newspapers, 
paragraphs  to  the  effect  that  some  one  has  lo- 
cated Robinson  Crusoe's  Island  at  some  other 
site  than  Juan  Fernandez  Island,  but  the  initial 
chapter  in  *'  Island  Stories  Retold  from  St. 
Nicholas"  (Century  Company),  holds  to  the 
theory  that  Juan  F'ernandez  Island  is  the  true 
spot  described  by  Defoe.  This  book  contains 
other  island  stories  that  every  normal  boy  will 


Illustration  (reduced)  from  "The  Twonty   Best    Fairy 
Tales." 

read  with  avidity,  and  if  he  hears  of  the  com- 
panion book  that  the  publishers  issue, — "  Sea 
Stories," — it  will  be  a  strange  child  indeed  who 


Illustration    (reduced)    from    *' The    Boys*    Book   of 
Locomotives." 

would  not  want  to  possess  as  well  **  Stories  of 
Strange  Sights,"  the  third  book  of  the  series. 

A  sensible  book  of  travel  is  **  Roy  and  Ray  in 
Mexico,"  by  Mary  Wright  Plummer  (Henry 
Holt  &  Co.),  which  tells  of  the  journey  of  two 
children  of  eleven  through  the  cities  of  Mexico. 
It  is  very  proper  that  our  young  people  should 
l)e  posted  upon  the  attractive  features  and  the 
rich  resources  of  our  "  Southern  Neighbor," — 
such  books  are  highly  welcome. 

Clarence  Hawkes,  the  author  of  "  Little  Water 
Folks,  Stories  of  Lake  and  River/*  illustrated 
by  Charles  Copeland  (Thomas  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.), 
is  not  fearsome  of  being  dubbed  a  nature  faker, 
for  he  tells  us  that  "  Willow  Brook  **  was  posted 
with  the  sign,  **  All  small  boys  are  strictly  for- 
bidden fishing  in  this  brook.  Signed,  Mr.  Blue- 
belted  King  Fisher." 

Nearly  400  pages  of  closely  printed  descrip- 
tions fill  "  The  VVonder  Book  of  Volcanoes  and 
Earthquakes,"  by  Edwin  J.  Houston  (F.  A. 
Stokes  Company). 


Illustration  (reduced)  from  "The  Happy  Heart  Family." 


The  Review  of  Reviews — Aivtrti^^  Sectioii 


. 


Tiffany  &  Co. 

Fifth  Avenue  and  37th  Street,  New  York 

Loving  Cups 

A  large  assortment  of  sterlinp:  silver  loving  cups  in  TiflFanv  &  Co/s 

exclusive  designs,  not  sold  by  the  trade  or  through  other  dealers 

English  Sterling  Quality,  925/1000  fine 

4j4  inches  high,  3  handles $18 

5  "         "     2      " -        -  24 

6  "         u     3      .*  ......  38 

Others $45,  $70,  $85  upward 

Special  drawings,  upon  short  notice,  of  prizes  suitable  for  coaching 
parades,  motor  boat  races,  tennis,  golf,  etc 

Bowls 

for  fruit,  salads,  berries,  etc.    Sterling  silver  with  rich  relief  work 
in  substantial  weights 

9     inches  diameter      -------  $20 

10>^      "          "            .......  28 

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I2>i      ••          ''            .......  50 

VhotogrsLplis  sent  upon  request 

Comparison  of  Prices 

Tiffany  &  Co.  always  welcome  a  comparison  of  prices.  This  ap- 
plies to  their  entire  stock  of  rich  as  well  as  inexpensive  jewelry, 
silverware,  watches,  clocks,  bronzes,  and  other  objects,  on  all  of 
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The  Biggest  Kind  of  a  Change  that 
ever  Happened  to  Any  Magazine 
has   Happened   This   Month  to 


BOOK 


THE  SCRAP  BOOK  for  July  is  issued  in  two  sections — two  com- 
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FICTION  magazine.  Each  is  a  mammoth  magazine  in  itself.  The  one  presents  an 
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tonnage  of  fiction— 160  pasea  of  absorbing  stories. 

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the  age  of  specialization.  The  conventional  magazine,  with  its  smattering  of  illustrations 
and  its  smattering  of  fiction  and  its  smattering  of  special  articles,  doesn't  contain  enough 
of  any  one  thing  to  make  it  satisfying.  The  ALL-FICTION  magazine  and  the  ALL- 
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The  Only  Way  to  Know  a  Thing  is  to  Try  It 

The  two-section  magazine  idea  is  brand-new  to  the  world.  It  is  not  quite  new  with 
me,  however,  as  I  have  given  it,  at  odd  times,  four  or  five  years  of  thought.  It  first 
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all-fiction  magazine  with  the  illustrated  features  of  the  conventional  magazine.  It  has 
been  a  difficult  problem  to  work  out.  Now  that  the  idea  is  perfected,  I  wish  to  see  what 
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Now  Ready  on  all  News-stands 

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7 


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A  MATCHLESS  COMBINATION 

Booklovers'  De  Luxe  Edition 
^^  Saintsbury    Translation 

DAI  TAP  the  KING  of  FRENCH 
■*'*^^'*W  ROMANCE 


*  Ten  years  ago,  Balzac  was  comparatively  unknown  to  the  American  public.  His  transcendent 
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EDUCATIONAL  BOOKS 


or  this  directory  the  Review  of  Reviews  will  accept  announcements  of  books  for  education : — instmction  books  oa  i 
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f or  w  h  i  c  h  ^^  admit  that  bis  knowledge  wss  slight,  or  at  least  that  be  was  woefully  rusty.  Thaaa  0v« 
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United  Stat'^i  ^on  ap-  ^^  <^°cl  ^  being  recommended  by  men  prominent  in  educational  affairs  for  eowriM  la 
United  SUtes  History. 


proval.    If  I  like  the  his- 
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13  AstwPtac 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisinsf  Section 


31r  Channtfis  Volumes  -^    ^nt  t^fkC 


The  Review  of  Reviews  h!l. 

for  a  years  J  i-huiwii 


\^B  let  these  em- 

laent   crIUcs 

tell  you    the  vakue 

of  these  new  books 

**  Thm  inF  piac^  ofu^  who  heiltate 
«t  Jl  Uiiik;  ^XFLL,  tiul  ithn  ^ikil  huEb  rr4t 
AD'J  i!iu[ilr>iicjii  Iji.m  ihe  Mrf«t  tillfiC' 
&nc«of  the  ^r^At  pocls^  &nrj  j^rt  ^ho 
liBTfl  sera  )ta<t  The  (mpcHtiinltif  or  ttn: 
leltuKtacull  Jrsln  the^Otl^J  ■  IHcfa- 
Fare  tlir  hrld^  poemi  hist  worthy   to 

■S  tllf  ultrr^DCFt  uf  V\>:  x^ri«r>pf ophcT ^ r 

pinxj*f ,  M<l  minVn  ]  h  nf^f  ^  wl  LI  iH:i<  n  m  e 
lb  thinking  YOU  lof  jfLvlog  tlie  tcrlct 

LYIUM  JIUOTT,  "Tk*  O—Ipth* 

-T  biTC  trtefl  t>.V»3jDyVf*f'Uttlt 

l^pQ,  IS  CTpericticFd  mafn^D ,  uitt  ah  okt 
.  ukd  tH  I2ir»  fcHJoJ  Lt  a  litlLi^htrLj 
m*  t  Infer  tlut  tt  U  j^cM  nt;  ti?  t» 
■  TOT  •erfkHl^4e  in!iJv4iiv'^ ;  tad  t  a.m 
KdV  DHi  Iba  wide  t^e  of  luch  a  catSeO' 

1i<^k  1>  Ul.  OlCfHinfiltD^  sElJII.      It  l<i  1  rrll 

pl^iAn  Id  luvf  tNe  U^K  v«^3ufhrt    :^ 

wif^  It  toad.  "^  CHAM LC>  w.  ELIOT 

Hward  UaUtnlty 

"TmriliM  to  Aa&k  yoB  tir  Hm 'Lfttle 
MMlvpieoet  of  Poetry/ which  Mems  to 
be  abont  ih«  moat  vahabte  mcr^udlM 

—'-'"" -"-as;;. «« 

"I  kaov  of  ae  mora  comjilcte  aad  de> 
Bgteftil  adocifam  of  the  bat  la  poetry 
tku  that  which  jpou  oflcr  tfw  public  la 


"Ttl 


inSRB 

"The  ^H«t%  El  %  ikflfdl  cdiiilEEuatlDa 
cf  aaaj  TTjIulTvri  4nd  hit  a  nlkie  oflti 
oirti.  A  titTOJT  one  tiui  put  la  oce'i 
dTEu-ndc  caie»  Aad  U  ji  giogd  ChiQf  ta 
hure." 


DR.  HENRY  VAN  DYKE 


as  chief  editor,  has  been  making  for  the  pa^t  two 
years  a  collecUoEi  of  the 

Littie  Masterpieces  of  Poetry 

■T*HE  work  U  now  read  j,  in  a  set  of  dx  deliRbttal  rolUTiie»,  to  take 

*■  their  place  with  the  other  "Little  MasterpieccH "  stories,  of 
whlck  the  nule  has  now  tv&ched  more  than  u  inilliou  volumes. 

The  Ixxjkfi  contain  at  l^ast  a  half  nioro  than  the  othur  vnlnmefl 
of  this  jwries,  the  plntcft  have  boea  matle  by  Do  ViDue,  aod  la  every 
way  the  net  makes  a,  most  bandsonie  appearaace. 

Dr.  Van  Bjke  and  bUf^taf?  hai^e  f^eart^hetl  tbonfiandAof  volnmes, 
— in  fact,  th«  whole  field  rf  American  and  En£;li?ih  poetry^ — to  tind 
jnat  thofl©  partlcniar  poems  that  yoa  want  and  that  every  Urm^ hold 
ought  to  have  at  baud  jiint  where  father,  mother,  or  children  can 
eamly  get  at  the  mo8t  Dcautiful  producUoTia  of  the  master  artists 
without  wading  through  great  libraries  of  boofcii  to  pick  them  out- 

A  Treasure  for  Everyone 

American H,  who  do  not  have  time  aa  a  rule  to  read  poetry^  gener- 
the  Masterpieces  a  godsend  in  enablinj  ^ 


ally  will  find ^ 

the  easiest  possible  way  some  glimpse  and  knowl( 


,  them  to  get  in 
ge  of  the  most 


perfect  poems  of  our  langaaga,  knowledge  that  would  otherwise 
escape  them  in  tbeir  busy  life. 

THE  OFFER 

Send  only  50  cents  in  stamps.   A  set  of  the  books  will  be 
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set  after  examination,  yon  make  further  payments  of  60 
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set  of  aix  yolumen.    If  yon  do  not  like  this  new  li- 
brary, yi.m  mfiy  ri-farn  It  at  OUT  expcnae,  and  no 
obU^atfon  vv:iil  be  incuired. 

THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS 

NEW  YORK 


Ubrary  of 
Poetry  which 


Inir  with  the 
Rbvibw  orRB> 
yiKWS.  If  I  Uke 
the  aHore  books.  I 
will  make  payments  to 
complete  the  spcclal-of> 
ler  price.  Herewith  fiad 
fiaat  paymeat  of  50  ceats. 


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12v 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertismg  SectJon 


M«llaC.Tttrd  €€ 


k 

The  Great  Success  of  this  Spring    t^:^. 


THE  STOLEN  THRONE 


Bjr  H£RB£RT  KAUFMAN 
anti    MAY   ISABEJL   FISK 


*,^WIt.I^lifAlIi;  THi:  MOST    scAsowap 

TAKK      NOTICE,  " — .Veir    York   Harald. 


JJERE  is  a  novel  \v4th  enough  dash,  action  and 
high-spirited  romance  to  furnish  forth  a 
half  a  dozen  *'  season's  successes."  It  is  brilliant- 
ly written  around  a  plot  of  remarkable  interest, 
and  Is  distinguished  by  a  warmth  of  color  and  a 
quality  of  v^^orkmanship  that  placed  it  substantially 
among  the  marked  novels  of  the  year  Its  success 
has  been  pronounced  from  the  first. 


Herbert  Kanffn 

"Merits  the  highest  ^r^X^^y -Cleveland  Plain  Dealer, 

thlme^andl?/''''t!^^*'^i*^^^^  ^^^^  sustained  in 

meme  and  reasonable  and  romantic  in  action." 

—Philadelphia  Record, 

Th7s*'torS\^,%!fn'Tr?^^  ""^^  ingeniously  worked  oat. 
ine  story  is  full  of  life  and  rapid  action.  It  is  a  taU 
to  be  read  at  a  sittingr-/>///Xr^/'i^";^,|       *  '^* 

^/if^-*®**  ^"^^l^*®*'  ™<>v«»  **ie  story  without  any  sense 
of  lagging  jThe  Stolen  Throne'  is  a  model  of  na^a 
tion  in  which  there  is  nothing  superfluous.  Its  charm 
never  i^itxs.*' -Philadelphia  Press. 


'WitK  Color  Frontispiece  by 
HOWARD    CHANDI.ER    CHRISTY 
and  Illustrations  by 
HERMAN    ROUNTREE. 


^-y^-'^i^^^' ^ 12mo.  91.50.  I 

MOFFAT,    YARD    <Bl    COMPANY,    NEW  YORK.  | 


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The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising  Section 


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The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Section 


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12€l 


THE, 

REVIEW  er  REVIEWS 
EDUCATIONAL  DIRECTORY 


Universities  and  Colleges. 


Universities  and  Colleges. 


FOR  WOMEN 


w<prlt.     Ti-ariiiTA  Aiy'uliiliri.i-i  In  MVi/ry  <1<*p?»rfint*nL     Ij-'riurtTs  nf  nallMniil  rt^puhithm,     H^^Ti-rii 

I u n J t )e»  f r >r  t hi'  ii  1  ii4 t  n f  M u ilo  ilim I  Art,    Lt^frtt I rjn  u ii m j rij a n «»#■< I ,  Sub url m  tf  Da  1 1 )  r ii < « ri.'.  >Spu»H i  >ua 
hii|lr14fi|j^;4,  (?r»rrhpli''t<«ly  r.-qkil|,i|M<i|,  Lii  the  ^^'iilrt>  uf  a  ^>t;^autlflllUy  wi.Htiic^il  imrk   aJid  ^ ruuutlH  <jf 

N*itiv  Hiinui  Prt^pufdtjjrj  fV'h^Hil  for  UlrU.  I^rlmnryi  Arndciiilr  and  Collfifp  pnejinriitory 
f-lfw^r?<.  Firm  (llsw-lpUm?.  Phydicrul  tralnlnir.  IthM^IiUi  il  mijuT^'Mluii  nf  nmnnrTfl^  meihoflit 
<ir  iitmly,  haljltjiuf  Life,  autUoor  exi^rcJiti.*,  u^niUJ^t  iTiiquiO,  l^uKkt^i  hjill,  roHlriKt  f!'t(.\ 


UCDIAXA,  Terre  Haute. 

Rose  Polytechnic  Institute.  ^SSX^mI^ 

chanlcal.  Electrical  and  Civil  Engineering,  Chemistry  and  Archl- 

taetore.  Extensive  shops  and  laboratories.  2Sth  vear.  Expenses 

low.  For  catalogue  and  professional  register  of  Alumni,  address 

^* ^ C.  L.  MKxa.  President. 

Sboboia,  Decatur  (near  Atlanta).    Box  O. 

Agrnes  Scott  College  for  Women. 

Best  advantages.  Full  equipment  Elegant  Buildings.  Gym- 
naoliun.  Laboratories.  Beautiful  grounds.  Unsurpassed  health 
record.         F.  H.  Gaiwm,  P.P. 

Ixxiitou,  Chicago,  8129  Rhodes  Avenue. 

Study  Homceopathic  Medicine. 

HonuBopathic  physicians  are  demanded  by  many  towns  that 
sre  atUi  unsnppUed. 

Hahnemann  Medical  College  offers  excellent  courses  in  every 
bisneh  of  medicine.  B.  Hekrt  Wiubon.  Registrar. 


ScKool  of  Music 

NortKinrestera  University 

A  University  Professional  School  for  the  comprehensive 
study  of  practical  and  theoretical  music,  located  in  Chi- 
cago's m^  attractive  suburb.  Certain  courses  include 
literary  studies  in  College  of  Liberal  Arts  or  Academy. 
Public  School  Music  and  Preparatory  Departments.  Faculty 
of  25  members.    Catalogue  upon  request. 

P.  C.  LUTKIN,  Dean,  Music  Hall,  Evanston,  111. 

Kkntucky,  Bowling  Oreen. 

0/>f  f  At*  f^fxU^tr^  ^^^  YouNO  Ladiss.  Students  from  40 
I^  Otter  V^UllCj^C  statos.  Number  select  and  limited, 
ao  teachers.  Pepartments  under  Bpeclallsts.  Appointments  of 
the  highest  order.  Recommended  by  leading  men  of  the  U.  S. 
Send  for  Catalogue.  Rev.  B.  F.  Cabkll,  P.P.,  President. 


ideal  school  for  girls  and  young  women,  located  on  a 
_ ..  utiful  estate  of  10  acres,  within  the  National  Capital. 
Bnnroonded  and  wittiin  easy  reach  of  the  many  and  varied 
educational  institutions  fur  which  Washington  is  famed. 
Oaltared  instructors;  dellglitrbl  home  life;  reffned 
associations ;  slglit  seeing  systematized ;  social  ar*  van- 
tages wholesome.  Preparatory,  Certificate  and  Cc  «.ge 
Courses.  Music,  Art,  Elocution.    Catalogue  on  requcist. 

MUing,  PrMldvirt,  trdsadT  St*.,  N.E.  WMklnftM,  Dl  C 


Pleaae  mention  the  Review  of  ffevlewa  when  writing  to  adoertlaera 
13 


The  Rcvicw  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Universities  and  Colleges. 


Georgia  School  of 
Technology 


Ad  enj^rieerinK  tn-^ 
stitute  of  the 
M^best  nvuk  la  thu 
heart  of  the  pro- 
gresj^lve  South, 
AdvAiTceil  courses 
to  MechiinJcal^  EJrNC- 
tdcal,  Ttrtila,  Mio- 
ing  and  Clv^il  En- 
gf  neeri  rPt  E  n  p  I  n- 
eerinir  rti^^uuatiry 
imd  Chemistry.  Ei- 
t^^iii^lre  and  new 
ei^iiJpmotit  of  Shop, 
Mill,  LaUjratorleft, 
et^,  The  dctnaiid 
for  the  School^s 
g^ra<;LiLi&t'er3  iA  mut?h 
ercfltcr  thaTi  the 
s  u  jvpl  V-      Dortiii- 

ahle.  CilmatG  un- 
niirpasstHi.  For  il- 
hist  rated  oitoJog, 
addi^j^ 


K.  G.  MATHESON, 

President* 

Atlanta,  Ga. 


Learn  Photo-Eograyiog  or  Photography 

$20  to  $80  Per  Week  EMlly  Earned 

Theonlr  college  in  the  world  where  these  payfiiff  professions  Me 
taught  successfully.  Endorsed  by  the  International  Association  of 
Photo-Enffravers  and  the  Photosn«phets'  Association  of  Illinois. 
Terms  easy  and  living  inexpensive.  Graduates  plac«d  in 
irood  positions.  Write  for  catalo^e.  and  specify  the 
course  in  which  you  are  interested.    Address 


Illinois  College  st  Phot< 
BisseU  CoUep  •!  r~ 


)t  Photogrraphy  sr )  053  Wabash  At. 
Photo-EnvraTlnff  ( Efflncham*  HL 
r.  BI8SELL,  President. 


Kbttuckt,  Harrodaburg. 
RAAiimrknf  PrkllAcrA  Is  one  of  the  very  best,  for  Olrls, 
oeaumonr  COlieg^e  m  the  whole  south;  is  located 
on  what  Is  said  to  be  the  handsomest,  most  Ideally  adapted, 
school-ffrounds  (40  acres)  in  America.  Is  capable  of  preparing 
the  weU*dlsposed  for  the  best  universities  In  this  country,  or 
abroad.  For  catalogue,  address  Col.  Th.  Smith,  A.X.,  Pros. 
(Alumnus  of  University  of  Vlis^nia.) 


Universities  and  Colleges. 


1  a  boAutff u1  ffiihtrrb^  tif  Baltimore?.  YWe:  ctmrwem^  study, 

luohidJuiE  two  years'  friunw  f<iPfI(iEb  ^hiMli^n~  *      "'  ' 


t^rriLiifi'lt  rurtiHh  omjHPrtunllj  for  g^ilt,  cennK  baiief  Im.^ 

k*iiUhfitl  A.[ifiniff^      VJ^tK    to    Natlonii]   Cu[iltaL      Kffl*^ 

*.i'i'i.«ri:iri,    ^i^di  t"i  .^Vf*.     t'tialn'v^uo  auil  vl4*W!*(.    Addrw^ 

J.  H.Ttinnr,  l>.n.,  If,>3t  t\,  I.titlierf  ille«  MO, 


Ua&tlakd,  AonapoUa. 


St.  John's  CoUege.  }SJ-'Si.i!f*S3i:? 


to 

lead   ^ 

tpraflclency 

In  military  training..  Also  Preparator7  School  for  Boya,  flttlng 


grces.  Designated  by  n.S.OoTenuuent  as  one  of  the  six  leading 
military  colleges  where  students  hare  shown  great  r-^ 


for  St.  John's  or  other  colleges, 
army  officer.    Address 


Military  Department  under 
Thomas  Fkix,  IX..D. 


ROCKFORD  COLLEGE  FOR  WOMEN 

Only  woman's  college  of  first  rank  in  Middle  West    (See  Report  Com. 
Education,  r.  2,  p.  1$26.  1904).     I>ecTces  of  A. 3.  and  B.S.     Trains  also  for 
vocation.    Home  Economics,  Music  and  Art  Departments.    Catak>Kae. 
Jnlla  H.  Gnllirer,  Ph.D.,  President,  Box  E.  Ro<ikfafti.  ML 

Haktlaitd,  Frederick. 

The  Woman's  College.    ^S^S2~  SSS 

possible  moderate  chareM.     A  weU-balanced  course,  hacluding 

electlres,  leading  to  the  B.  A  degree.    Diplomas  are  also  granted 

in  If  uslo,  Art  and  Elocution.    General  culture  the  complete  aim. 

JOMCPH  H.  ATPUt,  A.M..  President. 

XAB8ACHV8RT8,  Cambridge,  14  University  HalL 


Mechanical,  Electrical,  Mining  and  Metallurgical 

Architecture,  Landscape  ArclUt ~  - 

Istry,  Biology,  and  Geology.    ^ 


Architecture,  Forestry,  Ph;, .  , 

For  further  information,  addi 
W.C.~ 


MxcBiOAir,  Houghton. 

Michigan  College  of  Mines. 

Located  In  the  Lake  Superior  district  Mines  and  mffla  mtuxm- 
Iblefor  practice.  For  Year  Book  and  Record  of  Oraduatea  apply 
to  President  or  Secretary.^  .F.  W.  McNair,  PresldentT^ 

MJ8SI8SIPF1. 

Mississippi  Textile  School. 

DEPARTMENT  A.  A  M.  COLLEGE. 
Offers  unsurpassed  equipment  and  thorough  instroetloa  mX  ft 
minimum  of  cost.    For  circular  of  information  address 
Wm.  R.  Meadows,  Director,  Agricultural  Conet«. 


Misgmipn,  Meridian. 

Meridian  Woman's  College. 

The  largest  and  best  equipped  private  college 
Spend  winters  in  Sunny,  Southern  climate.  ^Ti 
logue  to  J,  1 


in  the 
rite  for 


BROtAirmmi^ 


dBsaseR^Mra^rv^ 


GAIlfESVlLilt 


rn  ERS— rerfe»mL(n 


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The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Universities  and  Colleges. 


Universities  and  Colleges. 


A  New  College  for  Women 

af  Sweet  £ri<or,  Virginia. 


Tltmu^lj  the  benefioenee  of  Mra.  IntUana  Fletx^her  Wnilams.  Bwei^t  Briar  Iu*itltut«,  a  new  col- 
\iA^^  for  wom«Q,  has  been  ma^le  |K>!4Hlb]e.  The  tTjdo anient  proTjiJeJ  for  Iti  the  founder^s  irlU  bAa 
pertnfu«d  the  estabUiiihmetit  of  a  coll«ge  of  tho^  grade  and  scope  of  Vassar,  Wellenley,  Smitb  a^d 

Tliroiij^h  efflcjency  of  faculty  and  f^eoeriLt  equipment  Bwei^t  Briar  Ig  euable^l  to  offer  o|>t>Ofv 
t unities  iHiiml  t^^  thtitwa  of  any  of  the  hlirlier  ingtttutiom.    Fuur  vears  of  colle^t^*  aod  1*0  jeaTmof 

fin^parwt^try  work  ai^  i^v^d.  lu  ad  vaQiogeii  of  location,  for  be-aft  h.  comfort  and  beauty  of  surrouficl- 
ng*.  It  U  iififtu  rpaased.  i^vreet  Briar  ii*ati  oJd  Virt^inia  e5rtat!>  in  Ainheret  County,  oa  the  luaiu  lioe  of 
ymHouthem  EiUJ way.  but  A  tew  hours^  run  froto  \Vash|n>^tuu. 

To  tije  liUi*Kei  aijrl  eomfortJibb  balldlng,  forraerly  the  rt?.sldenee  of  the  founder*  have  tHpieu  abided 
Dew  and  ma,s^inceut  buildings— tlie  Dormitories,  the  Academic  bundlngji  and  the  Refectory  These 
ftjTj  mridel^  of  tiiiMii^rTi!  itrchitccture.  The  secooil  college  year  o|R^-na  Beptemher  19,  19OT»  Catalogue 
and  views  eeut  i»u  application  to 

UWU  MARY  K.  BENEDICT,  Prealdciit.  Box  101,  Sweef  Brlu^,  Vs. 


Utssouai,  LiJx^rtj,    yi^uri^H^u  mik^n  fruui  EaiiflOA  Clt;« 


niiarhefit  ffrtule  In  Let' 
Itra,    ^Teaceni.    Art. 


*iberty  Ladies'  College. 

bOBiUiJIfitriMikff  faculty.  Atncrlcau  JIoEiirt  Coiui<srva.tor^*  An 
Ki«i9uo  PUuio  AM  prixe  In  llAy  FeNtiv^il  iL'4hiir«?<,ii^ 

C  JiL  Wuj^iAUS,  Preil'ifint. 

*ottey  CoUege  for  Women. 

Ti.441  onrDllmpiiE  2^k  Confer*  degret^,  fek'hixtb*  at  Munlr,  Art, 
r  pr"'**ioo  ariil  lkmM«<itc  aclt*Bce-  F»urt>i;>eanAuxlllaryI^liMti^, 
frm&iiT*  J-ferilCtirlfltlan  home.  New  bulkllnga,  unlqun  nrraLUj<(^- 
enr.    OutdtKiii'  ij*>rt*-    Ad^im^f    Mrs.  v.  A.  C.  SrocKAan,  PriM. 


1831— LINDENWOOD  COLLEGE  FOR  WOMEN— 1907 

In  the  Ufl^hlK.jrhrnol  of  St,  Louis  ,  SO-aere  vJiinptjs  cHorered 
with  fon^st  treed :  ti».-lect  patronage  froni  ^l\  (jver  the  n.Mith- 
west:  forty  thoUfiAud  dojlarfl  beihg  npeut  In  hniJdlnjTM  tlila 
j^ummcr ;  a  lino  music  school  with  Mr.  JanitsK  T.  QufirlvH  og 
director  J  aU  teaehers  university  and  collei^e  trahierl ;  muatc 
ttttchws  with  European  training.  Fifty  niiiiutea  from  St. 
Loui^, 

For  full  riartlcularH  and  ctkL^<jtfu«*  apply  to 

OKORGE  FREDERIC  a\  R^,  Ph.  D.,  Prea% 

Si,  Charlets,  Mo» 


Randolph-Macon 
Woman's 
College 

Lynchburg,  Va. 

Kj)dDJWin«rilt  \>y  hlelicti  aniMnrLtlei: 
H  Thw  t%  1^^  Comnila^lrtHe'r  ofKdiM'Atliifi.  rercirtji  BtallKtit:!!  dF  vn.  ci>lleiERi  ''«>r  mxn^^ii  af  wlikb  be  tftiilL»  i£  \ik  "'■  Ul^Wun  I 

A  1'*  Li^nlndtiJ^  IfmiukiViJlL'MacoQ  Won^ais'^  C^-iiliM/i'  ] 

if  4'MP*icalc  (Viimdsilon  ltcp«p| -"  TlLr  ti'ai^Mli'li-b-lVlA<*un  \S'ot;if4tii't  CoUrgfl  Imi  moiDtaiui^d  I'umnce  ti>r^tUremmti 

'Mi'lri)"Jj  i^ro  tioito efjUii  to  th<Meof  tlie  b^^t  c(.»tJlFif4.''«  fur  v^uoieii."' 

Y  ?K.  1.  fldncniloti  U?]^t--"^Tbe  liigltcit  TLigLitrAiluii  i^t  ttij  ot  tlie  woRifn'B  ("olltg^  by  Ibis  d4^r*Artitieiit  hM  tH^tm 
ibi?<-iiTv(4n.l  iCintlolpftMnccin/'^ 

1  Tlirt  i^jJU'tr*'  1*  iftd4:in'^'<1  and  w*ll  eqDiij>p«l  for  foWttf  work,  CKminu  of  TJfly  ifrestiitflnm***!  hj  \>&lQl\.T^l  uyonniMm. 
Ittd^VdLif'nUcil  fLirBdHiilDrml  nf-n  tiiiildltiK»4nnini  rrv^t  yismt,  Inrlntimii  i.  uriw^ifliM  iiciPTH  r  ]lnU,JoiK4'  UhJ-nrj  Ui^\\  antl 
^fV  dut iijitorr-  Voar  **< p&mte  1  .n  1ik>t Ht^j>ri e«  :  ivjirr >iv:\ii y U^ni  o\ le/trv^iory :  Aj-Ui  nrl  el  iid  tc ;  ni u»i f  rooms^  elr .  V u L I  tdetL* 
Itlw  etmrp*  la  c^y*k'&l  dt^Tfkijsmem  wltti  iryiutiMSanuiiihSi^tir  frriHindi.  A\H*fiUiitf  tP'jiflii  of  fo>ir  milefi,  md  l^wL-htvase. 

Y  Rnrciltiitent  far  i^m-m :  01¥!ie«rv ^m)  JiiMTuriori,  17  -  AiudcntJi, ^^,  Linhm  ti^i^'Eit  r'  i:turt>« I'^^st  to  aluUenta  lo $3rji>,  Inelndp 
titg  tali  l^i^rvy  i.-oar*r r    Aiidn^et^  fur  catal oirun  . 

m*  W„  %SlTa^  4.  ■«.  LLU^*  rre^lldfli,  lutTfr*  riri.  Lip<:hbii^a,^  ■.  * 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directoty 


Universities  and  Colleges 


Universities  and  Colleges. 


The  Western  College  for  Women 

FIFTY-THIRD  YEAR  OXFORD,  OHIO  FOUNDED  IN  1855 

A  Christian  Colleee,  thoaj^h  undenominational.  Member  of  the  Ohio  College  Association  it  ranks 
with  the  leading  colleges  of  the  country.  On  the  C.  H.  &  D.  R.  R.,  forty  miles  from  CincinnaU.  over- 
looking the  beautiful^iami  Valley,  with  woods,  hills,  wild  flowers  and  birds  to  tempt  one  oStol 
dpore.  Cla^ical  courses  strong.  Library  13.000  volumes.  Advanced  work  in  Home  Economics. 
MUSIC  and  Art  courses  count  toward  degree.  Faculty  of  thirty-two  members,  trained  in  leading 
«?i5£?  ?"  countrij  and  Europe.  Especial  care  of  health  and  physical  development  Buildinjrs 
in.^27  ^"i*  ^*^}  «1«»PP<^  with  steam  heat,  electric  light  and  sanitary  appliances.  Home  Iffe 
r,^K  ^°uY****^^7*-.  Campus  232  acres,  with  a  large  dairy  farm  and  orchard  that  furnish  mUk. 
fresh  vegetables  and  fruit.    Forcata-  m.*,^*,    .     «.™.,«    -. 

logue  and  other  information  address:  MARY  A.  SAWYER  Dean,  OXFORD,  OHIO 


Missouri.  St.  Louis. 

Forest  Park  University.  gS'p2SSrr^"^,S?. 

cate  admita  to  WeUesley.  Smith,  and  Vamar.^CoUeffe  of  Music. 
E.  R.  Kroeokr.  Dir. ;  Voice,  Violin,  Pipe  Organ,  EloJuUon.  Art. 
Gym.  Buildings  overlook  Park.  Year,  ^5.  Catalog  of  President^ 
Ahma  Siteed  Cairns. 

HARDIN  COLLEGE  AND~CONSERVATORY 

r»r  T««Bff  Womb.     The  Collese  —  A   University  tntned 
faculty.      The  Conservatory— German  Standards.  Art,  Eloai* 
tlon.  and  Cooking  Courses.    Write  for  Catalogue. 
PrMldMt  JOIU  W.  MILUOJI.  IMM  CoUes«  P1m«.  HcxIm,  ■•. 


EUZABETH   COLLEGE 


and  Conservatory  of  Musk,  Charlotte,  N,  C- 
A  KIOH-OR  ADB  COLLRCIE  FOR  WOMEN 

IlIcbI  LIiiii.L(c— il^id  Wri^  Ittirfcii  AvbtvJLlt  itMi]  VmriiuttK^  New  Vofk 
igd  Flnrldji.  IJcautlTuI  MibuHijn  loc^tiuii,  iivcrinakJ  ii  ^  Iht  cllv+  iO'fc'rc 
rtdirtui.  fL\^4Q£kA  CnlLfl^t  PtuiL  KiFrpr^vtt  bujE4l]n£'«.  30  e»j:i«rkin;c^l, 
i]n( Tferslty-fTluc-atpl  Icac hen,  A .  B .  nn 1 1  F Ititli v f  jfr-if  1  imtf  i  uiarnt 5  M u  1 
4ic.  Art.  txprwiiufi.  Ufitr  (Of  c4Liitv|ff    C;|IA*S,  I).  KlNi^,  I'rf  »♦ 


Converse  College. 

Spartan  burg,  Soatli  Carolina. 

800  fwl  alh>vi^  fir«ji-l^vr'L  ^^  nil  If »  froia  Blue  Ilh1ffi:> 
Kount^iuA^  61  rtc^iKTiM'^  qioaq  jmnual  t^mpere^turv.  High- 
^afl  13  C«\  3  rgfl  fi.tr  Wi  impn .  M  un  Uy  Conm^rvatoef^  Siiboulji  nf 
Art  (ind  KxjireEMlrtn,      IIouert  p.  Pteli-,  LfltD,,  Preililf^ut. 


LAKE  ERIE  COLLEGE 

and  CONSERVATORY  OF  MUSIC 


Thorough  scholarship,  womanly  culture, 
tome  atmosphere.    *"  "  '  '  *  " " 


ence  and  i 


^     mal  Influ- 

Delightful  loc»fion.   Spacious 
Fine  music  hall,  two  pipe  org[ans.  twenty  pianos. 


grounds.    

Artists'  recitals.    Board  and  tuition,  ^,„. 

For  College  and  Conservatory  Catalogues  and  Book  of 
Views,  address  the  president 
MARY  EVANS,  Utt.  D^  Box  A,  PalncsvtUc,  Ohio. 


PnrKSTLVAiraA.  Chambersburg.  28  College  Ave. 

Wilson  College  for  Women. 

In  the  beautiful  Cumberland  Valley.    Classical,  Music  aad  Art 
courses.    Faculty  of  nnlversity  graduatei.    Excellent  adran- 
tages  In  Husio  and  Art.    FineOymnasium.    Moderate  expeaaes. 
Matthbw  Howkll  Rsasbs,  PreakSeaL 

pRifNSTi.TAKXA.  Philadelphia.  Box  90a  21st  SL  a  N.  College  Am 

Woman's  Medical  College  sSSiSSSSSJi. 

Thorough  course.  Four  years.  Exceptional  facllitiea  for  Labora- 
tory and  Bedside  Instruction.  Post-gradoate  ooursea  In  OperMlr* 
OynfBCology ;  in  Obstetrtcs.  the  Eye,  Ear,  Nom  tutd  TKrtmL 
Full  parUculars  In  catalogue.      Clara  ^'""fiff,  MJ>.,  Deaa. 


Centenary  Female  College 

CLEVELAND.  TEMN.  0»«af  U9U  18. 1M7 

UIC^  GRADE  SCHOOL  for  Cidi  aad  Yooat  Womsl 
^^  Beaub^  buikW  and.gioiUKk  Steam  WtmU  deetiic 
hshli,  hoi  and  cold  water,  modem  egmpmenL  N#w  tu^  An* 
thrmtrh*^  Bert  AiaeikaB  Md  fonaoa  truncd  teacheri.  Lane 
boaidmg  natraoate  from  all  over  the  South.  *^-Ttr  irlrJ 
Pkioes  moderate.    Write  for  catalog. 


Tkhkessks,  NaahTllle. 

BelmonI:  Colleo-e  ^PS"  ^^^^  women.   Regular 

OClIUOnC  V^Olieg'e  CoUege  and  preparatory  Oouran. 
Music.  Art.  Languages,  Physical  Culture.  BeauUfnl  locatkm. 
Golf,  tennis,  hockey,  all  the  year.    Register  now.    Catakwoe  on 

Her.  Ira  LAMDRmi.  D.D.,  LLD..  Regent. 

Miss  Hood  and  Miss  Hrrov.  Prtnctpals. 


request. 


Tkmxbssks.  Kashrille. 

Buford  College  for  Women.  J-^ifSilSri 

country  and  city  combined.  Graduate.  Poet-Oradnate.  UnlTer> 
sity  Preparatory  Courses.  UnlTerslty  Bible  Course.  CoBserratorr 
advantages  in  Languase,  Art.  Music.  Expression.  Tear  book 
free.        £.  a.  BuvoRD,  Regent    Mrs.  £.  O.  Buford.  President. 

ViRonriA,  Petersburg. 

Southern  Female  College.  Sli.*iS?«.i?S 

home  school  for  girls,  after  the  hlgheat  Virginia  staadartlsL  Sto- 
dents  from  20  States.  Preparatory  and  adranced  oooraea.  with 
Music.  Art.  Elocution.  Five  connected  buildings,  InclodEiKOym- 
naslum.  45tb  year  opens  September  2S.  Illustrated  osSana 
ARTmTR  Kyle  Davjs,  A.M..  PreaideBt. 


ViRonnA,  Front  Royal. 

Cr<i:>l.crn  V^OllC^e  beautiful  Shenandoah  Valkw/naar 
Washington.  D.  C.  CoUege.  Normal.  Preparatory,  Bustnea. 
Conservatory  advantages  In  Music,  Art.  ElocuUon.  Able  Facoltr 
of  SpeclaUsts.    Studcnu  from  23  SUtes.    Yearly  rates,  $l9a 

J.  S.  aauYER,  A.M.,  Prest,  Front  Royal,  Va. 


VntoiKiA,  Reliance. 

Shenandoah  College  lSSIii?S;g;iSSS?'y^ 

near  Washington.  '<  Seek  education  In  an  InsUtntlon  resnmd 
from  temptotlon  and  surrounded  by  healthy  envlronneBtt.** 
Certincate  admlU  to  University  of  Vlnlnla.  Degrees  conferred. 
Both  sexes  admitted.  Primary,  Academic,  C<^ege,  Kloeutloa. 
Music.  Art  and  Business  departments.  Rates  very  reaaonabla. 
Catalogue  free.  w.  B.  Kumt,  Preatdeat. 


ViRonoA.  Richmond. 

University  College  of  Medicine. 

STUAwr  McGuMt,  M.D.,  President.  Experienced  and  wcD 
known  Faculty :  Member  AssoclaUon  American  Medical  OdU^m  ; 
Standards  of  Admission,  Instruction,  and  Oraduatloa  entitle  de- 
grees to  recognition  In  any  State.  Mild  Climate.  Moderate  Ex- 
penses.   Descriptive  Bulletins. 

Address  William  R.  ^'"—  Proetor. 


Pleas*  mention  the  Revteio  <^  ffeulewe  when  wrttlng  to  aaoertta9r$ 

1  A 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Universities  and  Colleges. 

Virginia  College 

FSor  YOUNG  LADIES,  RoaniAe,  l^rgliila. 

Opens  Sept  25,  1907.    One  of  the  leading  Schools  for  Toung 
f  .ti^ltw  In  the  Sooth.    Modern  bulldlni^     Campus  of  ten  acres. 

Grand  mountain 
scenerj  In  Valley 
of  Virginia,  famed 
for  health.  Euro* 
pean  and  Ameri- 
can teachers.  Pul) 
coune.  Consenr* 
atory  adrantages 
in  Art,  Music  and 
Elocution.  Certill- 
cates  receired  at 
Wellesley.  Stu< 
dents  from  80 
States.  For  cata< 
logue,  address 


iKAA AAA  P.  HARRIS,  President.  Roanoke,  Ta. 
Mrs.  Gertrude  Harris  Boatwright,  Ylce-Pres. 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

BOYS. 

Caufouoa,  Palo  Alta 

ll/Tonvanifo  T4o11  In  the  beautiful  SanU  Clara  Valley. 
XVAAllzanilci  radix.  Life  of  mounUIn,Talley,  sea.  Every 
Incentive  to  work.  Modem  equipment.  Specialists  as  teacheni. 
Prepar^tt  for  Eastern  Universities  as  well  as  Stanford.  15th  Year. 
Catalogue.  J.  LbRoy  Dixok,  A.B. 


CoinrBcncuT,  Bridgeport. 

Park  Avenue  Institute. 

For  manly  boys.    A  home  and  school  combined.    36th  year. 
College  or  business.    $490  and  |0OO.    Catologue. 

Skth  B.  Jonbs,  A.M.,  Principal. 


CovifBCTicuT,  Brookfleld  Center. 

IS  YOUR  YOUNG  SON 

to  be  sent  to  boarding  school  7  A  book  about 

The  Curtis  School  for  Young  Boys 

will  interest  you  deeply,  because  it  describes  a  work 
with  boys  that  was  begun  thirty-two  vears  mo  by 
the  master  who  still  makes  its  success  his  life  inter* 
est,  and  gives  it  his  personal  attention.  Many  of  iu 
ways  are  quite  unique. 

;  a  boys;  no  new  one  received  older 
\  U.   A  separate  room  for  each  boy. 

FREDERICK  8.  CURTIS,  Mastar. 


fno;! 
than] 


RumseyHall 

Cornwall,  Litchfield  Co.,  Conn. 

A  home  school  in  the  country 
for  young  boys.  In  order  to  have 
greater  ncilities,  to  be  more  oen- 
traUy  located  and  in  the  country 
Rumaey  Hall  has  been  removed 
to  Cornwall,  Litchfield  Co.,  Conn. 
Number  of  pupils  limited,  which 
permits  personal  instruction. 
Buildings  in  perfect  condition. 
Large  gymnasium.  Athletic  field 
and  t^uiis  courts.  Send  for  catalogue. 
Address 

RVMSKT  HAI^I^ 


CosmecncvT,  Litchfield. 
•pi__  C^*.4.-»«-  C^U^^I  roEBoTS.  Believes  in  dlscov- 
1  He  r*  OSter  OCnOOl  ery  of  individual  boys.  Be- 
lieves that  school  day'  not  only  prepare  for  life  but  constitute 
life  In  intense  form.  Hunting,  fishing,  boating.  Located  in  his-, 
torlc  town  of  LITCHFIELD,  CONN. 

Rev.  AXXTH  K.  FosTCR,  M.A.,  Head  Master. 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

BOYS. 


Metis  ^Icademy 


STAMFftRO  CONM 

Write  us  that  we  may  tell  you  what  our  system  of 

se:i-e:ote:d  oourseis 

offers  young  men  who  left  school  for  business,  but  now 
desire  to  prepare  for  technical  or  professional  schools 
—how  it  enables  those  coming  at  an  early  asn  to  cover 
a  wider  range  of  studies  before  entering  college— that 
we  may  tell  you  what  "  The  Individual  the  Basis  of 
Work  "  means  at  Betts— of  the  help  given  the  student 
outside  the  recitation  room— how  we  develop  manli- 
ness, self-reliance,  correct  habits  of  study— how  even 
our  athletics  develop  not  so  much  **  the  first  team  "  as 
each  individual  boy— about  the  location,  attractive  sur- 
roundinss.  buildings,  and  beautiful  grounds,  all  so  wdl 
arranged  for  the  school  life. 


\ 


Wm.  J.  80U»,  M.A.  (W. 


Detroit 

University 

School 

CoUege  Preimratory  and  Manual 
Training  Scbool  lor  Boys 

Primary,    intermediate,    and    Secondary    Depart- 
ments.   Ninth  year  begins  Sept.  18,  1807 

New  Buildings,  and  extensive  improvements 
in  former  buildingrs,  new  gymnasium,  laboratories,  and 
shops,  with  fan  ventilating  system.  Fine  athletic  field 
adioining  the  school,  near  Detroit  River  and  Belle  Isle 
Park.    Large  swimming  pool. 

Small  classes  insure  close  personal  attention  to 
studenU.  Certificates  admit  graduates  to  leading 
colleges.  From  its  first  six  classes  the  school  has 
graduated  18()  boys,  162  of  whom  have  entered  19  differ- 
ent higher  institutions. 

Manual  Training  Department  of  unusual  excellence. 
Its  graduates  obtam  advanced  credit  for  work  in  v^ari- 
ous  engineering  schools. 

Carefully  directed  Physical  Training  an  important 
feature.  Applicants  must  furnish  satisfactory  refer- 
ences as  to  character. 

Calendar  upon  application.  Those  addressing 
Sbcrbtaky,  44  Elmwood  Av.,  Detroit,  Mich.,  wiO 
receive  also  an  illustrated  book. 

FREDERICK  L.  BLISS.  Principal. 


Please  mention  the  Beuleiu  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  adoertisers 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Ditectory 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

BOY8. 

CkMrNECTicuT,  Rldgewold,  Redding  Ridge. 

The  Sanford  School.  §SLr^',SS^".SSv2^ro"^ 

the  distractions  of  town  life— rich  out-of-door  experiences,  not 
merely  athletics  —  indlrldual  attention  under  experienced 
teachers— thorough  preparation  for  all  colleges— a  summer  ses- 
sion for  candidates  for  the  September  examination.  D.  8.  Sam- 
VORD,  A.M.,  Headmaster,  refers  by  permission  to  PresldenU  of 
Harvard  and  Yale  Unirersitles. 

OoJoncncuT,  Suffleld. 

Connecticut  Literary  Institution. 

PrlTate  School  for  Boys.    Located  In  beautiful  New  England 
Tillage,    'nth  year  opens  Sept.  17th. 

RALPH  K.  BsABCC,  A.1L,  PrinelpaL 


The  WasKing^ton 
ScKool  for  Boys 

The  Washington  School  Is  located  in  the  suburbs  of 
Washington,  at  an  elevation  of  four  hundred  feet  above 
the  Potomac ;  It  is  surrounded  by  the  woods  and  fields 
of  the  country,  yet  it  Is  within  half  an  hour's  ride  by 
convenient  trolley  of  the  heart  of  the  city.  With  its 
Boarding  and  Day  Departments,  with  its  Junior  and 
Senior  Schools,  with  its  modem  buildings  and  its  exten- 
sive athletic  grounds,  with  its  able  Faculty  and  Its  thor- 
ough course  of  study,  this  school  offers  unuBual  advan- 
ta^  for  the  education  of  a  boy  from  the  time  he  leaves 
the  kindergarten  until  he  enters  college.  For  an  illus- 
trated Tear-Book,  address  the  Head-Master. 

LfOuis  Leverett  Hooper,  A.M.*  (Harv.) 
S9SS  WitcoBtia  At«b««.  WatklntfUB.  D,  C. 


TKe  Army  and  Navx 

Preparatory  School 

■  4101  Coiui«cUcmt  Aw:,   WMhlatftM,    D.  C.  "^ 

A  select  boarding  achool  for  young  men  and  bojrs. 
Two  departments— Academic  and  Special. 

AcADVMio  DBPABTimrr— Thorough  preparation  for 
colleges,  scientiflc  schools,  and  business ;  also  for 
the  OoTemment  Academies.  Oertiflcates  accepted 
at  all  ooUeges. 

Spboial  DspARTinntT— Preparation  of  candidates 
for  commissions  in  the  various  branches  of  Qovem- 
ment  service.    Special  class-rooms  and  Instructors. 

Fine  athletic  field,  baseball,  football,  track  teams. 
For  catalogue  of  eltjier  department,  address 

K.  SlXrAVKI^T.  Prisacipal 


Klftv-fourth 
An  Ideal  so 


year, 
hoc 


iLUifois,  Woodstock. 

Todd  Seminary  for  Boys,  Anideaiscfiooi 

near  Chicago.  Designed  especially  for  bovs  of  the  public  school 
age.  Located  in  the  most  elevated  town  In  Illinois.  No  serious 
sickness  in  flftv  years.  We  educate  the  whole  boy.  Send  for 
prospectus,  and  come  and  see  us.  Noblb  Hill,  Prin. 

The  Winona  Academy 

FOR  BOYS  WINONA  LAKE,    INDIAN/T 

Preptres  for  the  best  Colleses  and  Unlversltlet.  Location  in  the  Winona 
Assembly  Park  fflves  the  benefit  of  edncatlooal  and  f nsplrint  inAuencct  of  the 
mat  Assembly.  Clear  spring  water  and  pure  air  in  an  elevated  tecton  make 
the  place  unusually  healthful.  AU  outdoor  sports  und*r  bert  direction.  Ideal 
home  liie  and  moral  environment. ^Three  courses.  Tuiti<m  ^00.  Dtok't  decide 
the  school  question  for  your  bojr  iSefore  writing  for  catalogue  <4  this  school. 


H.  E.  DUBOIS,  Principal.       8.  0.  DIGKBT,  PreBldent. 


Academical  and  Preparatoryt 

BOY8. 

HUXMB,  Farmlngton. 

The  Abbott  School.  the^romanUc^ireortbelSe 
woods— an  ideal  climate  and  an  ezcepdooal  home  boildlaf. 
Summer  camp.  Thirty-flve  boys.  Seven  teachers.  New  Qjm- 
nasium.    Sixth  year  opens  Sept.  Xth. 

Oboeob  Dudlkt  Chubch,  Head  Xaaicr. 

Mabtland,  St.  Mary's  Co.,  Charlotte  HalL  ^ 

Charlotte  Hall  School,  oughiyestabuabed  ma- 

tary  Academy,  in  proximity  to  Baltimore  and  Waahtagtoa. 
EsUte  of  935  acres.  Healthy  location.  Safe  boaae  Cor  hoya. 
Board,  wash,  and  tuition,  $170  per  scholasUc  year. 

Qeo.  ml  THOMAa,  A.M^  PrtocJpal 


ElmHiU 


A  Private  H«ae  asd  ScM 
for  Feeble  Misded   Twtk 

Barre,  Mossachnaatts. 

Exceptional  advantages  for  sense  development.  Indlvktoal 
Instruction.  Manual  Training,  Music.  Pupils  from  six  aai 
upwards.  Medical  treatment.  Open  all  the  year.  Beaattfalaad 
healthful  location,  at  an  elevation  of  1,000  feet.  SSO  acres  of 
groimds.    For  circulars  and  all  information,  address 

QEOBOE  A.  BROWN,  M.Dm  Saperintendcat. 


M4MACHD8RT8,  Boston,  458  Boylston  St. 

Chauncy  Hall  School,  satabiiahed  ins. 

Prepares  bovs  exclusively  for  Ma»»achu9etta  InstituU  <i^  T^A- 
nology  and  other  scientiflc  schools.    Each  teacher  a  specteHA 
Haoak  and  Kukt,  Prtncipda 

Mabsachusrtb,  Cambridge. 

The  Browne  and  Nichols  School 

For  Boys.  34th  year.  Course,  8  years.  Claues  limited  to  O. 
Pupils  continuously  under  supervision  of  bead  teacher  ta  •mtk 
department  Exceptional  facilities  for  fitting  for  Harvaai. 
Illustrated  Catalogue. 

Mabsacrubbtts,  Cambridge,  Box  34. 

Mr.  Sareent's  Travel  School  for  Bc^s. 

European  and  World  Tours  in  alternate  years.  4th  year.  Boiti» 
THB  World saillngOot,  1st.  8 months.  Studies correlalcd  wtik 
countries  visited.  BfBelent  preparation  for  college  examtnstlnas 
Three  instructors.    Prospectus. Portxw  R.  SAROprr. 

Maibachusrts,  Concord. 

Concord  School  for  Boys. 

Prepares  boys  not  only  to  enter  but  go  throuiOi  ocdkige.  Bpe^ 
dal  preparation  for  scientific  schools.  Excellent  buatneas  eovraa. 
AthleUo  field,  golf,  canoeing,  and  all  sports.    Address, 

Lbow  Sowxir  Rtthrr,  PrtnefpaL 


Lawrence 
""^^  Academy 

F««Bd«d  179S.  Prefparea  bora  for  uni  verities, 
colleges  and  scientific  scboola ;  also  a  thoroui^h  aca- 
demic course  for  those  not  going  to  college.  Un- 
usually efficient  corps  of  teRchera  enaUes  the  sdMX»l 
to  give  each  boy  careful  Rnd  individual  Rttentioa. 
Beautlfuliv  located  in  an  attractive  New  England 
TillRge.  widely  known  for  its  healthful  cHinate. 
Splendid  opportunities  for  outdoor  sports— fooiball, 
baseball  ana  track  work,  hare  ana  hound  rhsf  w. 
cross-country  running,  skating,  coasting,  etc. 

Tear  opens  Bept  10, 1907.    For  catalogue,  addreos 

WILLIAM  STEIlf  GAUD,  Baad  Master. 


MABSACBiTBcrrs,  Waban.    Box  14-R. 

Waban  School.    52i?i?iiJ£„rj?SSir'~^ 


Prepares  for  any  collie  or  scientific  school.    Summer  Camp  oi 
Maine  coast.    Yacht,  launch  and  boat    J.  H.  PxLi^arvY.  Pria. 


UNIVERSITY  SCHOOL,  LNisvHl*.  Ky.  _ 

16  INSTRUCTORS~161  STUDENTS 

Offers  unusual  advantages  In  preparing  boys  to  enter  the  best  Eastern  coUeces  and 
scientiflc  schools.  Its  certificate  admits  students  without  examination  to  90  coUcmr 
and  technical  schools.  Complete  modem  equipment,  including  cbeinical  and  pbyMcal 
laboratories,  and  shops  for  manual  training.  Physical  culture  CaciiitJes  IncdiidR 
gjrmnasium,  swimming  pool,  bowling  alleys,  tennis  courts,  etc 
Write  today  for  illustrated  catalog. 


Ft9m9€  mtwtloH  tA«  Rtvl^m  «/  Utof^mt  wlim  mrtting  to  tuipfUmn 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

BOYS. 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

BOYS 


lome  School 
for 


Prepares  for  any  coUege,  eneineeriog 
or  sdenttfic  school  in  the  country, 
or  for  business  life.    Group  and 
credit  syiitem   ot   instruction 
Unusu^iJ  faciUtfes  for  roantial 
training.    SpedaL  courses. 
Two  years'   college  course 
for  those  fitting  for  the  pro- 
\ess\ona]  schools.     Faculty 
of  aS,    Seven  heails  of  de- 
partments.    Individual 
attention^   an  J    pupils    ad- 
vanced   atcordini^    Co    indi* 
vldual  at^iUty  and  application. 


Location  unsurpassed,  t6o 
acres  of  ground.  Etgiit  gran- 
ite buildlnKSi  park  I  woods, 
garden  and  athletic  fields^ 
Over  a  milHon  dollars  In- 
vested in  huHdinKS  and  orna- 
ment .li  gardens  and  terraces. 
An  endowment  of   over 

S2,000,000. 

Spedal  attention  given  to  the 

physical  wel  f  are  of  the  pupils. 

Expert  physical  director.    Swimming 

pool,  goll  links,  running  tracks  football, 

base-tmll,  tennis. 

Ar^nual  charge  is  $7<xy^  -ftith  reduction  of  Iioq  to 

Maryland  l^oys.    Scholarships  of  S300  each  awarded 

on  admission  examination. 

Fall  Be«i6ton  begins  September  19th. 
For  iUustrated  catalogue,  address 
Fultcil  RiitM  LuE,  A.M.,  M.O.,  Diitctoi,  Soi  5Ql  ,faiT  llEr«»iT.  Mi. 


ST  PAULS  SCHOOL 


GARDEN  CITY,  NEW  YORK. 

ST.  PAUL*S  is  a  Church  School  for 
boys.  The  School  is  t8  miles  from 
New  York  City^  midway  between  the 
Sound  and  the  Sea,  It  has  an  efficient 
corps  of  masters,  fully  equipped  lab- 
oratorieSf  and  well-appointed  school 
and  class  rooms.  There  are  superior 
athletic  facilities^  inclitding  gymna- 
sium, swimming  pool,  tennis  courts, 
baseball  arTd  football  fields^  and  cin* 
der  track.  Thorough  preparation  is 
given  for  college. 

Buildings  are  nowopen  for  inspectioti^ 

For  catalogue,  address 

W.  R.  MARSHj  Head-Ma5TER> 


Ce^scaidilla 
School 

FOR  BOYS-ITHACA.  M  y, 

N.'.v  'ifs.ieni  o!  scpi»ratt  dii^s  reside nccs.  Stnnll 
rl,<H>.- ,  i;rLni)LicUd  by  stieci^ii^ti  rt;iirt!|i(»ht^nK:  tlic 
1  mining'  uf  Uie  fr.TcmoAt  urii\^er5iti«  uf  thiscouBtry 
;,cid  iMJiojie.  The  nnnriTkil  pieparsl'.iry  Jich'Wjl  u> 
L  f)nK-.|l.  t.crtificaiL-^  acceiHed  by  leadmit  ctiiLegr^s. 
L  n.':,X''-ntid  Jid.vaiitii|^''i  for  phystcal  training,  il- 
acTc  uihletic  ^eld  with  fine  rl'b^  tlub  hoyi^c.  Kim:tc- 
.iii4ui    HujldttiiT  and  Gym  Hi!  sf Lam  on  Cajruen  L^ke^ 

Amlrt*w  IK  Will  IP »  former  Atmhaasador  to 
i'remiiTiyi  say  a  ;  *'  yim/n^t'f  rrHJrrn/ ft  z^attui^fit  Jtr- 
riif  fU'i  ifnly  fi>  dfrntU  but  to  tk^  csuniry.^* 

Terms  To  llr^t  ycai"  ttcryt, 

jaoo.     The  [cm;*  ujvance 

YtJir    Iry    jfMf,    reiLlilnir 

\  %-m  Tn    llitf    iMt,     Tcrtli* 

:  to  1   .yi  eBter1[)|2  tWfi!  iftiJ 

I  t,  V*  rilra^ll,  A    ■ 


ftO<»Ei  ciTiL]dUQg  Buil  Cnov 


"Jf 


Pieaam  mention  the  Reuiaui  of  Reviews  when  writlna  to  adoertiaera 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

BOYS. 


Dmner 

JI(iKl(tty 


South  Byfield*  Mass. 

(Nfisr  Ntwburjpofft) 
One  or  tlM  most  beanttfolly  located  MbooU  In  New 
KDflsiKL  890  seres.  Fine  opportunity  for  physlosl 
tramlng ,  liorsebsek  ridlnff,  golf,  bosting,  and  ■wfanmlnK. 
Prepares  boys  for  any  ooUeve,  solentlflo  scliool,  or  bus- 
nesa.  buUndaal  attention  Is  prorkled  f or  b7  an  aide 
corps  of  teaohers.   The  atm  of  the  school  Is  to  derelop 


Is  proTided  for  by  an  able 
i  of  the  school  Is  to  deri  ~ 

_    ndard,  a  healthy  body, 

nwelHialanoed  mind.  For  illustrated  catalogue,  address 


In  eaoh  boy  a  high  moral  standard,  a  healthy  I 


Head  Master. 


Mabsachubetts,  Wellesley. 

Wellesley  School  for  Boys. 

Offers  an  nnusaal  plan  of  education.    Send  for  catalogue. 
XASSACHTTsnTS,  Wclleslcy  Hills,  Rock  Rldm  HalL 

Rock  Ridge  School  S^.^SoiiSSriK'p'SJ 

mechanic  arte.  &rono  teacher*.  A  Tlsorout  school  life.  A  new 
gymnasium  with  swimming  pooL  Fits  for  coUeoe,  scientific 
school  and  business.  Illustrated  pamphlet  sent  n^ee.  Please 
address  Dr.  M.  N.  Wmrs. 

Massachubbtts,  Box  B,  West  Newton. 

Allen  School. 

A  school  for  wholesome  boys.  College  preparation.  Certifl- 
cates  given.  Small  Junior  Department.  Athletic  Director. 
Illustrated  catalogue  describes  special  features. 

MASSACHUsarig,  Wllbraham. 

Wesleyan  Academy. 

Special  training  for  college  and  businees.    Art.  Hoslo.   Oym- 
nauum.    Athletic  field.    Large  farm.   Outdoor  life  emphasised. 
C.  ML  MKLDPf.  Ph.D.,  PrlnclpaL 


WORCESTER 

ACADEMY 

AU  sdrantBget  of  a  larte  school  t  Master  edncatori,  complete  equipment, 
enthusiasm.  A  rreat  record  in  preparlnf  bojrs  for  ooUere.  Laboratories, 
manual  tndninf.  Supeibdlninf  balL  Adequately  equipped  infirmary. 
The  new  "  Mecaron  "  contains  a  noble  recreadon  hall  and  a  biff  swim- 
mi  nf  pool.  Grmnadum.  Cinder  trade  OraL  Elfht  tennis  courts. 
Gymnastics  for  food  beahh.  not  for  mere  itrenfth.  74th  year  bcfins 
Sqpt  10.  1907.     lllus.  catalofve. 

D.  W.  ABERCSOMBIE.  LLD.,  Madpsl,  Weraitar,  Mm. 

New  Hamfshibb,  Exeter. 

The  Phillips  Exeter  Academy, 

ia7th  year  opens  September  11th,  1907.  For  oatalogna  and 
views,  address  Haruui  P.  Ambr,  PrfnctpaL 


Academical  and  Preparatory^ 

BOYS. 


New  HAMraHiBB,  Plymouth. 

Holderaess  School  for  Boys. 

Prepares  tor  Colleges  and  Technical  Schools.    " 
highest  grade  schoou  of  New  England,  yet  by 
ment  the  tuition  is  only  $40a  Rev.  Loaui  Wbbs 

New  Jbbsxt,  Xorrlstown. 

Morristown  School  for  Boys. 

College  Preparatory  Boarding  ScbooL 
Chablbs  SCBiBincR,  (Princeton)  President  Board  of 
Fbamcm  Caij.  Woopbam  (Harvard),  Head 

Nbw  Jbbsbt,  New  Brunswick. 

Rutgers  Preparatory  School  for  Boys. 

Founded  178C.  Thorough  preparation  for  all  colleees.  Oood 
Libraries.  Gymnasium,  AthleUcs,  MiUtary  Drill.  Indivtdasl 
Instruction.  Euor  B.  Patboii,  Ph.IX,  Hoadmarsirr. 


PRINCETON 

PREPARATORY     SCHOOL 


The  £act  that  this  school  admits  only  boys  over  fotuteca  «te 
want  preparation  for  entering  college,  results  m  unity  in  acbool  FJr 
and  work.  Stroiur  teaching  foire  and  limited  number  papils  (fiftr 
insure  as  close  attention  to  individual  needs  and  as  rapid  laintn.'w 
as  under  private  tutorship.  Excellent  equipment  and  facilities  ia  xkt 
way  of  buildings  and  grounds.  Special  attention  given  to  phyBca. 
culture  and  moral  wellare.    For  year  book,  address 

J.   B.   FINE,   HEADMASTER 
PRINCETON,  NEW  JERSEY 


Nkw  Yobk,  Aurora. 

The  Somes  School.  o^i^mS!*'^S^''&2^ 

University.  College  preparation  by  expert  teachers.  Indtvld^^ 
and  class  instruction,  modem  equipment,  healthful  locmtk«. 
Unusual  opportunities  for  outdoor  recreation.    fflXI. 

Nbw  Tobx,  Dobbs  Ferry-on-Hudson. 

The  Mackenzie  School. 

Dr.  Albbbt  Sraw.  Editor,  Bevi«w  of  Bevlewi, 
the  Ck>uncil.    Dr.  Jambs  C.  Mackbubib,  Director. 
Catalogue  will  be  sent  by  the  Secretary. 


KINGSI^EY  SCHOOL.  'S^^°^S;.5SS5/SSi.'Sr.  _ 

miles  from  New  York.  I00_ feet  elevation.^  ptfgeyjmnasium,  r^n^tniel^  diamond  and  tcnnts  twuU  .T^orovwh  week  te 


classes.   Buildings  new  and  planned  for  school  purposes. 


B%M   l»4,gssaKr«l 


JL^ 


/Veass  mttttiwi  Hm  RwIwi  9f  Reotemt  when  writing' to  adoerUaera 
20 


Tlie  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

BOYS. 


University 

Preparatory  School 

ITHACA,  N.  T. 

Bojrs  Bomrdintf  School. 
FiU  for  CornelL 

Seventeenth  academic  year  opens 
Tuesday,  October  first.  On  approved 
list  of  schools  for  CORNELL  UNI- 
VERSITY. No  boys  under  sixteen 
years  of  age.  Environment  refined 
and  wholesome.  Ideal  conditions  for 
study  and  rapid  progress.  Small,  care- 
fully graded  classes.  Separate  houses 
under  personal  supervision  of  faculty. 
Prepares  not  only  for  entrance  but 
anticipates  much  of  the  actual  work 
of  the  freshman  year. 

President  J.  O.  8CHURMAN  says:- 

**  I  give  most  cheerful  testimony  to  the 
hich  quality  of  work  done  in  your  school. 
The  excellent  maiuisement  and  complete 
curriculum  render  it  a  most  desirable  pre- 
paratory school  for  the  University." 

Illustrated  catalogue. 

CHAS.  A.  STILES,  B.S.,  Pros., 
Ave.  C 


Nkw  Yobk,  FishklU-on-Hudflon. 
Pacmrfkll  ArAflemv  Healthfully  situated  at  foot  of 
V^oswca  rvcducniy.  historic  Mount  Beacon.  Up-to- 
date  gyninaiilum.  ample  grounds.  Rates  |900.  Summer  scnool 
and  Camp  opens  June  19.  Desirable  place  for  boys  to  spend  their 
summer  racatlon.  Swimming,  rowing,  field  sports,  mountain 
climbing,  camping. 

New  Tokx.  Sjrracuse. 

School  of  Travel  for  Boys  'iy^^S!"^7i^. 

TOUT  School.  Seven  months  of  resident  school  work  with  three 
of  travel  In  foreign  lands.  Moderate  rates.  Limited  to  15  boys. 
rircuUrs  on  r<»quest.    Address  FkniooL  or  Tratki.. 

Kkw  Yobx,  OaainlngK>n-Hudson. 

The  Dr.  Holbrook  School. 

41  .f  vM»  iwi<ri«ia .  5  'o**  ^^^  boys,  September  26th ; 
41st  year  be«in8 :  |  ^^^  ^j,,  boyV  September  26th. 


THE 


AVILSON 

SCHOOL 


FOR  BOYS 


FishldU-on-Hadfon.  N.  Y. 


Thorough  preparation  for  Colleges, 
Sdeotific  Schools  and  Universities. 
Special  department  for  younger  boTs. 
Methods  of  teaching  carefully  adapted  to 
the  requirements  of  each  student.  Kind 
but  firm  discipline.  Number  limited  to 
thirty.  Ten  acres  of  grounds.  Gymnasium. 
Athletic  instructor.  Oolf,  tennis  courts 
and  all  sports.  For  catalogue  address, 
Hsad  Masttr. 


Academical  and  Preparatofy, 

BOYS. 


iJ9ijLLjj[j[lLmilnELiiim]uiiiUiJ'iijijiiJiiiiii 


EstabUshed  1854-Bndowed.- 

Has  an  enviable  record  for  the  prep- 
aration of  boys  for  college  and  technical 
schools  and  THEIl  COMTDIUSD   SUC- 
CESS IN  COLLEGE. 

A  beautiful  site  of  109  acres  in  the  "  gar- 
den spot  of  the  United  States,''  of  wood  and 
stream,  hill  and  meadows. 
Besides    gymnasium,   quarter   mile  cinder 
trn^-k,   football,   baseball,   golf  and  tennis,   it 
\  A  Dne  stream  and  pond  for  canoeing,  swim- 
ming and  skating ; 

Athletics  to  Develop  the  Boy 
Not  to  Advertise  the  School 

Buildings  heated  by  steam  and  lighted  by  elec- 
tricity. Single  and  double  rooms.  No  dormitories. 
Boys  study  in  small  groups  with  the  masters.  Man- 
ual art  and  mechanical  drawing. 

A  Healthy,  Natural  Religious  Life 
Suited  to  the  Boy 

Special  care  and  attention  given  to  young  bojrs, 
who  live  with  the  head  master. 

nitutrated  Register. 

P.  GARDINER,  A.M.  (Harvard),  Laacaster,  Pa. 


RandoIph=Macon 
Academy 

For  Boys  and  Young  Men 

Front  Royal,  Vs. 

A  branch  of  the  RnndoLph  Macon  System. 
Located  in  Valley  of  Virginia,  70  miles  due 
we-^t  of  Washington. 

Liberal  gifts  make  unusual  advantages 
possible.     Equipmpni  cost  j^TOO^ooo. 

Prepares  for  College  or  University,  under 
appropriate  discipline  and  wholesotne  moral 
influence. 

Region  famous  for  hcahhfulnesSi  beaaty 
oi  scenery  and  historic  interest. 

GymnasiumT  Physical  Culture  and  Oul-door 
sports.   Every  modem  convijnience  and  facility. 

Freedom  from  renlSt  taites^  and  dividends, 
permits  the  unusually  low  terms  of  S250.  i6th 
session  opens  Sept,  J 7,  1907.  For  free  cata- 
logue and  illustrated  pamphlet  address 

Charles  L.  Melton,  A.M.^  PHnctpal, 

Front  Royal,  Vs. 


PitaM  mtntlOH  th9  ffeultw  of  Iteurewa  whM  writing  to  aduortlwrt 
21 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educatfonaf  Directory 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

BOYS. 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

BOYS. 


How  about  the  boy — your  boy? 

The  coming  year  at  school  should  make  him  more  the  manly  fellow  you  want 
him  to  be.     Do  you  feel  satisfied  that  it  will  do  it? 

It  isn*t  only  a  question  of  text-books  and  discipline;  both  good;  there's  a 
great  deal  more  to  your  boy's  education. 

Our  little  book  "The  right  school  for  your  boy"  gives  our  idea  of  making  a  manly  boy  of  your  boy,    We 
send  it  and  our  catalogue  if  you  ask  for  it. 

Racine  College  Grammar  School,  Racine,  Wisconsin 


I  n  writinf  for  booklet  pleaw  state 
where  yon  saw  this  adreitiseiiienL 


Hoosac  Sehool 


30  miles  from 
Albany.  Among  the  hills  of 
Berkshire  Ranee.  Prepantory 
school  lor  boys ;  home  influences :  best  edacational  advantages.  Running 
track,  tennis  courts;  gymnasium  drill;  hockey  rink  in  winter.  Next 
school  year  opens  Sept  18.  1907.  Rt.  Rbv.  W.  C.  Doanb.  D.D.. 
Visitor.     For  catalogue  apply  to  


I 


RVING 

SCHOOL 

For  Boys.    Tarrytown-on-Hudson,  N.  Y. 

Situated  in  the  beautiftxl  "  Irring  "  country  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Hudson,  as  miles  from  New  York,  Irving 
School  surrounds  its  students  with  all  the  refined  and 
healthful  influences  requisite  to  mental  and  moral 
growth. 

The  school  is  exceptionally  well  fitted  in  teaching  staff 
and  general  equipment  to  give  thorough  and  efficient 
preparation  for  College,  Scientific  School,  or  Business. 

The  gymnasium,  with  swimming  pool,  is  in  charge  of 
•  competent  instructor.    Pine  athletic  field.    Address 

J.  M.  FURMAN,  A.M.,  Head  Master.  Box  906 


HACKLEY  SCHOOL 

TARRYTOWN.  If.  Y. 

fWO.OO  UPPER  AND  LOWER  SCHOOL  f>BO» 

BOYS   RFCRIX'BD   FROM   TEN  TO    POt'RTEEN    TEARS    OF  ACL 

HON.  CARROLL  D.  WRIGHT.  LL.D.. 

President  Board  of  Trustees. 
HENRY   WHITE  CALLAHAJI.  Ph.I>..  Hc«d 


Ohio,  Oberlin,  Box  R. 

Oberlin  Academy.  „^JS3p2S^S5-.?£ 

any  college  or  sclentUlc  scliooL    New  coones  In  Histcry  ud 

Science.     New    gymnasium.    Expenses  reasonable.     SeTcaty- 

fifth  year  begins  September  17th,  1907.    For  catalogne.  apply  to, 

JoH»  FvauM,  Pbck^  PrinctpaL 

PKincsTLVAifiA,  Bala. 

Miss  McGrew's  School 

For  8  Boys  of  Hlgh-Orade  Def  ectlre  Mentality.  Vacancies  ia  June. 
FDmsTLYAinA,  Chambersburg.    Box  177. 

The  Chambersburg  Academy  J^  ^^ 

Thorough  preparation  for  any  college  or  technical  school.   Dis- 
tinctly a  Kome  schooL    Individual  instruction.    Terms,  |S75 


Year.    For  catalogue,  address 


D.  EDQAa  Ricx,  Prinrt] 


^ 


FXHHSTLYAICXA,  Conoordrille.    P.  O.  Box  S2. 

Man1«»iirooH  ^  successful  school,  near  Philadelphia.  Ose 
iViapiCW^OOa.  of  the  best  to  wake  up  Boys  to  the  duties  of 
life.  Prepares  40  Boys  for  college  or  business.  Mth  year.  Oaeof 
the  best  gymnasiums  in  Pennsylranla.  Department  for  LltHe 
Boys.    No  tobacco.  J.  Shobtudok,   A.M.,  Tale,  PrinrlpaL 


CHESTNUT  HILL  ACADEMY 

A  BOARDING  SCHOOL  FOR  BOYS  IN  THE  COUNTRY 

St.  Martin*!  Station.  Penna.  R.  R..    30  minutes  from  Broad  Street  Sudon.  Pbila. 

Situated  among  the  hills  bordering  the  upper  Wissahickon 

Valley,  in  a  region  noted  for  heal  thfulness  and  natural  beauty. 

For  catalofue  addre«  JAMBS  L.  PATTERSON.  Head-Master 

CHESTNUT  HILL.  PA. 


Board  of  Tntmte^a 

Rt.  Rev.  Oxi  W.  Wbitaker,  D.D.,  President 
Samuel  F.  Houston  Jacob  8.  DisBton 

George  Woodward,  M.D.    Edpar  Dodlej  Parks 

Francis  L  Gowen 

H.  Gordon  HcCouch  Randal  M< 

Walton  Clark  James  R. 

Howard  A.  Kelly,  MJ>. 
Rt.  ReT.  Henry  T.  Satterlee,  D.  D. 


J.  Leverinff  Jonss 
Francis  D.  Leu 


Castle  Heights  Sclioe 


•mtmrm  te  tk»  PrvyvBlary  Wm«4.*  h*ja^  »Mi 
equipment  equal  to  that  of  ~' 
schools  conmaadtBC  doa' ' 
cent  baadiaKS.  steun  bi  . 
water.  Beaat equipped sdkoolcyvaasiaaiaSotfk.iat 
swimming  pool,  indoor  ruaniac  track.  «ac.  Late 
In  Southern  athletics  as  a  rcsak  of  expert  teat} 
coachinsr  and  cleaa  spomiiuatiMp  No  ! 
Clff«»ttM   akmimHtf  yraMMtad.    " 


catalog  address:  tW  IVwifcni.  C  ■■  Safcaii 


Pieaae  mention  the  Reulew  of  Reviewe  when  writing  to  adeertiMn 


The  Rcvicw  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

^BOYS. 


THE  HAVERFORD 
SCHOOL 

A  Colleffe  Preparatory  School  for  Boirs.  Nine  miles 
from  Philadelphiia.  Surroundingrs  beautiful,  healthful, 
refined.  A  Boairdini:  School  emphasizing  the  best  influence 
of  a  home.  Numbers  limited  to  secure  the  best  individual 
development.  E|quipment  complete  and  thorougrhly 
modem.  New  Dormitories,  New  Recitation  Halls, 
Athletic  Shed,  Swimming  Pool  and  Gymnasium.  Its 
eraduates  amon«r  the  alumni  of  all  the  leading  colleges. 
I  ts  prominence  in  all  branches  of  athletics  due  to  its  superb 
natand  facilities  for  out-door  sports,  and  to  the  nolicy  of 
providing  for  fvery  boy  the  most  thorough  physicaltraining 
under  staff  supervision.  A  school  thus  planned  to  eive  the 
Arj/  at  any  cost  cannot  offer  low  terms,  but  merits  the  care- 
ful invesngation  of  thoughtful  parents.  Vacancies  are  filled 
from  the  waiting  list.    Illustrated  circular  on  application. 

OliarleB  8.  Grosman,  Head  Maiter.  Haverford,  Pa. 


MercersburgJ 
Academy 


•• 


A  school  for  boys,  healthf iply  located  In  one  of 
the  most  picturcBque  sections  of  Pennsylvania. 
Thorough  instruction ;  college  preparatory  work 
being:  especially  successful.  Personal  interest  is 
taken  in  each  boy,  the  aim  being  to  inspire  in 
every  pupil  the  lofty  ideals  of  thorough  scholar- 
ship, broad  attainments,  sound  Judgment  and 
Christian  manliness.  Nevir  dining  hall,  new  dor- 
mitory, and  new  athletic  field.  For  catalogue 
and  farther  information  address 

WlllltB  Mann  Irvine,  Ph.  D.,  President. 

MSBCSBSBUBO,  PA. 


Pesksylvasia,  Carlisle. 
*onwav    Hall        PR«pa*atoby  DgPAnnoniT 
^uiivv«&y    fictil.         OP  Dickinson  Collbgb. 
Founded  ITBSL  Prepares  thoroughly  for  any  college  or  technical 
*hooL    Athletic  field  and  well-equipped  gymnasium.    Rates 
i'aionable.     For  particulars  apply   to    Obo.   Edward  Rekd, 


resident,  or  W.  A.  Hctchison, 


,  Head  Master. 


PsNNSTLTAKiA,  Lancaster. 

^ranklin  and  Marshall  Academy. 

ncated  In  the  "garden  spot"  of  the  State.  Prepares  for  all 
alleges.  Thorough  training.  No  smoking.  Use  of  library, 
i.aK)  Tolumes.  Oynmaslum,  athletic  field,  etc.  New  $100,000 
uildlng  added  this  year.    Terms  $asO  ajear. 

Thaddkub  O.  Helm,  A.M.,  Principal. 

VnoiNiA,  Locust  Dale. 

-ocust  Dale  Academy.  S'-^J^JSlS.lSS-JSS'.'Sr'S'i 

nest  preparatory  schools  for  boys  In  the  South,  and  nowhere 
111  a  boy  receive  a  more  thorough  and  liberal  education  pre- 
uratory  for  college  entrance  or  for  business  life.  Faculty  com- 
3sed  or  Jnatructors  from  best  universities.  Terms,  $.31)0.  Address 
W.  W.  Brioos,  C.E.,  Principal. 


RANDOLPH-MACON  ACADEMY 


For  BOYS  and  YOUNG  MEN 
B«dlord  City,  Va. 

Ofl^ftcinicfeMTid  thoroni^Ei  fTepiartiilnfi  for  i-oLli'fn*,  ntttv^n^it;;; 
or  tukijiew  lir*?.    Ill*  lii-rml  tiMiowiiif in  of  ibc  Uftnd^>lptb- 


aatalo 


,0^t  SJV^  ri]  Ttl]4'r  ]  Tl  ^  I  n  1 1 1ILE  i(  tU ,  nh  Ie-I'^4 

g.  ftFM THK  HMITII.  PHnc-lpnl. 


Summer  Schools  and  Camps. 


WOODLAND  FARM 

A  Summer  Camp 

where  work  is  wholesomely 
combined  with  out-door  sport; 
aims  to  develop  resourceful- 
ness, individual  responsibility 
and  social  co-operation;  the 
family  life  on  the  cottage  sys- 
tem the  basis  of  educational 
plan;  persons  of  both  sexes 
and  all  ages  admitted;  chil- 
dren welcome;  special  ad- 
vantages, including  manual 
training  for  boys;  location  ex- 
ceptionally healthy ;  only 
three  hours  to  Boston  or  New 
York.  Recitals  and  lectures 
by  eminent  artists.     Address 

Sidney  Lanier,  Westchester,  lew  London  Co.,  Conn. 


Military. 


California,  Los  Angeles. 

In  the  Land  ofSonsbine 

Harvard  School 

FOR  BOYS.     (Military) 

Fits  for  collegre  and  business.    Fine 
Buildings.   Fourteen  Masters.  Fully 
equipped   Chemical    and    Physical 
Laboratories.  Ten-acre  campus  laid 
out  for  all  kinds  of  athletic  sports. 
Cement    Tennis   Courts.     Quarter- 
mile  track.  Two  Gymnasiums.  Gal- 
lery Track.    Shower  Baths. 

{Stnii/or  Iliustrated  Cata/orue.) 
Prln.  Gbenvillb  C.  Emeby,  Lltt.  D., 

Late  Master  in  the  Boston  Latin  School. 

Com.  Col.  Richard  P.  Kellt,  Ph.B., 

Cornell  University. 

Cauforioa,  Los  Angeles  County,  Santa  Monica. 

California  Military  Academy. 

Prepares  for  all  Colleges  and  Scientific  Schools,  also  for  busi- 
ness.   Cavalry  organisation.    For  catalogue,  address 

Ths  Acadkmt. 

iLUMOis,  Highland  Park. 

Northwestern  Military  Academy. 

A  select  preparatory  school  for  boys.    References  as  to  morals 
required.    Catalogue  will  Interest  any  thoughtful  parent 
Address  H.  P.  Davidbok,  A.M.,  President. 

MASSACinTBSTTS,  Blllerica.     (30  miles  from  Boston.) 

The  Mitchell  Military  Boys'  School. 

A  thoroughly  modem,  military  home  school.    Boys  admitted 
eight  to  sixteen  inclusive.    Special  matron  for  younger  boys. 
Limited  to  SO.    Terms  $600  per  year.    Catalog  sent  upon  request. 
M.  C.  MiroHKLL,  Principal. 


P/MM  mMtion  tlu  Rwlwu  ftf  Reuleun  wHm  writing  to  tawrtl—n 


The  Revfcw  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Military. 


Military. 


Hie  SoDlli's  Most  Splendidly  Eiiulpped  ColU'gc  Pre  [>ar  si  lory  Qt^nte  School 

THE  GEORGIA  MILITARY  ACADEMY  cou^ci:  p*™,  «>^ 

V/\Ytn   f#%%I^f   f\I?CW*TU17    lift  flkedljiHWi-t:-n  lUntid  li^jyt'arsof  aj^-.    TIm*  j^i^ramonDt  iluevfJon  with  ^- 
IT  U  U  H    !l€f  f1    \   U mLj  1  I  n  I      —'^ ^^t  t i-a.>^ hen*^  CMJUH uotiiioDA,  eu v I ri m ttit^n r  wll I  j m^ u r«^  nl y  «oh*«  full 
«vv»   wvkv    t^   v^^wAAAi*     mfUl,  ^HnrU.  mnml.  JutHli'i^tnuI,  priysdral^    \\>  riui  lii-ly  aasw*rr  i)^ 
tn  iht'  bf^Diiftful  and  i>rrjverhlfll  Pk-diuont  ht'nllhrt'iilDn^  nrjirly  Ip^WOfvft  iitxuves+'A  U'Vi'l,  S  tnne«tlr>>m  ATl«AlAi  tlM!c**iikm«»tTH4l 
aj}4  Indujfitrial  hi'iji,rt  vt  th"  H^itiUtti^niJ.    T^n  i<'.ic|M;^rl<^D'ncH]  t^'mcner^  Urult.  at  Mm  boardliiK  pii|ilLii^  eat^b  tfAch«r  taflhTlos  IttC^acM 
a  hour,  ii'h  [inpllfl  uiiili^r  oiir  tuturJril  plan.     Evvry  tOAcU^^r  ii  BtK^cluIlaU    Individ  uitl  m^'djt  nt  ov'rry  piipl]  ciifiefitiltsr  c«wltePB4k 
BvautlfuL,  ejsienslvt?  ^'amffun^  artHtlr  halldlnfii^^  jwrfpft  fmnliJLtlnn,  pun?  frt'^f-sttimiL'  wrttef,  liEi^ht'^C  Tn»Tftl  nnd  t<w'lft|  tfjf^f^p^ 
nDi>d  crtllL-gT'  suburb,  tiid<%'t  p£itn'iiiujLi;'i>,     ^i^+'cIaI   ph>'ctli'Al  dfiViL^Uipnu'iit  Uin>iiKb  ii^llltan''  Jrl][<ii,  athU'tJ*.-*,  tw-Hly^btiUdlail'  J& 
Innrefft  pn^ii,  tcymmLHliirri  In  ^lutlK    lYi.n'»fni!ufi  for  atl  ciiHi'^^t'^  MUd  imUonja  M(Nitlt>mEi'si,  lK»>kkivp]T!i|i;t  irii.'nii^a£ih>\  t|V^ 
vrHtlng,  manual  truluiii^.  uiubLc^   i^tttu.  vacancy  in  L/rara,    Col,  .1.  C  WcMwlwnrtli  A.M^*  Pfei(iidt.-iit.    Kif^ii^ei)  PSil©, 


^c^cfemy^ 


Conn. 


]M    K«iy  of  acccfl*  A-om  mW  pointit.    Onv 
^    huur^B    rlile    from    Wew    Yor&    CUj^,      A 

thorout'Ei  prrparaloryschQCjl  for  young  mt:ti  aiul 
boy^;  careful  preparation  for  colIeK^s  ami  tech- 
nical schools;  equipuitnt  slrSclly  fnO'lt^ni,  wtlli 
«t<!aii]  Ileal,  <Jl«^cl^ic  lifthlSj  showtr  bathi;,  etc. 
Pfrr&onal  allention  giveti  to  th«?  ppcullar  m-tila  of 
each  cadet;  all  Irf^^Uiuiatc  atbteticM  cooj^i^^tciit 
with  good  schD"an;hip  ^ncoumiftd  an  J  promott^^l. 
Tiiorouph  i£cholar<i|iip  the  primp  ft^aturtr;  iUcol 
Jacatioii,  PrnspecUve  patroufl  htp  rT*i:|i] edited  i»j 
make  piTsoucil  vi^ir.  TulLloa  fur  bo>^»  iindrr 
14  jrTarfe#^73,     For  circular,  ail. irtij* 

MAJOR  GEORGE  WILSON. 


?« 


(OLV^  Military  Academy 


A. 


»'# 


Culver,  Ind. 

e  n  n  I  Jill  u  M  ajEL  [ik  U4:I,4:h;  ) 

Thiir^ijiflj  prt'pntrution  of  buy  a  for 

L^jjJtH^f^  ur  LiuitJ[;<'H  aod   g^Qvrai 

t]iceU^u»?  Id  prijeleAt  PJid  mllt- 

t»ry  trnlufng  httve  mud* Culver 

famuuft.       £4q    oiaer    aobool 

oUiiirft  better  Hdvuiitju^ea  fbr 

a  tioy  a  ed  uc»tlon.  I  tn  cou  ™o 

lA  urd[jiu«.   All  ch«  unuauAl 

fi^aLuTM  &r¥  deflcrir«?d  lu  & 

beunufuily  muitraied  c*t- 

oloj^a^t  fr««  oa    requt^l^ 

AdLJfrcHH  ^ 

1  the  AajnUnl, 

)  CULVER 

rl      Military  AcvUemy 


HOWE  SCHOOL 

LIMA,    INDIANA 

A.  Tflact«er  for 

KVXRY    TC9t    BOYS 

tilery  Boy  E«£'ite«  £f^<iry  Ijb^ 
^yn  Kv<;ry  JMiy.  OradtiBies  kA 
niitt<?d  to  Learfliiw  OoBmc*  «» 
Lertlilcftt^,  HodMiM]  IfiUlary 
th'Hl^m.     Z«t«t«  (if  ISO  act^es. 

itaiioQ.         Hetttthful    Coustry 
lar?.        Al]     Atlkletk;     ~ 
BtAtuLfut   I^k€«.        S^. 

Schaal     for    T««atf«r ^_ 

Hi?mide  from  City  TiemplatSMaft 
Cj»t4il(>ip)f'  Ktid  Pottralkii  tf' 
Viow^   Seat   Frw.        lios  lOL 

THE  REV*  J»  H.  McKENZIE»  Ivctor^ 

The  Highland  Military  Academy.  %i4? 

ThuTuiifL^h  r^ri'parcLtLnri  frir  .i-lni  i^^i^nii  rm  uafvpnU^r^  fir  ft  laliiiiiaf. 
E ir  1  lUflViii 'M>  1  \ ft*.  An  p n \  I;l  1 1 1 1 '  \f  -a  [ t  h  rcH^inj.  Tlu^  Kt.  Aifr^  ^  |L 
Vmtou,  D.D.  i.L.i>.,  Spriutfllidd.  Vljsit4ir.  For  Ml  liifiimminw, 
picu&e  ftiliilreas  Joq^M  ALI>ex  Smw,  A.1C.,  BewtluMMMv 

ST.  CHARLES 

Military  College 

KT*  V.  Fl  A  It  L  K!^ .  M  Q.    ±t  m  I  If*  w*?flt  of  St.  I  .cmW    Ktiildlnilft 

irii4>rdt{iarv  advanUuei>j»  In  Spt^'laJ.  Orulli&Cf  mnd  BuilBMt 
I'lturftf-s.  Uiinual  TralulaK-  Faculty  Of  10 t<xt)«ri9nfl«di&iin.  Oio^ 
rul  TuoffLl  train iim.  OUtfut  OcJlkfi*  wf«|  of  SIlviaMlppI  Klirw, 
N>itiri>er  llniiT<>d.  pTepart**  for  arttr^  life  &»  i^vll  BC  fur  W«M 
r-finf,  AiuiapollS)  or  wjy  colJrue  or  unJv^mitj.  1llii«tr«l«i 
oa^alll^J^UL■fl:el^.  GEO,  W.  BRCCK.  Ptva« 


FACTS  CONCERNING  THE  ROCKLAND  MILITARY  ACADEMY 

A  location  near  Dartmouth  Colle];e  in  the  beautiful  Coonecticut  Rlrer  Valley,  within  easy  access  oflarge  business  ceaters,  yet  in  the  cuumij. 

We  hare  a  rood  teacher  for  every  ten  boys,  insuring  thorough  care  and  instruction. 

We  hare  a  building  made  of  brick  and  stone— goodas  money  could  make  it.    Over  |io,ooo  has  been  expended  this  year  to  make  it  up  to  dUtm  Ib 
cTery  particular.    It  is  heated  by  steam  and  lighted  by  electricity  throughout ;  the  equipment  is  nearly  all  new  this  year. 

Above  all.  we  have  a  very  superior  class  of  cadets,  and  the  moral  tone  of  the  school  is  clean  and  wholesome.    Rockland  is  a  real  Milltaty  St 
modeled  after  the  U.  S.  Military  Academy,  not  quite  so  rigid  in  Its  regulations,  Init  a  military  school  with  thorough  training  and  efficient  discipUae. 

WB  AIM  to  dcrelop  ftad  stseagthea  a  boy's  individuality  and  character.    Prepares  for  any  coU^e  o*  tecbaical  school  and  *«t«*'**«i 

Our  CataUr  amd  ciiur  books  ar^frtt, 
^UflCB  B.  FRENCH,  A.M.,  Sapt,.         ,         ,         -        West  Lebanon,  N.  H^  6-15  SemlnAir  HUL 


Please  mention  the  Review  of  Reulewa  when  writtna  ta  adu»rtimmrm 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Military. 


Military. 


Kentucky  Military  Institute 

ANO 

Florida  Winter  Naval  Acadetn^^ 

A  cnmbination  never  b*ffite  offered  for  tlie  b«t  educarioo  df  boys.  T^e  Ken- 
tucky Military  Itistituie  (inninxted  the  pUit  ul  buUin^  itj  Wititer  Sh&Iuiib  an  FJuriddT 
iitifl  tlic  eapefifijent  I^imb  pr'jven  ao  juM:c;e^*[u|  lU^  pa»t  two  seasfjn^  that  }i  hq^i  bcea 
fkiJiled  to  *dd  the  Nflumf  Academy  ynunk  fur  the  ctimiflg  winttr  season. 

'rhe  Kentucky  MiUtiiry  InAlilule  ir  one  of  iJic  oldest  and  beat  mjlilary  schools 
In  Anicrtdi,  Its  jKnii^iiieot  Jsonic  U  ill  ilie  heauriful  blue  gmxa  reiriort  of  Keottickjf, 
wlsk'h  it  oc€iioi'C»  dunnff  tlie  Fall  and  S|innE  months,  Inun^rdialely  after  the  holi^ 
rLiyiv,  the  whole  uilatLM^l— (^adetn^  fjculiy.  family  and  «>ervantji -Lake  AptCLLl  train  lor 
lU  mntef  (juincm  iit  Esti  Grille,  on  the  heatitiJul  IbdiiUi  River,  Kluridt.  Tln^ 
Nfh<Hi|  work  iti.  In  uis  waj'  liil^prrnitlr'ilt  and  thi;  phyytjcaL  pq»&i  hi  lilies  are 
vi^-^ilf  icT>iiri»vvd  by  l)u»  c'*minouiJ»  ontdonrlife -nnfciniTH  boaiinj,  ^aiftfisr,  laLinchioi;, 
ti1i:H  tn  (iraiiK'e  kttpvfAp  pine  apjjlc  plaT>tAtioiiA^  ocean  hcafh^  etc^  RIcthetitHirf  naval 
H'ofk  .1^11  itht  by  jt  c^mpetetit  id^tructor^  with  fSatotilay  cruiM-a  In  aafe  ^tatcra  as  itii: 
cadei»  become  iHo^ciciU. 

Number  tSmiled  and  strictly  A>irlect.  Kefertrnte*!  rectuired  m  cverr  caite.  E!!,arlY 
ap|«liraii(4i  heccsjarj't  a*  ;^"a»,J¥  wt:re  dffliucd  h^r  Id  tit  ^tf  f<^>tJtti  last  iw^J  seawios- 
Hcitd  lor  cataluguc,  with  Flonda  Supplefnicnt,  ^vinr  fnW  de-^icription  oE  ihlaon^nBl 
irt.:hiM.i1. 


COL. 


"W.  yOWXrKR,  Sttpt.,     Bojt  9t  L>yn<loi>«  Ky» 


Shattnek  School 

Farlbanltt  Minnesota 

The  admirable  com- 
bination of  studj,  chapel,  gymnasium, 
drill,  athletics,  intimate  personal  care, 
and  excellent  discipline,  explains  the 
remarkable  effects  of  the  training 
received  at  Shattnek.  The  system  is 
the  result  of  40  years*  persistent  work- 
ing under  one  management,  toward  a 
high  ideal  of  character  building  and 
scholarship. 

Great  care  is  taken  to  admit  only 
the  right  kind  of  boys  for  association 
with  others.  An  honorable  dismissal 
and  recommendation  from  the  last 
school,  and  other  references  are  re- 
quired. Number  is  limited  to  180, 
with  a  separate  school  for  36  little  boys 
under  twelve.  Course  of  study  and  high 
standard  fit  a  boy  for  any  college  or 
university,  or  for  a  business  life.  New 
gymnasium,  swimming  pool,  armory, 
etc.,  provide  every  facility  for  all 
indoor  sports.  Climate  and  conditions 
cannot  be  excelled.  For  illustrated 
Catalog  with  full  explanation  address 

The  lev.  JAMES  DOBIIN,D.A.,  lector. 


Montdair 
Academy 

{Formerly  MonUlair  Military  Academy) 

Montchir  New  Jersey 

Montclair  progresses  toward  its  ideal. 
Each  of  the  20  yeais  tinder  the  present 
headmaster  marks  some  fresh  growth  in 
character,  in  general  equipment,  in  effi- 
ciency of  college  preparation.  This  year 
it  seems  wise  to  omit  the  term  **  military" 
from  the  title,  because  the  "Montclair  Idea 
in  Military  Training,"  as  explained  in  our 
Special  Booklet,  differs  so  widely  from  the 
usual  military  school. 

This  little  book,  and  **Your  Boy  and  Our 
School,"  have  been  evolved  from  20  years'  ex- 
perience. Wherever  the  boy  may  be  sent,  they 
will  clear  your  mind  and  help  you  to  a  correct 
decision.  A  simple  request  will  bring  both  books 
with  illustrated  catalogue. 

Early  registration  is  very  desirable. 

JOHN  G.  McxVICAR,  A.M.. 
4  Walden  Place,  MontcIair>  N.  }. 


PltU9  mtfrtioH  t/i9  Review  of  Reviewt  when  writing  to  adoertieen 
26 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directorf 


Military. 


I 


Military. 


Saint  John's  School,  """^ric 

MANLIUS,  N.  Y. 

The  most  successful  application  of  the  military  principle  to  the  preparatory  school.  Des- 
ignated by  the  War  Department^  for  three  successive  years  as  *'  Distinguished  Institution." 
The  school  is  open  during  the  vacation  for  recreation,  physical  culture  or  ^udy.  Special 
tutoring  if  desired.  Cavalry  drill.  Outdoor  gymnasium.  Swimming.  Target  practice* 
Camping,      Excursion  to  Jamestown  Exposition. 


BLEES 


MILITARY 
ACADEMY 


A  noti-sictdi'iait  hchoo!.  romhlnftii;'  hom&  fnfFsM£«t 
anrt  ttandtirJ  educational  rtqmrt^nunts  wltb,  mUitarf 
diiciphnf^    iJriU    and    M^fiUmatic   phyiiail    mlAs/iu 


siirin^l  i^xprf'ssly  for  CBlUtt 
para iory.   A 1 1  Hi n g  1  e  fOOIB  s,  En 


pid    L^bQrat0tira    and    Md/indl    TfAimiw    SbOO^^  i 
!>  rn  w  i  niz.  M  u  ale.    tOoo  a  cret  of  wood*,  Qtk^m  mm  ' 
„     ,      ,  .  ^  ^   ,  AthMic  FitUtt  »5tJ,0OO  ejiiinasium.    Eliro11iD«i||t      , 

limited*  satisfactory  credentials  exacted.     Only  expttieacid  Univfnity  tradmtti   Id   Facuitv,     Superlaltt^tmi     f 
detailed  by  War  Department,    Tuition  1600;  no  extras.  1 

(k»l.  George  R.  Bomctt,  IX.  R-  M.  A^  (WEST  POINT  -SO)  Sapt.,  Box  lOB 


MACON,  MISSOURI 


MicuiOAN,  Orchard  Lake. 

The  Michigan  Military  Academy. 

Ideal  site.  Fine  equipment.  Prepares  for  all  colleges.  Strong 
teaching.  Genuine  military  training.  Symmetrical  culture. 
Clean  atmosphere.    Not  a  reform  school. 

Lawrkkcb  Cambboii  Hull,  President  and  Superintendent. 


^Wenonah  Military  Academy 

A  r^-^'uro,  c;irb^i^|.'ji[,  Khl-1Ih1i,  mihliifH^fi.  fttiit  MillUrj 
Si  hi  Nil  i*f  I  In-  Mit'in  ?<i  1  J^i?*"  1  ^'ll-'tf»'  Prcriar4i^»ry-  St>«*.kmii 
N|...^ru  hiiil.l'itiK^  Tjbrijt'  nnu  1  (vrii[i.-i.«luiri,  Bi^wtio^,  BlU- 
Uirlr^,  simnii?  y<mnJK  Aihlt-M.  KN  i  i,  t^uurt- r  mill'  eindiir 
tra-'Jt.  SI  rone  Tpiiohttr!!,    Vi.;.  .|  • -i -.  >  .Im- a  lift'.  Mll(tur>^ 

hH^  (Iillrii'  rmirTriiiiilrii?.     Kl»'* L  -  fr l^iiiladelphls. 

Nij  ti^Un^naivr  fa^-^lnrk'rt  In  thi*  tmvji.  t'a  iftUvtf  <m^  lit "pl  1^X^01*^ 
Major   JOHr*(    R.    -lO^'EH,    Ku|it.. 

Wri^nnah^   f] toiler vti-r  f'»M    ?i^   J- 


New  Jersey,  Bridgeton.    (Near  Philadelphia.) 

W,est  Jersey  Academy. 

Semi-military  home  school  for  boys.  Only  best  features  of 
military  school  used.  Thorough  preparation  for  college  or  busl- 
nc'ss  life.    All  athletics.     Oeorob  H.  Eckels,  A.M.,  Principal. 


H&w  Jermmy  MtiMmry  AaMOmmy 


em  ini[iE-i,ivt.'nu.Hls.     Ni:w  .itliEeiJc  fitild* 
Coi,.  C.  J.  WK-tonT,  Print UjoI, 


Acjidemic  DepJiJiftigt 
U>t  prcpAratJon  iat  caA- 
IrKc  orbusiiieaa-  Pn^ 

in  «;  parate  b«u1din«^  tot 
qmtti     y  o  u  D  E     borv. 

di  iiartsncaw  with  mctA- 
a  tnUcs  iiooi  Kew  VoiL. 


Nbw  Jersey,  Freehold. 

Freeliold  Military  Scliool.  m^SJ^STtSSSt 

tion.  Small  classes.  Military  training  and  dtsclpUne,  but  not  c^ 
a  reformatory  nature.  Refined  surroundings.  Oymnaoliiin. 
Athletic  sports.  We  prepare  for  any  college.  For  iUostratad 
catalogue,  address Major  C.  M.  Duwcut,  Prlnctp^L 

New  York.  PeekskilL 

Worrall  Hall  Military  Academy. 

Ideal  home  boarding  school.  Primary  and  Academic  Loca- 
tion healthful.  High  ground.  Overlooking  the  plctareaqne 
highlands  of  the  Hudson.  Acoommodattons  and  educatfooal 
facilities  flrst-class.    Send  for  Illustrated  catalog. 

OBIO  MILITARY  INSTITUTE 

Location.  10  miles  outside  of  Cincinnati  and  1000  feet  above  ae*  level 
in  a  wholesome  cultured  community. 

Organisation.  Military  drill  strictly  subordinated  to  academic  tnialac. 
Lower  School  for  younflrer  boys. 

Advontares.  Indix-idual  attention.  Certificates  admit  to  many  caUcccs 
—Graduates  in  both  government  academies. 

Health  and  Strength.  Healthful  situation.  Athletics  and  physkad 
tralninif  under  Intclliifent  direction.     For  catalogue  address 

A.  M.  Henstiaw.  Commandant, 

Box  16.  College  HiU.  Olilo^ 


Bordenta 

The  mott  vital  benefit  a  boy  receives  here 
Is  the  loundation  for  strong,  manly  charac- 
ter, through  wise  direction,  sympathetic  in- 
terest, and  high  moral  influences. 

We  prepare  students  lor  College.  Scientific 
School  and  Business,  and  give  Military  in- 
struction. But  these  are  only  helps  to  the 
one  aim  o|  giving  boys  that  physical,  mental 


itary  Institute 

Bordentown-oiHIie-DeUware,  R.  J. 

work  of  the  world    How  we  accomplish  this  is  fully  ex- 
plained in  our  iilustnted  boolc.    Sent  free  on  request. 

Twenty-two  years  under  present  managenenc.     No 
compromise  on  tobacco,   liquor,  or  badag.    ~ 
camp  In  r--^ 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Military. 


tjoHns 
chool 


i» 


Ossining-on-Iiudson» 

New  Yqrk, 


St.  J<3hQ'<i  itaadfl  for  tpcry  ftound  riHncEple  of 
educalion  and  ofFen  BDmc  eiclusivt  iLd vant- 
ages in  the  moml  and  pliyvical  trAinioj^  uf  ila 
btj yi.  Biitk  of  the  actiool  is  «  h  ssto  ry  o  f  more 
lliai]  h&lf  Diceiituri^coDtiiiuoussticcc^s.  Kquip" 
metit  iw  entirely  new*  Building  have  tvtry 
modern  coaveo  letice,  ExceUeiit  n^jm  nasi  urn , 
Ljuge  athletic  field,  Mltitary  drilL  Firm  but 
libeml  diwripliue.  Special  opportucities  for 
quick  prep  fl  rat  ion  for  college.  All  expenses 
covered  by  tuition  ivc.  Write  for  cninlo^c. 
Bit.WimMi  Atfdtion  Rafinay,  A.  M.  ,PtJ.  B . ,  Pnti  ci  pal. 


THIS  SCHOOL 

15  a  nome  for  tnc  acvelopmcnt  of 
the  better  kind  or  boys  C  Inc  m- 
atruction  is  tbo roughs  the  lire  sane, 
tn£  equipment  moaern  —  tnat  is  T^ny 
it^  inouence  makeii  far  manKood 
ttRtvervie'w  IS  looting  beyona  the 
couege  entrmnce  examinations 
<L  beventy-twoyeara  or  consecutive 
manafement  have  given  the  scnool 
an  exceptional  knoWeage  of  Boy^ 
H^Muitary  chflcipline  is  under  an 
officer  detailed  by  the  Secretary  of 
^Var  <L  These  arc  a  icv^r  of  the 
things  that  make  tbia  school  a  posi- 
tive mnuence  for  a  better  mannood. 

RIVERVIEW  ACADEMY 
POUGHKEEPSIE,  N.  Y. 

JOSEPH  B.  BISBEE,  A.1L 


Military. 


ij^M  fim^, 


T.,^^' 


MOHEGAN 

Lake  School 

(MILITARY). 

21  [h  Year. 

Ma1ic||«iu  WeslcJicatcr  Co.^  N.Y. 

Classical,  Sclcntifit  and  Eu^tLih 
coursitfij,  Pre  part  5  for  nnj-  coUtge 
or  &ci<-ntlfic  school,  or  for  bu^jne^A. 

A  true  Interest  taken  itt  every  boy;  j 
clD!»e  Btt^ntion  to  hiti  ludividuaf  I 
Dcrtrds  ami  to  developnit^ut  QftnODly^ 
ChriKtian  character.  Stuilcotd  care* 
fully  selects].  Faculty  chostfu  for 
trochhJRf  ability  and  liigli  personal 
character, 

Localed  on  shored  of  bcatiliful 
Mohcj^jiti  Lake,  jii^o  ftct  above  Hud- 
fioii  RiverltvcL     Modern  build i tigs; 

Fcrfcct  sflnitalion,  tUtnatc  health* 
ul.  Athletic;!  nud  «ll  laud  and 
water  t^pott^  uudet  comprteut  ftu- 
p erv i *io u ^     Re G iit^i  h o me  li f e . 

Illustrated  ytar  book  seut  en  rc-^ 
quest.  Addrr%a  TnJ£  MnifCiiPAtS. 


Mount  Pleasant 
Academy 

Ossining-on-Hudson,  New  York 

A  preparatory  school  with  mili- 
tary training.  Has  maintained,  for 
nearly  a  century,  an  honorable 
record  for  thorough  and  conscien- 
tious work.  A  competent  teaching 
staff  and  fine  equipment,  coupled 
with  military  training,  athletics,  and 
genuine  home  life,  offer  students 
of  Mount  Pleasant  exceptional  prep- 
aration for  college  or  business. 
To  boys  of  the  right  sort  a  genuine 
school  home  is  offered. 

Refers  to  its  patrons. 
94th  Year. 

ALSO 

Mount  Pleasant  Hall 

Mr.  Brusie's  school  for  younr  boys,  has  its  own 
organization  and  teaching  force,  but  is  an  inte- 
gral part  of  the  Academy.  It  is  an  ideal  sdiool 
and  home  for  boys  under  thirteen. 

Send  for  handsome  book  of  views,  and  two 
booklets  that  may  be  helpful  to  parents. 


Ftease  mention  the  Reuiew  of  Reulews  when  uritlnj  to  aduertlsers 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Military. 


Military. 


