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UNITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
CONTRIBUTIONS
FROM THE
VOLUME 22° (PART 1
REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN
GRASSES /
By A. S. HITCHCOCK and AGNES CHASE
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1926
05 1989
Mawel 48a pr uc ae Ole
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PREFACE.
aes
In the accompanying papers A. S. Hitchcock, systematic agros-
tologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, and Agnes
Chase, assistant agrostologist, have continued the record of their
studies upon North American grasses, presenting a revision of four of
the smaller genera of the tribe Paniceae. The method of treatment
is the same as that followed in an earlier paper entitled The North
American Species of Panicum (published as volume 15 of the Con-
tributions, 1910), of which Prof. Hitchcock and Mrs. Chase were
joint authors. 3
The first two genera, /chnanthus and Lastacis, are tropical Ameri-
can, though one species of the former has been introduced into the
Philippine Islands, and one species of the latter extends into southern
Florida. The genus Brachiaria is found in the warmer parts of both
hemispheres and in America extends into the southern United States,
The genus Cenchrus, whose species are usually known as sandburs,
is widely distributed in the warm and temperate regions of both
hemispheres, some of the species being troublesome weeds.
Freperick V. Covitie,
Curator of the United States National Herbarium.
Tit
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CONTENTS.
Page.
THE NortH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ICHNANTHUS. By A. S. Hitchcock____ 1
PNET OCU CEIOTI BB Ee he ae NE Salita Mo) Se a ae sane ee ee 1
Description of the genus and species_______________________________ 1
Doubtful or.excludedispecies: 22%.) fetes ee ee eee 12
THE NoRTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF Lasracis. By A. S. Hitchcock _______ 18
MTN ETO CLUE CEL Oa as ee oo Le AO a Be na See a epee 13
Description of the genus and species_______________________________ ais}
OUD GRU S PP CCIOS a Sree IS he Oe eS ee ee ie eae 31
THE NorTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF BRACHIARIA. By Agnes Chase__---___ 33
Introduction:.s 222s soe ee ee eas Zo itee a EA tne Me ee eli Ue See 33
ERISCOTY. OLSEN: SOM US Se ae ee rege ee we
Description of the genus and species_______________________________ 35
H)KC]UMed SPECTOS eee a Se aN oe es eS oe 43
THE NorTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CENCHRUS. By Agnes Chase________ 45
Oh aN es Pay 0 Wo Chay Kay 0 Wey eee SE ee a ED ie fp Reece i Be el 45
EDS TETND LTV ON © Syma Ta ai Dane Sa eo Sas Sa peak cl ee 46
ETS COTY OL CH Cy OT UNS ee Uk a aT De eee all 47
Description of the genus and species_______________________________ 50
LOCO T aaa av LESH oY SYN et she cet eet ce ea re ee RAL Os ee eee tee ee 76
Y SDs GUD KEY Lent} Of eo Ye a i ga aT ca Noe TT
1 Eg DS a SEE Ue I ES ta LA Se Nc IE yet Ix
PAAETEOD
j ; a LA nee tot nea: died tm 3 : r
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at aah HE oh aed atin ol ‘salen whl ec deena le a heehee oe ne a ete ae
— ee ree ee et Ronan res set ecto
Pl cng ie alin ae a a peliacia
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pee er ae ole mong ja a aati <a Pne vag aud Rk
Fecda ae onic RE inte eye ba, 507
nO tals eae i Sr
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5 oN date oe Pa Te Ye a lem tet Ser a ere atk a ee ae
iLeUa he be) ¥ eas ¢
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
Facing page.
Puatel1. Ichnanthus mayarensis (Wright) Hitche___._--_______________- al
2. Ichnanthus tenuis (Presl) Hitche. & Chase_____.____-_________ 12
3. Ichnanthus nemorosus (Swartz) Doell__-__-__________________- 12
4, Ichnanthus pallens (Swartz) Munro__________-________-_ 12
5. Ichnanthus avillaris (Nees) Hitche. & Chase__________-________ 2
G.tchnanthus lonceotatus Scribn.. G&S mithe222 2 eae ae eee iy
7. Ichnanthus nemoralis (Schrad.) Hitche. & Chase____-__________ 12
SH TChNANGRUSHNETICENWS) KOULDS =a hie ee ae ae aL
9. Ichnanthus ichnodes (Griseb.) Hitche. & Chase_______-______-__ 2
10) Lasiacts procerrima, (Hack.): Mitehes 22a eee 82
AL GUStACIS: TUGEUE \(GriSeDs) | EACH Ce ae Ee eee Oe 32
12: Lasiacis grisebachit (Nash) Hitche__ 202.200 382
13. Lasiacis oaxacensis (Steud.) Hitche_-_--=2- 2 32
14 Losiacis ligulata Hutches & Chases) 222 2 ae ee eee 32
15. Lasiacis rhizophora (Fourn.) Hitche____-_________--_-________ 82
16. Lasiacis leptostachya Hitchc__-__-____.____-____-_---_____-____ D2
iL ee ET SULCUS ATU CITES UU IN NSU ees as as re a oe 32
THe UOSTACUSTOLUOTICCEG: (lis)¢ EXUCCHG nena = SU ie ey Ai aes ee ie ase 32
LOR GE STGCTS GEO OOS Ceo TAME WC 2st cas eae 1 id ep Sole eee ae 32
20. Lasiacis sloanei (Griseb.) Hitche.___--__ === 32
21. Lasiacis patentifiora Hitche. & Chase_________--___----__- 32
22. Lasiacis sorghoidea (Desv.) Hitche. & Chase___-___-_________- 82
236 LiGSiaclis TUSCLfOlid, (ABs Kh.) eitCh@ies ae eee 32
DA Lasiacis: anomala: Elitches 22222 2 ee i ee ee 32
TEXT FIGURES.
Page.
KMIGURE SS BEACH Cn uCOCfOTINUS saa ee ee 37
Qe TE CHALTAG OD TUT O CES: oe ee ae ae pes ee a 38
GLC UGTA MCULUG EUS SUNG see Nes Na aC ee LEE rane Ny ANE al 39
CANO BH OR BY (WHO H LAO Raed {Peper OH 0 maha a gs SUNT Mee One USN et ne eh al 40
LS FORA RGA HIOH MAURY DAT LOWEN OMIA Gao ses See eal Ae Ces Oe eh SS a 41
GRE CHA TU PUG IUE OG UIC Co aie ad wee eae aie 42
CLR OCT GTUTAUS I 1UY OS AUT OU C Si ae ae ees 52
Se CencnrrusnCatnanlicus Soke ee eee oe ee eee 54
9. Cenchrws, distichopnylliws2 2 sae ae oe eee Hy3)
TOM CCNCRTWS! DULOSUS 2 be ee 27 Sk Ne a I SN eee 56
MULES CCTUC TETAS I VATU LTS es See SON NUT TIS LN ap re een ee 57
ADB CULGTUTAES WC CTUVTUCL EUS yp tae ee NRE SS A EIA a La OS cae pee DO 59
TSEC CWO TUSALIVS WUC TUS Bite a ae aia ae eee NAN ates Des AS one Sa 3
PAE COME GUS GIGGLES Ie ILS NS RUNG ES AOI Tae git Rep 64
aS OKEY (HGH (HR ISB HH OXCHIST ACI HSPs ee OLDE ESSE EN YRS el a le 65
AGA CENCRIEAUSHMNACTOCE DI QUUS: ot EO ey Se ae ee ee ae 67
TEC CNCHEUS! DOL CT TLOT US yaa ae Sareea ae WO PENT ae I oe a 68
AS SC CIC TUG AUS I) ALCL ILO TLS ete ee rn Ngee ee sc 69
OMI CCHEN TUS ENED UTOTECS Min ieee eee Se es 73
ZOSRCCIRCTURUS DUNC yO ie ee NAN BASE ie ae ra dA in a ig en 75
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_ THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ICHNANTHUS.
By A. 8. HircHcock.
INTRODUCTION.
The genus /chnanthus is closely alhed to Panicum, the largest
genus of the tribe Paniceae. The technical character that separates
it is the presence of two winglike appendages at the base of the fertile
lemma. In many of our North American species the appendages are
obsolete and are indicated only by minute scars or excavations.
Along with this technical character is that of a general resemblance
in habit and in the appearance of the panicles and spikelets, espe-
cially the shghtly boat-shaped tips of the glumes and lemmas. Most
of the species have broad flat blades. One species, /. tchnodes, devi-
ates from this concept in every respect except in the presence of
well-marked appendages. Altogether the genus is an assemblage of
somewhat diverse species, which are segregated from Panicum on
rather weak technical grounds. The type species, with its large blades
‘and prominent appendages, was more distinct from Panicum than
most of the species that have since been united with it. As a genus
Ichnanthus is less distinct than several groups, such as Syntherisma,
Lasiacis, and Echinochloa, that were included by older authors in
Panicum as sections.
There are about 25 known species of Jehnanthus, mostly South
American, 10 extending into tropical North America and one, /. pal-
Jens, found also in the Philippines and tropical Asia.
DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES.
ICHNANTHUS Beauv.
Ichnanthus Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 56, 1812. Beauvois gives a generic descrip-
tion and mentions one species, I. panicoides, sent to him by Desfontaines from
tropical America. This species, which has large appendages, is figured by
Beauvois (pl. 12. f. 1)... Beauvois misunderstood the structure of the spikelet.
He describes it as 3-flowered and calls attention to the unusual position of the
intermediate floret, which, he says, consists of two paleae opposite and placed
crosswise to the rest of the spikelet. He mistook the large appendages to the
fertile lemma for an intermediate floret. The intermediate floret shown in his
plate evidently represents the two appendages of the fertile lemma.
Navicularia Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 88. pl. 1. f. 5. 1823. Three species are de-
scribed, N. hirta, N. glabra, and N. lanata. The third species, being the one fig-
ured, is taken as the type. In this the appendages are one-third as long as the
fertile lemma. The usual reference to Naviciularia is Bertol. Opus. Sci. Bologn.
3: 408. 1819, but this is an error; the name does not appear there, The name
Bertoloni gives is Panicum loliaceum: this Raddi cites under Navicularia hirta.
‘for a history of the genus see Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 24:
142-144, 1911.
1
2 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DESCRIPTION.
Perennials or sometimes apparently annuals with erect or creeping culms and
flat, usually broad, sometimes petioled leaf blades. Inflorescence paniculate,
the open or contracted panicles terminal and axillary, the spikelets usually in
pairs, unequally short-pediceled along the stiffly spreading or ascending main
branches, or rarely single in an open panicle. Spikelets with keeled glumes,
thus appearing somewhat laterally compressed, similar in structure to those
of Panicum, the glumes and sterile lemma usually rather strongly nerved,
and commonly ending in an apiculation or convolute point. First glume
usually more than half as long as the spikelet, clasping, 3-nerved, the second
glume and sterile lemma about equal, longer than the fruit, 5-nerved, the
lemma inclosing a membranaceous palea and rarely a staminate flower; fertile
lemma usually acute or acutish, indurate, dorsally compressed; usually raised
on a short stipe, the margins usually flat but in our species more or less
inrolled, the base bearing on either side membranaceous appendages adnate
to the lemma below, free above, the appendages in many of our species obso-
lete and indicated only by minute scars or excavations; palea entirely inclosed
in the margins of the lemma.
Abnormal specimens occur, especially in nos. 2 to 4, in which the sterile
lemmas are greatly multiplied, forming elongate curved spikelets, as much as
2 cm. long.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Appendages of fertile lemma well-developed wings.
Blades widest near the cordate base............ 9. I. mexicanus.
Blades narrowed toward the base, this not cordate.
Sheaths densely long-villous.............. 8. I. leiocarpus,
Sheaths glabrate or somewhat pilose.
Blades lanceolate-linear, many times longer than wide; spike-
lets slong -pediceledy igs cssts lies egt eave ie dee einle 10. I. ichnodes.
Blades lanceolate-elliptic, not more than 6 times longer than wide.
7. I. nemoralis.
Appendages of fertile lemma reduced to scars.
Blades petiolate, the petiole 1 to 15 mm, long; first glume acute, about half
as long as the spikelet.
Spikelets 3 mm. long; culms delicate, spreading, much branched;
blades not over 6 mm. wide............ 1. I. mayarensis.
Spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm. long; culms erect, simple or sparingly branched;
blades: cto, eremswiGess waws4 boeeaaes i eee 6. I. lanceolatus.
Blades more or less clasping, often oblique at base, usually over 1 em. wide.
Glumes with attenuate tips, usually exceeding the sterile lemma and
floret ; blades thin, more or less pilose.
Spikelets with a few long stiff hairs near the margin toward the
summit of both glumes; plants delicate; blades rarely over
45em slong yang ss em, sw Cases eae en en eee 2. I. tenuis.
Spikelets glabrous or scabrous on the midnerves only; blades up
toivem. long anda emeswieny. yeasts ie ane 3. I. nemorosus.
Glumes acute or acuminate but not attenuate, the first shorter than
the spikelet; blades firmer.
Blades lanceolate, 1 to 2 em. wide, glabrous. .... 4. I. pallens.
Blades oval to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5 to 3.5 em. wide, often pubes-
cent: (Deneathy 2c: 205 acre renee eee eee 5. I. axillaris.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—-NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 3
1. Ichnanthus mayarensis (Wright) Hitche.
Panicum mayarense Wright, Anal. Acad. Cienc. Habana 8: 296. 1871. ‘“‘ May-
ari Abajo,’ Cuba. The type specimen in the Gray Herbarium (Wright 3468)
consists of several culms with decumbent bases, sessile or nearly sessile blades
2 to 8 mm. wide, and a panicle one-fourth the entire height of the plant.
Ichnanthus mayarensis Hitche. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 229. 1909. Based
on Panicum mayarense Wright.
Ichnanthus wrightii Hitche. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 229. 1909. ‘“ Wright’s
8880. U.S. National Herbarium no. 559959 of this collection is the type.” This
was collected at Rio Seco in Arroyo Hondo, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. The specimen
consists of several delicate sterile culms rooting at the nodes, the thin blades
as much as 1 cm. wide with petioles as much as 12 mm. long, and of a few
culms, lacking the base, bearing small panicles. The plants appear to have
grown in the shade.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms slender, wiry, straggling or spreading, rooting at the lower nodes, 20
to 40 em. long, glabrous or the lower part minutely pubescent, striate, the nodes
several; sheaths shorter (often much shorter) than the internodes, striate,
glabrous or sparsely papillose-hispid on the ‘surface, puberulent on the margin,
especially toward the apex; blades lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, 2 to 5 cm.
long, 8 to 6 mm. wide (or exceptionally as much as 1 cm. wide), striate, gla-
brous throughout or scaberulous above, abruptly narrowed at base into a petiole
1 to 5 mm. long, or on the sterile shoots as much as 15 mm. long; panicles 2 to
10 cm. long, usually long-exserted, the few main branches as much as 38 cm.
long, rather stiffly spreading, the primary and secondary axes glabrous or
scaberulous; spikelets about 3 mm. long, lanceolate, nearly terete, acute, gla-
brous, the unequal pedicels 0.5 to 2 mm. long; first glume 1.5 mm. long, broad
and clasping at base, acute; second glume and sterile lemma equal, 3 mm. long,
acuminate, strongly nerved, the sterile palea narrow, about 1 mm. long; fertile
lemma 2 mm. long, acute, only slightly compressed dorsally, the margins
inrolled, nearly or quite meeting, the scars at base about 0.5 mm. long, the
stipe obsolete.
At the time Ichnanthus wrightii was described there were no specimens at
hand except those collected by Wright. The specimens received since then
show that the two forms must be united under one species.
DISTRIBUTION.
Dry pine woods and palm barrens, Cuba.
Cusa: Mayari, Wright 3468. Arroyo Hondo, Wright 3880. Woodfred, Shafer
2966, 8058. Campo Florido, Leén 3450, 4148. Madruga, Leén 6373.
EXPLANATION OF PLATH 1.—Ichnanthus mayarensis. Specimen from Campo Florido,
Cuba, Leén 4143 (U.S. Nat. Herb. no. 946900). Natural size.
2. Ichnanthus tenuis (Presl) Hitche. & Chase.
Oplismenus tenuis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 319. 1830. ‘Hab. in Meixico, Pan-
ama.” <A duplicate type has been examined at the herbarium of the Petrograd
Botanical Garden.
Panicum exile Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 2: 45. 1854. Based upon Oplismenus
tenuis Presl, the name changed probably because of Panicum tenue Roxb.
4 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Panicum alsinoides Griseb. Fl]. Brit. W. Ind. 550. 1864. “ Hab. Jamaica !,
March; St. Kitts!; Trinidad! Pd.’ The description applies to Ichnanthus ten-
uis, but the specimen (sterile) in the Gray Herbarium collected in Jamaica by
March is Oplismenus setarius. Ichnanthus tenuis is not known from Jamaica.
The specimen of P. aisinoides in the Grisebach Herbarium from St. Kitts is
also sterile and is probably not Ichnanthus tenuis.
Ichnanthus alsinoides Munro; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 500, 1885.
Based on Panicum alsinoides Griseb.
Ichnanthus tenwis Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 18: 334. 1917.
Based on Oplismenus tenwis Presl.
DESCRIPTION.
Apparently annual; culms slender, spreading or creeping, rooting at the
nodes, much branched, the fertile shoots ascending, 10 to 20 cm. high, glabrous
or puberulent mostly in lines, purplish; sheaths shorter than the internodes,
papillose-hispid with weak hairs; blades lanceolate, 2 to 5 cm. long, 4 to 10 mm.
wide, sessile, rounded or slightly cordate at base, acute or acuminate, thin,
glabrous or puberulent, often sparsely hispid, the margins scabrous; panicles
terminal and axillary, 2 to 4 cm. long, or the axillary ones smaller, mostly on
long slender peduncles, the few branches rather weakly spreading, as much as
2 cm. long, the axes slender, angled, scaberulous, and sometimes puberulent,
often villous or with a few long hairs at the base of the branches; spikelets
narrowly lanceolate, 8 mm. long, acuminate, hispid, the pedicels slender, un-
equal, the shorter one of the pair 1 mm. long or less, the other twice or thrice
as long; first glume broad and clasping at base, nearly as long as the spilkelet,
attenuate into a slender point, glabrous or scaberulous; second glume and sterile
lemma nearly equal, acuminate, the former attenuate-pointed, prominently
nerved, sparsely hispid along the lateral nerves, the sterile palea small and
narrow; fertile lemma 1.5 to 2 mm. long, dorsally compressed, oblong, rounded
at the apex, the margins flat, widely separated, the scar about 0.3 mm. long,
extending downward into a wing decurrent on the short stipe.
DISTRIBUTION.
Damp shady places, Guatemala to northern South America.
GUATEMALA: Cubilquitz, Tiirckheim 8799 (abnormal). Coban, Tiirckheim 908
(abnormal).
Costa Rica: Alajuela, Jiménez 164, 165, 701, 705. Boruca, Tonduz 3363, 4460.
Buenos Aires, Tonduz 3647. Piedro del Convento, Pittier 3654. Rio
General, Pittier 3359, 3363.
PANAMA: Gattn, Hitchcock 9186. Culebra, Pittier 2119; Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
581; Hitchcock 9166. Chagres, Fendler 873 (abnormal). El Boquete,
Hitchcock 8274 (abnormal). Cerro Vaca, Pittier 5366, 5370. Balboa,
Hitcheock 8000 (abnormal). Bohio, Hitchcock 8394 (abnormal). Ancén,
Killip 4029.
TRINIDAD: Maraval, Broadway 4912, 4918. Arima, Hitchcock 103138. Port of
Spain, Hitchcock 10052, 10199. St. Joseph, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 580.
CoLoMBIA: Santa Marta, Smith 2129, 2185, 2572.
VENEZUELA: Tovar, Fendler 2532, 2544 (abnormal).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2.—Ichnanthus tenuis. Specimen from Rio Grande, Panama,
Pittier 2119 (U. 8. Nat. Herb. no. 975195) ; also a branch with proliferous spikelets,
collected between Bohio and Frijoles, Panama, Hitchcock 8394 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no.
946908). Both natural size.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 5
8. Ichnanthus nemorosus (Swartz) Doell.
Panicum nemorosum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Oce. 22. 1788. ‘ Jamaica,
Domingo.” The type has been examined in the Swartz Herbarium at Stock-
holm. It is from Jamaica.
Milium nemorosum Moench, Meth. Pl. Suppl. 67. 1802. Based on Panicum
nemorosum Swartz.
Ichnanthus nemorosus Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2: 289. 1877. Based on
Panicum nemorosum Swartz.
DESCRIPTION,
Culms spreading and creeping, rooting at the nodes, much branched, pubes-
cent or glabrescent, the nodes pubescent, the fertile shoots decumbent or
rising to the height of 10 to 20 cm.; sheaths shorter than the internodes,
pubescent or glabrescent, villous on the margin and collar; blades ovate-
lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 3 to 7 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. wide, clasping at
the usually asymmetric base, somewhat abruptly narrowed toward the apex,
thin, sparsely hispid and scaberulous on both surfaces or glabrescent; panicles
terminal and axillary, 1 to 4 cm. long, ovate or often narrow, the few branches
weakly spreading or appressed, usually not over 2 cm. long, the axes angled
and scabrous, villous at the base of the branches; spikelets 2.5 to 3 mm. long,
glabrous, the pedicels short, 1 to 2 mm. long or less; first glume a little shorter
than the second and about as long as the sterile lemma, broad and somewhat
clasping at the base, 5-nerved, the lateral nerves contiguous, acuminate or
attenuate-pointed, the keel scaberulous above; second glume and sterile lemma
5-nerved, the lateral nerves distant, the glume scaberulous on the keel, acu-
minate or attenuate-pointed, sometimes with-a few hairs near the margin, the
lemma smooth on the keel, acute or somewhat rounded at apex, the sterile
palea well developed, nearly as long as the lemma; fertile lemma lanceolate,
2 mm. long, acutish, yellow-brown at maturity, the scar at base about 0.3 mm.
long, bearing no wing below, the margins somewhat inrolled, distant.
This species resembles J. pallens, but is more delicate, has thinner blades,
and is usually more prostrate; the spikelets are shorter and more obtuse.
DISTRIBUTION.
Shady banks and rich woods, West Indies, Mexico, and Central America.
San Luis Potosi: Las Canoas, Pringle 5827.
Veracruz: Misantla, Purpus 6217. Jalapa, Hitchcock 6649.
GUATEMALA: Guatemala City, Hitchcock 9047. Cubilquitz, Tiirckheim 4038.
Costa Rica: La Palma, Yonduz 12509, 12515. La HKsmeralda, Tonduz 1346.
Santa Rosa du Copey, Vondue 11889. San José, Hitchcock 8479.
PANAMA: El Boquete, Hitchcock 8268, 8276, 83818, 8329. Chiriqui Volcano,
Hitchcock 8195, 8205.
CuBpaA: Habana, Leén 3635. Sierra de Anafe, Wilson 11538 (Leén 2873). Banao
Hills, Santa Clara, Ledn 3997. La Perla, Oriente, Leén 3908. Retiro,
Wright 3881. Mogote de Mono, Wright 3882. Arroyo Hondo, Wright 3858.
Santo Domineo: Without locality, Poiteau.
JAMAICA: Gordon Town, Harris 11476; Hart 923. Ramble, Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 582. Troy, Hitchcock 9798. Catherines Peak, Hitchcock 9741. Cas-
tleton, Harris 11296. Clyde River, Harris 11447.
Porto Rico: Cayey, Sintenis 2406.
6 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
LEEWARD ISLANDS: St. Kitts, Britton & Cowell 682.
Winpwarpb IstANps: Grenada, Broadway 177.
TRINIDAD: Port of Spain, Hitchcock 10041. Caparo Woods, Broadway 4931.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3.—Ichnanthus nemorosus. Specimen from River Estate, Port
of Spain, Trinidad, Hitchcock 10041 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 975139). Natural size.
4. Ichnanthus pallens (Swartz) Munro.
_ Panicum pallens Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788. ‘‘ Jamaica.” The
type has been examined in the Swartz Herbarium at Stockholm.
Panicum henmignostum Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 77. 1854. “ Paraguay.” The
type has been examined at the Paris Herbarium.
Ichnanthus pallens Munro; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 414. 1861. Based on Panicum
pallens Swartz.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms much branched, spreading, creeping at the base, rooting at the nodes,
the fertile culms ascending 380 to 80 cm. or sometimes more, puberulent ; sheaths
usually glabrous on the surface, villous on the margin; blades lanceolate, often
somewhat falcate, 5 to 10 cm. long, mostly 1 to 2 cm. wide, somewhat clasp-
ing at the asymmetric narrowed base, somewhat abruptly narrowed to an
acuminate point, the lower surface glabrous or slightly scaberulous, roughened
with irregular crossveins, sometimes with a few scattered stiff hairs, the upper
surface scaberulous, often with a few stiff hairs at the base and on the basal
portion of the margin; panicles terminal and from several of the upper axils,
5 to 10 em. long, rather compact, elliptic, the main branches ascending, as much
as 6 cm. long, usually bearing secondary branches, the axes angled and scab-
rous, pubescent at the base of the branches; spikelets 3 to 3.5 mm. long, glab-
rous or rarely with a few stiff hairs; first glume 1.5 to 2 mm. long, somewhat
clasping at base, attenuate-pointed, scabrous on the keel; second glume longer
than the sterile lemma, acuminate but scarcely attenuate-pointed, scabrous on
the keel and roughened on the lateral nerves; sterile lemma similar to the
second glume, but shorter and less narrowed at the summit, the palea well
developed, nearly as long as the lemma; fertile lemma oblong, 1.5 mm, long,
rounded at apex, the margins inrolled, distant, the scars at base 0.8 mm. long,
narrowly winged at the side.
DISTRIBUTION.
Shady banks and rich woods, tropics of the Western Hemisphere, from
southern Mexico and Cuba southward; introduced in southeastern Asia.
VERACRUZ: Cordoba, Hitchcock 6454. Jalapa, Hitchcock 6675. Mirador, Lieb-
mann 400, 401, 740 (abnormal).
CAMPECHE: Atasta, Rovirosa 642 (abnormal).
GUATEMALA: Cubilquitz, Tiirckheim 4088. Sepacuité, Collins € Goll 011 (abnor-
mal). Senaht, Goll 178 (abnormal). Livingston, Tiirekheim 8792.
Honpvuras: San Pedro Sula, Thieme 17, 5590, 5594. Puerto Sierra, Wilson 614.
Costa Rica: San José, Cooper 5991. Buenos Aires, Pittier 10591. Caflas
Gordas, Pittier 7361. Boca de Zhorquin, Tonduz 8636. San Marcos,
Tondus 7564. Rodeo de Pacaca, Pittier 3269. Luis, Tonduz 11393. Ter-
raba, Tonduz 3616. Boruca, T'onduz 3633.
PANAMA: Matias Hernéindez, Pittier 6923. Bocas del Toro, Hart 69, 72, 89.
Culebra, Hitchcock 8023, 9164. Bas Obispo, Hitchcock 9210. Gattn,
Mazon 4654; Hitchcock 9181. Alhajuela, Pittier 2335. Corozal, Hitch-
cock 9201. El Boquete, Hitchcock 8273, 8302, 8306. San Felix, Pittier
5204 (abnormal), 5230, 5272.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. i
Cupa: Monte Verde, Wright 750. Sancti Spiritus Mountains, Ledén 6524
(abnormal). Camino Aguacate, Wilson 9210. Gran Piedra, Shafer 9015.
Woodfred, Shafer 3022. Holguin, Shafer 1446. Baracoa, Pollard, Palmer
é& Palmer 15. El Guama, Palmer & Riley 130 (abnormal), 218. El Palen-
quito, Eggers 4814. San Diego de los Bafios, Leén 4849.
JAMAICA: Red Hills, Harris 11837. Ipswich, Harris 12511; Hitchcock 9619.
Devon Pen, Harris 12472. MHolliss Savanna, Harris 12258. Bull Head
Mountain, Hitchcock 9581. Troy, Hitchcock 9799. Claverty Cottage,
Harris 11523. Castleton, Harris 11298, 11485. Port Morant, Hitchcock in
1890. Cedar Hurst, Harris 11549.
Porto Rico: Rio Piedras, Stevenson 3327; Hioram 362; Wetmore 171. Sierra
de Luquillo, Hagers 1172; Chase 6717. Maricao, Sintenis 214; Chase 6196.
Bayamon, Millspaugh 352; Heller 92. Mayaguez, Molin 38, 165; Heller 4374 ;
Cowell 628; Chase 6821. Santurce, Heller 826. Ponce, Heller 6093.
Santa Ana, Goll 136. Toa Alta, Goll 884. Utuado, Britton & Cowell 369,
883. Jayuya, Britton & Cowell 949. Alegrillo, Britton, Stevens & Hess
2576. Monte Montoso, Britton & Cowell 4189; Sierra de Naguabo,
Shafer 3388, 3629. Fajardo, Britton & Shafer 1633. Campo Alegre, Chase
6805. San Juan, Chase 6362, 6405, 6411, 6628, 6629, 6640, 6774. Cayey,
Chase 6736. Quebradillas, Chase 6571. Arecibo, Chase 6450. Vega Baja,
Chase 6418.
Santo DomiInGo: Sanchez, Rose 4383. Santo Domingo City, Rose 3748. With-
out locality, Wright, Parry & Brunvmel 608.
LEEWARD ISLANDS: Antigua, Rose 38487; Wullschlaegel 619. Montserrat,
Shafer 710. Guadeloupe, L’Herminier 397; Duss 2686.
WINDWARD ISLANDS: Martinique, Duss 772. Barbados, Hggers 7186; Bot. Sta.
Herb. 458. St. Vincent, Hggers 6560. Grenada, Broadway 1103, 4615, 4672.
TRINIDAD: Bot. Gard. Herb. 2281, 3189, 3191. Port of Spain, Crueger 74;
Hitchcock 9955, 9966; Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 588, 584. Maraval, Broadway
4911. Tamana, Broadway 4960. Blanchisseuse, Broadway 3820. St.
Joseph, Hitchcock 10018. San Fernando, Hitchcock 10104. Tabaquite,
Hitchcock 10130. La Brea, Broadway 4977. Cedros, Hitchcock 10140.
Tospaco: Broadway 4089, 4080; Hggers 5685; Hitchcock 10240, 10248.
CoLoMBIA: Santa Marta, Smith 2183.
BRAzIL: Capanema 5392, 5453; Burchell 1623. Rio Grande do Sul, Maline 506;
Lindman 14148. Campina, Campos Novaes 1285 (abnormal), 1286. Rio
Janeiro, Glaziou 17393, 17404.
ParaGuay: Sierra de Amambahy, Hassler 11269.
ARGENTINA: Misiones, Hkman 654, 656.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4.—Ichnanthus pallens. Specimen from Port of Spain, Trini-
dad, Hitchcock 9955 (U.S. Nat. Herb. no. 946899). Natural size.
5. Ichnanthus axillaris (Nees) Hitche. & Chase.
Panicum asxillare Nees, Agrost. Bras. 141. 1829. “Itambé da Villa et
Itacolumi ete. provinciae Minarum.’’ The type specimen, collected by Martius,
has been examined at the Munich Herbarium.
Ichnanthus axillaris Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb, 18: 334. 1917.
Based on Panicum avxillare Nees.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms much branched, spreading or prostrate, rooting at the nodes, the fer-
tile shoots ascending 10 to 20 em. in open ground, or among shrubs clambering
to the height of 1 to 1.5 meters, puberulent or glabrescent; sheaths villous, at
least on the margin; blades oval, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 12 cm. long.
8 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
1.5 to 3.5 em. wide, cordate-clasping at base, acute or acuminate, rather thick
or firm, pubescent or glabrous beneath, scabrous above; panicles terminal and
axillary, similar to those of J. pallens but on the average larger, sometimes as
much as 20 em. long; spikelets similar to those of J. pallens in arrangement and
structure, but usually larger; glumes often sparsely pilose; sterile lemma con-
taining a well-developed palea and a staminate flower; fertile lemma 2 mm.
long, with prominent scars at base.
This species is closely related to J. pallens, from which it differs in the
thicker, proportionately broader blades and larger, often sparsely pilose spike-
lets.
DISTRIBUTION.
Moist, more or less shaded slopes in the uplands, Porto Rico and Guatemala
to Ecuador and Brazil.
GUATEMALA: Cubilquitz, Tiirekheim 7800.
Costa Rica: “ Chemin de Carrillo,” Biolley 3112.
PANAMA: Frijoles, Hitchcock 8398. San Felix, Pittier 5203. Juan Diaz, Killip
4063.
Porto Rico: Adjuntas, Chase 6472; Sintenis 4610; Britton & Shafer 2018.
Utuado, Britton & Cowell 1008. Mayaguez, Heller 4479. Cayey, Chase
6735. Aybonito, Sintenis 2869.
TRINIDAD: Tabaquite, Hitchcock 10125; Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 585. Maraval,
Bot. Gard. Herb. 5425. Port of Spain, Hitchcock 10033.
Tosaco: Hitchcock 10268.
VENEZUELA: Santa Catalina, Rusby & Squires 358.
Brazit: Parana, Dusén 7911.
Ecuapor: Balao, Hggers 14655.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5.—Ichnanthus avillaris, Specimen from Maraval, Trinidad,
Bot. Gard. Herb. 5425 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 975122). Natural size.
6. Ichnanthus lanceolatus Scribn. & Smith,
Panicum lindeni Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 29. 1886. Not P. lindeni Griseb. 1866,
The type specimen, collected in Yucatéin by Linden, has been examined at the
Paris Herbarium.
Ichnanthus lanceolatus Scribn. & Smith, U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:
36. pl. 5. 1897. ‘“ Old fields about Izamal. No. 854. George F. Gaumer, Septen-
ber, 1895.””. The type is in the United States National Herbarium,
DESCRIPTION.
Culms erect or slightly spreading at base, 40 to 60 cm. high, striate, glabrous
or puberulent, the nodes about 4, glabrous, or puberulent below the sheath
at the margin of the latter; sheaths shorter than the internodes, striate, glabrous
on the surface or the lowermost villous, the margin villous; blades lanceolate
to ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, 5 to 7 cm. long, 1 to 3 cm. wide, the
uppermost reduced, rather firm in texture, glabrous or slightly scaberulous
beneath, scabrous above, narrowed from a rounded or cordate base into a
petiole 1 to 10 mm. long; panicles terminal or also axillary, 5 to 12 cm. long,
the one from the uppermost sheath smaller, the few branches rather stiffly
spreading, as much as 6 em. long, the axes scaberulous; spikelets about 4 mm.
long, lanceolate, slightly compressed laterally, glabrous, the pedicels scabrous,
unequal, the shorter of the pair about 1 mm. long, the longer about 3 mm.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMER.CAN GRASSES. 9
long; first glume 2 mm. long, broad and clasping at base, acute; second glume
and sterile lemma nearly equal, clasping at base, acuminate, the sterile palea
small and narrow, about 1 mm. long; fertile lemma nearly 3 mm. long, acute,
the margins flat and overlapping toward the apex, inrolled and nearly meet-
ing toward the base, the scar at base very short, extending downward into a
minute wing on the very short stipe.
DISTRIBUTION.
Forests and old fields; known only from Yucatén peninsula.
YucaTAn: Izamal, Gaumer 854. Tiap, Linden.
QUINTANA Roo: Buena Vista Xbac, Gaumer 1111. Chichankanab, Gaumer 2181,
EXPLANATION OF PLATH 6.—Ichnanthus lanceolatus. Type specimen, Natural size.
7. Ichnanthus nemoralis (Schrad.) Hitche. & Chase.
Panicum nemorale Schrad.; Schult. Mant. 2: 255. 1824. “In Brasilia, Prin-
ceps Sereniss. Maximil. Neowidensis.’’ The type has not been examined but
the description identifies the species.
Panicum martianum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 188. 1829. ‘“ Habitat ad Almadam
{Brazil] (Mart.).” Nees describes three varieties of which the first, a, is the
type. This is described as having the sheaths, except the margins, glabrous.
Panicum petiolatum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 140. 1829. ‘Habitat in udis ad
Guaratingueté, in vicinia Paraibae fluminis, provinciae S. Pauli,” Brazil. The
type specimen, collected by Martius, was examined in the Munich Herbarium.
Ichnanthus petiolatus Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 278. 1877. Based on Pani-
cum petiolatum Nees.
Ichnanthus martianus Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 280. 1877. Based on Pani-
cum martianum a Nees.
Ichnanthus nemoralis Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 334. 1917.
Based on Panicum nemorale Schrad.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms as much as 1 meter tall, more or less decumbent at base, pubescent or
glabrous; sheaths more or less pubescent, villous on the collar; ligule a ciliate
membrane about 1 mm. long; blades elliptic or narrowly lanceolate, up to
about 10 or 15 cm. long, as much as 3 cm. wide, narrowed into a petiole
1 to 2 mm. long, many-nerved, pubescent on both surfaces or glabrous
above; panicle 10 to 15 cm. long, the few stout branches stiffly ascending, pubes-
cent at base; spikelets about 4.5 mm. long, glabrous, or the glumes slightly
roughened on the internerves toward the apex; fruit 3.5 mm. long, the append-
ages 1.5 mm. long.
DISTRIBUTION.
Among shrubs, Trinidad to Brazil.
TrRInIDAD: Bot. Gard. Herb. 2278. sina ei
Tonaco: Broadway, 4472. 9607 !
VENEZUELA: Island of Margarita, Onion 208.
Brazi.: Toca de Onca, Rose 26077; Riedel 1198, 1194A. Rio Janeiro, Wilkes
Erpl. Exped. 14; Mertens. State of Parana, Dusén 7594. Without locality,
Salzmann, PT
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7.--Ichnanthus nemoralis. Specimen from Tobago, Broadway
4472 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 725595). Natural size,
115803—20.
10 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Ichnanthus glaber (Raddi) Hitche. (Navicularia glabra Raddi, Agrost.
Bras. 89. 1823; Panicum navicularia Nees, Agrost. Bras. 136. 1829). This
species has been confused with Ichnanthus nemoralis but differs in having
narrowly lanceolate blades, glabrous sheaths (including margin), and an open
panicle with slender branches and pedicels. The appendages of the fertile
lemma are distinctly different, being firm and rather thick, gradually narrowed
to a blunt point, extending above the base of the palea for 0.5 mm. and united
below to the base of the fruit for about the same distance. The appendages
of J. nemoralis and its allies are thin membranaceous wings. The notes here
given are from a specimen collected by J. N. Rose on Corcovado, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil (no. 20181). The type of Navicularia glabra, collected “in saltibus
montosis prope Rio-janeiro,’ has not been examined, but the specimen above
cited agrees perfectly with Raddi’s description.
There is an Ichnanthus glaber Link* mentioned as a synonym under Panicum
glaberrimum Steud. The name has no taxonomic standing, as it was not prop-
erly published.
8. Ichnanthus leiocarpus (Spreng.) Kunth.
Panicum leiocarpon Spreng. Neu. Entd. 1: 248. 1820. ‘“ Hab. in Brasilia.”
Navicularia lanata Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 40. 1823. “In herbidis prope Rio-
Inhumirim,” Brazil. This is given as a synonym of Panicum leiocarpon by
Nees,’ who probably saw Sprengel’s type at Berlin. Raddi describes and figures
the glumes and sterile lemma as pubescent at apex, a character which is not
mentioned by Sprengel. Sprengel’s type has been examined; the spikelets are
obscurely pubescent at apex but not bearded as stated by Raddi. As I have
not seen Raddi’s type, Navicularia lanata is included here somewhat doubtfully.
Ichnanthus leiocapus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Suppl. X. 1880. Based on Pani-
cum leiocarpon Spreng.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms 1 to 2 meters tall, pubescent ; sheaths villous or lanate; ligule a ciliate
membrane, the hairs 1 to 2 mm. long; blades narrowly lanceolate, 10 to 20 em.
long, 1 to 3 cm. wide, pilose on both surfaces; panicle large and open, about
80 em. long, obovoid, the axis villous below, scabrous above, the branches
spreading, pubescent at base, these and the branchlets somewhat flexuous; spike-
lets about 4 mm. long, glabrous; first glume about half as long as spikelet;
fruit narrow, brownish, 3'mm: long, the appendages about 1 mm. long.
DISTRIBUTION.
Trinidad to Brazil.
TRINIDAD: Bot. Gard. Herb. 3318.
BrAziL: Bahia, Riedel 183. Rio Janeiro, Beyrich.
9. Ichnanthus mexicanus Fourn.
Ichnanthus mexicanus Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 84. 1886. “Trapiche de la Con-
cepcion [Oaxaca] (Liebm. n. 457).” The type, in the Copenhagen Herbarium,
is the terminal part of a culm with a panicle and one or two leaves. The
description below is drawn from this specimen.
* Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 94. 1854.
? Agrost. Bras. 147. 1829.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 11
DESCRIPTION.
Culms tall, glabrous; sheaths densely villous or glabrate; ligule a very short,
densely ciliate membrane; blades (only the upper seen) gradually narrowed
from the cordate base to a slender point, 8 to 18 cm. long, as much as 2.5 cm.
wide near base, pubescent on both surfaces; panicle 30 cm. long, about 8 em.
' wide, rather densely flowered, the branches ascending, clustered, the longer
ones aS much as 10 cm. long, spikelet-bearing from base; spikelets single or
in clusters along the scabrous rachis, 4 to 4.5 mm. long, the pedicels 1 to 2
mm. long, densely scabrous-hispidulous; first glume about as long as the spike-
let, 3-nerved, pointed, scabrous, villous along the margins and at the apex;
second glume about as long as the fruit, 5-nerved, scabrous, the long hairs
sparse or wanting; sterile lemma similar to the second glume but weakly
5-nerved, the palea well developed, ciliate on the keels; fertile lemma about
3 mm. long, the boat-shaped point distinct, the appendages rather firm, ovate-
oblong, distinct from near the base, about 0.5 mm. long.
DISTRIBUTION.
Known only from the type collection.
OaxacA: Trapiche de la Concepcién, Liebmann 457.
EXPLANATION OF PLATH 8.—Ichnanthus mexicanus. Type specimen. Natural size.
Zt é ie Spek. Tes.
10. Ichnanthus ichnodes (Griseb.) Hitche. & Chase.
Panicum ichnodes Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551. 1864. Collected in Trinidad
by Crueger near Port of Spain, “ heights of S. Anne.” The type specimen in
the Grisebach Herbarium consists of an incomplete leafy culm and a large
spreading panicle.
Ichnanthus ichnodes Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 385. 1917.
Based on Panicum ichnodes Griseb.
DESCRIPTION.
_ Plants erect from a somewhat decumbent base, bearing short knotty root-
stocks and forming colonies; culms 1 to 2 meters tall, glabrous, or sparingly
villous below; sheaths keeled, the lower overlapping, glabrous or sparsely
villous, densely villous on the margin and on the collar; ligule a ciliate mem-
brane about 1 mm. long; blades narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower ones
as much as 30 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. wide, narrowed below, scabrous, sometimes
sparsely villous, densely villous above near base; panicle oblong, as much
as 30 cm. long, the branches fascicled or branched at base, finally spreading,
pubescent or villous at base; spikelets blunt, about 2.5 mm. long; first glume
very scabrous on the keel, more than half as long as spikelet, often sparsely
villous; second glume roughened toward apex; sterile floret often staminate;
fruit 2 mm. long, the appendages 0.5 mm. long.
The elongate blades and the large, much-branched, many-flowered panicles
of blunt spikelets give this species the aspect of a species of Panicum. The
small spikelets lack the point at the ends of the glumes and lemmas, but the
appendages at the base of the fertile lemma show that the species belongs to
Ichnanthus.
12 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DISTRIBUTION.
Wood borders, in partial shade, Trinidad,
TRINIDAD: Port of Spain, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 586, 587; Bot. Gard. Herb. 3182.
St. Anne, Crueger 77. St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10178, 10179, 10191. Piarco
Savanna, Hitchcock 10357. Pitch Lake, Bot. Gard. Herb. 2299.
EXPLANATION OF PLATH 9.—Ichnanthus ichnodes. Specimen from St. Joseph, Trinidad,
Hitchcock 10179 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 946898). Natural size.
DOUBTFUL OR EXCLUDED SPECIES.
PANICUM SCHLECHTENDAMLII Fourn.; Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 496.
1885, a name only; Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 22, 30. 1886. “ P. pallens Schlecht...
non Sw.” No description except the few characters given in the key. These
point to J. nemorosus.
PANICUM SCHLECHTENDAMLI var, MONSTROSUM Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 31. 1886.
“Mirador (Gal. n. 5689).” Galeotti’s specimen in the Paris Herbarium is a
plant with abnormal spikelets. Probably J. pallens.
ICHNANTHUS APICULATUS Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cire. 30: 1.
1901. This is Panicum cordovense Fourn.
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF LASIACIS.
By A. 8S. HitcHcock.
INTRODUCTION.
Lasiacis is one of the few genera of grasses, excepting bamboos,
that have woody culms. It was long included in the allied genus
Panicwn, from which it is well distinguished by the woody culms,
the general habit, and the technical characters of the spikelet, es-
pecially the shape of the fruit, the oblique position of the spikelets on
the pedicels, and the woolly tips to the glumes and lemmas, these tufts
of wool having suggested the generic name. Some of the species
creep on the floor of the forest and some form a tangled mass of branch-
ing culms, while the majority form strong central canes which clam-
ber up through shrubs or over the margins of woods for several
meters.
The genus consists of 15 species, all confined to tropical America,
one species reaching subtropical Florida.
DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES.
LASIACIS (Griseb.) Hitche.
Panicum section Lesiacis Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551. 1864. Five species
are included in the section: P. divaricatwn, P. sloanei, P. lanatum, P. com-
pactum, P. martinicense. Grisebach gives a satisfactory diagnosis of the sec-
tion.
Lasiacis Hitche. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 16. 1910. The designated type is
Panicum divaricatum L.
DESCRIPTION.
Perennial, shrubby, often climbing grasses with much branched culms (her-
baceous and simple in L. procerrima), flat, often slightly petiolate blades, and
open or somewhat contracted panicles terminating the main culm and primary
branches, reduced panicles terminating the secondary, often fascicled branches.
Spikelets subglobose, ovoid, or ellipsoid, placed obliquely on their pedicels, the
giumes and sterile lemma broad, abruptly apiculate, papery-chartaceous, shin-
ing, often black at maturity, many-nerved, glabrous, or lanose at the apex
only. First glume rarely over one-third the length of the spikelet, somewhat
inflated-ventricose. Second glume and sterile lemma subequal, about as long
as the fertile lemma, or the glume slightly shorter, the lemma inclosing a mem-
branaceous palea and sometimes a staminate flower, rarely a second sterile
lemma present. Fertile lemma white, bony-indurate, obovoid, obtuse, the mar-
gins inrolled, inclosing the edges of the indurate palea, both lemma and palea
13s
14 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
bearing at the apex in a slight crateriform excavation a tuft of woolly hairs,
the palea concave below, gibbous above, the apex often free at maturity.
All the species of Lasiacis have woody culms except ZL. procerrima. The
spikelets differ from those of Panicum in the bony obovoid fruit, pubescent at
the apex, the palea concave below and gibbous above.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Culms erect, simple, herbaceous; blades as much as 40 cm. long and 5 cm. wide,
deeply .cordate-clasping: <1.) ees Soe ee cca) eeeerade 1. L. procerrima.
Culms much branched, woody; blades mostly less than 20 em. long, narrowed
at base or somewhat cordate.
Main stem prostrate, the fertile shoots prostrate, ascending, or erect.
Blades lanceolate, mostly less than 5 cm. long; fertile shoots strongly
dorsiventral,, mostly sprostraue.ye ia hess ikea rraeeiee ss 2. L. rugelii.
Blades linear-lanceolate, about 10 to 12 em. long; fertile shoots ascending or
erect from a decumbent base, not dorsiventral..... 3. L. grisebachii.
Main stem clambering, or much branched and forming a tangled mass.
Ligule noticeable, brownish, about 2 mm. long.
Blades glabrous beneath, scabrous on both surfaces, elongate, more than
10 times as long as wide; plants not forming a strong central
GlaMPELING CANCls. ocreicte ie ee le cokers cele Ronee 4. L. oaxacensis.
Blades puberulent beneath, glabrous or scabrous above, less than 10
times as long as wide; plants forming a strong central clambering
COTO ey 5 cE eer Se ee RAR ols ee Sadat Ca libata ea hoe Iam 5. L. ligulata.
Ligule inconspicuous, hidden within the mouth of the sheath, rarely as
much as 1 mm. long.
Plants not high-climbing, decumbent and rooting at base, forming a
tangled mass, with no strong central cane; spikelets clustered toward
the ends of ‘the,branches,... 03.3205 «is eos ees 6. L. rhizophora.
Plants high-climbing, forming a strong central cane; spikelets not clus-
tered toward the ends of the branches.
Blades glabrous on both surfaces, often more or less scabrous. (See
“. ruscifolia, this rarely with glabrous ovate-lanceolate blades.)
Main culm papillose-hispid; lateral flowering branches glabrous;
panicles small and narrow ........... 7. L. leptostachya.
Main culm (except sometimes the young shoots) glabrous.
Blades narrow, usually 3 to 4 mm., sometimes 5 mm., wide, 8 to
IOMem, Tone i... re es rete o sieees O. ou, Rarrisws
Blades more than 5 mm. wide, if as much as 10 em. long.
Panicle few-flowered, 5 to 10 cm. long; branches strongly zigzag,
the branchlets strongly divaricate or reflexed; blades nar-
rowly lanceolate, firm, mostly less than 1 cm. wide (soime-
times wider on vigorous shoots)....... 9. L. divaricata.
Panicles many-flowered, usually 15 to 25 cm. long or more on
the primary branches; branches straight or arcuate, not
zigzag; blades mostly over 1.5 em, wide.
Spikelets globose, about 3 mm. long...... 10. L. globosa.
Spikelets lanceolate-ellipsoidal, 3.5 to 5 mm, long.
Spikelets 4.5 to 5 mm. long, on short stiff appressed pedi-
cels; blades oblong-ovate or elliptic-lanceolate.
11. L. sloanei.
Spikelets 3.5 to 4 mm. long, on flexuous spreading pedicels;
blades lanceolate or narrowly-lanceolate.
12. L. patentiflora.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—-NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. L5
Blades pubescent on one or both surfaces (sometimes glabrous in ZL.
ruscifolia).
Blades narrowly lanceolate, averaging 8 to 10 times as long as wide;
panicle large and open; spikelets 4 to 5 mm. long.
13. L. sorghoidea.
Blades ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, sometimes lanceolate, often more
or less cordate-clasping; panicle often compact, or at least the
branches commonly compactly flowered; spikelets 3 to 4 mm.
long.
Sterile demma eee oy on oe Ge Gia etie elite 14. L. ruscifolia.
SEEMS cHEMMIAS WA We lal emotes eee neinee uaa scr annnerieaitE 15. L. anomaia.
1. Lasiacis procerrima (Hack.) Hitche.
Panicum procerrimum Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 51: 481. 1901. ‘‘ Cos-
tarica: Inter frutices ad fluvium Tiliri prope La Verbena et Alajuelita (Pittier
nr. 8819). Hackel states that this is “Hine ausgezeichnete Art der Series:
Lasiacis Benth. et Hook. Gen. III. p. 1103.”
Lasiacis procerrima Hitche. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 24: 145.1911. Based
on Panicum procerrimiun Hack.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms several in a clump, rarely single, succulent, somewhat wocdy at base
but not perennial, erect from a thick woody rootstock, simple, as much as 4
meters high and 1 cm. thick, glabrous, glaucous; sheaths usually overlapping,
glabrous or rarely pubescent; ligule inconspicuous; blades narrowly lanceolate,
15 to 40 cm. long. 2 to 5 cm, wide, deeply cordate-clasping, the lobes overlap-
ping, gradually acuminate at apex, glabrous and glaucous, rarely pubescent, the
basal lobes sometimes ciliate; panicles open and much branched, as much as 1
meter long, the branches naked below, finally widely spreading, the lower in
whorls, aS much as 40 cm. long, the main axis smooth, the branchlets and
pedicels scabrous; spikelets scattered, 3 to 4 mm. long, ovoid or elliptic.
DISTRIBUTION.
Banks and open woods, central Mexico to northern South America.
SInALOA: Colomas, Rose 1687.
Trepic: Tepic, Palmer 1921 in 1892.
JALISCO: Rio Blanco, Paliner 535 in 1886. Gtiddaniieca, Pringle 1782, 11760.
Cortima; Alzada, Hitchcock 7085.
MicHosachn: EI Ocote, Langlassé 540.
Veracruz: Cordoba, Fink in 1893; Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 596. Orizaba, Hitch-
cock 6885. Mirador, Liebmann 305, 318. Veracruz, Gaicotii 5717. Huita-
malco, Liebmann 308. La Loja, Liebmann 309.
CHIAPAS: Ocuilapa, Nelson 3055.
GUATEMALA: Chinantla, Seler 2405. Cubilquitz, Tiirckheim 1028, 8781. Hl
Palmar, Kellerman 6247. Cenaguilla, Heyde & Lug 3906. Coban, Tirck-
heim 2486. Guatemala City, Hitchcock 9067; Popenoe 787. Secoyocté,
Cook & Griggs 119. Secanquim, Goll 48.
Nicaracua: Jinotepe, Hitchcock 8694.
Costa Rica: La Verbena, Tonduz 8819. El General, Pittier 12057. San José,
Hitehcock 8445; Jiménez 886. Puntarenas, Hitchcock 8572. Cafias Gordas.
Pittier 11011. Alajuela, Jiménez 582.
16 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
PANAMA: Corozal, Pittier 6774. Frijoles, Hitchcock 8398. Gattn, Hitchcock
7984. El Boquete, Hitchcock 8283. Taboga Island, Hitchcock 8087. Pedro
Miguel, Hitchcock 7961.
Cotompia: San Andrés de Ja Sierra, Pittier 1645. Santa Marta, Smith 117.
VENEZUELA: Without locality, Fendler 2429. Caoma, Jahn 3814.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 10.—Lasiacis procerrima. Specimen from El Boquete, Panama,
Hitchcock 8283 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 946902). Natural size.
2. Lasiacis rugelii (Griseb.) Hitche.
Panicum rugelii Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 233. 1866. ‘Cuba occ.; in fruticetis
montium pr. Matanzas (Rug. 188).” Grisebach describes the plant as climbing,
because Rugel’s label had upon it “ scandens.”
Lasiacis rugelii Hitche. Bot. Gaz. 51: 302. 1911. Based on Panicum rugelit
Griseb.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms much branched, prostrate, the main culms slender, mostly about 2 mm.,
sometimes 2.5 mm. thick, appressed-hispidulous, the sterile shoots prostrate,
dorsiventral, the leaves strongly distichous, approximate, the fertile shoots
sometimes ascending toward the end; sheaths overlapping, hispidulous, villous
on the margin and around the summit; ligule inconspicuous; blades lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 5 cm. long, 4 to 12 mm. wide, hispidulous or puberu-
lent on both surfaces; panicles few-flowered, usually not over 5 em. long, the
few branches spreading, the axes pubescent, scabrous on the angles; spikelets
5 mm. long.
DISTRIBUTION,
Rich thickets, western Cuba, Yucatan, and San Luis Potosi.
San Luis Potosi: San Dieguito, Palmer 151 in 1904. Rio de las Gallinas,
Purpus 5488.
QUINTANA Roo: Lake Chichankanab, Gawmer 23685.
CuBA: Sierra de Anafe, Wilson 11449. Valestina, Wright 3465. San Antonio,
Hitchcock 176. Isle of Pines, Britton & Wilson 14860. Without locality,
Reed.
EXPLANATION OF PLATH 11.—Lasiacis rugelii. Specimen from Valestina, Cuba, Wright
3465 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 975684). Natural size.
3. Lasiacis grisebachii (Nash) Hitche.
Panicum grisebachii Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 35: 301. 1908. The designated
type is from Madruga, Cuba, Britton & Shafer 758. Nash gives the specific
name because Grisebach’ refers Wright’s no. 3457 to Panicum martinicense
Griseb. This specimen Nash cites under P. grisebachii.
Lasiacis grisebachii Hitche. Bot. Gaz. S4€: 302. 1911. Based on Panicum
grisebachii Nash. ie i
DESCRIPTION.
Culms much branched, glabrous, the main culms creeping and rooting at the
nodes, aS much as 2 mm. in diameter, the sterile shoots erect or ascending,
20 to 40 cm, high; sheaths hispidulous, especially on the margin, or the sur-
face glabrescent; ligule inconspicuous; blades narrowly lanceolate, 6 to 12 em.
long, 5 to 10 mm. wide, puberulent beneath, glabrous above, scabrous on the
a re SA tes OB PN i ca pa ae
*Cat. Pl. Cub. 233. 1866.
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* > ae er racy at
: y .
« a « on . .
Pm a ee a ee gee ne = 7 eae en rrr nam inn ee
t yey
| lye natin Ae
J ody Pe ig
lr a a ail
Y r - F
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE I.
ICHNANTHUS MAYARENSIS (WRIGHT) HITCHC.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE 2.
ICHNANTHUS TENUIS (PRESL) HITCHC. & CHASE.
Pie nade Stas CTL A)
4 Reet nie We ala
HE
Conia
enna at
fy
rey
in
is ne
s font F
os ie
Seika Batis vow
‘Sf “S y
Espa
lor
is
a
4
Pinan eace
pestihee
: ;
a i;
a
ikon
TN ee SS
CS URAD oitah ys aia ii 4 a mientmstetrrenint tr yd la " Se reece ate
SS ane y aera ues see basi a ; ‘ Balle ¥ F Tei SO LTRS evs .
newts nepultaty
BU
Nan vf
EE NEN RN eae Ridin ‘Krintehenefie caw diliie
7 SAUTE ee ie ea
inccchenitain iis eure neeceretelia aetia
a ?
Wain taa oh
Ma
My Ve
can ay)
there orepinna ge yan alee
SehtiicerOlUatascaataniatesSameniccoroes ioe
A} i" a
a ee ee el
4 A rs
= fad de ddidtgnaciet conn nn eee eee
f e : le i
= Z Tey Oe,
a a mado vat pate mts heya ii ar late
ve pr,
—_ — . mee = enon
eae
r i sae : LS oe Fr
St io at ese ah ips teen i tte a el nc Lan ik
. ade avi “ +. 4
si - 1a maf ing dbp ara
he Sas ek: %.
iY a > t ‘
“ A el ~~ ce pea a at ge i a pe nbd ep re aera —_ -
B) Were ey Pc’: alee
‘ - i 4 «
- - a mt nt em i tn taint patti RS et
x 2 > er =e
om —_— ~ nie <secntart cancers tlt ns <i adr t-te fl tance te arteries
= } x BY. ‘
a i f
P Pa oh ACRE TRE Tale Na ere Cree See Se x SO eR EAE,
ae y ain - a nS Ate .
i
Pa . wk ‘a y 4
5 be x ,
. : ‘ ; a - ae
eet met ee een pi pe mtr
: neha F
¥ t a a tae oe
DAL Ay rae ‘ ee
‘ A 7 en
ee ee ee ee er et ee eee eee en
e ¢ 7 it
+S 3 iw ; ptt
me en ye ame gem
Perna ne Sane
o> :
- < LP { [7% — ,
acum Nn a ee te re rene enema
y . -* “ek r ap) heen,
ese ARIE ims a vem nee SAET EP EARSNG IGRI PCRIE ADORE CORRIDORS ALTERS IESE ON
, * - ¢ * ry dl
+ tpt en pee berg ee a al ee nr PSH le ct
ea
ey SY
shh teab fig = tis salpstictetipeanc ions Se RS SY
: year Abe
os 3 z Lal peach CaS hie i
coos rene swe Meng Pelle = chen reales nla er yAg eie Set ete
Ly Ps HA +4 Sy ae
Sax te mn tee rede
oa ee Te i I Aa aE See A a ot ae
mn : :
Ae? ar
r
i em te ee ater Ct ane ee cope tem asd
va ; . 7 a rm icerans)
PLATE 38.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22.
ICHNANTHUS NEMOROSUS (SWARTZ) DOELL.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE 4.
ICHNANTHUS PALLENS (SWARTZ) MUNRO.
eitheeaeiadame ceiver!
at
ah
xt
srehigistss nicips meena
an on ney eo
renee
Ve
i
Plame Sita meen Sgn saeoded
COE
SRE SSR Tree or
ce
nope
ee an ae eine Rati
eo AS
; Sere
Anaemia ances rey re nm natianamapearate
. 4, re v a | as
t Pr
ee mE ——
nn te i A iin nr nn ae es
ws
? a Peat ae p © }
rtm nett nanan ane me mt nen eth ne etal
c oe . ; ee
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE 5.
ICHNANTHUS AXILLARIS (NEES) HITCHC. & CHASE.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE 6.
ICHNANTHUS LANCEOLATUS SCRIBN. & SMITH.
sind Ma aah ian manger Ese
Eakin idles
Seema ey i dncidenaaleise
Een indl hreanealeg aren gee
np footbon vetb i dentr agi oh
Ay
Pal ae A
nt ne ae
Nie or os
“ei ‘
i wey, i
he
+ —
5
met ana
tpn my <i et mer pit ion nr ern etna erence
iz
ote ;
a ate epee i= iether tiv ttm
"| ‘ “ “a
ee halnnciiretva at car harn beenine ineciedl Cel aT) am Oa
ae
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE 7.
ICHNANTHUS NEMORALIS (SCHRAD.) HITCHC. & CHASE.
PLATE 8.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22.
ICHNANTHUS MEXICANUS FOURN.
Pans eae Ship tine Calm
eave
eT.
byes tna inde ie) lence age as
r RSS. 2 if A st Y Beat
ay ost atorn anh pineyiin eet Eatin tran tle y eal dan wero hina tnainoomtvan agtane + ‘i
mY (oy
ee ent
Rete te le me eh ie Ri Aaaraensl nos
re lh Acti hel has
ree
ay %
ee ole hy
PLATE 9.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22.
ICHNANTHUS ICHNODES (GRISEB.) HITCHC. & CHASE.
ihe detipodaninrs pcysia tinal
Sera ae to la
vate cles apps iene Sot
fossa cay
eer anen! ioe ee a iia temas pi 5 ater rand ml cmon say Per
ACA: 2 , 5 c S cat Paste ies. p ‘ ets
eee
cnsijpeiecst lalla deg ep rene dae sh bap hailey aca
- oo ~o= . ——
np ig te
>.
a = et mt nr imate ee y=
‘ Af i =) eee Jee i.
ag
sf
R
; 4 eee ae
a ee ee
ri a. “s “ ae ae
wrath art seer inns let
ar as tate
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 17
margin; panicles ovate, mostly 5 to 6 cm. (sometimes 10 cm.) long, the few
branches rather stiffly ascending, few-flowered; spikelets 4 mm. long, similar
to those of L. divaricata.
DISTRIBUTION.
Rich thickets, western Cuba; Veracruz to Honduras.
Veracruz: Coérdeba, Fink in 1898.
Honpuras: Puerto Sierra, Wilson 392.
CuBA: Valestina, Wright 3457. Matanzas, Rugel 187. Bahia Honda, Shafer
12006. Jamaica, Leén 1972. Manati, Leén 5685. San Antonio, Hitchcock
131. Pinar del Rio, Baker 3817. Guanajay, Baker & Hermann 4269.
Sierra de Anafe, Leén 2874 (Wilson 11467); Wilson 113809. Buenaven-
tura, Wilson 9238, 93382.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 12.—Lasiacis grisebachii. Specimen from Pinar del Ri6é, Cuba,
Baker 3817 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 845457). Natural size.
4, Lasiacis caxacensis (Steud.) Hitche.
Panicwm oaxacense Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 78. 1854. “Oaxaca.” The
type specimen in the Paris Herbarium, collected by Lenormand, consists of a
panicle and two leaves. /
Lasiacis oaxacensis Hitche. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 24:.45. 1911. Based
on Panicum oaxacense Steud.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants straggling and branching, but not high-climbing nor with a strong
central cane; culms decumbent and geniculate at base, rooting at the lower
nodes, the ascending branches 1 to 2 meters long, glabrous; sheaths glabrous
or rarely appressed-pubescent, the margin villous; ligule prominent, 2 to 5 mm.
long, brownish; blades narrowly lanceolate, 10 to 25 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. wide,
abruptly narrowed at base, long-tapering at apex, scabrous on both surfaces;
panicles open, aS much as 30 cm. long and nearly as wide, the slender scabrous
branches and branchlets ascending or the lower finally spreading, naked below,
the spikelets clustered toward the tips, no smaller secondary panicles present;
spikelets 4 mm. long, elliptic, often purple.
DISTRIBUTION.
Thickets and copses, southern Mexico to northern South America; also in
Jamaica, atrd E.
VERACRUZ: Pital, Liebmann 285. Zacuapan, Purpus 2157. Mirador, Liebmann
287. Motzorongo, Smith 581.
MicHoacAn: Sierra Madre, Langlassé 556.
GUATEMALA: Guatemala City, Popenoe 735; Hitchcock 9045, 9080, 9107. Sana-
rate, Kellerman 62438. Cubilquitz, Tiirckheim 7701. Retalhuleu, Kellerman
6273.
Honpuras: San Pedro Sula, Thieme 5585.
SALVADOR: Santa Ana, Hitchcock 8858. San Salvador, Hitchcock 8877.
NIcARAGUA: Jinotepe, Hitchcock 8672, 8698.
Costa Rica: San José, Hitchcock 8488, 8496. Llano Grande de Puriscal, Jimé-
nez 887. San Francisco de Guadalupe, Tonduz 9818. Alajuela, Jiménez 152.
Rio Bebedero, Jiménez 724.
i
18 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
PaNAMA: El Boquete, Hitchcock 8267, 8281; Mazon 4999. Chiriqui Volcano,
Hitchcock 8199, 8201; Mazon 5266. Hato del Jobo, Pittier 5422. Gattn,
Hitchcock 9174; Maxon 4653. >
JaMAIcA: Troy, Hitchcock 9800. Lindos Hill, Harris 11832. Ipswich, Hitch-
cock 9608. Upper Clarendon, Harris 12828.
CoLoMBIA: Santa Marta, Smith 2142.
Ecuapor: El Recreo, Eggers 15572.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 13.—Lasiacis oaxacensis. Specimen from Santa Ana, Salvador,
Hitchcock 8853 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 946904). Natural size.
5. Lasiacis ligulata Hitche. & Chase.
Panicum divaricatum y puberulum Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551. 1864. Based
on Crueger’s collection from Trinidad.
Panicum fruticosum Salzm.; Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 207. 1877, as synonym
under P. latifolium. This is based on Salzmann’s no. 695 from Bahia. I have
not seen the type, but a specimen collected at Bahia by Salzmann, probably a
part of the type collection, is Lasiacis ligulata. Steudel’ cites Salzmann’s name
as a synonym under Panicum praegnans Steud.
' Lasiacis ligulata Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 337. 1917. The
designated type is from St. Anns, near Port of Spain, Trinidad (Hitchcock
10007).
DESCRIPTION.
Clambering to a height of 5 to 10 meters, the robust glabrous central cane
as much as 1 em. in diameter, the wide-spreading main branches and the arcuate
secondary ones not in fascicles, not zigzag; sheaths ciliate on the overlapping
margin, otherwise glabrous; ligule a ciliate membrane, brown, 1 to 2 mm.
long; blades flat, firm, 6 to 12 cm. long, 0.8 to 1.5 cm. wide, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, narrowed to the base, glabrous on the upper surface, puberulent beneath,
the margins scabrous; panicles terminating the numerous branches, exserted or
partly included, oval in outline, rather open, 5 to 10 em. long, usually half to
three-fourths as wide, the branches few, spreading, finally reflexed, branching
or flowering from near the base, usually bearing 5 to 10 short-pediceled spike-
lets; spikelets about 4 mm. long, obovoid and purplish black at maturity, the
glumes and sterile lemma as well as the fruit with a lanate tuft at the tips.
DISTRIBUTION.
Copses and edges of woods, Guatemala to Ecuador and Brazil; also in Porto
Rico. There is a specimen from Mexico (Mirador, Liebmann 298) which
appears to be of this species, but the blades are glabrous.
GUATEMALA: Cubliquitz, Tiirekheim 4036.
NiIcARAGUA: Volein Mombacho, Baker 2454.
Costa Rica: El General, Pittier 3365. Buenos Aires, Tonduz 3646, 6540.
Pacaca, Pittier 3245. Talamanca, Tonduz 9213, 9492. Sarapiqui, Biolley
7465. Los Palmares, Pittier 10946. Zhorquin, Tonduz 8527. Cartago, Cooper
571. Santa Maria de Dota, Tonduwz 2247. Hl Sapote, Tonduz 7234. Cafias
Gordas, Pittier 7359, 11015.
Porto Rico: Mayaguez, Britton & Marble 678. Arecibo, Chase 6454. Cayey,
Chase 6734, 6747. Maricao, Sintenis 215, Luquillo Mountains, Wilson 350.
*Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 74. 1854.
By E pe LLL. (Gr)
| ee Fee re Gute
ghey
ates Hy:
Se ei ee tna ton reer aren sa eae es
: t i eh,
percagh th getloentenis atcha nln
aed
ee
vm Nes De
i oe an canaptmmieeenegnest ae pw
SOR RMAC IEEE
oy fae
oe ae gn nent pnt ante le 5 nate
ed
~ Hy
P : ¥ mi
Le an ea aes pam ee penne a le rth = ome ern
es
a4 et rapes 8am a pe pa
me +
teen nen wn reign
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—-NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 19
VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Thomas, Britton & Marble 1230. Tortola, Shafer 1147.
TRINIDAD: Port of Spain, Hitchcock 9962; Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 589. St. Joseph,
Hitchcock 10020. Tabaquite, Hitchcock 10120. Capsro Woods, Broadway
4923. Tamana Forest, Broadway 4952, 4959. Cedros, Hitchcock 10151.
Topaco: Hitchcock 10261, 10262, 10269, 10275; Broadway 3551, 40388.
CoLomBIA: Miraflores, Pittier 875. Cuesta de Tocota, Pittier 685.
BritisH Guiana: Meyer. ante
DutcH GuIANA: Hostmann 512.
FRENCH GUIANA: Iles du Salut, Sagot 656.
Brazit: Corcovado, Rose 20156, 20312. Bahia, Salzmann. Santa Rita, Putte-
mans 83657. Parana, Dusén 11487, 14050. Matto Grosso, Malme 3357.
Rio Janeiro, Widgren. Without locality, Riedel.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 14.—Lasiacis ligulata. Specimen from Tobago, Broadway 4038
(U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 725606). Natural size.
6. Lasiacis rhizophora (Fourn.) Hitche.
Panicum rhizophorum Fourn. Mex, Pl. 2: 31. 1886. Several specimens are
cited from Orizaba and one from Martinique. The first specimen is selected
as the type (Orizaba, Bourgeau 3025).
Lasiacis rhizophora Hitche. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 24: 145. 1911. Based
on Panicum rhizophorum Fourn.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants branching and straggling, not forming a strong central cane, decum-
bent at base and rooting at the lower nodes, the fertile culms ascending,
30 to 100 cm. long, glabrous or pubescent; sheaths appressed-hispidulous or
glabrescent, villous on the margin; ligule inconspicuous; blades lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate, 7 to 14 cm. long, 1.5 to 8 cm. wide, somewhat cordate at base,
rather abruptly narrowed above to an acuminate point, pubescent or scabrous
beneath, scabrous above; panicles 8 to 15 em. long, the branches stiffly ascend-
ing, naked below, the spikelets clustered toward their tips, the axes scabrous;
spikelets 3 to 4 mm. long, ovoid.
DISTRIBUTION.
Copses and edges of woods, southern Mexico to Costa Rica.
VERACRUZ: Cordoba, Hitchcock 6461. Zacuapan, Purpus 6205. Orizaba, Bour-
geau 3025; Seaton 60.
GUATEMALA: Chupadero, Heyde & Lug 3915. Coban, Tiirckheim 715. Guate-
mala City, Hitchcock 9051.
Costa Rica: San Cristébal, Wercklé 518. Alajuela, Jiménez 168, 703. Alto
del Rodeo, Pittier 1616. San José, Hitchcock 8502.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 15,—Lasiacis rhizophora. Specimen from Cobain, Guatemala,
Tiirckheim 715 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 975468). Natural size.
7. Lasiacis leptostachya Hitche., sp. nov.
Plants forming a stout central cane, with numerous slender branches at the
nodes, clambering to the height of several meters; main culms roughened and
somewhat cinereous with papillae and irregularly appressed hairs; floral
branchlets slender, conspicuously zigzag, smooth, 20 to 40 cm. long; sheaths
glabrous or nearly so, densely long-ciliate on the margin, hirsute on the
collar; ligule inconspicuous, about 0.5 mm. long; blades narrowly lanceo-
20 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
late, 7 to 10 cm. long, 5 to 10 mm. wide, narrowed toward each end, glabrous on
both surfaces; panicles small and narrow, rather dense, 2 to 4 cm. long, few-
fiowered: spikelets about 5 mm. long, oblong-ovoid, pale frst glume about one-
third as long as the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemma equal, as long as
the spikelet, woolly at tip; fertile lemma as long as the sterile, woolly at the tip.
Type in the U. 8S. National Herbarium, no. 975428, collected in jungle,
Jinotepe, Nicaragua, November 7, 1911, by A. S. Hitchcock (no. 8718).
Known only from the type specimen. se
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 16.—Lasiacis leptostachya. Type specimen. Natural size.
8. Lasiacis harrisii Nash.
Lasiacis harrisii Nash, Torreya 13: 274. 1918. The designated type is Marble
222 from Cinchona, Jamaica. The specimen is in the herbarium of the New
York Botanical Garden.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants bright green, clambering among bushes to the height of 5 meters or
more, the main canes slender but strong, the very slender branches pendent,
the young twigs commonly rosy purple; sheaths slender, glabrous except the
margin and throat, or rarely the young ones sparsely hispid; ligule inconspicu-
ous; blades linear-lanceolate, 5 to 10 em. long, 2 to 6 mm. wide, gradually nar-
rowed to an acuminate apex, thin and lax, glabrous, the margins scabrous;
panicles narrow, mostly less than 5 ecm.*long, often partially included in the
uppermost sheath, the branches short and appressed, the longer usually
not more than 1 cm. long, and bearing not more than 4 spikelets; spikelets
similar to those of L. divaricata but less turgid.
This species is easily recognized by its long narrow blades and pendent
branches.
DISTRIBUTION. ,
>
Shaded slopes at higher altitudes, Jamaica and Porto Rico. In Jamaica it
appears to be confined to the Blue Mountains’ between 1,000 and 1,500 meters.
altitude; in Porto Rico it is found at about 800 meters altitude. The specimen
from St. Jan was collected on Kings Hil! at an altitude of about 250 meters.
JAMAICA: Catherines Peak, Hitchcock 9726, 9730; Harris 11552. Abbey Green,
Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 588; Harris 11587. Strawberry Hill, Harris 11487.
Cold Spring Gap, Harris 11354.
Porto Rico: Maricao, Stevens & Hess 4882; Chase 6224, 6228. Quebradillas,
Chase 6578. Cayey, Chase 6742.
Vircin Istanps: St. Jan, Hggers 3121.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 17.—Lasiacis harrisii. Specimen from Maricao, Porto Rico,.
Chase 6228 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 946901). Natural size.
pos <
oe
9. Lasiacis divaricata (L.) Hitche.
Panicum divaricatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 871.1759. The type, collected in
Jamaica by Patrick Browne, has been examined in the Linnaean Herbarium. It
is the small-leaved smooth clambering form of the lowlands.
Panicum bambusoides Desv.; Hamilt. Prodr. Pl. Ind. Oce. 10. 1825. The
type in the Paris Herbarium, from Porto Rico, has been examined.
Panicum chauvinii Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 68. 1854. The type has been ex-
amined in the Paris Herbarium. It was collected in Guadeloupe by Duchas-
saing, the specimen having been received from Chauvin.
Dafne had ts Shoot Poe FNL es pe kip hae
Ap neon eh ete a nnn Nar
EO ee en aay Paid Rt RA DSS RE Mea Hie ee PP AE TENS. Ns ae
pine rane attnsten omar er Sahomn eden eng nha f aan
aes = asa at 5
ea acne rine mse Hing pear tad ARE elon eos ee
Ea eee ae DD Modesto ecaissteate rh
Hie ied Sit gees waa ian Dat
Lar siene ee PTs
wee) geen, ay lahat
a es a ee ee
St, aah Pa ‘
ye = zéuiie ~- pyeea=- Theat
wd EE = NBO. A ciel Span derpaer ati atlas Coan beatin
eee eee ———— —s - e- * ne
ins! 7 re
eee ee ee Sa ieee a nS eee Sey Se ene ee
- ~ ~ Teed toe ae,
‘ eo 2
a _ a par te pen tN tr a i er NR LR
pa enalichcntes mew pn nn a hac — ah atts ae
:
ne en eee ee ee — +
NS, i fy
= :
, i
ee mn a te at ee etn ema
*
os “ha
phverete yore weae ~ ae ene eee
nS eaten sg ley tear ie emer asit at
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—-NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. DAN
Panicum divaricatum B stenostachyum Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551. 1864.
The type was collected in Jamaica by March. The varietal name might indicate
L. harrisit, but the specimen in the Grisebach Herbarium is ZL. divaricata.
Lasiacis divaricata Hitche. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 16. 1910. Based on
Panicum divaricatum lL.
DESCRIPTION.
Piants usually glaprous throughout, except the margin of the sheaths; culms
woody, much branched, claimbering over shrubs to the height of 3 to 4 meters,
the main culm strong, aS much as 6 mm. in diameter, the main branches often
fascicled, the vigorous secondary sterile shocts usually strongly divaricate or
zigzag. the prophyllum prominent at the base of the branches; sheaths gla-
brous except the villous or ciliate margin and the sometimes hispid collar; ligule
very short, not visible without displacing the blade; blades narrowly lanceolate,
5 to 12 cm, long, 5 to 15 mm. wide, or on the vigorous sterile shoots much larger,
narrowed at the base, graduaily narrowed above to an acuminate point, scabrous
on the margin and scmetimes slightly on the surface, the older ones deciduous
from the sheaths, the basal portion of the fertile shoots bearing the old sheaths
but otherwise naked; panicles terminating the main culm and the fertile
branches, ovate or cblong, 5 to 20 cm. long, loosely flowered, the branches dis-
tant, spreading or often reflexed, the axes angled, scabrous, flexuous, the iower
usually 2 to 4 cm. (sometimes as much as 10 cm.) long, the main branches
ordinarily 5 to 10-flowered; spikelets ovoid, about 4 mm. long.
DISTRIBUTION.
Copses and edges of woods at low altitudes, especially in the vicinity of the
seacoast, southern Florida, West Indies, and Mexico, south through tropical
South America.
Froripa: Biscayne Bay, Palmer 680 in 1874. Miami, Rolfs & Quaintance 935;
Hitchcock 194, 728; Chase 3904. Marco, Hitchcock in 1900. South Florida,
Chapman. Palm Beach, Curtiss 5580; Hitchcock 2547. Indian River,
Curtiss 8588. Cutler, Haton 315. Tallahassee Hammock, Haton 418. Key
Largo, Chase 3930; Pollard, Collins & Morris 157. Key West, Blodgett;
Garber; Rugel 111. Vacea Keys, Small & Carter 2864. Brevard County,
Fredholm 5582.
Lower CALIFORNIA: Sierra de la Laguna, Brandegee in 1890.
SINALOA: Rosario, Rose in 1897.
JALisco: Tequila, Palmer 362 in 1886.