New  York  Military  Ac&demy 

ComwaU-on-Hudson 
A  TECHNICAL  PREPARATORY  SCHOOL 

Organized  and  equipped  for  the  special  work  of  preparing  boys  for  entrance  to  the 
great  Engineering  Schools,  and  for  business  life.  The  work  of  instruction  is  under 
the  direction  of  a  large  and  able  faculty  of  specialists.  The  equipment  of  the  school 
includes  shops  for  wood  and  iron  work  and  forging,  mechanical  drawing  room, 
studio  for  free  hand  drawing,  chemical  and  physical  laboratories  equipped  for  i|idi« 
vidual  work,  large  and  practical  geological  cabinets,  complete  surveying  outfits,  etc 

The  school  maintains  two  departments,  one  for  boys  under  fourteen  years  of  age  and  one  for  boys  over  that 

age,  each  with  its  own  faculty  and  buildings.   The  military  department  is  under  the  charge  of  an  officer  of  the 

U.  S.  Army.     Gymnasium,  large  athletic  field,  tennis  courts,  etc. 

The  Academy  is  located  on  a  beautiful  estate  of  30  acres  in  the  Hudson  River  Highlands,  near  West 

Point.     Cornwall  is  free  from  all  evil  resorts.     For  illustrated  catalogue  apply  to  the  Superintendent. 


PENNSYLVANIA    MILITARY    COLLEGE,  Chester, 

Courses  leading;  to  degrees  in 

CM  EimioMrtaf,  (CJL);  (Siemistry,  (B,S.);  Arts,  (A.B.);  also, ThoTMoh  PrepiralMY  Cmbtms •! 


are  offered  toMther  with  the  physical  benefits,  moral  stamina,  healthful  diversion,  and  tralnlne  In  personal  eflidency  soppltod  by  • 
mOitanr  school  of  the  best  type.    A  national  reputation  for  excellence  of  system  and  character  of  icauhs. 

#»A  y€ar  diguu  Se/t.  WM,  iw.  ^i  1  mi  1 1  [  Pill  rn"""^F  TTTllTT.  nosMnnl 


FOR    114YE;ARS 

boys  have  been  prepared  for  College  and 
for  Life,  and  have  been  trained  to  be 
MEN  at  the 

BINGHAM 
SCHOOL 

Ideally  located  on  the  Asherllle  pla- 
teau.   OrKanixaUon 

for  discipline,  control  and  carriage.  Boys 
-expelled  from  other  schools  not  received. 
Vicious  boys  expelled  as  soon  as  dis- 
covered. Hazlnir  excluded  by  pledge  of 
honor.  Rates  reasonable.  Address 
Col.  B.  BIHOHAH,  Hnpt.,  B.  F.  D.  ITo.  i, 
AshevlU*.  N.  C. 


PEEKSKILL  ACADEMY 

A  Pamons  Old  School  for  Boys.    Poundod  1843 

^  Prepares  (or  all  colleges  and  technical 
Liberal  business  course,  offering  twenty-one 
in  upper  years. 

^  Several  scholarships,  remitting  tuition  fecw  are  of- 
fered. Graduates  hold  scholanhips  at  five  mivcmlMa. 
^  Military  instruction  under  Active  Oftccr  de- 
tailed by  the  Secretary  of  War. 
^  Separate  dormitory  for  boys  under  14. 
Q  New  Athletic  Field,  recent  gift  of  Alumai. 
Far  Caiaicg^it,  address 
THE  SBCRBTARY.  PBBKSKILL  ACADBMY 
PeekaklU-on-the-Hudaon.  N.  Y. 

SUMMER  CAMP  IN  THE  ADIRONDACKS 


Pleaam  mantltm  th«  ttoiiL 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Ditectoty 


MiUtary. 


Military, 


STAUNTON 

Military  Academy 

An  Ide«i  Home  School  for  Manly  Boys 

32s  Soys  from  45  States  last  session.  Largest 
Trwate  Academy  in  the  South.  Soys  from 
10  to  20  years  old  prepared  for  the  Uniper" 
sities,  Qobemment  ^eademiis,  or  business. 


1,600  feet  above  sea-level ;  pure,  dry,  bracing  moun- 
tain air  of  the  famous,  proverbially  healthful  and  beautiful 
Valley  of  the  Shenandoah.  Pure  mineral  spring  waters.  High 
moral  tone»  Parental  discipline.  Military  training  develops  obe- 
dience,  health,  manly  carriage.     Fme,  shady  lawns,  exp  rnsively 
equipped  gymnasium,  swimming  pool  and  athletic  park.     All 
manly  sports  encouraged.     Daily  drills  and  exercises  in  open  a:r.    Boys 
from  homes  of  culture  and  refinement  only  desired.    Personal,  individual 
instruction   by   our  tutorial  ijitem.      Standards   and   traditions   high. 
Academy  forty^^even  years  old.       New  $75,000  barracks,  full  equipment, 
abaolutely  fire-proof.    Charges  $360.    Handsome  catalogue  free.    Address 
CAPTAIN  W.  H.  KABLC.  A.  M.»  SMndpal.  Staunton.  Va. 


Cadets  from  £lrhteen  States  at  the 

FlSflBURNEMUiTARYSCHOOL 

WAYNESBORO.  VA. 

Beautiful  for  situation.  Splendid  campus.  Latest  equipment.  Able 
facutty.  Gentlemanly  pupib.  who  claim  to  make  double  progress 
here.  Rates  S3M)  per  year.  If  looking  for  a  first-class  school, 
write  for  illustrated  catalogue. 

JAS.  A.  FISHBURNB,  A.B.,  PHncliwI.  Box  gOl 


Shenandoah  Valley 
Academy 


¥A. 


For  nearly  .*)  yearp  a  tiotiMl  8f  hool 

for  tjfjyiiiH    Prepnrc'14  for  hdv  iitii- 

fiai^tcy   or  tt^rhnical  sit'hojL    Ad- 

niirable  MDIttLry  l>i*jiftrtrtu*nt,     1%^ 

attroctlTp  homo  lift?  atid  careful 

indlvidiinl     Attt^mt  ion     p  r  o  tn  i'  t  e 

(iotitetitmifnt    nml    bEeri    ?i*:*linlar- 

ship.    Modprn  biiUdlnk'^.  hiifh  Ii  ■■■«- 

t[£>n^  lar^e  imd  attnU.*Llvii  i!^u*\i\i^\n. 

Kept  ftmifiiJarly  frt^e  fmui  uinti  f^ir* 

able  *v?i!i.*M:liitii:iMH.      fjyinnasluni.  jUI 

alhleil*?8     Ratt^s  S27ri.    For  f  ntal^jp, 

Addrewi  J.  B.  LdvcU,  JVI.A,*  Principal 


On  maxa  Une  of  SQUtbem  By.,  in  mountains  of 
Ea^t  Tennessee^-the  Switz^rLand  of  Ameiica. 

Most  ddlghlM  climate,  Oui-door  eieiclse. 
Health  lecord  perfect  TlioroQeh  work.  Class 
and  iudividua!  in^trucdon.  Safe^  LeallMul  reo 
reatioa  in  nionn tains,  EncaropmcTitSp  caTaJjy 
tiips>  mardies.  Manly  athletics.  Fine  athletic 
field,  Gymnasinm,  bot  and  cold  shower-baths. 
Home  influence.  Ideal  moral  and  iociat  sui^ 
foundings.  Cadets  frona  IS  States — ^New  York 
to  Tcaas  and  Illinois  to  Florida*  Boys  prepared 
for  college,  Government  academies  or  business. 
^mtanatU  ferms^  Illusiialed  cataiogue  free. 
Address 

Col.  O.  C.  HULVCY,  Supcfinteiidezit. 


Pieeue  mention  the  Heuievu  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  aduertisen 
29 


The  Review  di  Reviews  Edtscational  Directoty 


MUitary. 


Military. 


The 

Ameriean 

Rugby 


St  Johns  MilBary  Academy 

St  Johns  has  won  a  national  reputation  for  the  thoroughness  of 
its  scholastic  work,  the  excellence  of  its  military  instruction, 
and  the  perfection  of  its  physical  training.    It  is  rated  by  the 
United  States  Government  among  military  schools  of  the  "A" 
or  first  class.     It  has  just  been  re-equipped  with  the  most  com- 
pletely  furnished   school  building   in    America.      Full   particulars 
by  mail.     Address 

ST.  JOHNS  MILITARY  ACADEMY  FDe  ( I  ) 
Pclattcld,  W«Mk€ 


Ohio,  Q«nnaiitown  (near  DaTton). 

Miami  Military  Institute.  SSli'"'^S»^ffTS: 

perrlslon  and  discipline.  Commandant  detailed  by  Secretary 
of  War.  Faculty  of  ten  able  men.  CaiMusity  54  selected  Cadeta. 
OfTers  courses  leading  to  baccalaureate  degrees.  Gymnasium. 
Athletics. OBVOif  Qtuww  Bbowk,  M.A.,  President 

VotoonA,  Blackstone.   Box  503. 

Hofi^e  Memorial  Military  Academy. 

SchooTfor  the  sons  of  gentlemen.  Long  and  well  known.  •Eng- 
lish, classical,  scientlAc,  business  courses.  All  subjects  thor- 
oughly tauffht.  A  well-ordered  home,  with  liberal  table ;  excel- 
lent facilities  for  out-door  sports.  Terms,  $230.  For  catalogue 
information,  address  The  Supkbxmtkkdxmt. 


VouioaiL,  Ft.  Deilance. 

Augusta  MUitanr  Academy.  J;^*Vh'».!r 

doah  valley.  Prepares  for  Unlrerslties  or  Buslnesa.  FrlTstecte^ 
trie  light  and  water  plant.  120  acres  attached.  If  umbers  llmtieil  to 
Insure  personal  attention.  IS  States  represented  last  year.  Ton 
1300.  9&cd  session  begins  Sept.  18.  Address  OoL  Chail  8L  Eoub. 

VXBOIRIA,  near  Warrenton.    (50  miles  from  Washlngtoa.) 

Bethel  Military  Academy.  gSTfiSiJS 

Business,  Universities  and  Qovemment  Academies  Ezednt 
record  for  48  years.  Individual  attention.  Charges,  fn  For 
tUustrated  catalogue,  address  GoL  Wx.  M.  r 


Academical  and  Preparatory. 

GIRLS.        

ComfKcncirr,  Lakevllle. 

The  Taconic  School  for  Girls. 

Near  beautiful  lake  In  the  Berkshire  Hills. 

Miss  LiUAM  DixoM,  A.a  (Wellesley  and  Bryn  Mawr). 
Hiss  Bkrtha  Baxlbt,  B.S.  (Wellesley). 

CoirinBCTicuT,  New  Milford,  LitchAeld  Co. 
Ingleside — a  School  for  Girls. 
School  year  begins  Tuesday,  October  1st,  1907. 

Mrs.  Wm.  D.  Black.  PatroneM. 

CoxHBCTicuT,  Stamford.    Near  New  York  City. 

The  Catharine  Aiken  School  for  Girls. 

Address 

Mrs.  Habrist  Bebchkb  Scovillb  Dbvan,  A.R  (Wellesley). 

COKKKCTICUT,  Wludsqf. 

The  Campbell  School  for  Girls  (Inc.). 

Prepares  for  college.  Regular  and  Special  Courses.  Music, 
Art,  Languages.  Particularly  attractive  home  Ufe.  Outdoor 
sports,  gymnasium.    Young  girls  admitted. 

A.  U.  Campbell,  Ph.D.,  Mra.  Marian  B.  Campbell. 


Academical  and  Preparatory^ 

GIRLS, 

MISSBAIRD'S 

Home  School  for  Girb 

NORWALK.  CONNCCnCOT 

One  hour  tnsm  Hew  York  Otj 

and  five  boon  from  Bostoo,  Tto 

N.  Y.,  N.H.,  and  Hartfted  RB. 

Country  air.    Ideal  eaviroaiiMst 

f^v  study  and  recreation.  Broad  csl- 

Real  training  of  body,  mind  sad 

b  I  u  i]  aers.    The  home  life  Is  replete  vftk 

iruiprrfitlon,    tending    to    develop  esci 

gtti  1iAt>>  a  useful  and  attraettve  member  of 

the  fnmlty  and  of  society.    Sepauvte  bout 

glrLi  under  15.    Intermediate,  Acadeaie 

C<>llL^^(e-Preparatory    classes.     Sapertar 

advuntair^  In  Music,  Art,  and  the  Language 

MISS  CORNELU  F.  BAIRD,  Priiici|ML 


FiidM*  mentiifi^  tfie  Reumw  of  fi^L'tiuLi  a'itttn  itfrittng  to  &^vertf3tr9 
30 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Academical  and  Preparatory p 

GIRLS. 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

GIRLS. 


NATIONAL  PARK 
SEMINARY  ^^JSg?*' 

Washington*  D.  CL  (Snbnrbs). 

OUK  CREED: 

^  EdneatloB-Collegiate,  but  adapted  to  indWidnal  needi7 
health,  tastes  and  talents.  ^ 

Joy  (not  examinations)— The  ineentlTe  of  work. 

HcalOh— The  matter  of  first  consideration. 

Calturcd  PerawHty— An  essential  to  success.  

ffiSP'^S*CZ?^"it?  **>: .***?"^i^"*  surroundings,  a  necessary  condition  of  endeavor. 

SKf  JS?**^"^JL°.*'J*^^  °^  training.    Sodal  Graee-A  legitimate  end  of  culture. 

ft^y*"!?"^  ^  "^"^  ■P'R*  '^  •■?«^  •Chool  by  division  into  eight  separate  groups. 

Valuable  Reereatfon  in  !he  studv  of  Congress,  Go vJmmcnt  Departments,  l^relgn  Wa^ 
Fnnctions.    Send  for  catalogue.    Address  Box  11^  Forest  GleaTMarylaaiL 


DiSTBXCT  OF  Columbia,  Washington.       Lock  Drawer  841. 

Chevy  Chase  College  and  Seminary. 

A  Home  School  for  Toung  Ladles.  Campus  of  ten  acres.  New 
Auditorium  and  Gymnasium.  Special  advantages  In  Mugic,  Art, 
Elocution,  and  Domestic  Science.  Healthful  location  and  pure 
artesian  water.    Terms  reasonable.    Address       S.  N.  Barker. 

District  op  Columbia.  Lafayette  Sq.,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Hamilton  School,  opposite  the  whitb  house. 

For  Oirls  and  Young  Ladles. 
Write  for  Catalogne  "  S.*' 

Mrs.  Phoebe  Hamilton  Seabbook,  Principal. 


1410  Fairmont  Sfrecl,  Washington.  D.  C 

^I'litial  fur  Glr^Hit  ^ifKi  VtPiiiit;  1^1(1 1 1^. 

E  iinJtcd  enrvlliiic-nt-       (ie-iiiJ^i  au<1   lilrttive    (Joid rs.ri.      Mu-^n;,     Art. 
I  Ut^ri^uciS  A't^ti'nlnu.     I'iifiJopi*  kJlirriJiii^t. 


District  op  Columbia,  Washington,  Florida  Ave.  and  19th  St. 

riiinefrkn    TTall     A  beautiful  Colonial  Home  School  for 
VJUUdbUil    raoil.    young  ladles,    niustrated  Catalogue. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Beverley  R.  Mason,  Principals. 

Miss  E.  M.  Clark,  LL.A.,  AHSociate  Principal. 

DismucT  OP  Columbia,  Washington,  1334,  1396,  1338  19th  St. 
(Just  below  Dupont  Circle). 

Miss  Madeira's  School  for  Girls. 

OertUloate  prirllege  to  Vassar,  Wellesley  and  other  colleges. 
Full  academic  coarse  for  pupils  who  do  not  go  to  collie.  Full 
two  years'  adranced  course  for  High  School  graduates.  Unusiud 


s  coarse  for  pupils  who  do  not  go  to  collie.    Full 
ranced  course  for  High  School  graduates.  Unusiui* 
advantages  in  music  and  art.    Address     Miss  Lucr  Madeira. 

DiBTBicT  OP  Columbia,  Washington. 

Martha  Washington  Seminary 

FOR  YOUNO  WOMEN. 
Catalogue  on  request.  Edward  W.  Thompson,  Prln. 

DtBTBicT  OP  Columbia,  Washington. 

Madison  Hall  Seminary.  fl^lSitnTmrtJ-oSf 

lege  and  Elective  courses.  Music,  Art,  Expression,  Modem  Lan- 
guages. Social  and  educational  advantages  of  Washington. 
For  catalogue,  address     Prof,  and  Mrs.  Geo.  F.  Winston,  Prins. 


^risiol 
School 


\\  A  S 11  i  ,N  G  TO  A' .  U  *  C. 

Ad  Ftil*»o>t>»l  Sch™l  ityi  Giili.  %l<3m^  Had  Collfse  Prfniaeory 
CiiurMrs.  The  Tfcnch  Ucptirtmeql  OocUftIrt  it  irpafnre  rE$:|Ei<3u:f!  t.n 
4li«;$4nL«^  jfroundSii^hi»fl  FFdUch  b  cxclu^i^fl^  the  Usitiiae?  oE  tl^i? 
litju^c.  No  riilm  h:hi»l  In  th!»  cPUUinr  IfS''"  rqiiil  aiivaittA£e« 
in  lhi&  UniriiJ.||?.  Muiic  PrOlrstf.in  bom  tUc  \V J3.h1it iftoiii  Cotle-|rc 
i  i\  M  usAir  ■  T  \k  Iwrtlt joa  contiitiutjEx  to  ^tkjth  %n4  pf  rni  it&  \^i  eujoy^ 
ittrnt    t)t   Hill    ouftli-iiij/   vportt.       IVrikirlj^lr   astrlttlvc    tu.>Qic   lil'c. 

MIts  ALICE  A.  BRISrOU,  PrifictpsJ 
Mlniwood  Place  and  19th  Street,  Wa&hifiglftfl,  D.  C. 


Washington,  D.  a,  1843-1845-1847  Yon  (U)  Street,  N.  W. 

The  Stuart  School  for  Young  Ladies 

AND  OiRLS.  All  departments.  Elective  courses.  Unusual 
advantages.  Preparation  for  European  Travel.  87  States  have 
been  represented  in  boarding  department.  Illustrated  catalogue 
87  pages.    Outdoor  sports,  tennis,  baskev  ball.  etc. 

Miss  Claudia  Stuart.  Principal. 


latiofial 
Cathedral   School 


FOR    GIRLS 
Fireproof  Bnlldlnc.      Pwk  of  40   acres.     Un- 
rivalled advantages   In   music   and  art.     Gertlflcate 
admlU  to  College.    Special  Courses. 

RT.  REV.  H.  Y.  SATTERLEE,  D.D.,  IX.D., 

President  Board  of  Trustees. 

MRS.  BARBOUR  WALKER,  M.A.,  PrlndpaL 

MC  St.  Alban,  Washington,  D.  C 


Piease  mention  the  Reufew  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  advertisers 
31 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Diredofy 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

GIRLS. 

The  Frances  Shimer  Academy 

Of  the  University      A  Home    School   for   Girls  and 
^r  rk:4>««A  Young   Women.     (College    Prepara- 

01  v^nicago  ^j^j,  "^usic.  Art,  Domestic  Science, 

Elocution,  Physical  Culture,  Stenoeraphy.  Liberal  en- 
dowment permits  low  rate— |M0.  Certificate  admits  to 
leadin|c  colleges.  Oolf,  tennis  and  athletic  exercises. 
All  buildings  new.  Gjrmnasium.  54th  year  opens  Sept.  11. 
Address  for  catalogue. 

Rev.  WILLIAM  P.  McKEE.  Dean.  Box  605,  Mt.  Carroll.  III. 
iLUNOis,  Wlnnetka,  Box  a4  (sixteen  miles  from  Chicago). 

riirfnn  QrViftnl  for  Girls  and  Youno  Womwi.  College 
VJlILUil  OCUUUl  Preparatory,  General  and  Seminary 
CourHes.  HuhIo,  Art,  Elocution,  Domestic  Science,  Physical 
Training.  Cortincate  admits  to  Smith,  Vassar.  Wellesley.  For 
catalogue,  address  Francis  Kino  Cookk,  Principal. 

Indiana,  Winona L^ice.    Box  1011. 

Winona  Park  School  for  Girls.   ^^^^. 

tory  and  special  courses.  Advantages  of  Winona  Conservatory 
In  music  and  elocution.  A  beautiful  location  in  Assembly  Park. 
Tuition  especially  low  and  includes  languages,  music,  and  art. 
For  circular,  address  Ross  M.  Clark.  M.S.,  Principal. 

KawTUOLi,  Sheibyville! 

Science  Hill  School. 


An  English  and  Classical 
School  for  Girls. 


A  college  preparatorr  course  with  oertiflcate  privileges  at  Wel- 
lesley and  Smith  Colleges.   82  years  of  successful  V  ~" 
trained  teachers.    Superior  advantages^n  music. 


lealey  and  Smith  Colleges.   82  years  of  successful  work.  College- 
Ivantages  In  music. 
Mrs.  W.  T.  POYNTKR,  Principal. 


BALTIMORE.  MD. 

The  Girls'  Latin  School 

of  Baltimore 

A  strictly  college  preparatory  school.  Certificate  admits 
to  leading  colleges  for  women  without  examination.  Care- 
ful attention  given  to  the  mental  and  religious  development 
of  every  girL  A  progressive  Christian  institution  in  an 
atmosphere  rich  in  opportunity  for  general  culture.  Address 
LEONARD  A.  BLUE.  Ph.D.,  Prtnclpnl,  Baltimore  Md. 
Mabtland,  Baltimore,  122  and  124  W.  Franklin  Street. 

Edgeworth  Boarding  and  Day  School 

FOR  GIRLS.    The  45th  year  begins  September  26.  1907. 

Mrs.  H.  P.  Lkfkbvrb,  )  t>_i-«i«.i. 
Miss  E.  D.  HuNTLrr.   jPrtnclpals. 

LASELL 

SEMINARY 

For  Youn^  VITomen 

AUBURNDALE,  MASS. 

The  purpose  of  Lasell  is  to  develop  its  pupils  into  a  high 
type  of  womanhood. 

A  soimd  body,  weU-trained  mind,  and  a  character  with 
high  ideals,  are  the  logical  result  of  the  home-school  life  at 
Lasell.  Many  parents  have  written  strong  commendatory 
letters  on  the  unusual  quality  of  the  school  work. 

Beautiful,  healthful  location  ten  miles  from  Boston.  Spe- 
cial advantages  in  Music,  Art,  and  Home  Economics. 

Lasell  is  icetl  loorth  investigating. 

For  catalogue  and  infonnation,  address 

C  C  BRAGDON,  Principal. 

Massachi'SKTTS,  Boston,  324  Commonwealth  Aveuue. 

The    Commonwealth  Avenue    School 

ffir    fiirlc      (The  Misses  Gllman's  School.)    General  and 
iUr    VJins.    fcollege-Preparatory  C  " 

day  pupils.  —     


.  Courses.    Resident  and 
Miss  Oilman,  Miss  Guild,  Principals. 


Massachusktts,  Boston. 
Miss  Annie  Coolidok  Rust's  16th  Year. 

Froebel  School  of  Kindergarten 

Normal    Classes.  Regular  two-yearjoonrse. 

Post-graduate  and  special  courses    Circular  on  request. 

Massachusetts,  Boston,  19  Chestnut  Hu  The  Garland  School 

The  Garland  Kindergarten  ^&'k'S^« 

A  practical  two  years*  course  of  study,  hasted  upon  true  kinder- 
garten principles,  for  young  women  over  18  years  of  ago.  Num- 
ber limited.  Early  application  advisable.  Catalogue  on  request, 

A<*<^rgM  Mrs.  STANNARD. 


Academical  and  Preparatory^ 

GIRLS. 

Massachotetts.  Boston,  107  Audubon  Road. 

The  Laurens  School  for  Girls. 

Outdoor  sports,  under  trained  Director,  on  private  pUjgrooad. 
Beet  of  instruction.    College  preparatory  and  flnlshiiig  counea. 
Miss  Elbbabcth  Bailbt  Habimb.  BUSk 
Miss  Sarah  CHAmeaLiN  Wskx>.   Hla 

Massachitsctts,  Boston,  18  Huntington  Avenue. 

Perry  Kindergarten  Normal  SchooL 

Mrs.  XmnM  Mosklkt  Pkrrt.  PrinrtpaL 
Massachusetts,  Boston,  206  Massachusetts  Ave. 

The  Posse  Gymnasium.  iTnig^' 

of  physical  training.  Special  course  in  massage  and  medteal 
gymnastics.  Other  courses  arranged  as  desired  In  aaj  foraa  of 
gymnastics  or  athletics.    Send  for  Catalogue. 

Massachusetts,  Boston,  Rozbury,  43  St.  James  Street. 

The  Weston  School  for  Girls.  fS^^^^SUl 

College  Preparatory  and  General  Culture  Courses,  seeking  tlw 
development  of  perfect  womanhood.  Girls  ehaperooed  In  hla> 
toric  and  artistic  Boston  and  abroad.    Send  for  catalog. 

Mrs.  Matbkws-Richakdson  (A.B.,  Wellesley),  PrindpaL 


THe  Gilman 
School 


For  Girls 

Corporation,  controlled  by  Harvard  profeeacnv  who 
Instruct  in  RadclifTe  College.  Many  teachera,  moatly 
Radcllffe  graduates.  CuuMea,  smaU.  Oouraea  of 
study,  planned  for  each  pupil.  Primary,  Intermedi- 
ate, Academic,  and  College  Preparatory  d^Mirt- 
ments.  Teaching  thorough.  Examinations  requbned 
only  of  girls  going  to  college.  Schoolhouee  ana  resi- 
dence separate,  buUt  to  be  full  of  sunahine  and  good 
air.  Basket  ball,  tennis,  RadcUffe  gymnasium  and 
swimming  pool.  Harvard  museums  and  Booton 
aflTord  great  facilitiea  and  peculiar  attractioiM. 
Address 

Miss  RUTH  COIT,  Uemd  Mistreaa. 


ROGBRS  HALL 
SCHOOL  af^Ls 


rRf^cnTioBtn  >cin  lim  Vatk.  l\«*ntitnl vttvmivit 

til  I L  K 1  Li-  Lk  I  I  ii<R':  k4T  y « tiorKbacii  rid  Ui jr^ 

(h.Hr..Ui,'N   impui&Mit>T»    fijT   hr>ri  HswT  a    _ 
Un  iJ  r  t  L  iTr  f  %iiw  1 1  lAtioni^     VviiA  ttrmxe  admJtU  W 

jfot*-.    .^ftT7in»^¥«i  ijcm^rml  I'oor***  lor  irr*d- 

iin  tk'i  of  1 1 1  i(i  k  fl  ^?  lu>a|  K  i  0r  cs  l&Ioctm^  «ddrt^ 

MRS.  E-  K  UPtDEflKILL.  li.A..Pnneip«I, 

Lowell.  MtU. 


Massachusetts,  Menimac  in  Whlttler^s  I^nd. 

The  Whittier  School  for  Girls. 

College  Preparatory  and  Special  Courses.  Broad  tralal^ 
Ideal  Home  Life.  Develops  character,  mind  and  body.  Pur 
catalogue,    address  Mrs.   Annie  Brackhtt  Rossxll.  Prlaelpai, 


Marblehead  Neck,  Mass.  (July  and  August). 


FOR  GIRLS.   6  miles    from   Boston. 

On  the  finest  heights  of  ht  most  beaatifal  svbarft. 
Study  made  attractive  for  limited  noab^. 
Cenificste  admitt  to  Wellesley.  Smith.  Vwsv. 
Ml  Holyoke.  without  examination. 

GEOBGK  F.  iKWirr,  A.  B.  (Harvmri} 

s4  8«.H»tr^t.  NEWTON,  Mass. 


Massachusetts,  Natlck. 

Walnut  Hill  School. 

A  college  preparatory  school  for  girls.  Seventeen 
from  Boston.  Miss  CONANT  or  Miss  BIGKLOW  will  be 
school  on  Wednesdays  of  July  and  August. 


Piease  mention  the  Reoiew  of  Reuiews  when  writing  to  adoertis^ra 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Academical  and  Preparatory f 

GIRLS. 


Academical  and  Preparatory. 

GIRLS.  "^ 


OSSINING  SCHOOL 


OSSININO-ON-HUDSON, 
NEW  VORK 


A  Board  m^  Sell  ool  for  Girls.  One  hour  from  New  York,  giviufir  access  to  Citv  pHvilepes.  modem  bnildlnp*^ 
lH:aHliltil  gi-o^Dds.  PaciiJtvof  twenty  4  ne  comptttfit  instruct  or*.  Four  coursti— tin  us  u  filly  com  pit- teAcndcmit.' 
Cour«e    Music  and  Art  Courses.     ClaBSicnl  or  Collei;;?    '  ^         ^ .      -        ,,     .    ™      ,       -^  .«  _        ... 


Certiftc*te  artmita  to  tnidine'  collri^ca,    Srpnmte  home  for  chiidrtn  unJcr  i^  years  of  age 


Tfepflrfitory  Couratf.    Post  GraE^uate  and  Special  Work. 

.„  ^__,    „,^..._,^ ..:  for  chiidren  unJcr  15  years  of  age. 

CHelnlnj^  surroumJa  its  fitudeijEs  with  Influrncea  of  oq  attractive  Chrlstinn  home.    Special  atteutlon  irivcn 
to  «cqubiDg  ffTftce.  dimity  and  refinMneut  of  mflnnrr.    Year  Dook  of  School  seat  on  reqn^C. 

MISS  CLARA  C.  FULLER,  Principal 


Miss  Hall's 
School 

In  the  Berkshire  HiUs 

1,000  feet  above  sea  level. — Girls  are 
given  an  outdoor  life,  a  College  prepara- 
tory or  a  general  education  by  a  carefully 
chosen  faculty. 

Miss  MIRA  H.  HALL.  Principal. 

Pittsfield.  Massachusetts. 


^ 


SAiMT  MART'S   HALL 

FARIBAULT,  MiMMm 
A    HOME  80H00L    FOR    OtRLS 

Sstablifthed  br  Bishop  Whipple  in  1866. 

H— Hhfnl  dimito  wpwior  adTMitafM  la  music  and  art.  Fincfyin- 
BMJniB,  tonitia  oonrta  and  onidoor  Bporta.  Oartilloate  admlto  lo  loadinf 
collagM     CataloffiMMBtonNQiiMl. 

IL  aMr.S.CEaMlLD.D..LXD..Reaor.MlM  C»olM.W.Eellt.  Pllndpil. 


;  Xontclair. 

Cloverside  School  for  Girls. 

Near  New  York.    Earljr  application  necessary. 

For  prospectus  address  Miss  E.  W.  Timlow. 


D  WIGHT  SCHOOLg;S£, 

ENGLEWOOIk^  NEW  JEKSEV 

Oaly  14  mlln  irom  tin*  Vork  City.  Co»cuc  I'rrporitory 
and  JSpc^JAt  liZuurStcC  LimlttU  tiuuiIjci  ut  tup^ill  Iniufti 
Iiii3iifid«al  care.  CcfTlficitrs  anLeplfiJ  ty  Vaiiar^  Smitlu 
VVfllesLnf  an4  Wflli,  Cirtftilly  pUnncd  coyrw*  tot 
those  aotdmlrta^  lo  entirr  cutlcje.      Five  tuiildm^l, 


Hl«-  fmrtnirtnll  mad  NlnPARItlK,  PHbnlpAl* 


IVY  HALL 


Miss  Macdonald  and  Miss  Finn's 
SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS 
College  preparatory  and  finishing  courses. 
Certificate  admits  to  Wellesley,  Smith,  Mt. 
Holyoke,  Vassar.  A  refined,  attractive  home 
for  a  limited  number  of  pupils.  Boating,  basket- 
ball and  other  out-door  sports. 

Bridgeton,  N.J.  (near  Philadelphia). 


HOWARD  SEMINARY 

For  Qirls  and  Young  Ladles.     West  Bridgewater,  Mass. 

In  a  healthv  and  beautiful  location,  85  miles  from  Boston. 
Home  building  remodeled  in  Summer  of  1906  at  a  large 
expense.  Academic,  College  Preparatory  and  Spec&l 
Courses.  Two  years^  course  for  High  School  graduates. 
Art  and  music  studios.    For  catalogue,  address 

Miss  SARAH  E.  LAUQHTON.  A.M.,  Principal 

Massacuusetts,  Worcester,  University  Section. 

Miss  Kimball's  School  for  Girls. 

22Nn  Year.  CoUeg*  Preparatory.  General  and  Special  courses. 
Scholarships  for  best  college  preparatory  work.  Oymna»lum, 
field  sports,  etc.  Permanent  home  for  girls  If  needed,  niustrated 
booklet  free. 

liASSACHUSETTS,  WoUaston.  Qulncy, 

Quincy  Mansion  School  for  Girls. 

Fine  suburban  estate,  6  miles  from  Boston.  Ample  grounds. 
Outdoor  sports.  Regular  and  graduate  courses.  Advantages  in 
Music,  Art,  Language.    College  preparation  and  certificate. 

Horace  Mann  Woxard,  Sc.D.,  PrincipaL 


Pleaae  mention  the  Reuieuf  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  adoertisera 
33 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Academical  and  Preparatory. 

GIRLS. 


Miss  C.  E.  Mason's 

Suburban  School 

For  Girls  and  Young  Women 

Tarrylown-on-BiJidson*  N.  V« 

<4C  MlDutL-s  rrufii  Nt^w  York.) 

To  the  Hat u nil  advntitani  of  tlie  ■itperb 
loOfiMuiin  add  the  eduoatloooT  i>ppt>rTuiiJtln  or 
ilii^  tlioi-fJUgbly  tt)nHd4<j<ti  ti'tiuol.  f>rrtrlii|?  roiim^a 
alrji^i'fri  JL9.  varied  and  brtiad  oa  iiuiny  uf  tti«  bt^-it 
cul]egiL>#,  ajid  to  tliat  add  thi»  fditul  tinlou  of  boiiie. 
oficliil  und  tjehiKfl  Mfe  adiI  yuu  h^YO'  thb  ijti^rii:^ 
tlDii  of  a  Achoivkl  uii<iiirpaiii!kfd  lb  lt»  jittrat^tloQi. 

Wrlie  for  circular  dtscrlpilv^  of  (JoUrg-e 
Preparmtory,  araduatln^,  and  SpcK^Lal  Ouurjei 
La  Art^  Musi?,  Laq^hk^s.  Literaiuff,  Sclrnee 
and  Naturv  i^tuJy.    Address 

MISS  C.  E,  MASON.  LL.  M,  UA  Bu  fM 


New  Jcbbct,  Morrlstown. 
Mice  Hano'e  Q/«hr\/>1  ^^  Qtbub.  Located  In  one  of 
iVilSS  Uana,  S  OCnOOl  the  moet  beautiful  luburban 
towns  In  the  country.  Oraduatlnff  course.  Music,  Art,  Languages. 
Certiflcate  admits  to  leading  colleges.  Oymnasium,  tennis,  ha^et 
ball.  Special  Instruction  given  In  Expression  and  useof  speak- 
ing voice.    Catalogue  and  book  of  views  upon  application. 

New  Jbbsxt,  Summit  (Suburban  to  New  York). 

Kent  Place  School  for  Girls, 

Mrs.  Sarah  Woodman  Paci.,  Principal. 

Hamiltoii  Wrioht  Mabie,  LL.D.,  Presd^t  Board  of  Directors. 

New  York,  Aurora-on-Cayiiga. 

The  Wells  School :  Forciri.. 

the  leading  women's  colleges.    Also  a  strong  General  dburse  of 
Study.     Attractive  and  healthful  outdoor  life.   ~        " 
catalogue,  address     —  - 


OfTers  thorough 

training  for  all 

)ng  General  Ck>urse  of 

r  life.   For  Illustrated 

Miss  ANNA  R.  GOLDSMITH,  A.B.,  Principal. 


New  York,  lirlarcllfr  Manor. 

Miss  Knox's  School  for  Girls. 

The  next  school  year  will  open  on  Thursday,  the  8rd  of  Oc- 
tober.   Terms,  $1,000  per  year.    Address 

MlBs  Mart  Auce  Kwox. 
New  York,  BronxvlUe. 

Brantwood  Hall  School  for  Girls. 

In  beautiful  Lawrence  Park.     High   standard  of  scholarship, 
certificate  admits  to  leading  colleges ;  delightful  home  life, 
every  opportunity  for  outdoor  sports  and  physical  training. 
The  M188E8  MAiyE,  Principals. 

FORT  EDWARD 
COLLEGIATE   INSTITUTE 

FOR  GIRLS.  S3d  yw,  SepL  24th,  $400.  On  the  Hudson.  T-ocaUon 
eminently  healthful  and  attractive.  Endowment  warrants  highest  efficiency, 
with  msonable  ratc«.  College  preparatory,  lii^h  School  graduate  and  five 
other  courses.  Superior  advantages  in  Music,  Art,  Elocution,  and  Domestic 
Science.  Out-of-door  sports.  Physical  and  Soda]  Culture.  Character-mak- 
ing.   Illustrated  catalogue  fre«. 

JOS.  E.  KING,  P.P.,  Protldent,  Lock  Box  103,  Fort  Edwifd,  H.  Y. 
New  York,  New  York,  48-50  W.  54th  St.  (Bet,  5th  and  6th  Aves.) 

St.  Margaret's  School  for  Girls. 

A  high-class  residential  and  day  achooL    New  fire-proof  build- 
ing specially  designed  for  a  school.    Full  Academic  Course. 
Music  and  Art.  Okorob  Dickson,  M.A.,  Director. 
Mrs.  Qeorqe  Dickson,  Principal. 


Academical  and  Preparatory. 

GIRLS. 


New  York  City,  733-735  MadlMm  Ave.,  oor  of  e4thSt. 

One  Block  irom  Fifdi  Avenue  and  Central  Pack 

fDi00  £ana0  an^  fDi00  TBOlbiton 

Residential  and  Day  School  for  Girfs 
Affiliated  Upper  House  (or  Graduates  and  Adraaoed 

Students. 
Unexcelled  advantages  in  Music,  Vocal  and   Ivtr^ 

mental.  Art  and  Languages. 
Complete  Academic  G>urse.     Certificate  admits  to 

colleges. 
Vocal  and  Physical  Education.    Ridii^  Dancing  aid 

Domestic  Science  Classes. 
Trips  arranged  for  Christmas  and  Easter  VacalioiaL 
Summer  Camp  for  Recreation  and  Study  in  New 

Hampshire. 
Year  Book  of  School  and  Camp  Circnter  scot  on 


Putnam 

HaU 
School 


Q  A  boafding  and  day  school  for  atrk,  or  mber  a 
family  of  retoed  and  earnest  pupiL  who  lespond 
cheerfully  to  implicit  confidence.  The  inibuUiuB 
coren  the  pnmaiy,  intermediate  and  college  <leptfU 
ments,  and  a  general  coune.  its  aim  is  to  develop 
heakhfuL  thouditful  womanhood  by  conect  and 
sympathetic  methods  which  have  stood  the  toil  ol 
cxpeiience.  Catalogue  on  request 
DIEM  CUZK  BMTlEn.  I 


New  York,  Rye. 

Rye  Seminary. 


For  partlcnlars,  address 
Mrs.  8.  J.  IJFE.  The 


NEW  YORK,  IToy. 

Emma  Willard  School  for  Girls. 

(Formerly  Troy  Female  Seminary.)  Certiflcate  admits  to  Weiln- 
ley,  Vaasar  and  Smith  Colleges,  and  Cornell  Unlrerslty.  Oe»- 
eral  and  Special  Courses.    Music  and  Art  Schools.    Ftoe-praof 


buildings,  two  Scholarships.  Out-of-door  games.  For  catateMie! 
""  '"  Mas  Anna  Leach,  a.  M..  PrtnctyL 


write  to 


New  York,  Utica. 

The  Balliol  School    AmodemsehooIfwgirlsLOolle^ 
A  UC  DcUilUI  OCUQUl.  preparatory  and  general  «mS. 
Year  book  sent  on  application.    Head:  Eprrn  Rockwu.  ii^»j 
Omo,  Cincinnati,  Evanswood,  Clifton. 

The  Bartholomew-Clifton  School  ^^ 

An  attractive  home  department  for  a  limited  namb«>  of  r««i- 
dent^puptls.    Prepares  for  the  best  coUc^res.    Advanced  coorsr 


for  High  School  Graduates.    Music,  Art,  Languages. 

■*■     "       ELY,  A.M.,  and  Miss  M.  F.  Smth.  Prtoc*pala> 


MlBS  K  A.  1 


Omo,  Oberlln.    Drawer  Y.     Oberlln  Kindergarten  Am^n. 

Kindergarten  Training.  t4S'?£^t^~S_ 

Prof  essors  of  Oberlln  College-Courses  In  tMOoUegv  ntsctM 
rates— Charges  moderate.  14th  year  begins  Sept.  aotb,  IMC  i^ 
catalogue,  address. 


OHIO,  TOLEDO,  2313  Ashland  Av«.  (DepcR.) 

THE  MISSES  LAW'S 

Froebel  Kindergarten  Training  Sdwal 

andSchoolof  Culture  for  younnT^i^oinen.    Alurond 
education,  a  livelihood  and  a  preparation  for  Uf e. 
all  in  one. 
MARY  E.  LAW,  MP..  Prtwelpni. 

Ohio,  Worthington  (Suburb  of  Columbus.) 

The  Eldridge  School.  .^•j^oX^'^S.pS: 

tory  and  elecU ve  courses.  Music,  Art,  DomesUc  Science.  Phy^cml 
Culture.  Outdoor  Life  and  Sports.  Noted  for  Tboruogli  la- 
struction  and  Competent  Teachers. 


Pieaat  mmntlon  the  Itmuimui  nf  Rnuipuia  uihtm  writ  inn  tn  ndnmrtlmmmm 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Academical  and  Preparatory. 

GiRLS. 

Pkrhbtlvaxia^  Baxjl,  near  Philadelphia. 

Miss  Roney's  School  for  Girls 

S8th  7ear.       Healthful  looaUon.        OoUege  PreparatoxT. 
Modem  equipment     Cataloflrue  on  request. 

FBonTLVAKXA,  Bethlehem. 

Moravian  Seminary  for  Young  Ladies. 

Fbonded  1749.    90  minutes  from  Philadelphia.    2  hours  from 
New  York.    158th  year  opens  September  18th.    Address 

J.  Max  Hark,  D.D.,  PrlnclpaL 

PBmtsTLVAXiA,  Btrmln^ham.    Main  Line,  P.  R.  B. 

The  Birmingham  School  for  Girls. 

A  Olrl's  School  In  an  inrlgoratlng  mountain  climate.    For  foil 
Information,  address  A.  B.  Orikr,  Manager. 

PEXiiaTLVAifU,  Bryn  Mawr. 
Tti*  TUriecAe  VTifU  Announce  the  removal  of  their 
1  nC  lYllSSeS  A.irK  school  from  Rosemont  to  Bryn 
Mawr.  Preparatory  to  Bryn  Mawr  and  other  colleges  for  women. 
Small  classes  supplemented  by  careful  Individual  Instruction. 
Teachers  all  thoroughly  familiar  with  Bryn  Mawr  requirements. 
Tennis  and  Basket  BalL 

FsmiSTLTAHiA,  Devou.        (96  minutes  from  Philadelphia. ) 

Tl  Airrkn  Qr  h  nnl  A  Home  and  Day  School  for  Olrla.  Col- 
J^CVUn  OC^nOOI.  lege,  preparatory  and  general  courses. 
Sight  singing  and  piano.  In  limiting  the  reHdent  pupUa  to  ten, 
the  imditfiduai  needs  cf  each  are  studied  and  met.  Catidogve 
on  request.  Miss  Bhxa  Booxbs  Habrar,  PrlnclpaL 

THE  STEVENS  SCHOOL 

l^AI*  dpIiD  ^ooxul«<i  18^  In  historic  Oermantown,  the 
*  ^*  ^■**  *^*  most  beautiful  suburb  of  Philadelphia, 
within  easy  reach  of  lU  Lectures,  Concerts,  Art  Exhibitions, 
etc.  Certlflcate  admits  to  leading  colleges.  Courses  provided 
for  gli:ls  not  desiring  to  enter  college.  Thorough  training, 
pleasant  and  wholesome  conditions.  Applications  should  be 
made  now  to  ensure  accommodation.  Beferences  required. 
Opens  September  36, 1907.    Address  . .       - 

MRSL  JE!nmt  &  CROLL,  Pria.,  m  W.  Chcitoa  At*.,  fl«raMuit«wa,  Phlisd*a. 
PiinnTZ.yAJiiA,  LltlU,  Lancaster  Co. 

Linden  Hall  Moravian  Seminary  ^^s. 

Pounded  17M.  Number  limited.  Waiting  list.  For  particulars, 
address  Bev.  Cbarlbb  D.  Krxidbr,  PrlnclpaL 

Miss  MARSHALL'S  SCHOOL  fiLM 

Located  In  the  most  beau- 
tiful section  of  Philadel- 
phia's country  places,  yet 
conveniently  near  the  city. 
Ideal  home  Ufe.  Outdoor 
sporta.  College  prepara- 
tory. Graduating  and 
Special  Courses. 

Mtas  E  S.  MAKSHALU 
Oak  lamt,  PUUMphla,  Pi. 

Miss  FOSTER'S  SCHOOL 

Melrofc  Park,  OA  Unc,  Philadelphia 

A  BoanUng  School  lor  Girls.  Beuitlfully 
situated  In  a  suburb  of  PhlladelphU.  Newly 
equipped  bufldine.  surrounded  by  two  acres  of 
grounds.  Special  department  for  little  ffirls. 
Resident  French  sovemess.  Music,  Art,  Nature 
Study.  Fully  equipped  gynmasium.  Number  of 
pupils  limited.     For  catalogue,  address 

BnSS  MABEL  L.  FOfirTER. 

PKinmTLVAjnA,  Ogonts  School  P.  O. 

Ogontz  School  for  Young  Ladies. 

Twenty  minutes  from  Philadelphia,  two  hours  from  New 
York.  The  late  Kr.  Jay  Cooke's  fine  property.  For  circulars, 
addresfl  Miss  Sylvia  J.  EAsmAJf,  Principal. 

FmnTLVAinA,  Overbrook. 

Miss  Sayward's  School  fSJ.  O.^  SSSK 

of  I'hlladelphla.  Delightful  home,  modem  building  recently 
enlarged,  college  preparatory  and  special  courses,  musical  de- 
partment, outdoor  sports.  Develops  character,  mind,  and  body. 
For  Ulna,  catalogue  A,  address     Miss  S.  Jakxt  Satward,  Prln. 


Academical  and  Preparatory. 

GIRLS. 

PsmfSTLVAKiA,  Philadelphia,  1350  Pine  St. 
MlQQ  Afiahli^'c  C^rhnnl  i'obOxrlb.   59th year.   Aca- 
iVllSS  /\naDie  S  OCnOOl  demic,  coUege  preparatory 
and  special  courses  in  English.  RadclUTe  and  Bryn  Mawr  methods. 

PsmrsTLVAifiA,  Washington. 

Washington  Seminary. 

Founded  1836.  A  Boarding  and  Day  School  for  Olrla.  Regular 
and  College  Preparatory  Courses.  Music,  Elocution,  and  Art 
For  catalogue,  address        Miss  CHBmriAif  a  C.  Thompsok,  Prln. 

Pkhnstlvaioa,  West  Chester. 

The  Darlington  Seminary.  ^oJ^rfTco'SSSS! 

lent  to  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Washington.  Collegiate,  Englteh, 
Music,  Art,  Languages.  Individual  Instruction.  Moral,  social  and 
physical  culture.    $275  and  up.    Fraotc  Paxsow  Bye,  Pregident. 


,  Nashville. 

"Ward  Seinmanr  JP?.  Youko  Ladms.  Seminary  and 
♦r2C1.f2«.i:^r™^9P"«««^*"*°«  Courses.  Conierva- 
"^T  ?f  *^?r®*  *^«»ch  and  German  spoken.  City  advantages 
and  aU  outdoor  sports.  Mild  and  equable  climate.  160  BoardS 
pupils.  43rd  Year  Sept.  86.  Writef or  catalogue.  ^^'^'^OK 
J.  D.  BLAMTOif,  LL.D.,  President. 

VmonrzA,  Buena  Vista.    Box  501. 

Southern  Seminary.  SSh^S?*^^^"^^**"®"* 

SfuS5i??°«»f^*^\  Dellgfitful  hoSTilfe.  *KaStffi5*2S 
healthful  location  Inthe  heart  of  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains.  14 
Y^]^Ji^^^^^y'^^^^fJniUMtromljexiv!gU>n.  Rates «»0 
to  $880.    For  catalogue,  address     Rev.  E.  H.  R^  President 

ViBouiA.         (For  airls)' 
THB  CHATHAM 
EPISCOPAL  INSmrUTB 

New,  modem,  brick  building. 
Most  liealthlulitocatioti.  Lar^e. 
beautiful  ffroves.  Courses.  Bibli- 
cal, Literary.  Normal  and  Busi- 
ness. Art  and  Music.  At  least  pos- 
sible cost.  SendlforyUustrated 
cataloKue.  P.  O.  Box  457,  Chat- 
ham, Va.  Rev.  C.  O.  Prudbn, 
Rector.  Mrs.  L,  MAY  WiLUS, 
Principal. 


ViROiNiA,  Staunton. 

nia  Female  Institute 


Virgi] 


ZK  Blxtb  RnxiE  MomrrATira.    Primary.   Intermediate  and  College 
Preparatory.    64tb  Session.    Catalogue. 
Maria  PiPfPLgrow  Dttval,  Principal. 

VntoiifiA,  Staunton. 

Mary  Baldwin  Seminary.     youkJTadiw. 

Term  begins  Sept  5th,  1907.  Located  in  Shenandoah  Valley  of 
Virginia.  Unsurpassed  climate.  404  students  past  session  from 
82  States.    Send  for  catalogue.     ""  -  — 


Miss  E.  C.  Weimab,  PrinclpaU 


VnanriA,  Warrenton.    Box  15. 

Fauquier  Institute  for  Young  Ladies. 

The  48th  session  begins  Sept.  19th2l907.    Situated  In  Piedmont 
region  of  Virginia.  M  miles  from  Washington.    A  limited  and 
thorough  home  school.    Rates,  $900  upwards.    Catalogue. 
QgQ.  G.  BUTUR,  A.M.,  Principal. 

VmoBfiA,  Winchester. 

Episcopal  Female  Institute.  fSVTH^io." 

fully  located  in  the  Lower  Shenandoah  Valley.  College  Prepara- 
tory and  Post-Oraduate  Courses.  Special  courses  in  Music  and 
Art.  Elocution.  Rates  $180  per  year.  References  exchanged. 
For  catalogue,  address  W.  C.  Marshaix,  Principal. 


Please  mention  the  Reolew  of  Reoiews  when  writing  to 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

BOTH  SEXES. 


Academical  and  Preparatory » 

BOTH   SEXES. 


VERIVIOISIX   ACAOElVfY 


and  OIpIa 


Ait  etidowpfl  iscbool.  HeaiitiruVly  Icx^leri  ii>  tlie  fooilnlls  of  tbe  Green  MoiinL\i(i^.  Cc>llt?||[« 
PreparalQTv,  Music  uiid  Art  Qmrscs.  CertificjUe  adiijits  to  colleges.  Mcniem  bvtildingK. 
Se^iaratc  dormitories  f^«r  lioysaiul  jilrU,  Fine*  *itbletic  fieM,  tennis  and  basket  ball  grotiodg. 
Pure  spring  wEiter.     Tertns  tnaderatCi.     For  caLilogue,  address 

JODN  L.  ALGr.R.  j\.  M^  Prtnelpal*  Saxlons  River,  Vermoat. 


THE   PRAXr   TEACHERS'  AGENCY 

70  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York; 

Recommend*  teachers  to  coUecea,  ichooto,  and  famlUea. 
AdjtoM^arenUaboutjchool^^^^gm^JPm^^ 


ComncncuT,  Hartford. 

The  Hartford  School  of  Relieious  Pedacoey. 

Advanced  Coune  for  graduates  of  Colleges  and  Theological 
Seminaries.  Diploma  Course  prepares  young  men  and  women 
as  salaried  church  and  Sunday-school  workers.  23rd  year  begins 
September  35, 1907.    Address  The  Dean. 


EVANSTON  ACADMY 

OftllC 

Norfhwestem  University 

EVANSTON.  ILLINOIS        ^^^ 

T<t  the  f  iTnsTit  mftn  (inrJ  Tonnjj  woman  B^feJ^R  tfifl  f  nEI'Stt 

Xrrpftnujtm  far  llfo^lhiTv'iii  inj  bt-iii^^rniLrhofal  tliAn  KT*n*(oiJ 
< :  Ml  *'Ti  I  y .  Htuil  E^i^i  e  A  A  r  t:  t^i  t>tuuti  ril  rpropnriwl  for  r^<i  [  h-  gp, 
Md^'iiMCti:'  ft>^huc«J.B  ur  Uiifuneu  Uia.  Tiiere  mi^  sla^»  Clai^il' 
eaL  Hirlentirtc  nnd  F.tiflnh  t'oiiT**^  The  FuciiUy  liAife 
hs.i  P|ji?!f^tal  tral^nLTS|rR,nil  ri[»erl«iw  in  Inntrnotlon,  and  >» 
Sjmritthrtic  widhjin  torniEftt  Atudt^ntd'  JnETtvLa^ 

The  AcaiJf^mT  islo^&b^^  orj  tljps  shfiToof  Ijito  Michinn, 
Oldy  tw«l T^ mUi^ fro m  (.' hi rjk^o .  Larfcwc  uitl  treat  aiUe lIq 
giouiidB  In  lb«  Middle  Wt-u. 

llntflvld  IIdhih^  AH  niicuaAllT  CfimtnOfUniit  ilormitnry 
for  tHhtfi,hrl«  Irf'-Ti  r.-.-i-Jilly  Mlif^'il  Vi  <■,)!] ipjiUH^Tlt.     iu^trd 

.and  taJuoa,  |4lXi  to  ^ri:;:^,    t  ar  uktoluifuo  A«  addrc^Ai 
.  ;Artter  Heekert  Wilder  1  WD..  ■•  T.  B.,  PrtMlpd. 


Hainb,  Vassalboro. 

Oak  Grove  Seminary.  XSlto'^hSolTlS? 

demlc  work  only.    Prepares  for  any  college.    Clean,  ChrisUan, 


home  atmosphere.  Healthful  climate.  Beautiful  scenery.  Elec- 
trlc  llghta.    Moderate  terms.         G»orob  L.  Jowks,  PrinclpaL 

MAflSACHUBCTTS,  Ashbumham. 

CUShmg  Academy,  amo^thrhllls.  Graduates  In 
thirty  colleges  and  sclentlAc  schools.  StudenU  from  seventeen 
States  and  foreign  countries.  Co-educatlonal.  #350  a  year.  For 
catalogue,  address  H.  8.  Cowbll,  Principal. 


ERfflEI^N  CoHege  of  Oratory 

WM.  i.  BOLFB,  A.  H.,  LUt.  D.,  PrwldMt. 

The  largest  school  of  Oratory,  Llteratore 

and  Pedagogy  In  America.   It  alms  to  de- 

Telop  In  the  student  a  knowledge  of  his 

own  powers  In  expression,  whether  as 

a  ereatlre  thinker  or  an  Interpreter.   A 

beautiful  new  building.   Summer  ses- 

1  sions.   Graduates  are  sought  to  teach 

Oratory,  Physical  Culture,  Dramatic 

Art,  Literature,  Pedagogy.  87th  year 

opens  Tuesday,  Sept.  Mth.    Address 

HJCHRT  UkWRENOE  0OUTHWICK.   Den 
€JUAmfimm  Hall,  HrattactM  ATaaae,  Bost«m  Mass. 


MASSAcnuBBTTS,  Boston,  97  Huntington  Arenne. 

The  Boston  Normal  School 

of  Gymnastics  SSI  ^^  '""  «^^t~tb  j^  ^ 

For  catalogue  address  the  B 


DEAN  ACADEMY 

FRANKUN,  MASS. 

TounflT  men  and  young  women  find  here  a  hosnglike 
atmoBpbere.  thorough  and  efficient  traininf  in  eircry  de> 
partment  of  a  broad  culture,  a  loyal  and  nelpfol  ei  * 
spirit.  Liberal  endowment  permits  liberal  iemia, 
per  year. 
For  catalogue  and  information  address, 
ARTHUR  W.  PEIRCE,  Lift.  D.,  Principal.  Frmnklin 


•» 


Tabor  Academy 

MARION,  MASS. 

A  modem  endowed  school,  with  the  best 
features  of  the  old  New  England  Academy. 

Boys  and  girls  over  twelve  years  of  age 
admitted,  if  ready  for  the  usuaJ  high-school 
course. 

Beautiful  location  on  the  shore  of  Buzzards 
Bay.  Excellent  Equipment.  Annual  expenses 
less  than  ^325.00. 

For  descriptive  pamphlet,  send  to 

N.  C  HAMBLIN^  Principal. 


New  JsRSST,  Blalrstown. 

Blair  Academy.    John  I.  Slalr  Foundation. 

60th  year.  Prepares  for  any  American  College.  New  Build- 
ings, Gymnasium  and  Swimming  Pool.  Campus  €0  acres.  Mod- 
erate rates.  Jom  C.  SRAitrK.  A.M.,  D.D..  PrincipaL 

Nkw  Jkrsbt,  Hlghtstown.   Box  Bl 

The  Peddie  Institute.  S!i'p"^r^,JSy:2?S 

character.  Fits  for  all  leading  colleges,  scfentUlc,  medioal  aad 
law  schools.  Courses  In  music,  art,  elocution,  bustnesa.  F!ae 
athletic  fleld,  gymnasium,  swinhming  pooL  40th  year  opens  Sept. 
18.    Junior  home  for  young  boysL    Cstalogne  fTM. 

R.  W.  SwnuLXD,  Prtn. 

Nkw  York,  Chappaqua,  Westchester  County.    Box  K. 

Chappaqua  Mountain  Institute.  weSSTtcr 

boys  and  girls  under  Society  of  Friends.  37th  year.  College  Pk^ 
aratory.  Commercial,  Manual  Training  and  Special  Com  sea.  13 
miles  from  New  York.  Modem  buildings.  40  acres^  iOO  fee* 
elevation.  |3S0  to  $375  a  year.  Separate  reatdeooe  for  yoang 
children.    Address  for  catalogue  Ghas.  B.  BLsna,  Sept. 


Ft9a$9  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  advertiaen 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Edacational  Directory 


AcBdetnicnl  and  PreparRtory, 
&OTM  sexes. 


For  Vtxtitto  Men  and  Womc-n 

MuMc,  Art.  I'IrftTjtioiL  B4»j=iLirjfullv  t.-rNit^il  itni(r|  (hi^foiU- 
biJJwur  1 1  JO  Will  It  M4>«iiUiinfi,the  rt-iMniJ  Ji^isnll  mf^nflluml 
•iclvitiitMiffOt  at  tligh  (iliiTfitijQm  }iurv  air  nml  nxit^'r,  ^^'w 
ftJIt^Dipa  iprmtioALtiiii  DOntaliu  j^^^wrr  lJjith-<  ari'l  hu^iMi^LlI 
cA^w*.  HfjHij^ittL^  dcjrmltortM  fur  youup;  men  oji  J  WiUiii''rL 
Kn^tiiurinnat  laaki'sii  thr  t«nn«  very  miMlerAio.  F4,>r  rAta.' 
ifjirij'f  A&a  hoQiicit  of  Tk«wB*  oddnraB 
Ofwrjff*  t„  l^tlTEiDtoci.  A.M.,  fMiiclTuO.  Tlttoiii  N.  II. 


The  Horace  Mann  Schools cvJu'^St-^ilS^'*, 

For  hi>yii  wni  K^irl^^— KltiUtirifartonn  Eltuit-tititrj ^  riJtfh.    75  tt^m:h- 
*nL.     iipf.frtai  rittf-ntioHiu  otUt'^gr  prcpar^Mlioju    Pupils  admUiJpd 

Grand  River  Institute.  |S^-;?^°«J,^i„„?itZ' 

3o-«fl  ucoLtton&L  CoUeju^,  rreparaliory,  Mmilc,  Bu»im'«t  mini  Ari 
Oonw^iKAw  Xjirge  euiliJWQif^nt.  J^^if^cr/i,  ntntifn  anif  board  ontj/  fiJt.< 
Tot  (^AtAJoguL-.  tKlrlrui^         Olivcm  i.  Mrtcriii,  Priu. 


PTORHfTtTAJflii,  JUllgT=ltO?l. 

W  y ommg  seminary,  tiotutj.  couese  preparatory 

i^ii«  tiulldtass.    Beautiful  locAtloDr  Y&AFly  raU'».  filSU.   63d  j^ar 
ftScpt^tSi     CttiJogTJC  on  request.    AOdresj 

Rev.  l^  U  SniAar^,  r>.l>.,  Preiild^tit. 


PERKIOMEN  SEMINARY 

rCDflJ&OUrg,  ra,     ^^^^  jn%|,,  beaut  JAjircrkl.ffl  en  Villej-.  *o 


mil«  from  PhtLi'ltlfii'i^.     *p*  llall'll»i»  »Hh  ti^* 
t  f  ym  niiii  ii  iri  J I  Israr  t' ,  11 '  '-n  t  L  He? ,  1  a  rifi?  f  aib^k,  ?  3Ji  d 

j|4±#itn^m^'i  Ed  thlnv  !*L^"Hniir  ccilkit«  Jind  uni^rT'.l- 
tle*.  EJCL-i>tl.sii.:Liv  ilr-Eif  rf.mt%t*lli  Musk  t-^J  FlO' 
tullciii.  Rc^Mem  4*b  y  vi*.  aS  U'titi.-  tcf , » y'ltmi  at  n:  pli  yi  - 
U^i  Ltalnin*:.  Fi'i"- 

I  {}»ld    in    im  3  ]  I 

[  &ri^ Hj  I  |«riotiAl 

Dcveljipmrfit  nf 
t1i»rtrtr*  >ij)iJnr*r 
olLiii.  S^^o^'Viyf.Mr, 

LTmlienlimLnt-nrr 

lU'iftmlrii  ca1ft- 
ll>lfH«Jr..'e.  Jl(I.!r»»» 
&#v^.  CI.  ^.  Irlrtwl, 
I.B.,  frlw.,  U^^«  A 


Tfrw  Vntttir,  NVw  Vurk  < 


,   51^5  A  L.!]0  Wt',t  ^^tli  SErt-l'E. 


The  New  York  Normal  School  of  Phys- 

*^«**  CUUtaLiVii  yfar*'iioijr^i'H*r  l[i^[rij"Moi[nSf'M(me*J 
Ut  Ktvft  A  tburoujcl)  pre|Mtiall0il  For  mt'n  muLl  vrrimi'']i  deidrltiMr  to 
bvc^vstDw  DMubflr*  of  i^byilcal   CniUilng.     Tt^iuehhM;'  fH.-tiaLArMhlt> 


THE    NATIONAL   SCHOOL  OF 
tLOCUTlON    AND    ORATORV 

The  first  i:lmrtJ?rwJ  st-hiwil  of  Ein^L-utlijn  in  Americd.* 
Tboinjug'h  inHtrij^Hlon  in  all  hrAcu  hi*s  t>f  publU-  ReHtl- 
Uig,  '^.JraEory  and  DramAtlu  Art.  Pr*:?pat¥^  lenchers 
of  FJocrutJon^  Ut^.raf  ure  and  PhyHir^i  TrnJninir  Its 
studi*Dtfi<  mrnl  ^najiuat£4  Mwupy  prominent  FMisitiotiR  It) 
aU  ^KLJin  pif  thi'  wifrUL  Full  ttnii  npi:'Tis  Met-  S.  ULeuh 
trKtf'l  i'ii[.'kl^>irt.it  for  the  K^kirkj;^,  A(Mrt"?w 
Tb«  ivilstnr,  929  Temi>l«  Buildini,  rhllid«lpliJa 


Acailetnical  and  Preparatory^ 

BOTH  SEX£S. 


^t  l.-i^-*  * 


.  Ji-  -1^ 


ISM  rofjT-nALT.  tT!*«  (r?i&kriATSl>>, 

SWARTHMORE 

Preparatory  ScKool 

A.  cf>^c<iticational  school,  where  the  ptipll^  arc 

under   the    quiet  and   betic&cial    InHueuce    of 

F  rltn  tin .     Prepares  for  co  1 1  c-ge ,  tech  n  i  c jil  *c  hool^ 

or  bUfiine^sK     A  strong  faculty  insure*  the  best 

possible  education  for  each  atudctit.     Studcnis 

houiM^d  Udder  cottage  fystein-     Beautiful  locii* 

tlou  only  Half-hoQr  from  Philadelphia^  on  the 

Feniia,  R.  R.     Tultloti  and  board  ^x^'o  pter  year. 

Athletics  are  encott raged.    TVo -story  ^yntua* 

fiiuin    provides    si?FlmEuing'   pool,  base  ball 

caget  bowting^  alleys,  etc,    Well  laid  out 

atnletic   GeliT  and  rumiin^  track   a^otd 

spleodid    frtcilitirs    for  out-door   cparti^ 

S^ear  book:  sent  upon  request, 

iWIHUi  H.  fOtiLllitOi,  Piicim,  S«tniii«tit,  Fi. 


WILUAMSPORT  DICKINSON 


SEMINARY  ^'Lt''sc'i-ri'5-Jc7'or*rJI 

couriires,  |  f^:^i  per  ycsr.  Abso- 
lute] y  fin  eitras.  Conservatory  ailvatitfiKe*  lu  Vocal, 
Piano,  \'io^ in  Art  nnnl  Kxpre^kALou*  lleaitlifullocfl- 
Uoti,  Athlct ic*  under  tf (lined  directors.  BowUoff, 
Switniiiing  T'ooU  Two  (.■ymna.siutns*  Term  opeiut 
&cptfmbtf  tjth*    Write  for  catalogue   K  to 

WILUm  POmt  EVEtANH.  P«  0..  WtLlJtuitfMT.  Pt. 


American  Academy  of  Dramatic  Arts 

fKm  EMPIRE  THEATRE  DRAMATIC  SCHOOL 

FflANKLIN  H.  SARGENT.  Preftiitent 

A  pnicti^'al  trsininf?  srbrM>l  for  the  e^tiv??.  ronoect^ 
with  Mr.  C'liArl*.'^  FN>knittn'*i  Empire  Theatre  and  Com- 
prrnh'^.  Ff>r  oatftktgue  and  information,  apply  tc»  the 
J>cm^t(*r3\  Cartie^'ie  ItftU,  New  York  City* 


Pennington  Seminary  ITZ 

l^dJlwR  #*4]«fw,     CIj^^I'^aIi,  ISrxsnntic,  E-.iiirlL^ti,  ConLmGrct^l^  Dorncitic:'  S4ri4tni:«,  ^rj^rl  M  irrij.]] 
"JiMiUTi^  CounS.     Aft,    Eli-ytiiip,  Vi>:al  iP'J  Initrunicnt^l  Mysic,  inf lu-lijaif  Pij>^  Orifiri. 

fPiW  ij    rMjjL     TDtli    Sf^t/i^/fyn     Drpent    ^-^lA.    ijiU.      Teroilt    )|3.'pO,    JllliJ    Dn    f>}^tra'<. 


The  RcTfcw  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

BOTH  SEXES. 


ORATORY-MIND 

NCFF  COlrlrKGE^.  The  onir  school  of  Oratory 
posaeuine  a  complete,  identific  original  mind  development  course  as 
a  hasis  for  life  and  all  rocations.  and  for  its  courses  in  Oratory.  Elocu- 
tion. Lecturing,  Teaching  of  all  branches.  Authonhip  and  journal- 
ism, making  it  the  most  advanced  school  of  its  kind  in  America  or 
Europe.  This  new  system  abolishes  all  mechanical  and  artificial  pro- 
cesses in  teaching.  Results :  Enduring  health,  perfection  of 
naturalness  in  all  forms  of  expression,  and  greatly  increased  eiFective- 
ness  in  all  human  work.  The  mind  development  course  may  be 
taken  separately  to  graduation,  omitting  all  other  courses.  Special 
short  courses  in  mind  development  or  in  any  of  the  departments  for 
all  ages  and  all  lines  of  work.  Sixteenth  year  opens  October  1st. 
Diplofaias  and  Degrees.  Catalogs.  Personal  letter  on  request 
Home  Study  Courses. 

SILAS  S.  NEFF,  Ph.D.,  President  and  Founder 
WM  Lotf  AB  S««Ar«.  PBILADELPBU.  PA. 


EUROPE. 


Nkw  Hampsbirb,  Dorer,  Central  Avenue. 

The   Thompson-Baldasseroni    School 
'    of  Travel  for  Girls— 7th  Year. 

Whole  school  year  spent  abroad  In  study  and  travel.     Usual 
courses.    Sailing  Oct.  Ist.      Mas.  Waltke  W.  Scott,  Secretary. 

Feaiicb,  Paris. 

Cours  Dwight. 

Five  months'  residence  and  study  in  Paris ;  three  months' 
travel.    Highest  references.    Address 
Miss  L.  L.  CoiXMAN.  Dwlght  House,  Englewood,  N.  J. 
Mile.  Marie  JEAififKRKT,  8  Boulevard  Deiessert,  Paris,  France. 

BcRLix,  Oermany,  37  Lultpold  Strasse. 

Willard  School  for  Girls   gf^SiuVJf  "^&^. 

Foreign  travel.    College  Preparation.    School  party  sails  with 
chaperon  In  September.    For  circular,  address 

Miss  AUCB  H.  Luck,  Ph.D.  (Heidelberg). 
American  address,  40  Commonwealth  Avenue,  Boston,  Maas. 


Universities  and  Colleges. 

(CATHOLIC.) 


Mt  St.  Agnes 
College  for 

VOUNQ  WO/VIEN 


{ Sit  b  u  rfi»  nf  Iki  tt  S  m*-*rf.  > 

Cbuwlf^u^  Si-[«'Hilrto  add  C^mmu^TiTlaL  uuur«4Mi  for  Yoiit*« 

Wonuni.    J'rcjittriiirtry  c»ounf»  for  Olrla.    New  tixinniL^luiu- 

MT,   WASHINGTON   SEMINARY   FOR   BOYS 

SISTKUH    OF     MKttCY,     Mt,    >Viiiihln£lfin.    MtL 

{8teaiJi  and  trolley  curi*  trom  HAliiiwr*^.  i 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

(CATHOLIC.)    GIRLS. 


Mt.  De  Sales 

ACADEMY  OF  THE  VISITATION 

Catonsville  (near  Baltimore),  Md. 


Buildings  and  grounds  extensive  and 


Established  1859. 
attractive.    Situation  healUi!uL     Beautiful  view  of  Balti- 
more  hills,  river  and  bay.     Accessible  by  electric  cars. 
Thorough  work    in    English,   Science,    Music,    Art   and 
Languages.    Illustrated  catalogue  on  application. 


Universities  and  Colleges. 

(CATHOLIC.) 


Ml 


Batiafleft  tbe  pflroDtii ;  Inti^reeta  tike 
etudeut^SL,  nad 

MaKes  theWell-Rounded  Man 

[AN.  mind  and  j£i<»riLLtJ  rpcrive  h^t^  Crqual 
attentJoo,  The  nlm  1»  to  turn  out,  oo*  aa 
athlete  nor  a  scholar,  merely,  hiii  to  make  m  «^W- 
ro united  matt  The  honar  eyatem  In  dlfic*pHJ><?  pre- 
vails,  and  train Itig  [u  the 

ClaHlcs  ) 

ClTll  CiUliieeriai  (  i-*««« 

Camtt«rcJal  / 

Cathollpf^lLejfv  lutboCiuit  onciint  h^rb'fi-bi^:^  ts^.^iix^ntt. 
Ehf  L.inirw!iL  The  bufliHn«*  at*  new  m.n*\  lirp-,  m,ati  thi  rfljSpf'''^ 
ciimEitrlr.      Thr  ^rouoJi  arc  t^uciuul ;;  cy^^^^'^^^t  riq^lfj  tr>  ■ 

[LjiiJirtPF  riL^Irl, 

St.  Nicholas's  Academy  -;.v 

boys.  Is  situated  on  the  campus,  and  is  in  cKarxe  of  a  nwtr.' 
Stndf^  cataJc!Cit4  A. 

Rev.LLDelurey,D.D.,O.S.A. 

I  ^  ^  PrMldcBl  Q  ^  *■- 

VIUaaoTa,  Fa. 


M 


ST.  MARY'S  COLLEGE 

■nd  ACADEMY  Fof  Young  UKII«« 

Notre  Dame,  Ind.  ^"^o^d^CT^' 


UiIh  Institution  Tor  ymm^  IfkLlJe^  In  t^ifl:i  Umf 

iK'sLefjuipfjed  sch<:M>!H  in  tiie  cotiutry  and  <  'ttr 

tvnmlkmal  rfmjtiitloii  for  givlnir  tUe  t>est  E  .i»- 

tnl,  narmil  bthi  physlcfld  trainJnjC  to  (is  fltiiilf.-jiLi.  C«{]<>- 
q^atc,  Acadernic  ang]  PreparatoryCouriei.  DEGREES  COi|- 
FERRED^  E?[C€ptioDal  adi^aiitAjre.^  in  Music.  Art  mx^l 
Ekjttic^tJc  Science*  A  fin?  OytnnftsJnm  fnir  Fhywki^ 
rulturt'.  ATJEiual  oihlhltfonft  of  indcKtr  aUiU^irs  — 
nnij  Lt.  1 1  r  thtJit  rlciU*!— <*rtf  :*tle  tUneing.  Id«a]  luiil  hc!«ii^* 
1^^-uti'i^u  on  un  oniirience  orerlDoldng  %hm  tiliiavv 
St.  Joss*3jih  River.     College  groti»ck  gcuuIi"' 

acrea^      iiejiiitifiil     Km^     walks  ^oiitdoof     ,. 

H  rcL  ery — 1 1  'I  t  n  is* — t^k  at  I II E — n  i  w  ( II  j,M*tc.    Two  mfliv 
I  if  S<mth  B^url.     Modrrti  bulldjnei.  ^-^th  di 
HUd  i^irivatfl  nxuns.  hedte^  hy  »t*Bm»  wtth  Jwt 
wtt«:  throughout.     F^jT  tli ustmtOfl  cat«lojrtx(^ 
In  if  flPtaHt^I  tnftirmatikin  rp-^^aniJise  tU'-sii^  cmii 
<Iifff  ri^nt  dfpartmi.'^ntti  nnd  t»thcr  iiifortiiatiotk,  ad^ 
THE  DIRECTRESS.  Box  M,       ^      No&p  Dbam, 

('^□■iMftM  hj  IhnFil^TKIiH    nf  Tlim  KlILT  mOfli 


Pieaae  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  adoertltera 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Difectory 


Musical  Colleges. 


Musical  Colleges. 


Chicago  Musical  College 


Dr.F.Zi«ftU.Pi«. 


Fiwiiimr, 


BmL,  Ckicag*. 
(VaoiBg  the  Lake  Front  Perk) 

ALL  BRANCHES  OF  MUSIC 

SCHOOL  OF  /ICTING- OPERA -SCHOOL  OF  EXPRESSION  -  MODERN   LANGUAGES. 

No  aohool  of  Its  kind  offers  •uoli  comprohonslvo  •dvantaoos* 
Has  tho  otronosst  Faoulty  ovor  assamblod  In  a  Collooo  of 
Musical  Lsartilno- 

ImMtUgoHom  wtU  dcMonefrote  the  ampertoHty  ttf  tkU  IngtOutUm. 

42nd  SEASON  BEGINS  SEPTEMBER  9 

Catalog  gNing  full  infformalion  mailed  free  upon  application. 

^r^NOTE-Appllcatloiie  for  tbe  45  Free  and  150  Partial  ai*K^*— fcip^  ,|^  f^ 
received  until  Ancnet  31. 


Bush  Tsmpis  Cansarvatsry 

Nortli  Clark  St.  and  Chicago  Ave..  Chicago. 
K«aetk  M.  Brailey,  Director.  The  Lcadlno  Sdiool  of 

Mnsio,  Opera,   Dramatlo 
Art  and  I^anrvuuree. 
All  Branches  of 

MUSIC 

SCHOOL  OF  ACTING 

offen  the  ttudents  pncdnl  stare 
tnininr  and  ^bUc  appearancet. 
'      SCHOOL  OF  OPERA 

inclndcfl  Rebeanali.  Stare  Boaineaa. 
Dandnr.  Siebt  Readinr.  Modern 
La nrvaret  and  Public  Appeara nccs. 
<0  Teacben  of  I  nterKatlonal  repotation  in  aU  departments.     1  $0  free 
and  partial  scbolarsbips.     Fall  term  berlns  Sept.  9. 

When  writinr  for  free  Catalorne  please  state  in  which  branch  of 
study  yoQ  are  interested.      Address  R.  R.  SCHMIDT,  ^retary. 


Thel 


1  Temple  Conservatory  uses  the  Bush  &  Gertz  Piaoos. 


NewYorkCollegeof  Music 

128. 130  East  58tk  St..  New  York 

Directors:  — Carl    HEIN,    AUGUST    FRAEMCKE. 

Thorough  instruction  in  all  branches  of 
music  by  30  eminent  instructors. 
Send  for  Catalogae,  DepL  B. 


^NewLnglaiid  ^ 
Conservatory 

1^    OF  MUSIC  , I 

ItU.  lepl.  1%  1M1 

BOSTON*  Mass. 

OBOSOE  W.  CHADWIOK*  IMveetMv 

To  be  a  ttndent  here  is  to  enjoy  priTlleges  in  a 
musical  education  that  are  within  the  reach  of 
no  other  school  in  this  country. 
•  Situated  In  Boston,  the  acknowledged  music 
center  of  America,  it  affords  pupils  the  environ- 
ment and  atmosphere  so  necessary  to  a  musical 
education. 

Reciprocal  relations  established  with  Harvard 
University  afibnl  pupils  special  advantages  for 
literary  study. 

Every  department  under  tpeeial  maeterM. 

Class  or  private  instruction. 

Pianoforte,  Organ,  Orchestral  Instruments  and 
Vocal  Music  Courses  are  supplemented  by  such 
other  branches  as  Composition,  History  of  Mtuic. 
Theory,  Literature,  Diction,  Choir  Training, 
Plainsong  Accompaniment.  Practical  Piano- 
forte Tuning  Course  in  one  year.  The  Normal  De- 
partment trainsfor  intellisent  and  practicalteach- 
ing  in  conformity  wit!i  Conservatory  Methods. 

The  privileges  of  lectures,  concerts  and  recitals, 
the  opportunities  of  ensemble  practice  and  ap- 
pearing before  audiences  and  the  daily  associa- 
tions are  invaluable  advantages  to  the  music 
student.  Graduates  are  much  In  demand  as 
teachers  and  musicians. 

A  number  offiret  violin  tchotarships  tnaUakUf»r  VjOt* 
RALPH  L,  FLANDERS,  Manager, 


CINCINNATI   CONSERVATORY  of  MUSIC,    estarlishio  i867 

Miss  Clara  Baur.        Pii-ectress. 


InjvtrucLs  Unn^  arc!  t>1iit;itei  sfier  the  best  mctbods  of  Fore- 
wnofit  European  Confterv*ti>riea,  The  faculty  tiLiEitbcrK  iLiiuc 
of  t}]c  Loidlng  MUEiLciati^  ^ei<1  Artists  of  today . 

ELOCUTION         WCtJSiC         LANOUAQES 
IjOCaUon    Id^l    with    rf->^t':i:t   tc*    hi:'mi^    com  fort    ah  J    1ujtur^ciu% 
!<L]rnn]ni]l!3^iit»    The  i»d&t  coiii|il et ely  equipped]  buttdinf^  (fe- 
vote-d  to  muiEc  In  America.    Day  and  rcslJent  students  ntmy 
enterat  any  time,    llUi^cratcHj  i,  ai;iL.>L:uc  Fl^EB* 

MISS  CLARA  BAUR 
HIifhTand  Ave.,  Oak  St.  and  Uurnet  Ave,,  Cincinnati  O. 


Fleaae  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  advertisera 
39 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Home  Study   Courses 


Our  school  offers  an  ox>portu- 
nity  to  study  at  home  under  the 
personal  instruction  o/  leading 
gro/ettor*  in  our  grtat  colleges. 


M  la  Aoa^Mnlo  mtf  Pr*MrMory, 
Agrloultural,  OomoMralal,  lltonMl 
■nd  OomoMa  Sohool  braaolM*. 

Our  tuition  rates  are  so  low 
that  no  one  need  be  kept  from 
enrollinsr  with  us  on  the  ^rround 
of  expense. 

Writ*  tMtay  f  sp  ■  fTM  Mpy  •!  eiir 
TME  WWE  CWHEtPWDEWt  tCWOl,  Dspf.  26,     tpriitfUtd.  ■■••. 


HVBBOK^ 


Qtckson   Me 


"BOW   TO    REMEMBER'' 


StopForgerfing 


Von  are  no  sreater  f ntellectually  th&n 
your  memor y «  E^iy ,  i  n  r  i  r«  n »  l  ro .  i  nc  r*  &i«a 

buii^ueiA  ilfltmitii^  itudlei,  CH>ni«riA4loQ j  df^rlt^tt will, 

niorj'  School    755  The   Auditorium.   ChiCHtf* 


STUDY 

LAW 


High-firadt 
Instruction   by 
Corrospondonoo 

Bitihlifhed  1892 


BoflnefM  Law. 


leffi 
Improved 


PreiMiree  for  the  bar  of  any 
State.    Three  Ooaraea:  Oof. 


-.  Post  -  Oradaate   and 
method  of  inatraotion. 


oombinins  theory  and  practice. 

One  atndent  writes :  I  have  learned  more  law 
In  three  months  under  yoor  instmction  than  I 
learned  in  six  months  in  a  law  office." 

APPBOTEO  BT  BENCH  AND  BAR 

C1m0m  begin  each  month.  Uniform  rate  of  tuition.  Send 
for  our  4S-pae«  caUlosue,  in  which  we  rive  a  ajnopais  of 
the  rules  for  admlaeion  to  the  bar  of  the  eeveral  States. 

Chicago  Correspondence  School  of  Law 
Reaper  Biook«  Ohioaso 

Learri  Watch  H^epairing 

Dfl  1  WAtuhmiik er — ^c^ucjd  \e^T^  Ih k profl t^l^Je tmic 
bjf  coTrrr5p*'iD<lMifc  in  a  l^fm  wv«kl  ^n  yaMf  4J*fl  htmie 
|jy  Kj*  IlrSclhUi  Ch-irl  Sy&mn.  AftiT  yuU 'Cotnplct^ 
tile  cuunr  yuu  wLU  Jtno*  d  *\\0\  irofn  A  to  ?,  TTnu 
w^  fcllQW  Jufi  wh<iC  the  m&ltcr  \\  a,nd  hOfF  \&  rrpatr 
ubic^  When  yon  ^raiJliiir?  ycfU  wCU  tw  a  practiiCiil 
Wateliinileet  And  rpuijlrcr  bad  cuintjirtrftt  td  fill  anr 
fn^UnL    pD9lt|y|ii  i;ir  ^lur  Erai.htiitEi.    A  sic  Ihr  0;^^ 

THF   r»nF4F:i.n«N(    w^atth    MFicMHi 

9M  frrry  H<,,  Attkn.  Iniljrinri 


INTO 
MONEY 


TURN  STORIES 

We  sell  stories,  pUys,  and  book  MSS.  on  commission.  We 
read,  criticize,  and  revise  all  kinds  of  MSS.,  and  advise  the 
authors  where  to  sell  them.  We  teach  Stery-Wrltlntf  and 
Jevrnellsm  by  maU.  Our  students  sell  their  MSS.  for  one 
to  fli^  cents  a  word.  Send  for  free  booklet.  "  Wrltlni  for 
S5?/"  '.*'  i^i^^lL  *^^  ^^®«  ^e  proof.  Thornton  Wi 
Editor-in-Chief.    Poimded  1896. 

11A  J^?5  S^F®^^^    PRESS   ASSOCIATION 

116  The  Baldwin  Indlonapolla,  Ind.       | 


VBSTf 


HOME 
STUDY 

Forty  cottma  of  study 

Northwestern  University  nj^^^^y  p  ^  p  ^  r tmeati. 
We  have  been  affiliated  with  Northwestcsm  Univer^ 
since  1900;  graduates  in  our  advanced  course  may  re- 
ceive university  entrance  credits  without  eaauniaatian: 
instruction  also  in  lower  grades  of  work.  We  offer  four 
annual  $100  scholarships  In  the  Univeral^  for  ~ 
done  in  our  correspondence  courses,  uurt 
coUege  graduates  "ndth  sucoessf  ul  teecfain^ 
Inqmries  invited. 

INTBRSTATB  SCHOOL  OP  CORRESPONDB^CE 
398  WABASH  AVB.         ....  CHKAQO 


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schools  and  colleges  furnished  without  charge. 
^t/ll* ^nd  of  school.  \         American  School  *  Cotlese  ' 
362-41  Park  Ror-   ~   "     —   -«.«« -«^.^ — - 


:  Row,  N,  Y.,  or,  1062  Trtbiuie  BAdc* 


tes 


We  can  make  special  rates  this  year  to  a  limited  number  of  Si 
schools  and coUesres.   liberal  imwlwiaa  C*  teaehara  aa4l  ■  ... 

as  Btmiti*     Information  i^xHit  any  school  fercew     Write  todar  k«  IbII  vvm- 
^cular^^jrtMjW^ljhoj^gjjjJitJJjgfcr"--  — ^  '— .-      ^ 


BE   AN    ILLUSTRATOR 

Learn  to  draw  for  newspaprrs  and  ina«aaBe&. 
We  will  teach  you  by  correspondence.  Tfee 
oldest  and  most  thorough  school  in  the  vocld. 
Catalog  sent  free. 

SCHOOL    OF    ILLUSmATION 

Founded  by  F.  Holme.  Svyc  ISL 


UW 


Philip  T.  Van  Zile  Dean.      WllIuSi 


TBI  DETROIT  COLLEGE  OF  LAW 

prepares  for  the  bar  in  all  s«ate^  Oovrw 
leadsto  the  degree  of  LL.  aLIb^rT^S 
vols.  8tiidantBma7witn68s20cxMirtaiad&lJy 
aeaaion.    Oar  ■aplonentBuvMBai^aeif^nl 

H.  WMlMtbM.  TriMiuu. 


VENTRILOQUISM 

LEARNED  BY  ANY  MAN  OR  BOY  AT  HOMS. 
Small  cost.    Send  to-day  a-cent  stamp  for  parUcolarB  and  piv^ 
O.  A.  SMITH.  BosMjfl,  2040Knoxvme  Ave,.  PEORIA,  iUL 

l25to$35aWeekforWeBei 

ORK  quickly  and  easOy  teamed;  teiiicd.  — >i»^^,  cd» 
,-.     ca"X«:  special  employment  contract.    Write  lor  kcv  bock - 

BEADKRS'  ASS'li.  US  The  BaMwIa,  Iadlaa«9«lK  tea. 


61  Court  fltreet 


We  carefuDy  examine  MS.  copy  (25.000  « 
the  minimum),   no  charxe.      II 
manufacture  to  CLOTH  BOmV  Muw^i. 
Is  invested  on  issue,  martcetiag  aad  < 
stratlnff  in  Al  style  and  gts-ap. 


PITBLISHBB. 


EARN  VACATION 
MONEY 


StadeotsI  Teachers!  Every  bodjri 

You  can  make  your  summer  vacation  profitable, 
as  weU  as  enjoyable,  taking  orders  for  Rxvrxw 
OF  Revixwb  with  our  popular  "  Library  of  Axner- 
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A  new  proposition— it  s«//s— commissiona  libermL 
Particulars  free. '  Write  at  once. 

the  Review  of  Reviews  Co. 


»oem40l.  13  Aster  Place, 


NCIMT  YO 


P/eaas  mention  the  Review  of  Reutema  when  writing  to  aaoerUaua 
40 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


OVERNIENT 

POSITIONS 
41,877 

APPOINTBiENTS 

were  made  to  Ciril  Service 
places  during  the  past  year. 
Excellent  chances  for  appointment 
thi$  jew.  No  influence  of  any  kind 
ii'i^iufred.  Only  a  common  school 
t'iiji.^ition  is  necessary.  These  are 
t-ni^'H] lent  positions  for  youno  people. 
l-or  10  vears  we  have  made  a  spe- 
viAltv  it(  training  people  by  mall  for 
1  ht^st.'  i'xaminations,  and  so  succesa- 
Ttii  have  we  been  that  thousands 
nbrHR.  we  have  instructed  are  now 
in  ttie  Oovemment  Service  at  sal- 
ad t^s  from  $840  to  $1,400  per  year. 

u^r  Civil  Service  announcements 
euQt^in  letters  from  about  600  per- 
sons who  state  that  they  owe  tneir 
posmons  to  our  course  of  training. 
I>Q  ti<:>t  attempt  any  Government  ex- 
amination without  seeing  our  Civil 
Service  announcement  containing 
da.t4^s,  salaries  paid,  places  for  hold- 
it:  g^  tb,e  examinations,  and  questions 
recently  used  by  the  Civil  Service 
ComoiiMion. 

Wc  also  have  the  following  de- 
partments which  give  excellent 
curses :  Law,  Normal,  Stsnoaraphy,  Bookkeeping  and  Busl- 
ess.  Literature  and  Journalism,  Penmansnip  and  Letter 
frHing.  Afrlculture,  Horticulture,  Dairying  and  Animal 
Mlustn. 

The  Law  Department  Is  in  charge  of  Hon.  Chas.  A.  Ray, 
x-Chlef  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana. 
Write  at  once  for  one  of  our  catalogues.    It  will  be 
snt  tree. 

COLUMBIAN   CORRESPONDENCE  COLLEGE 
WMldnotoii,  ILC 


ELECTRICITY 

Tbe  Bliss  Electrical  School  is  the  oldest  and  best  school 
I  the  world  teaching  Ei^ectricttt  exclusively.  Theoretical 
Dd  pracdcal  coarse  complete 

IIV  OnriS  YEAR 

ndeiitsacliiall7COiistnictI>yiiamo«,Motors,electricalin8trn- 
ents,etc.Graduatc8ho1dgoodpositioasthrougboattheworld. 
fUenih  year  opens  September  25.  Catalogue  on  request  to 
\%»  Ele«trie»i  8ehoel.  223  Q  8t.  N.  W.,  Waihififlteii.  D.  C. 


FRENCfl,  GERMAN 
SPANISH  orlTALUN 


To  Speak  it,  to  understand  it, 
tij  read  it,  to  write  It,  there  Is 
itidt  one  best  way. 


Tou   must  bear  It 

spoken  correctly, 
over  and  over,tlll  your 
ear  knows  It. 

You  must  see  It 
printed  correctly  till 
your  eye  knows  It. 

You  must  talk  it  and 
write  It. 

All  this  can  be  done 
best  by  the 


LANGUAGE-PHONE 
METHOD 

'^'^  ttoseothal's  Practical  Ungiistry 

With  this  method  you  buy  a  professor  outright.  You  own 
him.  He  speaks  as  you  choose,  slowly  or  quickly ;  when  you 
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Any  one  can  learn  a  foreign  language  who  hears  it  spoken 
often  enough ;  and  by  this  .method  you  can  hear  it  as  often 
as  you  like. 

The  method  has  been  recommended  by  well-known  mem- 
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Stnd  far  booklet,  explanatory  iiterature,  and  facsimile  letters 
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THB  LANQUAQB-PHONB  METHOD 
826  MetropoUs  BIdg.,  Broadway  and  16th  St..  N.  Y. 


.00 


IF  YOU  EARN  LESS 

I  cin  DOUBLE  your  Salary  or  Income 

\yy  tcJchEiiE  ytJU  he*  (a  *rllc  caTcTiy^  ilitr lliti^tit 

1^  [Jkl-  [inlv  Citif  Id  f  listener  that  h^^  1h«  ^tArt> 
LnJiirlv^iirat  ol  [he  CfT»t  upmn^  and  puUllihrn 
And  I  ini  4iixlbti4  ?{■  HQil  B9r  Vt^A^*\.K\^,  (%» 
HcUirr  *ith  Uie  muvl  FVtitSTlubl«  UcSitriilE  's^^xA 
t-Si-tr  ifirni  In  t^^  liJ».tr>Ttr  ot  curr'tfipu'Dt j iem:t  is,' 

lum  lu  rarn  bniih  f^LS  xa  tto{i  .-j  wrclt. 

OBOeOR  H.  POWELL 

I  531  Metrnroilttiri  Anocs*  New  York 


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1 

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IN  THE  REAL  ESTATE  BUSINESS         1 

1      1 
book] 

V 

M 

1      Wi»  will  fceacti  ymi  by  iimll  Hin  Rt't!  r>Tat(>.  n-'Tifnil  Pimki^nif:!'.  juhI   tn^tirriniHi       ■ 

■  SPECIAL  REPRESENTATIVE  ■■ 

f  tbe  oldest  and  largest  co-operative  real  entate  and  brokerage  company  In  America.  Representatives  are  making  $8,000  to  $10,00 
year  wtthoat  any  Investment  of  capital.  Excellent  opportunities  open  to  TOU.  By  our  system  you  can  make  money  In  a  few 
eeks  wHboat  Interfering  with  your  present  occupation.  Our  co-opemtlve  department  will  irlve  you  more  choice,  salable  property 
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FHE:  cross  COMPANY,  714  Reaper  BlocK-  CKicai^o.  111. 

The  original  real  estate  coK>peratlve  company— no  connection  wito  any  other  ooncer 
P/eoM  mention  the  fteolew  of  Reolewa  when  writing  to  ai/vertlssn 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Section 


From  Fourth  to  Fourth 
the  whole  3rear  round 
S^v^ifts  Products  are 
US.  Insuetted^d  Passed 


THE  YEAR 'AROUND  MEATS 

Swift's  Premium  Hams  and  Bacon  certainly  taste  good  during 
the  hot  Summer  months.  For  the  '* Fourth''  Swift's  Premium 
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frkni  cnsp  and  brown,  then  used  for  club  sandwiches,  make  a 
luncheon  both  appetizing  and  delicious.  Be  sure  your  dealer  gives 
you  Swift's  PREMIUM —uniformly  good  for  any  meat  of  the  day 
throuirhout  the  year.  Swift  CEi  Company,  U.  S.  A, 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising:  Section 


Lord  &  Taylor 


Wholesale  Distributors 


"ONYX"  Jf^S    Hosiery 


Look  for  this  Trade  Mark  stamped  on  every  pair 

This  excellent  brand  of  Hosiery  has  achieved  its  splendid 
success  entirely  through  qtiality.  It  has  fulfilled  every  claim 
made  for  it.  We  want  the  public  to  learn  and  know  this  brand 
so  well  that  the  moment  a  question  of  Hosiery  arises  they  will 
say  instinctively,  **  *Onyx'  HOSIERY  IS  THE  BEST." 

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of  **Onyx"  Hosiery  advertised  with  implicit  confidence.  Re- 
member also  that  you  can  get  any  Hosiery  requirement  for  Men, 
Women  or  Children  in  the  **Onyx"  Brand. 

For  Women 

310/13.    Black  gauze,  four  thread  lisle,  superior  quality,  wear  resisting.     50c.  a  pair. 
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spliced  heel.     50c.  a  pair. 

Look  Like  Silk — Feel  Like  Silk — 
Wear  Better  Than  Silk 


For  Men 

E/310.  Black  and  colored  lisle,  six  thread  heel  and  toe,  four  threads  all  over ; 
known  to  all  men  as  **  the  best  I  ever  wore."  The  only  lisle  Hose  that  will  not  burn  nor 
is  harsh  to  the  feet.     50c.  a  pair. 

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silky  hose,  very  desirable.     50c.  a  pair. 

If  you  cannot  procure  at  your  dealers*,  write  to  Dept.  X.  We  will  direct  you  to 
nearest  dealer,  or  w^ill  mail  postpaid,  on  receipt  of  price,  a  pair  of  either  style. 


Broadway  New  Tork 


Please  mention  the  Reuleuf  of  Reulewa  when  writing  to  adoertlaers 
43 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Adveftising  Secticm 


Pears*  Soap  i5  good  for  boys  and  everyone— It 
removes  the  dirt,  but  not  the  cuticle— Pears' 
keeps  the  skin  soft  and  prevents  the  roughness 
often  caused  by  wind  and  weather— constant 
use  proves  it  *\MalchIess  for  the  complexion*' 


<^f    ^ti.    ^vt~\Tt»   :!^%^^P$   PE\KS*    OTTO  OF   ROSE   IS  THE   BEST. 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising  Secdoa 


•^Mort  Pateinatme  Than  Go^" 


This  Summer,  Join  the  Great  and 
Growing  Army  of  "PIANOLISTS" 


YOU  will  never  know  the  real  fascination  that 
the  Pianola  exerts  until  you  become  the  owner 
of  one  of  these  marvellous  instruments  yourself. 
Everybody  enjoys  a  good  concert  or  listening  to 
the  performance  of  a  fine  pianist. 

Bui  that  is  only  half  the  pleasure 
to  be  derived  from  music. 

It  is  when  you  play ^  yourself  selecting  your  own 
pieces,  putting  your  own  expression^  and  your  own 
individuality  into  the  playing,  that  you  begin  to 
realize  what  music  really  can  mean  to  you* 

In  homes  where  there  is  the  Pianola,  every  mem- 
ber of  the  family  dan  play  the  piano — not  as  the 
result  of  long,  fatiguing  practice,  but  with  immediate 
pleasure,  and  with  a  degree  of  skill  (thanks  to  the  ex- 
clusive expression  devices  of  the  Pianola)  that  wins 
applause  even  from  the  professional  musician. 

THE  AEOLIAN  CO^  Aeolian  HaU 

3d2  Fifth  ATenae,  New  York 


Among  the  man^  piano-playtnf  liistni> 
ments,  the  Pianola  is  everywhere  conceded 
to  hold  highest  place,  both  on  the  ground  of 
its  mMsictu,  and  of  its  MrrAofMro/ superiority. 

Tlie  public  preference  is  shown  by  the 
fact  that  the  Pianola's  saUs  art  larger  than 
thou  of  ail  otkgr  Pia$ta^y*rs  comSmnl. 

The  musician's  preference  is  indicated  by 
their  written  statements,  practically  all  of 
the  great  musical  authorities  of  the  world 
having  endorsed  the  Pianola  to  the  exclusion 
-  of  any  other  instrument.  Some  even  go 
so  far  as  to  assert  that  they  would  not 

?' ve  serious  consideration  to  any  other 
iano-player. 

Th«  THEMODIST  aiid  ^m    .  _ 

METROSTYLE.  tb«  UtMt  /  The 

improTementa  in  Um  Pla-    /     ^        „ 

J*^  i'*'^^  1*  diatfnctiy  /     Aeolian 

IB  a  claas  of  its  own.         /       ^ 
Yet  the  Pianola  is  not    /         CompanV 


362  Fifth  ATenua 
Naw  York 


diflkult  to  purchase. 
Under  our  easy  pay- 
ment plan,  the  ex- 
pense is  so  slight 
as  hardly  to  be 

lend^^IToJrV^    SendCaUlogManddetaiUof 
the  full    /     y**"*"  "*-'^  purchase  plan  to 


Name- 


Street  and  No. - 


P/M«e  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  advertise. 
45 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisinsf  Section 


1 


THE  MORE  SHEER 
the  Fabric — the  more  DELI- 
CATE the  Colors — the  more 
NECESSARY  the   use  o( 

PEARLINE 

Soap  Powder  {di  Washing, 
PEARLINE  is  absolutely 
HARMLESS  and  doe*  tlie 
work  withoul  rubbiog, 

BEGIN  this  season  by 
Washing  everything  and 
especially  your  FINE  ihing& 
with  PEARLINE  and 
see  how  much  BETTER 
THEY  LOOK  and 


m 


uch  Longer  They  Last 


VITALIZED  PHOSPHITES 


FEELING    WARM? 

No  dottbc  of  it  if  yoa  are  wearinr  tJght'fitting 
I<00813   KIXXIIVO 


NERVE 
TONIC 


Is  not  a  patent  medicine.  It  is  an  essential 
food  that  supplies  to  the  busy,  active  brain  and 
nerves  the  needed  elements  to  maintain  the  nor- 
mal nerve  force  and  vital  energy  of  the  brain,  and 
prevent^  as  well  as  relieve,  the  depression  from 
nervous  strain  and  mental  overwork.  It  is  of 
special  value  for  the  relief  of  nervous  debility, 
and  to  all  classes  engaged  in  mental  and 
physical  work. 

Viulized  PhcHphites  is  a  Brain  Nutrient,  not  a  stimulant.    It  does  not 
contain  any  opiate  or  injurious  drufp'— Fomiula  on  each  package. 
r>«criptlve  pamphlet  free. 
If  not  found  at  Drugifists.  sent  by  mail.  fl.OO. 

M  W.  25th  ST. 

NEW  YORK  cmr 


-'i?^6 


CROSBY'S  COLD  AND  CATARRH  CURE 

The  best  remedy  known  for  cold  in  the  head,  sore  throat  and  influenza. 
It  dt>fs  not  conUin  cocaine,  morphine  nor  narcotic  of  any  description. 
By  mail  50  cents.     H«*ware  of  aulMtltuteft. 


B.V.D. 


Trade  Mark,    RtgUUrtd  U,  S.  Paiemt  Ojfict. 

Coat  Cit  DUersfcirls 

=====  and  == 

Koee  Leigth  Drawen 


because  they  allow  perfect  £rM- 
doin  of  inotioa  and  iMcmii 
refreshing:  air  to  reach  die  pora^ 

soc^t  $i.oo  mnd  #x.jo 
a  garmoat. 

You  Can't  Get  B.  V.  D. 
Srtbraction 

if  you  let  vour  dealer  sell  yoa 
poorly  made,  acaotily  cut,  iQ> 
nttinir  imitations. 

Insist  upoo  seetaff  oa  every  i,  ■  an  ■' 
you  purchase,  the  A.  V.  D.  r>^. 
woven  labd  which  conaits  ol  i&frr 
white  letters  B.  V.  D.  oa  a  red  mtrm 
backgrouiid.  It  Insures  you  a  o*- 
rectir  cut.  pettect  fitOm^,  «eU-»*lr 
undercarment.  Do  not 
Aaa»9t  ■•**)««  m  vm4.» 

UIOK   FOB   TWM  B.  ▼.  B 
WOVMLABBL    ITB  TOn 

AXTSB  or  Jkixm, 

If  yoor  dealer  wW  not  set  E.  V. 
Uod«Twear  for  yoa.  vrlie  «a. 
Illustrated  MTea-colar  bookJcc 


e.a 


ERLANOBR  BROnTHGRS. 
New  Y«riiGlly. 


Please  mention  the  Reoleuf  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  aduerttaera 
46 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Adyertisins:  Section 


THE  GOAL 

IS  easily  attained  if  you  have  endurance,  steady  nerves,  precision  of 
movement  and  a  clear  brain.  These  depend  on  the  kind  of  food 
you  eat; 

Grape-Nuts 

covers  the  entire  field.  Made  of  wheat  and  barley,  including  the 
Phosphate  of  Potash  Nature  places  under  the  outer  coat  of  these 
grains  (wasted  by  the  White  F^lour  Miller)  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
building worn-out  and  devitalized  nerve  and  brain  cells. 

They  go  pretty  .rapidly  in  a  long,  hard  game,  but  are  quickly 
replaced  by  new  cells  when  Grape-Nuts  is  used — chewed  dry,  or 
with  cream. 

••There's  a  Reason** 

Made  by  the  Postum  Cereal  G>.,  Ltd.,  Battle  Creek,  Mich.,  U*  S*  A* 

Please  mention  the  Revieiv  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  advertisers 
47 


The  Review  of  Reviews — Advertising:  Section 


BJBI     Junior 


Gramophone 
$10 


other 
Victors 

$22,  $30,  $40,  $50,  i 
$60,  $100 


All  this  and  more  is  yours  on 
the  $10  Victor. 

A  good  way  to  find  out  at 
small  cost  what  a  lot  of  good 
music  the  Victor  brings  to  your 
home* 

See  the  Victor  at  leading 
Music  Stores  and  Talking 
Machine  Dealers. 

An  unique  children's  booklet 
illustrated  in  colors  free  to  all 

Victor  Talking  Machine  Co  Camden  N  J;U  S  A 

lerfltncf  GfamOphorvt  Co  M&ntJ'i'Al  Ci»ntidi4n  Di%lribklftf« 


FUl  out— cut  off— oiAll  to-diiy, 
Vlctar  Til J king  M»clilav  Co. 

f  ]fn\.-  ■send  me  V f k to*  C* *atofi-u<f  ci<  M*-  liiiinl 

Name .,,,,»..,, 

Klrcct  .    .    , ♦    , 

Triwn      *    .    .    H    t    .    .    »    .   ■ 

S»{C r        .         . 


.  ^^1 


Throughout  all  Amcrka,  the  iSlh  of  each  month  h  ibe  Simuitojietius  Opcuing  tlay  for  the  m^|«  ©f  jgev  V^^tat 
lectirUi  uf  the  tuonth  ftilluwiinj, 

43 


J 


Tfac  Review  of  Reviews— Advcrtislngf  Section 


The  Trio  from  Faust 


DAI_MORES 


PLAhtCON 


The  Immortal  Prison  Scene 

From  Gounod's  ^* Faust'' 
By  Emma  Eames»  Dalmores  and  Plancon 

Other  notable  concerted  numbers  which  have  just  been 
issued  by  the  Victor  Company : 

BoHcwie  (Puccini)  O  soave  Fane  Jul  la  -  -  -  By  Melba  and  Caruso.  iio.i,sion-»s 
Boheme  (Puccini)  Ah,  Mimi,  tu  piu  -  -  -  -  By  Caruso  and  Scotti.  No  »9*o«-84 
Mad^ma  Butterfly  (Puccini)  Duct  of  the  Flowers  -  By  Farrar  and  Homer,  «o.  i|i«J  ^4 
Pescaton  di  Perte  fBi^etf  Del  lempio  al  limitar  -  By  Caruso  and  Ancona,  ^**  i9<»7-«* 
puritant  (BelUnliSuoni  la  tromba   -         -  -  By  Ancona  and  Journet,  No.w5«--i3 

CarfTicn  \  Bizet>  Jc  suis  Escamillo      -  -  By  Dalmores  and  Journct*  No  15114  <3 

Faust  (Gounod  >  Duet  Act  I     -        -        -        -   By  Dalmores  and  Journet.  nhsshj-s^j 
Rieolelto  Quartet  -         -         By  Caruso.  Abott,  Homer  and  Scotti,  «»  a&ow-i 

On  sale  NOW  at  all  leading  music-stores  and  talking  machine  dealcr^^ 


Victor  Talking  Machine  Co 

Camden  N  J,  U  s  a 


TTixo«ehoiH  all  Antrricfl,  the  zSih  of  eacb  monlh  is  tlic  SimuUaneous  Opening  day  for  the  sale  i^f  uew  Victor 
i(rt«ra*  of   the  tnanlh  foll^jwinE.  ^^^^^^^^^^_^^^^^^_^^^^^^_^ 


ffe^M  menttoft  the  Heoi^m  0/  ftfvttfWA  when  writing  r»  anverttsen 
49 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Section 


l^s  of  an  kinds 
Gummed  Labels 

and  Seals 
Priee  Tickets 

Folding 

Pin  Tickets 

Consecndve 

Numbers  and 

Alphabets 

AiUiesives 

Etc.,  Etc 


Dennison 
watchword;    and  the 
progressive    spirit   which 
characterizes    the    Dennison 
Manufacturing  Company  is  re- 
sponsible for  the   many  business 
devices  of  practical  utility  Dennison  is 
all  the  time  producing*  No  matter  what 
your  business,  there  is  some  little  thing 
you  need  every  day  of  Dennison  manu- 
facture— Tags,  Gummed  Labels  or  Seals, 
Price  Tickets,   Coin  Wrappers,  Bill  Straps, 
Paper  Fasteners,  Clips,  Sealing  Wax,  Adhesives. 

Ask  Your  Dealer  For 


Lit* 


.<5 


Business  Cohvenienees 

— ^his  line  of   proved   necessities  will  demonstrate  the 
value  of  the  Dennison  line  in  relation  to  ysur  business. 


Keep  a  Tube  on  Your  Desk 
Glue,  Paste  and  Hncilage  in  Patent  Pin  Tnlies 

Then  when  yon  want  to  stick  anvthinflr  yaw  hnve  the  Uestt 
adhesive^  in  the  world  ready  for  instant  ust.  Pull  out  tTi c 
pin,  squeeze  out  what  you  need  and  put  buck  the  pin. 
That's  all.  No  brush  required,  no  waste,  no  muss.  The 
Patent  Pin  Tubes  keep  the  contents  swee(  aoii  fresh  for  ■ 
^neration  if  nece;u$ary.  Keepatube  han<ly.  toc  at  d^nler;^. 
Sample  tubt  of  Glut  seal  to  any  address  for  2c  to  covtr  ptuf^gt. 


Address  Dept.  '*23"  at  our  nearest  store 


^gCSiw-ti^^^^V^ 


The  Review  of  Reviews — Advertisins:  Section 


INITIATIVi: 

The  singular  distinction  that  lifts  the  Steinway  to  an  international 
and  commanding  position  among  pianos  is  due  to  the  power  of 
Sleinway  initiative. 

The  Steinways  have  been  for  four  generations*  and  are  to-day, 
initiators  and  originators — never  imitators  and  followers.  The 
various  inventions  and  innovations  that  have  made  the  Stdnway 
G>ncert  Grand  Piano  the  ideal  concert  grand»  and  the  five-f  oot-ten-inch 
Miniature  Grand  the  ideal  small  grand,  are  all  Steinlpay 
inl^entions  and  innoi^ations. 

Consequently,  the  history  of  piano-progress  for  the  past  half  centuiy 
IS  practically  identical  with  die  history  of  the  House  of  Steinway. 

The  latest  evidence  of  Steinway  initiative  is  the  marvelous 
Vertegrand  at  $300,  a  turned  grand  piano  in  upright  form,  which 
fixes  the  standard  for  all  uprights. 


steinway  Pianos  can 
be  bought  from  any 
authorized  Steinway 
dealer  at  New  York 
prices,  with  cost  of 
transportation  added. 
Illnstrated  catalogue 
and  the  litUe  booklet, 
-  The  Triumph  of  the 
Vertegrand,"  sent  on 
request  and  mention 
of  this  magazine. 


J^V' 


STEINWAY  &  SONS. 

Steinway  Hall, 

107409  EastHthSu 
New  York. 


^M«e  mMtltm  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  advertisers 
61 


The  Review  of  Reviews— AdvertSsins:  Sect&m 


THE  EDISON  PHONOGRAPH 

TO  the  E<lison  Phonograph  can  be  applied  the  old  saying:  "A  pleas- 
ure shared  is  a  pleasure  doubled/*  It  is  the  art  of  entertainment 
expressed  in  tangible  form.  Three  is  never  a  crowd  when  one  of 
the  three  is  an  Edison  Phonograph.  Love  songs,  dances,  fumy 
songs,  ballads,  all  kinds  of  music  in  your  own  home,  with  less  trouble  and 
greater  enjoyment  than  any  other  form  of  entertainment,  and  especially  than 
any  form  of  musical  entertainment.  Today  is  the  be^  day  for  going  to  your 
dealer's  to  hear  an  Edison.  You  cannot  ix)ssibly  know  how  well  the  Edison 
Phonograph  reproduces  by  listening  to  any  other  make  of  talking  machine. 

NATIONAL  PHONOGRAPH  COMPANY,  24  Lakeside Ave^Orange^NJ. 

Plea89  mention  the  Reutew  of  Reutewe  when  writing  to  adoertleen 
62 


The  Review  of  Reviews — Advertisingf  Section 

TWENTY-FOUR  NEW 

EDISON  RECORDS 

On  Sale  June  27  th 

CATCHY  new  songs  by  old  favorites,  beautiful  ballads,  spirited 
marches,  sacred  selections,  hits  from  the  comic  operas,  and  musical 
comedies  and  clever  dialogues  are  all  included  in  the  new  Edison 
Records  for  July.  Hear  them  at  your  dealer's  and  make  your  se- 
lections for  the  home,  seashore,  mountains  or  wherever  you  will  be  in  July. 
No  need  to  exert  yourself  for  the  sake  of  entertainment  these  summer  even- 
ings.  Leave  it  to  the  Phonograph  and  the  July  Records.  Here  is  the  list  i 

9578  BaDel  Music  from  Faust— Part  3  (Gounod) Edison  Concert  Band 

9579  Ta,  Ta,  Au  Revoir,  I'm  Coin*  to  Go  (Lowitz) Ada  Jones 

9580  I  Want  You  for  My  All  Time  Girl  (deKoven) Irving  GiUelte 

9581  Kimmble  March  (Kimmble)  Accordion John  Kimmble 

9582  And  a  Little  Bit  More  (Fischer) Arthur  Collins 

9583  While  die  Birds  are  Singing  to  Me  (Fulton) Harlan  and  Belmont 

9584  rd  Uve  or  I  Would  Die  For  You  (BaU) Harry  Anthony 

9585  Dream  of  the  Rarebit  Fiend  (Thurban) Eldison  MiKtary  Band 

9586  Because  I'm  Married  Now  (Ingraham) KUy  Murray 

9587  Speed  Away  (Woodbury) Edison  Mixed  Qyartette 

9588  You  11  Not  Be  Forgotten.  Lady  Lou  (Meyer) Frederick  H.  Potter 

9589  The  Broken-Hearted  Sparrow  (Bendix) Eldison  Symphony  Orchestra 

9590  You'll  Have  to  Wait  Till  My  Ship  Comes  In  (Evans) Bob  Roberts 

9591  I  Know  Dat  I'll  Be  Happy  Till  I  Die  (Rogers) Collins  and  Harlan 

9592  Hymns  of  the  Old  Church  Choir  (Solman) Frank  C  Stanley 

9593  Anvil  Polka  (Parlow) Edison  Concert  Band 

9594  Flanagan  and  His  Servant  Girl  (Original) Steve  Porter 

9595  Sweet  Jessie  Dear  (Fontelle) Edison  Male  Qyartette 

9596  Save  a  Litde  Moiiey  for  a  Rainy  Day  (Silver) Eldward  Meeker 

9597  The  Chorus  Lady  March  (Kingsbury)  Xylophone Albert  Benzlei 

9598  Tale  of  the  Bucket  (Bald) WiH  F.  Denny 

9599  Blondy  and  Johnny  (OriginaO  •  • ' Ada  Jones  and  Len  Spencer 

9600  It's  Great  to  be  a  Soldier  Man  (Morse) Byron  G.  Harlan 

9601  Shoulder  Arms  March  (Rose) Eldison  Military  Band 

TIHREE  BOOKS  FREE.  July  Supplemental  Cata-     ^"J^k 
logue,  outlining  each  Record;   July  Phono^am,     Kd^B 
going  more  into  detail ;  complete  Catalogue,  savins     ^k^^F 
^1  j^ison  Records  now  in  stock,  will  be  published       ^^^ 
July  27th.   Write  for  them  today  while  you  think  of  it.  /jJ^IISSmI. 
NAUONAL  phonograph  company,  24  Lakeside  Ave.,  Orange^N.  J. 

Pl9aa9  mMtion  the  Aguiew  of  Reviews  when  mriting  to  aduertiten 
63 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising  Sectbn 


dPANTRlH 

are  ihe  busiest  places  of  the  home.  Within  iheir  walls 
more  work  ts  done — upon  their  floors  more  steps  are  taken 
than  in  all  the  other  rooms  combined  Preparation  of 
food  demands  constant  exercise  oE  hygienic  precaution. 

U  cleanliness  is  necessary  in  other  parts  of  the  resi- 
de nce»  it  is  vital  in  the  kitchen  and  pantries.  Cleanly 
conditions  cannct  be  maintained  with  wood  floors  or 
coverings  of  semi -permanent  character.  The  peculiar 
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PENNSYLVANIA 
INTERLOCKING 
RUBBER  TIUNG 

for  spaces  espzcially  requiring  sanitary  floors  have 
brought  about  its  use  in  many  of  the  handsomest  homes 
of  America* 

This  incomparable  flooring  material  is  absolutely 
waterproof  and  provides  perfect  sanitation.  No  other 
surface  is  nearly  so  restful  to  stand  and  walk  Upon. 
It  makes  a  floor  that  is  more  durable  than  marble.  It 
is  not  possible  to  slip  upon  it,  and  it  is  silent  to  the  tread. 
It  is  adaptable  to  a  greater  variety  of  designs  and  is  far 
more  elegant  than  any  other  material. 

Send  us  the  dimensions  of  your  kitchen,  pantries, 
bathroom,  vestibule,  or  any  other  area  you  may  wish  to 
be  laid  with  Pennsylvania  Rubber  Tilings  and  receive 
figures  of  cost  with  lull  information. 

OUR    'HUNG  DESICN^CftEEN^BOOK 
WILL    BE    MAILED    ON     REQUIiST 

PENNSYLVANIA  RUBBER  COMPANY 

JEANNETTE.  PA. 


-3 


CLlt'\  M.AKt>— ^lil'«  Ra«t  Ninth  Sftifs^ 


Please  mention  the  Review  of  Revtewe  when  writing  to  advertlaen 
64> 


Ttc  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Section 


/Ymm  i^entton  tti9  R90hm  of  Reotema  when  writing  to  adoertiaera 
56 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertisinsr  Section 


A  Sizleen-Room  Fiiepioof  Houae-CcMl.  Complelely  Fimihed.  $20,000.00. 


i 


BaOd  Your 
Home 
For  Safety 


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WabaadFlota. 


You  Can  Bidld 


Write  for  our  book."Thc 
G>rTect  Construction  of 
Fireproof  Buildings.**  It 
if  valuable  to  the  builder 
df  any  kind  of  building 
from  residence  to  "Sky- 
scraper." 


\bur  Home  Fireproof 

at  little,  if  any,  greater  cost  than  the  cost  of  a  fire-trap,  by 
having  it  planned  for  construction  with  Terra  Cotta  HoUow 
Tile,  under  the  methods  of  construction  of  this  company. 
We  have  fire-proofed  ninety  percent  of  all  the  celebrated 
fireproof  buildings  in  the  country. 

Terra  Cotta  HoUow  Tile  s^aSill 

company  and  is  being  used  in  all  the  best  buildings,  from  the  giant  ''skyscraper^'* 
merca7iiile  and  public  building  to  the  modest  residence y  and  has  been  so  used  for 
over  thirty '^cars.    We  do  not  plan  buildings,  but  any  good  architect  is  familiar  with 
our  work. ,  Ask  your  architect  about  it  (of  any  kind  of  building  you  are  contemplating.  * 
We  will  gladly  send  you  our  literature  on  request 

NATIONAL  PIREPROOPING 


^ 


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COMPANY 

Contractors  for  Construction  Fireproof  Bofldings,  Manufacturers  Terra  Cotta  Hollow  TOe 

CHICAGO- 1 103  Conniefda]  N»tioiia]  Bank  Buikfing  PITTSBURG- 1 103  Fuhm  Bidldaw 

M^*  NEW  YORK- 1 603  FUdroa  Buildins  MINNEAPOLIS- 303  Lumber  Ea  ' 

woe  PHILADELPHIA-403  Land  Title  Bdkfins  LOS  ANGELES-  503  Umoci  Ti 

Xtg^m  ST.  LOUlS-503  Vidori*  Building  aNaNNATI-603  Unioo  Tnm  Buflifiiv 

'  ^^  BOSTON-803  Old  South  BuikBns  LONDON.  ENG1j\ND-  27  Oiuoay  L«e 

THIS        WASHINGTON-803  Coiorado  Buikfin.         26  Factories  Tlirouglioiit  the  United  States 


A  Non-Fircproof  Houte-Slone  WalU, Wooden 
Interior  Conrtniction.  Cott  lobuild.  $120,000.00. 


View  When  Burnins  in  Middle  of 
the  Night-Seven  Lives  Loil. 


The  Morning  Afler-AO  That  WcsLdL 


^/eaae  mention  the  Rwieiu  qf  Reotewa  when  writtng  to  adoertiatrs 
56 


The  R€vicw  of  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Sectian 


No  matter  >ivha1 
the  name  of  the 
brand  may  be- 


^  "^-^ 


■'..  V 


"^RCMO 


STSICTlVHA 


^you  ought  to  know  that  the  Triangle  A  Merit  Mark  is  stamped  on  the  box* 
Then  you  are  absolutely  sure  the  cigars  in  that  box  are  positively  the  best 
value  you  can  get.  You  know  that  the  quality  is  superior  to  that  of  any  cigar 
sold  out  of  any  box  not  stamped  with  this  famous  merit  mark.  Further,  you  know 
that  the  quality  will  always  be  uniform— and  you  cannot  be  deceived  by  pretty 
labels  nor  cute  names. 

The  Triangle  A  is  what  you  look  for 

every  time  you  buy  cigars.  It  distinguishes  the  best  brands  of  cigars  from  the 
great  mass  of  unreliable  brands  about  which  you  know  nothing.  It  makes  cigar 
buying  easy  and  safe.  It  identifies  the  prrxKicts  of  our  advanced  scientific 
methods  of  cigar  making  which  have  accomplished  such  a  noticeable  improvement 
in  cigar  quality* 

As  representative  Triangle  A  brands  we  mention 


The  N(!w  Cremo 
Anna  KeH 
CHkjtev  W,  CW^ 


t 


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Depajrtmctit 


Buck 

Tarita 

Stltkney's  New  Tariff 


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{10c.  and  4  for  IBc) 
Chancellor      ( -^ 


(LittleCiearslOforlSc) 
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Paling  d&  Cuba 


B&ek  of  C&mpiei£  Cigar  Inf&rmaiion  sen  f free 
A  posi^i  request  wiH  brin^you  a  copy.    Send  for  it  today 

15,  AMERICAN  QGAH  COMPANY,  111  nfth  Avenue,  New  York  Otr 


The  Review  of  Reviews — Aivtrtishiz 


1000  FEET 
ABOVE 


"The  Ideal  Suinnier  Resort  of  America" 

"HIGHLANDS  OF  ONTARIO,"  MUSKOKA  LAKES,  CAKIADA 
UK£S  OF  BLUE  SET  WITH  ISLES  OF  EMEBALD 

C"rtno<?^in^,  rintU{nj<^   I'"ibJiin.i;t  beatjtifut    ^'V';^trT   TrJpa,   Gt?1( 
:inil    J  enfiiii.     lUOO  lt*et  jil>ovt»  tht;  sy:i+ 
Mudfrn  hottf],  picfllent  cui^iii^,  c<:<hjI  vernnUas  an  J  home- 

A^vjr   iktiti    a   iitjyjf  jf*urfft^i-  /rjwf   primrtpat    Am^rti^an 
|[uBd#wiety  Ulu>trDt4^il  d«»«rljitlTc<  bialttr   fi-e^     Apvljr   t# 
T,  H,    HVM.IV,  -tfO  \V*»hini;1i>n  Si.ffcr,  lS(H(.oa 

Pd&EGMiivr  Ttqflic  MjnJi'CT  Qvneiioi.  Pi*i.WnneT  tad  Ticket  A^^nl 

Muntrc^l  Montieil 


•...0/)  ttte  hevieuf  of  /tev/ewa  luhBii  writing  to  a^ootttaort 
58 


The  Review  of  Reviews— AdvertisSngf  Section 


-L 


OLORADO 


ear  take  the  fam-? 
ly  where  each  moment 
counts    for   health   as 
well  as  pleasure. 

A.11  the  sports  and  pleasures  to  be 

found  elsewhere  are  enjoyed  with 

added  zest  in  Colorado's  bracing 

mountain  atmosphere  and  goldeij 

vSunshine. 

The  Rock  Island 
way  to  go. 

The  only  direct  line  to  both  Denver  and  Colorado 
Springs.  Several  fast  trains  daily  from  Chicago,  St. 
Louis  and  Kansas  City — -operated  over  the  straightcst 
and  smoothest  roadbed. 

The  Rocky  Mountain   Limited  is  new- 
ly   equipped    throughout,    this    season. 

Special  Summer  Rates  make  it  possible  for  all 
to  enjoy  the  pleasures  of  Colorado's  rugged 
scenery  and  invigorating  climate. 

Also  Special  Summor  Rates  to  all  Pacific  Coast  PointSp 


Sf  nii  tn^lj^^  fijr  be luti fully  illuJtrilcd  biiokf 
'*rndcr  th^^  Tur^uolsf  Sky/* 
i\  trlli  in  picturr  anJ  tfir  sM   A\*yut  Cuf- 
k^rado^    and    givct    turn  pic  tc    inf«irrration 
^untrrmng   rhf   many  -ipSenLliii  hoteli  intl 

JOHN    SKJiASTlAN 


Rock 
Island 


PhOM  maMtioH  the  Reoiew  of  Reulews  when  writing  to  otioertisers 
69 


Tht  Review  of  Reviews — Advertising  Section 


American  Hotel  and  Resort  Bureau 


N  AN  T A'^  K  ET  B  EA  C  H*  MASS . 

ATLANTIC  HOUSE 

A  PLACE  fW  PARTICULAR  PEOPLIZ 

5^  tn^o  re  i  n  d  conn  try  torn  bi  ntd.  Otu  Aiftf 
from  Pjht^H,  ty  tpM*^  K  R.  or  auto.  Vuz 
bi^oklc-|*t  T4U-S.  etc  t  address  J.  Lim field 
Damom.  Jr^  Manaffer,  Boston  Hotal,  the 
Thomdyke,  opposite  Pobfic  Gardeir. 


aadSbmrldanDriTe.  Resort  for    Neiw 

vooineaa,  Rheamatiam,  Heart,  tnd  Conw 
leaccBce.    Write  for  detailed  ipformation. 


Sharoii  Spriass.  NX   g^Vii^S 

Cottaret.  White  Sulphur  Springs  &  hatha 
now  open.  European  method  of  osiosr  aul- 
phnr  water.  Booklets.  J.  H.  Gardner  &  Son. 


Pike'8  Peak.    Address  the  Cliff  Hooae, 
ru»  S  IxaK.    Manltou,  Col.,  for  all  iS 


about  the  Springs,  points  of  in- 

tarot,  and  rates  at  this  most  popolar  resort 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  


MtgOOUa.  Mass.    THE^NEW  MAG- 

locitadon  "North  Shore."  Beautiful  drives 
goIL  tennis,  fishing.  bathinjT.  Booklet.  C. 
HTMowaY,  Mgr..&73  Boyistoo  St..  Boaton. 


The  Famowi  Fifth  ATenne  Hot^L 

Centrally  located  on  Madison  Square,  I^ew 
York.    Hitchcock.  DarlingA  Cn.    ^ 


The  Victoria  one  of  best  summer  hotels 
lac  f  ibiuno*  j^  Canada,  beautifully  sit- 
oated  on  Lake  Deschene.  8  mi.  from  OtUwa. 
Boating,  bathing,  fishing,  tennis,  bowling, 
dancing.  Write  for  parucolars.  James  K. 
Paisley.  Aylmer.  Que. 


HESPE- 


Ma«00li«.M«S8.    HOTELHJ 

modem  conveniences.  Best  cuisine  anc 
table  service.  Orchestra.  Excellent  roads, 
fishing,  bathinftgolfi^nd  tennis.  Forbook- 
let  and  rates  address  Frank  D.  Bennett. 


rooms, 
id 


FOR  SPACE  {;'Ss^sri{S?d*''£l5 

Resort  Bureau,  Post  Office  Sq.  Bldg,  Boston. 


Popular  Plant  LinCj  t^t^/^^S^.; 
Maritime  Provmces.  i^^  wd  s^i 

„  ,    ,,  ui]  ii:.^al«ffa't 

BoAtoB  lo  H^hFu.  Havrknli    rv.  timA  Ow 

hcctioDt  fur  4)1  other  Jiouti.      .-■- ,^s.*—   ^' 

modern,  aad  have  tvtiy  cuoif^i—    -^>^^ 

sce«eryandtroDt  fisUiiif.    S<*m 
ill  uatrated  booklet,  ft c.    A- W    ~ 

M^^t.^C^  Cfirnnjcncial  'WT^jirf, 
Sninintt  ^jirin  K'  Urru^t^  IPoli 

Mudcro  hrmtdfic*^  Jftrstu  p«aplc. 

elEc'.nc  lni^htSH,  b^ths^  tbULUc-KaJl^ 

largftt  puliiiC   tQ<r»ms  in    jda.' 

satnic  An.    Summit  tnicwral  _ 

G<j  >  f ,  tt  u  n  Ls^  bat  h  J  og,  tHndec^ 

in  ir,  pa  nee  ^  stiblt      N«r  Pt^l 

H . .  M  *      Hf>^iLI<  t.    Gea    E  ^*  v  ^ 

Briilgton,  AfelTThe  Brkktoit 

Ideal  aiunmer  spot,  best  fishhsr.  bottS^aa^ 


drives.  Modem  EiEniJvh 
service.    BociLiein.     G.  A 


*c    K     T    Cskc 


Rye  Beach,  N.I1.  FAftRAGUT  Hom, 

Combines  seai  hor«  «  n  d  cd  u  ntry .  Go  k  Saks; 
superb  bathiihC  bc-jxh,  with  b<.i  ^is  hmkt 
Fiitv  miles  trom  tioa^oo  ovt^r  atsrGj&ctt 
roadi.    Garage.    I^xblk: 


CAPATHHA    CPPINI^^     America's  greatest  summei 

>AKA  ■  %J\J/\     ^rmiWO     HEALTH  AND  PLEASURE  RESOII 

Not  onlv  is  Saratoga  Springs  a  most  attractive  and  delightful  resort,  but  it  is  a  place  for  rest  and  recreation  for  pcapk 
the  world  over, — the  one  great  American  resort  of  international  reputation. 


COM£  TO  SARATOGA  SPRINGS  I 

Within  the  zone  of  the  Adirondack  Mountains,  Saratoga  Spring?  is  bles&ed  with  a  wonderfully 
pure,  dry,  and  exhilarating'  atmosphere. 

In  her  life-giving  Springs  nature  has  t>e^towed  u n paralleled  adranta^es.  There  are  over  forty  of 
these  spriu;rs.  furnishiug  a  water  adapted  to  every  ill,  tucluditig  the  famous  Cougress,  Saratoga  Star, 
Saratoga  Seltzer,  Patterson  and  Red  Spring. 

There  is  magnificent  scenery,  splendid  roads  for  driving  nnd<>automol>iHng  and  Saratoga  Lake 


with  its  fishing,  canoeiug.*and  sa'iiing. 

Polo  Club  field  are  of  the  best  innhe  country. 


All  indoor  and  outdoor  sports.    Saratoga  Golf  Club  links  aud 
The  fame  ot  the  Saratoga  Race  Track  is  world-wide. 


Splendid  halls,  including  the  recently  erected  Convention  Hall,  absolutely  free,  and  reduced  rates 
for  all  conventions.     No  city  or  town  iu  the  country  offers  ei^ual  facilities. 

Infonnation  concerning  all  Springs  as  well  as  inforination  concerning  rates  at  the  multitude  of 
smaller  hotels  and  boarding-houses,  can  be  had  by  addressing  Harry  P.  Crocker,  Pres. Business  Men's 
Association,  Saratoga  Springs.  N.  Y. 
Grand  Union  Hor'ai.  Unitbd  Statbs  Hotbi.  Nbwbr  Concrbss  Kali. 

WORORN   HOTRL  KRNSINGTON   HOTEL        .  WINDSOR  HOTEL 

HuasTis  HousB  Thb  Margakbt  Ei-MwooD  Hall 


Uftto 


Cosa^«aai«a^tl9^    LrOeAt«dll 

Saratoga  is  easily  reached  Hoam  all 
cause  of  the  splendid  railroad  focxUcieb. 
tion  to  its  famous  hotels — the  lar^gesc  aad 
the  world— Saratoga  has  no  infinite  «k 
smaller  hotels  aud  excellent  boovdi^-l 
accommodations  for  everybody  ac  awy  prW 
can  live  like  a  prince  at  Saratoga,  or  job 
Joy  all  its  advantages  at  a  price  viihin  cl 
of  any  pocket-book.  Ask  ytmr  BcAzcsa 
agent  fiw  iatormatioii. 


Amsrican-aokltwi 

Washbltrn. 

I-APAYBTT8 


HUDSON  RIVER  BY  DAYLIGHT. 
Stn>erb  Steamers.  Railroad  ooimection  at 
Albany  to  Saratoga.  Booklet  free.  F.  B 
Hibbard.  G.P.A.,  Dtsbroases  Straet  Pier, 
New  York  City. 


■**  A  Summer  ParadiK  **  (sn  pages.  iUos- 
trated).  Issued  by  the  Delaware  A  Hudson, 
contains  complete  informatbn  Mailed  on 
receipt  of  s  cents  postage  A  A.  Heard, 
Gen.  Pass.  Agt..  Albany.  N.Y. 


_  Magnificent  Steamera.  PMfde^  mi 
Otisens  Lines  connect  at  Albany  mitk  bbI»> 
tial  trains  for  Saratoga.  Illostxated  foidw. 
O.  H.  Taylor.  Paswngcr  Traffic  Mmm 
990  Broadway.  New  York  City. 


HUDSON  RIVER 
BY  DAYLIGHT 


THR  MOST  CHARMING  INLAND  WATF.R 
TRIP  ON  THB  AMRRICAN  CoNTINKNT. 
BRTWREN    NEW    YORK    AND    ALBANY. 

Steamers  '  *  Hendrick  Hudson, ' ' 
"New  York"  and  "Albany." 

General  Office.   De«brosses  Street  Pier, 
New  York. 


^ni  C"  R|"r  CLARK'S  TENTH  ANXVAl-CRVISF 


3  ROUND  THE  WORLD. 


.    specij    ,      _ 

Arabic."  16000  tons^SO TOURS  To  HTU  • 
PRAMI  C  CLASS.  '~' 


ATTLEBORO  COHAGE.  «^,^'5i2^^^f^ 

For  Iwoklet  and  terms,  address  L  W.  Babcix 


.  Babcuol 


COLORADO 


For  the  Summer  Vacation 


f 


See  Pike^  P^^tk.  Gai^eD 
of  the  Geda^ 
Cripple  Cre«k,  ete. 


Clear,  cool  and  Invifrorating— the  Colorado  climate  is  best  in  the  world.    No  matter  if  you  are  **  all  ia  *^ — 

Colortulo  will  tone  you  up  and  make  a  new  man  of  you. 

Recreation  in  Colorado  re-createa. 

Best  reached  by  the  Rock  Island -only  road  nmning  directly  from  the  east  into  both  Colorado  Sprioga 

and  Denver.    Terminals  at  Pueblo  also. 

Very  low  round-trip  rates  conUnuoualy  June  to  September. 

Ask  for  a  copy  of  "  Under  the 
Ttirquolse  Sky  "  ;  b*»st  book  on 
( 'olorado  ever  published. 

JOHX  HERARTIA?!.  Pbm.  TraL  Mngr., 
ao«k  I»laa4   Llan,  miCAOO. 


Rock 
Island 


Please  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  advertisers 
60 


Tbe  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisit^  Section 


Low 

xcursion 


A&calionTrips  Oul  Wc«t 


I        Where  mountains  are  miles  high.      Where  canyons  are  a  mile  deep. 
I  Where  Drairiea  and  seas  reach  the  horizon.  !?^^a*^JSS^i£S£^.^t??^ 


Where  prairies  and  seas  reach  the  horizon,  ^^"^^Tmattoobook..*' 

Ad«lreM  W.  J.  Black,  Pmengw  Traffic  Manager,  A.  T.  A  8.  F.  Bj.  Bjitem, 
No.  lllg-D,  BaUway  Exchangv,  Chicago. 


I 


Pi€a»e  mention  the  Reulew  of  Reuiewa  when  writing  to  aduertiaert 
61 


The  Review  of  Reviews— AcJveftising:  Section 


Nature's 
Masterpieces 


YELLOWSTONE   PARK 
abounds  in  them 

Nowhere  else  may  the  eaae 
wonderful  geysers,  not  spriais. 


eoioyed  ia  sipch  combiaatioa. 
Flaest  retfioa  ia  Anerica  for 
your  Sinamer  Vacatioa. 

Visit  YELLOWSTONE 
PARK  en  route  to 
Paget  Sonad 


ALASXA-TDKON-PACmC  CXPOSinON.  ISM 

Northern  Pacific 
Railway 

Tt  "Woadcrlaad  1906**  (sis  entaX  ralM 
aad  fall  iafaraatio*  write 


korlicks 


For   Travelers 

'The  best  aid  In  sea'^ick- 
nas6  or  car  sickness. 

It  is  both  focNi  and  drink— agTieeable 
to  thetaBte,  soothing  to  the  atomftch, 
and  quick  to  digests 

There  is  the  same  TiutTimert  In  a 
glasa  of  Horlick's  Malted  Mitk,  or  a 
few  Horlick's  Malted  Milk  TableUai 
you  would  get  from  the  average  luT^ch. 
You  can  take  HorUck'a  easilj  when 
the  stoniach  refuses  other  foods. 
Easy  to  carry;  easy  to  prepare;  easy  to 
digest.    Sold  by  druggists  everywhere. 

Served  on  trains, 
steamers 
and  &t  lead- 
ing hotels. 


:VM 


^--fS 


HMT 


'fc^^^ 


r 


— otkert  an 


The  id  fat 
fAitd  far 
alt  ii^mn* 


THE  VICTORIA 


Otic    (»f    l^f 

(.ariiuki,  ^itualfil  on  l.ake  Descbttit  ;e'igh|tnili'^fr..ii 
UM:i\v;i,  ilit  t  iipital.      Write  far  jiMTUtalfliK  to 
JAMES  K.  PAISLEY,  Grand   Union   OotcL  Ottm**,  Dfl. 


CHICAGO 
BEACH  HOTEL 

Am«ric«n  or  EuroE^aii  Pl*« 

Finest  Hotel  on  the  Great  Lakes 

Oa  the  ed£e  of  tows^  Ihii  Idrftt 

Hotel*  spaciouSi  clcifSiit*  mod- 
em, DVf.^rlaokB  Lake  Ifk^iiria 
lloeich  on  two  £iiJi?B,  while  ^ha^eiJ  tJ^tkii  eDis- 
p  1 1'  I  *  t  hu  bea  II  ti  f  u  I  s  urroun  >lin  j^s,  Tbtr  ctt r  U  bat 
li>  minurc^s  riJe  from  the  tiearby  station.  TD«rv 
is  alwuyji  fi  cnol  brcne  In  wftncest  wcsLtbd^u  iS> 
liircc  outside  roomi,  2-%)privijte  baths.  Tbe  titi(« 
nKvjiys  the  bi?st.  Tourists  and  tranitent  sroe^ti 
fimHt  adoH^hifuIplucetorest.  AddrciiforbMwi' 
t«i(i]i.]y  Illustrated  Booklet,^  Manaf^cr  Clitc«4t> 
Bt:ach  Ilo^cl,5Ut  £11  vd.  find  Lakt-  i^&ort.  Clilc«C^ 


t) 


Please  mention  the  Reulew  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  aduerttsen 
62 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisingf  Section 


Details  Make  The  Car 

In  The  Model  24 

m  every  feature  that  makes  mechanic  excellence  and  general  attractlvenesa. 
Constructive  Details 

Motor — fbur-^cytindcr  vcrticle,  4|  inch  bore,  4|  inch  stroke  thai  givea  full  25 -SO  horse  power 

at  tbe  road  wheels, 
TransmisBion — eliding  gear  of  a.  ^peciaJ  type  in  which  all  trouble  in  shifting  gears  fa  abso' 

lutcly  avoided. 
Final  drive — propeller  shaft  and  be  vet  gears  with  floating  type  rear  axle  fitted  with  ball  and 

roller  bearings  throughout.     Wheel  base — 108  inches,  wheels  34  Inch  with  4  inch  tifcs* 
All  accessories,  such  as  fnechamcal  sight  feed  lubricator,  cifculating  pumpi  ignition  timer, 

etc,  are  of  the  latest  and  moat  approved  types. 
Equipment  includes  fiill  cape  top,  five  lamps,  horn,  toolSi  storage  battery,  etc. 
Price,  as  below,  $2,000. 
Our  catalogue,  describing  this  and  Bve  other  models — $950  to  $2500— ia  at  your  service. 

Main  Office  and  Factory^.  Kenosha.  Wisconsin 

Bovtoi), 


Chieacc^i  Milwiukee^ 

New  York  Aaency,  38^40  West  61  nd  Street 


RepreientAtlvq  in  «U  leadioe  cUiea. 


Thomas  B.  Jeffery  (St  Company 


Price 
$2,000 


Fl9aa€  mention  t^«  Review  of  Reviews  14/hen  writing  to  adverttaera 
63 


Ttc  Review  o{  Reviews^-Aciveftisinfir  Sectbrn 


THE  IDEAL  FAMILY  CmiME 


hie 


m^ 


Pope  -Wavcrley 
is  available  and 
e    (or   a   dozen 
occDsipns,  tor  any  mem* 
the  family,  at  any 
season  of   the  year, 
ere  any  other  type 
car  IS  possible  for 
one.  Old  peo- 
ple, middle 
aged    people* 
young  people, 
men,    women 
and  children, 
love  the  easy, 
gliding,  noise- 
less motion  o( 


^"EEEcfi 


and  the  freedom  from  dependence  on  a  driver.  The  carriage  shown  above,  is 
our  Model  67,  Victoria  Phaeton,  Price  $1,700.  Decidedly  the  one  electric  car  that 
was  conspicuous  at  the  national  and  local  automobile  shows  for  beauty  of 
design  and  mechanical  excellence. 

A  demonstration  in  this  car  will  make  you  a  Pope-Waverley  enthusiast.  We 
have  events  in  all  Principal  cities.  We  make  Runabouts,  Stanhopes,  Surreys, 
Open  and  Closed  Chelseas,  Physician's  Road,  Station  and  Delivery  Wagons. 

Electric  Tracks  to  Specifications 
Write  for  Cataloive 

Pope  Motor  Car  Company 

Waverley  Department,  Indianapolis,  Ind. 


Please  mention  the  Revleui  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  adoertlMft 
64- 


^t  Review  of  Reviews— AcJvertisini^  Section 


Absolutely  Non-Skid 


AAMO 

Successful,  Safe 
Sound  and  Siglitly 

Q  From  these  pictures  you'll  get  a  good  idea  of 
the  tire  that  has  created  a  veritable  sensation  in  all 
Motordom. 

Q  Eminent  experts  like  Hiram  Percy  Maxim, 
Henry  Souther,  Herbert  Lyttle,  Owners  who  drive, 
Drivers  of  Track,  Road  and  Endurance  Contests, 
Chatfeurs — all  agree  that  it*s  the  greatest  tire  in- 
vention of  the  age. 

fl  Think  what  it  means  to  buy  a  tire — ^a  tlrC 
mind  you — not  a  separate  device — that  will 
never  slip  or  skid,  even  on  ice.  Think  of  200 
little  spikes -like  cat'S  ClaiVS,  in  each  tire 
— that  grip  the  ground  continuously,  yet  that  detract 

not  one  whit  from  lastness  or  resiliency. 

Q  Why  be  satisfied  with  any  other  tire  equipment  ? 
Act  n01V«  Insure  the  safety  of  your  car  and  its 
occupants  by  putting  on  Hartford  Midgley  Tread 
Clincher  or  Dunlop  Tires.  Better  have  MIDGLEY 
UNIVERSAL  RIMS,  too.  You  can  then  use 
Clincher  or  Dunlop  Tires  at  your  option. 

Millimeter  Sizes  lor  Foreign  Cars 

FVF.ir  New  Rom]  Mop  to  Junertown  Ezpoatioo  and  booklet  on  Hart- 

a-w.!:.!:.!^  ^^jj^f^Qj,j^^j^;pi5;;;,^  jj^    Write  today. 

Tlie  Hartford  Rubber 
Works  Co..  "™^- ™'™ 


\snlop 


Sliowliig  Section  of  Midgley 
Universal  Rim 


She  wing  Aelnal  Coaidftlon  after  3»400 
MUes  use.   See  the^CaTs  Clai/vsT"* 


NEW  YORK,  88  Oiambers  Si.  and  1769  Broadway;  CHICAGO.  83  Michigan  Ave;  BOSTON.  494 
Adanlic  Ave.  and  1020  BoyUton  St;  CLEVELAND.  1831  Euclid  Ave.;  DETROIT,  256  J etferwn  Ave.; 
DENVER.  1564  Broadway;  PHILADELPHIA.  138  North  lOth  St.;  BUFFALO,  725  Main  St.; 
ATLANTA,  GA.,  55  Auburn  Ave.;  LOS  ANGELES.  1505  South  Main  St;  SAN  FRANCISCO, 
423-433  Golden  Gate  Ave. 

AGENCIES— Pittsburg  Rubber  Ck).,  01»-915  Liberty  Ave.,  Pittsburg :  Gugler  Electric  Mfg.  Co.,  Minneapolis ; 
Geo.  W.  Perry  A  Co.,  St.  Louis ;  Mercantile  Lumber  &  Supply  Co.,  Kansas  City ;  F.  P.  Keenan  Co.,  Portland, 
(Ore).;  Bait  Lake  Hardware  Co.,  Salt  Lake  City;  Compania  Mezicana  De  Yehiculos  Electricos,  City  of  Mexico. 


Please  mention  the  Reuieut  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  advertisers 


65 


The  Review  of  Reviews— AdvertSsins:  Section 


» 


Enthusiasm 


growsgreater  every  day  as  die  season 
advances,  for  this  new  Cadillac,  the 
fiisl  and  only  car  at  its  price,  proving 
a  formidable  rival  of  cars  selling  at 
from  50  to  1 00  per  cent  higher. 
The  price  of  the  Model  G  is  made 
possible  only  by  the  unsurpassed 
facilities  and  equqment  of  the  largest 
factory  in  the  world  devoted  ex- 
clusively to  the  production  of  high- 
grade  motor  cars. 

Its  Guarantee  is  the 
Name  Cadillac 


H 


II 


MODEL  Q— POUR  CYLINDER— 20  H.  P. 

Without  a  Peer  at  the  Price 

S2,000 

Great  kill  cHmbing  power — plenty  of 
apeed.  Sprighdv  enough  in  desiga  to  satiify 
the  whims  of  tne  youns  folks;  with  tlie 
flood  form  that  commends  it  to  fashionable 
family  use.  Ring  type  cn^;ine  governor; 
smooth,  quiet  ninning;  slidmg  ^ear  trans- 
mission; shaft  drive  curect  on  nigh  speed; 
lightness  in  weight  secures  utmost  tire 
economy. 

Let  your    nearest  dealer   give  you    a 
demonstration. 
Described  in  Catalog  G  C 

■add  m-»  h.  »..  4  C]rltai4er  Tavlng  Car. 

St50a,CatakifHC 
IMel  M-l«lL  ».»  4PaneiiCer  Car.  SIM. 

Catalaa  MC  — *-^ 

■addK-TdlL  ».  tnabant.  $950.  Catakif  MC 
Stndfar  catalog  cf  car  that  interests  you. 

CADILLAC  MOTOR  CAR  COMPANY, 

Dotroit,  Mien* 

n  Memhtr  A.  L.  A.  M. 


The 

Proper 

Motor  00 

means   the  oil  exactly 
suited  to  your  engine. 
This  is  imperative.   Poor 
oil,  or  an  improperly  com- 
pounded one,  or  the  wrong 
oil  will  wreck  the  finest  en- 
gine in  shoft  order. 

VACUUM 

/MOBILOlt 

comes  in  several  grades.    No  mat- 
ter what  kind  or  make  of  automobile 
jrou  own  or  what  method  of  lubiic^ 
tion  is  uaed — there's  a 

special  grade  of  Mobiloil 
for  your  engine  and  no 
other  should  be  uscd« 
Our  tiiBtnictfve  little 

booklet  will  tcU  yon  at  « 
gtaacc  JtiAt  what  ^rndt  of    m        ^  .j, 
Mobiloil  for  yotirautoixiQbne.    ^ 
IV  m  free  to  yon,    Mobil  oil  if 
iol4  Id  cbd»,  barrels,  And  half 
bamls.    llanufactur«d  by 

VACUUM  Oil  CO.,  RochMter,  H.  V. 


Motor  Cars 

M4klclH,4cyl.,50H.P.   Mo4clL.,6cyl.,75HJ>. 

Have  Earned  fheir  Present 

Popularity  by  Consistent 

and    Sattsiactory   Per- 

lormance  In  the  nands 

ol  National  Ownera 

Let  us  mail  you  a  catalogue  and  our  booklet 

"What  oYVBcrs  wmw  abool  Ikclr 
NatUmSb'* 

Sold  by:  \ii.,.,u  ^  :«.„jjr  ^.m  ,  s  \  n  m.  .-ffr  ^'^^  k^ 
Boston,^  Ma^(  :  i  iff,!  AkIti  Co..  PhilKdrlpbl^  l^  ;  KAJtab 
Temple  Aut<>  Lo  Lbi,afi,,  III. ;  NatiMil  Mote*  Cm  Ca,  S»* 
Francisco.  CiL  NiiUoodl  Aulei  Ctt,  Lot  Ani«lc».  r*L  ;  L^wfTf 
Auto  Co.,  Pll^lhurir,  Pi.  J  Rait  Aulo  C*  ,  SbAkAe.  Wv^  : 
Pugrt  Sound  Auta  Co.,  Suttle,  Wiih.  =  Fiwta^  Aiti«  C«, 
MinneapolU.  MIah.  i  Mkcnl«h  AuraCn..  St.  I,«uit,  Mn,  i  ¥i^m 
Auto  Co..  IndiaM(H»|J<,  lad,  ;  r,  F-  RqUtid  HotfrCa..  Krv^rt, 
N.  J. ;  Sharman  AulACn.^SxIt  Ljk«Cirr.  Ttili ;  Avfo  S^inill' 
•ndStorageCo  .  flaliLmgrfl.  Md.  j  5ialw«^n  AiciDJ[G«apCfl  , 

NAT10F4AL  MOTOR  veUCLC  00*, 
m\  2U  St.,  lulUai^tlA,  tmi. 

l^int^T* Ainwlcan  Mcrfer  Car  MtrL 
Aisn.,  N.  V. 


Ptease  mention  the  Rootew  of  Rovlews  when  writing  to  atloortloora 
66 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising:  Section' 


Hammer  the  Hammer 


Thr  ht T  Jt'husuii  Safety  Automaltc 

Ri^E  river  Hot/t   go  off  unk^ss  yxm 

Ji'iliberatcly  [lull  the  tnggcn      Do 

Ih^it  arifl  you'll  find  it  jtist  as  sure 

as  it  1;^  siifL',     The  sLnightfst -sin -(ting,  barrkst^bit- 

tin  (J,    mttsi   rrViii]>h    rcvulvrr   nunle    tj-duy.      Rightly 

pn>]J'.»rti'Jt3t!il^  K*LiUtifiilly  fmislitd;  u  gtiitlfman's  yUi^A  Utr 

Our  Free  Booklet,  '•Shots,"  b.lb  mnn-  in  detail  why  the  Ivirr 
Johns^ni  his  outitripjxid  competitors  in  public  favi^r,  Uiir  hajidsumi^ 
c;iU!t>gue  gijea  ^silh  it,   showing  details  (A  cuiistniction. 

Iver  Johneon  Safety 
Hammerleas  Rovolver 

3-inch    barrel,    nUket-plated    finish, 
31  or  38  center-fire  cart-  A'f    A  A 


Iver  Johnson  Safety 
Hammor  Revolver 


^^Af  ^  Hardnturr  nmi  S^yriise  Gooiii  dmlirrs  rztfrytuhtrf^  ar  sent  prcf^tid  en  Tec*iM 
sff/ Jtrii*  i/  fk&ar  'Wiii  Ki^i  tup^i'y .    LmAjifr  atid^i  head i/tt  £ri^  aiui  (Jfcr  tuxme  ^ttbamt. 

IVER  JOHNSON'S  ARMS  i  CYCLt  WORKS,  1 27  River  Si,  fltchburg,  Mass. 

?;►'¥?  Vnrk  :  '^f^  (-hr^rn^i"!^  Street,  UnmlmrB,  n^^rmftn?  t  Pti.^khi]hci3  *- 

Maktrv  nf  fv>f  Johntori  Slnj^lt  B^rral  Sholfunt  and  W«r  Jchnson  Tnits  iridgi  Iteyclit 


Iver  Johnson 

SAFETY   AUTOMATIC    REVOLVER 


TJglit  Runabout.  frSoo 


^™* 


Llifrht  Touria£  Car,  |z8$d 


Medium  Runabout,  fafioo 


Medium  Tourinijr  Car,  faEoo 


> 


Why  are  5000  Franklins  in  daily  user 

Why  are  Franklin  sales  this  year,  although  only  five  years  in  the  field,  next  to 
the  largest  in  value  among  all  Amencan  motor-cars? 

Why  does  a  Franklin  hold  the  world's  efficiency  record  ?  The  world's  endur- 
ance record?  The  world's  long-distance  touring  record? 

Would  there  be  such  facts  and  records  if  Franklin  air-cooling  and  high-grade  non -jarring  light- 
weight construction  did  not  actually  give  ihc  superlative  strength,  the  riding-comfort,  the  safety  and 
the  unmatched  touring-ability  which  we  claim  ? 

Why  not  see  a  Franklin  dealer  ;  and  write  us  for  the  Catalogue  de  luxe. 

H.  H.  FRANKLIN  MFG.  CO.,  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Member  Associadon  Licensed  Automobile  Manufacturers. 


Landaulet.  S4000  Six-Cylinder  Runabout.  ^4000  Six -Cylinder  Touring  Car.  $4000  Limousine,  I5900 


Pleaw  mention  the  Review  of  Reulews  when  writing  to  advertisers 


67 


"Tht  Rer^ew  of  Rei^ews— AivertSsin?  Section 


This  Beautiful  Book  FREE 

to  you — simply  send  us  your  name  and  addreaa 
today  and  this  beautiful  little  book  wUI  be  lent 
you  immediately.  It  not  only  describes  the^ 
wonderfiil  mac  bines  used  in  nmkmg  ^ 

the  permanently  adjusted 


Watch 

for  a  Lifetime 

but  also  tells  in  an  interesting  way  why  aiid 
how  the  marvelous  Rockford  Watch  is  made 
the  moBt  eccuraie  timepiece  in  the  world.  Well 
tell  you  how  to  get  the  right  watch  at  a  right 
price.    Send  us  your  name  and  address  today. 

Rockford  Watch  Co.,  Rockford,  111. 


12 -Day  Ocean  Trip 

To  the  Island  of  JAMAICA,  West  Inilles 


«ATRATO"     ...  July  IStli    «LA  PLATA*' .  ,  ,  Aug.  lOth 
**TRENr* July  27tli    **TAGUS*'  ......  Aug.  24th 

Leaving  New  York  on  Saturday  afternoonp  passengers  arrive  at 
JAMAICA  Wednesday  evening,  and  leave  there  Saturday  morning, 
arriving  at  New  York  on  Wednesday  evening  or  Thursday  morning. 
During  the  two  days  spent  at  JAMAICA  tourists  are  provided  with 
accommodations  on  board  the  Company's  steamships,  $65  covers  all 
expenses  except  those  incurred  by  tourists  while  on  shore  at  Jamaica. 

Illustrated  booklet  on  application, 

THE  ROYAL  MAIL  STEAM  PACKET  CO. 

SAf^DERSON  &  SON.  General  Agents,  22  State  St-^  N-  Y,  City 
FOSTER   DEBEVQISE,  Paaaeiiger  Agents   Flatlron  Bldg^  N.  Y«  City 


FUase  mention  the  Rtuieta  of  ReuhmM  mken  wnt/ng  to  a^ufrtdtrg 

em 


A 


The  Kevicw  ot  Reviews — ^Adverfisins:  iiection 


WINCHESTER 


,21    CALIBER    AUTOMATIC    RIFLE 

This  wonderful  little  rifle  is  in  a  class  by  itself  for  pleasure  and  sport.  After 
loading  it  allthat  it  is  necessary  to  do  to  shoot  ten  times  is  to  pull  the  trigger 
for  each  shot,  as  the  recoil  of  the  exploded  cartridge  operates  the  repeating 
mechanism.  The  use  of  this  rifle  develops  accuracy  of  aim  when  shooting 
rapidly,  an  accomplishment  all  hunters  strive  for.  For  city,  country  or  camp 
the  .22  Automatic  is  very  handy.    To  fully  appreciate  it  you  should  shoot  it. 

WinekuUr  Ouni  and  Wbtehstter  AmmunUkm  are  SoUt  Bverytohen 
WINCHESTER     REPEATING     ARMS     CO.,      -      •      NEW     HAVEN,    CONN. 


E-r:Ef^f=-jm&NCY  ^ 


fl  The  full  heritage  of  pleasurable  motor  car  ownership  comes  from  confidence  in 
the  tire  equipment.  If  this  is  so.  and  any  motorist  will  tell  you  that  it  is,  where  can 
thj4  cons fortsi hie.  constantly  reasauring  feeling  of  itre  efficiency  be  lound  in  tht-  moit  dtpendtiblf  form? 
To  say  GOODRICH  TIRES  and  srop  roMci*  noijiifig-io  say  COODRJCH  TIRES  and  back  a  up  with 
proof  that  np  auiomobile  Ure  in  all  (he  world  has  so  cle^n  u  record  in  (he  face  of  the  moM  severe  te^rs 
should  impel  further  invrMigAtjoii  hy  you. 

»  m«d  <nit  Hr  bf^yand  the  ptfiM  a\  QtJ'mtrY  tfry\ct—±tiA  kmnd  full  uf  re«crvt  ftft:ni£ili.     Wlim  ind  wh<fe,  laid  in  tKTpJtt  liut 


*tw  jrmut  tor  the  taking. 


"GOODRICH  TIRES  CARRY  THE  LOAD' 


Tlic  Review  of  Review*— Advertising:  Section 


HIGHEST 

IN 
AMERICA. 


Th«  manulacture  of  tllfn 
to  the  Kodak  standard  re- 
quires perfect  basic  mater- 
ials. 

To  Insu  re  Buch  materials 
we  make  them  ourselveSi 
even  to  the  acids.  The 
manufacture  of  these  acids 
made  necesaarf  the  hiftheat 
stack  in  Amenra— 366  feet 
from  iounidation  to  top. 

This  stack  Es  slmpty  tvp- 
icat  of  the  perfect] ofi  in  ever^ 
department  of  our  film 
plant.  Special  machinery, 
special  buildinaSi  access  to 
the  methods  and  formylfie 
ol  the  best  plate  makers  in 
the  world —a LI  are  at  the 
command  of  our  film 
makers*  Back  of  all  this 
is  more  than  20  yc&rA*  of 
fllmexperJence*  The  result 
is  Kodak  N.  C.  Film,  the 
only  film  rated  by  experts 
as  equalinji  the  speed  of  the 
fastest  plates. 

Thw  film  §foa  ujb  £3  more 
imparlant  tff0tt  the   fOrn#ra 


Look    for 
the  spool. 


'  Kodak  ""  on 


K 
0 
D 
h 
K 


EASTMAN  KODAK  CO. 
Rochester,  N.  Y. 
The  Kodak  City, 


Used  by  U.  S.  Signal  Corpi, 

GENEVAI 

Superior  Binocular 

•$■ 


Its   ma^fying 
power^   field    view 
and   clearaesa    of   definition  | 
t&  sulJucn  ^uatSed,  even   in 
those  binocutars>  co  jtin  5  y  wnce 
cls  much.  A^lc your  dejiEcr  for 
It.    If  he  has  none  in  stock, 
5«Tid  us  %i^  and  receive  onQ 
onftpproraL  If  notsaiisraciDiy^  1 
it  fat  oLir  CLJtpcrif«).    We  will  djifter-- 
fully  r^luTid  your  money, 
U£?4EVA  ai^lCAL  CO^illLlfldea  %.,  a^i^ra,  N.  Y. 

KTtCLFHrVE  flALEa  AOttrTH 

F.  0.  Wllmn,  iLhu*^  H.  f.  B.  C-  Watted  %y 

BaffiJo  OT^tl<^fcl  C0  .  C3^  Sbla  B(h.  Buflfclo.  If   \ 
0,  H.  Wood.  UEItA  WuhlAfftoa  a\. ,  OLkl&tid.  C&lLtefrrK]* 
E.  E.  BtDi^b  ^  &«n,  £Ait  MMn  Bt-.  BixkMter,  M.  T. 


Prolong  your   Vacation 
-^th  a 

Hawk-Eye 
CAMERA 

Just  a  little  in  your  pocket.  Just 
a  trifle  out  of  pocket  and  the  sum- 
mer's pleasures  are  preserved. 

Folding  Hawk-Eyes  are  daylight 
loading  pocket  cameras,  built  lor 
those  who  know. 

BLAIR  CAMERA  CO. 
CatmUru€  0n  rtq^tst,  Rochester.  N.  Y. 


Pieaje  mention  the  Reoletu  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  aduerttaera 
70 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising:  Section 


SMOKELESS 

A  Bulk  Skotffun  Powder  Packed  by  the  Stronger  Guarantee 

Its  regularity  has  won  the  confidence  of  sportsmen  everywhere.  In  the 
field  and  at  the  traps  Dupont  Smokeless  is  the  American  sportsman's 
favorite.  It  is  used  by  more  amateur  sportsmen  and  professional  trap- 
shooters  than  all  powders  combined. 

Its  uniformity,  high  velocity,  even  pattern,  quick  ignition  and  perfect 
combustion  are  some  of  the  qualities  that  make  it  absolutely  regvldr  and 
rdicMe.         Mu^^  jn^i^  on  Shelle  Loaded  with  Dupont  Smokeleee 

(N.  B.— DU  PONT  RIFLE  POWDERS  meet  all  requirements.       Write  for  descriptive 
foldersy  stating  caliber  and  make  of  rifle.) 

E.  L  DU  PONT  DE  NEMOURS  POWDER  COMPANY 
Efltiblidied  VM  WILMINGTON.  DELAWARE 


PteaM  mentton  the  Rwiew  of  Reulewa  when  writing  to  aduerti^itrt 
71 


rhe  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising:  SectioQ 


c 


YOU  can*l  have  a  better 
companion  on  your  vacation 
than  a  good  camera.  Half  the 
oy  of  your  trip  you  can  bring 
ome  in  the  pictures  you  take  of 
the  lovelv  places  you  visit,  and 
the  friends  you  make. 
flThe  success  of  your  pictures, 
though,  will  depend  upon  the 
lens  you  use.  When  you  buy 
your  camera,  be  sure  to  have  it 
fatted  with  the  famous 

Rausch  &  Lomb-Zeiss 
Tessar  Lens 

which  all  dealers  will  supply. 

fl  Send  for  our  Catalog — it  describes 

our  complete  series  of  lenses. 

q "PRISM"  IS  A  LITTLE  MAGAZINE 
we  publish  monthly.  Not  a  mere  advatuemcnt,  but  a 
beautifully  made  and  printed  little  publication  about  that 
worldof  wonder  and  beauty  aeen  by  the  len$.  Sendut 
your  name  and  we  will  enter  your  fubsaiption  FREE. 

Bausch  &  Lomb  Optical  Co.,  Rochester.  N.Y. 
NewYork,  Boston,  Washington,  Chicago,  San  Francisco 


WMMH 


By  the  Brooks  Systen  of  Ml  sbe 
patterns  aod  illostrated  MstnctiMs 

Pattern  of  all  Rowboats  and  Canoes,  $  1 .50  to  $2. 
Launches  and  Sailboats,  20  feet  and  under,  $4  to  $S. 
From  21  to  30  feet  inclusive,  $5  to  $10. 

We  sell  frames  with  oatterns  to  fimih  for  leaa  tkaa 
it  costs  others  to  manufacture. 

$15.— Price  of  16  ft.  launch  frame  (No.  5)  com- 
plete with  patterns  and  instructions  to  finish. 

$20.— Price  of  22  ft  speed  launch  frame  (No.  1 5) 
complete  with  patterns  and  instructions  to  finsah. 

21311  inexperienced  people  built  boats  last  year. 
Why  not  you? 


Ftm  IUutrat«4  CstalaffM  quotes  prices  on  oti 
down  frames  with  psnemi  to  fiaiui,    and  complete   Itaock-'Aw 
boats-launche»—«ailboata->TOwboats  and  canoes. 

Satisfaction  guaranteed  or  money  rehmdedL 


%\iimh 


BR00K8  BQ&T  MFCq 

im  8M,  St  SAGINAW,  MICH. 


^ 


GrayMotors 


3^  to  40  l^^^^m  Fowls' 

Tht  High  CrAdM  Engmt  At  m  Low  iVsc^ 

/i  R.  P.  Complete  Outfit  tA^  5| 

Us.jil*!,!*  f...r  5K  t-j  15  fi>ot  b^ta— «    '^VwM    i   **_r 
■  lli^ii,  nlir^l,    ituAnf  hot,  l«UH|.r  ^      p         ^^" 


rVftlJlbiH^  llUtlAiLk  WD.A  ftlpLHf 

Built  in  the  most  moctefti 
and  up-to-date   plant    in 
the  world  devoted  u« 
dusively  to  the  build- 
ing of  2-cycle  Marine 
Engines  and  guaran- 
teed by  a  responsi- 
ble &rm. 

Vlr,i4   for  prtoH  bd^   ^tOTMItoB 
J  r»,^T^    hamA   H«ibif  9wmt  ^M^ 

■lk-<w        Jnt  &U  «v(   W^tt^ 

6riyMo(trCi. 


Pleaae  mention  the  Review  of  Reelewa  whan  writing  to  attuartlsan 
72 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisingf  Section 


HOPKINS  <a  ALLEN  RIFLES 

US  C^lbsr— BEST  MA.D£  AT  TH£  PIVlCEL-aS  CKlib*r 

So  sun  you  can  procure  will  g-ive  more  aatis faction  durmgf  the  months  of  vacation  than  a 
HppHini  %  All«ii  M^ht  cutlber  riAe,  They  are  l^zrht,  trim  and  up  to  date,  shoot  tnie  to  your  aim 
and  Qnn  be  taken  apart  and  packed  in  the  suit  case  fur  travt-linp-,  Mnk*  it  a  point  to  ifxtimitu  thfjfa 
J?i/!<t*  before  your  n^Cfttitin.  You  can^nd  £hfm  nt  any  gootl  hardware  or  tjMjriing  fffMxis  Mttrrt.  Thsy 
drir^  itb^kt  a£  60  yariU ;  handU  perfectly  ;  hart  deep  Mealed  *rrw^t#^  take-dmcnjyinis  and  cKist  leMt  than 
any  aifur  rijf^  tm  itte  market  ofequti!  ffrads. 


American  Walnut  Stt>ck 
entire  length     - 


If  a.  T!2.    tMWxR,    16- in.  ti^irrel. 
Hw  bsck  action  *tid  poaJtiTe  aafety  aiTanfr«- 

«  short  and   lonir  rim  Arc    cartridgeii. 


BlarreL  btock  rifle  steel 


$3,60 


Ko,  822.    4lti^. 


An    improvwl    l>cvcr  Action  Gun  with  iniprc*v(?<l  ^ 
bfcty  feAtu'ff!^      SIiooLhi  .fi  lonj^  or  iihnrt   ^iflL0f1i^ 

rsLTtniiie*,    fiarrf?]  *0  in,  nf  tn^st  blaCk  rtflf  rC^^Ii,  deep  riAt-d   „ 

our  impmved  pxtra  quitk  twitjL    Stock  aelect  Ameritaui  Walnut. 
Wdrht  i  iba,  ssrin.  over  all  - , , , $4.flO 

Ha.  tl3X.  Same  patte.'m  and  fiiioaAalnVR,  but  chambered  for  ,S^  caL  .4tiurt  cartridp^, t4*G0 


Ha.  922.  Lf v«  r  nc  t  jun— 
shoots  .*t  c^UtKT  short> 
loner  and  longr  rtric  t-nrt- 
rldge^.  Hfui  rt^tjoundinir 
hinmrner,  ejisy  lu-tion. 
biMt  juifety  armn^rcment. 
Dflrrt'l.  hijrh  jxtwcr  rille 
stfM-l. stock  t)e»t  rnide  of 
Walnut  Wtiffhia 
4mb3,  airrcl  Win. 
— IM  in.  ov<jr  all. 

to.oo 


Na,  932,  Sjinie  pnt- 
tem  and  ^iie  (ls 
ul^ictve.  i'hanitiered 
imd  rjflf^i  for 
.-"^j  shivt.  nnd 
lum^rartricJirfH^ 


$e.5o 


THE  HOPKINS  &  ALLEN  ARMS  CO.  U^^  47  NORWICH,  CONN.,  U*  S,  A* 

Lari«at  Mfrs.  Hiffh  Gr«dt%  rmjular  Pric«l  Firearma  in  t lie  WorkL 


Healthful  Happiness  is 

I  heirs  who  possess  a  Lancaster 
Pony  Carriage,  Why  not  make 
your  child   or  children  happy; 
make   them  out-of-door-near-to- 
natnre  children?     Think  of   the 
endless  joy  in  store  with  a  real 
live  pony  and  a  real  carriage,  per- 
Hect  in  \\s  mechanical  detail,  design 
and  construction  :  the  kind  that  arc 
dependable  and  safe. 
Such  arc  Lancaslef  Carriage,  made  in  many  styles,  each  pattern  a  miniature  reproduction 
embodying  every  detail  found  in  full  sized  vehicles. 

tliowjnj:  correct  iiiy5«  iiid  wrc  \hM  yuiji-cf^li^r  i*  fillr.l  su  y^mr  rntuf  ^irsifad'oii. 

J.  A.  LANCASTER  (Sk  CO- 

Ma  ten  of  light- wcigKt  Station  WagonSt  the  very  best  of  their  kind  in  the  world 

PONY  rADDIAr;FS 


The  Review  of  Revkwi— Advcttiring  ScctioD 


Book  Men 


Wanted 


Profitable   Summer  Work— Per- 
manent Employment  if  You  Want  It 


w 


E  want  an  energetic  man  or  woman 
in  every  county  to  handle  an  extra- 
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Terms,  cash  or  easy  payments — no 
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dented and  you  won't  need  a 
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You  can  take  three  to  ten  orders  a 
day  from  the  day  you  start,  which 
will  mean  $18.00  to  $75.00  a  week 
in  commissions.  Write  for  further 
particulars  to-day. 

The  Review  of  Reviews  Compaiiy 

13  Astor  Place  loom  401  New  TerK 


TIic  Review  of  Reviews— Advertisingf  Section 


The  Proof  is  in  the  Comparison 


Prove 


your- 
self 


Particular  people  whose  pride  of  name  and 
pride  in  product  goes  into  their  stationery  have 
preferred  Coupon  Bond  irrespective  of  price  for 
over  fifteen  years. 

Not  the  cheapening  hurry  of  today  but  the  old  slow  careful  methods  that 
make  for  finmess  and  permanmce  are  still  used  in  making  ^OVIPOM  OBONId. 
Its  beautiful  color  and  texture,  its  remarkable  toughness  and  erasing  qual- 
ities make  it  not  only  a  distinctive  paper — ^but  the  de  liixe  and  incomparable 
paper  for  all  business  correspondmce.  Write  your  letters  so  that  they  will 
compel  a  reading — ^write  them  on 

(g©(y)(p(§)G^  ii®i?3© 

to  strengths  their  appeal  and  to  reflect  the  high  standing  of  your 
house.  Cl^lUK^M  OBOMld  costs  no  more  than  other  gcxxl  bond 
papers — ^but  no  other  bond  paper  will  serve  you  as  weU. 


TIm   eOUrOSaaOMO   book   aliowiiiv 


Ww  ^mmVf  tko  papor  prints  will  be  Mnt 
yoa  witb  tbo  nmm»  of  A  local  printer  or 
stationer  wbo  can  mpplj  you — if  you 
win  write  ■■  on  yenr  Imi 


AMERICAN  WRITING  PAPER  CO, 

Lurgeat  Manufacturers  of  the  ComnMrcial 
Paper  in  the  World.    29  Mills. 

HOLYOKEL  MASS. 


TIic  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisingf  Section 


©tratbmore 

Cmtbtnent 

PRINTEIRS,  publishers,  advertisers,  all  who  use  paper  have  heard  of  the 
Strathmore  book  and  cover  papers  made  at  Mittineague,  on  the  Agawam 
River,  in  Massachusetts.  To  every  man  who  uses  paper,  ''Strammore** 
is  a  synonym  for  good  paper.  At,  these  same  mills  is  made  also  die  most 
distinguished  bond  paper  for  business  correspondence. 

If  you  want  to  know  what  your  printer  or  lithographer  thinks  of  Strath- 
more papers,  ask  him  if  he  would  not  advise  you  to  select  for  your  business 
stationery  Strathmore  Parchment,  a  writing  paper  fit  to  represent  any  busmett 
that  is  particular  about  the  kind  of  impression  its  correspondence  makes. 


ADVERTISING  MEN,  ATTENTIONI 
There  are  twenty  thouMUxl  men  in  this  coun- 
try who  are  handling  the  advertising  of  large 
concerns,  which  means  not  onl^  the  sdection 
of  book  and  <;over  papers  for  advertising 
literature,  but  also  papers  for  stationery.  To 
such  men  we  would  like  to  send  a  set  of  our 


costliest  and  most  elaborate  advertianc 
literature  ever  issued  by  a  paper  house,  and 
while  we  wish  to  put  it  in  the  hands  ol 
every  man  who  ought  and  can  buy  sodi 
papers,  we  cannot  afford  to  give  it  to  any- 
one else.    Therefore,  have  your  letter  asking 


for  this  set  make  clear,  both  as  to  its  letter- 


>thi 


Mittineague  books,  showing  our  writing,  book  and      head  and  its  statement,  your  exact  position  in  your  corn- 
cover  papers.     This  set  of  books  constitutes  the     pany,  and  we  will  send  tiie  books  —  not  otherwise. 

MITTINEAGUE  PAPER  CO.,  MimNEAGUE,  MASS.,  U3JL 

C^l)e  **@tratl)more  Qualitp**  QapersJ 


M.   ®.  M.   PORTABLE    HOUSES 


GAbiai 


SmcUI  09«b  Air  CottotfM  for  T«b«rcoloili  Patitmta 
Wmmmmt  CoCtoics.  AmtemobU*  B««tM 
Cklldr«B't  PUy  ■•«••••  Bmnton' 
Pkotatfrapk  GaUsHm,  Etc 

Made  by  automatic  machinery  where  the  wood 
grows.  Better  built  and  better  looking  than  you 
can  have  constructed  at  home  and  at  much  less 
cost.  Wind  and  water  tight.  Artbtic  in  design. 
Constructed  on  the  l/mii  SyUem,  (Rinels  inter- 
changeable.) 

Houses  shipped  complete  In  every  detail.  Can  be 
erected  and  ready  for  occupancy  from  6  to  24  hours  after 
arrival  at  destinatioa«  according  to  size  of  house. 

NO  JIAlLfl.  NO  STRIKES. 

NO  CABPENTEB8.  NO  WORRY. 

Everything  fits.    Anyone  can  erect  them. 


WB   PAY   THE   FREIGHT. 

Write  to-day  for  catalogue.    Tell  u«  what  yoa  want  and  we  wUl  give  you  a  deliyered  price  at  c 
Please  endoae  2c  stamp  in  your  inquiry  for  our  Handsome  Illustrated  CaUlogue. 
MMUiHON  <a  MORI^KY  COMPANY,        -        aOO  BROAPWAT,'  SAOIWAW.  MICH; 

Phaae  mention  the  Reolew  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  aduertlsert 
76 


TIic  Review  of  Reviews — Advertising  Section 


1689 

A  CONTINUOUS  RECORD 
OF  STEADY  GROWTH 

Prior  to  1 889  there  was  no  such  thing 
as  a  Smith  Premier  Typewriter.  To- 
day there  are  over  300,000  in  actual 
use.  Ten  years  ago  the 

^knUh  Itamier 

was  not  known  outside  of  the  United 
States.  To-day  it  is  in  use  in  every  civ- 
ilized country  in  the  world.  From  this 
it  is  evident  that  the  world  needed,  ap- 
preciated and  boughta  typewriter  that 
solved  every  typewriting  problem. 
Are  you  needing  such  a  typewriter? 

We  send  interesting  literature  on  request. 
rhe  Smith  Premier  Typewriter  Co.,  Syracuse,  N.Y. 

Branches  Everywhere 


1907      ^ 


Fl9a»t  mention  the  Reulew  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  advenisere 
77 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising:  Sect&m 


Half  Your  Cig'ar  Money 

And   Oet  A  B«|ter  Smoke 


Photcgraih  ElProwMt 

**  ReaBons  why  '"—Here,  at  our  factory,  your  money  has  'two  times  its  ordinary  purchasing  power.  Tou  pay  as 
merely  the  cost  of  producing  the  cigars  and  one  conservative  profit. 

Every  expense  that  does  not  contribute  to  the  prodilction  of  the  best  cigars  is  cut  out. 

Here,  you  have  the  comfortable  knowledge  that  your  cigars  are  made  in  a  factory  famously  dean  asid  sanitary. 

Here,  the  retail  price  is  cut  in  half.    Tou  put  the  other  half  in  your  pocket. 

You  can't  get  acquainted  with  our  "  direct  to  you  "  plan  of  cigar  buying  too  soon.  Remember,  It  meaos— 
money  in  your  pocket  and  a  vast  improvement  in  you  satisfaction. 

"  If  you  are  not  entirely  satisfied  yoi^  may  send  back  at  our  expense  any  part  of  any  box  of  cigars  aiul  we  agrss 
to  return  its  full  purchase  price  in  cash  or  other  cigars,  whichever  you  say."  That's  our  guarantee — the  reaaoa 
why  we  have  made  such  a  secure  reputation  for  clean-cut,  square  dealing. 

too  50 

Kl  Prowost  P«rf«cto,  49^  Ia. S6.00  S8.00 

A  smoke  of  exquisite  fiavor— one  of  our  oldest  brands  and  a  winner.  A  box  or  two  of  this  brand  will  make  the 
most  critical  happy— yes,  even  you.    We  prepay  all  transportation. 

Sit  down  now  and  order.  Over  50,000  have  already  done  so  and  are  regular  customers.  If  you  haven't  the  time 
to  write  us  a  letter  send  us  your  name  and  address  with  your  check  for  the  right  amoimt  and  mention  this  adver- 
tisement—we'll understand.    Don't  let  foolish  prejudice  kill  opportunity. 

Our  catalog  "  Rolled  Reveries  "  free  for  asking.    A»k  ! 


JOHN  B.  ROGERS  A  CO.,  "THE  PIONEERS/'  Bi^/» 


r%m  Sti 


font 


Children  Educated 
At  Home 

Under  the  direction  of 

CAI^VERT    SCHOOI^ 

(EatablUhed  iS97) 
Dally  letsoni  and  detailed  courses  of  instruction  with  books 
and  materials,  whereby  children  from  six  to  twelve  years  of 
age  may  be  educated  at  home  by  parents,  teachers  or  gov- 
ernesses according  to  the  best  modern  methods  %nd  imder 
the  guidance  and  supervision  of  a  school  with  a  national 
reputation  for  training  young  children.    Ck>urse  for  each  of 
the  six  elementary  grades  parallel  to  work  being  done,  day 
by  day.  by  pupils  in  the  school's  own  classrooms.    Faculty  of 
trained  and  experienced  teachers,  specialists  in  elementary 
education.    Fur  catalogue  and  sample  lesson^  address 
The  Head-Master^ 
CALVEKT  SCHOOL.  Inc^  Balttmore,  Md. 


VICTOR  HAND-FORGED  AUTOMOBILE 

Water  cooled ;  2  cycle  engine  4Mi  x  4  cyl- 
inder ;  wheels  87  inches ;  1^-inch  Good- 
year cushion  tires  ;  runs  from  1  to  26 
miles  per  hour.  No  country  too  rough 
or  hilly  for  the  HandPorged  Victor. 
Price  $450,  including  leather  top,  fend- 
ers, lamps,  horn,  tools,  etc.  Write 
for  Catalogue  and  full  particulars. 

VICTOR  AUTOMOBILE  MFG.  CO.,1 04  Carroll  St.,  St.  Louis,  Mo, 


P 


OSTAL 

Typewriter 


PUrivi:  if 


invrit<?r,      Ljf't     11. » 


trivi:  it  tni  you 

Model  3    • 
Moflel  5     ' 


Poital  TTDcwriter  Co. 


K  Hill  riimlvr 
Jit  LJ4  ttjf  \V\\.h..-' 


|« 


]4«  Moritalja,  C«a»K 


try 


Addnwa:  Tbc  Barihgloetfw  Ca>i 


fflf  1*47. -M.r 
Ttn*   car   Iwr 

tpHptI  InM-— Ui4 
kctU*     tyt** 

ail  GiMe  R,.  fcatli,  JL 


Stallman's  Dresser  Trtiitk 

tbia^.     Nil'  ruijE'uc   Ul  p^rMni   mnU,   uwpft   ' 

ari< t  o>fff I  no  tanre  iImh  *.  EfviJ  l#«  (ra»a.   R^ 
lirctriJ  I  •rrcniEm  tnttik  madr*     In  tmsM  ^^- 
■rnri  at  cbiffgsi^tr     L~.  a.  A,  «ifiEb  i«iii|sp«J 


55  V^' 


F.  A.  STALUHAM 
Spfln;  SI -4,  Coliifi 


iht^m,  n. 


The  CALCUMETER 


THE  STANDARD  DESK  ADDING  MACHINE." 

"yHF  hrst,  handirst  and  most  durable  for  desk  and  tcaeral  ur 
t  Guaranteed  aljsolutely  for  three  jrcara.  Special  madiiae  far 
adding  I-^nelish  money;  India  mooey:  fractioos  of  as  IblIi  larb 
Inches.  Into  feet ;  pounds  into  bushels,  etc. 


SE^'D  FOR  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE  NO.  12. 


*'  You  need  a  Calcumeteroo  Your  Deak.' 

20  d«rs  FREE  TRIAL.    Sold  strktly  on  Its 

HERBERT     NORTH      MOR8C, 

122  OfT  Building.  TRENTOW,  W.  J. 


Plsass  mention  the  Review  of  Reulewa  when  writing  to  advertisers 
78 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertisingf  Section 


Follow  Vs; 

For 


FOR 

nBfPUcrrVf  ACCURAinr*  speed 

QUAUTV,  REUABlUrV 

md  ewrr  olh«r  iwtiir*  iiifh«r»  Staunch  Working 
Prln^pl««  >r«  praf«rr<d  to  Tvlklni  Points 

JNDERWOOD  TYPEWRITER  COHPAHT 

HEW  VOMt  OH  ANYWBERE- 

3L|QJ^E1ISDER^ER 

Typewriters 

Jnite  the  Good  Points  of 
ither  makes  at  about  1-2 
he  usual  prices. 

NEW 
No.  8 
MODEL 

VISIBLE 
WRITING 

Ov«r 

120,000 

In  us« 


Bead  far 
GftUloffa*  M. 


Ik  tecrct  of  the  LONG  LIFE  and  DURABILITY  of  the 
Ukkensderfer  Typewriters  lief  hi  the  fact  that  the  IM- 
K)RTANT  WEARING  PARTS  are  made  from  the  TOUGH- 
!ST,  FINEST  and  HIGHEST  PRICED  steel  on  the  market. 
Fhb enables  us  to  make  a  machine  of  LIGHT  WEIGHT  which 
I  GUARANTEED  to  outlast  the  heavy  built  typewriters. 

THE  BLICKENSDERFER  MANF'Q  CO. 
STAMFORD,  CONN. 

)FnCES  IN  PRINCIPAL  CITIES. 


TAIs  Business 
Win  Raise  Va  All 

—Shakespean, 

Thoqsands  of  men  ail  over  the  world  point  to 
this  marlc  as  the  begiuniog  of  their  success. 
Will  you  follow  them  ?  -It's  easy.  All  you  have 
to  do  IS  to  mark  the  coupon  opposite  tlie  occupaHon 
you  like  best,  then  mnil  it  to  the  Internauonal 
Correspondence  Schools,  who  in  turn  will  show 
you  how  you,  too,  can  be  raised  from  your  prei^nt 
position  to  one  that  will  not  only  command  big 
pay  but  the  respect  of  the  world. 

There's  not  a  single  obstacle  in  the  way.  It 
doesn't  matter  who  you  are  or  what  your  circum- 
stances. If  you  can  read  and  write,  the  Interna- 
tional Correspondence  Schools  have  an  easy  way 
to  help  you. 

Neither  does  it  matter  what  yonr  present  occu- 
pation is  or  where  you  live.  The  I.  C.  S.  can  reach 
you  as  easily  as  if  you  were  next  door  to  them. 

Therefore,  if  you  are  interested  enough  to  learn 
how  tlie  I.  C.  8.  can  help  you  to  qualify  for  a 
better  position,  bigger  salary  and  success-^'n  your 
spare  time — without  leaving  home  or  your  present 
position,  mark  and  mail  the  coupon  Uhday.  You'll 
surely  do  this  if  you  consider  your  future  worth 
the  cost  of  a  two  cent  stamp. 

There* 8  no  charge  for  this  advice. 

The  lone  line  of  successful  I.  C.  S.  men  was 
increased  during  April  by  427,  as  siiowu  by  this 
number  of  nusolioited  letters  the  I.  C.  S.  received 
telling  of  salaries  increased  and*  promotions  re- 
ceived through  I.  C  8*  training.  Many  of  these 
men  when  they  started  could  barely  read  and 
write.    Surely,  then,  the  I.  C.  S.  can  help  YOCJ« 

Here  is  the  conpou-^it's  ready. 

Are  You? 


INTERNATIONAL  CORRESPONDENCE  SCHOOLS 

Box    860,  BersBioB,  Pa. 

Pleaaevxplsln,  wlttaoat  farther  obligation  on  my  pftri»  how 
I  <»n  qaaltfV  for  a  l«rger  ■•l&ry  in  the  poiiUea  before  which 
I  have  marked  X ^  


>4|ii9iw  Card  IVrlt«r 
Wtnilitw  Trlmncr 
C'vm  mtiiYlei  Law 

rUJl  .-ivFTlw 
( '  h  r  111  I  n  t 

T#lflir  Mill  9 Apt. 
F!  I'rt' L  rtt^l  0 1* 


1  pf h  ftn .  Mr. II fb [ mi n 
FarenAn  l^lumtrfer 
ISJh-  Llchcliiif  NMijrt. 

Cl«il    (lifcliivfir 
Ilnlid^hK  t'vitlnir't«r 
mhlere^l  Dr*aghliBAq 
Ai-«llLttct 

^ll  It  I  P<  f  R  11(1  dt'^r 


Street  aad  Ke._ 
City 


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79 


The  Review  of  Reviews — Advctti^xkg  Sectiofi 


Smiling  Joe 

You  saw  him  last  summer.  He  runs  arouii] 
now  just  like  other  children.  And  the  Ho^muI 
at  the  Seashore  for  which  he  pleaded,  to  sate, 
others  from  being  crippled  for  life  by  tubortulodi* 
of  the  bones  and  glancb,  is  assured. 

But  the  Battle  is  Stfll  Oa 

with  the  dark,  crowded  tenements  which  maDO- 
facture  crii^ed  children  and  break  down  their 
parents.  Our  twenty-five  visiton,  trained  in  the 
school  of  loving  service  daily  carry  lefief,  win 
counsel,  and  courage  into  die  darkest  hoDei 
Would  you  not  like  to  have  a  part,  real  and  per- 
sonal, in  this  work,  by  sending  a  g^  to  cany  it  on? 
If  desired,  we  will  ^cfly  write  just  bow  and  ior 
whom  it  is  used. 

Last  Summer 

friends  aD  over  die  Union,  from  Alaska,  and  Go- 
ada,  helped  us  give  Fresh-Air  Outings  to  23.051 
women  and  children.  Our  Sea-side  bane^ 

Beaotifnl  Sea  Breeze 

with  its  cool  shade,  good  food,  dean  sand,  oceM 
bathing,  is  ready  to  welcome  25,000  this  nmnnes. 

flow  Many  Wifl  Yoo  Send? 

25  cents  givet  a  motber  or  chfld  onegtonooi  day  of  fra^ 
dom.  tweet  cool  air,  good  food  and  fun  in  dio  Mid 
and  suff . 
$1.00  lets  a  little  family  enjoy  it  all  togedier. 
2.50  will  give  a  whole  wedc  of  new  life  and  cbeer  to  a 
worn  out  mother,  an  aged  toiler,  an  under-fed  woifc- 
.  ^^  ™g  gB"!.  or «  convalescing  patienL 
5.00  makes  a  teething  baby  and  its  "litde  mother**  of  la 

happy  for  a  wed:. 
10.00  gives  four  run-down  school  childiea  a  firesh  alafft  far 

next  year. 
25.00  sends  a  car-load  of  careworn  people  of  lot  dm  dgf 

and  brings  them  back  with  new  courafe. 
50.00  names  a  room  for  the  season. 
125.00  gives  a  happy  cxcuision  to  500  motben  and  rhildbn 

$50,000  NEEDED  FOR  THE  SEASON'S  WORK 

R.  S.  Mintum,  Treasurer,  Room  21 5,  NalOS 
East  22n(l  Street,  New  York  City. 

New  York  Association  for  Imptov* 
ing  the  Condition  of  tlie  Poor 

R  FTJLTON  CUTTING.  Pk«id«i 


Please  mention  the  Revleiv  of  Reuiewe  when  writing  to  adoertl—n 
80 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^A^vertismgf  Sectkm 


IW  A  N  T    you  to 
"get  acquainted" 


KEY  WEST 
SECONDS 


with  my  method 
of  selltng  cigars  direct 
to  you  instead  of  your 
buying  them  at  retail 
and  paying  two  middle- 
men's profits.  1  sell  ttiore 
cigars  than  five  hundrt'd 
retail  cigar  dealers  combined- 
I  make  every  cigar  I  sell, 
and  can  sell  them  direct  to 
yoa  50%  lower  than  a  retailer,  because 
I  dotiU  hiLve  to  pay  the  rent  of  503 
St  ores  f  nor  the  salary  of  50  ^  nets  of 
clerks. 

If  yoQ*d  rather  s^moke  quiiUty  than 
looks,  if  yon  don*t  buy  a  cigar  for  what 
it  seemis  but  for  what  it  contains,  let 
me  send  yoa  100  of  my  Key  West  Havana 
Seconds  for  $[.go. 


mf:a,iug  hand-Mjmc  ciir^r^.  I  hjiien't  pasted 
pfeUf  pictuj^  on  iht  bcrn,  tmr  have  I  placed 
bands  arouud  each  tii^r.  1  dnn't  believe  \u  ^cii' 
en'.  They  art  irreE?ular,  biiit  iHitie  shorter  thaQ  4^ 
incliesj,  some  even  longer.  Thc;f  are  made  from 
the  shortef  ]»rC£4  of  tobaco!:!  which  is.  used  in  mv 
Hnt^t  brands,  at>d  tlTal's  wh^  ihty  are  culltd 
"  St'tondsJ*  and  only  because  the  pi^fcc,^  of  lo'uccij 
are  tcio  a^Uott  Utf  fint  ^Ktiies^'  can  tbey  bt' sold 
h>r  ScKs  t))ai]  SS.'-m  per  bi.indred. 

1  am  Siatijtficd  lo  dii.'ide  my  i)n>At  on  your  F I  RSl' 
ORDER  with  jvu.  This  U  a  w-ay  l^  liave  of  IntixK 
d kit: in^  myself  and  my  waf'  of  sclUnif  tni^rn  defect  to 
ihciu&anda  of  individual  smokers.  I'liia  ^l.'^^>  price, 
of  ci.ur*c  applies  only  to  your  FIRST  ORDER, 
and  hotdj^k^od  on  only  1^0^ 

1  can  only  imjduce  a  limited  immlxir  of  "Key 
W(»l  Ita'rana  Secondsn"  and  therefore  Tc-iej^^c  the 
rie^ht  to  return  yaar  urdcr  and  rtrfund  ytpur  money 
aner  I  liavc  di?p.>!icd  of  a  certain  quatititf .  Tlif 
miTiutc  Tf^u^tbiriK  thut  yKni  uoitld  rather  have  you ^ 
money  than  the  de^r-i,  1 1I  r^tu/n  it,  but  I  really 
bcji-cvetliat  any  clear  deakr  in  the  Lapd  would  ifladly 
five  you  fjvtf  cents  apiece  h>r  ihcm. 

I  *ell  on  A  strictly  C3*h  basi*  only.  1h*  tnin 
scllinir  you  ct^^ra  on  credit*  charKinf^  you  tSAMf  per 
hundred  fjjr  a  c\s3.t  no  h^tcr  tfian'minc  at  f'i-^'V-if  itun 
Weil  afford  to  liavc  half  of  his  cu»lnmcrj  "frtTckhim."' 

To  (fct  the  3lil/*>  tflice  on  your  first  order,  addren'A 
nie  i>er&iinailyj_  Ijsil  make  remittance  t^ymh]^  Uf 
tdwin  Cigaf  Loitipiny. 

EdiATn  rij?5ir  C'SjmtJJiny 

Dcpt.  to       67-60  Weit  [2Sth  St..  New  York 

iit/f  rvnr  r* :     f'uitf  it  Sf  ri  tt  -f  Ktvh a  My*"  lia nk 

Ti n  Pi  itnd  li ntil h f P>'f  tm 


'W, 


^mKb^  Own    Write  factory  for  caUlog,  presses. 


Large Bizeiia    Money l , 

#W»«I     mj^rer.    All  easy,  printed  rules. 
_  VFff  11    Write  factory  for  catalog,  presses, 

reams  ^iS^^^C^MERIDEN.  CONN. 


Chemical  Analy^ses 

Industrial  products  examined  and  working  formulas 
provided,  processes  Improved,  counsel  and  expert  evi- 
dence.   Assay  of  ores,  alloys,  water  and  fuels,  etc.,  etc. 

Inventors  assisted ;  InRtruetlon.    Established  1882. 

MOWADNOCK    LABORATORY,      ...      CHICAOO. 


THE 

TRUSCOTT 

"Craft  of  Quality" 

Kun  ?mo<nthly  and  ntpi^elesti^ly. 
We  prove  netuAl  boat  and  motor 
ynlue  for  i?;very  e^nt  Invetit^fd . 
Send  fli'p  HtAiutH)  for  lar^e  cata- 
li^iK'.  mt^ntionlng  ^-^  and  t}7>e 
or  Ij<  ;A  1 4.P  r  n  Kitor  req  til  red .  mmt 
*tnd  ^l«^t^^^ca^^>wneFSHhou1d  hflve 
the  Trtiscutt  Hiipply  fnt«logtje 

Truscott  Boat  Mfg+  Co*, 

Sub-Station  80 

St*  Josephs   Micb. 


Pt§a*€  mention  the  Review  of  Reuiewa  when  writing  to  advertlaere 
81 


The  Review  of  Reviews 
Financial  Directory 


This  directory  will  be  made  up  of  reputable  banking  houses,  trust  companies,  savings  banks,  broken 
and  other  financial  institutions.  The  Review  ci  Reviews  Company  makes  inquiry  concemiiig  tbc  in- 
stitutions advertising  under  this  heading  and  accepts  none  that  it  (iixls  to  be  of  questionable  character 


BANKING  BY  MAIL 

WITH  THIS 


.THIRTY  MILLION 
DOLLAR    BANK 


4%   INTEREST 
70,000   T)epositors      - 
CAN  YOU  FIND  A 


CapiUU  $2,500,000.00 
Surplus,  $2,500,000.00 

BETTER  INVESTMENT  THAN  THIS  ? 


Bankings  by  Mail  is  one  of  the  modern  methods  of  the  banking  business  and 

the  success  of  the  movement  is  beyond  question. 

4%  Interest,  compounded  semi-annually,  is  not  a  new  departure  in  Cleveland, 

but  is  the  prevailing  rate  paid  on  savings  accounts  by  all  8aviii|:8  banks,  and, 

what  is  more,  has  been  so  for  upwards  of  sixty-five  years. 

The  Cleveland  Trust  Company  has  seventy  thousand  individual  depou- 

tors,  and  with  its  thirty  million  dollars  resources  is  an  absolutely  >afe  place  for  your 

savings,  offering  you  a  better  investment  than  Government  bonds,  for  the  reason 

that  it  is  not  only  perfectly  safe,  but  pays  on  small  amounts  as  well  as  large. 

4%  Compound  Interest  has   earned   more   millions  than  speculaboo.    A 

lavings  account  with  this  bank  ii  a  better  investment  even  than  high-grade  stocks   or  bonK 

because  it  earns  as  much  as  those  carrying  the  same  «utfgin  of    safety,  and  the  value  of  the 

principal  does  not  fluctuate,  but  is  always  worth  100  cents  on  the  dollar.    Then,  too,  your  fmidi 

are  available  at  all  times. 

Money  deposited  in  a  savings  account  at  a  distance  from  home  is  not  so  liable  to 

be  drawn  on  for  incidental  expenses  and  luxuries.as  it  would  be  if  one  had  but  to  go  around  the 

comer  to  get  it    Many  people  who  have  hitherto  failed  in  their  attempt  to  save  money  find  tbev 

can  save  succcMfulIy  bv  depositing  in  another  city.    The  privacy  of  one's  bank  account  is  macn 

more  complete  when  kept  in  another  city,  where  one's  family  and  friends  know  nothing  aboat 

it,  and  have  absolutely  no  means  of  finding  out  unless  the  depositor  so  desires. 

By  Depositine  in  the  Cleveland  Trust  Company  vou  have  the  satisfactioo  of 

dealing  with  one  of  me  largest  and  strongest  savings  banb  in  Um^  United  States.^   You  oet  f oar  per 

cent  interest  on  savings  deposits  of  one  dollar  or   more,  compounded  seni-animfly,  aad  dM 

safety  of  your  money  is  guaranteed  by  Thirty  Million  dollafi  4 


Wo  wottld  be  pleased  to  aeud  you  our  free  booklet  "  V 
explaiuiug  our  ayatem  of  BANKING  BY  MAIZ, 

THE  CLEVELAND   TRUST  COMPANY 

(SAVINGS    BANK) 
CLEVELAND,  -  OHIO  Jl 

Please  mention  the  Review  of  Reoiewa  when  writing  to  adoertlMrt 
82 


The  Reyiew  of  Reviews  Financial  Directory 

——                                                                                                                            ^— ^^ 

^^^^^^\ 

-  '^im 

110^ 


;si^' 


?*^^*-r-f.. 


FFllJ 


inrz^i^iiTRiij 


N  fth^n  war*  ihU  Compiiny  hai  i^y  $260,000,000 
.  of  G««rjinle«d  Mortfafrt<     No  mveal&r  hut  lo^t  oti^ 

doHar  of  either  prrmipal  or  interest.  ' 

W^  fM>w  offer  ifii*  Frnt  MoHfag<*  S«*ci 
y<>rk  Otf  Real  Elstmle  in  the  form  of 

414  P^^  Cent 
Guarantteri  Mortgage  Certifica., 

in   ,'unounts  of  $500  and   Sl.fl^J*^ 

m\D  Am  MORTGACr  guaranitj,  < o, 


^4^-.j,J^"^ 


innatoii 


AND  I 


3  76  Bt<Md¥tnf 


TK 


m 


FIDEUn  op  CUSDIILn 


1876 

FIDELITY 
LIABILITY 
ACCIDENT 
HEALTH 
STEAM  BOILEB 


OF  NEW  YORK 

GBOROB  P.  SEWARD,  President 
ROBERT  J.  HILLAS,  Vice-President  and  Secretary 


ELEVATOB 
PLATE  QLASS 
BUBQLABY 
FLYWHEEL 


ThlB  Company  has  been  engaged  In  the  several  MINOR  MI80ELLANE0U8 
LINES  of  Insurance  for  THIRTY  YEARS,  and  has  built  up  gradually  and  pru- 
dently A  VERY  LARGE  CASUALTY  INSURANCE  BUSINESS.  Its  annual  Income 
flrom  premiums  is  nearly  SIX  BOLLIONS  of  dollars.  Its  business  Is  protected 
by  assets  of  over  EIGHT  MILLIONS,  Including  an  unearned  premium  reserve 
of  over  THREE  MILLIONS  of  dollars,  and  a  special  reserve  against  contingent 
claims  of  over  ONE  AND  ONE-HALF  MILLIONS.  It  has  paid  over  TWENTY- 
FOUR  BOLLIONS  to  Its  policy  holders  FOR  LOSSES.  Its  constant  effort  is  to 
give  its  clients  not  only  INSURANCE  Indemnity,  but  prompt  and  effective 
INSPECTION  and  ADJUSTING  SERVICES. 

INSUBANCE  THAT  INSUBE8 


CAPITAL,    -    $1,000,000.00 


SURPLUS,    -    $1,904,775.76 


DUMONT  CLARKE, 
WM.  P.  DIXON, 
ALFRED  W.  HOYT, 


directors: 

QEO.  E.  IDE.  TVM.  J.  MATHESON. 

W.  Q.  LOW,  ALEXANDER  E.  ORR. 

J .  Q.  McCULLOUQH,       HENRY  E.  PIERRBPONT. 
QEO.  P.  SEWARD. 

Principal  Offices,  Nos.  97-103  Cedar  Street,  New  York 

Affents  in  all  considerable  towns 


ANTON  A.  RAVEN. 

JOHN  L.  RIKER. 

W.  EMLEN  ROOSEVELT, 


Please  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writinj  to  advertisers 
83 


The  Review  of  Revie^TS  Financial  Directory 


J>0       JTGir    WA^TT- 
.FOR  JT?VIf  :£4CTQBar 

THE  town  of  Koppel  is  in 
existence  simply  because  it 
is  the  most  advantageous 
location  for  an  industrial  site  that 
could  be  found  in  almost  two  years 
of  systematic  searching.  Koppel 
is  the  home  of  the  big  industrial 
and  portable  railroad  plant  of  the 
Arthur  Koppel  company. 

It  also  aims  to  be  the  home  of 
other  manufacturing  establish- 
ments desiring  the  same  excep- 
tional facilities  that  the  Arthur 
Koppel  Company  demanded — 
and  got. 

KCPPEL 

.yiJV  JUiEAZ 
TOTtW 

is  located  on  two  great  railroad  sys- 
tems—Has unexcelled  shipping  facil- 
ities in  all  directions. 

It  is  only  30  miles  from  Pittsbargh 
and  has  the  advantage  of  Pittsburgh's 
cheap  freight  rates. 

It  has   its   own  connecting  railroad, 
insuring   every  manufacturing   site  im- 
mediate shipment  or  delivery  of  freight. 
It  has  natural  gas  and  cheap  coal — 
It  has  an  electric  power  plant — 
It  has  in  fact  about  every  advantage 
that  an  industrial  town  ought  to  have 
or  could  have. 

An  interesting  proposition  will 
be  made  to  manufacturers  who 
want    a    location   of  this    sort. 

KOPPEL  UNO  COMPANY 

1604  Machesoey  BriidiiK,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


6%  on  l^our  £^abmgit 


^re. 


oppcutunity  to  icciice  6^  tnTitesI  Ofi  tarploi 
fuDck^— or  to  K»ve  y^^uf  Mviogt  e&ni  luch  a  retuTH 
while  you  a^e  accumufaiLog  capctal  —  U  purely  mf- 
fiicicmly  Attractive  lo  trrge  a  dote  mTotigatioD  tif  tbe 
lavutment  and  it*  lecunty. 

For  nearly  twenty  yeafi  llui  Company  bw  Wa 
paying  6^  to  thou»ar>itof  conienraliifc  inire»ton  Ifae 
country  over — at  the  lame  time  eartuuf  awi  acciuiiw- 
latina  Aaieti  o(  $9,446,095.  includine  Capital  «pd 
SuTpiui  of  $  1 ,5 19.5  Id.  I H  pMt  iucc<si  and  present 
itroog  poution  miiket  tnveitment  ia  i  ti  Bonda  aiiurcd. 

You  owe  it  to  your  own  £na tidal  lOtcreab  to  aecure 
full  informatioQ  concerning  A-R-B  Sir  Per  Cent 
Gold  Boi>d<  and  ihe  lecority  on  which  ^h^y  arc 
based.     Th*M;  Bonds  arc  issued  in  Iwo  (omwj 

6%  Conpon  liioii^^ — For  Income  Eanmi^ 

0^  jSouniidatibt  iloiitti — For  [ocoffie  Savug 

Writ?  for  Htetatura  todkf — dten  ocmi^  if  tlu  a  not  iIk  txM 
I  yaa  could.  ibilIc 

503  HIOHT  AirO  DAT 

BANSBZJMl. 

Vifth  Ave.  and  44th  BUmut 

HawTorkOlty 


The  man  who  worKs  hard  for  Us 

money  is  entitled  to  receive  the  high* 
est  rate  of  interest  that  his  savings  can 
legitimately  earn — 

That  is  why  we  pay  5  per  cent  in- 
terest instead  of  3  or  4 — 

The  money  earns  5  per  cent  in  abso- 
lutely sound  investments  —  And  the 
depositor  is  entitled  to  it. 

This  company  has  been  in  baslness    • 
13  years — Its  management  is  conser^ 
vative  and  its  investments  are  backed 
by  improved  real  estate  of  more  than 
double  the  valae* 


Write  for  the  bookUt. 


THE 


CALVERT  MORTQAQE  & 
DEPOSIT  CO. 

1058  Calvert  Bailding,       BALTIMORE*  MD. 


Pl€a»e  mention  the  Reuieiv  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  aduertieen 
84 


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New,  Modem  and  Absolutely  Fireproof. 

Omlac  Summer  Hotel  in  New  York.     All  outride  rooms. 

Transient  rates  S2.50  with  Batli  and  up. 

Special  rates  for  summer  months. 

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HARRT  P.  STIMSON  Ftrmgrh  with  Htul  Imteriat 

JL  /.  BINGHjiM  RrmtrO  with  Htui  fVttdward 


A  Coantry  Borne  For  Sale 

In  a  darminr  New  England  Village  on  Long  Island  Sound. 
Fifty  miles  from  New  York  City.    A  Gentleman's  home  in 
tborooch  condition  b  placed  on  the  market  to  close  an 
Estate.    Particnlan  siren  on  application. 
RICHARD  G.  DEM AREST.  at  the  Southport  Trust  Co. 
Southport,  Conn. 


n.  CERTIFICATES'^  DEPOSIT 


A  talc.  con^roi^TJ-i':  tt-  '    [■'    ':t-Li4e  iorih  OJ 
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LIQUID  COURT  PLASTER 


immediately  dries,  forming  a  tough,  transparent, 
coaUng.  '^New-Skin "  heals  Cult,  AbrtMnt,  Hang-NaHt, 
Chapped  and  Split  Upt  or  Flngert,  Burnt,  BHtters,  etc.  In- 
stantly rsilevet  ChUbiaint,  Frosted  Ears,  Stinas  of  Insects, 
Chafed  or  Blistered  Feet,  Callous  Spots,  etc.,  etc. 

A  coatine  on  the  sensitive  parts  will  protect  the  feet  from  behig 
chafed  or  blistered  by  new  or  heary  shoes.  MECHANICS, 
SPORTSMEN  BICYCLISTS,  GOLFERS,  in  fact  all  of  us,  are 
liable  to  bruise,  scratch  or  scrape  our  skin.  "NEW-SKIN*'  will 
heal  these  ii^uries,  will  not  wash  off,  and  after  it  is  applied  the 
injury  is  forgotten  as  "NEW-SKIN"  makes  a  teinporary  new 
skin  until  the  broken  skin  U  healed  under  it.  "Paint  It  wHh 
"New-Skin"  and  forget  W*  b  literally  tome. ^^ 

CAFriOVtWa  OUAluaTIB  our  claims  for  «<nW4»ll**.  No  one 
iraaranteessubflUtates  or  Imi  tatlona  trading  on  our  reputation ,  and 
uie  guarantee  oC  an  imitator  wonkl  be  worthless  any  way. 

ALWAYS   INSIST  ON   OrrTINO  ■•NEW-8KIN**. 
Sample  siae,  lOe.    Family  sise  (like  lUustration).  «6«.   Twooonoe 
botties  (for  surgeons  and  hospitals),  ftOe.  ^       .    ^^ 

AT  Tmt  ORUGOI8T8.  or  we  wUl  mall  A  package  anywhere  In  the 
United  States  on  receipt  of  price. 

64^66  Poplar  St,  Bmoklf/n,  N,  f« 


Douglas  Mfg.  Co. 


A  Permanent 


Income 


of 


6% 


Is  afforded  to  purchasers  of  our 

BOND  SHARES' 

Interest  Is  Ouaranteed  and  available  semi-annually 
by  check.  Principal  Is  secured  by  our  extensive  New 
York  realty  holdings,  with  a  guarantee  of  six  dollars 
for  each  dollar  of  your  Investment.  (Equivalent  to 
the  security  of  an  Individual  mortgage  oased 
about  YiH  of  appraised  valuation.) 

This  ratio  of  security  Is  being  steadily  Increased 
with  the  extension  of  our  business  and  the  enhance- 
ment In  value  of  our  holdings. 

Our  R)nd  Shares  have  for  years  found  favor  with 
holders  of  Trust  Funds,  Savings  Institutions  and  con- 
servative people  seeking  a  fixed  Income,  undisturbed 
by  Wall  Street  fluctuations. 

Over  Half  Million  Dollars  paid  Investors  during 
the  past  12  years. 

CAPITAL  ud  SURPLUS,  $l,i5l,IN 

New  Ywk 
Really  Owners  Co. 

489  Fiftli  Avcnae,  New  Ywk 

Call  or  write  for  Booklet  R. 


Pl9aa€  mention  the  Reolsm 


^ewe  when  writing  to  aduertleers 


The  Review  of  Reviews — A^vertisins:  Sectioa 


Heat  Rashes,  Ilchings  and 
^Irritations'Soothed^ 


And  Gentle  Anointings 
with  Cuticura  Ointment 
For  Preserving,  Purify- 
ing, and  Beautityring  the 
Skin,  Scalp,  Hair,  and 
Hands,  as  well  as  for  the 
Toilet,  Bath,  and  Nursery 
they  are  Indispensable. 

Sold  throagboat  the  worid.  Depots:  London, 27, 
Charterhouse  Sq.;  Parts.  6.  Rue  de  laPalx:  Austra- 
lia. R.  Towns  A  Co..  Sydney;  India.  B.  K.  Paul.  Cal- 
cutta: China.  Hong  Kong  Drug  Co.;  Japan,  Maruya. 
Ltd.,  TokiOi   Ruwla,    Ferrein  (Apteka)    Moeoow; 

fouth  Africa.  Lennon.  Ltd..  Cape  Town,  etc  .  U  S.A.. 
otter  Drug  A  Chem  Corp.  Sole  Props..  Boston. 
tr  host-free   Cuticura  Booklet  on  the  Skin. 


A  Hapjiy 
Marriage 


Depends  largely  on  a 
knowledge  of  the  whole 
truth  about  self  and  sex 
and  their  relation  to  life  and  health. 
This  knowledge  does  not  come  intelli- 
gently of  itself,  nor  correctly  from  ordinary 
everyday  sources. 


{mu»trated) 
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Knowledge  a  Younir  Husband  Should  Have. 

Knowledsre  a  Father  Should  Have. 

Knowledge  a  Father  Should  liniMjrt  to  Hi«  Son. 

Medical  Knowledge  a  Husband  Should  Have 
Knowledge  a  Young  Woman  Should  Hav«. 
Knowledge  a  Young  Wife  Should  Have. 
Knowledge  a  Mother  Should  Have. 
Knowledge  a  Mother  Should  Impart  t«  Her  Daughter. 
Medical  Knowledge  a  Wile  Should  Have. 

Rich  Cloth  Binding,  Full  Gold  Stamp,  llluttratod.    $2.00. 

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SS' 


Pl€a9e  mention  the  Reolew  of  Reulewe  when  torWng  to  euioertiserg 
86 


The  Review  of  Reviews-  Advertisfaig  Section 


Buffalo 


LITHIA 

Water 


These  Physicians  Have  Used  It  Penonally  and  in  Prac- 
tice—Are They  Not  Competent  Witnesses  7 

^Por,  these  Purposes  it  is  Endorsed  by  the  Highest  Medical  Authorities/ 

Dr.  CeO«  E.  Walton's  standard  work  on  the  Medicinal  Springs  of  the  United  States  and 
anada  a^^mmmmmm^  ■  mbom  mMMmmmtam  i>  an  efficient  diuretic,  and  proves  of  great  value  in 
ai€s  :  DUUHUI  LlllllliWUUI  INFLAMMATION  and  IRRITATION  of  the  BLAD- 
•ER  and  KIDNBY5,  oipecially  when  dependent  upon  the  URIC  ACID  DIATHESIS,  as  exhibited  in 
isea  of  ORAVEL  and  CfOUT*    For  these  purposes  it  is  endorsed  by  the  highest  medical  authorities.  '* 

Dp.  Chan.  B.  Nancrede,  Prof,  of  Surgery,  Medical  Dept.  University  of  Mich.,  and  author 
f  articles  in  International  Cyclopedia  am  ftetvc^mi  a  I  wuvm  lifjiamiBi.  »  one  of  the  best 
r  Surgery,  is  of  the  opinion  that  DUfrilUI  LITHIA  llfUl&X  alkaUne  waters  in 
Ua  counvy.    I  have  used  it  with  undoubted  advantage  in  my  own  person." 

Dr.  John  T.  Metcalf,  Emeritus  Prof  of  Clinical  Medicine,  College  of  Physicians  and 
urgeons.  New  York:  *'I  BnwEmMA  t  VIVfVM  tltom  ^^^  patients,  and  used  it  in  my 
ave  for  some  years  prescribed  DVrTJIUI  l«l  IVUA  WIU  EJI  own  case  for  QOUTY  TROUBLE 

ith  decided  beneficial  results,  and  I  regard  it  certainly  as  a  very  valuable  remedy." 
Additional  testimony  on  request.    For  sale  by  the  general  drug  and  mineral  water  trade. 

Hotel  at  Springs  opens  June  15th 

PROPRIETOR,  BUFFALO  LITHIA  SPRINGS.  VA. 


OXYDONOR 


Natt»r«*e  Outa  WLmmmA^ 


l^TH-t 


OaySaaar*  when  applied  as  directed,  elves  anyone  the  complete  mastery  of  disease— in  every 
case  where  such  disease  has  not  destroyed  some  one  of  the  vital  organs. 

OsjAaaar  camyals  the  human  body  to  absorb  oxygen  from  the  air,  thus  strengthening  and 
bracing  the  vital  process  of  life  to  the  mastery  of  the  devitalhdng  process.  Ozydoaar  Is  not  de- 
pendent for  success  upon  your  phllosophv,  views,  faith  or  other  mental  action.  Plenty  of  oxygen 
in  the  system  means  buoyant  life  through  the  vigorous  functioning  of  all  vital  organs. 

Mr*  Dean  ۥ  DattaB*  of  Fayette,  Iowa,  Field  Secretary  of  the  Upper  Iowa  University,  states 
emphatically:  "Ozydaaar  saved  my  life.    We  have  three.   We  couldirt  get  along  without  them.'' 

Ozyaaaar  is  a  necessity  for  every  home.    It  will  serve  the  entire  family  u  * iTi  1 1 1 : i c .  Tiin 
be  carried  in  the  pocket  ana  used  any  time  without  delay. 

As  good  health  is  of  first  importance,  write  to-day  for  our  free  illustrated  deocdpttve 
literature  about  Oxyaaaar. 

Bawara  af  f  ramamlaat  Imltatlaat,  There  is  but  one  genuine  Osjianar.  and  that  haA  the 
name  of  the  originator  and  inventor— Dr.  Banch&— engraved  in  the  metaL  Look  fur  thac  e 

nn     H     «AMOWV  A.  OA       /    61  Fifth  street.  I>etrolt.  Mich. 
***•  «».  9  ANCHK  a*  C;O*0   \  489  Fifth  Avenue.  New  York,  N.  V, 


MONTREAL,  CANADA. 


.^ 


ESTABLISHED 


Treatment    for    ALCOHOLISM    is 

available  wherever  the  services  of  a  re- 
putable practicing  physician  may  be 
secured. 


Treatment    for   DRUG    ADDICTION 

is  given  at  the  Institute  in  New  York 
where  exceptional  facilities  are  se- 
cured. 


"  IVrite  for  iH/ormation  " 


CLASSIFIED  ADVERTISING 


RCAL   EUSTATC 


WEST 


WE  HAVE  FOR  SALE  a  fine  irriicated  and  mib-lrriKated 
ranch  In  Sweet  Grass  County.  Montana.  It  la  an  ex- 
ceptionally fine  propcsition  for  any  one  waatlnvr  a  ranch 
home,  or  a  home  where  they  can  spend  the  summer,  and 
hare  good  fishing  and  hunting.  Send  for  our  Illustrated 
booklet  to  Department  **  J.."  The  O.  W.  Kerr  CJom- 
pany.  Cor.  Nlc.  Aye.  and  3rd  St..  lilnneapolls.   Minn. 

DENVER  REAL  ESTATE  WANTED.  What  haye  yon  C 
sell  for  cash.  Write  fully.  Coe  &  Stedman.  Realty  &  Loan 
Co..  Denyer.  Colo. 

CASH  for  your  real  estate  or  business  wherever  located. 
If  you  want  to  sell,  send  description  and  price.  If  you 
want  to  buy.  send  for  our  monthly.  Northwestern  Busi- 
ness Agency,  307  Bank  of  Commerce  Bldg.,  Minneapolis, 
Minn. 