San Luis Potosi: Minas de San Rafael, Purpus 5439, 5440.
CorimAa: Manzanillo, Hitchcock 7027, 7028, 7035, 7044; Palmer 1089 in 1890.
Alzada, Hitchcock 7087, 7099.
VERACRUZ: Pital, Liebmann 294. Orizaba, Hitchcock 6893. Zacuapan, Purpus
2905. Cordoba, Hitchcock 6456, 6458. Huitamalco, Liebmann 301. Yeco-
atla, Liebmann 288. Jicaltepec, Liebmann 295.
Yucatan: Mérida, Schott 675. Izamal, Gaumer 1032.
GUATEMALA: Uaxackanal, Seler 3004. Sapacuité, Cook & Griggs 138. Trece
Aguas, Lewton 286. Morales, Kellerman 6268. Secanquim, Goll 24. Cubil-
quitz, Tirckheim 7696. HI Palmar, Kellerman 6264.
SALVADOR: San Salvador, Renson 323.
Honpuras: Puerto Sierra, Wilson 169.
Nicaragua: Jinotepe, Hitchcock 8722, 8723.
Costa Rica: Nicoya, Tonduz 18748. Guanacaste, Jiménez 878. Puriscal,
Jiménez 892, Rodeo, Pittier 1615.
22 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
PanaMa: Alhajuela, Pittier 2342.
BaHAMAS: New Providence, Hitchcock in 1890; Britton & Brace 187. Rose
Island, Britton & Millspaugh 2130. Acklins Island, Brace 43805. Long
Cay, Brace 4230. Andros, Small € Carter 8586.
CuspaA: Valestina, Wright 748. Without locality, Wright 747. Sierra de Anafe,
Wilson 11368. Herradura, Tracy 9047, 9094. Baracoa, Pollard, Palmer &
Palmer 76. Nueva Gerona, Palmer & Riley 1001. Santiago, Millspaugh
1015. Arroyo del Sumidero, Shafer & Leén 13564. Sierra Mendoza,
Shafer 11149. Woodfred, Shafer 3017. Cayo Paloma, Shafer 2571. Cayo:
Coco, Shafer 2720. Cayo Sabinal, Shafer 1073. Holguin, Shafer 1375.
Farall6n de la Perla, Shafer 8751. Rio Yamuri, Shafer 7827. Sierra la
Guira, Palmer in 1917. La Magdalena Cayamas, Baker 2501, 4611. El
Canagre, Baker 5198. Habana, Leén 767. Jamaica, Leén 2602. Cojimar,
Leén 1979, 1971. San Diego de los Bafios, Leédn 4662. Sancto Spiritus,
Leén 904. Guanténamo, Britton 2106. Managua, Baker & Wilson 304.
Triscornia, Hitchcock 158. Isle of Pines, Millspaugh 1422.
JAMAICA: Ipswich, Harris 12512; Hitchcock 9628. Mount Faraway, Harris
11486, 11490. Roberts Field, Harris 11491. Bryans Hill, Harris 11528,
11530. Castleton, Harris 11297. Montego Bay, Hitchcock 9687. Troy,
Hitchcock 9802. Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9881. New Forest, Hitch-
cock 9838. Ramble, Hitchcock 9519. Holly Mount, Hitchcock 9449.
Ewarton, Hitchcock 9420, 9426, 9427. Southern Manchester, Harris
12691. Bog Walk, Hitchcock 9304. Inverness, Harris 12725, 12740. Kings-
ton, Hitchcock 9264, 9268, 9365. Gordon Town, Hurt 580. Cayman Brac,
Millspaugh 1226.
Santo Domingo: San Pedro de Macoris, Rose 4159, 4441. Santo Domingo
City, Rose 3739, 4142. Lépez, Hggers 2380. Rincdn, Fuertes 1276. With-
out locality, Wright, Parry & Brummel 615.
Haitr1: Morne Ouiville, Christ 1898. Gonaive Island, Cook. Scofield & Doyle-
241.
Porto Rico: San Juan, Chase 6365, 6379, 6782. Vega Baja, Chase 6420, 6431.
Arecibo, Chase 6443, 6560; Heller 348. Sierra de Luquillo, Chase 6726.
Fajardo, Chase 6663. Aguadilla, Chase 6606. Mayaguez, Holm 26; Chase
6157, 6310, 6814; Underwood & Griggs 144; Sintenis 68. Maricao, Chase
6192, 6225; Britton, Stevens & Hess 2623; Britton, Cowell € Brown 4490.
Guanica Bay, Chase 6521, 6532; Britton, Cowell é Brown 4490, 4955. Coamo-
Springs, Chase 6543; Goll 699. Utuado, Chase 6462. Cayey, Chase 6385;
Sintenis 2318, 2470. Lares, Chase 6587; Sintenis 5918. Manati, Chase 6610.
Rio Piedras, Underwood & Griggs 252; Cowgill 648; Barrett 9. Cayo Muer-
tos, Britton, Cowell &€ Brown 5006. Bayamon, Goll 227. Vieques, Chase
6683. Desecheo, Hess 429. Mona Island, Hess 454.
VirGIN IsLANDS: St. Thomas, Hggers 189, 292; Millspaugh 519. St. Croix, Rose
8609 ; Ricksecker 257, 440b. Tortola, Shafer 1142.
LEEWARD ISLANDS: Antigua, Wuilschlaegel 625; Rose 3392, 3659, 3660. Mont-
serrat, Shafer 700. Guadeloupe, L’Herminier.
WINDWARD ISLANDS: Grenada, Broadway in 1896.
TRINIDAD: Chacachacare, Hitchcock 10062.
Tospaco: Hitchcock 10254, 10256.
CoLomBiA: San Andrés de la Sierra, Pittier 1650. Cauca, Pittier 886. Without
locality, Triana 274.
VENEZUELA: Carayaca, Jahn 312, 321.
Brazit: Campinas, Campos Novaes 1282. Organ Mountains, Wilkes Expl.
Heped. 12. Rio Janeiro, Glaziou 20574. San Carlos do Pinhal, Lofgren
713. Rio Grande do Sul, Lindman 1239. Paran&, Dusén 96438.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—-NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 23
Paraguay: Sierra de Amambahy, Hassler 9864, 12087.
Peru: San Miguel, Cook & Gilbert 923.
Borivia: Yungas, Bang 494.
ARGENTINA: Misiones, Hkman 616, 618.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 18.—Lasiacis divaricata. Specimen from Ewarton, Jamaica,
Hitchcock 9427 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 975613). Natural size.
10. Lasiacis globosa Hitche.
Lasiacis globosa Hitche. Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 17: 251. 1913. “ Type in the
U. S. National Herbarium, no. 691226, collected at Acapulco, Mexico, by Edward
Palmer (no. 114 in 1894).”
This species is described by Presl* under the name Panicum divaricatum
Lam. ‘The specimen cited is from Acapulco.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms climbing, glabrous; sheaths glabrous, ciliate on the overlapping mar-
gin; ligule a narrow pilose membrane about 0.5 mm. long; blades firm, elliptic-
lanceolate, scabrous on the margins and upper surface and more or less so
beneath, those of the flowering branches 8 to 12 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. wide;
panicle pyramidal, loosely flowered, 6 to 15 cm. long, the branches very scabrous,
widely spreading, the longer as much as 7 cm. long; spikelets on scabrous
pedicels 1 to 2 emi. long, globose, 3 mm. long; /first glume circular, gibbous,
nerved, scabrous on the keel, ciliate on the membranaceous margin, about 1 mm.
long; second glume and sterile lemma glabrous and shining, equal, a little
shorter than the fertile lemma, reticulate-veined, lanate-ciliate on the rounded
apex; fertile lemma umbonate, the point protruding from the second glume and
sterile lemma, this and the apex of the palea woolly.
Characterized by its smooth blades and close or somewhat open panicle of
small globose spikelets.
DISTRIBUTION.
Copses near the sea, southern Mexico to Panama.
GuERRERO: Acapulco, Palmer 114 in 1894; Haenke.
~“PANAMA: Chepo, Pittier 4688. Taboga Island, Hitchcock 8068.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 19.—Lasiacis globosa. Specimen from Acapulco, Mexico, Palmer
114 in 1895, type collection (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 744078). Natural size.
11. Lasiacis sloanei (Griseb.) Hitche.
Panicum latifolium Hamilt. Predr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 10. 1825. Not P. latifolium
aio:
Panicum sloanei Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551. 1864. The species is based on
Sloane’s plate” and Grisebach’s two specimens from Jamaica, collected by
Purdie and by Wullschlaegel, the second of which has been examined in the
Grisebach Herbarium. asd Ah
Lasiacis sloanei Hitche. Bot. Gaz. SF: 302. 1911. Based’on Panicum sloanei
Griseb.
*Rel. Haenk. 1: 306. 1830.
2? Voy. Jam. 1: pl. 71. f. 3. 1707.
24 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DESCRIPTION.
Climbing to a height of 3 or 4 meters, forming a strong central cane, the
culms glabrous, the branches solitary or two or three together, elongate;
sheaths glabrous except the margin, the collar conspicuously villous; ligule
inconspicuous; blades oblong-ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, 10 to 15 cm. long, 2.5
to 4 em. wide, those of the branches smaller, narrowed at the asymmetric base,
abruptly narrowed above to an acuminate point, somewhat papery in texture
when dry, glabrous on both surfaces or scabrous above, scabrous on the margin;
panicles open and usually loosely few-flowered, 10 to 20 cm. long, the branches
distant and widely spreading, the lower as much as 10 cm. long, flexuous,
scaberulous; spikelets 4 to 5 mm. long, elliptic.
DISTRIBUTION.
Climbing among bushes and small trees, West Indies and Mexico to South
America.
San Luis Potosi: Las Canoas, Pringle 3808. Tamasopo Canyon, Pringle 3403.
Veracruz: Yecoatla, Liebmann 288. Consoquitla, Liebmann 292. Misantla,
Liebmamn 289. Papantla, Liebmann 297.
Oaxaca: Cafetal Montecristo, Reko 3474.
NICARAGUA: Jinotepe, Hitchcock 8673, 8700.
Costa Rica: Turrialba, Pittier 9056; Tonduz 8319.
CuBA: San Diego de los Bafios, Leén 4563, 5148. Sierra Mendoza, Shafer 11147.
Sierra de Anafe, Wilson 11421. Matanzas, Rugel 872. Hanabana, Wright
in 1865. Valestina, Wright 3878. Camoa Hills, Leén 766. Jamaica, Leén
1969. Cojimar, Leén 1973. San Antonio, Hitchcock 128. Guanajay, Baker
4587. Isle of Pines, Britton & Wilson 15134.
JAMAICA: Constant Spring, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 590; Hitchcock 9280. Troy,
Hitchcock 9801. Ipswich, Hitchcock 9606. Bog Walk, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
591. Ewarton, Hitchcock 9413. Bryans Hill, Harris 11531. Gordon Town,
Harris 11454. Halls Delight, Harris 11260. Ferry River, Harris 11325.
Santo Domineo: Without locality, Wright, Parry & Brummel 614.
Porto Rico: San Juan, Chase 6412. Mayaguez, Chase 6824, 6825. Vieques,
Shafer 2549, 2570.
LEEWARD ISLANDS: Dominica, Jones 49.
WINDWARD ISLANDS: St. Vincent, Eggers 6546. Grenada, Broadway 947, 1385,
4666, 4674a.
TRINIDAD: Manzanilla, Hitchcock 10374.
CoLtomBiA: Santa Marta, Smith 2145, 2148 in part.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 20.—Lasiacis sloanei. Specimen from Hwarton, Jamaica, Hitch-
cock 9413 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 975676). Natural size. :
12. Lasiacis patentiflora Hitche. & Chase.
Lasiacis patentiflora Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 18: 338. 1917.
“Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 865566, collected in the edge of
woods on a mountain side, center of the island of Tobago, December 20, 1912, by
A. S. Hitchcock (no. 10268).”
DESCRIPTION.
High-climbing, with a strong central cane as much as 8 mm. thick, the plant
glabrous throughout except at the summit of the sheaths; branches numerous,
solitary, widely spreading and finally repeatedly branching, the branches, and
branchlets straight or arcuate, divergent at a rather narrow angle; sheaths
le a eee Bets pean eas Spaoncneau
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—-NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 25
with a ring of hairs at the summit or at least a tuft of hairs on either side,
sometimes pubescent on the margins toward the summit; ligule about 0.5 mm.
long, thin-membranaceous; blades on vigorous shoots as much as 14 em. long
and 2.5 em. wide, but mostly about 8 to 12 em. long and 1.5 to 2 em. wide,
acuminate, rounded-tapering to the base, usually somewhat asymmetric, gla-
brous, scabrous on the margin and somewhat so on both surfaces; panicles num-
erous, Short-exserted, mostly 12 to 20 em. long, nearly as wide, the slender
axis and distant spreading flexuous branchlets angled, scabrous, the pedicels
flexuous, spreading; spikelets pale, blotched with dark blue or purple at ma-
turity, 3.4 to 3.8 mm. long, globose-obovoid, the glumes and sterile lemma lanate-
ciliate toward the apex; fruit 3 mm. long, 2 mm. wide.
In habit and general appearance L. patentifiora resembles L. sloanei, from
which it differs in the narrower average width of the blades and the more
loosely flowered, rather large panicles with smaller spikelets on flexuous spread-
ing pedicels.
DISTRIBUTION,
Borders of woods and jungles, Guatemala to Trinidad and Venezuela; also in
Dominica and Paraguay.
GUATEMALA: Cubilquitz, Tiirckheim 8782.
Satvapor: San Salvador, Hitchcock 8962.
NicarAaGua: Jinotepe, Hitchcock 8695.
Costa Rica: Rio Cafias, Jiménez 720.
LEEWARD IsLANDS: Dominica, Ramage in 1889.
TRINIDAD: Port of Spain, Hitchcock 10034, 10087, 10828, 103824; Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 592.
Topaco: Broadway 4841; Hitchcock 10255, 10257, 10268, 10270.
VENEZUELA: Carayaca, Jahn 308 in part.
BRITISH GUIANA: Upper Demerara River, Jenman 4089,
PARAGUAY: River Pilcomayo, Rojas 292,
EXPLANATION OF PLATH 21.—Lasiacis patentiflora. Specimen from Tobago, Hitchcock
10268, type collection (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 975660). Natural size.
18. Lasiacis scrghoidea (Desv.) Hitche. & Chase.
Panicum lanatum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Oce. 24. 1788. Not P. lanatum
Rottb. 1776. “ Jamaica.” The type specimen, marked “ Jamaica, Swartz,’ has
been examined in the Swartz Herbarium at Stockholm.
Panicum sorghoideum Desv.; Hamilt. Prodr. Pi. Ing Occ. 10. 1825. “ Porto
Rico.” The type specimen in the Paris Herbarium is \apelecat with some uncer-
tainty as to locality, “‘ America aequinox., Hispaniola.” ‘The note, ‘“ Je ne vois
pas en quoi ce Panicum différe du P. glutinosum,”’ shows a close connection
with the note under the original description. ‘‘Habitu P. latifolio affine, ab illo
autem aeque ac P. glutinoso distinctum.”
Panicum orinocense Willd.; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 316. 1825, as synonym under
P. glutinosum Lam. The type, received from Humboldt, is in the Willdenow
Herbarium.
Panicum praegnans Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 74. 1854. “P. fruticosum
Salzm. Oaxaca. Bahia.’ The fragmentary Oaxaca specimen, collected by
Buchinger, is in the Steudel Herbarium at Paris. This appears to be Lasiacis
sorghoidea. Salzmann’s Bahia collection, labeled P. fruticosum, is Lasiacis
ligulata. Steudel's description is not sufficient to distinguish between the two
115803—20——3
26 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
species. The Oaxaca specimen is regarded as the type, as this is the one in
the Steudel Herbarium.
Panicum lanatum sorghoideum Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551. 1864. Based
on Panicum sorghoideum Desv.
Panicum martinicense Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 552. 1864. “Jamaica!
Wullschi.; [Martinique!, Panama!, Guiana].” Because of the specific name
the plant from Martinique is taken as the type. This is the specimen men-
tioned earlier in the description, “P. fuscum, Sieb. Mart. 29.”
Panicum swartzianum Hitche. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 140. 1908. Based
on P. lanatum Swartz, not P. lanatuwm Rottb.
Lasiacis swartziana Hitche. Bot. Gaz. 51: 302. 1911. Based on Panicum
swartzianum Hitche.
Lasiacis sorghoidea Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 338. 1917.
Based on Panicum sorghoideum Desv.
DESCRIPTION,
Culms much branched, erect or clambering to a height of 5 to 7 meters, the
strong central cane as much as 1 cm. thick, glabrous or pubescent, the main
branches sometimes 1 meter long or more, arcuate, bearing slender branchlets
toward the pendent ends, or the branchlets fascicled on the main culm, the
young shoots usually pubescent; sheaths pubescent, especially on the margin
and collar, the surface sometimes glabrate; ligule inconspicuous; blades lance-
olate or elliptic-lanceolate, those of the main culm or of vigorous shoots as much
as 20 cm. long and 8 cm. wide, those of the fertile branches usually 8 to 12 em,
long and 1.5 cm. wide, or on the fascicled branchlets smaller, often falcate,
velvety on both surfaces or only puberulent or glabrate above; panicles on the
main culm and larger branches usually 10 to 20 cm. long, at maturity as wide or
wider, rather compactly many-flowered, the branches long and again branched,
the axes very scabrous; spikelets 4 to 5 mm. long.
The specimens cited vary in the amount of pubescence, but all are at least
puberulent on the under surface of the blades. In some the young shoots are
conspicuously villous or velvety-pubescent; in others they are glabrous. Possibly
these represent distinct species. In general the main or primary panicles are
large, and rather open with ascending branches. Extended field study of this
complex group is necessary before it can be satisfactorily elaborated.
DISTRIBUTION.
Ravines, hedges, and borders of woods throughout tropical America.
San Luis Potosi: Las Canoas, Pringle 3808.
JALIsco: Guadalajara, Hitchcock 7348. San Nicolas, Hitchcock 7207.
GUANAJUATO: Dugés in 1897. :
MicHoacAn: Morelia, Arséne in 1909.
VERACRUZ: Zacuapan, Purpus 3779, 6206. Mirador, Mohr in 1857; Ross 613;
Liebmann 296, 300. Tlapacoyo, Liebmann 293. Misantla, Liebmann 289.
Orizaba, Smith 581; Bourgeau 2648; Hitchcock 6389. Jalapa, Hitchcock
6542, 6674, 6680; Rose 6144. Cordoba, Bowrgeau “1459 and 19386”; Fink
in 1898; Seaton 398; Hitchcock 6442, 6455, 6458. Colipa, Liebmann 290.
Moretos: Cuernavaca, Ross 254; Pringle 5960, 6663; Hitchcock 6824.
Oaxaca: Tomellin Canyon, Pringle 6701. Tuxtepec, Nelson 872. Trapiche
de la Concepci6én, Liebmann 284. San Pablo Huitzo, Conzatti 2012.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. Dare
GUATEMALA: Guatemala City, Hitchcock 9036, 9058, 9057, 9101; Kellerman
4735. Coban, Pittier 1787. Los Amates, Kellerman 4786, Sierra de las
Minas, Kellerman 6233. Rio Dulce, Smith 1852. Without locality, Heyde
362.
Satvapor: San Salvador, Hitchcock 8925, 8951, 8952. Lake Jlopango, Hitch-
cock 8921.
NICARAGUA: Jinotepe, Hitchcock 8665, 8674, 8690, 8699.
Costa Rica: Talamanca, Tonduz 9493. Terraba, Pittier 3638. Tuis, Tonduz
8186, 11397. Nicoya, Tonduz 138755. Las Pavas, Pittier 3114. San José
Pittier 81; Tonduz 7207, 7234; Cooper 5998; Hitchcock 8451. Cartago,
Pittier 7110; Cooper 98; Smith 4891, 4991; Tonduz 10423; Mazon 128.
Tsaki, Tonduz 9484. Buenos Airés, Tondue 4858. San Ramon, Tonduz
14875, 17908. El General, Pittier 3366. Boruca, Pittier 4455. Cafias
Gordas, Pittier 11015. Rio Ceiba, Tonduz 4858. Carrillo, Biolley 3106.
Tres Rios, Pittier 4328. Rio Navarrito, Pittier 2406. Calabaza, Tonduz
10871. Rodeo, Pittier 1616. Shirores, Tonduz 9218. Tiribi, Tonduz 3076.
Pacaca, Pittier 3332.
PanaMA: El Boquete, Hitchcock 8269, 8270, 8282, 8286, 8311, 8315. Matias
Hernandez, Pittier 6924. Cerro Vaca, Pittier 53831, 5839. Gattn, Hitch-
cock 9175, 9177, 9182. Toro Point, Hitchcock 8054. Ancén, Célestine 63;
Williams 4. Chagres, Fendler 871. Culebra, Pittier 2118. Miraflores,
Pittier 2196. Pedro Miguel, Hitchcock 7955. Balboa, Hitchcock 8003.
Cuspa: Rincon, Shafer 12328.
JAMAICA: New Forest, Hitchcock 9837, 9892, 9898. Catherines Peak, Amer. Gr. ;
Nat. Herb. 598. Troy, Hitchcock 9796, 9808, 9813, 9817; Harris 12650,
Ewarton, Hitchcock 9409. Gordon Town, Hitchcock 9380, 9881, 9882; Hart
685, 813. Newcastle, Hitchcock 9335; Harris 11398. Constant Spring,
Hitchcock 9258. Salt Hill, Harris 11410. Flamstead, Harris 11469. Rams
Horn Range, Hitchcock 9569, 9570, 9571. Richmond Hill, Millspaugh 1968.
Upper Clarendon, Harris 12768. Mt. Lebanon, Harris 12488.
Porto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6809, 6822, 6823; Helier 48375; Holm 74, 116.
Vega Baja, Chase 6419. Arecibo, Chase 6457. San Juan, Chase 6760. El
Yunque, Chase 6728. Maricao, Chase 6218. San German, Hess 75. Coamo,
Sintenis 3062. Aibonito, Sintenis 2861.
VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Croix, Rose 3624; Ricksecker 289. St. Thomas, Mills-
paugh 520; Britton, Britton & Shafer 141.
Lrewarp IsLtanps: Antigua, Rose 3458, 3484, 34938, 3647. Montserrat, Shafer
258, 255, 701. Guadeloupe, Duss 3183, 3618.
WINDWARD ISLANDS: Martinique, Duss 770. Grenada, Hggers 6224; Broadway
4674.
TRINIDAD: Port of Spain, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 594; Hitchcock 99504, 9963,
9980, 100385, 10817. St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10170. Tabaquite, Hitchcock
101381. Chacachacare, Hitchcock 10061, 10064. Oropuche, Broadway
4976. Caparo, Broadway 4924. Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb. 2298,
3190.
Topaco: Hitchcock 10247.
CoLoMBIA: Santa Marta, Smith 2144, 2147, 2148, 2258.
VENEZUELA: Palmasola, Pittier 6884. Caracas, Rose 21774.
Brazit: Campinas, Campos Novaes 1237, 1238. Minas Geraes, Regnell 308.
Cuyaba, Malme 1544B, 1728. Corumba, Malme 3058. Matto Grosso, Lind-
man 8185. Without locality, Burchell 6507.
PARAGUAY: Colonia Elisa, Lindman 1701. Central Paraguay, Morong 641, 755.
Pilecomayo River, Morong 1569.
28 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Ecuapor: Between Rio and Salto, Jameson in 1864. Gualea, Sodiro 3118, 3121.
Borrv1aA: Guanai, Rusby 191. Cochabamba, Bang 1289, 1291.
ARGENTINA: Misiones, Hkman 617, 619.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 22,—Lasiacis sorghoidea. Specimen from Mayaguez, Porto
Rico, Holm 116 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no, 733619). Natural size.
14. Lasiacis ruscifolia (H. B. K.) Hitche.
Panicum ruscifolium H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 101. 1816. “ Crescit in
apricis et aridis Regni Mexicani, in radicibus montis ignivomi, Volcan de
Jorullo.”
Panicum compactum Swartz, Adnot. Bot. 14. 1829. Not P. compuctwm Kit.
1814. This was briefly described after Swartz’s death by Wikstrém, who con-
sidered it distinct from Panicum divaricatum lL. beeause of the dense panicle
and wide blades. The specimen in the Swartz Herbarium at Stockholm is a
single shoot with three leaves and an ovoid panicle about 8 cm. long. The
spikelets are 3 to 3.5 mm. long.
Panicum megacarpum Steud.; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 551.. 1864. This name
is given by Grisebach as a synonym of P. lanatum B sorghoideum and credited
to “Steud. in Pl. Lechler, 2219.”
Panicum liebmannianum Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 33. 1886. ‘‘ Consoquitla (Liebm.
n. 299).” The type has been examined in the Copenhagen Herbarium. The
panicles are narrow and compact, the blades pubescent beneath and minutely so
above, the spikelets about 3.5 mm. long.
Lasiacis compacta Hitche. Bot. Gaz. 51: 302. 1911. Based on Panicum com-
pactum Swartz.
Lasiacis ruscifolia Hitche. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 24: 145.1911. Based
on Panicum ruscifolium H. B. K.
Lasiacis liebmanniana Hitche. Proce. Biol. Soc. Washington 24: 145, 1911.
Based on Panicum liebmannianum Fourn.
DESCRIPTION,
More robust than any other species, freely branching, the shoots usually
strongly dorsiventral; culms becoming several meters long, glabrous or rarely
puberulent; sheaths often overlapping, glabrous on the surface or sometimes
hispidulous toward the apex (in some Central American specimens papillose-
hispid throughout), glabrous or often ciliate or villous on the margin, espe-
cially near the summit, the collar glabrous or villous; ligule inconspicuous;
blades ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, sometimes lanceolate, the primary ones
10 to 15 em. long, 3 to 6 cm. wide, narrowed or often cordate-clasping at the
asymmetric base, rather abruptly narrowed to an acuminate but not attenuate
apex, puberulent or glabrous beneath, glabrous or scabrous above, the sec-
ondary blades similar or reduced; panicles narrow and compact, 5 to 20 cm.
long, or often with distant lower branches, these compactly flowered, or the
panicle rarely somewhat open, with spreading, implicate but rather closely
flowered branches, the axes hispidulous and scabrous; spikelets 3 to 4 lnm.
long, nearly globose at maturity.
This species is variable as to pubescence, and the panicles, at first dense,
may with age become rather open. The blades are usually cordate and some-
what clasping and proportionately wider than in any other species. The
specimens from the West Indies and Mexico have the blades pubescent be-
neath, but from Central America there are many specimens with glabrous
blades. The latter region furnishes also specimens with papillose-hispid
sheaths, in which the blades may be glabrous or pubescent beneath.
>
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 29
DISTRIBUTION.
Climbing over bushes, Mexico to northern South America; also in Cuba and
Jamaica.
Sonora: Sierra de Alamos, Rose 12822.
CHIHUAHUA: Norogachi, Palmer 10 in 1885.
Stnatoa: Imala, Palmer in 1891. Culiacin, Brandegee in 1904. San Blas,
Rose 18369. Mazatlin, Rose 14112. Lodiego, Palmer 1645 in 1891.
Rosario, Rose 14521.
DurANGO: Huasemote, Rose 3502.
Trepic: Acaponeta, Rose 14409.
CotIMA: Manzanillo, Hitchcock 7034. Alzada, Hitchcock TO079.
MicHoacdn: Hl Calabazal, Langlassé 458. Vallecitos, Langlassé 361.
Moretos: Yautepee, Pringle 11298.
GUERRERO: Tlalixtaquilla, Nelson 2254. Acapulco, Palmer 115 in 1895.
Jatisco: Guadalajara, Hitchcock 7368.
OAxACA: San Miguel, Sadani, Liebmann 288. Trapiche de la Concepcion, Lieb-
mann 284. Rio de Conaltepec, Liebmann 282. San Agustin, Liebmann
281. Guatulco, Liebmann 280. Oaxaca, Conzatti & Gonzdlez 1108.
Veracruz: Consoquitla, Liebmann, 299. Misantla, Purpus 5978. Zacuapan,
Purpus 7877.
YucaTAn: Izamal, Gawmer 878, 1025. Mérida, Schott 600.
GUATEMALA: Salama, Seler 2446. Jumaytepeque, Heyde & Lux 3899. Cubil-
quitz, Tiirckheim 8620.
Honpvuras: San Pedro Sula, Thieme 31, 5585.
Satvapor: Sonsonate, Hitchcock 8979, 8982. Santa Ana, Hitchcock 8850. San
Salvador, Hitchcock 8903. :
Nicaragua: Corinto, Hitchcock 8748. Jinotepe, Hitchcock 8676, 8715, 8717,
8719. Quesalguague, Baker 2105. Masaya, Hitchcock 8710. San Juan
del Sur, Hitchcock 8607.
Costa Rica: Nicoya, Tonduz 13759. Las Vueltas, Tonduz 12858. Puntarenas,
Hitchcock 8570, 8571, 8577, 8581. Surubres, Biolley 173838. Colonia Car-
mona, Jiménez 361, 369, 376. Alajuela, Jiménez 581. Rio Bebedero,
Jiménez 725.
PanaMA: Matias Hernandez, Pittier 6892. Balboa, Hitchcock 8060. Panama,
Hitcheock 9204. Old Panama, Hitchcock 8401. Aguadulce, Pittier 4987,
4998. Taboga Island, Célestine 47; Pittier 3603.
Cunpa: Ensenada de Mora, Britton, Cowell & Shafer 12979. Sancti Spiritus,
Leén 905. Guantanamo, Leén 8778. Isle of Pines, Palmer ¢ Riley 904;
Curtiss 520; Britton, Britton & Wilson 14659, 15065.
JAMAICA: Without locality, Swarte (in Swartz Herbarium at Stockholm).
CoLoMBIA: Santa Marta, Smith 174.
VENEZUELA: La Moka (Siquire Valley), Eggers 13480.
PARAGUAY: Central Paraguay, Aforong 755.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 23.—Lasiacis ruscifolia. Specimen from Santa Ana, Salvador,
Hitchcock 8850 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 946905). Natural size.
15. Lasiacis anomala Hitche.
Lasiacis anomala Hitche. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 9: 37. 1919. ‘Type
in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 865557, collected along the edge of jungle,
Fort George Road, Port of Spain, Trinidad, November 27, 1912, by A. S. Hitch-
cock (Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. no. 595).”
30 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms woody, branching, clambering over bushes, glabrous, the main culm
as much as 5.5 mm. thick, and 5 meters long; sheaths glabrous or more or less
pilose, striate, ciliate, densely villous on the collar; ligule a short ciliate mem-
brane; blades ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, as much as 10 cm. long and
3 em. wide on the main flowering culms, usually 4 to 6 cm. long and 1 to 2 en,
wide on the lateral ilowering branches, rather thin, narrowed and usually asym-
metric at base, sometimes a little cordate-clasping, puberulent, or sometimes
glabrate on the upper surface; panicles oblong-ovoid, 7 to 10 cm. long, 3 to 5
cm. wide, those on the lateral branches smaller, the lower branches somewhat
Gistant, spreading or somewhat reflexed, all rather compactly flowered, puberu-
lent, the pedicels angled, rather stout, 1 to 2 mm. long; spikelets ovoid, becom-
ing nearly globose at maturity, 5 to 4 mm. long; first glume about one-third,
second glume about two-thirds, as long as the spikelet; first and second sterile
lemmas about equal and about as long as the fertile lemma, the glumes and
lemmas slightly woolly at the tip, the second sterile lemma infolding the fruit
more closely than usual for the first lemma in other species; fruit ovoid-globose,
obtuse, because of the presence of a second sterile lemma the palea side facing
the second glume.
This species has been confused with L. ruscifolia and was included under
that name in a recent account of the grasses of the West Indies,’ in which the
following statement appears: “In all the Trinidad specimens the spikelets con-
tain a second sterile lemma, a character not found in any other species known
to us. This second sterile lemma equals the first, contains a hyaline palea, and
infolds the fruit rather more closely than the sterile lemma commonly does in
other species. The fruit borne one joint higher on the rachilla consequently
faces in the direction opposite to the one usual in Paniceae; that is, the palea
side of the fruit faces the second instead of the first glume.” A reconsideration
of the group led the writer to the conclusion that, ‘‘ we have here a distinct
species, for not only is there this unusual character of a second sterile lemma
but also a distinct geographical range. Of the group to which it had been
referred, all the specimens from Trinidad, the lower Orinoco, and eastern
Brazil have a second sterile lemma, while outside of this range, that is, north
and west, there is but one sterile lemma in all the specimens examined. In
other respects, such as shape of blades and panicle, pubescence, and shape
and size of spikelets, the new species does not differ from L. ruscifolia, from
which it has been separated. The specimens of the new species, Lasiacis
anomala, agree closely among themselves in all these characters, but also
agree with many specimens referred to the more variable species, L. ruscifolia.”
DISTRIBUTION,
Copses and edges of forest, Trinidad to eastern Brazil.
TRINIDAD: Port of Spain, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 595; Hitchcock 10001. St.
Joseph, Hitchcock 10021. San Fernando, Hitchcock 10117. Chacachacare,
Hitchcock 10063. Cedros, Hitchcock 10136. St. Margarets, Broadway
2627. Moruga, Broadway 2504. Without locality, Broadway 2564; Bot.
Gard. Herb. 2308.
VENEZUELA: Santa Catalina, Rusby & Squires 358. Island of Margarita, Miller
é& Johnston 184.
1 Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 389. 1917.
eAp boned hit: SE SER Oy MOVES t Aad reo £m OL SRT sid Lire At) Same SARI cCooT A a dh
ee
apr elerheranat aier se dali tat i Say kaha Mew dag mg pwr Selma nee ale nnn pete boned sean ni He cm eg iniae esate
fates eb na nner tn een ts name wnt Pd ai
SKA A ey ch ribs
Spt eee tmnt Sn PRA ed otep nr an fn ph at pa Ge Sheen Aap
pace Nolte pe re pte eta Nk remeron tal § entire aba
Py Q
eet ha ay pete irre ert i aps Uae cm
yah latin rr erm thio ined ni
poeta ie ennai fe praevia
the SN tp ee eS a anbeiioheesnadenican gualiarnderien
eft canes rip gate PS a
sy) Setar alee norte p oc ps eho ge cc pb itl
Rane yt ay ,
Ae tee
ety et
hn a rin ae oan
CN eae an
pend ett a et a a ee at
ee ea ee oe
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 31
Brazi.: Rio Branco, Kuhlmann 3358. Ceara, Gardner 1889, 1894.
EXPLANATION OF PLATH 24.—Lasiacis anomala. Specimen from Cedros, Trinidad,
Hitchcock 10136 (U. S. Nat. Herb. no. 975574). Natural size.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
PANICUM MACULATUM Aubl. Pl. Guian, 1: 51. 1775. This can not be identified
from the brief description. The species described under this name by Schultes
(Mant. 2: 288. 1824) appears to be Lasiacis ligulata.
PANICUM GLUTINOSUM Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 174. 1791. Net BOOHER glutin-
osum Swartz, 1788. Probably Lasiacis sorghoidea.
PANICUM AGGLUTINANS an Enum. Pl. a 120. 1883. Based upon Panicum
glutinosum Lam. »4_. =:
o INQ
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[ane :
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ty
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‘a ditees, baketaleneed ne ie ee re enamine ae emt ar ayer
a | maa t v 3
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Us et Noah
x an » by = f “ . < C ty.
vi.ait-eethteneneiaiees eliaiin inespmniuaiiea hedaatiaceteiezartieearsartabecnione teh den tiidivtie! ntti fier creenn veh eer ane eR
a ae peony te tnt ear te one seen heen what Aycan scrape city cl
foe rs ae ay =
Pe ay ; Mer Ci bee ; tay,
Betton te, he ap aan nr itil sca qnatre centnens meanness =
ie OG <9 ~ fi : ’ te re: ‘4
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4s SsheaaPanianiealbanemiiananiae deeeetaen rn atmo ay
‘ : + : reals
PLATE 10.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22.
LASIACIS PROCERRIMA (HACK.) HITCHC.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE I}.
LASIACIS RUGELII (GRISEB.) HITCHE.
= ‘ se
Uesetaoes SVT pi CaP acon Mitel ee pass 5 ‘ Paris
ees dco ah feed = rs Bhs pant acrpein ie a
ea es Rebtel ener A La Nef TR
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Ante On vk ae or a te
rrp lial
sn Restrnt nins wr incee eat yc
nba np rly cm im Cem ah pd dh Toi a eg
Fura eset ; eae Ce : : 5 tee ‘ . ? : Pa ie : b ets
SWRI EE
kati ac ee eh pier edi
ADM a HRT ao) SAMS RGR eR ort eerie rai Sethi tries enh keener
Na Lay 35 4 q Bans :
eh
re
Sparta
NESS
SNA
cere ena eal tod
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aS yen
1 ir See , yt teat
i teem rent pe ane eh wernt (eyerna gen met he
5 ' it : a
lle iy Semen -
jaa soa :
premiere arte ow
re 4
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pe tree re ee te on
ee a ee eee at at teint ween
Pap
pec ens eeheter ite nin cones tiie
t - 4 4 yi bh
Ny he aif Vas 4 >
ry
n pikes : iene.
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Sa eyed nt thee Sur nee , ’
bie sae M A ON Cited ke
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Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE 12.
Te Sin nena
LASIACIS GRISEBACHII (NASH) HITCHC.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE I[3.
LASIACIS OAXACENSIS (STEUD.) HITCHC.
‘ Cm g
i)
at
EINES ed EN aI
RR ISS WEA rc Oe Hird Orta ee td
rE SSD) Sian
US Soiree
ach agree Senay piel
4 t
Pekan MERIC REN ovat ak Pane SO cent
te ett peak ei te. eer te cer Ndi ey ep a hn mp
: . ‘ % ana PAS SL
ee pt ee ae ee a a eee Te he ate oN aR Tn ne ee
, f fi nrree
m fs ‘ cee atta ya ge 8 L Ree ern a ee
apingee ee aright noo tay 5 Sai ,
wie . .
) : : = .
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2 "s > ; |
ahem ot oe eree mere te one oe
—_— anwar snes « . ie = ay omens bemoan
= aes reat my pet tani " a
TE NE IE AE bee ee ESS!
. : 2 pase 4 ees
a = — ae rege ae Tae eelgrass hr anagram
ental * ais re ° . ‘ ? = ied oat, a
i boi. ; ‘aye
ae eee nwa - ee
a et im lets ig ee nmap eta cana
a - = oe
: ; eRe Mat aes eh
- nema em a Fh ae en pe 3 Reh ae we ee
~ - - - - ~~ i - Ae sa ne + caeetmenienantenecees .
a E a rip) oF
er tyne a gine on ashe pect nyt pe meee mentee yin init enh etn i nine lean eet
' aa y ‘
ng eh ee 7 om an + op apie a mene
—_ iat aie “
“ _ <r hee - a er ee
: : PH 3 Smit Eis yey
. =<]
pontine tien magineny = ~~ - _ sant sr lan atin a GO
a a
Dus Paks |
‘ 7 a8) ne or
a ami - - esayn sacarnd wer wet cone a oe et ene Set at A A A NE
MM » v “ ° >
pepe j 4
fi Oe iy a
a otroelpein ieipipceer tat genome a ee ne et ene en Ered etree
ea anti 7 7 gee ma
ard
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i A a 2 one¥t
soli hacen tibet adcaigensienetibi ape patterns oreeentee tt ae Sei tn i ei aor
— ne eee ~ a ae = md arr my tI a en
— a RN he a ot tr
nN \ eg ‘A “ ae
P Bias fs i 2
seamen cnlahomnaioten artemisinin tet nt tt tet ee ae oe
: * : ‘ y ef
‘ / LI |
cnt cs fannie = pga el icine antennae atetie trie aren alias
i "
vn ttn panty teh atts ntti ten tg ee a teas te A inate
: i STON Sah
wy fs
EEE ee fat pnpeceenaenth taciened ep piceirnreeseny Peer celiiong ltara iar ichatsl
= . =
eels US
: ; ‘ - ’
Soe en Stine enelanny emer iitienie Symp amin ent amid D camaheeaentinien eerenenae
a ns te ne nine ee np fra pa
re re
teeter lene Gah a retin amnesia hary al
Paty
ye
14
lee ‘A
re ee
<7 Wgenh. Ae
plage fs
PA et i ea, Nm a xe
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22.
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k
&
_LASIACIS LIGULATA HITCHC. & CHASE.
PLATE 14.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE 15.
LASIACIS RHIZOPHORA (FOURN.) HITCHC.
MPAs ple Ning alse lm rar Sanna capil Pie
TR SUN Sakai oa; Us tN RODS tipi Anew
pd Sawn ps A at hbk ncaa pda A! Nap NA le gg me amc
Dyce ce
a
Wa teae
een
SUN are
at
EE SEa UW areas nniciane dS DI
the metas pasty sig peal ira RY
[es eaeeedlabair ieeemernenciarten waentarakcansedinean siete arin
Paes)
te it septate rome rel tegatana
Gala raxche oe t
FR Be cetera «ems (a ais athaerneeinn eked
penny
4 ah e
Peay
ere ern pan nctilp cies) aihlive
Dihlirarncpe sorta Lael AN Fiano ele ¥ontnt LAF
pat y
aes 1, Ts ae ol
Leper glint! - mien ere opp eee oe ia ae tay ya i tet ym matteo
x at Lyin Cis oe
nae ser Te CUS So hee Ate
pecs ena Setter Agee mR ges Laem eI AD Roe Evel Pee Hen rere AS 4"
1 f.
s - = J Jishenhat api -iniqeratin-rempetentnetrape siren
- P Pip aes: ye
“og
ti SNe
= sp = ~ _ ~ = —_ OR Na a et ne Rm genes
sar eatin Oger <a wn “ " _ " aan = pieces tach Spear ana: wantonly i hetaet waren bpp ort
pg eh ~ - ae — - -
EA ISOS Cas eee ee jonrtinpang . —arelprensenteth i niobinire ma lnonladieteti piensa
- oem en . Y irrenjniererhiierriial
: he "Tha 2
pon ll ee bs sepia) . (ABE OE Pee Sea a 2! TE ST RRP: « Bn SSL
s ; .
er Suen eis “i . - » PER yeietie WSS ee app mentite nen teat
enc - — - eons ec pln atin Ag greta rey
Ee - — ~ re sop ih rr
wees - vt ow — ~ - - . ——+=- fo eR te a ts free RR em So RRR amr a
a y « ¥ : b 3 Mi
au ; : ‘
rnin Fens ~ - i prmohien eles —we Pi matt
s ¢
ie roo - « * ~ - _ —_ _— f
« tb
Sioa v Bet i
pe pinta get tn ae ee ~ —— ee oe nr ed ee or anemone arte
‘ > ,
Nair a nrwy crepe ech me pee — ave a = mm
“yi i.
&, r|
~
oe en ene ae ree es EI 8 Eves os
i { , ‘i b . Fy, *
ee = a ee ee eee er er rrp mn et meter me
er) / : yen ures rar!
, «
ee sat ete HA CANS iene TR hs Beta)
- t
1 em eh ao a pt he Hr
asl wene
uF)
oo hl pa ae = et oo
Pe ee aly raf Z
peta hm ea i ah mn ye Ay re a rar
SW Nie 28) F
Moi an iy ie
a pe rs ms aah, c
a EE eS ee ees inch ear ppep amet
seat ’
Fai Oe . 4 .
vare! fie, ra
india i pine Ye my om torr in Lait ale plasniliipe Shemp tabs
ay iy
Sablon tre systema ere Nisa ny nga
<n a Nanhai me
PLATE 16.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22.
LASIACIS LEPTOSTACHYA HITCHC.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE |7.
Va
LASIACIS HARRISII NASH.
Tae
Medi nieai _ Beja peotoesh ins i ; a Neen V7 SARNIA HOD)
seine ays cals
epee gg Cede
Scetetd eaineidiad pues ne waenpsel
sete iene seeding iclnwlian ben FR
mir fire ates are athe te Th ae fe i an armel tedden emp dll
: . f ‘
-
’ h
vs 7
BE ete A eee” Sa Soe ee < ro = — ne le gr pet
on ae ple -rean mem la
. ; 2 K ot
cS eat ea eg tm lap LAY Nene tir ey <i Arte
= 7 we 9 7
“ eee a a ne
+ >
é . 4a - yea ani
hte tent 9A ee A a yt ema Ae AT yee Caen <a oe
fa)
ee ene eee
= i a i = i nn ae eros
Ag
iP 4
ys
7” an
Jose te tn m8 trp a Tt er es ners te
ies
i pel a a emt te Per ey Rf
mid Part, i 5
x , je ey S ~
‘Ade 2 os h 4
imi thin ee igh eu i r= li es sims ep te
= ve = : "9 ae
—_s oe oo on ee
a a A re ~ “ . aa eect Citta em mere n
’ +
‘ rane. ay
lpia onde alg pa i ect itm orn th tn a — mentees emer liit - a anrmtme p he maen
Pana e
Y. q
Py
a . b
7 a es Le ee an es are a peitaepertine ts
’
i
* . x -
20 elie aoe vee neers atwhoow - ee ee
: ’
We
ee ee ee ee a — ere -— Ai rea ae i
pthc hit lenairmsape sama an trate ta ne
“a DST AT a Pa
ae Pe patties 6 no ene Yt A a a eer mmc ee
+,
, as hl al rt ia bod he
eee aman oem ann ing se tht dhcp lg Soph ~—
¥ w 7 ery
ee
fe > ’ s ‘
rein ah aaa chee ain ne ry oe ta jain sence 0 tuto pein Any
rt oo ins ie heen atc Sagem i eer Na
Seamed Le Se Oe! Wp Ree eater \Hikan rene mean a ahr hel
4 > A , * . iia Cg =< a
“peg \ 5 he > Mey Re ws *
PLATE 18.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22.
‘ree on
ise
Coy
Ga.
sd SRN ut
= acai
oe ;
a
LASIACIS DIVARICATA (L.) HITCHC.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE 19.
LASIACIS GLOBOSA HITCHC. ;
indore abrecnenari oar Satniner A rsa Red lana sd oa Wars el dea
| tedannee Wi Hepat Sie ad Praia Vy pie mte
Assan ue ee einai
a erm ae yetem tre ein naa
Sveti tai Sena ha
ecb dips nkel eta ne Reinert
esha terrae tanetecinem tern! maf Aneenctett lint omega tne re siete a! le
Snape teens Stig ete Rank ve pretoen te
fm) seme ean a mall omen gmc pein
binpeme os — nee ap tent ame tmenae =
{
ee eee ~ awh
pee a mem ——— oe ee - —_
a ~ = _ es ame ne et i
]
Binnga ne = een on . — ~ —
- "i /
i. ’ - - a — ata aes arene en ae in pa ne rms cera
oh F RT : :
i
ae Lite rn erm es Lng caioeearpeeet
te a om —_— —
Cen m ae ——
Sergei “ ee eatin spall «madi tie nan nnd ete ee Se
“ } t
=, Me ~
J Fes
—
ln Rg ea a a ee te Sth BST V TNE ART CN Tae ee” -
& 7
, y ye x _ ; Q uf A ae
Pee ae TS ne ee tentennimnesendamenmmnantnneiietimemnamnnemmmanmendt ahi nmcnummmaliel
ews . w t oe eet
. ‘
Mi ; 4
dram te ee NR Gn ee eee te rent ee a
“ ey Bo
et a i" < ) ya \ e Ca RP lee eee ta
~ ASEAN CLS NOOO PRR a RE eS nat nectar penetra mineral Me et a et
\ es ye Th ar aes,
i shy te :
4 : Fh) =
y A Fs Rd Re eS
toh A a -
TOE RMT PS NERS DT Te
> : , i ae be
hat P dee
aimee ee ae ore
ee eae eee ee
, ’
my bed : Tat owe)
Pes tm
ae a ett mete etme eter
ete Bare ve
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. - PLATE 20.
LASIACIS SLOANE! (GRISEB.) HITCHC.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PEATE 29:
LASIACIS PATENTIFLORA HITCHC. & CHASE. iA p>
}
ae
V
hal Te
re Sirge\'Cial mphehneons bea eet capi oonlroer as Poonqy tad coors uewdtrceau oot aa
am ha Sra ater herp ace et ii ee
shen inbabe plier teint aleasigh abel won abi nen
elaine erbrtermcomten tgnbd dion ae mdrnnmil mh ss
saa yp nae gic nary hp ald anf Coca nea
Pit
ANNES
aaa intys noosa naan eine ypc
eerie vt ah lip eg ma rca anna
5 Ne
ae
of aes be?
a SEs
wae on id ~ La et om oe saint piece Lot Sr peemnemal e
{
. }
_ iia wndptiene icdpalee raked Sy
gy: , : benige tite by
= 5 Shh is "S “hn ns yearning tt teeta aninlitlpeh-t sha ehieh tae
Z a Se lanee oh - Lal Lily pet de tert ote
* m sernbige ee ane at nee pect igen a eta
S ~~ q
s a —— “ — ms emt ety pe nl
rahe tate ¢
A a
; a se © se nips sal abi mt eee nee aa
ea bed . 4
in
mn" Pe
e _ . = = sa estyee-—n steiner in lian a nl a me
ae .
- foes " : “ =<
a A “ ods ere
easy An b
“ — - ~ - lava om mt wipes = ing mle ata ht et
Gros A! v* 1 , .,
cin eee en ime citi terete rth ae ihn I NO eh
aT ) 1 ¢
sen geerepltamSe noms pce Lerromcrfolaieonncannstatt wnaal ee Sette
ro fi
»
gules ee we
“ Oye G
a et ery er emma
- °, : ; 5
Contr, Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE 22.
LASIACIS SORGHOIDEA (DESV.) HITCHC. & CHASE.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE 23.
LASIACIS RUSCIFOLIA (H. B. K.) HITCHC,
He eh pte tie
dined SY mia me
NES GD
rai SIMA SM he ACO ARISE Er
“vet imayine mes pe
Ieee ac Apher leds eS Swe
spat
en hice hin rp apa Ha ai er een Saye
ee
eoity erp
ieee
fin da 7 rape ph adored nse Nee ace
Se kc tantenes cat Whine oan ae
Sts 5
Eh hy icons Flpcada saat tae een rr ee PNT eh
ot arta nae ln ttn aah SA A
tak 1 tae aloe i ge Isa ie ii dll lek ine
; : pate 8 Sa ie ly a et ep ds aby a ad ei eee
3 ~ vy o ts Cae
_se Penny sk ee eA ey Ae ee ae on aie EE 7
; Ree:
- i f
, 5
~
oom pe EES es i ili gd neal tween Se aha rte ie neler ha
. i _* : ‘ J 5 . ,
oe ‘ ‘ : 4 Te
- pit “ . et sare cc hifi ion ar le aaa mn ari pege
a - “ <i - - ile ial ee nha net Se eee th ee norm negara tll Eee ta
4 4
rw ‘ =e ane oie ocelot pe cmap epee ain hp tty epitinn niente nla
‘ . M x.
es 1 Rint
, —— hap thinatt ig oer nae er amt ene ttre cr ar wine ey
4 7
ne on ene es
~ ae “ ~~ ene - ~— _ mm _
Prin sae — - - — eee -
a otntend aa 4 <“s
wine vm» 7 REAR TES. SY ART ene o> <> EL RA
- oon = —— 2 ee aed
AEs more a aero ” merece eo
} ’
a te nee en - ae en
ee _ ee am ———~ fa hn re pe mt ay
wv f +4 Q
wo RECENT: Rp ee
bm er \ plied ad en lace chro! glenn rem ae Lpreryneait etme stnrmoesanmitgcreractiArye
* BY { J PY Ove Ug
i 4, rer WLP rhe
Rees
ee oe ee ~~ 7 .
ee nal
et ee
ua .
c ‘a
a — * ent: ot laparoscope
- . as A "
ay stent — ni in en ii le mc emi eee A ee —
he Mei 1 i a
‘ i A ne ee K
. < “a _ R
7 ee vaste a aaa fee melee tease eter = tt ety me
Prego
Mahoning ea pctnh tater yth an er heh peter danas
ris
ye
ee sacaasiaareinnamet a
aie petal nti oh tne nn
i fe cen apr amma eet
PLATE 24.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22.
LASIACIS ANOMALA HITCHC.
pricy Wit ia W dniiend caben|shLh expan p feted near dia atid aie yr |
eben dtaohenbabaphoestn
Sean iaeasssatacs iois-mebaniaaene a dab aiet anon iainratentaniic meee recat ee cere al
ibaa bob nla sion hme anche MAR eRe
te pera e) ‘
sere aarebty anid ten a neoprene
Asse rear arn armen wip Flier Tu. ard rags dae
Lin cae hori h eit eatin hago 9k
ebbecapis- ruse lon ae nape cenaaae
es .
tf tei pes a NS
poem rcentanpptt an oneal
Jp sider oe hb get tia een ea
hearcnats
aS
fice an stant paren ap poner \peamatae at dinapetenieetentaaeal atstor oeia
rye cask} riche pytaata lana kb rg g me rt tne a gemma ih feat a ty ge im
ey ; tie . y
{ ' wiley ‘
gpl te hey econ a 2 eng ween eg tpn flag pm ea tt tn Mein aha ar
tect ml inf ge ils hg i lt in-car arena
* ' “
hha indeed nied ee palin aah pthc ieeaylccal ta ae -
8 a ed lana bokch eden pian ach pGibanieetir graeme
: 7
naa tat Yooh AEX 4 — SATE
- ‘
phere rene ee ern . ied al
;
EES bseenlles dacyoiivnd - .
va +
{ ; fy iS -
se so . . o I iaiees ~ Rid atomic it pipenpets teaeamappsisirs
1 et min gear etry
ee ey oe ee my ee ee —— . paren te earn nr ne nran ae OIA
he ila dah tacaliphbnatioe ai gerecneealib-<enssigliieptimlblioy a afeaden tien Larose cemicmay mo earre reste th cto Sta et ein eee tices
trend Ai bens ee em ene cn anaemia
‘ re ee
F i : _
Pg ep aa I ae a tay rats aps tafe hig cements oe rn enema a Ms
D . ae f ‘ye —y
, ¢ oO he
OE Se re en ne a ren me
9 ¥ any Sane
SAE RADU aes eee On AIOE Se NOs | SSL Myo ne ~ te / W)
x:
Pes eg Sa
LR ag
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF BRACHIARIA.
By AGNES CHASE,
INTRODUCTION.
The group of grasses here discussed was until recent years com-
monly included in the genus Panicum. Although the genus Brachi-
arta Was proposed in 1853, it was not accepted as valid until 1901.
This is because its most distinctive character was overlooked—that
of reversed spikelets (that is, spikelets with the back of the fertile
lemma turned away from the axis instead of toward it, as in Paspalum
and in the few species of Panicum having racemose inflorescence).
As a section of Panicum, Brachiaria had been made to include a num-
ber of heterogeneous species, now referred to five distinct genera,
on the one common character of racemose inflorescence.
From HLriochloa and Awonopus, in which also the spikelets are
reversed, Brachiaria differs in having a well-developed first glume.
From the first it differs also in the unspecialized lower rachilla joint,
which in #riochloa is enlarged, and from the second in the turgid
spikelets and the racemose instead of digitate arrangement of the
racemes.
Brachiaria is one of the few genera of Paniceae which belong
chiefly to the Old World.
The text figures, drawn by the author, illustrate part of the
inflorescence, one-half natural size, and two views of the spikelet
and one of the fruit, magnified 10 diameters. In each case the
specimen from which the drawing was made is indicated.
HISTORY OF THE GENUS.
The genus Brachiaria Griseb.t is based on “ Panicum sect.
Brachiaria Trin.,” and a single species, B. erucaeformis (J. E.
Smith) Griseb., is included. Grisebach cites, not the first work? in
which Trinius proposes the section Brachiaria, but a later work,
Panicearum Genera,’ in which Trinius includes a somewhat differ-
ent group of species from those included in his first work. In
*In Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 469. 18538.
* Gram. Pan. 51, 125. 1826.
®Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI Sci. Nat. 37: 194. 1834,
33
34 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
De Graminibus Paniceis, Trinius divides Panicwm into six sec-
tions: a, Dierrarta (Syntherisma); b, Paspatum; ¢, Bracuiartia;
d, OrtHOPOGON (Oplismenus) ; e¢, JuBARIA (Chaetochloa, Pennisetum,
Hymenachne, Valota, and various other genera of Paniceae having
plumelike panicles); and f, Mmarta (Anthaenantia, Tricholaena,
and species from other genera). The sections are all artificial, Brachi-
aria especially so, including, as it does, species of Paspalum, Pan-
icum, Thrasya, and Echinochloa, the common character of the assem-
blage being the simple racemes. Four species having reversed
spikelets are included, Panicum falciferum Trin., P. polyphyllum
R. Br., P. glumare Trin., and “ P. granulare LaM.,” the last included
as a variety under “ Panicum brizoides Retz.” (P. punctatum Burm.).
In Panicearum Genera, the work which Grisebach cites, the species
with a single raceme (Paspalum decumbens and species of Thrasya)
are placed in the new section Harpostachys, leaving the remainder
under Brachiaria, an assemblage scarcely less heterogeneous than be-
fore. Two more species with reversed spikelets, Panicum tsachne
Roth (P. erucaeforme J. E. Smith) and P. plantaginewm Link, are
added, but the reversed position is not mentioned, nor are these six
species grouped together. Since there is nothing in either work to in-
dicate which species should be considered the type of Brachiaria, it
seems best to follow Grisebach and take as the type B. erucaeformis.
Grisebach, however, did not intentionally select this species as the
basis of the genus; it was the only species of Trinius’s section which
occurred in the Russian Empire, the grasses of which he was de-
scribing. Grisebach does not mention the reversed spikelets. This
character, first noted as generic by Nash? (“ flowering scale with its
opening toward the rachis”), confines the genus to B. erucaeformis
and its allies. The genus so limited is somewhat diverse, but taken
as a whole the morphological resemblances of the species segregated
on the combined characters of racemose inflorescence and reversed
position of solitary subsessile spikelets having a well-developed first
glume indicate a fairly natural genus, the extremes being united by
a series of intermediate species.”
Like several other genera of Paniceae, Brachiaria includes species
that appear to be closely related to outlying species of Panicum.
Panicum helopus Trin., from the Mascarenes, has solitary spikelets
in strict racemes, and papillose-rugose, awn-tipped fruit as in B.
meziana and other species of Brachiaria, but the spikelets are placed
as in Panicum fasciculatum and its allies. Urochloa panicoides
Beauv., from Mauritius, is, judging from the poor illustration and in-
In Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 50, 80. 1903.
* For further history of Brachiaria as section and genus, see Chase, Proc.
Biol. Soe. Washington 24: 126-129, 1911.
as RO |
Sone rtamereeinnesinuaar coe tnnascaiemecias
+ di seen ae fy ia a Oe a
incoherent Reha aslenariens oe an hog tetlea nearer
sana
ete nth es heey bm id mes as SO
bpm ay ip te a indi ba mtmeane
:
'
’
rhe ~
‘ ‘ oo gt eee «
- a <a si, teil on emt ai yy im iii en let i tte at et a a i le ts
2 : “6 ; : ; ~
ee ee oe _ - is pees Mate ee TE ARIAL ek TORT Se
. Paes. Ae al ete rk
x ‘ aT ole
a re ae nena mene een sin pm papraie mereryyee meas dap ess espe yrs Se eRe
\
/ y
me eee + ~ haan tl peamperorserth tly CATER
.
ae ee eter ny ee on eens
sen ety oo ey re ngs
i sa
\ ; . Cia o< ey . Stee a
en tw nar time Bi ane tte yay nay phar ahd {hanya nieinaanfingiataptatbabnertanshiionks
Wr na ne a we ne re ra en ee
1A } /
A : ; oo ly Swe
Ba wreneatbast iit rrebaor=etySithrptlene wetrnetaaceaaepe e pee omnia rae indl seh
vi 7
stneencnaeete
Fe RT
i SSAR aa
i tr
So 8 mee ne ea Pe a ee ee iain eating 9 oem
4 > -
Z - ' Mp tee Mine eR A A? So . 5
Me fm ee cm ey me te ee i ar rm a eet me ae Re aS
19% hoe : aT ey Ie 0 ‘ 1™
AN me a ene ee TR i ene fas pA ep yn ree ary
i ‘ tan ro ie:
ae i "
a
- wv BP Rd ats De
aoe waky
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 30
adequate description, closely related to P. helopus, and approaches
Brachiaria in the same way.
Our species represent nearly the extremes of diversity in the genus,
with B. erucaeformis, the type but not the center of the genus, at one
end, and B. ciliatissima at the other. The species most nearly related
to the latter is B. gilesii (Panicum gilesii Benth.) ,‘ of Australia, of
which a specimen of the type collection by C. Giles at Charlotte
Waters is in the National Herbarium.
In the tropics or subtropics of the eastern hemisphere there are
about 70 known species, a single one, B. erucaeformis, reaching south-
ern Europe, there probably introduced in ancient times. In America
are the six species described herewith. In Africa is a small group in
which the spikelets are crowded and almost pectinate on the rachis.
This includes B. brizantha (Hochst.) Stapf, the type collection of
which (Schimper, Iter Abyssinicum no. 89, October 3, 1837) is rep-
resented in the National Herbarium, B. falcifera (Trin.) Stapf, B.
soluta Stapf, and B. decumbens Stapf.?
Brachiaria miliiformis (Panicum miliiforme Presl* the type of
which, collected by Haenke in Luzén, was examined in the National
Museum at Prague by Prof. A. S. Hitchcock in 1907) is apparently
a common grass in the Philippines and has been distributed thence
uncer various names. It is represented in the National Herbarium
by the following: Merrill 332, 352, 9343, in Kneucker Gram. Exs. 610;
Elmer 10414; Loher 1787; Bur. Science 7624, 12231; Forestry Bur.
16661. It was collected in Guam by J. B. Thompson (no. 263).
Other species referable to Brachiaria, but which, because of the
impossibility at present of examining the type specimens in European
herbaria and working up the synonymy, are not here transferred, are:
Punicum intercedens Domin, P. reversum Muell., and P. polyphyllum
Rk. Br., of Australia; P. villosum Lam. and P. distachyon L., of
India; and P. ambiguum. Trin., of the East Indies. Various species
of true Panicum as well as P. ambiguum have been distributed under
the last named. In this species the spikelets are paired or solitary,
the first glume is nearly as long as the spikelet, and the fruit is awn-
tipped.
DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES.
BRACHIARIA (Trin.) Griseb.
Inflorescence of several to many usually dense racemes along a common axis;
spikelets solitary (rarely in pairs), subsessile in 2 rows on one side of
a 8-angled, sometimes narrowly winged rachis, the back of the fertile
2
*¥1, Austral. '7: 477. 1878.
* Stapf (in Prain, Fl. Trop. Africa 9: 505-567. 1919) describes 55 species of
Brachiaria, indicating that the species of this genus are chiefly African.
* Rel. Haenk. 1: 300. 1830.
36 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
lemma turned from the axis; spikelets dorsally compressed, sometimes turgid;
first glume well developed; second glume and sterile lemma equal or nearly so,
5 to 7-nerved, the lemma inclosing a hyaline palea and sometimes a staminate
flower; fruit indurate (in the type species smooth and shining), usually papil-
lose-rugose, the lemma usually apiculate or awn-tipped, the margins inrolled.
Annuals or perennials with usually flat blades, the culms often decumbent
and rooting at the lower nodes; confined to the warmer temperate and tropical
regions of both hemispheres.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Spikelets pubescent.
Plants annual; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, the pubescence about evenly dis-
tributes ss Eales ee eebaage Neen hs 1. B. erucaeformis.
Plants perennial; spikelets 3.5 to 4.5 mm. long, the pubescence conspicuously
uneven.
Fruit with a pubescent awn about 1 mm. long... 2. B. ophryodes.
IE SA WOIESS He) so a ise etlchess eemieiten bois Telcemecke some eine 3. B. ciliatissima.
Spikelets glabrous.
Plants perennial; spikelets about 3 mm. long; fruit awn-tipped.
4, B. meziana.
Plants annual; spikelets 4 mm, long or more; fruit awnless.
Rachis 1 to 1.5 mm. wide; spikelets about 4.5 mm. long, not turgid,
nor fiat-beaked beyond the fruit........ 6. B. plantaginea.
Rachis 2 mm. wide; spikelets about 4 mm. long, turgid, flat-beaked
beyond ithe fruit Stk PO add ances 5. B. platyphylla
.
soe 4
(Sy es A Att
re rae
1. Brachiaria erucaeformis (J. E. Smith) Griseb.
Panicum erucaeforme J. E. Smith in Sibth. FJ. Graec. 1: 44. pl. 59. 1806.
“Tn arvis circa Junonis templum in insula Samo.” The plate leaves no doubt
as to the identity of the species.
Panicum isachne Roth in Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 458. 1817. “In India
orient. Heyne.” The type specimen has not been examined, but the descrip-
tion identifies the species.
Panicum caucasicum Trin. Gram. Icon. 3: pl. 262, 1831. “Figura ad speci-
men e Caucaso orientali.” The plate identifies the species.
Panicum wightii Nees, Fl. Afr. Austr. 29. 1841. “In graminosis vallis ad
Gekau. . . . (Drége).” Two unpublished names based on Hast Indian col-
lections are cited as synonyms, “ Panicum wightianum W.-Arn. et N. ab E.
Glum. Ind. or. ined.,” and “ Panicum Koenigii Herb. Wight n. 14”; but since
it is to be assumed that Nees drew up his description for the African flora
from the Drége specimen, this is taken as the type. The description indicates
& small specimen.
Echinochloa erucaeformis Koch, Linnaea 21: 487. 1848. Based on Panicum
erucaeforme.
Panicum pubinode Hochst.; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 363. 1851. “In pl.
Schimp. Abyss., sect. III. no. 1855 . . . Crescit in convalle fluvii Tacazzé
(Schimper).” The spikelets are described as purple-tinged. It is on
this color difference that the author distinguishes it from P. erucaeforme.
Brachiaria erucaeformis Griseb. in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 4: 469. 1858. Based on
Panicum erucaeforme J. E. Smith.
Panicum isachne var. mexicana Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 114. 1896. “Speci-
men seen was cultivated from seed obtained in Mexico by U. S. Dept. Agricul.,
1887." Beal gives “P. eruciforme Sibth. . . . var. mexicana Vasey, ined.”
NS ery
oy,
AAR SPD al ie oe
ae ante aL foment apap dymsatny oa wd aan Ind wag Scheie fir sie Se howto ec Hahn SL a a
iP nine ecards Onis sm nse
rant neta ener nt arn Shetty gi tes Preeoasfideg
entrar ee alnreces mesa es roe nt panics cee oinpetanse
aa cent rece tiles alfa! pant ama at poe
Fi AEC Rani ooe ie va
yarn
ra Bai Sarasa ccctn . wines ate os “ ° si “3 - . a 7 fe wren caabaiatae latent edie ane ana Loer teenie Range
—
a ~ = = - < en eet eee ee
.
SME Ler eS hose enka a arc ee ip ae to tp cin tong reece ee agi a tate ene
a aes pipwens — = pe deeginy egepingy ciple wip fatoes
~ - ——— - Je - ta —
is
oo eee —— pee ng — som tater bai
es oe ing ie | se ee ee ne
; 4 j idm SoM] Pik ~~
* Vee > ) PM ees 3 oc hint) 2
Ja ence mip ponent yt =e my art erga ate eet ip om caspase nd
, - ¢ * 4
i
‘ P: 7 4
~~ — = — {arent ESS aS A DOLE eee
“ = ‘ er Pyle’ ©
a Se a a ee i ee
Pera ee ema . seat yy es ape al tt wt ili i ese ie ea ree
4 TT nM eat 1 FRE maN yi
iran Ere em we me rn eta a ema BN Lt ee en emp times sa emma
< ‘ ; f Wie ar
whe
pn ph mn nt i de em ee eg lla a a I
a ~~ cs » Pees J doy Oa
wl ne ain ee ae nn
TA ’
Senay Sa Nl CONT Aa sn Toa Soe NOE SV est Ye a
m a
a cs
sCuen aad iemsiy cite Gite a Aceh? Aimer anion a
et ert ee
} Poh ea
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. ol,
as a synonym. In the National Herbarium is a specimen of B. erucaeformis
bearing in Dr. Vasey’s hand the note “Closely related to P. erucaeforme.
Panicum new species. Cultivated by G. Vasey from Mexican seed,
of Dr. Ed. Palmer, 1887.” The species is not known from Mexico. It is
probable that the plants came up as weeds where seed of some Mexican grass
was sown and, samples of such seed not having been preserved, the fact that
this was not the species planted was not detected.
Roemer and Schultes,t doubtless by a typographical error, give the name
as “cruciforme” instead of “erucaeforme” (like Hruca), an error which is
copied in many later works.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, stoloniferous, extensively creeping, the slender ascending
flowering shoots 20 to 50 cm. tall, branching; culms glabrous, commonly grooved
when dry, the nodes densely pubescent; sheaths and
poth surfaces of the blades usually sparsely tubercu-
late-hirsute (or the blades glabrate), densely puberu-
lent at the junction of sheath and blade; ligule a ring
of hairs about 1 mm. long; blades flat, 1.5 to 10 cm.
(mostly 2 to 6 em.) long, 2 to 6 mm. wide, rounded
at the base; panicle long-exserted, 2 to 10 cm. long, the
5 to 12 racemes erect-falecate, imbricate, or the lower
distant their own length, the common axis and the
rachises very slender, angled, the axis scabrous or
sparsely pilose, the rachises and minute pedicels pilose ;
spikelets loosely imbricate, ovate-oblong, about 2.5 mm.
long; first glume minute, truncate or notched, glabrous;
second glume and sterile lemma about equal, 5-nerved,
papillose-pilose, rather obtuse, but the summits com- Fic. 1.—Brachiaria eru-
monly folding in, forming a point beyond the fruit; eel ORAS: Hrom e
: cultivated specimen,
fertile lemma and palea about 1.8 mm. long and 0.9 U.S) Nato erp:
mm. wide, pale, smooth, and shining, the 3 nerves of 928637.
the lemma faintly visible.
In dry ground the plants form small tufts of suberect culms, a habit rarely
seen in Old World specimens.
DISTRIBUTION.
Along ditches and in cultivated ground, mostly in arid regions, from Central
india west to Spain, and in eastern and southern Africa; in the United States
known only from specimens cultivated in the grass garden of the Department
of Agriculture at Washington, D. C., and at Arlington, Virginia, and persisting
for a short time as weeds, and from specimens grown at Pullman, Washington,
and Biloxi, Mississippi. Sparingly introduced in Barbados, West Indies, and
in the island of Guam.
2. Brachiaria ophryodes Chase, sp. nov.
Plants perennial, grayish green, 15 to 25 cm. tall; culms at first more or less
erect, becoming decumbent, freely branching and rooting at the lower nodes,
compressed, villous, or becoming glabrate above; sheaths mostly longer than the
internodes, somewhat keeled, villous; ligule membranaceous, ciliate, 0.5 mm.
long; blades flat, rather thick, 5 to 20 cm. long, 3 to 6 mm. wide, nearly linear
* Syst. Veg. 2: 426. 1817.
38 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
(or the uppermost shorter and lanceolate, and the basal ones as much as 15
em. long), acuminate, the white cartilaginous undulate margin scabrous and,
toward the rounded base, papillose-ciliate, more or less papillose-hispid on
both surfaces; primary panicles long-exerted, the secondary panicles short-ex-
serted or included at base, the common axis and rachises slender, angled,
scabrous, the rachises villous at base; racemes 2 to 4, nearly erect, 38 to 4 cm.
long, the short, thick pedicels bearing a few long white hairs; spikelets ap-
proximate, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, with a dense, silky-villous, or furlike band -
down each side; first glume half as long as the spikelet, acuminate, villous
below, the tip glabrous; second glume and sterile lemma equal, pointed beyond
the body of the fruit,
the glume villous except
at the summit, bearing
at each side of the prin-
cipal lateral nerves a
very dense band of as-
cending pale silky glis-
tening hairs inecreas-
ingly longer toward the
summit, the 2 bands
divided by the hidden
nerve, or the inner band
sometimes wanting, the
bands abruptly termi-
nating about one-fourth
below the summit; sterile lemma inclosing a long palea and sometimes a
staminate flower, 5 to 7-nerved, the third pair of nerves almost marginal,
the lateral internerves and margins villous, the second or lateral pair of
nerves bearing on the outer side a single band of dense hairs like those of
the second glume; fruit about 2.5 mm, long (excluding the awn), 1.5 mm. wide,
stramineous, transversely rugose, the lemma tipped with a puberulent awn
sometimes nearly 1 mm. long.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 693324, collected along an irriga-
tion ditch in loamy soil, at Monterrey, Nuevo Leén, Mexico, July 6, 1910, by
A. §. Hitchcock (no, 5538). Known only from the type collection.
Brachiaria ophryodes is allied to B. ciliatissima, from which it differs in
the stouter and pubescent culms, in the more densely flowered racemes, in the
abrupt termination below the summit of the spikelet of the band of glistening,
silky hairs, and in the awn-tipped lemma.
Fic. 2.—Brachiaria ophryodes. From the type specimen.
U 6 4 Ay A ea Auk
Smet é
bs - * HG
af 2: a2l./ VE
Panicum ciliatissimum Buckl. Prel. Rep. Geol. Agr. Surv. Tex. App. 4. 1866.
“Northern Texas.” The type specimen is in the herbarium of the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. No locality other than Texas is given on
the label.
38. Brachiaria ciliatissima (Buckl.) Chase,
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, producing long leafy stolons, with short internodes, rooting
at the swollen nodes, the blades short, firm, divaricately spreading; flow-
ering culms usually sparingly branching, erect or ascending, 15 to 40 cm. high,
glabrous, the nodes bearded; sheaths sparsely (or sometimes rather densely)
pilose, mostly shorter than the internodes; ligules densely hairy, less than 1
mm. long; blades 3 to 7 cm. long, 8 to 5 mm. wide, tapering from near the
Sab Apap A aes ol sop hae aay
Sicanst Seti
Stocco ine eel nS ego
Fide tere Hs Berita SoAaL WENT SS
HAN AES reo aa tio
el sate Pit Ne Spponcn nance ese
ae atin ecient Rye aty eed
ne ae Hi nse Hes
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE-—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 39
rounded base to a sharp point, flat, puberulent or glabrous, usually ciliate along
the lower part of the thick white margin; panicles finally long-exserted, 3 to 6
em. long, rarely over 1 cm. wide, the common axis and rachises slender, angled,
pubescent, the few branches erect or ascending, not strict racemes with spike-
lets regularly arranged as in the other species, 1 to 2 cm. long, sometimes re-
duced to 1 or 2 spikelets; spikelets mostly distant about their own length,
4 mm. long, about 1.8 mm. wide, pointed; first glume three-fourths the length of
the spikelet or more,
cuneate, 5-nerved,
glabrous, or with a
few silky hairs at
the very base; Sec-
ond glume and ster-
ile lemma subequal,
exceeding the fruit,
5-nerved, the inter-
nerves densely silky
pubescent, or in the
lemma _ sometimes
nearly glabrous, the
portion from the lat-
eral nerves to the Fie. 3.—Brachiaria ciliatissima. Panicle from Tracy 7955;
margins densely spikelet from the type specimen.
clothed with glisten-
ing white silky hairs; fruit 3 mm. long, about 1.6 mm. wide, ellipsoid, apiculate,
transversely rugose. :
The reversed position of the spikelets places this species more naturally in
Brachiaria than in Panicum. Moreover, B. ophryodes is obviously a connect-
ing link between this species and B. meziana.
DISTRIBUTION. .
Open sandy ground, Arkansas and Texas.
ARKANSAS: Benton County, Plank 8.
Texas: Kerrville, Hitchcock 53820. Austin, Hall 824. College Station, Hitch-
cock in 1903. Abilene, 7J’racy 7955. San Antonio, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 200.
Kingsville, Piper in 1906. Rockport, Chase 6063. San Diego, Smith in 1897.
Corpus Christi, Hitchcock 5848. Sarita, Hitchcock 5448. Pena, Nealley 31.
Eneinal, Grigiths 6381. Elsordo, Griffiths 6441, 6445. Torrecillas, Grif-
fiths 6482. Laredo, Hitchcock 5515; Reverchon 4150. Big Spring, Hitch-
cock 13358. Western Texas, Buckley in 1883.
4. Brachiaria meziana Hitche.
Brachiaria meziana Hitche. Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 12: 140. 1908. “The type
specimen is no. 156925 of the U. S. National Herbarium (Pringle’s 9592).”
This specimen was collected in the Cerro de Guadalupe, Federal District,
Mexico, altitude 2,250 meters, August 19, 1901.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, cespitose; culms flattened, glabrous or sparsely pilose, 15
to 40 cm. tall, at first erect or ascending and simple, later repeatedly branching
and decumbent-spreading, sometimes as much as 70 em, long, often rooting at
the nodes; sheaths loose, pilose, or scmetimes glabrate, densely ciliate on the
40 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
margin; ligule a ring of hairs about 1 mm. long; blades rather thick, 5 to 15
em. long (rarely longer), 5 to 10 mm. wide, flat, rounded at the base, papillose-
ciliate on the margins toward the base, sparsely pilose or nearly glabrous on
both surfaces; primary panicles long-exserted, those of the branches short-
exserted or included at the base, the common axis rather stout, angled, pilose;
racemes mostly 5 to 10, usually approximate, 1.5 to 4.5 cm. long, the lower
usually naked at the base; spikelets crowded, glabrous, 3 mm. long, about 1.8
mm. wide, ovate, abruptly acute, turgid, the minute pedicels long-pilose; first
glume one-third to scarcely half the length
of the spikelet, broad, acute or subacute,
3-nerved; second glume and sterile lemma
equal, 5-nerved; fruit 2.5 to 2.6 mm. long
(excluding the awn), about 1.5 mm. wide,
papillose-roughened, the lemma tipped with
an awn about 0.5 mm. long.
DISTRIBUTION.
Low moist open ground on the uplands
of Mexico.
CHIHUAHUA: Chihuahua, Pringle 375.
CoaHuILA: Saltillo, Hitcheock 5593.
DurANco: Durango, Hitchcock 7619; Pal-
mer 533 in 1896.
San Luis Potosi: San Luis Potosi, Hitch-
Fic. 4.—Brachiaria meziana. From Cock 5668, Cardenas, Hitchcock 5770.
the type specimen. QUERETARO: Querétaro, Hitchcock 5802;
Agniel 10262.
ZACATECAS: Zacatecas, Hitchcock 7516.
AGUASCALIENTES: Aguascalientes, Hitchcock 7492.
JaALisco: San Nicolas, Hitchcock 7225. Rio Blanco, Palmer 254 in 1886.
Puesio: Atlixco, Nelson in 18938; Puebla, Arséne 315, 493.
FEDERAL District: Hitchcock 5891; Pringle 9592; Bourgeau 222, 489; Oreutt
3692.
GUANAJUATO: Acimbaro, Hitchcock 6928. Irapuato, Hitchcock 7416.
Oaxaca: Oaxaca, Conzatti é Gonzdlez Pou ‘o i,
5. Brachiaria fplatyphylla (Griseb.) Nash.
Paspalum platyphyllum Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 280. 1866. ‘‘ Cuba oce.
(Wrlight] 3441), in humidis pr. Zarabanda (Wr. a. 1865).” The type speci-
men in the Grisebach Herbarium consists of two plants, each with two racemes.
Panicum platyphyllum Munro; Wright, Anal.» Acad. Cienc. Habana 8: 206.
1871. Based on Paspalum platyphyllum Griseb.
Brachiara platyphylla Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 81, 1827. 1903.
Based on “ Panicum platyphyllum Munro.”
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, rather coarse; culms compressed, glabrous, decumbent at the
base, rooting and commonly branching at the lower nodes, the flowering
branches ascending, sparingly branching from the lower nodes; sheaths rather
loose, sparsely pilose, at least along the margins and toward the summit; ligule
a ring of hairs scarcely 1 mm. long; blades rather thick, 4 to 12 em. long
(rarely longer), 6 to 12 mm. (usually about 10 mm.) wide, flat, glabrous ex-
note Gaoplon platy pelg Larne Mehl 1927
ee
She omit Sepa ne
it FAY
‘
wt oy
wees A eae ses -
wre poety ne mer she emanates Anhalt file oe wie lmcain he tts 2 Adh re2
. sere ett en an oe ee Ter on oe wan Pate wt poyinnh ti
= 7 i r BR AGe <
pa ee ee eee rs
Se ee is Ce POT RE : a5 am irs
«pneu d+ nahi tile Aryeh flit)
” 8 p
x
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE--NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 41
cept near the margins at the rounded base, scabrous on the white marginal
nerve; panicle short-exserted or included at base, the common axis flat;
racemes 2 to 6, commonly distant nearly or quite their own length, 3 to 8 ecm.
long or the lowermost 9 cm. long, ascending or spreading, often arcuate; rachis
villous at the very base, winged, 2 mm. wide, scabrous on the slightly
upturned margin; spikelets usually barely imbricate, ovate, glabrous, 4
to 45 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide,
the lower two-thirds turgid, flattened
toward the summit; first glume
scarcely one-third the length of the
spikelet, broad, blunt, 8 to 5-nerved;
second glume and sterile lemma equal,
exceeding the fruit and forming a
flat beak beyond it, 8 to 5-nerved,
with faint transverse wrinkles be-
tween the nerves toward the summit;
fruit 3 mm. long, 1.7 to 1.8 mm. wide,
elliptic, turgid, papillose-roughened.
e
DISTRIBUTION.
Low sandy open ground, southern
Louisiana and Texas and in western
Cuba. * G AA oe
LovutstaNA: Shreveport, Ball 91;
Hitchcock in 1903.
Texas: Houston, Hall 814; Nealley 70.
College Station, Reverchon 1879;
eechicock Any date: ; a tna Fig. 5.—Brachiaria platyphylla. Part of
Thurow in 1898. Ennis, Smith in panicle from Leén 4848; spikelet from
1897. Jacksonville, Joor 25. Har- the type specimen.
ris County, Joor 16. x
CuBA: Pinar del Rio, Wright 3441, 3853, 3867. San Diego de los Bafios, Leén
4522, 4848. Sumidero, Shafer 13850; Shafer & Leén 136387, 18724 (also dis-
tributed under the same numbers as Leon & Shafer).
Ht hy | I!
Fl Vi
‘6. Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchce.
Panicum plantagineum Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 206. 1827. Described from a
specimen grown in the Berlin Botanical Garden, the habitat given as un-
known. In the Link Herbarium, in the herbarium of the Berlin Botanical
Garden, is a specimen labeled “Panicum plantagineuwm Link, Lk. Hort 1, p. 206.
Brasilia, Beyrich.” The description does not apply perfectly to this specimen, in
that the lower racemes are said to be long-peduncled and the palea of the neuter
floret wanting. The racemes in this species are usually spikelet-bearing nearly
to the base, but spikelets undeveloped or fallen might give the impression of
a peduncle, and the sterile palea, normally present, may sometimes be obso-
lete. The type may not have been preserved. This is evidently the specimen
which was examined by Trinius and which caused him’ to refer his P. leandri
to P. plantagineum Link.
Panicum leandri Trin. Gram. Icon. 8: pl. 335. 1886. “ Figura ad specimen Bra-
silianum,” presumably collected by Leandro de Sacramento, a Carmelite friar,
*Gram. Icon, 3: Corr. et Emend. pl. 335. 1836.
115808—19 4"
{
49 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
who was stationed at Rio Janeiro and who sent botanical collections to Paris
and Munich. The specimen was not found in the Trinius Herbarium, but the
plate identifies the species.
Panicum distans Salzm.; Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2?: 186. 1877. A herbarium
name given as a synonym of Panicum plantagineum.
Brachiaria plantaginea Hitche. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 212. 1909. Based
on Panicum plantagineum Link.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants resembling B. platyphylla, more widely creeping and commonly taller,
the sheaths ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous or nearly so, the blades
with a few hairs on the margins at the narrowed or slightly rounded base,
rather lax, mostly 8 to 12 mm. wide, 5 to 20 em. long, or rarely longer; panicle
short-exserted or included at the base, the common axis more slender than in
B. platyphyila, mostly folded; racemes 38 to 6, or on the branches 1 or 2, 3 to 10
em. long, rarely longer, ascending or spreading, sometimes flexuous; rachis 1 to
Fic. 6.—Brachiaria plantaginea. From Pringle 3904.
1.5 mm. wide, usually appearing more slender because of the infolded margins ;
spikelets glabrous, 4 to 4.7 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide, elliptic, less turgid than
in B. platyphylla, depressed down the middle of the sterile lemma, this and the
second glume not forming a flattened beak beyond the fruit; fruit plano-convex,.
3 to 3.5 mm. long, minutely papillose-roughened, the rachilla joints between the
glumes and lemmas slightly developed, placing the fruit nearer to the summit
of the spikelet.
A species of wider range and more variable than B. platyphylla.
DISTRIBUTION.
Open, mostly moist ground, at an altitude of 900 to 2,100 meters in the
uplands of Mexico, and south to Bolivia and southern Brazil. In 1879 it ap-
peared in ballast at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Burk), and Camden, New
Jersey (Martindale).
Duranco: Durango, Hitchcock 7576; Palmer in 1896.
San Luts Potosi: Las Canoas, Hitchcock 5758; Pringle 3904. Cardenas, Hitch-
cock 5752.
pares cys rcen
ope inelen entries
sep mnees hee tr anne nen ae
VOSANTIG a-P aaa (Sa ON Aap nla. raat
Aone
es a apa ae ea gt i a Sanne OI i Sgn sab powasoc a
; Nese sue Rime ‘ 5
LIS om rs ey, if .
nif tll th ling ea rahlne OIE i ofl Len ete anyeleccn tt Lian Call sn dled : tin
‘x: Pa Ly Deus thy i -: . 3 7
Se eee tach le aay nn eal a
. : u nD apNe ’ a ¢ . ¢
Mapa a tennis Se gS payee Sinan nea ee lean a ei! ea enn ee tli emt
Wenmeinathse Ohad dei tet den Na be Pa Sa yc sane) aeajr pa
Sata Saino raid
ace opel Aladin sentdls alt theyre ayeontinh st faunas Sad nated eape ara toae yao chirp oie
ee Her ras ek in poner nee pein Cee li AEN
mes oie iat ie 9 nic aninn Nene nn teh Snir caiman en ees teuccencen ago edge lype
en agente ld ath plead bles ern nite a Minny aegis esaie tn Sapa opel atin ide ar pal pis by Per de AW aban
aac ie nan iiehesanec les Senda ase uaiAl cd Cnerenta nea ig Se Ue eh OLR SNS
pat Cane pte eerie pcre Nyid Shweta
2 eile ae ye ak as a ind bet nie bwin Osh aicad BESS Pees aaa =e
~
,, * - en ee ee vere
eR eR Ne es pl eee Ree a Re ee nem
“a - * 5
] ? i Re p
Seer" m a nr a pee et ia ee ata tote Asi ae yl niall
—_ -~ EN OREN i ime Rm
I eR pm ENN ee me cm a ge a a el eg ny Re samt ie
als
‘ : we M
e yc Et Pes
Zt ae a eg
Se ane ete,
7 Eis
wd at
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 43
MoreEtos: Cuernavaca, Hitchcock 6853; Orcutt 3890.
Cotmma: Jala, Hitchcock 7010. Colima, Orcutt 4616.
AGUASCALIENTES: Aguascalientes, Hitchcock T488.
GuANAJUATO: Irapuato, Hitchcock 7410. Acambaro, Hitchcock 6937.
Jatisco: Guadalajara, Hitchcock 7320. Zapotlin, Hitchcock 7186. San Nico-
las, Hitchcock 7192.
Veracruz: Orizaba, Hitchcock 6315. Jalapa, Hitchcock 6653. Cdordoba, Hitch-
cock 6405.
Oaxaca: Oaxaca, Hitchcock 6122; Conzatti & Gonzdlez 350a.
IticHoackn: Urudpan, Hitchcock 6990.
GUATEMALA: Guatemala City, Hitchcock 9071. San Miguel Uspanlain, Heyde &
Lue 3556.
Satvapor: San Salvador, Hitchcock 8961.
NicARAGUA: Masaya, Hitchcock 8647.
Costa Rica: San Franciseo de Guadalupe, Pittier 16124. San José, Tonduz
8029, 6943. Alajuelita, Pittier 2998. Guadalupe, Hitchcock Shar; Tondug
7592. Atenas, Hitchcock 8522. Alajuela, Jiménez 521.
Braziz: Campinas, Campos Novaes 1252. Goyaz, Gardner 3499. Rio Quebra
Anzol, Dorsett € Popenoe 161b. Quixada, Ceara, Lofgren 3912. Rio Tardo,
Rio Grande do Sul, Jurgens G46. Locality unknown, Riedel 1950; Glaziou
3609.
Boxtvia: Without locality, Bang 2588.
EXCLUDED SPECIES.
BRACHIARIA DIGITABIODES (Carpenter) Nash*=Panicum hemitomon Schult.
BRACHIARIA OBTUSA (H. B. K.) Nash= Panicum obtusum H. B. K.
BRACHIARIA PROSTRATA (Lam.) Griseb.=Panicum reptans L.
*In Britton, Man. 77. 1901. Nash at this time accepted Brachiaria as a genus
without reference to the reversed spikelets.
eave aan tan ye aes
“\ bh Seen st
= RRA Gre
ae ~HEBARTD cacinatias senor
A Sit ee Winns Sta
COS ginal seen tatiane ey
at <1 2 downey “waa
FER Tote toi: WirchaatesA, TR Ajo SL i
. COA! Ou DET Hon Anat A ASLO OS Fat intial ih
=a iupenype
| Me: |
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CENCHRUS.
By AGNES CHASE.
INTRODUCTION.
The sandburs, common and troublesome to man and stock in sandy
regions throughout the warmer parts of the United States and south-
ward, form a compact genus of closely related species and are the
most highly specialized group of the tribe Paniceae. While these
grasses, by reason of their aggressiveness, are familiar to all in the
regions they inhabit, the species have been much confused. The
revision here offered is based primarily upon the collections in the
United States National Herbarium. Type specimens have been ex-
amined in the herbaria of the New York Botanical Garden, the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and the Charleston
Museum. In 1907 A. S. Hitchcock visited the more important her-
baria of Europe, making notes upon the type specimens of species
based on American collections, and taking photographs of them.
While his work was primarily on the genus Panicum, his study
of Linnaeus’s and Grisebach’s types included those of Cenchrus.
For the loan of Fournier’s types I am indebted to the herbarium of
the Universitetets Botaniske Have, Copenhagen, and to that of the
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Jardin des Plantes, Paris, and for
Sprengel’s type to Dr. Urban of Berlin. Of some species the type
specimens have not been seen. In such cases the fact is stated.
In this revision the method of work outlined in the Revision of
the North American Species of Panicum? has been followed.
The text figures, drawn by the author, illustrate the outer face of
bur, that is, the side in view when the bur is attached to the axis, two
views of the spikelet, and one of the fruit. The figures are all magni-
fied five diameters. In each case the specimen from which the draw-
ings were made is indicated. The burs are variable, and the spikelets
are often distorted by the pressure of the involucre. The burs and
spikelets selected were as representative of the respective species as
possible. The spikelets are not always from the bur figured, but in
every case they are from the same plant.
+See Hitchcock, Types of American Grasses, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 13:
113-158. 1908; and Hitchcock and Chase, op. cit. 15: 2-4. 1910.
* Hitchcock & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 1-8. 1910.
45
46 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
TERMINOLOGY.
The morphological nature of the bur characteristic of Cenchrus
seems not to have engaged the attention of botanists until recent
years. In his description of the genus Linnaeus refers to the bur
as an involucre; in the Species Plantarum “female glumes” is the
term used for bur, as shown by the description of C. tribuloides
“olumis femineis globosis muricato-spinosis hirsutis.” The great
majority of authors, early and late, have used the term inyolucre or
involucel, common involucre, or involucre of spines. Ray uses the
word “echinus,” which is about the equivalent of our word “bur.”
Sloane writes of the “little burs or large roundish prickly seeds.”
Morison and Scheuchzer use the term “locusta” for the bur, ap-
parently regarding it as a spikelet, since locusta is the term in com-
mon use by early authors for spikelet. Adanson describes the bur
under calyx; Cavanilles calls it a common calyx. Trinius at first
uses the term “capitulus” and later the same word for the bur of
C. tribuloides and “involucel” for that of C. myosuroides. Hackel
uses the word “ Hiillen,” envelope or husk. Several authors have
used the terms bur or false capsule (Scribner, Wooton and Standley)
as well as the term involucre. Nash describes the bur as consisting
of “ two spine-bearing valves forming a bur ” (in several species, espe-
clally in C. pauciflorus, there is a deep cleft on the outer face of the
bur). In none of these usages is there any indication of what the
bur is supposed to be morphologically.
Doell+ suggests that the involucre is derived from a leaf. He
states [translated ] :
At the base of the spike of C. tribuloides and other species of this genus are
often to be seen rudimentary bracts, from the axils of which spring branches
provided with an involucre at base; this appears to me noteworthy. I suspect
that the involucre itself has perhaps been formed from a many-cleft bract on
the common axis. The nature and structure of the involucre will be discussed
in another place. It is enough to say here that the involucre of Cenchrus has
been derived from a single leaf,
The bract mentioned is that visible at the base of most panicles of
grasses, usually represented by a minute ridge. The lowest bur of
the spike in this genus is sometimes abortive, appearing as a narrow
fascicle of bristles. Such an aborted bur must have been the branch
that Doell observed in the axil of the bract.
Goebel,? as the result of a study of the development of the inflor-
escence of Cenchrus echinatus and C. spinifex, shows that Doell’s con-
clusion was erroneous and that, instead, the bur is derived from co-
hesion of the members of a complex system of branches. This theory
accords perfectly with observations made by the author.
In Mart. Fl. Bras. 2?: 309. 1877.
? Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. Pringsh. 14: 21-23. 1882.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—-NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 47
In this revision “involucre” and “bur” are used as having no
morphological significance, involucre meaning a covering or envelope
only and bur a spiny fruit. The “body of the bur” is the cup-
shaped or globose part formed by the coalesced part of the branch-
lets, from which the free ends extend. The “lobes” are the free
ends of the innermost ring of branchlets which form the body. In
some species they differ in appearance from the outer spines.
The inflorescence is, morphologically, a contracted panicle with
short fascicled branches, these disarticulating from the main axis,
all but a few of them being sterile. For convenience the inflorescence
is here termed “spike,” because it appears to be a spike, though
morphologically it is a panicle.
HISTORY OF THE GENUS.
The sandburs were known to pre-Linnaean botanists from garden
specimens only, or from a very few collections from the New World.
Comparatively few references to them are found in pre-Linnaean
botanical works. A common weed of the Mediterranean region,
Echinaria capiiata, with spikelets of spiny-lobed florets, crowded in
a globose head, was commonly grouped with the sandburs by the
early authors, and was included in Cenchrus by Linnaeus when he
established that genus. The following phrase names have been
identified as applying to species of Cenchrus:
Gramen Americanum spica echinata majoribus locustis. Scholz, Hort. Vratis.
Cat. Bot. 258. 1587. This phrase name is cited by Plukenet (Phytographie 2:
177, pl. 92. f. 38. 1696), whose figure is a fairly good illustration of Cenchrus
echinatus, and by others. Scholz’s work has not been seen.
Amongeaba. Piso, Med. Bras. 120. 1648. The colored plate is a crude illus-
tration of Cenchrus echinatus or C. viridis. It is more like the latter.
Gramen tribuloides spicatum maximum Virginianum. Pluk. Phytog. 2: 177.
1696. If the specimen or seed was sent from Virginia, as indicated by the
name, it is doubtless C. tribuloides.
Gramen echinatum maximum spica rubra vel alba. Sloane, Cat. Plant. Jam.
30. 1696. Sloane’s specimen so named, from Jamaica, preserved in the British
Museum of Natural History,’ is C. echinatus.
Gramen maritimum echinatum procumbens culmo longiori & spicis strigo-
sioribus. In Insula parva arenosa Gun cayos dicta non procul ab urbe Port-
Royal collegi. Sloane, Cat. Plant. Jam. 30. 1696; Hist. Jam. 1: 108. pl.
65. f. 1. 1707. The plate represents a plant of C. pauciflorus very like Hitch-
cock’s no. 9687 from Black River, Jamaica.
Gramen echinatum spicatum locustis crassioribus tribuloidibus Virginianum.
E seminibus e Virginia transmissis. Moris. Pl. Hist. 3: 195. pl. 5. 1699.
The figure represents C. tribuloides.
Gramen locustis tumidioribus, echinatis. Scheuch. Agrost. Hist. 77. 1719.
Described from a specimen in the Royal Garden at Montpellier. The descrip-
tion of the slender, horrid spines spreading on all sides identifies this as
some species of Cenchrus.
See Hitchcock, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 181. 1908.
48 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Panicastrella Americana, major, annua, spica laxa, purpurascente. Micheli,
Nova Pl. Gen. 36. pl. 31. 1729. The phrase names of Sloane and of Plukenet
given above as pertaining to C. echinatus are cited, but Sloane’s phrase is
changed by omitting “vel alba.” The figure is a crude illustration of a
Cenchrus bur. Micheli does not indicate which of his two species it is meant
to show.
Panicastrella Americana, minor, annua, spica angustiori, densa, albicante.
Micheli, op. cit. 37. ‘“‘Gramen echinatum, maximum, spica alba. Sloan.” is
cited. Sloane’s name, “ spica rubra vel alba,” applies to C. echinatus.
Linnaeus first describes the genus Cenchrus in the second edition
of the Genera Plantarum,’ placing it in his class “ Polygamia
monoecia,” between Aegilops and Valantia (a genus of the
Rubiaceae). The description is as follows:
“ CENCHRUS*. Panicastrella Mich. 31.
Cat. Involucra plura, laciniata, echinata, in capitulum congesta: singulis
sessilibus tres calyces includentibus.
Perianthium Gluma bivalvis, lanceolata, concava, acuminata, biflora, corolla
brevior.
Cor. altera mascula, altera hermaphrodita.
Propria singula bivalvis: valvulis lanceolatis, acuminatis, concavis, muticis:
interiore minore.
Stam. singulis Filamenta tria, capillaria, longitudine corollulew, Anthere
sagittate.
Pist. Hermaphroditis Germen subrotundum. Stylus filiformis, longitudine
staminum. Stigmata duo, oblonga, pilosa, patentia.
PER. nullum.
SEM. subrotundum.
This description is copied exactly in the second, third, fourth, and
fifth editions. In the Species Plantarum,? from which under botani-
cal codes the name dates, Linnaeus includes five species: 1. C. racemo-
sus (Nazia racemosa Kuntze), 2. C. capitatus (Echinaria capitata
Desf.) , 3. C. echinatus, 4. C. tribuloides, 5. C. frutescens. The generic
description given above applies only to C. echinatus and C. tribu-
loides. In the first two species there is nothing that could be called
an involucre including the flowers, the spines being borne on the
glumes in the first and being the lobes of the lemmas in the second.
The two florets described, one masculine, the other hermaphrodite.
are found only in the third and fourth species. From the description
it is evident that Linnaeus had dissected a bur of some species of
Cenchrus, and the three “ calyces ” noted point to C’. echinatus as the
species he had, since in (. tribuloides there are rarely more than two
spikelets. The fifth species, C. frutescens is not identifiable. The
description is as follows:
“CENCHRUS capitulis lateralibus sessilibus, foliis mucronatis, caule
fruticoso.
“ Arundo graminea aculeata. Alp. exvot. 105. t. 104.
* 493. 1742. 71049, 1753.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 49
‘“Gramen orientale spicatum fruticosum spinosum, spicis echinatis in capi-
tulum congestis. Tournef. cor. 39.
“ Habitat in America.”
The description of a sessile lateral head does not apply to any
grass known to us. In the second edition of the Species Plantarum?
the habitat is changed to “Armenia.” There is no specimen of this
species in the Linnaean Herbarium.? The illustration given in
Alpino’s work® does not represent any species of grass. It appears
more like a species of Salicornia. The plant is described as creeping
in wet places, in the island of Crete.
Panicastrella Micheli, cited by Linnaeus as a synonym in the
Genera Plantarum, is discussed above. Both Micheli’s phrase names
are referable to C. echinatus.
Of the two species of Linnaeus to which his generic description
applies C. echinatus is taken as the type of the genus.
Subsequent to 1753 the first and second species were each made the
type of a distinct genus. Mazia Adans.* was based on C. racemosus,
and Echinaria Desf.® on C. capitatus. Recently Lunell® proposed
the name Nastus (giving Dioscorides as author) for “ Cenchrus
frutescens Linn.” “Not Cenchrus Hippokrates.” Supposing @.
frutescens L. to be congeneric with our American species of Cenchrus,
Lunell transfers C’. carolinianus Walt. to Nastus. The name Nastus
Lunell is antedated by that of Jussieu, 1789, for a genus of Bam-
boseae.
Two generic names based on species now included in Cenchrus have
been proposed. These are:
Raram Adans. Fam. Pl. 2: 85, 597. 1763. No species are given. The generic
synonyms are: ‘‘ Amongeaba. Pis. 120.” (discussed above); ‘ Panicastrella.
Mich. t. 81.” (discussed above) ; “ Gramen. Pluk. t. 92. f. 30,” cited by Linnaeus
under Cenchrus echinatus; “ Echinaria. Heist.’”, presumably the same as
Hehinaria Desf., to which Linnaeus’s second species of Cenchrus is now re-
ferred ; ‘‘ Cenchrus. 3. Lin. Spec. 1050.,” which is C. echinatus. Selecting a type
species by reference to Linnaeus’s Species Plantarum, C. echinatus is taken as
the type of Raram.
Cenchropsis Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 109. 1827. 1903. “Type,
Cenchrus myosuroides H. B. K.,” the only species included. This is distin-
guished (in the key, page 51) by an involucre of numerous rigid bristles
thickened at the base, from Cenchrus which is said to have an “involucre of
two spine-bearing valves.”
11489. 1763. Na Ae
? See Munro; Proc. Linn. Soc. 6: 55. 1862.
® De Plantis Exoticis 104. 1627. .
“Fam. Pl. 2: 31, 581. 1763.
‘FI. Atlant. 2: 385. 1799.
® Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 214. 1915.
* Heister (Syst. Pl. Gen. 12. 1748) lists this name among others under “ Grami-
neae. Ordo 1. Monaclinae.” There is nothing to indicate to what genus it
refers. y
50 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES.
CENCHRUS L.
Spikelets sessile, one to several together, permanently inclosed in a bristly
or spiny involucre or bur, composed of more or less coalesced sterile branchlets ;
burs sessile or nearly so on a slender, compressed or angled axis, its apex
produced into a short point beyond the uppermost bur, the burs falling entire,
the grains germinating within them; involucre (especially in our species)
somewhat oblique, its body irregularly cleft, the lobes rigid, in most species
resembling the spines, the cleft on the side of the bur next to the axis reaching
to the tapering, abruptly narrowed or truncate base, the bristles or spines
barbed, at least toward the summit; spikelets mostly glabrous or nearly so;
first glume 1-nerved, usually narrow, sometimes wanting; second glume and
sterile lemma 8 to 5-nerved, the lemma inclosing a well-developed palea and
usually a staminate flower; fruit usually turgid, indurate, the lemma acuminate,
the nerves visible toward the summit, the margins thin, flat, a prominent
U-shaped ridge on the back just above the base, the radicle at germination
breaking through its outer margin; stamens 3; styles 2, the stigmas plumose;
grain dorsally compressed, with a punctiform hilum, free within the lemma
and palea.
Annuals or perennials, mostly of sandy or arid soils. The burs at
maturity are readily attached by their barbed spines to passing animals, the
seed thus being widely distributed. In the Caribbean Islands sandburs have
been found attached to the feet and plumage of water birds,
In America the species are found from Massachusetts to Oregon and south to
Argentina and Chile. In the United States they are commonly called sandburs.
Other names are burgrass, sand spur, hedgehog grass, and devil’s burs. The
species have some forage value, especially in the Southwestern States, where,
starting growth in early spring, they produce an abundance of leafy forage
which is readily grazed until the burs ripen. On the whole, however, the species
are troublesome weeds in fields and waste ground.
About 25 species are known, 15 in the western hemisphere, the others in arid
parts of southwestern Asia, eastern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania,
and Hawaii.
In Cenchrus is found the extreme specialization of sterile branchlets of the
inflorescence, the simplest form of which is found in Panciuwm, subgenus
Paurochaetium (Panicum chapmani Vasey and its allies)*, in which the ulti-
mate branchlet of the narrow panicle is produced beyond the uppermost spikelet
as a minute bristle, persistent on the axis, the spikelet falling without it. In
the West Indian genus Paratheria and the Australian Chamaeraphis, with a
single sterile branchlet below the spikelet, is found the simplest form of the
series in which the articulation is at the base of the spikelet-bearing branch,
the sterile branchlets falling attached to it. In Pennisetum the sterile branch-
lets are few to many, usually very slender, not rigid, free or rarely united at
the very base. In Cenchrus the sterile branchlets are rigid and united below.
This specialization reaches its extreme development in our North American
species, in all but one of which the united branchlets form a cuplike receptacle
in which the spikelets are partly hidden. The immense burs of C. palmeri are
the utmost known development of the specialization of sterile branchlets. Sev-
eral species of the eastern hemisphere are more like the introduced C. cathar-
ticus. In C. pilosus the bristles are antrorsely scabrous. In C. australis of
Australia, with plumose, less rigid involucre, the genus approaches Pennisetum.
* Hitchcock & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 22. 1910. -
Mohan : Gs (eqe sa
ICT - Iq22.
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 51
In all our species the bur varies in size and in the length of the spines. This
variation is not so important, systematically, as it would seem at first sight,
since the bur is only a fascicle of branchlets and as such varies relatively
much less than do the branchlets of an ordinary panicle. The spikelets in a
single bur are unequally developed; usually one is larger with plumper grain
than the rest. In the illustrations it is these better-developed spikelets that
are shown and their measurements that are given in the descriptions.
In three specimens of C. pauciflorus (Pammel’s no. 657 from Des Moines, Iowa,
a plant collected by Jones at Grinnell, Iowa, and Hitchcock’s no. 6128, from
Oaxaca, Mexico,) the lowest burs are undeveloped, the well-developed spikelet
being naked or having a few rudimentary bristles below it on the very short
peduncle.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Involucral lobes united at the base only; spikes dense,
Plants perennial; involucral lobes terete, scabrous. ... 1. C. myosuroides,
Plants annual; inner involucral lobes suleate down the outside, densely —
Villous-cillateswabhine sg% swiss veces «kee ners 2. C. ycatharticus.) »
Involucral lobes united above the base. y
Blades involute, squarrose, numerous, conspicuously distichous, not over
‘ 2.) em. long, about, 1.cm. apart. <2...) . tan 3. C. distichophyllus.
Blades not involute and squarrose, nor conspicuously distichous, much
longer and farther apart.
Involucre with a ring of slender bristles at base. Plants annual.
Bristles antrorsely scabrous, much exceeding the involucral lobes.
: 4, C. pilosus.
Bristles retrorsely barbed, not much exceeding the involucral lobes.
Burs, excluding the bristles, not over 4 mm. wide, numerous,
crowded in a long spike; lobes of the involucre inter-
lockines nob SpPINeGlike yj cet caaasaten caesceue: 5. C. viridis. =e4
id
Burs, exciuding the bristles, 5 to 7 mm. wide, not densely
crowded ; lobes of the involucre erect or nearly so or rarely
one or two lobes loosely interlocking, the tips spinelike.
Spikelets about 5.5 mm. long; involucral lobes villous at
DASeewithin 54. ohh ewes ote ele ve 6. C. echinatus.
Spikelets 6.5 mm, long; involucral lobes long-ciliate except
Calime ASA DH OWW OBIE ears cman haat arene Crarse baer a Ane ae 7. C. insularis.
Involucre with flattened spreading spines, no ring of slender bristles
at base. i
Body of the bur ovate, not over 3.5 mm. wide, tapering at base;
plants perennial.
Burs glabrous; spines 4 to 6 mm. long... . 8. C. gracillimus,
Burs pubescent ; spines rarely over 4 mm. long, usually shorter.
Body of bur 3 to 3.5 mm, wide; spines 3 to 4 mm. long.
9. C. incertus.
Body of bur less than 3 mm. wide; spines 2 to 8 mm. long.
10. C. microcephalus.
Body of the bur globose, 5 mm. wide or more, not tapering at base;
plants annual.
Burs, including spines, 7 to 8 mm. wide, finely pubescent.
11. C. pauciflorus.
Burs, including spines, 10 to 40 mm. wide, densely woolly.
Burs several to many; spines not over 8 mm. long.
12. C. tribuloides.
Burs 1 to 4; spines 1 cm. long or more... 13. C. p iumeri,
52 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
1. Cenchrus myosuroides H. B. K.
Cenchrus myosuroides H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 115. pl. 35. 1816. Collected
by Humboldt and Bonpland on Flamingo Key, off the pert of Bataban6, Cuba.
The type specimen has not been examined, but the plate identifies the species.
Panicum cenchroides Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 1: 111. 1816. Not P. cenchroides
Rich. 1792. Collected by ‘“ Dr. Baldwin, who found it on Jekyl Island, Georgia.”
The type specimen in the Elliott Herbarium consists of the upper part of a
culm with inflorescence.
Pennisetum pungens Nutt. Gen. Pl. 1: 54. 1818. Based on Panicum cen-
chroides Ell. :
Pennisetum myosuroides Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 303. 1825. Based on Cen-
chrus myosuroides H. B. K.
Cenchrus elliottii Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 51. 1829. Based on Panicum cen-
chroides Ell.
Cenchrus alopecuroides Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 317. 1830. Not C. alopecuroides
Thunb. 1794. The type specimen was collected by Haenke, but the habitat
was unknown to Presl. It was probably from the coast of Peru. The type
was examined in the herbarium of the German University at Prague by A. S.
Hitchcock in 1907. No locality is given on the label.
Cenchrus setoides Buckl. Prel. Rep. Geol. Agr. Surv. Tex. App. 3. 1866.
“Prairies, Northern Texas.” The type specimen in the herbarium of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, consists of the upper parts of three
culms with spikes. The name on the ticket is a slightly different form from
that published. A second ticket reads “ Texas, Linscum & Buckley.”
Cenchropsis myosuroides Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 109, 1827. 1903.
Based on Cenchrus myosuroides H. B. K.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, solitary or in small clumps, usually 1 to 2 meters tall,
glabrous as a whole; culms rather robust and woody, terete, commonly glau-
cous, erect or geniculate below (rarely decumbent with ascending flowering
branches), commonly branching from the lower 2 to 5 nodes, most of the
branches sterile, sometimes fascicled, forming conspicuous knobs at the node;
sheaths loose, usually not clasping the internodes, firm, strongly nerved; ligule
2 to 3 mm. long, firm-membranaceous, with a densely ciliate margin; blades
ascending or spreading, firm, 15 to 40
em. long, 5 to 12 mm. wide, tapering
from the rounded flat base to an at-
tenuate, often involute tip, scabrous
on the upper surface, rarely sparsely
pilose at the base; inflorescence usu-
ally short-exserted, 10 te 25 cm. long,
5 to 9 mm. wide, strict, erect, dense,
< the common axis slender, angled,.
Fie. 7.— Cenchrus myosuroides. From puberulent; burs 1-flowered, at first
Leén & Voisard 835, Cuba. ‘
appressed, spreading in age, 5 to 7
mm. (mostly about 5 mm.) long, at maturity about as wide, the bristles.
retrorsely scabrous, united at the base only, the lowest row shorter,
slender and spreading, the inner bristles slender, not flattened nor nerved,
about equaling the spikelet, erect or nearly so; spikelet 4.5 to 5.5 mm. long, 1.5.
to 1.8 mm. wide, acuminate; first glume about one-third the length of the spike-
let; second glume and sterile lemma 8 to 5-nerved, the glume slightly shorter
than the equal sterile lemma and fruit.
i ieee
GNSS cs HALA Bh ch Ne oat an ep ad nT feet es aes AE am ag Oni See tee ort Ses iu Es arty Set oan aussi: ay es
Seen pee rears oats Pip red of Nee Stee hue ako os ae
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ae
Cenchrus catharticus Delile, Cat. Hort. Monsp.
1838: 4. 1839. The species is fescribed,
the description being copied by Schlechten-
dal, Linneea 13: Litt. 105. 18%.
--Dr. A. Thellung, Zurich, Swit-
zerland in letter Sept. 10, 1920.
WUNLIUIE - hee eee 2 ae, fh X re tenes cr
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—-NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 53
DISTRIBUTION.
Moist sandy open ground or scrubland near the coast, southern Georgia and
Florida, the Florida Keys, and in southern Louisiana and Texas, south through
Mexico, ascending to 2,000 meters, and in the West Indies and South America.
GrorcIa: Jekyl Island, Baldwin.
Froripa: Indian Key, Curtiss 3620, 5643. Joe Kemps Key, Haton 1845. Key
Largo, Chase 3936. Homosassa, Combs 982.
LovuiIsIaNA: Bayou Terre Bonne, Wurzlow in 1918. Cotes Blanches, Langlois in
1886.
TExAS: Del Rio, Dewey in 1891. Western Texas, Wright 802; Havard in 1881.
Eagle Pass, Havard 81.
Lower CALIFORNIA: Comondt, Brandegee in 1889.
Sonora: Hermosillo, Hitchcock 3611: Rose, Standley & Russell 12484. Guay-
mas, Palmer 327 in 1887. Yaqui River, Palmer 10 in 1869.
CHIHUAHUA: Chihuahua, Pringle 429; Wilkinson in 1885.
CoAHuILA: Saltillo, Hitchcock 5647.
Duraneo: Torreén, Hitchcock 7560. Durango, Hitchcock 7614; Palmer 868 in
1896.
ZACATECAS: San Juan Capistrano, Rose 2453.
AGUASCALIENTES: Aguascalientes, Hitchcock 7450.
Hipateo: Dublin, Pringle 9598.
QUERETARO: Querétaro, Basile 29; Agniel 10270.
GUANAJUATO: Jrapuato, Hitchcock T7402.
JALIsco: Guadalajara, Palmer 765 in 1886.
PurEsia: Tehuacin, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 619.
Oaxaca: Tomellin, Hitchcock 6199. Oaxaca, Hitchcock 6131.
REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS: San Benedicto, Anthony 370: Barkelew 171. Socorro,
Barkelew 202; Townsend in 1889.
Cupra: Santiago de Cuba, Leén ¢& Voisard 835.
Porro Rico: Cabo Rojo, Hess 118. Mona Island, Hess 443; Britton, Cowell ¢
Hess 1674.
PaRAGUAY: Central Paraguay, Morong 214.
Urvucuay: Montevideo, Arechavaleta, without date.
Bortvia: Farija, Fries 1103.
Peru: Callao, Wilkes EHapl. Exped.
ARGENTINA: Cérdoba, Stuckert in Kneucker Gram. Exs. 428; Stuckert 45.
Without locality, Jorgensen 1144; Jameson.
2=C. barter rote £27.
2. Cenchrus catharticus Delile.
2 NSE SSS 2) Ate x
Cenchrus catharticus Delile, Cat. Hort. Monsp,, 1838; Schlecht. Linnaea 138: q/ QAM,
Litt. 103. 1839. Apparently described from specimeng* grown in the botanical
garden at Montpellier from seeds sent from Nubia, Africa, by Dr. Lush. The
description, though inadequate, mentions the characteristic tomentose-ciliate
inner side of the inner involucral bristles. We are unable to verify the refer-
ence to the Montpellier seed catalogue of 1888. The full title as given by
Schlechtendal reads, ‘‘ Index complectens semina in horto botanico regio Mon-
speliens? anno 18388 collecta, pro mutua commutatione oblata, additis caracter-
ibus specificis plantarum quarundam, vel ex toto novarum, vel accuratius
nuper observatarum. S8vo.” This would seem to indicate that the species was
described in the index. Delile’s name does not appear, but he was director
54 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
of the Montpellier garden, and in the author index in Linnaea Delile is given
for page 102, where the article on the Index Monspeliensis begins. Through
the kindness of Dr. Granel, director of the Jardin des Plantes, Montpellier, we
have received two specimens of Cenchrus catharticus from the Delile Herba-
rium. These are labeled, “In hort. Monspel. cult. anno 1842,” hence are not
part of the type material, which may not have been preserved, but serve to
identify the species without doubt.
Cenchrus niloticus Fig. & DeNot. Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino 14: 380. pl. 33.
1852. Described from Nubia. The detailed description and the plate identify
the species.
Cenchrus annularis Anderss. in Peters, Reise Mossamb. Bot. 553. 1864. De-
scrifed from Mozambique. The description identifies the species.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, glabrous as a whole, decumbent and rooting at the lower
nodes, the ends and the branches ascending; culms 30 to 100 em. long, not much
compressed, scabrous below the inflorescence; sheaths loose, keeled, scabrous
at the summit; ligule stiffly ciliate, about 1 mm. long; blades narrowly ascend-
ing, 10 to 20 cm. long, 5 to 6 mm. wide at the base, tapering thence to an
attenuate involute tip, scabrous on the upper surface, smooth or nearly so
beneath; spikes included at base or short-exserted, 8 to 10 cm. long, about
7 to 9 mm. wide, the axis slender, angled,
seabrous; burs usually 2-flowered, nearly
erect, 4 to 6 mm. long, scarcely as wide, the
pedicel almost obsolete; bristles united at
the base only, the outer row short, terete,
spreading, unequal, the inner (7 to 10) flat-
tened, subequal, rigid, erect, the scabrous
tips slightly spreading, the outer surface
Fie. 8.—Oenchrus catharticus. syleate down the middle, with 1 to 3 green
eaegolie a ae ee nerves in the sulcus, densely villous along
the margin on the inner surface except at
the summit; spikelets slightly shorter than the inner involucral lobes; first
glume developed or obsolete, second glume and sterile lemma thin, faintly 3 to
7-nerved, two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the fruit, the sterile palea usually
well developed ; fruit 4 to 4.5 mm. long, about 1.5 mm. wide, acuminate.
Known in America only from ballast about Mobile, Alabama; several speci-
mens collected in 1891 and 1892 by Dr. Charles Mohr. Our plants agree with
the specimens from the Delile Herbarium and with Abyssinian specimens. In
the plant described in Hooker’s Flora of British India* under the name of
Cenchrus catharticus the inner involucral bristles are longer, more sharply
pointed, and less rigid.
8. Cenchrus distichophyllus Griseb.
Cenchrus distichophyllus Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 2384. 1866. “Cuba oce.
(Wrl[ight] 3475). The type specimen, collected by Wright in 1868, is in the
Grisebach Herbarium. It consists of a single fertile culm and a tuft of one
fertile and several sterile culms.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial; culms tufted, rigid, erect, or ascending from a curved, not
geniculate base, simple or with a few appressed branches, the numerous inter-
‘7: 90, 1896.
ee
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8 Saae
SS
Oct i¢ 19 Bo, Phew Unernerech Rea
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 55
nedes very short, the long leafless upper part of the culm appressed-pubescent ;
sheaths overlapping, appressed-pubescent, often becoming glabrate in age;
ligule ciliate, scarcely 1 mm. long; blades 1.5 to 2.5 em. long, about 1.5 mm,
wide, conspicuously distichous, stiffly spreading at a uniform angle and usually
about 1 cm. apart, involute, sharp-pointed, glabrous on the outer surface,
scabrous on the inner, sometimes with a
few long hairs at the base; spike long-
exserted, 2 to 3 cm. long, bearing usually
5 to 7 spreading yellow burs, the slender
axis glabrous, its summit prolonged beyond
the uppermost bur as a sharp point 2 to 4
mim. long; burs, including the spines, 5 to 6
mm. long, nearly as broad, the body of the
bur about 38 mm. long and 2 mm. wide,
puberulent, the outer spines subterete,
swollen at the base, the lobes of the in-
volucre about 10, prolonged into sharp,
slender spines, pilose on the inner surface toward the base, retrorsely barbed
toward the tip; spikelet solitary, terete or thicker than wide, about 3.8 mm.
long and 1.3 mm. wide; first glume very narrow, often obsolete; second glume
obtuse, shorter than the subequal pointed sterile and fertile lemmas; fruit
turgid, the palea puberulent on the upper half.
Fie. 9.—Cenchrus distichophyllus.
From the type specimen.
DISTRIBUTION.
Dry sandy pine barrens, Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
CuBA: Laguna Jovero, Shafer 10717. San Julian, Ledén 6941; Lamas 7475.
“Western Cuba,” Wright 3475.
In Robinson’s Flora of the Galapagos Islands* some sterile specimens col-
lected on Albemarle Island are doubtfully referred to Cenchrus distichophyllus.
Stewart” also refers two of his collections to this species, one of which, his
no. 1285, sent to the National Herbarium, is a sterile specimen of Sporobolus
virginicus (L.) Kunth. The other specimens are doubtless the same species.
4, Cenchrus pilosus H. B. K.
Cenchrus pilosus H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 116. pl. 36. 1816. ‘‘ Crescit in
planitie herbida Provinciae Novobarcellonensis (Llanos de Nueva Barcellona),
juxta Villa del Pao,’ Venezuela. The type specimen has not been examined,
but the description and the plate identify it as a small, exceptionally pilose
specimen of the species later described as C. pallidus.
Cenchrus pallidus Fourn, Mex. Pl. 2: 50. 1886. ‘‘In locis ruderalis, Hacienda
de Santa Cruz pr. Tehuantepec in prov. Oajacensi, ... . (LiepM. n. 465).” The
type specimen, Liebmann 465, in the Copenhagen Herbarium, bears the name
in Fournier’s hand.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual; culms often rather stout, compressed, usually decumbent at
base and rooting at the lower nodes, 20 te 100 cm. long, simple or sparingly
branching below, scabrous below the inflorescence, otherwise glabrous; sheaths
1Proe. Amer, Acad. 38: 118. 1902.
* Botanical Survey of the Galapagos Islands, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. IV. 1: 31.
1911 j
56 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
keeled, loose, glabrous or toward the summit scabrous, or rarely ciliate;
ligule ciliate, about 0.8 mm. long; blades 10 to 40 ecm, long, or rarely longer,
6 to 12 mm. wide, rather thin and lax, flat or folded at the rounded base,
scabrous on the upper surface and usually pilose, glabrous on the lower surface
or scabrous toward the summit; spikes finally rather long-exserted, 5 to 14 cm.
long, dense or loose at the base, the axis strongly angled, scabrous, a tuft of
white hairs usually borne just below the burs, the summit prolonged beyond the
uppermost bur into a slender point 2 to 3 mm. long; burs globose, the body |
about 5 mm. high, as broad or broader, densely villous, tawny, the numerous
slender bristles antrorsely scabrous, commonly purplish, the inner more than
twice as long as the body, the lobes of the body about 8, interlocking at ma-
turity ; spikelets usually 8, exceeding the body of the involucre, 4 to 4.5 mm.
Fic. 10.—Cenchrus pilosus. From the type specimen of C. pallidus.
long, about 1.8 mm. wide, acuminate; first glume obsolete; second glume and
sterile lemma shorter than the fruit, thin, very minutely puberulent; fruit
turgid, the palea minutely puberulent between the nerves except toward the
base.
DISTRIBUTION,
Moist open ground up to about 1,000 meters altitude, southern Mexico to
northern South America.
Moretos: Yautepec, Pringle 11219.
CoLtIMA: Jala, Hitchcock 7050.
GUERRERO: Balsas, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 620. Iguala, Pringle 8394.
Oaxaca: Tomellin, Hitchcock 6217. Tehuantepec, Liebmann 465.
YucaTAn: Izamal, Millspaugh 70. Mérida, Collins 22.
Satvapor: Acajutla, Hitchcock 8997. Sonsonate, Hitchcock 8978.
NICARAGUA: San Juan del Sur, Hitchcock 8596. Masaya, Hitchcock 8628, 8739.
Jinotepe, Hitchcock 8667. Corinto, Hitchcock 8619.
CoLtomBIA: Santa Marta, Smith 153.
VENEZUELA: El Valle, Miller & Johnston 179.
CurAgao: Willemstad, Britton & Shafer 3156.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—-NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. Duk
5. Cenchrus viridis Spreng.
Cenchrus viridis Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 801. 1825. “ Guadalupa.” In the
Krug and Urban Herbarium in the Berlin Botanical Museum is a specimen “ex
herb. Sprengel,” ticketed “Cenchrus viridis Spreng. Guadeloupe. Bertero legit.”
A second label bears the date “1817-19.” This specimen, which is doubtless the
type, consists of two flowering culms without the bases.
“Cenchrus dactylolepis_SteudSyn--Pl. Glum. 1: 109. 1854. “C. echinatus
' Hochst. Hrbr. nr. 12. a. Surinam.’ Two burs from this specimen were kindly
sent by the director of the herbarium of the Paris Museum.
Cenchrus echinatus var. viridis Spreng.; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 556, 1864.
Presumably based on C. viridis Spreng.
9Jenchrus viridis var. macrocephalus Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 310. 1877.
“ Humboldt extra Brasiliam legit.” The type has not been examined. It would
appear to be a specimen with bristles longer than usual, such a specimen as
Hitcheock’s no. 9910 from Cartagena, Colombia. :
?Cenchrus rigidus Willd.; Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 310. 1877. A herba-
rium name given as synonym of C. viridis var. macrocephalus.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual; culms often rather robust, 380 to 100 cm. tall or more, usually
terete, erect from a more or less geniculate base, the lower internodes commonly
short, sparingly branching from the base or lower nodes, glabrous, or scabrous
below the spike only ; sheaths mostly overlapping, loose, keeled, glabrous; ligule
ciliate, scarcely 1 mm. long; blades
thin, flat, lax, mostly 10 to 30 cm. long,
6 to 12 mm. wide, rounded at the base,
scabrous on the upper surface, on the
margins, and on the midnerve beneath ;
spike usually short-exserted, 4 to 10 cm.
long, rarely longer, dense, the slender
axis minutely pubescent, the naked tip
2 to 4mm. long; burs depressed-globose,
the body about 4 mm. high, as broad or
broader, villous, tawny, the outer bris- pe, 11.—Cenchrus viridis. From the
tles numerous, very slender, crowded type specimen.
toward the base, the inner usually ex-
ceeding the body and the spikelets, erect or spreading, the lobes of the body
usually 6 to 8, interlocking at maturity; spikelets usually 3, exceeding the body
of the involucre, mostly 4 to 4.5 mm. long, about 1.4 mm. wide; first glume
obsolete; second glume two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the subequal
sterile lemma and fruit.
oe SSE
DISTRIBUTION.
Open ground, often a weed in cultivated fields and waste places, Florida Keys,
Mexico, and the West Indies to Brazil; also in the Philippine Islands, Guam,
Siam, and northern Australia, doubtless introduced from America.
WLoripA: Key Largo, Chase 8931; Hitchcock in 1903. Upper Matecumbe Key,
Poilard, Collins & Morris 145. Key West, Rugel 120.
TAMAULIPAS: Tampico, Palmer 155 in 1910.
VERACRUZ: Sanborn, Orcutt 3074.
115803—19—_5
58 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
PUEBLA: Without locality, Nicolas 26.
Cotima: Jala, Hitchcock 7008. Manzanillo, Hitchcock 7043; Palmer 1086 in
1890. Paso del Rio, Hmrick 6.
' YucatTAn: Progreso, Millspaugh 1682. Mérida, Schott 498. Izamal, Gauwmer
1084.
QUINTANA Roo: Chichankanab, Gawmer 2448.
SUATEMALA: Cerro Gordo, Heyde & Lue 4296. Escuintla, Hitchcock 9003.
Los Amates, Kelierman 51638. Alta Verapaz, Pittier 254.
Honpuras: San Pedro Sula, Thieme 5580.
Satvapor: La Union, Hitchcock 8773.
Nicaragua: Corinto, Hitchcock 8610. Masaya, Hitchcock 86388. Jinotepe,
Hitchcock 8668.
Costa Rica: Los Conventillos, Tonduz 2857. Zent Farm, Pittier 167389; Tonduz
194. Talamanca, Tonduz 8741. Port Limén, Hitchcock 8486. Puntarenas,
Hitcheock 8567.
PANAMA: Matias Hernindez, Pittier 6790. Taboga Island, Hitchcock 8064;
Killip 4149. Toro Point, Hitchcock 8043. Culebra, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
622; Pittier 2080. Empire, Pittier 3716. Ancén, Killip 4007.
BaHamMas: Andros, Small & Carter 8711.
CuBA: Sierra Mendoza, Shafer 11152. Habana-Vedado, Leén 5618. Sancti
Spiritus, Ledn 837; Clemente 3442. Camaguey, Leén 3963. Cayo Ballenato
Grande, Shafer 1022. Sierra Nipe, Shafer 3172. Santiago, Pollard, Palmer
é Palmer 284. El Cuero, Britton & Cowell 12798. Manati, Ledn 5683, 6007.
Isle of Pines, Britton, Wilson & Leén 15296. Without locality, Wright 3889.
Santo Dominco: Santo Domingo, Millspaugh 808. Azua, Rose, Fitch & Russell
3948. Without locality, Wright, Parry & Brummell 621.
JAMAIcA: Hope Gardens, Harris 11287; Hitchcock 9314; Mazon 1640. Gordon
Town (?), Hart 783. Spanish Town, Harris 12479; Hitchcock 9300. New
Forest, Hitchcock 9841. Ewarton to Moneague, Hitchcock 9440. Ipswich,
Hitchcock 9588. Grand Cayman, Millspaugh 1268.
Porto Rico: Guanica Bay, Chase 6517. Juana Diaz, Sintenis 2904. Cayo
Muertos, Britton, Cowell é Brown 4986. Vieques, Shafer 2653; Chase 6667.
Culebra, Britton & Wheeler 122; Millspaugh 619.
LEEWARD ISLANDS: Guadeloupe, Duss 2718.
WInpWaArpD ISLANDS: Martinique, Duss 790.
TRINIDAD: Port of Spain, Hitchcock 9995. San Juan, Broadway 2609. Cedros,
Broadway 4916.
CoLnoMBIA: Cartagena, Hitchcock 9910. Santa Marta, Smith 160. Puerto
Colombia, Hitchcock 9929. Palmira, Pittier 827.
VENEZUELA: Margarita, Miller € Johnston 186. Bobures, Jahn 351.
BraAziz: Organ Mountains, Gardner 856. Amazonas, Kuhlmann 2949.
BorrviA: Guanai, Rusby 190.
6. Cenchrus echinatus L.
Cenchrus echinatus L. Sp. Pl. 1050. 17538. ‘“ Habitat in Jamaica, Curassao.”
The type specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium was examined by A. S. Hitch-
cock in 1907. It is marked “ echinatus” in Linnaeus’s hand, but without indi-
eation as to its origin. One of the phrase names cited by Linnaeus is “ Gramen
echinatum maximum, spica rubra s. alba. Sloan. jam. 30. hist. 1. p. 108.” The
specimen so named in the Sloane Herbarium was also examined by Professor
Hitchcock. =
Cenchrus pungens H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 115. 1816. “Crescit ...
regni Peruviani prope Guayaquil.” 'The type has not been examined. It is
:
‘
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ce Sep asecel pao ANnli tals ohindtate |
2 ne Hane tenet renee ne aoc ahem
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. Bh are =
bet aed,
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 59
said by the authors to be very closely related to C. echinatus. The description
indicates a depauperate specimen of that species with short spikes, and with
but two spikelets in a bur. Doell, who examined an authentic specimen, states *
that it is a form of C. echinatus in which the spikelets are slightly longer than
the involucre.
Cenchrus macrocarpus Ledeb.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 317. 1840. A
garden name given as a synonym of C. echinatus L.
Cenchrus brevisetus Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 50. 1886. “Valle de Orizaba
(ScHAFFN[ER] n. 198 in herb. Franq., Bours[Eau] n. 3140... Bort[fEri] n.
133.).” Bourgeau’s no. 3140 in the National Herbarium, bearing the name in
Fournier’s hand, and in the herbarium of the Botanical Garden of Petrograd is
about the average form of C. echinaius. In his key to the species of Cenchrus,
Fournier places C. echinatus with C. myosuroides and C. multifiorus Presl (a
species of Pennisetum), as having the inner involucre cleft nearly to the base.
_ Among the specimens cited under C. echinatus are Liebmann’s nos. 468, 471, and
472. The specimens in the Copenhagen Herbarium are those studied by Four-
nier.” All three are ordinary C. echinatus. In this species and its allies the in-
voluere is irregularly cleft; sometimes one of the clefts (besides that on the side
Fig. 12.—Cenchrus echinatus. From Hitchcock 9879, Jamaica.
toward the axis) reaches well toward the base. This is not constant in burs on
the same spike. It seems probable that in his study of the specimens Fournier
referred to C. echinatus those specimens in which he observed burs with a single
deep cleft, while those in which a deep cleft was not noted he referred to C.
brevisetus. The short bristles, which gave the specific name, are short in com-
parison to those of C. pallidus (C. pilosus), which in Fournier’s arrangement is
grouped with C. brevisetus.
Cenchrus echinatus brevisetus Seribn. in Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 26. 1900.
Based on Cenchrus brevisetus Fourn.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual; culms ascending from a geniculate or decumbent base, often
rooting at the lower nodes, branching from the base and usually from the lower
nodes, commonly 25 to 60 cm. long, sometimes as much as 1 meter long, com-
pressed, scabrous below the spike, otherwise glabrous; sheaths loose, mostly
+In Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 310. 1877.
* See p. 45.
60 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
compressed, glabrous or hairy on the margin toward the summit, rarely
sparsely pilose; ligule ciliate, about 1 mm. long; blades commonly 6 to 20 em.
long and 3 to § mm. wide (extremes larger or smaller), usually rather stiff, but
sometimes lax, flat, tapering from the rounded base to a more or less involute or
folded summit, glabrous beneath, scabrous and sparsely pilose on the upper sur-
face, at least toward the base; spikes finally rather long-exserted, 3 to 10 cm.
long (commonly not over 7 cm. long), not very dense, the axis strongly fiexuous,
seabrous; burs truncate at base, the body 4 to 7 mm. high, as broad or broader,
pubescent, tawny or plumbeous, the outer slender bristles on the average less
numerous and relatively shorter than in C. viridis, the inner stout, broadened at
base, the longest of them usually about equaling the lobes of the body but some-
times longer or sometimes much reduced, ascending or spreading, the lobes of
the body commonly 10, erect or bent inward or sometimes one or two lobes in-
flexed, often with one or two green lines down the back, the tips hard and spine-
like, retrorsely barbed; spikelets 3 to 6, usually 4, about equaling the lobes or
shorter, 4.5 to 6 mm. long, about one-third as wide; first glume narrow, 1-nerved;
second glume two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the subequal sterile lemma
and fruit, the summit of the fertile lemma submembranaceous, the 3 nerves
usually obvious.
Throughout the range of this species the burs vary greatly in size; as
Sloane,’ writing of the grass in Jamaica, expresses it: “ Of this there are of
various bignesses.” Mexican plants are on the average more robust than those
of the United States and the West Indies, with blades often 10 to 12 mm. wide,
and burs 6 to 7 mm. wide (excluding the bristles), but occasional United
States and West Indian specimens are about as robust as any of the Mexican
plants.
In a few West Indian specimens the burs are depauperate, only 2 or 3 mm.
wide and with but one or two spikelets. In most of these specimens, however,
normal or nearly normal burs are found on the same plant.
DISTRIBUTION.
Open ground and waste places, from South Carolina to New Mexico and
south to Uruguay; a common weed throughout the warmer part of its range;
sparingly introduced in Hawaii, the Philippines, and Samoa.
SoutH CAROLINA: Aiken, Ravenel in 1869.
GrorcIA: Darien, Smith 2151.
Froriwa: Jacksonville, Combs 42; Curtiss 3619, 4042, 5152. Duval County, Fred-
holm 5236. Madison County, Combs 218; Hitchcock 2281. Monticello, Combs
839. Wewahitchka, Biltmore Herb. 1888a. Lake City, Hitchcock 2278;
Combs & Rolfs 150; Quaintance 853; Ricker 877. Gainesville, Chase 4226.
Archer, Quaintance 816. Eustis, Hitchcock 2279; Nash 189, 1134, 2100.
Grasmere, Combs & Baker 1046. Ouasi, Baker 7. Jensen, Hitchcock 7389.
Miami, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 615; Haton 98; Hitchcock 663. Key Largo,
Pollard, Collins & Morris 167. Lakeland, Hitchcock 830. Marco, Standley
12736. Fort Myers, Standley 12834; J. P. Standley 357; Hitchcock 448.
Manavista, Tracy 7046. Newport, Pollard, Collins & Morris 167. Key
West, Hitchcock in 1906. Fellsmere, Tracy 9387. Sneeds Island, Tracy
6512.
Texas: Del Rio, Hitchcock 13633. Without locality, Nealley in 1890 and 1893.
New Mexico: Without locality, Fendler 983.
Lower CALIFORNIA: Comondt, Brandegee 4. Santa Agueda, Palmer 220 in 1890.
San José del Cabo, Purpus 320.
*Voy. Jam. 1: 108. 1707.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 61
Sonora: Yaqui River, Palmer 12 in 1869. Alamos, Rose, Standley & Russell
13019, 13029. Hermosillo, Rose, Standley & Russell 12495; Hitchcock
8602; Chase 5500. Guaymas, Palmer 190 in 1887.
CHIHUAHUA: Southwestern Chihuahua, Palmer 22 in 1885.
CosaHuuitsa: Monclova, Palmer 1848 in 1880.
Nuevo Leon: Monterrey, Hitchcock 5556.
TAMAULIPAS: Victoria, Palmer 838 in 1907. Tampico, Hitchcock 5786.
San Luis Porosi: Cardenas, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 616.
Duranco: Durango, Hitchcock 7607; Palmer 880 in 1896. Torreén, Hitchcock
7558.
Sinatoa: Mazatlan, Rose, Standley & Russell 18674. Fuerte, Rose, Standley &
Russell 13561. Rosario, Rose 3110. Topolobampo, Rose, Standley & Russell
18280.
AGUASCALIENTES: Aguascalientes, Hitchcock 7439, 7490.
JALISCO: Guadalajara, Hitchcock 72938; Safford 1890. San Nicolas, Hitch-
cock 7219. Zapotlin, Hitchcock 7124. Chapala, Rose & Painter 7623.
Colotlin, Rose 3603. La Junta, Hitchcock 7001.
GUANAJUATO: Irapuato, Hitchcock 7405.
QUERETARO: Querétaro, Hitchcock 58414, 5861; Agniel 10261.
Moretos: Cuernavaca, Hitchcock 6852, 6876.
PurEBLA: Techuacin, Hitchcock 6076.
VERACRUZ: Orizaba, Hitchcock 63839; Bourgeau 3140; Seaton 51. Mirador,
Ross 644; Liebmann 468. Coatzacoalcos, Ross 1050. Jalapa, Hitchcock
6629. Veracruz, Hitchcock 6556, 6571, 6579.
CoLtimMaA: Alzada, Hitchcock 7100. Manzanillo, Hitchcock 70484.
MicHoacAn: Urudpan, Hitchcock 6988.
GUERRERO: Santa Fé, Hitchcock 6690. Balsas, Hitchcock 6787.
Oaxaca: Tomellin, Hitchcock 6198, 6247. Oaxaca, Hitchcock 6127; Pringle
5566. Santa Gertrudis, Liebmann 471. Cuicatlin, Nelson 16538.
YucatTAn: Progreso, Millspaugh 1698.
GUATEMALA: Mazatenango, Kellerman 5110. Lake Amatitlin, Kellerman 4780.
Guatemala City, Hitchcock 9088; Holway 591. Secanquim, Pittier 254.
Honpuras: Puerto Sierra, Wilson 245.
Satvapor: San Salvador, Velasco 18. Without locality, Renson 169.
Nicaragua: San Juan del Sur, Hitchcock 8598. Masaya, Hitcheock 8637.
Costa Rica: Orotina, Holway 342. Boca Banana, Tonduzg 9120. Puerto Limén,
Pittier 4202. Atenas, Hitchcock 8519. Alajuela, Jiménez 182.
Panama: Cristébal, Hitchcock 7949. Balboa, Hitchcock 7994, 8001. Empire,
Pittier 3715. Ancoén, Célestine 27.
BerMuDA: Brown & Britton 126; Collins 142.
BaHAMAS: Fortune Island, Hggers 3980.
CuBA: Guanajay, Palmer & Riley 665, 679, 781. Guane, Shafer 10374. Between
Rio Cayaguateje and Sierra Guane, Shafer 10445. Sierra de Anafe, Wilson
¢é Leén 11489. Habana, Leén 188, 2604, 4753. Rincon, Wilson 1048. Santi-
ago de las Vegas, Baker & Wilson 515; Hitchcock in 1906. Sancti Spiritus,
Shafer 12074. La Gloria, Shafer 320. Santiago de Cuba, Leén & Voisard
838; Millspaugh 1110. Guantanamo Bay, Britton 2124. Isle of Pines, Tay-
lor 24; Britton, Britton & Wilson 15045.
JAMAICA: Gordon Town, Hitchcock 9379; Hart 576. Hope Gardens, Hitchcock
9251, 9811; Harris 11239; Maxon 1644. Annatto Bay, Maron 726. Port
Antonio, Fredholm 3061. Ramble, Hitchcock 9514. Mount Hybla, Harris
11311. Ipswich, Hitchcock 9611. Ewarton to Linstead, Hitchcock 9484.
New Forest, Hitchcock 9828. Lititz, Harris 12696.
62 - CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Santo Domineo: Barahona, Fuertes 12638. Constanza, Tirckheim 3228.
Porto Rico: Santurce, Heller 13846. Catano, Millspaugh 163. Bayamon, Chase
6386. Rio Piedras, Stevenson 3498. Arecibo, Chase 6563. Cumuy, Chase
6566. Mayaguez, Chase 6281. Maricao, Chase 6242. Guanica, Britton,
Cowell & Brown 4911; Chase 6522. Penuelas, Britton, Britton & Marble
1758; Chase 6491. Aguirre, Underwood & Griggs 406. Guayama, Goll 511.
Cayo Muertos, Britton, Cowell & Brown 4981. Fajardo, Chase 6654. Vie-
ques, Chase 6668; Shafer 2470. Culebra, Britton 4 Wheeler 207. Mona
Island, Hess 441.
Vircin Istanps: St. Thomas, Britton, Britton & Shafer 127; Millspaugh 438.
St. Croix, Ricksecker 124, 443. St. Jan, Hggers 3299. Tortola, Britton &
Shafer 913; Fishlock 110.
LEEWARD Is~tANpDs: Antigua, Rose, Fitch & Russell 3412; Wullschlaegel 633.
Guadeloupe, Duss 3173. Dominica, Jones 13.
WINDWARD ISLANDS: Montserrat, Shafer 217. Martinique, Duss 791. St. Lucia,
Moore 17. Grenada, Broadway 7015.
TRINIDAD: Port of Spain, Hitchcock 9996. Cedros, Hitchcock 10155. Chaca-
chacare, Hitchcock 10056, 10057.
Tosaco: Scarboro, Broadway 4726; Hitchcock 10209.
Curacao: Willemstad, Britton & Shafer 2916.
CoLtomBIA: Barranquilla, Pittier 1558.
VENEZUELA: Dos Caminos, Pittier 6307. Without locality, Fendler 1736.
BRITISH GUIANA: Upper Demerara River, Jenman 4011. *—-"~
Brazit: Campinos, Campos Novaes 1257. Minas Geraes, Widgren in 1845. Sio
Paulo, Léfgren & Edwald 2646; Gerdes in 1890. Lagoa Santa, Warming in
1863. Parané, Dusén 6652. Without locality, Glaziou 497, 1233, 6954;
Gardner 1190.
PARAGUAY: Central Paraguay, Morong 96.
Uruceuay: El Salto, Arechavaleta in 1898.
ARGENTINA: Misiones, Hkman 670.
7. Cenchrus insularis Scribn.
Cenchrus insularis Scribn. in Millsp. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 26. 1900. ‘‘ Pajaros
Island, Alacran Shoals (1759). Type in Field Col. Mus. Herb. no. 61759.”
Part of this specimen, collected by C. F. Millspaugh, is in the National Herba-
rium.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, resembling a robust specimen of C. echinatus, the rather firm
blades scabrous on the upper surface, not pilose; spikes 5 to 10 cm. long, not
very dense, the axis as in C. echinatus; burs globose, the body 9 to 11 ecm.
high, minutely pubescent, the obconical base villous; bristles very numerous,
ascending, the outermost very slender, short, the inner successively broader
at base and longer, two rather well-defined series equaling or exceeding the
lobes of the body, conspicuously long-ciliate at the broad base; lobes of the body
8 to 10, suberect, exceeding the spikelets, conspicuously long-ciliate except at
the sharp spinelike summits; spikelets 2 or 38, 6 to 7 mm. long, 2 to 2.2 mm.
wide; first glume narrow, usually obsolete; second glume very minutely puber-
ulent down the center or glabrous, two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the
equal sterile lemma and fruit, the base of the sterile lemma and upper part of
the palea minutely puberulent, the summit of.the fertile lemma submembrana-
ceous, strongly nerved.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—-NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 63
This apparently rare species differs from C. echinatus in the larger burs,
more numerous and longer bristles, the more uniformly cleft body with more
slender-pointed lobes, and the conspicuously ciliate bases of the inner broad-
based bristles and involucre lobes, these minutely pubescent on the back. Some
specimens of C. echinatus, with burs having exceptionally long and nutrerous
bristles, resemble C. insularis.
Fie, 13.—Cenchrus insularis. From the type specimen.
DISTRIBUTION.
Sandy beaches, Alacréin Shoals, off the northern coast of Yucatéin, northern
Colombia, and in Brazil.
YucaTAN: Pajaros Island, Alacrin Shoals, Millspaugh 1759.
CotomsBiA: Santa Marta, Smith 159. Puerto Colombia, Hitchcock 9938.
- Brazin: Lagoa Santa, Warming in 18638.
8. Cenchrus gracillimus Nash.
Cenchrus gracillimus Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 299. 1895. ‘“ Wlorida, oc-
curring in the high pine land. . . . My nos. 188 and 288, collection of 1894.”
Nash’s nos. 188 and 288 of 1894 were “ collected in the vicinity of Hustis, Lake
County.” His no. 188 in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden is
taken as the type.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, at length forming dense clumps, glabrous as a whole; culms
20 to 80 em. tall, commonly branching from the lower nodes, but sometimes
remaining simple, often scabrous toward the summit, compressed, slender,
wiry, erect or ascending, the outer culms of large clumps geniculate at base;
sheaths loose, keeled, the lower overlapping, sometimes sparsely pilose; ligule
ciliate, about 0.5 mm. long; blades usually folded and stiffly flexuous, 5 to 20
em. long, 2 to 5 mm. (usually 2 to 8 mm.) wide, scabrous on the upper surface
and sometimes pilose at the base; spikes usually long-exserted, 2 to 6 cm.
long, the burs not crowded, sometimes distant more than their own length, the
64 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
slender axis flexuous, scabrous; burs 3.5 to 5 mm. wide (excluding the spines),
somewhat tapering to the base, glabrous; Spines spreading or refiexed, all
glabrous and flat, broadened at base, the lowest ones slender, shorter, some of
the upper ones commonly 5 to 6 mm. long; body of the bur usually with 1 or 2
deep clefts, the lobes about 8, erect or spreading, 6 to 8 mm. long, ciliate at the
i
Fie. 14.—Cenchrus gracillimus. From the type specimen.
base, rigid and spinelike; spikelets 2 or 3, 5.5 to 7 mm. long, about 1.5 mm.
wide; first glume narrow, usually present; second glume and sterile lemma
attenuate-pointed, the tips often spreading, the glume about three-fourths the
length of the attenuate-pointed fruit.
Cenchrus gracillimus, unlike our other species, begins blooming in the early
spring. Two collections from the west coast of Florida, Tracy’s nos. 6744 and
7178, represent more robust plants than is typical, with mostly flat blades and
slightly larger burs. A specimen collected on Sanibel Island by A. 8S. Hitchcock
in 1900 and the two collections from Jamaica (Hitchcock 9851 and Harris
12690) have burs very minutely puberulent.
DISTRIBUTION.
Sandy open ground and high pine land, Florida, southern Alabama, Cuba,
and Jamaica.
FrLoripa: Suwanee County, Hitchcock 2290. Lake City, Hitchcock 2291. Sanford,
Hitchcock 790. Tavares, Hitchcock 810. Eustis, Curtiss 6615; Hitchcock
2288, 2289; Nash 188, 288, 1766. Grasmere, Combs ¢ Baker 1031, 1079.
Zellwood, Baker 12. Brevard County, Fredholm 5826. Miami, Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. G17; Chase 3847; Curtiss 5820; Hitchcock 629, 662; Small & Carter
2854. Lakeland, Hitchcock 829. Tampa, Combs 1363. Hillsborough County,
Fredholm 6383, 6393. Dunedin, Tracy 6742. Cedar Key, Tracy 7178.
Johns Pass, Tracy 7181. Palma Sola, Tracy 6744. Sanibel Island, Hitch-
cock in 19900.
ALABAMA: Mobile, Mohr 64.
Cusa: Isle of Pines, Britton, Britton & Wilson 14934.
Jamaica: New Forest, Hitehcock 9851. Southern Manchester, Harris 12690.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 65
9. Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis.
Cenchrus incertus M. A. Curtis, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1: 185.1887. “ Found
at Smithville in cultivated fields,” south of Wilmington, North Carolina. In
the introduction to his enumeration of plants of Wilmington, Curtis states
that his new species has been submitted to Dr. Torrey. In the Torrey Her-
barium, in the herbarium of Columbia University, is a sheet on which are
mounted a single specimen each of C. incertus and C. tribuloides, sent to Dr.
Torrey by Curtis, together with the following note by Curtis: “The two plants
which I send were collected near the mouth of Cape Fear river, N. C., where
I observed them two seasons, and found them maintaining a uniform differ-
ence, aS seen in these specimens. The one grows erect, except at the base,
branching freely, and attaining the height of 12-18 inches. The other is
decumbent, 4-6 inches long, and the spike of flowers never exceeding the
sheaths in length, but escaping from it laterally. It is more spiny, with
longer spines and more villose, with larger flowers which are more compact
and fewer than the tall one. If I am not mistaken the one has two perfect
flowers in the calyx and the other one. This small one appears to be C.
echinatus var. tribuloides.”’ The published description of C. incertus applies
perfectly to the tal! plant. The whereabouts of Curtis’s own herbarium, if
it was preserved, is not known to us.
Cenchrus strictus Chapm. Bot. Gaz. 3: 20. 1878. ‘ West Coast of Florida,
Apalachicola and southward.” In the National Herbarium is a specimen from
=
———
a Se
SS
ia
Fig. 15.—Cenchrus incertus. From the specimen sent by Curtis to Torrey.
Chapman’s herbarium labeled in Chapman’s hand, “ Cenchrus incertus, M. A.
Curtis, C. strictus, Chapm. in Bot. Gaz. Florida.’ This specimen agrees
well with Chapman’s description but, bearing no date, it is uncertain whether
or nat it is one of the plants from which Chapman drew up his description.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial but apparently fruiting the first year, at length forming
dense clumps, glabrous as a whole; culms 25 to 100 cm, tall, compressed, on the
average stouter than those of C. gracillimus, scabrous (or rarely pubescent)
at the summit, ascending or erect from a decumbent base, freely branching;
sheaths loose and open, overlapping on the short lower internodes, often pilose
near the margin toward the summit; ligule ciliate, about 0.5 mm. long; blades
commonly folded, but sometimes flat, rarely stiffly flexuous as in C. gracillimus,
66 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
7 to 25 cm. long, 2 to 5 mm. (rarely 7 mm.) wide, scabrous on the upper sur-
face and sparsely long-pilose, at least toward the base; spikes long-exserted
or those of the branches short-exserted, 4 to 10 cm. long, the burs not crowded
but on the average closer than in C. gracillimus, the slender axis flexuous.
scabrous, sometimes pilose; burs 8 to 5 mm. wide, excluding the spines, the
body finely and densely pubescent, the base glabrous; spines spreading, flat,
broadened at base, the lower often obsolete on the outer face of the bur and
represented by low knobs or ridges, the upper few, rarely more than 5 mm.
long; body of the bur usually not deeply cleft on the outer face, the lobes com-
monly 5 to 7, erect to spreading, 4 to 6 mm. long, rigid and spinelike, long-
ciliate at the broad base; spikelets 1 to 3, 5 to 6 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide;
first glume narrow, pointed, usually present; second glume about three-
fourths the length of the subequal sterile and fertile lemmas; fruit attenuate,
the palea minutely puberulent toward the summit.
In this species the burs vary greatly in the development of the spines. In
Curtis’s specimen, from which the figure is drawn, the burs are less spiny
than usual. Commonly there are one or two spines on the outer face, besides
a ridge or one or two knobs at the base of the body. Occasionally the burs
are as spiny as are some in C. pauciflorus, but the plants may be distinguished
by their taller culms and erect or ascending habit, and by the glabrous, rela-
tively long base of the bur. From C. gracillinus spiny specimens are dis-
tinguished by the pubescent burs.
DISTRIBUTION,
Open sandy soil, North Carolina to Florida and west to Texas.
NortH CAROLINA: Wilmington, Hitchcock in 1905. Smithville, Curtis.
SoutH CAROLINA: Orangeburg, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 618.
GrorcIA: Augusta, Kearney 218. Leslie, Harper 1898. Dooly County, Harper
570. Brunswick, Chase 7093; Ricker 968.
Frorma: Jacksonville, Curtiss 6019. Duval County, Fredholn 328. St. Augus-
tine, Ricker 948. Lake City, Chase 4280. Hast Pass, Tracy 6448. River
Junction, Nash 2580. Apalachicola, Biltmore Herb. 1884. Chipley, Combs
610. Palm Beach, Hitchcock 2283. Miami, Chase 3854. Key Largo, Chase
3937. Tampa, Fredholm 6420. Bartow, Combs 1224. Fort Myers, Stand-
ley 18040. Punta Rassa, Hitchcock 446; Standley 12672.
ALABAMA: Springhill, Bush 278. Mobile, Kearney 59. Hufaula, McCarthy in
1888.
Mississipi: Biloxi, Kearney 210; Tracy 3733. Ocean Springs, Tracy in 1889.
Cheyalier Island, Tracy 4525. Mississippi Sound, Smith in 1885.
LovuIsIANA: Shreveport, Ball 105. Alexandria, Ball 583. Coushatta, Ball 116.
TexAs: Kerrville, Hitchcock 5258. New Braunfels, Hitchcock 5236. Austin,
Hall 842. San Antonio, Jermy 171; Hitchcock in 19038. Rockport, Chase
6017. Corpus Christi, Hitchcock in 1904. Chillicothe, Ball 974. Without
locality, Drummond 347.
10. Cenchrus microcephalus Nash.
Cenchrus microcephalus Nash in Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18:
356. 1917. ‘Type specimen in the New York Botanical Garden, collected in
saline meadows, Berry Island, Bahamas, by Britton & Millspaugh (no. 2249).”
This specimen consists of a single culm about 70 cm. long, single below and re-
peatedly branched above.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 67
DESCRIPTION.
Plants probably perennial, tufted, with numerous leafy sterile shoots at the
base, glabrous as a whole; culms 30 to 70 cm. tall, compressed, slender, scabrous
below the spike, ascending from a decumbent base, branching from the middle
and upper nodes; sheaths, especially those of the sterile shoots, strongly keeled,
pilose on the margin toward the summit and on the shoots, with a tuft of white
hairs on each side at the apex, this inconspicuous on the old sheaths; ligule
ciliate, about 0.5 mm. long; blades folded
at base, often flat above, rather thin, mostly
10 to 20 cm. long, 2 to 8 mm. wide, pilose
on the upper surface; spikes mostly short-
exserted, 3 to 5 cm. long, the slender axis
flexuous, scabrous; burs (including the
bristles) about 6 mm. long and 5 mm. wide,
the body scarcely wider than the thick
base, minutely pubescent; spines flat,
broadened at base, the lowermost shortand pe 4 au Wenchraa. Wicrn cen halist
spreading, the upper stout, ciliate at the From the type specimen.
base, shorter than the 5 or 6 lobes of
the involucre, these erect or ascending, ciliate nearly to the summit,
rigid but relatively blunt; spikelets usually 2, 4 to 45 mm. long, about
1 mm. wide; first glume nearly half the length of the equal sterile lemma
and fruit.
Known only from the Berry Islands, a second specimen having been collected
on Frozen Cay (Britton & Millspaugh 2211).
11. Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth.
Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth. Bot. Voy. Sulph. 56. 1840. “‘ Bay of Magdalena,”
Lower California. The type specimen, collected by Barclay, is in the Kew Her-
barium. Doctor Stapf has kindly sent three burs from this collection. He
writes that there are two sheets absolutely identical, both bearing, in Ben-
tham’s handwriting, the name and the locality as published. Two specimens
from Lower California, Xantus’s no, 115, from Cape San Lucas, and Brande-
gee’s no. 8 in 1889, from Boca de las Animas, and one from Yaqui River,
Sonora, Palmer’s no. 11 in 1869, were sent to Doctor Stapf for comparison
with plants collected by Barclay. Doctor Stapf writes: “There is no doubt
that they are identical.” These plants are slender, somewhat depauperate
specimens with burs smaller than the average for the species. Unfortunately
the type on which the name of this species is based is not typical of the species.
Besides the illustration of the bur from the Barclay specimen a bur typical
of the species is shown (figure 18).
Cenchrus roseus Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2:50. 1886. “Vera Cruz (GouIN n. 42 part et
43). The Gouin specimens in the herbarium of the Paris Museum were examined
for us through the kindness of the director. The plants are fragmentary, with
very few burs. The notes furnished on the specimens place them with little
doubt in C. paucifiorus.
Cenchrus echinatus forma longispina Hack. in Kneucker, Allg. Bot, Zeitschr.
9; 169. 19038. ‘Oxford in Connecticut... leg. E. 3B. Harger,’” no. 426 of
Kneueker’s “‘ Gramineae exsiccatae.” A specimen of this collection is in the
National Herbarium.
This is the species to which the name Cenchrus tribuloides was commonly
applied until 1908, when Professor Hitchcock published’ the results of his
study of the grasses in the Linnaean Herbarium, showing the Linnaean species
*Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 127. 1908.
68 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
to be the large-burred coastal plant which had been distinguished as C. macro-
cephalus. The name C. carolinianus Walt. was then applied to this species,
but Walter’s diagnosis does not agree with its characters and it has not been
found in Walter’s region.’