OPPORTUNITIES  JN  A  NEW  COUNTRY.  Leaflet  de- 
sorlptive  of  the  country  along  the  Pacific  Coast  extension 
of  the  Chicago.  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railway.  Unusual 
openings  are  offered  In  South  Dakota.  North  Dakota.  Mon- 
tana. Idaho  and  Washington.  In  farming,  stock-raising,  and 
mercantile  business.  Leaflet  free  on  request.  F.  A.  Miller. 
General  Passenger  Agent.  Chicago,  or  W.  S.  Howell.  Gen- 
eral Eastern  Agent.  381  Broadway.  New  York  City. 

SELL  YOUR  REAL  ESTATE  quickly  /or  cash.  The  only 
system   of   Its    kind    in   the   world.      You  get    results,    not 

gromises.     No  retaining  fees.     Booklet   free.     Real  Estate 
alesman  Company,  461  Brace  Block,  Lincoln,  Neb. 


WEST 


SPECIAL  BARGAIN  In  large  tract  of  MlcbUra^  Uad  stfi 
able  for  sheep  or  cattle  ranchers.  Also  small  tracts  ttt 
farms  and  fruit.  Active,  reliable  agents  waoced. 
for  particulars  J.    E.   Merrltt.   Manistee,    Mtchlsao. 

IF  ANY  READER  of  thU  magasioe  desires  r^Uble  1»- 
formatlon  concerning  property  in  Dolutb.  Minn.:  SapeilM^. 
Wis.,  or  in  the  country  sorroundlng  these  cities,  pkssr 
address  The  William  Kaiser  Co..   Dnluth.   Minn. 

IN  FAMOUS  FULLERTON  DISTRICT.      Profttable  mams 

and  walnut  orchards  and  truck  farms.  In  Onu«e  (X 
Fertile  soil,  diversity  of  crops  and  equable  cUmate.  AJm 
lands  in  La  Habra  and  Anaheim  districts.  NothiaK  better. 
Orange  Co.  Nursery  &  Land  Ca..  Fullerton.  CaL 

RELIABLE    information   regarding   Michigan    fralt.   stoct 
and  farm  lands.     Maps  and  Illustrated  books  free.   in«pi 
henslre.  authoritatiye  and  full  of  gcKid  reasons  varraadv 
your  inyestlgatlon.     S.  8.  Thorpe.  Suite  2.   McMaIP«a  BMf:^ 
Cadillac.    Michigan. 

MR.  LAND  BUYER:  Get  next  to  Oarlock  &  do.  SBOjm 
acres  of  the  choicest  Irrigable  lands  in  the  State  <rf  Maks 
soon  to  be  opened  for  entry  under  the  Cary  art.  Writr  at 
once  for  circulars  and  reliable  information  to  W.  IX  Osr 
lock   ft   Company.    Shoshone.    Idaho. 

MICHIGAN  FARM  LAND.  $15.00  per  acr^.  Good  oar^ 
kct.  Easy  payments.  Fine  front  lots  on  beaattfnl  HIcgte 
Lake;  telephone  and  rural  delivery:  $2S-$15o.  O.  J. 
Wilier,  owner.  90  La  Salle  St..  Chicago. 


CANADA 

NEW  ENGLAND 

AN  INVESTOR'S  OPPORTUNITY.     Everybody  has  heard 
of  Winnipeg,  Canada's  wonderful  city.     It  has  doubled  Its 
population  In  the  last  flve  years,  it  now  has  125.000  people, 
and  is  growing  more  rspldly  than  ever.     Literally  millions 
hsve  been  made  in  Real  Estate  here,  and  there  are  as  good 
chances  now  as  ever.    We  offer  42  acres  adjoining  Winnipeg 
City  Limits.     Canadian  Northern  RaUway  shops  now  being 
erected    next    the    property.      Price.    $400.00    per    acre    for 
quick  sale.     A  chance  of  a  lifetime  for  speedy  turnover  and 
big   profit.      Wm.    Pearson    Co.,    Ltd..    312   Northern   Bank 

FOB  SALE— 130  acres  picturesque  land  borderlac  on  sbsO 
river.  A  chance  to  get  the  wildest  and  moat  rosnadc 
natural  beauty  in  an  estate,  and  will  be  within  SO  BtaotM 
of  New  York.  Millionaires'  esUtes  all  arooiMl.  in  mtmt 
desirable  tc-wn  In  Connecticut.  Bass  flahlnjr.  trout  fsfclag 
at  hand.  Three  miles  from  Golf  Club.  Site  girr*  tor 
view  of  Sound.  A  rare  opportunity  to  get  an  estate  estt- 
bluing  natural  beau^  and  accessibility.  Price,  S350  per 
acre.     Address.  W.  F.  Day.  Greenwich.  Conn. 

Building.  Winnipeg.  Canada. 

BEAUTIFUL  COUNTRY  SITES  In  lots  of  4  a<»vs  a^  sp. 
12  minutes*  drive  from  Greenwich.  Conn.;  45  miootes  tnm 
New  York  now;  will  be  35  minutes  next  year  when  JU^ 
Haven  Road  is  electrified.  These  lots  are  in  restricted  resi- 
dence park.  Town  water  will  be  supplied.  Meat  citgllilr 
neighborhood  near  New  York.  Lovely  country  drtre  to  pws- 
erty.  One  of  the  few  chances  left  to  get  the  most  deslrabt 
neighborhood  and  real  country  surroundings  with  essj  ac- 
cessibility.    Address  W.   F.   Day.   Greenwich,   Conn. 

FARMS  ANYWHERE  IN  NEW  ENGLAND.  Send  ttmr 
cents  for  Bradshaw's  Great  Farm  Book,  descrihtng  SfW 
farms.  Ovtr  8.500  places  Usted.  E.  G.  Bradshaw  Op»- 
pany.    101    Tremont    Street.    Boston.    Mass. 

INVEST  YOUR  MONEY  NEAR  A  GREAT  AND  GROW- 
ING CITY.  Building  lots  In  Boston's  suburbs,  at  9»* 
each:  cash  or  terms;  on  steam  and  electric  car  llnrs.  Bos- 
ton Suburban  Land  Co..   28  School  St..   Boston.    Mass. 

CANADA    THE   LAND    FOR   SETTLERS   AND    INVEST- 
ORS—Send   for  our   Free  Book   describing  Western   Canada 
and  the  great  opportunities  for  horoeseekers  or  those  looking 
for  safe   and   profitable   investments.      Our  book   prcves   by 
testimonials  that  those  who  have  bought  land  from  us  during 
last  10  years  have  realised  a  profit  of  from  60  per  cent,  to 
200  per  cent,   ou  their  money.     With  a  capital  of  $1,000.- 
000.00.  of  which  $780.0<X).00  Is  paid  In.  we  offer  you  every 
security  and  chance  for  Investigation.     Write  to-day  and  ask 
for  book  20.    Haslam  Land  ft  Investment  Co..  Reglna.  Canada. 

ARE  YOU  INTERESTED  IN  WESTERN  CANADA?    Thin 
great    wheat   countrr  has   opportunities   which    you   cannot 
afford  to  miss.     We  want  to  send  you  free  maps,  booklets, 
etc.      Address    Dent.     ••  G./'    either    Minister    Agriculture, 
Reglna.     Sask.:     Minister    Agriculture,    Edmonston,    Alta.; 
Minister  Agriculture.    Winnipeg.    Man.:   Land   Dept.    C.    P. 
Ry..   Winnipeg,    Man.:   Traffic  Dept.   C.   N.   Ry.,   Winnipeg. 
Man.;  Supt.  Immigration.  Ottawa,  Out. 

BUY  CHEAP  LOTS  on  outskirts  of  Moose  Jaw  and  they 
will   make   money.      Hustling   Canadian   city.      Surrounding 

NEW  YORK 

country  rich  and  developing.     City  growing.     Sound  invest- 
ment  frr  small  or  large  amounts.     Easy   payments  If  de- 
sired.    Write   Manley  ft  Co.,    Moose  Jaw.   Canada. 

MOST  RAPIDLY  GROWING  BOROUGH  of  this  rapMty 
growing  city.  I  have  for  sale  best  home  sites  and  h«sians 
locations  here,  some  on  line  of  new  subwaj.  Ssad  Itar 
Bargain     BuUetln.      W.     W.    Camer.     1020    Fortieth    SL. 

ADIRONDACKS.— If  yen  want  a  cottage,  a  camp,  a  halM- 
Ing  site,  or  forest  lands,  near  Paul  Smith's.  Saranac  Lak«>. 
or  Lake  Placid,  apply  to  WUUam  F.  Roberts,  at  Saraur 
Lake.  N.  Y. 

MIDDLE  STATES 

PITTSBURGH'S    GREATEST    INDUSTRIAL    REAL    ES- 
TATE.    $10.00  secures  a  lot.  $5.00  to  $10.00  a  month  pa.vs 

for  It.     On  main  car  lines.     Write  for  booklet  R.     G.   M. 
Cypher  ft  Co..  McKeesport,  Pa. 

ATLANTIC    CITY.    N.    J..    HOTEL    FOR    SALE:    beach 
front,   center   of   city:    170   bedrooms.    60   baths,    fully   fur- 
nished:  established   clientele;    price   and    termti   reasonable; 
Immediate   possession.      Address.    P.    0.   Box  354,    Atlantic 
City.    N.    J. 

BUY  NEW  YORK  CITY  LOTS  at  Liberty  Heights.  be4hre 
3  tunnels,  subwa.vs  and  2  new  bridges  leading  direct  t* 
property  are  opened.     The  nearest  lots  to  N.  T.  Cltr  Rail 

vated  and  surface  lines  through  property  now.   5e.    fki»  is 
Manhattan.      Easy    prices,    easy    terms.      Mapa    and    bosha 
from    Bastress,    Vought   ft   Co..    aso   Fulton   SL.    Bf«*|y% 
N.   Y. 

Please  mention  the  Reuieiu  of  Reoiewa  when  writing  to  oiiuertiMtg 
88 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Qassifiecl  Advertising 


REAJL  EUSTATE:^— Continued 


SOUTHWEST 

SOUTH 

,  3D-ACRK  TBXAS  TRUCK  AND  FRUIT  FARMS  in  "  The 
Land   of    Sunshine   and   SncceM."    $500:   $10   cash.    $10  in 
oMnthlj   pajments.     No  taxes  until  paid  for;  6%  on  your 
InstaUm^nto.     In    Cass    and    Marion   counties:    fertile   soil: 
ideal  climate:  health  record  unsurpassed.     Mile  and  half  of 
raUroad    sUtlon:    eTerr    facility.      Unequaled    adTantaices. 
Write  for  Iwoklet.     J.  N.  Levin.  Sec..  Texas  Land  Develop- 
ment  Co..  700  Wilson  Building.  DalUs.  Texas. 

I  HAYS  FOR  SALE  a  plantation  at  BuUfleld.  HanoTer 
County,  yirainia,  on  main  line  of  Richmond.  Fredericks- 
burg and  Potomac  Railway  and  C.  and  O.  Railway. 
Stoppinif  statlco  is  Doswell,  at  Junction  of  above  railways. 
The  plantation  contains  1.200  acres.  700  acres  of  cleared 
land.  200  are  now  under  cultivation:  timber  consists  of 
oak.  hickory,  pine,  cedar  and  poplar;  stables  to  accommo- 
date 100  horses;  a  flue  residence  remodeled.  contaInin«r 
13  rooms,  newly  painted  and  papered:  hot  air  heat;  hot 
and  cold  water  throughout.  Address  all  communications  to 
Louis  Klebahn.  48  West  27th  St..   New  Y6rk  City. 

400    WEST    TEXAS    farms.    Talley.    much    can    be    Irrl- 
irated,    no    oTerflowa.    cream    of    Texas,    fsrmers    and    In- 

TMtora    now    bojinc.    near    San    An^elo.    15.000.    hundreds 

acre.    $5   cash,    balance    ions   time.      Also   a    cheap   ranch. 
Malce  100%  on  the  inrestment  in  year.     Send  for  bookleU. 
A.  J.  Sellers.  San  Anjcelo.  Texas. 

600  ACRF^,  GOOD  LAND,  i  timbered.  1*  miles  from 
steam  and  elec.  roads,  12  miles  from  National  Capital,  near 
Baltimore  Boulevard.  Exceptional  opportunity  for  intest- 
ment  or  colonisation.  $30  per  acre.  2.000  acres  adjolninfc 
for  sale.     Marion  Duckett  &  Son.  635  F  St..  N.  W.,  Wash.. 

WHY  SWEI/TER  IN  THE  EAST?    Come  to  Melrcse.  New 
Mexico.      Cool    summers:    mild    winters:    pure    water;    In- 
TlKorattnx    climate.      Farms    and    City    property    for    sale. 
Prf>e  homesteads.     Also  Texas  and  Colorado  lands.     Write 
Eldon  BL  Sloss.  Melrose.  New  Mexico. 

D.  C. 

DELAWARE  Fruit.  Truck  and  Poultry  farms  for  sale 
from  $700  to  $25,000.  Good  soil,  fine  neisrhborhood.  healthy 
climate,  boating,  bathlnsc  and  flshin«.  Write  for  free  caU- 
loKue.     C.  M,   Hammond.  Mllford.  Del. 

MEXICO 

HONDURAS 

MEXICAN  TIMBER  LANDS.     Two  hundred  and  sixteen 
thousand  acres.  State  of  DuranKo:  six  hundred  million  feet 
of  Dine,   two  million  oak.  forty  thousand  acres  magnificent 
cattle  ranice.     Price.  seTenty-flve  cents  oer  acre.     Chas.  B. 
Mullaly.  419  Navarro  St..  San  Antonio.  Texaa. 

WE  SELL  HONDURAS  LANDS.  Pay  enormoualy.  Our 
unimproved  banana  lands  are  close  to  transportation,  and 
we  contract  to  plant  and  deliver  in  1  yr.,  with  fruit  ready 
for  market.  OrlRlnal  cost  should  be  returned  In  two  years. 
Improved  flncas.  Cotton  and  cattle  pav  bijc.  Labor  cheap, 
plentiful.  Free  booklets.  The  Realty  Co.,  San  Pedro 
Snla.  Hon. 

a.utomobile:s,  carriages  and  fixtures 


OUR  NEW  CATALOGUE  elves  full  particulars  of  the 
largest  aasortment  of  automobiles  ever  offered  the  public. 
Prices  range  from  $50  to  $3,500.  Including  foreign  and 
American  models.  Toey  are  the  cheapest  cars  ever  offered, 
quality  considered.  Every  car  carries  our  guarantee  to  be 
In  good  running  order.  We  have  no  competitors— 4i  fact 
uar  prices  demonstrate.  Mail  orders  and  inquiries  receive 
our  best  attention.  Headen  Auto  Exchange,  106  Degraw 
St..  Brooklyn.  N.  T. 


100  LATE  MODEL-WHITE  STEAMERS  and  other  stand- 
ard automobiles  for  quick  sale.  Some  choice  bargains  in 
list  G.  Write  for  It.  $200  and  up.  Jas.  E.  Pfew,  240 
Michigan  Ave..  Chicago.   111. 


AUTOMOBILE  BARGAINS.  We  are  the  largest  dealers 
and  brokers  of  New  and  Second-Hand  Automobiles  In  the 
world.  Automobiles  bought  for  spct  cash;  cash  always  de- 
mands bargains,  and  we  have  them.  Our  past  reputation 
and  satlsflcn  customers  are  our  reference.  Over  600  Auto- 
mobiles on  our  sales  floors  to  select  from.  Including  every 
make  of  Standard  Automobile,  ranging  in  price  from  $150 
to  $5,000.  Complete  list  of  Automobiles  on  hand  sent  on 
request.  Automobile  Supplies  at  cut  prices.  We  handle 
everything  pertaining  to  an  automobile.  No  matter  what 
you  are  looking  for.  we  are  sure  to  have  It.  Send  for  bar- 
gain sheet  106.  Times  Square  Automobile  Company.  1599- 
1601  Broadway,  New  York. 


EXCEPTIONAL  OPPORTUNITIES  FOR  AUTO  BUYERS. 
Slightly  u^d  standard  cars,  in  perfect  condition,  at  un- 
usually low  prices.  Call  or  write  for  llst^  Lurie's  Auto 
Depot,    152-4    W.    38th   St..    N.    Y.    City.,    tel.    5537-38th. 

LOCOMOBILE  FOR  SALE.  Original  cost.  $4200;  will 
sell  for  $1100.  1904  model,  4  cylinder.  King  of  the  Bel- 
gians, body  royal  blue.  A  very  handsome  car.  In  good 
condition.  Complete  with  canopy  top.  lamps  and  acces- 
sories. This  car  will  be  a  bargain  for  any  one  in  a  fairly 
level  country.  Will  go  up  any  hill,  too.  but  not  on  high 
speeds.  Owner  selling  to  get  lighter  car  for  exceptional 
hill  use.    .Address  M.   Boebel.  Greenwich.  Connecticut. 

HOW  TO  RUN  AN  AUTO.  Owners.  Opefators.  Repair- 
men. Homans'  Self -Propelled  Vehicles  is  best  practical 
book  on  automobiles,  easily  understood.  In  text,  diagrams, 
and  Illustrations.  Accepted  as  standard.  Price,  $2.  post- 
paid.^ to  any  address.  Order  to-day.  money  back  If  not 
satisfied.     Audel  Co..   63  Fifth  Ave..    New  York. 

SUPPLEMENTARY  SPIRAL  SPRINGS.  The  luxury  of 
travel.  Saves  your  tires,  your  engine,  youc  patience,  and 
your  nerves.  Attached  by  any  handy  man.  Booklet  free. 
Motor  Supplementary  Spring  Co.,  1780  Broadway,  N.  Y. 

AUTO  BUYERS'  AGENTS— Before  buying  an  automobile 
write  us  for  particulars.  We  carry  none  in  stock;  yon 
deal  direct  with  private  owners.  Ail  makes.  $75  to  $9000 
Auto  Trading  Co..  26  W.  42nd  St..  N.  Y. 


LAVnrCRS.  PATENTS.  CHEMISTS 


PATENT  YOUR  IDEAS.  $100,000  offered  for  one  Invention: 
$8,500  for  another.  Book  "  How  to  Obtain  a  Patent  "  and 
**  What  to  Invent  "  sent  free.  Send  rough  sketch  for  free 
report  as  to  patentability.  Patent  Obtained  or  Fee  Returned. 
We  advertise  TOur  patent  for  sale  jit  our  expense.     Chandlee 

Washington,   D.  C. 


'  advertise  vour  patent  for  sale  at  our  expense. 
&  Chandlee.   Patent  Attys.,  952  F  St..    


PATENTS  SECURED  or  fee  returned.  Send  sketch  for 
free  report  as  to  patentability.  Guide  Br  ok  and  What  to 
Invent,  with  valuable  List  of  Inventions  Wanted,  sent  free. 
One  million  dollars  offered  for  one  Invention;  $16,000  for 
others.  Ps tents  secured  by  us  advertised  free  in  World's 
Progress;  sample  free.  Evans.  Wilkens  &  Co..  Washington. 
D.  C. ^___^ 

WHEN  YOU  GET  A  PATENT,  get  a  good  patent.  A 
nili  Patent  is  a  Good  Patent.  Send  for  booklet.  I^onls  A. 
If  ill.  Registered  Pstent  Attorney.  1836  New  York  Ave.. 
Washington.   D.  C.     All  fees  contingent  upon  success. 


PATENTS  OBTAINED  and  trademarks  registered.  Mod- 
erate charges  for  careful  work.  Our  booklet.  **  Ooncernlng 
Patents."  mailed  free.  Calver  &  Calver.  Patent  Lawyers 
and  Solicitors,  Washington.  D.  O.  (Formerly  Examiners 
U.   S.   Patent  Office.) 

PATENTS  that  PROTECT.  Our  3  books  for  Inventors 
mailed  on  receipt  of  6  cents  stamps.  R.  S.  &  A.  B. 
Lacey,  Rooms  13  to  23,  Pacitic  BuUding,  Washingtqn,  D.  C. 
Established   1869. 

LEGAL  ADVICE  BY  MAIL.— Send  full  statement  of 
facts,  with  $2.  for  thorough,  reliable  advice.  All  kinds  of 
law  cases  accepted.  Dealings  confidential.  Bank  refer- 
ence.    E.  B.  Bingham.  945  The  Spitzer.  Toledo.  Ohio. 

INCORPORATE  UNDI-IR  ARIZONA  LAWS.-The  laws  of 
Arizona  are  the  most  liberal  in  existence.  Send  for  com- 
plete data,  copy  of  laws  and  blanks.  No  charge.  The 
Akers   Incorporating  Trust  Co.,   Phoenix.   Arlx. 


P/MStf  mention  the  fieoiew  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  aduertlMn 
89 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Qasified  Advertisine 


BUSINEUSS   OPPORTUNITIE^S 


BOND-SAUESMAK    WANTED.— A    prominent    New    York 


City  Realty  Corporation  dealrea  flrst-claaa  repreaentatlTea 
to  handle,  on  commisalon.  hish  grade  7%  Gold  Coopoa 
Bonda,    secured    by    selected    New    York    City    real    eatate. 


Btnda  contain  income  participation  clause.  RlTlnc  holderm 
^%  preferred  dUlslon  In  earnings  making  total  possible 
yearly  Income  12%.  Security  and  Income  features  make 
these  bonds  a  most  desirable  investment  and  insure  ready 
Bale.  Underwritc-rs'  Realty  ft  Title  Co..  Dept.  2,  1  Madf- 
son  ATe..  New  York. 

$50.00  WEEKLY  AND  INDEPENDENCE.  75  of  our 
machines  for  vending  salted  peanuts  pay  an  average  daily 
profit  of  $8.00.  Write  for  particulars.  New  proposition. 
Hllo  Onm  Co..  40B.  So.   Union  St..  Chicago. 


$8,000  to  $10,000  YEARLY  easllv  made  In  real  efftate 
business:  no  capital  required:  we  will  teach  you  the  busi- 
ness by  mall,  appoint  you  aoeclal  representative  of  leading 
real  estate  company,  list  with  you  readily  salable  proper- 
ties. co^>perate  with  and  assist  you  to  permanent  success; 
valuable  book  free.  Address  The  Cross  Co..  715  Reaper 
Block.  Chicago.  See  display  advertisement,  this  firm,  front 
of  roagariiie. 

FREE.— 600  Beautiful  Building  Lota,  short  ride  from 
centre  of  Tallahassee.  Florida  (The  Capital  City);  will  be 
given  absolutely  free  to  first  600  non-residents  making  ap- 

?llcatlon.      Positively   no  strings   tied   to   this   offer.     Bex 
II.  Tallahassee.  Fla. 

START  A  HIGH  CLASS  MAIL  ORDER  JEWELRY  BUSI- 
NESS at  your  home,  spare  time  and  evenings.  Little  money 
needed.  Big  profits.  Many  make  over  $2.0OO  per  year.  A 
$260,000  stock  of  high  grade  Jewelry,  diamonds,  watches 
and  silverware  all  listed  in  catalogs  with  yoqr  name  on 
them.  We  fill  all  orders  for  you  and  chanre  you  less  than 
wholesale  prices.  Success  almost  certain  with  our  new  plan. 
Sample  catalog  and  particulars  free.  Write  to-day.  Na- 
tional Jewelry  Co..  707-163  State  St..  Chicago. 

BE  YOUR  OWN  BOSS!  Many  make  $2,000  a  year. 
You  have  the  same  chance.  Start  a  Mail-Order  Business 
at  home.  We  tell  you  how.  Very  good  profits.  Every- 
thing furnished.  Write  for  our  "  Starter  "^  and  free  par- 
ticulars. R.  W.  Krueger  Co..  155  Washington  St..  Chi- 
cago. III. 

FORTUNE  in  Oar.v.  Ind.,  property.  U.  S.  Steel  Co.  In- 
vesting 100  millions  there.  We  want  representatives  to  sell 
Lake  Shore  lots  on  time  payments.  Opportunity  of  a  life 
time.  Pittsburgh  Land  Co..  First  National  Bank  Building. 
Chicogo. 

POSITIONS  OPEN  for  capable  salesmen,  engineers, 
draftsmen,  bookkeepers,  accountants,  ad  writers,  teachers.' 
managers,  foremen  and  superintendents.  List  free.  Hap- 
goods.  306-307  B'dway.  N.   Y. 

LEARN  *•  How  to  Write  Letters  That  Pull  •'  ct  man 
who  coached  Adv.  BIgrs.  Marshall  Field  ft  Co..  Lyon  ft 
Healy.  etc.  Sherwln  Cody,  1415  Security  BuUding.  Qil- 
cago. 

RELIABLE  MAILING  LISTS.  We  can  furnish  you  the 
names  and  addresses  of  the  best  mall  order  customers  in 
Montana  and  North  Dakota.  For  particulars,  address 
Norihwestern  Directory  Co..  Miles  Block.  Miles  City.  Mont. 

HAVE  YOU  ANY  GOOD  proposition  to  offer  the  public? 
A  patent:  stocks:  or  securities  for  sale.  Have  correspond- 
ing brokers  all  parts  United  States.  Will  incorporate  and 
finance  any  proposition  of  merit.  F.  E.  Baldwin.  P.  O.  Box 
.3088.   Boston.   Mass. 

LET  ME  SELL  YOUR  PATENT.-My  Book  expUlnlng 
how  mailed  free.  Sixteen  years*  experience.  Patent  sales 
exclusively.  Call  or  write.  William  E.  Hovt.  Patent  Sales 
Specialist.  280  Dun  Building.   New  York  City. 

MONEY  IN  DIRT— If  yonr  investments  earn  less  than 
10  per  cent.,  send  for  our  booklet,  contains  valuable  infor- 
mation. Georgia  Realty  Co..  612  Temple  Court.  Atlanta, 
Ga. 


I  BUT  LIFE  INSDRANCB  POUCIBS.      

cash  than  company.     Get  my  price  or  adTlec  on  jmmt  pBer 
or  equity  before  yon   let  it  go.     Circolars   fn         ~       ^ 
Rhodes,  Life  Ins.  Lawyer.  1S2 
Ohio. 


IF  YOU  WANT  A  BUSINESS  that  wUl  My  wvctsl  tkoa 
■and  dollars  annually,  start  a  mall  order  fawtacaa;  we  br- 
nlah  everything  neceaaary;  only  a  few  ilolUra  naminA.  Cata- 
log and  partlciilara  free.  MUboiii-Hlcka,  TM  Fotttee  T 
Chicago. 


MANUFACTURER'S    PERMANENT    BOSINK8S   OFFVL 


$60  to  $150  per  week  and  upwards  poaltSre. ^ 

wanted  everywhere   to  operate  aalea   parlors   far  tke 


moat  rapid  selling  Ladies*  and  Oenta^  I>rea«  Mac 
no  rlak:  reply  quick.  Koahlon  Komfort  Shoe  <Jo.. 
R..  Boston.  Maaa. 


IP      XKfV     DI3il.<L#    DWIVB    yOU     WMDI 

sltion  you  can  get  hold  of.    The  **  I 
must  (1)  be  popular;   (2)  give  big 
(3)   b«?  offered  at  the  right  price; 


,  IF  YOU  SELLA91l^^.  ^?S^^^^   ^^  bcat-payfagisy: 

value  totka  aaksirlfcff: 

- (4)  net   the   mIimsii  s 

handsome  profit  on  each  aale.  Our  new  Ubrmrj  oC  ■■■! 
can  Wit  and  Humor  fulfills  these  reqalruBcnta.  Wkr  vt 
Investigate  ItT  The  Review  of  Reviews  Oft.,  IS  AMv 
Place.  ^Room  427.  Nf?w   York. 

SAVE  TIME.  LABOR.  AND  EXPBNSBS.  We  attaai  t» 
anything.  Nothing  too  large  nor  too  aaialL  Write  fur  to- 
fcrmatlon.  BeU  ft  Bell.  2016  Pine  St..  Sai  ~ 
Cal. 


CORPORATIONS    ORGANIZED    imder    Uwa    aay 

Additional    capital    negotiated.      No    advance    Pee.      

elates  furnished  corporationa.  Many  adraptacee  art  HnA 
in  our  new  booklet,  mailed  free.  Cwrprratioa  aecMltj  ea. 
Room  404.    Wentworth  Building.    Boaton.    Maas. 


GEORGIA  offers  splendid  indocemeBta  to 
truckers,  dairymen,  poultry,  fruit  growers  and  bmb  of  e*w7 
class  willing  to  woric  for  success.  Hard  Times  Uakv^vm 
Write  to-day.     Georgia  Bureau  Industries  and  IsBlcratla. 

Atlanta.  Ga. 

WANTED-Local  repreaentatlves  by  a  New  York  aai 
Philadelphia  banking  house  for  the  aale  of  ezcrvthnalh 
attractive  investment  bonda  and  stoeka  on  coa»'  ' 
Bank  references  required.  Every  aaalatance  jti^ea 
home  office.  W.  P.  Hurlbat  ft  Co..  HanoTer  Bsak 
New  York. 


now  TO  FINANCE  A  BUSINESS    ENTKRPRISB  , 

shown  by  the  Brokers'  and  Promoters*  Handbook.  Am  tstsr 
psting  and  valuable  booklet;  mailed  free.  Tke  Bmttmtm 
Development  Co.  of  Ajnerica.  114  Naaaao  St..  New  TaA. 

FOR  SALE.— SPLENDID  RANCH  and  most  cafvfslly  btW 
herd  of  cattle  In  the  healthiest  section  of  tbls  co«atiy.  As 
excellent  business  for  young  man  or  men  wbo  wish  to  iii^l 

**  I.  ^t7  l^^F**  ■*  V^  ^""^  ^*™«  *«»S*«*«¥t  *■   »  baaltky. 

r»rofitabIe  business.  Land  here  la  rapidly  adraaeiac.  Otter 
interests  demand  my  attention.  Fred  L  Bwrb,  Cteylna. 
New  Mexico.  ^^ 

WANTED.— Parties  to  Inveatlgate  the  excellent    lirts  - 

and  manufacturing  openlnga  In  the  rapidly  growlHr  Qatk 
west,  along  the  Rock  Islaiid-*Frlaco  liDea:  new  niisiiii 
book.  **  Opportunities,**  describing  all  polnta  oo  iim  11  wm 
miles  cf  road,  sent  on  application.  M.  SebnlCer.  ~  ~ 
Commissioner.  St.  Louis.  Mo. 


ENORMOUS  PROFITS.  Uannfaetvre 
Crisp."  a  new  cmfectloB.  Bveiybody  bays.  4e  w«rQ 
rice  makes  10c.  package.  Outfit  and  dUeetlona.  pceosM. 
$2.50.  Liberal  Sample.  lOe.  Shafer  ft  Oa..  SMMM  WU 
San  Franciaco.   . 


SUCCESS-  IN  THE  STOCK  MARKBT.  Onr  tec*  gN«s 
details.  A  copy  will  be  mailed  free  of  charge  If  yen  wG 
write  to  John  A.  Board  man  ft  Co.,  Stock  Broken.  6S  r 
way.  New  York. 


GARAGE   DIRECTORY 


AUTOMOBILE  GARAGE,  ahsolntely  fireproof  and  up  to 
date  Repair  Shop.  Electric  Charging,  all  supplies  and  ac- 
ce«»crles.  Official  A.  A.  A.  and  A.  .M.  L.  Station.  Special 
facilities  for  Tourints.     T.   S.    Morse.    Lenox.    Mass. 


GARAGE— Largest  and  best  eonlopcd  la  the  weeM.  A^ 
commodations  for  900  autoaaobllea.  Ua-to-date  rennir  ^- 
partment.  Transient  business  a  spedaltv.  ftiiiaialis  aad 
supplies.    Wyckoff.  Church  ft  PsrCrldce.  Brosdwmy.  at  Iftb. 


Please  mentloti  the  Reolem  of  /feofems  mitem  mrftlmg  to  a^ksrffssrv 
90 


The  Review  oi  Reviews  Classified  Advertisinfif 


FOR  TH£    HOUSEHOLD 


1  PAINTING  AND  WHITEWASHING  MA^HINE-Does 
e  Work  of  20  Meu  witb  brushes,  and  does  It  better.  Send 
r  cataloinie  No.  3.  which  is  free.  J.  A.  Del  Solar.  106 
ilton   St..   New  York.   N.   Y. 

BUTCHER'S  BOSTON  POLISH  is  the  best  finish  made 
r  floors  and  interior  woodwork.  Not  brittle:  will  not  scratch 
deface  like  shellac  or  varnish.  Send  for  free  booklet.  For 
Ic  by  dealers  in  Paints.  Hardware  and  He  use  Fqmishinffs. 
le   Batcher  Polish  Co.,   356  Atlantic  Ave.,   Boston.    Mass. 

PKRFECT  EGG  SEPARATOR.  A  Necessity  wherever 
r-ja  nro  as<^.  Separation  complete.  Does  not  break  the 
>lk.  Postpaid.  12  cents.  Also  80  page  catalogue  of 
>UKebold  specialties.  0.  M.  Bailey  k  Co.,  Dept.  E..  Dor- 
Mfiter  Cenutti.  Mass. 
.^.j 

••  FROZEN  SWEETS."  by  Mrs.  S.  T.  Rorer.  «lves  the 
'w«T  recipes  for  Ice  creams  and  other  frosen  desserts: 
so  how  to  make  two  kinds  of  ice  cream  Ixt  one  freeser  at 
e  same  time.  Address  postal  to  North  Bros.  Mffc.  Co.. 
blladelohU.  Pa. 

NKW  INVENTION  FOR  BABY— The  Rl-tl-dea  Sleeping 
as  keeps  child  ct^vered  while  asleep.  Rest  and  health  for 
ftrenc  nnd  child.  Particulars  Free.  Home  Specialty  Co.. 
>ept.    A.    SprlniEfleld.    S.    Dak. 

LET  US  SEND  YOD  one  of  oor  pretty  porch  swings, 
unr  with  steel  chains;  holds  three;  color  red  or  icreen; 
^ruiar  price.  $10.50:  mr  price.  S6.7S;  shipped  on  receipt  ft 
rice:  state  color  wanted;  send  for  catalog.  W.  J.  Pursell, 
(19  E.  20th  St..  Chicago.  lU. 

RED  CEDAR  CHESTS  AND  BOX  COUCHES  offer  best 
nd  cheapest  protection  for  furs  and  woolens  against  moths, 
uat  and  dampness.  Beautiful  present.  Shipped  on  ap- 
roral.  freights  prepaid,  direct  from  factory  to  home. 
Vrite  for  booklet.  Piedmont  Furniture  Co..  Dept.  57. 
Itatesville,   N.  C. 


WHAT  IS  YOUR  PORCH  WORTH?  You  can  double  Its 
▼alue  in  hot  weather  by  fitting  It  with  Vudor  Prrch  Shades. 
Hammocks  and  Chair-Hammocks.  Write  to-day  for  free 
booklet,  which  tells  "  How  to  Cool  a  Hot  Porch."  Vudor 
Porch  Equipment  Is  durable,  artLitic,  comfortable.  Very 
loezpenalTe.  The  ordinary  porch  can  be  eqtilpped  at  a 
cost  of  from  $2.00  to  $10.00.  In  use  all  over  the  country. 
Write  for  name  of  nearest  dealer.  Hough  Shade  Corpo- 
ration.  106  McKey  Are.,  Janesyille.   Wise. 

SANITARY  AND  DUSTLESS  HOUSE  CLEANING -For 
sale— Portable  Compressed  Air  House  Cleaning  Wagons  and 
Machinery  sold  to  responsible  parties  to  operate  In  cities  of 
from  five  thousand  inhabitants  upwards.  Each  Portable 
Cleaning  Plant  has  an  earning  capacity  of  from  $50.00  to 
$70.00  per  day,  at  a  cost  of  about  $8.00  per  day.  Capital 
required  from  $2,000.00  upwards.  Stationary  Residential 
Plants  alao  from  $450.00  upwards.  Over  100  companies 
operating  our  system.  We  are  the  pioneers  In  the  business 
and  will  prtsecute  all  infringers.  State  references.  Address 
General  Compressed  Air  St  Vacuum  Machinery  Co.,  4402 
Olive  St..   St.    Louis.  Mo. 

RUGS  MADE  FROM  OLD  CARPET.  Send  us  your  old 
carpet  by  freight.  Just  as  it  is.  Will  return  handsome 
rugs  any  site  desired.  Costs  almost  nothing.  Tell  your 
neighbors.     Madison  Rug  Co..  796  W.  Madison  St..  Chicago. 

PURE  WATER  guaranteed  to  your  family  by  the  Naiad 
Filter— new  in  principle,  absolutely  germ-proof,  inexpensive, 
easily  installed.  Write  for  free  trial  otter,  and  booklet  on 
Pure   Water.      Naiad   Filter   Co.,    79  Sudbury    St..    Boston. 

"  SALOME,"  15-inch  figure.  In  the  Famous  Renaissance 
Ware.  $1.00.  Cannot  be  distinguished  from  marble  or 
bronse.  1000  other  subjects,  oanels.  vases,  busts,  for  the 
den.  library,  etc.  Art  book  mailed.  Renaissance  Art  Shops, 
Northwestern*  University  Building.  Chicago. 


'WA.TCHEUS,   JEWELRY. 
ETC.  

SF.ND  FOR  FREE  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE  of  ar- 
tistic Jewelry;  precious  and  semi-precious  stones,  pendants, 
>raeelets.  hat  pins,  scarf  pins,  brooches,  etc..  In  Turquoise. 
Malachite.  Coral.  Pearls.  Jade  and  Opals.  Albalone  shell 
lewelry  and  ornaments.  Safe  delivery  guaranteed  free  of 
I'oat.  Money  refunded  If  not  satisfactorv.  California  Pearl 
k.  Gem  Co..  602  Boylston  St..  Boston.  Mass. 

DEPENDABLE  WATCHES  ON  CREDIT.  Cut  prices. 
Krep  jeweler's  extra  profit  yourself  and  use  while  paying. 
No  publicity.  Satiafaction  guaranteed.  Booklet  free. 
Berlin  Co..  Birmingham.  Ala. 

SENT  FREE  TO  INTENDING  BUYERS.— Our  new  cata- 
logup  5rx»  pages.  30.000  engravings.  100.000  Items.  Jewelry, 
niamonds.  Watches.  Silverware,  CI*  cks.  Optical  and  Musical 
<toods.  etc.  Lowest  prices  on  record.  Fine  Pianos,  guaran- 
I'-ed  ten  years,  only  $139.50.  Write  to-day  for  the  big  book 
of  the  Foremost  Concern  of  Its  kind  In  the  world.  S.  F. 
Myers  Co..  47-49  Maiden  Lane,  Desk  R.   New  Ycrk. 


PIANOS.  MUSICAL  IN- 
STRUMENTS 


SrMMER  SALE. — New  and  second-hand  Pianos  from 
$!5O.00.  cash  or  Installment.  87  years  In  the  business.  All 
letters  of  inquiry  cheerfully  answered.  Catalog  of  Music 
free  on  request.  Wm.  A.  Pond  ft  Co..  148  5th  Ave.,  New 
York. 

FOR  THE  PIANO— Damplcide  will  keep  the  strings  on 
year  piano  from  mating.  Daroolclde  will  keep  the  action 
dry.  Folder  *•  Care  of  a  piano."  free.  Write  to-day.  The 
Damplcfde  Co..  Dept.  R.  Owego.  N.  Y. 

Twenty  MUSIC  ROLLS  FREE.  We  sell  rolls  for  all 
gUyer*  (direct  from  factory  to  you),  any  roll  sixty  centR. 
Prospectus  and  catalogue  R  free.  The  Juelg  Mfg.  Co.. 
TW  Tenth   Ave..   New  York. 


WEARING  APPAREL 


DO  YOU  WEAR  CORSETS?  The  weakest  point  In  your 
corset— be  it  the  dollar  or  ten  dollar  kind— Is  the  boning. 
A  dear  corset  Is  spoiled  by  poor  boning  and  a  cheap  one  is 
improved  by  good  boning.  I  will  tell  you  how  an  old  corset 
can  be  made  almost  as  good  as  new,  and  a  cheap  corset 
can  be  made  three  times  better.  This  Inftrmation  is 
valuable  and  important  to  every  woman,  and  la  given  free 
bv  Walohn  M'fg  Co..  Dept.  R..  31  Union  Square  West. 
N.  Y.     (Send  your  name  and  address  on  a  penny  postal.) 

CAN  YOU  SEW  A  STRAIGHT  SEAM?  If  so.  you  can 
own  a  $20.00  Priestly  Rain.  Auto  or  Traveling  Coat,  cut  to 
your  own  Special  Measure  for  $M.50.  Write  to-day  for  free 
samples  and  d<'8lgns  of  Priestley's  Silk.  Moire.  Roseboro 
••  Auto  "  and  Cloth  Cravenette  Rain  Coats.  We  also  s«*ll 
the  fabrics  by  the  vard  from  $1.90  up.  and  the  completed 
garments  from  $11.00  up.  Expressage  paid  to  any  part  of 
the  United  States.  Crucial  Test  Rain  Cloth  Co..  914  Sum- 
mit Ave..  New  York.  Dept.  19. 


FOR  THE  TOILET 


KROM  SOAP  has  been  made  and  sold  on  Its  merits 
for  thirty -one  vears.  It's  a  medicated  soap  for  the 
skin,  scalp  and  hair.  Ideal  for  a  shampoo,  prevents 
dandruff,  and  unequaled  for  nursery,  toilet  or  bath.  Ask 
your  druggist  or  send  us  26  cents  for  full  size  cake. 
Krom  Soap  Co..  e23  Grand  Bldg..   Atlanta,   Ga. 

■  INGROWING  TOENAII-^  Immediately  relieved  and  per- 
manently cured,  by  a  silver  aHtomntic  appliance,  easily 
applied.  Satisfaction  guaranteed.  No  failures.  One  Dol- 
lar, by  mall.  Circulars  free.  On.vxis  Co..  Room  201, 
519  Main   St..   Cincinnati.    O. 


PHOTOGRAPHS 
PICTURE^S 


AND 


BEAUTIFUL  PICTURES  for  your  home.  25  for  25c. ;  120 
'or  fl.oo.  Sise.  6i  x  8.  Many  of  the  world's  greatest  paint- 
•»«.  Send  25c.  for  25  Art  Pictures.  Awarded  four  gold 
Bedali.     The   Perry   Pictures   Co..    Box  9.    Maiden.    Mass. 

AN  UP-TO-DATE  ORIGINAL  comic  drawing,  highly  col- 
led. Rent  for  25c..  poftpald.  The  very  thing  to  frame,  or 
PMw-Ptrtimt  for  Den  or  Library.     Harris.   •*  Artist,"  511 

w.  m.  an.,  o. 


HEAL-U-CREAM  for  face,  hands,  or  scalp.  Softens, 
heals  and  restores  natural  life  In  the  skin.  Absolutely 
pure.  Sent  post  paid  for  25  cents.  Boston  Merchandise 
Co.,  294  Washington  St..  Boston. 


MOTOR   BOATS,  SPORT- 
ING  GOODS.  BICYCLES 


FAMILY  FOLDING  BICYCLE  In  a  Hand  Case.  Convert- 
ibl**  Into  lady's  or  gent's.  Convenient  for  tnurlsts  and 
everybody.  Scientific  Invention.  Illustration  free.  Agents 
wanted  everywhere.  Kallnjian,  Mfgr..  882  Harrison  Ave.. 
Boston.    Mass. 


P/soss  mention  tht  Reolw  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  aautrtin^rM 
Ol 


The  Reyiew  of  Revie'ws  Classified  Advertisinsr 


HIGH-CLASS  SAL,KSMKN  AND  AG£NTS  ^WANTKD 


DOES  YOUR  PRESENT  INCOME  SATISFY  VOlT>  Vou 
can  doable  It  by  taklnft  the  Sheldon  Course  In  ^-len  rifle 
Salesmanship.  One  Salesman  says:  "  Yoa  oddcx)  fr^ nOO 
to  mv  salary  last  year."  Another  states:  "  A  9i.lTi£t«>  il^al 
clrsed  by  your  method  netted  60  times  orliclutil  vim.** 
23.000  others,  and  nearly  1.000  firms,  are  ualnir  li  to  in- 
crease sales  and  earnings.  All  Instruction  by  i:-iirre»t!ijrid- 
ence.  You  owe  it  to  yourself  to  invest  Iks  te.  Write  for 
more  facts  and  proof.  Sheldon.  1036  Tin'  u  ipuLiEIc, 
Chicano. 

SELL  cm  RESERVOIR  DUSTLESS  floor  and  carpet 
brushes  in  stores,  schools,  residences,  public  buildinffs. 
hotels;  field  unlimited;  reduce  dust  97%.  actual  test.  Gold 
medal  at  St.  Louis  World's  Fair.  Strictly  guaranteed:  bijr 
margin  and  irreat  seller;  opportunity  to  build  permanent 
trade;  exclusive  territory:  no  competition.  Milwaukee 
Dnstless  Brush  Co..  Dcpt.  R.  Mllwsukee.  Wis. 

SALESMEN:  All  lines,  all  territories;  sslarles  t900-96.000. 
Also  positions  for  executive,  clerical,  professlonsi  and  tech- 
nical men.  List  of  openings  free.  Hapiroods.  305-307 
B'dway.  N.  Y. 

SALESMEN  AND  JOBBERS  write  us  and  sccnre  s  better 
line  of  Leather  Advertising  goods  with  a  more  liberal  com- 
mission. Large  assortment.  Big  sellers.  Consolidated 
Novelty  Mfg.   Co..  Box  100.  Springfield.  Ohio. 

MAGAZINE  SOLICITORS  WANTED  in  every  town,  large 
and  small,  to  procure  new  and  renewal  subscriptions  for 
Review  of  Reviews  and  our  strong  Clubbing  Offers  with 
nesrly  all  the  leading  magasines  In  the  country.  Liberal 
commissions.  Experienced  or  inexperienced,  we  are  will- 
ing to  enroll  you  on  full  or  spare-time  basis.  Become  "  The 
Magazine  Man)"  (or  Woman)  of  your  community — chance 
to  build  up  a  permanent  and  orofltablo  business  without 
capital.  Write  at  once  for  terms.  The  Review  of  Reviews 
Co..  Room  428.  New  York. 

WANTED  AGENTS  to  sell  crnservatlve  8%  securities. 
Liberal  compensation.  Address  Palmer  &  Co..  No.  66 
Metarott  Bldg..  Washington.  D.  C. 

CANVASSERS  OR  TRAVELERS.— Surprising  new  article 
for  the  kitchen;  everybody  buys  on  sii^t:  big  profits;  side 
line  or  exclusive,  with  territory.  McCall  Clasping  Cover 
Co..  147  West  Jackson  Blvd..  Chicago. 

AGENTS.— Make  $$$  putting  In  door  bells.  Complete 
outfit.  Bell.  Push  Button.  Wire,  Battery.  Staples,  and  in- 
struction book.  Price  09  cts.  Flssh  Light  40  cts.  Cata- 
logue Free.  John  Nelscn  Electrical  Co..  Dept.  R.  Ke- 
wanee.  111. 

SELL  OUR  SCHOLARSHIPS.  2.000  schools  and  colleges 
all  parts  of  country,  or  send  us  names  of  those  golpg  to 
schooL  Teschers.  students  and  others  can  make  big  money 
during  summer  months.  Can  be  done  during  extra  hours. 
Liberal  cash  crmmlsslon.  Write  to-day  for  particulars. 
Columbia  School   Agency.   367   Manhattan   Bldg..   Chicago. 

WE  WANT  AN  AGENT  In  every  Prominent  City  in  the 
Ignited  States,  to  Represent  our  Business.  Must  be  Active, 
Capable  and  Responsible,  with  some  Mechanical  knowledge. 
Snch  a  Party  can  have  a  contract  that  will  insure  a  fine 
Income.  References  with  reply.  National  Automatic  Ele- 
vator Safety  Air  Brake  Co..  Los  Angeles.  Cal. 


SALESMAN  WITH  EXCEPTIONAL  ABILITY.  No  be- 
ginners and  no  canvaasers  wanted.  Several  of  our  men  are 
averaging  over  $1,000  a  month.  Life  Insurance  men  averag- 
ing $200  up  can  make  $1,000  a  month.  We  also  want  man 
experienced  in  handling  a  big  Sales  Force.  Give  refpreni*e. 
John  B.  Duryea.  449.-703  Third  Ave..   Seattle.   WaRb. 


AGENTS  make  big  mcney  selling  our  new  tlgn  lelt«a  tx 
office  windows,  store  fronts,  snd  glsss  sins.     Aay  oor  en 

{»ut  thcro  on.     Write  to-day  for  a  free  aample  and  fall  partin- 
ars.     Metallic  Sign  Letter  Co..  68  N.  Clark  St..  ChlafB^  m. 


A  DOLLAR  AN  HOUR.-Elther  sex  earn  $1.00  an  Iwvr  la- 
troduclng  Electric  Combs  and  fastest  selling  arttsTles  oa  fou- 
ket.  Remember  we  guarantee  $1.00  an  boar  for  every  hosr 
you  work.     Dr.  R.  R.  Hull.  1431  Penn  Ave..  Ptttabtirglu  Vt. 

WANTED— High  ?>lass  n>presentatives  to  sell  sew  cn^ 
necessity  needed  by  all  merchants.  Sells  for  $50  to  $6Mb 
Profits  40  to  00  prr  cent.  State  expi^rlence.  referener«  sad 
qualifications  In  detail,  and  we  will  submit  propasHlM. 
names  and  addresses  of  2000  satisfied  purchasers.  iA 
elusive  territory  for  right  man.  lief.  First  NatloaaJ  Bask. 
Chicago.     PItner   Company.    1»1-180   Lake   8t..   ChlcagD. 

SOAP  AGENTS  MAKING  $50.00  WEEKLY  oelllng  o«r 
wonderful  $1.50  soaii  and  toilet  article  combtnatloaa.  vtik 
valuable  pn^miums  for  35c.  Crew  managers  wanted.  Bay 
direct  of  manufacturer.  Profitable  vacation  work  far  «> 
dents.     Davia   Soap   Works.   20   Union   Park    Cu.   C^iae^ 


SALESMEN— Young  men  who  can  give  refei 
former  emnloyera:  to  such  a  party  we  par  oalary  and  ex- 
penses to  represent  us  in  your  and  adjkilnlnr  territory.  Ex 
perlence  not  necessary.  Write  •  with  reference.  De«fte( 
Mercantile  Co.   (Dept.  G.).   Chicago.   111. 


AMBITIOUS,   industrious,   well-dremed  

of  esrning  $40.00  to  $200.00  weekly.  wUl  be  assisted  ti 
building  up  permanent  business  of  their  own.  Address  witk 
references.  P.  C.  Kullmsn  A  Co..  68  Wsll  St..  New  Yc»k 

AGENTS   WANTED.— Portralta   35c..    Frames   ISt,  Aert 

Slctures   Ic,   stereoscopes  25c.,   views   Ic.      30  day**  rwdh. 
amples    and    Catalog    Free.      Consolidated     Portrait    Oiu 
290—174  W.   Adams   St..   Chicago. 

WANTED— Energetic  agents  (either  8ex>  for  tows  sad 
country.  Attractive  proposition.  No  exp«>rl«ice  or  uumn 
needed.  Earnings  osid  weekly.  CongeniaL  steady  ««t. 
No  delivering  or  collecting.  Perry  Nursery  Co..  BorlKster. 
N.  Y. 

AGENTS.  TEACHERS.  STUDEXTS-Herv's  jroiir  a^^m- 
tunlty.  New  household  article:  $6  daily  easily  mode:  mQ» 
everywhere.  Investigate.  Begin  at  once;  yoo  c«n*t  k» 
Information  free.  Dexter  Supply  Co..  Dept.  O.  Caxt'v 
Bldg..  Chicago. 

$100  PER  MONTH  and  traveling  expenses  paid  by  aa  oU 
established  house  for  salesmen  to  sell  goods  to  dealen. 
Experience  unnecessary.  New  plan,  rapid  neiilug  liar 
Purity    D.    V.    Co..    Chicago.    111. 

MANAGER  wanted  in  every  city  and  county,  haodlr 
best  paying  bnalness  known,  legitimate,  new.  exrSas)^' 
control:  no  insurance  or  book  canvaasing.  Addreas  Cto« 
Halstesd.   37  West   26th   St..    N.    Y. 

YOU  CAN  EARN  good  Income,  represent li«  us  anooc 
people  who  have  means.  Men  and  women  wanted.  Sts 
dents,  teachers,  ministers  snd  others  sre  socces»fvL  L^ 
eral  compensation.  Particulars  mailed.  Staodmrd  Ssaltr 
A  Investment  Ck)..  82  Beaver  St..  New  Yofk. 

FIRE  CHIEF — Latest  chemlcsl  extlngnlaher.  OD  ssd 
gasoline  flret  especially.  Reliable,  .non-freesing.  Big  eoo- 
mlsslons.  ezdnslve  territory  to  good  men.  Appllaxice  (X 
No.  850  The  Bpltser.  Toledo.  Ohio. 

AGENTS.  Sliding  Furniture  Shoe,  pat'd  Aug.  7.  19Q& 
Sells  in  eyery  home  and  hotels.  Csnnot  wear  bole*  in  ear 
pets  nor  mar  the  finest  floors— all  casters  do.  Blc  Diadts. 
Write  for  ipecial  offer.  Fair  Mfg.  Co..  463  Fifth  St. 
Racine.  Wli. 


FOR  THE  OFFICE  AND 
STORE 


"  INK-OUT,"  guaranteed  by  manufacturers  to  be  the 
perfect  non-injurious  eradicator  and  stain  remover.  Used 
on  paper,  sklu.  and  fabric.  Removes  ink.  Iron  rust,  fruit 
snd  other  stains,  no  matter  how  old.  Resises  paper  so 
that  after  eradicating  it  may  be  written  upon  at  once. 
Stationers,  druggists,  or  by  mail.  25c.  Adner  Laboratory 
Co..    Philadelphia.    Pa..    Dept.    R. 

EMBOSSED  LETTERHEAD8-3  line  die  and  2  M.  Letter- 
brads.  $12.00.  Write  for  prices  on  larger  quantities  and 
namples  of  engraved  business  cards.  J.  W.  Halliday.  417 
Atlas   Block.   Chicago. 

THE  MODERN  DUPLICATOR  makos  100  copies  in  ten 
minutes  from  tyuewrlter.  pen  or  pencil  originals.  The  only 
perfect  Dupllcstor  at  a  low  nrlce.  Something  new.  Satis- 
faction guaranteed.  Write  The  Husted  Ofllce  Supply  Co.. 
Wolcott.   N.   Y. 


POSITIONS   OPEN   A.ND 
POSITIONS  IVANTE^D 

COLLEGE  MEN!  TEACHERS!  Earn  varattoo  iDoaT 
isclltng  the  greatest  subscription  book  proposition  pat  naf 
in  ten  years.  Five  handsome  large  volumea  41  x-tI.  ovrr 
1500  pag(>H  of  the  best  American  Wit  and  Humor,  edited  to 
Joel  Chandler  Harris,  neatly  bound  in  light  green  cloth,  sf- 
fered  with  Review  of  Beviews.  cash  or  InstsHmroti 
makes  an  easy  seller.  Llbersl  commissions— Territory  opn 
Write  now  snd  get  In  on  the  ground  floor.  The  Rrriew 
of    Reviews    Co..    13    Astor    Place.    Room    427.    New    TerL 

LEARN  SCIENTIFIC  business  letter  writing  by  maU 
from  man  who  built  up  half-a-milllon-dollar  bosiorM 
through  letters.  His  method  proved  sound.  School  of  Bosi 
ness  Letter  Writing.  Dept.  Ifl.  00  Wabaah  Ave..  Chlcac«».  B> 

TEACHERS:  High  School— Principal.  $1,000;  seKiMv. 
|1MK):  mathematics.  $1,200:  college— mining  englaeerlBC. 
ll.KOO;  chemistry.  $2,000;  shop  wrrk.  $1,200.  Other  c«^ 
poKitions  for  capable  men.    Hapgoods.  305-307  B*dw«y.  N.  Y. 


/  lease  ncntlon  the  Hevlitw  of  Reutewa  when  writing  to  tuivertiMra 
92 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Oassified  Advertisinfif 


BONDS,    MORTGAGEES.  ETC. 


SIX  PER  CENT.  NET  on  (Tuaraoteed  first  mortgatcet.  ae- 
eurvd  by  real  estate;  30  vears'  experience.  Write  for  fur- 
tb«r  partlcuUrt  and  refetencet.  Ealy  J.  Moses  Jb  Son, 
Burnett.  Tex. 


WRITE    ME    If   yon   wish 
wbere  U  will  earn^t  to  10%  a  year. 


to   safely   Invest    your   money 

year.    B.  E.  Abbott.  Banker. 

176  Federal  St..  Boston.  Mass. 

8  PER  CENT  A  TEAR  Is  what  we  pay  on  Certificates  of 
Dopoalt.  National  Bank  and  Commercial  Agency  references. 
K.    M.    Martin.  Cashier.  Key  West.   Florida. 

ARE  YOUa  SAVINGS  EARNING  10  PER  CENTT  What 
atioat  the  security?  Is  It  what  it  should  be?  Would  yon 
not  like  to  have  your  money  where  interest  Is  Kuaranteed. 
w^bere  you  iret  a  share  of  the  net  profits,  have  what  Is  equal 
to  life  insurance,  be  Drivllefred  to  borrow  money  and  all 
baclced  no  b/  the  best  security  on  earth — New  York  City 
Real  Eststet  The  Investment  Is  better  than  Ooremment 
Bond*— Just  as  safe  and  more  Drofltable.  We  want  to  tell 
jroti  how.  Write  for  plan.  The  McCormack  Real  Estate 
Co..  Exclusive  Fiscal  Aicent.  804  Times  Building.  New  York. 

INVESTMENT  yleldlnir  6.75^.  Quarterly  divldenda  for 
foorteen  years;  readily  marketable:  Kood  colIateraL  Any 
ram  from  $65  to  $50,000.  Especially  attractive  for  smaU 
•avinss.     Send  for  circular.     Calvin  Bullock,  Denver. 


FOR  SALE.  6%  preferred  stock.  Dividends  payable 
January  and  July  guaranteed.  AU  sales  secured  by  bank 
stock  placed  In  trust  for  protection  of  purchasers.  Bank 
references.     Jesse  Moncan,   Pres.,   Haxard.   Ky. 


FINANCIAIi-RARE  OPPORTUNITY.-Small  allotment 
Detroit  Gas  k,  Coke  Oo.,  1st  Mortgage  5%  Gold  Bonds.  In- 
terest payable  February  and  Anaust  First  each  year.  De- 
nomination of  bonds.  $500.00.  Price.  $450.00  eacn.  and  ac- 
crued Interest,  yielding  Investor  5.65-4-%*  Your  order  so- 
licited for  one  or  more  bonds,  subject  to  prior  sale.  Bonds 
delivered  through  any  bank.  Write  Frank  R,  Blakealee. 
UiRh  Grade  SecuriUes.  1027  WUlUmson  Bldg.,  (Cleveland.  O. 


FARM  MORTGAGES  paylnjt  5  to  6  per  cent.  net.  In. the 
rich  acrlcultural  sections  of  the  West  and  South  are  the 
safest  and  best  securities  to-day.  Not  affected  by  trusts 
or  panics.  **  Bonds  and  MortKaiees,'*  Chlcaco.  tells  all 
about  them.  One  Dollar  a  year;  sample  copy  free.  Ad- 
dress 1143  Monadnock   Block.   ChlcaRO. 


FOREIGN  CAPITAL  SECURED.  I  have  exceptional  fa- 
cilities for  placing  quickly  In  London.  Paris.  Berlin,  and 
Brussels  any  amount  of  bonds  for  mannfacturinir  plants  and 
other  legitimate  enterprises.  If  your  business  will  bear  In- 
vestigation. I  can  aet  you  money.  Write  me  for  terms, 
etc.  Geo.  H.  Holffate.  1084  Real  Estate  Tmst  BaUdlnc. 
PhlladelphU. 


TYFE"WRITERS 


TYPEWRITERS— CallifraplL  $6.00;  Franklin.  Hammond. 
Yo«t.  $10.00;  Reminicton.  WUlIams.  $12.00;  Smith  Premier. 
$18. CO;  Oliver.  Underwood.  $35.00;  all  jniaranteed.  Send 
for  catsloinie.  Typewriter  Exchange.  Room  73.  213-217 
W.     126th    St.,    New    York    City. 

THE  SUN  TYPEWRITER  marks  an  epoch  In  the  writlna 
machine  business;  hlirh  value,  low  price.  If  you  do  not 
know  about  It.  write  for  Information  and  trial  offer.  Sun 
Typewriter  Co.,  817  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

TYPEWRITERS.  New  and  sllahtly  used  at  lowest 
prices.  Write  for  cataloipie  and  price  list.  Central 
Typewriter  Company.  Caxton  Blda.,   ChicaRO,   111. 


TYPEWRITERS— An  makes.  Blc  barcalns  now  In  ma- 
chines.  Positively  Rebuilt  with  Istest  Improvements.  Best 
visible  writer  made,  at  creat  reduction.  Factory  Rebuilt. 
Gnarante«'d  like  new.  Every  machine  warranted  one  year. 
RetAillt  Typewriter  Co..  30  Dearborn  Street.  Chicago. 


TYPEWRITER  "BARGAIN  LIST"  FREE!  Deal  Direct 
Save  Commissions  (all  makes).  Shipped  allowing  trial 
anywhere.  Reminftons.  Underwoods.  Olivers,  Smiths. 
$38;  others.  $15.  $25.  Consolidsted  Typewriter  Ex- 
chanice.  243  Broadway.  New  York  (Established  1881). 
Reliable. 


BOOKS  AND   PKRIODI- 
CALS 

OLO  SOUTH  LEAFLETS.  6  prints  of  important  docu- 
ments on  American  history,  d  cents  each.  $4  per  100.  No. 
174  la  the  latest  issue.  Send  for  catalogue.  Directors  Old 
Houth  Work.   Old  South  Meetlna  House.    Boston. 

IF  YOU  ARE  INTERESTED  in  forminR  a  library  send 
for  oar  catalog.  We  have  barfcalns  in  Stsndard  Authors  In 
ttie  best  editions.  We  can  save  you  money  on  tnoks.  The 
n.   B.  HunttluR  Co..   Inc.,  Sprlnfcfield.  Mass. 

FREE— A  mathematical  view  rf  some  events  In  the 
Life  and  Death  of  Jesus  of  Nsxareth.  with  other  matter  of 
similar  nature.  Sent  upon  application.  W.  B.  Gould,  Hotel 
Pelham.    Boston.    Mass. 

DEEP  BREATHING— How,  When  and  Where— A  04  papre 
llloatrated  book  on  this  vital  subject  sent  on  receipt  of  10c. 
Address  P.  Yon  Boeckmann.  R.  S..  888  BrUtol  Bldg.,  500 
5th  Ave.,  New  York. 


SHEET  MUSIC,  SONGS. 
ETC. 

SEND  YOUR  SONG-POEMS  TO  ME.  I  wUI  write  ths 
mnsic  and  place  before  the  big  N.  Y.  publishers.  I  have 
made  a  fortune  writing  songs.  My  experience  will  aid 
yon,  M>  songs  *•  Blue  Bell  "  and  '*  Way  Down  In  My 
Heart  •'  have  achieved  world-wide  fame  .  Write  to-day  for 
free  booklet     Edward  Madden.  101  Madden  Bldg.,  N.  Y. 

"  SONG- WRITERS. "~I  publish  snd  popularize  good  songs 
free  and  pay  royaltv.  I  wrote  and  made  hits  of  '*  Nothin* 
from  Nothin."  '^  I  Wonder  If  You  Miss  Me."  "  He  Walked 
Right  In."  etc.  Send  stamp  for  bock.  You  become  pro- 
fessional when  you  write  with  me.  Ed.  Rose.  Relisble 
Publishing  Co..    1431   Broadway.    New   York   City. 

SONG  POEMS  WANTED,  also  Musical  Compositions.  We 
pay  Royalty.  Publish  and  Popularise.  We  compose  snd 
arrange  mualc  to  poema  free  of  charge.  Send  us  your  work. 
Geo.  Jaberg  Music  Co.,  167  W.  7th  Street.  Cincinnati.  O. 


ARCHITECTURE,  BUILDING.  MACHINERY 


YOU  CAN  FIND  OUT  much  of  interest  about  buildings 
of  all  styles  by  ordering  our  standard  books,  vis.:  Modern 
Dwellings.  $1.50;  Supplement  of  Fine  Dwellings  and  Public 
Buildings.  $1.00;  the  two  books.  $2.00:  American  Homes, 
with  Bams.  $1.00;  Cottages.  50c.;  all  for  $2.50.  Send 
check.  Money  refunded  If  not  satisfied.  Descriptive  circu- 
lar free.  Also  flrst-class  plans  furnished.  Barber  & 
Klntta.   Architects.  KnoxvlUe.  Tenn.     Box  R. 


ARCHITECTS  SCALE.  FOR  5  NAMES  of  persons.  In 
towns  of  leas  than  40.000  population,  who  Intend  to  buy  a 
home  heating  plant.  Scale  has  10  graduations,  very  accu- 
rate and  convenient  for  any  one  building  or  drafting.  Ask 
also  for  our  72-page  book  about  Heating  by  Hot  Water. 
Andrews  Hesting  Co..  571  Heating  Building.  Minneapolis. 
Minn. 


HOME  HEATING— Write  for  valuable  book  (free).  Our 
Celebrated  Furman  Steam  and  Hot  Water  Boilers  sre  the 
most  popular  made.  They  never  fall  to  give  required  heat 
at  minimum  cost.  Agencies  and  stock  In  all  Important  cen- 
ters. Address  The  Herendeen  Mfg.  Co..  7  Tenth  St.. 
Geneva.  N.   Y. 

YOUR  NEW  HOME  or  your  old  home  should  be  equipped 
with  modern  laundry  appliances.  You'll  be  surprised  to 
know  how  reasonably  you  can  Instsll  a  time  saving  and 
labor  saving  laundry  plant.  Write  to-day  for  our  free  Il- 
lustrated booklet.  It  tells  all.  American  Mangle  k, 
Roller   Co  .    Rnclne.   Wis. 

BEFORE  YOU  BUILD,  repair  or  buy  a  house,  read  our 
free  Roof  Book— gives  all  the  facts  about  all  the  roofs. 
The  life  of  your  building  depends  on  the  roof.  Write  for 
It   now.     Genuine   Bangor  Slate  Co..   Arrow   Bldg..   Easton, 


P/mss  mention  the  Review  of  flevtewa  when  writing  to  advertiaen 
03 


The  Review  oi  Reviews  Oassified  Advertisine 


SERVICERS  AND    INSTRUCTION 


$75  WEEKLY  EASILY  MADE  fitting  eje-flastes.  Write 
to-day  for  "  free  l>ooklet  61."  Complete  easy  mall  course. 
Diploma.  ReductHl  tuition.  BIk  demand  for  optlclana.  We 
■tart  you  Id  buslnesa.     National  Optical  College,  St.  Louis. 

PROFESSIONS  QUICKLY  TAUGHT  BY  MAIL,  same  as 
in  our  own  realdent  achoola.  founded  IS50.  Law.  Pharmacy. 
Nursing.  Preparatory  Medical.  Cartooning.  Illustrating. 
Mpcb.  Drawing.  Shorthand.  Bookkeeping.  Journalism.  Pen- 
manship. Personal  instruction.  Write  for  summer  rate: 
state  course  desired.  National  Correspondence  Schools. 
C-32  Penn  St..  Indianapolis.  U.  S.  A. 

•♦  EVERY  MAN  HIS  OWN  STftNOORAPHER  '^Shcrt- 
hand  and  Trpewrltlng  can  be  learned  at  home  In  leisure 
hours.  Send  for  Information  and  sample  lesson.  Short- 
hand Institute.   Box  982,  Palo  Alto.  California. 

THE  SCIENCE  OP  COMMERCIAL  BOOKKEEPING.  The 
leading  textbook  on  Correct  and  Practical  Bookkeeping. 
Price.  $2.00.  Title  page  and  references  rn  request.  Adolph 
Illrsch.   Accountant.   642  Broadway.   N.  Y. 


LEARN  to  draw  for  money.  We  teach  Cartooalst  Guta- 
turlng.  Newspaper  end  Magaslne  lUostratlDc  mttmMs^ 
mall.  If  talented,  send  stamp  forArtClrralaraadrrMUMi 
National  School  of  Caricature,  25  World  Bldf..  Ne«  l>t 

DO  YOU  NEED  LITERARY  AS8ISTANCE.~«aii  W 
tures.  addresses,  club  papers  written  for  yoa. -Retire  ai» 
scripts  perfected,  typewritten,  or  sold  oa  commlsilas!  f  • 
serve  efi!lciently.  Booklet.  Authors*  ReTisioo  Bum,  SM 
Seventh  Ave..  New  York. 

LEARN  PLUMBING.  PLASTERING.  BRICKLATIHG.  W 
actual  practice.  Taught  thoronghlv  In  3  mostfes.  Itar 
trades  pay  $5  to  $7  per  day.  Positions  second  fer  pit^ 
uates.  Write  for  free  catalogue.  Coyne's  TrUt  ItlaiL 
Chicago.  New  York.  San  Franclsoo. 

CIVIL  SERVICE  employees  are  oald  well  f or  mit  v«t: 
examination  of  all  kinds  soon:  booklet  A  13  dearriWw  »# 
tlons  and  telling  easiest  and  Quickest  way  to  mtwn  tks 
la  free.  Write  for  It  now.  Washington  Clvfl  fcrria 
School.  Wsshlngton.  D.  O. 


DOGS.  POULTRY.  STOCK 

AIREDALE  TERRIERS.  Excellent  hunters,  gentlemen's 
companions,  and  watch-dogs.  Young  stock,  of  the  most 
approved  breeding,  and  prise  winners,  occasionally  for 
sale.  Promising  punnles  by  Red  Raven  andChampion.  The 
New  Kinif.  from  $20  up.  Apply  to  Briarstone  Kennels. 
Lansdowne.  Pa. 

FANCY  PHEASANTS,  all  varieties.  Ornamental  water 
fowl:  Flamingoes.  Cranes.  Storks.  Swans.  Geese.  Ducks. 
Live  Gsme.  Game  Birds,  etc.  Write  for  price-list.  Wens 
&  Mackensen.  Yardley.  Pa.,  agents  for  Jul.  Mohr.  Jr.. 
Germany. 


"WAREHOUSING  AND 
SHIPPING 


AMERICAN  LIFT  VANS  for  moving  Househdd  Furniture 
between  Europe  and  America  and  between  cities  In  United 
Ststes;  house  to  house  without  boxing;  only  safe,  easy  sud 
sensible  method.  Bowling  Green  Storage  and  Van  Co., 
18  Broadway.   New  York.  Rcoms  400/12. 

REDUCED  RATES  on  sblnments  of  household  soods  to 
and  from  the  West  In  through  cars.  Bekins*  Warehouses 
In  Los  Angeles.  San  Francisco.  Oakland,  etc.  Write  for 
rates  and  free  mans  of  above  cities.  Bekins*  Household 
Shipping  Co..  532  First  National  Bank  Bldg..   Chicago. 


GAMES.    NOVELTIES 

AND 
ENTERTAINMENTS 


BOYS.— We  are  now  selling  our  electric  telephones  at  a 
great  reduction.  This  'phone  Is  msde  of  strictly  high  grade 
material,  with  the  best  workmanship.  It  is  finished  In 
black  enamel,  with  nickel  trimmings,  and  has  Improved 
transmitter.  Works  perfectly  at  a  Mfstance  of  200  ft. 
Each  $0.59.  Pair  $1.10.  postpaid.  Send  stamp  for  cata- 
logue of  electrical  novelties.  John  Nelscn  Electrical  Co., 
Dept.  R.   Kewanee.   111. 

MOTION  PICTURE  MACHINES.  Film  Views.  Magic  Lan- 
terns. Slides,  and  similar  Wonders  For  Sale.  Catalogue 
Free.  We  also  Buy  Magic  Picture  Machines.  Films  Slides, 
etc.     U.  Harbach.  809  Filbert  Stroet.  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


AUTHORS*  and  PUBLISH- 
ERS' OPPORTUNITIES 


••  A  ROYAL  ROAD  TO  KNOWLEDGE."— Millions  of  up- 
to-dste  pictures  and  clippings  on  all  topics  from  all  sources, 
clsssifled  for  InRtnnt  referencp.  Calls  or  corresponds.  The 
Search-Light  Information  Library,  341  Fifth  Ave..  N.  Y. 

TO  AUTHORS:  Manuscripts  In  attractive  typewritten 
form  Invite  an  editor's  careful  attention.  We  will  make 
perfect  typewritten  copies  of  manuscripts,  and  at  the  same 
time  rectirv  slips  of  HpeHlnp.  punctuatlou  and  grammer,  and 
In  general  prepare  for  nublioatlon.  Many  years',  experience. 
Rates  moderste.  Satisfaction  guaranteed.  Authors'  Service 
Co..  385  E.  13Gth  St..  N.   Y. 


STAMPS.  COINS.  POST 
CARDS 

$5.76  PAID  FOR  RARE  1853  QUARTERS.  Ke«p  13 
money  coined  before  1876  and  send  10  cents  it  obit  tv 
a  set  of  2  coin  and  atamp  value  Itooks.  It  msy  tataM  ■  tx- 
tune  to  you.     C.  F.  Clarke  &  Co..  Dept.  R.  LeBof.  .V  T. 

PUBLISH  YOUR  OWN  POST  CARDS.-We  nuMlMta^ 
souvenir  and  advertising  Post  Cards  from  photopuki « 
sketches  or  any  designs,  of  Individuals,  hotels,  nmmn. 
animals.  landscapes,  views,  etc..  plain  or  colored,  tad  prtr 

Sour  nante  on  aa  publisher.  Quick  dellverv  cnni^ 
end  for  samples,  unique  advertising  plaas  sad  a^ 
E rices.  Poat  Card  Specialty  Co..  66  West  24th  8t.  iPtyt 
t..  N.  Y.  City, 

♦•  SOUVENIR  POST  CARDS."  your  name  tinsrtW  m  u 
Imported  csrd.  together  with  25  rther  ssmpW.  UvUr 
Aluminum,  Easter  and  Comic  Cards,  25c.  Booaoxa  fordnl^ 
and  agts.  W.  E.  Cummlnga  ft  Co..  €24-160  Sttte  &. 
Chicago.  • 

LEADING   ACTORS    AND   OPERA    STABS.  sbcrtK  tv 

gromlnent  Characters,  on  heavy  gilt  edge  cart,  it  St:  b 
andsome  colors.    10c..   and  beautifully  Jeweled,  lie.   PH 
Seyffarth.    435   Ralph   St.,    Brotklyn.    N.    Y. 


FOR  BUSINESS  PRO- 
MOTION 

FOR  LIVE  ADVERTISING  NOVELTIES  ud  Prmio 
Goods.  Business  Souvenirs,  Calendars.  Signs.  ^'  Utter  I>, 
closures."  Post  Cards.  Read  the  "  Novelty  Newi,"  aflftt 
organ  ct  the  mfrs.    Told  In  pictures. 


pic 

methods  presented,  not  theories, 


25c.      Sample   copy. 
Chicago. 


10c..   stamps. 


ires.  "  Selllnr  "  no*  ts^ 
$1.00  a  yesr:  trial  5  ■» 
w.      178-6  Washl^tM  ft- 


ADVERTISERS.  ATTENTION!  Unusoslly  efc*s»  «■* 
useful  telephone  advertising  novelty.  Serves  as  ■••«»» 
dum  holder,  directory  and  writing  desk.  Send  8  (f^ 
for  sample  and  particulars.  American  Fono-CUp  0*..  I<^ 
lands.    California. 

TRAVEL  AND  RECREA- 
TION 

SPECIAL  ••  Jamestown  Exposition  "  number  of  "  9h^ 
Msgsslne."  handsomely  illustrated,  conulnlnc  detalM  •: 
scrlption  of  the  vsrious  features  of  the  Rxpositioa.  u  *^ 
as  many  Interesting  and  Inatructlve  articles  «•  ^  Z 
Southern  States  reached  by  our  line,  will  be  test  vm^ 
quest.  General  Industrial  Agent.  Seaboard  Air  U»  ■>* 
way.   Portsmouth.    Va..    Dept.   W.  

EASTON  SANITARIUM.  For  treatment  of  Ik*  w^ 
or  mentally  ill.  Superior  location:  skilled  esre.  ^JJ! 
before  st  lectlng  a  place  elsewhere,  or  call  op  Dr.  K"* 
for  particulars.      'Phone  1661.   Easton.   Pa. 

FOR  THE  FARM  AND 
GARDEN 

THE  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERTS  ASSOHATIOJ.  ^J* 
42nd  St..  New  York,  will  aid  purchasers  to  oMahi  Neal* 
and  New  England  farms.    Will  give  sdvlc*  and  f**"" 
developing  farm,  orchard,   garden  and  povltrr  von- 


Please  mention  the  Beotew  of  fleoiewa  when  writing  to  adoerttmn 
94 


Tbe  Review  oi  Reviews  Classilied  At^vertising 


MISCCLLANBOUS 


A  COL.D  STOBAOB  PLANT  wIU  pay  for  Itself  In  one 
'ftBon.  Write  for  description  of  OniTltr  Brine  System, 
atlaff  alse  and  for  porpoae  wanted.  Madlaon  Cooper  Co.. 
H  Coort  St..  Watertown.  N.  Y. 

GEO.  H.  WILSON,  the  World's  Champion  Dancer,  has 
ritten  m  bocklet.  "  VanderUle.  SUce  Dancinir  and  Enter- 
ilnlnir."  It's  absolntely  free  and  tpit  Interesting.  Just 
Idreaa  Wilson's  VaudeTUle  School,  2«T  W.  42d  St.,  N.  Y. 
Ity. 

THE  BBN8INOER  **  RAPID  **  DUPUCATOB,  unlike  any 
ther,  bcneflts  every  bosiness  and  professional  man.  when 
i  reoalres  iknmeroiis  exact  copies  of  forms.  Invoices,  let- 
>ra,  drawtnss  and  diagrams;  also  excellent  for  multicopy- 
«  Hnalc  or  anythlns  written  with  pen.  pen^rll  or  type- 
rlter.  Ask  for  description.  Ch.  Benslnger  Co.,  131  Stone 
tr»^t.   New   York. 

CUB  VACUUM  CAP  when  used  a  few  minutes  each  day 
raws  the  blood  to  the  scalp,  cansinir  free  and  normal  drcu- 
itkm.  which  stimulates  the  hair  to  a  new,  healthy  crowth. 
Mt  on  trial  under  iruarantee.  Write  for  free  particulars, 
he  Modern  Yacuum  Cap  Co..  892  Barclay  Block.  Denver, 
(Uo. 


INDEPENDENT  TELEPHONE  LINES.  Have  a  telephone 
service  of  yonr  own.  We  furnish  full  particulars  to  re- 
.sponsible  parties  for  building  and  equipping.  Physicians, 
Farmers,  and  local  Merchants  espedallv  desirable.  Any  one 
can  operate  under  our  instructions,  write  for  free  book  to 
Cadis  Electric  Co..  88  C.  C.  C.  Building.  Cadis,  Ohio. 


THE  AUROPHONE  HELPS  THE  DEAF  to  hear  cleariy. 
A  perfect  sclentiflc  instrument,  inconspicuous  and  light. 
Special  Installations  for  Theatres  and  Churches.  Write  for 
catalogue  R.     Mesrs  Ear  Phone  Co..  1  West  34th  St..  N.  Y. 


HAVE  YOU  THE  ABILITY  T  We  have  the  opportunities. 
Over  8.000  positions  now  open  fcr  capable  business,  pro- 
fessional ana  technical  men.  List  free.  Hapgoods.  809- 
307   B'dway.   N.   Y. 


SAFETY  RAZOR  BARGAIN.— For  $1.50  cash  with  order 
we  will  mall  tou  a  regular  $3.00  safety  rssor  outfit. 
Yonr  money  back  if  x.ot  satisfied.  Address  Keystone  Rasor 
Co..  928  0th  Ave.,  New  Brighton,  Pa. 


CAMERAS  AND 
SUPPLIERS 


DEVELOPING^  AND  PRINTING  of  Films  and  Plate*, 
est  Results.  High  Grade  Work.  Low  Prices.  Send  FUms 
f  maU.  Plates  hj  express.  Martsr  Optical  Co..  810  Co- 
imbua  Are..  New  York. 


VACATION  SUCCESS- 
TIONS 


SPEND  YOUR  VACATION  in  the  heart  of  the  Maine 
Wooda  at  Indian  Pond  Camps.  FIrst-clsss  fishing  and  hunt- 
ing. Easy  of  access,  inexpensive.  All  conveniences.  Send 
for  rates  and  booklet.     M.  J.  Marr.  Prop..  Moosehead.  Me. 


OF  VALUE  TO  YOU 


THE  experience  of  these  classified  advertisers,  who  have  used  the   REVIEW  OF 
REVIEWS,  is  of  value  to  you. 

We  learn  from  other  people's  mistakes  what  to  avoid.     We  learn  from  their  suc- 
cesses, how  to  be  successful. 

These  advertisers  have  learned  by  experience  that  classified  advertising  in  the 

REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS  means  successiiil  adverttslng* 

*'  We  find  that  the  Rrnxw  or  Rbttkwb  is  drawing  exceedingly  vrell.  In  fact,  out 
of  over  thirty  mediuma^  the  Ravnw  or  RBYiavrs  is  now  second.  We  And  the  only  class 
of  mediums  that  are  of  any  benefit  to  us  are  the  standard,  monthly  magarines.  We 
have  experimented  in  some  other  classes,  but  without  results..'' 

Postal  TrpswiuTgR  Co.,  Norwalk,  Conn. 

''  We  are  vrell  pleased  with  the  results  we  received  from  our  ad.  in  the  classified 
department  in  the  Rxvikw  or  Rgviaws.  The  inquiries  come  from  a  money  spending 
dassy  and  that  is  what  we  are  looldng  for.'' 

Thx  Silkdown  Co.,  Benton  Harbor,  Ifich. 

''  We  are  very  gULd  to  Inform  you  that  the  classified  advertising  that  we  have 
'  been  running  In  your  colunms  for  some  time  has  been  extremely  satisfactory  to  us,  and 
we  consider  your  publication  to  rank  among  one  of  the  four  best  publications  that  we 
are  using  for  actual  results,  and  we  are  using  all  the  leading  publications." 

Tons  S^UAaa  Automobilb  Ck>.7Sl6-817  West  48th  St.,  New  York,  N.  T. 

RATES  FOB  CXASSIFIED  ADVERTISING: 

I1.25  per  agate  line.  Smallest  space  accepted,  4  lines;  largest  space  for  one  advertise- 
ment, 12  lines.  On  six-time  orders,  no  charge  will  be  made  for  the  sixth  insertion.  All 
adv^ertisements  set  in  uniform  style.  Cash  for  first  insertion  must  accompany  order,  and 
each  subsequent  insertion  must  be  paid  for  in  advance,  on  receipt  of  memorandum  bill 
which  will  be  sent  on  the  first  of  the  month  preceding  date  of  publication. 

FORMS  FOR  THE  AUGUST  ISSUE  CLOSE  JULY  Ttk. 

Send  for  booklet,  **  An  Advertising  Problem.**    It  teUs  all  about  Classified  Advertiaing, 

REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS  CO.*  13  Astor  Place.  NEW  YORK 


PI^OM  msnttom  tha  Review  of  Heutsius  u/hsn  writing  to  adoertlasra 
06 


The  Revkw  of  Reviews— Adyertising  Seclioo 


OWNW^JP^MUFORNUh     HONE 


^W?i 


PATH 


:Jfl^5mSg 


te^'^'-  ^' 


"g =r^"  MAimiMfVt 


i^SU^TAt 


i 


r    BRENTWOpD^-TLRRALf:    -  . 
\SWEPT~BY  OCEAN    BHLEZtb 


CAN   YOU   SAVE   33   CENTS   A   DAY  — $10    A    MONTB7 

[|  ID,  3r«Q  cftn  itcare  an  lde«l  lDT«itm«iit.    A  lioin«ilt«  where  II  ii    «lwiTf   c«#l  la  S*»H*r  ftai  «m 
lb  Winter.    FREE  Informatioa  on  receipt  of  coufioik  bttow,  m«tl  t«*dKr--Bov« 


We  wiah  to  cmphftsifC  the  lact  that  vhis  Is  incomparably  the  hlitKeat  cL&bb  revLdcnce  property  In  Calif araJba. 
fore  the  ^i^orld.  The  Hmall  monthl^y  p^yrntntji  >ve  accept  nre  an  evidence  of  otir  c&nfidence  In  thife  yraytfl 
■  hould  prevent  no  inveistor  qt  home  buyer  prepared  to  pay  ca&h  and  t&king  dUcaunt  iTocn  mmUlnv  c^epoff 


sis   jL-ars.     A   rcfruE  icli  1:101  crruui 
inhaNti  [Its.   kLkprndiTEht  of  2^,000  nslton 

4b»mi*,  Fim,  St  Sf  a  city  tt(  llmU- 
tf^Mtid,  jx  his  an  Unequalled  cLI- 

Litn  l\i  bilitEl  hiprnrA  ib  arul  athiut  Lijh 
I  lo  ijnpri^t  upi>ii  >mUh  tu  Luirn  it  *5ir» 
rrc.  thti  Eh^re  \a  a  Ttry  timlted 

dlltrJct  %EUcb  El  nrnr  rnoii^h  t^itlfr  Ufiraq 

yi  rtick]  ih  aumnirr  uul  1^  ULciue  ffii^r  in  vinterK 

ifftiilibic  alttr  to  tfur  paciiii'  t  iceifb  Iftd  Loi 

It  ^TiH  ni'>rr  limiieJ  j«  Uie  d [sir Ice  i^hicb 

rAptd  ErtniET. 

lEmtTr  Ij  Sn  ihc  cii^nter  of  thiA 
llstrkt  an  the  E.  H.  HiirH- 
bway,  £i[tendlnii:  frQm  Loi 
I  ta  the  Se«. 

L  ciEj^ie  tn^r^cmniii  ihr^*:  wlio  hii'c 
sbc4il,  itu'JiciJ  cruiiiJiTlueii,  jiffQliDir^ 
'  jnd  wbrtt  ■  diy  would  r^p^ndj 
'it^J  ihr*  Llo'floE^mcni  rif  npi<|  irjuiiit, 
bcui'hl  vn\   CttJIf:   irk   The   t^jtU   »r 


prutfrni^  lixrf  tnide  picdief^     CftS  jroq  t«ie  bcyoad  tttltf 
of  your  ntHfl  ? 

r    tii^r   kunti   Id    llfcl  tifiiis  lev    nei 
JUST)  tcntli,     V\e  wh»  IgieIi  ire  At 

Are  you  ffolti^  to  be  one  wlio  |ei«de  to 

Tet  r»ce  ? 
Jf  ^^outoriTrmpTtteccunifrtto  Cilifomli  MAJLTHCCOIdpHKi 

j;  you  wjiiti  tQ  icguirr  an   iddl    hcfomBe    oq    vbi^  «  ti^  m 

tir>nir  in  the  fururr.  Melt  tbe  Coopon* 

1 1  }  OK  cu}  nvr  ?  1  tmti  1  tliy.  Malt  tbe  Cftn  pNtfl^ 
t}r«nnrc»d  Trrnee  ii  in  iir^eiaDent  nfrr  tbm   1   ^^xrttgi  teiA 

and  j>fc»mt»  rrearrf  op^ftuainei.     Mdt  Coupfkn  Hm'*, 
I  da  nut  vanr  you  tobusr  a  *^cif  iu  >  td^,*^     I  »lU  a^Hi«t|*K 

Jni:]uiTit^  boneftly»  pcnooiily  »fifl  imcHitcftily, 

It  will  Cost  yt-vn  tvo  cenb  b  wBk&  tbe  coapoa  uid  lc  ai^  |^pr 4 


MaU  Caapon  to  JAMES  R.  H.  WAfiNDl 

^^1  11.  H  .  IJHlixun  Bldr.. 
TBKSIDKNT  SAX  ^^?6CEXTE  Uk.'SU^O^ 

CapltaL  tJQO.^XU-^ 


LOS  A>'CiEI-K8 


CALJFUttfU 


BRASS  BAND 


InstrnmentB.    Drnms. 
Hodoar  • 


. .    Unlforma,    8applieB   and 

[oflioal  Inairnments  of  all  kindB.    Wiiie  as  what 

are  Interested  in  and  we  will  aend  you  a  bi« 

ge  catalog  free.    It  ^ves  Band  Mosio  ana 

jotiona  for  Amateur  Bands.    Comets  firoot 

18.50  upward.   Easy  paymenta.   Wzite  today. 

I  VAM  A.  IICAI  VI8  Adams  Slrwl,  CHICAGO 
LIUII  CI  nmLW  World's Largwt Music  HoBf 


The  Pacific  Coast  Press  Qipriig  ftireu 

Reads  newspapers  pablished  in  the   far  West  for 
Professional,  Society,,  and  Literary  people  on  i 
able  terms.     For  particulars,  address  as  above. 
Box  98990  SaA  TraAciaoo*  Cal* 


'U^>'i>l'ii^ 


Mr    HARTSHORN 
W  SHADE  ROLLERS 

Mm         Bear  the  script  name  of  Stewart 

m  ■  Hartshorn  on  label. 

#  m    Oeit''ImproYed.'']iotack8reauired. 

Wood  Rollers Tin  Rollers 


1^ 

Wm        Bear  the  acript  name  of  SivwBit 

m  ■  Hartshom  00  lab^ 

w  m    a«i*ZmptoiTed,*Botaoksx««ntead. 

Wood  Rollers  Tin 


HARTSHORN 
SHADE  ROLLERS 


L0FTI5 
SYSTEM 


The  Review  of  Reviews^AdvertSsing:  Section 


^2E 

Paying  Moneyi 

MAGAZINES 

AND 

BOOKS 


LIBRARY 
SLIPS 


ARE 

DOW  being  packed  in  many  Slan- 
li^-d  HotaehDld  Product*, —Save 
ihem  and  get  yoin  Mi^azIah  uui 
Books  tbictlytety 

FREE 


These  Are   The  Products 

ASK  FOR  THEM 

and 

Refuse  All    Substitutes 


Calumet    Baking  Powder — "  B«st   by 

Tcil* 
Erie  Canned  Fruits,  (Slip  under  LaW) 
Erie  Canned  Vegetable*  (Slip  under 

Ubel) 
Force  (Ready  to  Eat)  Breakfast  Food 
German- American  Coffees  and  Teas 
H-O  Oatmeal  «id  all  HO  Products 
Heide's  licorice  Pastilles  and  Jujubes 
Jell-O  Ice  Oeam  Powder 


Kom  Kinks  (Malted  Com  Flake*) 

My  Wile's  Salad  Dressing 

None  Such  Mince  Meat 

Pabst  Extract— The  '^Best"  Tonic 

Pompeian  Massage  Oeam 

Presto  (Quick)  Rout 

Pro-phy-lac-tic  Tooth  Brushes 

Scrub  E-Z  (Soap  and    Brush) 

Sunny  Monday  Laundry  Soap 

3  in  One  Oil    (Cleans  and  Poliibes) 


The  Magazine  and  Book  Company  of  New  York 

236  Broadway »  New  York 


FREE    ON    REQUEST 


HANDSOME 
CATALOG 


COMPLETE 

INFORMATION 


^*^^***M 


P/mm  mention  the  Reoieuf  of  Reoietva  when  writing  to  adoertiaers 
97 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising:  Section 


presi^lieiijt 


THEY  IHOJf 

m 


/A 


Moisture  &  color- 
ing of  leather  sus- 
pender ends  stain 
shirts  —  PR  E  S  I- 
DENT  white  braid- 
ed cord  ends  dont. 


50c. 

a  pain 


For  conafort  «t  pUy  or 
work  wear  PRESIDTEIKTS^ 
the  i^iasietift  Etri.^i:i^  &  HLrf>n^- 

oti«  i^Duldiir,  or  benil^  Si  the 
back  slides  quickly  &  smoothly.  No  sevgro  airctchlug 
or  fltralQ* 

Some  men  wear  belts;  not  that  they  fike 
be  its,  but  niO£it  suspandefs  bind  6c  cling. 
Presidents  rest  so  Jl^htly  you  cant  leel 
them. 

LlgUtwfllKht  rtiimme r  PR  1" W U  > MNT8  weigh  a  oz  Wtsnr 
I*Rij5.IDFlN'T*S  i[iKt*'ivlof  a  iMrnUiik^  fpr(t  *K  yoii  wont  have 
to  adjust  your  truiLiBii^rrt  fill>  tiuies  a  Jiiy'* 

If  yfiy  cantget  iJghUfcight  PRESIDENTS  in 
your  City  buy  of  us.  After  j  tl^ya  wear  if  u it- 
satisfactory  return  f or  youf  money* 

AJtto  Mi^Uum  Jt  Hf4ivy  weight-*  KJttra  long  for  big 
met)*    Bpt^elal  !<Fi^^  for  youth i^  &uii  boyK. 

The  C.  A.  Edgarton  Mf^.  Co.,  527  Main  St.«  ShLri«y,  Mu*. 


To  enjoy  a  ffwl 
fortably  dressed  tag 
wear  BALL  BEARINa 
GARTERS— you'll  lite 
them  immeosely. 

The  sockhold  to  acparated  Vf  a 
Ball  Bearing  SWIVEL  A  varts 
independently— thereof  no  Und* 
ing,  loosening  or  slipping. 

BALL  BEARING  QABTEB8 
rest  snugly  &  securdy,  bold  the 
socks  in  place,  There*B  so  tea- 
sion— for  that  reason  they  stre 
unusually  long  serrioe. 

Try  a  pair.  If  your  dealer  kis 
none,  buy  of  us  by  maO  &  reinn 
for  your  money  if  unsatiitectorx. 

S5c  a  pair. 

The  0.  A.  BdgartOB  MDk.  Co. 

iOt  BaIb  StTMt.  Sklri^.  ■■» 


A  Sightly  Summer  Collar 

This  new  collar  with  the  wide  space  and  !k)w  lie  lucked 
in,  IS  the  mast  attractive  ^yle  of  the  season,  ll  gives  some 
suggestion  of  the  old-fashioned  ^lock  our  grandfathers  wore 
and  yet  has  thai  touch  of  good  taAle  that  appt*aLs  to  well- 
dressed  men, 

^     Corliss-Coon 
Collars 
AreBetter 


^w 

^^^^B       Made  in  two  heights  and  two  ijradf^. 

'^^^^H                    25c  r^ch.                      2  for  25c^ 

^^^^^v 

^^^H              VIIRK  1-2  i  IN.         PENN5Y-2  <  x  IK. 

^^^^^M 

^^^H            YOflK  11-2  IN.         DART1II0UTH-2  ^ 

^^^^V 

^^^^^k                   Sold    bv    ieadine    denlets    evervwhrtx 

^^^^B 

^^^^P                    i(  luH  rradilv  ^unnlird.  i^nd  iis  x\\c  frliil            , 

^^ 

^^^                          price.    Wnlr  tor  New  St>  !r^  [VmiL  lr>win 

The  Review  erf  Reviews— Advertisins:  Section 


Push 
Strop  Through 
Razor  snd   Sharpen 


Triple  Silver 
Plated   Razor 


^^The  ONLY  Razor  &  Automatic 
Stropper  in  ONE  PIECE 


Built 
for  Service 


A  New 

Sharp  Edgt 
^  for  Every 

'^  The  principle   of   Safetv    Ryzonj   was  a i ways 

n^ht — wilh  the  exception  of  the  vital  pari — •harpening- 

The  AuloStrop  Safety  Razor  Ha  a  All  the  Adv«iDtagei  of 
Every  Other  Safety  Razor — and  in  Addition 

tiitomaticany   sharpens  tlie  blade — thus  ifivmg  a   tjtw    sharp  edj^^c  for  tvcry  sha.?e. 
That  is  why  the  12  hladtfi  la^t  a  hietimc^     A  iharp  titl^e  li  the   only  known  jneana 
of  preserving  a  man's  complexion — ^and  that's  why  every  barber  strops  his  razor. 
Sut  you,  Mr.  Shaver,  with  any  other  razor  can't  strop  with  the  skill  of  an  expert  barber! 

Tlie  AutoStrop  Razor  it  an  Automatic  Expert  Mechanical  Barber  which  obliges  you  automatic- 
ally to  sharpen  the  blade  skillfully  in  spite  of  your  inexperience. 

You  clean  the  AutoStrop  Razor  as  simply  as  you  strop  it.     That  means — quicker  than  you  could 
change  blados  in  any  other  razor.    And  there's  no  taking  apart  for  either  process. 

We  simply  ask  you,  Mr.  Shaver  to  CONVINCE  YOURSELF  of  this  truth  from  a  Common  Sense  stand- 
point— ^and  you  can  do  it  without  trouble  or  expense  if  you  will  read 

"Common  Sense  About  Shaving" — FREE 

(H's  n  Handsomi>  Booikof  "Common  Sti'ns^"  brk^tly  wtidi.iij 
K  \\\\\t  book  of  biffTalufi  Uiat  Mlmwn  ]?^ni  hv  print  and  pictun-^s  lifjw  uny  miin  (no  mattrr  how  clumsy 
ar  onakllkdycaj]  ma.strr  thi.-  prcibluin  uE  fiL'lfshiiviiiii^.    It  tiiaket»  no  diftt^rmei-  whnt  yourivn.iii'ht 
method  of  shDTinj:  may  h— or^lmt  sort  o(  r^jor  you  now  uso.    \ivi  wt-lt  wririb  ynur  wliik^ 
tarendlhisintercfitin^Book.  Wriieforit  NO  W--d  o  J  t  bc(d  re  y  on  I  »y  t  h  is  m;]  i<ra  js;  i  n  t-  ^ii^  j  div 
RememWr  our  bladi?!^  are  certified  whacK  meanj^  they  afr^  ;indmu£t  bt^  Perfect, 
Eacb  blade  bdm*  prqvt'd  by  our  i^ijircial  scientific  fat' Tory  It-st, 
TbiJCompUtfc  S<i  fwilf  biFt  £t  lif-^'tinn.')  wfil  b<*  sent  you,  chiirifi*  prepaid, 
LI  you  n^toit  th<'  pricr,  SS.fl),    OR*  if  >  fni  prriiT.  w<-  w  ill  s»'nd  it  Ujruui^h 
your  Icivoritt:  rHal]i-r.    In  eith«r  «y«nt  if  for  aiiy  r«AJMn 
^^^  you  wish  to  fpturn  it  flft'r  30  days*  triAl,  voyr  nuih^v     . 
^^^^^^^    will   be  relundrd  at  once,      Vou   laki-  no  fi*k>.    |       RAZUK^ 


\. 


X: 


^;^^ 


^^'«?^:^^. 


\ 


AutoStrop  Safety  Razor  Co* 

341  lo  347  Fifth  At«.,  ISew  YorU 


Colon  bt  Tnut  C&  , 
Hrw  York. 


UTitJicrCasf 


A  Necessity!  Not  a  Luxury 

BOUCHER  ADJUSTABLE 
SHAVING  GLASS 

Every  itiatt  isliould  liave  one. 

It  makt^s  sh+ivini;  ^^nit^  iind  rsjinforlribk^ 

It  may  lie  applied   in  any  window,  or  t-lsesvhcrre  to  tiVHain  a  strong 

light,  and  instantly  :i<liListf:^rl  Uj  ,Lz\y  angle. 
It  nnay  be  tarried  ^Liftly  in   i  >^khfl, 

Fiimtshed  exprefM  paid* 
Chipped  Edge,  $1,50;  Beveled  Edge,  $2.00. 

CALDWELL   MANUFACTURING  CO^  8  Jonc-ie  SU   Roch^iilej-,  N,  Y- 


Piitast  mention  th^  ^euiea^  a/  fltt/i-ui  if  ft  en  ii'ritfntf  to  aifiicrtfsers 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising:  Sectloo 


BRIGHTON 


GARTERS 


Yoy 
will 
never 
know  what 
true  le^  com- 
fort means  until 
youwearBiij^luon 
Flat  Cla.sp  Ciartt'Ts, 
You  can't  kick  them 
loose    if   you    \t}\    yet 
they  hug  so  gently  that 
you    never    feel    them* 
'I>iey     tlun't     bind,     scratch, 
tutr^    pull,    .squee/.e  or    fall    off, 

PIONEER   SUSPEMDER   CO, 

MAKERS    OF 


If 

believing*' 
—  just    ;isk 

your  dealer  to 
i/t&tt/xau.  Hell 
tell  you  Brightons 
;ire  the  only  gmnen 
with   the    absolutely 
flat  clasp — ^ which  means 
ease   anU    comfort.      Pure 
silk  webbing.     Solid  nickel- 
plated  brass.     25  cents  a  pair, 
all  dealers  or  by  mail   postpaid, 

7  I  &  Market  St.,  Phlladelphfa. 

PIONEER  fiUSPENDEftS. 


7%  GOLD  BONDS 


Tt"" 


PRINCIPAL  m 

INTEREST 

GIURIKTEEO 


Susiams  ihr  Tccrfy    t^—'-f- 


Ttw  10  re»r.  Gold.  CDUnpn  Bonds  e>t  th<? 
iTidcrHriiirs  Roallv  &.  Tltk-  Co.  »tv  u-~ 

N.Y.  CITY  REAL  ESTATE 

Thi?y  boar  7^  InttTCit  r^avahlr  qviafTrrly 
|iV  coutioti  nt  the  S^cimd  Xafitniji  BamJk. 

Th(?  t>ond&  con  I  A]  n  a  FartldpiillotiClBtue 
which  t-ntities  holdera  lo  a  5^   pnrferrtitlftl 

Irlnija^  Eot»|  po^^iblo  tfictmx?  up  ta 

12%  YEARLY 

Thr^T  art^  redt'i'tn^-ible  a  her  ri»o  fcjum^tm 
di^mapd  nn6  an-  i!i>iuc>d  in  dcijf^ajiaMkHb^ 
o(  SIOO,  351 »)  and  StOUO. 

I'articularly  dt"sirable  for  inve&tors  ttxk- 
mu  an  ahisolutiHir  ftafe^  mvesli&flDt  uo- 
nttcTU'd  by  Wall  St^  mstiiiiviAlio^.  Prxr 
!ip*,cru£  oti  t¥Ciueat     Addresa  Orpt.  Q, 

UNDIRWRiTERS  miVt  &  T1TL£  Ca 

t  MADISON  IIENITE  in 


U^KlUQK  /L  flOflBtus    91   BT  TtikVin  M    nx 


Please  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  tutmrtiBtrt 
lOO 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Aivertisifljr  Section 


yyhat  a  Watch  Number 


Signifies 

The  ntimWr  of  a  w^ldt  movetncat  meati^  btit  litfk  ia  an  ordmtry 
Witch,  In  a  HOWARD  Watch  it  sUods  for  lb<  life  work  pf  the 
best  watchnaakers  in  tfic  worlds 

Not  only  U  the  ouHiber  of  the  movement  of  vital  stgnifkaficc^ 
but  Iikewitc  the  number  of  the  case.     To^eihtr  ihcy  form  the  bads  for 
the  most  definite  guarantee  ever  made  for  a  watch*    Every 

WATCH 

It  v>  exactly  conitfuded  and  adfuited  that  it  mint  be  put  fn  ffi  own  cast  by  the  maken 
mod  again  adjusted  untU  even  the  slight  variation!  naturally  caused  by  eating  due  cot-^ 
tfcud*^  Thus  you  lee  the  iiripoftant  relationship  between  tbe  number  of  tint 
movement  and  the  number  of  the  c^^. 

When  you  buy  a  HOWARD  Watch— no  matter  where  you  buy  it  or  what 
its  price — it  comes  to  you  works  and  case  as  one,  in  a  velvet-lined  solid  mahogtny 
cabinctf  accompanied  bv  Certificatei  of  Guara4)tee  based  on  the  oumbcn  of  ( 
and  movemeot,  with  the  flxfd  price  at  which  the  watch  must  be  sold. 
HOWARD  Watches  are  made  In  men's  sizes  oiifr>    Prices  range  from 
$S5  fo  $i50,  fhe  difference  btitig  not  irt  grade  aF  maferia/s  or  w<tTk~ 
martshipf  tiuf  in  i^uatify  of  cist,  humlKr  ot  jtwtts  and  adjusfrntntM, 


"  WAteH  WUdom  "  FREE. 

We  w*Ht  r««  (•  hsTt  ■  fifweapj  of*  W«t«h  Wlfrdoa'>_A  Ml^btr 
hrfvm.     lVBWlit4«ii  Uf  Elbert  11  ■bbarJ.     WniTE  TO-DAY, 


L  MWMD  WATCH  COHPAHT,    Bsdford  Ui4  South  Stt.,  Walthim,  Mm.,  U.SJL 


The  Varnish  that  lasts  longest 


Made  by  Murphy  Varnish  Company. 


TKe  finest  dentifrice  is  Helpless  witKot&t  me 


Adults' 3<c  Youths*  •sc 
Children's  tsc;    By  mall  or  at  dealer*. 
Srndfor  our  free  bookUt,  **  Tooth  Trutht." 
-[  34  PIb«  St.,  Flor«Me,  M»' 


PItase  mention  the  Reuleiv  of  Reviews  u/hen  writing 
101 


The  Review  erf  Reviews— Adveftising:  Secticm 


w^ 


Told  by 
The  Laundry  Bag 

*^A  weelflv  expeijste— fni>*e<1  fS^i^^A  and 
ppllt  button -hniU'^.^'     \Mv]r  rn>t  cut   iMit 
the  *.'?tpfiist\  anJ  hv*  m^flt  ftll  thi^  time: 

Wear  LITHOLIN  Waterproofed 
Lirten  Collars  and  Cuffs 

Look  HkN^  linea  b«c}itiK4.^  thi-y 'frr  llneq.^  Perfect  for 
summer  *e*r— untiffi^-'l^^l  by  licBt  nf  iwrspLratJon. 
Tbey  i/annot  wllt^  fiti*!  wIioti  wiped  virlth  dump  cJ'  th 
an-  iiH eleaa  atid  whito  an  v^lwu  ni*w,  Cut  in  all  Lhe 
Iflt^ftt  Faahiouiible  sit  j  Itw.  f>ee  1 11  u  st  nite»J  botiklet  ^jn 
requent^ 

Collars  25c*  Cuff^  SOc* 

}f  yanrdi'Ulrr  f*inm*t  /supply  yji*i  «>!*'  if-'*  afffh',  ttitf 

The  Fiberlold  Company,  l>tTt  ih 
7  VViiverly  Plice,  New  Vork 


A 


The  I  "LINCOLN"  |  is  the  original  leather  garter. 


3    lIXM 

JJu&tublt 


IMPROVED 

**Uncoln" 
Leather 
Garter 

COPfFOKT  POINTS 

1  AdjuiUblc  to  any  pr^cii«e  nizei 

2  Quickly  foiirneiJ  with  patent  glove  tnap, 

3  Bring  unlintd,  thtiy  arc  cle^ntz^t  afvd  coolest  garlcf 

4  Cling  comFortablyi  but  cannot  bitwi.  [mi!Kl& 

5  Of  best  quality  pprspi  ration -proof  Englicb  PigikinHi 

6  Cut  curved  to  conform  to  the  shape  of  the  leg, 

7  Made  in  three  sizes,  and  in  righti  and  left*. 
h  Ided  for  knee  drai^er^  nnd  summer  wfar^ 

Hipawi  liM  50c.  ind  vnih  y<j*ir  Jniti^ 
A%k  for  »be  "  I ijiccitn "'  and  i 


on  Mjfttwrt  if  I 


Al  3^DUr  iJrali-f't,  at  wn|  poflp 

\  rfqupitfd.     A_  _    _      .^.. 
upon  fptlin^  iL    Thcnante  "LiticuiEi"  ii  M^rrktird  cm  fjit^  p*ir. 

The  Li>cKhart*Ha€Bean  Co«,  Inc. 

HaKcrt  af  '*  Llneoln*'  LUlc  50e.  $iit9«a^er« 

1325  Harlfvt  Strerl.  :         PliU«d«l»hla 


Free 

Trial 

A  remarkably  libera 
offer  open  to 
reipon^ible 
reader   of 
thtft  paper 


We  will  «end  your  choice  ol 
Ed i ton  Outfit  cintwodays'fre« 
trial  {retumiible    at  our  ex- 
ptrnse).     If  satisfaciory  pay 

cei5li  iir  f2.0O  a  month  or 
upwftrds    flt    a   furprU- 
irto  rock^battofn  price. 