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, sometimes forming large mats; culms 20 to 90 cm. long, com-
pressed, rather stout, scabrous or rarely pubescent at the summit, spreading,
ascending or rarely suberect, from a decumbent base, usually freely branch-
ing; sheaths pubescent along the margin, rarely throughout, sometimes with a
tuft of white hairs at the summit, loose, those below the spikes commonly in-
flated ; ligule ciliate, nearly 1 mm. long; blades usually flat but sometimes sub-
involute or folded, spreading, 3 to 15 ecm. long, 2 to 7 mm. wide, tapering from
base to apex, scabrous on the upper surface and sometimes on the lower, often
pilose near the base above; spikes numerous, short-exserted or partly included,
1 to 10 cm. long (commonly 3 to 8 em. long), the burs rather crowded, the
slender axis flexuous, scabrous, sometimes pilose; burs (excluding the spines)
Fic. 17.—Cenchrus pauciflorus. From the type specimen.
3 to 7 mm, wide (commonly 4 to 6 mm.), pubescent, often densely so, rarely
nearly glabrous; spines numerous, spreading or reflexed, flat, broadened at base,
the lowermost shorter and relatively slender, some of the upper ones com-
monly 4 to 5 mm. long, usually villous at the base; body of the bur often with
one deep cleft on the outer face, the lobes commonly about eight, erect or
spreading or one or two inflexed, usually villous at the base, rigid and spine-
like; spikelets commonly two, 5 to 7 mm. long, about 2 mm. wide; first glume
usually not over one-third the length of the spikelet; second glume and sterile
lemma subequal or the lemma nearly as long as the turgid acuminate-pointed
fruit. :
This species reaches its most characteristic development in the interior of the
United States and on the Mexican plateau, where it is a coarse weed’ in sandy
ground, forming mats as much as 50 cm. in diameter. Hastward the species
appears to be introduced, though it seems to be native in Florida. On the
Atlantic coastal plain it is often more slender, with the blades sometimes
folded, approaching C. gracillimus in habit. In the Colorado Desert it is some-
times dwarfed, forming mats only 8 to 5 cm. in diameter, the spikes reduced
to one or two burs. In western Mexico and Central America specimens with
smaller burs (about 38 mm. wide, excluding the spines) are found, besides the
*See discussion, p. 76.
*A study of the barbs on the spines of this species and a speculation as to
the cause of the irritation produced by them when left in the flesh was pub-
lished by Gayle (Bot. Gaz. 17: 126, 127. 1892).
et ly cl nine SSR
t
Z LC ' ~ Pe * PL Mit fea
HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—-NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 69
relatively short-spined form represented by the type of C. pauciflorus. A
single eollection (Hitchcock in 1904) from Sarita, Texas, is this short-spined
form. In the West Indies this species and C. tribuloides approach each other
closely. Only specimens from the vicinity of Habana, possibly introduced, are
like continental specimens. The one from the Bahamas and the one from
Jamaica, particularly the latter, are like C. tribuloides in habit, but they have
the smaller burs of C. paucifiorus.
Cenchrus spinifexr Cav.,’ described from Chile, has been referred to “0. tribu-
loides”? as a Synonym. The type has not been examined. Cavanilles’s descrip-
tion of the ‘“‘calix communis” [involucre] as “ integerrimus’”’ does not apply
to any known species of Cenchrus. A species with interlocked lobes might, at
first sight, give the impression of an uncleft body, but the most superficial ex-
amination of C. paucifliorus would reveal the lobes. The crude illustration
shows an uncleft body with thick spines. The relatively short, broad blades
described and figured are not those of C. paucifiorus. In the National Her-
Fig. 18.—Cenchrus pauciflorus. From Hitchcock 138532; typical of the species.
barium there are four specimens of C. pauciflorus from southern South America
(though none from Chile), but there is nothing that agrees with Cavanilles’s
description and plate. The grasses of that region are as yet but little known.
The identity of C. spinifer has been carefully considered, and it seems certain
that it can not be C. paucifiorus. Another species described from Chile which
we are unable to identify is 0. muricatus Phil (not Linnaeus, 1771). This
also is described as having entire involucres. In any case Philippi’s name is a
homonym.,
DISTRIBUTION.
Sandy open ground, and along railway embankments, Massachusetts to Flor-
ida, west to Oregon and California, ascending to 2,000 meters in the Rocky
Mountains, south throughout Mexico, mostly on the plateau, rare in the tropical
part of the continent, and appearing again from southern Brazil to Argentina ;
also in the West Indes.
OntTaARIO: Leamington, Macown 638.
MASSACHUSETTS: South Hadley, Clark in 1887.
ConneECTICUT: South Glastonbury, Wilson 28.
Nrw York: Hrastina, Pollard in 1894. Northville, Young in 1873.
*Tcon. Pl. 5: 38. pl. 461. 1799.
? Anal. Univ. Chile 86: 202. 1870.
70 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
New Jersey: Camden, Scribner 122. Stockholm, Van Sickle in 1894. Stock
ton, Fisher in 1897.
PENNSYLVANIA: Easton, Porter in 1868. Lancaster County, Small in 1889;
Heller in 1901.
Outro: Toledo, Sanford 6780. Kipton, Ricksecker in 1894. Fernbank, Kearney
in 1892.
InpDIANA: Lake Gage, Deam in 1903. Ontario, Deam 15054. Waterloo, Deam
in 1904. Fort Wayne, Deam 1323. Bluffton, Deam in 1896. Miller, Umbach
in 1897. Indiana Harbor, Deam 1897. Conrad, Deam 21525. Russellville,
Deam 7443. Martinsville, Deam 2678. Brookville, Deam in 1903. Kinder-
hook Ferry, Deam 25576.
Intinors: Chicago, Chase 1167; Lansing 3990. Joliet, Skeels 508. Forest, Wil-
cor 136. Champaign, Gleason 25. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 1929. Mount
Carmel, Schneck in 1904. Cahogia, Eggert in 1875.
Micuican: St. Joseph, Gamon in 1897.
WISCONSIN: Quincy, Cheney 3747. Oshkosh, Random in 1896.
Minnesota: Fort Snelling, M/earns 5. Montevideo, Moyer 26. Minneapolis,
Ballard in 1898. St. Anthony Park, Oswald in 1911.
NortH Dakota: Bismarck, Jamell in 1918.
SourH Daxora: Pierre, Griffiths 30. “Island in the Missouri River,” Griffiths
34. Bad Lands, Williams in 1891.
Iowa: Fayette County, Fink 359. Ames, Ball 12; Pammel, Amer. Weeds 27.
Des Moines, Pammel 657. Butlers Landing, Somes 3482.
NEBRASKA: Central City, Rydberg 2015; Shear 257. Chelsea, Clements 2827.
Mullen, Rydberg 1548.
Missourr: Springfield, Standley 8996. Kansas City, Bush 6497. Frankford,
Davis 1140.
KANSAS: Fort Riley, Gayle 582. Syracuse, Thompson 82. Manhattan, Hitch-
cock 10411. Riley County, Norton 577. Hutchinson, Smyth 25. Osborne
City, Shear 163.
MARYLAND: Millstone, Hitchcock 7873.
District oF COLUMBIA. Deanwood, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 614.
NortH CARroLtina: Wilmington, Biltmore Herb. 146b; Hitchcock in 1905.
GrorGiA: Darien, Smith 2149.
FiLoria: Jacksonville, Combs 38; Curtiss 82, 3620, 5151, 5193, 6020. St. Augus-
tine, Chase 7019. Lake*City, Combs & Rolfs 185; Quaintance 852. De-
Funiak Springs, Combs 458. Apalachicola, Kearney 112. Madison, Combs
245. Tallahassee, Combs 364; Kearney 81. Pensacola, Combs 513. Old
Town, Combs 891. Dunedin, Tracy 6743. Cedar Key, Combs 763. Sea-
breeze, Webber 489. Eustis, Hitchcock 2282, 2285; Nash 364, 2101. Mc-
Donald Station, Baker 59. Grasmere, Combs & Baker 1078. Palm Beach
Hitchcock 2284, 2287; Webber 416. Miami, Hitchcock 722; Small 5464.
Key Largo, Chase 3939. Upper Matecumbe Key, Chase 3919. Elliotts Key.
Pollard & Collins 213. Key West, Hitchcock 612. Okeechobee, Fredholm
5826. Fort Myers, Hitchcock 447, 852. Palmetto, Nash 2444.
KENTUCKY: Louisville, Mohr in 1854.
TENNESSEE: ‘“ Bank of the Mississippi River,” Scribner.
ALABAMA: Mobile, Hitchcock in 1904. Tuskegee, Carver 80.
MIssIssippr: Biloxi, Jrucy in 1893.
LovuIsIANA: Cameron, Tracy 8595. Calhoun, Ball 50. Shreveport, Hitchcock
in 1908. Lake Charles, Chase 6112.
~TExAS: Texarkana, Heller 4211. Texline, Griffiths 5667. Cibolo, Jermy 174.
New Braunfels, Hitchcock 5206. San Antonio, Hitchcock 5154, 5322, 5324.
Fort Worth, Ruth 166. Rockport, Chase 6061. Galveston, Hitchcock in
peices enee LENG
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. T)
1908. Corpus Christi, Hitchcock 5844; Heller 1492. Sarita, Hitchcock
5425, 5439, 5473, 5481. Del Rio, Hitchcock 138647, 13664. Laredo, Hitch-
cock 5501, 5502, 5509. La Noria,,ifearns 1162. Fort Clark, Mearns 1217.
Big Spring, Hitchcock 13352, 13398. El Paso, Hitchcock 13334. South-
western Texas, Palmer 1242 in 1880.
OKLAHOMA: Between Fort Cobb and Fort Arbuckle, Palmer 385 in 1868. Arkan-
sas, Bush 745. Alva, Stevens T68.
WyYoMInG: Uva, Nelson 8568.
OREGON: Willows, Dunn, 181. Linnton, Suksdorf 1994.
Cotorapo: Hort Collins, Brose 530. Canon City, Shear 963. Rocky Ford,
Griffiths 3815. Colorado Springs, Williams 2168.
UTAH: Springdale, Jones 6079.
NEw Mexico: Artesia, Hitchcock 138451. Queen, Hitchcock 13532. Mesilla
Park, Hitchcock 3823. Las Cruces, Wooton 1088. Sandia Mountains,
FHllis 14. Shiprock Agency, Standley 7244. Farmington, Standley TOAT.
Nara Visa, Fisher 161. Gila Hot Springs, Metcalfe 880. Black Range,
Metcalfe 1148. Pecos, Standley 4947. Socorro, Vasey in 1881. Albu-
querque, Jones 4123. Without locality, Mendler 988.
ARIzoNA: Holbrook, Rusby 8. Prescott, Hitchcock 18187. Patagonia, Hitch-
cock 8705. Verde Valley, MacDougal 528. Clifton, Davidson 418a. Fort
Lowell, Griffiths 1560.
CALIFORNIA: Mecca, Parish in 1913. San Bernardino, Parish 2114 and in 1898;
Abrams 1960.
LOWER CALIFORNIA: Cape St. Lucas, Xantus 115. Boce de las Animas, Brande-
gee 3 in 1889. San José del Cabo, Brandegee 27 in 1890.
Sonora: Yaqui River, Palmer 11 in 1869. Hermosillo, Hitchcock 3578. Alamos,
Rose, Standley & Russell 12837. Guaymas, Palmer 168 and 3849 in 1887;
Rose, Standley & Russell 15019.
CHIHUAHUA: Casas Grandes, Nelson 6327. Chihuahua, Hitchcock T788.
COAHUILA: Jaral, Schumann 1730. Saltillo, Hitchcock 5628,
NueEvo LEON: Monterrey, Hitchcock 5523.
TAMAULIPAS: Victoria, Palmer 396 in 190%2156 in 1910. Tampico, Hitchcock
5792.
San Luis Potosi: Cardenas, Hitchcock 5733. San Luis Potosi, Hitchcock 5654,
5699; Schaffner 1046.
DuRANGO: Durango, Hitchcock 7575; Palmer 196 in 1896. Torreén, Hitchcock
7559.
SINALOA: Mazatlin, Rose, Standley & Russell 18794.
Trric: Acaponeta, Rose, Standley & Russell 14407.
AGUASCALIENTES: Aguascalientes, Hitchcock 7440, 7470.
JALISCO: Guadalajara, Hitchcock 7292. Tecoman, Orcutt 4446.
Himatreo: Tula, Rose, Painter & Rose 8361.
QUERETARO: Querétaro, Basile 28; Hitchcock 5825, 5841; Agniel 10259.
CoLtima: Manzanillo, Hitchcock 7049. Armeria, Hitchcock 7023, 7047.
FEDERAL District: Popo Park, Hitchcock 6025, 66883.
PursLa: Tehuacin, Hitcheock 6045, 60683; Seler 7.
VerAcruz: Mata de San Juan, Liebmann 478. Veracruz, Hitchcock 6575.
GUERRERO: Acapulco, Palmer 290 in 1895.
Oaxaca: Tomellin, Hitchcock 6204, 6218, 6249. Oaxaca, Hitchcock 6128; Nelson
1291. Santa Catarina Canyon, Pringle & Conzatti 274.
YucaTAn: Alacran Shoal, Willspaugh 1756.
QUINTANA Roo: Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 1607.
NICARAGUA: Corinto, Hitchcock 8618.
a2 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Costa Rica: Puntarenas, Hitchcock 8540.
PANAMA: Point Chamé, Hitchcock 8164.
CuspA: Habana, Leén 1884, 886, 2891, 3445, 3453; Palmer & Riley 1146. Tris-
cornia, Hitchcock 492. Playa de Cojimar, Hitchcock 493. Without lo-
cality, Wright 3476.
JAMAICA: Black River, Hitchcock 96387.
Porto Rico: Santurce, Chase 63454.
VirGiIn ISLANDS: St. Thomas, Raunkiaer 634.
LEEWARD IsLANDS: Antigua, Wullschlaegel 634.
Brazit: Rio Janeiro, Wilkes Expl. Exped.; Warming in 1863.
Urucuay: Costa Platense, Arechavaleta.
ARGENTINA: Cordoba, Stuckert in Kneucker Gram, Exs, 427. Without locality,
Lorentz 697; Jorgensen 1147.
12. Cenchrus tribuloides I.
Cenchrus tribuloides L. Sp. Pl. 1050. 1758. “ Habitat in Virginiae maritimis.”
The type specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium,’ marked ‘“ K,” indicating that it
was collected by Kalm, consists of two branching plants.
Cenchrus echinatus tribuloides Torr. Fl. North. & Mid. U. S. 1: 69. 1828.
Based on C. tribuloides L.
Cenchrus vaginatus Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 110. 1854. “ Culta in horto
Paris: sub. Cenchrus tribuloides macrocarpus.” This specimen has not been ex-
amined, but the detailed description applies remarkably well to the true C.
tribuloides.
Cenchrus tribuloides macrocarpus Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 110. 1854. A
garden name given as synonym of C. vaginatus Steud.
Cenchrus tribuloides var. macrocephalus Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 312.
1877. Described from a specimen in Martius’s herbarium, ‘‘e Brasilia oriunda.”
The type has not been examined, but the brief description can refer to nothing
else known to us. The involucre, described as less villous than that of C.
tribuloides, would indicate an exceptional specimen, such as Chase’s no, 4531
from South Carolina and several Wine West Indian specimens.
Cenchrus macrocephalus Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 17: 110. f.
406. 1899. Based on C. tribuloides var. macrocephalus Doell.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, very leafy; culms stout, at first erect, soon branching and
becoming radiate-decumbent, 15 to 60 cm. long, the ends ascending, rooting at
the nodes and with numerous ascending branches 10 to 80 em. tall, scabrous or
pilose at the summit; sheaths usually much overlapping, sharply keeled, broad,
those below the spikes inflated, pubescent at least along the margin and with a
dense tuft of hairs on each side at the summit; ligule ciliate, 1 mm, long;
blades flat or folded, the margins usually more or less involute, firm, spreading,
8 to 18 cm. long (seldom over 12 cm. long), 4 to 7 mm. wide, tapering from
base to apex, scabrous on the upper surface; spikes numerous, usually ex-
ceeded by the subtending leaf, 3 to 9 cm. long, the burs crowded, the axis flexu-
ous, scabrous or pilose; burs more oblique than in any other of our species, 5
to 6 mm. wide and § to 9 mm. high (excluding the spines), usually conspicu-
ously villous, but sometimes short-pubescent only, the base puberulent, usually
with a few long hairs at the very base; spines finally spreading, flat, the lower-
most relatively short and slender, the upper ones broadened at the base, some-
See p. 45.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 73
times as much as 3 mm., broad, some of them 5 to 8 em. long, long-villous on the
inner face and margins of the broad base, the hairs of the margin rather stiffly
spreading, the ends needle-like and retrorsely barbed; body of the bur with ne
deep cleft on the outer face, the tips of the spikelets usually not showing above
the base of the clefts, the lobes six to eight, mostly about equal and simulating
the larger spines, erect to spreading, villous on the inner face-and on the mar-
gins at the base like the spines, the outer surface glabrous or nearly so above
the base; spikelets usually two, 7 to 8 mm. long, about 3 mm, wide; first glume
about one-third the length of the spikelet; second glume sometimes minutely
puberulent on the lower part of the middle internerves, slightly shorter than
the sterile lemma, this slightly shorter than the acuminate-pointed fruit.
i
Fic. 19.— Cenchrus tribuloides. From Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 621, Virginia.
Cenchrus tribuloides usually is readily recognizable by its short-jointed,.
leafy, decumbent culms and large woolly burs. In Chase 4531 from South
Carolina and in most of the specimens from the West Indies, however, the
burs are not conspicuously villous, the pubescence being scarcely or not at all
longer or more copious than in C. paucifiorus. In the specimen from Costa
Rica the burs are nearly glabrous. Because of the habit of the plants and
because of their large burs, with bodies not deeply cleft and with hidden or
nearly hidden spikelets, these specimens are referred to C. tribuloides. In
Shafer 27387 from Cuba, Millspaugh 1162 from Cayman Brac, and Chase 656i
from Porto Rico, the burs are scarcely larger than in extreme specimens of
C. paucifiorus, and some of them are slightly cleft, showing the upper part of
the spikelets. It is a puzzling fact that in the West Indies, at the eastern edge
of the range of C. tribuloides, this species and C. pauciflorus, whose center of
distribution is far to the west of that of C. tribuloides, approach each other,
while in the Gulf States, where their ranges meet, they do not.
115803—20——_6
74 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DISTRIBUTION.
In loose sands of the coast from Staten Island, New York, to Florida and
Louisiana; on the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica, in the West Indies, and on
the coast of Brazil.
New YorkK: Staten Island, Kearney in 1894.
NEw JERSEY: Camden, Smith 64. Atlantic City, Scribner in 1895. Wildwood,
Chase 3506. Cape May, Parker in 1871; Martindale in 1877.
DELAWARE: Rehoboth, Commons 144 in 1895. Cedar Neck, Commons 1438 in
1875.
MaryLAND: Chesapeake Beach, Hitchcock in 1905; Pennell 2541 and in 1909.
Millstone, Hitchcock 7871. Mount Vernon, Tidestrom 7464. Annapolis,
Bartlett 1862.
VirGiInia: Colonial Beach, Hubbard 398. Franklin, Heller 1170. Cape Charles,
Canby & Rose 837. Cape Henry, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 621; Kearney 1813,
1814. Virginia Beach, Hitchcock in 1902; Williams 3108. Fortress Monroe,
McCarthy in 1884. Portsmouth, Noyes 24. Dismal Swamp, Chase 3665.
NortH CARroLinA: Newbern, Kearney 1948. Greenville, Chase 4573; Hitchcock
in 1905. Wilmington, Kearney 286. Eastern North Carolina, McCarthy
in 1885.
SoutH Carorina: Isle of Palms, Chase 4531; Hitchcock in 1905.
GEoRGIA: Tybee Island, Hitchcock in 1902.
FLoRIDA: Miami, Westgate in 1904. Elliotts Key, Pollard & Collins 213. Sol-
dier Key, Small, Carter & Small 3300. Sanibel Island, Tracy 7172. St.
Vincent Island, McAtee 1800.
ALABAMA: Mobile, Mohr in 1878. Navy Cove, Mohr in 1888. Point Clear, Mohr
in 1879 and in 1885.
Misstssierr: Horn Island, Tracy in 1897. Deer Island, Tracy 140. Ship Island,
Pollard 1088. Ocean Springs, Pollard 1022. Biloxi, Tracy 4526.
LourIsIANA: Grande Isle, Langlois in 1879.
Costa Rica: Boca Banana, Tonduz 9121.
BerMuDA: Collins 148. Paget, Brown & Britton 128. Middleton Bay, Moore
3073.
BaHaAmMAs: Andros, Small € Carter 8972. Water Key, Wilson 8151. Anguilla
Isles, Wilson 7936.
CuBA: Playa de Marianao, Leén 56384. Punta Arenas, Shafer 700. Cayo Pare-
dén Grande, Shafer 2737.
JAMAICA: Grand Cayman, Millspaugh 1249. Cayman Brac, Millspaugh 1162.
Porto Rico: Arecibo, Chase 6561. Aguadilla, Chase 6604. Cabo Rojo, Sintenis
29 b. Mona Island, Hess 440. Cayo Muertos, Britton, Cowell é Brown 5046.
Vieques, Chase 6696.
Braziu: Rio Janeiro, Jard. Bot. Rio Janeiro 132.
13. Cenchrus palmeri Vasey.
Cenchrus palmeri Vasey in T. S. Brandeg. Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 2: 211. 1889.
“Collected by Dr. E. Palmer at Guaymas, Mex., in 1887.” The type specimen,
Palmer’s no. 689, in the National Herbarium, is a single branching tuft, the
culms 80 to 42 ecm. tall, the burs 1 or 2 to each spike, their spines blackish
purple.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, leafy; culms rather slender, compressed, scabrous below the
nodes, pubescent at the summit, at first erect, soon branching and spreading,
12 to 42 cm. tall; sheaths mostly overlapping, loose, retrorsely velvety-pubescent,
BeOS
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 75
the hairs longer and denser at the summit; ligule ciliate, 2 to 2.6 mm. long;
blades mostly flat, rather firm, ascending or spreading, 3 to 18 cm. long, 3 to 7
mm, wide, tapering from the base to an attenuate apex, very scabrous on both
surfaces; spikes reduced to 1 to 4 burs, commonly 1 or 2, the terminal spikes
mostly long-exserted, those of the branches overtopped by the subtending leaf;
Fie. 20.—Cenchrus palmeri. From the type specimen.
burs (including the spines) 2 to 2.5 em. high and 2.5 to 4 cm. broad, the body
scarcely oblique, depressed-globose, truncate at base, about 10 mm. high and 12
mm. wide, pale tawny-canescent ; spines numerous, spreading or reflexed, usually
blackish purple above the villous-canescent, greatly thickened base, but some-
times yellow, the lowermost short, stout and thornlike, the others long-attenuate,
retrorsely barbed and sometimes flexuous at the needle-like tips, commonly some
76 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
of them divided in two part way or to the base, and some 12 to 15 mm. long;
body of the bur thick-walled, the lobes mostly 12 to 15, erect or spreading, simi-
lar to the spines; spikelets 4 to 7, more or less distorted by the pressure of the
rigid involucre, 7 to 9 mm. long, 2 to 8 mm. wide; first glume very narrow,
usually wanting; second glume and sterile lemma slightly shorter than the
acuminate fruit, obscurely puberulent on the middle internerves,
The bur of C. palmeri is larger than that of any other known species of the
genus. A second specimen of Palmer 689 with yellow-spined burs is mentioned
by 'Vasey in the original description as a “ yellow colored variety.”
DISTRIBUTION.
In dry sands near the coast, Sonora and Lower California, Mexico.
Lower CALIFORNIA: Carmen Island, Palmer 14 in 1870, 865 in 1890. Calmallf,
Orcutt in 1899. Magdalena Bay, Brandegee in 1889. San José del Cabo,
Purpus 519. San Felipe, Goldman 1161. Between Santo Domingo and Ma-
tancita, Nelson & Goldman 7276.
Sonora: Guaymas, Palmer 271 and 689 in 1887. Adair Bay, Sykes 58.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
The following names, based on North American plants, the writer
has not been able to identify:
CENCHRUS CAROLINIANUS Walt. Fl. Carol. 79. 1788. No locality is given, but
so far as known Walter’s plants were collected in the vicinity of his home,
which was on the south side of the Santee River, in the northern part of
Berkeley County, South Carolina, to the east of Hutaw Springs, and near the
mouth of the old Santee Canal!. No specimen of Cenchrus was found in the
Walter Herbarium, now in the British Museum”. The brief diagnosis is as
follows: ‘Involucrum echinatum biflorum, spica glomerata, glumis globosis
muricato-spinosis laevibus.’” This was meant apparently to distinguish the
species from Linnaeus’s “ glumis femineis globosis muricato-spinosis hirsutis,”
that is, C. tribuloides. Walter’s diagnosis does not apply to any known
species. Our only species with smooth burs is C. gracillimus, which is not
found north of Florida. When the American grasses in the Linnaean Her-
barium were examined by A. S. Hitchcock in 1907, it was found that C.
tribuloides was the coast form currently called C. macrocephalus. The name
C. carolinianus was then applied to the common inland species previously
known as C@. tribuloides. That species, however, is not known to occur in
South Carolina. It has been found in North Carolina and Georgia but appears
there to be an introduced weed. Two species of Cenchrus are known from
South Carolina, C. iribuloides, confined to the coast, and C. incertws in the
coastal plain. Of these two only C. incertus is known to occur in Walter’s
region. His statement “glumis [bur] laevibus” better applies to C. incertus
with its finely pubescent burs than to C. tribuloides with conspicuously villous
burs. Since the diagnosis is inadequate and the type specimen nonexistant,
the name can not be applied with certainty and is therefore rejected.
CENCHRUS GRACILIS Beauy. Ess. Agrost. 57, 157. 1812. A name only for a
specimen sent by Bose, presumably from the Carolinas,
CENCHRUS HIRSUTUS Spreng. Neu. Entd. 3: 15. 1822. ‘ Hispaniola.” The de-
seription, which suggests a species of Pennisetum rather than Cenchrus, does
not agree with any species known to us.
* See Brainerd, Bull. Charleston Mus. 8: 33. 1907.
* See Hitchcock, Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16: 48. 1905.
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HITCHCOCK AND CHASE—NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. Wa
EXCLUDED SPECIES.
The following names at some time included in Cenchrus comprise
only those based on American material or those of species which
occur in America:
Cenchrus aegyptius (L.) Beauv.—Dactyioctenium aegyptium (L.) Richt.
Cenchrus granularis L.—Rytilix granularis (L.) Skeels.
Cenchrus hilartti Raspail=Hilaria cenchroides H. B. K.
Cenchrus inflexus Poir.=EHchinolaena inflexa (Poir.) Chase.
Cenchrus laevigatus Trin.=Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze.
Cenchrus marginalis Rudge=Hchinolaena injiexa (Poir.) Chase.
Cenchrus multifiorus Presl=Pennisetum sp.
Cenchrus mutilatus (Hack.) Kuntze=Pemvisetum mutilatum Hack.
Cenchrus nervosus (Nees) Kuntze=Pennisetum nervosum (Nees) Trin.
Cenchrus parvificrus Poir. is an unknown species, probably Chaetochloa
geniculiata (Lam.) Millsp. & Chase.
Cenchrus racemosus L.=Nazia racemosa (L.) Kuntze.
Cenchrus setosus Swartz=—Pennisetum setosum (Swartz) L. Rich.
Cenchrus spicatus (L.) Kuntze=Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.
Cenchrus tripsacoides Cav.=Anthephora hermaphrodita (L). Kuntze.
Cenchrus tristachyus (H. B. K.) Kuntze=Pennisetum tristachyum (H. B. K.)
Spreng.
Cenchrus villosus Spreng.=Anthephora hermaphrodita (L.) Kuntze.
Cenchrus villosus (R. Br.) Kuntze=Pennisetum villosum R. Br.
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{Page numbers of principal entries in heavy-face type. Synonyms in italic.]
Page, Page
ANON CLUS ae = = ne ee ae 47,49 | Cenchrus -parviflorus.____22 =k Ls 17
Anthephora hermaphrodita_________ Cts D2UCIMOTUS see 46, 47, 51,
AXONODUS = 2 ee ea see 33 59, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73
SS CA eee 33, 35 Dilosus = 2s owes J 50, 55, 56, 59
brigantha#= 2-22 2 a2 Se eth 35 DUNG CIS a es ete I aS 58
ciliatissimas las 22 Seas 35, 38, 39 OOCENLO Sl Sie a 48, 49, 77
digiviarmioides)=—=_ =2 52s set 43 3 PIGTAU Se ee NT 57
erucaeformis________ 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 470 S OIL S <i are te eR 67
fAlCI CT Aye! ee NESS eau serra 35 REL OTL ES ti rama LG Ly warm eae b eE 52
SUIS ee ee 35 S8€COSUS sak aS eo eT
TIVOZ LAT) hic Sele eae ee Se a 39, 40 SDICELUG © a moan ka NOEL 17
OTTO ITS eer ee eee 35 Spinifex w= oe eee See wa tes 46, 69
obtusa —~~_--_-_---______-__--- 43 strictue: 222s ey SND So) 3 65
ophryodes ~------------__- 37, 38, 39 tribuloides 22222-2202 2044 46, 47, 48,
plantaginea___-__-_______--__ 41,42) — 65, 67, 69, 72, 78, 76
platyphylla ~--_-------___- 40, 41, 42 var. macrocarpus___-_____ 72
prostrata PaaS aa ae 43 var. macrocephalus_______ 72
Cenchropsis__ Saag Re aE ERC ES 49 CHU SCLC TUL IIS orem eae tia gfe tee em V7
myosuroides --__---------_--___ 52 tristachyug 2 58> ai
Cenchrus --------------- 45, 46, 47, 48, 50 paginatus ic 2b ne 72
aegyptius— tae ae TT DELO ST Se ea REISE TG {(f6
alopecuroides Sa 52 Viridigec n= 22 Ee 57, 59
ONIN ONIG2 Seo es = eee 54 a
AS eA see eae 50 var. macrocephalus______- 57
: Shaetochloas === <= ses See 34
OT CULSCTUS) = eee 59 i =
Capitatuge steam Pew ee 48, 49 geniculan compa enaeat ars uu
carolinianus —--___________ 49, 68, 76 | Chamaeraphis___~---------------- 50
CAtHATti Cust ee 50, 58,54 | Dactyloctenium aegyptium_________ 16
dactylolepisi = 58 es 57 Digitaria (section of Panicum) __~-~ 34
distichophyllus____--_-__--__- 54,55 | Echinaria ---------_----_--__-_-- 49
echinatus__ 46, 47, 48, 49, 58, 59, 62, 63 capitata_-------------------_- 47, 48
forma longispina_________ Gia echinochloas=2=—==—=22 2 1, 34
var. brevisetus___________ 59 erucaeformis _____ Gy See 36
var. tribuloides __________ 65, 72 | Hchinolaena inflexa_-______________ hed
VAT OUTiOAS a ee Dig |e O Chill G aye eee 35
CUO Tite es ee See 52 | Harpostachys (section of Panicum) 34
sO aosSses= Hoesen 48, oe Hilaria cenchroides___-_._--_____- 77
ROC See aa a eat
gracillimus_______ G8, 64; 65.60.6085 76) | en ene eens eee ee
GTRTAAL Re ea 77 | Ichnanthus__-------------------- 1
a ATT AT Mien eile Say SCR EM eel Darin ver GUSINOLE ESS Sa ee ae 4
PiTSULUS ee ee eae, 76 apiculatus Seas R= - = === 12
AN COL GUIS Sees a a eet 65, 76 axillaris-__________-____-____ 7,8
SN PLCDUS ranean nets un ee eee a T7 glaber___--___----~---------- 10
INSULATiC ee ee 62, 63 ichnodecseas=— eae 1,11, 12
LACUIGGLugee wea Se Monae ard fan ceolatus) 22s eee 8,9
macrocarpus——_——-____----____ 59 leiocarpus ~----~------------- 10
macrocephalus __----_____— 68, 72, 76 marlianus— ———————————- 9
SIVAN INCU Ss 2 7 mayarensis ----~-~--~-------- 8
microcephalus= sees aaa 66 mexicanus—————~---------~-~- 10, 11
NILE LOT ILS ee ores 59, 77 nemoralis__~---------~------~- 9,10
AACA TE ee eel 69 NeMOLOSUS es ae ee 5, 6, 12
PU TITAET Sa a q7 Dallens#==e= See 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12
myosuroides____________ 46, 49, 52, 59 panicoides______-_----------- 1
PEO Ee ee ee q7 MCUOLAtUSe Sate AS ee eas 9
HALO ELC ee ee OL Et 54 tenUiS See eee 3,4
DULG ewe me ane ue oa 55, 56, 59 wrightit --------------------- 3
palmeri_.___._____:.___ 50, 74, 75, 76 | Jubaria (section of Panicum) —----_~- 34
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Ir
PREFACE.
The four accompanying papers by Prof. A. S. Hitchcock, sys-
tematic agrostologist of the United States Department of Agriculture,
consist of revisions of four genera of the tribe Paniceae, a continuation
of his studies of North American grasses.
The first two genera, Jsachne and Oplismenus, are chiefly tropical,
although one species of Oplasmenus extends into the southern United
States. The other two genera are widely distributed in tropical and
temperate regions. The genus Echinochloa includes the cosmopolitan
weed FH. crusgalli, one form of which is cultivated in India for food and
occasionally in the United States for forage. The genus Chaetochloa
includes the common millet, of which there are many varieties, culti-
vated in the Old World as a grain and in the United States for forage.
FREDERICK V. COvVILLE,
Curator of the United States National Herbarium.
Ilr
CONTENTS.
Page
Tue NortH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ISACHNE..............-.---22-2---0-0--- 115
AD NER GLUT CET OTA sis ccs a Sea ae eee SS ea Rta eee hase i ore pe 115
Description of the genus and species.... 4... . 22.222... 2.68.0 eee tei elke. 115
Tue NortH AMERICAN SPECIES OF OPLISMENUS..............------------- 123
Mm tEOGU Ctl Ome ase aD Te ee SEEN Ge ee Ba See ae ee 123
Description of the genus and species...........----------------+-++2+---8- 123
Doubtiul species.: 3.g.22 229 Sse. ee See ar tear peng a SO eee Ny 132
THE NortH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ECHINOCHLOA..............------------- 133
PN LNO MUCH OTE Cea eee onesie ane Suge chai ean chia eeaane sacl ae nen \cioal had 133
Description of the genus and species...........-.-+---.-----..-2-----0--- 133
Douwbtiul species! ssi. 5: een ee le Sales yore OA eR AUN Saat) eee 153
THe NortH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CHAETOCHLOA...............-.--------- 155
Mernrbr@o in CEU Oa eee a IN es eer To) eases RS ee 155
Description of the genus and species..........------------------ee eens 156
Moubthlsspectes. ees hes iss Mad ena Mas eee ie Pie eae aera 208
ATEN EE ese ee rave tsps cree wy cee eee ese ae ae ras 2 eae Sa 2 IX
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
: : Following page.
Prats 25; Isachne polygonoides (Lam.) Doell..-: 222... ..2 2262 020- 2 see deen 122
26,Isachne leerstoides' Griseb "= .-5 3-035 heen es eee eee 122
Dilte ISACRILC PY GINOCO-GYISC Dacor rota ee ee SE ee hese ow cle cele 122
28. Isachne moudijolia; (Eoit.) Urban =-2.-2----4- 22 = -2-9-- ge eS ee 122
20 welsachne MgeNS| (SWAttZ) LEN = eee is. ee ee. nen ere cies 122
30. Isachne angustifolia Nash........-- SS eee ene cee ee ec 122
oi.” Isachne-arundinacea, (Swartz); Griseb. 2: 2282. sasseo 2 eee = 122
ole seacnne dis perma: (duam.)Doelle sec ecec ee ie ts 122
TEXT FIGURES.
Page
Fiacure 21. Oplismenus burmanni..........-.-- Age Iasi idee eae ate yee ga PRR SS 125
22. Oplismenus setarius.......- POE aie oo i Ns See ge aie See 128
Zoe Oplismenws Nirtelliiss ces as een ec Bae at a ee 130
2A ODUSIVENUS TATU LOTUS 2 ccsce tees are cise Ie eis ete ce ene 132
25 eeHChiNOChlOG: DYTGMIdGS 22 eee eee eee ee ‘see 84
ZOE CHUNOCILOM< DO lYSUACNY Gera tae eee ee ee 135
ZH A ECRUNOC LOGO DUUSMLENOUN CS: eat eee pect hee SS ee ee 136
ZORMECNTROCNLOG MOLE ORNS 2a san eres ee oe ee ne ee 137
2 VepeEL CAN OCIOU DO LLENY te ee ee ee I ee 138
SOR MLCIANO CLOG CUS QUID ei 5 mer recesses eae ra SA ae (te eae oe 141
Sie CUINOCHLOGTCHUSOGULY MALS <1 cette os ce ee nee re 145
SZ ECRINOCIIOG ChUSQAUIT COUlS came tae anne ene ee eee oe 146
Rome LChUNOChLOG CLUSGQUUIRZELAYENSIS <2 ooo eee eee oe See eats 147
SARE ChINOCH LOG CrUusgally cCrus-PAVONIS=. +. 5-2-2 aac S22 et eee oe 149
Boe -LICLUNO CLOG MCOLOTUTIN mea = a eee ee ne ts ee ere 151
SO mC NOCLOCRIOG,OON DOLE ie ain i ee a epee ys 159
ol Chaetochlog powetiana: «22.6. sa. eo ee eran sete oe 160
DO.3 Chactochlog PalmiyOUlds .o--e Hs ee See roe oe aes 162
DOC hUClOClOG: SULCOLO. =a. wate eta ee Se ays pe 164
40s Chaetochloa:liitescen ss ssc ee Oe eye ee eae 167
Alive (haetocnloa-GenrCwlatd isa ea ees ee 172
ADO hMetochloaenaten: fe ee ears RR ec ees eee 177
Ace OACLOCH LOG VERtCULLAtameme sacs a ene ee eee eee ee 179
AA Chlelochlog; SCANGCNS zee oe es eee eee 181
Abia ChGetochlOG tenacissvinG cae eee Se A ee 182
AGte, ChaetochlOasQreseOachitse. 5 aa eee 2 ee ye ciee eins e 184
47. Chaetochloa magna.........-..--- Se te eee nie aa ela a SA meaner 185
AS ie CHOCCOCN LOUIS =e nae = oe epee te Se os a ieee 187
AOE EC ACLOCH LOOMIS et a ee ae 8 ee Nusa ion ein 190
Use Chactochloaslongi pila ctss ose lo eee ee ee 191
ole Chactochloa conmugatacss 3: “Aare ee ee ne le 192
D2 C MOCLOCH LOG nL CCU IN earn eee ee RES, cre, eee 193
VIII ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page
Fieurs 53. Chaetochloa latifolia. <=. . 2-.3 2 9|-. See se ee 195
54. Chavtochloa macros perma. 2 25-252 a eee eee eee 196
55. (Chactochloa willosisstma 2... 2-2 Sac aoe eel eee ee 197
56. -Chaetochloa:setost 7-2 t 8. eA, ae ee oe 199
57. (Chaetochloe sctosa sje! 2 eS See ee ee Se eee 199
58. Chaetochlow rarg/lora: =. Soe eh ene ee ee ee 201
59: -Chactochloa uulpiseta: 8: zoo eee hs Se Be eee oe ee 202
60°". Chaetochloa macrostachya=- 2 22 ee ae - Oe Se ke 1 ee 204
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ISACHNE.
By A. S. Hircncocr.
INTRODUCTION.
This tropical genus of grasses is, in technical characters, anomalous
in the tribe Paniceae, to which it belongs, in that the spikelet has
two fertile florets instead of one. That is, throughout the tribe,
with the exception of Jsachne, the spikelet has one terminal fertile
floret and one sterile floret, this consisting of a lemma only, of a lemma
and palea, or of a lemma, palea, and a staminate flower. In Jsachne
the lateral floret contains a perfect flower and normally develops a
seed.
There are seven species in North America, a few more in South
America, and several in the tropics of the Old World.
DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES.
ISACHNE R. Br.
Isachne R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 196. 1810. A single Australian species,
I. australis, is described.
DESCRIPTION.
Perennial or rarely annual grasses with simple or usually branching stems, flat,
strongly nerved blades, and paniculate inflorescence. Spikelets obovoid to sub-
globose. Glumes membranaceous, about equal and as long as the fruits or at maturity
exceeded by them. Lower floret perfect or staminate, its lemma and palea indurate
and similar in form and texture to those of the upper floret. Both florets (or fruits)
plano-convex, obtuse, equal in size or the upper shorter, the pair usually remaining
attached by the minute rachilla joint between them.!
Isachne polygonoides is exceptional in that the lower floret is unlike the upper. In
all the species the lower floret of some of the spikelets may fail to perfect a grain.
When sterile the floret is often longer and the lemma less convex than when fertile,
the spikelets on the same panicle thus having a somewhat diverse appearance,
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Florets appressed-pubescent.
Bladesiovate:clasping*< 4582 ea: Gaon i oe eae SE 1. I. polygonoides.
Blade@eslimear a tccs ge per he San ae de nee aay ee 2. I. leersioides.
1 For further discussion see Chase, Genera Paniceae. IV. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-
ton 24: 149. 1911.
115
116 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Florets glabrous, or the palea minutely hispidulous.
Panicle contracted, spikelike, not over 3 cm. long, the branches appressed or the
lower sometimes ascending; plants low and spreading.......-- 3. I. pygmaea,
Panicles open, the branches spreading or ascending.
Blades about 3 mm. wide, thick, rigid, pungent, with conspicuously thickened
midrib 52 0. Soca Ee ot oaee e ee ee ee 4. I. rigidifolia.
Blades mostly 5 to 20 mm. wide, firm but not pungent nor with-thickened midrib.
Plants trailing; blades rarely over 5 cm. long....................5. I. rigens.
Plants clambering; blades mostly more than 5 cm. long.
Glumes pubescent; blades firm, not over 12 cm. long and 1 cm. wide.
6. I. angustifolia.
Glumes glabrous (rarely obscurely pubescent at the tips); blades mostly
over 15 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide.
Spikelets aggregate toward the ends of the branches and branchlets.
7. I. arundinacea.
Spikelets not aggregate; panicle loosely flowered..........8. I. disperma.
1. Isachne polygonoides (Lam.) Doell.
Panicum polygonoides Lam. Encycl. 4: 742.1798. ‘‘Cette plante croit 4 Cayenne,
& m’a été communiquée par le citoyen Leblond.’’ The type, in the Paris Herbarium,
is an entire plant.
Panicum trachyspermum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 212. 1829. ‘‘Habitat in graminosis
prope Para provinciae Paraensis.’”” The type, collected by Martius, has been
examined in the Munich Herbarium.
Isachne trachysperma Nees in Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 224. 1857. Based on Panicum
trachyspermum Nees.
Isachne polygonoides Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras, 2?: 273. 1877. Based. on Panicum
polygonoides Lam.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms decumbent, branching and spreading, rooting at the lower nodes, the
flowering branches ascending, 10 to 30 cm. tall, glabrous, the nodes glabrous but the
base of the sheath hispid; sheaths mostly shorter than the internodes, papillose-
hispid or glabrate; ligule a ring of stiff hairs about 2 mm. long; blades ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, 2 to 5 cm. long, 7 to 17 mm. wide, cordate-clasping and ciliate at base,
acute or somewhat acuminate at apex, scabrous on the upper surface, puberulent or
pubescent beneath; panicles numerous, ovoid, partially inclosed in the sheaths or
finally exserted, the branches and branchlets slender, spreading, stiff and more or
less implicate, the pedicels 2 to 4 mm. long, enlarged at the summit; spikelets about
1.5 mm. long; first glume glabrous; second glume sparsely hispidulous; lower floret
ovate, only slightly turgid, greenish, glabrous, cartilaginous rather than indurate,
exceptional for the genus in resembling the glumes rather than the upper floret;
upper floret pubescent, whitish, indurate; hemispherical.
This species appears to be an annual. It is distinguished from all our other species
by the ovate clasping blades and by the dissimilarity of the two florets.
DISTRIBUTION.
Moist ground, often in the water, Guatemala to Brazil.
GUATEMALA: Chupadero, Heyde & Lux 3916.
Costa Rica: Buenos Aires, Tonduz 4874. Boruca, Tonduz 4623. Turrialba, Tonduz
8233. San Ramon, Tonduz 17909.
PaNnaAMA: Porto Bello, Pittier 2454. Dolega, Hitchcock 8333. Coclé, Pittier 4917.
Chepo, Pittier 4531. Corozal, Hitchcock 9198. David, Hitchcock 8375. Gatin
Lake, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 599. Juan Diaz, Killip 4060.
TRINIDAD: Piarco Savanna, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 598.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. I17
Cotomsia: Corinto, Pittier 1005.
British Guiana: Without locality, Jenman 5975.
FrencH Guiana: Without locality, Leprieur 69.
Braziu: Bahia, Riedel in 1831.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 25.—Isachne polygonoides. Specimen from Panama, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 599.
Natural size.
2. Isachne leersioides Griseb.
Isachne leersioides Griseb. Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. 8: 533. 1862. This is in the
second part of Plantae Wrightianae. The only specimen cited is Wright’s no. 755.
Grisebach’s specimen of this number, which is the type, is without locality other
than eastern Cuba. A specimen in the Gray Herbarium is labeled Monte Verde.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms slender, branched, trailing, glabrous, striate, 1 to 2 meters long; sheaths
on the main culms much shorter than the elongate internodes, overlapping on the
flowering branches, appressed papillose-hispid or nearly glabrous; ligule a very short
membrane, ciliate with stiff hairs about 1 mm. long; blades linear, ascending, rather
firm, 5 to 15 cm. long, 0.5 to 4 mm. wide, long-acuminate, cartilaginous-margined,
scabrous or hispidulous on both surfaces; panicles terminating the branches, ovoid or
oblong, 5 to 15 cm. long, as much as 7 cm. wide, the branches mostly single, rather
stiffly ascending or spreading, bearing from near the base stiffly spreading branchlets,
the spreading pedicels 2 to 3 mm. long; spikelets about 1 mm. long; glumes hispidulous;
florets appressed-pubescent.
DISTRIBUTION.
Dry cliffs and pine barrens, Cuba. :
Cusa: Sierra de las Yeguas, Léon 5078. Zaza del Sur, Léon 6730. Sierra del Caba-
llete, Léon 6520. Cajdlbana, Léon 4843. Woodfred, Shafer 3013. La EGE,
Shafer 8561. Monte Verde, Wright 755.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 26.—Isachne leersioides. Specimens from Cuba, Léon 4843 and 5078. Natural
size.
3. Isachne pygmaea Griseb.
Isachne pygmaea Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 553. 1864. “Hab. Jamaica!, Macf.,
probably an alpine grass, like the preceding [J. rigens].’’ The type, collected by
Macfadyen but without exact locality, has been examined in the Grisebach
Herbarium.
_DESCRIPTION.
Plants low, the slender bacmalss spreading, plabieuse the flowering shoots usually
less than 15 cm. tall, rarely as much as 30 cm. long; sheaths glabrous, ciliate on the
margins; ligule a very short hispidulous ring; blades narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
0.5 to 2 em., or rarely 3 cm. long, rarely over 2 mm. wide, spreading, glabrous or
puberulent, the white cartilaginous margin somewhat scabrous; panicles long-exserted,
narrow, compact. and spikelike, usually less than 2 cm. long, the lower branches
short and somewhat distant, appressed or rarely ascending; spikelets about 1.3 mm.
long, nearly sessile; glumes glabrous, about two- thirds as long as the spikelet; florets
glabrous.
‘DISTRIBUTION:
Grassy banks. This rare grass has a very limited distribution, being known
only from a small area in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica between Newcastle and
Cinchona, at about 1,500 meters altitude.
Jamaica: Cold Spring Gap, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 419; Harris 11314, 12490. Moodys
Gap, Britton 3375.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 27.—Isachne pygmaca. Specimen from Jamaica, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 419.
Natural size.
118 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
4. Isachne rigidifolia (Poir.) Urban.
Agrostis rigidifolia Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 1: 257. 1810. ‘‘Cette plante
croit 4 Vile de Saint-Domingue. (V. s. in herb. Desfont.)’? Poiret gives as a
synonym Miliwm rigidum. The type has been examined at the Florence Herbarium.
It is now in the Webb Herbarium, which contains the Desfontaines Herbarium.
Milium rigidum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 1: 257. 1810, assynonym of Agrostis
rigidifolia Poir.
~ Milium rigidifolium Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 319. 1817. Based on Agrostis
rigidifolia Poir.
Panicum rigidifolium Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 37. 1829. Based on Agrostis rigidifolia
Poir.
Isachne rigidifolia Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 85. 1903. Based on Agrostis rigidifolia
Poir. The specimen which Urban mentions, Sintenis 1359 from Sierra de Luquillo,
Porto Rico, is Isachne angustifolia.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms spreading and branching, the flowering shoots firm and rigid, 15 to 40 em.
tall; sheaths glabrous, stiffly ciliate on the margin, overlapping on the flowering shoots;
ligule a very short, lacerate or ciliate membrane; blades oblong, 2 to 4 cm. long, 2 to 4
mm. wide, firm, rigidly spreading, pungently pointed, glabrous, the cartilaginous
margin and thick midrib whitish; panicles long-exserted, open, oblong, rather narrow,
2 to 5 cm. long, the branches ascending or spreading, bearing the branchlets mostly on
the lower side, 'the pedicels rigid, 1 to2 mm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long, purplish,
borne obliquely upon the pedicels; glumes glabrous or sparsely appressed-hispidulous
near apex; florets smooth.
The species is easily recognized by its smooth, rigid, spreading, pungently pointed,
conspicuously distichous blades.
DISTRIBUTION.
Mountain bogs, West Indies.
Santo Dominco: Rio Yaque, Fuertes 1729.
LEEWARD IsLANnps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3190.
Winpwarp IsLanps: Martinique, Duss 1312; Hahn 1435.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 28.—IJsachne rigidifolia. Specimen from Martinique, Hahn 1435. Natural size.
5. Isachne rigens (Swartz) Trin.
Panicum rigens Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23. 1788. ‘‘Jamaica.’’ The type,
in the Swartz Herbarium at Stockholm, is an ample specimen.
Isachne rigens Trin. Gram. Pan. 252. 1826. Based on Panicum rigens Swartz.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms tufted, glabrous, slender, wiry, trailing, 1 to 2 meters long, as much as 2 mm,
thick, the numerous flowering shoots curving upward, 10 to 30 cm. long; sheaths
glabrous or puberulent, ciliate on the margin; ligule a ring of stiff hairs about 0.5 mm.
long; blades narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 5 cm. long, 2 to 5 mm. wide, spreading,
moderately firm but not stiff and rigid, scabrous on both surfaces and on the carti-
laginous margin; panicles ovoid or oblong, 2 to 5 cm. long, the branches and branchlets
stiffly ascending or spreading, the pedicels 1 to 2 mm. long; spikelets 1.8 to 2 mm.
long; glumes minutely hispidulous; rachilla between the two florets minutely villous;
palea of upper floret sparsely appressed-hispidulous.
DISTRIBUTION.
Damp shady banks, Blue Mountains, Jamaica, at 1,000 to 2,000 meters altitude;
also in northern South America.
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HITCHCOCK —REVISIONS UF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 119
Jamaica: Cinchona, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 420; Harris 11316, 11333, 11417, 11432, 12480.
Abbey Green, Hitchcock 9362; Harris 11585. Catherines Peak, Hitchcock 9732.
Clyde River, Harris 11445. Cold Spring Gap, Harris 11336, 12489. Hardware
Gap, Harris 11543. Sir Johns Peak, Harris 11595.
Co.omBiaA: Santa Marta, Smith 207.
VENEZUELA: Without locality, Fendler 1637, 2504.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 29.—Isachne rigens. Specimen from Jamaica, Harris 12489. Natural size.
6. Isachne angustifolia Nash.
Tsachne angustifolia Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 377. 1903. ‘‘On the summit of
El Yunque, Luquillo Mountains, Porto Rico, Wilson no. 160.”’ The type, in the New
York Botanical Garden Herbarium, is a long branched shoot with numerous leaves
and several panicles.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms clambering, as much as 2 meters long and 2 mm. thick, hard and wiry,
with a long naked base, branching from the upper nodes, the branches long, leafy,
nearly parallel, bearing secondary branches toward the ends, the whole forming a
wide, flabellate or loosely corymbose mass, in its most characteristic development
pushing through the jungle of stream bank or trail side and hanging over bushes;
sheaths appressed papillose-pilose or roughened with papillae, or glabrous, the margin
ciliate; ligule a ring of very short stiff hairs less than 0.5 mm. long; blades narrowly
lanceolate, 3 to 15 cm. long, but mostly more than 5 cm. long, 5 to 12 mm. wide
rather firm and stiffly spreading, scaberulous or glabrate, papillose-ciliate at base or
papillose only; panicles ellipsoid or oblong, as much as 15 cm. long, the branches
stiffly ascending or finally spreading, the branchlets and pedicels finally divaricate,
these and the main axis scabrous; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; glumes minutely
hispidulous toward the tip; florets and rachilla glabrous.
DISTRIBUTION.
Rocky slopes among brush, Porto Rico (at higher altitudes) and Guadeloupe.
Porto Rico: Utuado, Sintenis 6421. Rio Icaco, Shafer 3477. Adjuntas, Sintenis
4045. El Yunque, Sintenis 1355. Maricao, Chase 6222; Britton & Cowell 4271.
Sierra Luquillo, Hioram 369. Cayey, Chase 6750. Monte Alegrillo, Britton,
Stevens & Hess 2566. Monte Torrecilla, Britton, Cowell & Brown 5595.
LEEWARD Istanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 2705.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 30.—Isachne angustifolia. Specimens from Porto Rico, Chase 6222 and 6750.
Natural size.
7. Isachne arundinacea (Swartz) Griseb.
Panicum arundinaceum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24. 1788. ‘‘Jamaica.’’ The
type, in the Swartz Herbarium at Stockholm, consists of two shoots, one with a young
unexpanded panicle, the other with a spreading panicle past maturity. The glumes
of the former are hispid at the summit, of the latter glabrous.
Panicum glaucescens H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 104. 1816. ‘‘Crescit locis planis,
propatulis Novae Andalusiae juxta Bordones et in excelsis, opacatis Andium prope
Pasto.’”’ The type, in the Paris Herbarium, ‘‘in excelsis prope Pasto,’’ is a shoot with
everal leaves and a small, rather dense panicle.
Isachne panicea Trin. Gram. Pan. 253. 1826. Trinius unites Panicum arundinaceum
and P. dispermum, giving both names as synonyms, but his description applies better
to the first (‘‘Panicula densiuscula”’).
Isachne arundinacea Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 553. 1864. Based on Panicum
arundinaceum Swartz.
‘120 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms climbing among shrubs or small trees to a height of as much as 6 meters, as
much as 5 mm. thick at base, with strong canes and elongate branches; sheaths
glabrous, or rarely slightly scabrous, ciliate on the margin, sometimes a little papillose
near the summit, overlapping on the flowering shoots; ligule of stiff hairs as much as
5 mm. long; blades narrowly lanceolate, as much as 20 cm. long and 2 cm. wide, long-
acuminate, scabrous, sometimes becoming smoothish, often papillose on the margin at
base; panicles ovoid or ellipsoid, as much as 12 cm. long and 10 cm. wide, rounded at
summit, the branches ascending or the lower finally spreading, branched from about
the middle, the spikelets somewhat aggregate on the branchlets, the panicle thug
rather compactly flowered at the periphery, the pedicels 0.5 to 2 mm. long; spikelets
about 1.5 mm. long; glumes glabrous or with a few short stiff hairs at the summit;
florets glabrous.
DISTRIBUTION.
Wooded hillsides, Jamaica, at an altitude of 1,000 to 2,000 meters; also southern
Mexico to South America.
Veracruz: Consoquitla, Liebmann 331, 332. Mirador, Liebmann 333, 335. Orizaba
Miiller 78; Pringle 5570. Zacuapan, Purpus 2000. Jalapa, Smith 1804.
Oaxaca: Without locality, Galeotti 5868.
Curapas: Chicharras, Nelson 3764. Without locality, Purpus 7410.
GUATEMALA: Coban, Smith 1854; Tiirckheim 87. Secanquim, Pittier 252.
Costa Rica: Cafias Gordas, Pittier 11009. Los Palmares, Pittier 10651. Juan Vifias,
Cook & Doyle 338. La Palma, Tonduz 12567. Tucurrique, T onduz 12798, 12970.
Chirripé, Tonduz 166. La Hondura, Jiménez 535. ;
Panama: El Boquete, Hitchcock 8277.
Jamaica: Catherines Peak, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 418; Eggers 3583. Gordon Town,
Hart 708. Wallenford, Harris 11551, 11567. Content Gap, Harris 11517. Abbey
Green, Hitchcock 9386. Bryans Hill, Harris 11529. Cold Spring Gap, Harris
11337, 12491. Flamstead, Harris 11468, 11581. Whitfield Hall, Harris 11583,
Mount Lebanon, Harris 12487.
Co.tomsBiA: Santa Marta, Smith 210.
VENEZUELA: Carayaca, Jahn 305.
Bonivia: Yungas, Bang 297; Rusby 6.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 31.—Isachne arundinacea. Specimen from Jamaica, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 418.
Natural size.
8. Isachne disperma (Lam.) Doell.
Panicum dispermum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 173.1791. ‘‘Ex Amer. Merid. Com. D.
Richard.’’ The type, in the Paris Herbarium, is a shoot with 5 leaves and a panicle
from which most of the spikelets have fallen, the pedicels slender and spreading. The
locality is not indicated on the label, only the name and ‘‘ex D. Richard.’’
Panicum multinerve Desv.; Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 279. 1816. ‘‘Cette
plante croit aux Antilles. (V.s. in herb. Desv.).’? The type, in the Paris Herba-
rium, is said to be from Porto Rico, ‘‘Habitat in Antillis (Portoricensis),’’ but the
statement is probably erroneous as the species is otherwise unknown from that island.
The label bears, besides the name Panicum multinerve Desv., the name confertum
Desv. It would appear that this specimen is the type of the latter name also, espe-
cially as no other specimen could be found that appeared to be the type.
Panicum confertum Desv.; Poir.in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 279. 1816. ‘‘Cette
plante croit aux Antilles (V. s. in herb. Desv.).’? See remarks under Panicum multi-
nerve in the preceding paragraph. Poiret describes both species in succeeding para-
graphs, but the descriptions do not differ essentially. The blades in both are
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 121
described as glabrous, while in Isachne arundinacea, the only other species it could
be, they are scabrous.
Isachne ? dubia Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 42.1829. Based on Panicum dispermum Lam.
The question mark inserted by Kunth is accounted for by his note, ‘‘In herbario
Richardi non amplius suppetit.”’
Isachne disperma Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 274. 1877. Based on Panicum di-
spermum Lam.
DESCRIPTION.
Aspect of plant as in I. arundinacea; sheaths glabrous or rarely papillose-hispidulous;
ligule hairs as much as 2mm. long; blades on the average larger than in I. arundinacea,
glabrous, scabrous toward the apex; panicles as much as 20 cm. long, the branches and
branchlets spreading, the spikelets in twos or threes at the ends of the branchlets, the
panicle thus more open and flowered more equally throughout than in I. arundinacea,
the spikelets not strongly aggregate toward the periphery; spikelets slightly over 1
mm. long; glumes and florets glabrous.
DISTRIBUTION.
Mountain woods, Lesser Antilles.
Leewarp Istanps: St. Kitts, Britton & Cowell 395. Guadeloupe, Duss 3189.
Dominica, Eggers 1056; Jonas 38.
Winpwarp Istanps: Martinique, Duss 1311. Grenada, Broadway 76.
Topaco: Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 597.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 32.—Isachne disperma. Specimen from St. Kitts, Britton & Cowell 395.
Natural size.
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ate As oe ies, 91)
r . i 7, pr bee
mtr $e nna i eet
ie
rm be,
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22.
ISACHNE POLYGONOIDES (LAM. DOELL.
PLATE 25.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vcl. 22. PLATE 26.
ISACHNE LEERSIOIDES GRISEB.
igs a A
RN
.
Sa aUAN Tent wastes t
fe ae er He ena
= :
ot
Posen
aii ate
es :
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st
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bak
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wie ee ae ee "
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<_ “ 7 AS
an Nee. roy
Nae Ne rnp - eae im il hg i - snt t
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, u : aeons 7 oe
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Na dire
mites
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4 ;
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eT se a ne ene a te gt a te
* ‘ ae Pees: vd
“Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE 27.
ISACHNE PYGMAEA GRISEB.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE 28.
ISACHNE RIGIDIFOLIA (PoIR.) URBAN.
1 UN
Hier ented
setae ahrasen
neh
nie snes
Ate
apy
sa tr iD cabins mes Gade
Snkitmemrensconc ena ee
Ween means Reraandatt nl hain Mi aT APES a fa
Paplrals aR Giaet ii: Peppa Od, TP es
Jr onthe ipeesecel i ae near
N N's)
wuraheyil
Sees
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Sn ater ne hems manne
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is
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tty
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be ae Be
s t r 7
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PLATE 29.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22.
ISACHNE RIGENS (SWARTZ) TRIN.
PLATE 30,
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22.
ISACHNE ANGUSTIFOLIA NASH.
om a
HER
eae
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Beak
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Fes
ue
ti
Tose LRN
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PLATE 31.
22.
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol.
(SWARTZ) GRISEB
ISACHNE ARUND!INACEA
Contr. Nat. Herb., Vol. 22. PLATE 32.
ISACHNE DISPERMA (LAM.) DOELL.
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a
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.
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF OPLISMENUS.
—
By A. 8. Hircucock.
INTRODUCTION.
This genus of grasses comprises four species in the American
tropics and about as many in the tropics of the Old World. All
are shade plants with broad flat blades and strongly dorsiven-
tral, creeping sterile shoots. Nearly all the species have been
referred to the four genera Panicum, Oplismenus, Orthopogon, and
Echinochloa, which fact accounts for much of the extended synonymy.
One species is found in the United States along the coast from North
Carolina to Florida and Texas.
The text figures are natural size.
DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES.
OPLISMENUS Beauv.
20
Oplismenus Beauy. Fl. Owar. 2: 14. pl. 68. f. 1.1809. A single species, O. africanus,
is described and figured. The name is occasionally spelled Hoplismenus.
Orthopogon R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 194. 1810. Four species are described
and two, Panicum hirtellum and P. burmanni, are mentioned in a note as belonging to
the genus. The first, O. compositus, is accepted as the type because it is based
on a Linnaean species (Panicum compositum L.), while the other three species are
described as new.
Hekaterosachne Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 118. 1854. A single species, H. elatior,
from New Zealand is described. Cheeseman ! refers this to Oplismenus.
Hippagrostis Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 776 1891. Kuntze accepts Hippagrostis
Rumpf.2_ The type is Panicum burmanni Retz.
DESCRIPTION.
Usually weak, freely branching, creeping annuals or perennials with erect or
ascending flowering shoots, flat, thin, ovate or lanceolate, asymmetric blades, and one-
sided spikelike racemes along a main axis. Spikelets terete or somewhat compressed
laterally, subsessile, in pairs or solitary in two rows on one side of a narrow, scabrous or
hairy rachis. Glumes subequal, emarginate or entire, the midnerve extending into
an awn, that of the first longer. Sterile lemma exceeding the giumes and fruit, notched
or entire, mucronate or short-awned, inclosing a hyaline palea. Fruit elliptic, acute,
the lemma very convex or boat-shaped, the firm margins clasping the palea, inrolled.
The genus consists of four species in the American tropics and about as many more in
the tropics of the Old World. One of the American species has been introduced.
The species are shade-loving, growing on the forest floor or in shade of orchards and
groves, often forming a carpet.
1 Man. New Zeal. Fl. 849. 1906.
* Herb. Amboin. 6: 14. pl. 5. f. 3. 1750.
168000—20-——2 123
124 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Awns antrorsely scabrous; plants annual.............-.-.-...----- 1. O. burmanni
Awns smooth or obscurely roughened; plants perennial.
Rachis of racemes mostly 2 to 3 mm. long, bearing usually not more than 5 spikelets;
blades 1 to 3 cm. long, 4 to 10 mm. wide...................-..-2. O. setarius.
Rachis of lower racemes more than 1 cm. long, bearing usually more than 8 spike-
lets; blades mostly more than 4 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. wide.
Racemes closely flowered, the lower 1 to 2 cm. long..........-..- 3. O. hirtellus,.
Racemes loosely flowered, the lower 2 to 5 cm. long, the lower pairs of spikelets
as much as lcm. apart... - 22 oss en cto boc ooo oe ne so emi mea es
1. Oplismenus burmanni (Retz.) Beauv.
Panicum hirtellum Burm. FI. Ind. 24. pl. 12. f. 1. 1768. Not Pantcum hirtellum L.
1759. ‘‘Habitat in Indiis utrisque.’’ The plate is rather crude but evidently repre-
sents the species now called Oplismenus burmanni.
Panicum burmanni Retz. Obs. Bot. 3: 10. 1783. The name is based on Panicum
hirtellum Burm., but the species is briefly described and a specimen is said to have
been sent by Koenig.
Panicum bromoides Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 170.1791. ‘‘Ex.ins. Franciae. Commers.”’
The type has not been examined, but the reference in the description to hirsute spikes
and short blades appears to identify the species with Oplismenus burmanni, to which
species the name is referred by most authors.
Oplismenus africanus Beauv. Fl. Owar. 2: 15.1809. The Tocahibies given with the ©
description are ‘‘Chama, Koto, Oware & Benin,” on the coast of Guinea. The plate
identifies the species.
Oplismenus bromoides Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 54. 1812. Presumably based on Panicum
bromoides Lam., though no direct reference to that species is given. Beauvois merely
says that Oplismenus includes ‘‘Panici spec. Lin., etc.,’’ and makes several combi-
nations under Oplismenus, one of which is 0. bromoides.
Oplismenus burmanni Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 54.1812. Based on Panicum burmanni
Retz.
Panicum album Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 274. 1816. ‘“‘Cette plant croft a
Vile de Java. (V.S. in herb. Desfont.).’? The type has not been examined, but the
description appears satisfactory for the reference of the name to Oplismenus burmanni.
Panicum africanum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 275.1816. Based on Oplismenus
africanus Beauv.
Oplismenus albus Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 890. 1817. Based on Panicum
album Poir.
Orthopogon burmanni Trin. Fund. Agrost. 181. 1820. Based on Panicum burmanni
Retz.
Oplismenus brasiliensis Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 40. 1823. ‘‘Invenitur in montanis
prope Tejucco, necnon in Monte nuncupato Corcovado.”’ This is referred by Doell?
to Panicum compositum, but the description applies well to Oplismenus burmanni
(Panicum burmanni of Doell).
Oplismenus affinis Schult. Mant. 2: 273. 1824. “In St. Martha [Colombia].
Bertero.’’ The ample description applies well to Oplismenus burmanni.
Panicum lappaceum Willd.; Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 306. 1825. Mentioned as a
synonym of Orthopogon burmanni. The type, collected by Humboldt in ‘‘ America
merid.,’’ has been examined in the Willdenow Herbarium at Berlin.
Orthopogon africanus Sweet, Hort. Brit. 448. 1826. Based on Oplismenus africanus
eR. S22
Oplismenus humboldtianus Nees, Agrost. Bras. 264. 1829. ‘‘Habitat in Brasilia
varlis locis (Mart.).’’ Nees considers the Brazilian plant different from the East
Indian species and bases the name upon Oplismenus burmanni as described by
Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth.
1Mart Fl. Bras. 2?: 146. 1877.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 125
Oplismenus cristatus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 323. 1830. ‘‘Hab. in Mexico.’’ The
type, in the German University at Prague, is labeled as coming from Luzén.
~ Oplismenus affinis Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 323. 1830. ‘‘Hab. in Panama.’”’ The
name is independent of O. afinis Schult. The type has been examined at the German
University in Prague. Presl states that it is probably only a variety of O. cristatus.
Orthopogon bromoides Loud. Hort. Brit. 25. 1830. Presumably based on Panicum
bromoides Lam., though no synonymy is cited.
Panicum francoi Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 44.1854. ‘‘Franco legit in Oaxaca.”
The type has not been examined, but the description applies to Oplismenus burmanni.
7 Panicum raddianum Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:45. 1854, Based on Oplismenus
“brasiliensis Raddi.
Panicum sanctae-marthae Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 45.1854. ‘‘Hrbr. Funck nr. 437.
Sancta Martha Venezuelae.’’ The type has not_been examined, but the description
applies to Oplismenus burmanni.
Panicum schultesit Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 46. 1854. Based on Oplismenus affinis
Schult.
Oplismenus humboldtianus B muticus Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2:37. 1886. ‘‘Cuernavaca
(Boure. n. 1301).’? This collection, as well as Miller 2016 and 2019 cited by Fournier,
is represented in the U. S. National Herbarium.
There are several other synonyms in works on Old World floras.
DESCRIPTION.
a
Plants annual; culms'slender, glabrous or pubescent in lines or sometimes pubescent
all over, the flowering shoots as much as 40 cm. long, usually 10 to 20 cm. long, ascend-
ing or nearly prostrate; sheaths glabrous
or papillose-hispid, striate, ciliate on the
margin, villous on the collar; ligule a very
_short membrane, ciliate with hairs about
1mm. long; blades ovate to ovate-lanceo-
late, mostly 2 to 5 cm. long, sometimes
longer, 1 to 1.5 cm. wide, thin, more or
less pubescent or hispid on both surfaces,
especially toward the base, usually undu-
late on the margin; panicle ovoid to linear
mostly long-exserted, usually compact, 2
to5cm. long, sometimesas much as 10 cm.
long, and the spikes more distant, mostly
nodding, the main axis villous; racemes 3
to several, appressed or ascending, rather
shortand thick, white and silky, mostly 8
to 15 mm. long, the spikelets closely set
and nearly sessile on the rachis, thissoftly
villous and also beset, especially at the
base of the spikelets, with stiff papillose
hairs 2 to 3 mm. long; spikelets com-
pressed, whitish, several to many on each
rachis; first glume 3-nerved, half as long
as the sterile lemma, rather sparsely
appressed-villous, notched at the apex,
the midnerve extending as a slender, Fic. 21.—Oplismenus burmanni. From Reko 3473
straight, antrorsely scabrous awn 10 to PHO:
15 mm. long; second glume similar to the first, a little longer, 5-nerved, the
awn shorter; sterile lemma similar to the glumes, about 3 mm. long, compressed
above, nearly terete below, about 7-nerved, the lower half often copiously villous, .
the awn shorter than those of the glumes, commonly 1 to 3 mm. long; fruit smooth
and shining, about as thick as wide, pale or brownish, about 2 mm. long.
&
126 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DISTRIBUTION.
Tropics of both hemispheres, introduced in America; common in waste places,
along roads, especially in partially shaded places, southern Mexico to northern South
America; also in Santo Domingo.
Lower CaALirornia: Sierra de la Laguna, Brandegee 5 in 1890. Miraflores, Brandegee
22 in 1890.
Srvatoa: Lodiego, Palmer 1666 in 1891.
Teric: Tepic, Palmer 1930 in 1892.
JAuisco: Guadalajara, Palmer 463 in 1886; Hitchcock 7279. Zapotlan, Hitch-
cock 7250.
Coumma: Colima, Palmer 1258 in 1891; Orcwtt 4529.
MicuoacAn: La Correa, Langlassé 440. Morelia, Arséne in 1909.
Veracruz: Zacuapan, Purpus 2893. Orizaba, Miiller 2016.
MoreEtos: Cuernavaca, Pringle 6209; Bourgeau 1301. Yautepec, Pringle 48267
GUERRERO: Acapulco, Palmer 35 in 1895.
Oaxaca: Cuicatlan, Nelson 1649. Guatulco, Liebmann 375. Cafetal Concordia,
Reko 3473.
CutApas: Sierra de Tonala, Purpus 7412.
Yucatan: Izamal, Gawmer 1038. Calotmul, Gawmer 2429. Without locality, Schott
5d.
GUATEMALA: Amatitlan, Tickheom 8787; Popenoe 702. Totonicapam, Seler 2360.
Volcan Pacaya, Kellerman 6235. Retalhuleu, Kellerman 6266. Ciudad Vieja,
Tejada 115. Coban, Tiirckheim 1363. Volcan Chingo, Shannon 3672. San Juan
Arana, Heyde & Lux 6276. Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 4297. Santa Ana, Tiirck-
heim 473. Guatemala City, Hitchcock 9044, 9052. Without locality, Heyde 648.
Satvapor: La Unidén, Hitchcock 8790. Volcan San Salvador, Hitchcock 8949.
San Salvador, Velasco 14.
Honpuras: Amapala, Hitchcock 8765. San Pedro Sula, Thieme 5581.
Nicaracua: Masaya, Hitchcock 8634, 8660. Ometepe Island, Smith 1075. Jinotepe,
Hitchcock 8725.
Costa Rica: San José, Jiménez 7, 8, 9, 156, 157, 158; Tonduz 1811, 3120, 7190, 7233,
7276, 8458, 9841; Pittier 3124; Hitchcock 8450, 8484. Alajuelita, Jiménez 898.
La Palma, Pittier 731. Santo Domingo, Tonduz 7194, 9939. Santa Barbara,
Pittier 1678. Surubres, Biolley 7002, 17381. Boruca, Pittier 4466. Rodeo,
Pittier 1612. Bocade Zhorquin, Tonduz 8637. Zent Farm, Pittier 16738. Nicoya,
Tonduz 13758; Cooper 10378. Desamparados, Tonduz 1481. Piedra del Convento,
Tonduz 3653. Turrialba, Tonduz 8229. Rodeo de Pacaca, Pittier 3330. Carrillo,
Biolley 3113. Puntarenas, Hitchcock 8541, 8542. Atenas, Hitchcock 8520. Ala-
juela, Jiménez 704. Rio Bebedero, Jiménez 738, 741. Hacienda La Colombiana,
Tonduz 224. Rio Blanco, Lehmann 1781.
Panama: El Boquete, Hitchcock 8304. Ancén, Celestine 83. Masambi, Mazon 4688.
Culebra, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 421; Pittier 2086. Chagres, Fendler 363. Bocas
del Toro, Hart 74. San Felix, Pittier 5205. Coclé, Pittier 4887. Empire,
Hitchcock 7951. Matias Hernandez, Pittier 6822. Balboa, Killip 4180.
Santo Domingo: Constanza, Tiirckheim 2883. Maniel de Ocoa, Tiirckheim 3610.
CotomBia: Santa Marta, Smith 157, 2573. Popayan, Lehmann 5936. Cauca, Leh-
mann 2106. Cuesta de Tocota, Pitiier 699. Huila, Prttier 1272, 1526. Without
locality, Linden 1559.
VENEZUELA: Caracas, Rose 21962. Without locality, Fendler 1705.
Braziu: Cuyaba, Malme 3128.
2. Oplismenus setarius (Lam.) Roem. & Schult.
Panicum setarium Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 170.1791. ‘‘Ex Amer. merid.—Commun.
aD. Richard.”” The type, in the Lamarck Herbarium at Paris, is a single culm
with several leaves and three racemes.
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te ng Aen pr sety a
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 127
Oplismenus setarius Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 481. 1817. Based on Panicum
setarium Lam.
Orthopogon parvifolium Nutt. Gen. Pl. 1: 55, errata. 1818. Nuttall at first referred
this to O. hirtellum (Panicum hirtellum L.), giving the range as Florida to South Caro-
lina. Inthe errata he changes the name to O. parvifolium and gives a new description,
Orthopogon setarius Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 306. 1825. Based on Panicum setarium
Lam.
Oplismenus parvifolius Kunth, Rév. Gram 1: 45. 1829. Based on Orthopogon parvi-
folius Nutt.; placed by Kunth among species dubiae.
Panicum nuttallianum Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 260. 1841. Based on Ortho-
pogon parvifolius.
: DESCRIPTION.
Culms slender and lax, the flowering branches ascending or nearly prostrate, usually
not more than 10 to 20 cm. long, sometimes as much as 30 cm., glabrous or pubescent
in lines; sheaths glabrous, villous on the margin, pubescent about the collar; ligule
a very short ciliate membrane; blades ovate to ovate-lanceolate, thin, mostly 1 to 3
cm. long, 4 to 10 mm. wide, sparsely pilose on both surfaces or glabrate; panicle long-
exserted, usually not over 5 cm. long, rarely as much as 8 cm., the axis scabrous or
puberulent; racemes usually 3 to 5, rarely as many as 8, short and subglobose, distant
or the upper approximate, the lower internode sometimes as much as 2 cm. long, the
rachis usually 2 to 3 mm. long, rarely as much as 5 mm. long (or a little longer in some
United States specimens), puberulent, pubescent, or villous at base; spikelets rarely
as many as 8 on a rachis, usually not more than 5, the lowermost sometimes reduced to
awns; glumes more than half as long as the sterile lemma, appressed-hispidulous, often
more or less pilose along the margin, more or less notched at apex, the first 3-nerved,
the awn mostly 4 to 8 mm. long, smooth, the second 5-nerved, the awn much shorter,
usually 2 to 3 mm. long; sterile lemma 2 to 3 mm. long, 7-nerved, appressed-pilose
above, the awn short or wanting; fruit about 2.5 mm. long.
DISTRIBUTION.
Shaded places along the coast, North Carolina to Florida and Texas; southern
Mexico to Guatemala; West Indies; Trinidad to Paraguay.
Nort Carouina: Ocracoke Island, Kearney 2321..
GeoreiA: Lumpkin, Latimer in 1885. Bainbridge, Harper 1235. Brunswick, Chase
7086. Union, Harper 1084. Georgetown, Harper 1746.
Fioripa: Jupiter, Curtiss 5553. Orange County, Baker 30. Tampa, Combs 1402.
Tallahassee, Nash 2524. Mouth St. Johns River, Curtiss 3595. Old Town,
Combs 864. Fort Myers, Hitchcock 467. Manatee, Rugel 379. Miami, Hitchcock
672. Eustis, Chase 4044. Fellsmere, Tracy 9307. Key West, Blodgett. Jack-
sonville, Curtiss 4037, 5301. Brevard County, Fredholm 5504, 6139. Orange
Glade, Eaton 593. Sebastian, Fredholm 5504. Bartow, Combs 1239. Homosassa,
Combs 968. Grasmere, Combs 1044. Palm Beach, Hitchcock 2337. Gainesville,
Chase 4243.
ALABAMA: Mobile, Mohr in 1878. Tuscaloosa, Smith.
Mississippi: Ocean Springs, Tracy 4533. Biloxi, Chase 4361. Nicholson, Kearney 366.
ARKANSAS: Fulton, Bush 982.
Louistana: Plaquemines County, Langlois 53. Houma, Wurzlowin 1913. Burnside,
Combs 1415.
Texas: Houston, Fisher 1805; Hall837. Terrell, Tylerin 1904. Columbia, Bush 299,
1428. Hockley, Thurow. Georgetown, Palmer 1339 in 1880. Beckville, Rever-
chon in 1902. San Antonio, Hitchcock 5249; Plank 57, 95; Bush 1218. New
Braunfels, Lindheimer 1263.
VERACRUZ: Orizaba, Seaton 63; Botteri 136; Miiller 2021. Cordoba, Hitchcock 6445.
128 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Curapas: Ocuilapa, Nelson 3025.
Quintana Roo:*Cozumel Island, Millspaugh 1483.
GUATEMALA: Guatemala City, Hitchcock 9110. La Vega, Heyde & Lux 6275. Pansa-
mal4, Tiirckheim 1331.
Fia. 22.—Oplismenus setarius. From Hitchcock 9415, Jamaica.