Write 


f2.CM>  m  maoiM 


for  the  Edi*on  CaUloc.  *od  the  la'at  Of  LlOOO 
ft^eords.    Write  tudny.    Ju^t  seind  your  il«i 
£iddresi«  on  n  tn>6tal  card  or  In  4  hrfter — the      _ 
and  record  list  wlU  thea  be  m4ll«d  ta  f^a  ttt 


P.  K.  Balnon.  Edlson 
[»t<pt,   1S{>X    4  KUfevV 


fKM<C  ^*«* 


JhcrttfuU  (jdiscn^ 


Target  &  Arrow 
OldStyle 

Roofing  Tin  bought  today  will  give  you 
the  same  service  as  that  bought  from  us 
seventy-five  years  ago. 

N.  &  G.  Taylor  Co. 

ESTABUSHSD   1810  ^HtUkUMMJinA 


DID   YOU 
CVCR    use 


PRESS  CLIPPINGS  ? 

Do  you  want  everything  printed  In  the  newvpApera,  nac^ 
teines,  and  trade  press  of  the  United  States  aiiQ  Canada  ob 
any  particular  subject  r  Send  usyour  order,  deacrfbiDf 
what  you  want  us  to  clip,  enclose  $8,  and  we  will  send  j%m 
our  service  for  one  month,  mailingyou  daily  or  nctiklf  aD 
clippings  found  on  your  topic,  we  read  and  dip  aSovi 
25,000  publications  each  month.  Any  One  can  nlber  aD 
that  is  printed  about  matters  of  immediate  interest,  tba 
latest  news  or  btet  articles  fmm  many  aouroes.  Write  oa 
about  it  to-day. 

UNITBD  STATES  PRBSS  CLIPPINQ  BUREAU 
153  La  Salle  St.,  CHICAQO,  U.  S.  A. 


Piease  mention  th9  fieoieuf  of  Reuleuta  when  writing  to  odutrtiMrt 
102 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising  Section 


Two    straw  hata   of    exactly 

the  aame   head-size,  hut  with   a 

difference   in  height  of  crown  and 

width  of  brim.     Each  one  is  a   1907 

KNOX 

HAT 

and  hence  in  the  latest  fashion,  but 
JB?fc  j^  such  little  differences 
as  these  make  it  easy 
for  you  to  secure 
juat  the  hat  that  is 
most  comfortable 
^jtwgg^       and  becoming. 


The 

i:lgin 

Era 

The  watch  by  which  the 
hour-to-hour  progress  of  this 
remarkable  age  is  timed. 

Used  by  men  of  action — 
women  of  initiative  —  people 
who  don't  stop. 

An  ELGIN  WATCH  is  the 
favorite  of  the  punctual  —  a 
companion  of  ideal  habits. 

Grades  differ — prices  differ, 
according  to  jewels  and  metals. 

The  G.  M.  WHEELER 
GRADE  ELGIN  is  moderate 
in  price  and  has  a  fame  earned 
by  years  of  service. 

"The  Wateh  That's  7tad$ 
for  the  Majority.  •• 

Adjusted  to  temperature — 
with  17  jewels  and  micrometric 
regulator. 

Equally  high  grade  ELGINS, 
at  reasonable  prices,  for  women- 
desirable  new  models. 

ELGIN  NATIONAL  WATCH  CO.. 
Elgin,  IIL 


/VMM  mentlom  the  Reoiew  of  RevieivM  uthen  mrltlng  to  adotrtlgern 
I03 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisins:  Sectioa 


To  the  Readers  of 
The  Review  of  Reviews 


We  wish  our  readers  to  be  assured  that  they  can  buy  any 
article  advertised  in  our  pages  in  the  confidence  that  it  will  be 
as  represented. 

We  and  certain  other  periodical  publishers,  in  your 
interestt  have  set  up  a  high  standard  of  quality  and  fair 
dealing  for  advertisers,  and  we  require  the  articles  we  advertise 
to  measure  up  to  it. 

We  take  pleasure  in  making  this  announcement  for  our 
advertisers  and  for  our  readers,  as  we  want  both  to  know 
that  they  can  deal  with  each  other  on  a  basis  of  entire 
confidence. 

Have  you  any  ground  for  such  confidence  in  unadvertlsed 
articles? 

One  of  the  most  fallacious  arguments  of  the  dealer  who 
wants  to  substitute  an  unknown  article  for  the  advertised 
article  when  you  ask  for  the  latter,  is  that  the  unknown 
article  is  cheaper  because  nothing  need  be  added  to  the 
price  for  advertising. 

On  the  contrary,  the  manufacturer  who  has  the  enter- 
prise, the  clear  head,  the  far-seeing  judgment  and  the  capital 
to  advertise  his  product  widely,  is  the  manufacturer  who 
has  the  enterprise  and  the  judgment  and  the  capital  to  use 

{Continued  on  page  106) 

Please  meirtion  the  Review  of  Heoleme  mken  uniting  to  odoertieerM 
104 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Section 


pABljOLUTELY  RURE  PEROXIDE  OF  HYDmBiI 


YOU  CAN  SEE 
IT  WORK 

Vou  do  not  have  to  '*  imagine  **  that 
DIOXOGEN  is  doing:  gf^od.  Vou  can 
see  It  work.  You  can  feel  it  cleanse. 
Take  a  little  in  your  mouth  and  pump  it 
back  and  forth  between  the  teeth.  It 
will  bubble  and  foam  if  the  mouth  Is  not 
clean.  This  optical  demonstration  is 
very  surprising  to  one  who  does  not 
know  the  delightful  sense  of  cleanliness 
which  comes  from  DIOXOGEN.  As  a 
prophylactic  cleanser  of  teeth,  throat, 
nose,  skin  and  all  parts  of  the  body, 
particularly  if  injured,  DIOXOGEN  has 
an  almost  unlimited  field  of  usefulness. 

The  market  is  full  of  inferior  Perox- 
ide intended  for  commercial  purposes- 
FrequcDtlj  this  low  grade,  impurt^  Per- 
oxide is  dispensed  as  "pure''  Peroxide 
of  Hydrogen.  There  is  no  telling  what 
quality  you  will  get  unless  ynu  call  for 
DIOXOGEN,  and  insist  oti  getting  it 
in  the  original  sealed  package. 

Inferior  Peroxides  change,  turrv 
rank,  spoil,  explode,  or  h^ve  a 
biner  '* feverish'^  ta^tc,  oi  a^li^kishi 
sweetUh  odor. 

^-Thd^!(tabilil^'of  DIOXOGEN  is 
due  to  hs  purity,  ft  hiw  a  tleJiyUt 
ful  clean*  whoJeaurtie  tasLu,  i\ 
rioea  not  change  or  KpoIL 

Kever  ask  merely  for  ^Y^croxide/'  Ask 
f^r  DIOXOGEN—"  The  kiikd,  th.d 
Iteeps/'     Get  the  sealed  patka^e. 

Ikree  popular  sizes  so/d  erfry7ifht*ri\ 
The  Oakland  Chemical  Company,  New  York 


y  -<v 


^<. 


r 


■■i 


r 


GOULO 


Pieaae  meptfon  the  Revieuf  of  Reu/eu/s  when  w^ 
106 


Tbe  Review  of  Reviews-^Advertisfne  Sectfon 


r^MrtJ  ^J*r  tJ«»lB4  3f**i  C**i<*^i«i04  Aupirf lij^a 


''Branded  <wiih  the  Devii, 
Bui  fit  for  the  Gods." 

UNDERWOOD'S' 

ORIGINAL 

DEVILED  HAM 

GOOD  TO  TASTE  I    EASY  TO  DIGEST  I 

Made  of  oar  own  Sarar-Cared  Hanu  and  Pare  Spices  — 
Dclidoualy  Blended. 

WlMlesomet  Noorlsliliio  t  Indlspenaable  t 

At  Teas  I    Receptions  t    Card  Parties  t    Plcnici  t 
Jut t-Before-Bed- Suppers  I 

ABSOLUTELY  PURB  AND  TRUTHFULLY 
LABELED  FOR  50  YEARS. 

One    dozen    sandwichea  —  tbe    kind    that     oielt    in    your 
mouih— from  a  1 5c.  can. 

All  dealers.     If  your  grocer  does  not  sell  it,  for  his 

name  and  15c.  we  will  send  you  a  %  can  Postpaid. 


WM.  UNDERWOOD  CO. 

EntablUhed  1822 

BOSTON,  MASSACHUSETTS 


Cmimmdfr^m  Ayr  90$ 

the  labor  saving  devices,  the 
division  of  labor,  the  eco- 
nomical system,  the  bulk  pur- 
chasing methods  that  enable 
him  to  offer  the  most 
value  for  tHe  least 
money. 

From  the  standpoint  of 
qualityt  it  is  necessary 
that  you  should  insist  on 
getting  the  brand  you  ask 
for.  So  also  from  the  stand- 
point of  price  and  value,  you 
can  be  sure  that  ''substitu- 
tion" will  leave  you  worse* 
off  than  you  would  be  if 
you  insisted  on  getting  the 
article  that  has  to  be  good 
enough  and  cheap  enough  to 
justify  the  expenditure  of  tens 
of  thousands  of  dollars  to 
introduce  it 


The  Review  of  Reviews 
Company 


««!«#  mnttim  tk9  ffeotew  of  RboIw  »A«i  wrMmg  to 

loe 


The  Revkw  ai  Reviews    Advertising  Section 


Fish,  more  than  any  other  dish  needs  careful  sea- 
soning.    It  is  rendered  more  appetizing  by 

Lea  &  Perrins'  Sauce 

THE  ORIGINAL  WORCESTERSHIRE 

It  is  a  delightful  seasoning  for  Scalloped  Oysters,  Broiled 
Lobster,  Cod  Fish  Balls  and  Steaks,  Deviled 


BEWARE  OF 
IMITATIONS. 


Clams,  Fish  Salads,  etc. 


John  Dancan's  Sons, 
Agent  a.      New  York, 


K^" 


f^iw     \i 


\U'  r,  n 


m      w   ^^ 


*«vf  HTtll«  lltOKl  nUI«AH<lf  IMT 


What  Sixty  Years  Have  Accomplished 

Since  1647  the  changes  and  improvement  ?i  in  ev^ry  phiwcof  lifeare  almost  inconceivable, 
Thcwlver  plating  industry,  like  all  other  lines^  has  been  cortipUlely  revolutimiin^d, 
but  tht  original  brand  of  silver  pliteti  ware  U  i^ till  recognized  as  the  wgrld^s  atandaiJ- 


)847  ROGERS  BROS. 

Vant  h&n,  for  three-score  year^*  ably  1ll.-lti1laln<^d  the  title  i>i  ""Silfer  FUt^  that  Wt&rj^^ 
Ariis^tlc    fiattrrtj*.  correct   ^tylc^  briHiaat  finish  and  trn^lurin^   qtmlily   lonu    Ific 
pcri'eci    coxnlT'infltioD     that    haa    majk    ?poons,    kjJiTci,    forts,    clc*,     miirlteil 
^1847  ROfiERS  BROS.*' the  cboice  of  the:  majority, 

S&id  ify  Uading  dealers  a^eryirhiir. 

i  ItlEiTRIC  IHOHIlf  fifl  TRAIN   l«t>T 


Tne  Review  of  Reviews — Advertisinsf  SectiOD 


rs.B       .of  Boston. 

reluctantl;^  5^ave'up 

coffee  drinking  because 

of  ill  effects. 
She  then  tried  Barrin^oix 
*ffall  and  now  enjoys  it 
daily  witK  no  ill  effects. 

KeAd  what  she  says  of 

TKeSt.eel.Q3^ee 


iMtoa,  HaM  ,  April  •,  1006 
ft  Co  . 
G«ntl«Han.-  1«  vlsh  to  regivter  with  70U  oar  opproei- 
■.tloa  of  BUTiagton  Ball  Coffoe.  For  wmnj  Toaro  our  faailv 
had  boas  ralootaatlj  oonalled  to  give  up  drinking  eoffea 
baoanaa  of  ita  ill  off  acta.  All  coffaa  aubatltntaa  provad 
to  ba  Tarr  maatiafaetery  and  va  aagarlj  triad  Barrington 
■all  oa  tM  raooBBandation  of  a  friend.  Xta  dellcioua 
flavor  aba  oa  ftoa  tha  atart  and  ita  haaltbfulnaaa  ia  provan 
hf  tha  faot  tbat  va  hava  aniojad  it  daily  for  oTor  a  yaar. 
With  baat  viabaa.       Bra.  J.  A.  B. 


ARRINGTON  HALL  is  pure,  high 
grade  coffee  prepared  by  our  pat- 
ented process  —  a  common  -  sense 
method  of  treating  the  berry  where- 
by the  substances  which  contribute 
nothing  to  its  flavor  or  healthful- 
fulness  are  removed,  and  the  coffee 
flavor  preserved  to  a  remarkable 
degree. 

CHAFF  AND  DUST  REMOVED 

Our  process  removes  all  dust  and  the  tannin-beaiing 
sUn  (placed  by  nature  around  the  heart  of  the  berry 
to  protect  it).  When  ttecjped  alone  this 
foreign  matter  is  undrinkable,  and  its 
removal  must  necessarily  make  a  corre- 
sponding improvement  in  the  flavor  -_^ 
and  healthfulneas  of  Barrington  HaU,  SARRINOTbi^ 
the  steel-cut  coffee.                                   ^  HALL  _ 

<»Ti  EL-CUT) 

UNVORM  PARTICLES 


We  cut  the  berry  into  small  uniform 
particles.    This  does  not  crush  the  little 
oil  cells  as  does  grinding,  and  the  rich, 
aromatic    oil    (food   product)    is    pre-      mh.^ 
served  to  an  extent  impossible  with  any       QROUNI 
mill-ground  coffee.  COFFEE 

SANITARY  METHODS  never  before  thought 
of  are  used  in  every   department  of  our   business,  and 


when  you  buy  a  pound  of  Barrington  Hall  you  get  a 
pound  of  the  best  part  of  the  coffee  berry  onlv,  pure, 
wholesome  and  delicious,  and  you  wlU  agree  with  Mrs. 


J.  A.  B.  in  what  she  says  above. 
CAUTION  — Barrington    HaU  has  its  imitations.    Ac- 
cept only  the  genuine,  always  packed 
in  sealed   tins  as  shown    here.    At 
least  do  not  judge  our  coffee  by 
its  imitations. 

*  PRICE— 86c  to 40e per poimd 

!)^    according  to  locality.    If 

your  grocer   will    not 

^^^  ^    supply  you.iet  us  tell 

I  BAKBB  A  CO.     ^^f^     you  of  one  nearby 

J  tlS  Ha.  fad  StrMt  >^>CV       Hn  on 

I      MlnneapoHs.  Minn.         ^^WV     00  bo. 

■  lis  MadMB  StrMt 
I      New  York.  N.  Y. 

■  Please  send  me  free  sample  ain 

■  of  Barrington  Hall  Coffee  and  Hook- 
S  let  "The  Secret  of  Good  CoHce."    In 
1  consideration  I  irlve  my  grocer's  name  (< 
1  the  marsin)  and  name  ofmagazii 
g  My  vwn  address  is 


Sample 

Can 

REE 


,  THEINTERMTIONALDEHIIFm 


Strong's  Arnica 
Tooth  Soap 

tlic  breath'^  buindmA  thf  ffumi — mfitieiv  tba  Is 
A  Ic^diaii  deiuiltxioe  tof  a 

THIRD  OF  A  CENTURY 

The  T^<^ta]  paclcaflvu  inctftcnnmieat  Torbs^dv 
ihe  hoEoe^    No  liquid  OE  pDii«ide!t  10  ipUorv 

25  Cents— Al  AU  Dnif^ 
STKONG'S  ARNICA  JELLY 

1 1 L  rru[H  h-^afl.      TVi*  brl]k[j«ltil*  tttf  »!  ti(*J«  1l  J 
ri7«iVFTil«n1    ttud    V&MMkitil*.      If  }9U»  di 
b»'tlmmd|tuiiM.    twill  |^4|Bii{  Tir 
*a  Cant* 


ARNICA 

TOOTH  SDRP 


GunrAfit<!«d   undeT 
the  Food  and  Druft  ^ 
A^t  June3D.  1900; 
Seiial  No.  1612. 

C,  H.  STRONG 
&  CO. 

CHICAGO.  U.  S,  A, 


MENNENS 

BORATED     TALCL^l 

TOILET  POWDER 


*-YOU*RE   SAFE" 

in  tli«  Imniiit  of  the  LUUe 
capiain  ut  th«  h*ltn,—  Uio 
"  c  r>Tn  jila  *  kofl  9|>ec]  a  J  Ifit  /  ^ 
whOHE  reKohs  are  carUicit 

MENNEN'S 

Barated  Talcum 

TOILET  POWDER 

protwtfl  uud  f^oolhc*!,  ufioro 
relief  from  S 11  ri  t>  11  rrt . 
Prickly  IfPHt,  Chatinc. 
He.     J*iit  up  In  t]DQ-rf?tflt|. 

ihwt  liJ*'*-fbr  yourfiTOtec 
t\m\.  tr  Mennt'n'fl  fa™  if,  on 
the  ^Thver  Sta  ffi*niitn«>  jinii 
a  ^tnirantee  of  pudty. 
rVh^^TUful  fifleT   ittiuvtnff^ 

KvX,  June  *],  JW04,  B»'^fcl  So.iMi. 
flulrt  *■  vrf t  •  h^Tf,  ftr  b^  zaali   Wk 

SAMPLE   f'UE:£  ' 
G.  Menn«n  Co.,  N«irtrl[,fi.L 

Vi«]«t   Hormtad 
TalrfeivpQtvapr 

It  ba«  tn*  if4-at  nf 
frffh    «nt    J^ram 

VM«fia. 


Piw»t  mMtion  the  RwUm  of  ReufewM  whtn  writing  to  adoortlBon 
108 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertisins:  Section 


Pabst  Extta^ 

fae-J^si  Toiiio      ■■■' 


>1 


\ 


"\ 


Fop 

Dyspepsia 


Loss  Diaftpetite  is  nature's  first 
^irarmnfl  oj  Indi^gestJon,  the  forerunner 
of   dyspepsia.    This  disease,   liSte  ner* 
I  vousness,  is  often  due  to  irreaulor  liv* 
•  iniE,  improper  food  and   intsiteniion  to  i 
dtet.    Thi?  difiestjveof gans  are  inert,  the 
weakened  membranes  ol  the  overtaxed 
stornach  are  unatjle  to  perlorm  their  func- 
tions* and  the  food  you  force  yourself  to  eat 
distresses  instead  ol  nourishes*    Nolhina 
will  do  more  to  stimulate  the  appetite  and 
iLid  digestion  than 

raDstEximct 

lM3esT  Tonic 

Combialnn  the  rich  food  elements  of  pure 
bartey  malt  with  the  tonic  prut>eTties  of 
ch<jicest  hops*  the  nourishment  offered  In 
this  predigested  form  is  welconned  by  the 
weakest  stomach*  readily  assimilated  by 
the  blood  and  its  food  for  the  nerves  and 
muscle!*  i«  quickly  absorbf^fJ  by  thetissues. 
At  the  same  time*  the  disestion  of  other 
foods  is  aidecl  by  promotint;  the  flow  of  di* 
feMive  juices*  ivhile  the  tonic  properties 
of  live  hops  create  an  appetite  and  tone  up 
Ch«  system,  llius  assuring  a  speedy  return 
of  health* 

Pabst  Exnact 

-|&:3Ci$r  Tonic 

creAtes  an  appetite*  aids  in  the  digestion  of 
«ther  foods,  builds  tip  the  nerves  and  mus* 
cLes  of  the  weaJtened  stomach  and  con- 
queirs  dyi^pepsia.  ft  hring!^  strength  to  the  | 
we#1i  and  overworked,  Jndu%:{3S  refreshing 
ile«i>  and  revives  the  tired  brain. 

For  SofM  at  aff  l^Maatng  Urug^tait 
OiUfftntKo  undTllie  MfttionLi  F^rr  Food  La^it 

U^  S.  StTit.1  No.  1921 

Free  Picture  and  BooR 

ScflJ  u4  Tvmr  HAizuDd  a  piOftjilfDrflur  intrre'tiiit  booLtet 
«i9di"Bs^y^«FlFif  A^lvrDCurr"  ftlMButifuI  picture  ci  bjiby 

U£^    Both  FREE.    A<Jd 
Fabst  Extfact  Dept.  10  Milwaukee,  Wis 


«!^ 


**NotKin|(  Doing!" 


"WATTINa  FOR  A  BREEZE" 

No  wind — the  yacht  cannot  sail. 

No  wind — the  windmill  on  shore  cannot 
pump  the  water  needed. 

Our  grandfathers  had  proverbs  showing 
their  helplessness,  and  their  dependence  on 
nature.  **Rain  comes  at  no  man's  call,'*  they 
declared,  and  so — they  tried  to  be  patient. 
But  we  have  learned  how  to  make  nature 
obey  our  needs.  The  modern  up-to-date 
establishment  is  equipped  with  a 

Rider-  E^r  icsson 
Hot- Air  Pump 

It  serves  any  man  ;  works  all  the  time  ;  has 
no  slack  tides  ;  is  independent  of  wind  and 
weather,and  costs  less  than  the  old-fashioned 
devices,  while  needing  fewer  repairs  and  less 
attention. 

Spend  your  money  for  the  certainty  of  the 
Rider«EricsS01l  Pllinp  instead  of  buying  a 
ticket  in  the  Wind-and- Weather  Lottery. 

With  the  pump  installed,  you  have  water  at 
command  from  the  early  morning  bath  to  the 
lawn-sprinkling  after  sunset,  with  sufficient 
pressure  for  the  great  emergency  of  the  fire, 
and  sufficient  supply  for  suburban  or  farm 
needs.  Beware  of  imitations.  All  genuine 
pumps  bear  the  name-plate  of  this  company^ 
Over  40,000  are  now  in  use,  all  over  the  world. 

Rider-Ericsson  Engine  Co. 

Cinlo^e  O  9cnt  free  on  appllcadon. 


35  Warren  Strcrt,  • 

2  J9  Franklin  Street. 
40  Dearborn  Street, 
40  Nonh  7lh  Street. 
2J4  Craig  Street  West. 
22  Pitt  Street, 
Amar^ura  96w 


New  York 

Boston 

-   Chicago 

Philadelphia 

Montreal,  P.  0- 

Sydney.  N.  S.  W. 

Havana  Cuba 


The  Hot-Air  Pump 
Always  Ready 


PItaae  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  dduertlsers 
109 


Tlie  Review  of  Reviews — Advertising:  Section 


f^'^Wfi 


Ifol/ 


^^ 


^^G^. 


^^^a 


'^e 


'ee^ 


TTERE'S  a  July  message  that  is  of 
such  profitable  furnace-cheer 
that  it  will  interest  those  now  seardi- 
ing  for  the  cool  spots.  How  would 
YOU  like  to  save  big  money  every  year 
on  your  coal  bills  ?  If  you  are  building 
or  contemplating  a  new  heating  equip- 
ment for  your  home  or  properties, 
there  is  ONE  furnace  that  will  add 
greatest  value  to  them,  for  the 


Peck-Wiffiamson  Underfeed  Furnace 
Saves  1^2  to  2-3  on  Coal  BiDs 


k 


If  yrm  are  a  homo  owner,  tbifl  Bavins  fliuflf  appeal  to  yon.  If  you 
rent  liou»ea  to  otbors^n  Underfeed  will  onivble  you  to  lease  tbem 
at  f/Llt-edice  tlifurcfl.    Tbo  Underfeed  Ja  n  MUDEBN  FUBKAcSI 
yi  ill)  all  thf.  firr,  i>n  Um .  8  m  ok  ^  u  nd  ii^wma  w  a^tx^d  in  other  f  nmacest 
EQQitt  pRen  tb  rough  the  flam  en  aod  aro  consuiaod  and  converied 
Into  beat.    Lowaat  i^rado  alack  coal  gives  aa  tnnch  elea/n  heat  aa 
hl^h  ^ade  anthracito.     Yon  BAVE  th«  difference  in  cost. 

Writlne  rwently  to  our  NaahTlllo.  T^nn..  asents- 
Tbo  Jonoa  &  EopkliiD  Mfg.  Qck.—IaaaoT.  Khea,  theNaanville 
ffrain  inaD,  cnlhUBod  in  this  way: 

^Tlip  iraclcrfix^cl  Ftirnftco  y<vu  pnt  In  for  me 
laat  F^l  ha»  drcipded  mr  ^xp+tntntlotiJi  for  elD- 
rleacj.  I  Urttfl  1 1  1ti  Ortol>«r  niid  iht?  coat  of  fuel 
hiUi  only  Itppu  •30.00.  There  1h  no  dust  at  all 
and  It  lA  HlEnple  tn  opemtlDn.  I  hnrei  no  hea- 
Jtanry  In  reroiniUf  QdLnc  Tlio  Foe k- Williamson 
UIl■l4'^ftN^d  FurDqH(?«  to  t>o  unperlor  to  maj  other 
hot  -  ulr  f  unaaoe  tbat  Ziaa  tome  under  nty 
obntirvatJoDr" 

Hr.  BheA  added  that  H  cost  him  mor^  than  f  100  a  season 
for  coal  dtiring^  c>a<^h  of  the  wintenj  he  tiaed  the  Topfeed 
furnace  wh ich  b o diHt-ardod  for  t he  U  nd e rf  e i>d ,  Thonsands 
have  eEperlenced  tbe  Eiaiiiia  saving  dolight  of  which  Mr. 
Rbi^n  wHtvs.iind  we'dliko  t^*!  tv'^tid  to  anyoriii  Jatereeted 
a  lot  of  f  ac-simile  testimonials  of  similar  strain  and  onr 
lUustrated  Underfeed  Booklet 

Beating  plana  and  BerTloea  of  our  Kncrlneerlng 

Department— FREK.   Write  to-d«]r,  glrhig  name 

of  local  dealer  with  whom  70a  prefer  to  deaL 

THE  PECK-WILUAMSON  COMPANY 

349  W.  Fifth  Street,  Cincinnati,  O. 
Vtahrs  ALL  Makt  Money  on  Our  Propo&ltlon* 


lutder  fir*— Whl4h  tmwnu  an  to^, 


Ostermoor  Mattress  $ 

consists  of  airy,  interlacing  Ostermoor  sheets  of  great 
elasticity;  closed  in  the  tick  by  hand,  and  ntv^  mats, 
loses  shape  or  gets  lumpy.     Is  perfectly  dry,  non-absorb- 
ent, and  is  guaranteed  vermin-proof,     Softer  and  purer  than  horse 
hair  can  be;  no  remaking  or  restuffing  necessary. 

Send  for  Our  144-page  Book,  Mailed  Free 

The  Ostermoor  is  sold  by  2500  Ostermoor  dealers.    Ask  us  for  the  " 
name  of  your  local  agent.     We  also  sell  direct  where  we  have  no  rep- 
resentative, and  you  may  return  it  and  get  your  money  back  (if  not  ?1?' 
satisfied  after  30  nights'  free  trial).     Mattresses  shipped,  express  pre-  4  feet  6  inobea  wide,  < 
paid,  same  day  check  is  received  by  us.     Beware  of  imitations — our  J  JjJ  e^ino^ea  wide,  \ 
name  on  the  end  of  every  genuine  Ostermoor.  » ftoet  wide.        -        ' 

OSTCRNOOR  ^COMPANY.  123  Elizabeth  Street.  New  York  "  '•**  ®  '''  rS^S? t 

CaaMltoBAffeacy:  Alaska  Feathci  «ad  Down  Co.,  Ud.,  Mootreal  la  two  puis  foc  em. 

.P/fOM  mMtton  the  Hwleut  of  Reuieiva  when  writing  to  adoertleen 
110 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Section 


r.:i^™:^ 


o 


Effectiveness  of  Hardware 

The  architectural  eftectiveness  of  a  house  may  be  emphasized  by  the  chai^ 
acter  of  the  hardware  trimmingSp  The  importance  of  right  selection  cannot 
be  too  strongly  impressed  upon  the  prospective  buHder,  so  if  yon  are  plan- 
ning to  build  a  new  home,  or  remodel  the  old, choose  the  hardware  yourself. 
In  this  way  you  can  keep  the  cost  at  its  lowest  tl^^ure,  and  at  the  same  time 
know  til  at  m  quality  and  appearance  the  hardware  is  in  keeping  with 
your  ideas  of  what  is  appropriate, 

SARGI^NT'S 


Artistic 


¥1 


f^-- 


^.^^Jj. 


Hardware 

is  made  in  a  wide  range  oJ  de.^tgns  that 
accord  with   any    architectural  stvle   or 
period.  With  the  aid  of  SARGENT'S  Bwk 
of  Designs  (sent  freej  you  can  make  a 
sdection  that  will  harjnonize  with  the 
new  home  and  exactly  suit  your  own 
taste.      Besides    Illustrating   nearly 
70  different  sh  les  of  hardware,  the 
Book  of  Desfgnsdescril>esthe  Easy 
Spring     Pnncipie     of     Sargent's 
Locks. 

Our  CotonUI  Bn^k  wITt  b«  oi  tpaI 
value  to  yoy  \f  youf  Ide^is  favor  th* 
ColFmkAl    (ji    Hr4:hit«ciure.      CotopU* 
Cit:ntary  copy  upon  request, 
SARGENT  h  CO. 
144   Leonard  St.,  New  York 


YOUR    FUTURE    FUEL    BILL 

SHOULD    BB    TAKEN     INTO    CONSIDBRATION     WHEN     SELECTING     A    HEATING     SYSTEM 


McLAIN 
RADIATORS 

A 
Combine  lar<e  lie«dn< 
eapaotty  wifh  unusual 
^raoe  in  ardtdo  design. 
All  sizes  to  fit  any 
jipaee. 

▲ 


MclLAIN 
HEATERS 

-A 

Are  heavy  enough  to. 
stand  wear  and  tear 
—  not  heavy  enough 
to  interfere  with  fuel 
eoonomy.  Cost  no 
more  than  other  good, 
makes.. 

A 


RESULTS  COUNT  MORE  THAN  PRICE 

Write  to-day  to  Department  "  E*'  for  our  Art  Book— FREE 

Pull  of  Intereit  and  fluggeitionfl  to  home  makeri 

THE  J.  H.  McLAIN  COMPANY,        -        Works  and  Qen'l  Office,  CANTON,  OHIO 

242  Fourth  Avenue  CHICAGO       -     •      . 

-     1334  Prospect  Avenue       INDIANAPOLIS   -     - 


NEW  YORK       - 


40  Dearborn  Street 
230  East  Ohio  Street 


Pleaa9  mention  th€  Reofew  of  Reoteuft  whe 
1  1  1 


ido^rttMn 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Secticm 


We  call  Vanadium  the  **Anti-Fatigue  "  Alloy  because  it  pro* 
duces  a  steel  that  doesn't  get  tired  under  the  stress  of  constant 
service. 

There  are  pletity  of  steels  that  will  carry  a  heavy  load  and 
that  will  show  up  well  under  the  ordinary  tests  for  tensile  or 
elastic  strength,  but  they  will  not  meet  modern  conditions  in  actual 
use.  A  sudden  shock  or*  unexpected  stress  is  apt  to  crack  thenu 
They  deteriorate  and  go  to  pieces  under  vibration.  They  ate 
all  right  under  ordinary  static  conditions,  but  they  do  not  meet 
the  dynamic  demands  of  modern  engineering. 

Vanadium  steel  not  only  excels  the  other  alloy  steels  greatly 
in  elastic  strength,  but  it  is  vastly  superior  in  resistance  to  vibra- 
tion. It  is  practically  unbreakable  either  under  a  steady  load 
or  under  constantly  repeated  shocks  or  stresses. 

It  can  readily  be  understood  what  a  steel  of  this  character 
means  in  railroad  or  steamship  equipment — in  automobile  con- 
struction or  in  any  place  where  the  safety  of  human  life  depends 
upon  the  material  used. 

Vanadium  steel  is  now  being  manufactured  and  extensively 
applied  to  these  purposes.  It  is  not  an  experiment,  but  has  stood 
and  is  standing  the  severest  tests  of  actual  use. 

And  now  that  a  practically  inexhaustible  supply  of  Vanadium 
has  been  discovered  and  is  owned  by  this  company  we  want 
everybody  who  uses  steel,  or  whose  life  depends  upon  the  steel  usea^ 
to  know  about  it. 

A  very  interesting  book  on  the  **  Discovery  and  Uses  of  Vanadium*' 
has   been   prepared   and   will   be   sent  free   to   all  who  ask  for  it. 

AMERICAN  VANADIUM  COMPANY 

Miners  of  Vanadium  Ores. 
Manufacturers  of  Ferro-Venadltim* 

Frick  Building,  Pittsburgh,  Pa* 


P/ease  mention  the  Reuieut  of  HevieiuB  when  writtng  to  a^Mfttm 
1  12 


The  Rcvkw  ot  Reviews — Advertmn^  Section 


WHEN  perfect  pleasure  and  thorough  relaxation 
are  the  aim,  and  nothing  but  the  finest  acces- 
sories are  in  keeping  with  the  occasion,  the  discrimi- 
nating smoker  chooses 

MUBAB 

OGABE.TTE3 

Tlieir  inimitable    riclmess,  combiQed  as  il  is  with  pleasing 
oiildne»s»  ha$  made  unassailable  their  position  as 

"THE  METROPOLITAN  STANDARD" 

1 0  for  1  5  cents 


S.  AJjARCYKOS,  ManufaCtUTtf 
llinittiAyeimc,K*Y, 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisins:  Section 


When  Yeu  Buy 


SOCKS 


You  pay  an  established,  advertised  price  for  them,  no  matter  %^ere  or  of  when 
they  are  purchased. 

All  dSkmSkmit  dealers  must  therefore  make  a  uniform  profit  and  the  buying  pabBc  gels  a 
square  deal  and  honest  goods. 

Wouldn't  you  rather  know  the  price  of  an  article  is  regular  —  everywhere  —  than  to  be 
fooled  into  paying  an  extra  profit  now  and  then,  a  little  more  than  the  store  around  die 
comer,  charges  > 

There  is  no  denying  the  superiority  of  fS'sSsS'  Socks.     They  have 

Been  SlanJard  for  wear  and  fasiness  of  color  for  nearly  thirty  j^corB. 

Even  ihe  d^lei  who  u  pfejudtced  against  making  a  imal 

PToEl   will  not  and  dare  not   dispute  cm 

claims  for  honest  made,  honest 

priced  «@ft^^  Socki^ 

Each  pak  branded,  sold 
in  the  Unked 
States  every- 
where. 


3Sa 
6P1 


19i9 


nd  White  CI. 


-  Famous  Snowblack,  will 
not  ^rock  or  fade. 

-  Rich  Navy  Blue. 
Pure  White  fmide.  Black  j 

Miittuie  Oulsidc. 
5P14    —  Black  and  Cardinal  Miiiure  Outside,  Catdioal  In»de, 
19F20  —  Black  Giound  wkh  Neat  Embroklcred  Figwta  in  Caidinal  Silka. 
D9       -- Navy  Blue  with  Fae  Bleached  WhkeHw  Line  Scripet. 

Q    \A  kir  r^AolAva    ^  °°*  procurable  from  youri,  let  us  tend  you  6  iMOfted  pain  on  trial  for  $1.50| 
OOIQ  Py  l^eaierS    j^u,^  j^,^  pdd  to  any  part  o«  U.  S.  upon  receipt  ol 


9    la    Hyi 


aingle  pair.    Made  from  Combed  Selectsd  Cotton. 


pdoe.  or  25e.  ptf 


OUR  FRKK  CATALOGUE 

coti  M  a  whole  lot  ol  BBoney  and  we  want  yoa 
to  hav«  one.  It  m  Tcry  attradhra  and  UKtoI. 
BeautifttBy  colored  and  replete  ¥fith  ilyMk,  prion. 
'  B.  Your  name  on  a  poilal  will  bring  it. 


When  jrou  order  direct^  Umie  «/<»* 

Shaw  Stocking  Co. 

42  Smith  St.,  Lowell,  Mass.     ' 


P/«a««  mention  the  /tevlew  of  Heolewa  when  writing  to  aduerttttra 
1  14< 


The  Rcvkw  ot  Keviews — ^Advertising:  2>ection 


Should 
Death  End  AU? 

This  is  not  a  theological  question ;  it  is  rather  a  bread 

and  butter  question.  *   Should  the  death  of  a  man  end 

all  the  comfort  of  a  family;  the  education  of  bis  children; 

the  existence  of  his  home  ?     If  such  be  not  the  case  it  is 

because  the  average  plain  man  has  given  this    matter 

thought,  and,  at  the  expense  of  present  enjoyment,  has 

provided  for  future  needs. 

The  Mutual 

Life  Insurance 

Company 

ftimishes  the  best,  because  the  safest 
and  most  economical,  method  of  per- 
petuating the  home  and  protecting  its  inmates.  To  meet 
these  common  and  inevitable  needs  it  was  organized  sixty- 
four  years  ago.  It  is  owned  by  its  policy  holders.  Their 
confidence  and  support  have  made  and  kept  it  the  largest 
and  staunchest  of  its  kind.  If  you  have  responsibility  and 
health  it  has  the  very  best  protection  for  you  and  yours. 

The  Time  to  Act  is  NOW. 

For  the  new  forms  of  policies  consult  our 
nearest  agent,  or  write  direct  to 

The  Mutual  Life  Insurance 

Company  of  New  York. 

N.  Y. 


PfeaM  mention  the  fteo/ew  of  Reuie»9  when  writing  to  advert/sen 
1  15 


The  Review  of  Reviews — Advertising:  Section 


This  Catalog 


wm 

Help 
You 

Solve  Your  Water 
Supply  Problem 


If  you  have  a  water  problem  to  solve^ 
then  you  should  write  for  our  catalog.  It 
will  help  you  solve  that  problem  to  your 
entire  satisfaction ^  as  well  as  economically 
and  permanently. 

No  matter  whether  your  requirements 
are  moderate  or  extensive ;  whether  you 
have  but  one  building  or  a  hundred 
buildings,  this  catalog  will  help  you  out 
of  your  difficulties* 


hydraulic  engineers*  It  includes  pumpiiif 
and  storage  facilities  to  meet  the  Ind^ 
vidual  needs  of  each  purchaser- 

If  you  install  a  Kewanee  Systeitif  yowf 
plant  will  iirst  be  designed  to  meet  jrocif 
exact  conditions  by  our  engineering 
department  Then,  you  will  be  protected 
by  a  guarantee  of  satisfactory  service. 

Any  Kewanee  System  of  Water  Supplf 
which  does  not  do  everything  we   claim 


The  Kewanee  System  of  Water  Supply 


If  you  live  in  the  city  and  the  pressure 
is  not  strong  enough,  or  the  water  is 
impure,  or  the  water  rental  is  exorbitant, 
you  will  get  some  valuable  suggestions 
from  our  catalog. 

If  you  w^arvt  information  on  the  water 
supply  subject  as  it  relates  to  country  and 
suburban  homes,  public  institutions,  ho- 
tels, neighborhood  water  works,  smalltowns 
and  cities,  then  you  should  get  this  catalog. 

The  Kewanee  System  combines  over 
ten  ycnrs  practical  experience  In  the 
water  supply  line,  together  with  the  tech- 
nical know^ledgc  of  trained   experts   and 


for  it,  may  be  returned  at  our  expense 
and  Its  purchase  price  will  be  refunded, 

W  iih  the  Kewanee  System^  there  are 
no  attic  and  elevated  tank  troubles^  be- 
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Che  JOYS  of 

CHRISTMAS 

are  not  all  in  the  "Christmas  stockings."  They  come  from  a  mind  and 
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MR.  F.  MARION  CRAWFORD'S  new  Christmas  story 
THE  LITTLE  CITY  OF  HOPE 

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MR  OWEN  WISTER'S       THE  SEVEN  AGES  OF  WASHINGTON 

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A  BRILLIANT  YEAR  OF 

THE  CENTURY  MAGAZINE 


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BROWNING'S  ITALY 

By 

HELEN  ARCHIBALD  CLARKE 


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THE  FAMILIAR  LETTHRS  OF  JAMES  HOWELL 

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Satan 
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Author  of  THE  MAN  OF  THE  HOUR 

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And  THE  PORT  OF  MISSING  MEN 


Reproduced  from  th^  cover  picture  of 
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Ih. 


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Mr.  Nicholson  has  scored  another  great  success  with  Rosalind 
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i1Vif!'i:'ni'T''!':|ii:ii'in'iiq!'iii|n;iin|iiiinif[in7ijii'in|inii!iiH^ 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisins:  Section 


THE     R  I  L  E  Y     B  O  O  K  5 


MR.  RILEY'S  NEW  BOOK 
M, 


^ 


Drawn  bv  Ethel  frankHn  Betls  for  THE  KACiGFUV  MAN 

THE  FLYfNa  ISLANDS  QK     GRKKV    KJKIJJS   ANI> 
THE  NIGHT  KUNNJNfi  imiK>Ks 

Tbtdjove  aloe  vDlumei  Idut^d  la  t«d  H.|oth,  U^p,  *:j>x.h 
nOMt-FOLICS 


MORNING 

HIS  FA'S  ROMANCl; 

RILtV*S  WORKS  JN  SETS 


l::^ip,  Mni"!Jt  lit  td 


^ 


OLD  FASH  J  ON  KD  RCfSKJ^ 

l.!iir  in4  *liite  dcAUi  ItbnOy  11,7^,  V'tl- 

RILEV  ciur.nuiivMKS 

with  H'Aier  pii  n.re^  by  WM  Viwtn- 


orn 1 n  g 

pKrltistt'tfly  oi  iiotmswhlicb  have  ntvyr 
l>r.-'.-Ei  fircvt'.iitMy  [Mibluhtd  in  book 
I'.irm,  witl  bring  oiftiKlLt  lu  ihe  «huld 
iiiiil.jti,  Soint  of  thtt  poems  arc  in 
dLiltJiiL^  oi  ih^f  author'^  richir&t  hiirnDfi 
OiTiers  are  liLj^hu  ol  lancy  and  jewels  of 
l>raiity  in  English  of  the  mttwt  purity. 

^^Mli  fr^nti^p^n:  ?  f^^firiiit  or  Mf .  Kilcy  In 
|.iholi>^r.ivLLrF,  f  1 .35,  |>c)%it|.i»t«i 

NKW    CJJILD  VERSE 

Tbe   Raggedy    Man 

In  this  etqubttc  volurae  are  as^ 
«einbled  the  -t^vcral  paums  tliat  T<fliile 
the  dc«;dS(  otploiis.  jc^ts  and  humura 
ofthcfivririiu  KiicycharacteT,  bcU>vcd 
hy  t\i\\ilrpn  the  \AJD.d  ovvt^  thiS  h^ro  of 
*ivery  miiii*ry. 

ETHEL  FRANKLIN  BEITS 

While  the  Heart  Beats 
Young 

Mf  K  Riliry  baa  «? tcctcd  for  ihh  bciolc 
the  Very  creiin  of  his  pcH5mE  alHJiit 
chlMrcu.  Ili4^  fcrezDCAf  cbtld  t).itist  of 
the  counlty  hoa  illtutratifd  tliem.  with 

ETHEL  FRANKLIN  BETTS 

AnOld  Sweetheart  of  Mine 

Tilt  faino^is  t:irriat)-Kilev'  Brjok 
with  nincteL-n  full-|.id£^  HbisLntijoof  in 
c^tlor  by   Howar^J  (.handler  Christy* 

LTSifntl 

pub- 
[bvhcd  iu  thi*  s.i]Dii>hir)i|s  fimii. 

El'^^jnHHa  clf>Hi,  hcne4.  piJOfl.  |->*'n'aifl 

Out  to  Old  Aunt  Mary  s 

Uniterm  wuh  (he  Chri.^U'- Kilty 
Btiok  A  N  OLli  S  VS'  E  E  TH  E ART 
OF  MINK. 

James   Whitcomb    Riley's 

Other  Volumes 
NKIfiinsuKLVH^FMS 
SKETCHES  IN   PRUSE 
AFlFkWHILKS 

Pt  rv:s  i.r  PAN 

R  H  YM ICS  O  F  CH  iLUHOOD 

ARM.\ZINHV 

A  CHILD  WORLD 

tl/JG,  posH>al  J 

RILEY  LOVE-LYRICS 
l1luvm«t«'ii  with  uTCf  TttlT  fitu'tleB  fraa 
hf^e  i-^y  WLlliiiti  D.  Dy^pj^ 

RILEY  FARM-RHYMES 

With  «.QUUXty  [.Kturca  by  Will  Vjwttf 

KILKY  SONGS  O'CHEER 

P[>rma  ufgUiln^Ut.  tout  rnt,  bid  tdTklD- 

The  *\mj,\^  km  ru|a«i&,  (£rceB  tl^lh 
J'Zmo,  ejcTi  ll/Jli.  or  *he 

I -Of  IG.IV,  |:h.^T4...Jl1 


Mr,  Rilcy^A  cnpitili'te  fc^^dinc  ver. 
rd  ttiui   famoU!!  ^Kicm  wa»  hnt  | 


::j^ 


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tfAnA7iNr. 


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^  iyiea;  SooAr  by  the  Author  of  "Lavender  and  Old  Lace." 

LOVE   AFFAIRS 
OF  LITERARY  MEN 

By  Myrtle  Reed 

With  j8  Portraits  printed  in  two  colors. 
Miss  Reed  has  briefly  retold  the  stories  of  the 
loves  of  the  group  of  writers  wh©  are  assured,  all 
of  them,  of  immortal  places  in  English  Literature. 
Here  we  may  read  of  the  mysterious,  double  love 
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mental philanderings,  of  Cowper's,  Shelley's,  Keats's, 
and  Poe's  relations  with  the  fair  sex. 


^*!^- 


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^.Y'XI 


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All  of  her  stories  are  so  charming  in  their  themes  and  are  published  in 
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and  Old  Lace*'  is  sure  to  want  "  The  Masters  Violin*'  and  ''At  the  Sign  of 
the  Jack'd-Lanterny 

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^  Spinner  in  the  Sun 

Love  Letters  of  a  Musician 

Later  Love  Letters  of  a  Musician 

The  Spinster  Book 

Lavender  and  Old  Lace 

JH  the  Sign  of  the  Jack'O' 'Lantern 

The  Master's   Violin 


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delightfully  sane^  and,  above  all  delightfully  spontaneous.  Her  4>ages  sparkle 
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FIONORE 
DAUMIER 

Soei&f  stttiiPtfliiiciii 

er   wftA   Am   Intra- 
dmct^rf    Essffjr    pit 

his  Att, 

By    EUsabcth 
Luther  Gary 

Author  of 
'♦  The  R  <!»«««," 


%v&*    75  /i/ttsfr,tit0iu,     13-75  *tfi^ 

A  bes^u  ttf  uJ  'tcrioE  of  reprod  net  ioni  of  I>a  umirr^s  moM 
impDrt.iiit  works  chosen  ttum  the  great  ]^alier>-  ol  huiQjiQ 
types  whkh  he  has  dmwa. 

The  book  is  provided  by  MisA  Cary  withtuch  intfo- 
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NORTH 
ITALIAN 
PAINTERS 
OF  THE 
RENAIS^ 

SAfHiCC 

By  Bernhard 
Cruwm   Sfv!>. 

Mr.  Berensoa  1i  sir 
kodwledgiefl  ss  ihir 
foremost  nutboriiv 
on  the  art  of  the 
Italj^Q    Ren^tU^nce. 

Bw_ihM  Mumv  Jtufh9r 

Venetian  Pii Inters  of  the  RenalBsaiice 

Florentine  R« Inters  of  tlie  Rco«l»»#n«e 

Central  llailan  Painters  of  tlic  Ifeflalssand 


UTTLE   JOURNEYS   s^'^.    By   ELBERT  HUBBARD 


Eminent  ArflAta 

C»ni*nii :  Raph^ch  ButucelU, 
Leonardo  dft  Vinci,  Thnrwnldsen* 
Gatntborough,  Velasciiiiez,  Corat, 
Correj^lo,  SeUinl,  CeULal,  Wh»t]er» 

Great  Maslclans 

CoMt^Hi^ :  Wagner,  P^it^ioinL, 
Chopin,  Mo7.aft,  Bach^  Mendelssotm^ 
Liiift,  B'CeLhuvejif  Handel|  Verdi, 
Schuaaanni  firahnu. 


Sim: A  in  42  A^.r,  ti.5i&. 

Eminent  Orators 

Cffmfrn/i :  Pefidcs,  Marlr  Anton 7, 
SavofULToU,  LtithcTj  BuxLlc,  WiUtan 
Fitt,  Msirat,  liii^erMilL,  Patrick  Kmry, 
Thcimat  &,  iv'J'Rt  HetiTjr  Wafd 
Beecher,   WendeJl  PhiLHpt, 

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(1908)    CALENDARS  AND    PICTURES 


THE  ANNA  WHELAN  BETT8 
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Do  you  know  that  every  time  you  write 
five  or  six  lines  you  furnish  a  complete 
record  of  your  character?  Anyone  who  un- 
derstands graphologT  can  tell  by  simply 
examining  your  handwriting  Just  what  kind 
of  person  you  are.  This  book  will  enable 
you  to  become  a  master  of  this  most 
fascinating  art. 

CURIOUS  FACTS.  By  Clifford  Howard. 
Why  do  you  raise  your  bat  to  a  lady? 
Why  do  you  always  offer  the  right  hand? 
Is  there  a  good  reason  for  the  buttons  on 
the  sleeve  of  your  coat?  Is  It  true  that  It 
tskes  nine  tailors  to  make  a  man.  and  If 
so,  why?  These  questions  find  snswers 
here.  Open  It  at  any  page  and  you  will 
see  something  you  have  wanted  to  know 
all  your  life. 

PRACTICAL  PALMISTRY.  By  Henry 
Frith.  Palmistry  is  one  of  the  most  popu- 
lar subjects  of  the  day.  Msny  people 
would  be  interested  In  it  if  they  properly 
understood  it.  This  volume  furnishes  full 
and  trustworthy  Information  on  the  sub- 
ject, and  by  mesns  of  it  any  one  will  be 
able  to  read  character  fully  and  accnratriy. 
Illustrated. 

LAW,    AND    HOW    TO    KEEP    OUT 

OF  IT.  By  Pancbal  H.  CogKlns,  Esq. 
Most  legal  difficulties  arise  from  Ignorance 
of  the  minor  points  of  law.  This  book 
famishes  to  the  busy  man  and  woman  In- 
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to  arise  In  eveiy-day  affairs,  and  thus  arms 
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loss. 

HEALTHS  HOW^  TO  GET  AND 
KEEP  IT.  By  Walter  Y.  Woods.  M.D. 
Why  use  dumb  bells  every  morning  when 
there  is  an  open  drain  in  the  cellar?  Why 
shield  the  baby  from  drafts  and  feed  him 
on  Infected  milk?  Do  you  kndw  tbc  es- 
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This  book  tells  what  Health  Is.  what 
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NURSING.  By  S.  Virginia  Levis.  No 
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the  more  serious  ailments  of  life. 

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An  Interesting  snd  thoroughly  reliable 
presentation  of  the  subject  for  the  amateur 
or  skilled  electrician.  If  you  wish  to  in- 
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Illustrated. 


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^/Mta  mention  th§  Rwiew  of  Reuieivs  when  writing  to  adoertlaera 
37 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advert{ring  Sectbm 


Heart  Throbs:    A  Book  Compiled 
by  50,000  People 

A  book  that  like  Topsy— "just  growed." 
Born  of  the  deep  sentiment  associated  with  home  and  mother. 
Not  ours,  but  theirs — by  the  people  for  the  people.  ~ 
Out  of  50,000    contributions,  just  840    unduplicated,    shovnng 
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President  Roosevelt  and  hundreds  of  Public  men  are  numbered  among  those  who  fur- 
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Heart  Throbs — the  Old  Scrap  Book — is  the  only  book  ever  compiled  hy  50,000  people. 
Affording  a  wonderful  insight  into  the. aims  and  purposes  of  "  the  plain  people  of  America** 
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from  every  part  of  the  country  only  840  selections  were  found  to  be  unduplicated*  think  of 
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P/M«e  mwtlon  t/i§  Rwlmo  o/  Bwl^un  mkut  mrtUiig  to  ndMtilMn 
38 


TBe  Review  of  Revkwt — Advertisinijf  Section 


nTTnnnmiiiniirnffiinffnifiiiiinmiiiyiiiiiii»iiiiiBmiiiii| 


Laws  by  Laymen 

or 

Laws  by  Legal  E^xperts 

This  question  is  discussed  from  every  standpoiht  in  die 
December  Van  Norden  Magazine  in  an  absorbingly  interesting 
article  by  Professor  Monroe  Smith  of  Columbia  University. 

In  France,  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  merely  decides  poli^ 
cies — ^the  local  administrators  formulate  them  to  meet  local  needs. 

In  the  United  States  most  of  the  laws  are  made  by  State 
Legislatures — others  are  Judge-made.  A  clear  idea  of  their 
proportions — ^their  worth — their  efficacy  in  present  practice  is 
given  in  this  article  entided: 

^Statute  and  Judge-made  Laws^ 


A 


for  December  also  contains  inside  facts  about  the  recent  panic 
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MfOM  mviiitm  th§  Rwlw  of  Reolew$  whM  mrttiitg  to  a^vrUMn 
89 


The  Review  of  Revkws— Advertising  Section 


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PIM99  mtntion  th€  fteuiew  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  a^ootHsora 
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Tli€  Review  of  Rertcws — ^Advcrtisinsf  Section 


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The  Review  of  Reviews— AdvertWnsr  Secihm 


THREE  GREAT  LITl 


The  finest  MONUMENT  \ 

that   has   ever  been   erected 

The  VIERGJ 
of  DO] 

A    FOUR  VOLUjJ 

ILLUSTRATED  WITH 
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year*  of  hia  life— a  labor  of  love  and  intenee  wym- 
IMthy — to  provide  a  pictorial  accompaniment  to  i^ 
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real  in  Wiet^fi^^  wonderful  drawinga. 


The 
NOVELS 

and 

TALES 

H  E  N  RY 
JAMES 

NEW  YORK 
EDITION 

«8  VOLUMES 

Thia  if  the  fin  t  collected  edition  of 
the  Noveb  and  Tales  of  Henry  Jamet, 
an  undertaking  upon  which  both 
author  and  pubxifher*  have  been  long 
engaged  and^^hich  T^ill  be  the  defini- 
tive edition  of  the  fiction  of  thc;fir«t 
of  American  noveliftt. 

**  Henry  James  stands  in  universal 
acccptetion  w^ith  George  Meredith 
and  Thomas  Hardy  at  die  head  of 
living  novelists.** 

Mr.Jameshas  devoted  many  months 
to  the  most  careful  revision  of  all 
the  novels  and  tales. 

A  novel  feature  Ib  the  set  of  Speeh!  ^rface$  ^^hich  Mr.  James  has  prepared,  interpreting  eatk 
book  and  narrating  the  circumstances  in  w^hich  it  w^aa  written.  Nothing  of  the  kind  has  ever 
been  provided  by  an  author  to  accompany  his  ^^orks. 

The  nitatrathru  of  the  Edition  have  been  treated  on  a  unique  and  particularly  aucesissful  pfaai 
They  consist  of  a  frontispiece  for  each  volume :  a  portrait  of  some  scene,  situation,  vie^sr.eua 
or  monument  actually  existing,  the  particular  London  street,  the  Paris  ft^ade,  Roman  aqnare.  ck. 

j^^^^  At   a  very   moderate   price   for  the  library   these   Safli 

paee-  ^v  when  associated  with  taste,  experia 

Rooserelt— 

KipUDg— 

Field-  ^ 

f^.^^^^-\  OTHER     SETS     IN     SCRIBNEE'I 

B«Tie-      Ti»acker«v-         ^  gTEVENaON  —  THIflTLB  EDrrlOTI 

T^Swiefl^^^^  X  TOLSTOI  -  INTBRNATIONAL  ttrnON 

TurgcDiefl^  ^  CARLYLB  —  EDINBURGH  EDrnON 

MBS5R8.  CHAs.  scEiwf  BUS  sows  t    ^^  STOCKTON  —  SHENANDOAH  BDmON 

Please   tend   Infonnmtion  In  refer-     ^  F.  HOPKINSON    SMmi  —  BEACON    EDmON 

SSLSibSii'***'*'^  °        "  X  THACKERAY  — KBNSmCTON  EDfnON 

Nam, ^V  SOLD     ONLY    i 

Address ,    ^V^^"^^^""""^^^"^^^"^^""^"*"^^^ 

CHARLES  SCRIBNERS  S0> 


Tfcc  Review  of  Reviews— Actvertisfng:  Sectkm 


FiARY  ENTERPRISES 


4M ERIC  AN  BOOK-MAKING 

he   fame   of  a    classic   author 

EDITION 
QUIXOTE 

[)E    LUXE   EDITION 

)RAWINGS  BY  DANIEL  VIERGE 
ff  Royal  Cortissoi 

%  The  text  if  diat  of  Sheltoii,  the  Elixabetlimii  trmn*- 
latkm  which  nuMt  accurately  and  fympathetically 
reprodocet  the  ftren^th  and  charm  of  the  originaL 
The  edition  tB  monumental  in  every  respect,  one 
of  enduring  and  constantly  increasing  value.  The 
volumes  are  printed  on  a  special  antique  ^^ove 
tint  paper  diat  gives  an  effect  of  great  richness 
and  distinction,  and  the  hinding  and  every  mechan- 
ical detail  have  heen  looked  after  w^ith  the  most 
scrupulous  care. 


The 
WORKS 

of 

DONALD 

G. 
MITCHELL 

EDGEWOOD 
EDITION 

15  VOLUMES 

This  tB  the  definitive  edition  of  die 
writings  of  IK  MARVEL,  who  not 
only  has  heen  for  many  yearc  an 
American  classic, — one  in  die  genial 
succession  to  ^^hieh  Irving  w^iui  the 
**  Sketch-Book  ^  and  Holmes  with  the 
** Autocrat  **  have  belonged,  but  ^^hose 
reputation  has  been  perhaps  more 
firmly  grounded  than  any  other  in 
the  personal  and  sympathetic  affec- 
tion of  his  generations  of  readers. 
The  **  Reveries  of  a  Bachelor  ** 
and  ** Dream  Life**  are  peculiarly 
intimate  and  personal  books, 
nrhich  have  entered  into  and  in  part  expressed  and  w^ill  long  continue  to  express  the  inner  life 
and  sentiment  of  thousands  of  Americans. 

Mr.  Mitchell  has  prefixed  an  introduction  to  the  edition.  Each  volume  contains  a  photo- 
gravure frontispiece  and  two  other  illustrations.  The  typography,  paper  and  binding  are  espe- 
cially attractive  and  these  books  have  never  been  presented  so  pleasantly  or  so  conveniently  as 
in  diis  first  collected  edition. 


Editions    are    beautiAil    examples    of 
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th«  PHntt  C»ni9rt,  a  rrard  rtn^^rtd  th»  mtn  Intgrtaini  inasmueh  ms  U  tmin  m  kind  tf  a»aM»trmthUMl  farm.  .  .  .  rA#  rirr:rnd/ 4tdfA4«^rr  #Afr 
uwk  it  m  nudfl.  Th»  imtr*du€t»ry  mmmary  ^  fukUt  mfairt  urHsitn  /wr  uuM  e/uifttr  it  mhm^t  cmeiM:  tht  Qamn,  htr  mtinitUf  >.  j^uT  r4r  mtm^mt  4 1^ 
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tht  bari^in^  abmrbingb  inttr»jting.''—U,  Y.  TmbunB. 


NEWFOUNDLAND  and  ITS  UNTRODDEN 
WAYS 

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Mammals  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,"  etc. 
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deavored to  set  forth  all  that  eoes  to  make  up  the  dailv  life  of 

the  people  of  that  Island  and  the  Micmac  Indians.    He  has  tried 

to  enter  into  the  life  of  the  true  Newfoundlander— the  man  of  the 

outports— who  throughout  the  year  follows  a  variety  of  danfer- 

ous  calUnffS  which  build  up  characters  of  remarkable  strength. 

ITALIAN  GARDENS 

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h  hat  tht  eraat  mtrllt  ^ truth  and imd  tmrnnr,  4md itii,  im» 

JOCK  ol  Um  BUSBVELD:  Tkc  Siorrof  alto« 

By  Sir  PERCY  FITZPATRICK.  author  of 
,  "The  Transvaal  from  Within,"  etc.  With  a 
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"Ih*  io*i  it  imtmstlnr  *  thm  wht  bm  tht  wUdt  m  afati^ 
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apptal.  and  tht  xvidttt,  M  it  it  an  Idtal  ehUdnn^t  bmk.  tht  itU,  im  w^ 
finim,  tin  a  Mr.  KifUmg  gam  tht  umrU  his  JUNCUI  BOOKS.  « 
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is  M  lb*  Saga  ttalt,  uAA  that grmt  hmmd,  '  Samr,*  imA*  $t^a  tf^trm 
Ay«/.**— The  Spbctator. 


TALES  OF  TROY  AND  GREECE 

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LAID  UP  IN  LAVENDER 

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pp.  vi-329.  I1.50. 
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MARGARET 

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"  She,**  etc.     Crown  8vo.     Illustrated.    $u^ 

The  scene  of  this  novel  is  laid  in  the  Spain  of  F( 
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ESSAYS  OUT  OF  HOURS 

By  CHARLES  SEARS  BALDWIN,  Professor  in  Yale  University,     pp.  x-i6l. 
Cloth,  gilt  top.     Ii.oo  net.     By  mail,  I1.08. 

COHTSMTSt    TaIttGypti*r-Satad-'Travtl—"flttatOntthat  Btattth  tht  jiir^^—A  ParabU  •/  Amtrica—My  fritrnd  CtpfttjuU  -  U^mr 
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intioni,  map*,  liit  of  editw?  ar>d  authori,  etc. 

This  book  wiU  be  sent  tree  to  all  who  rciimi  the  coupon. 

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W 


Please  mention  the  Reuiew  of  Revleu/a  when  writing  to  advertleere 
49 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advjertfsinsf  Section 


neuz 


I  NCE  on  a  time  one  of  New 
I  York's  capitalists  took  a 
I  special  train  with  six  or 
s^J  seven  ^ue^s  down  to  his 
Ml<^sippi  cotton  plajita- 
tion.  He  talked  to  them  a  lot  aboot 
what  they  were  gotngr  to  sec- 
gay  ly  dressed  ncg^roes  worfcinjMb 
the  snowy  fields,''  and  so  on*  The 
train  was  put  on  the  plantation  sid- 
ing late  one  night*  The  next  nsocti- 
tng  the  rich  man^s  guests  looked  otft 
and  saw  that  they  were  surrounded 
by  a  silent,  wondeiin  g  dfcle  of  w  ide^ 
eyed  black  faces*  There  were  fo«r 
or  five  rows  of  thenn,  extending 
clear  around  the  train  at  a  respect- 
ful distance*  The  overseer  said  that 
they  would  scatter  back  to  the  fields 
again  as  soon  as  they  got  a  good 
look  at  the  new  white  folks.  But 
he  was  wrong*  The  Uack  ranks 
never  broke  when  the  white  visitort 
droveout  overt  he  plantatioTL*  They 
were  gazing  in  almost  hypnotic 
amazement  at  the  cuUud  gents  ia 
white  coats,  brass  buttons,  and 
spick  and  span  shoes  and  hats  wbo 
were  strutting  up  and  down  the 
train*  There  was  not  the  slightest 
sodal  Intercourse*  On  one  side,  mute 
adoration  and  wonderment  s  on 
the  other,  arrogance  sublime* 

The  plantation  owner  began  to 
^ct  tired*  He  sent  the  ovcraoer 
,'on  the  third  day)  around  the  cirdc 
offering  the  bands  doable  wa^es  if 
they  would  get  back  to  the  iieldi. 
And  this  is  the  answer  he  got ; 

"No  sahl  Thankee  sahl  No  sah! 
They  ain't  goin'  to  be  no  cotton 
pickin*  aroun^  this  plantation  untfl 
this  big  'cttemcnt  is  over*'* 

On  3ale  November  aotii 

^T.So  a  year.    Might  montha'for  ^x.oo. 


Plme  mention  the  Revleui  of  ReuftWM  when  writing  to  advortlatn 
60 


TIic  Review  of  Reviews— Advertisinsr  Section 


Far  be  it  from  us  to  mtimatc  that 
tkc  industry  and  comnscrcc  of  this 
jfTcat  nation  arc  eoin^  to  be  para- 
lysed for  a  we^k  alter  tnc  Christmas 
Everybody's  is  ^ued  on  November 
2a  But  lookHust  look!  If  this 
isn't  Bigf  'Gtcmentt  what  is? 

What  is  a  Good  Man^  anyway? 
Do  you  know one  really  ^ood  man? 
Here  are  some  able  writers  applying; 
their  minds  to  the  subject ;  G.  Bcr* 
nard  Shaw^  Archbishop  Ireland, 
Proiessor  Ross,  Thomas  W.  Law- 
son,  H.  G-  Wells. 

Studies  in  color^  by  Castai^e 
and  other  ereat  artists,  of  the 
Women  of  the  Bible. 

Most  people  don*t  know  what 
the  harvester  has  done  for  the 
nation.  Here's  the  first  instal- 
ment of  a  series  by  H*  N»  Casson, 
who  tells  about  the  exploits  of  old 
Cyrus  McCormick,  the  ^rcat  Wil- 
liam Whiteley,  and  other  celebrities 
of  the  gfrain  field*     A  great  story. 

The  third  in  Wm*Balfour  Ker's 
heart-puUingf  picture  series:  "The 
Story  of  an  American  Home/' 

A  Christmas  discourse  by  the 
Rev.  Samuel  M,  Crothers,  whom 
Boston  calls  the  successor  to  Oliver 
WendeU  Holmes. 

The  fiction ;  WeTl  admit  weVc 
published  some  first  rate  stories  this 
year^but  someof  these  in  theChrist- 
naas  number  are  creaL  That^s  all* 
A  lovely  O-  Henry  yarn  and 
about  the  funniest  Porter  Emerson 
Browne  has  written*  Really  an  ex- 

3uistte  story  by  Eleanor  Hallowell 
kUott.    More  of  Booth  Tarking- 
ton's  novel  besides* 

If  that  isn't  the  real  Big  'Qtc- 
%^axtf  tell  us  why  I 

15  Cents  Everywhere 

The  Ridgway  Company,  Union  Square,  NewYork  City* 


PROM    "THC     »[4HOS    Of    H*Tf 
LUBTHATt^M     ■¥    Mr.    HCimCllT    DUMTOK 


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Think  For  Yourself 

I  am  often  asked:  What  is 
the  policy  of  THE  C3^AFTS- 
MAN?  The  only  definition 
that  occurs  to  me  is  that  it  is  a 
magazine  that  suggests  things 
to  you  and  asks  you  to  think 
them  out  for  yourself*  Because 
of  the  many  bad  effects  of  our 
machine-made  standard  of  ex- 
cellence, it  started  as  an  art 
magazine, with  a  strong  leaning 
towards  handicrafts*  These  are 
still  two  of  its  leading  features, 
but  its  field  has  broa^ed  in  so 
many  ways  that  to  understand 
them  you  will  have  to  see  THE 
CRAFTSMAN  itseK.  A 
sample  copy  will  be  sent  free 
upon  application  to  any  sub- 
scriber of  THE  REVE  W  OF 
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62 


The  Review  ol  Reviews — A^vertisins:  Section 


Christmas  Books 

BVY' SOMETHING 
HEALLY  WORTH  WHILE 


The  Wa.iia.ma.ker  Store 

offers  The  Historiaivs*  History  of 
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and  recommends  it  as  especially 
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We  have  just  printed  a  new  edition  of  "The  Book  of  the  ^.m^^nfusSte^d  *^^?hiS 
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P/mm  mention  the  Reuleui  of  Reolewe  when  writing  t6  aduertfaert 
63 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisinfif  Section 


What  do  you 
ftiink  of  Lawson? 


"^ 


Is  Lawson  an  honest  man,  or  a  faker?  A  sober- 
minded  seeker  after  truth,  or  a  mere  hare-brained 
ranter?  A  benefactor,  or  a  charlatan?  Frank  Fayant 
has  collected  a  great  mass  of  facts  about  Mr.  Lawson. 
Many  of  them-i— obtained  from  Mr.  Lawson  himself 
— ^relate  to  his  early  life  of  obscurity  and  poverty, 
his  rise  to  a  position  of  wealth  and  molder  of  public 
opinion.  They  deal  intimately  with  Mr.  Lawson's 
record  as  a  speculator,  promoter,  publicist,  and 
reformer.  Mr.  Fayant  lays  these  facts  before  you 
as  an  unprejudiced  measure  of  Mr.  Lawson's  char* 
acter  and  place  in  American  life.  The  series  of 
articles  is  entitled  "The  Real  Lawson,"  and,  is 
freely  illustrated  with  many  heretofore  unpublished 
portraits  and  interesting  photographs. 

Now  AppeariniC  in 

Sueeess  Magazim 


"In  the  public  semce"  characteriies,  perhaps,  stronger  thmn 
any  other  phrase,  th«  editorial  atid  buaiaess  policy  of  SUCCESS 
Magazine,  Its  grtax  influcDce  and  prestige,  the  principle  npoo 
whkfi  it  was  founded,  togethef  with  ita  enormous  working  forces, 
are  employed  in  the  interest  of  the  public.  In  fact,  it  has  been. 
and  is  loKia^,  a  powerful  dytiamo.  li^nsmitting  a  mighty  force 
that  h  deadly  lo  ail  evit  and  helprul  fo  all  that  is  good  in  Amer* 
can  life.  This,  wjth  the  great  array  of  good,  wholesome  fiction 
ind  huinor>  makcft  it  one  of  the  most  interesting  periodicals. 


!•  ccsts 
IJI  a  jctr 


Plwaae  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  adoertiaerM 
54 


The  Review  of  Reviews— AdvertfsSnsf  Secticm 


Meet  Success  Half  Way 

EveiT  man  has  a  chaDcc  some  time.  If  his  tuind  is  asleep.  h\s  cb^ucc 
pnssiefl  by.  and  jrr«:ii  to  the  m;jn  whose  mind  la  awakc-^who  has  !p3mtd  to 
think  clearly.  The  way  to  be  mcnislh  alive — to  bi-  orijjinaf — ta  be  a  et^c 
cess — J5  to  sfet  in  (ouch  wilhcft'^  minds.  Rvad  books  that  make  you 
thmk*  The  Popular  Science?  Library  is  i he  work  of  thtr  ertatoii  mind^ 
oi  the  Dinct(>t-n!h  Cfrmuty.  To  the  inau  who  would  be  a  tbinkL-r.  ii  is  not 
a  Euxury;  U  isa  tiectiif^ay. 


Popular  Science  Library 

cau»e  It  appeals  to  every  man  and  -womani  tvtry  t^tawlnt:  boy  and  ftlrl.    Like 

^eat  thJnies,  U  I*  simple.  Vou  need  not  know  anything  <i(  Science  to 
dcrfltand  and  enioy  evtry  pair*  <>'  th<^  fifteen  ^oLumes.  They  will  iri^e  you 
complete  a  knowledse  ol  S^'^encc  ns  any  i^uUck^  en u rise ^  They  contain  all 
fl  tmpartant  worlt  of  Darwin.  Kuiley,  Tyndall,  Spencer,  snd  every  other  one 
tlk«  creat  men  who«e  jreniuft  revolutloniziifd  St:ii:nce.  From  a  weary  tabu  ta- 
in <kf  ract».  they  transfonned  it  to  a  story  full  of  Jlfe  and  lieht— n  Ul*  of 
irveJa  luore  wonderful  than  the  Arat>tan  Niehti.  Ltd  by  Dr»  Ira  Retn^en,  President  of 
hns  Hopkins  Lrntver^ity.  ■  lung  line  of  famoua  llvinif  sdentists  contributes  f  uU,  dear  accounts 
the  itewest  Inventions  and  discoveries. 

The  Lllrrary  covers  every  branch  of  Science  from  the  DarwInJan  Theory  of  B^^lntion  to  the 
radeacif  iBedempPEiETess— WtrdessTelefrraphy,  AcHaJ  Navlitationt  Radium,  etc.  It  embraces 
otojry*  Artroixmiy,  Anthropoloiry,  Phlfoiwphy,  PDlitJcal  Economy,  Natural  Phllonophy. 
tural  History,  Metaphysics  and  Inventions.  It  will  telJ  yoy  of  the  marvels  of  earth  and  B,ea 
d  sky.  of  the  wonders  of  modem  Invefitlun  :  it  will  tell  you  the  story  i>f  ihc  peoples  ol  the 
rtb.  It  will  explain  to  you  the  aclence  ol  ifovernment  and  the  law  s  of  thou  if  ht^  Aii  a  means  of  K^ner^l  culture  and 
iClical  IfiformathiD,  this  library  is  superior  to  any  work  now  before  the  Amert^xi  people^  It  la  a  llhi^try  for  thu 
me     fw  ple&SBiit  rcadlnr— v  wrfl  a*  lor  the  student. 


fifteen  Handsome  Volumes 


'Thefifte 


a  voluioes  t printed  from  rvew  plates  au  trsTi^ciaiU'  inidj^  wove  paptr>  are  prrjluselr  illustrated  w!tb  fnU-p.Afre  plnU-Fi. 
_,  _  two  Btplcj  t.it  biiidififfi  rich  red  baJf-mofocco^  wih  nurbltd  sidcii  Jeatjjcr  comers  and  ijold  inpa,  and  neat  red  velluoi  clntli. 
*  trtJes  of. the  vcSiimes  Uilluw  i 


Otlic^r  liVi>rUI*  Th^n  Onrs,  by  Richard  A.  Froclor. 
C^fiulory.  by  ^it  Archibald  Gelkie. 
Foritm  of  VVator*  >  l^  t,  *  „  'r™j-ii 

Orlf  in  iif  Spf^^'ifn*,  by  Cliarlea  Dinrin, 

Seleoo^  and  Kdurntlon./  t^-Tb"™"  H.  Huilcr. 
J^tmcp-tit  uC  Man,  by  Charle;!  Darwin. 
V^T^hiniftrit  Tlmps.  by  Sir  J^jhti  l^ibbock, 
Afithropt^loffy*  by  Edward  B,  Tylor^ 


InfrllJe-pnc^  of  Anlmjils,\u„  ^z.  t„i,„  t  ..Khnrif 
H<'  i  iH  1 1 1 1  i  *r  L^^<  ■  t  iirvH*  i  ^^  '^''  ^ "" ""  ^"  ^'^** 

i*' i  rw f  r  r  1 1 k c- 1  pi  p rt .  by  He riwrt  Spencer. 
Pol  i  t  i  1  ill  K*-  n  u  **  111  V ,  >  ]  y  J  -  »h  n  Siuirt  Mill, 
I'fipular  Natunil  Pliili^tiiipliy.  by  .Adf>]phe  nai>«cit. 
MtHlf-rn  ]nV(^nUoii>4  nnil  nUi-ovpricF*.  [t^ various 
authors,  ificluriiiiff   l^rofe^-vir  S,  P.f^iiKk'j-;    Dr.  Ira 
Retnten,  J^rct-iderar  ut  Juhns  Hupljini  l^nivenity; 
Ruiy  ^tannard  l^jker,  Alfred  Rus*til  Wallace,  and 
FfuL  R.  H/rbiriUm,  of  Cornell  Uoiveralty. 


A  Great  Redoetton  In  Price 

W||h  eor  wide  cmincctin.ti5  it  Is  snmctimes  po^^iSile  ti*  secure  umall  ediiiun*  jt  very  low  priced.    In 
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BEE      OH     Tin  tHJt  the  coupon  inH  nutl  h at  once.     It  *\t\  hrinif  roll  a  coiftplctt <cl .  all  chairtrP*  l>rc- 
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jnlbf  tlw  r:ocks.   We  t4.1t«  them  ba^k  aiuj  par  retum  clurfd  if  y^i^a  dLPO'  t  likt  thrrn.  ThW  ti  ^t)  qciu'iu^l 
*;  imst  roamuAt&kF  wlriEtse?  ol  [t  linirjtilatFlir  b9«LL<^  tW  fnlf^Prcr  ffditlon  wiJJ  odI  last  Iwne 
at  {Qsc  the  ftpparmalty  by  d«UjfPfli:.    HAIL  THE  COUPON  TO-QAV, 

AMERICAN    NEWSPAPER    ASSOCIATION 
44^f0  E«st  33rd  SCr««t  New  York 


Pt§a»e  mention  t/ie  Reoiew  of  Reutewa  whon  wrtttng  to  adoorttoen 
66 


The  Review  of  Reviews— AdvertisJng:  SectbD 


f^^e]M*nbent^ 


A  i¥CCKLY  magazine: 

THE  INDEPENDENT  has  exerted  a  vital  influence  on  the  history 
of  our  country,  from  the  time  of  its  first  publication  in  1848.  It  has  led  in 
many  movements,  which  were  once  bitterly  attacked,  but  now  universally 
accepted,  such  as  the  abolition  of  slavery,  the  advancement  of  women,  and 
the  liberalizing  of  the  churches.  No  subject  of  interest  and  importance  to 
the  American  people  fails  to  be  treated  adequately,  but  The  Independent  is 
especially  concerned  with  the  promotion  of  the  following  ideas : 

Intematloiial  arbltratloii  and  urorld  peace 
The  leglttmate  expansion  of  the  United  States 
Reconstruction    of  theology  In  liarmony  with  flie 

ttmes  y 

The  development  and  ^plication  of  new  soclologt^^ 

cal  theories  ^ 

The  solution  of  questions  of  the  home  under  Ifs^ 

new  conditions 
Improvements   In   methods   of   education   and   ftae 

popularization  of  science 
The  abolition  of  artificial  and  political  Inequalities 

on  account  of  race^  sex,  and  Industrial  conditions 

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Booklovers  Shakespeare 

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The  Review  of  Reviews — Aivcrtking  Section 


At  the  Throat 

of  the 

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Slightly  Damaged  Sets 

A  Great  Refer ence  Libiufy 
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jlfen  Who  Saved  the  Union 


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TRIUMPH 

Tie  Boohbinder*s  Art 
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of  TOBIAS  SMOLLETT,  Revised  and  Modernized.  A  Critique 
and  Biography  by  THE  RT.  HON.  JOHN  MORLEY,  M.P. 


SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

UNITEO  STATES  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 

S«cr«tafy.  the  St.  Hubert  GuOd 

of  ArtOaftnnta. 
Akroa,Ohio. 
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this  generous  gift  from  the  Guild  and 
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Alts,  where  they  will  be  available  for  iqspcctioQ  by 
an  who  are  interested. 
VoT  respectfully  yoors, 

R«  KATHBUM, 

Assistant  Secretary, 
la  charge  of  National  Museum. 


Atheism  and  Fanaticism  are  the  two  poles  of  a  Universe 
of  Confaslon  and  Horror.  The  narrow  zone  of  Virtue  is 
between  these  two.  March  with  a  firm  step  in  that  path, 
Believe  in  GOD  and  do  good.— VOLTAIRE. 


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PERRY  E.  PLUltB,  MJ>.,  Physician,  Gothenburg,  Neb. 

'*  I  am  in  receipt  of  the  *  RIDPATH  LIBRARY  OF  UNIVERSAL  LITERATURE/  and  since  receiving  it  have 
qtent  most  of  my  spare  time  and  derived  a  great  deal  of  pleasure  and  benefit  in  Its  perusaL 

**  It  Is  a  veritable  storehouse  of  Interesting  biographies  and  literary  productions  of  the  great  minds   who 
have  contributed  to  the  world's  literature.    It  is  so  complete  and  the  order  of  Index  so  oomprehenslble 
that  it  meeu  all  the  needs  of  those  who  read  for  pleasure  or  Instnictlon. 

•<The  interesting  and  Instructivo  way  in  which  Dr.  RIdpath  presents  each  Author  is  truly  enjoyable,  and 
is  one  of  the  charms  of  his  wonderful  work,  wlilch  I  think  should  be  in  every  student's  Ubrary.^* 

GEO.  L.  WmLIAHS,  Ph.  G.,  M.D.,  Physician  and  Surgeon,  Columbus,  Ohio. 

*«I  am  in  receipt  of   'RIDPATH'S  LIBRARY  OF  UNIVERSAL  LITERATURE,'  and 
pleased  with  same.    It  is  a  work  of  art  as  to  quality  of  paper  and  engravings,  and    is   elegantly 
arraimed.    A  set  of  books  worthy  of  a'  place  in   the  Library  of  evenr  progressive  family,  and 
is  of  special  value  to  those  who  desire  to  read  the  gems  of  all  standard  authors  without  having 
to  read  volumes  of  oach, 

Db.  A.  IL  F.  XcCOLLOUOH,  Physieian,  Los  Angeles,  Calif. 


Librmrr 
SMlety 

iiinfthAvv. 


"I  had  hesitated  about  buying  'RIDPATH'S  LIBRARY  OF  UNIVERSAL  LITERA- 
TURE,* believing  that  a  work  so  comprehensive  in  Its  plan,  must  fall  short  in  ao- 
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most  of  necessity,  be  unsatisfactory  and  misleading. 

"It  is  therefore  a  great  pleasnxs  to  find  that  in  respect  to  every  author  with 
wlMse  history  I  was  acquainted,  it  gave  a  good  biography  of  him,  a  complete 
list  of  his  works,  in  chronological  oraer,  and  such  copious  extracts  from  his 
writings,  that  a  perfect  idea  of  the  writer's  breadth  and  quality  could 
be  formed  by  the  reader.     The  Index  a  marvelous  volume  of  cross  re- 
ferences, so  arranged  that  the  time  required  to  find  an  author,  book  or 
OQOtatlon,  is  so  short  tiiat  one  is  stimulated  to  use  the  work.   Finally 


the  portraits  are  so  many  and  so  finely  done,  the  paper  so  good, 
the  tn«PB-<n«  ao  wide  and  the  type  so  clear,  that  it  is  a   * 
to  read  the  volumes. 


GEO.  P.  SPRAGUE,  ILD. 

Sanatorium  for  Mental  and  Nervous  Diseases, 

Lexington,  Ky. 


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on  receipt  4>f  the  books  and  flO.OO 

each  month  thereafter  until  the  full 

price  is  paid.    It  is  understood  that 

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books  are  paid  for  in  full. 


i  pleasure 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising  Section 


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THE  LIBRARY  OF  ORATORY 

ANCIENT    AND    MODERN 


Eoffll^  ] 


Pericles-"  Funeral  Oration." 
Demosthenes—**  Oration  on  the  Crown." 
Cicero--**  Oration  Against  Catiline." 
C«sar— **  Speech  in  the  Roman  Seiutc  oa  th«  DnsplraEV 
of  Catiline." 
Massillon— **  The  Curse  of  a  Malifoant 
Tongue." 
Gari^di-"  Speech  to  His  Soldiers." 
Daniel  O'Connell-'*  Ireland  Worth  Dymg 
For," 
Robert  Emmet-"  Speech  When  Under  Sen- 
tence of  Death." 
Darnel  Webster-**  Reply  to  Hayne  " 


D*ar  Sir:  Yoo 

mnv  %'^A  me,  all 
choiifTTS  pi-ciKiid  Upon 
JEiipptntitt,     "The    LIh 

|¥a^^i.  IS  twjutJlul  TaJumeft, 

iHiiitfairfd,  t/'?un«l  ia    Red;   Art 

AltcTeiltuiaifljEtbc  t-ioki,  U  \  dc- 

"Tht  Lliirijfy  fjl  Oi-Jiorv/'  ^cenu  tEter 
ejunilDiMon    and     |l  IQ  A  moalH  lor    IS 
WA  EtTht,      I  f  «Urf  Hiinii  naiioiri  ]  dedde  oot  to 
k*H7P  *  Tbc  LiJjnrV  qI  Oraiory.'*  I  viUscndtbe 
t»^kf  t9<vo4],  aUcbarfo  cotlect 

Namt ......M.M......... 


^It  is , however  ihc  mriet:  complete  repreieniation  nf  men  dt  i^cal  mind?  tliar  Lis  ever  been  L.^^^s,^ 
together  in  a  Kt  of  buok^.    Here  one  can  Iwrtimc  sriMainted  wiLh  and  enjoy  ihe  wondcrhil  ihoii^^h^ 
of  the  greatest  mtn   of  a)]  limes^  no  matter  wheOatrr  he  were  a  jLatesmanf  Kildictt  writer^  iiiwrcr* 
doctor,  miaistcr,  buiLness  nua,  financier,  invemor  or  a  pronioLcr* 


Patrick  Htnry— 'Give  Me  Liberty  or  Give  Me  Demtlt** 
Marat—*'  S[>t;ech  Lefiin;  the  NatiooAl  ConvcntiutL" * 
Red  jackti— '*  i:*iH:L'(.hiU  Fart  Sutiwjx.'" 
RobcspWrrc  -'*  AKainst  Cirtibtin^  titc  KintraTriaL** 


Abraham  Lincoln—**  First  TnauRruril.' 

Henry  Ward  Beechei^"'  Effect  of  the  Deiih  of 

Emilc  2o]a— '  Appeal  for  Drenrlus." 

Theodore  RooKvelt— "  A  Nation  of  Ptoneers." 

Prince  BismareJc— "  A  Y\t\  lof  Imperial  AmujiL-, 

GcDfife  Waahipfiton— '*  Fir^  Inaugural  Addrca*/* 


Space  will  bot  pemLit  of  our  giving  the  entire  liiit  of  the  hundreds  of  Or^t<>r« 
ia  this  k:  of  bt>ok9. 


Addrtu .H,-„ 

II  you  dealce  the  half-katlier  bfodlag.  it  will  cott  you  iOc 
star  cxamlastkm.  and  f  1.7S  a  month  ior  15  mo&ihi. 


We  wiy  again  [his  j,i  The  cnuiE  cliarmlnE  ami  liwiructiTc  srt  of  books  j-ou  oould  (wisiblv  h*Tc  in  j\^ 

home.    We  00  not  gftit  vou  to  take  our  word  tor  thiB.    We  it»lfe  lo  tend  you  \k%  b»Qks  f«p 

)vr  InepHction.    TKIa  we  ttill  do  and  prepa)r  all  deiitrerr  charges,  bell^Ting  >oy  wduK 

not  part  with  the  books  ifler  you  have  seen  them  for  twice  the  %m%\\  price  m^  asi 

Vqu  should  mail  us  the  cnupfln  tO'da)f  a$  the  few  «efs  we  have  on  hand,  otih  2  1  tn 

number,  i«e  know  hill  be  clalrned  almost  Immediately.    This  is  resll)  th«  oppor^ 

^      tunity  of  a  life  time  to  tecitre  H  iel  of  books  you  witi  enjoy  ind  ben«(i1  bt  u 

long  as  life  lacU- 

WE    GUARANTEE  ihcsr  iprcial  msi  to  be  ab«alui«lr  aa  T99d  ai  •*▼, 
h\\vt  cxamjnlnir  the  bouJi!*  If  >oii  A^  nui  ihjnk  ihct  are  wrtrc  of  and!  «v  *iU  Ma4  f^ 
brand  nrw  kl     ^%  c  i*i]l  also  piy  aJI  delivery  cbancea  upcn  rbc  ice  f^ru 
upofl  the  a«p  »et  we  tend^     Vou  take  no  dijnccs  whatiorter. 


i.  L.  FOWLS  CO.,  333  Fourtii  ire..  Kew  Tnt 


P/eatfe  mention  the  Review  of  Beviewa  when  writing  to  adueitiaen 
68 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Adverttsmg'  Section 


CUYOC  MAUPASSANT 


THE  MASTER  OF  THE 
SHORT  STORY 

The  man  vhn  painted  htimiUiitf  in  wnrds. 
w1u>  witliout  hatred,  wiOioul  luve*  wliln^nit 
anicT,  w  Ithotti  jA  Ey ,  m  eficil«i  as  (ire ,  unitt  n  la  hi  (j 
AM  tile.  Ije  tmtfis  a  niiirof  Up  lo  life  williout  at- 
icmHiiiie  ^ndjfinetil. 

Tht  ntnrieis,  ticiveU,  comedies  and  vetse  c»l 

Ginr  DE  HAVFASSAIIT 

t^ts  far  iIh-  ftflit  lime  dr>nc  into  EiieU*U  by  the 
ttM>vt  n*pt44d  trail? biora  ot  the  Aije,  Complete  in 
MvcntEcn  V'tlomci:  mfiTs  tlian  seventy  Ulus- 
H&tkma  I  uvcr  thf  e«  hundred  stories, 

**TBe  i^4mi*«  t.1  FteldJn**  the  wnphW  pc»-er 
vt^iimUrn.tlierillJAfulire  oE  DeoJl  5*! ft, 

AHUJtEW  LA?Ja 

*"  ManpaKatl  ftiihlrrtd  the  mlfscle  o(  a  !rr*li 
tLjiu.  IIf  ii^U  9.  Bioa  oE  s^noFkit  tch  whom 
llujn  cuts  were  dilcJ««4  la  the  wilcJir*  oJ 


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irhmtt  ttirittMiT  tn  adtil 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertisfng:  Sectkm 


CoAtribulon^  Editors  uid 
RftviHrm 

Afa  naftmr  EdUar, 
A.W,  FEftfttS.A.M..M.D, 

C.  e.  AtvMd.  M.D. 

7"j*r  /f.if  /i*ii/  far, 
J.  H.  GlitbdriK.  M.D. 

T^aiEU  Dirllafloa,  M,D. 

J.  a.  ttiiber.  A,M.,  M.D, 

J.  C.  J^hjuoD.  A.B..  M,E), 

C.  a.  Kerler.  M.D. 

0.  G,  RuibHid,  M.O, 

A.  D.  Rockweri.  AJl..  M.D. 

S.  W.  TbaAer.  «,». 

COKtJtlSUTqiia 

5,  i.  BAktr,  H.D.. 

/^(jn/  v4  diUt€raii(m 

w.  P.  ocfiurt*  ce.. 

J.  Met.  mii    .    Gtr/i^/Z-bfl^ 
S,  W.  Alltchcn,  M.D.,  IX.D., 

A'rrivl  and  OutdtSi*  Lt'O 
G.m.  PHct,  «,D.,  Smmi^tim 

SlrH.Tli«ip»nBirt,R.ie. 


Health,  Dmeaie,  Medicine,  HyUlene,  Sanitation,  AccideBts, 
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Jftoilir-    (t  1*  ■  «cUbll»c  wAvfc  lirti 
hyilc:Lbti«     II  Jt  %  reltruic:^  •art  H  lA- 

, lomB  «odf  If*  th#  irt  fli  JiiTitti:.  lartrMi 

inf  to  rc^d.  »nd  l^ts  AJid  whoiGii>tnB  far  tb«  xt ijcftti^fa  of  r«ath.    AiioclstpJ  in  l&lt  «ar^  uni 

IF  YOU  HAVE  NEVER  BOUGHT  A  BOOK 

In  fopF  tlfv  IhKie  ilK  Tdlurticl  ihodltl  h^T^  l  vIlKQ  Ja  ff"!*  tioQi^hald,  «beT«  triiij  ebbib^t  i*4 
hk?*  lb«  bfDcitt  of  tbpir  belp.  Tba  nMtvite  «ii4  l&ttractltfQ  Ja  cd*  chkpirr  tii«T  t«  ob^rrvw  i^* 
wiirth  (JD«  hundred  Itmet  the  prlf»  to-daji  Xh*  rlchcit  tnan  lu  thn  tUfurld  irumvl  buf  feft*JU 
vbi'D  IL  !■  titt»  IbI*,  The  Diuil  IbflutHtlftl  man  In  lh«  *ofJ4  cmnot  a1wBT>  bo  wklUid  ««  ib*> 
dLmt«lr  tf  ft  cno^  pbr'Sria^D.  It  ii  wrll  to  kontf  wiikt  to  da  antU  tb«  pb^/aJciiA  airlvfe*,  ifc  jawiLI 
ta  iftin  a  kiijuvrlc^tff  llifet  will  lielp  tlio  pbyald^a  Ls  c«t  nablM. 

EVERYONE  CAN  READ  AND  UNDERSTAND  IT 

It  II  wrlttpq  )n  iba  iIiiipIbiy  aJid  ttaanat  UnfDMia.  vLtM  no  Mch.nrc4l  \%Vk  ibsl  cv«14  ^stlt 
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flT«nH  Th«  n)«iiD«r  of  unrtlot  Abd  prrtdfcQticbi  In  caia  of  InCectlcai  dutat^i  *f«  alnplv  ait 
onb.  Tbijrn  Af«  no  icraetijmR  pLctairpi  for  aiort^id  Rilfitlt,  but  pLcDtf  of  lDrtTvrii*a  illvafcma**- 
Th*)  lairprlAe  !*  thBl  if*«  c»n  uff*rF  a«i  mu-fh  Iff  io  little  Tnon^f ^'-^^UOD  ji|Lf«a  *f  ^rte«])*4a  •**(*•• 
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{■t,u«4  tTiPidentftI  to  a  iirt«fijdpniiBl  canipaltn.  JTgr  (lila  nason  v*  fera  wllJln^  («  ]*t  ^t^  l^n  iba 
biHjki  luf  thft  cait  cf  pbti'tF  aiid  pdotiDi. 

OUR  OFFER 

i«TPft   nantbi-and   aftch    p««hai«r  wUl  ta^l»a  tb#  EBVIXW  JlT  iUeTlVWl 


If  ho  aend  JO  CK»T«.  anfmrimr  to  pa;  li  a  n»tta  tar  cb? 

^ i«r  wUl  tufal»a  tb#  EBVIXW  Of  iUeTlVWl  |b«  t«*  Hll 

7<u-i»^r  vr  j>«7t  tor  kb*  Iwki  and  tlM  !«»  fava'  aDbicit»tie«. 

■t  Dk«  tn  C^  Tbia  PHc* 


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EDUCATIONAL  BOOKS 

^r  this  directory  the  Review  of  Reviews  will  accept  announcements  of  books  for  education: — instruction  books  on  all 
ibfeclB  for  use  in  schools  and  colleges  or  for  home  study,  works  on  history,  science,  literature,  travel  and  exploration,  art, 
oDomics.  and,  in  fact,  any  book  the  reading  or  studying  of  which  will  impart  useful  knowledge  to  man,  woman,  or  child. 


PARENTS' 
PROBLEMS 

Every  mother  knows  that  the  happiness  or  misery 
-success  or  failure — of  her  little  one  depends  upon 
\e  knowledge  and  sympathy  she  puts  into  the  task 
f  bringing  it  up. 

Asnerican  MotKerKood  is  a  monthly 
lagazine  devoted  to  the  mother,  the  child  and  the 
ome.  It  is  edited  with  rare  knowledge  and  under- 
tanding  of  the  needs  of  the  parents  and  children, 
ample  copy  free. 

Trial  Subscriptions  for  NEW  ones  only : 

15  Months  for  $1.00 
4  Months  for  25c 

The  series  of  Teaching  Truth  books,  written  by 
)r.  Mary  Wood-Allen,  are  now  printed  and  sold  en. 
irely  by  the  publishers  of  American  Motherhood,  as 
re  some  other  especially  desirable  books.  All  but 
wo  of  the  Teaching  Truth  volumes  have  been  very 
arefully  revised  by  Dr.  Wood-Allen  during  1907  and 
nlarged  one-third  in  size.  Any  one  of  the  books 
an  be  obtained  at  the  following  prices  postpaid : 

Umost  a  Man, $  .50 

Umost  a  Woman, 50 

Teaching  Troth, 50 

:aring  For  the  Baby .50 

Ihild  Confidence  Rewarded,      .     .25 
[deal  Married  Life 1.10 

OTHER  WORKS. 
Mother's  Mannal,  ......      .90 

Inst  Away, •    •   .60 

Baby's  Record, 55 

Husband  and  Wife 90 


LEAFLETS 

Since  the  beginning  of  1907  all  the  leaflets  have  been  re- 
vised and  greatly  improved.  The  new  leaflets  are  handsome 
in  appearance,  printed  on  better  and  heavier  paper,  uniform 
in  size— 8^x59^  in.— and  are  especially  adapted  to  go  in  an 
ordinary  business  envelope.  Best  of  all  the  prices  are  lower 
than  ever,  and  include  postage  to  home  or  foreign  countries. 


No.  Title  of  Leaflet 

1  Sacredness  and  Responsibility  of  Motherhood, 

2  Teaching  Obedience,  , 
8  Proper  Diet  Children  Under  5  Years, 

4  Purification  of  Desire, 

5  Pure  Life  for  Two, 

6  Helps  for  Mothers  of  Bojrs, 

7  A  Preventable  Disease, 

8  The  Chamber  of  Peace, 
0  Moral  Education  Through  Work, 

10  A  Noble  Father, 

11  Parenthood  and  Purity, 
18  The  Bird  with  a  Broken  Pinion, 
18  The  Anglers  Gift, 

14  The  Ci^u^tte  and  Youth, 

15  Truth  for  Lads, 

16  The  Ideal  Mother, 

17  Impurity  in  schools ;  how  to  deal  with  it 

18  What  shall  be  taught  and  who  teach  it, 

19  Training  the  Appetite, 
90  Work  as  an  element  in  character  building 

21  The  father  as  his  son's  counselor, 

22  Confidential  relat'ns  tw'n  mothers  &  daughters,  2c 
28  Influence  of  manual  training  on  cha^cter, 
24  When  does  Bodily  Education  Begin  ? 
26  Johnnie  and  the  Microbes, 

26  Purity  In  the  Home, 

27  The  integrrity  of  the  Sex  Nature, 

28  The  Overthrow  of  Coercion, 

29  A  Friendly  Letter  to  Boys, 

80  Conscientious  Compronuses, 

81  Keep  Mother  and  Me  Intimate, 

82  Adolescence, 
88  To  Expectant  Fathers, 
84  Preparation  for  Parenthood, 
86  Manual  Training  in  Elementary  Schools, 

86  The  Confessions  of  a  Mother, 

87  The  Arm  Around  the  Boy, 

BOOKI^KTS. 

800  The  Cause  of  the  Child, 

801  Opening  Flower  of  Manhood. 

802  How  to  Conduct  Mothers'  Clubs, 

Please  order  by  number.  The  100  price  is  allowed  strictly 
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75  of  ONB  KIKD. 

For  60  leaflets  assorted  as  desired,  $1.00-for  100  assorted 
as  desired,  $1.50,  postpaid.  Booklets  not  included  in  selec- 
ton  of  leaflets. 


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each 

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20  leaflets  will  be  given  as  a  reward  for  securing  one  NEW  yeariy  subscription  to  American  Motherhood 
outside  of  your  o  vn  home. 

Address  slU  orders  to 

CRIST,  SCOTT  ®.  PARSHALL 

17  1    Main    Street.    CoonerAtomirn.    N.   Y. 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Books  Department 


KBOOrS  UVINQ  METHOD  FOR  LEARNlNa 

How  to  Think 

in  French. 

The  most  suocessful  means  yet  devised  for  learn- 
ing and  teaching  how  to  speak  French. 

Sent.  postiMid.  on  receipt  of  $1.00. 

"I  am  sure  the  book  wiU  accomplish  predselv 
what  is  set  to  be  ito  purpose."  -  Prof.  James  W. 
Brisht.  Johns  Hopkins  Universitv. 

"You  have  done  a  great  and  beautiful  work  in 
the  publication  of  your  manuals."  —  Bishop  John 
H.  Vincent,  Chancellor  of  Chautauqua. 

How  to  Think 
^^r««o""  in  German. 

*^  As  a  practical  book  to  aid  In  quickly  acquiring 
the  power  of  correct  and  fluent  speaking  of  the 
German  language,  this  work  has  noequaL"  —  Scien- 
tific American,  Nov.  11,  1808,  p.  816r 

How  to  Think 
^*-r«io?  in  Spanish. 

**The  learner  is  not  obliged  to  think  of  rules  or 
of  ICngMsh  words  when  he  wishes  to  speak  Spanish." 
—  N.  Y.  School  Journal.  July  14,  1801 


Prof.  CHAS.  F.  KROEH,  Publisher, 
Stevens  Institute  of  Technology.   Hoboken,  N.  J. 


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AHEHICAN  WOODS,     a  publication  tliuitrauJ 

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nwM  mention  the  Reutew  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  adoertleen 
72 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Books  Department 
LAIRD  &  LEE'S  GREAT  SERIES  OF 

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P/aoaa  mtntlon  the  Review  of  Revleuta  when  writing  to  aduertlaen 
73 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Books  Department 


Hav«  You  Read  th«  Origin  of 

SUPERNATURAL  CONCEPTIONS 

By  J.  J.  QREENOUQH7 

A  book  of  the  times.  It  deals  with  the  origtii  of  prehistoric  leg- 
ends of  the  primitive  ages,  and  man's  early  conception  of  Ood ; 
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all  reliipons  coined  by  the  fertile  imagination  of  the  human  brain. 

If  70ur  bookdealer  cannot  supply  you,  remit  $IM  direct  to 
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History  oi  flie 
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The  Author-Henrr  W.  Elaon.  Ph,D..  LilLXX.  kwlcf  Ok 

History  Deputment  in  Oliio  Univenltjr. 

The  ninstratlons— Selected  and  edited  br  Clivia  Ifavr 
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If  any  reader  of  qie  Rbvtkw  OF  Rkvikws  is  net  telly  pens 
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millan  History,  thess  voluntary  statements,  chosen  %nm  Imaftsii 
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Prom  Sanstor  Albars  J.  ■cverMf*  of  IsAs^  i 

"  Mr.  EI«on  has  done  for  the  history  of  oor  co-try  vkat  ?ioL 
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The  lewTartc  TImaa,  In  a  twa^aalnmn  review,  alaeea  with  Iksae  w«Hm 

"  We  do  not  hesitate,  in  a  final  estimate,  to  award  ihk  fiismsj  • 
very  hisli.  perhaps  the  highest  place  among  weeks  ol  Its  kind." 
Prom  the  Breeklya  Ingle  we  ellp  t 

"A  romance  of  facts Lucidly,  easily  and  graphically  writ- 

t  en,  taken  in ^rm-chalr  comfort,  it  aflords  a  pleasure  to  the  T 
tion  unsurpassed  by  fiction  and  vastly  more  satisfyiag.' 

"Tlie  story  is  told  with  vigor  and  fire.' 
Ledger. 

'  The  style  is  clean,  forceful,  and  dbUactty  Utessfy."  anysthc 
St.  Paul  Pioneer  Press. 

"  Scrupulously  fair."  says  the  Laaian  (Sacteai)  SpostaSasw 
From  the  Oarlaslea  (8.  C.).  Hews,  we  have  the  lellowli«  i 

*  *  He  deals  with  the  difficult  subjects  of  the  war  lor  Sow 
pendence  in  a  dignified,  an  impartial,  and  a  tborooghly 

MECHANICAL  MAKE-UP. 

The  Elson  Illustrated  History  is  In  five  octavo 
full-page  illustrations :  the  binding  is  green  veDi 
with  gold.  The  type-page  Is  particularly  beautlfii 
history  is  a  work  of  440.000  words. 

The  BETIEW  OF  REVIEWS 

Special  OlTer:— 

This  work,  necessary  to  every  well-equipped  Ubraiy,  « 
be  bought  outside  of  our  special  offer  for  $15.00  cash.  Ouri 
offer  is  to  send  it  on  receipt  of  flOO.  the  balance  to  be  paid  Si.OS  a 
month  for  11  months.  You  will  also  receive  tlM  ftsvigw  or  Rb- 
vikws (price  S3.00)  for  an  entire  year.  If.  alter  seeing  it.  ro*  da 
not  want  the  History,  it  can  be  returned  at  our  expense. 

Tbe  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS  CO. 

13  Astor  Place 

New  Yortc 


Herewith  find  Si.00.  for  whkh  send  me  the  RXTXCW  or  Ks- 
V1KWS  and  a  set  of  the  new  Ulustrated  History  of  the  Vuaed 
States  on  approval.  If  I  like  the  Histosy.  1  wiU  make  tiajmiau 
according  to  your  spedal  offer. 


TUt 


?lwu9  mMtlon  th9  /ieuieuf  of  fteuiewa  when  writing  to  adoerti—n 
74 


THE, 

REVIEW  ef  REVIEWS' 
EDUCATIONAL  DIRECTORYI 


Universities  and  Colleges. 


UOCKFOWtD  COLLEGE  FOR  WOMEN 

dy  woman's  college  of  fiist  rank  In  Middle  WesL    (See  Report  Com. 
cation,  v.  2.  p.  1S26.  1904).     Defcrees  of  A.B.  and  B.S.     Trains  also  for 
boo.     Home  Economics,  Music  and  Art  Departments.    Catalogue. 
la  H.  GnlUver.  Ph.D..  President.  Box  E.  Rockford.  HI. 


Lean  Photo-Eograymg  or  Photography 

$90  to  $60  Per  Week  Easily  Earned 

The  only  college  tn  the  world  wljere  these  pari ng  profeMlont  «• 
^Cfat  successfnlhr.  Endorsed  by  the  International  Association  of 
Photo-EaKraveis  and  the  PhotoKrapbers*  Assodatloo  ol  llllnolt. 
TemM  easy  and  liviaff  iuxpensive.  Oraduates  plaoed  111 
»ood  poiltlom.  Wrltelor  catalogue,  and  vpectf jr  tht& 
ctHine  In  whlcli  yon  are  Interested.  Address 
SH*"***J^*«®  •'Ptiotorraphy  m,  1 963  Wabatdi  At. 


Maktlaxd,  Baltimore,  Charles  Street  Aveooe. 

nfr^    Tl2imA    nf  MH     Colk«e  for  Women  aod  Pr«^ 

gular  and  Electire  Courwu.  Extenidre  Grrmndw.  I»r>atl//n 
surpa»ed.  Suburbs  of  Baltimore.  Spacious  Bulldluif*,  nnn' 
tely  eqiilpped.    Conducted  by  School  Hitters  of  Xt/tre  Uunt»u 

HiaTLAVD,  LatbenrUle.    Box  C. 

larylana  Colleg^e  or  Baimu'ifr.  f.t.  ^^.jr**^  o- 

wUng  t»ro  years'  course  for  High  Scbr^J  Gr»d  ,*•*-..  Kx'  '-p- 
oal  advantages  in  Music.  Healthful  chn  ai*t.  Cr^vVx^  tf^/riM. 
a-sectarlan.    |9BOto$5a)L    Calalo^ufc,  a^iJi^ 

J.  H.  Tt-fcTra.  D  P, 

Tcmta^x,  MashrfUe. 

elmOnt  COlle^  C^^IWe  a»d  pr*-;Ar*v-7  ^^  -'^^^ 
ttlc.  Art,  Langoagea.  Fhysleal  C^l'-^r*-.  b^--  '.  ^^j^'y^ 
4f ,  tennis,  hockey,  an  tbe  year.  Er-jr.*'.^r  s*^, » .  '.  *  '^  ^  <r  -►  >* 
juest  B*-r.  Ima  LA*i>*."'5i.  L  :^    :^;--V     r>*'/'- • 

XiM  Boo*  a»l  M-*»  Hnt'*    f^-^-y*  * 


KashTlIle. 


uford  College  for  Women.  V"  I 

mitry  and  cfty  eombteed.  Gr»/!^A*>-  ?-  -rv,*^:  .^- 
y  Preparatory  Convea.  Ca?T»rv:'T  5>  -  ,.►  \,  .,-^  '^  , 
vantages  in  Laagnace.  An,  31  ^."j^    X.r;<"^.'t 

»  ^  « ^ ^     «...    i>  *v*-:,  ?-' 


•^  *r-.f  W,** 


g,a,  ui  Laagnace.  An, 


Vnuxmi,  Feienli«r;g. 

outhem  Female  College,  ft*"^. 

•neseiMxrt  for  gtri*.  a/vr  (ki»  lum***'  '-*"-*  «^^  ^.' « -   * 
nt«  from  9»Scax«^    r*y*  piarar*  rr  ui*'  t'  •i.w'>-'      ■  -  .«    i 
ttlc,Art,Eloc«t^«.  F.-r*  TjBa**— X  •»;  ,     .,.     i,  ^ 

•lam.    ^fithyearopcas  v-iv«n^^«<^  r:  -'  .  , 


Academical  and  PreparaU^ry^ 


ConacTSCcv;  < 

tumsej  Han 

PsrentsenateHifiMtarflsi^ars  w* 
tedto  inspect  ff—gi  J  AmL    >«ter)tt 


Malogneon 


I  «>*v%A>  t»w  •-»»'t-a:i-    »t- 


•Vhp^  r.v»i9  *^  r-. 


Academical  and  Pn^paratory^ 
•ova 


Cheshire  School 

A  HliPi-clats  ioaraiBg  Sckool  far  loya 

Thorough  preparation  fur  coUt*ni»j  kixm  lalc^io  u|v*>u 
to  character  development  uiui  phyniitu  traliUng'    rliiM 
modem  equipment,  perfoit  nunltailon,  houutUul  loi  a 
tion.     Next  term  bvglnH  Jauumiy  9«  l<)<>M, 
Rev.  JOHN  D.  SKILTON,  M>m  Hud  MiiUr.  Chiihir*.  Cl. 