BerMupa: Brown & Britton 13; Harris 424; Collins 150.
Banamas: New Providence, Britton 3200.
Cusa: Handbana, Wright 1543. Campo Florido, Léon 4139. Cojimar River, on
4720.
—<— fork Horan 4720
A “ { 4. M e es ere - ie, cA a ee 5, ‘*
hohe ten eet hes et mectihey (patinwesl bv oa Sito poll ayant ast tapi semen Ur ptrpiey chee i aah arn keeles
ere i te tn atte atten fom eee rn prancing oe) er ay inne ret lat pen a rent at Seei
ri gt nth lyst ARR nil pape eo tres reine tp orcs i pe ata
a td enn mp i as a Al rtd A gry lt 9 nee tl 8
HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 129
Jamaica: Mount Hybla, Harris 11307. Clyde River, Harris 11446. Stony Hill,
Harris 11339. Hardware Gap, Harris 11843. Bryans Hill, Harris 6826. Castle-
ton, Harris 11342; Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 600. Blue Hole, Fredholm 3196. Gor-
don Town, Hart 578. Kingston, Hitchcock 9468. Ramble, Hitchcock 9521,
Abbey Green, Hitchcock 9358. Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9871. Barican, Hitch-
cock 9568. Montego Bay, Hitchcock 9681. Ipswich, Hitchcock 9621. Newcastle,
Hitchcock 9337. Ewarton, Hitchcock 9415. Catherines Peak, Hitchcock 9731, 9737.
Troy, Hitchcock 9783; Maxon 2951. Content Gap, Harris 11364.
Santo Domineo: Poiteau in 1807.
Porto Rico: Arecibo, Chase 6556. Vega Baja, Chase 6413. Sierra de Luquillo,
Chase 6721. Cayey, Sintenis 2225, 2286. Mayaguez, Sintenis 72b; Holm 124.
Vieques, Shafer 2626; Chase 6682. Culebra, Britton & Wheeler 106.
Vircin Istanps: St. Croix, Rose 3625; Ricksecker 250. Antigua, Rose 3485; Wull-
schlaegel 626. St. Thomas, Eggers.
LEEWARD Istanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 2714.
Winpwarp Istanps: Martinique, Duss 778b.
TrinipapD: Tabaquite, Hitchcock 10126.
Ecuapor: Galdpagos Islands, Stewart 1283.
Braziu: Campinas, Campos Novaes 1255, 1290. Bahia, Riedel. Novo Niagara,
Edwall 3864. Curityba, Dusén 7906. Rio Grande do Sul, Lindman 977, 1569.
ParaGuay: Pilcomayo,-Rojas 74. Without locality, Page (Paraguay Exped.) in 1854,
3. Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv.
Panicum hirtellum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. No locality given. The
type, in the Linnaean Herbarium, is from Jamaica, having been sent to Linnaeus
by Browne. The specimen is the upper part of a flowering culm with seven racemes
and two leaves, with glabrous sheaths.
Milium undulatifolium Moench, Meth. Pl. 202. 1794. A garden specimen is
described and Panicum hirtellum L. is given as synonym. Panicum undulatifolium
Ard.' is not mentioned. Moench’s name is evidently independent of that, which
has been applied to an Old World species.
Oplismenus hirtellus Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 54, 168. 1812. Based on Panicum hir-
tellum L.
Orthopogon hirtellus Nutt. Gen. Pl. 1: 55. 1818. The name is based on Panicum
hurtellum L., but the plant described by Nuttall is Oplismenus setarius. In the errata
Nuttall elenpes the specific name to parvifolium (see a preceding paragraph under
Oplismenus setarius).
Panicum velutinum Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 51. 1818. ‘‘In nemorosis plantationis
Sophienburg,’’ Essequibo. A duplicate type has been examined in the Trinius
Herbarium, having been sent to Trinius by Meyer. The sheaths are pubescent.
Oplismenus velutinus Schult. Mant. 2: 271. 1824. Based on Panicum velutinum
Meyer. 3 (adh): 596. 1527, Raced tO, thofe.
chinochloa cubensis Schult. Mant. AG 596. 182 ait ate naeor heer a ieee Cuk.
Orthopogon cubensis Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 367. 1825. ‘‘Cuba.”’? The type of this ce
has not been examined. nh eas
Oplismenus cubensis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 45.1829. Based on Orthopogon cubensis
Spreng.
Panicum cubense Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 255. 1841. Based on Orthopogon
. cubensis Spreng.
—~ Oplismenus chondrosioides Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 39. 1886. ‘‘Absque loco (Lizp.
n. 367); Cordova (Boura. n. 1668, ScHarrn. n. 281 b.).’? The first specimen cited
may be taken as the type. This has been examined in the Copenhagen Herbarium,
It has hispid sheaths. The name is on the label in Fournier’s hand.
1 Animad. Spec. Alt. 14. pl. 4. 1764.
130 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial; culms widely creeping and branching, the flowering culms usually
erect from an ascending base, as much as 70 em. tall but usually about 30 cm., glabrous
or somewhat pubescent; sheaths glabrous or densely papillose-hispid; ligule mem-
branous, about 0.5 mm. long, short-ciliate; blades lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, mostly 5 to 10 cm. long, 1 to
2 cm."wide, rather abruptly narrowed above into an
acuminate apex, glabrous or pubescent, papillose-ciliate
at base; panicle lgng-exserted, 5 to 10 cm. long, the main
axis pubescent, or the lower part nearly glabrous, the
lowest internode commonly about 2 cm. long; racemes
mostly 3 to 7, ascending or spreading, rather distant, _
compact or sometimes rather loose, the lowermost 1 to 2 %
cm. long, the rachis pubescent and also papillose-hispid;
spikelets in pairs, the pairs alternating on two sides of
the triangular rachis, appressed-villous or hispid or
nearly glabrous, green or, especially the awns, purple;
glumesjnearly equal, a little more than half as long as
the sterile lemma, more or less notched at apex or taper-
ing into the rather stout smooth awn, the first 5-nerved,
with an awn 5 to 10 mm. long, the second 7-nerved,
theZawn once or twice as long as the glume, sometimes
shorter; the sterile lemma 2.5 to 3 mm. long, 7-nerved,
usually notched at apex, the awn mostly 1 to 2 mm,
long, sometimes wanting; fruit 2 to 2.5 mm. long.
There are two forms of this species, one with glabrous
Tae 2s Opplismentie heteline sheaths‘and one with hispid sheaths, which appear, when
From Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 602, growing,{rather distinct. The forms differ in no other
Trinidad. way, however, and are found growing together under the
same conditions, but all the shoots originating from a given plant are of one form.
A form of Oplismenus with variegated foliage, found in the West Indies, appears
to belong to O. compositus (L.) Beauv., an allied Asiatic species (Guadeloupe, Duss
3155; Dominica, Jones 37; Martinique, Duss 1325; Grenada, Hitchcock 17674).
DISTRIBUTION.
Moist woods and shady banks, southern Mexico and thequehon the West Indies to
South America.
Micuoacdn: Morelia, Arséne in 1909.
VERACRUZ: Minatitlan, Smith 575. Sanborn, Orcutt 3067. Jalapa, Hitchcock 6636,
6637, 6681. Orizaba, Botteri 724; Purpus in 1903; Smith 578. Colipa, Liebmann
363, 364. Mirador, Nelson 109. Cordoba, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 422; Karwinsky
965. San Sebastian, Liebmann,.371. Jicaltepec, Liebmann 366.
Moretos: Cuernavaca, Pringle 6203: Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 423; Bourgeau 1302.
Tasasco: San Juan Bautista, Rovirosa 67, 83.
Mexico (Republic of): Without locality, Liebmann 366, 367.
GUATEMALA: Laguna de Ayarza, Heyde & Lux 3922. Secanquim, Maxon & Hay 3154.
Guatemala City, Hitchcock 9054. Sepacuité, Cook & Griggs 225. Trece Aguas,
Goll 96. Coban, Tiirckheim 438. Cubilquitz, Tiirckheim 8802.
Satvapor: Volcdn San Salvador, Hitchcock 8930. San Salvador, Renson 63.
*“Honpuras: San Pedro Sula, Thieme 323, 5581 in part. Ruatan Island, Gawmer 136.
Puerto Sierra, Wilson 208.
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HITCHCOCK
REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 131
Costa Rica: Las Mesas, Pittier 3115. Rodeo, Pittier 1618. Santa Rosa, Tonduz
12272. Mano de Tigre, Pittier 4632. Rio Union, Pittier 3652. San José, Hitch-
cock 8481, 8500; Jiménez 129, 170; Cooper 5994. Cartago, Cooper 168. Buenos
Aires, Tonduz 4877. Boruca, Tonduz 4465.
Panama: Chiriqui Volcano, Hitchcock 8194. Gatin, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 424. Bocas
del Toro, Hart 83. El Boquete, Hitchcock 8309, 8312.
Cusa: Monte Verde, Wright 751. Sierra de Anafe, Wilson 11332. Rio San Miguel,
Wilson 9280. Rio Cayaguateje, Shafer 10444. Woodfred, Shafer 3011. Matanzas,
Rugel 189; Britton & Wilson 14016; Palmer & Riley 12. Cienfuegos, Pringle 76.
El Guama, Palmer & Riley 146. Vento, Léon 556; Curtiss 593. San Antonio,
Hitchcock 489. Santiago de las Vegas, Hitchcock 488. Bagamesa, Eggers 4655.
Guanajay, Baker 3461. Isle of Pines, Curtiss 268; Britton & Wilson 14616.
Jamaica: Ferry River, Harris 11784, 11787; Hitchcock 9748. Temple Hall, Harris
11359. Flamstead, Harris 11465, Castleton, Harris 11607. Hope Gardens,
Harris 11253. Appleton, Hitchcock 9660. Port Antonio, Millspaugh 924.
Santo Dominco: Without locality, Wright, Parry & Brummel 613. Rincon, Fuertes
1282.
Porto Rico: Aibonito, Sintenis 2870. Ponce, Heller 6303. Coamo, Goll623. Cayey,
Chase 6743. Adjuntas, Chase 6476. Maricao, Chase 6189, 6229; Sintenis 72.
LEEWARD Istanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3826, 4056. Dominica, Jones 50.
WINDWARD Istanps: Martinique, Duss 778. Grenada, Broadway 1104, 2918, 4670.
TrinimpaD: Manzanillo, Hitchcock 10368. Port of Spain, Hitchcock 9964, 10010, 10197,
10198; Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 601, 602. Icacos, Broadway 4958. Caparo Woods,
Broadway 4928. Tabaquite, Hitchcock 10123. Without locality, Bot. Gard. Herb.
1328, 2258, 2259, 3224.
Tosaao: Hitchcock 10222, 10241, 10252, 10266, 10271; Broadway 3996, 4564, 4817.
Cotomsia: Huila, Pittier 1263. Santa Marta, Smith 212, 2168, 2169.
VENEZUELA: Siquire Valley, Pittier 5976. Caracas, Rose 21775.
Dutcu Guiana: Without locality, Hostman.
Braziu: Sao Paulo, Edwall 3865. Blumenau, Ule 882. Minas Geraes, Regnell 1373,
1375. Bahia, Salzmann; Riedel in 1831. Campinas, Campos Novaes 1289. Rio
Grande do Sul, Malme 1419. Cuyaba, Malme in 1902. Without locality,
Capanema 740.
Perv: San Miguel, Cook & Gilbert 938.
Bortvia: Yungas, Bang 2079; Rusby 41.
ParaGuay: Central Paraguay, Morong 315.
Urucuay: Montevideo, Arechaveleta.
ARGENTINA: Misiones, Ekman 657.
4. Oplismenus rarifiorus Presl.
Oplismenus rariflorus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 320.1830. ‘‘Acapulco.”’ The type has
been examined at the German University of Prague. It consists of a complete flow-
ering shoot.
Oplismenus latifolius Haenke; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 220. 1841. A herbarium
name mentioned as a synonym of Panicum loliaceum. The type, from Peru, is O.
rari florus.
Panicum parciflorum Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 45. 1854. ‘‘Acapulco.’’? This is
based on Oplismenus rariflorus Presl, the name changed and the description slightly
altered. The synonym cited, Oplismenus hirtiflorus Presl, is a slip of the pen, as
Presl mentions no species by that name.
Oplismenus liebmanni Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 38. 1886. ‘‘Absque loco (LieBM. n. 574);
Zacuapan (LIeBM. n. 373); in savanis inter La Galera et Pochutla, in declivitate
occidentali Cordillearum (Lizsm. n. 372).’? The third specimen cited, Liebmann 372,
has been examined in the Copenhagen Herbarium.
132 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Oplismenus thiebauti Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 39. 1886. ‘‘Secus rivulum prope Acapulco
(TuiEBAUT n. 1074).’? This specimen has not been examined. The description,
especially ‘‘spiculis remote binatis,’’ and the locality indicate O. rariflorus.
DESCRIPTION.
Culms sparingly branched, ascending from a decumbent base, as much as 50 cm.
tall but mostly less, glabrous or sometimes pubescent; sheaths glabrous or pubescent,
densely ciliate on the margin, villous on the
collar; ligule a short ciliate membrane; blades
| PD lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, mostly about
yr 4 to 7 cm. long, rarely as much as 13 cm., 1
ge to 2 cm. wide, thin, glabrous, scabrous, or
! sparsely pilose; panicle long-exserted, the
\/ main axis 5 to 15 cm. long, scabrous; racemes
| several, the lower distant, 2 to 5 cm. long or
| ; pe even 7 cm., ascending, loosely flowered, the
J i L Vy. = rachis scabrous, often villous at base and pilose
Z at the insertion of the spikelets; spikelets
pre ~< by scattered, appressed to the rachis, the lower
\F- pairs as much as 1 cm. apart; glumes more
Yo = than half as long as the sterile lemma, gla-
} {[f/ & brous or hispidulous, rarely pilose, tapering
Yu into a smooth awn, the first 3-nerved, the awn
Ye 3 to 8 mm. long, rarely longer, the second 5-
FP ae nerved, the awn very short or wanting; sterile
P sie lemma 3 mm. long, mostly awnless; fruit 2.5
PAs mm. long.
| AS, This species is well distinguished by its long
{ loose racemes.
DISTRIBUTION.
Fia. 24.—Oplismenus rariflorus. From Hitch-
i i uatemala;
Sack Wah Geateaials Moist shady places, Mexico and Guatemala;
Ecuador and Peru.
Stvatoa: Lodiego, Palmer 1656 in 1891.
Teric: Tepic, Palmer 1931 in 1892.
Jauisco: Zapotlan, Hitchcock 7237.
Couma: Manzanillo, Palmer 1090 in 1890.
MicHoacdn: La Correa, Langlassé 444. Morelia, Arséne in 1909. ; =
Oaxaca: Pochutla, Liebmann 372. Reyes, Nelson 1772. Sierra de San Felipe,
Pringle 4944.
GUATEMALA: Guatemala City, Hitchcock 9046.
Ecuapor: El Recreo, Eggers 14897.
Peru: Mountains of Huanuco, Haenke (described as O. loliaceus Beauv. by Presl).}
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
OPLISMENUS DEPAUPERATUS Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 38. 1886. ‘‘Orizaba (F. Miuu. n.
2019 in meo herbario, ScHAFFN. n. 207 in herb. Franq.); in Cordillera Oajacensi (GAL.
n. 5847).”?
1 Rel. Haenk. 1: 320. 1830.
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ECHINOCHIOA.
By A. 8S. Hrrcscocx.
INTRODUCTION.
In earlier works this group of grasses was usually included as a
section in the great genus Panicum. The species form a compact
group which according to the modern concept is assigned to generic
rank.
There are seven species of Echinochloa in North America, two of
them introduced from the Old World and a third introduced as well
as native. Besides these species there are at least three in the Old
World. Although the genus itself is well marked, some of the
species are exceedingly variable and not easily distinguished from
each other.
A variety of one species, Echinochloa crusgalli edulis, is occasionally
cultivated in the United States for forage under the name of Japanese
barnyard millet, and at one time was advertised by seedsmen as
billion dollar grass.
The text figures are natural size.
DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES.
ECHINOCHLOA Beauv.
Echinochloa Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 53. pl. 11. f. 11.1812. The type species is Panicum
crusgalli, the one figured. Beauvois mentions several species in the text under
Panicum and lists them under Echinochloa in the index.
DESCRIPTION,
Annual or perennial, coarse, often succulent grasses with linear flat blades and
usually narrow panicles consisting of several spikelike racemes along a main axis.
Spikelets plano-convex, often spiny-hispid, subsessile, in pairs or in irregular clusters
crowded on one side of the panicle branches. First glume about half as long as the
_ spikelet, pointed. Second glume and sterile lemma equal, stiffly hispidulous on
the nerves, usually scabrous on the internerves, pointed, mucronate, or the glume
short-awned, the lemma mucronate or awned, sometimes conspicuously so, inclosing
a membranaceous palea and sometimes a staminate flower. Fruit plano-convex, the «
lemma and palea smooth and shining, abruptly acuminate-pointed, the lemma mar-
gins inrolled below, flat above, the apex of the palea not inclosed.
The genus differs from Panicwm in the awned glumes (the first awnless in some
species) and sterile lemma and the pointed fertile lemma. The awns are reduced
to mucros or points in E. colonum, but the habit of the plant and the structure of
the inflorescence show the species to be closely allied to the others.
133
134 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM,
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Ligule a dense line of stiff yellowish hvirs; plants perennial.
Fruit about 2.5 mm. long. Awan of sterile lemma le33 than 2 mm. long.
1. E. pyramidalis.
Fruit about 4 mm. long.
Awn of sterile lemm, generally 5 to 10 mm. long; sterile floret staminate.
2. E. polystachya.
Awn of sterile lemma generally 4 to 5 cm. long; sterile floret neuter.
4. E. holciformis.
Ligule wanting, the ligular area sometimes pubescent; plants annual.
Racemes simple, rather distant, 1 to 2 cm. long; spikelets crowded in about 4 rows,
the awn of the sterile lemma reduced to a short point; blades 3 to 6 mm. wide.
7. E. colonum,
Racemes more or less branched, usually more than 2 cm. long; spikelets irregularly
crowded and fascicled, usually not arranged in rows, the awn of the sterile
lemma variable; blades usually more than 5 mm. wide. —
Fruit.about:4 mm. long 22.22. dasccdassosas oes eee eee 3. E. oplismenoides.
Fruit 2.5 to 3 mm. long.
Sheaths smooth; awns variable, but the panicle not a dense mass of long-awned
spikelétes--4s- hij hie. bios. idqa tech oo ee Oe ase 6. E. crusgalli.
Sheaths, at least the lower, hispid or scabrous; panicle dense, the spikelets
Fong =a wi Gd oo 5 or organs Seees sere cee airs Se i en ee 5. E. walteri.
1. Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc. & Chase.
Panicum pyramidale Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1:171. 1791. ‘E Senegal. D. Rous-
sillon.”’
Panicum spectabile var. guadp-
loupense Hack. Notizbl. Bot.
Gart. Berlin 1: 328. 1897.
“Habitat in Guadeloupe in
fossis et locis aquaticis prope
faubourgs de la Pointe 4 Pitre:
Duss n. 3176.”
Echinochloa pyramidalis Hitche
& Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
18: 345. 1917. Based on Pani-
cum pyramidale Lam.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial; stems erect,
rather fleshy, 1.5 to 2.5 meters
tall, glabrous; sheaths glabrous;
ligule a dense row of stiff yellow-
ish hairs 1 to 2mm. long; blades
40 to 60 em. long, 5 to 10 mm.
wide, glabrous above, scabrous
on the margins and on the nerves
beneath; panicle 20 to 40 cm.
long, the axis scabrous; racemes
numerous, ascending, 2 to 7 cm.
long, single or somewhat fasci-
cled, distant below but overlap-
ping, stiffly pilose at base and
sparsely so along the scabrous or hispidulous rachis; spikelets about 3 mm. long,
rather loosely arranged along the rachis, scabrous or slightly hispidulous on the
Fic. 25.— Echinochloa pyramidalis. From Duss 3175, Guadeloupe.
—
state wpe t cote t DA Mies,
te
As. £3. a a, a Vf
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4
HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 135
nerves, glabrous or nearly so on the internerves; sterile lemma mucronate or with
an awn | to 2 mm. long; fruit about 2.5 cm. long, mucronate.
DISTRIBUTION.
In ditches, Guadeloupe, introduced from Africa.
Lreewarp Istanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3175, 3176, 3920; Hitchcock 16412.
2. Echinochloa polystachya (H. B. K.) Hitche.
Oplismenus polystachyus H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 107. 1816. ‘‘Crescit in sylvis
opacatis Orinocensibus prope Maypure et in radicibus montis Cumadamenari.”” The
Humboldt collections have not been examined. The description applies well to
glabrous specimens of Echinochloa polystachya. The ligule is described as ‘‘margo
pilosus.”’ This leaves little doubt as to the identity of the species.
Panicum spectabile Nees, Agrost. Bras. 262. 1829. ‘‘Habitat, uti videtur, in regno
Angola Africae, a Lusitanis ob"eximium, quod praebet, pabulum inde in Brasilium
allatum, et variis per omne
imperium locis cultum, e. g.
ad Sebastianopolin, Soteropo-
lin, Maragnanum, Para.’’ Nees
further states, in regard to
its introduction from Angola,
‘“Capim de Angola, incolis, de
cujus cultura conferatur: Obser-
vacoes & cerca do Capim de
Angola, ultimamente trazido e
cultivado aqui. Rio de Janeiro.
1818.’ A specimen in’ the
Munich Herbarium marked,
‘“‘Capim de Angola. Martius.
Iter Brasiliensis,’’ 1s taken as
the type. Dr. Otto Stapf in-
forms me that he has no evi-
dence that this species grows
in Africa and that the state-
ment by Nees that it was intro-
duced from Angola appears to
be an error.
Echinochtoa spectabilis Link,
Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833.
Based on Panicwm spectabile
Nees.
Orthopogon hirsutus Spreng.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 234. 1841. A name only,
given as synonym of Panicum spectabile.
Panicum phyllanthum Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 47. 1854. ‘Ex. hrbo. Deloche,
lectum in Montevideo.’”’ The type has not been examined.
Panicum bonplandianum Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 48.1854. Based on ‘‘Oplismenus
Fic. 26.—LEchin ochloa polystachya. From Pittier 4383, Panama.
polystachyus H. B.”’
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, usually in colonies; culms coarse, 1 to 2 meters tall, from a long
creeping rooting base, glabrous, the nodes densely hispid with appressed yellowish
hairs; sheaths glabrous or papillose-hispid; ligule a dense line of stiff yellowish hairs as
much as 4 mm. long; blades as much as 2.5 cm. wide, scabrous on the margins and
upper surface; panicle 10 to 30 cm. long, rather dense, the axis angled, very scabrous;
racemes ascending, the lower mostly 3 to 6 cm. long, densely hispid at base, the rachis
very scabrous and more or less papillose-hispid; spikelets rather closely set, nearly
sessile, about 5 mm. long; sterile floret staminate, the awn 2 to 10 mm. long; fruit
rather soft, about 4 mm. long, extending into a point about 0.5 mm. long.
-
136 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DISTRIBUTION.
Swamps and ditches near the coast, Mexico and the West Indies to Argentina.
San Luis Potosi: Cardenas, Hitchcock 5737.
Tasasco: Laguna de Peralta, Rovirosa 315, Gonzdlez, Rovirosa 703.
PANAMA: Ormila, Pittier 4383.
CuBa: Habana, Léon 4168.
JamMAIcA: Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9868.
Santo Domineo: Sdénchez, Taylor 66. Rincén, Fuertes 1419.
Porto Rico: Mayaguez, Chase 6290, 6319. Caguas, Sintenis 2543. Bayamon,
Hioram 324 in part. Lares, Chase 6583.
LEEWARD Istanps: Antigua, Wullschlaegel 635.
WINDWARD Istanps: Martinique, Duss 542.
Toxsaco: Hitchcock 10284; Broadway 4896.
CotomsiA: Santa Marta, Smith 108.
DutcH GuIANA: Paramaribo, Kuyper in 1913.
Braziu: Parand, Dusen 11461. Without locality, Capanema 5398.
Paraauay: Pilcomayo River, Rojas 76; Morong 1070.
Uruauay: San José, Arechavaleta 227.
ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, Venturi 6419.
3. Echinochloa oplismenoides (Fourn.) Hitchc.
Berchtoldia oplismenoides Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 41. 1886. ‘‘Toluca, Lerma (BERL. n.
1140).”’ Berlandier’s no. 1140 from Toluca, in the Paris Herbarium, is the type.
Fournier has written the name upon the sheet. The specimen consists of three
fragmentary culms with a few
racemes of characteristic spikelets.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual; culms erect, as
much as 1 meter tall, glabrous, the
nodes glabrous or rarely appressed-
hispidulous; sheaths glabrous; ligule
wanting, or rarely a line of short
hairs; blades mostly less than 1 cm.
wide, scaberulous on the margins
and upper surface; panicles narrow,
usually not over 15 cm. long, the
axis angled, scabrous; racemes ap-
pressed, the lower mostly 3 to 6 cm.
long, the rachis angled, scabrous and
more or less stiffly pilose, not hispid
at base; spikelets rather densely set,
4 to 5 mm. long; first glume acutish,
glabrous; second glume hispidulous
on the nerves, acuminate; sterile
lemma empty or with palea only,
the awn usually about 1 cm. long,
Fic. 27.—Echinochloa oplismenoides. From Hitchcock 7527 rarely as much as 3 cm. long ; fruit
Mexico. about 4 mm. long, mucronate.
DISTRIBUTION.
Moist places, central Mexico.
Sonora: Cananea, Ricketts 2.
Cuimvuanua: Sierra Madre, Pringle 1404. Sanchez, Hitchcock 7696. Mifiaca, Hitch-
cock 7758.
Duranco: Durango, Palmer 253 in 1896; Hitchcock 7616. Otinapa, Palmer 333 in 1906.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 137
ZACATECAS: Zacatecas, Hitchcock 7527.
AGUASCALIENTES: Aguascalientes, Hitchcock 7441, 7489.
Mexico: Toluca, Hitchcock 6914.
MicHoacAn: Zamora, Pringle 8480. Morelia, Nicolds in 1909.
PueEBLa: Puebla, Arséne 5444.
4. Echinochloa holciformis (H. B. K.) Chase.
Oplismenus holciformis H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 107.1816. ‘‘Crescit in humidis
YY. montanis prope Ciflapecuaro, alt. 970 hexap. (Regno Mexicano.)” <A specimen
from the type collection has been examined in the Willdenow Herbarium at Berlin.
The label reads, ‘‘ Panicum holciforme. Amer. merid. Humboldt.’’
Orthopogon holciformis Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 307. 1825. Based on Oplismenus holci-
formis H. B. K.
Panicum holciforme Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 48. 1854. Based on Oplismenus
holciformis H. B. K.
Berchtoldia holciformis Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 41. 1886. Based on Oplismenus holci-
formis H. B. K.
Echinochloa holciformis Chase, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 24: 155. 1911. Based
on Oplismenus holciformis H. B. K.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial; culms erect, sometimes with a decumbent rooting base, stout,
succulent, as much as 2 meters tall and 1.5 cm. thick at base, glabrous; sheaths
glabrous; ligule a dense
line of stiff hairs, long on
the lower leaves, short on
the upper leaves; blades
mostly 8 to 15 mm. wide,
scabrous on the margins
and upper surface; pani-
cle dense, or interrupted
below, nodding, as much
as 40 cm. long, the axis
scabrous, densely hispid
around the base of the
branches; racemes ap-
pressed, single or fas-
cicled, the lower as much
as 10 cm. long, the rachis
scabrous and hispid;
spikelets rather closely
arranged, nearly sessile,
about 5 mm. long, fusi-
form, green or purple,
only slightly convex on
the rounded side; first
glume acute or obtuse;
second glume short-
awned; sterile lemma
empty, the awn as much
=e 5 cm. long; fruit elliptic, about 5 mm. long including the point, this about 1 mm.
ong.
Fig. 28.— Echinochloa holciformis. From Arséne in 1909, Mexico.
DISTRIBUTION.
Moist places, often covering large areas in shallow water, central Mexico to Guatemala.
Duraneo: Durango, Hitchcock 7611; Palmer 253 in 1896.
JaLisco: Orosco, Hitchcock 7375.
138 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Guanasuato: Acambaro, Hitchcock 6946. Trapuato, Hitchcock 7393.
MicuoacAn: Morelia, Arséne in 1909.
Mexico: Valley of Mexico, Pringle 8622; Berlandier 730; Karwinsky in 1807. Tulu,
Holway 9.
GUATEMALA: Estanzuela, Heyde & Lux 3911.
5. Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) Heller.
Panicum hirtellum Walt. Fl. Carol. 72. 1788. Not Panicum hirtellum L. 1759.
Type locality, South Carolina, no definite station given. There are three specimens
in Walter’s herbarium at the British Museum.’ One of these is the species described
below under Echinochloa walteri. This specimen may be taken as the type, as this
preserves the name in its usual application.
Panicum walteri Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. The range is given as ‘‘Near
the salt-water: Canada and New York.’’? The species is described as having hispid —
sheaths. The name is founded on P. hir-
N i yy tellum Walt.
M Wy Panicum crusgalli var. hispidum Ell. Bot.
NW MIZZZ é S. C. & Ga, 1:-114. 1816. Based on P. his-
VAAN af pidum Muhl., in manuscript.
Panicum hispidum Muhl. Desecr. Gram.
107. 1817. Not Panicum hispidum Forst.
1786. ‘‘Habitat in Carolina, Delaware, et
Nov. Ebor.’? Panicum hirtellum Walt. is
cited as a synonym.
Panicum longisetum Torr. Amer. Journ.
Sci. 4: 58. 1822. Not Panicum longisetum
Poir. 1816. ‘‘On the banks of the Fox
tiver,’? Wisconsin. The type, labeled
‘“‘Cass’s Exped. Capt. Douglass,’’ is in the
Torrey Herbarium. Thesheathsareglabrous,
but only the upper part of the plant is shown.
Orthopogon hispidus Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1:
307. 1825. Based on Panicum hispidum
Muhl.
z Oplismenus longisetus Kunth, Rév. Gram.
Fig. 29.—Echinochloa walter. From Chase 1426, 1; 45,1829. Based on ‘‘ Panicum longisetum
Illinois. ”
Torrey.
Echinochloa walteri Heller, Cat. N. Amer. Pl. ed. 2. 21. 1900. Based on Panicum
walter: Pursh.
Echinochloa longiaristata Nash in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. 8. 84. 1903. “‘In wet
ground, South Carolina to Louisiana.’’ The type in the Torrey Herbarium was
collected in Louisiana by Hale. The sheaths are glabrous, but only the upper
part of the plant is shown. e
DESCRIPTION.
KAS
y
Plants annual; stems erect, often succulent, often rooting at the lower nodes when
growing in mud or water, 1 to 2 meters high, as much as 2.5 cm. thick at base, glabrous;
sheaths papillose-hispid, or papillose only, sometimes only the lower sheaths hispid
or the hairs confined to the marginal region, or sometimes scabrous only, or rarely
glabrous, the collar more or less pubescent; ligule wanting, the ligular area often
pubescent; blades usually 10 to 15 mm. wide, sometimes as much as 3 cm. wide,
mostly scabrous on both surfaces; panicle large and dense, as much as 30 cm. long,
‘See Hitchcock, The Identification of Walter’s grasses. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 16:
34. 1905.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 139
erect or nodding, theaxis very scabrous, more or less papillose-hispid on the angles;
racemes appressed or ascending, single or, in the larger plants, usually fascicled,
approximate or the lower somewhat distant, sometimes branched, as much as 10 cm.
long, the rachis hispidulous and more or less papillose-hispid, especially at base;
spikelets closely arranged, several on short branches of the raceme, mostly long-
awned, often purple, about 3 mm. long; sterile floret with a palea, neuter, the awn
usually 1 to 2 cm. long, sometimes longer, more rarely reduced to a short point; fruit
about 3mm. long, fusiform, about 1 mm. wide, narrower and more fusiform than in
E. crusgalli.
DISTRIBUTION.
Coastal Plain, Massachusetts to Floridaand Texas; also Michigan to Illinois; Cuba.
MassAcHuseEtTts: West Barnstable, Knowlton in 1911.
New Jersey: Point Pleasant, Pollard in 1897. Little Silver, Scribner in 1891.
Atlantic City, Scribner in 1895. Clifton, Nash in 1889. Port Norris, Holmes 399.
PENNSYLVANIA: Philadelphia, Smith.
Ouro: St. Marys, Wetzstein 6905; Kneuck. Gram. Exs.75. Sandusky, Moseley in 1898.
Inprana: Little Chapman Lake, Deam 21975. Blue Lake, Deam 21700. Wilson,
Hill in 1898.
Inurnots: Peoria, Brendel. St. Clair County, Eggert 232. Chicago, Chase 1426.
Micuican: Port Huron, Dodge 145. Detroit, Farwell in 1901.
Wisconsin: Sauk City, Luders in 1884.
DELAWARE: Collins Beach, Commons in 1865. Wilmington, Commons in 1897
MaryYLaAnp: Chesapeake Beach, Hitchcock 2388. Little Gunpowder River, Shull 308.
Virernia: Virginia Beach, Williams 3101; Hitchcock in 1902.
Nortu Carouina: Wilmington, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 431. Elizabeth City, Boettcher
290.
Sout Carotina: Aiken, Ravenel in 1869. Georgetown, Alexander 167. Orange-
burg, Hitchcock in 1905.
Groraia: Americus, Harper 539.
Frorma: Orange County, Fredholm 5420, 5455. Cedar Key, Combs 787, 797. Talla-
hassee, Kearney 72. Duval County, Fredholm 245. Jacksonville, Hitchcock in
1900; Combs 21; Curtiss 5023, 5091. Gainesville, Combs 747; Chase 4233.
Sanibel Island, Hitchcock in 1900. Hillsborough County, Fredholm 6342. Pablo
Beach, Combs 48. Homosassa, Combs 962. Bartow, Combs 1199. Apalachicola,
Kearney 100; Biltmore Herb. 809b. Lake City, Combs 143; Hitchcock 2550.
Grasmere, Combs 1060. Citrus County, Hitchcock 2549. Marion County, Hitch-
* cock 2548. Miami, Hitchcock in 1903. St. Vincent Island, McAtee 1689B. Palma
Sola, Tracy 7036. Monticello, Combs 311.
Kentucky: Reelfoot Lake, Alexander 307.
Mississippi: Cat Island, Tracy & Lloyd 442.
Louistana: Alexandria, Hale in 1840. Houma, Wurzlow in 1913. Marksville,
McAtee 2210. Pointe ala Hache, Langlois in 1885. New Orleans, Waite in 1885.
Lake Charles, Allison 101. )
Texas: Houston, Thurow in 1898. Galveston, Hitchcock in 1903. Western Texas,
Wright 795. Uvalde, Palmer 1340 in 1880.
Cupsa: Handbana, Wright 3879 in part.
6. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.
Panicum crusgalli L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753. ‘‘Habitat in Europae, Virginiae cultis.’’
The type of Panicum crusgalli was discussed in an earlier paper.! The only specimen
in the Linnaean Herbarium upon which Linnacus has written the name is a sheet
1 Hitchcock, Types of American grasses. Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 12: 117. 1908.
168000—20——3
140 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
from Kalm collected in Canada. This specimen was, in the paper mentioned, con-
sidered to be the type. A reconsideration of the subject leads me to the conclusion
that the name was applied to a concept rather than to a specimen or specimens and
that the basis of this concept was the species as generally known in Europe. The
Kalm specimen is about the same form as the type of Panicum muricatum Michx. The
application of the name crusgalli is not altered by the elimination of this Kalm speci-
menasatype. Inthe first edition of the Species Plantarum Linnaeus describes Panicum
crusgalli and also a variety 8, and gives as the habitat ‘“‘in Europae, Virginiae cultis.”’
This treatment is followed in the second edition, where he states that “‘ Varietas £. aristis
decies glumis longioribus manifeste a communi planta cui vix sesquilongiores aristae,
differt.’’ In my remarks on types of American grasses,’ I showed that the basis of
variety 6 was a specimen of Echinochloa walteri from Gronovius (Clayton 579). From
Linnaeus’s note concerning variety 8, quoted above, it would appear that the common
form, as understood by Linnaeus, had awns about 5 mm. long.
Panicum cruscorvi L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. No locality is given. Ina
later work? the habitat is given as ‘‘in Indiis.”’ This is usually referred to Panicum
crusgalli, in works on the Asiatic flora.
Milium crusgalli Moench, Meth. Pl. 202. 1794. Based on Panicum crusgalli L.
Panicum grossum Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. 18. 1796. Based on Panicum crusgalli L.
The text of the Prodromus is a mere list. This species appears as follows: ‘‘Grossum.
6. P. [Panicum] Crus Galli Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. p. 83.”
Panicum muricatum Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 47. 1803. Not Panicum muricatum
Retz. 1786. ‘‘ Hab. in Canada ad ripas lacus Champlain et ad lacum Ontario.’? The
type, labeled ‘‘Lac. Champlain,’’ was examined at the Paris Herbarium.* This
form is maintained as a distinct species by Fernald, as indicated below under
Echinochloa muricata. The trichomes on the second glume and sterile lemma are
coarse and arise from large papillae.
Echinochloa crusgalli Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 53, 161. 1812. Based on Panicum crus-
gala L.
Panicum crusgalli var. aristatum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. No locality
given, but probably from eastern United States. The long awned form.
Panicum pungens Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 273. 1816. Based on Panicum
muricatum Michx. “‘non Lam. Dict.’
Setaria muricata Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 495. 1817. Based on Panicum
muricatum Michx. :
Echinochloa crusgalli var. aristata 8. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 158. 1821. De-
scribed from Great Britain, no definite locality given. The long-awned form.
Oplismenus crusgalli Dum. Obs. Gram. Belg. 138. 1823. Based on Panicum crus-
galla L. .
Orthopogon crusgalli Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 307.1825. Based on Panicum crusgalli L.
Oplismenus muricatus Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 44. 1829. Based on ‘‘ Panicum muri-
catum Mich.”’
Echinochloa muricata Fernald, Rhodora 17: 106. 1915. Based on Panicum muri-
catum Michx. Fernald distinguishes Echinochloa muricata from E. crusgalli by the
stiff hairs arising from papillae upon the spikelets and maintains that the former is a
native of the United States while the latter, in which the hairs lack the papillose base,
is introduced in this country. I have been unable to distinguish EF. murieata on this
basis, as both forms occur in Europe and the two appear to me to intergrade.
There are other synonyms in works on the floras of the Old World.
1 Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 117. 1908.
Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 84. 1762.
Contr U.S. Nat. Herb. 12: 146. 1908.
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4 paper iit ; ;
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141
HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES.
5, lowa.
From Somes 37
Fig. 30.—Echinochloa crusgalli.
142 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual: culms erect or sometimes decumbent at base, as much as 1 meter or
even 1.5 meters tall, glabrous; sheaths glabrous; ligule wanting, the ligular area some-
times slightly pubescent; blades 5 to 15 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins, some-
times on the upper surface; panicles erect (or nodding), 10 to 20 cm. long, the axis
scabrous; racemes spreading, ascending, or appressed, the lower somewhat distant, as
much as 10 cm. long, sometimes branched, the upper approximate, shorter, the rachis
scabrous, hispid, especially at the base; spikelets crowded, about 3 mm. long, exclud-
ing the awns, strongly hispid or papillose-hispid on the nerves, hispidulous on the
internerves; sterile lemma with a well-developed palea, neuter, the awn variable in
length, mostly 5 to 10 mm. long on at least a part of the spikelets, sometimes as much
as 3 cm. long; fruit elliptic, turgid, narrowed into a cusp or point, 2.5 to 3 mm. long,
whitish or brownish.
In America the species may be divided into three geographical races. These are
fairly distinct over a certain range, but overlap and intergrade to such an extent that
they can not be recognized as distinct species. The three races were originally
described as Panicum crusgalli L., Oplismenus crus-pavonis H. B. K., and O. zelay-
ensis H. B. K., respectively. The first is a native of the Old World and also of the
eastern United States. The second is found in Brazil and extends north into Mexico
and the West Indies. The third has its center of distribution on the Mexican plateau
and extends into the southwestern United States. However, there are many speci-
mens in our herbaria that can not be definitely assigned to any one of these forms.
Hence in the distribution given under each race the placing of some of the speci-
mens under a given subspecies is arbitrary.
European botanists generally distinguish two forms of the first race, Panicum
crusgalli, a long-awned and a short-awned, and recent works generally apply the
varietal names, longiaristata to the first, and breviaristata to the second. Ascherson
and Graebner,! whose recent work is representative for Europe, include the two
forms under Panicum as P. crusgalli longiaristatum Doell? and P. crusgalli breviaris-
tatum Doell.?
Pursh * first distinguished the forms in America as Panicum crusgalli var. aristatum
and P. crusgalli var. mite.
The robust form with large compound panicle of short-awned or merely pointed
spikelets may look very distinct, but the intergrades are so numerous that it can
scarcely receive recognition as a variety. For the sake of convenience it is here
segregated as a variety and the specimens of Echinochloa crusgalli are more or less
arbitrarily assigned to the two forms, the awned under Echinochloa crusgalli, the nearly
awnless under &. crusgalli mitis.
A third form of the first race, originally described as Panicum frumentaceum Roxb.,
is rather more distinct because, being cultivated, the slight differences are per-
petuated.
DISTRIBUTION.
Moist open ground, ditches, cultivated fields, and waste places, New Brunswick to
Washington, south to Florida and California; warmer parts of the Eastern Hemisphere.
The following specimens are referred to the typical or awned form; some of them,
however, approach variety mitis, but at least a part of the spikelets. have aw ns as
much as 3mm. long. Commonly known as barnyard grass. _ PS. sani
New Brunswick: Shediac Cape, Hubbard 755, 763. Ks \\ 5 “”
QueEBec: Oka, Victorin 3022. ; ’
Ontario: Amherstburgh, Macoun 26319. Kingston, Fowler in 1897 and 1905. Galt,
Herriot in 1908. Larma, Dodge 129.
Manirospa: Branchon, Macoun 13226.
s
1 Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 69. 1898. 3 Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814.
2 Fl. Bad. 1: 232. 1857.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 143
Maine: Orono, Briggs 6; Harvey 1200. Manchester, Scribner in 1873. Cumberland,
Chamberlain 153. Westbrook, Ricker 679.
New Hampsuire: Shelburne, Deane in 1915.
Vermont: Manchester, Day 272. Rutland, Kirk 1024.
MassacuusetTts: Nantucket, F. N. Vasey in 1897. Winchendon, Pollard in 1895.
Stoughton, Blake 4639. Dennis, Weatherby 3827.
Connecticut: Stratford, Hames in 1894. South Glastonbury, Wilson 1259.
Ruope Isuanp: Providence, Baticey:
New York: Oxford, Coville in 1884. Clove, Standley & Bollman 12166, 12189.
Oneida Lake, Haberer 1259a. Greenport, Latham 318.
New Jersey: New Durham, Kearney in 1894. Camden, Parker. Califon, Fisher in
1901. Atlantic City, Scribner in 1895.
PENNSYLVANIA: Easton, Porter in 1895. Harrisburg, Small in 1888.
Outro: Olena, Jennings 6759. Albion, Ashcroft in 1897.
Inprana: Lafayette, Dorner 51. Pennville, Deam 23815. Middlebury, Deam 23967.
Spencer, Deam 23878. Pimento, Deam 22195.
Ininois: Chicago, Nelson in 1898; Umbach in 1898. Emington, Wilcox 120. Wady
Petra, V. H. Chase 95, 1163.
Micuiean: Alma, Davis in 1895. Detroit, Farwell in 1902. Port Huron, Dodge 110.
Wisconsin: Camp Douglas, Mearns 772. Madison, Churchill in 1893. Milwaukee,
Chase 1954.
Minnesota: Duluth, Hitchcock 5087.
Nortu Dakota: Fargo, Waldron & Manns in 1901. Churchs Ferry, Brannon 56.
Leeds, Lunell in 1901.
Souta Daxorta: Grindstone Buttes, Griffiths 750. Frankfort, Griffiths 58b. Deep
Creek, Griffiths 315.
Iowa: Moscow, Somes 3471. Manchester, Ball 1006. Ledyard, Pammel 886. Mid
River, Somes 3725. Ames, Ball 31. Mount Pleasant, Ball19. Fayette County,
Fink 327.
NEBRASKA: Rat Lake, Thomson 60. Weeping Water, Williams 3011, 3012. Ewing,
Bates 1124, 1125. .
Missourt: Clarksville, Davis 1119. Aberdeen, Davis 945. La Grange, Davis 1060.
Hannibal, Davis 1043. Springfield, Standley 8485. St. Louis, Eggert 231.
Kansas: Osborne City, Shear 229. Riley County, Norton 574, 884, 884b; Keller-
man 51.
DrtawareE: Mount Cuba, Commons 221.
Maryianpb: Mattawoman Creek, Tidestrom 7210. Chesapeake Beach, Chase 6995.
Patuxent River, Shull 277. Takoma Park, Chase 7532.
District or Cotumstia: Pollard 520, 683; Topping in 1895; Ward in 1876; Steele in
1896.
Virainia: Four-mile Run, Chase 2670. Marion, Small in 1892. Princess Anne
County, Kearney 2187. Portsmouth, Noyes 71. Glen Carlyn, Dewey 322.
Arlington, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 427.
West VirGInia: Sweet Springs, Steele 210.
NortH Carona: Biltmore, Biltmore Herb. 809a. Waynesville, Standley 5593.
Swayney, Mooney in 1913.
Sourn Caroimna: Oconee County, Anderson 1533. Jacksonboro, Metcalf in 1905.
Georaia: Lafayette, Harper 348.
Fiorina: Fort Myers, J. P. Standley 357a; Standley 12960; Hitchcock 476. Manatee,
Tracy 7754. Orange County, Fredholm 5455. Lake City, Bitting 15, 804, 1031,
1036. Eustis, Nash 979. Miami, Hitchcock 638, 698, 716; Pollard & Collins 249.
Jensen, Hitchcock 746. New Smyrna, Curtiss 5823. Bartow, Combs 1236. Homo-
sassa, Combs 923. Grasmere, Combs 1167. Dunnellon, Combs 913. Palm Beach,
IMitchcock 2561. Hillsborough County, Fredholm 6342, 6390. Orange County,
Fredholm 5455. .
144 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM,
TENNESSEE: Knoxville, Ruth 62. Wolf Creek Station, Kearney in 1897.
MississipPr: Starkville, Tracy in 1889. Waynesboro, Kearney 197.
Lovurstana: Houma, Wurzlow. Crowley, Webb in 1913. Breton Island, Tracy &
Lloyd 480. Calhoun, Ball 72. Cameron, McAtee 1902.
Texas: Guadalupe River, Groth179. Houston, Fisher 199. Del Rio, Hitchcock 13632.
Big Spring, Hitchcock 13399. Madison County, Dizon 443. Clarksville, Plank 12.
El Paso, Hitchcock 13340. San Antonio, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 428. Brownsville,
Hitchcock in 1904. Western Texas, Wright Qe
OxtanHoma: False Ouachita, Palmer 378, 379a. Lincoln County, Blankinship in 1895.
Montana: Ulm, Williams 591.
Wvromine: Little Missouri Buttes, Griffiths 599. Newcastle, Griffiths 679.
Ipano: Boise, Clark 308. St. Anthony, Merrill 55. Pocatello, Hitchcock 1841.
New Plymouth, Macbride 713. Salmon, Henderson 3937. Forest, Brown 20.
WASHINGTON: Waitsburg, Horner 527. Alma, Elmer 530. Prosser, Cotton 641, 892.
Klickitat County, Suksdorf 2329. Bingen, Suksdorf 2639.
OreEGON: Portland, Suksdorf 1742. Paisley, Elder 22. Wasco County, Leiberg 866.
Clarks Creek, Sheldon 8863. Klamath Falls, Hitchcock 2961. Hood River,
Hitchcock in 1903. Southeastern Oregon, Griffiths & Morris 867, 892, 894.
CoLorapo: Grand Junction, Hitchcock 2197. Canon City, Shear 962. Meadow Park.
Shear 602. Durango, Tweedy 377. Alamosa, Shear 863.
Uran: Ephraim, Tidestrom 2483.
Nevapa: Battle Mountain, Hitchcock 10598. Leonard Creek Ranch, Griffiths &
Morris 352. Wadsworth, Griffiths & Hunter 549. Big Creek, Griffiths & Morris,
186.
New Mexico: Cedar Hill, Standley 7937. Without locality, Wright 2089.
Arizona: Winslow, Griffiths 5018. Walnut Canyon, MacDougal 353. Prescott,
Hitchcock 13192, 13193; Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 429. é
CauirorniA: Biggs, Johnson 149. Van Sickle Island, Kennedy in 1914. Wrights,
Elmer 5008. Oroville, Brown 114. Visalia, Coville & Funston 1277. Sutler
Creek, Braunton 1130. Stockton, Davy 1180. Guerneville, Davy in 1896. Napa
County, Bolander 2419. Amador, Hansen 820. Stuarts, Yates 515. Yreka, But-
ler 865. Eureka, Tracy 4634.
Urvueuay: Montevideo, Arechavaleta.
Echinochloa crusgalli- mitis (Pursh) Peterm.
Panicum crusgalli var. mite Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66. 1814. Described from
eastern United States, no definite locality given. The short-awned or awnless form.
Panicum crusgalli var. purpureum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 66.1814. A form of the
last with purple spikelets.
Panicum crusgalli var. muticum Ell. Bot. 8. C. & Ga. 1:114.1816. Described from
South Carolina or Georgia, but no definite locality given. Spikelets acuminate.
The awnless form common in the eastern states,
Echinochloa crusgalli var. mitis Peterm. Fl. Lips. 82. 1838. Based on Panicum crus-
galli var. mite Pursh.
Panicum scindens ‘Nees; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 47. 1854. “St. Louis.”” The
type, in the Berlin Herbarium, was collected by Drummond in 1831. It is the nearly
awnless form with rather small panicles, the lower racemes spreading.
DESCRIPTION.
Differs from the typical form in having the spikelets awnless or nearly so, the awns
being less than 3 mm. long. In the Southwest this form passes into L. crusgalli zelay-
ensis. A specimen from San Antonio, Texas, has scabrous sheaths (Hitchcock 5141).
LE ed emebed he hii . se ieouit) hawt Len p Need (fare e eipannineningaralyes anne Ik
Piranesi oe DA ln nL OOH pap eaten re
NREL fara St iO fetes Greer he FIND sarcvar ve Oty a le sir else nAt eh Bea ae mill pape brs sapesAn rated
ae
si he 7 ¢ f
pe rea em ey ondary py tad Me ga hend a fbeiene 9 where GAs antennas ine eabring iS Rihanna penne tmnt e's imintieeapec iw ma
Mivetatvngsetenes vans Sarto iit nena Sat oe were yang mnt hell adapt nba py arnt hte Aide rine int prc) ah neh -w png a ln oid re nine et tenn tenp wn ere acne en gp thee ayers
. Cttn ue ibe ait Ceaes
edo thr edes eye tary aap amis nny Al le
ASN 2 PeASNAHAR CRs BOON NE Ue UNIS YAOI lot Oo UMMA UE esa ore Nid (Cah LDR a STO) ae AEE
Midatet eave i °
Reps eins metered mu inns wnen yearns endear deni ttn inna tment nnn mrt
ONE Ae la SIN OTD Ma Vee SPRL TeareS Easel neat P ROLE AAS TEU OI a a MSN ao SE) IEDC ROAR Laat pete one kde NEU Sas SN ean a eo TE :
Soh Nt arse deren te erty Ge dance ntti yeh wonton ements rma ceonyinkheym nir nim cnmigacarennntrn bape es et inne eee PERSIANS irl BUS rb
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nid rect Pap Sart sea try ene enee site irae nn blind pte rnb Anaya ay ye the apt on alana tbat ign Ame ya tah mda napa Sa nan ye ath Serta a hh ta laa let wp hup dst
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Fares natant Nice nasopharyngeal wien scaler inl nay NSS is
Pee. i vt
aun das Rea i ¢ Tact Ae eh Mra nes te te : Sse i; Dic ; ‘ peaaNe Ny ‘ iy e STR SP ,
PRICE Sia aa Ses oe SON ; Ryits ig Heer my aah Xe uy < at e bk :
Sr ctr etter mn ammeter osisales ia antr art sl il eben rein eer Abmi ey rd mada hme oe sre wan tc a hoa iy ry pe log nano gd
Sedat dete imieednesiarentiadiaeatanana ais en canon acacs tacdeceennoartinicaatee ciceelenien cumetaaaer eae eek,
Silver y iit ef ¥
ret pslnanshemrr mney mii masa
CATHlipmlgicgsuara ech TOL =eeaMINRUSMSE EMRE SSR on sueTTeN Nae NHI ich etd osapeiecanel pi edandor gabateplctysr a he seRosL ibis ted tea
m8 ph pricem yere sere mpeg et dentate tn ek ea
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peek metiw | haepmtasr edie (im renrernannirti wma dl amhin einp drsan alent acre
RSS aba a aaa a
eh ieee sei
erg ee pee ie he pee pee ernment tian enn ein hy pein 1 yn
rey bard rth trina nt Sannin ed efor spr Ear Nee sae is (npn talent ord haan ura Sr iy da ac neler lade Nell et res
UR Se aaC
Hh a decsust sl od ieadae’f speaic unr ioaeistetecaipheaeaios citenes metaiconamensoamtemee me coknineanane ical ila Alig spiel nb oy ela on ase ep ia
tet
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— aivornremnre -~ —n —
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gees: Ved
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 145
DISTRIBUTION.
Moist places, Massachusetts to British Columbia, south to Florida, California, and
northern Mexico.
Ontario: Toronto, Macown 26318. Galt, Herriot 73, 82.
British Cotumsia: Agassiz, Macoun 4.
Massacuusetts: Pittsfield, Harrison 21.
New York: South Bay, Haberer 3303. Staten Island, Kearney in 1894.
PENNSYLVANIA: Philadelphia, Smith.
Outo: Oberlin, Ricksecker in 1894.
MicuicaNn: Detroit, Farwell in 1902. Marquette, Farwell in 1902.
Minnesota: Fort Snelling, Mearns 39.
Norra Daxora: Fargo, Wright 1864. Leeds, Lunell in 1915.
Soutn Daxorta: Huron, Griffiths 14, 771, 773. Bellefourche, Griffiths 373. Frank-
fort, Griffiths 58a. Aberdeen, Griffiths
108. Pierre, Griffiths 763. Jamesville, \ =
Bruce 5. Sonoma, Griffiths 351. Hot By aS
Springs, Rydberg 1101. Sie
Towa: Kossuth County, Pammel & Cratty SSW
(ON:
Nesraska: Whitman, Rydberg 1643. Rat
Lake, Thomson 159. Blue Lake,
Thomson 310. South Cody Lake,
Thomson 249. Chelsea, Clements
2984. Mullen, Rydberg 1590. Forest
Station, Hitchcock 11067.
Missouri: Springfield, Standley 1557, 9047,
9764.
Kansas: Hutchinson, Smyth 8. Riley
County, Norton 884a. Osborne, Shear
169. Grant County, Hitchcock 573.
Syracuse, Thompson 131.
DELAWARE: Slaughter Beach, Commons
2228
Disrrict or Cotumsia: Sudworth in 1890.
Norto Carouina: Magnetic City, Weth-
erby 20. Fic. 31.—Echinochloa crusgalli mitis. From Pam-
GerorGiA: Macon, McCarthy in 1888. mel & Cratty 791, Iowa.
Fioripa: Palm Beach, Hitchcock 2562.
Mississippi: Woodville, Phares in 1878. Starkville, Kearney 7. Panola County,
Figgers 124.
Louisiana: Burnside, Combs 1418. Alexandria, Ball 176; Hale. Marksville,
McAtee 2186.
Texas: San Antonio, Hitchcock 5323. El Paso, Hitchcock 13331; Barlow in 1911.
Del Rio, Hitchcock 13644. Brownsville, Hitchcock 5422. Bastrop, Plank 36. Rio-
grande, Griffiths 6470. College Station, Hitchcock in 1903. Western Texas,
Wright 796.
Wyomine: Ten Sleep, Williams 2816. Cumins, Nelson 1500. Newcastle, Griffiths
679. Platte Canyon, Nelson 2748. Buffalo, Chase 5266. Devils Tower, Griffiths
520. Uva, Nelson 8567.
WasuinetTon: Bingen, Suksdorf 2639, 2826.
OrEGoN: John Day Ferry, Leiberg 872. Portland, Suksdorf 1682. Southeastern
Oregon, Griffiths & Morris 657.
Conroravo: Rocky Ford, Griffiths 3310. Golden, Rydberg 2503. Durango, Shear
1255. Dry Creek, Nelson 8207.
SS
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146 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Urau: Ephraim, Hitchcock 10968. Provo, Tidestrom 1740. Cainville, Jones 5696.
Vermilion, Jones 5845. Gunnison, Tidestrom 2952; Ward 678.
Nevapa: Truckee Valley, Bailey 1351.
New Mexico: Dog Spring, Mearns 2409. Strauss, Stearns 402. Roswell, Griffiths
5729. Shiprock Agency, Standley 7218. Mesilla, Wooton 36; Standley 422;
Hitchcock 3817. White Mountains, Wooton & Standley 3578. Mangas Springs,
Metcalfe 728. Albuquerque, Harward 2,3. Artesia, Hitchcock 13440. Kingston,
Metcalfe 1351. Deming, Hitchcock 3759. Carlsbad, Hitchcock 13491. .
Arizona: Fort Huachuca, Wilcor 2547. Moki Reservation, Hough 108. Prescott,
Fernow in 1896. Chiricahua Mountains, Blumer 1782. Horseshoe Bend, Palmer
749. Tucson, Towmey 780. Patagonia, Hitchcock 3666.
CALIFORNIA: Oro Fino, Butler 490. Piedmont, Davy in 1897. Pine Grove, Hansen
601. Redding, Smith745. San
fp Bernardino, Parish in 1890.
g Sonora: H€rmosillo, Hitchcock 3599.
CHIHUAHUA: Pacheco, Nelson 6244.
Southwestern Chihuahua, Pal-
mer 18 in 1885.
Duranao: Durango, Palmer 466 in
1896.
Coanuma: Saltillo, Hitchcock 5606.
Echinochloa crusgalli edulis
Hitche. .
Panicum frumentaceum Roxb. Fl
Ind. 1: 307. 1820. Not Panicum
frumentaceum Salisb. 1796. ‘‘This I
have only found in a state of culti-
vation.’’ Described from India, but
no definite locality given.
\ Echinochloa frumentacea Link,
Ss i ee Hort. Berol. 1: 204. 1827. Based
A ray, es on Panicum frumentaceum Roxb.
Aaa Oplis 3 Kunth
4: plismenus frumentaceus <unth,
Rév. Gram. 1: 415. 1829. Based
on Panicum frumentaceum Roxb.
Echinochloa crusgalli frumentacea
W. F. Wight, Suppl. Cent. Dict. 810.
1909. Without description, ia presumably based on Panicum frumentaceum Roxb.
Echinochloa crusgalli edulis Hitche., U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 238. 1920.
Fia. 32.—Echinochloa crusgalli edulis. From Piper in 1912
Texas.
DESCRIPTION.
Differs from the typical form in having dense panicles, the racemes thick, appressed,
incurved; spikelets awnless, mostly purple; fruits pale, usually exposed before
maturity, contrasting with the purple glumes.
In the United States this is sometimes cultivated as a forage grass under the name
Japanese barnyard millet. For a time it was exploited under the name billion-
dollar grass. In India the seed is used for human food.
\ DISTRIBUTION.
Escaped from cultivation in several localities in the eastern United States.
New Hampsurre: Shelburne, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 430.
VERMONT: Burlington, Hitchcock 16028.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 147
Connecticut: Salisbury, Bissell in 1906.
New Jersey: Califon, Fisher in 1901.
Iturors: Catlin, Lansing 3507.
MicHiGan: Cass County, Darlington in 1917.
District oF CoLtumBtia: Ball in 1900.
Norts Carorina: West Raleigh, Cort 1294.
ALaBAMA: Tuskegee, Hitchcock in 1904.
Texas: Eastern Texas, Piper in 1910.
Echinochloa crusgalli zelayensis (H. B. K.) Hitchc.
Oplismenus zelayensis H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 108. 1816. “Crescit in alta
planitie montana regni Mexicani, prope Zelaya, Queretaro et Patzcuaro, in humidis.”’
The specimen from Paétzcuaro is in the Paris Herbarium. This is the form, common
in Mexico and southwestern United States, in
which the panicle is erect and simple, the racemes
short and appressed, and the spikelets nearly
awnless.
Echinochloa zelayensis Schult. Mant. 2: 269.
1824. Based on Oplismenus zelayensis H. B. K.
Panicum zelayense Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2.
2: 265. 1841. Based on Oplismenus zelayensis
Ee Be ke
Panicum crus-pict Willd.; Doell in Mart. FI.
ras. 27: 143. 1877. A herbarium name men-
tioned as a form of Panicum crusgalli. There are
two sheets sonamed in the Willdenow Herbarium,
one with short-awned and one with long-awned
spikelets. The former is the specimen referred
to by Doell.
Echinochloa crusgalli zelayensis Hitche. U. S.
Dept. Agr. Bull. 772: 238. 1920.
DESCRIPTION.
Differs from £. crusgalli mitis in having mostly
simple, more or less appressed racemes, the spike-
lets less strongly hispid, not papillose, usually
green.
DISTRIBUTION.
Moist, often alkaline places, Oklahoma to Oregon,
south through Mexico to Colombia and Argentina.
Texas: El Paso, Chase 5888; Havard in 1882;
Hitchcock 13329, 13330. Big Spring, Tracy 8291. Houston, Hall 836. Hock-
ley, Thurow in 1898. Cypress, Thurow in 1898. Bastrop, Plank 38. Richmond,
Plank 9. Chillicothe, Ball 973. Seguin, Plank 98. Eagle Pass, Havard 82.
OxtaHoma: Without locality, Stevens 1178.
OREGON: Southeastern Oregon, Griffiths & Morris 893. Portland, Sheldon 10929.
*Cotoravo: Golden, Shear 753, 2502.
Uran: Ogden, Hitchcock 10879. Salt Lake City, Jones in 1879. Green River, Tracy
in 1887.
New Mexico: Mesilla, Hitchcock 3828. Cloudcroft, Hitchcock 13298. Carlsbad,
Hitchcock 13492. Grant County, Blumer 132. Pecos, Standley 5016. Ojo
Caliente, Wooton 2968. Las Cruces, Wooton 1072; Hitchcock in 1903. Albuquer-
que, Jones 4125. Farmington, Standley 7030. Cimarron Canyon, Griffiths 5552.
Cedar Hiil, Standley 7936. Without locality, Wright 2088.
Fig. 33.— Echinochloa crusgalli zelayensis.
From Mearns 744, Mexico.
148 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Arizona: San Bernardino Ranch, Mearns 744. San Pedro River, Mearns 1120. Car-
rizo Mountains, Standley 7494. Winslow, Griffiths 5035. . Fort Verde, Mac-
Dougal 614. Opposite Black Point (California), Jepson in 1912. Prescott,
Hitchcock 13180. Benson, Griffiths 1993. Papago sits oie: Griffiths 1651.
Fairbank, Griffiths 1970. Tucson, Griffiths 1616.
CALIFORNIA: Ione, Braunton 1241. Take Tahoe, Hitchcock in 1901.. Threerivers,
Jepson 4717. Rockwood, Parish 8340. Fort Yuma, Parish 8233. Imperial
Valley, Parish 8085; Wales 13. Kern County, Hilgard in 1895. Merced, Hitch-
cock 3212. Death Valley, Coville & Funston 242. '
Sonora: Colorado River, Palmer 950 and 951 in 1889.
CHIHUAHUA: Casas Grandes, Townsend & Barber 353.
Durango: Torreén, Hitchcock 7725. Durango, Hitchcock 7565, 7566; Palmer 252 in
1896.
Coanuita: Saltillo, Palmer 380 in 1898; Hitchcock 5600, 5607, 5612.
ZACATECAS: Zacatecas, Hitchcock 7526.
AGUASCALIENTES: Aguascalientes, Hitchcock 7442, 7486.
San Luis Porost: San Luis Potosi, Hitchcock 5655.
Jauisco: Orosco, Hitchcock 7385. Guadalajara, Hitchcock 7310, 7314; Palmer 430 in
1886. Colotlan, Rose 3606.
Guanasuato: Ac4mbaro, Hitchcock 6935. Irapuato, Hitchcock 7387, 7398, 7399,
7421. Guanajuato, Duges in 1897.
QUERETARO: Querétaro, Hitchcock 5820, 5835, 5850, 5851, 5867; Arsene 10264; Basile
36, 54.
MicuoacdAn: Morelia, Arséne in 1910.
Mexico: Mexico, Bourgeau 236, 680; Pringle 9585; Orcutt 4105; Hitchcock 5894.
Puesta: Cholula, Nicolds in 1910. Tehuacan, Hitchcock 6061.
Veracruz: Orizaba, Hitchcock 6326; Miiller 2049. Pital, Liebmann 377.
Oaxaca: Oaxaca, Hitchcock 6175, 6181.
Mexico (Republic of): Without locality, Liebmann 386.
GUATEMALA: Guatemala City, Hitchcock 9098.
Costa Rica: San José, Jiménez 926; Cooper 5992; Tonduz 3016; Pittier 229. Cartago,
Cooper 144; Tonduz 10754. San Marcos, Tonduz 7530. Alajuelita, Tonduz 8825.
CotompBia: Palmira, Pittier 817.
% Botivia: Coripati, Bang 2108.
ARGENTINA: General Roca, Fischer 274.
Echinochloa crusgalli crus-pavonis (H. B. K.) Hitche.
Oplismenus crus pavonis H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 108. 1816. - “Crescit in apricis
calidissimis Provinciae Cumanensis prope Bordones.’? The type, in the Paris
Herbarium, has awns mostly 5 to 10 mm. long. The specific name is written as two
words.
Panicum sabulicolum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 258. 1829. ‘‘Habitat in arenosis Parae
(Sieber). Vidi in Herb. Willd.—In Monte Video, et in confinibus Regni Paraguayani
legit Sellow. (Herb. Reg. Berol.).’’ The Sieber specimen (the name in a slightly
different form) has been examined in the Willdenow Herbarium. The Sellow speci-
men has been examined at the Berlin Herbarium. This is the same form as O ails:
crus-pavonis.
Panicum crus-pavonis Nees, Agrost. Bras. 259. 1829. Based on Oplismenus crus-
pavonis H. B. K. Nees describes a variety @ with short awns as in Oplismenus crus-
pavonis, and a variety 8, with long awns. The type of the latter, from the Rio Negro,
has awns 15 to 20 mm. long.
Echinochloa composita Presl; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 259. 1829, as synonym of Panicum
crus-pavonis. It was not published by Presl. The specimen, in the German Uni-
versity at Prague, was collected at Acapulco by Haenke. It is about the same form
4 - -
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 149
as the type of Oplismenus crus-pavonis, but the racemes are not so compact; the awns
are 2 to 5 mm. long.
Panicum aristatum Macfad. Bot. Misc. Hook. 2: 115. 1831. This was described in a
footnote to an article entitled, ‘‘Sketch of a short botanical excursion in Jamaica.”’
The grass was found in the vicinity of Spanish Town. The type specimen, in the
Kew Herbarium, is the form described under Oplismenus crus-pavonis.
Oplismenus jamaicensis Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 147. 1833. Based upon Panicum
aristatum Macfad. and referred to Oplismenus with a query.
Panicum jamaicense Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 257. 1841. Based upon Oplismenus
jamaicensis Kunth.
Panicum horridum Salzm.; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 47. 1854. A herbarium name
of a Salzmann specimen from Bahia, Brazil, given as synonym of Panicum crusgalli L.
Since Echinochloa crusgalli itself
is rare in South America and the b
subspecies crus-pavonis 1s com- :
mon, the plant is probably the
subspecies.
Panicum crusgalli var. sabuli-
cola Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2?:
142. 1877. Based on Panicum
sabulicola Nees.
Oplismenus angustifolius Fourn,
Mex. Pl. 2: 40. 1886. ‘‘Vera
‘Cruz (Gouin n. 54).’’? The type
specimen, in the Paris Herba-
rium, is the form with awns 1 to
2 cm. long.
Echinochloa sabulicola Hitche.
Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17:
257. 1913. Based on Panicum
sabulicola Nees.
DESCRIPTION.
I) ae
AO, (Z,
A GZ
Differs from the typical form
in having nodding, rather soft
panicles, the spikelets averaging
smaller, less strongly hispid, the
awn variable in length, but
usually not over 1 cm. long.
DISTRIBUTION.
Marshes and wet places, often
Z - P 20 ue Fig. 34.—Echinochloa crusgalli crus-pavonis. From Sintenis
in the water, Texas and the West 1889, Porto Rico.
Indies south to Bolivia and Ar-
gentina. Apparently native in tropical America.
Texas: Pierce, Tracy 7743.
Lower Cauirornis: La Paz, Palmer 130 in 1890.
CuiauAHUA: Casas Grandes, Nelson 6355a.
_ Spyatoa: Culiacan, Palmer 1790 in 1891.
Duraneo: Durango, Palmer 730 in 1896.
Coanuita: Jaral, Schumann 1738. Saltillo, Palmer 418 in 1898.
Jatisco: Guadalajara, Palmer 430 and 430a in 1886; Hitchcock 7351. Orosco, Hitch-
cock 7373.
Guanasuato: Acambaro, Hitchcock 6949. Irapuato, Hitchcock 7420.
QUERETARO: Querétaro, Basile 30, 31; Arséne 10280; Hitchcock 5810, 5852, 5866.
150 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Micuoacdn: Zamora, Pringle 8480. Morelia, Holway 3591. Maravalio, Hitchcock
6923.
Mexico: Valley of Mexico, Pringle 8572, 9606; Hitchcock 5879; Bourgeau 530.
Veracruz: Cordoba, Hitchcock 6452. Monte Pacha, Liebmann 385. Veracruz,
Smith 1329. Orizaba, Botteri 161, 718; Hitchcock 6344.
More os: Cuernavaca, Hitchcock 6849.
GUATEMALA: Coban, Tiirckheim 1287, 3827.
Costa Rica: Nuestro Amo, Jiménez 527. San José, Hitchcock 8453; Pittier 382.
Panama: Chagres, Fendler 365. Anc6én, Celestine 18. Balboa, Hitchcock 7999.
Pedro Miguel, Hitchcock 7958; Pittier 2508.
Bermupa: Brown, Britton & Russell 1961; Collins 343.
Cusa: Yumuri Mountains, Rugel 884. Habana, Léon 747, 2785. Without locality,
Wright in 1865; Rugel 889; Liebmann 378.
JAMaicaA: Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9862. Black River, Hitchcock 9650. Grosmond
Marsh, Harris 11751. Meylersfield, Harris 11824.
Porto Rico: Lares, Chase 6596. Humacao, Sintenis 1889. San Juan, Chase 6352,
6396. Canovanas, Stevenson 5388. Rio Piedras, Stevenson & Rose 6428. With-
out locality, Eggers 685.
LreEwarp IsLanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3161.
TrinipaD: Bot. Gard. Herb. 1678.
British Guiana: Without locality, Jenman 5991; Schomburgk 181.
Brazi: Minas Geraes, Regnell 1374. Campinas, Campos Novaes 1250, 1251. Sao
Paulo, Lofgren 1539, 2787. Parand, Dusen 7910. Without locality, Capanema
53984; Jard. Bot. 145; Glaziou 16616.
Paracuay: Pilcomayo River, Morong 963; Rojas 55, 55a. Central Paraguay, Morong
539, 743.
Urueuay: Without locality, Arechavaleta.
Botrtivia: Tarija, Fries 1102. Coripati, Bang 2108.
ARGENTINA: Misiones, Ekman 606, 606a, 607. Catamarca, Jorgensen 1399, 1651.
Without locality, Stuckert 13872. 4
7. Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link.
Panicum colonum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. No locality is mentioned.
In a later work! the locality is given as, ‘‘Habitat in Indiae cultis.”” The type
specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium ? was sent from Jamaica by Patrick Browne.
The word ‘‘colonum’’ appears to be a genitive plural.®
Milium colonum Moench, Meth. Pl. 202. 1794. Based on Panicum colonum L.
Oplismenus colonus H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 108. 1816. Based on Panicum
colonum L.
Panicum zonale Guss. Fl. Sic. Prodr. 1: 62. 1827. This citation has not been
verified. The description refers to the form of Echinochloa colonum with zonate
leaves.
Oplismenus repens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 321. 1830. ‘‘Hab. in Mexico.’”? A part
of the type, sent to Trinius from Prague, has been examined in the Trinius Herbarium
at Petrograd. :
Echinochloa colona Link, Hort. Berol. 2: 209. 1833. Based on Panicum colonum L.
Panicum incertum Bosc; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 258. 1841. A name only, as
synonym of Panicum colonum L.
Panicum prorepens Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 46. 1854. Based on Oplismenus
repens Presl.
1 Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 84. 1762.
2 See Hitchcock, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 119. 1908.
3 See Hitchcock, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 256. 1913.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. IL51
Panicum colonum zonale L. H. Dewey, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 2: 502.1894. Based
on Panicum zonale Guss.
Echinochloa colona zonalis Woot. & Standl. N. Mex. Coll. Agr. Bull. 81: 45. 1912.
Presumably based on Panicum zonale Guss., though no synonym is cited.
Several other synonyms are given in works on European floras,
DESCRIPTION.
‘Plants annual, the larger ones usually much branched at base; culms prostrate-
spreading, ascending, or erect, usually 20 to 40 cm. long, glabrous, compressed; sheaths
glabrous, compressed; ligule wanting; blades rather lax, 5 to 10 cm. long, rarely longer,
3 to 6 mm. or rarely as much as | cm. wide, somewhat scabrous on the margins, occa-
sionally bearing transverse purple
bands (zonate); panicles 5 to 10 or
even 15 cm. long, the axis smooth or
slightly scabrous; racemes several, 1 to
2 cm. long or rarely longer, appressed
or ascending, single or occasionally two
approximate, the lower usually dis-
tant as much as 1 cm., the rachis tri-
angular-flattened, scabrous; spikelets
about 3 mm. long, crowded, nearly ses-
sile, in about 4 rows; second glume and
sterile lemma short-pointed but not
awned; fruit about 2.5 mm. long, short-
pointed.
In this species the spikelets are
merely pointed and not awned, but in
all other respects it agrees with the
concept of the genus.
DISTRIBUTION.
Ditches and moist places in the
warmer parts of both hemispheres; in-
troduced in America, where it is a com-
mon weed.
New Jersey: On ballast, Camden,
Martindale in 1879.
Prennsyivania: On ballast, Girard
Point, Philadelphia, Martindale in yg, 35.—Kehinochloa colonum. From Bentley in 1899,
1879. Texas.
Missouri: Carruthersville, Hitchcock in 1904.
Vireinia: Virginia Beach, Kearney 2049.
Norra Carona: Eastern North Carolina, McCarthy in 1885.
Sours Carouina: Santee Canal, Curtiss 3611. Aiken, Ravenelin 1869. Orangeburg,
Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 425.
Geroraia: Athens, Harper 113. Camilla, Tracy 4571. Stone Mountain, Hitchcock in
1905.
Fiorma: Mareo, Hitchcock 475. Alachua County, Combs 691, 729. Little River,
Eaton 472. Monticello, Combs 315. Tallahassee, Kearney 84; Nash 2337; Combs
389. Quincy, Combs 410. Chipley, Combs 539c. Apalachicola, Biltmore Herb.
794b. Chattahoochee, Curtiss 5999. Milton, Chase 4815. Hillsborough County,
Fredholm 6358.
TENNESSEE: La Vergne, Eggert 73. Knoxville, Ruth in 1895; Scribner in 1889.
Nashville, Gattinger in 1878; in Curtiss N. Amer. Pl. 3583*.
ALABAMA: Birmingham, Hitchcock in 1898. Mobile, Mohr in 1879; Kearney 66.
Tuskegee, Carver 85. Seba McCarthy in 1888.
152 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Mississippi: Starkville, Kearney 17. Agricultural College, Pollard 1281.
ARKANSAS: Pine Bluff, Eggert 111. Texarkana, Hellerin 1898. Northwest Arkansas,
Harvey 20. .
LourstANA: New Orleans, Waite in 1885. Shreveport, Ball 106. Rayville, Ball 6.
Alexandria, Ball 178. Mount Lebanon, Ball 87. Pointe a la Hache, Langlois in
1885.
Texas: Corpus Christi, Heller 1501; Hitchcock 5354. Ennis, Smith 18. Kerrville,
Heller 1923; Hitchcock 5319. Laredo, Sauvignet in 1892; Hitchcock 5511. Fort
Worth, Ruth 164. San Antonio, Ball 950; Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 426. Browns-
ville, Hitchcock 5423. New Braunfels, Hitchcock 5200, 5199. El Paso, Hitchcock
7808. Riogrande, Griffiths 6465. Pierce, Tracy 7393. Texarkana, Letterman in
1894. Comal County, Groth 97. Houston, Hall 826. Barstow, Tracy 8285.
Beaumont, Plank 21. Abilene, Bentley in 1899. Without locality, Reverchon
1091.
WasuHineron: On ballast, Linnton, Suksdorf 7401.
New Mexico: Organ Mountains, Wooton & Standley in 1906. Deming, Hitchcock
3755. Las Cruces, Vasey in 1881.
Arizona: Tucson, Thornber 283; Griffiths 1518, 1534, 3344. Paradise, Blumer 1764,
2268. Patagonia, Hitchcock 3683. Santa Rita Mountains, Griffiths 7007, 7291.
Papago Reservation, Griffiths 1655. San Bernardino Ranch, Mearns 719, 795.
La Noria, Mearns 1207.
CauirorniA: Mecca, Parish 8101. Imperial, Parish 824.
LOWER CALIFORNIA: 80 miles southeast of San Diego, California, Palmer 419 in 1875.
Mulejé, Palmer 202 in 1887. Santa Agueda, Palmer 223 in 1890. San José del
Cabo, Brandegee 26, 38.
Sonora: La Colorada, Clokey 1916, 1917. Guaymas, Palmer 51 in 1887, 202 in 1887;
Hitchcock 3560. Hermosillo, Hitchcock 3580, 3620. Alamos, Rose 12984. Yaqui
River, Palmer 13 and 14 in 1869. Cocospora Ranch, Griffiths 6832. Oputo,
Hartman 189.
CurauaHua: Santa Eulalia, Wilkinson in 1885. Chihuahua, Hitchcock 7780. San-
chez, Hitchcock 7690.
Srvatoa: Mazatlan, Rose 14039. Topolobampo, Rose 13265. Rosario, Rose 1544,
14574. Culiacan, Palmer 1542 in 1891. San Blas, Rose 13424.
Duraneo: Tlahualilo, Pittier 478. Durango, Hitchcock 7655. Torreén, Hitchcock
7552.
CoaHnurta: Saltillo, Hitchcock 5592, 5599.
Nuevo Leon: Monterrey, Hitchcock 5548.
Teric: Acaponeta, Rose 1923, 14250.
San Luts Potosi: Cardenas, Hitchcock 5750.
Jauisco: San Nicolas, Hitchcock 7224. Rio Blanco, Palmer 193 in 1886.
Guanasuato: Acambaro, Hitchcock 6941. Irapuato, Hitchcock 7413.
QUERETARO: Querétaro, Hitchcock 5831.
Couma: Caldras, Hitchcock 7020. Colima, Palmer 169 in 1897.