DMTIUCT  or  I'OLUMIIIA,  WnMhiiiirt^Mi,  4lUt  (SiiiM«t«ini>iti  Aut, 

The  Army  and  Navy  ruKrAiiAhmv  wnnMM. 

S(>l<MalMiniHllnKHohiM>ir«irynuitKittt«iiiiuil  Im»v«  ThMtiMtuii  |Ht>|i 
aratiou  for  oolltifos.  uiiIv<m*nIi|i«h  mimI  wlohilMi'  mi'ImmiUi  hUm 
for  U«ivoriiin<*iittt«'ii(hMiilt««.  Htiiall  <«iuHi«oM,  IimIIvIiIiimI  hHimiMmh 
Spofiul  oouriMtM.    For«'uliili>KU<s  iMltlriiMM   K.  MWAVnt.v,  t'iliit>i|m) 

Dlin'RICT  or  COUtMHI A,  WMSlllll|(l«tll,  .W4(^  WlMUMtvIlt  AVK, 

The  Washington  School  for  Uoya. 

LfM'Bted  In  th«t  tumuiry,  but  wtltilii  ph»v  imm<i<m  of  (Mm  wmm'I''> 
ful  tMlucatlonal  opporluiiUtns  of  Mm  NuMnimt  i'miiMuI    lS»mi»\inn 
and  day  departmimts.    Out*  Umi'Uvr  fur  t»vi>rf  IIvm  |Mil>llii     M«*>'f 
of  any  ifge  rtHU'lvod.    Vi«ar-lhM»k  im  r*M|tii<«( , 

iLLinoiMf  Wood«Ui(;k« 

Todd  Seminary  for  Boys.  Sn.'.VL'Vi'.i:;;::. 

nnar  Chicago.  IX'Mignf^l  fNiH'lNlly  fttrtHHf»  tit  M»«  \tu\i\u<  tuUimS 
aK«*.  I>N'ttt4Ml  In  ttM*  rit'wf  i'I<<vmIi«|  Ui^ti  Sti  WSUtnSn  Hn  m  Hhm« 
MlckniiM  In  nfir  y*'iir«,  Wm  mlM**!*!  1»»m  ♦*♦»'»»»•  »«'r  "HmI  f»/^ 
pr^MpfM'tuM,  an<f  roirii'  arfl  m'k  iim,  Momi.m  Mh  r,  I'HM 

MAfSK«  KanrifriKi^fn, 

I  ne    ADDOtt    DCnOOl*  tu^-rntmtnih  tit*  uHU*  M««h««. 

Thiriy  DifrttftyH.  %$f*^uU'iu  Ut^rn  ytt  ¥r  Urmiin  Unit  ^i*Hitt>tf 
fffpfM  H«id.  JTAh,  iip^tputP.  U*  hi  ¥  f  *H>  tu  H,  H*  *y\  lll**mi*  t 


M  AMV  Mt'MCTTS*  HM  fm  M,     'ttUu*»rtt**   if'iOfi-m*   tUPHHM***H 


Berkshire  School  for  Br>ya. 


Holdernets  School  Utr  h«fy%. 

p'*>»**.  f'^  '  ',   *y*»  ■»//)  7*'»  '  '  K*  ^^  f^,'  i'    '  »"  »♦  **'  *f ' 

Kin^%ley  5>hool 


p<^<  i^i/ijc^  V/,//'/;  ^^  ";'.  /'  .   '  ."':.■''. 

'  ''    •  /  f  '     '    '   ' 


-"'^    r^-  ■*■>  ^ 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directorr 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

BOYS, 

NlW  YoBK,  Syraciue,  110  Baker  Arenuc 
Q/«t« rkrki  ^f  T f -1  waI  I>«W«htful  spring  travel  study  trip 
wullUUi  OI  1  1  dvci*  open  to  boys  and  young  men,  by 
way  of  Oltnraltar  and  the  Mediterranean,  visiting  the  most  inter- 
estmg  European  oountrles.  Instruction  In  languages,  hisUnr, 
etc./lf  desired.    Bates,  #400:  number  limited.   Address 

Frakk  B.  Sbkbhah,  B.JL,  Director. 

Omo,  Oberlln,  Box  B. 

Oberlin  Academy. 

any  college  or  scientific  schooL 
Science.     New    gymnasium.    Ez| 
i8eptemb< 


Manl A wnnH   ^  successful  scbool,  near  Phila. 
.  JVlcipiCW^UUa.  Boys  to  the  duties  of  Ufe. 


Seventeen  instructors.  Thor* 
»ughly  equipped  to  prepare  for 
.  Mew  courses  in  History  and 
cpenses  upsstmsMo  Seventy- 
Afth  year  began  September  17th,  1997.  For  oatatogoe,  apply  to 
JoBjr  FuHxa  Pbcx,  Principal. 

PBacsTi;rxifiA, Ooncordville.    P.O. Box 83. 

-  Wakes  up 

Prepares  40  Boys 

for  college  or  business.  4«thyr.    One  of  the  best  gymnasiums  in 
Pa.    Sxoellent  Dept.  for  Little  Boys.    Manual  Training. 
J.  Shoktudoe,  A.M..  Yale,  Prln. 

PxmsTLVAiiLk,  Lancaster. 
VAoftffto  Q/«Virkrk1  Bar.  1854.  Endowed.  New  site  of  109 
xeaceS  OCnOOl.  acres,  hlU,  wood,  stream  with  4  mlles 
canoeing ;  campus  with  440-yd.  cinder  track,  a90-yd.  straight- 
away ;  gymnasium  with  40-ft.  pool ;  tennis,  golf,  skating,  etc. 
Same  faculty  with  its  proved  success  in  teaching  how  to  study. 
Send  for  Illustrated  Begister. 
^ FKKDKRic  Qabpihxr,  A.M.  (Harvard),  B.P.D.,  8. 


MUitary. 


Illinois,  Highland  Park. 

Northwestern  Military  Academy. 

A  select  preparatory  school  for  boys.    Beferences  as  to  morals 
required.    Catalogue  wlU  interest  any  thou^^tful  parent 
Address  H.  P.  DAvmeoN,  AJL,  President. 

Massachusbttb,  Billerlca.    <20  miles  from  Boston. ) 

The  Mitchell  Military  Boys'  School. 

A  thoroughly  modem,  military  home  schooL    Boys  admitted 
eight  to  sixteen  inclusive.    Special  matron  for  younger  boys. 
Limited  to  sa    Terms  fTOO  per  year.    Catalog  sent  upon  requests 
M.  C.  MiTCHKLL,  PrincipaL 


MonrisoTA,  Faribaulu 
CU<»4>4>««^U>    C#%t*#v^1     During  forty  years  has  been  giv- 
OnaLCUCK   OCnOOl.   ing  boys  an  excellent  preparaUon 
for  life.    New  gymnasium,  with  swimming  pool  andearmory 
^t  added  to  iU  great  advantages.    Limit  180.    Address 

Bev.  Jambb  DoBBor,  D.D.,  Bector. 

MnsouM,  Macon,  Box  105. 

Blees  Military  Academy  S2^'^„Si^^SJ 

Superintendent  and  Commandant  are  both  graduates  of  West 
Point.  College  prepctratory  and  business  courses.  Large  grounds. 
Splendid  athletic  faciUUes.    Send  for  catalogue.  B.  M.  A. 


Nkw  Jsbsxt,  Bordentown-on-the-Delaware. 

Bordentown  Military  Institute* 

^„_  —  . . — ax>ng,  manly,  successful  u^^^u— |/ujm- 

College  and  business  preparation. 


Our  first  aim  is  to  make  stix>ng,  manly,  successful  men— phyal- 

lly,  morally.     Colle_  * 

Illustrated  book  and  school  paper  on  request. 


cally,  mentally,  morally. 


Rev.  T.  H.  Landon,  A.M.,  D.D.,  Prln.;  MaJ.  T.  D.  Lawdon,  Com*d*t. 


MiUtary. 


Montclair  Academy 


BOEW  JERSEY 


MONTCLAIR 

91st  year  under  the  present  headmaster.    XHitary 
West  Point  Commandant.    A  College  p 

special  equipment.     Swimming  poM.         , 

School**  is  a  Uttle  book  In  which  the  beadmaatcr  Mys  i 
pointed  things  which  will  Interest  parenu  no  matter  vhas 
their  sons  are  educated.     * ' 


B  educated.    A  copy  on  request 
JOHN  C  MrngSnCASU  4  Wi 


Nkw  Jcubt,  Wenonah,  Gloucester  Go.  (11  milea  fktnmk.) 

Wenonah  Military  Academy  ^^ 

clal  Branches.     Military  Trainlnf.    Instmeton    " 
practical.    Special  comforu  for  Boarding  Sto 
buildings.    Large  new  Qymnastum.    Bowling. 

letic  Field.    Quarter-mile  cinder  track.  No  sal 

in  the  town.  Catalog  on  application.    Major  Johw  R.  J< 

Nkw  Yokk,  comwall-on-Hudson. 

New  York  Military  Academy. 

A  Technical  Preparatory  Schoc^  Prepares  for  the  great  Is- 
gineering  School  and  for  business  Ufe.  BeaatlfnUy  k»siei  H 
the  Hudson  Birer  Highlands,  near  West  Point.  For  eatalofst, 
apply  to SK»ASTiAit  C.  Jows,  C.K.,  "   '      ' 


Nkw  Tobx,  Mohi^gan,  Westchester  County. 

Mohegan  Lake  School  (Military). 

Prepares  for  any  college  or  sdentlllc  school  <»>  for  bi 
Located  on  shores  of  beautiful  Mohegan  Lake.    Laad  aai 
sports.    Beflned  home  life.    Beautlhilly  iUastrated 
sent  on  request.    Address 

Nkw  Tokk,  Osslnlng-on-Hudsoii. 

Mount  Pleasant  Academy. 

Jutt  now  the  wtott  talked  cfaehool  Uk  ike  J 
No  1  tells  the  story.    This,  with  oar  artistlo  yearttook,  on  ^fft- 

cation  to  the  PrincipaL  

Chablbb  Fbkdkmck  Bbomk,  AJL  (wud— s\. 

Nkw  Tout,  Poughkeepsle. 

Rivenriew  Academy. 

GonsecutiTe  management  for  terea^-two 
opened  September  18th.    For  catalogues  addraas 

PBrH8TX.TA]iiA,  Chester. 

Pennsylvania  Military  College. 

Mih  year  began  Sept.  18, 1907.    Oril  Kngteerrtng, 
Arts,  also  thorough  preparatory  courses.     Infantry,  Caertitf, 
Artillery.   Scholastic,  Milltanr,  Moral  andAtlUetIc 


Catalogue  of 


.  Chas.  E.  Htatt,  Preaklm. 


Academical  and  Preparatory ^ 

GIRLS. 

OomncncuT,  LakeTlIle. 

The  Taconic  School  for  Girls.  Si 

Berkshire  Hills.  Separate  home  for  younger  glrla.  Tboroqrh 


lege  meparatonr  and  special  courses.    Qolf , 
boating.    Miss  Lilian  Dixon,  A.ft  (Wellesley  and  Bnrn 
Miss  Bkrtha  Baiuct,  B.S.  (Wellesley). 

Military. 


Kentucky  Military  Institute 


INMAH  RiVtSt  PkOniOA 

The  School  with  a  Winter  Home  In  Florida 

In  addition  to  being  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  military  Bchools  in  the  United  Statea,  it  transporta  tta 
cadets,  faculty,  family  and  servants  to  Florida  for  the  three  winter  months,  and  without  any  loai  of  tlin« 
from  recitations  and  other  work.  The  past  two  seasons  have  demonstrated  the  entire  practioalilliw  of 
the  plan.  Bpeclal  train  leaves  our  Kentucky  home,  Friday,  6  P.  M.,  January  8, 1908^,  Number  limited 
and  select.  Total  cost  for  the  remainder  of  the  year,  including  Florida  trip,  only  VOk  The  cih<ifcjKi< 
good  school  in  America.    For  catalogue  and  Florida  Supplement  address, 


Ttie  Review  of  Reviews  Edtscational  Directory 


Academical  and  Preparatory^ 

GIRLS. 

OonmcncDT,  NorwaUc 

Miss  Baird's  School  for  Girls. 

S6Ch  j^mr.  Intermediate!  College  Preiwratory  and  Qeneral 
Oooraea.  Buperlor  adTantages  In  Moalc,  Ait  and  the  Languages. 
Oymtuulnm.    The  home  life  is  replete  with  Insfkiratlon. 

OoMSBCncuT,  Stamford.   Near  New  York  City. 

Tlie  Catharine  Aiken  School  for  Girls. 

AddreM 

Mrs.  Hakrikt  Bkkbxr  Sootixxb  Dstah,  JLB.  (Wellesley). 

Dnrr&icr  of  Columbia,  Washington,  Mlntwood  PL  and  19tb  St. 

Bristol    School.    An  Episcopal  school  for  Clrls. 

Home  and  College  Preparatory  Courses.  The  French  Depart- 
menf  occupies  a  separate  residence,  where  French  is  the  lan- 
guage of  the  house.  Address  Miss  AucB  A.  Bbutol,  PrlndpaL 

Dmrnicr  or  Columbia,  Washington,  Florida  Ave.  and  19th  St. 

I^iinefnn  Hall  A  beautiful  Colonial  Home  School  for 
\yUUSi;OIl    nail.    young  ladies.    Illustrated  Catalogue. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bktkblbt  R.  Masom,  Principals. 

Hiss  E.  M.  CULBK,  LL.A.,  Associate  PrlndpaL 

DiaTRicT  OF  Columbia,  Washington. 

Martha  Washington  Seminary 

FOR  YOUNQ  WOMEN. 
CaUlomie  on  request  Edwaid  W.  Thompsov,  Prin. 

Kkbtuckt,  ShelbTTlUe. 

Science  Hill  School. 

A  college  preparatorF  course  with  oerdflcate  prirlleges  at  Wel- 
lealey  and  Smith  Colleges.  83  years  of  successful  work.  College- 
trained  teachers.    Superior  advantages  in  music. 

Mrs.  W.  T.  PoYimcB,  PrincipaL 

MAasACHUsrrrs,  Boston,  Roxbury,  4S  St.  James  Street. 

The  Weston  School  for  Girls.  ^'¥^X. 

College  Preparatory  and  General  Culture  Courses,  seeking  the 
development  of  perfect  wcmianhood.  Girls  chaperoned  in  his- 
toric and  artistic  Boston  and  abroad.    Send  for  catalog. 

Mrs.  MATmcwB-RicBAMMov  (A.a,  Welleslcy),  PrlndpaL 

Ma— ACHUsai'is,  Boston,  107  Audubon  Road. 

The  Laurens  School  for  Girls. 

Outdoor  sports,  under  trained  Director,  on  private  playground. 
Best  of  instruction.    CoUenre  preparatory  and  finishing  courses. 
Miss  Eusabbth  Baiuct  Habdbb,  B.8. 

Miss  SaMAH  CHAMBBMLm  WCXD,  B.A. 


English  and  Classical 
School 


I  for  Girls. 


^Natick. 

The  Walnut  Hill  School. 

A  college  preparatory  school  for  girls. 

Miss  CoBAirr  and  Miss  Biqklow,  Prtndpals. 

Kkw  JBBasT,  Brldgeton.    (Near  Philadelphia. ) 
T_i__    u#*11        Miaa  Macdonald  and  litlas  Finn's 

ivy  nail.        school  for  qirls. 

College-Preparatory  and  Finishing  courses.  Certlfleate  admits 
to  lesullng  colleges.    Boating,  basket  balL  tennis. 

JUmm  JnsBT,  Bnglewood. 

Dwight  School  for  Girls. 

CoUefe  Preparatory  and  Special  Courses.  Certificates  accepted 


by  leading  oolleKes. 


toryand 

%.   Locat 


Spacious  grounds.    Gymnasium. 

MiSSCBSK 


ktlon  only  14  miles  from  New  York  City. 


tOHTOii  and  Miss  Fabmab,  Principals. 


Ksw  Jkbsst,  Summit  (Suburban  to  New  York). 

Kent  Place  School  for  Girls. 

Mrs.  Sabab  Woodmab  Pauu  PrincipaL 

Hamiltob  Wbiobt  Mabb,  LL.D.,  Presd't  Board  of  Directors. 

Nnr  YoHK,  Minbrook,  Dutchess  Co. 

The  Bennett  School  for  Girls. 


Seventeenth  year. 
Illustrated  catalogue. 


Miss  Mat  F.  BBmnn. 


Kkw  Yobk,  Osslning-On-Hudson. 

Ossining  School  for  Girls. 

«OCh  year.  Miss  Claba  C.  Fullbb,  FrlnelpaL 


Academical  and  Preparatory^ 

GIRLS. 


TmtJt 


QU*  BtomBif 


_..-j^g^'*!!!... 


National  Park  Seminary 

fOK  YOUNG  WOMEN 
Wsihini^on,  D.  C  (Suburhi) 
The  Glen  ScJiO0l.    Tbc  ^ory  of  this  school; 
of  its  pln?at>nicnflJ  growth:  iU  pemArkable  «iiaip. 
tueut  of  \^  buiJ^tmgs  bttractiyelr  ett>up«d  la  CoU 
ItRip  fiL^hioa,  fi>Tin- 
fdj^  a  miDature  ril^ 

titm  of   subdividing 
tct  r^mih.  eat'h  girl: 
ItA  tmiaLn^  in  home 
Dialdni^    And   socIaI 
gra^^'es  ;  itn  detelup- 
meet  of  ^inC'-iaJ  t^J- 
enta;  its  provlsJojQ^ 
for  pleasurf t  wigbt' 
fieeJQie  and  study  of  i 
our   Kati'>cjal  C'*pl-  J 
t^LcAU  4»nly  be  toJd  I 
fully    lo    Duf  cat^l 
lo^ue.  Ask  for  est  a- 1 
logue*  AtJdreii*! 

B4»Jt      Iti     rcir«al  ' 


New  York,  Rye. 

Rye  Seminary.     For  particulars,  address 

Mrs.  8.  J.  LiPK,  The  Misses  Stowk. 

N«w  TOBK,  Troy. 

Emma  Willard  School  for  Girls. 

rFormerly  Troy  Female  Seminary.)  Certificate  admits  to  Welles- 
ley,  Vassar  and  Smith  Colleges,  and  Cornell  Unirerslty.  Gen- 
eral and  Special  Courses.  MurIc  and  Art  Schools.  Fire-proof 
buildings.  Two  Scholarships.  Out-of-door  games.  For  catalogue, 
write  to Miss  Awjia  Lkach.  A.  M..  Principal. 

Omo,  Toledo,  2313  Ashland  Ave.    (Dept.  R.) 

A  nC    XYLlSSeS    l^aw  S  traihiho  School 

and  School  of  culture  for  young  women.  A  broad  education,  a 
livelihood  and  a  preparation  for  life,  all  In  one. 

Mary  E.  Law.  M.D..  Principal. 

PE!(!fSTLVAMiA,  Birmingham.    Main  Line,  P.  R.  R. 

The  Birmingham  School  for  Girls. 

A  Oirls'  School  in  an  Invigorating  moontain  climate.    For  fuU 
Information,  address A  R.  Qrikr,  Pres, 


SOUTHERN  SEMINJIRY  r..  <aru  «.4  ¥..««  i^ip. 

Niiiik-ittif  iriHT  r>fifi'r  ■!(  »nr  Cliiii^      (4eilt  f«ftr.> 

N^  til  Til  Driiila^,     hmlnf  tJftWw^t  i  014  m''*     r'r«-|<4r*i  ^«f  fH**  l^«  W^mf  i>"i 

f\>ll«'fi^.    JpiTn^i  !tii|tl»iii^  t J i, I ir-nii r v  nii-ti  i^i  laitif  Aimil  kiri^rlnii.     \'\it* 

mtitii  4J  fltlviPL^tiifii-  ^ti».^4<ii«i  iKntri  ^HirkMri.  |Mfli  Tif  fTw  Ll.t|.  iTrm/'^iJ 
tpLtjI^litir  h[ili'T|f1i,>  ]ic,«l|ili  UMfpfrJifra  in4rkf.(  fr^furr.  Rjii.(^(i>Firn  i*ft. 
lit  fi<   J  tine   Ut.  |l<n  ■!.>  I'i^^       tVnr*  tuT  cAlAlofMt  an^l  oaihirt^  |ii,,^fi,t^J 


»4/<..     *t,m     Pa»/« 


I  i«/  ft0utmutM   iukMM   i^rittMrn 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


Academical  and  Preparatory, 

GIRLS. 

PBnfSYLTAKiA,  Ogontz  School  p.  O. 

Ogontz  School  for  Young  Ladies. 

TwentT  minutes  from  Philadelphia,  two  hours  from  New 
York.  The  late  Mr.  Jay  Cooke's  fine  property.  For  circulars, 
address  Miss  Stltia  J.  EAsniAii,  PrlndpaL 

Pbhnstlvakia,  Philadelphia,  Oak  Lane. 

Miss  Marshall's  School  I^Li^SK'and  Music  De- 

partments.  C!olleffe  Preparatory  and  Special  Courses.  Ideal  lo- 
cation.- Comfortable  home  life  and  out-door  sports.  For  i»ar- 
tlculars  and  Illustrated  circulars,  address     Miss  E.  S.  *'  ~ 


EUROPE. 


New  York,  381  Fourth  Avenue. 
P^  •  FOR  YOUNO  WOMEN.  Madame  Bougouln  will  chap- 
Jr  aFIS  erone  a  limited  number  of  young  ladies  who  may  wish 
to  study  French  and  special  subjects,  under  the  best  Paris  mas- 
ters. Pleasant  home.  Best  facilities  for  study,  travel,  and  gen- 
eral culture.  References.  For  information,  apply  to 
Mrs.  EDMuyp  Schkkck  Sunn. 

Frahcs,  Paris. 

Cours  Dwight. 

Five  months*  residence  and  study  In  Paris ;  three  months' 
travel.    Highest  references.    Address 
Miss  L.  L.  CoLRMAN.  Dwight  House,  Englewood,  N.  J. 
Mile,  Marie  J  eahheret,  S  Boulevard  Delessert,  Paris,  France* 


Academical  and  Preparatoryr 

BOTH    SEXES. 

Sf.v^  YuliJC,  Nh-'w  Viirk  CUT,  1  And  if  Ml,  M.^rrl^  F,irt,  VCfr-t. 

The  Wright  Oral  School  for  the  Deaf 

A  t*t«t  ti»iirtrilluif  mml  duy  fuVti»>ril  r»>r  tlir' parti  nil  y  K^r  whuJt^jf 
ilMf.  tiiM*<-«^h  (hiTini>  rnt'.lmiuof  (^imifnmiifitUiniH,  Kimlt*ri?iirti*u 
ti  t  <.U > I li T^r  t ^Il trti nee.     F*  vur E f 'en t Ti  j  I'ji r. 

J I 'lis  LH"TtOTs  WmoHt*  M.A,t  Prlnrliml. 


The  Pratt  Teachers*  Agency 

70  Fltth   Avenue.  New    York 

IltH^otiinu'inI-  r a.  r*.  !i*  n'NiLlfH"s,  ri^'H.H^i^,  ninl  ^uliUji'h, 

Six  \^y-^iw  n_.  ■  1 1  r  -  :i2^.  .Ill  \i-  iu  M  ^]  H.  w  in,  i  \^  i^rnrL^jlncTv_ 


Founded  ijj   IHB4 


AMERICAN   ACADEMY 
OF    DRAMATIC    ARTS 

Am    EMPIRE    THEATRE    DRAMATIC  SCHOOL 

MtOKSUH    11UWA,KrJ  nilNJAMlN    P.    NOIUJfcK 


A  PRACTJLA.L    1  ftAlMNn-SCHOOL 
fOR   THK  1iTAt;h;   CONVFt*TKD 
WITH  Mk.  CHARLES  FROHMAN*S 
H.Mrm£    IHEATRE  ASO  CO.MI'AMES 


FOU   CATALCifiri:    AND.   I^VOKMAtlOS,   Af^PlV   Tl 


MUSIC 

you  1 

J^end  fifcf  yerti-  *i  «nk.  whTi-U  ik'tvos  full  i»ftriieu]an*, 
a]^o,  c*mtnia»  ik  irlii^^nrjr  «jf  musical  tenria  and  halt- 

Ifie  ['i,3ert  ind  |**r  »^hk-'l      Id'STrtiL'l'"'!!    Lif  mall  *i3*pt*H|[ 

rr.:r..r*>  (v>T    Prj-.ttKC.     SV.JI    l*iler  yOUr  coftj;^^  a^i-l 
lir.  ,.^,H.   1«     (ti    ViiMndVl,        &4lii,l*-Tlfc  —        ■*^*     ^ 

iii.t    BP  n^Mi^i  »***i>'*li*-n-.       r 'ill 

.Mill  ..i4r,  ,,i,i  Trtiii  rnriii^iit 

Tin-  Kt^rfirti4- 
f  ■irTi'*iti"id'''ii<  r  s<  iit»f>| 


STUDY 

LAW 

AT 


UnclassMed. 


Home  Study   Courses 


Our  school  offers  an  opporto- 
nity  to  study  at  home  mm^tr  Ut 
personal  instmdiom  0/  Ucding. 
frqfttaors  in  our  grtai  colUgts, 


Onr  tuition  rates  are  so  low 
that  no  one  need  be  kept  from 
enrolliniT  with  us  on  the  eroond 
of  expense. 


THC     BKFXITZ    SCHOOL 
0/    LANGUAGE'S 

MmdlsoA  S«t«SAr«, 
NRW 


1199  BromH^rar 
YORK 


:i$0  finncbiei  Id  I.^hI'mie  f^thet, 
l.ht«¥  ExiXNltlw.  I«trt-f  .rMd  Hi«. 


Fikr  Si'rf  Tn«truclFan    uid  S*Jioc4«  without  QaUtr  "t»«Lte?f  Itek 
In  J  li4A^L>  iiT  hi^^lli■  ito -diTtHrwi  Iw  1 ; 

rrvBPh  irnli  fir  vit^Hf  MMMtr^  fl  noK^  vt^    -        ■         fUM 
N|UJi<.li     »      M         .4  »  4  **|s.,  ckrk 


1 1  gg  MfWMiwT-  ^J-w  Ym% 


STUDY 


fifty  <^unr*  of  i 
—       Ji)    N«>rtnaL,   Acad 
Lufit  l.ibrirsr  BuaJnem*  ati^ 

Nurtliwesierti  Lulvensity         iDMry  Dvpftrtn 
Graduates  lb   our  advanc^    oourM  may  r%>eelv« 
t  ran**e  erHlitfl  Id  Nortli*r^tern  Unl^f^tifiC j  u    ' 
Htat^norm*!  6chm>li! ;  adTanced  «taiiilliiKalii  f 
iilw>  tu  lower  grftdpa  of  wurk.    We  offer  fborf 
e<hip!»  m  cAUeiiK^A  and  nonual  Achools  for  bei^ 
in  e*  jrrespoodecnce  oou  rsic«.  Instnictof^  at*  c 
vmtp.^  wllb  suci?«aafiiJ  t^actitng  ezperieDov:.    Laq«lfiii| 
mviterL 

l^fTHRSTATE  SCHOOL  OF  coe»Es*Hmoe?«c« 

3flH  WABASH    AVE,         •       ,        -        -  CillCAOa  | 


MYBODtC 


"HOW  TO   REMEMRBB* 


II 


^MtepForgcrri 


\  Voo  are  tw  ittmtcr  I 

kCYTflyJ^^H^      fccsme'S  »t**i    re»'1t    lt^eTw.f>     for  <Bi-*«.  ««» 
SUCCESS ^^^   l^Ui^nV'ii  (3*t>i1i.  lltidivi.  c u^'i ftntfUom  in  j^jl* 

tHckson  Mentor)^  School.    755  T1»  Aw4it»f|iiiM.  Qfa 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


^ 


BECOME   A    NURSE 

^E  have  trained  thousands  of  women,  in 
their  own  homes,  to  earn  $12  to  $30 
week. 

The  Chautauqua  Schoors  method  of  prep- 
ration  has  been  proven — its  success  admits 
E  no  question. 


Send  today  for  56-pp.  Blue  Book  explaining  oar 
ew  method.  Also  interesting  stories  of  experience 
f  100  graduates  and  physicians,  just  issued. 

The  Chautauqua    School 
of  Nursing 

73  Main  Street,  Jamestown,  New  York 

[ospltals,  •anitariams,  and  physicians  in  any  part  of 

tbe  world  supplied  with  well-taucht  nurses, 

experienoed  or  juniors 


.MAIL 


f  Certified 


99*500  td  StOtOOO  A  Y£;ar 

I»  vilhrn  fcivli  iJif  iny  m*B  *ith  sn.-ip  VTi<fa:iii  U\  sI-lti  .lih! 

^Uifhl  Yi<(  Cer£5fie4    Public   AticouHlaDli    tnA  ait<AMt  IjLiirye^it 
*»»riu4j  Fi*.uiTisr,    (rom  A  pfVticil  (UnilinajEii..      IhvOkvof 

AcLi>iiN-f  A,  FjtAtTmrAt  Accuuwririrr.  aiidltine^-  row- 

FtlACTIC8^HiL)?d  {,v  InstTPrtive  Lndlv^^lMAl  criHriSdj  and  lug- 
EE^oa,     AH  MftiiiliY  pnM,lticaL     SiUarbctinn  kuuui1e<>4. 
U'*Lft /i'f  iitfAijs^a.     Bfft.  O 

L  tJ-If  Ewi  Md  fltn«V  ll*w  tflrit 


IF  TOU  EARN  LESS 

1  cdn  DOUBLE  your  Salary  or  Jncomft 

bjf  T.wi£  hltlg  yuu  hC"  tc  'tirrtTe  catchy.  In h-]] LuTnt 
*d*rrti*iiii.  Mjf  tjittra  oj  luitructicirt  Ir  MdJ 
it  tht  ojity  (>□(  ta  e^ittcDCC  ttiAt  hiLis,  the  hearty 
[nf1orK]|l1^at  d1  the  xml  upcrU  Ah4  [.lutiiiitLm 
4i]iE    I    am  anaiuus  %ti  ^biI    iny  t'rEi'kimtLL^,  tiK 

crtr  aivtU  Ed  the  hltftorv  ol  c:cjrr«|.njniJ<-tn^«  ia- 
■truction+  il  you  ^^  irjcerv^ltr^  {  yt\\\  shon  )nHi 
bow  EC*  clTQ  frucu  j^  1u  liOO^  wcc^ 

QEOItOE  H-  POWELL 
iJVIetropolitjin  AnncK.  New  York 


Per  Week 


OVERNSENT 

POSITIONS 
41,877 

APPOINTMENTS 

were  made  to  Civil  Servi<S0 
places  during  the  past  year. 
ExceUflcit  chances  for  appointment 
thit  )t^t.  No  influence  of  any  kind 
rcM^Ti)r«<l.  Only  a  common  school 
eiiiu:iLtlon  is  necessary.  These  are 
i.'XLotlisiit  positions  for  youno  people. 
Fnr  10  years  we  have  made  a  spe- 
cialty oE  training  people  by  mall  for 
ihe^e  examinations,  and  so  success- 
ful hnve  we  been  that  thousands 
^vboni  we  have  instructed  are  now 
in  the  Oovemment  Service  at  sal- 
arCcB  from  $840  to  $1,400  per  year. 

Our  Civil  Service  announcements 
<H}n tills  letters  from  about  600  per- 
{sgnfl  wbo  state  that  they  owe  tneir 

Bositions  to  our  course  of  training. 
iQ  not  attempt  any  Government  ex- 
amkiatlon  without  seeing  our  Civil 
6ervioQ  announcement  containing 
dEit^?,  salaries  paid,  places  for  hold- 
an^M  he  examinations,  and  auestions 
ncf fitly  used  by  the  Civil  Service 
L'nEiHiiission. 

We  ulso  have  the  following  de- 
partments which  give  excellent 
courses:  Law,  Normal,  Stenography,  Boolclieeplng  and  Busi- 
ness. Literature  and  Journalism,  Penmanship  and  Letter 
Writing,  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Dairying  and  Animal 
industrv 

The  Law  Department  Is  in  charge  of  Hon.  Chas.  A.  Ray, 
ex<niief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana. 


Write  at  once  for  one  of  our  catalogues, 
sent  free. 


It  will  be 


COLUMBIAN  CORRESPONDENCE  COLLEGE 
Waohlnoton,  D.  C 


FRENCH,  GERMAN 
SPANISH  orlTALUN 

To  Eippak  Lt,  u\  unrl^rfftAod  It, 
tn  renrt  it,  to  wrlUi  It,  th<(?re  i^ 
Imt  one  best  ^ ay. 

Ynu    must    hear  It 
ft|>i»]C(fn  ccJFr<?.etly, 
o*'er  and  nver^tlUyouT 
t  cir  kfiDWd  it. 

You  mtiat  »i»e  Jt 
printed  correctly  tJU 
your  eye  know*  It. 

Y>miTiust  tAUcUafi4 
write  IL 

AU  thlH  cao  tH3  dooL' 
be^ t  by  thu 

LANGUAGE-PHONE 
METHOD 

^Zi^'^  Rosenthal's  Practical  Lingiiistry 

WLib  vhU  iiu-tlif»d  you  liny  n,  |»Fiir«!t^»r  outrii^ht.  Yon  own 
hioL  He  KEi^iikii  tis  jou  clicMiwe,  filowly  or  quickly  ;  wlion.  ynn 
I  hotiw,  alRbt  or  diiy  j  for  a  fewr  niJrtiite]}  or  hottm  ut  m  time. 

Any  one  f nn  l^rtrn  a  f'^Tieisn  lanKUoffe  wlio  hears  It  jipnlcen 
oft  1*11  enough  \  nnii  by  thl*  ructhcKl  yuu  can  hfenf  It  OA  uftea 
a}^  ynu  like, 

Tlu'  meihtMj  ha-*  )»ei'n  r«?ct>inmenJe<l  by  well-known  meni' 
ii-r-^  i^f  ]hi^  ftirriltlf-siff  fhf-  rf4km'itj(fiiiiivt"rBiTii*!*iindi^olleires: 
VAle,  Columhlti,  Chtcven.  Brawn,  Penniylvafila,  Bo*- 
tcifi^  Princeton,  Cornell.  Syracuse,  Mlnqcirotii.  Johni 
Hopkini,  VlTffLnlfl.Coiorada,  iVILcblgiii,.  Pordliaiti,^  Msn- 
haltin,  Pv  Uh  S»JLe,  St.  Joseph't^  St.  Frsndv  Xsvler. 

rr.'nt  pifrt  u-/'-f  ttt,-;s:     Haf  ilu^£nii  c\yfn^Iai»  nj"  tvnf*tJ^'rs^^£tmarr. 

THE  LAr^aDAOE-PHaNE   ?V|ETKQD 
826  Mciropoila  Bldjj..  Hroflilway  and   iCitb  St.,  N,  Y- 


Fisait  mcnihn  tht  fievhtff  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  adoertisurM 


79 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Educational  Directory 


FREE  TUAL 


THE  H0WLED6E  OF  LAISUiSES  IICREASES  EARIII6  POWER  EASIER  UD  QUICKER  THAR  ART  OTHER  WAT  IHIH. 

CORTIMAPHOME 
Languago  Outfit 

The  Original  Pliottoarai^lilc  System  lor  the  stntfjr  of 
FRENCH,       GERMAN,       SPANISH,       ITAUAN 

or  other  lanciures.   The  Cortiiu  Method  is  an  inrention  prored  perfect  by  yean 

of  success.  The  oaly  language  records  and  methods  awarded  a  prise  at  the  Pan- 
American  Expoeition.      The  method  is  the  same  that  has  made  our  Cortina 

SchooU  of  Un£iiaces  famous.    THE  MOST  PRACTICAL  LANQUAQE  METHOD 

—that  means  the  easiest,  quickest,  least  expensive  in  time  and  money  and  the 

most  perfect  in  the  final  proficiency  of  the  pupil — is  piovided.    To  demonstrate 

the  ease  and  efficiency  of  the  method  we  make  the  offer  above.  #widtiu»   ciuauC   AMnCiiV    t\c   i  ^lyi^iiAf^Ctt^ 

S/fcia/  Xecari/i  made  to  order  in  any  tnnsuaee-  Medical  and  tegat  records  in  alt  CO  H  Tl  N  A  -  P  H  0  W  t  A  C  A  H  EHi  T  O  F  LA  fV  O  U  A  6  ES. 
iangttages.     IFe^so givt instruction ^r tvatefy  t  in  class  at  our  Mew  Yor A  schools.  4*  M  (>*t  34tll  Stre<*t,   >EW  IfOitK 


STiir 

LAW 


Nlgh-Brada 
Instruatlon  by 
CorrMpondanao 

BltilbUlliedl892 
Prep«rea  for  the  bar  of  koj 
Bute.    Three  CoarM>fl:  OoT- 
Poat  •  Oradaate  and 


BuKnees  Lew.    Improved  method  of  inatrootion, 
combining  theory  and  practice. 

One  atadent  writes :  "I  have  learned  more  law 
in  three  months  under  yoar  Instruction  than  I 
learned  in  six  months  in  a  law  ofBce." 

approyb:d  by  bench  and  bab 

ClsMM  beff In  each  month.  Uniform  rat*  of  tuition.  Send 
tor  onr  i8-p«ve  eatalocue.  In  which  w«  r<vs  a  •jrnopais  of 
Ills  rulss  for  sdmiMion  to  ths  bar  of  the  ssvaral  Blatss. 

Chicago  Correspondence  School  of  Law 

601  Reap«r  Bleok,  Chioago 

Learn  Jewelers  Engraving. 

A  hlffh  salaried  and  easfly  learned  trade,  tauffht  thorougrhly  by  mall.  We  will 
teach  the  beginner  better  enetavinff  than  he  can  irain  In  ye»r%  of  rigid  appren> 
ticeship.  We  will  also  improve  the  skill  of  any  enip^ver.  Send  for  our  cataloir- 
The  Envravlnc  School,       Dcpt.  16.       M  Wabaak  lv«w,  Cklsacs,  DL 


BE    AN    ILLU8TRATOR 

We  will  teach  you  by 
mail  how  to  draw  for 
magazines  and  newspa- 
pers.   Send  for  catalog:. 


Learn  to  Draw. 

SCHOOL  OP  ILLrSTEATIOl,  I 


Learn  WatcH  Repairing 


Be  a  watchmaker — you  can  learn  this  profitable  trade 
by  correspondence  in  a  few  weeks  in  your  own  home 
by  the  DeSelms  Chart  System.     After  you  complete 
the  course  you  will  know  a  watch  from  A  to  Z.    Yon 
will  know  Just  what  the  matter  is  and  how  to  repair 
one.     When  you  irraduate  you  will  be  a  practical 
watchmaker  and  repairer  and  competent  to  (ill  any 
position.    Positions  for  our  graduates.   Ask  for  our 
Free  Book.     It  explains  our  system  and  terms. 
THE    DeSELMS    WATCH    SCHOOL 
99  Perry  St.,  AtUca,  Indiana 


BOOK=KEEPER 


TO  LEARN  BOOK-KEEPme 
WILL  MAKE  A  FIHST-CUISS 

of      "SrOXJlS 
YOU    OWXT 
at      ^XO^ffS 

>3 or REIOTKD MONEY!   Fairef^' 
ice  immaterial.    I  6ad  POPITIOn.  %»«. 


'  ^  ^  . '    J  ,  Placed  pupil  Auff.  12.  at  911 

iVrhAiH,  [  'An  ihi^f   rM,tMl  Hare9.007TESTlMOMAL\ 

«l^  H,  GOODWIN,      SAy£  this  ^j\i>  mxt, 

>  tPBBT  ACrOnTAHT 
Boom  Sll,  1815  BrcMMlwajr,  Ifew  TotIl 


CAN  YOU 

WRITE 


STORY 


jron  h  ^Ttter  by  mftlL 


STAMMER 

BOMB  CURE  aaat  PEEB.         Awarded  Gold  Jiedal  at  WorM'a  Pkir.  Sa.  Loba. 
Anmar  at  onot.  OlO.  ▲.  LBWZ8,No.  U  Aild«i4»  8M>«teatUIi«^ 


EARN  YEARLY 

$5,000  TO  HO  000 

IN  THE  REAL  ESTATE  BUSINESS 


W*'  will  tfflcli  you  by  niall  th*  Itt-nl  B^mt*,  G^ncml  Brttkermge,  and  InBumiicr 
lli]ijil];!<'!Lti^  and  apjnlnt  j-mq 

SPECIAL  REPRESENTATIVE 


aUMJiMf  a  3  (.'ftr  wlthoiu  Any  liiv> -iimmt  *if  copltiil,  Kxcj-lli-iit  ti^ioTtunltlc*  open  to  IW,  By  mir  -j-Nii-m  ^ 
nv">t\pj  In  &  ff'W  vn-ik*  wiituktit  lut^rrc^Hinfr  with  yHur  pri'sent  (xvu[iiitlnn,  Ouf  Cf^-opernf  jvi^  (1«parrm4-~tiT  wtl' 
rlioif-H.  euiUlilv  pmj^'nv  t*.  \iM\i\\v  n^an  iiny  mht^r  \y\*\Umh->\i  In  the  world.    A  fUoifnich  c»mmirri'lnt  i..t* 

THE  CROSS  COMPANY,  IOI4  Reaper  BlocK,  Chic»tfo. 


P^cojr  m^nti^n  tfn&  ^evftrw  0/  ftevitaa^  whai  writing  t&  a^n^HiMF^ 


CLASSIFIED  ADVERTISING 


RCAL  e:state: 


WEST 


Z^NY  BAN  DIEGO,  the  most  rapidly  developlnie  city 
be  Coast,  luresents  the  investment  opportunity  of  a  life- 
Por  $S  per  month  we  offer  a  limited  number  of 
tifnl  marine-rlew  lots  in  the  close-in  suburbs.  A 
r**.  safe  propoeltlou  from  thorouKbly  reliable  people. 
lk«^m  California's  finest  climate.  Illustrated  booklet 
Act   promptly.     J.   Frank  Cullen  &  Co..   San  Dlejco. 


^ANT  TO  TRADE  for  your  Idle  lands  and  stocks.  Lot 
ort  Aneeles.  Washington,  for  best  offer.  7%  offered  for 
♦T.     C.   B.  Orcutt.  3222  E  St..   San  D!e«o.   Calif. 

WSH  for  your  property  whererer  located.  If*  yon  want 
4*11.  send  deacription  and  price.  If  you  want  to  buy, 
e  your  wants.  Northwestern  Boslnesa  Aitency.  307 
k.    of  Commerce  Bids..   Minneapolis,   Minn. 

>L.ORADO  LANDS— The  proved  lowest  priced  lands  in 
ted  States  are  in  eastern  Colorado  within  easy  radius 
[>enTer— $5.00  to  $12.00  per  acre.  Terms  satisfactory. 
trado  Land  Headquarten.  814  17th  St..  Denver.  Colo. 


WEST 


FOR  SALE. — Irrigated  farms  of  80  acres  and  upwards 
from  ten  to  20  miles  from  Denver,  the  most  beautiful  city 
In  America.  Grains.  Krasses.  fruits,  vegetables,  beets,  etc.. 
jnrow  under  our  ample  supply  of  water  for  late  as  well  as 
early  Irrigation  as  they  do  in  few  places  in  the  world. 
You  can  buy  on  easy  terms,  making  a  small  payment  down, 
and  we  will  build  houses  where  needed.  Why  not  leave 
the  old  States  where  land  and  rentals  are  so  high,  and 
buy  Irrigated  land  where  you  govern  your  water  supply  by 
the  needs  of  your  crops.  Send  for  beautiful  illustrated 
pamphlet.  Denver  Reservoir  Irrigation  Co..  720  Earnest  & 
Cranmer  Bldg..  Denver,  Colo. 


DENVER  40-ACRE  ADDITION.  384  lots,  high  and  level, 
in  Park  HUl  district,  38th  ave.  Worth  $40,000.  but  for 
quick  sale  will  take  $24,000.  More  Investment  Co^  Cali- 
fornia   Building.    Denver.    Colo. 

COME  TO  COLORADO  FOR  A  GOOD  HOME:  finest  cli- 
mate; cash  market  for  all  produce.  For  bargains  in  real 
estate,  farm  and  garden  land,  and  cattle  ranches,  write  to 
Dreier  it  Tucker.  608  Ezrhange  Bldg.,  Denver.  Colo. 


NEW  YORK 


000  MONEY-MAKING  FARMS  FOR  SALE.  S  to  500 
>«.  $5  to  $100  an  acre;  14  States;  Buyer's  R.  R.  Fare 
i  up  to  1.000  miles.  Please  write  what  State  you  wish 
know  about.  Illustrated  "  List  No.  19,"  describing  im- 
red,  productive  farms  with  reliable  Information  of  Prod- 
is naarketo,  climate,  etc.,  mailed  free  by  Dept.  43.  B. 
Stroat  Co..  150  Nassau  St..  New  York. 

[EW  YORK  CITY  LOTS  $190  each,  "a  snap";  mag- 
[^nt  location,  near  trolley;  very  easy  terms  to  refined 
pie.  Title  guaranteed.  Bank  references.  Write  for 
partlcuUrs.    WiUiam  Piatt,  277  and  275  Broadway.  N.  Y. 

TMMER  COLONY  AND  CHAUTAUQUA  ON  LONG  IS- 
ND.  Eminent  Clergymen  and  laymen.  Early  sharehold- 
on  ground  floor,  unusual  opportunity  for  Investment, 
id  for  booklet.  Stony  Brook  Association,  200  Montague 
,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

HE  HIGHEST  STANDARD  OF  REAL  ESTATE  Instruc- 
D.  Learn  bow  to  buy  and  sell  real  estate.  We  teach  by 
II  how  to  become  a  successful  real  estate  broker.  Our 
uve  is  ander  the  direction  of  experts,  and  has  received 
lorsements  of  the  highest  character.  *'  The  best  invest- 
nt  I  ever  made." — **  Worth  many  times  its  cost."— are 
»  frequent  assurances  of  our  subscribers.  Write  for  free 
>k,  etc.  United  SUtes  Real  Estate  Institute.  200  Broad- 
y.  New  York. 


I  HAVE  A  DELIGHTFUL  COUNTRY  HOME  AT  ROCK- 
LLE  CENTER.  LONG  ISLAND,  which  I  must  dispose  of 
once.  The  bouse  of  14  rooms  on  an  acre  of  ground  is 
ly  about  thr^-qnarters  of  an  hour  from  New  York  City. 
I  account  of  tisht  money  around  New  York  this  is  an  op- 
rtnnity  not  to  be  missed.  Only  $20,000.  Write  for  pho- 
CTaph  and  description.  H.  S.  Chaoin,  owner,  Rockvllle 
nter,  L.  I..  N.  Y.     Telephone  No.  58. 


CONNECTICUT 


BEAUTIFUL  COUNTRY  SITES  in  lots  of  4  acres  and  up, 
I  miootes'  drive  from  Greenwich,  Conn.;  45  minutes  from 
ew  York  now;  will  be  35  minutes  next  year  when  New 
aven  Road  is  electrified.  These  lots  are  in  restricted  re»i- 
Kice  park.  Town  water  will  be^  supplied.  Most  eligible' 
MSbborbood  near  New  York.  Lovely  country  drive  to  prop- 
'^.  One  of  the  few  chanc«s  left  to  get  the  most  desirable 
Hchborbood  and  real  conntir  surroundings  with  easy  ac- 
»«ibllity.     Address  W.   F.   Da7,   Greenwich.   Conn. 

TOU  SALE— 130  acres  picturesque  land  bordering  on  small 
'▼«r.  A  chance  to  get  the  wildest  and  most  romantic 
ytoral  beauty  In  an  estate,  and  will  be  within  50  minutes 
I  !^  ^°*'^-  Millionaires'  estates  all  around.  In  most 
«»rtble  trwn  in  Connecticut.  Bass  flshing.  trout  fishing 
]  band.  Three  miles  from  Golf  Club.  Site  gives  fine 
^  of  Sound.  A  rare  opportunity  to  get  an  estate  com- 
™»nK  natural  beauty  and  accessibility.  Price,  $350  per 
'«e.    AddreH.  W.  F.  Day,  Greenwich,  Conn.  ^ 


NEW  JERSEY 


HASBROUCK  HEIGHTS,  N.  J.,  12  miles  out.  Strictly 
residential  borouRh.  high,  healthy  location.  Eight-room 
residences,  all  Improvements,  steam  heat,  electric  light. 
hardwood  floors.  Lots  50  x  144,  $4.000-$6.000.  easy  terms. 
C.  R.  Von  Egloffsteln,  257  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


SOUTH 


HIGH  GRADE  FARMS  AND  COUNTRY  HOMES  In 
Maryland  and  the  South  for  sale.  Send  for  free  list,  and 
state  what  you  want.    John  Leland  Hanna,.  Baltimore,  Md. 

WINTER  HOMES  IN  THE  SOUTH.-We  have  for  sali- 
and  rent  charmlne  homes  in  Augusta's  beautiful  suburbs. 
SummervUle  and  Monte  Sano.  Ideal  climate.  Correspondence 
solicited.     Argo  &  Jester,    Real  Estate,  Augusta,   Georgia. 

FOR  SALE.— IN  A  GOOD  TOWN.  WELL  LOCATED, 
an  up  to  date  pressed  brick  plant  equip|»ed  with  Femholtx 
machinery:  20  acres  clay,  with  a  depth  of  22  feet. 
This  plant  can  be  bought  for  $152p00.00  cash,  or  cash 
and  good  paper.  Write  W.  T.  Pitta.  Indlanola, 
Miss. 

I  HAVE  FOR  SALE  a  plantation  at  Bullfleld,  Hanover 
County,  Virginia,  on  main  line  of  Richmond.  Fredericks- 
burg and  Potomac  Railway  and  C.  and  O.  Railway. 
Stopping  station  is  Do8w«>ll.  at  junction  of  above  railways. 
The  plantation  contains  1.200  acres.  700  acres  of  cleared 
land.  200  are  now  under  cultivation;  timber  consists  of 
oak.  hickorv,  pine,  cedar  and  poplar;  stables  to  accommo- 
date 100  horses;  a  fine  residence  remodeled,  containing 
13  rooms,  newly  painted  and  papered:  hot  air  heat;  hot 
and  cold  water  throughout.  Address  all  communications  to 
Louis  Klebahn,  48  W^t  27th  St.,  New  York  City. 


CUBA 


MOST  ATTRACTIVE  CUBA  LAND  OFFER.-Heart  of 
famous  tobacco  and  orange  section.  Values  doubled  last 
two  years;  redouble  many  times  next  ten  years;  our  new 
proposition- 250  acres  oranges,  etc.,  given  free  to  next  500 
buyers— Profit  Sharing  Gold  Bond,  value  $100.  given  free 
with  each  five  acres.  Profits  should  equal  entire  first  cost 
of  land.  On  railroad— to  New  York  75  hours— New  Orleans 
39  hours.  No  clearing.  No  taxes— book  provlnif  Immense 
possibilities  and  great  progress  made  by  Americans,  mailed 
upon  request.  United  Newspapers  Association,  1170  Broad- , 
way.  New  York. 


MEXICO 


MEXICAN  LANDS.-TImber.  grazlnif.  agricultural,  guavale 
and  mineral,  in  any  sised  tracts  desired:  we  guarantee  titles 
and  properties  submitted;  responsible  references.  Chas. 
B.   Mullaly,  410  Navarro  St..   San  Antonio,   Texas. 


PiMue  mention  the  Review  of  Reuiewe  w/ien  writing  to  aaoertieen 
81 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Classified  Advertising 


CHRISTMAS  SJUGCeSTIONS 


BEAUTIFUL  PICTURES  AND  ART  STUDIES  IN  COLOR 
for  all  purpose*— Frnmlnir.  Oil  and  Watpr  Color  Palnlinic 
and  Cblna  Decoration.  Send  25  cents  for  two  exquisite 
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10  z  36  (reicular  price.  $1.00).  Our  new  Illustrated  66-paee 
catalog  free  on  request.  Collection  of  7  **  Yard  "  pictures 
for  $1.00.     Oertel  Art  Print  Co..   152  Bleeckcr  St..   N.   Y. 

WHAT  A'DOLLAR  BILL  WILL  DO.  We  wlU  send  postpaid 
for  one  dollar  one  box  of  50  hand  made  Iouk  filler  genuine 
American  Harana  clears,  mild  and  sweet.  Smoke  ten.  if 
unsatlsfactorj.  retura  balance  and  Ket  your  dollar  back. 
Ref.  Bradstreet.  Fort  Henry  StOKle  Co..  Dept.  D,  Wheel- 
ing, W.  Va. 

SPECIAL  FOR  CHRISTMAS  GIFTS,  beautifully  marked 
Scotch  Collie  puppies,  winning  stock,  one  year  old  doff, 
handsome  specimen.  Jet  black  Pomeranians,  tnale  and  fe- 
male puppy,  both  winners:  also  others.  Cralgmora  Ken- 
nels. ChambersburK,  Pa. 

••  A  ROOM  WITHOUT  PICTURES  IS  LIKE  A  ROOM 
Without  Windows."— Ruskln.  In  erery  scheme  of  house 
decoration  Life's  Prints  have  come  to  possess  their  own 
special  place.  There  are  wall  spaces  In  every  home,  simple 
,  or  luxurious,  which  nothing  suits  so  well  as  one  or  more 
of  these  always  pleasluK  productions.  A  catalo^nie  showinff 
many  of  the  subjects  in  miniature  will  be  sent  to  any  ad- 
dress on  receipt  of  ten  cents  by  Life  Publlsbinff  Company. 
17  West  Thlrty-flrst  *t..  New  York. 

SEND  FOR  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOG  AND  PRICE- 
LIST  of  artistic  Jewelry:  precious  and  semi-precious  stones, 
rinics.  brooches,  bracelets,  scarf  pins,  watches,  clocks,  cut- 
iclaas  and  novelties.  Photos  on  watche<<.  dials,  etc.  Ex- 
pert repairing  in  all  branches.  Satisfaction  jcuaranteed. 
Lester  Cerf,  47-49  Maiden  Lane,  N.  Y. 

WORLD  OP  FUN  AND  INSTRUCTION  in  Richter's 
Anchor  Blocks.  Solid  stone.  3  colors.  Best  of  Christmas 
toys.  Send  for  32-pafre  illustrated,  free  cataloirue.  F. 
Ad.  Richter  A  Co..  Dept.  K.  215  Pearl  St..  New  York. 

BOOKS  FOR  CHRI8TM>«^— The  Gospel  of  Love,  by  Rev. 
E.  G.  Moberlr.  is  an  ideal  pift.  *•  A  thouifhtful  «;tudv  of 
reliidous  truth."  Herald  A  Presbyter.  Cloth,  with  b^su- 
tlful  symbolic  design.  Usually  $1.00.  special  holidsy  price 
until  Dec.  24.  75c.,  postpaid.  Cntaloinie  free.  Nunc  Licet 
Press.  50  W.  Coulter  St..   Phlladtlphla. 

NOTHING  IS  MORE  DESIRABLE  for  a  Christmas  jrlft 
than  a  set  of  our  beautiful  stereoscopic  views;  Instructive 
find  entertaining.  Send  for  our  now  list.  National  View 
Co.,   Station  B.  Washington.  D.  C. 


GIVE  A  RED  DWARF  INK  PENCIL  FOR  CHRnmiA& 
Ideal  present  for  Ciollege.  Professional  and  Boslocas  Ma 
All  the  advantages  of  a  fountain  pen.  with  none  of  Its  to- 
advantages.  Will  not  leak  when  carried  In  tlie  podkn  m- 
side  down!  Never  inks  the  fingers  I  Flows  sasily.  Ba^ 
for  Instant  use.  Attractively  made  of  polished  red  m- 
canlte.  By  registered  mall,  $2.50.  Silver  Filagree  $5.9^ 
Gold  Filagree  $7:00.  Money  back  If  not  satlafactorr.  M 
Dwarf  Agency.  Room  M.  206  Broadway.   New  Toit. 

PUT  A  ••  SANTA  CLAUS  SEAL  "  ON  CHEISTMlS 
PACKAGES  in  real  sealing-wax.  glossy  and  bright  Met 
original  and  attractive  than  "  stickers."  Seal.  90  cau 
makes  any  number.     Chapman  Flagler.  Lockport.  N.  T. 

BEAUTIFUL  HAND  CARTED  TURQUOISE  CAMEO,  nil- 
able  for  Ring.  Brooch  or  Scarf  Pin,  $2.50.  Larger  osm. 
$5.00.  CaUlog  of  Preclons  Stones  Free.  R.  N.  Dkktj. 
Importer  of  Precious  Stones.  Jacksonville.  Fla. 

tL.Ski.  FRENCH  FIELD  GLASSES  $2.80  and  sp.  Ftf 
tourists,  hunters,  bird  students,  yachtsman.  aatoowblUm. 
races,  games  and  all  outdoor  sports.  Make  fln«  pnsesti- 
Send  for  list.     Manning  A  Co..  Lakewood.  N.  J. 

ROTARY  FOUNTAIN  PEN  for  writing  and  ruling;  14  kt 

Eold  pen  writing  section  and  3  rotary  ruling  seetioa*  li 
andsome  leatherette  case;  a  most  serviceable  and  aeevpc- 
able  gift:  appearance  equal  to.  with  greater  atUltj  thu 
any  fountain  pen  on  the  market.  Rotary  mllng  sectiai 
(instantly  attached)  prove  indispensable  wherever  isn«> 
duced:  rules  fine  line,  heavy  and  dotted  lines.  Wltk  boaq 
back  guarantee.  $2.50  complete.  Literature  oo  rrqwtt 
Agents  wanted  everywhere.  American  Sales  Co..  35  Kttnj 
St..  San  Francisco. 

COLORADO  NATIVE  GEMS.  Matrix  Turquoise  50c.  prt 
karat,  Topas  $1.00.  Ameth/st  $1.00.  To  intrDdace  ^r 
genuine  Kems.  will  send  full  karat  Topas  *or  50c  Wxllr 
to-day.     Booklet  free.     Barkalow  Bros..  Denver.  Cola 

HOLIDAY  GIFTS.  Nothing  more  welcome  than  ost 
beautiful  portrait  photo's,  handsomely  folded,  moosteil.  k. 
each  up.  Made  from  any  photo  you  have,  or  we  will  bare 
your  local  photographer  give  new  sitting.  Samples  lOt 
Am-Pholo-Co..  N.  Y. 

SAKLESS  SUKSHUN.  The  new  self-filling  foontala  m 
without  a  rubber  sack.  Fingers  never  soiled,  temper  sem 
spoiled.  All  other  pens  obsolete.  14-kt.  pen  w»rriit<4 
Ask  your  dealer  or  mall  $2  direct.  Nathaniel  Field.  De»i 
R..   79  Centre  St..   N.    Y. 

A  CHRISTMAS  REMINDER.  Our  Bird  and  Fk*« 
Books,  colored  illustrations,  pocket  size,  leather  boood.  71 
cents  each.  Field  Glass  for  nature  study.  6  00.  Colen^ 
booklet  free.     Chas.  K.  Reed.  75  Turn  St..  Worcester.  M»« 


BOOKS   AND   PERIODICALS 


"SCIENCE  OF  NEW  THOUGHT"  is  a  312-page  Iwok, 
by  E.  Whitford  Hopkins.  Brim  full  of  practical  knowledge 
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Send  $1.00  (regular  price,  $1.50)  and  receive  a  copy  by  re- 
turn mail.     The  New  Thought  Book  Concern,  Bristol,  Conn. 

SUBSCRIPTIONS  FOR  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS  or  any 
of  the  standard  Magazines  and  Newspapers  respectfully  so- 
licited. Lowest  club  rates.  Catalog  free.  Give  mo  a  trial 
order.    Clyde  Corbly.  Subscription  Agent.  Bozoman,  Montana. 

AT  REDUCED  PRICES,  easy  payments:  all  dictionaries 
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purchased.     Books.   Derby.  Conn. 

STANDARD  ROYALTY  PLAYS  for  Colleges  and  High 
Schools.  "  The  Spanish  Gypsy,"  George  Eliot:  **  The  Prin- 
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persons.      Address  Marguerite   W.   Morton.   St.   Paul,    Minn. 

"  TROPICAL  AND  SUB-TROPICAL  AMERICA."  the  new 
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and  the  West  Indies.  First  Issue  November.  $1,00  a  year. 
A  3  months'  subscription  for  25  cents  will  show  Its  value. 
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If  so,  send  stamp  for  sample  copy  of  Homo  Encyclopedia 
of  Hygiene  and  Medicine,  88  Merchants'  Bldg.,  New  York 
City. 


CHILDREN'S  BOOKS  AND  READING.  By  Mostra* 
J.  Moses.  A  practical  guide,  written  in  consoltatkm  ^tik 
liorarians.  288  pp..  cloth.  |1.50  net.  postpaid.  Utte^ 
KeuueUey,  Publisher,  New  York. 

FOR  ONE  DOLLAR  we  man  from  the  Hnmboldt  Ubmr 
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V  AUTHORS  SEA'D  ITS  YOTTR  MS.  Chas.  FeltOB  PM«ta 
author  of  Quincy  Adams  Sawyer,  etc.  UtersfT  Edrt>^ 
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executed.  Bank  and  mercantile  references.  Maybev  Pv- 
llshing  Co..  103  Ruggles  St..  Boston.  ^^^^^ 

WANTED— AUTOGRAPH  LETTERS  OP  FAMOm  PKl' 
SONS:  HIGHEST  PRICES  PAID.  [Walter  R.  Beojsata 
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,  THE  LONGFELLOW  MEMORIAL,  noteworthy  tiflwtr* 
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The  Review  <^  Reviews  Qassified  Advertising 


busine:ss  opportunities 


B  SAr£.-OLDEST  BOOKBINDERT  IN  N.  T.  Pres- 
»wz>em  desire  to  sell  od  accooDt  of  other  businera  con- 
ana.  EstabUsbed  50  years.  Has  lance  clientele  and 
work.  Excellent  opportonitr.  Terms  satisfactorily  ar- 
kL  References  desired.  Address  W.  S.  Swift.  239 
ti  Ave.,  N.  Y. 

TOtJB  OWN  BOSS-Manr  make  $2000  a  year.     Yon 
eam«  chance.     Start  a  mall-order  business  at  home. 

tell     yon    bow.      Very    Kood    profits.      Expert    advice; 

rtblniE  furnished.     No  small,  cheap  catalog  proposition. 

e  at  once  for  '*  Starter  "  and  fn»e  particulars.     E.  Wi 

«er   Co..    755  Wasbinxton   St..   Chicago,   111. 

EXCEPTIONAL  OPPORTUNITY  FOR  LIVE  MANU- 
rURER. — Patent  Eights  on  invention  consisting  of  a 
and  radical  improvement  of  an  article  of  absolute  ne- 
ty.  Annoal  sales  of  product  aKKretrate  several  millions 
kllars.  Address  for  particulars.  E.  F.  H..  Box  42.  Sta- 
D.  New  York. 

:EK  SITES — POWER  CHEAP.— Factories  requiring 
p  Electric  Power  to  locate  in  a  thrivinic  riUace  sit- 
]  on  a  navlfnible  river  45  miles  from  Minneapolis  and 
?aal.  Sites  free.  KOod  shlpplu);  facilities,  lari^  timber 
ly.  For  further  particulars  communicate  with  The 
lea polls  General  Electric  Co..   Minneapolis.  Minn. 

000  TO  $10,000  YEARLY  easily  made  in  real  estate 
ue^;  no  capital  required:  we  will  teach  you* the  busl- 

by  mail,  appoint  you  special  representative  of  leadinir 
estate  company,  list  with  you  readily  salable  proper- 
co-operate  with  and  assist  you  to  permanent  success; 
able  book  free.  Address  The  Cross  Co..  039  Reaper 
k.  Chicago.     See  display  advertisement  pafce  80. 

CORPUUATE  your  Business  under  Arizona  Laws.  No* 
lal  tax.  No  public  statements.  Members  exempt  from 
orate  debts.  Stock  non-assessable.  Capitalisation  does 
affect  cost.  Co^t  very  small.  Blanks,  laws  and  partlcu- 
free.  Southwestern  Securities  A,  Investment  Co..  Box 
LSS.  Phoenix,  Arlx. 

WANT  1  OR  2  HIGH  CLASS  MEN  In  each  State  to 
•  my  proposition,  a  tborouffh  trial,  contemplatin/c  open- 
office  if  satisfied.  I  mfifT.  a  store  necessity.  Sells  for 
to  $1,000.  Ref.  Ist.  Natl.  Bank.  Chicago.  M.  W.  Plt- 
183-180  Lake  St.,  Chicago. 

RE  AT  OPPORTUNITY— Selllnj:  ftoods  by  mall;  Im- 
red  plan,  new  catalofrue  llstinir  hiffh-class  merchandise. 
roQ  can  Invest  $25  to  $100.  write  us.  we  will  show  you 
easy  way.     MIlbum-Hlcka.  704  Pontlac  BldR..  Chlcaifo. 

AKE  $200  and  upward  monthly.  If  yon  have  spare 
e  and  a  little  cash  write  to-day  for  Book  B.  We  will 
rb    TOO    thoroughly    by    mall.    advertisluR.    salesmanship 

1  mall  order  business:  assist  you  in  business  and  help 
ke  you  prosperous.     Mall  Order  Lyceum.  Scranton.  Pa. 


I  BUY  UFE  INSURANCE  POLiaSS.  Guarantee  mora 
cash  than  company.  Get  my  price  or  advice  on  your  policy 
or  equity  before  vou  let  it  n>.  Circulars  free.  Wm.  R. 
Rhodes,  Life  Ins.  Lawyer,  1528  Williamson  Bldg.,  Cleveland 
Ohio. 

GEORGIA  offers  splendid  inducements  to  experienced 
truckers,  dairymen,  poultry,  fruit  xrowers  and  men  of  every 
class  wiilinic  to  work  for  success.  Hard  Times  Unknown. 
Write  to-day.  Georgia  Bureau  Industries  and  Immigration. 
Atlanta,  Ga. 

LET  ME  SELL  YOUR  PATENT.-My  Book  explaining  how 
mailed  free.  Sixteen  years'  experience.  Patent  aales  ex- 
clusively. Call  or  write.  William  E.  Hoyt.  Patent  Sales 
Specialist,  290  (zs)  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

UNUSUAL  WAYS  OF  MAKING  MONEY  WITHOUT 
CAPITAL;  spare  time  work  fOT  either  sex;  experience  un- 


necessary; circular  free. 
PhlUdelphia.  Pa. 


HoUis  Corbln.  1348  Chestnut  St.. 


A  MANUFACTURER'S  PERMANENT  BUSINESS  OFFER. 
$50  to  $150  per  week,  operating  direct  aales  parlors  for  the 
best  specialty  dress  shoe  known  for  men  and  women.  Out- 
sells all  others.  Every  person  a  possible  customer.  Kushion 
Komfort  Shoe  Co.,  55B  Lincoln  St..  Boston.  Mass. 

WYOMING— A  STATE  OF  OPPORTUNITY.  Dry  Farm- 
ing.  Irrigation.  Stockraising,  Manufacturing.  Mining.  In- 
form yourself  through  the  Wyoming  Tribune.  Daily  $0.00  per 
year.    Semi- Weekly  $2.00.    Tribune  Pub.  Co.,  Cheyenne,  Wyo. 

BUILDING  UP  RENEWAL  PREMIUM  BUSINBSS.-Let 
us  show  you  how  this  can  be  done  in  connection  with  our 
subscription  department.  You  can  build  up  a  clientele  of 
subscribers  which  will  bring  you  in  commissions  erery  year 
like  the  insurance  business.  Your  commissions,  together 
with  the  rebates  we  will  pay  you  this  year,  will  put  yoo 
on  a  sound  financial  basis,  give  yon  a  splendid  income,  and 
every  year  hereafter  your  commissions  will  accumulate  with- 
out effort.  Write  a  postal  for  details.  Review  of  Reviews 
Co..  13  Astor  Place.  Room  506.  New  York. 

I  MADE  $50,000  in  five  years  in  the  mall  order  business: 
began  with  $5.  Any  one  can  do  the  work  In  spare  time. 
Send  for  free  booklet;  tells  how  to  get  started.  Manager. 
Box  570.  Lockpori.  N.  Y. 

'*  BELIEVE  ME.*'  Our  representatives  make  $50  to  $100 
weekly.  You  can  do  as  well  seUIng  our  $1,000  and  $2,000 
Accident  Identification  ContNicts  at  $1  and  $5  per  year.  A 
dignified  business.  Write  The  Federal  I.  &  I.  Co..  Colum- 
bus. Ohio. 

WRITE  us  to-day  for  free  copy  of  OPPORTUNITIES,  de- 
scribing hundreds  of  positions  now  open.  Service  strictly 
confldentlaL  Offices  In  12  cities.  Hapgoods.  306-807  Broad- 
way. N.  Y. 


REAL  ESTATE  MORTGAGES,  BONDS.  ETC. 


ARM  MORTGAGES  paying  6  to  7  per  cent,  net.  In  the 
i  igricnltural  sections  of  the  West  and  South  are  the 
wt  and  best  securities  to-day.  Not  affected  by  trusU 
panics.  *'  Bonds  and  Mortgages,"  Chicago,  tells  all 
nt  them.  One  Dollar  a  year;  sample  copy  free.  Ad- 
«s  1143  Monadnock  Block,  Chicago. 

F  YOU  ARE  AN  INVESTOR  read  our  booklet  on  Farm 
rtfcages.  It  will  open  your  eyes  to  safe  investments. 
J.    Lander   A    Co..    Security   Bank    Bldg..    Minneapolis, 

nn. 

COLORADO  FARM  AND  CITY  REALTY  MORTGAGES. 
net  Investors  5  to  7%.  Twenty-three  years'  experience. 
fTfDces.  Jnhn  W.  Barrows.  410  Ernest  A,  Granmer 
illdlng,    Denver.    Colo. 

USH  FOB  YOUR  SECURITIES.  Twenty  years'  experl- 
^  and  correspondents  In  every  State  enable  us  to  find  a 
trket  for  all  unlisted  and  Inactive  securities.  Dudley  A. 
-Bx  h  Co..  184  La  Salle  St..  Chicago. 


SIX  PER  CENT.  NET  obtained  for  you  on  any  amount 
above  $1,000.  secured  by  first  mortgage  on  improved  city 
real  estate.  The  mortgage  made  payable  to  you.  and 
prompt  payment  of  principal  and  interest  are  further 
guaranteed  from  our  funds.  Bank  references.  California 
Properties  Limited.   1700  Call  Bldg.,  San  Francisco,   Cal. 

FRACTIONAL  LOTS— STOCKS.— High-grade  dividend 
paying  stocks  and  selected  income  bearing  bonds  in  lota  of 
one  share  upwards.  Write  for  circular  A  31.  uescribing  se- 
curities listed  upon  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange  yielding 
from  5  to  over  10%_per  annum  at  present  quotations. 
Mailed  Upon  Request  Without  Charge  to  You.  Dally  Mar- 
ket Letter.  J.  P.  Plerson.  Jr..  A  Co.  (Members  New  York 
Stock  Exchange),  08  Broadway,  New  York. 

6%  MORTGAGE  BONDS.  Secured  on  Irrigated  Idaho 
Farms.  None  better  In  the  world.  Principal  and  interest 
guaranteed.  Write  for  information.  Idaho  Title  A  Trust 
Company.  Boise.  Idaho. 


WAREHOUSING  AND 
SHIPPING 


AMERICAN  LIFT  VANS  for  moving  Househrld  Furniture 
twi>en  Europe  and  America  and  between  cities  in  United 
>te«:  bouse  to  boose  without  boxing;  only  safe,  easy  and 
fusible  method.  Bowling  Green  Storage  and  Van  Co., 
»  Broadway.   New  York.   Rroms  400/12. 


GAMES,  ENTERTAIN- 
MENTS 


PLAYS  FOR  AMATEUR  THEATRICALS,  and  entertain- 
ment books.  Thouaands  of  titles.  Send  for  1007  cata- 
log, free.  The  Dramatic  Publishing  Co..  358  Dearborn  St., 
Chicago. 


Pleaa9  mention  th§  Review  of  Reolewa  when  writing  to  adoertleen 
83 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Classified  AdvertSsin(f 


HIGH-CLASS  SALE:SME:N  and  AGCNTS  IVANTCD 


AGENTS  MAKE  |50  A  WEEK  Bellinff  onr  embroldeKd 
noTeltiea  in  silk  pooKee  shirt  waist  patteros.  Appeal  to  every 
woman.  Qoiclc  sellers.  Large  profits.  Send  for  particulars 
and  catalogue  R.     Mandel  Bros..  721  Broadway,  N.  Y. 

AMBITIOUS  MAN  AND  WOMAN  TO  PAINT  OVER 
PRINTS;  no  talent  required;  a  child  can  learn  by  my 
copyrighted  system;  you  earn  while  you  learn;  you  can 
easily  make  S6  to  $10  a  week  at  homo  in  spare  time;  send 
for  free  booklet.  H.  A.  Gripp,  German  Artist.  Department 
14,  Tyrone.  Pa. 

SALESBON  WANTED.— You  can  earn  from  $2,000  to 
$10,000  a  year,  and  your  expenses  as  a  Traveling  Sales- 
man. We  will  teach  you  to  be  one  in  eight  weeks  by  Mall, 
and  secure  you  a  position  with  a  reliable  Qrm.  Experience 
unnecessary.  Salesmanship  is  the  highest  paid  of  all  pro- 
fesslons.  Hundreds  of  calls  for  our  graduates.  Write  for 
our  free  Catalogue.  "  A  Knight  of  the  Grip."  to-day.  Na- 
tional Salesman's  Training  Association.  717  Scarritt  BIdg.. 
Kansas  City.  Mo.,  or  717  Lumber  Exchange  Blijg.,  Minne- 
apolis, Minn. 

CIVIL  SERVICE  EMPLOYEES  are  paid  weU  for  easy 
work;  examinations  of  all  kinds  soon.     Expert  advice,  sam- 

file  questions  and  Booklet  L  13  describing  poeitlons  and  tell- 
ng  easiest  and  quickest  way  to  secure  them  free.  Write 
now.     Washington  Civil  Service  School,  Washington,  D.  C. 

LADIES  TO  MAKE  SANITARY  BELTS.  MateHal  all 
cut  ready  to  sew.  $12  per  hundred.  Particulars  stamped 
envelope.     Mutual  Specialty  Co.,  Dept.  D.  R..  Chicago. 

AGENTS  make  big  money  selling  our  new  sign  letters  for 
office  windows^tore  fronts,  and  glass  signs.     Any  one  can 

Eut  them  on.  Write  to-day  for  a  free  sample  and  full  particu- 
irs.    MetaUic  Sign  Letter  Co.,  68  N.  Clark  St.,  Chicago.  111. 

A  DOLLAR  AN  HOUR.— Either  sex  earn  $1.00  an  iiour  in- 
troducing Electric  Combs  and  fantest  selling  articles  on  mar- 
ket. Remember  we  guarantoe  $1.00  an  hour  for  every  hour 
yon  work.    Dr.  R.  R.  Hull.  1431  Pcnn  Ave..  Pittsburgh.  Pa. 

OUR  HOLIDAY  PROPOSITIONS  ARK  WINNERS.  Ex- 
ceptionally attractive  5.  6.  7  and  8  plecp  Soap  and  Toilet 
Article  ODmbinatlons  with  valuable  premlumB.  Wondf'r- 
ful  35c.  to  50c.  seileni.  200%  profit.  Cre'^  Managers  mak- 
ing $50  weekly.     Davis  Soap  Co.,  20  Union  Park  St.,  Chicago. 

AGENTS  WANTED,  MALE  OR  FEMALE,  to  make  a 
good  income  by  our  new  plan.  No  canvassing  or  capital 
required.  Send  for  full  information.  Address  W.  W.  Teel- 
ing.  Rensselaer,  N.  Y. 

I  HAVE  CALLS  FOR  OFFICE  SALESMEN  (corre- 
spondents) capable  of  earning  $50  to  $125  a  wcok.  If  not 
now  prepared.  I  will  train  you.  Sherwln  Cody,  1415 
Security  JBldg.,  Chicago. 


$100  PER  MONTH  and  traveling  expenses  paid  by  an  old 
established  house  for  salesmen  to  sell  goods  to  dealers. 
Experience  unnece«5'«ary.  New  plan,  rapid  -Belling  line. 
Purity  D.  V.  Co..  Chicago.  HI. 

••  MEN  OF  ABILITY  to  handle  hltrh  grade  line  of 
leather  advertising  goods.  Liberal  commissions.  Big  sales. 
The  Consolidated  Nov.  Mfg.  Co.,  Springfield,  Ohio.'* 

SALESMEN.— GOOD  MONEY  FOR  GOOD  MEN.  Arpo 
Pencils  and  Erasers  for  .Vdvertlsers.  Best  possible  legiti- 
mate proposition.  Exclusive  line  and  territory.  Handy 
samples  ready.     Argo  Mfg.  Co..  25  West  8th  St..  New  York. 


AGENTS.  MALE  OR  FEMALE^  can  make  froo  tlP  li 
$15  a  day  selling  mjr  pongee-  Swiss  embroidered  tiM 
pntterns  and  silk  shawlx.  Big  money  for  ymu  CsuWk 
mulled  on  request.     Joseph  Gluck.  021  B'dway.  New  Ttft 


AGENTS— Portraits.  35  c»»nts:  frames.  15  cents;  Bhff^  v^ 
tures.  1  cent;  stereoscopes.  25  cents;  views.  1  cent  31 
days'  credit.  Samplrs  nnd  catalogue  frpi».  CaomAii»*M 
Portrait   Co..    2i)(>-17l    W.    Adaqu   St..    Chicago. 


SALESMEN— Salarlod  positions  with  rrlUble  boospi  hr 
<nen  experienced  In  selllnj?  high  grade  llnea.  Writ?  m  ti- 
day,  stating  your  experience.  Hapgooda.  305-307  Ert«4* 
v.ay,  N.  Y. 


SALESMEN— In  New  Eng'nnd  and  Middle  Wcvten  Sn« 
for  standard  religious  work.  New.  unique  and  i^«5kr. 
Strongly  indorsed  by  prominent  clergymen.  L%en]  f> 
dncements  to  men  who  furnish  satlsfaetocy  tefmwn. 
The  Klng-Rlcbardson  Co..   Springfield.   Maaa..  aod  Cbktgt, 


WE  WANT  HIGH  CLASS  MEN  to  handle  our  new  ren 
necessity.  Sells  better  than  cash  register  or  seal**.  »a 
greater  profits.  Exclusive  territory.  Fu'l  partlmlaa  ets 
request.     The  Pltner  Co..  183-180  Lake  St..  Chlcagn. 


MANAGER    wanted    In    every    city    and  eoooty    ksB£$ 

best    paying    buslnesa    known,    legitimate,  new.    ex^hi^n 

control:   no  insurance  or   book  csnvaBfllng.  Address  CIm. 

Halstead.  37  West  26th  St..   N.    Y.  ^^ 


AGENTS— Here's  the  chance  qf  a  lifetime.     SttOl't  ti 
for  flatirons   muke  ironing  easy.  .   Something  new;  seOj  ti 
every   home;    big  profits.     For   agents    proposition  adSn 
Dexter  Supply  Co..   Dept.  A.   R.;   Caxton   Bldg..  CMa«& 


SPARE  TIME  USED.  That  ts  the  secret  of  th*  ftsr. 
our  many  high-class  representatives  made  on  oar  Aaifrksa 
Wit  and  Humor  Library.  A  fancy  Income  secared  by  rep-*- 
senting  us  in  your  own  town.  Write  u«  a  posul.  Kerin 
of  Reviews  Co..  13  Astor  Place.  Room  310,  New  York. 


THOUSANDS  IN  USE  throcvhout  the  world.  $1501 
•*  Gem  "  Adding  Machine;  very  compact,  elegaat  fi* 
line.  Special  offer  to  high  grade  Agents.  Automatic  kU 
Ing  Machine  Co.,  Dept.  6.  332  Broadway.  New  Yott 


SALES.MEN — ^The  sale  of  our  popular  policies  of  t-rtfi-^ 
and  health  insurance  yields  large  returns  to  artlT-  t»( 
energetic  agents.  Exclusive  territory  liberal  roi 
Dept.  D,  Continental  Casualty  Co..  Chicago.   lU. 


•  INDEX  "  Kerosene  Incandescent  Burner  fits  any  tea* 
brighter  than  gas  light,  saves  50  per  cent,  k^rc^tn^:  r*'^ 
fectly  safe.  Agents  wanted.  Exclusive  territory  r»ro- 
teed.     Frederick  Gottschalk,  266  Broadway.   New  T«l 


AGENTS  WANTED  FOR  KEROSENE  INrAXPKWTST 
LAMP.  Produces  ten  times  the  light  of  any  other  bar 
Bonanza  with  big  money.  G.  Cohn.  3S5  Broad  war.  ^^^ 
York  City. 


ANY  ONE  CAN  EARN  $15  to  $30  per  week  handMat  ••» 
or  more  of  our  30  useful  articles.  Men  and  w«nea  rr» 
for  particulars.  No  traveling.  Devote  spare  tl»e.  P«» 
Mfg.   Co..  4011  6th  St.,  Racine.  Wis. 


_JUST  THE  THING  FOR  CHRISTMAS.  Learn  to  atU 
Oriental  art  pictures;  something  new,  do  painting  to  * 
learned  quickly;  we  teach  yon  free:  you  sell  jtw  tm 
work;  over  500  per  cent,  profit:  also  teach  othets  it  H 
each  and  make  big  money;  amall  sample  lOr..  Urt^ 
sample  $1.  postpahl;  circulars  free.  Oriental  Art  Co, 
26  Steele  Bldg..  Denver.  Colo. 


FOR  the:  office:  and 

STORE 


HIGH  GRADE  OFFICE  DF..SKS  AND  OFFICE  FURNI- 
TURE. Shipped  direct  from  factor^'  to  rser.  Send  for  com- 
plete catalogue  containing  over  sixtv  denlcrs  and  save  deal- 
ers'  profits.      National   Furniture   Co.,   Shelby ville.   Indiana. 

EMBOSSED  LETTERHEADS— 3  line  die  and  2  M.  Letter- 
heads. $12.00.  Write  for  nrlces  on  larger  nnantltles  and 
samples  of  engrftv^d  hUBlncss  cards.  J.  W.  Halliday  &  Co.. 
417  Atlas  Block.  Chicago. 


OFFICE  SYSTEMS.  SUPPLIES  AND  FURNITURE.  Busi- 
ness Helps  at  Wholesnle  prices.  The  only  exclusive  office 
supply  mail  order  house  in  existence.  Large  Illustrated 
book  outlining  up  to  date  methods  of  conducting  business, 
B^Mt  free  upon  request.  Excellent  proposition  for  salesmen. 
The    North    American    Supply    Co..    Inc.,    Columbus,    Ohio, 


PIANOS,    PHONO- 
GRAPHS, e:tc. 


GENUINE  EDISON  PHONOGRAPH,  as  advertised  kj  ^ 
manufacturers  in  this  magaxin*.  sold  on  free  trUL  '•V 
payments.  Your  name  and  address  on  a  postal  wftl  Iflsc 
full  particulars.     Lit  Brothers.  Dept.  73  C.  PbOadetoko. 


EVERY  VICTOR.  COLUMBIA.  ZONOPHONE  talWac  a» 
chine  owner,  dealer,  salesman  sbould  write  for  flee  *sa»)f* 
my  Multi-tone  10  record  needle.  Minions  sold  weekly  Re 
profits.  Great  economy.  Petmecky.  Patentee,  340  B*w«y.  5 1 


^TIIR  CELEFU^TFD  CAPEN  AND  NBW  K>'Gt^^ 
PIANOS  from  $175.00  cash,  or  on  the  easiest  paym**^  '' 
any  house  In  the  country.  Wm.  A  Pond  ft  Co..  148  Fit* 
Ave..  N.  Y. 

IF  YOU  WANT  a  violin  or  a  'cello,  bows.  c| 
x\'T\t*>  to  New  York's  violin  specialist.  Imno^ 
of  40  years*  standing.  Cdrrespondenoe  •ollclt 
Fletcher.  23  Union  Square.  New  York. 


•  an*  <»^ 


Pieaae  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  adoertlaen 


84 


The  Reyiew  erf  Reviews  Classified  Aivertisinj: 


FOR  TH£  HOUSEHOLD 

taeal    and   iMickwheat   floor.      So   that    yoa    may    try    tbla 
■avory  food,  we  will  aend  yoo  a  trial  order  of  flTe  ponnda 
of  Alezander'a  famoos  PeniiaylTaiiia  Pork  Scrapple  for  only 
$1.00.  ezpreaa  prepaid  eaat  or  Denver.  Gol.    Write  for  book 
oo  aenmple  and  oar  other  pork  producta.    B.  W.  Alexander, 
P.  a  B»  M.  Oxford,  Chester  Co..  Pa. 

THE  l¥OMAN'S  CORNER 

BABIES  LAYETTES  MADE  TO  ORDER,  soperrlsed  br 
ttained  norse.  Dainty  hand-made  garmenta  If  deaireo. 
I'vcrythlng   fomlahed.      Reform    patterns    long   and    short, 

M.    Charlea,    Linden.    Mich. 

••  FLEISHER»S  KNITTING  ft  CROCHETING  MANUAL  " 
la  InTaluable  to  the  expert  and  beginner.  ConUlna  photo- 
graphic illostrations  of  new  and  staple  garmenta.  with  direc- 

RU08 KADE  FROM  OLD  GABPBT.     Send  na  your -old 
carpet   by_,frelaht,   Jprt   aa   It   la.     WIU   return   handaome 

tions  for  making.  Teaches  knitting  ind^chochetlng^by  aoick- 
eat  method,  made  easy  by  lUostrated  stitches.  Mailed  for  20 
centa.     S.  B.  ft  B.  W.  Fleisher.  Dept,  00.  Philadelphia. 

YOUR  SPARE  TIME  UTILIZED  In  bafldlng  op  a  re- 
newal premlom  business  like  an  inaorance  acency.  Oar 
sabscrioUon    department    wiU    aid   yoo    in    bolldlng   op   a 

every  year  withoot  any  effort  on  yoor  part.  Yoor  oom- 
mlssiona  and  rebates  this  year  will  place  yoo  on  a  soond 
financial  baaia  and,  giye  yoo  a  big  Income  besldeo.  Write  a 
posUl  for  partlcolara.  Reyiew  of  Reylews  Co..  13  Astor 
Place.  Room  000.  New  York. 

PURE  WATER  ffnaranteed  to  yoor  famUy  by  the  Naiad 
Pore   Water.     NaUd  FOter  Co..   70  Sudbory   St..    Boston. 

BCTCHBR'S  BOSTON   POLISH  la  the  best   finish  made 

or  deface  like  ahellac  or  vamiah.     Send  for  free  booklet.     For 
sale  by  dealers  In  Paints.  Hardware  and  Honae  Fumlshlnffs. 
The  Botcher  Polish  Co..  856  AtUnUe  Ava..  Boston.   Mass. 

FOR  THE  TOILET 

INDIAN  DRESS  GOODS  AND  CURIOS  for  sale.    My^col- 
lectkm  a«  a   whole.     Over  two   hnndred   specimens;   first- 

claas  coDdltloB.    Elegant  and  Talaable  decoration  for  dab  or 
den.    M.  L.  Andrewa.  7276  Manchester  Atc.  St.  Loais.  Mo. 

nAIRAZE-Antiseptic  hair  tonic.  Scientific  preparation 
for  reUering  dandraff.  Itching,  and  falling  hair,  and  pro- 
motes  healthy  growth,   withoot  discoloring  scalp  or  hair. 

IS    YOOR    HEALTH    WORTH    A    DOLLAR    A    YEAR? 

CAMERAS  AND 
SUPPLIES 

ONYXIS  INGROWING  TOENAIL  APPLIANCE.  Im- 
mediate relief,  permanent  core,  by  a  sUyer  aotomatic  ap- 
pliance, easily  adjuated,  aatlafactlon  guaranteed.  No  fafi- 
ores.  drcolars  free.  Onyxis  Co..  Room  201-519  Main, 
Cinclnnaa  Ohio. 

PHOTO-FINISHINO     FOR     AMATEURS   ^promptly     by 
man.      Rnert    workmen.,  best^materUla.    hlnhest    ifrade 
work.    Itolarcing  a  specialty.    Write  for  prices  and  apecUl 
offers.     Robt.  Johnaton.  Dept.  R.  Wllkea-Barre.  Pa. 

STAMPSt  COINSt  POST 
CARDS 

HEADQUARTERS  IN  BUYINO.  seUlnir.   exchaniflDa  see- 

STAMPS.  100  ALL  DIF.  YenecaeU.  Umgoay.  Paragoay. 
Pero.  Japan,  Mexico.   Coba.   etc..   and  Albom.   lOc.;   l.oiOO 

Llst.^Free.    C.  Stegman.  68M*^te  BriUUnte.  St^Lools.  j£'. 

ORIGINAI^    OIL    PAINT- 
INGS. WORKS  OF  ART 

$5.75  PAID  FOR  RARE  DATE  1858  QUARTERS.  Big 
prices  paid  for  other  dates.  Keep  all  money  coined  before 
1875.  and  send  10  cenu  at  once  for  a  set  of  2  lUostrated 
Coin  and  SUmp  Yaloe  Booka.  Size.  4  x  7.  It  may  mean 
yoor  Fortone.    a  F.  Clarke  ft  Co..  Dept.  D.  Le  Boy.  N.  Y. 

lections    of    fifty    orialnal    oil    paintings    by    diatincniahed 
American  artists.     AU  handsomely  framed.,  Apprateed  at 
$10,000.     He  will  aell  palntinga  for  one-half,  or  in  aome 
cases  at  one-third  their  ap-ralaed  valne.     See  annooncement 
on  page  142  of  this  magaxlne.     Prirate  Art  Collector,  care 
S  le?tew  of  BeTlewaTlS  Astor  PUce.  New  York  City. 

CHRISTMAS  POST  CARDS.  Don't  delay  ordering.  New 
designs.  Assorted.  Colored,^Embosscd.,  Six  for  lOc^  Seyen- 
teen  for  26c  Forty  for  60c  By  maU  poatpaid.  Brooklyn 
Post  Card  Co..  4411  12th  Aye..  Brooklyn.  N.  Y. 

PUBLISH  YOUR  OWN  POST  CARDS.     We  manofactore 

of  indirMoals.  hotels.  boUdlngs.  residences,  animals  or 
landacapea.  plain  or  colored,  and  print  yoor  name  on  as  pub- 

MOVING  picture:s. 

PHOTOSa    ETC. 

CHURCH  MONEY  EASILY  MADE  With  oor  Soayenlr 
Post  Card  PUn.  Send  25  eta.  for  aample  aasortment.  and 
fuU  particoUg.     W.  B.  Comminga  ft  Co..  024-100  SUto 

THE    VITAK   projects    perfect   morlng   plctares    in    any 

greater   Invention   than  the    phonograph.     The   theatre    at 
home.    Any  boy  can  operate  it.    A  moat  appropriate  Christ- 
maa  gift.     Price  complete  only  $10.00.     Write  for  clrcalar. 
New  Irork  VlUk  Co..  Dept.  bJ  New  York  City. 

FREE  CATALOGUE.  Official  Soorenir  Post  Carda  of  tho 
Jameatown  Exposition  of  1007.  Historical  Virginia.  United 
States  Nary.  etc..  etc.  Address  the  Concessionaires.  James- 
town Amosement  ft  Vending  Co..  Law  Bolldlng.  Norfolk. 

MOTION  PICTURE  MACHINES.    FUm  Views.  Magic  Lan- 
terns,  Slides,   and   similar  Wonders   For  Sale.     Cataloeae 
Fkee.    We  alao  Bar  Magic  Picture  Machines.  Films.  Slides. 
ete.    Harbach  ft  Co..  800  FUbert  St..  Philadelphia.  Pa. 

A   CATALOGUE  llatlng   oyer  400  sets  of  colored    post 

Saohfurtetter  Sr4*oP  8%lorS  yfiws.  Globe  IS  'So.* 
Stamford.  Conn. 

FOR  TH£  DEAF 

gffi^;^^;^^*  T.^'r^s^^t 

SANITARIUMS 

THE    AOOUSnOON    MAKES    THE    DEAF    HEAR    IN- 

btANTLT.     No  troapet.   onaiffhtly   or   cumbersome   appa- 
ratoa.     Special  laatruiuenta  for  Theatrea  and  Charches.    In 
aomsMftif  oaa  throogboot  the  coontry.     Booklet,  with  en- 
dstasiant  of  thoae  yoo  know.  free.    K.  W.  Tomer.  Pres*t 
Gcaeral  Aeoostle  Co.,  1265  Broadway.  New  York  City. 

EASTON  SANITARIUM.  For  treatment  of  the  nerroos 
or  mentally  tlL     Superior  location;  aklUed  care.    Visit  here 

for  particulars.     'Phone  1661.  Easton.  Pa. 

Hmm  mwtlm  tk9  i?av/Mv  of  Ifmhwt  mhM  mrHIng  to  adoortisort 
86 


The  Reyiew  of  Reviews  Qassified  Advertisins: 


LA'WTKRS.  PATENTS,  CHEMISTS 


RED  BOOK  on  ArlioDft  Oorporatlon  Laws  frires  eom- 
plete  iofomiAtlon  anent  the  most  Ubenl  corporation  laws 
of  tbe  United  States.  A  postal  addressed  to  "  Red  Book. 
Box  7-A.  Phoenix.  Arlsona.**  will  brlnt:  a  copy.    No  chance. 

—  — 

PATENTS  SECURED  or  fee  returned.  Terms  low.  High- 
est references.  Advice  and  Uteratore  free.  Vashon  A  Co.. 
Patent  Attorneys.  6*4  B  St..  N.  W..   Washlnieton.  D.   0. 

EXPERT  EXAMINATIONS:  Forceries.  false  entries. 
snonTmons  letters,  disputed  writing  and  documents.  Address 
William  B.  Hlngston.  40  State  Street,  Boston.  Qualified 
expert  in  cItU  and  criminal  cases;  blfhest  legal  references. 

PATENTS  OBTAINED  and  trademarks  registered.  Mod- 
erate charges  for  careful  work.  Our  booklet.  "  Concerning 
Patents."  mailed  free.  Calver  ft  Oalrer.  Patent  Lawyers 
and  Solicitors.  Washington.  D.  O,  (Formerly  Examiners 
U.  8.   Patent  OfBce.) 

PATENTS  SEOUBBD  or  fee  returned.  Send  sketch  for 
free  report  as  to  patenUblllty.  Guide  Book  and  What  to 
luTent.  with  Taluable  List  of  InTentlons  Wanted,  sent  free. 
One  million  dollars  offered  for  one  Inyention:  $16,000  for 
others.  Patents  secured  by  us  adrertised  free  In  World's 
Progress;  sample  free.    BTans.  Wllkens  ft  Co..  Waahlngton. 


PATENTS.    TRADE-MARKS.      Send    tot   my    free 

••  How  to  Get  Them.     Use  Your  Eyes  and  Brain."     I 

something  useful.  Then  send  description  Cor  my  f^ee  opls- 
inn  as  to  its  patentability.  Advice  free.  Joshua  B.  H. 
PotU.  Lawyer,  306  0th  St..  Washington.  D.  C;  80  Dear- 
bom  St.,  Chicago:  029  Chestnut  St..  PhUadelphia. 

PATENTS  that  PROTECT.  Our  8  books  for  Invsaton 
mailed  on  receipt  of  6  cents  stamps.  R.  S.  ft  A.  B. 
Lacey.  Rooms  13  to  23,  Pacific  BuildUK.  Waahlnstoa.  D.  CL 
Estkblished   1809. 

INCORPORATE  UNDBI^  ARIZONA  LAW8.->The  Uws  of 

Arixona  are  the  most  liberal  in  existence.  Send  for  enn- 
plete  data,  copy  of  laws  and  blanks.  No  chacie.  Tht 
Akers  Incorporating  Trust  Co..   Phoenix.  Arix. 

INSURE  TOUR  PATENT  by  ha.Tlng  your  ideas  weU  de. 
▼eloped.  Careful  design  reveals  defects  and  sniBgests  bs- 
provement.  Speclsl  machines  designed,  prsctlcal  wertdag 
drawings.    O.  W.  Pitman.  3019  Frankford  Ave..  PhUa..  Pa. 

PATENT  TOUR  IDEAS.     $100,000  offered  for  . 


tion:  $8600  for  another.  Book.  '*  How  to  Obtain  a  Pat- 
ent." and  *'  What  to  Invent.^'  sent  free.  Send  roogh 
sketch  for  free  report  as  to  patentability.  Patent  ob- 
tained or  fee  returned.  We  advertise  your  patent  for  sale 
at  our  expense.  Established  16  years.  Chaodlee  ft 
Cbandlee.    Patent   Attys..    915   F    St..    Waahlngtoo.    D.   a 


SERVICERS  AND   INSTRUCTION 


OONOBBSSIONAL  INFORMATION  BUREAU.  Washing- 
ton. D.  C  Libraiy  research.  Legal  briefs  prepared.  At- 
tention to  buainess  befbre  Congress,  the  Courts,  the  Inter- 
stste  Commerce  Commission,  sll  Departments  of  the  Got- 
ernment.     Claude  N.  Bennett.  Manager. 


"  A  ROTAL  ROAD  TO  KNOWLEDGE.'*— Millions  of  up- 
tn^ate  pictures  and  cllppinga  on  eyeiy  topic  from  all 
sources,  classified  for  instant  reference.  Call,  write  or 
'phone.  Tbe  Seordi-Llcht  Information  Library.  841  Fifth 
Ave..  N.  Y. 


LEARN  TO  DRAW.  Constant  demand  fbr  artists  of  abU- 
ity.  We  teach  cartooning,  caricaturing  and  illustrating  bv 
malL  Write  for  course  of  instruction  snd  prise  competl- 
tion.    Nst'l  School  of  Caricature.  25  World  Bldg..  N.  Y. 


BECOME  AN  OPTICIAN.  Not  a  big  fbrtnne  ta  the  bosl- 
ness,  but  a  comfortable  living,  send  for  free  lesson.  Dept 
R.  Golden  Cross  GoUege  of  Advanced  Ophthalmolc«y.  181 
W.  Madison  St.,  Chicago.  lU.  — -— w. 

DOMESTIC  SCIENCE  HOME-STUDT  COURSES  and  books 
—food,  health,  house  planning,  management,  dreosmakiac. 
etc.  Booklet.  *'  Profession  of  Home-Making."  free.  Am. 
School    of   Home   Economics.    631    W.    69th   St..    Ctaieagsw 

$75  WEEKLY  EASILY  MADE  fitting  eye-glasses.  Write 
to-dsy  for  *•  free  booklet  51."  Complete  easy  mail  coarse. 
Diploma.  Reduced  tuition.  Big  demand  for  optidana.  We 
start  you  In  business.     National  Optical  College.  St.  ~     ' 


THE  SCIENCE  OF  COMMERCIAL  BOOKKEEPING. 
The  leading  textbook  on  Correct  and  Practical  Bookkee^ 
u»f-  Price.  $2.00.  Title  page  and  references  oo  request. 
Adolph    Hlrsch,    Accountant.    642    Broadway.    New    York. 


POSITIONS   OPCN  AND 
POSITIONS  'WANTKD 


WANTED— Men.  everywhere.  Good  pay.  to  distribute 
circulars,  adv.  matter,  tack  signs,  etc.  No  canvassing. 
Address  National  Adv.  and  Distributing  Bureau.  Suite  M. 
Oaklsnd   Bank   BuUding.    Chicago.    IlL 

POSITIONS  open  tor  OfBce.  Advertlalng.  TrafBc  and 
General  Managers.  Buyers,  Credit  Men.  Auditors.  Secre- 
taries. Treasurers,  etc    Hspgoods.  806-807  Brosdwsy.  N.  Y. 

YOUR  SPARE  MOMENTS  UTILIZED  In  building  up  s  re- 
news! prejnlum  business  like  sn  Insursnce  agency.  Our 
subscription   department    vrlll    aid    you    in   building   up   a 

■■'     *  '*      *^ — "- —   -.-•-.-      .«•  »-^ —  — laslons 


clientele  of  subscribers  which  will  bring  you  commissi 
everr  yesr  wltliout   sny  effort  on  your  pert.     Your  com- 
missions and  rebates  this  yesr  will  plsce  you  on  a  sound 
financlsl  bssls  snd  jrlve  you  a  big  Income*  besides.  _  Write 


_   .^is  yesr  will  plsce  you  on  a  sound 

give  you  a  big  Income*  besides.     Write 

s  posul  for  psrticolsrs.     Review  of  Reviews  Co..  13  Astor 


Place.  Room  606,  New  York. 


MEN  AND  BOYS  WANTED  to  learn  plnmblng.  brick- 
laying, plastering,  or  electrical  trades.  Positions  secured. 
Free  cstalogne.  Coyne  Trade  Sctioola.  Dept.  E..  Chicago, 
San  Francisco.    New  York. 

I.RARN  SCIENTIFIC  BUSINESS  LETTER  WRITING 
by  mall,  from  man  wbo  built  up  half-a-milllon-dollar  bnsl- 
npss.  Big  demsnd  for  good  correspondents.  School  of  Bnsl. 
ness  Letter  Writing.  Dept.  16.  90  Wabash  Ave..  Chicago,  m. 


FiRC  insurance: 


IF.  YOU  ABB  NOT  SATISFIED  with  your  rate  send  me 
parttcalars.  I  make  a  specUlty  of  good  Insurance  at  com- 
petitive ratgL^  ^'^'SiP^  Indemnity.     O.  P.  Wnrta.   Iftft  La 


AUTHORS'  and  PUBLISH- 
RRS'  OPPORTUNITIES 

TO  AUTHORS:  I  secured  over  $20,000.00  rovalty  la  om 
year  for  one  author.  I  sold  one  MS.  for  $15,000.00.  I  may 
of  able  to  help  you.  Send  for  my  plan.  It  Is  free.  Heuy 
Nell.  Promoter  for  Authors.  828  Dearborn  St..  Chicago. 

LITERARY  ASSISTANCE.— M8S.  revised,  coiveetcd;  soU 
on  commission;  Instmctlon  how  to  earn  money  by  wrttlag; 
speeches,  esssys  written:  Hbrsry  researcbes;  established  12 
years.     Literary  Bnresu.   Dept.   B.  303  Adelphl  St..   Bklya. 

ARCHITECTURE. 
BUILDING,  MACHINERY 

A  COLD  STORAGE  PLANT  will  pay  fOr  ItseU  la  eoe 
season.  Write  for  description  of  Grsvity  Brine  System. 
stating  slxe  and  for  purpose  wanted.  Madison  Cooper  Co.. 
104  Court  St..  Watertown.  N.  Y. 

YOU  CAN  FIND  OUT  mw^  of  interest  sboot  bnlldlna.  sJI 
styles,  bv  ordering  our  standard  hooka,  via.:  Modem  Dwell- 
ings. $1.60;  Supplement  DweUlngaand  Public  BaOdlngs.  SLOO: 
the  two  books.  $2.00;  American  Homes  with  Barns.  $1.0$: 
Cottages.  60  ceuu:  aU  for  $2.50.  Send  cheek.  Moaey  reiaod- 
edtf  not  satisfied.  Descriptive  drenlar.  Also  flrst-riaas  plaas 
furnished.     Barber  &  Kluta.  Archta..  KnoxvtUe.  Tens..  Box  B. 

RIFE  AUTOMATIC  HYDRAUUC  RAM.  pomps  water 
by  water-power— no  attention— no  expense— X  feet  fsD 
elevates  wster  60  feet.  etc.  Guaranteed.  Catalogae  tretu 
Rife  Ram  Co..  2191  Trinity  Building.  New  York  aty. 


FREE   SAMPLES    AND   BOOKLET  OF 
FJIAL   RUBBER    ROOFING"    wlU    be   s  -^ 

TnltPd  States  for  the  asking.    Osn  be  need  in  a»  db 
Address  H.  E.  King.  Dept.  ^  L."  Perth  AmboyTN.  1. 


KING'S  MIK- 


Ascj*  sisstloa  t*t  Mmfi§m  of  Rwltm*  »*«■  mritim§  to  atfssrflMr» 
86 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Gasified  Advertisittff 


AUTOMOBILE:St  CAR- 

i.iage:s  and  fixture:s 

AUTOMOBILE  BAROAIN8.— We  hare  a  few.  ateolntelj 
^w.  toot  cylinder  cars,  reinilar  price  $2250.00.  which  we 
fll  sell,  whUe  they  Uat.  for  $1250.00.  Name  cannot  be 
Irertlaed  on  account  aineement  with  makers,  but  we  iniar- 
stee  the  machine  to  be  op  to  hlKhest  standard  and  bnilt 
r  one  of  the  best  known  automobile  manufacturers  In 
merlcn.  This  Is  a  bU  cot— a  biff  chance.  Guaranteed: 
«e  of  parts,  all  parts  carried  on  hand.  Also  csnying 
necst  stock  of  new  and  second-hand  cars  of  almost  erery 
lake  at  cot  prices.  Send  fbr  barcaln  sheet  106.  Times 
loare  AotomobQe  Co..  1580-1001  B^ray.  N.  T..  abOTe  48tta 
L     Qilcaffo  address.  800-811  Michigan  Boolerard. 

100  LATE  MODEL- WHITE  STEAMERS  and  other  stand- 
■d  aotomobiles  for  qolck  sale.  Some  choice  banalns  In 
St  O.  Write  fbr  It.  $200  and  np.  Jas.  K.  Plew.  240 
icUsui  Ave..  Chleaio.   111. 

HOW  TO  BUN  AN  AUTOT  foUy  taoght  In  "  Homans' 
elf-Propelled  Vehicles.*'  the  best  book  on  the  constroe- 
oo  and  operation  of  motor  cars.  Price,  $2,  postpaid, 
odel  Go..  68  Sth  Ave.,  New  York  dtj. 

LOOOMOBILB  FOR  SALE.  Original  cost.  $4200;  wiU 
^U  for  $1100.  1904  model.  4  cylinder.  Klnic  of  the  Bel- 
tans,  body  royal  bloe.  A  very  handsome  ear,  la  irood 
»ndltloo.  Complete  with  canopj  top,  lamps  and  acces- 
jries.  This  car  will  be  a  ban^ln  for  any  one  In  a  falrlr 
>Tel  country.  Will  go  op  any  hill,  too,  hot  not  on  hlirh 
Deeds.  Owner  selllnir  to  set  llirhter  ear  for  exceptional 
m  nm.    Address  M.^oel   '    "  *  *     ^ 


•bel,  Greenwich.  Connectlcot. 


sugge:stions  for 
tourists 


EUBOPBAN  VACATION  COACHING  TOURS.  Send  for 
llostrated  1906  Itinerary.  Coaching  a  specialty.  IndoslTe 
•rices  quoted.  First  Cabin  Serrlce.  Gllt-edired  references, 
aoobs*  Tburs,  Rock  Valley.  Iowa. 


MANTKLS 


BRICK  UASTOj  FIREPLACES.  Send  for  oor  mos- 
rated  cAtakwoe  containing  67  photographs.  Phlla.  ft  Bos- 
on Fnce  Brick  Co..  Dept.  11.  166  Milk  St.  Boston,  Mass. 


MISCCLLANKOUS 


FOB  CROOKED  SPINES.— We  let  yoo  use  the  Sheldon 
IppUsDce  30  dsys  and  Koarantee  satisfaction.  It  has 
lelped  or  cored  thousands  who  soffered.  Made  only  to 
Deasorement:  llicht.  comfortable,  easy  to  pot  on  snd 
ake  otL  write  for  tK>ok  sua  evidence.  Phllo  Bort 
dfK.  Co..  45  Main  St.,  Jamestown,  N.  T. 

OCR  VACUUM  CAP  used  a  few  mlnotes  each  day  draws 
be  blood  to  the  scalp,  caosimt  free  and  normal  drcnlatlon. 
rbieh  stimolates  the  hsir  to  a  new.  healthy  growth.  Sent 
>n  trial  ooder  coarantee.  Write  for  free  particolars.  The 
tfodem  Vaconm  Cap  Co..  592  Barclay  Blk..  Denrer.  CoL 

EXECUTIVE— Sales  Manasers.  Superintendents.  Fore- 
nen.  Ofllce  Manasers.  wanted  at  once  for  positions  paylnf 
ei. 000-65.000.  Write  for  free  list.  12  offices.  Hapffoods, 
UT5-307  Broadway.  N.  Y. 


DOGS.  POULTRY.  STOCK 


75  SHETLAND  PONIES  fbr  sale,  price-list  and  beauti- 
ful lllnstratlona  on  application.  Complete  ontilts.  niqs- 
trated  book  on  breedlnic.  care  and  training.  25c  3eue. 
Meade  Farm.  Bedford.  Mass.. 