MicuoacaAn: Morelia, Arséne in 1909.
Pursia: Tehuacan, Hitchcock 6052.
VERACRUZ: Orizaba, Bourgeau 2593; Hitchcock 6325. Guiotepec, Liebmann 383.
Veracruz, Hitchcock 6569.
Moretos: Cuernavaca, Hitchcock 6836.
GUERRERO: Balsas, Hitchcock 6802. Iguala, Rose 9386.
Oaxaca: Oaxaca, Hitchcock 6125. Tomellin, Hitchcock 6228; Rose 10048.
Yucatan: Izamal, Gawmer 2484.
GUATEMALA: Gualain, Deam 6322.
Satvapor: La Unién, Hitchcock 8793.
Nicaraaua: Corinto, Hitchcock 8741.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 153
Costa Rica: Puntarenas, Hitchcock 8531. Salinas, Pittier 2704. Alajuelita, Tonduz
8827. San José, Pittrer 2830; Jiménez 928.
Panama: Corozal, Pittver 2184, 6770. New Frijoles, Pittier 6837. Empire, Pittier
3720, 3723. Culebra, Hitchcock 7922. Balboa, Celestine 14. Miraflores, Pittier
2505.
Bermupa: Brown, Britton & Bisset 2147; Collins 154.
CusBa: Cienfuegos, Pringle 45. Cabafias, Palmer & Riley 756. Habana, Palmer &
Riley 1137; Léon 752, 844. Santa Maria, Linden 1814. Manacas, Léon 5904.
Regla, Liebmann 376. Buenaventura, Wilson 9320. Guane, Shafer 10392. Paso
Estancia, Shafer 1561. Sierra Guayaba, Shafer 13852. Sancti Spiritus, Shafer
12152. Santiago de las Vegas, Baker 502, 4765; Hitchcock 490. Isle of Pines,
Curtiss 427. Guines, Léon 425. Arroyo Apolo, Léon 303. Without locality,
Wright 752.
JAMAICA: Savoy, Harris 11612. Hope Grounds, Harris 11241. Halls Delight, Harris
11419. Gordon Town, Hart 825. Ipswich, Hitchcock 9594. Bog Walk, Hitch-
cock 9288. Savanna-la-Mar, Hitchcock 9867. Montpellier, Harris 11806.
Santo Domineo: Rincén, Fuertes 1274. San Pedro de Macoris, Rose 4438. Azua,
Rose 3950, 4421.
Porto Rico: Rio Piedras, Barrett 64; Cowgill 694. Guanica, Millspaugh 732; Chase
6530. Mayaguez, Heller 4409; Chase 6252. Puente Fluco, Goll 878. San
Antonio, Goll186. Caguas, Millspaugh 214. Catano, Heller 108. Coamo Springs
Goll 660. Cabo Rojo, Sintenis 845. San Juan, Chase 6381. Vieques, Chase 6689;
Shafer 2483. Culebra, Britton & Wheeler 145; Millspaugh 569.
Virein Istanps: St. Thomas, Eggers 291; Millspaugh 335. Tortola, Fishlock 65, 108.
St. Croix, Ricksecker 31, 106.
LEEWARD IsnLANDs: St. Kitts, Britton & Cowell 282. Antigua, Wullschlaegel 612.
Montserrat, Shafer 704. Guadeloupe, Duss 2684. Dominica, Jones 32.
WINDWARD ISLANDS: Martinique, Duss 1322. Barbados, Bot. Sta. Herb. 240.
Trinipap: Broadway 4936; Bot. Gard. Herb. 2285; Hitchcock 10026.
Tosaao: Broadway 4648; Hitchcock 10211.
CotomsBia: Cartagena, Hitchcock 9904. Santa Marta, Smith 150.
Braziu: Bahia, Lofgren 3766. Without locality, Capanema 5393.
ParaGuay: Sierra de Amambay, Rojas 10785, 10785a. Apa River, Hassler 11929.
Ecuapor: Without locality, Jameson 346. Galapagos Islands, Stewart 1300.
Urvuauay: Without locality, Arechavaleta.
ARGENTINA: Estancia San Teodoro, Kneucker Gram. Fxs. 185.
CHILE: Santiago, Philippi in 1888.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
PANICUM ECHINATUM Willd. Enum. Pl. 1032.1809. ‘‘ Panicum muricatum Hornem.
Cat. hort. haf. p.28 * * * Nonest P. muricatum Retzil.”’ “ Habitat in America
meridionali.’’ (The type has not been examined, and the brief diagnosis is insufficient
for identification. In Hornemann’s catalogue the name is ascribed to Retzius, and
there is no description.
OPLISMENUS ECHINATUS Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 45. 1829. Based on “ Panicum
echinatum Willd.”
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CHAETOCHLOA.
By A. S. Hircucocx.
INTRODUCTION.
The genus Chaetochloa is closely allied to Panicum, from which it
is separated technically by the presence of bristle-like sterile branch-
lets below the spikelets. Two species, introduced from Europe, are
common weeds in the eastern states. One, C. lutescens (Setaria
glauca of authors), with a dense cylindric spikelike panicle or head,
and yellow bristles, is called yellow foxtail or pigeon grass. The other,
green foxtail (C. viridis), has green heads. The bristly head or narrow
panicle is characteristic of most of the species of the genus. One
species, C’. rtalica (Setaria italica), is cultivated under the name of
millet or foxtail millet. Of this there are many varieties, such as
Hungarian grass, German millet, and Golden Wonder. To these the
general term millet is applied, a name which should not be confused
with the common millet of Europe (Panicum miliaceum), cultivated
occasionally in the United States for forage under the name of broom-
corn millet, proso millet, and hog millet. The North American
species of Chaetochloa were revised in 1900 by Scribner and Merrill.1
The allies of Panicum palmifolium are here included under Chaeto-
chloa as a subgenus (Piychophyllum). They are tropical species with
broad plaited blades. Some are cultivated in greenhouses under the
name of palm grass, because of the leaves which resemble those of a
young palm.
In a small group of species of Panicum (forming the subgenus
Paurochaetium?) the ultimate branchlets are produced beyond the
few to several spikelets as minute bristles. In Chaetochloa proper
each spikelet is subtended by one or more bristles. In the subgenus
Ptychophyllum usually only the terminal of the one to few spikelets
on a branchlet is subtended by the bristle. Panicum and Chaetochloa
thus closely approach each other. The species of the subgenera
Paurochaectium and Ptychophyllum are included respectively in
Panicum and Chaetochloa because, all their characters taken into
consideration, they show closer relationship to other species in
Panicum and Chaetochloa, respectively, than they do to each other.
1U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21. 1900.
2 Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15: 22. 1910.
168000—20——4 155
156 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
The name Setaria, applied to this genus by many authors, has been
replaced by Chaetochloa because the former name was applied to a
genus of lichens by Acharius and by Michaux at a date earlier than
that of its application to the grass genus (see synonymy in the
technical description).
There are about 60 species of Chaetochloa, 26 in North America,
about 15 more in South America, the remainder in the warmer parts
of the Eastern Hemisphere.
The text figures are natural size.
DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES.
CHAETOCHLOA Scribn.
Setaria Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51. pl. 13. f. 3.1812. Not Setaria Ach. 1798,! nor Michx,
1803. Fourteen speciesare listed, S. viridis being illustrated. Panicum viride L., upon
which the illustrated species is based, is taken as the type.
Panicum subgenus Ptychophyllum A. Br. Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. App. 1855. The
author mentions the plicate-leaved species of Panicum that had been long cultivated
in botanic gardens under the name of P. plicatum Auct. He describes Ptychophyllum
as a subgenus of Panicum and notes its close affinity to the subgenus Setaria. Ten
species are described, the first of which is Panicum plicatum Lam. This species
may be taken as the type.
Chaetochloa Scribn. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 38. 1897. Scribner
substitutes the name Chaetochloa for Setaria Beauv., not Ach. The type is the same
as for Setaria, namely Panicum viride L.
Some of our species of Chaetochloa have been referred to Jrophorus Schlecht. and
to Chamaeraphis R. Br., but the types of those genera are not congeneric with the
type of Chaetochloa.
DESCRIPTION.
Annual or perennial grasses with flat or rarely involute blades, and narrow,
usually spikelike, or rarely open panicles. Culms simple or usually branched at
the base and sometimes at the middle nodes, the branches from the latter appressed
or ascending, bearing secondary panicles, these usually smaller than those of the
primary culms. Spikelets lanceolate or elliptic, usually turgid, rarely globose,
sessile or short-pediceled, single or in clusters, some or all subtended by one to several
bristles (sterile branchlets), deciduous, falling free from the bristles, awnless, the main
branches of the panicle usually short, rarely elongate. First glume broad, usually less
than half the length of the spikelet, 3 to 5 nerved. Second glume and sterile lemma
equal or the former shorter, several-nerved. Fertile lemma coriaceous or indurate,
smooth or rugose.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Blades narrowly elliptic, plaited; bristles below only a part of the spikelets, rarely
below all. Subgenus PrycHopHyLiumM.
Plants annual; blades usually less than 2 cm. wide....-..-...----- 1. C. barbata.
Plants perennial: blades usually more than 3 cm. wide.
Panicle of numerous approximate, more or less 1-sided racemes, spikelet-bearing
to the base, 2 to 5 cm. long, rarely the lower much longer. .2. C. poiretiana.
Panicle of more or less fascicled branches, not or scarcely 1-sided, some of them
elongate and naked at base.
Branches of panicle as much as 10 cm. ioe bristles usually not over twice as
long as the spikelets, inconspicuous; blades as much as 6 cm. wide.
3. C. palmifolia.
Branches of panicle slender, finally spreading, as much as 20 cm. long; bristles
as much as 15 mm. long; blades as much as 10 cm. wide. .4. C. sulcata.
1 See note at bottom of p. 208.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 157
Blades linear-lanceolate to linear, narrow; bristles below all the spikelets.
CHAETOCHLOA proper.
Bristles below each spikelet numerous, at least more than 5. Panicle dense,
cylindric, spikelike.
Plants annual; spikelets 3 mm. Jong.......-.. -.-+-+--..---5. C. lutescens.
Plants seuesmulk spikelets mostly 2 to 2.5 mm. . ene Se ee 6. C. geniculata.
Bristles below each spikelet 1, or, by the abortion of the spikelets, 2 or 3.
Bristles more or less retrorsely scabrous.
Plants perennial; spikelets globose or nearly so..-.-.-...--------- 7. C. tenax.
Plants annual; spikelets not globose.
Spikelets abou ts2rmim. lomo sss: 2 ne pa ae ce ...-8. C. verticillata.
Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long.
Panicles usually green, rarely as much as § cm. long, less than 5 mm.
thick. the bristles 2: to 3mm. long 7-22 2a) 2 bee 9. C. scandens.
Panicles usually purple, as much as 15 cm. long and 1 cm. thick, the
bristles aboutwlecm- lone. 22. See sect eee Lk: 10. C. tenacissima.
Bristles antrorsely scabrous only.
Plants annual.
Fertile lemma at maturity finely cross-lined or nearly smooth.
Panicle loosely flowered, tapering above......----..-- 11. C. grisebachii.
Panicle compactly flowered, sometimes interrupted at base.
Plants as much as 3 meters tall. Bristles 1 to 2 cm. long; fertile lemma
smootheor Meany ss02- ces osc estas eo he cten hese eis 12. C. magna.
Plants mostly less than 1 meter tall. ;
Axis of panicle scabrous but not villous........---. 13. C. ambigua.
Axis of panicle villous.
Panicle cylindric, tapering above, green; spikelet falling entire.
14. C. viridis.
Panicle lobed or interrupted, often large and heavy, purple or
yellow; fruit deciduous from glumes and sterile lemma. —
15. C. italica.
Fertile lemma coarsely transversely rugose.
Axis of panicle thickly clothed with white stiff hairs 2 mm. long.
16. C. longipila.
Axis of panicle villous, the hairs about 1 mm. long.
Panicle densely flowered, cylindric. Sheaths scabrous.
17. C. corrugata.
Panicle loosely flowered.
Blades scabrous but not hispid........-....------- 18. C. liebmanni.
Bladesisnarsely hispid: 3.55205. eee se 2.8. es 19. C. latifolia.
Plants perennial.
Spikelets 3 mm. long.
IB AdesESCaOROUS se i Ook. ans SR Se ie 20. C. macrosperma.
Biladessyliguad .s3 es tee cn is Sh 21. C. villosissima.
Spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm. long.
Panicle attenuate at apex.
Blades linear-lanceolate, more than 5 mm. broad; panicle interrupted
or branched, the branches 1 to 3 cm. long......-..-- 22. C. setosa.
Blades slender, mostly less than 5 mm. broad; panicle slender, very
SLVR OW os eet ee ENS ee es eaten) LE 23. C. rarifiora.
Panicle often narrowed toward the summit but not attenuate.
Branches of primary panicle stiffly ascending, of about equal length
except toward the summit; panicle yellowish or brownish, the
pnisthes: lato; 2veml. lomo ere tss ase ee 24. C. vulpiseta.
158 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Branches of panicle short or only the lower as much as 2 to 3 cm. long;
panicle pale or greenish, the bristles irregular in length, the longer
sometimes 1 to 1.5 cm. long.
Blades mostly less than 1 cm. wide, often folded; panicle usually
loosely or interruptedly spikelike, the branches usually not over
1 emislong = Soe eerste Se ere ee 25. C. macrostachya.
Blades flat, as much as 1.5 cm. wide; panicle tapering from near the
base, the lower branches as much as 3 cm. long.
26. C. scheelei.
Subgenus PTYCHOPHYLLUM (A. Br.) Hitche.
Mostly robust perennials (one species annual) with large flat plicate blades. Bristles
single below only the terminal spikelet of the ultimate branchlets, or rarely below all
the spikelets. Panicles simple or the secondary branchlets very short, the spikelets
or branchlets more or less secund. Spikelets mostly narrower and less turgid than in
Chaetochloa proper. Fertile lemma acute or apiculate, rugose or only obscurely cross-
wrinkled. Confined to tropical regions of both hemispheres.
1. Chaetochloa barbata (Lam.) Hitche. & Chase.
Panicum barbatum Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 171. 1791. ‘‘Ex Insula Franciae [Mauri-
tius].’”’ The type has not been examined.
Panicum costatum Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey 1: 314. 1820. ‘‘Introduced into the
Botanic Garden from Mauritius, by Captain Tennant, in 1802.”’ The type has not
been examined.
Panicum viaticum Salzm.; Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 155. 1877. ‘‘Habitat in
sepibus et ad vias prope Bahia (Salzmann n. 706).’’? A duplicate type is in the Na-
tional Herbarium. Doell states that he has seen an authentic specimen of Panicum
barbatum Lam., which he cites as a synonym under P. viaticum.
Chamaeraphis viatica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 770. 1891. Based on Panicum via-
ticum Salzm.
Chamaeraphis costata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 771. 1891. Based on Panicum
costatum Roxb.
Chaetochloa barbata Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 348.1917. Based
on Panicum barbatum Lam.
Chaetochloa barbata is described by Grisebach! and Hooker? under Panicum
flavescens Swartz.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual; culms decumbent, spreading, often rooting at the lower nodes,
branching, glabrous, scabrous or villous near the pubescent nodes, as much as 2 meters
long, but often much less; sheaths compressed, ciliate, glabrous or papillose-hispid;
ligule about 1 mm. long, densely ciliate; blades narrowly elliptic, flat and rather thin,
the upper narrowed to a somewhat truncate base, the lower gradually narrowed to a
petiole, as much as 30 cm. long and 2.5 em. wide, distinctly plicate in large specimens,
obscurely so in dwarf ones; panicles long-exserted, green, as much as 20 cm. long, the
rachis scabrous and villous, the branches ascending or spreading, as much as 4 em.
long; spikelets oblong-elliptic, glabrous, about 2.5 mm. long, tending to be in two
rows along the branches, at least along the upper part, often clustered on branchlets
on the lower part of the branches, the pedicels very short, the bristles flexuous, 5 to 10
mm. long, usually rather numerous; first glume circular, one-third the length of the
spikelet, 3-nerved; second glume about two-thirds as long as the spikelet, ovate,
acute, 7-nerved; sterile lemma as long as the fertile, acute, 7-nerved, the palea about
as long and wide as the lemma; fertile lemma elliptic, acute, a little over 2 mm. long,
strongly transverse-rugose, the palea inclosed to the tip.
1 Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 547. 1864. 2 Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. '7: 56. 1896.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 159
As usual with annuals, this species varies greatly in the size of the plants. Vigorous
plants may have numerous.culms as much as 2 meters long, with correspondingly large
blades and panicles; dwarf plants may be only 10 em. tall, with obscurely plicate
blades and few-flowered spikelike panicles.
DISTRIBUTION.
A weed in cultivated ground and waste places from the West Indies to Brazil; a
waif in Florida; introduced from tropical Asia.
Fiorina: Apalachicola, Biltmore Herb. 8374 (in ballast). Miami, spontaneous on
grounds of Subtropi-
cal Station.
Jamaica: Constant Spring,
Hitchcock 9270, 9277.
Castleton Gardens,
Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb.
603. Kingston, Hitch-
cock 9473; Cockerell
in 1892. Bog Walk,
Hitchcock 9308. Ewar-
ton, Hitchcock 9412.
Ramble, Hitchcock
9515. Gordon Town,
Harris 11511. Ferry
River, Harris 11782.
Temple Hall, Harris
11360. Mavis Bank,
Harris 11602. Mon-
tego Bay, Hitchcock
9694. Buff Bay, Hitch-
cock 9768. New For-
est, Hitchcock 9834.
Troy, Hitchcock 9793.
Ipswich, Hitchcock
9604.
Porto Rico: Mayaguez,
Chase 6159; Holm in
1915; Heller 4373, 4488.
LEEWARD Isianps: Antigua, Rose 3391; Wullschlaegel 618: Guadeloupe, Duss 3175.
Dominica, Jones 43.
Winpwarp Isianps: Martinique, Duss 544. Barbados, Eggers 7128. St. Lucia,
Glasgow 10. Grenada, Broadway in 1904.
TriniwaD: Port of Spain, H2tchcock 9965.
Tosaao: Broadway 4335, 4737; Hitchcock 10225, 10251.
“Brazi: Bahia, Salzmann.., 4 a of
Fa fn 2D a a
FiaG. 36.—Chaetochloa barbata. From Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 603, Jamaica.
At 62 P % ff
wt Oe ewe é
2. Chaetochloa poiretiana (Schult.) Hitche.
Panicum elongatum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 278. 1816. Not Panicum
elongatum Salish. 1796, nor Pursh, 1814. ‘‘Cette plante croft au Brésil (V.s.in herb.
Desiont.).”» The type, in the Desfontaines Herbarium at Florence, consists of a
portion of a blade and a nearly complete panicle.
Panicum sulcatum Bertol. Excerp. 14. 1820. Not Panicum sulcatum Aubl. This
citation has not been verified. The species is said to be from Brazil and apparently
is described independently of P. sulcatum Aubl.
Setaria sulcata Raddi, Agrost. Bras. 50. 1823. Based on Panicum sulcatum
Bertol.
160 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Panicum poiretianum Schult. Mant. 2: 229. 1824. Based on P. elongatum Poir.
not Pursh. ih oo (tO ¢ Be (67, SEL. -
Panicum speciosum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 252.1829. “ Habitat in campis ad Almeirim
provinciae Paraensis.”’ the type, collected in Parad by Martius, is in the Munich
Herbarium. The branches of the panicle are spreading and the spikelets are 4 to 5
mm. long.
Panicum crus ardeae Willd.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 253. 1829. ‘‘ Habitat in America
meridionali.’”? The type is in the Willdenow Herbarium at Berlin.
Setaria poiretiana Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 47. 1829. Based on Panicum poiretianum
Schult.
Setaria crus ardeae Kunth, Réy. Gram. 1: Suppl. xm. 1830. Based on Panicum
crus ardeae Willd.
Panicum flabellatum Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 53. 1854. “Bahia.’’ The type
was collected in Bahia by Salzmann. A duplicate type, distributed as Agrostis
flabellata Salzm., is in
the National Herbarium.
Agrostis flabellata
Salzm.; Steud. Syn. Pl.
Glum. 1: 53. 1854, as
synonym under Panicum
flabellatum Steud.
Setaria jurgensenii
Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2:- 42.
1886. “(Jure. n. 692)”.
is cited, the locality
other than Mexico being
unknown. The type has
not been examined but
the description applies
to C. potretiana.
Chamaeraphis erus
ardeae Kuntze, Rev.
Gen. Pl. 2: 770. 1891.
Based on Panicum crus
ardeae Willd.
Chamaeraphis speciosa
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. ©
2: 770. 1891. Based on
Panicum speciosum Nees.
Kuntze merely lists
“ Ohamaeraphis speciosa
(A. Br.).”’ This probably
refers to Panicum speciosum Nees, which Braun placed in the subgenus Ptychophyllum.
Chamaeraphis juergensii [jurgensenii] Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 770. 1891. Based
on Setaria jurgensenti Fourn.
Panicum jurgensenii Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 40.
1900. Based on Setaria jurgensenit Fourn.
In previous papers! the name C. sulcatu was applied to this species. See note
on the type of Panicum sulcatum p. 162.
Fia. 37.—Chaetochloa poiretiana. From Pringle 3921, Mexico.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, cespitose; culms erect, 1 to 1.5 meters tall, glabrous, or villous
in the vicinity of the nodes; sheaths papillose-hispid, mostly longer than the inter-
1 Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 17: 260. 1913, and op. cit. 18: 348. 1917.
APU I Ran SS
Seren nes ilar ane latent
“tht ye nats aor tonne tasieraird
a
Rar inh Ae irae
able before el AS ies herein mays parka hme alone
i ycthanae phy t nnh in plate hamaih dap rp haneiccinamd ena lunvaicefea nll eehtapnriy reteset etnies tel i PRR
vie
lapeDe alr pes sta appa arte gelnnh af rep Hae Rau ia Mead NAIR Blaine etey Gee SUS ve WSs she Ot Ae
cream raleepi a een a i pce retype retnecanspuaman ae re
aa parce eh ager lesan men ort ian Ly tah
a Pps Atal mn nd cpr yt oa Serevent od vd ad ee
ctr anette pr ae mt neni i BER Is
i
agen yee er dehy Fae gal arene pager i le dn nel ere
en es hee ern atta Salama Ste misc hea cart ity om
Lead ah aren con as Agnes A eye Mal my iain
Rene) ais 2 ay
49M ct Ud a hn EN at erm aut! anh abide fi tips Sot ai | halk tice lellh tin lihei Stir pe-e
i ~ TA cat .
2 vr
: % is Z
Ae ee NR Bn men teem em nt Nagra cen echprlimaymn ame aera, pk bORLY we cmarem tae Seah hd pel
’ Pie *
lm lig TA 8 ip trl etapa ailtatpatine .anilietnaasigt a tii
ee re a a a ne Sai. Ss Sane
1 tae 1
ne gh a tine A ane omen = bs
a eo aaa cat am
panchayat gs nm emt een ch
acetate adie ad fli
ier mie hit ae a ge on.
OO rere mae
es eS
ratte A a eatin eh me
Ce
Carpe hese
le rte oes
Gpllpnd mer 4 yt ys amt
eo
inl omatdae ie
HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 161
nodes, the uppermost elongate, scabrous; ligule ciliate, about 2 mm. long; blades
strongly plicate, scaberulous, sometimes sparsely hispid, flat, as much as 1 meter
long and 10 cm. wide, narrowed toward each end, the base resembling a petiole; pani-
cles erect, densely flowered, commonly purple, long-exserted, as much as 60 cm.
long, and 10 cm. wide, the axis puberulent, the branches ascending, irregularly
clustered, approximate, usually somewhat falcate, the lower usually 3 to 5 cm. but
sometimes as much as 10 cm. or the distant lowermost even longer; spikelets secund
on the branches. narrowly ellipsoidal, about 3 mm. long, the pedicels puberulent,
usually very short, some or all on each branch subtended by somewhat flexuous
bristles 5 to 10 mm. long; first glume half as long as the spikelet, oval, obtuse, 5-nerved;
second glume similar to the first, two-thirds the length of the spikelet, 5-nerved;
sterile lemma oblong-ovate, acutish, equaling the fertile one, obscurely 5-nerved, the
palea wanting; fertile lemma somewhat coriaceous, ellipsoid, apiculate, very ob-
scurely cross-wrinkled; palea similar to the lemma in texture and marking, the apex
free.
DISTRIBUTION.
Moist woods, Mexico to Brazil. Called gamalote in Trinidad.
San Luis Potosi: Las Canoas, Pringle 3921. Tamasopo Canyon, Pringle 3452.
Veracruz: Mirador, Liebmann 459, 460, 461. Jalapa, Hitchcock 6685.
Oaxaca: Oaxaca, Galeotti 5856.
Curapas: Turubula, Nelson 3359.
TriniDAD: Port of Spain, Hitchcock 9978, 10171; Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 604. Cedros,
Hitchcock 10150.
Topaao: Hitchcock 10282.
CoLomBiA: icononzo, Pennell 2841 (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.).
VENEZUELA: Rio Macareo, Eggers 13259. Paparo, Pittier 6335.
Brazit: Minas Geraes, Regnell 459. Descan¢o, Widgren 926. Goyaz, Gardner 3519.
Organ Mountains, Wilkes Expl. Exped. 15. Rio de Janeiro, Glaziou 17396. Cam-
pinas, Campos Novaes 1244. Bahia, Rose 19655; Riedel. Para, Martius 562.
Parana, Dusén 11606.
Paraauay: Central Paraguay, Morong 444. Pilcomayo River, Morong 1572; Lind-
man 1899. .
Peru: Santa Ana, Cook & Gilbert 1429, 1523. Peruvian Andes, Poeppig 968.
Borrvia: Ixiamas, Williams 991 (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb).
ARGENTINA: Misiones, Ekman 608.
3. Chaetochloa palmifolia (Willd.) Hitchc. & Chase.
Panicum plicatum Willd. Enum. Pl. 1033.1809. Not Panicum plicatum Lam. 1791.
‘Habitat in India orientali.’”? A specimen in the Willdenow Herbarium in Berlin,
cultivated in Caicutta by Roxburgh and sent by him to Willdenow, is probably the
type.
Panicum palmifolium Willd.; Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 282. 1816. Poiret
states that the native place of this is not known. He cites Panicum plicatum Willd.
Enum. Pl. 2: 1033. 1809, not Lam. Encycl., and quotes the description, adding a
description of his own. The locality given by Willdenow is ‘‘in India orientali.’’
Poiret says that he saw a specimen in the Desfontaines Herbarium. This specimen
was examined in Florence. Panicum palmaefolium Koen.1 may be the same as
P. palmifolium or it may be P. plicatum Lam., but it is a nomen nudum, being
mentioned in a running account of travels.
Pamcum plicatum haitiense Kunth; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 547. 1864, as synonym
of P. palmifolium Poir. This name is credited to Kunth, but the latter appears not
to have published it.
1 Naturforsch. 23: 208. 1788.
162 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Chamaeraphis palmifolia Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 771. 1891. Based on Panicum
palmifolium Willd.
Setaria palmifolia Stapf, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42: 186. 1914. Based on Panicum
palmacfolium Koen.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial; culms 1 to 1.5 meters tall, glabrous or sparsely villous, the nodes
puberulent; sheaths papillose-hispid or glabrate, hispid on the collar; ligule densely
ciliate, about 2 mm. long; blades strongly plicate, flat, pubescent or glabrate, elliptic,
narrowed to a petiole-like base, as much as 50 cm. long and 6 cm. wide; panicles
rather loose and open, green,
{ long-exserted, as much as 40
cm. long, the rachis scabrous,
the branches ascending cr
spreading, scattered, some-
what distant, especially below,
5 to 10 cm. long, compound;
spikelets lanceolate, acute,
about 3 mm. long, closely ar-
ranged on short branchlets
appressed along the main
branches, forming interrupted
compound racemes, the bris-
tles inconspicuous, usually
not over twice as long as the
spikelets, often short and im-
perfectly developed; _ first
glume one-third the length of
the spikelet, obtuse, 5-nerved;
second glume acutish, half the
length of the spikelet, 7-
nerved, the outer nerves ob-
scure; sterile lemma 5-nerved,
acute, exceeding the fertile
lemma, the palea narrow,
about half as long as the
lemma; fertile lemma lanceo-
late, acute, somewhat apicu-
late, 2.5 mm. long, obscurely cross-wrinkled, the palea entirely included in the
margins of the lemma.
i
‘ ih y
Fic. 38.—Chaetochloa palmifolia. From Hitchcock 9727, Jamaica.
DISTRIBUTION.
Rocky woods and shady banks, often growing in large colonies, a native of south-
eastern Asia; introduced in Jamaica.
Jamaica: Gordon Town, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 605; Hart $15. Cinchona, Hitchcock
9719; Harris & Lawrence 15232. Buff Bay, Hitchcock 9762. Mount Hybla, Harris
11535. Catherines Peak, Hitchcock 9727. Hardware Gap, Harris 10911. Castle-
ton, Harris 11286. Morces Gap, Nichols 37.
4. Chaetochloa suleata (Aubl.) Hitche.
Panicum sulcatum Aubl. Pl. Guian. 1: 50, 1775. In this work, the flora of French
Guiana, Aublet states that this grows along rivers but gives no definite locality.
The type has not been examined. Aublet’s short diagnosis “Panicum (sulcatum )
latifolium foliis liratis ’ is taken directly from‘ Plumier’s Catalogue,! ‘“‘Milium lati-
1 Plum. Cat. Pl. Amer. 10. 1703.
CUSSED ei npn esaeserec rey
Tey
oka red pew ~ ta tateiet cae Seppamusinor neces ap mcr ay lee Sangre lag amare it, Yn
5 pent tienen Aira theta Nh ros nm cam ean lyme heen teenie new pon
La mie pr a en eT Ne Le AP TNA MOEN Ya a a Rn Ca ne AAT AN ee tL tT
ee th ep ita tm ila bah tener eases et yeirn ee, Seinak
LAA fg DIE A en ea eae PONE PONS GN aE LEIA DAL
eo enya aN alee rine a aaa age
cepa Ss eenlaaSPRE aomenianten ati
“ a " A “_f 2 ef, 2’ |) ta?
c j ‘ L ne | Uy
IT wee No ete ap eel NR lye arene eet toe haeat = aan
x ,
ere = tatiana!
‘et
o apse he em eo era
-
. SRO RS es on AICI h Senate fi Se 4 Kier BO a rem
De MRS: ores Ri ae: 2 UEEoR
STEEN emer s pene Aide + nmin lle ching atch anette at tat ie thai iat ae
ty na Naas epedecbun seek ocip bik ie pauls yn eel ry imate eer el :
5
2 ce whrigi cer eh perenne tapas na lhenigretuetinell Alted teh) Sete = t e wo ee ee ream ovata
Le Dar es eck ee ee
ae pe
wt.
pcre aye ene bene pci sc he et again rahe i ednmtin Shar em moa Pa bape et)
uae nee ) eles team 0 mare et PM? Be bias Cri on clan
F 1 f
fe t
ae
% Y ie iy
aes tiN papier heer a pn nero
» -f Fel
| EERE eee
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( rs ‘
Fn ; :
:
) ee eee pay tee th ne pr arching cesar (teh pum ane gel ae e
5
a :
RRR Em Newitt at per en pe
pda ttiell naptime > memlesie Fees wk m0 «cr pe ee ma eR gee mate | tome
yee Pin op cae hata peerpctinn, et ty " A +
Reena me ee
PL ly aNle-heertvirin i ties een rm ip Lh aa hag =
me
[ par crammed yey ne tenn ene te thar a A Ry et a
'
| Betieeriliiwipetaasek ee 4 ey sn poe ne en em cee ope
\ eee <p: sigeehta | ax are ae +~ ‘ -
on ni i
e548 eH a ee .
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’
ete Any acon ing ot are beree ter Cit 37 ees
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 163
folium foliis liratis ’’? which Aublet cites asasynonym. Aublet further cites Milium
latifolium suleatum Plum. mss. 4. t. 105. Lamarck! gives a more complete descrip-
tion, citing Plumier’s Catalogue and the manuscript plate (105), and P. sulcatum
Aubl. He states that the plant grows in Martinique where It was observed by Plu-
mier, and that he has seen the specimen in Vaillant’s herbarium. Urban?. states
that the species agrees with ‘‘Codex Boerh. II. tab. 641,’’ a manuscript work. Urban
unites with Panicum suleatum the specimens which in this article are referred to
Chaetochloa palmifolia.
Panicum paniculiferum Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 54. 1854. ‘‘Oaxaca.’’ The type
specimen has not been definitely located. Galeotti’s no. 5858 from Oaxaca, the only
collection cited by Fournier under Setaria paniculifera, is in the Paris Herbarium.
This specimen, which may be the type of Panicum.paniculiferum, consists only of
the inflorescence and a fragment of the culm; the lower panicle branches are as much
as 20 cm. long, and the branchlets are appressed or ascending.
Setaria effusa Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 42. 1886. Several specimens from Veracruz and
Oaxaca are cited, the first being Bourgeau 2599, from Orizaba. This specimen has
spreading branches and branchlets, with less crowded spikelets and rather fewer
bristles. Hitchcock’s no. 6880 from Orizaba has a like panicle. These represent
only an extreme form, connected by intergrades with the less open, more bristly
form represented by Galeotti’s no. 5858.
Setaria paniculifera Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 42. 1886. Based on Panicum paniculiferum
Steud.
Chamaeraphis effusa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 770. 1891. Based on Setaria effusa
Fourn.:
Chamaeraphis paniculifera Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 770. 1891. Based on Panicum
paniculiferum Steud.
Chamaeraphis sulcata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 770. 1891. Based on Panicum
suleatum Aubl. .
Panicum mexicanum Scribn. & Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 40.
1900. Based on Setaria effusa Fourn. s
Chaetochloa sulcata Hitche. Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 17: 260. 1913. Based on
Panicum sulcatum Aubl.
>
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial; culms robust, as much as 4 meters tall, glabrous, the nodes
glabrous; sheaths papillose-hispid all over or only at the margin, hispid on the collar;
ligule a ciliate membrane | to 2 mm. long; blades flat, strongly plicate, somewhat
scabrous, as much as 1 meter long and 10 cm. wide at the middle, tapering toward
each end, the lower into a long petiole-like base; panicles green or purplish, often
very large, as much as 70 cm. long, the branches ascending, finally spreading, as much
as 20 cm. long, these branching and rebranching, the panicle often becoming loose
and open, the axis somewhat scabrous, the branches strongly scabrous-pubescent;
spikelets usually loosely arranged, elliptic-lanceolate, about 3 mm. long, obscurely
nerved, scabrous-pubescent, the flexuous bristles as much as 15 mm. long; first
glume nearly half as long as the spikelet, obtuse, 3 to 5-nerved; second glume about
two-thirds as long as spikelet, acutish, 5 to 7-nerved; sterile lemma about as long as
the fertile, acute, 5-nerved, the palea narrow, shorter than the lemma; fertile lemma
acute, slightly apiculate, closely but distinctly transverse-rugose, the palea inclosed
to the tip.
1 Hneyl. 4: 746 bis. 1798. 2 Repert. Nov. Sp. Fedde 16: 148. 1919.
164 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DISTRIBUTION.
Moist ground and shady banks, southern Mexico to northern South America and
north in the Windward Islands to Guadeloupe. Called gamalote in Tobago.
Veracruz: Hacienda de Jové, Liebmann 452.. Zacuapan, Purpus 2904, 2907. Mira-
dor, Liebmann 455, 456; Mohr in 1857. Cérdoba, Hitchcock 6395; Kerber 110;
Ross 551; Bourgeau 1457. Orizaba, Hitchcock 6380; Botteri 105, 1986.
Oaxaca: Tonaguia, Liebmann 454. Comaltepeque, Galeotti 5858.
Tapasco: Tamulté, Rovirosa 616.
Cu1apas: Ocuilapa, Nelson 3059.
GUATEMALA: Puerto Barrios, Hitchcock 9155. Sepacuité, Collins & Goll 09. Cubil-
quitz, Tiirckheim 8030.
Honpuras: San Pedro Sula, Thieme 5589.
Costa Rica: Alajuelita,
Jiménez 402. Turrialba,
Tonduz 900$. Rio Tuis,
Tonduz 11394. Limén,
Hitchcock 8412. Alajuela,
Jiménez 133. Rio Segundo,
Jiménez 410. Puntarenas,
Pitticr 470. Puerto Viejo,
Biolley 7468.
Panama: Culebra, Hitch-
cock 7935, 8122. Bohio,
Hitchcock 8391. Gamboa,
Pittier 6800.
LEEWARD ISLANDS: Gua-
deloupe, Duss 3185. Domi-
nica, Jones 3.
WINDWARD ISLANDS:
Martinique, Duss 4656.
Grenada, Broadway in 1905.
Tosaco: Hitchcock 10276,
Eggers 5682.
Cotomsia: Santa Marta,
=| Smith 115.
— ae = S
a CA fs | VENEZUELA: La Guaira,
ad ; | TS Rose 21696. Carayaca,
U
Zz
om |! tes Jahn 308, 330.
Fic. 39.— Chaetochioa sulcata. From Collins & Goll 09, Guatemala.
.CHAETOCHLOA pRopER.
Annual or perennial, low or moderately tall grasses with narrow blades (usually not
over 2 cm. wide). Bristles usually below all the spikelets. Spikelets clustered on
the short branches of the narrow or spikelike, rarely open panicle, the lower branches
appressed or ascending, rarely more than 1 to 2 cm. long (the lower branches spreading
and as much as 5 cm. long in some specimens of C. setosa). Fertile lemma obtuse or
acutish, sometimes very turgid, cross-wrinkled or rugose, rarely smooth. Warm and
temperate regions of both hemispheres.
Several annual species have been introduced from Europe and are now common
weeds in fields and waste places through the cooler parts of the United States, and
one (C. verticillata) extends well into the tropics. The perennial C. geniculata, a
native of tropical America, is also a widely distributed weed in the same area and
extends well into the southern states.
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‘ ear hee a - i i ‘ .
Le i , ‘i ‘ sf 2 aoa ys > eta, 2 y ¥ . 3 =
ep) entnsln teen ia den arabe ita Se pry mh aren nent afoot nrrt hm er fA eons ne Sirs pinta As nas Steele Laem eas race Y acl aie lS er len Ss RAP
iParnaemnnne eyo Sat Xt wht pte if iS eat Naa lel geet fal cnet ne nn pal wesc A a ne ey pe ee nay dopa rtp ihe cheney anand lanai adelante Abn WS iincach iret hee rutan nk igs oh meres
Peeves i 4 eas io in is: = ¥ * > 4
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entender
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 165
5. Chaetochloa lutescens (Weigel) Stuntz.
Panicum lutescens Weigel, Obs. Bot. 20. 1772. Described from Pommerania,
Germany.
Panicum glaucum var. flavescens Ell. Bot. 8. C. & Ga. 1: 113. 1816. ‘‘Everywhere
_ except in inundated lands,”’ probably in the vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina.
Merrill,! who examined the specimen in the Elliott Herbarium, states that this is a
yellow-awned form of Chaetochloa glauca [C. lutescens].
Panicum compressum Balb.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 254. 1841, as synonym of
Panicum glaucum. The type, from Santo Domingo, collected by Bertero, is Chae-
tochloa lutescens. In the Krug and Urban Herbarium there is a piece of the type, sent
by Balbis to Sprengel. 36,86
Chaetochloa lutescens Stuntz, U. 8. Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Inv. Seeds 31: 83-44;
Based on Panicum lutescens Weigel.
Setaria lutescens Hubbard, Rhodora 18: 232. 1916. Based on Panicum Ilutescens
Weigel.
This species has been commonly known as Panicum glaucum, Setaria glauca, and
Chaetochloa glauca. Stuntz pointed out ? that the name Panicum glaucum L. should
apply to the species usually known as Pennisetum americanum (L.) Schum., Pennisetum
typhoideum L. Rich., or Penicillaria spicata Willd., commonly called in the United
States pearl millet. Panicum glaucum L.? is based on a description taken from
Linnaeus’s Flora Zeylanica, which refers to the species of Pennisetum mentioned.
Linnaeus, in the Species Plantarum, describes two varieties, 6 and y. Variety £ is
later separated under the name Panicum viride L.* Variety y, as shown in a previous
paper,® is based on Clayton’s no. 579 from Virginia, which is the same as Panicum
lutescens Weigel, that is, what has usually been called Panicum glaucum. In the
Systema 4 Linnaeus describes P. glaucwm, using the words found in the description
taken from the Flora Zeylanica, but adding ‘‘Seminibus undulato-rugosis’”’, and
cites ‘“‘Sp. pl. n. 2 y.’”’ He has here apparently attached the name glaucum to what
he had previously called glaucum var. y, that is, to P. glaucwm in the subse-
quent sense. In the second edition of the Species Plantarum, Linnaeus uses the
emended diagnosis from the Systema, citing ‘‘Fl. zeyl. 44,’’ and adds the citation
from Gronovius, giving the habitat as “‘Indiis & Italia.’”’ The descriptive note
appended includes the statement ‘‘Setae in spica longitudine flosculorum,’’ which
applies to pear! millet, and ‘“‘semina striis undulatis notata,’’ which applies to Panicum
lutescens, thus indicating that he confused the two species, which are very unlike in
appearance. Probably Linnaeus was not familiar with either species and was
attempting to reconcile descriptions.
The following synonyms are based on Panicum glaucum L. as to name but refer to
Chaetochloa lutescens as to plant. No attempt has been made to include synonymy
from floras of the Old World.
Pennisetum glaucum R. Br. Prod. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 195. 1810.
Setaria glauca Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812.
Chamaeraphis glauca Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 767. 1891.
Izophorus glaucus Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 423. 1895.
Chaetochloa glauca Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
1U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 29: 3. 1901.
2 Loe. cit.
3 Sp. Pl. 56. 1753.
4 Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759.
5 Hitchcock, Types of American Grasses, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 12: 117. 1908.
1914.
A
166 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DESCRIPTION.
Plant annual, erect, often much branched at base, the culms becoming geniculate
below, or in open ground spreading or even prostrate-spreading; culms rather succulent
below, as much as 1 meter tall or in rich soil even taller, compressed below, smooth,
scabrous just below the panicle; sheaths smooth, compressed-keeled; ligule a ciliate
membrane about 1 mm. long; blades as much as 25 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, flat,
twisted in a loose spiral, the upper surface along the upper half facing downward,
acuminate-pointed, often glaucous, scabrous on the upper surface, toward the base
beset with long lax hairs, glabrous beneath; panicle dense, evenly cylindric, spike-
like, yellow at maturity, mostly 5 to 10 cm. long, sometimes longer, about 1 cm. thick,
rounded at the summit, sometimes slightly interrupted at the base, the axis densely
pubescent; branches very short, mostly less than 1 mm. long, pubescent like the axis,
each branch bearing one developed spikelet and below this a cluster of short branchlets
ending in bristles, sometimes a second small and undeveloped spikelet borne in one of
these secondary clusters; branchlets irregular in length, mostly less than 1 mm. long,
bearing 1 to several bristles, the whole cluster on each branch being usually more than
5 and sometimes more than 20; bristles antrorsely scabrous, yellow, irregular in length,
the longer ones 2 to 3 times as long as the spikelet; spikelets about 3 mm. long, flat on
one side, strongly convex on the other, oval in outline but slightly narrowed toward
the apex; first glume ovate, about half as long as spikelet, pale, with 3 streng green
nerves and an outer inconspicuous pair; second glume about two-thirds as long as the
spikelet, with 5 strong nerves and | or 2 additional weaker pairs; sterile lemma about
as long as the spikelet, 5-nerved, the base embracing the edges of the fertile lemma for
about half way, containing a well-developed palea but no stamens; fertile floret
strongly marked with numerous transverse ridges.
This species can be distinguished from Chaetochloa geniculata, its closest relative, by
its annual duration, and by the thicker, more succulent base of the stem; and from
C. viridis, a common accompanying weedy species, by the color and shape of the
mature panicle, and by the twisted blades.
Commonly known as yellow foxtail, sometimes as pigeon grass.
DISTRIBUTION.
A common weed in cultivated soil and waste places in the eastern states; introduced
from Europe; now widely distributed in temperate regions, rare in the Tropics..
Ontario: Galt, Herriot 71. Kingston, Fowler in 1897.
New Brunswick: Shediac Cape, Hubbard 759.
BritisH CoLtuMBIA: Sicamous, Macoun 7.
Marne: Westbrook, Ricker 579. East Auburn, Merrill 14. Bangor, Knight 20, 22.
Orono, Harvey 1251. Augusta, Scribner in 1869.
New HampsuHire: Jaffrey, Robinson 284.
VERMONT: Manchester, Day 208. Rutland, Kirk 1026.
MassacuuseEtts: South Hadley, Clark in 1887. Townsend, Fletcher. Boston, Hitch-
cock in 1903. , Barrington, Pollard in 1894.
Connecticut: South Glastonbury, Wilson 1263.
New York: North Hannibal, Pearce in 1883. Shushan, Dobbin 6. Oxford, Coville
in 1884.
New Jersey: Weehawken, Kearney in 1894; Van Sickle in 1895. Camden, Parker
in 1863.
PENNSYLVANIA: Easton, Porter in 1896. Conewago, Small in 1888. Philadelphia,
Scribner in 1878. Lancaster, Heller 4818. Chester County, Wgndle in 1901.
Outro: Cincinnati, Lloyd 3614. Sandusky, Morris A140. Oberlin, Ricksecker in 1894.
Inp1ANA: Lafayette, Dorner 73.
Inurnots: Glasford, Wilcor 176. Jackson County, French in 1905. Naperville,
Umbach in 1895. Chicago, Gates in 1905. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 76.
W/creolle.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 167
/
Wisconsin: Oshkosh, Random in 1896.
Minnesota: Duluth, Hitchcock 5090.
Souta Daxora: Highmore, Carter 6. Yankton, Bruce 11. Redfield, Griffiths 221.
Frankfort, Griffiths 54. Bellefourche, Griffiths 366.
Fig. 40.— Chactochloa lutescens. From Chase 2986, District of Columbia.
Towa: Ames, Pammel Amer. Weeds 50; Ball 180. Keokuk, Shimek 52. Fayette
County, Fink 274.
Missouri: St. Louis, Eggert 266. Aberdeen, Davis 934. Courtney, Bush 818, 1670.
Springfield, Standley 8331.
Kansas: Riley County, Norton 575.
DELAWARE: Stanton, Commons 146.
168 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
MARYLAND: Garrett County, Smith in 1879. Hyattsville, Scribner in 1888.
District oF CotumBia: Merrill 172; Vasey in 1885; Chase 2986.
Virainia: Princess Anne County, Kearney 2158.
Nort Carouwa: Magnetic City, Wetherby 8.
Sout Caroutna: Orangeburg, Hitchcock in 1905.
Fioripa: Quincy, Combs 396.
TENNESSEE: Knoxville, Scribner.
ALABAMA: Selma, McCarthy in 1888. Eufaula, McCarthy in 1888.
Louisiana: Baton Rouge, Hitchcock in 1904. Alexandria, Ball 487. Burnside,
Combs 1409. Shreveport, Ball 97. Rayville, Ball 23a. Calhoun, Ball 44.
Texas: Big Spring, Hitchcock 13406. Abilene, Bentley in 1899.
OxtaHomMa: Verdigris, Bush 743.
OreGon: Ontario, Griffiths & Morris 937. Albina, Suksdorf 2885. Linnton, Suts-
dorf 1684.
New Mexico: Mesilla Park, Standley in 1906.
CaLiFrorNiA: Threerivers, Jepson 4718.
JAMAICA: Cinchona, Hitchcock 9702; Harris 11272, 11457; Hart 740.
6. Chaetochloa geniculata (Lam.) Millsp. & Chase.
Panicum geniculatum Lam. Encycl. 4: 727 (err. typ. 737). 1798. “Je Vai vue
depuis dans un herbier fait aux Antilles, & particuliérment 4 la Guadeloupe.”
Lamarck distinguishes this from Panicum glaucum by the short bristles and glabrous
leaves. The type has not been examined.
Cenchrus parviflorus Poir. in Lam. Encyl.,6: 52. 1804. “Cette plante croft 4 Porto
Ricco. Elle a été communiquée 4 M. Lamarck par M. Ventenat.’’ See remarks
under Setaria ventenatit.
Setaria geniculata Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Based on Panicum genicula-
tum. Beauvois includes the latter name among the species of Panicum referred to
Setaria. In the index, under Setaria, the name geniculata appears with a question.
Pennisetum geniculatum Jacq. Eclog. Gram. 8: pl. 26. 1815-1820. Based on
Panicum geniculatum Hornem. Cat. Hort. Hafn. 28; Willd. Enum. Pl. 2: 1031. 1809.
The name is not published as new by Hornemann or Willdenow.
Setaria gracilis H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 109. 1816. “‘Crescit locis alsis, opacatis
inter Fusagasuga et Pandi inter 520 et 920 hexap. (Regno Novogranatensi).’’ The
type has not been examined, but the description identifies it as a slender-panicled
form of C. geniculata.
Setaria purpurascens H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 110. 1816. “Quitensis prope
Chillo, in radicibus montis Turubamba.’’ In the text this species is placed next to
S. glauca [lutescens], but it is stated that it is allied to S. viridis. The description
states that the bristles are “fuscescentes.’’ A portion of the type has been examined
at the Trinius Herbarium. It was marked “Ex herb. Humb.”’
Panicum imberbe Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 272. 1816. “In America septen-
trionali & Brasilia.’’ The species is distinguished from “ P. glaucum” [lutescens] by
the absence of hairs on the leaves and at the mouth of the sheath. The type has
not been examined.
? Panicum pumilum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 273. 1816. The origin of the
specimen, seen by Poiret in the Desfontaines Herbarium, is stated to be unknown.
The type has not been examined by the writer and the name is referred to Chaetochloa
geniculata with doubt.
Panicum laevigatum Muhl.; Ell. Bot. 8. C. & Ga. 1: 112. 1816. “Grows on sea
islands (on Edings’ plentifully), along margins of the salt water.’’ The type is in
Muhlenberg’s herbarium at the Philadelphia Academy.' Elliott’s specimen, labeled
1U.8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Cire. 27: 2. 1900.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 169
“Panicum glaberrimum. Hab. juxta littor. maritima,’’ is a long-awned form without
base.
Panicum glaucum var. purpurascens Ell. Bot. 8. C. & Ga. 1: 113. 1816. This is
stated by Merrill! to be a short-awned form of Chaetochloa imberbis [C. geniculata].
Setaria wmberbis Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 891. 1817. Based on Panicum
imberbe Poir.
Pennisetum laevigatum Nutt. Gen. Pl. 1:55. 1818. Based on Panicum laevigatum E11.
Setaria laevigata Schult. Mant. 2: 275. 1824. Based on Panicum laevigatum Muhl.
Setaria affinis Schult. Mant. 2: 276. 1824. Based on “ Panicum n. 4. (sine nomine),
Muhlenb. Descr. uber. p. 101.’ “‘ Habitat in Georgia et Pennsylvania.’’ The type
is in the Muhlenberg Herbarium.
Setaria berteroniana Schult. Mant. 2: 276. 1824. The specimen was collected in
Santo Domingo by Bertero. Schultes describes it in a note under Setaria corrugata.
The type has not been examined but the description, “‘setis 9-12,’’ together with the
locality, leaves no doubt as to the identity of the species.
Panicum, flavum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 238. 1829. ‘‘ Habitat in campis graminosis
provinciae Piauhiensis, tum in campis ad Joazeiro provinciae Pernambucensis et
Bahiensis.’? The Pernambuco specimen has been examined in the Munich Her-
barium.
Panicum imberbe B pumilim Nees, Agrost. Bras. 240. 1829. Based on Panicum
pumilum Poir., which is uncertain, but the plant described by Nees appears to be
Chaetochloa geniculata.
Panicum fuscescens Willd.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 241. 1829, as synonym under P.
purpurascens. The type has been examined in the Willdenow Herbarium.
Panicum dasyurum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 241. 1829. ‘‘ Habitat in Brasilia. (Comes a
Hoffmannsegg) (Vidi in Herb. Willd.)—Ad Monte Video legit Sellow (Vidi in Herb.
Reg. Berol.).’’ The first specimen has been examined in the Willdenow Herbarium.
A specimen of the Sellow collection is in the National Herbarium.
Panicum penicillatum Willd.; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 242. 1829. Not Panicum penicil-
latum Nees, op. cit. 145. “In Brasilia, ad Rio de Janeiro (Raddi); in Monte Video
(Sellow.) (Vidi in Herb. Willd.).’’ The bristles are described as being 4 times as long
as the spikeletc. A duplicate of the Sellow collection cited is in the National
‘Herbarium. The label reads “‘ Panicum penicillatum W. herb. N. v. E. Bras.”’
Panicum tejucense Nees, Agrost. Bras. 243.1829. “‘ Habitat in districtu Adamantum
prope Tejuco et aliis in locis provinciae Minarum generalium.’’ The type has been
examined at the Munich Herbarium.
Setaria flava Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 46. 1829. Based on Panicum flavum Nees.
Setaria ventenatti Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 251. pl. 37. 1830. “‘Crescit in Portorico
et ? Hispaniola.’’ Kunth gives as synonym Cenchrus parviflorus Poir., and states that
he has not seen the original specimen of this, but as Poiret says he saw the specimen in
the herbarium of Ventenat, ‘‘ou je n’ai trouvé parmi les Cenchrus qu’une seule plante
originaire de Portorico, qurest mon Setaria ventenatii,’’ it seems probable to him that
the two names refer to the same specimen. The nodes are described by Kunth as
pubescent, but in the plate they are glabrous. The bristles are described as long (5
times as long as the spikelets) and purple. The type specimen has been examined in
the Berlin Herbarium. It isa narrow-leaved form with several rather small panicles.
Setaria tejyucensis Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Suppl. xr. 1830. Based on Panicum
tejyucense Nees. :
Setaria penicillata Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 314.1830. Based on Panicum penicillatum
Willd.
Panicum ventenatit Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 265. 1841. Based on Setaria vente-
natwt Kunth.
1U.8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ. 29: 3. 1901.
170 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Panicum berteronianum Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 50.1854. Based on Setaria berte-
roniana Schult.
Panicum psilocaulum Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 50. 1854. “ P. glaweum var. Trin.
Ic. t. 196 A. P. wmberbe Poir sec. Trin. Setaria gracilis H.B. * * * Am. austr.”’ It
is probable that the description is based on the Brazilian specimen which was the
plant from which Trinius’s plate is drawn. Trinius says that figure A is Setaria
gracilis Kunth. The name is changed, doubtless, because of the earlier Panicum
gracile R. Br.
Setaria glauca var. laevigata Chapm. FI. South. U. 8. 578. 1860. Based on Panicum
laevigatum Ell.
Setaria glauca B wmberbis Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 554. 1864. Based on Panicum
umberbe Poir.
Setaria glauca y penicillata Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 554. 1864. Based on Panicum
penicillatum “W., Tr.,’? which is P. penicillatum Willd.
Panicum imberbe B purpurascens Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2?: 157. 1877. Based on
Panicum purpurascens H. B. K.
Panicum imberbe y latifolium Doel] in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2?: 157. 1877. Several speci-
mens are cited, the first of which is Gardner 3516. One of the cited specimens (Regnell
III. 1372) is in the National Herbarium.
Panicum virescens Salzm.; Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2?! 157. 1877, as synonym of P.
imberbe y latifolium.
Panicum glaucescens Salzm.; Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2?: 157. 1877, as synonym of
P. imberbe y latifolium.
Panicum imberbe 6 dasyurum Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 157. 1877. Based on
Panicum dasyurum Nees.
Setaria streptobotrys Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 47. 1886. Several specimens are cited, the
first being Galeotti 5832 from Real del Monte. This specimen has not been examined,
but two of the others have been seen (Bourgeau 231, Liebmann 345).
Chamaeraphis glauca var. penicillata “ Gris. (W.);”’ Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 767.1891.
Based on Panicum pencillatum Willd.
Chamaeraphis glauca var. imberbis ‘Trin. (Poir.);” Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 767.
1891. Based on Panicum imberbe Poir.
Setaria perennis Hall; Smyth, Check List Pl. Kans. 26. 1892; Trans. Kans. Acad.
13: 102.1893. “Frequent in damp alkaline and saline bottoms in central and south-
western Kansas.’’ The relation of Hall to this species is not clear. The name does
not appear in E. Hall’s Plantae Texanae ¢1873). The type specimen, now in the
National Herbarium, was collected at Hutchinson, Kansas, by B. B. Smyth in 1890.
Setaria gracilis 8 purpurascens Arech. Anal. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1: 164. 1894.
Based on Panicum purpurascens H. B. K.
Setaria gracilis y latifolia Arech. Anal. Mus.-Nac. Montevideo 1: 165. 1894. Based
on Panicum imberbe y latifolium Doell, inasmuch as Panicum virescens and P. glaucescens
Salzm. are given as synonyms (see notes on these names).
Setaria gracilis « dasyura Arech. Anal. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1: 165. 1894. Based
on Panicum dasyurum Nees.
Chamaeraphis ventenatii Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 153. 1896. Based on Setaria
ventenattt Kunth.
Chamaeraphis glauca var. laevigata Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 155. 1896. Based on
Panicum laevigatum Muhl.
Chamaeraphis glauca var. perennis Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 156. 1896. “ Florida,
Curtiss 3614*.’’ Curtiss is given in parenthesis as author of the varietal name. Curtiss
3614* bears a printed label with the name “‘ Setaria glauca Beauv. var. perennis.”’ No
date is given. There is nothing to connect this with S. perennis Hall.
Chamaeraphis glauca var. geniculata Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 156. 1896. Based
on Panicum geniculatum Lam.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 171
Chaetochloa imberbis Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897. Based
on Panicum vmberbe Poir.
Chaetochloa penicillata Scribn. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:39. 1897.
Based on Panicum penicillatum Willd.
Chaetochloa flava Scribn. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897. Based
on Panicum flavum Nees.
Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 105. pl. 329. 1898. ‘‘ Borders
of salt and brackish marshes, Van Cortlandt Park and Kingsbridge, New York City.”
The type specimen, in the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium, was collected by
Bicknell at Kingsbridge.
Chaetochloa perennis Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 107. 1898. Based on ‘“C.
glauca var. perennis Curtiss in Beal’s Grasses of North America 2: 156. 1896.”’
Chaetochloa laevigata Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 10. 1900, as
synonym of Chaetochloa imberbis Scribn.
Chaetochloa imberbis perennis Scribn. & Merr. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21:
12.1900. Based on Setaria perennis Hall.
Chaetochloa imberbis geniculata Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull.
21:12. 1900. Based on Panicum geniculatum Lam.
Chaetochloa imberbis streptobotrys Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost.
Bull. 21: 13. 1900. Based on Setaria streptobotrys Fourn.
Chaetochloa purpurascens Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21:
13. 1900. Based on Setaria purpurascens H. B. K.
Chaetochloa gracilis Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 15.1900.
Based on Setaria gracilis H. B. K.
Chaetochloa corrugata parviflora Scribn. & Merr. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull,
21: 24. 1900. The name is based upon Cenchrus parviflorus Poir. (Chaetochloa
geniculata). The plants cited all belong to Chaetochloa corrugata.
Panicum glaberrimum Ell.; Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Circ.
29: 3. 1901, as synonym of Chaetochloa imberbis.
Chaetochloa ventenatii Nash in Kearney, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 5: 515.1961. Based
on Setaria ventenatw Kunth.
Chaetochloa occidentalis Nash in Britton, Man. 90. 1901. ‘In meadows, Kans. and
Ind. Terr.”’ The type is a different specimen of the same collection as the type of
Setaria perennis Hall. The specimen is in the herbarium of the New York Botanical
Garden.
Setaria glauca y geniculata Uyleen, pee Antill. 4: 96. 1903. Based on Panicum
geniculatum Lam. The-vt ut —
Setaria glauca 6 purpurascens Urban, Sirb. Antill. 4: 96. 1903. Based on Setaria
purpurascens H. B. K. N
Chaetochloa geniculata Millsp. & Chase, Field Mus. Bot. 3:37. 1903. Based on
Panicum geniculatum Lam.
Chamaeraphis imberbis Kuntze; Stuck. Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 76. 1904,
footnote. Based on Panicum imberbe Poir. Stuckert says that Kuntze and Post
affirm that the name Chamaeraphis has priority over Setaria. On the authority of
those authors he lists his Argentine species me: Chamaeraphis, giving Kuntze as
author of the combination.
Chamaeraphis gracilis Kuntze; Stuck. Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 76. 1904,
in footnote. Based on Setaria gracilis H. B. K.
Chamaeraphis penicillata Presl; Stuck. Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 11: 76. 1£04.
Presumably based on Setaria penicillata Presl, though no synonym is cited.
Panicum versicolor Nieuwl. Amer. Midl. Nat. 2:64. 1911. Not Panicui versicolor
Doell, 1877. Based on Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell.
Panicum occidentale Nieuwl. Amer. Midl. Nat. 2: 64. 1911. Not Panicum occi-
_ dentale Scribn. 1899. Based on Chaetochloa occidentalis Nash.
1638000—20—5
c7o CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, producing short knotty branching rhizomes as much as 4 cm. long;
culms erect, spreading, or prostrate, tufted or solitary, as much as | meter tall, sometimes
dwarfed, glabrous, usually scabrous below the panicle, the base usually hard and wiry,
often more slender than the upper part; sheaths compressed-keeled, glabrous, some-
times scabrous toward the summit; ligule very short, densely ciliate; blades flat,
scabrous, often glaucous, and often more or less villous toward the base on the upper
surface, glabrous or somewhat scabrous beneath, mainly straight (not twisted asin C.
lutescens), as much as 20 cm. long and 8 mm. wide, usually narrower and shorter than
this; panicle long-exserted, erect, evenly cylindric, densely flowered, rounded or
truncate (not narrowed) at summit, 1 to 10 cm. long or in robust specimens longer, 4 to 8
mm. thick (excluding the bristles), yel-
low, purple, tawny, or greenish, the axis
| densely and softly pubescent; branches
pubescent like the axis, very short, about
1 mm. long to the single spikelet, bearing
about the middle a fascicle of irregular
branchlets, almost immediately dividing
into bristles; bristles several, mostly 8 to
12, yellow or purple, 1 to 3 times or even
as much as 6 times as long as the spike-
lets, antrorsely scabrous; spikelets 2 to 2.5
or even 3 mm. long, ovoid, plano-convex;
first glume about one-third as long as
spikelet, 3-nerved; second glume half to
two-thirds as long as spikelet, 5-nerved;
sterile lemma staminate or neuter, as long
as the spikelet, 5 to 7-nerved, the palea
well developed; fertile lemma trans-
versely rugose with close narrow ridges.
This species is exceedingly variable,
but after study of a great amount of ma-
terial and much field work it is impossible
to segregate coherent groups. The culms
are sometimes single, slender, and weak,
sometimes cespitose, sometimes stout,
much branched at base, spreading or pros-
trate; the blades vary in width, and the
panicles in length. Much of the differ-
i ence in general appearance is due to the
color and length of the bristles. The bristles are long early in the season and in
cultivated soil. The differences appear not to be coordinated. In occasional
specimens the sterile lemma is indurate and rugose like the fertile lemma (Fort
Myers, Florida, Hitchcock 512; Virginia Beach, Virginia, Hitchcock 78).
Sometimes the blades are very narrow, only 2 to 3 mm. wide, but otherwise the
form is not distinct (CALIFORNIA: Fresno, Griffiths 4717. Pomona, Hitchcock in 1903.
Riverside, Reed 1186. Mexico: Monterrey, Hitchcock 55603). This has been called
C. gracilis. ;
In Funck & Schlim 722 from Colombia (N. Y. Bot Gard. Herb.) the blades are
densely pilose on the upper surface and sparsely so beneath.
Fic. 41.—Chaetochloa geniculata. From Chase 2981,
Maryland.
1U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 15. 1900; Hitchcock, Mexican Grasses.
Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 17: 263. 1918.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 173
DISTRIBUTION.
Open ground, pastures, cultivated soil, salt marshes, and moist ground along the
coast, Connecticut to Florida and Texas, in the interior north to Kansas, south through
tropical America to Argentina and Chile.
Connecticut: Groton, Bissell in 1905. Green Farms, Bicknell in 1897.
New York: Orient, Dobbin 9.
New Jersey: Lambertville, Fisher in 1901 and 1904. Califon, Fisher in 1901.
PENNSYLVANIA: Chester County, Windle in 1901. Philadelphia, Smith 64.
Missouri: Alba, Bush 6071. Campbell, Bush 6294, 6294A, 6294C. Monteer, Bush
6090. Smithfield, Bush 6016, 6016A, 6016B. Webb City, Bush 6044, 6044A.
Kansas: Comanche County, Hitchcock 885, 1544. Hutchinson, Smyth in 1890.
MARYLAND: West Chevy Chase, Hitchcock in 1905; Chase 2981. Riverdale, Maxon &
Norton 14. Owings, Hitchcock 1620. Miilstone, Hitchcock 7880. Bay Ridge,
Scribner in 1897. Chesapeake Junction, Hitchcock 1645.
District or CotumBia: Steele in 1898; Ball 60, 63; Chase 2990.
Vireinta: Lynnhaven, Chase 2943. Dismal Swamp, Chase 3681; McCarthy in 1883.
Alexandria, House 412. Jackson City, Steele in 1898. Virginia Beach, Hitchcock
in 1905; Kearney 2035. Suffolk, Kearney 1735.
West Virainia: Aurora, Steele in 1898.
Norrs Carouina: Ocracoke Island, Kearney 2277. Wilmington, Chase 7199. Bilt-
more, Norton 332; Biltmore Herb. 60262. West Raleigh, Stanton 1290.
SoutH Caro.trna: Orangeburg, Hitchcock 162. Beaufort, Chase 7118. Florence,
Ball 685. Aiken, Ravenel in 1869.
Georata: Brunswick, Chase 7090. Augusta, Kearney 200, 227. St. Simons Island,
Ricker 961. Savannah, Kearney 186.
PISOREIDES Jacksonville, Curtiss 4745, 5411, 6646; Combs 13,19. Bartow, Combs 1232.
Madison, Combs 237, 264. Ellzey, Cains 826. Homosees Combs 924, 9354, 969.
Manatee, Biltmore Herb. 6027. Fort Myers, Hitchcock 511, 512, 513, 514, 516, 901;
J.P. Standley 147, 241; Standley 12860. Miami, Hitchcock 485, 498, 651, 709; Chase
3888. DeSoto County, Fredholm 6225. Lake City, Hitchcock 2348; Combs 79, 179;
Rolfs 862; Bitting 779. Hernando County, Hitchcock 2349. Jefferson County,
Hitchcock, 2344, 2350. Levy County, Hitchcock 2346. Alachua County, Hitch-
cock 2347; Combs 702. Eustis, Nash 566; Hitchcock 2345. Washington County,
Combs 659. Sanibel Island, Hitchcock 515. Pine Island, Tracy 7206. Manavista,
Tracy 6696. Perico Island, Tracy 6707. Orange County, Fredholm 5440. Duval
County, Curtiss 3614*. Monticello, Combs 346. Old Town, Combs 877. Flamingo,
Eaton 1324. Quincy, Combs 396. Hillsborough County, Fredholm 6398. Brevard
County, Fredholm 6152. Marco, Hitchcock in 1900. St. Vincent Island,
McAtee 1693, 1761, 1848A. Key Largo, Chase 3933. Apalachicola, Kearney 116.
Cedar Key, Combs 775, 794; Tracy 7179. Archer, Quaintance 824. Orange Glade,
Eaton 568. Punta Rassa, Hitchcock in 1900. Dade County, Small, Mosier &
Small 6426, 6871, 6876. Pablo Beach, Chase 7045. St. Marks, Harper 214. Key
West, Hitchcock 610. Fellsmere, Tracy 9256. Without locality, Rugel 293, 437.
TENNESSEE: Bluff City, Hitchcock in 1905. Bristol, Hitchcock in 1905. Vances
Station, Hitchcock 96.
ALABAMA: Mobile, Mohr in 1881. Cullman County, Eggert 18. Mobile, Kearney 19,
42, 58; Mohr in 1885 and 1891. Sylacauga, Pollard & Maxon 217. Talladega
Springs, Pollard & Maxon 245.
Mississippi: Chandelier Island, Tracy in 1897. Biloxi, Tracy 4532, 6467, 6468;
Kearney 217. Petit Bois Island, Tracy in 1898. Starkville, Chase 4448; Kearney
22. Agricultural College, Kearney 34; Ricker 848. Ocean Springs, Pollard 1105.
Morton, Holt 49.
174 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
LourstaANaA: Alexandria, Ball 185. Calhoun, Ball 41. Coushatta, Ball 132. Houma,
Wurzlow in 1914. Isle au Pied, Tracy & Lloyd 456. Lake Charles, Allison 259;
Chase 6092. New Orleans, Kearney 343. Oberlin, Ball 218. Pointe a la Hache,
Langlois 54, 147. Port Eads, Tracy & Lloyd 458.
Texas: Terrell, Warburton in 1904. Houston, Fisher 1721. Bexar County, Jermy
23, 207, 227. Clarksville, Plank 13. Galveston, Bebb 1098; Hitchcock in 1903;
Plank 84. San Antonio, Ball 938; Hitchcock 5131, 5155. Dallas, Reverchon 1098.
Columbia, Bush 926. Del Rio, Hitchcock 13624, 13656; Plank 61. Cold Creek,
Bigelow, (Whipple’s Expl.). Guadalupe Mountains, Havard in 1881. Browns-
ville, Hitchcock 5411. New Braunfels, Hitchcock 5232. Taylor, Ball in 1901.
Corpus Christi, Hitchcock 5374; Nealley 27. Ennis, Smith in 1897. Huntsville,
Plank 64. Hempsted, Hall 840 in part. Home Canyon, Carleton 423. Kings-
ville, Tracy 8883. Kerrville, Heller 1889. Pinto Creek, Hill 82.
OxtaHoMA: Choctaw Agency, Bigelow (Whipple’s Expl.). Fort Cobb, Palmer 374.
New Mexico: Kingston, Metcalfe 1195.
CALIFORNIA: Chico, Ball 1948. Fresno, Griffiths 4717. Los Angeles, Davidson 3260,
3261. Pomona, Hitchcock in 1903. Riverside, Reed 1186; Wilder 1043, 1127.
Lower CautrorniaA: San José del Cabo, Brandegee 15 in 1890; Purpus 325.
Sonora: Hermosillo, Hitchcock 3586, 3587, 3618, 3625; Maltby 241; Rose 12496.
CHIHUAHUA: Chihuahua, Palmer in 1885. Sanchez, Hitchcock 7691.
CoaunuiLA: Jimulco Springs, Pringle 431. Saltillo, Hitchcock 5583, 5610, 5650; Palmer
383 and 384 in 1898.
Nuevo Leon: Monterrey, Hitchcock 5560, 5570.
TAMAULIPAS: Tampico, Hitchcock 5797; Palmer 149 in 1910. Victoria, Palmer 393
and 556 in 1907.
San Luis Potosi: Cardenas, Hitchcock 5720, 5722. Las Canoas, Hitchcock 5761. San
Luis Potosi, Hitchcock 5669; Schaffner 171, 1041.
Duraneo: Durango, Hitchcock 7593; Palmer 378, 381 and 539 in 1896. Tejamén,
Palmer 499 and 539 in 1906. Tepehuanes, Palmer 263 in 1906.
SrnaLoa: Lodiego, Palmer 1648 in 1891.
Tepic: Santa Teresa, Rose 3417.
Jauisco: Colotlan, Rose 3607. Guadalajara, Palmer 293 in 1886. Rio Blanco, Palmer
246 in 1886. San Nicolas, Hitchcock 7184. Zapotlan, Hitchcock 7128, 7142, 7239.
AGUASCALIENTES: Aguascalientes, Hitchcock 7455.
GuANAJUATO: Acdmbaro, Hitchcock 6945, 6953. Irapuato, Hitchcock 7401.
QUERETARO: Querétaro, Arséne 10271; Basile 45, 46;. Hitchcock 5821, 5849.
Hipateo: Ixmiquilpan, Rose 9056. Pachuca, Hitchcock 6712, 6726; Rose 8723.
VERACRUZ: Cérdoba, Finck 5; Hitchcock 6398. Colipa, Karwinsky 959; Liebmann
360. Jalapa, Hitchcock 6593, 6594, 6623; Smith 1547. Mirador, Liebmann 354.
Orizaba, Botteri 157, 631, 673; Hitchcock 6320, 6327, 6349, 6365, 6370; Nelson 33.
Potrero de San Sebastidn, Liebmann 352. Sanborn, Orcutt 3237. Veracruz,
Hitchcock 6550, 6573; Purpus 6210. Morro de Boquilla, Liebmann 353.
Puesia: Acatzingo, Nicolds in 1909. Chalchicomula, Hitchcock 6278. Puebla,
Arséne 331; Nicolds in 1909. San Marcos, Hitchcock 6511. Tehuacdn, Hitchcock
6042. Tochimilco, Nelson in 1893.
Freperat District: Bourgeau 231; Hitchcock 5883, 5923, 5944; Holway 7, 3126,
3556; Orcutt 3534, 3613; Pringle 6419, 7171, 11220. Toluca, Hitchcock 6898.
Popo Park, Hitchcock 6016.
Moretos: Cuernavaca, Hitchcock 6832; Pringle 7172, 7173. Cuantla, Pringle 9587.
El Parque, Orcutt 3861.
MicHoacdn: Morelia, Arséne in 1909. . Uruapan, Hitchcock 6959, 6986.
Corma: Alzada, Hitchcock 7076; Orcutt 4624. Colima, Palmer 17 in 1897.
GUERRERO: Iguala, Rose 9388.
Oaxaca: Cuicatlin, Nelson 1652, 1907. Las Sedas, Smith 935. Oaxaca, Conzatti &
Gonzalez 342; Hitchcock 6147, 6157, 6176. Plunia, Nelson 2482. Sierra, Galeotti
WARRANT Py ol 58 90
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 175
5883. Tomellin, Hitchcock 6210, 6223; Rose 10063. Totontepec, Nelson 710.
Chinantla, Liebmann 350, 351.
Cu1aPaAs: Ocuilapa, Nelson 3023a. Turubula, Nelson 3336.
Yucatan: Izamal, Gaumer 756.
Quintana Roo: Chichankanab, Gaumer 1938.
Mexico (Republic of): Without locality, Ziebmann 349 and 355.
GUATEMALA: Copan, Pittier 1795, 1806a. Cubilquitz, Tiirckheim 7695. LEscuintla,
Hitchcock 9004. Finca Sepacuité, Cook & Griggs 659; Collins & Goll 04. Fiscal,
Deam 6168. Gualin, Deam 422. Guatemala City, Hitchcock 9025: Popenoe 668.
Patalul, Kellerman 5699. Puerto Barrios, Kellerman 4787. San Rafael, Holway
24, Santa Rosa, Heyde & Lux 3909.
Honpuras: Point Triunfo, Wilson 340. Ruatén Island, Gawmer 115. San Pedro
Sula, Thieme 311, 341.
Satvapor: San Salvador, Velasco 6, 13.
NicaRAGua: Corinto, Hitchcock 87563. Masaya, Hitchcock 8644.
Costa Rica: Alajuela, Jiménez 523. Alajuelita, Pittier 2997; Tonduz 8817. Cafias
Gordas, Pittier 11016. Cartago, Cooper 156; Pittier 6985. Zent, Tonduz 213.
Guanacaste, Jiménez 737; Pittier 2700. Machuca, Pittier 2606. Pods, Tonduz
10752. Port Limén, Hitchcock 8423. Puntarenas, Hitchcock 8568. Rio Tuis, Ton-
duz 11400. San José, Cooper 5993; Hitchcock 8463; Pittier 461, 646; Tonduz 765,
3008. San Pedro de la Calabaza, Pittier 2966. Siquires, Pittier 4205. Surubres,
Biolley 17380. Talamanca, Tonduz 9215. Tucurrique, Tonduz 13326. Turrialba,
Tonduz 4093.
Panama: Ancon, Killip 4016, 4021. Cerro Vaca, Pittier 5344. Corozal, Killip 4104.
Culebra, Hitchcock 7921; Pittier 4444, El Boquete, Pittier 3042; Hitchcock 8171,
8285. Empire, Pittier 3719. Gamboa, Pittier 4792. Gattin, Hitchcock 9173.
Matias Hernandez, Pitlier 6759. New Frijoles, Pittier 6840. Panama, Gervais 166.
Taboga Island, Hitchcock 8062.
Bermupa: Brown & Britton 5; Millspaugh 45, 60.
Bauamas: Anguilla Isles, Wilson 7975, 8061.
CuBa: Chirigote, Wright 3472. Guanabacoa, Hitchcock in 1906. Guines, Léon 428.
Habana, Curtiss 749; Léon 269, 832, 1964, 4182, 5212; Tracy 9112. Herradura,
Hitchcock in 1906. Laguna Jovero, Shafer 10730. Los Palacios, Shafer 11795.
Manacas, Léon 5835. Matanzas, Wright 3888. Punta Brava, Baker 4063.
Sancti-Spiritus Mountains, Léon 6539. Guanténamo Bay, Britton 2172. San
Diego de los Bafios, Palmer & Riley 546. Santiago, Léon 833, 834. Santiago de
las Vegas, Baker 522, 561; Hitchcock in 1906. Sumidero, Shafer13681. Triscornia,
Hitchcock in 1906. Woodfred, Shafer 3009. Isle of Pines, Britton & Wilson 15378;
Taylor 45. Without locality, Wright in 1865, 3473 in part.
Jamaica: Bath, Mazon 2368. Bog Walk, Hitchcock 9299. Bull Head Mountain,
Hitchcock 9526. Castleton, Harris 11282. Castleton Gardens, Hitchcock 9399.
Ewarton, Hitchcock 9431. Gordon Town, Hart 683, 684, 747. Hardware Gap,
Harris 10902. Ipswich, Hitchcock 9612. Kellits, Harris 11156. Kingston, Hitch-
cock 9265. Lititz, Harris 11743, 12683. Mount Faraway, Harris 11382. New
Forest, Hitchcock 9849. Port Antonio, Mazon 2003; Fredholm 3315. Ramble,
Hitchcock 9490, 9491. Savoy, Harris 11617. Without locality, March 631.
Santo Domineo: Rincén, Fueries 1280. Azua, Fuertes 1876.
Porto Rico: Adjuntas, Sintenis 4457. Aibonito, Chase 6342. Atola-teja, Goll
236. Cayo Muertos, Britton, Cowell & Brown 4989. Dorado, Johnston 893.
Lares, Chase 6590. Lecheria, Goll 28. Maricao, Britton, Cowell & Brown 4532;
Chase 6195, 62314; Sintenis 208. Mayaguez, Chase 6166, 6304; Sintenis 6861.
Mona Island, Hess 448. Ponce, Chase 6479; Heller 6240. San Juan, Chase 6374,
6377. Santurce, Heller 329. Sierra de Luquillo, Chase 6709, 6720. Without
locality, Eggers 1327.
176 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Virain Isuanps: St. Croix, Ricksecker 243, 383. St. Kitts, Britton & Cowell 744.
LEEWARD IstaNnps: Antigua, Wullschlaegel. Guadeloupe, Duss 2694. Dominica,
Jones 6.
WinDWARD IstaANnps: Barbados, Bot. Sta. Herb. 453. St. Lucia, Glasgow, 5. Gre-
nada, Broadway 145, 1126, and in 1904; Smith 829.
Trinipap: Bot. Gard. Herb. 1380, 1679, 3208. St. Joseph, Hitchcock 10018.
TosaGo: Broadway 4686; Hitchcock 10260.