BLOODHOUNDS.  FOXHOUNDS.  IMPORTED  NORWE- 
GIAN BEARHOUNDS.  IRISH  WOLFHOUNDS,  DEER- 
HOUNDS.  lUostrated  forty-pajre  catalogoe  on  receipt  of  4- 
cent  stamps.     Rockwood  Kennels,  Lexinjcton.  Ky. 


KEYSTONE  STATE  KENNELS.  Thoroosbbred  Sportlnic 
and  Pet  Dofcs.  Also  Pijceons.  Poultry.  Rabbits.  Pheasants, 
Ferrets  and  Swine.  Send  10c.  for  SO-pase  illustrated  cata- 
loKoe.    Keystone  State  Kennels,  Dept.  RR.,  Reading.  Penna. 

FREE.  Handsome  Pooltry  Cataloime  for  1908.  Illos- 
trates  and  irtTes  prices  of  46  Tarleties.  land  and  water 
fowls  and  esKs.  Send  yoor  address  to-day  to  S.  A.  Hom- 
mel.  Box  54.  Freeport,  111. 

HABTMAN'S  line  poultry  Book  for  5  cents,  this  book 
should  be  In  the  hands  of  all  Interested  In  pooltry.  It  de- 
scribes, and  prices  46  Tarleties  of  land  and  water  Fowls. 
Geo.  P.  Hartman  A  Sons,  Freeport.  HI..  Box  2006. 

type:  WRITERS 

IF  YOU  ARE  INTERESTED  IN  TYPEWRITERS  we  can 
tell  yoo  how  to  ssts  25  to  76  per  cent.  All  makes,  sold, 
rented  and  repaired.  Write  os  for  particolars.  American 
Writing  Machine  Company.  345  Broadway.  New  York  Citj. 

THEY  LOOK  new— they  work  like  new. 
2  Smith  Piemle  ~ 

^^yroQfMj    rebuilt.-  ,_-    _^ 

writer  Ezcta.,  28  Park  Bow.  New  York. 


__ No.  6  Reming- 
tons. No.  2  Smith  Premiers/  S80.  Year's  coarantee.  All 
makes   thoroughly    rebuilt.  •  f  10   upward.     Standard   Type- 


TYPE WRITERS,  irood  as  new.  at  sarinfl:  of  50  per  cent.: 
blnest  banrains  erer  offered.  500  Smith-Premiers  at 
prices  nerer  before  quoted.  Machines  shipped  on  approval 
for  trial.  We  rent  all  makes  at  $3.00  per  month,  allow- 
ing rental  on  purchase  price.  Remlnirtons.  $20  to  $60; 
Smith-Premiers.  $25  to  $56:  OIlTcrs.  $35  to  $50;  others.  $15 
to  $85.  Send  for  caUlprne  and  special  banrain  sheeU. 
Write  at  once.  Rockwell-Barnes  Co..  1U6  Baldwin  BuUd- 
Ing.  Chicago,  ni. 

TYFEWRITBR8.-Callicraph.  $5.00:  Franklin.  Hammond. 
Yost.  $10.00:  Bemlmrton.  $12.00;  Smith  Premier,  $18.00; 
OllTer,  $26,00;  all  Kuaranteed:  send  for  caUloKue.  Type- 
writer  OorCBoom  78).  217  W.  125  St..  N.  Y. 

TYPEWRITER  "  BARGAIN  U8T  *'  FREE!  Deal  Direct 
SaTe  Commissions  (all  makes).  Shipped  allowing  trial 
anywhere.  Remlnftons,  Underwoods,  Ollrers,  Smiths, 
$88;  otbera.  $16.  $26.  Consolidated  Tyoewriter  Ex- 
chance.  248  Broadway.  New  York  (BsUbllshed  1881). 
Reliabto. 

THE  SUN  TYPEWRITER  marks  an  epoch  In  the  writinit 
machine  business;  hl^h  value,  low  price.  If  you  do  not 
know  about  It.  write  for  Information  and  trial  offer.  Sun 
T^writer  Co.,  817  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

REMINGTON  $16.00460.00.  Smith  Premier  {26.00-$55.00. 
Underwood.  Oliver  $36.00460.00,  Densmore  $16.0p-$60.00. 
others  $10.00  np.  Write  for  catalog  *'  E."  Eagle  Type- 
writer  Co.,  287|  Broadway,  N.  Y. 

ART  COLLECTIONS 

ARE  YOU  INTERESTED  IN  ORIGINAL  OIL  PAINT- 
INGS? An  individual  most  dispose  of  entire  collection  con- 
sisting of  fifty  masterpieces  at  a  sacrifice.  See  announce- 
ment  _on  page  142  of  this  Issae.  Private  Art  OoUector, 
REVIEW  OP  REVIEWS.  N.  Y.  C,  N.  Y. 


RATES  IN  THE  CLASSIFIED  DEPARTflENT 


4  lines 
12  lines 


4  Agate  lines,         •         •         .         •        ^5.00  Smallest  space  accepted, 

Additional  lines,  each,  -        •        -1.25  Largest  space  accepted. 

On  asfat-tiaie  order  the  last  insertion  b  free  Forms  for  the  January  Issue  close  Dccemher  lOth. 

Others  have  increased  their  business  by  advertising  in  oar  classified  columns. 
WKy  Don't  YOU  Try  Vm 
Sind  fbr  a  copy  of**  An  Advirtising  PrMem.^    It  tills  all  about  ClassifUd  Advertising, 

The  Peview  of  Peviews  Co..      -      13  Astor  Place.  New  York  Cltv 


SulMcriben  to  the  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS  who  are  coiitemplalii«  a  trip  (or 

or  pfeaiure,  are  invited  to  write  us  for  informatioii  concerning  routes,  hotels,  etc  AddieH, 

TRAVELERS-      INQUIRY      DEPARTMENT, 
The  Review  of  Reviews  G>.,    -        -    13  Aslor  Place,  New  York 


OHDeWHirCOHSS 

TOURS 
TICKETS 


CALIFORNIA 


Special  Vesti- 
buled  Trains  of 
Sleeplnjf,  Din- 
ing and  Obaervation  Cars  leave  the  East  frequently, 
running  through  to  the  Padflc  Coast  without  any 
change.  Either  one-way,  round-trip,  or  tickets  in- 
cluding all  expenses  sold  with  theee  trains.  Stop- 
overs, services  of  agents,  forwarding  of  mail,  etc. 


Fin^  equipped 
with  Dining'  Cars 
every  facility 


trains 

afford 

for     seeing 


MEXICO 

places  of  historic  and  picturesque  interest  in  Me£ 
ico  that  could  not  otherwise  he  visited  comfort- 
ably.   Interpreters  provided. 

ORIENTAL  LANDS 

Winter  and  Spring  Tours :  book  free  by  maO.  De- 
pcutures  Dec.,  Jan.,  Feb.  All  Mediterranean  Coun- 
tries—including  The  Nile,  Greece,  Constantinople, 
Bulgaria;.  Servia,  Hungary,  Paris  and  London. 
Parties  limited.    Everything  the  l>e8t. 

RailfMi  sad  StsasMUp  Tkktls  Evwywhert. 

RAYMOND  A  WHITCOMB   CO. 

NewYsrk!25UBloaS4«an. 
m  WasUsftos  St  ^  CMcsgs :  U3  East.  JKlaoa  Blvri. 


PkUsMphU:  IMS 


tst. 


Pittsbnrg:  522 SislthfieM St 


^^^  ALTHOUSE'S 
Foreign  Tours 


1^    T^^  .11    ^m 


To  all  parts  of  Bvrope  and  the  Orient*  Under 
our  expert  guidance  you  derive  all  the  pleasures 
and  benefits  possible  and  avoid  all  the  discom- 
forts and  vexations  of  travel. 

Nile-Oriental  Tour 


sailing  January  35  and  February  x8.  Bxclosive 
features.  Party  limited  to  15  members.  Descrip- 
tive Booklet  on  request. 


ORIENT 


CLAR^K'S 
TENTH 

ANNUAL 
CRUISE 

Ptb.  6,  »08.    70  ivn.  br  ebutmdS.S.  "AnUc."  K.000 
«ou.    Toun  Kauad  th*  WoU,  to  Bunpc,  SkOr.  «lc 
PRANK  C  CLARK,      -       -       Ttoci  BidMi^  N«w  Y«t 

PERSONALLY   ESCORTED 
CALIFORNIA  TOURS 

T'^.HP''  'tlnererte*  <*  the  private  partr,  mU-wliitar  toon 
to  Calif  otnia,  under  the  Muploes  of  the  touiltt  depaitncBt, 

CHICA60,  UIIOI  PACmC  &  lORTH  WESTERI  LIIL 

Three  lOl-expenae  tours  in  special  trains  on  special  acbedoles 
leave  Chicago  in  Dec.,  Jan.  and  Feb.  for  aMOaad  90  day 
variable  route  trips  to  the  Coast.    Itineraries  and  full  ii- 
formation  on  request. 
S.  A.  HttlclOsoB,  Maaatfer.  SIS  CUrK  St.,  CklMgo- 

^  <AWAY-  FROM  -THE  -USUAl.  > 
For  JAPAN,  SOUTH  AMERICA,  and 

S65  Boylston  Straet,  BoeUm 


GATES 


MEXICO  aBd  CAUFOSNIA 
TOUK8 

leth  Annual  Mexico  T^m  by  pri- 
vate train  or  steamer.  Jan.,  VeLaad 
March,  $165  up,  inelndtaiK  at!  ez- 
.   TOttMWi 


BU,  Boston.* 


Select   party   sails   Jamuur  m. 
Also  Si "* '      - 

DEPOTTEB  TOUB8,  SP^JS^wiSrTs^'iWak  Ye 


^J  R I  E  N    I      '^^^  Seven'  Taars    to    Ewwe. 
^^■■■^■^    ■      SDrinar  and  gammer,  X».  ^^^ 


.  TABET'S  Hi6H-CUS8  TRAVELS  . 


EGYPT.  TJEHOLY  LAND  ^^ , 

S.aTABEr.10>waaa<CsartryTrifdfc!!li!^iyiW^ 


C.  .M^M.  A  Select  two  months*  Summer  tour.  I^B^-  m  0%  ^/v 
CUrOPC  sonal  escort :  choice  of  routes;  parties  SASU 
•M^HH^^M*  small ;  line  steamers.   Apply  at  once.  ^^ZHJl 


8,  H.  Lonaley.  314  Main  Street. 

JAPAN      Two    EMrorted    Toon.     Haok    Oan 
MEXICO         Lowest  Rates.    Feb.  aadMarcli. 
CnXESPIE  4k  KMHPOmm 

Av.,WcwYeriu    lai  Ofssa  St.  PMIa. 

Select  two  months'  Summer  tour.     Per-  i 
•ooal  escort;  choke  of  route*;  pwttes  ) 
•mall;  SnesteamerL    Apply  at  o 
PLE  TOVRS,     F.  O.  lox  H  tlTS,    BOSTON.  MABl. 


$250 


Piea»e  mention  the  Ifeoiem  of  Rtolowa  when  ittrtting  to  oMowtiaw 
88 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Travel  and  Recreation  Department 


You  can  buy  Travelers  Cheques  of 
the  American  Express  Company 
anywhere.  You  can  cash  them  in 
Cairo  or  London — ^Tokio  or  Sidney 
— anywhere  you  go. 

Travelers  Cheques 

of  the 

American  Express 
^^       Company 

represent  the  most  modem  form  of  carrying  funds. 
Originated  by  the  American  Escpress  Company  in 
1891,  they  now  stand  on  a  par  with  the  best 
known  currency  of  the  world. 

Travelers  Cheques  are  cashed 
without  discount  by  Banks,  and 
accepted  by  Hotels,  Stores  and 
Transportation  Companies,  thus 
doing  away  with  the  difficulties 
ajid  inconveniences  attendant 
upon  ordinary  methods  of  letters 
of,  credit. 

Full  IttformaHott  may  bt  bad  af  any  of  the 
Compaof's  Agencies^  or  by  addrtsslag  h$ 

Travelers 
Cheque  Department 


• 


NtW  YORK 

65  Broadway 

BOSTON 

4S  rranUin  SU 


CHICAQO 
72  Monroe  St. 

MONTREAL 
202  St.  Jamei  St 


Fl9a99  mention  the  Review  of  /feotewe  when  writing  to  atloerttser^ 
89 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Travel  and  Recreation  Department 


Mediterranean  Travel 
A  Liberal  Edncation. 

Read  in  the  November  Review  of  Rerlews 
"  The  Three  Wonders  of  Egypt." 
This  article  will  tell  you  in  an  interesting 
manner  how  the  "Winter  Land  For 
C^veryone "  has  been  placed  close  to  the 
door  of  all  Americans.  Should  you  desire  a 
change  of  climate,  or  seek  a  place  of  intense 
human  interest,  or  a  health  resort  of  known 
recuperative  powers,  this  article  will  be  of 
Interest  to  yoa. 

The  North  Oerman  Lloyd  Steamship  Com- 
pany, through  its  well  planned  Mediter- 
ranean service,  has  placed  these  ancient 
glories  of  man  and  modem  glories  of  nature 
within  reach  of  all  Americans. 

TO  EGYPT 

Regular  Passenger  Service  between  Mar- 
seilles, Naples  and  Alexandria. 
The  short  line  to  Cairo,  £^pt. 

TO  THE  MEDITERRANEAN 

Regular  weekly  service,  sailing  Saturdays 
from  New  York  for  Gibraltar,  Naples  and 
Genoa  by  the  twin  screw  steamships 

"PRINZESS   IRENB" 
"KONiaiN  LUISE" 
"KONIQ  ALBERT'* 
"PRIBDRICH  DER  QROSSB" 

ooNinKrriNO  at 
Gibraltar  for  Algiers,  Naples  for  Piraeus, 
Smyrna  and  Constantinople  and  chr>  Levant. 
Naples  for  Alexandria,  also  for  India,  China, 
Japan  and  Australia. 

NORTH   GERMAN    LLOYD   S.    S.   CO. 
New  York 


ALONG  THE  RIO  GRANDE 

With  a  unique  panorama  of  two  Republics 

UNITED   STATES   AND  OLD 


3^;i 


[CO 


From  end  to  end,  from  New  Orleans  to  San  Francisco,   passing  through  the  romantic, 
country  of  Evangeline,  through  the  rich  spectacular  sugar  and  rice  plantations  of  Louisiana, 
the  great  cotton  and  oil  fields  of  Texas,  the  historic  cities  of  San  Antonio  and  Houston,  across 
the  famous  Pecos  River  Bridge,  and  on  to  the  West  and  the  Road  of  a  Thousand  Wonders,  the 

Southern  Pacific  Sunset  Route 

offers  the  natural  midwinter  gateway  from  the  cold,  dreary  East,  to 

CAUFORNIA 

where  flowers  bloom  the  year  round  and  where  outdoor  sports  are  an  every  day  occurrence.     \ 
SUPERIOR  SERVICE  ALL  THE  WAY 


F.  E.  BATTURS.  G.  P.  A. 
Magazine  Street,  New  Orleans. 


L.  H.  NUTTING.  G.  E.  P.  A. 
349  Broadway,  New  York. 


Pleaae  mention  the  Revleui  of  Review  when  wrftlng  to  advertieerM 
90 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Travel  and  Recreation  Department 


-—A 


uiU^'' 


AreYouGoingAway? 


TRIPS  OF 


TWO  WEEKS 

THREE  WEEKS 

FOUR  WEEKS 

OR  OF  LONGER  DURATION,  to 

Summer   Lands 

We  diijHilch  »uperb  paweuffcr  thip* 
lo  the 

West  Indies 

Venezuela,  Costa  Rka»  Panama  Canal 

the  Mediterranean 

the  Adriatic,  the 

Orient 

Egypt,  the  Holy  Land,  etc. 


Send  for  our 


'*  Winter  Voyages." 

HAMBURCAMERiCAN   LINE. 

SS'^1  BroAdwisy.  Nrw  York. 


9  1 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Travel  and  Recreation  Department 


FOLLOWS  THE 


**SUNSHINE  BELT'' 


TO  THE  ORIENT 


Calm  seas  and  summer  skies — a  one  day's  stop  at  beautiful  Hawaii — the  maximutn 
of  speed  and  luxury,  make  the  PACIFIC  MAIL  the  ideal  route  to  the  Orient, 
ftam  SAN    FRANCISCO  to    HAWAII,  JAPAN*  CHINA  and    tike    FHIIlPPiNES 

Rate«  xad  infarmalion  at  any  mEroad   ticket  flgent  or  froa 
PACIFIC  MAIL  S.   S-  CO,.  SAN  FRANO5C0.  CAL, 

a  R  SCHWERIN,  Vlcc^Pre*.  and  Geu'l  Mgr, 

Nrw  YoRK-l  Brc4iMi wajr-^O  BpoftdTs-my         St.  Lotra^-^eOB  Olire  St^ 


BAJ-TiKOHK— Bftitimctrts  i*tiiJ  Haoover      "W^i^mntoToju—^n  F6unay\rixtd&  Ave. 


aTftAciTfli-El*  W.  Wftsliington  St. 
HjUfBUfto — (OermAtiy ) 


Phiudelpiiu— 0^  CTbeitDul  St. 
Lou  non  -  i  EnglaoJ  j 


Pi^a46  metrthn  1M  MtufeH/  of  ffet'feiiva  of  hen  wntlnff  fa  a^iiMrtiurt 
92 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Travel  and  Recreation  Department 


Going  to  CsJif omia 

Tads  of  three  and  travellers  of  three-score  find 
every  imaginable   pleasure  of  such  a  trip,   on   the 

Golden  State  Limited 

via    Rock   Island    Lines 

Enjoyment  both  within  and  outside  the  train.  The  swift -gliding 
scenery  on  the  El  Paso  short  line;  the  invigorating  climate  of  the 
Southwest  country,  enjoyed  on  the  observation  platform.  The  mani- 
fold attractions  of  this  palatial  club-on-whcels»  with  its  library,  sun- 
parlor,  buffet,  barber,  clcctnc  hghts  and  fans,  new  Garland  ventilators, 
mission  style  dining  car,  drawing-room  and  compartment  accomoda- 
dons,  to  be  occupied  singly  or  ensutte.  What,  indeed »  is  left  to  desire  t 

The  train  runs  daily  Chicago  and  St,  Louts  to 
Lot  Angeles,  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Francisco 

Send  for  IIIuHrated  books  telling  of  the  irip  of  thh  and  the  oth^r  Rock  Islsod  trains  to  Cat  if  ornb, 
where,  too,  every  desire  i»  gratified  and  every  moniem  a  pleiiMire.  To 
see  these  books  is  to  realite  in  some  measure  the  ire:iC  in  sfore.  But 
why  not  iuiualiy  rcaliic,  when  it  means  socomparadvcly  Ilule  in  money 
and  so  much  in  gain  of  health  and  plcasurahle  recreation  ?  Revive 
to  make  the  California  trip  thii  winter  and  via  Rock  lalanJ  lines:  You 
will  enjoy  it  — you  doubtlc^.i  need  it.  Send  for  the  books  Uday, 
JOHN  SEBASTIAN 
PaMenger  TrafRc  Mafuiger  Rock  Itland  linei*  Chii^ago 


Rock 
Island 


PfMM  mention  the  Bevlew  of  Reoltw  when  writing  to  aduerti»er§ 
03 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Travel  and  Recreation  Department 


HOTEL  DE.SM3  DlNLNG  ROOM. 


r\AINTY  dining  service  tempts 
^-^  jaded  appetites  at  the  Hotel 
Dennis,  The  cooking  is  tooth- 
some, the  service  individual  and 
painstaking. 

^  The  Golf  Linb,  easily  reached 
from  the  Hotel,  are  the  finest  in 
I  he  world,  and  the  game  unusual- 
ly exhilarating  in  the  bracing 
Ocean  air. 

^  You  may  lounge  in  a  cozy  Sun 
Parlor  at  the  ocean  5  very  edge 
and  thus  enjoy  the  delights  o(  the 
seaside  without  exposure  to  winter 
weather. 

^  The  Hotel  Dennis  is  a  winter 
palace,  with  sunny,  well-fufnished 
rooms,  and  every  possible  com- 
fort and  convenience.  Attractive 
rates.      Ask  for  our  Fall  booklet, 

HOTEL   DENNIS 

Write  Box  2130 

\\  A,\  TEn  J.  Bi  Jiiv.     -     -     Owner  swi  Pfopiiftni 

Atlantic  Cityp  N-  J. 


HOTEL 
MARTINIQUE 


AN   HOTEL  IN  THE 
HEART  OF  THINGS 


HERALD  SQUARE 
BROADWAY  at  33rd  Su  N.  Y, 

Most  central  and  accessible  locatioo 
in  New  York.  The  hctel  w  moderm 
fireproof  and  replete  widi  every  luxury 
and  convenience.  Hie  hotel  and  Tcsr 
taurants  have  secured  the  unquaJified 
approval  of  a  critical  patronage.  At- 
tendance unobtrusive.  Rooms  $2  and 
upwards.  With  bath,  $3.50  aad 
upwards.  Parlor,  bedroom  and  bath, 
$6  and  upward*, 

WM.  TAYLOR  &  SON,   Inc. 

P,  L.  mNKERTON,  Manaser 
Also  Proprietors  St.  Denis  Hotel 


j|oUl  Cumberlanir 


(J)et»  T3^ 


5,  W,  C0T.  Broa^w»y  at  S4tfa 
'  a«ib  Stmt  ^iinmj  Stitioa  nJ  iU  \ 


Idol  LocttUm.     Ncu  TbcttRi.  Siiopt.  and  Coofml  Fuk. 

New,  Modem  and  Absoluiely 

Cookflt  Summer  Hotel  in  New  Yoric 

Tnnsient  fates  t2.S0  with  Bath  i 
Spedal  laiet  for  rammer  a 
SEND  FOR  BOOKLET 
HARRY  P.  SnMSOH  ftrm^rh  i 

R.  J.  BWGHjIM 


soluiely  Fireproof.  || 

iritk  Bath  aad  «|i.  II 

nmermoacb^  U 

lOOKLET  ■ 

J^rmtH,  with  Jbm/  9r^mmi  M 


Please  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  advrtiMn 
94 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Travel  and  Recreation  Department 


^•OM  iHMtion  tht  Rwl9ttf  of  aeuiewa  when  writing  to  adoorU—n 
96 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Travel  and  Recreation  Department 


This    dei»ar||iii*ii(    wll]   appear    tach    month    In    several    Icadlnd    ma^ajilq^ji.  _  Reliable   hot«ljit 
enlprprlAes,  etc.  can  b^  llatvd  by  applylnd  to  Hnuland  Shaffcf  ^' 


Strerl,  Eosluiii   Ma^s. 


.      if^w*  Pre*,,  Tbe  Wb«M^-to*Ci«  RorcflM*  8  I 

{A.  AftinrrUan  ri^K    E*  European  Plani   •,  wriU  Jot  ftittheir  ii\f<frm^i&m^ 


JECH A  iJ  JJ-    Klre  pro*  si;  j^  t  r  ti !  I  y  1 1 1  ►  tu  flaie. 
{S>  jL^BO  Ti p;  with  b:it h .  # J .  M >  u iM     • 

Hew  iTorh..     Fifth    Aveniip    lfoi«t» 


T!ilf  [n"[ihTE>  ]ia.i  not  !>eeD  lold,  aA  ru- 
r»ortL*dr  T(n^  hkli  stAodard  of  ejtc«]L«iire^ 
vt'hlch  hM  iiii^ie  Jt  famouai  wUl  Xm  main- 
talTiotr     Amrrlrun   PJan,  fS,      Euroiieui 

Itffw  YortaL*  HOTrX8KVn.l>:.  Anew, 
a  re  proof  lilKh-clik^ia  hotr^I  wll]:i  jiU  modern 
cqnraalenfcs  fit  morJeratt^  ivrtr^ii.  IVlivdl- 
sao  Avo.aM  IfHth  8L,  1i?st  ufl  llfrh  Ave. 
Most  c?onvenieot  ^H'atltjti^  yet  freo  from 
tts<!  noL^e  of  tUL  trA^hm  uni>».  A  plivce 
lilted  hy  people  of  if*idtur*  and  p{tiiUlou, 
4f HJ  roo  m  R ;  tVf m>  out  s  S  ■  I  <  ■  T  .  ri  t  fi  i^  -  Hales  fro  m 
ji'i  tfj^'s  Pf*r  (la}'.  •  J.'lv..  >i.Lniiaa,  MifT. 
nr^-wr  Tork,  "lilln/.  IKI  L.  Fifth  AvoT, 
and  27th  Sl.^  tit-iiV,  ftri'iJRujf.  OiJi"^  Mock 
fruiQ  Madk«<ctii  Sij.  iTardoq  arni  lin>n^w^y. 
iJ 50  TOO rna  L-ar 1 1  wi t Ii  b» t h .  i^^..  $'*. .tAt ,  $% ,* 
liew  Yorkr  FinXKL  KNTJirOTT,  Hint 
fit.  and  Manhatt:in  Sq,  QiiU:t  TaioUy  hutf-i 
ftdjainin^  flneHt  parka^  tniist^uTiiA  :i[]d  clrlvea. 
Kates  rea,iunaltlq.  *  j.  \\\  <jreeni!,  ^Ii^n'. 
HTcw  ir0rlt7lJF.AM>T[OTKL*Ni^w/3m 
St.  A  itroaclwuy.  ■L'cinvenJt'ijt  Int'vt^Ti'thljik'. 
KUOIUJ3  wLtEi  l^th  p^  &a  up.vrlthout  fl,IKf 
up.  •  tk'Ji.  O.  IhirLhurL,  I'rop. 
N<?w'irorliT~Ptl IN  CK  <J  til  >l{t;K.  (^ulct, 
Artt^^tlc  JriKinfffl,  Ti'ii,  Hunt  K^MHtiij.  Ti^^ 
rtwmii.  fl'.^.i'H'iup  i^kllL  bflvntfl  biitli.  Tuek 
Jsh  Ii4lh.  14J^  !imn  Si.,  A.  LMnr-Jr.  M^r. 
X e-w  Vurk.  M  i: W  A 3ll S'J'liLU  hA M.  ^ T h 
Av  ^.  *  '^1  -It  St.  pi  iipivlth  n^e  nf  ttat li  -with 
prlvatcbath^Viuji.NcwI'atLiaiidLiEtitnUliig, 


AtlAtttl«eityrX,tT.  HOTKLDENNlfl. 
[leift'EiiLjor  Einn  >l:iutjar>'  arfi  ItfautLfuI 
niutiths  at  AU:tT)tir  I'uv  and  t1ie  Eirnnli. 
A 1  vi-;iyj(  ti  jK^n.  W  al  ter  J  -  IH  us  l>y,  l*Tvtpt  J  *?  ttif  - 

and  luodi-m  thrown  hoot*  B*>rtnllfii  11  y  lo- 
cated. All  outdoor  friKirU.*  lVoi>1(tiig  uJUufli 
MoXe\  Wood  wa  rtU  ^J  *^w  V  .>rt  €  1 1  y .  ^       _ 

iHdltrbtfuIly  ^ItnalCil.  MiMlfni  luapjwlTit- 
meiits.  Ideal  I'hinAto.  Itanich  9y»t<+ni  of 
Hatha.  ii;uhe  l^?,'icrvps  of  30^000  a*:T*s. 
Ouatl,  Pfler.  Foiea.     K  o  u  u  e  l  * ,  Livery^ 


^P I  N  E  H  U  R  S  T 

IVorih  C&mlltt* 

With  iti^  ungtnmUed  tmtural  climatOt  Itn 
Fi[iL4'ridhl  hot^fii,  It?  threti  Kolf  <M:tnriif  a  and 
Iti  3ri,<MH>arrc  shooting  pncaervcJta  pr*?- 

ih^kruiitory  srluK>1  iind  I^Tif>  It  very  of  <iaddlo 
ii^trsc^,  iji  thH  !ld?a]  r^surt  far  tlir<  wlut^'r 
and  aprlnfT  i:n[:inth3.  It  in  reached  from 
Nfw  Yorfc^  Uo^toii  orClt^rUitiatl  with  OPCI 
ij|[;ht'3  Lrav4.d  by  Seaboard  ALr  Ltno  or 
Sot] them  Railway.  W<?inl  for  boautiful 
lltcmtLire.  Addri^sa  FLmoJULiBt^  tioneral 
Manat?iT,  Pin*? hurst,  N.U^ 

Palm  Beacli."Hanj|M7^ 

Jfotcl  Royal  PolncluL  Actoiu^  3.10.  Muu- 
cm,  Bcl«icu  with  metre  iiiodRraLa  rat*"*.  f3 
day  up.  8p«cLal  wedltlv^  Ail  prlvllygi^s  vl 
the  resorts    II Ins.  bookl(!t^    Adilreu  Vrop. 

On L^e Michigan  5;!"^,t]„^i,Vlh 

«intf  Sli<>r)fffiii  Ikrlve.  Ki^isurt  for  Nnrv- 
foiftiJcSfS,  HlieiJuiatlHTo^  Hi^art  and  Conva" 
Itinccut^.    Writt]  furcletalltsd  tiiiori»atluii. 


Foreii:n  Travd 


FOREIGN  ^^^^^ 
TRAVEL   fSly^**- 

Italy,  Tb«  IUTtfira,ua  1 
to  74  d^y&.  BMta«ev] 
pirtlea..    Five  SonuD^r 
h<j»ok.    ltarfft«r«  ror«l0» 


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Coplry    The  h^fttof  1    _     ^ 
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firlloo,    {Tlii««  salllugi  lA  JQB*  »    f' 
ADiiounoomeJit*   Ckjpiey  TffOiS^SOj 

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oya 

STEAM    PACKET  CO. 

JAMAICA— A  Vision 

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07 


TTic  Review  of  Reviews — AdvcrtSria^  Sectbn 


Mis  Premiuin  Calendar  i 

Three  large  panels,  each  8j{  x  17)4  inches,  lithographed  fac*similes  of  tbc 
original  paintings,  works  at  art  that  will  beaulify  and  adorn  any  home* 


^1    'T^ H  E  fi rst  panel  is  an  i deal  America n  gi rl  '3  head  — [ 
I     by  Miss  E.  C.  Eggieston,    It  is  bordered  wifli  t 
gold  Irame,  the  whole  having  the  appearance  oEfctt 
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tic  and  deco  rati  ire.    The  second  and  third  panels  m  by 

famous   Russiui  m 
EismaB   SemeBows) 
ClassLcuI  wiUiQtit  bem| 
vere,  they  have  awnrmlft 
ume-  ail''  •     '     ■  cvlia^ 


that  will  make  them  highly 
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ftddre»t,  for  10  Wool  Soap  Wrmppwi, 
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Art  Phift,*-Wff  also  kavg  ik§  Sffmenowski  panth  mottnted  on 
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Pttase  m*fta&/t  th9  Mtvhw  of  Htvi$w8  whw  wriimg  to  aautrtiMtn 
68 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Ad vcrtisio^  Section 


THESE  LOW  RATES 

Backed  by  the  Strength  of 

he  Prudential 

ive  Made  the  New  Low  Cost  Policy 

the  Greatest  Success  in  Life  Insurance. 

Public  Pleased — Agents  Enthusiastic. 


;he  Prudential  Rates 
re  Lowest 

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Rciul 

thl« 

Table 


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4  'WAS  THE      /    ,t/. 

V  STRENGTH  or      ' 
f   GIBRALTAR 


Send  utt  VOUR  m^e,  nearest  hlrthdiiy.  for  fiiHIier 
pfirticuliilSi     AddreAA  Dept.8. 


] 


Comparison  of  Rates  nn  the  New  PnUcy      I 

with  Average  Premium  Kalc« 

ul    101 

Other  LU*  Insurance  Companies.             j 

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>*'4S. 

The  Prudential  Insurance  Cb.  of  America 

tncarporated  as  a  Stock  Company  by  tile  State  of  New  Jersey. 

JOHN  F.  DRYDEN,  Presideiit-  Home  Office:  NEWARK,  H.  J. 


ho.    VAii    mjkwr    frA    u^i/a 


Tde  Review  of  Reviews — Advertisingr  Section 


r 


^^ 


I, 


X'« 


j^hm  tvas  an  oil  man  tif  SEokgo 
©no  Wvtb  on  ri«,amel  atib^ago 
^JttJIorcallsbe^ank 


f  Sense  fnvntian  the  ft  eat  am  of  ^etr/ciua  u'/tc:/?  iJtWij'njf  Cio  aifrc/tJ*, 


GREAT 

ARTISTS 

WHO    USE    AND 

PREFER    TH  E 

WEBER 

PIANO 

■  h^  —  w^ 

li^~»i^~tr^r|Wd 

Paderewski    Rosenthal 

Caruso  Calve  De  Reazke 

Gadski  Plancon  Blauvelt 

Geraldine  Farrar    Van  Rooy    Bessie  Abott 


THE  COMPOSERS 

THE  CONDUCTORS 

Puccini 

Hertz 

Humperdinck 

Mottl 

Moszkowski 

Colonnc 

The  impressarios,  Heinrich  Conricd  niul 
Ernest  Goerlitz,  and  many  other  notabtc 
musical  authorities. 

THE  WEBER   PIANC) 

ITS    SrpREMACy    tSTA%U%HfJf    MY 
**pR£p03rDtRAyct  or  tVthtHf.t/^ 


THE  law  Ttcognixt%  i*hat  1%  kno^n   a^  '^  j/f'j^/fKl'^ 
ancc  of  c/rdcncc,'*     Th^  ^',klr,\{f  %,r,x  f,,x  %  *.♦  r^rf 
because  the  d^tr^dant  hat  r/>  t'/Aff»fK  %f  at.  ►<**^ 
bectusc  the  pji:r.-:!f  It  ah.-t  ♦/>  j.rvl.^/'^  «i^/  ar,/?  $if9ngi^ 
rrideoce  than  rr.c  defrruiar.t. 


Tlie 


wrui.^t    ^'ir,/v    i*,;i*^r,    a:/>»art  ^/.♦.'* 


CO  tne    p<rw»-.   »-,/>  ^y^t',%iV  a<^*v.r/ 


ifr  ♦:-#• 


I 


'.*^  ^^»t0am  tf  t^^^mt  mm^vi  jm^' ---^  */y  ^^t"^^-  «<»*'# 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisings  Section 


frame  of  mind.     There  are  many  piano  manufacturers  all  vigor- 
ously contending  that  they  produce  "the  best  piano." 

It  is  obviously  impossible  for  all  to  be  nght> 

Yet  there  must  be  one  piano  which  is  a  little  better  —  or 
perhaps  a  great  deal  better — ^than  any  other.  How  shall  we 
arrive  at  the  facts?  The  quest  is  an  interesting  one;  let 
us  follow  it.  J 

To  save  time,  suppose  we  eliminate  at  once  all  instru- 
ments on  behalf  of  which  such  claims  arc  manifestly  absurd. 
No  manufacturer  sincerely  beheves  his  own  claims,  if  he  sells 
his  product  at  prices  materially  less  than  the  prices  prevailing 
for  the  highest  grade  pianos.  It  goes  without  saying  that 
no  piano  can  logically  be  considered  supreme  if  in  the  open 
market  it  is  unable  to  command  as  good  a  price  as  other 
pianos. 

This  reduces  the  number  of  instruments  under  considera- 
tion to  a  very  few  —  in  fact  they  can  be  numbered  on  the  fingers 
of  one  hand.  Every  one  of  these  pianos  is  unquestionably  ot 
high  grade.  The  best  materials  and  the  highest  paid  worlonan- 
ship  go  into  their  malting. 

Yet  they  have  different  individualities.  The  choice  among 
them  becomes  a  matter  of  personal  preference — a  matierfor  txperu 
to  weigh  and  determine. 

Each  instrument  has  ardent  followers,  who  believe  sincerely 
in  its  superiority.  The  relative  merits  of  the  four  or  five  different 
pianos,  admittedly  standing  in  the  front  rank,  have  given  rise  to 
more  heated  arguments  and  stronger  partisanship  than  in  the  case 
of  any  other  manufactured  article* 


mwsA 


s3dP 


P/mm  mtation  tht  Rwitiu  of  RtvliuM  uhw  writing  to  adoortitn 
102 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisins:  SectioQ 


Here  is  where  the  so-called  "preponderance  of  evidence** 
will  count.  And  thi  showing  is  emphatically  in  favor  of  Weher 
Pian§y  as  against  any  and  all  compeiiiors. 

All  of  the  high-grade  pianos  are  able  to  number  among  their 
admirers  some  musicians  of  standing.  But  the  Weber  is  dis- 
tinguished for  being  the  first  choice  of  the  most  prominent  pianists 
and  vocalists  now  in  the  public  eye. 

If  you  were  to  write  down  the  names  of  the  dozen  pro- 
fessional musicians  whose  talents  have  given  them  the  greatest 
reputation  throughout  the  worlds  you  would  be  able  to  put  do^n 
opposite  the  names  of  two-thirds  of  them^  the  H^eber^  as  the 
piano  of  their  preference.  The  other  one- third  would  be  found 
divided  among  the  other  high-grade  pianos.  Thus  the  weight 
of  expert  testimony  is  very  conspicuously  in  favor  of  the 
Weber  Piano. 

Read  over  the  names  that  appear  at  the  head  of  this  article- 
Remember  that  such  great  artists  as  Padercwski  and  Rosenthal, 
Caruso  and  Calve — ^^the  very  magic  of  whose  names  is  sufficient  to 
fill  a  concert-hall  in  any  part  of  the  world- — are  in  a  far  better 
position  than  any  layman  to  rightly  determine  the  comparative 
value  of  different  pianos. 

Their  training,  their  whole  lives,  have  been  devoted  to  the  art 
of  tonal  expression.  Their  ears  are  more  acute  than  others  to 
detect  the  slightest  imperfection  in  tone  production.  Every  piano 
manufacturer  would  be  eager  to  secure  the  advantage  of  their 
endorsement. 

Therefore,  with  what  tremendous  weight  do  their  opinions 
come,  when    in    selecting    a    piano  for    their  personal  use^   their 


iS 


m 


Please  mention  the  Reoleut  •/  ffeuleu/M  wh^n  wrItInQ  tu  aUuurtlxfta 
103 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertisins:  Section 


m 


choice  centers  upon  the  Weber.  Of  course,  the 
amateur  is  still  entitled  to  retain  his  individual  opinion^ 
but  he  cannot  fail  to  respect  this  overwhelming  weight  of 
evidence. 

What  are  the  reasons  for  the  Weber  Piano  being 
accorded  first  place  by  artists  of  this  caliber?  The  explana- 
tion lies  in  the  peculiarly  sympaibetic  quality  of  tone  which 
distinguishes  the  Weber  from  all  its  contemporaries. 

When  Albert  Weber,  over  a  half  century  ago,  under- 
took to  create  a  new  piano,  he  had  before  him  the  ideal  of 
the  human  voice.  Of  course,  no  instrument  of  steel  wires 
and  percussion  hammers  can  exactly  duplicate  the  wonderful 
resources  of  the  vocal  chords  in  their  highest  development. 
Yet  it  is  possible  for  some  instruments  more  closely  to 
approximate  the  ideal  than  others. 

And  it  is  because  the  Weber  Piano,  in  its  rkb^  mellow^ 
appealing  singing-tone  serves  best  to  set  off  the  art  of  the 
vocalist  and  pianist,  that  it  is  given  highest  place  by  those 
musicians  whose  knowledge  and  training  best  equip  them 
to  be  judges. 

Finally,  let  it  be  understood  that  there  is  no  attempt 
to  depreciate  or  underestimate  the  merits  of  other  instru- 
ments of  undoubted  excellence  and  associated  with  time- 
honored  names;  but  the  fact  is  that  the  Weber,  always 
holding  a  position  in  the  front  rank  of  great  pianos, 
HAS  BEEN  MAKING  GREATER  PROGRESS 
DURING  THE  PAST  FEW  YEARS  THAN  ANY 
OF  ITS  CONTEMPORARIES.  The  early  Ideals  of 
Albert  Weber  are  now  being  promoted  by  the  ablest 
board  of  musical  experts  ever  assembled,  and  with  the 
support  of  the  largest  house  in  the  entire  musical  industry 
of  the  world. 

THE    WEBER    PIANO    CO. 

AEOLIAN    HALL 

362    FIFTH    AVENUE,    NEW    YORK 


PItaae  mention  the  Rmltw  of  /feotewa  wkoa  writing  to  udoorUMn 
104> 


The  Review  cf  Reviews— Advertising^  SectloG 


A.  Ihtin^and  new  Victf>r  records  every  year —i^^ued   nKinthJy.     Siiuult^iieaus  Opening  Day   throui;hout 
America  on  the  aSth  of  the  preceding  month. 

ffMtw  mtntfon  the  Rtvttw  of  Hetfhar$  uifmit  writing  *&  atttmrtit^n  ~ 

105 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Section 


The  Edison  Phonograph 
as  a  Christmas  Present 


NO  single  thing  furnishes  so  much  entertainment,  amusement  and 
enjoyment  to  a  family,  especially  where  there  are  children  and 
young  folks,  as  an  Edison  Phonograph.  It  s\jg^]^j^|^.||ll  kinds 
of  amusement  at  little  expense;  it  gives  you  a  me^ns  of  entertaining 
your  friends  and  neighbors,  and  it  keeps  you  up-to-date  with  every 
kind  of  good  music.  No  other  gift  will  give  so  much  delight  for  so 
long  a  time  as  an  Edison  Phonograph. 

Have  you  seen  and  heard  the  new  model  with  the  big  horn  ?  If 
not  go  to  the  nearest  dealer  and  see  it,  hear  it  and  buy  it.  If  you 
cannot  do  that,  write  to  us  for  a  complete  descriptive  catalogue. 

NATIONAL  PHONOGRAPH  CO.,  24  Lakeside  Ave..  Orange.  N.J. 


Please  mention  the  Reuiew  of  Reuiewa  when  writing  to  a4iMrU99r» 
106 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Aclvertisinfir  Sectloii 


You  won't  get  all  the  entertainment 
out  of  your  EdISON  PHONOGRAPH 
unless  you  buy  the  NEW  RECORDS. 

NEW  RECORDS  mean  new  entertainment.  You 
will  never  get  over  the  first  fresh  enjoyment  of  your 
Phonograph  if  you  keep  it  suppHed  with  the  new 
Records  as  they  come  out.  Here,  for  instance,  is  the 
December  list.  Read  it  over  and  see  what  a  lot  of  good 
ones  there  are. 

The  December  Records 

9698  Walts  from  Romeo  and  Juliet  (Goonod)     •        •        .        .      Edison  Concert  Band 

9699  rU  Be  Waiting,  Dearie,  When  You  Come  Back  Home  (Haves)      .        Reed  MiUer 

9700  In  Monkey  Land  (Morse) Collins  and  Harland 

19701  The  Merry  Widow  Waltz  (Lehar)       .        .        .           Edison  Symphony  Orchestra 
9709  Some  Day  When  Dreams  Come  True  (Staats) Irving  Gillette 

9703  Ring  Out  the  Bells  for  Christmas  (Williams-Ecke)     .        .       Edison  Concert  Band 

9704  Flanagan's  Trouble  with  HU  Tailor  (Original)   ....  Steve  Porter 

9705  Honey  Boy  Medley  (Original) — Xylophone       ....         Albert  Benzler 

9706  Wouldn't  You  Like  to  Have  Me  for  a  Sweetheart  ?  (Robyn)    .        .       Ada  Jones 

9707  Three  Rubes  Seeing  New  York  (Original)  .        .  Edison  VaudeviUe  Co. 

9708  I  Get  Dippy  When  I  Do  That  Two-Step  Dance  (Fitsgibbon)     .  .       Arthur  Collins 

9709  Pretty  Black-Eyed  Susan  (Seltzer)  ....      Edison  Military  Band 

9710  Won't  You  Walts  "Home,  Sweet  Home."  With  Me  for  Old 

Times'  Sake  ?  (Ingraham) Byron  G.  Harlan 

9711  Rescue  the  Perishing  (Doane) Anthony  and  Harrison 

9719  Marianina  (Brockman) Jas.  Brockman 

9713  Fk>rida  Rag  (Lowry)— Baigo Vess  L.  Ossman 

97U  Make  a  Lot  of  Noise  (Cohan) Billy  Murray 

9715  OM  Dog  Sport  (Original)  ....        Len  Spencer  and  Gilbert  Gbrard 

9716  Two  Blue  Eyes  (Morse) Reinald  Werrenrath 

9717  Love's  Confession  (Klemmer)    ....  Edison  Symphony  Orchestra 

9718  When  the  Sheep  are  in  the  Fold,  Jennie  Dear  (Helf)  .        Manuel  Romain 

9719  So,  What's  the  Use?  (Montague) Bob  Roberts 

9790  Broncho  Bob  and  His  Little  Cheyenne  (Original)  Ada  Jones  &  Len  Spencer 

9791  Old  Faithfbl  March  (Holzmann) Edison  Military  Band 

Go  to  your  dealer  or  write  today  and  get  these  booklets: 

Complete  Catalogue,  Supplemental 
Catalogue  and  the  Phonogram.    They 

tell  about  all  the   Records,  old  and  new,  and 
give  descriptions  of  the  music. 

Edison  Records  are  also  made  in  Bohemian,  Chinese,  Cuban,  French,  German, 

Hebrew,  Hungarian,  Italian,  Japanese,  Mexican,  Polish,  Russian,  Spanish  and^#^        ^  P  • 

Swedish.     Ask  your  dealer  or  write  us  for  a  catalogue.  C^wtnakd  CdH^mn, 

NATIONAL  PHONOGRAPH  COMPANY,         24  Lakeside  Ave.,  Orange,  N.  J. 


0 


PfMM  mwtJon  (At  ff totem  of  Roolewa  wtun  wrtting  to  adoorUaert 
107 


Tte  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Section 


on  One 

(J^teimoor 

Mattress 

But   there    are  seven    more,  carefully  laid,  by   hand — built^    not 
stuffed.    They  make  a  mattress  which  can  never  grow 
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over  it.     No  decaying  animal   hair, 
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You  can  scrub    the  ticking 
as  often   as  you  desire.     Also 
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ing.     An    occasional    sun-bath 
keeps  it  always  soft  and  springy. 

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t))e  highest  grade  merchant  in  every  piace.  The  OstcmKKor 
dealer  in  your  vicinity— be  sure  to  ask  w  who  he  is— irill  sImit^ 
you  a  mattress  with  the  "Otffrma^"  H^HKr  umd  ira^  ww^# 
.,j^;!%sewn  an  the  end.  MaiireM  shipnt^,  cipncs*  paid  by  u*i 
Kunc  day  check  is  received,  ii  vtJ-a  order  of  us  by  Ecail. 

OSTERMOOR  &  CO. 

123  Elisabeth   Sfreet,  New  York 

Caiudian  Afrency:  The  Alaska  Fcaihrr  At  Dnwn  Co.,  Ltd.,  Ifftntre*! 


Mattresses  Cost 

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3'^»-  35  "  I  L70 
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All6ff!^3pidKala— 
In  two  puis^  50  «ols  eata 


P/ea«e  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  advertisers 
108 


The  Review  of  Px:views— Advertisins:  Sectbn 


For  INFANTS 
INVALIDS 
And  the  AGED 
Sample  Tin  Free 

Milk  in  some  form  is  recognized  by  physicians  as 
the  ideal  diet  for  all  those  of  imn  ature  or  impaired 
digestive  power.  Raw  cow's  milk,  however^  disagrees 
with  many,  owing  to  the  indigestibility  of  the  curd. 

Benger^s  Food  when  mixed  with  the  milk  with  which 
it  is  prepared*  so  modifies  t];^e  casein  of  the  milk  that  the 
food  is  readily  assimilated  by  the  weakest  stomach.  In 
addition  to  correcting  the  defects  of  milk,  Benger'sFood 
contains  vakiable  nourishing  constituents  of  its  own, 

Benger's  Food  as  prepared  for  use  possesses  all  the 
dietetic  advantages  of  both  modified  and  peptonized 
milk,  with  w^hatever  additional  nutritive  value  the  doc- 
tor thinks  desirable, 

Benger's  Food  can  be  prepared  to  exactly  suit  every 
conditionof  digestive  disturbance  which  it  is  called  upon 
to  meet  and  hence  is  different  from  all  others.  It  has 
the  unqualified  support  of  the  medical  profession. 

It  is  enjoyed  when  all  other  f  jods  are  distasteful, 
and  is  assimilated  when  all  other  nourishment  fails. 

TRY  BENGER'S  FOOD 

for  yourself  and  be  convinced,     A  sample  tin 
will  be  sent  free  on  request,     tVri^e  ia-day^ 

BENGER'S  FOOD,  Ltd. 


Dcpt.  Mp    T8  HndMii  St^  New  Vfirk 

LAMONT,  COItlJSS  &  CO. 

Sole  Iroporlefft 


P/MM  mention  the  Rwlaw  of  Rwleuia  when  writing  to  adoertlaera 
171 


The  JRcvicw  of  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Section 


Tomato 
Soup 


(Leads  the  world  in  sales) 


*^  ^'^<*i^ 


rtfTRi 


And  each  of  the  21  kinds  is  a 
model   of  delicate,  toothsome   balance  of  one    ingredieii! 
another. 

It  is  not  enough  to  have  high-grade  materials  ;  they  vm^ 
be  blended  so  that  everything  else  emphasizes  the  kind  of  soa; 
you  are  making. 

Campbell's  Soups  have  an  individuality  distinctly  their  own 

Just   add    Hot   water   and    serve 


What  is  it  stands  the  hardest  test 
Of  anxious  host  and  hungry  guest. 
And  always  is  pronounced  the  best  > 

Campbell's  Soups 


Put  them  to  the  test.     Buy  ^^C5nj.i>da} 

Tomato 


Ox  Tail,  Vegetable  and  18  Others 


If  you  can't  ffel    Campbell's    So\ips    fran  yoar  ffoccr. 

pleaw  send  us  hit  Dame  and  addboi. 
The    "Campbell    l\ids "    in    our    Free    DooKlet 

No.  33,    Sendpoilal. 


JosepK  Campbell  Cosnpaax 
DesR  V%>.  35 
Camden*  N.  J.»  U.  S.  A. 


Pleaat  mtdlon  the  Reot^m  of  Reohwa  when  writing  to  adoortiMon 
172 


The  Review  of  Rcvtews—Advcrtising:  Section 


^  =^<  ^ 


**  Oood  form  "  is  usually  just  good  taste  reduced  to  a  formula.  In  the 
rnatter  of  Hats  the  formula  is  simple:  get  a  becoming  hat  j  get  a  hat 
in  the  current  fashion ;  avoid  vulgar  extremes.     The 


KNOX 


HAT 

Has  been  known  for  nearly  three  score  and  ten  years  as  a  hat  which  invariably 
fxilBUs  these  requirements  and  in  addition  cotnmenda  irself  to  the  economical 
on  account  of  its  service  and  durability. 


Pt9fMt  mention  the  Heuism  of  Rvifiews  when  writing  in  QdmtU»cn 
173 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisine  Section 


IMPORTANT  NOTICE! 


RIDER    ENGIIME 


Rider -Ericsson  Engine  Company 

begs  to  announce  an  important  reduc- 
tion in  prices  of  its  Rider  and  Ericsson 
Engines,  due  to  greatly  improved  facili- 
ties in  their  new  plant.  The  introduc- 
tion of  special  machinery  has  not  only 
resulted  in  the  absolute  standardizationr 
of  all  parts,  but  also  in  decreased  costs 
and  we  want  our  customers  to  share  with 
us  in  these  benefits. 

We  give  balow  the  present  as  well 
as  the  old  prices : 


Rider  Engines    -  {$210.00 
Ericsson  Engines  |  t^^QOg 

NEW 

Rider  Engines    - 


OLD    PRICES. 

5-lncli 


«-ln€li 

$300.00 

C-inch 

$170.00 
PRICES. 


»4neh 

U20.00 

8-ineh 

$210.00 


$540.00 

l*-iiidi 

$300.00 


(   5-liich  •-liicli  8-lncli 

{ $180.00      $240.00      $350.00 
Ericsson  Engines  {(90  00       5,30,00       $|60.00 

No  extra  price  for  deep  well  attachment 
These  prices  are  f.  o.  b.  New  York. 

In  view  of  the  enormously  increased  de- 
mand, orders  should  be  placed  as  much  in 
advance  of  requirements  as  possible. 

For  further  information  apply  to  our  near- 
est store,  asking  for  catalogue  **  O/' 

Rider » Ericsson  Engine  Co. 

35  Warren  St.,  New  York. 

40  Dearborn  St ,  Chicago. 
239  and  241  Franklin  St.,  Boston. 

40  North  7th  ^'t.,  Philadelphia. 

22   Pitt  St.,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W.,  Australia. 
234  Craig  St.,  W.,  Montreal,  P.  Q. 

Amargura  96.  Havana,  Cuba.  ERICSSON  ENGINE. 


$460.00 

l«-tBCk 

$240.00 


P/Mi«e  mention  ttie  Reoiew  of  Reoletva  when  writing  to  advertiten 
174 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Section 


Please  mention  the  ffeview  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  aduertisera 
109 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertisine  Section 


REGINA 

"Queen  of  Music  Makers' 

The  name  "Regina''  has  never  been  at- 
tached to  an  instrument  which  was  not 

Jirst^  mechanically  perfect, 
second^  3,  real  entertainer,  and 
third^  a  good  musical  instrument. 

THE  Reginaphone  is  a  combination  of  the 
Regina  Music  Box  and  a  talking  machine. 
The  latter  has  the  advantage  of  the 
superior  motor  of  the  Regina  Music  Box.  The 
Reginaphone  provides  a  better  talking  machine 
without  in  any  way  interfering  with  its  use  as 
a  music  box,  and  the  price  is  but  little  more 
than  the  music  box  would  cost  alone.  This  is  worth  considering^ 
.especially  when  holiday  time  comes  and  everybody  is  cudgeling 
his  brains  for  appropriate  presents,  and  when  it  is  remembered 
that  everyone  enjoys  a  Reginaphone. 

You  will  want  to  hear  it  first.      Do  so  at  a  Regina  store. 
There  are  Regina  stores  in  nearly  all  important  towns.     If  there 

isn't  one  in  your  town»  there  is  one 
in  a  nearby  town.  We  will  send  you 
a  list  of  the  Regina  dealers  near  you 
and  a  complete  descriptive  booklet 
on  request. 


Makers  of  Reg^ia^  Music  Boxes^  Reg:iaaphoiie«,t 
Regina  Player   Pianos^  Reg-iiiA  Chime  Cioekl 

Rahway,  N,  J. 

New  York  Offiec :  Hroadway  and  Sevcntccoth  Street 
CWcaco  L>mi:e :  «9  Wab»)}  Avenue. 


Plea«ff  mention  the  Review  of  Bevlewa  uthen  tieriiing  to  aitoertifart 
1  10 


The  Review  of  Reviews — Advertistngf  Section 


as-co 

Ready  Roofing 

For  residences,  factories,  warehouses,  farm  buildings. 

The  only  roofing  water- 
proofed entirely  with  natural 
asphalt — Trinidad  Lake 
Asphalt — the  greatest 
weather-resister  known. 

Smooth  or  mineral  surface.     Several  weights. 
Ask  any  wideawake  dealer. 

Refuse  imitations  and  substitutes. 


ilook  34  and  sii 


THE  BARBER  ASPHALT  PAVING  COMPANY 


I^arge&t    producers   of  asphalt,  and  largest 
manufacturers  of  ready  roofing  in  the  world. 

PHILADELPHIA 

New  York  San  Francisco 


Chicago 


Pietiae  menttaff  the  Bevh-uf  of  H^in^w^  wiivn  ivriUng  lo  toiwrtlsier^ 
I  I  1 


Tlie  Revkw  of  Revkwg— A^vertisfag  Section 


■  I 


While  the  Fire  is  Low. 

A  hot  breakfast  in  a  tozy  warm  room  starts  one  right  for  the 
day,     A  cold  dinint^  room  spoils  the  enjoyment  of  the  meal. 
The  dinint;  room  or  any  room  in  the  house  can  be  heated  in 

a  few  minutes  with  a 

PERFECTION  Oil  Heater 

(Equlpiieil  wltli  Smokeless  Device) 

For  instance,  you  could  light  it  in  your  bed- 
room to  dress  by,  then  carry  it  to  the  dining  room, 
and  by  the  time  the  coffee  is  ready,  the  room  is 
warm.  Impossible  to  turn  it  too  high  or  too  low — 
never  smokes  or  smells — i^ives  intense  heat  for  9 
hours  with  one  Hllin^.     Every  heater  warranted, 

Ihe 


Ra^O  Lamp 

"^m^^  pl^st.*s.     Give; 


is  the  best  lamp  for  al!- 
Rjunii  household  pur- 
pl^st.*s.  Unes  a  clear,  steady  light. 
Made  nf  brass  thrtRif^hout  and  nickel  plated.  Equipped  with  the 
larent  inipmvud  central  dralt  burner.  Handsome — simple — sads- 
f actons      Every  lamp  guaranteed. 

If  you  cannot  E^^t  heater  and  lamp  at  your  dealer^  write  to 
our  nearest  aizenry. 

STANDARD  OIL  COMPANY 

1 1  DC  or  pora.tr  d) 


P/MUf  mtntlon  th9  Rwt9w  of  Reofews  wkM  mrlting  to  aavortimn 
1  12 


0    BUTTERICK    DESIGNS    FROM    THE    DECEMBER     NUMBER     OF 


THE     DELINEATOR 


To  America's  Good  Women: 

With  the  November  Delineator  we  started  the  "CHILD  RL5CUL  CAMPAICrT— 
the  bringing  into  the  home  that  needs  a  child  the  child  that  needs  a  home.  There 
are  25,000  children  in  New  York  alone  who  do  not  know  what  Home  means;  there  are 
2,000,000  homes  in  America  that  do  not  know  the  joys  that  children  bring.  In  the 
December  issue  are  shown  the  second  two,  little,  homeless  children  we  are  asking  the 
great  American  womanhood  to  take  into  its  heart  * 

We  are  proud  of  this  December  issue.  It  contains  many  notable  features:  "What 
Christmas  Means  To  Me,"  a  symposium  by  Ldwin  Markham,  Madame  Schumann- 
Heink,  Lva  Booth  and  the  Rev.  Charies  F.  Aked.  It  tells  "  How  Santa  Oaus  Comes  to 
the  Rich  "  with  toys  of  fabulous  pri^e,  and  of  "  Christmas  in  Strange  Places."  Besides^ 
it  gives  a  generous  list  of  fiction  by  well-known  writers.  Zona  Gale,  Owen  Oliver,  EJfis 
Parker  Butler,  Jean  Dwight  Franklin,  Ldith  FuUerton  Scott  and  Lloise  Lee  Sherman. 

In  fact  we  are  proud  of  our  record  for  the  year.  We  have,  of  course,  maintained 
our  position  as  the  greatest  fashion  authority  in  the  worki.  This  is  acknowledged,  and 
of  it  we  presumably  should  be  proud,  as  any  one  would  be  proud  of  leadership  in  any- 
thing. But,  like  most  human  beings  who  attain  a  recognized  position,  it  is  not  on  thai 
position  our  pride  rests. 

During  this  past  year  we  have  given  our  readers  some  of  the  finest  recent  fitera- 
ture.  for  instance:  the  letters  of  Fraulein  Schmidt  to  Mr.  Anstruther,  by  the  author  of 
"  Elizabeth  and  Her  German  Garden,"  and  "  The  Chauffeur  and  the  Chaperon  "  by 
the  Williamsons.  We  have  had  contributions  from  som^  of  the  most  famous  people 
in  the  country:  Hon.  David  J.  Brewer,  Justice  of  the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court;  Cardinal 
Gibbons;  Richard  Le  Gallienne;  Llla  Wheeler  Wilcox;  Newell  Dwight  HiUis,  the  greel 
divine;  Agnes  and  Lgerton  Castle;  Anthony  Hope;  David  Belasco;  Ida  M.  Tarbel; 
Judge  Henry  L,  Shute;  Carolyn  Wells;  LIlis  Parker  Butler;  Lida  Churchill;  Ld^ 
Saltus;  Tom  Masson;  Gelett  Burgess;  Grace  MacGowan  Cooke;  Lillian  Bell,  and  a 
number  of  other  writers.     But  it  is  not  of  these  things  we  are  the  proudest 

The  Child  Rescue  Campaign,~the  homeless  child,  the  childless  homes — the  brin^ 
ing  of  these  little  ones  into  the  homes  where  little  ones  are  needed;  this  movement 
is  of  our  pride  and  of  our  heart  Will  you  make  it  of  your  heart  ?  Will  you  give  in 
such  assistance  as  you  can? 

THE  DEUNEATOR, 

Butterick  Building.  New  York.  N.  Y. 


^^P^-^-^^^Bl 


miWKyn 


WiU  Help  You 
Do  More  Business 

Dennison  wiD  help  you  do  a  larger  and 
better  busineas  than  ever  before.  Every  busi- 
ness in  every  line  of  trade  usca  the  Denmson 
products — not  a  day  passes  but  something 
is  needed  that  Dennison  can  supply.  You 
no  doubt  have  used  Dennison*5  Tags  for 
years,  but  are  you  acquainted  wth  ihe  full 
line  of  Dennison's  business  helps  > 

Jt  bcluda  Tft^  of  &IL  kifidi  ^that  means  moie 
tKan  many  people  realkc).  Gummed  Paper, 
Gummed  La  belt,  Gummed  Seali>  Gummed 
Letten  &.nd  Numben^  Price  Ticktu,  Pin 
Tickett,  Pti|^^  Checki«  ResUimuit  Checks , 
SeftHn^  Wmc,  etc. 

If  you  have  a  call  for  something  different, 
something  unique,  our  originating  department 
is  at  your  service.  Address  Dept.  "23" 
at  our  nearest  store- 

^ctitibon  sJklanwIadiiiinj  domfKwig 

Th^  Tag  /fakers. 


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Tdcnl  for  nhop  &ii4  offlre,  A  allfflil  prttflnuj^  dive*  yoa  ks  nnjob  or 
M  inUit  ttB  yon  want,  Nu  Urii*!i  required  -do  fttlcky  lltiMm.  The  FJn 
Tuba  kwp  LliecotiteDUirfHiri  unci  pnre  aa  long  u  Ktlrop  n^malna  Ai 
«od<]  («n  yi«M  fratn  now  oa  wl»*«ti  Aral  put  up.  Thi?  metiU  8i>n4der 
dlitribiitew  evealj  wbero  you  want  It,  lis  vou  wftui  It,    No  wudifi— no 


n 


Tbe  Review,  of  Reviews— Advertising:  Sectioil 


tttttt 


Carreno 


Dorinit  ber  1907-08  Amerkuui  Toar  will  exploit  the  merits  of  the 
^)Jttttt  ^ionOf  which  In  its  rich  tonal  quabty— its  plenitude  of 
u^tk  and  poetic  beauty — appeals  to  the  world's  ^at  artists. 

The  6berett  is  the  piano  of  GARRENO^  Ndtz^  Reisenauer, 
Burmeister^  Gabrilowitsch^  Norcbca,  Bispham,  Campanari  and  a  host  of 
others  whose  places  are  secure  in  Music's  Hall  of  Fame. 

Piano 

The  EVERETT  has  but  one  standard— the  highest— in  both 
Upright  and  Grand  forms.  The  EVEIRETT  warranty^  given  with  each 
fsano,  covers  not  a  few  years  but  the  entire  lifetime  of  the  piana 


,  PrioM  at  Faotorj*  Boston 


SiyU  3  — Upright  1  1  1  $450  00  StyU  7  — Upright  i  1 
StyU  6  — Upright  1  ;  1  600  00  StyU  2S  —  Gruid  1  1 
StyU  9  — Upright  1  .  I  600  00  StyUSl —  Crmml  1  1 
StyU8  — Upfight  ill  65000  StrU 32  —  Grewl  1  1 
StyU41— CraiMl  ;  1  1  1  $1300  00 
SPECIAL  ART  CASES  PROM  SI.OOO  tO  flO.OOO 


t 
t 


t 


A  Word  About  Terms 

Our  arrangement  with  dealers  la  auoh  tkat 
purchase  may  be  made  on  reasonable  terroa  to 
suit  the  circumatances  or  oonTsnisnoe  of  the 
customer.  • 

Tbe  John   Cbarcfa   Company 

GlBoiBBatl     Ghloa^    New  York 
Owners  of  Tbe  ETerett  Piano  Co.  Boston,  Masa^ 


Itt 


P/sass  mention  the  Reotew  of  Reofeioe  when  writing  to  advertlstn 
1  16 


The  Review  of  Reviews — Advertisinsf  Section 


f  s  >,  ■jursM?  Accurate 

As  Its 


Bi_ 

Broth 


er 


An  ideal  gift  is  the  Lady  Elgin 
— in  every  respect  a  standard 
Elgin — made  as  small  as  possi- 
ble without  sacrificing  Elgin 
accuracy,  durability  and  perfect 
adjustment      The 

LADY  ELGIN 

k  sure  to  please  and  give  lasting 
and  reliable  service.  Valuable 
as  a  jewelry  piece — invaluable 
as  a  time  piece. 

Illustration  actual  size  of  watch. 
Every  Elgin  Watch  is  fully 
guaranteed — all  jewelers  have 
them.  Send  for  "The  Watch, " 
a  story  of  the  time  of  day. 

BLQIN  NATIONAL  WATCH  COMPANY,  Elgin,  IIL 


Pieate  mwtion  the  Reuieui  of  /feuiewt  when  writing  to  aduertleere 
I  17 


The  Review  o!  Reviews — Advertistng  Sedioo 


.t/A 


CHRISTMAS 


H  *,  .  ,J  ' 


JlCREDITvl/// 


>^ii^ 


THE 
LOmS  SYSTEM 
TAT  CHRISTMAS  TIME^ 

is  a.  gr^at  and  timely  coovenieaco  to  thous- 
ands.   It  enables  persons  ia  all  circumstances 
to  m^Ve  beautiful  and  appropriate  ChrJstnta^ 
Gifts  with   a  vcr^  small   initJai  cs.sh  outlay, 

Everyone  at  Christmas  time  U  aoiious  to  give 

to  their  loved  ones  handsome  Christmas  Presents 

i  but  it  is  Dr>t  always  convenient.  The  LoftJS  System 

J  of  Credit,  means  convenience.  Diamonda/Watche^ 

rand  Haudsome  Jewelry  of  aU  kinds  for  Christmas  Pres- 

'  ents  on  convenient  terms. 

Villi  Arp  U/i^lmmp  in  Tr^Hit  *t***^<*r  yt^o  *t*  ■  mcd^nta  taiwi^d 

I  UU  nt  C   rft^il^ulllC    lU  Vl  vU!  t  i-cuployee  or  a  ^ewklihy  vmploytit.    TU^ 

t.i»flli  K%'*ti'ni  ir(ii.l;(-v,  ax,y  IhmthphJ    pi; [>,.» ri 'Sf  Crtwlit  |?t>od  by  uljU^tlHEf  t>eriDJ|  t'f 
tb  u  I  r  tB,r  n  J  El  hf  3  J '  r  I  in-'.->  n  lo.    i  *»  a  '.►<  t  rati  k  tin  n  t  j  ciu  ray -it  *r  I  vn  »  che^Lp  ciriliiAE7  prt^«  n  t  ba- 
c*a»e  ]oit  Can  oil  I  jr  B[>^  mat  feirl^^Ilmra  JLi  «;:□{>  w.  VV'itta  rli«oort«*aI)i>Uhm  futa  orHt  ^ymotit  '  ^ 
you  C4J1  v;l^9  ^'Jft^,  BwftptlicArt  or  llolbvr  ik  Lcuutlful  Diaa^'.^nd  wliEcii  vHL  \ik-m  toreyeWt^o- 
lu^n  In  T&lua  uid  coiitfiiUM.i.1;  drinh;  ple«,iawt  Uioaffbtd  of  MJ«  ffiv«ir'i  ir^uc^rtMity. 
I  ftv*  Ic  th(»  IIp^iI  C;int;i  fV^inc     HJeUjvo  which  bnm^,  the  iojp  of  *  Ci 

aJl  (f  I  rtii  f  gr  JJL  w  I  ft',  F  is4n."t  h'^art,  Hl>trir  hjt  faoth?r  t>f-chij«e  1 C  l>»  tlie  trm*  tolt^a  uC  Iotau,    |  t  I«  tie  »lft  ^ 
af  eMVa.     Write  l«d«j  fvr  eur  Ulc  IIiihiI««b«  l'4i.r1»lipi»a  Oat4Uayucw 

niii»  riiFicfni3c  Put^lnnnA  ti^""  t^li?  joar  wHI  by  tlj*>  ImrgMt^iia  mri9ttioinpl<!t#*o1i»Tt  *Tf(T  ' 
UUI  XjUI  lyVUWJi  VrdldlUyUt?  i»t,u^-d.  U  Hlt^ror^Loiir  ladAT  ftJifl  iflMie©  throaifb  the  »c*it* 
of  iietni'.  Find  TiVjutt'liLiF  jifid  [n>i«.>.^iiflii*iuH  Jui*ftJr^  iJitii!!tratf*d  ou  ttji  m  k  n  ^  IW|£4><!l.  iif^mUfai  ^Ciii&b  pn 
eritiiror«lL  Dlnmijchl  HiiLg^,  Hroocbnr^  uid  rini  ror  l^ife^tiw^^^titimrt,  l^Ut^er  or  MotiieTd  pf*mf>i?4  fjjtp 
8cmrf  PlAdf  Fln«  Wfct^h««,  CiLU:tfi»,  et^   for  ElLulMuid,  JTatheirT  LoTer  i>r  Brptlier, 

At^orir  LcJ^nir^  la  tli9  prlTBcry  of  j'Oarbomftjofi  ci.d  detect  itiB  Dtainoud,  Wwtoli  fir  piKse  of  Ivw^ttrf  jtna 
prvfer  Write  u»  iLnd  we  wJlL  «4iid  ro^i  any  u^tlcra  tun  m^v  atflr^t  f^iibj«el  Co  eEunkQ&clAGi  *od  i^rOv-mU  ^MdIHC  1 
It  ttLamujfbiy      Yoii  A.r«  pert o(;ilx  free  tH>  pdrcIiA9«  or  uocjujtuji>ii  pJ4ift*&    Wb  pm.j  au  ahAygfPt    Wa  l&ka  all  1 
rltkiu    We  dellTvr  i^oodJ  &ufwl)Qr«  Ln  (.be  UaltAd  Si^te*. 

Wb  ^nritr  you  lu  op^q  ao  {M:'f!<7Eint  with  oa,  bm^oTiip  A>eqDAitiE«ir!  wttb  thP'  fAmmu  X^flU  fl/*l4M.  ttAnMBfirr  II 
ine*.iu<!iinireiilcnre^.  Ev^L-ry  tnLineteA^f  Con  14  on  boror^  prti>nif^ t  a^n d  natJ^f&iTtory^oiiB  HAb  (tic^  prlc«  (obepiildua  d*'  ^ 
llt«r;r  If  [»i  rvtiiiq  ibc  artii'i{<', (n^iuSi ni;^  b&l&Lkoe  1  a  «<igut  ciiumk  uii^^Dtbly  uooimCi  dlrt«c  to  lu. 
Pjich  Rfl  V^rc  ^^  w¥lcv>rae  t^io^  aheI  woUafea^i  ^o&My  ktCnctI  t«  offer  for  tbera«4s  foLIowfli  F&7  fxab  for  nay  ^ 
vdall  Mil  jl^l  a  lMatan»i.i, &ji'l  vr^  wui  ^■'iTB  yoQ  A  writtftu  kgiriH^iu^iit  to  l*]t« It  back  &C uij  Ume  vitha n  on«  j^^e^r^ 
*P'i  pJTt*  yon  P[H.i  i-^iHh  f .>r  &n  >ori  fAid_^c>«  t*n  |vnr  c«ti^  Yotj  mlk'-bt  f  or  lattukOft^  we^r*  ettf  dollar  Mmoaoud  for 
A  y^*.r,  tbt'Ei  f^iiMiil  It  tiEi^^k  to  US  aiid^^^t  fortyllTti  dod&rs.ni&klFif  ib«  cq9%  vt  ir«»rlnir  the  IDlkmond  for  tb^i  «^Diira 
j4^Ar,  \wMt  iba-ii  t«a  c^Mitj  wvi'kly.    Kq  oLb^  bouaa  aiK«t9t  tbj,a  otZvr.    Wr|t«  tudaf  far  f;hii«LBiu  CMt«t0«vc^ 

Diamonds  As  An  Investment  ;f.r""VS'Vt.c^7™';SrJ'S;rr.iUt°ri;a';52 

tbf  f  ^  J I L  advarm-t'  iWi'[]ty  pi'r  tH*nt  In  YaliiPi  fin  rlo^  tbe  coruUii^  twipl  re  tmomhs.    W  Ll»C  otliSr  § 
(a  tbereiK}  kciL'Hiptiihb^ij  Au^l  JFO  proTlUiblcf     ll'rUe  todftj  for  Ci|irt*tBaH«  CviwlDmCi. 


*■  #«»'»  Pitt, 


Da  UcoDT^nidntly  uiil  i^lvdrrlj  In  th*|ir|TfWT 


Do  Your  Christmas  Shopfiing  Now*  ofyoirownhoti,*.  tiontwaituomtbAOirti 

TI4M  Ftitb  linn.    Nuw  Iff  tljtf  tltn^  t^j  »c^rjrci  tHia  t-bolca  KpJetutbilia  »r>d  bATc  unpLti  time  to  liupMf  ~' 
food*.     VVjrItD  I'adlAj  far  taur  Hig  lIiiHd*«^u  Chftalma*  CBtala^se. 

ATAct   nf  Mo  pit      In  competition  with  tbe  en  tire  world  at  the  9L  Loo  la  Wc]pTd'«  FaJf 
IC3L  Ui    ITICI  lit  mir  i;ixid!f,  prli^i^^,  t^ru,s  s.n^  tii«tbod4  w'>n  it#  Ga\d  Me^ftl*  t^ 

blifhvht«.wiirij  fcivcn  to  any  ('Kb Ibl tar.    No  Bfronirffr  ^inlonwHieDl  of  th*  LafUi  BtaUsh  vmid  bm 
IElv*a.     H  rtte  Today  for  our  Bl^  naintaanit  ChrladttM  €mUleffB». 

flllf*  D^rSAhllitt/      '^v^i^r«'yoatoyotirlnivlNi,ri,k,ard  they  will  coniTilt  thetr  fwiEFiiD^ivlAl  poAdw 
UUI    flClldiri  II I  jfl    iiun  ati«l  llrsd*trtet  and  i*tl  yon  tbit  «ur  r«a|ion4lbdUy  and  pn^Tji  piudH  j|.rw  uu>' 
ouwtloiji^l.  We  iriTi^  a  sUnod  ffaaraAt^-c  aa  to  tb*  qualJ  Ey  wid  ^alae  of  #very  r>EajziOfl(l  *ol4,    K>«t 
ulaaioBd  w«  Bell  may   tM)  eiuiiLni^Tii  kc  faJl  pr]<»  at  ^nj  tiiaa  for  a  '^aegtr  ct<m«.> 


9> 


WHITE  TODAT  rOA  OUR  CHIIISTIIJIS  CAtALOOUC. 


IpFTIS 

^  BROS  &  CO.  1658 


DIAMOND  CUTTERS' 

Watchmakirs,  Jewtltrs 
dRU5  &  CO.  I65Q  eHicABujiuNais,  u.rA, 


/SAVE 
IV  DIAMOND 


DIAMONDS  WIN 


;ivii:ai 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising  Section 


TRAM  MARK  RCOICTIRCO 


'^Bot  made-to-order  clothes  cost  more  than  a 
ready-made  suit,''  argues  the  man  who  has  had 
experience  with  high  priced  tailors. 

Not  at  all,  not  at  alL  He  simply  doesn't  know,  or 
hasn't  taken  the  pains  to  find  ont,  that  strictly 
modem  tailoring  organizations,  buying  cloth  direct 
from  the  mills  in  large  quantities,  and  having  the 
most  economical  shop  facilities,  are  able  to  make 


oorrRMNT  1N7  IS.  V.  mice  A 


For  $25  to  $40 

A  suit  or  overcoat  tailored  exactly  to  the  mdividnal  measure  of  the  man 
who  b  to  wear  it,  and  embracing  quality  of  doth,  perfection  of  workman- 
ship, satisfactory  fit,  and  long  service. 

We  know  about  150,000  careful  dressers,  living  in  the  leading  towns  and 
cities  of  the  country,  who  have  solved  the  good  clothes  problem,  however, 
for  we  are  makmg  their  clothes  every  year,  and  they  are  glad  it  is  possible 
to  get  just  what  they  want  at  such  reasonable  cost 


e  oar  representative  in  your  town, 
lect  yoor  fabric,  have  him  take 
mmuMmtf  and  wear  clothes  made 
Khnvely  for  yon. 


Merchant  Tailors 

Price  Building  Chicago 


P 


D 


|-l.>.l-Hl.i„I.J. 


1  .1.  l.t.l.l  ■,l,hl.i.l.t.l.i.l.i.l.hl.t.l,(.l.t.l. 


Pteate  mention  ttie  Revieui  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  aduertiaere 
1  19 


Tlie  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisingf  Section 


y/mcmsrm 


TAKE-DOWN  REPEATING  SHOTGUNS 

It  is  an  easy  matter  to  pay  a  fancy  price  for'  a  shotgun,  but  money  won  t 
buy  a  better  shooting  or  more  serviceable  all  round  gun  than  the  reg- 
ular $27*00  grade  Winchester  Repeating  Shotgun.  These  guns  shoot 
close  and  hard,  work  surely  and  wear  well.  They  are  made  in  12  and 
i6  gauges  and  can  be  furnished  with  extra  interchangeable  barrels  of 
different  styles  of  bore  at  a  small  cost    Ask  your  dealer  about  thenL 

\V\fu^^Ur  Gum  <ind  VMnchefter  AmmunUitm  on  Soki  Ev^nfwAirs. 
WlNGHCaTCIl     RE^IATINO     ARMS     CO.       *       NSW     HAVftIt,     CO.HH- 


Importance  of  Hardware 

The  selection  of  the  hardvrare  trimmings  for  your  new  house  is  too  importaot*  inittet 
to  be  left  to  the  discretion  of  another.  Make  your  own  sdeciioij^  by  doing  lo  yoti  not  O^ It 
reHcri  your  own  ta.^te;  but  by  chooj^ing  with  due  ivg^td  to  Hy\e  of  ftfcbhecrui^  tad  HilUa 
you  will  be  ab[e  to  obuin  a  more  appropriate  and  artistic  eff«Ct. 

ARTISTIC 


g^  -  •  ARTISTIC 

Sargent  S  Hardware 


m»y  be  sclrct^iJ  to  hantinniz^  *vith  any  style 
Of  urcMUcctnrtror  finish.  It  is^  alWAyti  lirlistlc 
Inilpsiifii  anl  proporlion,  nn^l  hfciiujir  ^jHU 
lon^*^  v^riir  aflTor-t^  wnbounilnl  *i:iTi-f:ii;tioti. 

Sargent's  Book  of  Designs 
Sent  FRLL, 

Shows  nearly  ^tvt'iily  jk'?<i|^i]&  o(  ftrtistjc 
tt :i  1 1 l\v Ji f f — « I (  lb fifr rt ti t .  !■:* fi la s n !t  t| i *?  K ti^y 
l^i>rini{  JriTitiptir  of  riarKctil  B  Uuck*  HITtrs 
coi!fitllt'»4s  htlpful  Kiisr^^ifStionfito|>TQ*»t>tciivc 
hiLjim -iMiiMeri^,  U'i  an  cJip^tifilTC  buok  and 
n  vnliiiili^c  one  IcrjifH,  but  fl's 
freely  )■  till  rs  for  the  n**  It  lug, 

quf'i  it  fti^  ii  vp  fffp  h  w  c  ft  iti  Fji  iu/ji* 
SARGENT  &  CO^ 
144  LcoA&ra  SU  New  York. 


f^^r 


M 


^ 


T\ 


\f^\.     -  . 


Please  mention  the  Review  of  Reuleu/t  when  writing  to  adoertlatrB 
120 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertfsing:  Section 


,„„„j,i,iiiiint'>«iiniiii!,„;,,„; 


f  IK  lit  III  til  H) 


"«IIIUI1linil!lll!ll!H"^*»'""" 


h ' ,  ,.«■•  .1" 


The  Success  of  many  of  the 
largest  Lighting  Plants 
in  (he  Country  lies  with  the 

HAS  [NGIMBIJ^ 


LL  TVpiCS  AND  SIXES  OF 
NGfNCS   AND    BOILERS 
PE  BUILT  BY  THIS, THE 
»*NCIPAL  INTEREST  IN 
HIS    BUSINESS 


ms  ENGINE  WOMvS 


The  Review  tii  Reviews— Advertisbfir  SectioQ 


The  Social  Side 
Of  The  Electric 


'•'^: 

^.t-**^ 


^  Friendships  are  kept  wholesome  and  sweet  by  frequent  intercourse—sunshine 
and  fresh  air  are  daily  exerting  their  beneficient  influence  upon  scores  of  women 
and  children  through  the  medium  of  the 

^  It  is  essentially  the  carriage  of  convenience,  of  distinction,  of  sociability  and 
of  social  prestige.  Wherever  a  fashionable  function  is  in  progress  there  you 
will  find  the  Pope-Waverley.  ^  Does  any  other  car — even  the  costliest  gasoline 
motor — compare  with  it  in  many-sided  usefulness? 

VICTORIA  PHAETON  MODEL  ^7,  I.iICe  Illustration,  91*700 

Q  Wff  maLc  RunabouK  StanKopes,  Surrcyi,  Open  atkI  Clo«*d  Chelwaa, 
PhyiicianV  Road,  Si  all  on  and  Delivery  W»goni.  Electric  Tfucb  to 
Specifications     Agcnli  In  all  PrincipaE  Qtiei. 

Pope  Motor  Car  Co. 

Waverley   Department  INDIANAPOLIS.   IND. 


nmiM  mtatlOH  M«  Rmltm  of  Rtalmut  whui  mrltlitg  to  aittrtlttn 
122 


Tlie  Review  of  Reviewi^-Advertistn^  Section 


Franklin 
Type  G 


High  power  with  light-weight 
makes  an  automobile  "do  things" 

Of  course — nobody  doubts  that.  And  yet  automobile  manu- 
facturers keep  on  handicapping  their  machines  with  the  weight 
and  inefficiency  of  a  water-cooled  engine. 

The  Fianklin  cuts  out  all  the  weight  of  water-apparatus  and 
the  extra  material  necessary  to  carry  that  weight.  By  close  study 
of  design,  materials,  and  construction,  every  part  of  the  Franklin 
is  made  light-weight  but  strong. 

The  Franklin  engine  is  smaller  because  it  works  at  the  tem- 
perature of  the  highest  efficiency,  350°  or  more.  A  water-cooled 
motor  can't  keep  up  to  this  temperature,  the  water  would  boil  away. 
This  is  why  the  Franklin  went  95  miles  on  two  gallons  of  gaso- 
line in  the  great  Efficiency  Contest,  while  the  nearest  water-cooled 
machine  stopped  at  48  miles. 

Type  G,  the  light  fiunily  touring-car,  is  a  striking  example  of  high  power 
with  light-weight  and  perfect  strength.  It  does  more  and  lasts  longer  than  any 
machine  at  or  near  its  price.  It  is  the  easiest  on  tires,  fuel,  and  repairs,  and 
gives  the  most  service,  dollar  for  dollar. 

You'd  better  look  into  this  matter 
of  light-weight  and  the  Franklin. 

The  1908  Franklin  catalogue  goes  very  fully  into  the  subject. 

1908  Franklin  Models 

16  h  p  Touring-Car  ^1850  28  h  p  Touring-Car  or  Runabout  ^2850 

16  h  p  Runabout      ^1750  4^^V  Touring-Car  or  Runabout  1^4000 

Landaulets  and  Limousines 
Prices  fob  Syracuse 

H  H  FRANKLIN  MFG  CO  Syracuse  N  Y 

Member  Association  Licensed  Automobile  Manufacturers 

Piease  mention  the  fieu/eu/  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  aduertieera 
123 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertistn^  Section 


/TR 


Acceptable  for   the  reason   that  for  over 
70  years  they  have  been 


Hi*  ut  ^*-f  arw. 


Absolute    reUabflity    at  all  times  com- 
bined with  accuracy  and  durability  being:  the 
first  consideration  in  their  production* 

'  titaloif  *■*  Stijrtsf  "  di-.-yriWit  ntt  modi  if ^  itaiied  Oft  ngi^eM. 

COLT'S  PATENT  FIREMMS  MANUFACTURING  CO. 

HARTFORD.  CONN.      ISa  Pull  MaD.  London.  S.W. 


Six  Cylinder 

CUnit  mud  proof  power 
plant.  P.  &  S.  Annular  ball 
bearings  on  crank  sbaft, 
cam  shaft,  transmission 
shaft    and    engine    gears. 


Mora 


Racytype  Six 

4LFuU  floating  type  rear 
axle,  also  double  independ- 
ent ignition  sjrstem.  Mora 
platform  spring  suspenaioii. 
Drop  frame* 


A  "Vanderbilt"  Racytype  the  **An  Admired"  at  the  "All  America  Show.* 
Light  weight,  2250  lbs.    Price,  $3500.    Rumble,  double  seat,  or  trunk  equipment  as  desired. 

ASK  FOR  DETAILS. 

MORA    MOTOR    CAR    CO. 

7  Mora  Place,  NEWARK,  New  York 


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124- 


The  Review  of  Reviews— AdvertSsJng:  Section 


r^^^S^^ 


IN  THIS  CAR  is  embodied  every  modem  feature  that  has 
wilh^ood  the  severe  teft  of  pracftical  service  and  each  has 
been  refined  and  developed  to  the  higher  degree  of 
mechanical  perfedion. 

Through  the  offset  crank  shaft,  straight  line  drive,  diredt  from  transmis-^ 
sion  gear  to  rear  axle  without  an  intervening  joint,  and  ball  or  roller  bearings 
at  every  point  in  the  transmitting  sy^em,  every  ounce  of  cylinder  pressure 
is  delivered  to  the  road  wheels  with  the  lowe^  possible  loss  in  efficiency. 

Equal  improvements  have  been  made  in  accessibility,  comfort  and  outward 
appearance,  and  we  guarantee  this  car  to  be  equal  in  practical  value  to  any 
car  in  the  market^  regardless  of  price. 

We  invite  your  moft  thorough  examination,  positive  that  it  will  convince 
you  of  the  superiority  of  our  produdl. 

Our  advance  catalog,  describing  in  detail  this  car  both  as 
touring  car  and  road^er  and  the  new  utility  car»  Model  3 1 ,  is  at 
your  disposal;  write  for  it  now- 

Thomas  B.    Jeffery  &  Company 

Main  Office  and  Factory,  Kenosha,  Wi»- 

BfKfi^**  f^od  Di*irtfaiicing  Affencir^^  — Chicago,  Milwaukee,  Boitaa,  P]iLlmd«]phia» 
3&n  Francifca.    Heprefftntalirea  In  aU  lemdm^  citiei. 


PUase  mention  the  Review  of  fievlewe  when  writing  to  advertleer§ 
126 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising  Section 


Ihe  Advaace 
Favorite 


I 


I 


Model  G 


sa^ooo 

FourCyllnclers~25  Horse-power 

Every  day  of  service  adds  emphasis  to 
the  fact  that  the  chief  difference  between 
Cadillac  Model  G  and  cars  of  the  most 
expensive  types  is  in  price,  not  perform- 
ance. Time  after  time  it  has  proven  its 
superiority  over  competitors  of  double  its 
cost  and  thrice  its  rated  power.  Let  a 
demonstrator  convince  you  of  this  by 
actual  tests ;  then  observe  the  long,  rangy 
lines  of  the  car,  its  simplicity  and  strength, 
its  racy/*  thoroughbred"  appearance,  and 
you  will  appreciate  why  Model  G  Is  the 
advance  favorite  for  1908. 

Speedy,  silent,  responsive,  always  de- 
pendable. Twenty-five  horse  power 
(A.  L.  A.  M.  rating);  sliding  gear  trans- 
mission; shaft  drive;  ico-inch  wheel  base. 
Described  in  catalog  G40. 

Cadillac  Model  H,  a  luxurious  four- 
cylinder  touring  car,  also  commends  itself, 
to  your  attention.  Thirty-horse  power; 
50  miles  an  hour;  $2,500.  Described  In 
catalog  H  40 

The  Trnth  Abont  the  AntomobOe 
and  What  it  Costs  to  Maintain  One 

is  the  title  of  a  64-page  booklet  of  actual  facts 
and  figures  compiled  from  sworn  statements 
of  a  large  number  of  users  of  the  sturdy 
single-cylinder  Cadillacs.  Get  a  free  copy 
of  this  valuable  brochure,  asking  for  Booklet 
No.  40  .  It  contains  many  surprises  for  those 
who  have  been  misled  into  believing  that  tvery 
automobile  is  an  expensive  luxury. 

These  smaller  Cadillacs— Model  S  Runabout, 
S850,  and  Model  T  Touring  Car,  Sxocx>, 
both  greatly  improved,  are  described  io 
catalog  T40 

CAULLAC  MOTOR  CAR  CO..  DETROIT.  MICH. 

Membtr  A.  L,  A,  /f. 


A  "TRAMP"  IfiNITION  SYSTEM 

ll  maltert  not  what  price  you  may  have  paid  for  yocr 
car — a  'tramp'  ignition  system  will  take  all  the  bfe  out  ck  iL 

Faulty,  sleepv. 'forgetful  Batteries  renilt  io  a  tie  up. 
Your  car  will  go  'on  strike.'  sooner  or  later. 


THE  BATTERY  VITHERBEE  is  a 
dustrious  igniter.     It  im  not  a  'drone' — it  nerer  forgeta. 

Specify  Witherbee  Batteries  for  your  1908  cm  ii  j^ 
wish  to  eliminate  all  ignition  worry.  Vnte  DepL  14  for 
Catalog;  sent  free. 

WITHERBEE  lONKTESL  COMPANY. 
Ml  Wert  4Srd  Street,  NEW    YOftK. 


CHICAGO 
1429  Michigan  Ave. 


DETROIT 
220  y^trtfi  Ave. 


SALT/MOJtE  OFFKM 
SIO  Omtimentml  Trmtt  Si^. 


M0TSIII6ERAUT0-SPARKEH 

Starts  and  Rim 
Gat  Engines  Without  Bcttaf^M. 

No  other  machine  cm  do  It  \ 


lack  of  original  patents  owned  tav  na.  K* 
twist  motion  In  our  drive.  No  bck  «r 
switch  neccasary.  No  I 
for  make-and-break  or  itn 
and  dttst  prooL    FnUjr  gnaraa 

MOTSINGER  DEVICE  MFQ.  OO. 

84  Main  Street  Pendksoa.  Ind.,  U.  &»  A- 


••A  Hni  aimber 
Built  In  the  Hills.** 


RIDEIn'TNEGUDF' 


TU  CAB  or  OORBOli 


^THK  BAgTHOLOBlW  COMPACT, 


GrayMotors 


lH.P.CoipMlOitffl 


than  8 


n^st. 


-in  fact. 


$65 


itlsMpoirerfalMBKMS     . 

We  bam  and  aqnlpped  a  u^mtao- 
torr  laflft  wintm^-the  moA  toaian 
and  ap-to-dat«  plant  In  tba  vorM  da- 


Toted     exeloairaly     to    _ 
marine    engiaea.     We  are 

morina   into   anotner  _»em 

planer  p1ant-«  atoriaa  A  tlwas^ea 
large).  Thia  ihowa  the  enonnooa  dmaM  pat 
Qnj  Motor*.    Write  today  for  the  atorr  of  tlM.SQ 
mile  long  diatanoe  race  on  lAke  Erie,  alao  eataloa. 
EaaiBM  2M  to  40  HJ>.  6IAT  mm  CI, aa  Lslk  St.. libillJM. 


r  th9  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  adoertiMera 
126 


The  Review  oi  Reyiewc-Aivertisbsr  Section 


After  a  vehicle  tire  has  persistently  made  good 
for  over  twelve  years,  it  isn't  necessary  to  do 
more  than  remind  you  of  the  name — 

Kelly-Springfield 

Made  at  Akron,  Ohio.     Sold  by  carriage  manufacturers  everywhere. 
"  Rubber  Tired  "  is  a  book  about  them.     Sent  free  on  request. 

CONSOUDATED  RUBBER  TIRE  CO.    New  York  Office,  20  Vesey  St 


Piwse  mwiion  tti8  Reoieiu  of  Revleura  when  writing  to  aduertisera 
127 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertising  Section 


ORTHER 

MOTOR  CAR  CO.,  DETROIT 

For  1908  *u*^  Silent  Northern  embodies  the  isme  strong,  endyriof  construction 
p-„,^„  ■  *"^*  "^s  given  it  supremacy  for  five  successive  years,  plus  MORE 
roWER,  due  to  larger  cylinders,  larger  valves  and  other  refinements*  C  Five  year* 
experience  manufacturing  this  one  type  insures  that  perfection  of  detail  necessary  to 
^1^  ^?"  rehabihty  and  low  cost  of  maintenance.  This  car  wiU  prove  to  be  for  you,  as 
TtHas  been  for  others,  a  genuine  money-saver— and  give  you  every  pleasure  and 
"— —  comlof  t  possible  to  get  from  any  car  regard* 

less  of  price.    Investigate— find  o«t 
'    for  yourself.  Send  for  the  Catalog. 


The  Silent 

Northern 

24.2  B.P, 

A.  L.  A. 
M,  rating  l^ 

$1600 

Tap  extra 
F.  6,  B.  fac- 
tory jncludJna 
fti]l  lamp  ami 
lool  equipm't. 


nk> 


READ   RIGHT 


**  The  AU-Ball-B^arlng  Car  '^ 

Two  4-Cylinder  and 
Twa  6-Cylinder  Models 

tor  \m% 

Touring  Cars.  Limousines 
and  Roadsters 

I  iL-^  f^uTptt^ti  wiTft  National  BallElririRi  Mfffim. 

I  lie  new  uifiilrl*  rnih*i«]v  nil  \,\  rhr  inrJ  aj>J  prot^rt 
tnrtirr,  ^i  ^dllonal  Clin  Hi  met  loa,  n  f.riril  mni  pcricficil 
111  All  ilrrail*,  \u  iJif  |jiiplii:^[  powii^jlc  kif^ros. 

N«tl(inal  Model  K-4-ey  1^  %%  x  5. 
N  -4-cyU  5x5- 

»-6-cy|^4^3i*9:i. 
T-^6-cyU5x5_ 

ic  IlnirrnlMT  Trb. 

WRITE  FOR  PARTICULARS, 
hrational     Motor    Vehicle    Co., 

ion  E.  aand  St.,  Indiannpolin.  Ind, 


SARGENT'S 

Adjustable   Book  Holder 

Solves  tlie  ProUlcm 

AtlaoheA  to  ani-  pLaoe^-^cm  Morfteoranf 
ekair,  Pii>  M.'n'Wb — irlfttap  H  tio.  Kte  ■ 
off.  AdjU9i*b1if  TO  aD¥  ft2M|leorhiili)iL 
Durable*.  Prnctk  lal.  W|r»  boM  lr«Tii« 
In  place-  If  i^t^  p»jh;ji  HpIhJmnI  w  XAMh 
tiuarnfl  or  brt^Mti*.  iv^k,  qu&rtrvwl  <■! 
or  mabotifaiiy  nniaJi,    frlee^  i3JMI» 

G.  F.  SARGENT  CO* 

'292  FrjiiHh   Avenue  New  Yerfc 


TYPEWRITERS  .1^.. 


WATERMAN 

CANOE  MOTOR 

SmAlIf  ntttt  complete.      Stii^tf^  trpt,2H,f**      W^dilht    iS 
pr-undi.     Hfight^    14  hvch<M.    Gwiy  tmn  c^L^ida',    Spui  ^f^ 

and  aH    fining!  oi    brAsc    Shtppfd    cixnpittc    fmcliudfev  tw 
tlon    piecui)     dJl    Tt*6j    tor 
ifiMtiiimctit. 

WlH  drive  M  cinoc  ten  (p  f 

mlkfl     per    bgjuf^    U    9^  0"^  * 

CAnutf  VQu  vast  rhii  mo«et.   li^ 

mtdutc  dypmcat*  c^n  be  mti^ 

"  WaUrman  Marine  Motor  O 

IS24  Fort  St«*t  W«i        «- 


DrtKtt.  Mk^ 


«#«»*  mention  tht  Revltut  of  Rwi9wa  whtn  writing  to  advrtl—n 
128 


I 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising;  Secticm 


Is  that  for  me?  4^- 


vr 


r-   7::^ 


What  better  CbHstinas  gift  for  the  man  of  the 
house?  or  the  woman  who  shcxitsP  or  the  b»y  or 
girl  old  enough  to  leam  the  use  of  Brearms? 
Handsome  and  useftil  3tnd  perfectly  safe  from 
accidental  discharge— if  it's  an 

Iyer  Johnson 

Safety  Automatic  Revoivar 

Uiiittl  you  pull  the  trigger  it  c^unot  shooL     Thn>w  it  down, 
,^  let  it  drop,  kick  it  amundt  and  it  won't  go  off^  even  if  you 

1^^  Hammer  the  Hammer 

F  Safifiy  feature  jt  part  of  the  firing  tnechani^m^-no  buttoni  to  press,  ( 

^m^  no  lever  to  p«JL     Straight-shootingj  hird-bittingi  simple  and  stmng, 
p3   can't  get  out  of  t>rder.       Many  imitations,   but  nunc  as  good* 

tvtr  Jol^soo  Safety  HaBifl«r  Rewhrer        I    Ivef  Johnaon  Safeti  Hannerleis  Revotyer 

ihly  mckeledf  3-la*  bbL,  *i  fim-flre,  33   SA  [  Richly  Diekelcd,  3-in,  burrel,  31  center   %^ 
ItCf  *fif  e^  or  a3^  ^  *  3^  center  -fir  a  ca  n  r  Id  e  e  4 1|  |  d  re .  or  3  ^  1  nc  b  ji  c  en  t  er-fire  ck  rtnd  g  e ,       §  \ 
lk>]id  by  H^HwAre  uid  ^pQCtiPK  Qood*  (ffwldrv  sDerrnhftrDT  or  nvnt   riTepBild  oa 
n&Mslpinfprlw  Sf  dealer  *nl  ooi  ftflpr'ty.  TLnokfortL© 
Owi'v  hemuluti  the  grip  aad  oar  oame  an  the  tAJ-jvL 

Ivir  Jolinifli't  kwA  A  Cicli  VdiIq,  127  Htnr  It,  Rtchbarg, 

»»  Yort  :  W  rbftin her*  Stnflt. 
f'acbth  i\m^t :  1349  Turk  8t.,  AIkiuMA,  Olll. 
trjjmhui-jr  Germfcry:  I'inkhuh.iin  i. 
hiMtihnt,  KuiiUiid'.  IJJOultuea  8u-»^i»K.O. 

tftf  JatiiGon  Sia|:tt  I  ami  StHlfunt  >n4  Tntti  Irligi  Blertht 


'<^^ 


A  MECHANICAL  PERFECTION 

IS  THE 

TAR  SAFETY  RAZOR 

ich  has  been  tested  and  tried  oat  by  over  five  million  lisera  all  over  the 
rid.    It  does  its  work  with  safety,  comfort  and  dispatch. 

The  blades  are  forged  and  full  concaved  similar  to  the  ordinary  mar 
des.  With  proper  care  they  vdll  last  a  lifetime.  They  should  be  stropped 
asionally  to  prodpce  the  best  resalts  in  shaving. 

The  STAR  SAFETY  RAZOR  is  guaranteed  to  meet  the  requirements  of 
:  heaviest  beard  and  will  not  irritate  the  tenderest  face.  Easily  adj  usted^ 
iple  in  handling,  takes  no  time  to  clean  the  instrument  after  shaving. 

This  razor  may  be  inspected  at  any  cutlery  store.  If  you  purchase  a 
AR  SAFETY  RAZOR  you  will  own  the  best  razor  of  its  kind  on  the  m^irket. 

Star  Razors  are  sold  in  sets  from  ^1.50  up;  with  the  automatic  Stropping 
ichine  and  strop,  ^4.50  a  set.  These  Safety  Razors  are  sold  all  over  the 
rid  by  all  dealers  who  handle  cutlery. 

THE  STAR  SAFETY  CORN  RAZOR 

mple,Safe  and  Surei  on  sale  by  all  dealers,  or  will  be  sent  you  from  oar  factory  on  receipt  of  ^i.oo, 
Both  of  the  above  articles  make  useful,  handsome  and        ^ 
valuable  holiday  gifts,  and  as   the  Christmas  season 
approaches  consider  the  advisability  of  purchasing  the 
Star  Safety  Razor  and  theStar  Com  Razorfor  rela- 
tives or  friends. 

KAMPFE  BROS..   3  Reade  St..  NEW  YORK 


I. 


The  Review  of  Reviews 
Financial  Directory 


This  directory  will  be  made  up  of  reputable  banking  houses,  trust  companies,  savings  banks,  broken 
and  other  financial  institutions.  The  Review  ci  Reviews  Company  makes  inquiry  concerning  the  in- 
stitutions advertising  under  this  heading  and  accepts  none  that  it  finds  to  be  of  questionable  character. 


»n  ^1 

m^   The    Story  of   Banking 

Em                 by  Mail 

IjV                   and  the  reasons  w  h  jr  th  is  U vor- 
I^V                     ably     known     savmga     bask 

V          pay                            1 

■                       4  Per  Cent  Interest 

■  are  graphicaily  told  in  a  new  book  we  have 

■  ju»t  published .     It  will  be  «nt  free  to  any 
r             one  Interested  in  thh  subject,     Pleaie  nk 

^^^^^^^^^^^Hi 

r              for  Book  '^  V  ", 

^^^^^Bi 

Zbc               ' 

^^^^^Hf 

Clevelanb 

^^^^Hr 

XCrust  (Tompan^ 

^^Hf 

Capiu),  $2,500,000.00 
Surplus,  $2,500,000.00 

^^^^^^Hm 

Seventy-three  Thousand  Depositors. 

^^^Hf 

CLEVELAND.  OHIO 

Read  the  paragraphs  on  pages 
150  and  152  of  this  issue 
of    the    Review    of    Reviews 


Pt9aa€  mtnVon  th9  Rwiw  of  Rwlwa  wtnn  writing  to  ti^vrti—ra 
130 


The  Review  ci  Reviews  I^andaf  Directory 


FIDEUn  flUD  GUSDIILn 


IE 


1876 

IDELITY 

JABn.TTY 

lCOIDENT 

rRALTH 

TEAMBOILEB 


OF  NEW  YORK 

QBORQB  F.  SEWARD,  President 
ROBBRT  J.  HILLAS,  Vice-Pretldent  and 


ILEVATOB 
>LATE  GLASS 
^URGLABY 

TjY  wheel 

CAPITAL, 


TMs  Oompaiiy  liaa  been  engaged  in  the  several  MINO&  msOELLANBOUS 
LINB8  of  inaurance  for  over  THIETT  TEAB8,  and  has  built  up  gradually  and 
prudently  A  VEET  LAEGB  0A8UALTT  IN8UEAN0E  BUSINESS.  Ita  annual 
Income  from  premiums  is  nearly  SIX  BULLIONS  of  dollars.  Its  business  is 
protected  by  assets  of  nearly  EIGHT  MILLIONS,  including  an  unearned 
premium  reserve  of  over  THEEE  MILLIONS  of  dollars,  and  a  special  reserve 
against  contingent  claims  of  over  ONE  AND  ONE-HALP  MILLIONS.  It  has 
paid  over  TWENTT-FIVE  MILLIONS  to  its  policy-holders  FOB  LOSSES.  Its 
constant  effort  is  to  give  its  clients  not  only  INSUBANOB  indettnlty,  but 
prompt  and  effective  INSPECTION  and  ADJUSTING  SEBVIOES. 

INSURANCE  THAT  INSIJBES 


1,000,000.00 


SURPLUS, 


>UMONT  CLARKE. 
ATM.  P.  DIXON. 
VLFRBD  W.  HOYT. 


DIRECTORS: 
QBO.  B.  IDB.  WM.  I.  MATHBSON. 

W.  Q.  LOW,  ALEXANDER  B.  ORR. 

]  .  G.  McCULLOUQH,       HENRY  B.  PIBRREPONT. 
QBO.  P.  SEWARD 


1,622,129.12 


ANTON  A.  RAVBN. 

JOHN  L.  RIKBR. 

W.  BMLEN  ROOSEVELT. 


Principal  Offices,  Nos.  97-103  Cedar  Street,  New  York 


Agents  in  all  considerable  towns 


'FmsTMoHTG/^^ 


utiicniiff 


200  MILLION  DOLLARS  in 
mortgages  have  been  sold  by  us  in  3 
years.  They  are  all  worth  par  and 
every    investor    is    glad    he    bought. 


3  BILLION  DOLLARS  have  been 
lost  during  the  same  period  by  those 
who  bought  slocks  and  bonds  instead, 
and    every   buyer   wishes   he  hadn^t. 

You  can  invest  from  $500  up 

Write  for  dp-sciiptlve  bookL^t 


TiTlEGUARANTeEandTRUSTC? 

Capital  and  Surplus,  $12,000,000 


176    BROADWAY 


175  REMSEN  ST. 
BROOKLYN 


The  Review  of  Reviews  Financial  Directory 


There  Is 
Nothing 
Specidatlve 


about     a    savings     ac- 
count   with  the  Calvert 
Mortgage  and  Deposit  Company — 
It  is   the  one  form  of  investment  that 
does  not  fluctuate  in  value — 
It  is  always  there  when  you  want  it — 
It  is  absolutely  sound  and  secure — 
On  money  deposits  for  a  term  of   two 
years  or  longer  we  issue  a  certificate  of 
deposit  bearing  6  per  cent,  per  year,  pay- 
able semi-annually — and   the  deposit  is 
absolutely  secured  by  first  mortgages  on 
improved  real   estate  deposited  in  trust 
with  one  of  the  biggest  trust  companies 
in  Baltimore. 

It  is  the  safest,  most  satisfactory  invest- 
ment your  money  can  find. 

On  deposits  subject  to  withdrawal 
at  any  time  we  pay  5  per  cent. 

PVriU  for  the  hook^It  Ulls  tht  whole  story. 

CALVERT  M0RT6i6E  AID  DEPOSIT  COMPART 

1058  CttlT«H  BsUAintf,  BalUmor*.  Md. 


Bonds 
Based  on 
New  York 
Real 
Estate 

Of  All   Securities — the    Best. 

Our  W  Gold  BondA  ai*  secured  by  Firrt 
Mortf^Koa  on  NKW  YORK  REAL  ESTATE^ 
dejx>slt^1  with  the  WJKDSCJR  THUCT  iH>M^ 
FAKY,  Trujitee.  Thov  pnivide  nu  iiiv^ytt- 
mL^Dt  whifjh  f^n  be  rcyillzed  \\\y'm  at  any  time 
and  wliich  J  jays  a  hig-h  ui?t  t^\j^  of  iiit<?r*iai. 
Your  saving  can  be  Invflatt?tl  with  jlII  Uj* 
Adva:ntn£c^  of  a  Having  bank  ticcount  and 
in  umountN  gf 

Five  Dollars  &n<i  Up. 

Subject  to  wlthamiral  at  aoy  tune. 

For  the  large  or  small  investor  our  6)f 
FIRST  MORTGAGE  BONDS  ctimblne  tbe 
three  eaaenllAJH  of  the  perfect  InTestment ; 
AbtK^utfl  Betuiity— High  Karuiag  Power— 
Cash  AvaJlabtlity. 

W  rlt4?  for  our  b<>ok]et.  It  e  r|i1ains  bow  you 
can  Bt^>i>  that  loaa  of  from  ^  to  f<  un  your 
Inter&jC  ^amlngv. 

NEW  YORK  CENTRAL  REALTY  COMPANY 
Suite  17J2.  1 1 J3  Broadway,  ^ew  Yorlc 

tSurplu«  aod  uodlyldM  proUbs  |l,O0O,0OQjOO.) 


THE  INVESTORS'  LIBRARY 

A  series  of  five  practical  handbooks  for  security  investors,  uniform  in   style  and 
binding,  and  covering  several  fields  of  stock,  bond  and  other  security  investments. 