Cotomsra: Cauca, Lehmann 3284. Corinto, Pittier 1001. Huila, Pittier 1265. Pal-
mira, Piltier 844, 848. Rio Frio, Pittier 1585. Santa Marta, Smith 2186, 2187,
2189. Toribid, Pittier 1464.
VENEZUELA: Alto-Apure, Jahn 196. Caracas, Pittier 6165. Carayaca, Jahn310. Dos
Caminos, Pittier 6306. Island of Margarita, Miller & Johnston 181.
British GuIaANA: Without locality, Jenman 4377; Schomburgk 552.
Durcu Gu1ANA: Paramaribo, Kuyper in 1913.
Brazit: Bocaina, Léfgren 2367. Caldas, Henschen 1372; Regnell 1372. Campinas,
Campos Novaes 1243, Franca, Lofgren & Edwall 2110. Goyaz, Gardner 3516.
Jaguariahyva, Dusén 10965. Joazeiro, Léfgren 3740. Minas Geraes, Widgren 899
and in 1845. Monte Alegre, Léfgren 1167. Petropolis, Binot 24. Pratenhas,
Dorsett & Popenoe 187b. Rio de Janeiro, Wilkes Expl. Expd. Sao Joao d’el Rey,
Dorsett & Popenoe 285b. Sao Jo&o (Sio Paulo), Lofgren 3846; Rabello & Barbosa
736. Tamandud, Dusén 7682. Without locality, Gardner 211, Riedel 1402.
Paraauay: Central Paraguay, Morong 540. Pilcomayo River, Rojas 54, 54a, 116, 134,
134a, 134b, 430. Sierra de Amambay, Rojas 9778, 10353. $
Uruguay: Montevideo, Arechavaleta; Sellow 247, 1918. Soriana, Aplin in 1892-93.
Ecuapor: Quito, Hartweg 1448: Lehmann 467. Without locality, Jameson.
Borivia: Yungas, Bang 218, 273. Sorata, Rusby 222. Tarija, Fries 1116a.
ARGENTINA: Andalgala, Jorgensen 1110. Cérdoba, Stuckert 486, 5380, 12667, 12840,
12927. Posadas, Ekman 658. San Teodoro, Stuckert 188, 558.
CuiLE: Valdivia, Philippi.
7. Chaetochloa tenax (L. Rich.) Hitchc.
Panicum tenax L. Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 106. 1792. ‘‘A Cayenna
missarum a Domino Le Blond.’’ The type is in the Florence Herbarium.
Panicum impressum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 247. 1829. ‘‘Habitat in sylvis ad Villam
do Rio de Contas provinciae Bahiensis.’’ The type, collected by Martius, is in the
Munich Herbarium. ;
Setaria impressa Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: Suppl. xu. 1830. Based on Panicum
impressum Nees.
Setaria tenax Desv. Opusc. 78. 1831. Based on Panicum tenax L. Rich.
Panicum sphaerocarpum Salzm.; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 51.1854. Not Panicum
sphaerocarpon Ell.1816. ‘‘Bahia, Paraguay.’’ The type collection was by Salzmann
in Bahia. Duplicates are in several herbaria.
Panicum amphibolum Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 51. 1854. ‘‘P. intermedium Salzm.
hrbr. Bahia.’’
Panicum intermedium Salzm.; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 51. 1854, as synonym of
P.amphibolum. Not Panicum intermedium Vahl, 1813. The type was collected
in Bahia by Salzmann. A duplicate has been examined in the Trinius Herbarium.
Setaria biconvera Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 555. 1864. ‘‘Hab. Trinidad, Cr., at 8.
Anne.”’ The type, collected by Crueger, is in the Kew Herbarium, a fragment being
in the National Herbarium.
Chaetochloa salzmanniana Hitche. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 265. 1913. Based
on Panicum sphaerocarpum Salzm., not Ell. 1816.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 177
Chaetochloa impressa Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 18: 350. 1917.
Based on Panicum impressum Nees.
Setaiia sphaerocarpa Hubbard, Contr. Gray Herb. n. ser. 52: 60. 1917. Based on
Panicum sphaerocarpum Salzm.
This was described by Grisebach! as Setaria onurus and by Hitchcock and Chase?
as Chaetochloa onurus, but a reconsideration of the type leads to the conclusion that
the original Panicum onurus Willd. from Montevideo (as described by Trinius) ? is a
different species, later described as Setaria caespitosa Hack. & Arech.* Panicum
onuius was earlier mentioned as a synonym by Nees (see note under Chaetochloa
macrostachya). The first valid publication of the name, however, was by Trinius
(loc. cit.), his type collected at Montevideo by Sello.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial; culms glabrous, scabrous below the panicle, | to 1.5 meters tall,
often geniculate at base; sheaths glabrous or usually scabrous toward the summit,
villous on the margin, densely hispid on
the collar; ligule densely pilose, 2 to 3
mm. long; blades flat, more or less scab-
rous, narrowed at base, acuminate at
apex, as much as 35 cm. long and 2 cm.
wide; panicles rather densely flowered,
narrowed toward summit but not atten-
uate, somewhat interrupted or lobed he-
low, 15 to 30 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. wide,
the branches ascending, the lower about
2 cm. long, the axis villous with hairs 1
to 2 mm. long; bristies 1 or 2 below each
spikelet, 1 to 2 cm. long, flexuous, re-
trorsely scabrous and often also an-
trorsely toward the base, sometimesbarb-
lets directed both ways intermixed, pale
or tawny, becoming implicate and some-
what one-sided with age; spikelets sub-
spheric, about 2 mm. long, very turgid
on one side and somewhat convex on the
other; first glume about 1 mm. long or
a little less, 5-nerved; second glume
about two-thirds as long as the spikelet
but at maturity pushed aside, exposing
nearly half the fertile lemma, 7 to
9-nerved; sterile lemma as long as the Fyq. 42.—Chaetochloa tenaz. From Tracy 9090, Cuba.
fertile, 5 to 7-nerved, the nerves less
distinct than those of the glumes, the palea well developed; fertile lemma very
turgid, yellowish brown at maturity, rather indistinctly cross-wrinkled, the palea
convex. ,
This species resembles C. vulpiseta, but is less robust and has retrorsely scabrous
bristles and subspheric spikelets.
Hitchcock’s no. 9926, from Puerto Colombia, has pubescent sheaths and blades.
1 F], Brit. W. Ind. 555. 1864.
2? Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 18: 349. 1917.
3Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1 : 226. 1834. See also Nees, Agrost-
Bras. 251. 1829.
4 Anal. Mus. Nac. Montevideo 1: 166. 1894.
178 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DISTRIBUTION.
Brushy slopes, southern Mexico and West Indies to Brazil.
Veracruz: Cordoba, Hitchcock 6424.
Panama: Taboga Island, Hitchcock 8085; Celestine 87.
CusBa: Sancti Spiritus, Léon 828. Matanzas, Rugel 880. Madruga, Léon 3456.
Campo Florido, Léon 4145, Manati, Léon 5684. Zaza del Sur, Sergius 2712.
Triscornia, Tracy 9090. Woodfred, Shafe. 3020. Bahia Honda, Wilson 9411.
Guanavaca, Wright 3474. Without locality, Wright 3887.
Jamaica: Two-mile Wood Pen, Harris 12065. New Forest, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 608.
Lititz, Harris 11657. Yardley Chase, Harris 9673.
WINDWARD IsLANbDSs: Barbados, Dash 603.
TRINIDAD: St.. Joseph, Hitchcock 10180. Port of Spain, Hitchcock 9991; Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb. 609.
CotomsiaA: Santa Marta, Smith 2499. Puerto Colombia, Hitchcock 9926.
British Guiana: Without locality, Schomburgk 414.
Durcw Guiana: Zandery, Samuels in 1916.
Brazi: Bahia, Salzmann.
ParaGuay: Central Paraguay, Morong 658.
8. Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn.
Panicum verticillatum L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 82. 1762. “ Habitat in Europa australi
& Oriente.’’
Pennisetum verticillatum R. Br.; Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 488. 1817, as
synonym of Setaria verticillata. Brown says! in a note, “Huc [Pennisetum] per-
tinent Panicum viride, verticillatum, helvolum,’’ but he does not make the combination.
Setaria verticillata Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Based on Panicum verti-
cillatum L.
Setaria pseudoverticillata Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 43. 1886. “San Luis de Potosi (Vrru.
é 1335 bis in herb. Mus. Paris).’? This specimen has not been examined. The
description appears to apply to Chaetochloa verticillata.
Chamaeraphis italica var. verticillata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 768. 1891. Based
on Panicum verticillatum L.
Chamaeraphis verticillata Porter, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 196. 1893. Based on
Panicum verticillatum L.
Ixophorus verticillatus Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 422. 1895. Based on Panicum
verticillatum L.
Chaetochloa verticillata Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Panicum verticillatum L.
Several other synonyms are given in European works.
Schinz and Thellung? have applied the name Setaria panicea, based on Cynosurus
puniceus.L. Sp. Pl. 73. 1753, to this species. The description given by Linnaeus is
as follows:
8. CYNOSURUS panicula subspicata, flosculis simplicibus biaristatis. paniceus
Panicum floribus conglomerato-spicatis laevibus arista dimidio
brevioribus. FJ. swec. 54.
Panicum spica composita, aristis spica longioribus. Virid. cliff. 7.
Roy. lugdb. 55.
Panicum spiculis spicatis scabritie adhaerentibus. Hor. cl. 27.
Gramen paniceum, spica aspera. Bauh. pin. 8. Scheuch. gram. 47.
Habitat in Europae agris cultis. [Sign for annual.}
1 Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 195. 1810.
? Vierteljahrs. Naturf. Ges. Zurich 538: 519. 1908.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 179
European botanists generally refer this to Polypogon imonspeliensis (L.) Desi.
The synonym from the Flora Suecicarefers to Panicum viride as stated by Schinz aad
Tbellung and as is determined by the common name ( Hund-hirs) given in the Flora
Suecica2 Schinz and Thellung look upon Cynosurus paniceus as a composite species
consisting of two elements of which Linnaeus himselt separated one as P. viride *
in 1759, and the other as P. verticillatum * in 1762. Following the International Code,
which requires that the original name be retained for one of the elements of a com-
posite species, the authors hold that the name must apply to the residue after P.
viride had been segregated. They therefore replace Seturia verticillatu by . Setaria
panicea (1..) Schinz & Thell.
The present author rejects this disposition of the name because Tinnaeus’s own
description given at the beginning of the paragraph above quoted from the Species
Plantarum, does not apply to either Panicum viride or P. verticillatum, the phrase
“flosculis simplicibus biaristatus” appearing to apply to Polypogon monspeliensis.
This version is strengthened by the fact that Linnaeus later ® transfers the name
to Alopecurus and alters the description to read
‘“‘Alopecurus panicula subspicata glumis_villosis,
corollis aristatus.’? Hence the name is to be re-
ferred as a synonym to Polypogon monspeliensis,
based upon Alopecurus monspeliensis L.° There
is no specimen in the Linnaean Herbarium to sup-
port Cynosurus (or Alopecurus) paniceus.
The plants described under Chaetochloa brevis pica
Scribn. & Merr.? are C. verticillata. The name is
based on Panicum verticillatum parviflorum Doell *
(not Cenchrus parviflorus Poir.) from Brazil. The
type of this has not been examined.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, often much branched at base
and geniculate-spreading; culms smooth, scabrous
below the panicle, as muchas 1 meter tall, usually
less; sheaths glabrous, or rarely scabrous toward
the summit, ciliate, keeled; lhgule very short,
densely ciliate; blades flat, rather thin, scabrous !!6- 48-—Chaetochloa verticillata. Fronx
E Steele in 1898, District of Columbia.
on both surfaces, often more or less pilose on one
or both surfaces with short scattered hairs, usually 10 to 20 cm. long and 5 to 10
mm. wide; panicles erect but not stiff, cylindric or somewhat tapering upward,
more or less lobate or interrupted, especially toward base, mostly 5 to 15 cm. long,
7 to 15 mm. wide, or in robust specimens as much as 2 cm., the axis scabrous
1 Richt. Pl. Europ. 1: 40. 1890; Aschers. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2: 161-
1899. (Alopecurus paniceus).
¢ Hartm. Handb. Skand. Fl. ed. 10. 1: 275. 1870. Cynosurus paniceus is given as a
synonym of Setaria viridis. Nathorst. Svenska Vaxtnamn. Ark. Bot. 2': 79. 1904.
Hundhirs is given as a common name of Setaria viridis.
3 Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759.
e Spek: edw2 ds 782. 1762:
5 Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1: 90. 1762.
6° L. Sp. Pl. 61. 1753.
7U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 15. f. 5. 1900.
8 In Mart. Fl. Bras. 2?: 172. 1877.
180 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
or scabrous-hispid on the angles, more or less retrorsely so; branches closely many-
flowered, scabrous-hispid on the angles like the axis, the cluster oblong, 3 to 10 mm.
long, the branchlets very short, bearing | to 4 spikelets, a bristle below each spikelet;
bristles 1 to 3 times as long as the spikelets, somewhat flexuous, retrorsely scabrous
to base, this often flattened; spikelets about 2 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, not very
turgid on the convex side; first glume about one-third as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved;
second glume and sterile lemma as long as the spikelet, 5-nerved, the sterile palea
usually partially developed; fertile lemma finely cross-wrinkled.
DISTRIBUTION.
A weed in cultivated soil and waste places, here and there throughout the United
States, especially in the eastern states, south to Guatemala and Cuba. Introduced
from Europe; said by Stapf! to be native in “Africa and India to Malaya, else-
where (Europe, Australia, America) only as a weed.”’
Ontario: Galt, Herriot in 1908.
Massacuusetts: Boston, Boott in 1861; Morong i in 1877. Salem, Conant in 1879.
Connecticut: Hartford, Bissell in 1903.
New Jersey: Woodport, Fisher in 1898. Camden, Scribner 117; Martindale in 1877.
PENNSYLVANIA: Philadelphia, Burk. Harrisburg, Hitchcock in 1902. Easton, Porter
in 1895.
InpIANA: Bluffton, Williamson 20841. Lafayette, Dorner 75.
Inuinois: Oquawka, Patterson in 1874. Wady Petra, V. H. Chase 77.
MicuiGan: Saugatuck, Umbach in 1898.
Wisconsin: Oshkosh, Random in 1896.
Sout Dakota: Vermillion, Over 5093.
Iowa: Mount Pleasant, Mills 773. Mount Ayr, Beard 929. lowa City, Hitchcock in
1887; Somes 3699.
Missourt: St. Louis, Eggert 267. Independence, Bush 776.
DeLawareE: Wilmington, Commons 145 in 1897.
District oF CoLtumBIA: Ward in 1882; Steele in 1898; Merrill 177; Vasey in 1878.
ALABAMA: Mobile, Mohr in 1891.
Urau: Salt Lake City, Hitchcock in 1901.
New Mexico: Mesilla Valley, Wooton & Standley i in 1907.
Caurrornia: Upland, Johnston 1639.
Coanuita: Saltillo, Hitchcock 5640. Parr4s, Palmer 453 in 1898.
Jauisco: Tequila, Palmer 404 in 1886. Guadalajara, Palmer 484 in 1886.
GuANAJUATO: [rapuato, Hitchcock 7438.
QUERETARO: Querétaro, Hitchcock 5806, 5807; Arséne 10279, 10381; Basile 49, 50.
PuesBia: Tehuacan, Hitchcock 6054, 6064, 60844.
Oaxaca: Oaxaca, Pringle 4920; Hitchcock 6118.
GUATEMALA: Antigua, ‘Kellermun 4814. Ciudad Vieja, Tejada 311.
Bermupa: Collins 161; Brown & Britton 116, 302; Harshberger in 1905; Millspaugh
SEPA le
CusBa: Habana, Curtiss 693; Hitchcock 491; Léon 555; Liebmann 348. Bejucal, Lieb-
mann 347. Guanabatano, Liebmann 346.
9. Chaetochloa scandens (Schrad.) Scribn.
Setaria scandens Schrad.; Schult. Mant. 2: 279.1824. The locality is not indicated.
In the Trinius Herbarium is a specimen of ‘“ Setaria scandens Schrad. H. Gotting.,’
, which is probably a part of the type material. ‘‘ Penniset. scandens Jacq. fil. Cat. Sem.
Hort. Vind. 1801” is cited asa synonym. This reference to a seed catalogue of the
Vienna Garden has not been verified. The name there is doubtless a nomen nudum.
we Thiselt. -Dyer, Fl. Cap. 7: 430. 1899.
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wrt eng So tiene Linn Armen at eee eR na I
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ACARI
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BSG rcin tose ge mnipa sy! ven pemetinns Foch aoa inal lire death perigee seh —~ Ueda eee teal ee ni ah i aha aan’
Nel media in nape a telat weer mien tl nen met dite Hea silly GIA T EN ERAT (reba Iya Vie Joti &
A i / ;
oe mit tah tn a acy an lly tata la ine
ea Ba op r te 1a; 4
AI hacer (lepton Riker valine pe th tar ih mr Ae ye “ — : ny
“- 4 ony vi? 5 eh
r
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lpia rn a een
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 181
Panicum scandens Trin. Gram. Pan. 166. 1826. Based on Setaria scandens Schrad.
Panicum trinii Kunth, Enum. Pl. 1: 151. 1833. Based on Panicum scandens
Trin. :
Panicum scandens a vulgare Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 2?: 171.1877. Based on Panicum
scandens Trin. :
Panicum scandens y longisetum Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 171. 1877. One of the four
collections cited, Burchell 4510, from Sao Paulo, is in the National Herbarium.
Chaetochloa scandens Scribn. in Donn. Smith, Enum. Pl. Guat. 5: 91. 1899. Based
on Setaria scandens Schrad.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, much branched below, erect or soon geniculate-spreading; culms
slender, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes, as much as 80 cm. long, glabrous, some-
times appressed-pilose at the nodes, especially below the margin of the sheath;
sheaths glabrous or sparsely ap-
pressed-pilose, or the lowermost
densely pilose, the margin and col-
lar densely pilose; ligule densely
ciliate, less than 1 mm. long;
blades flat, linear-lanceolate, as
much as 10 cm. long and 1 cm.
wide, scabrous, especially on upper
surface, usually sparsely, some-
times densely pilose on both sur-
faces; panicles slender, erect, cyl-
indric, densely flowered, some
times slightly lobate or interrupted
especially at base, often purplish,
as much as 8 cm. long, mostly less
than 5 mm. thick, the axis softly
pubescent. and also long-villous,
the scattered hairs often longer than
the spikelets; branches very short,
pubescent and sparsely villous like
the axis; clusters of bristles nearly
sessile, divided into 3 to 5 short
branchlets, each supporting a
spikelet and 1 to 3 bristles; bristles
somewhat flexuous but not becom-
ing implicate, 1 to 2 times as long
as the spikelets, antrorsely scabrous except near the tip, there more or less
retrorsely scabrous; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long, ovoid, turgid on the convex side;
first glume about half as long as the spikelet, very broad, enveloping the base of the
spikelet, 3-nerved; second glume nearly as long as the spikelet, 5-nerved; sterile lemma
as long as the spikelet or slightly exceeding the fertile lemma, 5-nerved, partly envel-
oping the fertile lemma, the first pair of nerves at the edges of the spikelet, the outer
pair on the convex side of the spikelet; fertile lemma transversely striate or weakly
rugose.
Fia. 44.— Chaetochloa scandens. From Hitchcock 9723,
Jamaica.
DISTRIBUTION.
Open ground, Guatemala to Paraguay; also Jamaica and Haiti. Often a weed in
cultivated soil.
GUATEMALA: Finca Tres Aguas, Goll 80.
Costa Rica: San José, Tonduz 765. San Juan, Tonduz 17555,
Panama: Alhajuela, Pittier 3463. |
182 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
JAMAICA: Gordon Town, Hart 796, 1487. Kellits, Harris 11157. Mount Hybla, Harris
11380. Malvern, Harris 9739. Troy, Hitchcock 9812. Ewarton, Hitchcock 9408.
Cinchona, Hitchcock 9718, 9723.
Hartt: Port au Prince, Cook, Scofield & Doyle 62,67. Marmelade, Nash 693.
CotomsiA: La Trinidad, Libano, Pennell 3359 (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.).
Braziu: Goyaz, Gardner 3515. Campinas, Campos Novaes 1240. Province Minas
Geraes, Widgren 900. Rio de Janeiro, Mertens. Santarem, Spruce. Amazonas,
Capanema 54414. Without locality, Burchell 4356-2, 4510; Riedel (N. Y. Bot.
Gard. Herb., ex Herb. Hort. Petrop., det. Trinius).
Paraauay: Sierra de Amambay, Rojas 10141. River Apa, Hassler 11901.
10. Chaetochloa tenacissima (Schrad.) Hitchc. & Chase. -
Setaria tenacissima Schrad.; Schult. Mant. 2: 279. 1824. “In Brasilia.’”? The
type has not been examined.
Panicum tenacissimum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 238. 1829. Based on Setaria tenacissima
Schrad.
Chaetochloa tenacissima Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 18: 352. 1917.
Based on Setaria tenacissima Schrad.
This was included with Chaetochloa scandens by Scribner and Merrill.1. Schrader’s
lescriptions of the two species are much alike, but the blades of S. scandens are
described as subpilose, and those
of S. tenacissima as scabrous. The
IM bristles of S. scandens are said to be
\ NY 4, twice as long as the spikelets, and
\ RAS those of S. tenacissima much longer.
WY, ra These differences agree with the
» Si gy characters of the species as here
Ne a | is, segregated.
2 7
DESCRIPTION.
ee , Zo
Se
ASS
NNAIN
IN
SS 7 Plants annual, mostly simple or
At eZ F } :
SOR ( little branched; culms erect, slender
WES abit
SHES =, elabrous, scabrous below the panicle,
LS .
~~ Sa ge h 1 to 2 meters tall, leaning on or
Se Hip clambering over other vegetation;
aw £ = i
i oe sheaths glabrous, antrorsely scabrous
s rl 7 aw . : . .
SS Ss We ANI toward the summit, short-hispid on
axe re ‘. the margin and sparsely so on the
=U. . .
SMA SW surface above, more or less hispid on
the collar; ligule very short, densely
ciliate; blades flat, very scabrous on
both surfaces and more or less pu- ©
bescent especially beneath, mostly
10 to 15 cm., sometimes as much as
20 cm. long, mostly not over 8 mm.
wide, gradually tapering from about
the middle to the long-acuminate apex, rather abruptly narrowed at base; panicles
somewhat nodding or flexuous, rather densely flowered above, somewhat interrupted
toward the base, a little tapering toward the summit, as much as 15 em. long and 1 cm.
thick (excluding bristles), the axis densely pubescent and sparsely villous with long
weak hairs; clusters of branchlets rather loose, 3 to 5 mm. long, dividing 2 or 3 times,
Fic. 45.—Chaetochloa tenacissima. From Amer. Gr. Nat.
Herb. 610, Trinidad.
1U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 17. 1900.
ln ce Src espe
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(ru bay clits ans es er ane ae
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lacs isang ng ge! ht eeciy acyer nama Pg Fitna a oe Nn en empties Sa part i tel
2 teen einen nteaye -nparnt fan Fat ie dling lp pn tiow
tea atin ee ng ane lh om
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Naomi 's ty ogre De aril v9 ‘Mal hr ganda f+ ay lag pane aa
4 ‘ ) J q Le , vt
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9 aN ie a= paper emetic wpa twee
FS a ait! ele eSeminar are
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.
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mee Eaiemnchansn ppm ye a tnreage me et pe et me oe
tela teste nen aimee ieee Lhe rp asinine) by
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ed Uae
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RPE Ne Ae eal eh ee POR Rr 56 alg an ot el ee bn le
HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 183
each ultimate branchlet or pedicel bearing a bristle, the corresponding spikelet some-
times suppressed, the cluster bearing, therefore, usually not more than 8 spikelets and
8 bristles, the branchlet pubescent but not villous; bristle. flexuous, becoming impli-
cate, about 1 cm. long, scabrous, antrorsely below, retrorsely above; spikelets about 1.5
mm. long, often dark purple; first glume about half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved;
second glume and sterile lemma about as long as the fertile lemma, 5-nerved, the sterile
palea wanting; fertile lemma transversely rugose with numerous fine ridges.
On account of the retrorsely scabrous bristles, the panicles of this species readily
become attached to the clothing.
DISTRIBUTION.
Brushy hillsides, Guatemala to Brazil; also in Porto Rico.
GUATEMALA: Buena Vista, Heyde & Lux 4295.
Honpuras: San Pedro Sula, Thieme 842, 5582 B.
Costa Rica: San José, Tonduz 3122. Cafias Gordas, Pittier 7346, 11006.
Panama: El Boquete, Hitchcock 8291.
Porto Rico: Utuado, Sintenis 6498.
TRINIDAD: Port of Spain, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 610.
VENEZUELA: Tovar, Fendler 1644.
Braziu: Without locality, Glaziou 22614.
11. Chaetochloa grisebachii (Fourn.) Scribn.
Setaria grisebachti Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 45. 1886. Fournier cites as synonym, “S.
setosa Beauv. var. caudata Griseb. in sched.’’ Grisebach’s idea of S. setosa var.
caudata is based on a specimen collected in Antigua by Wullschlaegel (no. 629).
This name, published in the Flora of the British West Indian Islands,! is based
on Panicum caudatum Lam., but Fournier’s conception of Grisebach’s idea is evi-
dently based on two specimens in the Grisebach Herbarium which he considers
to be conspecific, the one, Wullschlaegel 629, collected in Antigua and labeled by
Grisebach with the varietal name and cited under the variety, the other Schaffner 36,
collected at Orizaba and labeled by Grisebach “Setaria setosa.’’ This second speci-
men, one of several cited by Fournier, is taken as the type of S. grisebachii.
Setaria laevis Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 45. 1886. “Bernal (Karw. n. 961).’’ The type
collection has been examined at the herbarium of the Botanical Garden at Petrograd.
Chaetochloa grisebachu Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Setaria grisebachii Fourn.
Chaetochloa grisebachti ampla Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull.
21: 36. f. 21. 1900. The range is given as ‘New Mexico; Mexico.’”’ No type is
designated, but in the National Herbarium is the specimen from which the figure
was drawn. This is Pringle 6470, from Federal District, Mexico. It is marked
“Type” in Merrill’s hand.
Chaetochloa grisebachti mexicana Scribn. & Merr. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull.
21: 37. 1900. “Setaria mexicana Schaffner in Herb.’’ The two specimens citedg
are ‘San Luis Potosi, 1044 Schaffner, 1876; Schaffner, Sept., 1877.’’ The type is in
the Gray Herbarium. A duplicate type has been examined in the herbarium of the
New York Botanical Garden. It bears two numbers, 193 and 1044. There are three
plants, all depauperate, with narrow few-flowered panicles mostly not exceeding
the leaves. One plant has two larger panicles. This form appears to differ only in
being depauperate.
Setaria mexicana Schaffn.; Scribn. & Merr. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull.
21: 37. 1900, as synonym.
1 555. 1864.
184 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, branched at base, erect or spreading; culms as much as 1 meter tal]
but usually less, smooth, or scaberulous below the pubescent nodes and below the
panicle; sheaths smooth, scabrous, or sparingly
hispidulous, often papillose, densely-ciliate,
pubescent or hispid on the collar; ligule a short,
densely ciliate membrane scarcely 1mm. long,
blades flat, mostly rather lax, erect or ascending,
straight, puberulent, and scabrous, as much as
25 em. long and 1.5 cm. wide, usually less than
15 cm. long and 1 cm. wide; panicle loosely
flowered, narrow, tapering toward apex, mostly
less than 15 cm. long, the axis scabrous and,
except the lower part, also villous; branches
rather densely flowered, the lower somewhat
distant, sometimes as much as 2 or 2.5 cm.
long, spreading, usually 5 to 10 mm. long,
and, except the lower, approximate; ultimate
branchlets about 0.5 mm. long, bearing a single
spikelet and a single bristle below, the spikelet
sometimes rudimentary, thus bringing the
bristles in pairs; bristles 5 to 15 mm. long,
sometimes shorter, flexuous, antrorsely scabrous,
green or purplish; spikelets about 2 mm. long,
moderately turgid on the convex side; first glume
one-fourth to one-third the length of the spike-
let, 3-nerved; second glume a little shorter than
the spikelet, 5-nerved; sterile lemma as long as
Fig. 46.—Chaetochloa grisebachii, From Met- the fertile lemma, 5-nerved, the palea small;
calfe 1262, New Mexico. fertile lemma acute, finely cross-wrinkled.
DISTRIBUTION.
Open ground, often a weed in fields, Texas to Arizona, south to Oaxaca.
Texas: Kerrville, Heller 1897. Limpia Canyon, Nealley 130. Austin, Hall 841,
New Braunfels, Biltmore Herb. 14922.
New Mexico: Organ Mountains, Hitchcock 3786; Wooton & Standley in 1906. Mangas,
Smith in 1897. Queen, Hitchcock 13520. Hillsboro, Metcalfe 1262. Without
locality, Wright 2096.
Arizona: Santa Rita Mountains, Griffiths & Thornber 141, 266; Griffiths 3428, 6075;
Wooton in 1914. Beaver Creek, MacDougal 606. Bowie, Jones 4288. Southern
Arizona, Rothrock 676. Gardiners Spring, Pringle in 1882. Tucson, Hitchcock
3514. Patagonia, Hitchcock 3662, 3679, 3681. Paradise, Blumer 1660, 1724.
Sulphur Spring Valley, Griffiths 1901. Bisbee, Goodding 983. Clear Creek,
Toumey 78 in 1891. San Bernardino Ranch, Mearns 2000.
CuinuaHuA: Chihuahua, Hitchcock 7774; Pringle 381. Sierra Madre, Nelson 6299.
CoanurLa: San Lorenzo Canyon, Palmer 397 in 1904. Saltillo, Palmer 385 in 1898;
Hitchcock 5626, 5641. Chojo Grande, Palmer 336 and 337 in 1904.
San Luts Potosi: San Luis Potosi, Parry & Palmer 957.
Duraneo: Torreén: Hitchcock 7546. Durango, Hitchcock 7573; Palmer 716 and 728
in 1896.
Jauisco: Guadalajara, Hitchcock 7338, 7369.
AGUASCALIENTES: Aguascalientes, Hitchcock 7461.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 185
GUANAJUATO: Irapuato, Hitchcock 7427.
QUERETARO: Querétaro, Arséne 10275, 10346; Basile 47, 48.
VERACRUZ: Orizaba, Schaffner 36.
Pursia: Tehuacdn, Liebmann 361; Hitchcock 6095. Puebla, Nicolas 314 and in
1909. San Marcos, Hitchcock 6512. Atlixco, Nelson in 1893.
Mexico: Rio Hondo, Pringle 7533; Holway 11, 3153.
FreperaL Distrricr: Pringle 6470, 9578, 9579; Orcutt 3697, 4342; Holway 3040, 3554;
Hitchcock 5911, 5925, 7836; Bourgeau 441.
MicHoacdN: Punguato, Arséne in 1912. Morelia, Arséne in 1909.
Oaxaca: El Parian, Pringle 4937. Oaxaca, Hitchcock 6178, 6184; Smith 939; Con-
zatt. & Gonzdlez 344.
12. Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.) Scribn.
Setaria magna Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 554. 1864. “Jamaica!, Pd. [Purdie], along
the lagoons behind the ferry.’”’ In the Grisebach Herbarium are some fragments
of the type, the original being probably
at Kew. :
Chamaeraphis magna Beal, Grasses N.
Amer. 2: 152. 1896. Based on Setaria
magna Griseb.
Chaetochloa magna Scribn. U. 8S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897. Based
on Setaria magna Griseb.
Chaetochloa magna was included by
Elliott! under Panicum italicum.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, robust, erect, usually not
branched at base, sparingly branched above,
the branches erect; culms as much as 4
meters tall, rarely taller, and 2 cm. thick at
base, smooth, scabrous below the panicle;
sheaths smooth or scabrous at summit,
hispid-ciliiate on the margins; ligule a
densely and stiffly hispid membrane, 1 to 2
mm. long; blades flat, scabrous, as much
as 0.5 meter long and 3.5 cm. wide, panicles
densely flowered, nodding, often interrupted
at base, tapering at each end, as much as 40 cm. long and 3 cm. thick, those of the
branches much smaller, the axis densely pubescent and also villous with ascending
hairs about 1 mm. long; branches as much as 1.5 cm. long, many-flowered; bristles
somewhat flexuous, 1 or 2 below each spikelet, 1 to 2 cm. long; spikelets about 2
mm. long, not very turgid on the convex side; first glume about one-third as long
as the spikelet, 3-nerved; second glume about as long as the spikelet, 5-nerved;
sterile lemma as long as the spikelet, 7-nerved, the sterile palea well developed;
fertile lemma smooth.
Nash’s no. 1279, from Eustis, Florida, is noted by the collector as being 8 to 20
feet tall.
Ly
Wk y
WEE
\
Kya ly
LAU
Fic. 47.—Chaetochloa magna. From Nash 1279,
Florida.
DISTRIBUTION.
Marshes and wet places along the coast, Delaware to Florida and Texas; also in
the West Indies and-Panama. (42% Jereo
DELAWARE: Woodland Beach, Commons in 1892. Collins Beach, Commons in 1897
MaryLANp: Millstone, Hitchcock 7890; Tidestrom 5321.
1 Bot. 8. C. & Ga. 1: 113. 1816.
186 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Virainia: Virginia Beach, Bradford in 1900. Smiths Island, Palmer in 1897.
Norra Carona: Wilmington, Hitchcock in 1905.
Sours Carouna: Bluffton, Mellichamp in 1883.
Geroraia: Experiment, Redding in 1895.
Frorima: Alachua, Combs 748. Grasmere, Combs 1054. Homosassa, Combs 964.
Merritts Island, Curtiss 3618. Okeechobee region, Fredholm 6178. Palm Beach,
Curtiss 5410. Eustis, Nash 1279. Clarcona, Meislahn 76. Manatee, Rugel 365.
St. Vincent Island, Pierce in 1911; McAtee1713A. Dania, Eaton 828. Apopka,
Baker in 1897 and 1898. Bartow, Combs 1219. Deland, Hill in 1899.
Anasama: Mobile, Mohr in 1869.
Lourstana: Lake Charles, Allison 110. Pointe a la Hache, Langlois 56. Burton
Island, Tracy & Lloyd 463. New Orleans, Fisher 133; Biltmore Herb. 3459a.
Houma, Wurzlow in 1913.
Texas: Galveston, Tracy 7747. ‘‘Western Texas to El Paso,’’ Wright 801. Eagle
Lake, Plank in 1891.
Costa Rica: Boca Zacate, Pittier 6825. Punta Mala, Tonduz 6825.
Bermupa: Munro in 1864. (This locality is doubtful as the species is not known to
grow in Bermuda now.)
Jamaica: Black River, Hitchcock 9646. Ferry River, Purdie (in Grisebach Herb.).
Porro Rico: Campo Alegre, Chase 6800. Without locality, Eggers 709.
LeEwarp Istanps: Guadeloupe, Duss 3918.
13. Chaetochloa ambigua (Guss.) Scribn. & Merr.
Panicum verticillatum B ambiguum Guss. FI. Sic. Prodr. 80. 1827. Sicily.
Setaria ambiqua Guss. Fl. Sic. Syn. 1: 114. 1842. Based on Panicum verticiilatum
8 ambiguum Guss.
Setaria verticillata var. ambigua Parl. Fl. Palerm. 1: 36. 1845. Based on Panicum
verticillatum 8 ambiguum Guss.
Panicum ambiguum Hausskn. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 25: 345. 1875. Based on
Setaria ambiqua Guss.
Chamaeraphis italica var. Tig NE Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 768. 1891. Based on
““ Panicum ambiguum Guss.”’
Chaetochloa ambigua Scribn. & Merr. U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. hea Bull. 21:18./. 7.
1900. Based on Setaria verticillata var. ambigua Guss.
A complete synonymy is given by Hubbard.!
DESCRIPTION.
Plants with the aspect of Chaetochloa verticillata, differing in the longer ligule, sca-
brous but not pilose blades, and the antrorsely scabrous bristles. The bristles are
‘mostly 2 to 3 times as long as the spikelets and at maturity are spreading and more or
less implicate.
This may be only a variety of Chaetochloa verticillata or of C. viridis, between which
it seems to be intermediate. It is retained gs a species because it can not be definitely
referred to either of the two species mentioned.
DISTRIBUTION.
Central and southern Europe; sparingly introduced in the United States.
PENNSYLVANIA: Ballast ground near Philadelphia, Scribner in 1884.
District or Conumsra: A weed in the grass garden, Merrill, Sept. 20, 1900; Merrill
175, July 30, 1900.
ALABAMA: Waste eS Mobile, Mohr in 1884.
1 ne ee leurs Boe Q: ‘179. 1915.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 187
14. Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn.
Panicum viride L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759. No locality is given. A refer-
ence is made to “Spec. pl. n. 2. 8.’’ Panicum number 2 in the Species Plantarum is
P. glaucum. No locality is given for variety 8, but this is based on a citation from
Scheuchzer,! describing’a plant from Europe.
Setaria viridis Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Panicum viride is included as a
species of Setaria, and Setaria viridis is given in the index.
Pennisctum viride R. Br.; Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 489. 1817, as synonym of
Setaria viridis .?
Setaria weinmanni Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 490. 1817. Bohemia.
Panicum viride B brevisetum Doell,
Rhein. Fl. 128. 1843. A form with
bristles only a little longer than the
spikelets.
Panicum italicum var. viride Koern.
in Koern. & Wern. Handb. Getreid.
1: 277. 1885: Based on Panicum
viride L.
Chamaeraphis italica var. viridis
Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 767. 1891.
Based on Panicum viride L.
Chamaeraphis viridis Millsp. W. Va.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. [Fl]. W. Va.] 2: 466.
1892. Based on Panicum viride L.
Ixophorus viridis Nash, Bull. Torrey
Club 22: 423.1895. Based on Panicum
viride L.
Chaetochloa viridis Scribn. U.S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Panicum viride L.
Setaria viridis var. weinmanni Borbas,
Math. Termesz. Kézlem. 15:310. 1878,
an unverified citation; Brand in Koch,
Syn. Deutsch. Schweiz. Fl. ed. 3. 3: 2690. 1905. Based on Setaria weinmanni Roem.
& Schult. Rhodora $; 210. 1906.
Setaria viridis var. breviseta Hitche. tA—Gress— Metre 7-9-4908. Based on
Panicum viride var. brevisetum Doell.
Several other synonyms are given in European botanies. Hubbard has given an
extensive bibliography.?
Fic. 48.—Chaetochloa viridis. From Thompson 129,
Kansas.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, usually branched at base, sometimes geniculate-spreading; culms
smooth, scabrous below the panicle, usually 20 to 40 cm. tall, sometimes as much as
1 meter; sheaths smooth, or scabrous toward the summit, ciliate on the margin and
sometimes a little on the collar; ligule very short, densely ciliate; blades flat, linear-
lanceolate, straight (not twisted), scabrous especially on the upper surface, usually
less than 15 cm. long, commonly less than 1 cm. wide, sometimes as much as 15 mm.
wide; panicle erect or somewhat nodding, densely flowered, green or purple,
cylindric but tapering a little at the summit (the smaller ones ovate), rarely as much
as 10 cm. long, usually less than 7 cm., commonly 5 to 8 mm. thick (excluding bristles),
1 Scheuchz. Agrost. Hist. 46. 1719.
2 See note on Pennisetum verticillatum, p. 178.
3 Amer. Journ. Bot. 2: 175. 1915.
168000—20 6
188 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
the axis densely pubescent and also villous with numerous hairs about 1 mm. long;
branches very short, bearing several (mostly 5 or 6) spikelets, the rachis pubescent;
bristles 1 to 3 below each spikelet, mostly 3 to 4 times as long as the spikelet, antrorsely
scabrous, greenish or rarely purplish; spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm. long, elliptic, not much
turgid on the convex side; first glume one-third to one-fourth as long as the spikelet,
3-nerved; second glume and sterile lemma about as long as the spikelet or the former
a little shorter, 5-nerved, the sterile palea not fully developed; fertile lemma finely
transversely wrinkled or ridged. ;
Commonly known as green foxtail. In abnormal specimens the panicle may be
forked or variously branched.
DISTRIBUTION.
A weed in cultivated soil and waste ground, common throughout the cooler parts
of the United States; rare in Mexico; introduced from Europe; widely distributed in
Asia and northern Africa.
NEWFOUNDLAND: Waghorne in 1892.
New Brunswick: Shediac Cape, Hubbard 761, 762. Campbellton, Fowler in 1905.
QuEBEC: Montreal, Mohr in 1882. Riviére du Loup Falls, Eggleston 3145. Cap-a-
L’Aigle, Eggleston 2996.
Ontario: Hen Island, Morris 79. Ottawa, Rolland 56; Fletcher in 1891. Toronto,
Biltmore Herb. 3453a. Kingston, Fowler in 1895.
BritisH Cotumsra: Lillooet, Macown 91571. Sicamous, Macoun 8.
Marne: Bangor, Knight 21,23. Augusta, Scribnerin 1869. Boundary Lake, Eggleston
& Fernald in 1902.
New HampsuireE: Peterboro, Robinson 236. Shelburne, Deane in 1915.
VERMONT: Manchester, Day 207. Rutland, Kirk 1015.
Massacuusetts: Medford, Boott in 1866. Marthas Vineyard, Harrison in 1888.
Melrose, Morong in 1876.
Connecticut: South Glastonbury, Wilson 1264.
New York: Oxford, Coville in 1884. North Hannibal, Pearce in 1883. Union
Springs, Dudley 37.
New Jersey: Weehawken, Kearney in 1894.
PENNSYLVANIA: Harrisburg, Small in 1888; Hitchcock in 1903. Lancaster, Heller
4817. Easton, Porter in 1887. Philadelphia, Scribner in 1878. Binkleys Ridge,
Heller 4823.
Ouro: Kipton, Ricksecker in 1894. Columbus, Kellerman 6836.
Inp1aAnaA: Lafayette, Dorner 72. Lake Gage, Deam in 1903.
Iuuinois: Naperville, Umbach in 1895. Glasford, Wilcox 162. Wady Petra, V. H.
Chase 74. Chicago, Chase 1611. East Mount Carmel, Schneck in 1904. Urbana,
Gates 1962.
MicnHican: Keweenaw County, Farwell 629. Marquette County, Barlow in 1901.
Wisconsin: Oshkosh, Random in 1896. Newbol ey 1701.
Wacore Cain, Basan tens Ge ER Mearns 62. Root River
Valley, Mearns 64. Duluth, Hitchcock 5089.
Norrn Daxora: Leeds, Lunell in 1904 and 1909. Fargo, Wright 934. .
Soutn Daxora: Jamesville, Bruce 12. Bellefourche, Griffiths 365. Minnekahta,
Rydberg 1102. Redfield, Griffiths 208. Hot Springs, Hitchcock 11167. Aber-
deen, Griffiths 123. Brookings, Griffiths in 1892.
Iowa: Ames, Pammel, Amer. Weeds 16. Des Moines, Ball 28. Manchester, Ball
1007. Clinton, Ball 267, 268. Battle Creek, Preston 956. Fayette County, Fink
273. Iowa City, Somes 3637.
NEBRASKA: Kearney, Holms in 1889. Forest Station, Hitchcock 11032, 11033.
Mullen, Rydberg 1568. Central City, Rydberg 2009; Shear 262. Wiegand,
Clements 2684.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 189
Missouri: St. Louis, Eggert 268. Clarksville, Davis 1132, 1165, 1224, 1236. Courtney,
Bush 1671. Springfield, Standley 8677.
Kansas: Riley County, Norton 576. Tribune, Reed in 1892. Syracuse, Thompson
129.
DELAWARE: Stanton, Commons 147 in 1897.
MaryLanp: Great Falls, Painter 470. Garrett County, Smith in 1879.
District oF CotumBiA: Hitchcock 97; Topping in 1895; Pollard 532.
Nortu Carorina: Magnetic City, Wetherby 9.
Fiorma: St. Vincent Island, McAtee 1720B.
TENNESSEE: Knoxville, Scribner.
AtaBAMA: Mobile, Mohr in 1868. Tuskegee, Carver 15.
Mississipr1: Ocean Springs, Forkert in 1898.
Lovistana: Alexandria, Ball 446.
Texas: Paloduro, Gardner 19. Kerrville; Heller 1889; Hitchcock 5263. Chillicothe,
Ball 967. Big Spring, Hitchcock 13362.
OKLAHOMA: Cora, Stevens 762. Alva, Stevens 1606. Canton, Stevens 854. Tonkawa,
Stevens 1898.
Montana: Selish, Griffiths & Lange 14. Bozeman, Blankinship in 1898. Columbia
Falls, Hitchcock 4934.
Wyomine: Sundance, Griffiths 489. Sheridan, Nelson 305.
Ipano: Coeur d’Alene, Rust 370. St. Anthony, Merrill 47, 51; Merrill & Wilcox 432.
New Plymouth, Macbride 286. Moscow, Henderson 2849.
Wasnineton: North Yakima, Hunter 593.
OREGON: Portland, Suksdorf 1713. Milton, Brown 33.
Cotorapo: Fort Collins, Cowen 3381. Minnehaha (Pikes Peak), Hitchcock 2369.
Colorado Springs, Williams 2158. Idaho Springs, Shear 746. Rocky Ford,
Griffiths 3306. Glenwood Springs, Shear & Bessey 1304.
UraH: Cainville, Jones 5696. Elk Ranch, Jones 6034. Gunnison, Ward 688. Ogden,
Hitchcock 10888.
New Mexico: South end of Black Range, Metcalfe 1139, 1499. Cloudcroft, Hitchcock
13297. Farmington, Standley 6935. Pecos, Standley 5017. White Mountains,
Wooton & Standley 3579. Sabinal, Wooton -1079. Deming, Hitchcock 3754.
Las Vegas Hot Springs, Cockerell 11. Cedar Hill, Standley 7933. Shiprock
Agency, Standley 7236. Mesilla, Wooton 89.
Arizona: Verde Valley, MacDougal 532. Barfoot Park, Blumer 1588. Strawberry
Creek, MacDougal 706. Tucson, Griffiths 1526. Tanner Canyon, Goodding 819.
White Mountains, Griffiths 5375.
Cauirornia: Rialto, Parish 2112. Los Angeles, Davidson 3257. Stanford Campus,
Abrams 7333.
San Luis Potosi: San Luis Potosi, Hitchcock 5664.
Veracruz: Cérdoba, Hitchcock 6450.
Mexico (Republic of): Without locality, Liebmann 349.
Costa Rica: Cartago, Pittier 9037.
Bermupa: Collins 159, 160.
15. Chaetochloa italica (L.) Scribn.
Panicum italicum L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753. “Habitat in Indiis.”’
Panicum germanicum Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Panicum no. 1. 1768. No locality is
given. Miller takes the specific name from Bauhin, whose phrase name he cites,
“Panicum germanicum, sive panicula minore ©. B. P.27.’’ [Caspar Bauhin, Pinax.]
The type specimen, at the British Museum of Natural History, is the upper part of a
culm with a panicle and two leaves. The panicle is 10 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, dense,
the bristles not much exceeding the spikelets; the blades are 1.5 cm. wide.
Panicum italicum var. germanicum Koel. Descr. Gram. 17. 1802. Based indirectly
on Panicum germanicum Mill. Bauhin’s name (see above) is cited.
190 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Pennisetum italicum R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 195. 1810. Based on Panicum
italicum La. :
Setaria italica. Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51, 170, 178. 1812. Based on “‘ Panicum
italicum Willd.”’ [P. italicum L.].
Setaria californica Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. 1: ed. 2. 26. 1873.1 “From the head
valley of the Sacramento River,’’ California. Described as 10 to 12 feet high and
“quite similar to Setaria italica.”” It was sup-
posed to be native but the description points
conclusively to C. italica.
Chamaeraphis italica Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl.
2: 767. 1891. Based on Panicum italicum L.
Irophorus italicus Nash, Bull. Torrey Club
22: 423. 1895. Based on Panicum italicum L.
Chaetochloa italica Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr.
Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:39. 1897. Based on Pani-
cum italicum L.
For complete synonymy see Hubbard’s paper
on Setaria italica and its allies.”
Ay
SSA SER
CARN A rife.
NN SN Oa y
3 |
74
SNe?
Nese //!
ed Be /
wari i
y DESCRIPTION.
A cultivated form of C. viridis, differing in
being more robust, with broader blades, and
larger lobate panicles, the fruit (fertile lemma
2 68 SOS
Ben SS ATY
2 x wy and palea) at maturity falling away from the
Sy tf remainder of the spikelet.
ENS tes Commonly known as millet, foxtail millet,
SS S PARE and Hungarian grass. There are many varieties
: Ra ee in cultivation, differing in the length and color
Ss By eee of the bristles, the color of the fruit, and the size
7K \ eZ and degree of lobing of the panicle or head.
. | ia : The varieties are discussed by Koernicke? and
| fi} by Hubbard.*| The culm may be as much as
| 1 cm. thick, the blades as much as 3 em. wide,
h and the heads as much as 30 cm. long. At
| maturity the fruit becomes very turgid and
ty A: \ spreads apart the glumes and sterile lemma, and
| TAR AN is distinctly longer than these. The head, in
some forms, becomes heavy and nodding, and
Fig. 49.—Chaetochloa italica, From Williams distinctly lobate. The color of the fruit varies
Sy ae ee from tawny to red, brown, and black. The
bristles are 1 to 3 times as long as the spikelet, and green, purple, or brown. The
fruit is smooth or obscurely cross-wrinkled and may be as much as 3 mm. long.
In the cultivated forms the rachilla disarticulates above the sterile lemma, so that
the fruit at maturity readily falls from the spikelet and hence shells out when the
heads are threshed. The plants propagate themselves in fields and waste places and
then tend to revert to a more primitive form. These uncultivated plants are often
difficult to distinguish from forms of Chaetochloa viridis. This is especially true in
immature specimens, as the disarticulation of the fruit is evident only at maturity
and even then, in the uncultivated plants, is often less marked.
1 The Proceedings were first published in a newspaper, ‘‘The Pacific,’’ in 1854.
Edition 2 is an exact reprint in book form.
2 Amer. Journ. Bot. 2: 169. 1915.
* Koern. & Wern. Handb. Getreid. 1: 270-279. 1885.
* Amer. Journ. Bot. 2: 169. 1915.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 191
DISTRIBUTION.
Cultivated throughout the warmer parts of the Old World and in the United States,
especially from Nebraska to Texas; escaped from cultivation, and appearing more
or less as a waif in waste places throughout the United States.
16. Chaetochloa longipila (Fourn.) Scribn. & Merr. =
Setaria longipila Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 47. 1886. ‘‘Absque loco (Jura. n. 722).”’ The
type has not been examined, but the description appears to apply to the specimen cited
below (Rose 2017). Fournier mentions the long white hairs on the rachis, the length
of the first glume, and the rugose fertile lemma.
Chaetochloa longipila Scribn. & Merr. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 22.
1900. Based on Setaria longipila Fourn.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual; culms erect, branching at base, glabrous, scabrous just below the
panicle, 30 to 40 cm. tall, the nodes hispidulous; sheaths mostly glabrous, sometimes
scaberulous at summit or sparsely hispid,
densely ciliate on the margin, hispid on
the collar; ligule a dense line of stiff white
hairs 2 to 3 mm. long; blades flat, 7 to 10
cm. long, as much as 1 cm. wide, scabrous
and sometimes sparsely hispidulous, nar-
rowed toward each end; panicle spikelike,
cylindric, somewhat interrupted, rather
densely flowered, narrowed toward the
summit, 4 to 7 cm. long, about 5 mm.
wide, the axis thickly beset with white,
ascending, rather stiff flexuous hairs
about 2 mm. long; branches short and
ascending, the rachis somewhat villous
like the main axis; bristles mostly one
below each spikelet, mostly 3 to 5 cm.
long, antrorsely scabrous; spikelets about
1.7 mm. long, turgid on the convex side;
first glume about half as long as the
spikelet, 3-nerved; second glume about as
long as the fertile lemma or very slightly
shorter, 5-nerved; somewhat pointed;
sterile lemma as long as the fertile, 5- yy¢. 50—Chactochlox longipila. From Rose 2017,
nerved, slightly pointec; fertile lemma Mexico.
sharply transversely rugose.
This species is aistinguished by the small spikelets and the densely villous axis of
the panicle.
DISTRIBUTION.
TEric: Weods; between Aguacata and Dolores, Rose 208, G/
ha Biv £ NGA Bh Ors i 7
eG: Chaetochloa cometeat (Ell. ) Scribn.
Cz
Panicum corrugatum Ell. Bot. S.C. & Ga. 1: 113.1816. ‘‘Sent to me irom Savannah
by Dr. Baldwin.”’ The type, in the Elliott Herbarium, is the upper part of a culm
with a panicle and one leaf.
Pennisetum corrugatum Nutt. Gen. Pl. 1: 55.1818. A nomen nudum, but proba-
bly based on Panicum corrugatum Ell. The name is given asasynonym of Setaria
corrugata by Schultes.!
192 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Setaria corrugata Schult. Mant. 2: 276. 1824. Based on Panicwm corrugatum Ell.
Chamaeraphis corrugata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 770. 1891. Based on Panicum
corrugatum Ell.
Chaetochloa corrugata Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Setaria corrugata Ell., an error for Panicum corrugatum Ell.
Chaetochloa hispida Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 25. f. 13.
1900" ‘‘In sandy pine woods. Type specimen in the Gray Herbarium, collected [at
La Grifa, Pinar del Rio, Cuba] by C. Wright in January, 1865, no number.’’ This
specimen agrees with Chaetochloa corrugata, except that the blades are somewhat
hispidulous, as are also the sheaths. The sheaths are not infrequently appressed-
pilose in Florida specimens. Hitchcock’s
no. 519 from Marco, Florida, with hispid
sheaths, was identified by Merrill as C.
hispida.
Setaria hispida Schum, Just’s Bot. Jahresb.
28!: 417. 1902. Based on Chaetochloa
hispida Scribn. & Merr.
The plants described by Scribner and
Merrill! under Chaelochloa corrugata pa. vi-
flora are here included under C. corrugata,
but the name is a synonym of C. geniculata.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, branched at base, erect or
geniculate-spreading; culms scabrous, or
the lower part smooth, more or less ap-
pressed-hispid at the nodes, as much as 1
mater tall; sheaths compressed-keeled,
scabrous at least toward the summit, vil-
lous on the margin or sometimes appressed-
pilose all over; ligule a densely ciliate
membrane about 1 mm. long; blades flat,
gradually narrowed to the base and to the
acuminate apex, scabrous on both surfaces,
as much as 30 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, the
middle culm blades commonly 15 to 25 em.
long and less than 5 mm. wide, rarely sparsely pilose; panicles densely flowered,
cylindric, in larger specimens sometimes interrupted at base, as much as 15 em.
long, usually less than 10 cm., the axis densely hispid-scabrous, and also rather
densely villous with ascending hairs about 1 mm. long; branches 1 to 3 mm.
long, hairy, bearing several spikelets (mostly 5 or 6), ana 1 to 3 bristles below
each spikelet; bristles somewhat flexuous, antrorsely scabrous, mostly about 3
times as long as the spikelets, or as much as 2 cm. long, green, tawny, or purple
spikelets about 2 mm. long, turgid on the convex side; first glume about half as long;
as the spikelet, 3-nerved; second glume a little shorter than the spikelet, 5-nerved;
sterile lemma as long as the spikelet, 5-nerved; fertile lemma coarsely transversely
rugose.
Fig. 51.— Chaetochloa corrugata. From Pollard &
Collins 253, Florida.
DISTRIBUTION.
Sandy woods, along the coast and also a weed in cultivated fields and waste places,
North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi; also in Cuba.
NortH Carona: Wilmington, Hitchcock 201. Newbern, Kearney 2221.
Fioripa: Hillsborough County, Fredholm 6401. Eustis, Biltmore Herb. 10340; Nash
640, 1382; Hitchcock 2352. Jacksonville, Curtiss 3616, 4041, 5124. Miami,
Pollard & Collins 253; Hitchcock 645; Eaton 337; Chase 3909, 3952. Lake City,
1U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 24. f. 12. 1900.
a
Dehaes :
Gaiety iae
hee
ee
y2
a
eat so ih
bad ig Nip
hits
Taba Nstrh
ye ow -
HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 193
Combs 83, 140; Rolfs 712, 760, 829, 845. Sneeds Island, Tracy 6704. Grasmere,
Combs 1047. Cedar Key, Combs 795; Tracy 7179. Levy County, Hitchcock 2354.
Titusville, Chase 3972. Palm Beach, Hitchcock 2351. Fort Myers, Standley
13055. Manivista, Tracy 6697. Gainesville, Combs 721, 723. Hast Pass, Tracy
6449. Homosassa, Combs 944, 945. Palmetto, Tracy 7040. Bartow, Combs 1177.
Manatee, Rugel 366, 369. Alva, Hitchcock 517. Anastasia Island, Kearney 175.
Apalachicola, Kearney 108. Jensen, Hitchcock 740. Old Town, Combs 865.
Braidentown, Combs 1287, 1292. Dunnellon, Combs 914a. New River, Hitch-
cock 2353. Marco, Hitchcock 519. Duval County, Fredholm 187, 328.
AuaBaMa: Mobile, Hitchcock in 1904. o
Mississrepr: Cat Island, Tracy 436.
Cusa: Isle of Pines, Britton & Wilson 14817. La Grifa, Pinar del Rio, Wright (Gray
Herb.).
18. Chaetochloa liebmanni (Fourn.) Scribn. & Merr.
Setaria rariflora Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 313. 1830. Not Setaria rariflora Mikan,
1821. ‘Hab. ad Acapulco.’’ The type, in the herbarium of the German University
at Prague, is the small form like
the variety pauciflora. Itis labeled
““Mexico. H.”’
Panicum rariflorum Presl; Steud.
Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 51.1854. Based
on Setaria rariflora Presl.
Panicum dissitiflorum Steud.
Syn. Pl. Glum. 1:51. 1854, as syn-
onym of P. rariflorum Presl.
Setaria liebmanni Fourn. Mex.
Pi. 2: 44. 1886.. “Manantial, au-
gusto (LimpM. n. 389).’’ The type
specimen, in the Copenhagen
Herbarium, consists of a culm with
several broad blades and a panicle
about 20 cm. long from which most
of the spikelets have fallen. The
label reads, ‘‘Pl. Mexic. Liebm.
Gramineae n. 389. S. Liebmannt
(scripsit Fournier) Manantial.
8/41.’ The locality is uncertain,
but it must be in Veracruz since
Liebmann did not go outside of
that state during 1841.
Chamaeraphis caudata pauciflora
Vasey; Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: ; : Jie
158. 1896. “California, Palmer Fig. 52.— Chaetochloa See From Palmer 52 in 1885,
191.”’ Palmer’s no. 191 was not eee
collected in California jbut at Guaymas, Sonora. The type specimen is in the
herbarium of the Michigan Agricultural College. This, like the duplicates of this
collection, is a small form§with blades 5 to 7 mm. wide, and panicles 5 to 9 cm.
long, narrow, few-flowered, the branches mostly not over 5 mm. long, a few as much
as 1 cm. long.
Chaetochloa lebmanni Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21:
31. 1900. Based on Setariazliebmanni Fourn.
Chaetochloa lebmanni pauciflora Scribn. & Merr. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost.
Bull. 21: 33. 1900. Based on Chamaeraphis caudata pauciflora Vasey.
194 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, often branched at base; culms as much as 1 meter tall, usually less
than 50 cm., glabrous, scabrous just below the panicle, the nodes glabrous or puberu-
lent; sheaths glabrous, the margin ciliate, the collar a more or less hispidulous ridge;
ligule a short, densely ciliate membrane; blades flat, rather thin, as much as 20 em.
long and 2 cm. wide, usually about 1 cm. wide, narrowed toward both ends, scabrous,
especially beneath; panicles loosely flowered, cylindric, tapering at each end, often
nodding or flexuous, as much as 30 cm. long, usually 10 to 20 cm., the axis angled or
channeled, scabrous or scabrous-hispidulous; branches ascending, loosely arranged,
scabrous like the axis, as much as 2.5 cm. long; branchlets less than 1 mm. long, bearing
one bristle below each spikelet; bristles slender, flexuous, antrorsely scabrous, 7 to 15
mm. long; spikelets ovate, about 2 mm. long, rather turgid on the convex side, rather
prominently nerved; first glume one-third or one-fourth as long as the spikelet,
3-nerved; second glume about four-fifths as long as the fertile lemma, 5-nerved, with
an additional accessory pair on the outside; sterile lemma as long as the fertile,
5-nerved, with an accessory pair like the second glume, the palea wanting; fertile
lemma somewhat pointed, gibbous, coarsely and strongly transversely rugose.
DISTRIBUTION.
Open sandy or rocky soil, Arizona to Oaxaca.
Arizona: Tucson. Thornber 171 (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.).
Lower CatirorniA: Arroyo San Lazaro, Brandegee in 1902. San José del Cabo,
Brandegee 12 in 1890.
Sonora: Alamos, Palmer 686 in 1890. Guaymas, Hitchcock 3548; Palmer 191 in 1887.
Hermosillo, Hitchcock 3607.
CuimuaHua: Batopilas, Palmer 52 and 110D in 1885.
Srnatoa: Rosario, Rose 1840. Culiacin, Palmer 1541 in 1891; Brandegee in 1904.
Topolobampo, Palmer 233 in 1897.
Teric: Acaponeta, Rose 3303.
Veracruz: Bafios del Carrizal, Purpus 6211.
Cotma: Colima, Palmer 8 and 142 in 1897. Manzanillo, Hitchcock 7026; Orcutt 4481.
GUERRERO: Balsas, Hitchcock 6774, 6786; Orcutt 4194.
Oaxaca: Tomellin, Hitchcock 6191. Between San Gerénimo and La Venta, Nelson
2788.
NicarAGua: Masaya, Hitchcock 8661. San Juan del Sur, Hitchcock 8599.
19. Chaetochloa latifolia Scribn.
Chaetochloa latifolia Scribn. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 11: 44. pl. 3. 1898.
‘‘Growing under bushes in deep ravines, Durango, Mexico (No. 879, E. Palmer, 1896).”’
The type specimen, in the National Herbarium, is shown in plate 3, which, however,
exaggerates the nerving and hispidity of the leaves. The type sheet includes two
other specimens.
Chaetochloa latifolia breviseta Scribn. & Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull.
21: 31.1900. The first specimen cited, ‘‘Mexico: Oaxaca, 347 Conzatti & Gonzalez,
1897,’’ in the National Herbarium, is marked ‘‘type” in Merrill’s hand. This form
has shorter and fewer bristles but is otherwise the same as the typical form.
Setaria latifolia Herrm. Beitr. Biol. Pflanz. 10: 55. 1910. Presumably based on
Chaetochloa latifolia Scribn. No synonym is cited, but Scribner’s name is given in
parentheses.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, branching at the base; culms erect or geniculate-spreading, 20 to
40 cm. tall, more or less scabrous, especially below the hispidulous or pubescent nodes
and below the panicle; sheaths papillose-hispid, papillose only, or glabrate, densely
sori ai paginas hye
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eee
eA Die Wier mene Sarna ks ree nes 6h Be Hooks nieo es ev SS SANs Td Se we
pe, ne ae tentaha Apes s o> hehe sw bat yall hilt lanl eta te cay tag ita tana nga eel
eed ea a ae ee aetna lb Vaso = cree ep tiger snail mezerein timing free een nlite eee ner
. ag} Ares nin WOE eres Lit 4 We Peo fr
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 195
ciliate; ligule a densely ciliate membrane less than 1 mm. long; blades flat, mostly
less than 10 em. long, as much as 1.5 cm. wide, rounded or somewhat cordate at base,
rather abruptly narrowed at the apex,
scabrous and also sparsely papillose-his- () I.
pid; panicles loosely cylindric, tapering \ WW
above, more or less interrupted or lobed, Wi
mostly 5 to 8 cm. long, the axis sca- NY iy
brous or pubescent and also villous, the WS Vb
hairs weak and spreading, 1 mm. long; WY,
branches short, ascending, the longer as Wie
much as 6 mm. long; branchlets about 1 WEF J
mm. long, bearing a single bristle below We
the spikelets; bristles flexuous, angled, WN SS We zg
antrorsely scabrous, 5 to 10 mm. long; NY NSS WZ
spikelets about 2 mm. long or a little \ Wis
longer, moderately turgid on the convex Nii WEB
side; first glume one-third the length of ee
the spikelet, 3-nerved; second glume a Wh GEE
little shorter than the fertile lemma, 5- IN ese
r Net Wp pup
nerved; sterile lemma as long as the fer- . WW ZZ
tile, 5-nerved, the palea well developed; : Se
fertile lemma strongly and coarsely trans- SS ce Ze
versely rugose. \\) Vay lj Yj
DISTRIBUTION. sy Yj; Yg
Rocky hills and shady places, Durango Ni =
to Oaxaca; also in Brazil.
DurancGo: Durango, Palmer 470 and 879
in 1896; Hitchcock 7643.
Oaxaca: Oaxaca, Conzatti & Gonzdlez
343; Hitchcock 6105.
Braziu: Piauhy, Gardner 2354. Fig. 53.—Chaetochioa latifolia. From type specimen.
Vey VA. ge)
20. Chaetochloa macrosperma Scribn. & Merr.
Chaetochloa macrosperma Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 33.
f. 18. 1900. ‘‘Setaria composita of Chapman’s Fl. So. U. 8. and of Bul. 7: 85. fig. 67,
U. 8S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agros., not of H. B. K.’’ No type is designated. In the
National Herbarium is a specimen bearing the name and marked ‘“‘type”’ and bearing
also detailed drawings of the spikelet and a statement that the drawing (figure 18)
' was made from this plant. This specimen, Curtiss 3617, collected on ‘‘Shell mounds
at the mouth of St. Johns River, Florida,” is the first one cited by Scribner and
Merrill and may be accepted as the type. If one looks upon the publication of C,
macrosperma as a change of name only, it would be based upon Setaria composita oi
Chapman’s Flora as cited above. In the National Herbarium is a specimen from
Chapman without locality, marked Setaria composita 8. F1.!, which represents the
latter species as understood by Chapman.
Setaria macrosperma Schum. Just’s Bot. Jahresb. 28!: 417. 1902. Based on
Chaetochloa macrosperma Scribn. & Merr.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, often in large tufts; culms usually more or less geniculate at base,
and often rooting at the lower nodes, smooth, scabrous below the panicle, rather
stout, mostly 1 to 1.5 meters tall, the nodes glabrous; sheaths keeled, glabrous, villous
196 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
on the margin, usually hispidulous on the collar; ligule a ciliate membrane, 1 to 3mm,
Jong; blades flat, very scabrous on the upper surfaee, smooth or scaberulous beneath,
narrowed at the base, as much as 50 cm. long and 2 em. wide; panicles rather loose,
tapering above, as much as 25 cm. long, the secondary panicles often much smaller
and more compact, the branches ascending, as much as 2 cm. long, about equally
distributed, the panicle thus not being interrupted or lobed, the axis scabrous-
pubescent and also loosely or sparsely villous with hairs 1 to 2 mm. long, the hairs
rarely wanting; bristles single below each spikelet but often seemingly in pairs because
of the abortion of spikelets, straight or obscurely flexuous, antrorsely scabrous, 1.5
to 3 cm. long, greenish or yellowish; spikelets about 3 mm. long, lanceolate-ovate,
not strongly turgid on the convex side, pale or greenish; first glume about one-third
the length of the spikelet, 3-nerved; second glume two-thirds to three-fourths as
Jong as the fertile-lemma, mostly 5-nerved, sometimes 6 or 7-nerved; sterile lemma
as long as the fertile, 5-
WY
\ Ty Wer LF ory ra
\ SY ZGZ nerved, concave or sulcate,
wel ye the palea narrow, about half
AN Si 8
SSR
4, po as long asits lemma; fertile
We YY lemma pale, acute or some-
Lp Y what pointed, finely and
> jy not very distinctly cross-
Yu fy wrinkled, the surface ap-
pearing cellular.
The wider-leaved speci-
mens of this species resem-
ble Chaetochloa vulpiseta,
but differ from that species
in the larger spikelets.
The latter character and
the scabrous blades dis-
tinguish it from C. scheelei
of Texas. From C. villo-
sissima of Texas, with
equally large spikelets, it
is distinguished by the
scabrous instead of villous
blades. 2
DISTRIBUTION.
Open ground, mostly on
coral rock or coral sand,
Florida and the Bahamas.
Fiorma: Homosassa, Combs 977. Orange, Baker in 1899. Apalachicola, Chapman
in 1896. Mouth of St. Johns River, Curtiss 3617. Grasmere, Combs 1150.
Brevard County, Fredholm 5559. Sneeds Island, Tracy 6462. Captiva, Orrok in
1915. Caloosa River, Garber 41 in 1878. Eustis, Chase 4123. Miami, Tracy 9053;
Chase 3848; Eaton 337; Hitchcock in 1903. East Pass, Tracy 6459. Crystal, Combs
9794. Fort Myers, Hitcheock 518. Snapper Creek, Small & Nash 103. Ragged
Keys, Small & Carter 2879. Howes Key, Simpson 263. Key Largo, Curtiss
5502. Key West, Blodgett.
Banamas: Frozen Cay, Berry Islands, Britton & Millspaugh 2203 (N. Y. Bot. Gard.
Herb.).
Fic. 54.—Chaetochloa macrosperma. From Curtiss 3617, Florida.
Ih ates
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TAOS
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ee
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 197
21. Chaetochioa villosissima Scribn. & Merr.
Chaetochloa villosissima Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 34.
f.19, 1900. ‘‘Type specimen collected by J. G. Smith at San Diego, Tex., May, 1897.
Limpia Canyon, Presidio Co., 115 (in part) Nealley 1892, a smaller undeveloped speci-
men, with much less pubescent leaves, otherwise as in the type.’’ The type specimen,
the original of the illustration, is in the National Herbarium.
Setaria villosissima Schum. Just’s Bot. Jahresb. 28': 417. 1902. Based on Chae-
tochloa villosissima Scribn. & Merr.
DESCRIPTION, ~
Plants perennial; culms erect or decumbent at base, glabrous, as much as a meter
tall, the nodes more or less pubescent; sheaths glabrous or somewhat hispidulous,
often scabrous toward the
summit, compressed-keeled,
especially the lower, hispid
on the collar, villous on the
margin; ligule densely pi-
lose, 2 to 3 mm. long; blades
flat, scabrous and villous, or
scabrous only, 15 to 30 cm.
long, 5 to8 mm. wide; pani-
cles rather loose, more or
less interrupted, tapering at
the summit, as much as 23
em. long, the branches as-
cending, the lower as much
as 2 cm. long, theaxisangled,
scabrous, villous; bristles
single below each spikelet,
flexuous, antrorsely sca-
brous, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long;
spikelets lanceolate-ovate,
acutish, not strongly turgid
on the convex side, about 3
mm. long, pale or greenish;
first glume one-third as lone
as the spikelet, 3-nerved;
second glume nearly as long
as the fertile lemma, 5-
nerved (rarely 7-nerved);
sterile lemma as long as the
fertile, 5-nerved, convex or
sulcate, the palea narrow, less than 1 mm. long; fertile lemma lanceolate, the tip
rather pointed, incurved, the surlace finely but sharply cross-wrinkled.
This species is little known. The description is drawn chiefly from the type, in
which the blades are villous on both surfaces. Nealley’s no. 115 (Limpia Canyon,
Presidio County, Texas), with only sparingly short-pilose blades, appears to be this
species, though the plant-is only 40 cm. tall and the panicle 10 cm. long and few-
flowered, the branches very short. Two specimens from Arizona (no definite locality),
Emersley 19 and 21 in 1890, may also belong to this species. The blades are scabrous
but not villous, and only 3 to5mm. wide. The first glume is almost half as long as the
spikelet and pubescent near the margins. A sterile specimen from Big Spring, Texas
(open woods along stream, 8 miles west of Sterling, {Hitchcock 13401), with pubescent
blades 1.5 cm. wide, may also belong to this species».
Uff!
Fig. 55.—Chaeiochloa villosissima. From type specimen.
198 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
22. Chaetochloa setosa (Swartz) Scribn.
Panicum setosum Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 22. 1788. ‘“‘Jamaica.’’ The type
specimen in the Swartz Herbarium at Stockholm, has a narrow, rather close panicle.
Panicum caudatum Lam. Tabl. Encyel, 1: 171. 1791. ‘‘E Brasilio. Commers. &
Cayenna. D. Richard.’”’ The species is more fully described in the Encyclopedia.!
It is said here, concerning the locality, ‘‘Cette espéce croit A Cayenne, & m’a été
communiquée par le citoyen Richard. Comerson |’a trouvée au Brésil. Elle y forme
une variété 4 grappe trés-gréle, 4 peine barbue sur le rachis.’’ The Richard specimen,
in the Lamarck Herbarium at Paris, taken as the type, is a culm with several leaves
and apanicle 20 cm. long, the lower branches 2 cm. long. It is labeled ‘‘ex D. Rich-
ard’? and comes from Cayenne. The identification of this specimen is somewhat un-
certain. It resembles specimens of Chaetochloa setosa from the ‘West Indies, rather
than the specimens from Brazil that have been referred to C. caudata and which in this
paper are placed under C. rariflora. As noted above, Lamarck states that his Brazilian
specimen has a more slender panicle and is less bristly. In the National Herbarium
there are no specimens of C. setosa from southeast of Trinidad. There may be an error
as to the origin of Richard’s specimen, said to come from Cayenne. It may have
come from the West Indies.
Setaria setosa Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. Based on Panicum setosum Swartz.
Panicum brachiatum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 282. 1816. ‘‘Cette plante croit
aux Antilles (V. s. in herb. Desfont.).’? The type specimen, in the Desfontaines
Herbarium at Florence, consists of a panicle and a fragment of a culm bearing a single
leaf. The specimen is similar to Chase 6519, from Ensenada, Guanica Bay, Porto
Rico, bearing the note ‘‘plant woody, main culm erect, branches divaricate, arid
cleared limestone hillside.’’ The plant is decumbent, sending up erect branches.
The panicles are very open, bearing spreading or reflexed, distant branches, the lower
as much as 4 cm. long. This specimen agrees with the type in having the axis of the
panicle scabrous but not villous. Hitchcock’s no. 9315, from dry woods along the
coast east of Kingston, Jamaica, agrees with this in habit and shape of the panicle, but
the axis is villous, as is usual in C. setosa. It was noted in both cases that other speci-
mens in the vicinity showed gradations to the usual form of C. setosa. The open-
panicled form, like the type of Panicum brachiatum, is found here and there, on dry
brushy hillsides, but always associated with the more usual form. It is discussed
further at the end of the description of Chaetochloa setosa.
Setaria caudata Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 495. 1817. Based on Paniewm cau-
datum Lam.
Setaria elongata Spreng.; Schult. Mant. 2: 280. 1824. ‘‘InS. Domingo.’’ Schultes
states, ‘‘Setaria elongata Spreng. in litt. ad D. Balbis in Herb. Berteron.’”’ In the
Berlin Herbarium is a specimen labeled ‘‘Hb. Sprengel. S. Domingo. Bertero let.
Balbis ad Spr.’’ (Herbarium Krug et Urban). This specimen, the type, is a some-
what open-panicled, short-bristled form of Chactochloa setosa, intermediate between
Panicum brachiatum, mentioned above, and the usual form of Chaetochloa setosa.
Setaria brachiata Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 47. 1829. Based on Panicum brachiatum
Poir.
Panicum paractaenoides Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat. 1: 219. 1834.
““V.sp.e Krabbeneiland.’’ The type specimen, collected in Crab Island (now called
Vieques, near Porto Rico) by Hornemann, is in the Trinius Herbarium. It is a loose-
panicled form much like the type of Setaria elongata, mentioned above, and similar to
Britton & Wheeler 233, from Culebra.
Panicum dumetorum A. Rich.; Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 49.1854. “Ins. Antillae.”’
The type specimen, from St. Croix, is the open-panicled form like the types of Setaria
elongata and Panicum paractaenoides.
Panicum restitutum Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 53. 1854. Based on Setaria elongata
Spreng. (not Panicum elongatum Pursh, described by Steudel on page 71).
1 Tam. Encycl. 4: 736. 1798.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 199
Setaria setosa 8 caudata Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 555. 1864. Based on Panicum
caudatum Lam.
Pennisetum swartzvi F. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austr. 8: 110.1873. Based on Panicum
setosum Swartz (not Pennisetum setosum L. Rich.).
Chamaeraphis setosa Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 768. 1891. Based on Panicum
setosum Swartz.
Chamaeraphis setosa a caudata Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 769. 1891. Based on
Panicum caudatum Lam.
Chamaeraphis caudata Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. 7: 264. 1893. Based on Panicum
caudatum Lam.
Fic. 56.— Chaetochloa setosa. From Hitchcock 9846, Fie. 57.—Chaetochloa setosa. From Chase 6519, Porto Rico;
Jamaica; typical form. open-panicied form (Panicum brachiatum).
Chaetochloa setosa Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897. Base:
on Panicum setosum Swartz.
Chaetochloa caudata Scribn. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard.-10: 52. 1899. Based on Panicum
caudatum Lam.
Setaria paractaenoides Urban, Repert. Nov. Sp. Fedde 15: 98. 1917. Based on
Panicum paractaenoides Trin.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial; culms erect, spreading, or decumbent at base, often wiry, some-
times prostrate and woody at base, with upright branches, glabrous, scabrous below
the panicle, sometimes hispidulous about the nodes, mostly not over 1 meter tall;
sheaths glabrous or rarely pubescent, the lower often keeled, often overlapping, ciliate,
hispidulous or rarely glabrous on the collar; ligule densely ciliate, about 1 mm. long;
blades flat or folded, usually rather firm and stiffly spreading, glabrous beneath,
scabrous on upper surface, or often pubescent on both surfaces, usually 15 to 20 cm.
long, sometimes as much as 30 cm. long, mostly 5 to 10 mm. wide, sometimes wider;
200 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
panicles mostly narrow, sometimes loosely spikelike, sometimes rather open, attenuate
at summit, usually 10 to 20 cm. long, rarely as much as 40 cm., the branches short and
crowded orascending and | to 2. cm. long, approximate or, especially the lower, 1 to3 cm.
distant, these rarely spreading or somewhat reflexed, the axis villous with hairs as much
as 1 mm. long; bristles mostly one below each spikelet, flexuous, antrorsely scabrous,
mostly 5 to 10 mm. long, sometimes scarcely exceeding the spikelets; spikelets about
2mm. long, rather strongly turgid on the convex side; first glume nearly half as long
as the spikelet, 3-nerved; second glume about two-thirds as long as the fertile lemma,
5-nerved; sterile lemma about as long as the fertile,5-nerved, the palea well developed;
fertile lemma acutish, finely but strongly cross-ridged.
In habit this species is rather variable, the differences being due chiefly to the
length of the bristles, the length and distance of the branches of the panicle, and the
relative amount of foliage. The usual form has rather densely flowered panicles with
short, ascending, approximate branches, and bristles 5 to 10 mm. long. An extreme
form (Panicum brachiatum Poir.), growing on dry brushy hillsides, has wiry, often
woody, sometimes decumbent and rooting stems, rather few and distant leaves, and
loose panicles with distant, spreading, sometimes reflexed branches as much as 5 cm.
long, and short bristles. However, there are all gradations to connect this with the
usual form. This open-panicled form is represented by: Jamaica, Hitchcock 9315;
Porto Rico, Chase 6519, 6536, Britton, Cowell & Hess 1604, Britton & Wheeler 233.