The  Art  of  WaU  Street  Investing 

By  JOHN   MOODY 

This  book  covers  the  general  subject  of  Wall  Street 
investing,  in  an  attractive  and  popular  form,  and  in 
such  a  way  as  to  be  of  interest  and  value  to  the 
individual  investor  as  well  as  to  the  banker  and 
broker.    Price,  $1.00  net ;  $1.10  delivered 

The  Pitfalls  of  Speculation 

By  THOMAS  Gibson 

This  volume  deals  exclusively  with  marginal  specu- 
lation, and  analyzes  in  a  clear  and  simple  manner  the 
causes  of  failure  in  speculation,  with  a  suggestion  as 
to  remedies.  Its  examples  are  drawn  from  observa- 
tions of  actual  accounts.  Price  Si .00  net;  si  10 
delivered. 

The  Investor's  Primer  by  john  moody 


I  judging 
$1.50 net;  $1.08 d 


lelivered. 


Mining  Investments  and  How  to  Judge 

Them         by  Francis  C.  Nicholas,  Ph,  D. 

Enables  the  prospective  investor  to  so  applj  mies 
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The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertislngr  Section 


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133 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Acfverttsm?  Section 


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The  Review  of  Revkws — ^Advertismsr  Sect&m 


"Defeated  by  trivialities/* 

>aid  a  man  of  talent  whose  life  had  been 
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136 


The  Review  oi  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Section 


ofEMdjmt^ 


Thanks  to  the  Oliver  Type- 
writer, the  word  **Efficiency"  is  not 
a  mere  symbol,  but  ri  litdnt^  thittg. 
The  Oliver  ia  the  einbodlmeiit^thd 
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It  came  into  being  little  more  than  a 
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of  Chicago's  great  *'/  Will f^^ 

It  bloomed  into  perfection  in  the 
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Deep  rooted  in  the  soil  of  Practical 
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In  the  simplicity,  precision  and  perfect  unison 
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_  Who    ever   heard    of 

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Who  ever  thought  of 
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IS.. 


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is  first  of  all  a  Correspondence  Machine,  but  it  does 
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There  b  Genuine  Pleasure  in  Their  Use  as  WU  as 
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fct4t  mxghty,  tndeatruetitle  piercinq  point  wtaA  t— 
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Liberal  Discount  to  the  Trade, 
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•ntfon  tht  ffev/ew  of  fievfsufa  whsn  writing  to  advrtltmm 
136 


TIic  Review  ol  Reviews— Advertising  Section 


World-Wide  Distribution 

There  is  no  mistaking  the  superiority  of  a  typewriter 
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Please  mention  the  Reoleu  of  Reolewa  when  writing  to  adoertiaere 
137 


The  keview  of  Revkws — ^Advertisfne  SectioQ 


"  fn,  I'm  Morff,  to^,  thMt  f «a  trntniot  fUt  tb4  pMl- 
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Torrcy  Strops 

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J.  R.  TORREY  4  Cft.,  I>«^t  D» 


Plaaaa  meat/on  tho  Baoltm  of  Rovtawa  mkan  mrtttitg  to  tutaorttaan 
138 


The  Review  of  Reviews— AJTertSsing:  Section 


A  Distmguished  Paper  for  Business  G)rrespondence 

©tratljmare 

Qmlmnt 


The  writing  paper  used  by  a  business 
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The  Review  of  ReWewt— Adirertaiiie  Section 


WIND 
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I^tt^n  mwiivn  tk9  Rni9m  of 


Rnhms  mk^m  writing  to  meoortleen 
140 


The  Rcvkw  of  Reviews — ^Advertising:  Sedion 


^e  Buffalo  Lithia 
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Alfred  L.  Loomis,  J.  Marion  Sims,  Samuel  O. 
L.  Potter.  John  V.  Shoemaker,  Graeme  M. 
HammoncL  Wm.  H.  Drummono,  I.  N.  Love, 
G.  Halsted  BoylancL  Gyrus  Edson,  J.  Alliaon 
Rodges,  George  W.  Miltenberger,  J.  Page 
Massie  and  Geo.  Ben  Johnston. 


Uric  Acid  Troubles 

Inflammation  of 
the  Bladder 


Roberts  Bartholow,  Jas.  K.  Cook,  Hunter 
McGuire,  John  T.  Metcalf  ,  Frank  Woodbury, 
Alex.  B.  Mott,  Chas.  B.  Nancrede,  Nathan 
S.  Davis,  Jr.,  Jas.  L.  Cabell,  P.  B.  Barrioger, 
A.  F.  A.  King,  T.  Griswokl  Comstock,  Jos. 
Holt  and  Giuseppe  LapponL 
Medical  Testimony  Upon  Bequest  to  the 

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For  Solo  by  the  Geooral  Drag  and  Miaoffml  Wotor  Trodo. 

Hotel  at  Springs  Opens  June  ISth. 


For  Liquor  and 

Drug  Using 

A  scientific  remedy  which  hai  beet) 
skinuHy  and  successfully  administered  by 
medical    apecialistfi   for  the   past   28    yeara 

AT  THE  FOILOWING  KEELEY  INSTITUTES  i 


'lot  ^prlTtfi^,  j\rk, 
i\.  -r  Him  jtH  r-fttin. 


^\  it^iihurrTtn.  J).i  . 
:  t  ]  >.  1  <i[}iii})  M 
lt«U»tt.  III. 
MnrroTii*  Jritl. 
PtjiLnrivM.Jncf. 

<  ^[^h^fH■^'-hJ^^lt■  Ky. 


l.ciilRf ton,  ^fruw, 
t'ortliLiicI,  >ti^, 
(■TAiitfL  ltjipldlr<>  Mti'll. 

>orth  i  ^irt^yjij.  ^,  II. 


Ihiffjilfj,  N.Y. 
l^'liHc'  Plnlnii,  S.  \\ 

Ijirti^  N.  D. 
PtiLlJiili-luhLn.  Pn., 

_fIiirrl?tNiirir._l*ii. 


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Treatment  for  AI/^OHOUSM  is  available 
wherever  the  services  of  a  reputable  practicing 
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TK«  I^aaiAtf  Sci«AtiffiG  R«m«ar 


If  jrou  will  fill  oat  this  coupon  we  will  mail  jrou.  In  a  plain  envel- 
ope, fall  paiticutois.    All  coireapondence  ttrictly  confidcatlaL 
B.      •     OPPENHEIMER  INSnTCJTE 
159  West  S4th  Stnet.  New  York  CUj 

Hams 


Treatment  for  DRUG  ADDICTION  is  given 
at  the  Institute  in  New  York,  where  exceptional 
facilities  are  secured. 

OPPENHEIMER  INSTITUTE 
IM  West  SiOi  Street 

New  York  Oty 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertisinfif  Sectioi. 


THE  TRUE  HOME  BIBLE 

The  Ideal  Christmas  Qlfi 

is  the  Bible  every  member  of  the  family 
can  read  and  fully  understand.  Tbe  King 
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Revfe^tr  ol  Re  views  €0^^ 


^/•a««  menttott  the  Rwitw  of  Reuiewa  when  writing  to  adoertim 
142 


'4 


The  Revkw  of  Revkw»— Advertisinfi:  Sectfam 

A  Pen 

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For  Ink  ° 


See  thv 

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Some  fountain  pens  are  like 
some  people^^^Iook  good    to    the 


i 


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AgfntM  in  all  Pfinripal  nUes 


PImmm  lUMtion  tfi9  fleulew  of  Reviewa  when  writing  to  odoortiMtrM 
143 


The  Review  of  Reviews — Ajvertislng  Section 


r 


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/»/#a«#  mention  th»  Rtul^uf  of  Rwl^uis  when  writing  to  aaoortt—n 
144 


Tlie  Review  ol  Revjew^— A^vertisine  Sectkm 


RFS 


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P/MM  mention  the  Review  of  Beuiewe  when  writing  to  aduertleera 
145 


The  Rcvkw  of  Reviews— AiveftWnsr  Sedkm 


mm. 


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■'ase  mention  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  ail»0rttMr9 
14-6 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^A^ertisine  Section 


Home 
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ig  up  and  dowti  of  a  cover  on  an  ofiii- 
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sttM— tbt  c  half  cur  or  nutnniubtlti 
wlduyewearaTid  tc:iron  eo^ines  in  J 
1  Djcfi  in  fit^neral  who  come  in  ccmi^^jt 
» C^Mjliue,  or  oil  cu^nc*,. 

SCHOOL  of  CORRESPONDENCE. 

CHICAGO 

|>i*f-Lotfjs  Dfhr»  am. SB.,  Associ- 
laciiiaetu  lmtitut«  of  Tctbooloey. 
f  rtd  morocco^  3  .COO  pasca ,  a  ve  r  2^i.jiW  fu  ]  1 
a£?aiiLft,4CctioT)a^  lal'lca,  famiiibe,  ttc. 
of  tc»t  qtiestiatis  ia  evtry  volume,— 
f  ihe  best  feitiija  qJ  a  tdt-bogk,  and 

lAPTEIl    HEADH 

rhneten^  PunrEM^  ElcvatorSj  Indl- 
e»ir3^TiirbUie^X^[,jmpttaaL:in  and 
fiwcratiun,  Steam.Gasatid  QU. 
oe  tnfinaBrLd  Btiiltf^.C^.Ln.. 
atJontLocfimotive  Engines 
trBniVa,  Madiine  Sn»o 
kiHi  H  eatiDBTi^T  edianicAl 
2omprcsBars,IMiicip  [t^ 
ziit  of  Direct  Currtht 
t    Motors -Eltctric 


Carborundum  sharpening  stones  are 
Extremely  liard— 
Extremely  fast  catting— 
Extremely    fine    and   uni- 
form In  texture. 

They  put  a  keen  lasting  edge  on 
a  tool — and  do  it  better  and  taster 
than  any  other  *  sharpening  stone  on 
earth. 

There  is  a  Carborundum  sharpen- 
ing stone  for  every  possible  purpose : 

For  tbe  Mecbaiile^ 
For  flie  Carpenter—' 
For  tbe  Barber— 
For  Uie  Buteher^ 
For  tbe  Surgeon— 
For  every  man,  or  ivoman  ivho 
baa  a  knUe  or  a  tool  to  sliarpen. 

Ask  your  dealer- 
Don  t  be  satisfied  with  anything 
else — there  are  cheap  substitutes — 
see  that  every  stone  has  the  Car- 
borundum Company  label  on  it. 


The  Carbomndnm  Poeket 
Stone,  In  neat  ease* 
by  mall,  15  eents. 


The  Carborundum  Company 

NIAGARA  FALLS.  N.  Y. 


Jl 


P/MUe  m9ntion  the  RmqImw  of  Reolewa  urtien  writing  to  ailoertlMera 
147 


Ttic  Review  of  Reviews — Advertlsingf  Sectcoti 


-CKftfmi*' 
pBient  Calt 
Ciutoni  Made 
Ltkcm  BaK>t 
Ceo.  M&lt  Tttp 


Unlesfi  Styl^  &nd  Fit  are  permanent  in  a 

Shoe-- Wear  is  tioihing:— Youll  get  per- 
manent Style  and  -Fit  in  the  Flor^hcim 
Sh<5c — and  Wear  besides— The  latest  and 
moat  up-to-date  Shoe  made  —  best 
materials  — most  expert  workmoitthlp — 
''Custom  Made"  $6, 

Btyle  Book  iboiiVH  **a  fit  far  everrfeot.** 
Send  for  ii^   Moat  stylet  bcM  Cor  $5  and  ^p 

Florsheim  &  Company 

CHICAGO,  U,  5.  A, 


THERE  ARE  TWO  REASONS 


Ui'hr  *c  f^A  Out  I>au*i  Imprtix^  "Op  Xtifi  I 

en  19  d4j*'  triaL     I^  I R**  T—  i i  ,*^« -,  r •  I !  fc  ♦  t^*"^ 
fete  tn^wit,  nb/tlJ-^  a.  BiiM«*  »*— 


f^cUiJ.] 


.Rare  Old  Violins 


f^n^^  If  you  are  interested  in  knowicig  th« 
^^H  fmens  now  available  in  tbelorg^e^t  COU^ 
[^H  In  America,  whte  for  aur  Dew  list.    ~ 
flB  tmusual  opportunities  at  the  pres«)i  licnA. 
■  I  fiJMi frw $$•  to |I0,W0>  MwAlf Piy—Bfti ii*i W i m^^ 
IL^LYON  A  HEALY^  2SC.  AHav  SU  Cfaieafa 


J 


Thne    tz:»de-md,rk    ei 


on   itvtif 

DTsrErntt 

rUHJR 

it  nmm 

^te 


Stallman's  Dresser  Trunk 

t'.^ity  To  t«  At  t^rryibinf  wittiuui  jliiturtiiri^  *iiy- 
thing*  Ko  TaLirtic  m  mckjnf  Hnd  aiipackinr^ 
IJfhtt  irruai,  momr  drai*-er*.  HDldt  m  much 
Mn\i  cent*  no  raoff  tlian  *  i^^i^i  W*  trunk.  Hud- 
rivrinJ  !  irmnt*^  t runic  mjile.  In  tm* ^1  room 
ienf«  u  citifr'iiirr,  C.  O,  JJ,  wi[h  priv!kre  ol 
cAtmiiuiiEiii.  ^c  i(«np  fof  CitBk>e. 

F,  A.  5TALLMAN 

5^  \\\  Sjjrini  Si..  CoLumbuB.  O. 


POSTAL 

TYPEIKTRITmit 

A.  vamo»^,    hifll-endc  Cirpe-inriltr  fWt 
d'T*!  evtiy  cU&f  o[wo*rLr     Takn  V^'  1*^^  j 

Tine  MeMi:  S25,tl,  UMI,  S».ii 

AG F NTS  WASTED 

foclal  Tf9«writ«r  Ca..       D«»l.  14, 


Menrali.  C«i 


BROtlP 


ft«TlL      T7pi»- 


E  sarc  yoti 
oa  al]  iTpeirTitJ 

Write  for  (;*atak<gi.ie. 

AMURICAN    nCAK   O^ 
XYPl&\PRlTCit  CO* 

1  74  to  J  ae  Dfftrbori)  S»..  CNlCftM 


XsH 

99  Remr  th*  MTipt  n»mp  nf  St* wart 

W  ■  ]lArt«liutti  nn  iFtbeh 

W   ^     Oct  TiBpnrvKit'na  tack*  reqtLlTed. 

tVcMKf  HolUn  Tia  Holitrm 


HARTSHORN 
SHADE  ROLLERS 


Do  Your  Own  Printing 


|S.  \rt^wh  piintB  curdrn,  UtH*!!.,  ffKe.    Ornilirf ^  n 
iipwiri«|i«r  |ir««a  $tfi  Jlciiiey  ca^Yr*  mAkrr    A  ll  r 
ruJes  i^Atv     Wnf4;  f«M?taf7  for  nmt  ot^lfw.  Cjiib 
patji^r,  etc.  THK  PlUZgH  CX>.»  M«rlA«fB.  " 


New  Lamps  for  Old 

^cttuD.  T^ura  it  la  ut^  (IJuvt  kii>j><nr-li  Ks>i  «c    »lIJ  ^f* 

ypu  1  nrx.'  out  FaCS, 

Tti«  aofthMbtLT  tivcs  A  b(i(F,  cHi>^rr<^r.    sxii-o*  !k^    ij 
"ffODde-fltil   brtlLaqcr.  ea^bHikf  vrak  cf«  Ki'  f^^  > 
vCrtlBibf ,    t44iie  of  bimtk  ikrattCbuui^  *«f  T      '      ' 

CCHUtniCtlKt.  AbKkVklldf  ulfc,  JltatffWiM^;  _^ 

W*   Diasulwauj^  InrtiQft  ud  4«*1  ia  all . 

iaEh  knr  to  }i  i^bit    Aod  be^t — 0^^,  j«i,  aJfpifcuJin  1^ A4m^ 
Ac«at*  wnit»d>  mfn  md  wcnnen  ;  vvpencBcmwaiijiiiii^i  fwi^^aM 

(nA(eui-lLi:.ni  ^mj  LUD^  lAlWKmtlaa,  (be  ks««kdKC  «em*i^«l  ^i^tfl 

Rochester  Lamp  Co,,  Dept.  Q,  Rocbester^  N.Y* 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertisinfi:  Section 


lERT- CROWN 


JiARTERS 

.    m'e  N     ^ 


fsmm 


50<t: 


'Xleinert's" 
rubber  crip 


il-CROM^N  GARTERS 

KI.EliNERTSTIexiblc  Rubber 

own  Makc"ijalt?tit  sttid  (cast-off) 

two  most  eiisenhal  lealares  ot 

arter 

>in.g   No  tearing  of  Hooierv: 

pic  Hi  Tie  t*f  ffrip  or  CaM  0(i. 

NERT  RUBBER  CO./I*.^r^.j: 

S-^^a-riT   BROADWAY,  AV  V  i^^^^-A 


le  Thing  in  an  Sgg  Sbell^ 

!•  200  Eggs 
)  a -Year 
Per  Hen 

HO'W  TO    GKT  THKM 

Ion  of  the  book,  "  900  Sggs  a  Year  Per  Hen,** 
levifled,  enlarged,  and  In  part  rewritten.  96 
t  among  other  things  the  method  of  feeding 
D.  Fox,  of  Wolfboro,  N.  H.,  won  the  prlxb  of 
red  by  the  nuumfactnrere  of  a  well-known 
T  for  the  beet  egg  record  during  the  winter 

I  as  a,  b,  o-^and  yet  we  guarantee  it  to  start 
u-Uer  and  to  Induce  them  to  lay  more  eggs 
aethod  under  the  sun.  The  book  also  con- 
igg  food  and  tonic  used  by  Mr.  Fox,  which 
tne  winter  day  08 eggs  from  72  hens;  and  for 
session  from  the  same  flock  64  ems  a  day. 
erlaln,  of  Wolfboro,  N.  H.,  says:  "^  follow- 
outllned  In  your  book  I  obtained  1,496  eggs 
Is  In  the  month  of  January,  1908.**  From  14 
li  random  out  ot  a  farmer's  flock  the  author 
one  year— an  average  of  over  214  eggs  apiece. 

ambition  in  writing  **200  Eggs  a  Tear  Per 
t  the  standard  book  on  egg  production  and 
f.  Tells  all  there  is  to  know,  and  tells  it  in  a 
enseway. 

0  cents ;  or  wHh  ■  tmt^  saWcriptlM 
HBBIGAX  rOULTET  ADTOGATB,  Wtk  tor 

I I  or  given  as  a  premlimi  for  tw« 


handsomely  Illustrated,  44  to  80  pages,  60 
S  months^  trial,  10  cents.    Sample  Free, 
I  poultry  books  free. 

[CAN  POULTRY  ADVOCATE 

Block  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 


No  Honing— 
No  Grinding 


No.  a   ^^'^^"^ 

Have  his  initials  with  yours  etched 
upon  a  Carbo  Magnetic  blade. 
Doesn't  this  solve  the  haunting  ques- 
tion *'  What  shall  I  give  him?  " 

There  are  a  thousand  pleasing  g^its 
for  a  woman  to  one  for  a  man.  He 
wants  something  exclusively  mascu- 
line and  practical  enough  to  be  a 
daily  reminder  of  the  donor. 

"Oh,  he  has  razors/'  or  **He  goes 
to  the  barber  shop  I"  you  exclaim. 
All  the  more  reason  for  a  Carbo  Mag- 
netic razor — he  knows  from  experi- 
ence the  difficulty  in  securing  a  razor 
that  will  g^ve  satisfaction  every  day 
without  periodical  honing  and  grind- 
ing. 

When  you  buy  a  precious  stone 
yon  either  secure  an  expert  to  select 
it  or  go  to  a  well  established  firm 
that  will  unconditionally  guarantee 
its  purity.  Razor  steel  requires  even 
more  care  in  selection.  It  varies 
more  than  a  precious  stone  in  quality. 

The  Carbo  Magnetic  razor  has  all 
the  good  qualities  a  razor  should  have 
with  the  annoyances  left  out.  One 
of  these  razors  given  as  a  Christmas 
present  will  prove  a  lasting  joy  to 
the  recipient. 

Yon  can  buy  this  unoondttton^ 
mUy  gmmskntood  Carbo  Mag- 
netic razor  from  your  dealer,  and  if 
you  order  in  time  he  will  have  us 
etch  on  the  blade  any  desired  initials 
without  extra  charge.  If  your  dealer 
does  not  keep  the  Carbo  Magnetic 
razor  write  us  at  once,  g^iving  us  hia 
name,  and  we  will  see  that  you  are 
supplied. 


IV 

/ 


1 


m 


{A 


COPYRIOHT,  1907,  BY 


Finn  of  A.  L.  SILBERSTEIN,  456^57  Broadway,  N.  Y. 


Please  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  aduertlsert 
149 


To  the  Readers  of 
The  Review  of  Reviews 


i\ 


Mean» 
Scmtlniztd, 


During  the  past  year  we  have 
warned  our  readers  against  cheap 
and  undesirable  articles  that  are 
offered  by  dealers  when  trademarked  brands 
are  asked  for.  We  made  the  assertion  that 
these  articles,  without  name  or  brand,  are 
not  found  exploited  in  the  pages  of  a  good 
magazine.  Advertising  invites  criticism,  and 
no  manufacturer  would  wish  to  have  the 
merits  of  his  goods  tested  unless  he  knew 
their  quality  would  stand  the  closest  scrutiny. 


Avoia 


We  believe  that  we  are  advising 
'Jutt'ot      you  for  your  own  interest  when 

we  ask  you,  in  purchasing  articles 
from  your  dealer,  to  insist  on  getting  the 
trademarked  brands  that  you  ask  for.  We 
believe  that  every  time  you  allow  a  dealer  to 
put  forward  a  "  just-as-good  "  substitute  for 
an  advertised  b^and,  you  are  being  cheated. 
The  manufacturer  of  the  standard  article  is 
also  losing  the  just  and  due  reward  for 
maintaining  the  uniformity  of  excellence  of 
his  article. 

AttXrtMng  Nothing  is  more  fallacious  than 
'SSyiecreawV^^^  argiunents  resorted  to  by 
Profita.  dealers  (not  always  dishonest) 
when  they  attempt  to  prove  that  widely  ad- 
vertised articles  must  be  dearer  because  of 
the  advertising.  A  widely  advertised  and 
meritorious  article,  of  course,  naturally  has 
a  larger  sale,  and  the  manufacturer,  and  the 
dealer,  too,  often  make  a  much  smaller  profit 
on  it  than  on  the  article  which  has  a  re- 
stricted sale,  due  to  the  lack  of  advertising. 


Is  it  strange,  then,  that  the  dealer  diould 
often  attempt  to  put  off  on  you  the  "  just  2$ 
good  "  substitute? 

A  Trademark  A    manufacturer    of    a    trad^ 
staitiTri  of  marked  brand  can  never  for  a 

£xe€U€iioe.     ^j^Qj^gyj^     ^J^^     J^jj     prod^ict    tO 

deteriorate.  His  name  is  his  greatest  asset 
He  has  spent  from  $10,000  to  $10,000,000  in 
making  known  the  excellence  of  his  brand. 
He  must  keep  his  goods  up  to  the  same  higii 
standard ;  in  fact,  the  advertising  of  sudi  a 
product  implies  a  contract  between  the 
maker  and  the  public  to  deliver  the  same 
goods  for  the  same  money.  It  is  easy  to 
prove  conclusively  that  it  is  better  for  the 
public  to  ask  for  and  insist  on  getting  the 
trademarked  brand. 

We  believe  that  we  can"  spd 
Adwrttae     with  Considerable  enthusiasm  and 

inferioritg.  ,  ,  . 

assurance  concemmg  the  articles 
advertised  in  the  Review  of  Reviews.  R^ 
liable  manufacturers,  knowing  the  class  oi 
people  the  Review  of  Reviews  reaches, 
naturally  are  favorably  inclined  to  our 
columns,  while  those  manufacturers  who  de- 
pend for  their  business  upon  the  substitutioo 
of  adulterated  "  just  as  good  "  for  the  genu- 
ine, of  course,  cannot  make  advertising  pay. 

TkeB0  Pages  ^^  believc  thc  monthly  maga- 

^'^ /ii3Ji!"*'*  ^'"^  '^  ™®^^  ^*^^  *  commercial 

enterprise;  it  is  an  educational 

influence.    It  derives  its  main  strength  from 

its  accuracy,  reliability,  honesty,  and  thc  care 


Contirtued  on  page  tsz, 


TIic  Review  of  Revlewi    Advcrthlng  Sectfao 


Butlilm^  Cleaitscrof  Cuts 


s 


In   the  office  J  the  home,  the   factury,  on  the  farm,  when    auto- 
obiHng,  hunting,   fishing,   golfing,   or  yachting,   scratches,   cuts, 
d    wounds    should    be    cleansed    at   once    with    DIOXOGEN    to 
ove    septic   substances    and    prevent    infection.       This    is   a   very 
irtant    prophylactic    precaution.       You    can    see    and    feel    DIOX- 
N  bubble  as  it  cleanses. 


bblin^  Qcanscr  after  Shaving 


I  barber  shop*  the  club,  the  hotel,  the  home,  or  when  traveling,  an 
ition  of  DIOXOGEN  after  shaving  cleanses  the  skm,  pores,  cuts, 
,  blemishes  or  tender  surfaces  of  infectious  substances.  This  is  a 
i'laclic  precaution  which  every  man  should  observi?.  Thus  used, 
OGEN  imparts  a  most  pleasing  and  delightful  sensation  to  the 
You  can  see  and  feel  it  bubble  as  it  cleanses. 


Mini  Cleanser  of  Teeth  Jloutlijhroat 

:  tooth  brush  cannot  reach  tooth  cavities  or  spaces  between  the 
ns  and  the  teeth,  nor  can  it  cleanse  the  tongue.     DIOXOGEN 
ibbWs  all  over  the  teeth,  cleansing  them  of  all  infectious  sub* 
tances  ;  it  cleanses  the  cavities  :  it  cleanses  between  the  teeth; 
cleanses  between  the  gums  and  the  teeth;  it  cleanses  the 
tongue  and  under  the  tongue  ;  it  cleanses  the  whole  niouih 
and   throat^a    satisfying,    aseptic,  prophylactic    clean] i- 
ness,  good   to    the    taste.      Test  DKJXOGEN.      Wht^n 
the   mouth    is    thoroughly  clean,  it    will    not    bubble. 
Sec  if  it  bubbles  in  your  mo^th.     l^hat  proves. 


UlOXOC^ffV  hat  nrj  tiut-kTitHte.  tTiou^ti    mnttY  tjnlUitfintlv      When    nqrlH^Qf  Jt  nffenvT  Im 
/up  H  "  IrkjF  "  or  "f  he  m.irri,r  W  IHUXi  V'j  Ev^.  n^Jti-*^  [t  oji  I  )«>.>lc  cul  lur  iMe  il^^tJu^r  wlna 

tiUcri  II,     CftlJ  iot  r>ti:iVi  H  j:\  Kv  niink^*'lvi  j^-i  »rr-L  srr  llie  p-ickiBT.     Avfry  InTer. 

t«'IJ3i;f  t>ii3T][th]f  t  *-nt<ilrHl    'TheThiril  Kf«ii1  \,<f  l'.[r'mthni-%\"  i*  ■*t^^ffe<i  Id  evrnr 

pi.ck4ir«-       ll  tiplA^Qii  tile  hdQLlffd^  uf  itv:^  t»i  [iLuXOi-pT-N  U  A  ^ riipbjr lli^UC 


\  T/in§  Aii^ji  ■  25  c/'nts,  50  vfrrts  atai  75  tpnta. 

Sot  J  at  ait  tfuad  drug  storvn. 
The  OaklMntf  Chemical  Company 
New  York 


'/: 


Pt9tU9  mention  the  Reuleto  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  adoertisen 
151 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertistiis:  Sectkm 


The 


Razor 


is  a  REAL  RAZOR 

—A   MAN'S  RAZOR 

and  a^  perfect  a.  ru/or  as 

hisman    skiU    can     produce. 

After  all,  there  is  nothing  like 

shaving  oneself  in  the  good  oJd* 

fashioned    way  with    the  good    old- 

fashioned  razor,  and   the  majority  of 

those  now  using  so  called    "  Safety s"  will 

eventaally  come  back  to  the  open  kind— M/ 

^«Iy  uaJ  ttizor.    The   *' Masterpiece'*  U  an 

honest    razor— hand  forged  from  the   finest 

grain  Sheffieid  steel  by  men  expert  in  their 

craft,  and  is  a  masterpiece  of  the  English  steel 

^'  maker'a  art.    It  passes  through  twenty  opera- 

':  tions,  the   most    skillful    experts  bein]^  em- 

I  ployed  in  every  department.   It  will  last  alife- 

\  time  with  ordinary  care  and  will  givo  you  the 

easiest,  smoothest  and  most  delightful  Ahave 

you  ever  had,  and  a  real  shave— not  a  scrape. 

Price  $2.50  each-    S5,00  per  pair 

With  round  or  Si^uart  tnd^     Heady  fhr  usiT. 

A  Royal  Xmas  Gift 

A  Seven  Day  Set  conalstlnic  of  seven  selected 

*' MasttTpkcc  "  kazort,  In  Moroceo   Leather 

c«e,   plush  Uncd,  -        -        *        •        f  t».50. 


<^^^» 


Or  two  selected  "  Ma«terpl«>ce  '*  Razora  In  hand* 
■ome  Morocco  Leatlier  case,  plush  lined*  f^.OO. 

Wt?  have  niiul«  Razom  slncifi  tSIO 
Qtiarflfltee  1^*^  kniiwlrdgr  and  ^perienci?  i:ttlined 
'I  during  tlieat  triEthlir^i^^ht  years,  aim* 
bined  with  the  oirni  expert  slfill  and  pcrtcct  workman* 
tilt  I?,  arc  eiiatatitted  ytju  in  ihe  **MairerpSecc.'-  We 
9'tamd  Ijack  4j|  3,11  thr  t$o€»d«  we  »cll,  nnd  nmncy  will  l>e 
retundifd  il  ^ orjds  Ate  ntA  foyml  to  be  tiActly  as  rcpre- 
scnted,  iirare  nn(  lafi^ficioiy  in  cveir  rcapect. 
Hq  You  Kaofr  lluvr  Ici  l^hiivu  Yountclf  Vomctljl 

^^if(I  fftr  otirfrfr  htrnklct  "AJT  About   Ooofi 
Hiizom  antl  U'lw  ht  Sihave  WitK  Comfort/' 

C.  KLAUBERO  A.  BROS..  175  William  St.,  N.  V. 


Continued  from  page  tso 

used  in  the  selection  of  the  proper  materal 
for  its  readers.  Thb  Ambrican  Review 
OF  Reviews  (the  leading  high-class  periodi- 
cal of  the  country)  has,  within  the  last  few 
years,  come  to  the  front  as  the  authentic 
monthly  guide,  recorder  and  interpreter  to 
which  its  readers  look  with  confidence  for 
the  most  reliable  information.  Is  it  not 
proper  that  its  paid  columns  should  be  z) 
reliable  index  to  which  the  readers  maqr  £» 
for  information  about  meritorious  articks? 

Q^^  Our  readers  will  more  readily 
o/TwjwS*  appreciate  the  reliability  of  our 
advertising  if  they  will  note  that 
we  are  careful  to  exclude  all  sorts  of  objec- 
tionable advertising,  including  intoxicating 
liquors,  medical  announcements  and  specu- 
lative financial  schemes.  We  are  constantly 
importuned  to  publish  cure-all  advertisements 
of  all  kinds.  The  Review  of  Reviews' 
standard  for  accepting  financial  advertinng 
is  higher  than  that  of  any  other 
Only  a  short  time  ago  we  refused  to 
the  announcement  of  a  stock  inv 
scheme,  although  the  advertiser  was 
to  take  twenty-four  pages  in  one  issue  of 
the  Review  of  Reviews,  for  which  he 
would  have  paid  $4800.  Shortly  after  this 
our  investigation  caused  us  to  decline  a  six- 
page  announcement  of  a  land  investment 
scheme,  although  the  advertiser  had  no  diffi- 
culty in  obtaining  space  in  other  periodicals. 

We  give  these  illustrations  in  order  to 
make  clear  our  intention  of  infusing  the 
advertising  section  with  the  same  honesty  of 
purpose  that  is  maintained  in  the  editorial 
department.  We  are  always  thankful  for 
the  co-operation  and  advice  of  our  readers. 
The  Review  of  Reviews  Co. 


/*/MM  mention  the  Review  of  Reviews  when  writing  to  adoertitort 
152 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advettisiag  Section 


hy  Wool 
For  Vnilorwoat? 

ht's  Health  Underwear  is  made  of  wool  because  wool  is  the 
al  body  covering,  and  better  adapted  to  the  purpose  than  any 
able  fibre      It  does  not  absorb  odor  as  linen  does,  nor  chill 
km  after  perspiring,  and  it  retains  the  electricity  of  the  body. 

WRIGHT  S  UNDERWEAR 

however,  is  woven  on  an  entirely  different  plan  from  any  other  underwear, 

and  it  is  this  that  gives  it  its  great  superiority'.     Instead  of  a  tightly  woven 

fabric  almost  impervious  to  air  and  perspiration  we  have  in  Wright's  Health 

Underwear  the  Fleece  of  Comfort  and  Health ;  a  fleecy  lining  made  up  of 

myriads  of  tiny  woolen  loops  woven  into  the  founcbtion  rabric.     This 

fleece  by  holding  air  in  its  meshes  permits  the  skin  to  breathe  freely  and 

by  its  porous  absorbent  nature  carries  off  the  perspiration  easily  and 

naturaJly.     Wright* s  Health  Undefwear  costs  no  more  than  the  ordinary 

kinds.    At  dealers. 

Dressing:  for  Health,"  a  book  of  valuable 
information  about  underwear,  sent  free. 

WlWirS  HEALTH  UHOEIWEU  CO..  75  FlMKLM  ST..  HEW  TOK 


f1 


w  to  heat 
ar  house: 

By  Fapor, 

latis'Vapor'?" 

book   tells  :    An  improve- 
steam  and   hot-water,    elim- 
the    objectionable      features 
■  these  systems, 
you  have  the  book  ? 

Heating      Company 

ORicll'i^Va[KirSyvlcnit  oi  ttcrfUtijf 

Uh  Broad  Sireet,  riiiLi^iliiii 


n9a»9  mention  the  Review  of  Reuieuie  when  writing  to  aduertieere 
163 


THe  Review  of  Reviews— AJvertismgr  Sectiofi 


ft 


"The  Cheapest,  Cleanest 
Safest  Light 

«YOU  don't  make  yoyr  dalmi  fo?  The  An^  L.r 

'    halF  itrong  enough,     ]l*i  tKt  |rf^Cft  UfiM  e^ 
Age,  fmr  turpasiin^  iu  or  elcctridty/'  wrUip  Hr*  t.  B 
Phi11i|»i,  Mmerat  Weill,  Ttnn.    *'ll  b  b  p«rfi  ct  laiii  i  ^^ 

dent  tiilht- plant  i  the  cteaneit,  cheBprvt,  talcat  %lii<T^t 
meihod  that  ever  wtnt  into  a  homc^  I  tltapfy  tarrn  -  ■ 
find  wordi  to  tKpTUA  my  latlifictldft*'"  irfitei  W- 
Howe,  Bdd1n|,  Mich. 

I'T^ttY  Strong  prftifi6  fof  A  k»?ro«iie  bumhif 
you  tulnk  ?  KaJTtily  the  gijrt  of  tau^rua^rv  Tfia  ^ 
dit!*rnl)e  your  liunp,  Is  it  T  Yet  thet»  are,  qmtbe 
fifjft  of  letters  for  u»  tj>  i>?celT^  from  o*tr  ^ 
WhpJi  th<*y  And  The  An|^le  Lamp  lie  tier  Uu 
peotM  their  eDtbuAlaRTu  Just  naiursily  '"'tmbblca 
For  The  Angle  Lamp  la  no  cn^re  imiaoTeoMaiit  sa 
(lltiarv  lamp,  ii&d«r«tand.    It  la  a  tnew  nketik 
lux  wML'li^  tnoug'h  using  kero^-ne  for  fuel,  on 
dlJf^rcnt  principle  i>f  buniing  tbat  oil  with  stlU  more  different  reaulta.    A  mere  tire  minutes^  atteotioQ  a 
^w^wjf  w-^  A    m.T^'^  W     W^       W        M.   '^.M'W%     Ifl  perfect  c?tinditloii.    Th**i  ytm  fcB»»  » 

M.  KmM^^  X  &I^Vjrj,^X^  J^^^  mX  JLM.  the  button  and  apply  U]*?niAt^i»—||fc»c^ 
gas.  It  never  ^molcps  or  miu-IIs  whether  burned  at  fuM  biMght  or  turne^l  low.  And  itHlmpij-  riotMis  ycmr  rgoo*  «^ 
the  finest,  floft^et  lieht,  pliHHftnteat  or  all  artificial  IJirhtK,  K««all  the  charm  of  &  hfttiquet  tabi*  hy  c»>i£ieli£:liL  »' 
think  how  beautiful  woaid  Ije  the  effect  wefe  tlie  light  an  hundrt^d  timeaaB  strong,  aod  you  get  &n  kitsch  tl 


FOR 
XMAS 


Wb*t  bener  prtMiit  to 


The  cost  of  this  clean,  c^onvenient,  pleasant  light  wiouM  hf  %  ) 
Tliat^ii  WHAT  TOO  QBT  with  Tho  Ajiule  Lamp  I    Do  jtm  won^' 


uflffttic  Ijeaiity  of  Anph?  Lamp  lilnniiiiwtioii. 

And  now  comt^s  ihe  miiwl  «urprirtiri]S^  fart  of  all. 
^  hEJW  than  what  your  present  li^ht  is  ci^Hitinj?  i 
Angle  Lamp  ustTs;  ari:'  enthiiisiiiHtie  "r 

F  R  E  F    CATALOG  Just wrlei*  fur  "ur  rr**«*  catfllojF  "  R  "  fiillT  detrritilnf  Tbp  Atict«  Lftmrn^il  Uttln*'  Sf  *«*^ 

a  u  n  T  D I A I    n  r  rco     tU'*irrotn»^.OOup,ftiii1wi''Uw^ridjououra!3pH«*itKHikfr(w»»lihtlii^tj^al  propcMld^w 
AnU   1  Al/IL  Iff  r  En;    ligjMiujr  U  tm  |miH>rtJinc  luaitt^r,  RrActc^r,  we  aucfftwt  tlint  jon.  "dolt  now/* 
THE  ANGLrK  MFG.  CO.,  Angle  Biarf-,  iS^-lfen^***  a#th  Stg^^t>  Bl^w  Toft 


Goal  Bills  Reduced  25%  Comfort  Increased  100% 

BY  USING  The  Powers  Heat  Regulator  o"'™™ 

fumace  or  boiler.  Easily  applied,  lit»  any  beater.  Sold  by  all  dealei-a  or  sent  on  triaL  ^i 
Alf^oll.     THE  POWERS  REGULATOR  CO, 


32  I>*H^eni  itr««t.  OHIOAQO 


Sectional 
Bookcases 

are  rapBlY  ref»la<!lnr  ib#  old-fv^ 
i^^ned  isoUd  hootaeaiaBa.  Tla^f^  va* 
with  your  library ^nt  Any  Vfaou 

fiTifi  prrrindtf!   more  Citafort  la  A* 
h'jme  than  any  ot^er 
tnnj,    FuitiifiQed  wil 
doora. 


Per 
Sevttoo 


»l!!2"^ 


Frdgbt  PaM 

Rigid  ecooj^tnv,  acquireil  h-y*  tb« 

factuire  of  a  tilnglc  pn>l\ict  tulKTBi 

Utiea,  anil  our  rDt*4lerti  methate  m_i 

<iirsH't  to  the  uj«i*,  euahle  us  to  olT 

artlrlt-^  at  a  oonidderable  ^Jirtag  la 


"•^^  Bh.pp«,  On  Approval 

The  nn Id rlL'  nprHeamnt-f  p  solidity  nf  ecmitnictJon.,  and  practical 
thlH  CHJH*  haw  np[»ealed  to  tliouiAn<3*  of  prcjiiitn*nt  men  wtai'' 

tinmounrfd  It  THI!:  BEST,  ^^       ^.  i.    *„   ^     . 

Svnii   for  Onr  New  Frep  ratiUofcn^  ^o-  IWi  whlf-h  intwlnlaa 
irni.lc.s  iiLt3.t  flniMhe^,  from  ru^Hil  nult  i*j  tKjIld  mabtieanjrf  and  aUvrmmtmy 
^ni\li,\r^^s  up  tbn  Jiomf  or  om^'e  UVtrflfy. 
TtlF.  It.  *J,  L.irj(i  DSTBOM  MFH.  <X>,.  -  -  -  -"  *.      *-*** 


The  Review  of  Reviews — Advettisingf  Section 


Tcwl  cabinets 

for 

Chrlsfmas  Presents 

pcill^he<l   ortt  ejibinet«    containing    hiph 
&  ^rt&tiilanl  t<nt\^,  klentlcally  Ihti  saifieoti  we 
aaki  in  inir  ^t^im  to  mt^cliAniciSi  ulnce  1&48. 
>o,  47^31  TooU*    i^.SO 
Jit»^134        ■*         fo.tlO 

•*  '•     &4—*Q       "         20.00 

**  "  100-a«       "        S5.00 

dfaOttte  flluiuLil  «t>ii<]  fhr  Cireulu-  No,  3»4aof  thi-^ 

"  TOCBIST  AlTOKIT/') 

MACHER,    SCHLEMMER  &   CO, 

IfjirvlwArc*,  TooU  and  Bupiillc^ 


Outnt 


EN'S 

Talcum 

POWDER 


As  a  Champion 

BwctOT  £)Jt2KikJQ  jiAhJ  cJTm uplt iJcHi  uP  p^^Eftl*. ul^  nscn  aa'j 
wtiQj^n,  /tint  CdincS 

i^MTS  ADtATE0  TALCUM  TOILCT  fOWOEf 

lad  [MJ r?  taealiii;f  ind  pmteirtJife  poMnJitf,  the  iii?i-li4  ul  whlkJl 
veto  rco'.>fiii4e%l  ^nij  coin [nrDtlrd  Jjy  the  EDP«Ik-Jil  inrrjtcS&iou 
m  jetri.  W iD«r wiad» lu ve  □«  11 L  C f  rr:i«  where-  Mem ll^n ** 
J^p.  «i)ev  iMTlngr  ud.AfEer  bikllllnir.    In  Ihr  a^nrrr 

able  &ai«*»tb«  'iMH  tlijit  lor*'  '^  11  M  KT*  N  f:N  '8 

K'  H  M  ttw  co*««  It'i  crnulntf-  p^nJ  «  cuni^ 
katve  of  purlfj,      GLiamm^Mnl    ubdrr    the 
Pfiod  ftM  Dnirs  Art.  June  .Wth,  tWft.     3etl*I 
Ndl  1M2.    Sdd  ever^-^hftif,  or  by  DuO  25c 
OEBtlARD  WKK^fEPr  CO* 
N<»Tviirli,  Si,  JV 
TVt  ami  J*  F  N^S  \k.Vf  1  Ifcjrattd)  TaJcdin 
H  taa  the  *cent  cil  fr*^4h-^ijt  Pinn*  %'ii-.lca      ^* 


PIANOS 


TheYOSe 
UPRIGHT  PIANO 

is  a  remarkable  example  of  the  ardstic  m 
tone,  comb  bed  with  the  beauty  in  ca^ 
ing.  This  picino  k  especially  appreciated 
by  those  \vho  deiire  to  hannomze  the 
fumtihmgi  of  their  parlors  or  music  i 


We  Challenge  Compari&ons 

During  fifty  six  years  the  Vose  Piano 
ha*  been  purchased  for  use  in  nearly 
60,000  homes  and  its  popularity  ts  at- 
tested by  the  continually  increasing  d^ 
mand  for  home  use^ 

We  make  a  libera]  aQowance  for  old 
instruments  and,  if  desired »  offer  liberal 
anangements  for  deferred  paymeiiti»  and 
deliver  piano  at  your  home. 

VOSe  &  SONS  PIANO  CO. 

Vose  BI  dg.  Boston »  Mass» 


PUase  mention  the  Revist^  of  /tumitujt  mHen  wtttisg  ta  adusitit^n 
155 


The  Review  of  Reviews — ^Advertisinsf  Section 


70''7- 


Vmi  can  have  the  Lcmpenttire  of  tht 
huu»i^  kept  at  7>>^  through  ihc  da  7,  re- 
diici:  it  Ut  S<i>  nr  fuTt  deiaees  Ai  niffht  3n4 
tlieti  iiM^i'Mi«i^^Vif/6^  briHight  up  a^in  to 
71)  deiTTcci  n  7  o'cl«j£  In  the  moi^jif* 
ii  yiHi  will  install 

The  Jewell 
Controller 

with 

Time  ClocK 

Attachment 

ThU  WDndcrful  device  iccitrattl'^  maiti- 
tiins  a  reduced  iempcn.uttc  dunnff  the 
uififlu  4nd  hf  kcttinK  tJjir  lime  Clock  at 
A  predvlermLned  niornius  hijuf  it  wiU, 
wJicTi  ihit  time  cimijM,  rairjr  ^A*  ^rw- 

i-hivenniiif  nr  "caichin^  cttld  "  on  clnlty 

(nfiTTiinirs  when  the  jiwfll  CuQlrollei  i» 

iDokintt  after  jrtmr  cGmlort, 

ITie  **  JewcJI,"  unhke:  other  cDntrollerf, 

never  loaeB  therziiUKiatic  cuntrui  diy  or 

nieht. 

The  Time  Clwk  Altachment  doubles 

the  contnolier^t  tiMfulnef^.     It  pjfs  for 

iticlJ  iri  one  or,  a  I  nuiet,  two  &e4M>tis. 

Equally  cJfiicieiit  au  Fiimiiu:e*  oj 
Bovicrs. 

Write  lortxiokiet,  Tftf  //.nw^r  O^/W-fa^/f. 

jt.'ww.v.v,  Mrc  CO. 

27  N.  Green  SI.,  Auburn.   N.   Y. 


There  is  Beauty  in 
a  Litholin  Collar 

as  well  as  comfort  and  true  economy.  All  of 
perfect  cut  in  the  latest  styles— just  waterproofed 
Unen.and  therefore  look  like  linen— and,  when 
soiled,  a  damp  cloth  will  wipe  them  as  clean  and 
white  as  when  new. 
An  outfit  of  Litholin  Collars   and  Cuffs  makes 

An  ideal  Christmas  Qift 
Collars  25c.       Cuffs  50c. 

For  automobilinsr.  traveling,  and  for  daily  use 
they  add  comfort  to  life.  Do  not  crack,  wilt  nor 
fray  at  the  edge  or  button-holes. 

ly  H»t  at  dealer s,  tend  style,  sixt,  number  loanttd. 
•u-ith  remittance,  and  -we  will  mail,  postpaid. 
Catalogue  cf  all   tfu    new  styles,  free  on  request. 

Tbc  PIberloM  Co.,  Dept.  18, 7  Waverly  Hacc,  New  Yerk 


V 


^ERY  prettily  and  tastily  packed  bozet 
will  be  prepared  by  my  sisters  and  mysdf 
especially  for  Christmas^  containing  the  choicest 
Chocolates  and  Bon  Bons  that  we  can  make. 

These  home  made  candies  that  have  won  lo 
good  and  wide  a  name,  are  exceedingly  delidooi 
and  have  that  goodness  and  character  of  fine 
home  cooking  that  you  cannot  find  in  factory 
made  Candy. 

Every  package  that  leaves  our  kitchen  will  be 
brimful  of  Christmas  spirit  and  will  make  your 
gilt  distinctive  and  emphasize  your  individuality. 


There  are  $1 ,  $2,  $3  and  $5  boxes  and  afew 
very  handsome  baskets  at  $5,  $7,  $10  and  $12, 
each  with  an .  attractive  shipping  box  to  fit  and 
marked.  "DO  NOT  OPEN  UNTIL  CHRIST- 
MAS." 

May  1  nit  attend  to  several  of  your  Chrutmas 
gifts  ?  Mail  me  full  directions  and  you  may  re4 
assured  that  everything  about  these  will  be  per- 
fect. Allow  something  for  express — any  sarplui 
will  be  returned  at  once. 

MARY  EUZABETH, 

Syracuse.  N.  Y. 


Plmu%  m€ntion  the  Revieut  of  Reuiewa  when  writing  to  aMuertlewe 
166 


The  Review  of  Revkwf— Advertisiiijr  Section 


r  r/nfrra  Cfjrfsfmds  Sffvur 


Send  lor  our  iliustraled  catalogue  sKowing  many  patterns  of  unusual  artistic  merit 

"1847  ROGERS  BROS." 

^mped  m  tp«Hii«  kni¥M,  brks.  dc»  f cproeafe  quality  proven  ty  lile-long  sefvkjfr—  '^ Stiff iT  Tlaif  thai  Wears. 
Sold  by  alt  IcaJinO  JaUfi.    TKia  i«  \\\t  ImiHl  *(  ulver  pl^le  iKit  hijt  bren  illustril«l  in  ihii  migaiine  iKnjugJiout  tKc  yeif, 
Asii^  ftJr  CaiiK-gue  "H^cP     MEIUIfElf  BRlTAlilf  lA  CO,,  McH4ra,  Omn-  < Iiit*rMtli>tal  Stlnr  Co.,  Siloo— ^- 


USE,  OXYDONOR  ^r/orrJ^K-itK 

Oxydcmor  II  PcA  l  mftlklnr,  nor  t  dimjt,  n«r  1  batt«y.  It  la  a  ttmplF  EiTtJr  contffTBq ce  ■mntfC-U  in  dm- 
t>1^n<:«  with,  NsLturml  l*wit  «»  ttiat  Wl"ftl  apt>lled  [t  unllett  *(th  tht  ^uruu  tvjflir  to  \\^rm  an  nfparmtul  »tikh  tfecrratrt* 
iiaea^r^-4,  rUr*<Ma  ind  Ccnt*n  upon  the  hi^iuaa  OfiPltiifBl  the  Hviatf  loriT  iirfmknr  Iti^Hu  the  funrlamenti]  principV"  '''LjI'f' 
OiyiloUDr  ii  vecy  PiocatiA]  l*  e^efy  nun  and  wiiniiDi  bcEause  \x  ffiv*^  |he  m,irt«T  oE  dk»r4tf-  ^'flte'  fof  f**e  boolt* 
dL£>E:ril.itnjr  (kiyilCMlOri  ei^iiLjiauiif  the  Iaw  o[  DEiuluctlDD,  'PFith  ^nteEul  rrpdrll  ir^m  meni  c(  OxtOodQF- 

Hotl«  FritUlt  B*  >!H**,  Takdu,  C  Wllt^/;  *' We  'pUfchjurd  tiur  fint  OcydOfiOr  T*R  ycira  Jjiu.  Aiti  well  cqa- 
Tl^M^d  vf  it£  v«Jue.     H^ve  kuova  «!  numy  remarltAlbjA  cEim  efiected  tif  It," 

Mr.  E«  M*  fimllh,  Pui'l    Banfc  oi  ThoinAtvillir,  Thotnasv llle,  G*.*  writci:     "1  h3*e  Jlf*^  Oxjfrtonor  ofl    mj^eW  J 
aiid  liulic  boy  tcur  Icvtrr  wtth  xrcul  iuccie».    Am  ron^incfd  Oiydoivof  \,%  a  fi^fttthld^,  Jind  wcMild  nrjtbe  without  It.'^ 

Mr.    *I<    H,    VrfvlanJi    uf  VrfcL&nd    Hlnrtzic  Constructtaq    Cd.  ,    Bnx>k[]fn,    N.  ¥.,  writn:     *VA  Izir  and 
lafelUflnt  tfiJ  i>[  Oijiyclonur  is  aI|  tJidL  a  r^u[rril  Ttir  drtir^d  rnuta.     ll  li  wu>nh  4U  cMui'd  Ear  it.'* 

B<?wim<   of  rrimdiilent   hnliiLlionii,    Tlwre  k  hut  one  ir*Tmlnc  Oiy donor*  aibJ  that  Iiu  the  o^me 
tilt  oflEini'^f  i|.Dd  tivv^LU>i — IH.  S4hl]i4^>— pi^^r4lrtvl  in  tli?  Iiirut.     'Lt^jk  luf  t^LAt  AAil^ei 


Dr.  H.  Sancheia  Co..  $U7iSh'i;?.!*K':lS'l';£H.TJ'»-*- 


MckDirrAli  CftEutU 


-BISHOP  FURNITURE 


iccuUf    tpnru- 

mcccpt^bU  la 
el  -    ^   '  - 


Gar    FKF£!    CAlmJorflo 

^liri-e  '^  RD  spprviaJ  " 
(nlrht  »i^l>*J<l  tti£"3iiil£ 
tfliit  cd  ML»ii4lppi  River 

find  mr^nh  oi  Tcnnrttc^ 
lind  Jan  \  aWm"  IrnuN!  thril 
f,iir5i,»>*-^ril  t- lints  l-tv^md 


%n.n 

t>r«%lli|f 
T4bk.  No. 

Vmi'ircirtJi  tl^-QOX  Qtiar^ 
t^t^  iJ*k<   Eitirl'4  £ye 

l^rncth    34    Sn.      Frtnth 

Nchel. 


Iwdt-  Aa aiTLairurr t  »ii"i  BTin  "J 
rr  vid  Coiuliifl  In  uir  honiF. 


boy*  Ihlt  haii'lwme  ^^^Mt: 

CiMnpL,    No-   7**  (wuftb    |1S>,   In 

Ami  aiJ>  J4l.<l-i3c  1i^^^lv^«l. 


buvi    Ihl 
Lltwary  TaHe.  No.  lltC  (wortJi 

3t  t  ^6  J  □.     H  *t  [*f  le  df  awrr. 


|l^.]  in  Uyaitrr^i 

Mitple  4ir  M^W- 
jjjjf  liDL^h.    Width 


IMP  fUtWrtlRE  cat  1*^23  iMit  St^.  Graad  Riplds,  Mkh. 


COAL  is  GOLD 


SAVEL    IT 

It's  Iti*  fitiding  money  ihe  way  th^  HttStler  Ash 
Sifter  saves  COaK  TurmnE  ihe  crank  for  a  minute 
Eifb  the  dAy'i  Aahes.  No  dust  nor  dirt ;  easy  to  operate; 
a  diiid  can  do  It,  and  no  maid  object!  to  It  Fiti  wood 
of  iron  barrel ;  lavci  many  times  iti  coti  in  a  year,  and 
die  cinders  afc  excellent  for  banking  fire  atnighL  If  your 
dealer  can't  supply  you,  we  wilK  Write  for  Catalog  A* 

HILL  DRYER  CO. 


251  Parte  Avenue^ 


Worcester,  Mass, 


P/raje  mention  Vn  Heotew  of  Rwl9w»  mkom  mrf*''*q  to  suloortlwon 

1  KT 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Adrertmiie  Section 


IN 

Hwroso^ 

SINGLE 
I  PAIR  BOXES 
MAKE  USEFUL 
INEXPENSIVE 
HOLIDAY 
GIFTS 


MODEL 


miildog 

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a 


16' 


Just  the  Tbing  for  His  Christnuu 
MODEL  B 

Bull  Dog  Suspenders 

'I  Ht:  yrA\f>All[>  bmu*e  they  H  Ih-ciu^  tber  «»uBia  bkk?  au  vrpn  pvMif 

ra^jtf  thry  liatf!  fokJ-xiLt  rartnl  ptio.  cmtanfrnJ  am  m  nut  «r  Brjwul^  ,^^  l«v^ 
iLc  L'urd  tqili  Arc  nii>tifrf  rlim  miuUr  fouctJ  in  iinpeoilcTL  pnen^fim  Ik^  bi^ 

Tb«7  oaiwcAr  tlir«e  *rdlk*ry  Kindt,  wkick  »••«« 
tlir»«   timeft   ili«   terrlc*   of   uibbI   50    c«at    *»tu 

The  Moat  Comlortable  SuspeoLdera  Mad«,  for  M jui,  TouUi  or  Bof 

Jn  Lmbf,  J-k-avy  aj  Kltta  Heavy  \Vncb&,  tTftra  Lone  (N«  E»*»  Ca«-f 

FOR  THE  BEST  INSIST  ON  MODEL  B  BULL  DOG  SUSPENDERS 

11  yf'ur  dwlrJ-rcsniitfE  luppljr  ynu.  wr  irUl,  poKSHud,  Jn^r  SO  tfnu 

HEWE5   11    POTTER,    Dept,  8,    87  Lincoln  St>,  Boston,  N«i«. 

Valii«bl«  "  Style  Book"  bolld«7  ■atfieftioni  frec^  411  r*«««*t 


ROSY  CHEEKS. 

When  a  little  maid  It  coloriett,  back- 
ward and  quiet,  you  may  be  sure  her  food 
It  not  nourithing  her.    Try  giving  her 

UEBI6  COMPANY'S 

EXTRACT  OF  BEEF 

In  warm  milk  every  day;  the  will  toon  be 
the  frltky,  roty-cheeked  chatterbox  that 
every  mother  worthipt. 

^  to  i  toupoonful  of  Uebig  to  \  pint  of  miilt. 


9""^ 


are  dependent  greatly  on 
good  Heating  apparatus. 

''THATCHER'*  Heaters 

cannot  be  equalled  for  efficiency, 

durability    and     fuel    economy. 

There  are  many  reasons. 

WRITE    FOB    XKW    CATATOO. 

THATCHER    rURNACE   CO. 

uo-iu  mmaw  st.,  kbw 

M fra.  of  StMun  and  Water  HMtan  1 


^MM  m^miiom  th4  RevieK  of  Reviews  wAm  mritimg  to 
.158 


The  Review  of  Reviews    Advertising'  Sectjon 


1  Christmas  Treat 

J*irpfise  your  friends  on  Christmai  Day  with  a 

jk  ot  T»o  Tho  Cbacolate  Krunch* 

t*i  a  new  coftiecdon  thai  makes  friends  cveiy* 
vhcfc  Dainty,  gplden  taffy  neath  a^  creamy 
acket  of  the  most  delightful  chocolate. 

SG'ld  CTcry where  la  tca»  tweoty-five  unU,  fifty  cent 
wckaffHu  If  you  cannot  Kcure  thtm,  a  ten  cent  pack'' 
i^  «m  be  Ktit  postp&idoa  rccctpt  oXprice. 

ytidt  by  th€  Ongtftjfors  of  Trowbridge  Ch^coUft  Chips 


FURS 

FOR  xac 

Whole  Family 

TMir   plan    "f    imiklo^    tnr»  to   mftaHriTv 

jitut  ^u-iline:  them  by  mivU  in.  a  pvat  cnn- 

v^Tiitiiot:  to  fur   biiyf/F'*!.     It  bdn^  our 

l>it;  fur  fftC'toiy  rUfbl  Uiyour  home/  Fpr>tn 

oi.ir  StyJe  Hook  ytiu  maki*   your  Ht^t^*tinn^ 

n^ml  uk  your  meAHiirett,   wti  make  the  fun* 

t<j    fit  at   prif*^    that    wWl  save   you   Honu* 

money  1  and  we  «t!!ail  them  to  yuu  on  aiiproval, 


ApprovaJ 


i»ur  niii^e-t<xird«r  fora  and  fur 
knii«iift  bav«  a  distinctive  and  ex 
BriT©  Btjrle^  Ot  well,  sit  weVl  tkwl 
Ifc^c  that  oomff'rtAble*  imti^  feellnj^ 
■Mt  caanot  alvp'ays  be  claimed  for 
ady'iba<te  fur^,  Thi^f  are  barul- 
mtff  tidmmeil  aiidE  thoroughly  well 
ftdie  throughout. 

W«  fll4^   remodel    and    repair   all 
iMls of  f ur ifftmaentH.  Lookyoursoven 
IbtfT  aetd  repafrtiij?  let  \m  qnnt^  ynu  a 
ibw  for  fnalf!*BC  th«m  practically  a'l  prooil 
I  ne».    Don*t  delay  but  is^rlie  tf>  u?*  ?*♦- 
nwt«I]  un  oil  About  th^  eoD'littnti  nt  your 
utBQ  wfrcati  quote  yon  a  prkn  Intel llsren  lly 


^e  tnri— ft^(*  inounl  — we  manufflctUH? 
— afv?  th*/  blffi^tiHt  b^?ist  etiuipptHl  mail 
onkT  llrm  in  the  fur  bitKlnetts  with 
mrrdns  In  t^very  city  arui  State  In  the 
L  nliJti  wheiie  fun*  An?  worn. 


J>pud  11*  .I'onr  raw  SklnA  and  Iliih^ii  and 

TV*- win  mnki*  ItjP-m  liit^i  rnat-^^  Aurmnobiin 

< '  trt t« ,  .T  4''k  I'  r  -r,  Ri  t\  K  fl ,  in<>v  **■*,  M  3 1  t4?ii*; ,  Humth, 

<'[*'      It  %!('  ilMn't  htiit  you  w«  iTtJt  m>  pJiy. 

H,^  f^fi-r  lij  juTrnl^'-lrrjii  rn  FLr»t  f^rJitfl  Bank 

Tl)e  N9llciii«l  Fur  and  Tafmlno   0>«« 

Tiiri'«>  lilvt^rH,  Mleli»*  V.  S,  .U 


fUoMe  mention  the  fieulem  of  fteuieiva  when  writing  to  aduertiaen 
169 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising  Section 


**  Direct  Irfun 
where  It  Is 

made  lo  Inhere 
it  Is  played." 


.7065 


The^^aT^upih 


FREIGHT  PHEPAID 


s  \  SAVE 

40% 


^f^fVkt  MMi 


Wrlt«  «  PoiUl  C*rd  to  dij 
foroar  be&iitifvil  rre«C«U 
aloi  and  l«r««  colored 
Plciurc  4i"  Uni*  iliowiiii 
the  mAchlbC  isi  full  »Uc. 


Wt'  an-  lilt'  i.iHy  juanufacturtTf  m  of  Phfmojrraptii  «elllliv  d&»rt 
jr^-  fn-mi  Lhe  faciorj  to  you.  Wi>  '  imvt  ytiii  all  d**ieT^'i  ■«»ii«* 
/'*/      xiiiil  lUfltributoii*  prafltJ*.  »Ti>ni4flng  fronii  si$  t^5  *t5  on  ^y»^n  aii 

^^/     ckntft'-^i  UiUL'^i  I'lKmojcTftj^h  iti  ttw  KforJil.    It  iu  Uh!  only  one  In  »» 
Sl^y     that  hjix  two  fioraa.    U  1*  the  Qulv  ouo  ibat  %s^\%  aU  the  miule  out  of  Ifec 
iS^    Ti»"i  .^rtl  wilbijut  the  MiUeiUu  The  UtTPLtX  la  u  far  ittperior  to<«ib>^  lytmr 
urn  yh  Sin*  ft  Ooticen  Grantl  i*  to  a  Stffrol  Flano.    It  muet  be  ««ii  ooa  |4*«f*l 
i4>  bi-  a]tp!wliiU4l.    U't  11*  B*u<l  you  thU  tfrtsarvst  ^^t  all  musical  InTebtioiu  oo 

FR.EC  TRIAL 

LIvtrn  Irt  1U  oiarTeloUrt  tuntfsi  In  the  <|iiJii»tne4w  of  yi:itir  i>wti  Wines  tB«*  f  P* 
am  D->i  riHivin*^c*i1  tJiat  It  l-i  llifc*  ^Kftt  Phi>tM;H*raish  you  PTrnr  ]l»t«OJHt  to,  snl^  » 
lirtck  at  our  e«iLi«jii«e.  and  ttii>  Frv^'  triiil  will  riot  io*t  you  a  «?ni_  ^_ 

Ds.ij't  U't  HoyoQP  miywhirpjH^rauad^you  to  buy  a  Pboooifrapti  at  amy  i«10i 
tUl  you  have  rucL-lveil  tiur  tttUiloij. 

THE    DUPLEX    PHONOGRAPH    CO. 

709    RIVER    ST^         ...  -  KALAMAZOO,    MICH. 


Sc:od  for  ChriMirm^  nargaja  List 


Meilink's  Home  Safe 

A  perfect  Mfe  and  m^ide  f^r  the  Dididc  (or  tmall  ofEcc).    Ji^it  as  fire-proof  at  a  bit 

safe,  ill  1 11.1,  Jinc»l  wiih  a  much  better  titUajir — ourCrment  AatieAtas  filha* — vhkh  eaalhfc* 

U5  !*>  ifL][iraivtee  whai  in*  nlhcr  64^c  (lar^c  or  sm^U)  caa,  vii.l  Air*ia*i  tlie  comraow  diBcaltv 

^i  intt-flor  d^inpne^-^,  rusted  \^\x  wf>Tk  and  twolien  walls.    Double  t(cci  walled  wd  scnts 

with  the  very  higltt^t  i^tade  combiDation  lock  (^.U  bruij.    Sold  lor 


sSTpTire  Proof  S! 


WFirr 


Safe  Viva 
Fire  ud  Tbkvcs 


^'leganrliy  fin  rained,  ^d.%piLcd  for  Jiny  room;  JD*0€K^  Id  lafie;  cke*;^ 
prolt:L"[i»>n  liinin  fire  insurjiitc. 

Send  for  Our  ChriMmaa  BarcAln  List  of  iw  nfn  c&hr*  » 
eTCh*Titte  ftfim  cujitniifrers  de^irint  brjEcf  jkiits  jud  dijf^rtfti  *tr^,  T" 
be  •old  at  once  at  tash  barf  im  pncet.     We  will  aJNo  aaU  prca  arf 

50-Pa^e  lllystmted  Catalogue 

showiTiii  en  tire  new  hue  Jidiflcrenlstvlt*  House,  Qffice  *&dWii3  SaIb^ 
MpllJQk  Mnaufocturlad  Co.,    Ill  Jncbaait  St..  T»l*4«,  O. 


^  Mendel  Wardrobe  Trunks 

PIE  discomforts  of  travel— the  paddne  and  unpackine:  of  wearln|r 
apparel— have  been  banished  by  the  Sundkl  Wabobobk  Truitk. 
With  a  Mkndkl,  you  enjoy  in  traveling  the  same  comfort  afforded  \rT 
home  conveniences.  You  may  remove  any  garment  or  article  dertred 
without  disarranging  anything  else.  No  re-packing  required  before 
resuming  your  journey.  You  simply  dose  your  Mkndxl  Trunk  and 
snap  the  lock. 

Our  Pat«nt  Inside  Anton&atic  I<oo1dnr  I>evioe  is  only  one  of 
many  exclusive  features  of  this  modem  aid  to  travel  comHort. 

Illustration  shows  our  No.  8— Ladies'  Wardrobe  Trunk  (Price,  185),  with 
waist  and  skirt  compartment  open.  Plenty  of  room  for  18  waists  and  ix  skirts 
without  mussing  or  crushing.  Special  models  for  men.  We  make  a  A*J/  ^*rte 
of  up-to-date  trunks  and  traveling  nags. 

Send  for  prices  and  free  booklet—**  At  home  oo  the  ft»d  "—Ian  ol 
Valuable  informattoo  lor  TravelcfS.     Ascnts  la  all  Principal  Qtles. 

M£ND£I«   A   COm   140  W.  Pwrl  StrMt,  dttclautl.  0* 


^  ^•«/MV  9f  Kwimm*  mkm  wrttiag  to  aavortimn 
160 


Tlie  Reyiew  of  Rcvkw— A^yertfaing  Section 


Free  trial 
in  your  home 


MIRA 


Too  may  Keep  it  10  days  and  writt  os  yoor  dadsioii. 

EASY  MONTHLY  PAYMENTS 


A  Gentiine  Jacot 

MIRA 


THE  MIRA 


? 


irn»  ww«iri«n 

THE  20tK 

CENTURY 

SWISS 

instrument  for  a 

Perfect  Henderintf  of      ^^^ 

Musical  Composition      or 


Are 
you 
sick 
or 


HARP-ZITHER 
ACCOMPANIMENT 


gay 


A  Perfect  Blending  of 
Piano  and  Organ  Tones 


~    ~  Ia  Art   CabiA«t 


As  ac- 
curately 
tuned  as 
a  fine  old 

violin 


Keeps  perfect  tfnie. 
EasOjr   moduktod.    PUyt 


Blends  wen  wfth  a  ilnffle 
▼oice  oradionu. 


Nothing  mo 
aad  soothlaff.     Soft  aad 

low  ttOM. 

F«r  CklMrM**  PartfM 

Just    tlM  JoOiest  looga 
aod  ffleet. 
Far  Tnlatar  Um  br 

Never  out  of  tune.   Tima 


XHK   MIRA   must  not  be  oonfoied  with  the  cheap,  hanh  mecha&leal  de- 
^      ^  Tlce«  with  which  the  market  la  flooded.    It  la  the  reralt  of 

yean  of  profotuid  study  and  ezhaoatlTe  experiments  In  bringing  to  perfection  an 
instroment  so  true  to  the  highest  acoustic  principles  that  every  part  of  Its  con- , 
^  structlon  rlbrates  In  correct  harmonj  with  the  dominant  chord.  The  result  Is, 
HUSIG  AS  MELLOW  AS  A  VIOLINand  ASSWEET  AS  AHARP.  It  Isassenstttveto 
musical  Tlbratlons  as  a  barometer  Is  to  the  weather.  We  pride  ourselTea  on  Its 
SUPERIOR  TONE  and  on  Its  wonderful  modulation. 

THK  MIRA  beoomesl 
■"■"""""■""•   an  Instrument  c 


Far  AfterM 

It  leads  a  most  refined 
atmosphere  to  the  bouse. 


B  In  the  hands  of  every  music  lover,  whether  able  to  plaj  or  not, 

rument  of  the  bluest  order,  with  a  mo9i  deHcate  exnrenUm^  a 

Hehharmonvt  and  mperfeet  modulation.    It  satisfies  the  most  refined  taste  and  enables  ^ 

one  to  enjoj  an  almost  unlimited  variety  of  the  best  musical  compositions.   It  Is  the  i^ 

most  Inexpensive  of  all  reliable  Instruments.    Its  superbly  polished  mahogany  case  and         J^lr 
bright  mechanism  are  an  ornament  to  any  drawing-room.    It  Is  18  Inches  long.  16  atj^T 

Inches  wide,  10  Inches  high,  and  weighs  packed  for  shipment  .60  pounds. 

TBI  HIWA'f  KSFBITOIU^  ^  practically  unUmlted.   Ail  the  Utest  operas 
■— — ^— — — —   and  popular   selections    are  kept  constantly 
ready  In  stock.    The  list  of  selections  available  numbers  several  hundred 
and  covers  all  kinds  of  music.    With  each  Instrument  we  send  twelve  (12) 
selections  and  additional  ones  can  be  obtained  at  any  time  for  40  cents 

Car~Before  sending  this  Instrument  on  trial,  let  us  send  you  our  list         jlKj^^^Si^^ 

of  selections,  so  you  may  designate  which  ones  to  send  you  on  trial.         .jJ'^*'  "*"#  ^f  ar 

OUI  GOMriDElfCB  Of  TBI  fOMA   <•  ao  great  that  we  are  wlUlng  to  take  aU  the  risk  «VVVv^ 

w  wiiFM»»wv^  mw  aa—  laaaum    ^^  p,^,„jp  ^^^  hetoTo  you.  In  your  home,  for  10  *!^«^>*>?^ -"^ 

days*  trial,  and  then.  If  you  are  not  perfectly  satisfied  hold  It  subject  to  our  order. 
TIM  DATS*  THAL  ought  to  be  the  least  you  can  do  In  view  of  our  remarkable 

■^««*    •■>«««>    ^^^^    gl^  ^^  return  attached  blank  today,  so  you  can 
try  the  Mlra  during  the  Christmas  holidays. 


.■^S- 


Jacot  Music  Box  Company 


Y 


The  Oldest  Xuslc  Box  House  In  the  United  States 

39  UmioA  Sciuarea  Nevir  YorR 


4M^^ 


«:^^•y>/^.^'-o• 


Pl§as§  mwtlwi  tkt  Rwiw  cf  Hwlw  wh§n  writing  to  a^oortfn 
161 


The  Revkw  of  Reviews— Adyertising:  Sectkm 


A  PERFECT   FOUNTAIN    PEN  MEANS   PERFECT  COllFOitf 


■•^-M 


The  Self-Filling  ^POST^  Fountain  Pen. 

The  most  SIMPLE,  RELIABLE,  and  DURABLE  fountain  pen  on  the  market.  Can  be 
filled  and  cleaned  in  an  instant  without  soiling  the  hands.  The  ink  does  not  leak  or 
become  coagulated  but  flows  freely  and  evenly  down  to  the  last  drop.  It  has  no  soft  rub- 
ber sac  to  rot  from  the  acid  which  all  inks  contain. 

The  "  Popular  "  $3.00.  No.  4,  "  The  Elite  "  with  wide  0oM  Umi9  $4.60. 

No.  2,  "The  Popular"  with  narrow  gold  htndt  13.60.      No.  6,  *'The  Bankers "  $6.00. 

No.  3,  "The  Elite"  $4.00.  ^  No.  6,  "The  Bankert"  with  extrawide  gold  bM^ $0.00. 

As  a  special  inducement  to  introduce  the  "  POST,"  we  ha%e 

decided  to  supply  a  limited  number  of  them  in  EXCHANGE 

for  other  makes  at  a  merely  nominal  cash  difference.    Rid  yov- 

.  self  of  your  old  pen  and  own  a  "  POST"— the  best  pen  made- 

Send  for  our  booklet  "  Let  Others  Speak,"  containing  the  endorsements  of  Gen.  Lew  Wallace, 
Dr.  Lyman  Abbott,  H.  M.  Edward  VII,  Commander  Eva  Booth  of  the  Salvation  Anny.etc.,  etc 

Any  of  the  above  styles  will  tM»  sent  postpaid  to  yoor  address  on  receipt  of  piieei» 

RELIANCE  TRADING  CO.»         ....        130  West  14tii  SU  New  Yoric  City. 


Special  Offer 


The  Gospel 
of 


Do  you  find  diat  you  are  wasting  an  hour  or  two  a 
day?  We  would  like  to  show  you  how  you  can  build 
up  a  permanent  renewal  business  of  your  ovm. 
There    are    diousands  of  men  and  women  in  this 

SOdfC   MOIDCfltS     ^°**^*0^  ^^^  ^^  reaping  Ae  rewards  year  aft^  year 

of  the  efforts  they  once  made  securing  a  clientele  of 
magazine  subscribers.  In  other  words  diey  are  now 
running  magazine  subscription  agencies  on  a  mini- 
mum of  time  and  money.  Our  commissions  and  re- 
bates offered  to  you  as  our  representative  diis  year 
will  place  you  on  a  sound  financial  basis  and  give 
you,  in  addition,  a  handsome  income.  No  money 
required  to  start.     We  furnish  supplies. 

Write  a  postal  for  full  explanation. 


THE  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS  COMPANY 

13  Astor  Place,  Room  615,  New  York 


Plwse  mention  the  Reoiew  of  Reutewa  tu*>9n  writing  to  tutoertiton 
162 


The  Review  of  Reviews— ^A^vertisinsr  Section 


please  mention  the  fieuiew  of  Reviewa  when  writing  to  advertiaerM 
163 


The  Review'  of  Reviews— AJvertisSnsf  Sectba 


25%  Reduction 

The  introduction  of  special  machinery,  with  other  greatly  improved  facilities  in 
our  new  plant,  has  so  lessened  the  cost  of  manufacture,  that  we  can  now  sell  a 

Rider     Hot  Air 
Ericsson    Pump 

at  a  price  much  lower  than  ever  before  oflFered.  See 
November  magazines  for  old  and  new  price  lists, 
showing  in  some  cases  a  reduction  of  25*/oi  or  apply 
to  our  nearest  store,  asking  for  catalogue  •^©•** 

All  genuine  pumps  bear  this  company's  name 
plate.  Over  40,000  are  now  in  use.  Everywhere  they 
are  conceded  to  be  the  most  reliable  and  economicsd 
water  supply  obtainable.     Beware  of  imitations. 

RIDER-ERICSSON  ENGINE  CO^ 


3S  Warretf  St,  New  York. 
40  Dearborn  St,  Chicago. 


239  and  241  Franklin  St,  Boston.  234  Craig  St,  W.,  Montread,  P.  Q. 

40  North  7th  St,  Philadelphia.  Amargnra  96,  Havana,  Caba. 

22  Pitt  St.,  Sydney,  N.  S.  W.,  Australia. 


1867 


1907 


41  Years 


Test 


ELECTRO 
SILICON 

Is  Unequalled  for 

Oeanina  and  PoUsiiino 
SILVERWARE. 

Send  addrMB  for  a  FKEB  SAMPIJB,  or  ]6e.iB 
8Ump«  fot  a  full  box. 

Electro-SlltooB  Soap  hat  egiu]  in«rlt«. 
Tax  Blbotbo  Silicon  Co.,  80  Cliff  St.,  New  York. 

■        m  II. 


Shur-On 

Cye-glasse; 


Get  the 
Genuine 

Look  for  the  Shur^On  ta^ 

to  make  sure  of  ShurOn 
quality  —  firm  hold,   neat  : 
appi^arance,   perfect  coin- 
fori,  strong  construction — 
and  be  protected  by  our  J 
guarantee. 

Backed  by  43  years'  rep-  j 
utation  that  we  can't  afford 
to  trifle  with.  Any  broken 
p.ii^t  of  mouDtJngs  replaced 
free  within  one  year,  by 
any  optician  in  the  United 
States. 

Shapes  to  flt  aoy  cof^e, 
Aak  3-0 ur  opticiaiL      Book  Irwe, 

£.  Kirsteiff  Sons  Co.,  Oesic  I 


fH9P»m  mm^i^m  the  Rtulew  of  Revlmwa  when  writing  to  advertiatn 
164. 


The  Review  of  Reviews-  Adveftbing- Section 


always  advisable  when  selecting  presents  to  buy  the  things  known  to 
jood.     Of  all    suspenders    Presidents  are  the  best  known  and  best 

liked.     They're  the  easiest,  most   comfort- 
able and  most  durable  suspenders. 

President  Sospenders  in  liandsome  Cliristma^ 
boxes  decorated  witli  reproductions  of  Boileau 
paintings  in  colors,  malce  splendid  presents 
for  Fatlier,  Husband,  Brothers,  Brothers-in-law, 
Cousins,  Nephews  and  Friends.  Qlve  each  a 
Christmas  Box  of  Presidents. 

If  your  home  stores  have  no 
President  Suspenders  in  Christmas 
boxes,  buy  of  us  by  mail.  50  cents, 
postpaid. 

THE  C  A.  BDOARTON  MPQ.  CO.,  527  MAIN  STREET,  SHIRLEY,  MASS. 


PRESIDENT 
SUSPENDERS 


& 


BALL  BEARING 
GARTERS 


Our  Christmas  * 'Combination  Box'' 
contains  a  pair  of  President  Sus- 
penders and  a  pair  of  Bail  Bearing 
Qarters»  and  costs  75  cents.  Sus- 
penders 50 -cents^-garters  25  cents 
—no  charge  for  the  beautifully  colored  Christmas 
picture  box: 

You  will  not  find  anything  else  so  use- 
ful, so  prettily  boxed  for  so  little  money. 

The  8utp«ndcrt  and  sarteri  are  the  kind 
worn  by  mod  ni«n,  ep  you  are  sure  of  the 
right  kind.  And  there*!  much  eatieffactton 
In  knowing  you  made  the  right  eeiectlon. 

If  your  home  atores  have  no  "  Combination  Boxes"  buy 
of  US  by  mail.    We  w|U  send  you  the  Christmas  Combina- 


tion Box  of  suspenders  and  garters  postpaid,  for  75  cents. 
THE  C.  A.  EDOARTON  MPa.  CO.,  527  MAIN  STRGBT,  SHIRLEY,  MASS. 


m  Calendar  and  3  Philip  BoUeau  Panel  Pictures  25c. 

ties  of  Philip  Boileau's  pictures  are  usually  sold  by  art  dealers  at  a  dollar  and  over,  yet  we  gire  8  copies  of  Boileau's 

«t  paintings  with  oiu*  1908  President  calendar  fOr  25c.    The  3  pictures  are  full  flfures  of  beautiful  American  women 

>e  Debfutante,  the  Bride,  the  Matron.    The  decoration  is  the  queen  Rose— the  rich  red  American  Beauty— the  deli- 

?  pink  Bridennaid,  and  the  glorious  yellow  de  Dijon. 

he  pictures  are  done  in  12  colors  on  highly  finished  panels  6^  x  15  inches.   No  advertising  on  the  pictures.   They  are 

for  framing,  or  grouping  and  hanging  without  frames. 

'ou*Il  want  the  8  pictures  and  calendar  for  your  room,  and  perhaps  you  will  buy  sets  to  give  as  Christmas  presents. 

lach  year  d^ore  orders  are  received  for  our  calendars  than  we  can  fill,  it  is  therefore  advisable  to  order  early. 

Ve  mail  the  three  pictures  and  calendar  postpaid,  for  25c.    Now  ready 

THE  C.  A.  EIXIARTON  MFO.  CO.,  527  MAIN  STREET,  SHIRLEY,  MASS. 


nwte  mention  tht  /ieuitw  of  Rtolewo  when  writing  to  advertiaera 
106 


Tlie  Review  of  Reviewt— AJvertisins:  Sectioa 


, 


I 


fi 


OUR    HOLIDAV^    OFfEB. 


This  is  the  time  when  all  hearts  are  glaJ  with  gifts  and  gtviiig« 
and  we  wish  to  add  to  the  happiness  of  eveiy  home  through  our 

Free"  Magazine  and  Book  Plan 

You  may  have  your  choice  o(  a  long  hst  of  the  best  tnagazineSr  or  yoo  may  select  aoy 
of  the  world's  best  books,  compfisifig  fiction,  history,  biography,  adventure,  kjchc*^ 
art,  travel,  etc.,  or  you  may  have  alK  Simply  by  saving  the  Library  SlipM 
which  are  packed  in  the  products  enumerated  in  this  adverttsemenL  Th»c  arc  all 
standard  goods— products  that  you  buy  every  week  in  the  year.  The  saving  o( 
Library  Slips  means  neither  time  tior  trouble,  but  it  does  mean  an  abtmdancm 
of  the  worId*5  best  literature. 

Isn't  this  a  generous  plan?   Aren't  yoti  Bare  you  want  to  take  advantage  ol  k? 
Library  Slips  are  packed  only  in  these  prodndi.    Refuse  all  lubstitiitet. 


|L*]i..8-r  I.r*i. 

^*ri»,l,.r[.  •  ilUnjll  l>iJt-^h1  C-f^*'^ 
CAlurnK'l  Ll*kln.ic  Vimd^i  "  11*^*1  hfTMt 
]>'ii.ljmrr»  rh-i^^iuAl.  ^ht^ii  Vo'-^ttwi 
j^lH  r*r!Eit!J  FrultJ  |SM|^  qmlrr  Ijl^i^IJ 
E.riE  C*u1iiimJ  Ve^irr't^Mrf  iHLJ|>   UTT'I-^T 
F4it.e  iJL-^.ljr  l>:  Jit  I  lirf-^itHrfl  Ki*.d 


H-li  (j^lpiml  m.T  ill  II 4 »  Prn4]Di"1, 
IJpliK  ■  UiMi-rhB  r*i|li]f»iu4  JujutiH 

Rom  Elcils»  ili^|*rl  VijTU  Wlaktm} 
WH.nn*ci'«  tnlcum  l^i»di>r 
IAy  KIT'  h  ^ii,\^A  IrriMAiiif 
Jiupe  ^ncJi  MSicv  Uaat 


WriiF  in  la-fhy  Ujt  full  itifarmaiioo  umI  atk  aWj  gur  SPECIAL  HOLIDAY  OFFER* 

THE  MAGAZINE  AND  BOOK  COMPANY. 256 Broadw«7.NewTork 

A]w»T«  tr«l«  ftl  home.     Yam-  lou]  deftW  d«««fT««  il 


n9tue  mention  the  Review  of  Reolema  when  writing  to  aieerUmn 
166 


The  Review  of  Rcvfews^^AJvertisin^  Section' 


azor  and  Automatic  Stropper  in  One  Piece 


'.»'  H 

^^^rr^. 

-    .           '  ,■   ^ 

( 

M 

^S 

I'lUliWiTiV 

m 

=#> 

•'I 

^ 

! 

1^. 

The 

%. 

Shaving 

%■: 

Wonder 

1^^^^ 

1 '. 

Simple 

and 
Unique 


Renews  Edge  Every  Shave 
Without  Trouble  or  Expense 

Not    taken    apart    to    strop    or    clean 

At  up-to-date  dealers  on  trial 


AutoStrop  Safety  Razor  Co, 

Dept.  J.  341  Fifth  Avenue 

New  York 


14  St,  Helen  Street 
Montreal,  Canada 

Booklet  free  upon  request 


The  Review  of  Rcvtcws — Advcrtismir  SectioQ 


'^ 


I 


A  Regal  "Thoroughbred 

Typical  of  this  season's  leading  footwear  is  the 
"Gridley" — a  dressy  Patent  leather  boot,  lull  of 
**snap''  and  uncommon  style,  for  semi-dress 
and  business  wear- 
In  this  model  all  the  correct 
style  features  of  the  season  are 
embodied  —  the  popular  blu- 
Cher-cut  upper,  the  newest 
sloping  pointed  toe,  and  a  cus- 
tom-shaped extension  sole  of 
the  exact  width  and  outline 
found  in  the  most  expensive 
made-to-order  boots  this  season . 
The    fine   modeling  and 
splendid   finish  of  this  boot 
are  in  everyone  of  the  43  new 
and  distinct  Regal  styles. 
Perfection  of  materials 
and  workmanship  is  guar- 
anteed by  the  name 
*' Regal." 

$3.50  and  $4.00 


>^ 


FOB.    MJg^N    AKH    VrOM£K 

iSSitaret  nmC  A^leaclet  1p  All  Princlmi  Clttei 


Thr  Review  of  Reviews— Advertising  Sectiofi 


fnark  /atm  otv  I 


/  * 


I 


I 


lottri^' 


The  Ideal 

Xmas  Present 

For  Every  Man  Who  Shaves 

mE  NEW  EVER-READY  Tg^BL  APE  I) 
^§AFETY   RAZOR  will   ^have  you  best 
all  safety  razors.      This  means  ;?5*cx>  ones  and 
es    with    lesser    priced    sorts    without    saying. 

This  statement  is  made  under  pledge  that  your  dollar  wUl  be  promptly  mftindt^d  if  y  out  do   M 

find  the  Ever-ready  cotnplettly  satisf-tcinry. 

The  Ever-Ready  IZ-Bladed  Dollar  Safety  Razor  is  the  razor  that  hiis  "m^^  goad'* 
dllton  times,  and  U  will  *' make  gaod  "  to  you  it  you  pm  it  to  test*  Impossible  to  ctit  or. 
itch  the  face. 

No  other  raror blade  in  existence  is  sq  capable  jof  ijis  shavin,K  mis^^ion  as  the^Ever-  Ready  blade, 
I  there  are  12  (twelve)  K\er- Ready  blades  in  eo-fjh  si*l  compliiH;  forjT.od,  together -with  hiitidsome 
ety  frainej  handle  and  blatle  stropptrr^  all  cumpactly  rafitrl.  Dun^t  get  ft^oltd  with  dollar irn i- 
io&s— remember  the  "^Kver  Keady'^  fact  3uA  n:iTnt  im*]  t-nmt  l\u:^  12  bhidcs  In  each  dollar  set* 

Extra  ' 'Ever- Ready"  Blades  10  fur  50  cents 

strop  back  the  keen  edge  or  exchange  10  dull  blades  fur  10  ntwant;a  apon  payraentof  33  Qi'i^ls. 
e  Ever-Ready  is  least  priced  of  ail — the  lea^t  priced  to  main  lain  and  the  Sliest  ever. 

Xinas  Speclnl  Ctiitibl nation  Set— $J,$a 
jttiitTietoliUnecaMWltliiaEv^r-lt.  i  ly  TfNiIm*,— -^  iNi  v  fr  i^n.-hiu  Hn  ^olMp^liNlt^  stmvlug    IvriuiJi    and  iinvci  s^isi^ 

8qM  by  BnrdwBrp,  Cutlery,  Tirpjirf  uif  iit  Wforn*:  JrwHfT*^  nmi  r>Mijfirl(*t»  (lirouiflnMit  Aauiflm 


Mail  Orders  prepuid  upon  rccclftt  of  Si  MO 


ttERiCAN  SAFETY  RAZOR  CO.,  Inc, 


320  Broadway,  New  York 


XTRA 


\    Tiie  Review  of  Reviews— AJvertisfne  Section 


THE  TOUniS  COMPANION 


For  190B 


The   Best  Christmas  VresexA 

for  S1.75 


TliB  Only  Paper  that  Interesls  All  tlie  Fanily. 

ThtfifisfAiim  0teMu  iuaa  for  19Q3  mtti  tfJpc  m  much  tw^ditigforSt^S  4  ^iJ» 
40Q-Pitgt  h^i  qf  fiction,  A/iforv.  f*c.^  ^rdttmHlti  cwtffv  ftStf  aAcL 

250  Capital  Stories;    300  Articles  and  Sk^tcha; 

2000  One^Minute  Stories;    1000  Notes  on 

Nature  and  Science ;  Weekly  Medical 

Article;    Children's  Page,  etc 


Christmas  Present  Coupon. 


Oil  i>iit  »t  oac*  Afid  terbd  ihu  «lip  (or  nadtifiA  tlut  ovUkAt^ 
Si '75  for  the  5Z  iui]«i  of  1908  nod  r<H>  *^  ^c 

^-^ -■■*     *        *  •      bcludiRs  U*  Beitftjhi!  Hulidiy  N™be«», 
TW  CaBpuaisfi''i   4^L«f   Haositic 
Full  C£iii3r—t%sJ/mr^  for  Ccnfvi 


■  d  mn. 


GIFT^  2     ^  ^™E^*»™'!  f"'^  Huiffitif  CftimW^fttt  ms  &■ 


Hien  The  Omvpanini  For  (he  tftr-tWD  Mxi  «/  1900  —  *  B«VT  ■ 
J*t  


Sen^  /or  SamfJe    C«p4u   </  the  Pap*r  an  J  [HviimltJ  Annpwnctmtmi  fm  190^ 

THE  YOUTH'S  COMPANION,  BOSTON^  MASSv 


^MM  mmrt/oii  M«  Rtvltm  of  fieol§»§  mMmi  mHUng  U  oAwrtfMrf 
170 


Tbc  Rcvkw  of  Reviews — AJvcftising'  Section 


E 


THE  CRUiD  pan 

VAkll  1100 


''wenty-one  of  tke  AM orla  s 
Most  Critical  Music  Masters 

incliwiui^  a  even  piano-iorte  monuTacturers 

aw^ardcd  tke  Grand  Prut  at  Paris  1900  to  tlic  BaldiviB  Piano 

With  the  eyes  of  the  musical  world  centered  on  this  supreme  test  and 
alongside  such  time* honored  products  as  the  Bechstein,  the  Bluthner,  the 
Becker  and  the  Erard — famous  instruments  of  the  Old  World— the 
Baldwin  triumphantly  vindicated  tts  claim  to  recognition  ai  the  modern 
standard  of  piano  excellence. 

No  greater  tribute  was  ever  paid  to  artistic  merit  and  true  musical  qual- 
ity.  The  Baldwin  is  the  only  American  piano  ever  awarded  a  Grand  Prix- 
Speaking  of  the  exacting  conditions  which  surrounded  this  great  victory  for 
the  Baldwin^  the  '*  Musical  Courier**  of  Sept,  32,  1900,  says: 

■*  It  should  never  be  forgotten  that  no  such  testa  were  erer  made  before 
and  that  certoin  precedents  and  traditional  method*  connected  with  the 
loternat tonal  Exposition  Awards  operated  a^inst  a  new  piano,  whkb  had 
never  been  In  competitioo  wKh  the  great  makes  of  the  Old  World*" 

BaMufin  Piatws  may  be  sem  of  any  of  ihe  following  salesrooms 

142  W.  Fourth  Sueet 


i£v  Tpmi 


Cmciiuiati 


tOl9  01liT»  Si. 
ST.  LOyLi 


2&1 1  S«et«tn»llin  M 
iW  ffnirlifc  iff. 


FaiUtl^LPEIU 


And  hading  fiano  kouxits  im 


TIie'Rcvfew  of  Reviews— Advertiilne  Section 


Williams  %*;;' 

''The  only  kind  that  won't  smart  or  dry  on  the  fece  ** 

A  HARSH,  quick-drying  soap  irritates  and  disfig- 
ures the  face.  A  delicate,  creamlike,  refresh- 
ing soap  like  Williams'  Shaving  Soap  is  soothing 
to  the  skin  and  preserves  its  natural  fresh,  health- 
ftil  texture.  Our  new,  handsome,  heavily  nick- 
eled hinged  cover  box  is  an  added  attraction 
to  Williams'  Shaving  Stick. 

Ask  your  druggist  for  WilUams'  Jersey  Cream  Toilet  Soap^r 

Willlanis'  Shuving  Sticks  and  Shaving  Cakes  sold  everywhere* 

Send  4  cents   in  stamps  for  Wllliums'  Shaving:  Slick  or  a  cake 
of  Luxury  S having  Soap  (trial  size),     Enoug^h  for  fifty  shaves. 

A^i/rfiiThk*  j  ,  r^, Wil 5 ifims  Company^  Dept*  Am  Glastonbury,  Coon. 

Wtlltama'  Shavings  Stick  can  also  be  had  in 
the  leatherettc'covered  m«taJ  box  as  formerly- 


The  New 

Nickeled  Box 

Hinged  Cover 


mmtla»  tkt  Ktolm  «f  Kmrivm  wJkm  mrttUtg  to  uttmOmn 

17a 


VdiwilBa 


^ 


Tfie  Revkw  ol  Rtvkwi    A^vcrriiine  &ctioa 


Shave  Yourself 

with  the  "Gillette" 

Compact }     Kather  I     So  much  so  that  when  you 
travel  you  will   hardly  miss  the  corner  of  the  dress 
suit  case  in  which  you  tuck  away  my  razon 
There   is  concentrated  in  this  little  device  of  mine  a 
great  deal  of  science.     It  has  taken  over  6ao  operations 
to  bring  a  Gillette  Raiorset  to  its  perfect  state-    I  don't 
know   of   a   single  thing   about  it   to- day   that   can  be 
^    improved.     It  is  loaded  to  the  muzzle  with  perfection,  and 
^  the  minute  you  take  it  out  of  the  box  it  is  ready  to  go  to 
work  for  you — no  honing — no  stropping. 
Over  a  million  users  will  attest  how  well  it  does  its  work. 
A  twist  of  the  handle  enables  you  to  have  as  light  or  as  close 
shave  as  you  may  desire.     You  cannot  scratch  or  cut  yourself 
ivhh  it. 

I  When  you  use  my  razor  ^ouare  exempt  from  the  dangers  that  caen  often 
I  encounter  who  allow  their  facei  to  come  in  contact  with  brush,  aoap  and 
I  barber  shop  accessories  used  on  other  people. 

Like  all  good  things,  the  "Gillette  "has  many  imitatora.     Someof  tbem 
I  have  been  audacious  enough  to  steal  some  otie  of  the  many  good  points 
I    possessed  by  my  razor.     A//  ^f  them  to^ttktr,  however,  do  noi  possess 
the  ments  of  the  ^  GILLETTE  ^'  as  it  stands  perfected  to-day. 

\\  hen  you  buy  a  safety  razor  get  the  best— the  **  GI LLETTE.'*      It 
will  last  you  for  the  rest  of  your  life.     It  la  not  a  toy— it  will  always  give 
i  you  complete  aatisfaciion. 

The  double-edged,  flexible   bladet  are  so   ineatpensive  that  when 
they    become   dull  you    throw  ^^  -    ^         ,---^ 

tbem  away  as  you  would        *yS^5x^^>^^^4,^!5i5^Z^' 
an  old  pen.  ""y^'^— "^^ 


An 

Ideal 

holiday 

am 


Th€  mttettt  S^Utr  R*xor  Met  c^oilfiM  ofMiHpt* 
tthtr-platrd  hotder,   12  doubff*edxfd  Mmstes  (14  teem 
edjpea],  pscked  in  d  ^e've'  iiacd  tfmth*r  cmwt  mad  l*# 
prkc  fn  SS.OO  Mi  Blf  (fj€  icsdfojp  Jewtlryt  Drug,  Cuii^ry, 
FS^niwsrt  Aad  Sporting  Goods  Dcttttrtn 

ComVinadoD  Seta  trttm  $$S0  to  $50,00 

Ask  your  dealer  for  the  "GILLETTE  '*  lo-day.    Tt  lubnituUi  m  oBtfd 
m  and  wtUc  u«  at  once  lor  our  booklet  »nd  Ifm  iml  cffcr. 

GILLETTE  SALES  CO. 
212  Times  Building.     New  Vork  Clly 


NO  STROPPING  NO  HONING 


Plmu9  mtKttoa  tk§  Mmihm  9f  Il§9lmt9  mkmt  mHtlitg  to  mdMrtImn 
178 


/Tl&e  l^evlcw  of  Reviews— Adv^ftisins:  'SedJoo 


What  more  seasoiiable  luxury,  what  rarer  treat,  than  a 
piece  of  luscious j  juicy  mince  pie — such  as  is  made  with 


z 


'    Mince  Meat 

The  choicest  beef;  rich,  white  suet;  sound,  juicy,  Bawless 
apples ;  Four-Crown  Valencia  confection  raisins  carefully  seeded ; 
plump  Grecian  currants^  each  one  actually  cleansed  J?y  itself^ 
Leghorn  candied  citron*  orange  and  lemon  peel;  the  purest  spices 
brought  from  every  quarter  of  the  globe — these, 
blended  with  facilities  not  available  to  the  house- 
wife, tell  the  secret  of  that  piquant  goodness  and  un- 
xisiikl  flavor  for  which  He  mi  Mitice  Meat  is  fanious. 

If  you  w^h  to  make  sure  -oJT  having  a  real  rnince 
pie,    try.  one    baking    with    Heinz    Mince    Meat. 
Put  lip  in  Heinz  Improved  Tins, 
also  in  crocks  and  glass  jars. 


A 


WEIN  ? 


f 


Are  pot  op 


wItliMit  cUorlnf 
wcscrvaUvet. 


OihtrHtini  <isintitilor  Wht^F^rt  Oanbrrry  S^utK,  Sir*«| 
Fkkttf,  Eiiihtid  Fig^t  Tomito  Chiitnty,  Apptt  BufttTM 
Pff  jetufed  Fruiti.  tic.  lei  u$  5f nrf  oar  booUtt  ttlfitg 
khtmi  ^ii  of  Heini  po^d  fJiings  and  how  we  m»ke  thtm* 

H.  J.  HEINZ  COMPANY^ 

New  York    Plttoburah    Chicago 


Pltase  mention  tA«  Reohw  tf  Reoiewa  wkw  writing  to  adoort/sen 
174 


The  Revfcw  of  Reviews— A^yertUne  Sedkm 


Reverend 

Sam  Jones's  Widow 

Gets  $tOOO  per  Year  for  Ufe 

The  name  and  the  fame  of  Rev.  Sam  P.  Jones  have  gone 
over  the  nation.     While  the  noted  evangelist  preached  the 
Gospel  with  g^eat  power,  it  now  transpires  that  he  provided 
for  his  wife  with  great  good  sense.     As  a  result  of  this  fore- 
sight and  self-denial 

The  Mutual 

Life  Insurance 

Company 

is  now  paying  Mrs.  Jones  $i,ooo  per 
year,  and  will  continue  to  do  so  during 
her  life.  In  a  recent  letter  Mrs.  Jones  thanks  the  Company  for 
the  way  in  which  this  matter  has  been  handled.     This  is  all 
good  for  Mrs.  Jones,  but  how  about  the  woman  yet  unpro- 
tected and  the  man  yet  uninsured  ?     The  need  is  great  and 
certain.     The  Company  is  strong  and  ready.     Write  and 
learn  more  about  how  such  protection  can  be  secured. 

The  Time  to  Act  is  NOW. 

For  the  new  forms  of  policies,  write  to 

The  Mutual  Life  Insurance 

Compaiiy  of  New  York* 

N.  Y. 


Pimm  mmtim  tA*  Beoiem  of  Bwl9w%  when  mrttlng  to  a^owttmn 
176 


Tli«  ftevtew  of  lirrfcws-^Aivcrtisfaifir.  Seqtkm 


THEANGELUS  PIANO 

A  CHMSTMAS  GIFT 

FOR  EVERY  DAY  IN  TBE  YEAR 


7^\. 


CHOOSE  what  you  will,  no  gift  within  your  power  of  giving  can  ad4  one 
half  so  much  to  the  joys  of -tho  coming  Christmas  as  the  ANG^^US  PIANO, 
For  all  the  household,  young  and  old,  oh  Christmas  Day  and  every  day 
.throughout  the  year,  the  ANGELUS  PIANO  heralds  a  new  era  of  enjoyment 
4n  your  home  ^ 

Jtny  one— ^musician  or  non-musician — can  play  the  ANGELUS  PIANO, 
1X  is  an' upright  piano  of  the  first  grade  with  the  World-famous  Angelus  piano- 
player  ^incorporated  within  its  case.  The  musician  can  play  ][  by  hand  the  same 
as.any  other  piano,  or,  if  you  are  unfamiliar  with  the  cechn^ue  of  music,  you  can 
play  as  well  or  even*  better  by  means  of  the  Angclus, 

Remember,  the  ANGELUS  PIANO  is  the  only  instrument  in  the  world  equjpped 
with  the  patented  expression  deyicqi,  the  wonderful  ME  LO  DA  NT  and  the  fiaincnu 
Phrasing  Lev^, 

The  MELODANT  emphasizes  the  melody  notes  so  that  they  coixie'our  dear  and 
distinct  above  the  accompaniment. 

The  Phrasing  Leter. provides  you  with  absolute,  and  in^antaneous  contnsil  of  the 
dme  so  that  your  music  will  not  sound  humdrum  or  mechanidaj. 

Before  investing  in  a  piano— FIRST  SEE  AND   HEAR   THE   ANGELUS 

'  PIANO.     It  can  now  be  had  on  very  easy  terms  in  every  Jmportnni  city  jn  Ainerka. 

W,rite  us  to-day  for  ^escriptiyc  literatxire  and  name  of  repmentative  in  your  locality. 


ESTABUSHBD    1876. 


THE  WILCQX  .&:  WHITE  CO. 


MERIDEN,  CONN. 


MtOM  mtntloH  tkt  Baotaw  of  Rwtawa  whan  wrttlmg  to  aOoartim 
176 


Tat  Review  of  Reviews — Aovertisfiisf  Scdaoflr 


■*      y        ^ui.^'   ^   1 


contains  no 
\^kind  ^ 
\\    Pay  >5o 


Y  SOAP, 
products;  it* 
erant  of  any 

but  you  wiir. 


get  no  more  spap  merit  and  purity  than  are  found  ip 
FAJRY  soap  abSc  a  cake— and,  ia^ne  cases  ouji'of 


'y 


/ 


ten,  nqt  SO  much.  —    "^ 

FA!r^^^AP— the  pure,  white,  floating,  oval  cake 
— is  sold  atsM^Qod  grocery^a^^  - 

THE  N.  K.  FAIRBANK  COMPANY,  CHICAGO 

Fairy  Soap  was  granted  highest  possible  awards  at  both  St.  Louis  and 
Portland  Expositions. 

"Have.  You  a  Little  *  Fairy  ^  in  Your  Home?" 


? 


The  Review  of  Reviews— Advertbififf  Sectioa 


f 

t 


r 


*^ 


BANKCRS  TRUST 

COMPANY  — 


T       7  Wall  STgfeET,  New  York       r 

Capital         .       .       .    ^  /  ^  $1,000,000 
Surplus  &  Undivided  Proftts   .   1,426,000 


DIRECTORS 

STEPHEN  BAKER.  Pre*. 
^Bank  of  Manhattan  Co.,N.Y. 
SAMUEL    G.    SaYNE,  Pm. 

Seaboard  Nat'l  Bank.  N.  Y. 
EDWIN  M.  BULKLEY^ 
^  Spencer  Trask  A  Co.,  hi.  Y. 
JAMES  G.  CANNON,  V.  Prea. 

Fourth  Nat'l  Bank,  N.  Y. 
EDMUND   C    CONVERSE. 

President.  N.  Y., 
HENRY  P.  DAVISON.  V.Pfea. 

First  Nat'l  Bank.  N.  Y. 
WALTER  E.  FREW.  V.  Pre*. 

Com  Exchange  Bank,  N.  Y. 
FREDERICK  T.  HASKELL.  V.  Pres. 

Illinois  Trust  &  Sav.  Bk..  Chicago 
A.   BARTON  HEPBURN,  Pres. 

Chase  Nat'l  Bank.N.Y. 
THOMAS    W.    LAMONT, 

Second  Vice  Pres.,  N.  Y. 
GATES  W.  McGARRAH,  Pres. 

Mechanics'  Nat'l  Bank,  N.  Y. 
EDGAR   L.    MARSTON. 

Blair  &  Co. ,  Bankers,  N.  Y.  % 

Ql-IORGE     W.     PERKINS, 

j;P.  norgan&Co.,  N.Y. 
WILLIAM    H.    PORTER;  Prea. 

Chibmicfa  Nat'l  Bank,  N.  Y.  ^ 

DANIEL"  Cm^  REID.  V.  Pres.  » 

Uberty  Naf  1  Bank,  N.  Y. 
EDWARD  F.  SWINNEY^Pres. 

First  Nat'l  Bahk»,Kan5asClty. 
JOHN   F.  THOMPSON,  .      - 

Vice  President,  N.  Y. 
GILBERT  G.  THORNE.V.Pres. 
■Nat'l  Park  Bank;  N.  Y. 
£DWARD  TOWNSEND   Pres. 

Importere  &  Trader J Nat.  Bank,  N.Y. 
ALTtERT  H.  WIGGIN,  V;  Pres; 

Chase  Nat'l  Bank,  N.  Y. 
SAMUEL   \\X)OLVFxRTOK,  Pres. 

Okllatin  Nat'l  Bank,  N.Y. 
EDWARD  F.  C.  YOUXq,  Pres. 
FIret  Nat'l  Bank,  Jersey  City. 


-^i^ 


ABSOLUTE  SAFETY 
TO  DEPOSITORS 

The  first  considera- 
tion for  every  prudent 
depositor  is  thktof  abso- 
lute safety. 

This  Company, 
throughout  disturbed 
financial  conditions,  has 
gained  steadily  in  its 
deposit  business,  the 
fact  being  recognized 
that,  because  of  its  Clear- 
ing House  connections, 
the  conservative  man- 
agement and  absolute 
stability  of  the  institu- 
tion under  all  condi- 
tions must  be  assured. 

Out  of  town  accounts 
solicited. 


ligjUiries  are  mvited  as  to  the  Company's  functions 

'    Admjmstrator,   and   Guardian;  as  Fiscal 

T^tA  forlndividuals  and  Corporations. 


Ms  ifwitw  of  RevlewB  wtien  vrttlng  to  adowtlum 
178 


The  Most  Sensitive  Skin 

is  never  irritated  by 

Packer's  Tar  Soap 


^ 


PURL  AS  THE  PINES 


No  matter  how  sore  or 
chapped,  the  skin  is  always 
soothed  and  healed  by  its 
use,  "rhc  emollient,  anti- 
septic and  hcalingf  proper- 
ties of  this  soap  make  it 
equally  useful  for  preserving 
or  restoring  healthy  con- 
ditions of  the  skin. 

Recommended  and  used  by  the  Medical 
profession  for  over  a  third  of  a  century, 

THE  PACKER  MFG.  COm  NEW  YOBK 


:j>v- 


.1^*^ 


.^^y 


THE  WILLIAMS  PRl>fTINr.  COMPANY.  NEW  YuRK 


IfU 

Isn't 

an 

Eastman 

it  isn't 

a 

Kodak. 


The  Kodak  Christmas  Story 

Wherever  children  are  there's  a  Christmas  story,  yes,  an  all  the 
year  round  story  for  the  Kodak  to  record— a  story  that  grows  in  interest  as 
the  years  go  by. 

Let  the  grown  folks  with  a  Kodak  and  the  Children  with  a  Brownie 
join  in  building  the  family  Kodak  Book.  And  there's  no  better  way  to  begin 
than  with  pictures  of  Christmas  day. 

Kodaks,  $5.00  to  $100.00.    Brownies.  $1.00  to  $9.00. 


The  A'r'ti.i*  F(tf>v  Fofk—uoif  in  /»'<tc. 
r<aHy  in  y<\nu.try~/re€  at  the  k\'J-i't 
lieaUri  or  tiy  tn.%tL 


EASTMAN  KODAK  CO. 

Rochester.  N.  Y..  r*«  JTerfak  civ. 


y 


3h 


DATE  DUE                          1 

STANFORD  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 
STANFORD,  CAUFORNIA    94305-6004