DISTRIBUTION.
Dry woods and rocky hills at low altitudes, West Indies to Colombia.
New Jersey: On ballast, Camden, Parker in 1879.
Bawamas: Water Cay, Geogr. Soc. Baltimore 522.
CusBa: Cayo Paloma, Shafer 2565. Nuevo Gerona, Palmer & Riley 1000. Guanta-
namo, Léon 3775, 3776; Britton 1930, 2105. Santiago de Cuba, Léon 829, 830,
831, 3946.
JAMAICA: Spanish Town Road, Harris 9297, 12477. Kingston, Hitchcock 9315, 9745;
Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 606; Alexander in 1855. Gordon Town, Hart 826, 829; Hitch-
cock 9325; Harris 11348, 11458. New Forest, Hitchcock 9846. Hope, Harris
11292. Long Mountajn Road, Harris 11303, 11307. St. Andrew, Harris 11479.
Without locality, Marth.
Santo Domrnco: Rincén, Fuertes 1378. Santiago, Eggers 2378.
Porro Rico: Coamo, Sintenis 2987, 3197; Chase 6541. Cabo Rojo, Sintenis 853.
Santa Rita, Chase 6536; Johnston 1027. Guanica, Britton & Shafer 1901.
Desecheo, Hess 424, 4263) Britton, Cowell & Hess 1604. Mona, Hess 447. Culebra
Britton & Wheeler 18, 233. Ensenada, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 607;( Chase 6519.
Boqueron, Chase 6505. (Ponce, Chase 6488.)
Viren Istanps: St. Croix, Ricksecker 407. St. Thomas, Eggers in 1882. St. Jan,
Britton & Shafer 631.
LEEWARD IsLANps: Guadeloupe, Duss 2698, 3188. Dominica, Jones 34.
TrinipaD: Chacachacare, Hitchcock 10059.
CotomsiaA: Santa Marta, Smith 154, 2188.
3
23. Chaetochloa rariflora (Mikan) Hitche. & Chase.
Setaria rariflora Mikan; Trin. in Spreng. Neu. Entd. 2: 78. 1821. “Hab. in
Brasilia.’’ Trinius adds, ‘‘([ch bin ungeweiss, ob dieses Gras nicht vielleicht das
Panicum caudatum. Lam. sey.)’’. The type, in the Trinius Herbarium, has a spike-
like few-flowered panicle. Trinius himself changed the name on the label to Panicum
caudatum Lam.
Setaria vaginata Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4: Cur. Post. 33. 1827. “Rio grande Sello.”’
A duplicate type has been examined in the Vienna Herbarium.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 201
Panicum triquetrum Willd.; Doell. in Mart. Fl. Bras. 27: 161. 1877, as synonym
of Panicum caudatum Lam. The type is no. 18809 in the Willdenow Herbarium, sent
by Vahl from “ America” (probably Brazil).
Chaetochloa rariflora Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 18: 349. 1917.
Based on Setaria rariflora Mikan.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, tufted; culms erect, or decumbent at base, glabrous, mostly 30:
to 60 cm. tall; sheaths pubescent with short ascending hairs or glabrate, keeled,
mostly overlapping; ligule densely ciliate, less than 1 mm. long; blades elongate
and narrow, pubescent on both surfaces, narrowed at base, usually 2 to 3 mm. wide,
rarely over 5 mm.; panicles narrow, tapering above, 10 to 15 cm. long, often less, the
axis loosely villous, the hairs
mostly less than 1 mm. long;
branches ascending, the lower 5
to 10 mm. long, or often shorier,
rarely longer, the panicle then
being loosely or interruptedly
spikelike; bristles usually one
below each spikelet, flexuous,
antrorsely scabrous, 4 to 7 mm.
long, or often scarcely exceeding
the spikelets; spikelets about 2
mm. long, turgid on the convex
side; first glume a little less than
half the length of the spikelet,
3-nerved; second glume about two-
thirds as long as the spikelet, 7-
nerved; sterile lemma as long as
the fertile, 5 to 7-nerved, the palea
well developed; fertile lemma
acutish, finely and serpy cYross-
ridged.
Thisspecies differs from a setosa
chiefly i in the long narrow blades
and the usually narrower and less
bristly panicle. The second
glume is shorter and usually 7-
nerved. The two forms are given
specific rank because the speci-
mens from Brazil agree in having slender, rather lax bladesand narrow, few-flowered,
interruptedly spikelike panicles like the type of C.rariflora. Chaetochloa setosa is con-
fined to the West Indies and adjacent parts of South America. There are nospecimens
known from Brazil. In Trinidad itis found only on the outlying islet Chacachacare.
‘Because of the slightly different aspect and the different geographical range it seems
better to recognize the two forms as species rather than varieties, though they are
closely related.
Fic. 58.— Chaetochloa rariflora. From Ricksecker 67, St. Croix.
: DISTRIBUTION.
Dry hills, Porto Rico to Brazil.
ALABAMA: On ballast, Mobile, Mohr in 1892.
Porto Rico: “Under cactus on cliff facing sea,’’ Boqueron, Chase 6502.
Virain Istanps: St. Croix, Ricksecker 67.
LEEWARD ISLANDS: Antigua, Wullschlaegel 629.
Brazit: Bahia, Dorsett & Popenoe433b. Rio de Janeiro, Langsdorff; Widgrenin 1844;
Wilkes Expl. Exped.; Rose 20188, 20214. Without locality, Burchell 1251; Glaziou
16574; Gardner 139; Riedel.
202 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
24. Chaetochloa vulpiseta (Lam.) Hitche. & Chase.
Panicum vulpisetum Lam. Encycl. 4: 735 (err. typ. 745). 1798. “Ce beau panic
croit & Saint-Domingue, ot il a été recueilli par le citoyen Dutrone. (YV. s. in herb.
D. Desfontaines.)’? The type, in the Desfontaines Herbarium at Florence, is labeled
“Panicum vulpisetum Lam. Dict.’’? A second label bears the note “Bosc. Am. Sept.”
The type is said to have been collected in Santo Domingo by Dutrone. There is,
consequently, some uncertainty as to the origin of the specimen, but the label first
quoted above is similar in form to those generally accompanying Lamarck’s types;
the other is in a different hand. Ss
Setaria composita H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 111. 18ip. “ Crescit regione calidis-
sima prope Cumana et Bordones, in Nova Andalusia,’’ (Venezuela). The type has
not been examined but the de-
scription, especially that of the
panicle as nearly a foot long,
the apex nodding, and the
branches spreading, applies
perfectly to Jahn 462 from
Venezuela, as well as to the
other specimens of C. vulpiseta
from northern South America.
The statement that the spe-
cies is related to Panicum ttali-
cum strengthens this identifi-
cation, for the large thick pani-
cle and broad blades might
easily suggest the cultivated
millet. The description does
not apply to the species of the
southwestern states and Mex-
ico which has been going under
the name of C. composita.
Neither is that species known
from south of Mexico.
Setaria vulpiseta Roem. &
Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 495. 1817.
Based on Panicum vulpisetum
Lam.
Setaria polystachya Schrad.;
Schult. Mant. 2: 277. 1824.
“In Brasilia. Sereniss. Princeps Maximil. Neowidensis.’”’ The type has not been
examined, but the detailed description can apply only to this one of the known
species of Brazil.
Panicum compositum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 244. 1829. Not Panicum compositum L.
1753. Based on Setaria composita H. B. K.
Panicum macrourum Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. 37: 227. 1834. “V. spp.
Bras.’’ The type, in the Trinius Herbarium at the Academy of Sciences, Petrograd,
was collected in Brazil by Sellow. This specimen is labeled also Panicum macro-
stachyum. 'Trinius indicated by his synonymy that he was applying the name
macrourum to what had been called macrostachywm. A second specimen (Bahia,
Riedel 183) bears Trinius’s label “ Panicwm macrourum m.’’, but no synonymy is
given.
Setaria alopecurus “hort. Gor.’’; Trin. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. Sci. Nat.
1: 227. 1834, as synonym of Panicum macrourum. The type, in the Trinius Herba-
rium, is from the garden at Gorenki. ;
C2 Ra Yess
yyy “AU ee =
Wy a Wee.
ZASQEW Tez
/ y SN iV; a} QED
ffttha SE
Fig. 59.—Chaetochloa vulpiseta. From Stevenson 3024, Porto Rico,
cadres obra es eT OHNE RT
A
eR
Sayin
art
Hi Swat A.
te
Bee
. iia:
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-
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 203
Panicum amplifolium Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 53. 1854. “Setaria macrostachya
Hochst. in Hrbr. Kappleri nr. 1411. Surinam.”’ A fragment of this collection is in the
National Herbarium.
Panicum subsphaerocarpum Salzm.; Schlecht. Linnaea 31: 483. 1862. ‘“‘Salzm. pl.
exsicc. ‘Bahia in fruticetis.’”” Schlechtendal compares this with the preceding
species (P. macrostachyum), pointing out slight differences in the size of the blades.
Chamaeraphis setosa var. vulpiseta Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2:769. 1891. Based on
Panicum vulpisetum Lam.
Chamaeraphis composita Kuntze; Beai, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 154, 1896. Based on
Setaria composita H. B. K.
Chaetochloa composita Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4: 39. 1897.
Based on Setaria composita H. B. K.
Chaetochloa vulpiseta Hitche. & Chase, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 18: 350. 1917.
Based on Panicum vulpisetum Lam.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, branching at base, often in large tufts; culms glabrous, stout, often
decumbent at base, as much as 2 meters tall; sheaths keeled, glabrous, or scaberulous
or hispidulous toward the summit or rarely all over, hispid on the margin and densely
hispid on the well-marked ridge of the collar, the hairs yellowish, as much as 4 mm.
long; ligule densely hispid like the collar, 2 mm. long; blades flat, gradually narrowed
from the middle toward both ends, the larger somewhat plaited, scabrous, especially
beneath, as much as 50 cm. long and 3 cm. wide; panicles rather densely and evenly
flowered, tapering toward the apex and often somewhat tapering at base, as much as
30 cm. long and 4 or 5 em. wide (secondary panicles much smaller, sometimes only
5 cm. long), the branches stiffly ascending or spreading, as much as 2 or 3 cm. long
and of about equal length except toward the summit, the axis densely villous; bristles
1 or 2 at the base of each spikelet, slightly flexuous, brownish, antrorsely scabrous,
mostly 1 to 2 cm. long, appearing secund on the branches after the fall of the spikelets;
spikelets ovoid, 2 to 2.5 mm. long, pale, moderately turgid on the convex side; first
glume about half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved; second glume two-thirds to three-
fourths as long as the fertile lemma, 7-nerved; sterile lemma as long as the fertile,
5-nerved, the palea well developed; fertile lemma lanceolate, acutish, strongly and
rather coarsely cross-wrinkled.
The panicles sometimes resemble those of C. magna but are less densely flowered; the
fertile lemma is cross-wrinkled instead of nearly smooth. From C. macrosperma itis
distinguished by the smaller spikelets.
DISTRIBUTION.
Dpen ground and brushy slopes, West Indies and southern Mexico to Argentina.
Tapasco: San Antonio, Rovirosa 254 (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.).
GuATEMALA: Nenton, Seler 2716.
Honpuras: San Pedro Sula, Thieme 5582, 5582B. Without locality, Thieme 5574.
Santvapor: San Salvador, Renson 296.
NicaraGua: Jinotepe, Hitchcock 8683.
Costa Rica: Colonia Carmona, Jiménez 368. Las Delicias del Reventazén, Pittier
16171,
Panama: Puerto Obaldia, Pittier 4332. Culebra, Pittier 2121; Hitchcock 7898, 7906,
8026. Gorgona, Mazon 4734. Las Cascadas, Pittier 3744. Taboga Island, Hitch-
cock 8093. Toro Point, Hitchcock 8046. Gattn Lake, Pittier 6850.
Porto Rico: Jayuya, Sintenis 6335. San Juan, Chase 6371. Rio Piedras, Stevenson
3024.
TrinmapD: Bot. Gard. Herb. 3304; Crueger.
TosaGco: Broadway 4898.
168000—20——7
204 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
CotomsiA: Santa Marta, Smith 501. Without locality, Lehmann 7688.
VENEZUELA: El Limén, Jahn 462.
Durcn GurIANA: Paramaribo, Samuels in 1916.
Braziu: Tijuca, Ballin 1882. Rio de Janeiro, Graham; Wilkes Expl. Expd.; Corumbé,
Malme 3077; Anderson in 1851. Bahia, Léfgren 3737. Goyaz, Gardner 3518.
Campinas, Campos Novaes 1241. Espirito Santo, Capanema 5399. Tubaraio, Ule
1367. Without locality, Burchell 1629; Bot. Gard. Rio Jan. 135, 993; Capanema
5405.
Paraguay: Central Paraguay, Morong 546, 658, 673. Pilcomayo River, Morong 1574;
Rojas 84, 459.
Peru: Santa Ana, Cook & Gilbert 1548.
ARGENTINA: Misiones, Hkman 668.
25. Chaetochloa macrostachya (H. B. K.) Scribn. & Merr.
a
Setaria macrostachya H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 110. 1816 ‘‘Crescit in planitie
montana Mexicana inter Salamanca et Zelaya [State of Guanajuato].’’ Panicum
setosum is cited asasynonym. The type
has not been examined, but from the
highlands of central Mexico there is no
species other than the one described
below that corresponds to the original
description of Setaria macrostachya.
Panicum macrostachywm Nees, Agrost.
Bras. 245. 1829. Based on Setaria macro-
stachya H. B. K. Nees! based his con-
cept of Setaria macrostachya on a specimen
from Humboldt in the Willdenow Her-
barium from ‘‘America merid.” which
is Chaetochloa vulpiseta. Nees’s descrip-
tion applies to this species. Doell ?
follows Nees in this concept.
Panicum onurus Willd.; Nees, Agrost.
Bras. 251. 1829. This is mentioned as a
synonym under Panicum caudatum var.
8, ‘‘culmo ramoso, racemis angustioribus
depauperatis (P. Onurus, Willd. Herb.—
ex Humboldtianis).’’ In the paragraph
on distribution Nees says, ‘‘8 in regno
Mexicano (ab Humb.—Vidi in Herb.
Willd.).’’ The type specimen, no. 18813
in Willdenow Herbarium, was kindly
sent to me for examination by Dr. Urban.
The specimen is in an unsatisfactory condition, as the panicles are immature. The
foliage resembles that of Chaetochloa setosa, a West Indian species, to which the speci-
men was previously referred.* On reconsideration, this specimen is referred to
C. macrostachya, a Mexican species. Itis not Setaria onurus as described by Grisebach
(see under Chaetochloa tenax, page 177).
Chamaeraphis setosa var. macrostachya Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 769. 1891. Based
on Setaria macrostachya H. B. K.
Chaetochloa gibbosa Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 24. 1900.
“Type specimen in Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, No. 528 (828?) ‘Herbarium Ber-
Ce
a Gg
ay ie f ZZ
big. 6J.—Chaetochloa macrostachya. From Hitchcock
5808, Mexico; typical form.
1 Agrost. Bras. 245. 1829.
2In Mart. Fl. Bras. 22: 166. 1877.
3 Contr. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 18: 349. 1917.
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HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 205
landierianum Texano Mexicanum,’ no locality or date.’’. The type specimen bears 3
panicles, all past maturity and containing only a few spikelets. It resembles Pringle
1968 in the pilose blades but the panicles are shorter and more compact. The label
bears the following, ‘de Santander a Victoria” (probably in Tamaulipas).
Chaetochloa leucopila Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agt. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 26.
Sf. 14. 1900. “Type specimen collected at Parras, state of Coahuila, Mexico, 1363 E.
Palmer, June 1880.’ The type specimen, in the National Herbarium, in habit
resembles the narrow-leaved form of C. macrostachya, with narrow slender panicles, a
form common in Texas. It differs, however, in the pilose upper surface of the narrow
folded blades.
Chaetochloa macrostachya Scribn. & Merr. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 241.3
29. f. 16. 1900. Based on Setaria macrostachya H. B. K.
‘Chaetochloa rigida Scribn. & Merr. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 30. 1900.
“Tower California: La Paz, 125 E. Palmer 1890 (type).’? Two other specimens are
cited, Carmen Island, Palmer 857 in 1890
and San José del Cabo, Brandegee 28 in
1890. See further notes at the end of the
description of C. macrostachya.
Setaria leucopila Schum. Just’s Bot.
Jahresb. 281: 417.1902. Based on Chae-
tochloa leucopila Scribn. & Merr.
Chamaeraphis macrostachya Kuntze;
Stuck. Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires
11: 76. 1904, in a footnote. Based on
Setaria macrostachya H. B. K.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, tufted, usually pale or
glaucous, more or less hirsute around the
base; culms erect or geniculate at base, WN Wve
scabrous below the panicle and usually Cie
below the glabrous or hispidulous nodes, \
40 to 120 cm. tall; sheaths more or less \X
compressed-keeled, glabrous or usually
scaberulous toward the summit, rarely >
pubescent, ciliate on the margin, the collar
hispidulous or glabrous; ligule densely
ciliate, 1 to 3 mm. long; blades flat or
folded, scabrous on the upper surface,
smooth or scabrous beneath, rarely pubes-
cent on both surfaces, 15 to 40 cm. long, 3
to 5mm. wide; panicles spikelike, 10 to 25 cm. long, or sometimes shorter, somewhat
tapering above but not attenuate, more or less interrupted or lobed, sometimes rather
open below, the branches usually short, the axis pubescent and often also villous with
hairs 1 to 2 mm. long; bristles mostly single below each spikelet, 10 to 15 mm. long with
shorter ones intermixed, flexuous, antrorsely scabrous; spikelets pale (the nerves usually
pale), 2 to 2.5 mm. long, turgid on the convex side, sometimes strongly so at maturity;
first glume about half as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved; second glume two-thirds to three-
fourths as long as the spikelet, 5 to 7-nerved; sterile lemma as long as the fertile, 5-nerved,
the palea narrow, a little shorter than the lemma; fertile lemma rather sharply but
finely marked with cross-wrinkles.
The species is somewhat variable in habit and includes what Scribner and Merrill !
and Hitchcock ? referred to Chaetochloa composita. The typical form is rather robust
1U.S8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 27. f. 15. 1900.
2 Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 17: 263. 1913.
Fic. 61.— Chaetochloa macrostachya. From Hitch-
cock 13605, Texas; slender-panicled form.
206 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM,
with flat blades 5 to 10 mm. wide, and large panicles 15 to 25 cm. long, the branches
ascending, about 1 cm. long, or even as much as 2cm. The commoner form of Texas
and northern Mexico is less robust, the blades narrower, 3 to 4 mm. wide, often
folded, the panicles more compactly flowered and spikelike. There are so many
intermediate specimens that it seems impracticable to draw specific lines between
the forms. }
Certain specimens approach C. rariflora in habit (such as, Texas: Bush 1252, Rose
18051, Hitchcock 5178, Chandler 7085), but differ in the glabrous (but scabrous) blades,
pubescent but not pilose rachis, and pale spikelets (in C. rariflora the green nerves are
prominent).
The following specimens have pubescent sheaths ang ‘blades: Texas: IHitehcock
5337, Ball 1527, Groth 123, Jermy 38. Sonora: Rose 13004. San Luis Porosi:
Hitchcock 5729. Nurvo Leon: Hitchcock 5542, Pringle 1968.1 The first glume is
5-nerved in Rose 10116.
A few specimens from Lower California have the aspect of typical Chaetochloa
macrostachya but have slender spikelike panicles and glabrous sheath margins. The
specimens, which are in a fragmentary condition, were described by Scribner and
Merrill as Chaetochloa rigida, but the differences mentioned do not appear sufficient
to indicate a distinct species, The specimens are: Palmer 125, 857; Brandegee in 1890;
Purpus 227.
Chaetochloa macrostachya is closely related to C. selosa, but differs in having a more
compact and much less tapering panicle. In C. setosa the panicle is attenuate at the
summit.
DISTRIBUTION.
Open dry ground and dry woods, southwestern United States to Oaxaca.
Texas: Estelline, Reverchon 4262. Kingsville, Piper in 1906; Tracy 8882. ‘imney
County, Hill 83; Mearns 1216. San Antonio, Hitchcock 5132, 5162, 5178 gBush
1179, 1252; Tweedy in 1880. El Paso, Hitchcock@337,) 7825, 13320, 13426; Chase
5894, 5903; Stearns 179; Rose 17886. Chisos Mountains, Bailey 592. Corpus
Christi, Hitchcock 5363; JTeller 1480. New Brauniels, Hitchcock 5226. Laredo,
Hitchcock 5508; Mackenzie 107; Rose 18051; Havard in 1884. Maravillas, Havard in
1883. Kent, Tracy & Earle 378. Del Rio, Plank 87; Hitchecck 13631. Big
Spring, Hitchcock 13376, 13397. Robstown, Hitchcock 5388. Sarita, Hitcheock
5478. Rio Hondo, Chandler 7085. Bexar County, Jermy 38,214. Bracken, Groth
123. Alpine, Hitchcock 13605. Uvalde, Ball 1527; Reverchon 1097 in 1885.
Baylor County, Reverchon 1097 in 1879. Valverde County, Nealley 115. Western
Texas, Wright 799, 800; Havard in 1881. Olmito, Tracy 8907. Bears Mountain,
Jermy 783.
Cotorapo: Canon City, Hastwood in 1892; Jones 780; Shear 979.
New Mexico: Mangas Canyon, Smith in 1896. Mangas Springs, Metcalfe 154. Dona
Ana Mountains, Standley in 1906. Organ Mountains, Hitchcock 3796. Mesilla
Valley, Standley 407; Hitchcock 3818; Wooton 60. Las Cruces, Vasey in 1881;
Wooton 1081. Deming, Hitchcock 3757. Rincon, Jones 4163. Grant County,
Rusby 455. Roswell, Griffiths 5738. Cimarron Canyon, Griffiths 5554. Jarilla
Junction, Cockerell 19. Aden, Wooton in 1906. Albuquerque, Tracy 85 in 1887.
White Water, Mearns 2313. Carlsbad, Hitchcock 13489. Tortugas Mountain, Stand-
ley 6418. Black Range, Metcalfe 1147. Organ Mountains, Vaseyin 1881; Wooton
438. Without locality, Wright 2094.
Arizona: Tucson, Toumey 805 and in 1894; Griffiths 1511, 3349, 3352; Hitcheock
3491: Pringle in 1884. Patagonia, Hitchcock 3659, 3660, 3678. Santa Rita
' This was referred to Chaetochloa setosa by Scribner and is the original of the
figure so named (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21:39. f. 24. 1900).
ina
ne
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Sakaniin, Pag Rios ae send:
HITCHCOCK—REVISIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN GRASSES. 207
Mountains, Griffiths & Thornber 194; Grifiths 3925, 5910, 5993. Oracle, Hitchcock
13266. Bisbee, Mearns 858, 926. St. Johns, Griffiths 5196. Beaver Creek,
Purpus 8271. Pantano, Pringlein 1881. Benson, Griffiths 2003. San Bernardino
Ranch, Mearns 746, 771, 781. Grand Canyon, Leiberg 5938. Fort Verde,
MacDougal 539. Gila Valley, Rothrock 334. Fort Huachuca, Wilcor in 1894.
Pearse, Griffiths 1944. Without locality, Palmer in 1869,
Lower Carirornia: Ensenada, Orcutt in 1889. San Pablo Canyon, Purpus 227.
Carmen Island, mer 857 in 1890. La Paz, Palmer 125 in 1890. San José del
Cabo, Brandegeé,ih 1890. Magdalena Bay, Brandegee 2% in 1889.
Sonora: Hermosillo’ Hitchcock 3590. Alamos, Rose 13004. Guaymas, Palmer 53
and 340 in 1887.
Cumuanua: San Luis Mountains, Mearns 2101. Casas Grandes, Nelson 6368.
Chihuahua, Hitchcock 7775; Pringle 488.
CoaHutta: Saltillo, Palmer 378 in 1898; Hitchcock 5589, 5604, 5634. Sabinas, Nelson
— 6820. Torredn, Palmer 505 in 1898. —
Nurvo LEON: Monterrey, Hitchcock 5534, 5542; Pringle 1968.
San Luis Potosi: San Luis Potosi, Hitchcock 5665. Cardenas, Hitchcock 5729.
Zacatecas: Concepcién del Oro, Palmer 261 in 1904. Zacatecas, Hitchcock 7521.
Duranco: Tlahualilo, Pittier 471. Torreén, Hitchcock 7728. Durango, Hitchcock
7623; Palmer 378 and 872 in 1896.
Teric: San Blas, Nelson 4341.
QUERETARO: Querétaro, Hitchcock 5808.
Hipauco: Ixmiguilpan, Rose 8993.
Veracruz: Mirador, Liebmann 362.
Pursia: Tehuacdn, Rose 10116; Hitchcock 6047.
Oaxaca: Oaxaca, Hitchcock 6068. Tomellin, Hitchcock 6241.
26. Chaetochloa scheelei (Steud.) Hitche.
Setaria polystachya Scheele, Linnaea 22: 339. 1849. Not Setaria polystachya Schrad,
1824, ‘‘Auf felsigen Boden nérdlich von Neubraunfels: Lindheimer.’’ The type
collection is Lindheimer’s no. 564 of fascicle III, Flora Texana Exsiccata,! collected
in 1846. A specimen of this collection is in the National Herbarium, The culm is
1.2 meters tall, the sheaths minutely scaberulous, the blades flat, scabrous, 10 to 15
mm. wide; the panicle is rather loose, 22 cm. long, the axis villous.
Panicum scheelei Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 51. 1854. Based on Setaria polystachya
Scheele, not Panicum polystachyum Presi. Steudel spells the name ‘‘scheelii.”’
Chactochloa polystachya Scribn. & Merr. U. 8S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 21: 37.
f. 22. 1900. Based on Setaria polystachya Scheele.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial; culms 60 to 120 cm. tall, erect or geniculate at base, compressed
below, glabrous, the nodes often appressed-pilose; sheaths compressed-keeled,
glabrous, or scabrous near summit or on the keel, or sometimes more or less hispid on
the surface, the collar hispid; ligule densely hispid, 1 to 2 mm. long; blades flat,
scabrous or more or less pubescent, 15 to 25 cm. long, as much as 1.5 cm. wide; panicle
rather loose, 15 to 20 cm. long, tapering from near the base, the lower branches as
much as 3 cm. long, ascending, the axis scabrous-pubescent and rather sparsely
villous; bristles mostly 1 to 1.5 cm. long, rather numerous, flexuous, antrorsely
_ scabrous; spikelets a little more than 2 mm. long, paie; first glume about one-third
as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved; second glume a little shorter than the fertile lemma,
5-nerved; sterile lemma as long as the fertile, 5-nerved, the palea small and narrow;
_fertile lemma finely cross-wrinkled.
1 See Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 18: 151. 1907.
168000—20-—8 speieis RiRR a py
208 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
This species is allied to C. macrostachya, from which it differs in the looser panicle
with longer ascending lower branches. The broad flat blades distinguish it from the
common form of C. macrostachya in Texas. A specimen ( Miiller 2051, in N. Y. Bot.
Gard. Herb.) from Orizaba, Mexico, appears to be this species.
DISTRIBUTION,
Open or rocky woods, south-
ern Texas.
Texas: Burnet, Plank—4.
Kerrville, Smith in 1897;
Hitchcock 5299. San An-
tonio, Bush 1200, 1244;
Hitchcock in 1903; Hitch-
cock 5245. Mouth of Pecos
River, Havard 34 in 1883.
Austin, McAllister & Tharp
in 1914; Biltmore Herb
14922b. Brownsville, Hitch-
cock in 1904. Kingsville,
Piper in 1906. Abilene,
Bentley in 1899. New
Braunfels, Lindheimer 564;
Hitchcock 5203, 5237. Co-
manche Spring, Lindheimer
1251. On the San Marcos,
Wright. Sabinal Canyon,
Reverchon 1628. Bexar
County, Jermy 783. With-
out locality, Nealley in 1888.
Fig. 62.— Chactochloa scheelet. From Bush 1244, Texas.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
SETARIA FALCIFOLIA’ Fourn. Mex. .Pl. 2: 44. 1886. ‘‘Culmo recto, stramineo,
oliato, e radice fibrosa orto; foliis longis, falciformibus, angustis, plicatis, acutis, cum
vaginis villosis, ligula laciniato-pilosa; thyrso lineari, fasciculis remotis, paucifloris;
chaetocladis scabrioribus parvis, paucis versus basim fasciculi; gluma inferiore
minore quam dimidia spicula; superiore 2/3 floris aequante; flore hermaphrodito
tenuiter striato. Absque loco (Jur@. n. 622).’’
Nore on Serarta Acn.—Stapf! discusses the validity of the names Selaria Ach.
and Chaetochloa Scribn. He shows that Setaria was used by Acharius as a subdivision
of the genus Lichen and not asa distinct genus. The author of the present revision of
Chaetochloa regards the genus Setaria as effectively published by Michaux, since it
was based on the section or tribe of Acharius, therefore invalidating Setaria Beauv.
Stapf rejects Setaria Ach. because it has not come into general use, and accepts
Setaria Beauv. as valid.
1 Kew Bull. Misc. Inf. 1920: 124. 1920.
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INDEX.
{Synonyms in italic. Page numbers of principal entries in heavy-face type.]
Page.
NSTOSUISHLCUCLLOLG 2 neem cee eee aces 160
NEGUAOLLO a era Ne eis see ae eee 118
Alopecurus monspeliensis..........--.------- 179
DONUICEU SR rect eee eae Sate oe eee 179
BaLMyards crass see cen sees soe cies nectarines 142
BERCKLOLEIGMOLCY ON INIS= he seco ciae eee 137
OPUSINENOLAES== eae es aoe ce scien 136
Billionidollarjorass ss «sesso. sseeeeast ae see 133, 146
Capi evAGn col aes ase es eae ery eaier 135
Cenchrus parviflorus.........--.-.- 168, 169, 171, 179
Ghaetochloa ness ee 155, 156
AaMbiguarsesccscessesees ie ayer Sera a 186
barbatatsocce. Laem eco aes 158, 159
TeVvisetale =asccis wise Someee ooo eee eee 179
COWL OLDE reece ae es nS eae 198, 199
COM POSH OSes aoa sc ee eee ene 202, 203, 205
COPLU Gata aseswsceceines Soe eae 171, 191, 192
ONVUfLON Osea terete ee ene ane ei 171, 192
WLGU G2 rn Mace epee See ee clase eee AMemaa A 171
geniculata............ 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 192
gibbosa...... PoP a Re I Oe a RM eet 204
GL OUC OL fame tee a see eat ga 165
SE PEL CINIS seca Soe Se eee 171
MOC TUS ER eee alr Np eee Rae nel ee 171
OMISEDACHIL Sacer crema ce sehen eae 183, 184
Chi OMA Rees Steed aE Pee NC esenoe 183
MUETICON Oe oie ne eet SAR ee 183
LES UC sean Me eon SI Cae EO RO 192
UIIUDENO US ieee ete ct eae fae eer sea Pe oar 169, 171
GCTUICU LOLA eens oe alee oe en ey 171
DENEM NUS per penere Sen ache Sse 171
SERCDLOUOLTUSMen ene eitke nee eee 171
UNUDTESSO sot meen ine eisai ee BRS ee 177
Kta@licassua sh ae see sen SRSA men 155, 189, 190
LGC DIG OL OB st ere roe tena et rg ae 171
latitolascmeaeten ethene eee eee 194, 195
ORCUISEEER eee c hone e eee eee 194
LEUCODILT REA Ia eee ee SAD ee a ene 205
ingens 6 -eo See onyeesoseseseee eee LOS
OUUCUTL OT Camere says te er 193
HOMGT pil arse Reese iss eere ce eich Se 191
lluescens Saiees sacs a esac Saeiren 155, 165, 167
MA CLOSPEUM Ames sneeeeese ose 195, 196, 203
macrostachya-..........- 177, 204, 205, 206, 208
IIE hoc bo pS soonacoSduadde seesoocuaer 185, 203
OCCICENEAiS a seer Boe cles ceisaeisee 171
ONULUS Beiseeweinneseeeeeeee cote seme 177
palmitoliatessesesoee acer eee 161, 162, 163
DCTICULAL rs eons eee aie ene 171
METENNISh eae cme nee sols ase Nae Ree 171
DOLYSLOCHY Cente vans ans amseeee eae eee meee 207
DOME lan aerrsenc eeeeee eer eae 159, 160
DUT DUT OS CON Siceretneeinia asic sieiseeeye cies 171
Page.
Chaetochloa rariflora-.......... 198, 200, 201, 206
PEG IA Gs ie Te USO ee PR 205, 206
SCIZMANNONG en eeeea eee eee eee 176
SCandens 22 oes ee eneee 180,181,182
scheeleieeeo ss sos ose ccs eee 207, 208
SOLOSAM ase see nanan 164, 198, 199, 201, 204, 206
Sulcataccmosneet ease eee tee 160, 162, 163, 164
COMA CISSHIN Besant ea eee ce seco eae awe 182
POM ARAC ees Peewee es cac ue wae icts 176, 177, 264
UVENLCNALU aoe ae See en SoCo eee 171
VERSICOLO I ea iawn bie cee eee Nee ae Se 171
Vetticillatass-sestens-ce caer: 178, 179, 186
Willosissinias cies [2 See sap ee ee fe ay 197
VATS epee oes meets ees 155, 166, 186, 187, 190
Vill PISGLASt eens sink eloe cia sere 177, 202, 203, 204
Chamaeraphis)ce sa. screc esses eeciicrs Oseee eee 156
COUCOL ES ee tee mee een les tenor Se 199
DOUCTLONO eee Sama eae ace tee 193
CONDOS sree mee ee ace eee aoe eee 203
COTTUGULE Ore eee ets oe ee eee ee 192
COSTAL Gye ina e srereiotatelaittecleteloeisice eel ee 158
CHUSAOTCEMES BRO ac eee eee isee eee 1€0
Cif USD aS ee Se oS eee ene asian oe ome eee anaes 163
GUCUCO Sas ls Ok es ene ea cae 165
GENMICUWLALG ee Suet Ce ee eee een ne 170
ZITUDET DLS Some eee cee oat tae erage Cae 170
UT Se re ate perce ew S Sa aR OeECaE 170
DCNICIIAL Gee eee eee eee 170
WDETONTIS scene eras aa Sep eS ae 170
(I RT OO oc OG eT ae ee aS a 171
DINDET DIS rae eae eee eee ee oe healt 171
SEQLIC Crate neon yen) ee een cee ag eta 180
CINDIGUC eee eee ee eee eee 186
DETECT OL eee Co ee eee ees 178
ITI CIS ee eae SSE ce See 187
JUNG ETISUI Maracas Nan em ease ea cietone oiesies 160
SUNG ENSCTU ares ots arom rea SN) ihe Rice les eeu 160
MNACTOSLOCHY Gases “See aale nse oeie eee eee 205
AVAGO fasten sae aap ea ewan aioe see ae See 185
DOVMNUYOUGR a Ae ee eee ee eee 161
(NK CUU AU Peasauaseoeoeaascda cooacecoc 163
DENUCULOLG = = acre Sse oe oe eee Oe 171
SCLOS CIS oe os Os eo ata s Ree wee eee eas 199
COUGIE 2 ee ease eae ee see 199
WNVACTOSLECIY Un saereme meee one 204
DULDISELQs sme seee sees ssi s eee 203
GIG doo adoooawbeeoaosusnoosadessace 160
GUMS nedaoacubaasaddBasadoseesucoges 163
MENLCIUOGEL =e scree Sete eee ck eee 170
VETHCULUGE = sero see oe aero e eee 178
UUNIGIS VEE laine Ne eee ee eiee Seiee ee 187
CynoOSuUrUSs PaNiceus......-.--.-.---2-----0- 178,179
Ix
x
Page.
EM chinochlod..s2e0ce. = acco oneeee en enane 123,133
COlOMUIM ote ie Soancteoces sees 133, 150, 151
ZOMDIS: Me me Said vitae elas Bea Me ae 151
Echinochloa composita.- 9.5. ...-2-e-ceean-a=e 148
Cruspalii me eee eee 133, 139, 140, 141, 142
ONS OL ore cae eect et er eee 140
CLUSSPAVONMUS iis - sia )a\i7- e oiigle iene 148, 149
edulis scan Me sel. Se eee e eee eceee 133, 146
MUTVENIUCER. 6-2 econ oooh eee een ase 146
MAIS = 2 cca see scmes Sense ee 142, 144, 145, 147
ZOlAVENSIS swale a etins </see s ee mines 144,147
WUGENSIS)- (= oa Ae oe tees ane eae nate ee 129
ATAUTIL OTOL Cliein rata ein oes sae ice cage ee ete he eats 146
MOlMONMISS x6 ns sewe eset seek eee eee ees 137
longiaristatd=- se - sees. see S See eet eee eS
INMUMCULU sac. o esc) oite cer Oo sw ORE anes oe 140
Oplismenoidesi = ceeee cee cee BESSeneaes 136
polystachyan-c...k sasee eee eee eee 135
DYLAMIGAHS= 22 2sse! oe ee eee eee aes 134
SODULICOLO ESS aie eee en on smweee cee aseoe 149
EPCCLLDILIS Stine ters aa. sae eee sce Sot eeee ee 135
WalGOrdss£ O52) Sa ascsse Soenpaaeneeaee 138, 140
ZOLAYENSIO = ease Coe Goan see ees eee eects 147
Hoxtauloreeutcfako a5 2c. ee a eee 155
SOU ish cabe es oeea en Seehos see sae seis aoe 155
Gamalotereces nsec soceee cacenclene oes Sees acee 161, 163
ekaterosachvess: 2ose s, .fe ee ae - Sec aan 123
CLOMON EASE Cea ee cn oe eee « ee CE eee 123
UDP AGROStISms Soe 2a 2S" See eas os See eee 123
SEO PUSTUONUS, <rape Uke Ks 3h tat fae keis ne eee 123
EDUN SATIS Tt PTASS pays. a8 ac ares baleen 155
sachn6..-Aeae-. nuda le ssciess 6 beens eee eee ee 115
angus ttl an. nerves sowen ots sees 118,119
BLUNGINACCA +7 .22s555542555-= tec 119, 120, 121
AMSGRAMS + Dien. ccc ase's 26 teen sce cbeee eee 115
GISPOLM Asso 52 fo asehs suis sacks ee ose: 120, 121
(ATG) hers SR ee CEE EEO cease tc 121
LESESIOIG ES):!: 2522 2) sa. eee 2 ceeaeee eres 117
DHUTUIC ED cron oS o Salo Be OOS ce SE Te 119
POLYVPONOId CS ya.c Sea eee 115, 116, 117
DY PAU Colac 2 a= Sea sioe seis oe See eS 117
TISONS cca ee os tee une as 117, 118, 119
RIA IiG base S45 eee see Sree ree ote 118
ELACKY SPERM sa 2oe sae eee eee ae ee 116
IODROLUS: davis en= Ace cc ck soe eae See 156
QUMCUSS os She oh oat oleae eee oe ee 165
HEQLICTS 1h ooo hat a me ee re ee 190
VENTICLL LOTUS 5 36. eee 3 oe ee 178
DUNIGiS 2c Se awe cae eee ae aaa 187
Japanese barnyard millet................. 133, 146
MIE UMA COLON WINcieenrmacemea eee ewes sec eeee 150
CTUSOOLID Ja aeons ae a Sane eee ne cle ences 140
MBULAU OL ots <Ok coer eee Gls oe nee 118
rigidum.......- ph Ia sca nice STEN EA wa Shae 118
UTUCRLUOLUOLULEN Rte aie ice = ee ee oie coe 129
Millet. a2 OS cee kc a eee neces 155
Japanese barnyard.....-2:-.22e-.-.=.- 133, 146
Dearl\5 co to cekenermecte eee eee ee aae sae 165
Oplisments-2 ose eee eee Ree eee eee 123
OPINIS sik eens oon =e a eee 124, 125
OfTICONUS 5 os rei ecala ois eso Selene Ra 123, 124
QOWS osha s tens onan eee eee ee 124
ONOUSTIOUUS Se 2a ene ae eee oe oe eee 149
DTaStiiensts see: Saar eta ae ce eeeeeee 124
BromoideR reso sa. ce cen can eC ee 124
bupmannte ch tee 2c). erate os oe 124, 125
INDEX.
Oplismenus chondrosioides...............-+-- 129
POlONUSs = 2. H.0de ap tan sctep is Ae ee 150
COMPOSItUS =. <..fc.csocasuenwiee te ween 130
CriStOtUs. ..<0. caceageceens bade e eee 125
Crusgalh... 7 ted Sonus eee ae eee 140
CHE PAUONIS |. = Sloe esce eeu teens 142, 148, 149
CUDENSIR ia cc boas Soe ceed ee 129
depauperatus......-2..33. eee. 5 eee 132
echinatus: 2.2)..... 4. io eee 153
ST UNRENIRC US 9 ors 3's Saal 146
hittelusis. 2-3... 2ss55-2e 20 ee 129, 130
RertiflOTas \W.h 02 ws aia ss oo eien Con eee 131
humboldtinnuss... 22.2 list cecee eee 124
NUUECUS a5 OS oe hoe ea bone a ae 125 *
GOMOAICENSIS LE P52 tek 2 oe wee eee 149
Latifolis: 2 oS Ae ee eee 131
eD MANNA Ae eae 131
loliaceus 2. 8S. san ten Fae eee 132
longistiils 26: 32 Toe eee 138
TVUTICOLUS 232 sca ee ee eee 140
POTIONS. 5k sen ik Rea ee 127
Holystechy Ws. = t=. oe eee rey es 135
Fariforus=-.-. 2. topo. See eee 131, 132
TEPeNS 43 UGS ao ee eee 150
SOUATIUS .. Sone Cneaoeeeee 126, 127, 128, 129
ChiCD OU. tons ocean Sooo eee 132
velutinUs... 625585525 tie eee 129
RELUGENISS oc oat eee ae aoe eee 142, 147
OTH DOGO 352 2e sree Sed sone ae ee 123
BiTicanUs i AO aS eee eee 124
bromoides...... } PS res ere oS 125
GUM e+ eS eee 124
COMPOSE. 2 Oo is a eon see ea 123
CRUSGONAS ee nee cane cree eee 140
CUBDENSIS.. 3.30255 008 JCS sete eee 129
iT SUS = So. Son en soe oe CE ee 135
hirtenam: Sn See. Sac eo ee ee 127,129
hispiaseas 822 eS Ree 138
holetforwts 2552 cee ao ee eee 137
DPOTDIOUWI S22 aa ca seas one ae ee 127, 129
SCLOTIUS 2225S <i aa oa pant eee le oe ee 127
Palm Prass. cern J ao ite no - seen ee lee eee 155
Panicutie: = 525 ho se aeee oases 123, 133, 155, 156
OfTiCOMUN Art Slee ee ee een 124
OLLI ce Se See no 2 2 a en ee 124
WINDIGuali 2. oe aa ons wo ee eee 186
amphibolwim:< .55.203.22 22a 0 =e 176
amplifoliwMs. azz Dona sa s [eee eee 203
GristOLUMm: <= docien noes en eee 149
arundinucewin....2 a: Sone eee eee 119
barbalum ..22.4i. acne <a nee ana 158
BerterOniANG Mc oats noon a= ns ns ae oe 17
DON DIATMIGWUN 2-5 = ses enn aos sen 135
DF OCHA oe eaten bs See eae 198, 200
DYOTHNGERS «coe ate deeneweas eer eee 124, 125
CUTINOAN was we ce 5 a2 oe sa news eres hee 123, 124
edudarunt.... 72.222. .< 183, 198, 199, 200, 201, 204
COLOMUTM..-.. Sais. Solanki sdcpeees enee eee 150
ZONE on 5s eee gaa ek ee 151
COMPOSIUTIS 2a aa eee 123, 124, 202
COMPYESSUMN: «2 Sonos steer wae aaa 165
CONFETUAN o 0 en capee eee eee ae ee 120
COMPUT ARWIN Se coea nn oe ceems =< eee 191, 192
COSTQUUI 35 «nin ee hn ce ee eee eae 158
CIUS: OTUEME =~ wake one eee wee 160
CHUSCOTUL. oo. os Case ce eee eee eee 140
INDEX.
Page.
Panicum cerusgallt. oo s252 22. - 139, 140, 142, 147, 149
CHRISALT THI DAS APB AIC ese SSS e STEERS EAOEA 142
DNEVICTISLOCUTVsae eae eee 142
RAS DIC AUT Gases ene SN op eae ere 138
LONG LAT ASEALUNT eee ete ener e 142
INL CRRA mals nal Pen sare eae oats See 142, 144
LUT CTH Desa sapaadedacusacoUsoeadeace 144
DUR DULECUM peer erate seer seecieers states sel 144
SQDULICOLD Re see acre ease eis lates 149
CHUSSDEVONIS aot nance ae ee aeeele eee eae 148
CTUS= DIC ete meet Na a ye SEN sa seit 147
CUD CTS Cities oa ree satis oes apomeyeinie jee cee 129
COUSYUTU MN eaeen oe a aSee we Sao eee = Heciele 169, 170
GUST NOPUVOHIOS Sa cS Ons AaSn BC OCnGADaoae 119, 120, 121
CESS Des GoesucbouUeedaseanaonoesees 193
CUINCLOTAL NY et ee aioli eee ne eel 198
CAPO OTN isa oc Seen eeHelicente SoSeRnaneee 153
LONG CEU TI an Nope See tae eee eae 159
GALLO CULL TIS ie ne ea ete eer atte 160
LALVESCENS ae aoe ne nee ees eae 158
HULU TU ee ee ta epee en et 169, 171
TA RTW COE AS pars fae mer aes a ere tra Ed 125
MILMLENLACCILT Venom = ae epee anes 142, 146
NLL SCOS COILS GS inte se ao Siete we ie say eS apa 169
G CTULCULAA ALT Sstamcetete 2 tire serene ator 168,170, 171
GERINOTICUIM aaa tee apse ee eee ane 189, 190
GLODENNU UT eee enero se sae eer 168, 171-
GLGUCESCON Serer ste eee See ee 119,170
QUIOUCUTE a ace aoe 165, 168, 170, 187
S{UMVESCENS Rare eases Nae nea ane 165
DUT DUTASCETUS armel eases cial ern eter 169
OT UCT eae rcs Mea TERN eye ay Sle 170
GROSSU Ms ene seis Sores sae oe eee ee ale 140
NeLVOLU Nee as omnis ones See eee 178
hintelltinsae ose eee 123,124, 127,129,138
ISDIDU TE ee fe eee Cece en eae 138
DOLCTLONINE Bese ana e See ee ewes 137
ROTRIAU Mes eee ernst Woes soe ec sieve 149
UinDer be a eae eee a 168, 169, 170, 171
CASYUTUM reece eet eee ee 170
UTORUT DeiconocdsocosasousouSoqosEaRG 170
DUNT seen eee eee 169
DUT PUTOSCENS Hae sees cs ee ene 170
UMN DRCSSUM a arlene see seme eee eee 176,177
ATUCETEU TY Si Sieters Saas ote se eeare ates 150
UNLETINCALUT VE ieee ee eee eee eee 176
GEQUICU MN eee ee ene eee eas 185, 189, 190, 202
(UCONN sss accaeboscasccusoosease 190
DIT OSs a Sree alee ee ae SESS ee 187
EL IMGICENS CS terceyseic es SNe Soe cine 149
WALT G ETUS CTD eres olor eile Sates 160
LOCU COLUM meen alata = Ee cen 168, 169, 170
LED DOUCEU Tata at se cis Neo Scie eee 124
UGA DaGue sSGoeS usd oe SEE BH ODEaeaSe 131
LOTUG TS CELL IT Rr 2 ge Oe ay necen a eave pe 138
UULESCONS ererayaici= cee Ae ee ee ese eae 165
ANACTOSLACRY Ieee ens eee eee 202, 203, 204
TVACTOURUM mani ae eee ei einen eeeicte 202
MELICONUIN caper sw orn aaa 163
TULLINENU CS Bae ister Sree rsere ele 120
MAULTICOULM ke eee eC ER eee 140, 153
NUULCOLLONU Teme eee eee eects 127
OCCULENIOLE Re eee oe Seecieenese ae 171
ONUTUS epee sates a ael oP iom eee eos 177, 204
FOUNTAIN Boa sascasdoasuooonocsouusolac 161
DULMIFOUUM eer sen Ae see eeu 155, 161
XI
Page
PAMICUIMEDAVICULILERUNMsta\-o ce See cate 153
MOUNACLOENOLU CS Hae sce eee eee 198, 199
DOT CULONUT eee = See Ee eee 131
DE NVICULLO TUL TI are eet taser ete tera 169,170,171
(QOL ODN DEeeee tapos epee cee oeKeoeee 135
DUICOLU IEE See ses cre eect eee 156, 161
[POT AIRO She a5 esseeuaoe SGU ios Bae 161
DOUNCLIONALT ser oe ae eee eee eae 159
DOLYGONOG CS aso eee meee ee nae nce 116
POLY SEACRY UM aoe ae eee ee ee eee 207
MNONEDENG Bleep erence ete sete 150
WSULOCOMLON era seen a eee ene 170
FOUIPANM Dasaaes uaeceneooccesuLEe cooudee 168,169
DUNG ENUS: arcs se tency = eer erasers eee es eteests 140
DURDUTASCENS Sep steeei ee eee eee eee 169,170
DPYTAMIACLE Se See see te ae See 134
TURE MUIDUI DesecagcusdguoacsdsbeatcusGeeac 125
TORULOTUTU Ee creer ee eee ere Seon iam 193
RESLLEULUL TUS oa See Soe ee meer ea ciao 198
TAG ETUSN = 0 Te See cya peers = tee 118
RUGIAUOULU M22 2s.ce eee ae ENG a Ree aR eA 118
SQUWTICOLU Te eee ees ee ee 148,149
SONCLUE-MOTING rset cece ee eee see eae 125
SCONDENS HAS sao ie eae 181
LONGISCLO NS Soe He ee nee eae 181
VULGON Os 2. ra Servet oe cere ee anaes 181
SCHCCLETR See stan eis EES Se 207
SCIULLES UTS errs toa re pee ee ee ete ee estate at 125
SCIND ENS eer eae es ete eee ere aie 144
SCLOTIUTIUSS Boer SO Gee OR teen Saceenie eon 126
SCLOSULTIV Aer scone he eerste ee ete eerie 198, 199, 204
SDECIOSUTNS Soe See Sal aioe Ase eae ey ao 160
SDECLADULE sede ee cet er ee eRe nae 135
Guadcloupensemasase- Sse eee ee 134
SDNGQETOCOT DON ses eer eee eee 176
SPNACHOCANPUM peas eee ee eee 176,177
SUDSDAGETOCOT DUM ase neoeasees e aoe cee 203
SUICOCU Mizz seers ees ace elees 159, 160, 162, 163
LCTUCENS CBE 2s ow cioisn bree amie eee seas 169
LENACISSINUWMe ers osee sec eee ence 182
CONT Ses Nees Na apie eee peers eee eels 176
ERACHYS PET ases tee ee ee eee ee 116
ERIN oS Sse eee eee 182
UNAUIAHPOLUU Massa eee ee See oes 129
VELULIMU Mae Sioa ieee SE ae eerie 129
VENECNAL Se sane e ere eet eae 169
RL DETSICOLOR tas arate see ape eae 171
DETLICUULAL UL NUsea ene aele neni 178,179
POUT Woccecensom oc asonsoscassesqde 186
DOTUILONUM aoe ae hese ceaner ee ceee 179
OUGHT CaseceoooA nee BomoeboAKcealbocensoos 158
UIT ESCENS Ere ro epee re incite ise see eee eee 170
CUED Saccacbageenasanose see 156, 165, 178, 179, 187
DReUISCLUT a eos en ents nee eee ets 187
DNL OUSAMM Denon anos cn esassocusoeosnacc 202, 203
Walieniss so UR asec noone eeeree es asios 138
ZELLUY CIS Cen oes eee ee eee oie 147
ANDI aaccsouguacopaondsoanoSaCsocea sub ado 150
Paurochaetium (subgenus of Panicum)...-... 155
Pearlomilletescce- arene eee eee eee 165
IPENICILOTORS DICOLC neon meee ee ein eases 165
Pennisetum americanum........--.---------- 165
CONTUG CULT eaemameereeise eleicteeicinincteeee eine 191
(WOU HMM OM DacconGasokuesnachonoass sosocee 168
Pla CIS es ee rene ee srs noeynneteeer 165
MAUCU IN Seman a iis cwicher see eee eee 190
XII INDEX.
Page
Pennisetiim laevigatum soo... 22. ee wandns--=s 169
BCWNENS— ee = he Sn Seeger ee Soe Cae aa ete 180
SBCOSUM -ctnt cna aciawiocsieg == meee aise aes 199
SWAT ce cet petits oe cee one se ana at 199
Ly PhoidewMa se ese sac ash se eee es 165
VETHCITOLUIN aaainseee smeea ae ee ee oe 178, 187
DINIDe eee non Saale Sod Sc tate ae aye sete cae ois aie 187
Pireon Brass: foc as tacoma cnt ap ab= pie oan vata kre 155
Polypogon monspeliensis...... ere serail ec eie we 179
Ptychophyllum (subgenus of Chaetochloa) 155,
aarti 156,158
Ptychophyllum (subgenus of Panicum).... 156,160
Depalia PACH NOLIN acemeseeas> Sel sees 208
OPUS caws cco ccwacite «ine ete One 169
MLOPECUTUS acca saca Dees node ieee es ee He 202
UNDG A re vc coe see aie eee sece ean 186
DERterOntan Geos = Aes eee ce ceee eae 169,170
RU COGS cy a SC SACRE 5 =A 176
Drachi@ta = sae 2 = ase caeeice snes = 198,199
COCSDILOS CoE a eee eens 177
COMPONNICE Ss sheco tere cece seen te ees 190
COUAMIE CEE, Sone cae Meee eee er eee 198
COMPOSING: Foe. =o a= cena wees eee ie 195, 202, 203
CONTUGUIOS <2 2e se sees see eae wee He 169, 191, 192
CTAUS NATAL sek nce eos eae ce eee t 160
CF URD Een Go- cat oneness 163
CLONGOND we Joos a eae eee ce pee eee eae 198
MaQUCHOHG = so50 552 22 peat en ene dee eee sets 208
[LEO ca GSES SSS BEES B EE ESS S OSS EA Fe eee 169
QETACUIOWY Ant sac Oncaea cee oe eee ee 168
GUC meyente aye= <i “Ane n ee res waSe 155, 165, 168
Geniculate oS sa 25 een vent eee 171
WINDETUIS een sae Se aene SESE Roar oes 170
LEME = moan Sn to = ate ei ne a See 170
ENACT Da ceo nmas one eee eee ee 170
DEVENS arcs vac elses saan cocion cee 170
PUT DUTOSCENS Jc ciane ccicces te sennsssete 171
UMMCUES a a carots ante tae See alee cone 168, 170, 171
QEYUPILT 23 Do: Saree ee een ore eo
WOU OLED cscnansenacsne sce meee ene= Sone)
DULDUTOSCENS x2) een ea ccanescen sek 170
HES DIG orcas acta a tene a aoe uae ee 192
SIMUETDIS 5. Sos coo oe ee ae ee een ae 169
Setaria impressa
paractaenoides
pseudoverticillata
wentenalti.2~. .= 22 cn cn cases
bie nes auiws a cis oslo: aS 178,179
fe ee 163
Lee cee 199
oa oe ee 169, 171
teh inl ee 170,171
22 2 eee es) ee
iySico be 168, 171
Sire ee 178
ee Lah 4 Se iititic ee
ee eee 180
a ee eee 183, 199
oe re 177
168, 189, 170, 171
o Daccecieat Sacto =e see a 197
_ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
CONTRIBUTIONS
FROM THE -;
UNITED STATES NATIONAL HERBARIUM -
VOLUME 00) PART 4
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES
OF PENNISE TUM
By AGNES CHASE
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1921
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,
PREFACE
The paper presented herewith, by Mrs. Agnes Chase, assistant
agrostologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, is a
revision of one of the important genera of grasses. The method of
study and presentation is the same as that followed in earlier papers
on North American grasses, which have been published in the
Contributions.
The genus Pennisetum belongs chiefly to the Old World, Africa
being especially rich in number of species. In North America we
have 10 species which are native and 4, including the well-known
pearl millet, which are now established from earlier introductions,
besides a few species cultivated for ornament, and one promising
forage grass which is now being introduced into the Southern States.
The native North American species have been much confused with
each other and with closely related South American species. They
are confined chiefly to the tropics and subtropics, only one native
species extending into the southern United States.
FREDERICK V. CovILLe,
Curator of the United States National Herbarium.
Tit
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CONTENTS.
: Page
PE ETOMUC HOM eee (see eprops Era eu aren oc eed ASN pa aes 209
Deserapuonvolsthecemuistand! species. 22227 2.5. es - 1 ee s eee 210
Bcc lu ded sspecves saw mecg10 ee eset tna lesen ahs oe tee Oe aha ear ane Si ae 234
Hiri leeches eee eee Rat ne ye ANS wR Stet Seti Aa PA eek wl ind SGV ae Ix
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Fiaure 63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
ike
72.
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76.
ILLUSTRATIONS.
TEXT FIGURES.
rs Page
PEN NASCOLTUTILO STL Sete iace am okra 5 ee a age are nee 213
TCTUNISCULTIV OI LEMUDLCLUNULOTULM Ue aia ive eee ey ee ed a 215
ON TUISCLUMUCULUAN Eee ot ee ren sg ek on ca ees eae Sw 215
Pennisetum Glaucunss = eee ie 2 oe DO eh ee pS wey ee 217
REN TUISCLUATL COT WUUN SHY Ua ae meatal s) Sale ona le es oie en 220
WRENNUSCLUTISELOSUM spore aren Or iors aie Aon eeines Se eee 223
EON USCLULMALIULULLATULTU meme na epee errs see ete eer 225
PCN NISCLUMCPULULUN US cn 0 aie ea ey ete ere ie pee ye he eee eens 226
ME COUTUUSCEUTIUNCONUD LTV GLUT Ss see eke = sear eee teva aes G27
RENN ISELUTUIAOMAN GET SCM ae mainte esc oe eee ee eee 228
BCILTUISELULTI OUTLET est te Mee ee tea ASI ese erat ane. raya ers Benge 229
ELEM TUUSCLULTIVSCUSLOCINYUTIV este a8 ots) afe set tese tt eee Prete cl sa 230
TCRNASELUTPTOULICUM semen ane eee yaar ain oes = eer: 231
RENNASELUMEDAIMOUSI ONIN Case 2 ano ae eee eee eee Gee 2O8.
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PENNISETUM.
By AGNES CHASE.
INTRODUCTION.
The genus Pennisetum is one of that series of Paniceae in which
sterile branches of the inflorescence are modified into an involucre
subtending or surrounding the spikelets. This series falls into two
groups, one in which these reduced branches or bristles remain on the
common axis, the spikelets falling alone, the other in which the one
or more free or coalesced bristles fall with the spikelets inclosed and
aid more or less in the dispersal of the seed. The first group con-
tains Chaetochloa and its allies, the second Chamaeraphis, Para-
theria, Pennisetum, Plagiosctum, Odontelytrum, and Cenchrus. The
second group is but poorly represented in the Western Hemisphere.
Only the monotypic genus Peratheria Griseb., about 20 species of
Pennisetum, and 15 of Cenchrus are native to America.
One species of the genus, Pennisetum glaucum, pearl millet, has
been cultivated since before the dawn of history and is unknown in
the wild state. [ts grain forms an important article of food in
Africa and to a less extent in India. In our Southern States pearl
millet is grown for forage. Another African species, Pennisetum
purpureum Schumach., is being introduced as a fodder plant in the
South under the name Napier grass. Pennisetum ruppelii Steud.
and P. macrostachyum (Brongn.) Trin., with beautiful feathery
panicles, are cultivated for ornament.
The American species of Pennisetum have been much confused.
A recent work on the derivation of pearl millet,’ by Paul Leeke, is
devoted in part to the other species of the genus. A key to all
the species is given and the numerous synonyms are referred to the
species and varieties recognized. Except in the series Penicillaria,
which includes ‘‘Negerhirse”’ (Pennisetum glaucum), no descriptions
are given, save in hew species and new varieties, and in a few other
instances, and no specimens are cited. The American species were
not well understood by Dr. Leeke, as shown by his referring the
American P. setosum and the very different P. multiflorum Fourn.,
both perennials, to the Hast Indian annual, which he calls P. indicum
LP. polystachyum (L.) Schult.].
1 Untersuchungen tiber Abstammung und Heimat der Negerhirse [Pennisetum
americanum (L.) Schum.] von Dr. Paul Leeke. Zeitschr. Naturw. 79: 1-108, with
plates. 1907.
209
210 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Pennisetum has been divided into various subgenera which appear
to be fairly natural groups. Among our few species, however, are
some that are intermediate or exceptional. Pennisetum setosum, with
its densely plumose bristles, comes under subgenus Eriochaeta, but
the obviously related P. antillarum has bristles not at all plumose.
The introduced species belong in Pennisetum proper, with ciliate
bristles and more than one spikelet in a fascicle. Pennisetum
karwinskyi falls in this group, though in this the bristles are some-
times scarcely ciliate. The rest of our species, with bristles scabrous
only, belong in subgenus Gymnothriz. The section Beckeropsis of
the subgenus Gymnothriz is not represented in America, though the
South American P. eraliatum and P. mutilatum, with few and reduced
bristles, approach it. Pennisetum glaucum is placed in section
Penicillaria by Stapf? and by Leeke. The name Penicillaria refers
to the minute brush of hairs at the tips of the anthers in this species.
An adequate revision of Pennisetum as a whole can be prepared
only by someone having access to abundant material from Africa,
its center of distribution. The present paper deals only with the
species found in North America, 10 native and 4 introduced.
The text figures illustrate part of the inflorescence, two-thirds
natural size.
DESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES.
PENNISETUM L. Rich.
Pennisetum L. Rich. in Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805. Five species, P. typhoideum,
P. setosum, P. cenchroides, P. orientale, and P. violacewm are included. All belong
to the genus as at present limited. The first (which is the same as P. glaucum),
agreeing with the generic characters given and being an important economic species,
is taken as the type. The generic name refers to the plumose bristles, a character
more pronounced in the other species included than in the type.
Penicillaria Willd. Enum. Pl. 1036. 1809. Penicillaria spicata Willd., based on
Holcus spicaius L. (which is the same as Pennisetum glaucum), is taken as the type.
In a footnote Willdenow explains that the genus was characterized by Swartz in
Schrader’s Neues Journal. The article referred to is one in which Swartz * discusses
the genus Holcus and shows that H. spicatus L. does not belong in that genus, but
rather in Cenchrus or in a distinct genus. He then gives a detailed description from a
specimen grown in his garden, but does not propose a generic name. A second species,
P. ciliata, based on Alopecurus indicus (Pennisetum indicum (Murray) Kuntze) is
added. The name doubtless refers to the penicillate tips of the anthers, but neither
Swartz nor Willdenow mentions this character.
Gymnothrix Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 59. pl. 78. f. 6. 1812. A single species, G. thuarit
Beauv., from Ile-de-France [Mauritius] is included. The figure shows a fascicle
with bristles not plumose. Beauvois divides Pennisetum into three genera: Penicil-
laria, containing the species with penicillate anthers (‘‘apici villosis”’); Pennisetum,
2 In Thiselt. Dyer, Fl. Cap.'7: 481. 1898.
3 Neu. Journ. Bot. Schrad. 2: 39-49. 1807.
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PENNISETUM. 211
containing the species with plumose bristles and 3 to 5 spikelets in a fascicle (among
the species listed is P. setoswm with solitary spikelets); and Gymnotriz, with glabrous
bristles and solitary spikelets.
Catatherophora Steud. Flora 12: 465. 1829. A single species, C. hordeiformis, based
on Panicum, hordeiforme Thunb., is included. Steudel segregates it from Gymnothriz
because the lower florets are undeveloped, that is, the sterile palea is wanting.
Panicum hordeiforme Thunb. is composed of three varieties, a and § being from the
Cape of Good Hope, and y from Japan. Steudel cites Ecklon’s no. 973 from South
Africa, showing that it is the African form upon which he bases his genus. This
is Pennisetum hordeiforme (Thunb.) Spreng. In Steudel’s Nomenclator 4 the name
is spelled Cataterophora.
Pentastachya Hochst.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 299. 1841. No description is
given. A single species, P. abyssinica Hochst., nom. nud., is mentioned, this based
on Pennisetum pentastachyum Hochst., not described until 1851. Here Richard ®
etates that Hochstetter wished to propose the genus Pentastachya for this species, but
that it could not be distinguished generically from other species having several spike-
lets in a fascicle.
Beckeropsis Fig. & DeNot. Agrost. Aegypt. Frag. 2: 49. pl. 28. 1853. (Mem. Accad.
Sci. Torino 14: 365. 1854). Two species, B. nubica, based on Beckera nubica Hochst.,
and B. petiolaris, based on Beckera petiolaris Hochst., are included. The first is
illustrated and is taken as the type. In this species the fascicle is reduced to a single
long bristle below the solitary spikelet.
Eriochaeta Fig. & DeNot. Agrost. Aegypt. Frag. 2: 58. pl. 30, 81, 82.1853. (Mem.
Accad. Sci. Torino 14: 374. 1854). Three species, E. secundiflora, E. densiflora,
and E. reversa are included. Each is illustrated. In these species the bristles are
_ conspicuously plumose, and the spikelets are on plumose pedicels.
Sericura Hassk. in Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 404. 1854. A single species, S. elegans
Hassk., from Java, is included. Leeke® refers this to Pennisetum macrostachyum
(Brongn.) Trin. The description well applies to that species. The name Sericura
was listed, with a few words of misleading description, in 1842.7 Steudel obviously
misunderstood this genus. Though the generic description applies perfectly to
Pennisetum, he places it in Andropogoneae next to Imperata.
Macrochaeta Steud. in Zoll. Syst. Verz. Ind. Arch. Pfi. 60. 1854. The name
Macrochaeta sacchariformis is mentioned without description in a note appended to
Sericura. Steudel (see paragraph above) says that he had formerly used the name in
letters.
Amphochaeta Anderss. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1858: 136. 1855. A single
species, A. exaliata Anderss., from the GalApagos Islands, is included. In this the
bristles are reduced to 2 to 6, mostly shorter than the spikelet and more or less clustered
at each side of it. Andersson emphasizes this character (hence the name).
DESCRIPTION.
Spikelets sessile or short-pediceled, one to several together, surrounded or subtended
by an involucre, composed of a fascicle of reduced sterile branchlets, the fascicles
sessile or short-peduncled and usually crowded on a common axis forming spike-like
panicles, the fascicles falling entire with the spikelet inclosed; fascicles with few to
numerous slender, antrorsely scabrous bristles, distinct throughout or, in two species,
united at the very base into a minute disk, the outermost short, the inner longer,
mostly unequal, the innermost (that is, the branchlet at the base of which the spikelet
or the uppermost spikelet is borne) often stouter and longer than the others, sometimes
conspicuously so; spikelets lanceolate, mostly acute; glumes unequal, 1 to 5-nerved,
*Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 311. 1840. 6 Zeitschr. Naturw. 79: 41. 1907.
5 Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 387. 1851. 7 Hassk. Flora 257: Beibl. 2. 1842.
G12 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
the first usually minute, rarely obsolete; sterile lemma few to several-nerved, inclosing
a palea and often a staminate flower or empty; fruit subindurate, smooth, the lemma
acuminate, mostly nerved toward the summit, its margins thin and usually flat;
the palea of similar texture or a little thinner, its tip sometimes acuminate and free
from the clasping lemma; stamens 3; stigmas plumose; grain usually oblong, dorsally
compressed, with a punctiform hilum, free within the lemma and palea.
Annuals or perennials, mostly tall and robust, confined to the tropics and subtropics.
There are probably 80 species or more, over half of them confined to Africa.
The spikelet of Pennisetum glaucum, presumably developed under cultivation,
has assumed a form somewhat analogous to that of Indian corn. ‘lhe fascicles are
persistent on the axis, the glumes are much reduced, and the enlarged grain at
maturity protrudes from the lemma and palea.
The simplest form of Pennisetwm is found in the African species of the section
Beckeropsis, in which there is a single bristle below the spikelet. In the South
American P. mutilatum (Kuntze) Hack. the single bristle is usually shorter than the
spikelet, or is sometimes obsolete. -Pennisetum exaltatum (Anderss.) Leeke, of the
Galapagos, connects these one-bristled forms with such few-bristled species as the
North American Pennisetum durum. In Hymenachne montana Griseb., of Argentina,
is found what suggests an approach to Pennisetum. In that the lower spikelets of the
panicle are sometimes subtended by a bristle. The uppermost spikelet also is often
thus subtended; that is, the spikelet-bearing branchlet is prolonged into a scabrous
bristle. ‘ihe subindurate fertile lemma and palea and the lanceolate spikelets of
Pennisetum also suggest relationship to Hymenachne. At the other extreme, such
species of Pennisetum as P. karwinskyi and P. ciliare, with bristles united at the very
base and with several spikelets in a fascicle, approach such species of Cenchrus as
(. myosuroides. :
KEY TO THE SPECIES,
Bristies about 4 cm. long; panicles oval, feathery; spikelets 10 to 12 mm. long.
1. P. villosum.
Bristles rarely over 2 cm. long, most of them much shorter; panicles cylindric
or nearly so; spikelets not over 7 mm. long.
Grain at maturity subglobose, bursting through the lemma and palea; panicle
solidly dense, 2 cm. or more thick; plants annual............ 4. P. giaucum.
Grain permanently inclosed in the lemma and palea; panicles less than 2 cm. thick,
not solid; plants perennial.
Fascicles, or most of them, with 2 or more spikelets.
Bristles free throughout, some of them plumose. Fascicles pedunculate;
spikelets pedicellate...............-..-.---- 2. P. orientale triflorum.
Bristles united at the base into a minute disk.
Inner bristles conspicuously plumose, much exceeding the spikelets.
3. P. ciliare.
Inner bristles sparsely (rarely not at all) ciliate, only the innermost much ex-
ceeding the'spikelets...-- 2-5-0 sae oe 5. P. karwinskyi.
Fascicles with but one spikelet.
Bristles conspicuously plumose. .......-.----.------22--+-s 6. P. setosum.
Bristles not plumose.
Panicles terminal on the primary culm and leafy branches only.
Blades involute, not over 5 cm. long..............- 10. P. domingense.
Blades flat or involute-pointed only, 10 cm. or more long.
Spikelets 2 to 2.5 mm. long; axis about 0.5 mm. thick.7. P. antillarum.
Spikelets 4.5 mm. or more long; axis 1 to 3 mm. thick.
Bristles scant, most of them scarcely exceeding the spikelets or shorter;
panicle stiff, densely flowered g..............-.-- 8. P. crinitum.
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PENNISETUM. 213
Bristles numerous, most of them about twice the length of the spikelet;
panicleyless dense): 32g 56 ssn ci 9. P. complanatum.
Panicles terminal and axillary, the latter on slender naked peduncles, 1 to
several from a sheath.
Blades elongate, rarely over 12 mm. wide, tapering into a long setaceous-
involute tip; spikelets 6 to 7 mm. long, the bristles mostly shorter.
11. P. durum.
Blades 15 to 40 mm. wide, if narrower not elongate, not setaceous-tipped ;
spikelets 4.5 to 6 mm. long, some of the bristles always longer.
Steric lemma inclosing a well-developed palea and usually a staminate
flower; panicles loosely flowered; most of the bristles about twice
the length of the spikelet................- 14. P. bambusiforme.
Sterile lemma empty; panicles rather densely flowered; most of the
bristles not more than once and a half the length of the spikelets.
Panicles dull green; bristles scant, most of them not exceeding the
spikelet, the innermost about twice as long.12. P. distachyum.
Panicles tawny; bristles numerous, most of them exceeding the spike-
let, the innermost not conspicuously longer than the others.
13. P. prolificum.
1. Pennisetum villcsum R. Br.
Pennisetum villosum R. Br. in Salt, Voy. Abyss. App. 62. 1814, nom. nud.; in
Fres. Mus. Senckenb. Abh. 2: 134. 1837. Described from specimens collected in
Abyssinia during the years 1805 to 1810 by Henry Salt. The type has not been
examined.
Pennisetum villosum var. humile Hochst.; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 887. 1851.
“Prope Adoua [Abyssinia] (Schimper).’? A specimen of Schimper’s no. 316, col-
lected at Adoa, Abyssinia, in September, 1837, in the National Herbarium, is a
dwaried plant like Chase’s no. 5600 from Santa Barbara, California. _
Cenchrus villosus Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 3?: 347. 1898. Based on Pennisetum
villosum R. Br.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, rather pale, at length forming dense clumps from a knotted
crown; culms ascending, 15 to 50 cm. tall, rarely 1 meter
or more tall, commonly branching from the lower nodes,
mostly flattened or angled in drying, the uppermost
joint villous, at least below the inflorescence, other-
wise glabrous; sheaths loose, mostly overlapping, pilose
along the scarious margin and at the summit or gla-
brous; ligule a ring of fine hairs 1.5 to 2 mm. long; blades
ascending or spreading, 3 to 6 mm. wide, mostly elon-
gate, the upper often exceeding the inflorescence, but
in dwarf plants sometimes only 8 to 10 cm. long, flat
or folded, sparsely pilose on the upper surface or gla-
brous, the margins and sometimes the under surface sca-
brous; panicle grayish tawny, very dense, oval, 3 to 15
cm. long, 3 to 5 cm. wide including the bristles; fas-
cicles short-peduncled, with a tuft of white hairs at
the base of the peduncles; bristles slender, spreading,
the longest 4 to 5 cm. long, the inner plumose below, |
the innermost not differentiated from the others; spike- |
lets 1 to 4in a fascicle, sessile, 10 to 12 mm. long, 1.7 to Fic. 63.—Pennisetum villosum.
2 mm. wide; glumes unequal, the first about 1 mm. From Zastwood 172, California.
long, one-nerved or nerveless, subacute, the second
about one-third the length of the spikelet, one-nerved, acuminate; sterile lemma
slightly shorter than the fertile one, long-acuminate, finely many-nerved, scabrous
914 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
except at the base, inclosing a well-developed palea and often a staminate flower;
fruit but little indurate, long-acuminate, the lemma finely nerved and scabrous
on the upper half, the margins thin and flat, the long brownish styles more or less
persistent or caught in the feathery bristles.
This species is cultivated for ornament. In the trade it is commonly called Penni-
setum longistylum. According to Hackel® and Leeke ® this is not P. longistylum
Hochst.!° A specimen of the type collection of the latter, Schimper’s no. 65, from
Adoa, Abyssinia, in the National Herbarium, is very immature. It is much like
dwarfed plants of P. villoswm. The bristles are less plumose than are those of that
species. Itis clearly allied to P. villosum and does not belong in the section Gymno-
thriz, as stated by Hackel. Leeke places it next to P. villosum, differentiating it
by the greater number of nerves in the sterile lemma.
DISTRIBUTION.
Arid open ground, East Africa; sparingly escaped from cultivation in the United
States, Mexico, and Jamaica.
Micuican: Port Huron, Dodge 126.
Texas: Texarkana, Plank 23.
CALIFORNIA: Santa Barbara, Hastwood 172; Chase 5600; Somes C17. Ventura, Parish
11049.
Srnatoa: Topolobampo, Palmer 231 in 1897.
Jamaica: St. Andrew, Harris 12402.
PENNISETUM RUPPELI Steud.,!! commonly called fountain-grass, is cultivated in
parks and borders. It is a tufted perennial about 1 meter tall, with simple culms,
narrow elongate scabrous blades, and beautiful feathery, purple or pinkish, nodding
panicles, 15 to 35 cm. long, the fascicles pedunculate, not crowded, with one to three
short-pediceled spikelets, tlie bristles plumose toward the base, the longest 3 to 4 cm.
long. Pennisetum macrostachyum (Brongn.) Trin.,!? with broad blades and larger
panicles with longer, more silky, not plumose bristles, is cultivated sparingly. A
purple strain of this has been called ‘‘ P. macrophyllum atropurpureum”’ * by seedsmen.
2. Pennisetum orientale triflorum (Nees) Stapf.
Pennisetum triflorwm Nees in Steud. Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 107. 1854. “(* * *
Royle Hrbr. nr. 59.) Nepal.’’? The type has not been examined, but the description
well applies to the East Indian plants identified as P. orientale var. triflorum by Stapf.
Pennisetum orientale var. triflorum Stapf in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 7: 86. 1896.
Based on Pennisetum triflorum Nees.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, forming tough clumps from knotted crowns; culms erect from
an ascending base, usually 1 meter or more tall, rather robust, simple or sparingly
branching, pubescent or scabrous below the panicle, otherwise glabrous; nodes
8 In Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. 2?: 38.1887.
® Zeitschr. Naturw. 79: 23. 1907.
10 A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 338. 1851.
1 Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 298. 1841, nom. nud.; Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 107. 1854. “‘P.
macrostachyum Fresen. Hochst. hrb. un. it. Abyss. no. 72.’’ Described from Abys-
sinia.
12Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. VI. 3?: 177. 1834. Originally described from the
Moluccas.
13 Henkel in Méllers Deutsch. Girt. Zeit. 1906: 9. 1906.
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PENNISETUM. 25
appressed-pubescent, leaves numerous, the sheaths loose, mostly overlapping, ciliate
on the margin, otherwise glabrous; ligule lacerate- :
ciliate, scarcely 1 mm. long; blades flat, lax, 5 to 10
mm. wide, elongate, sparsely hispid on the upper
suriace, scabrous beneath and sometimes with a
few scattered hairs; panicles 12 to 20 cm. long,
about 15 to 20 mm. thick, purplish, rather loose at
least toward the base, nodding, the axis angled,
densely pubescent; fascicles peduncled, spreading
or reflexed; bristles slender, flexuous, unequal,
the outer short, scabrous only, the inner mostly 1
to 1.5 cm. long, plumose below, the innermost one
2, little stronger and 2 to 2.5 cm. long; spikelets
1 to several in a fascicle, pedicellate, 5 to 7 mm.
long, about 1.5 mm. wide, glabrous or scabrous;
glumes acuminate-pointed, 1 to 3-nerved,the first
one-fourth to one-third and the second é about Fic. 64.—Pennisetum orientale triflorwm.
. three-fourths the length of the spikelet; sterileand prom 4 mer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 613, Jamaica.
fertile lemmas subequal, acuminate-pointed, the
tips usually spreading, 5-nerved, the sterile lemma inclosing a palea of equal length
and a staminate flower, the fruit but slightly indurate, the tip of the palea free.
DISTRIBUTION.
Native of India, introduced in the West Indies, where it is called Himalaya grass
and is said to be a good forage grass; escaped from cultivation and found along trails
and in open grassland (only American specimens are cited below).
Jamaica: Cinchona, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 613; Hitchcock 9700; Harris 11300, 11433.
TrinipaD: Port of Spain, Hitchcock 10169.
3. Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link.
Cenchrus ciliaris L. Mant. Pl. 302. 1771. ‘‘Habitat ad Cap. b. spei [Cape of Good
Hope, Africa] * * %* Koenig.’’ The description indicates the
dwarfed form found in arid situations.
Pennisetum ciliare Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 213. 1827. Based on
Cenchrus ciliaris L.’ The habitat is given as “‘Caribaeis, Cumana.’’
Pennisetum cenchroides 1. Rich. in Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805.
Based on Cenchrus ciliaris L. 4 « , p Eg
Vee ne vet
j “ DESCRIPTION,
i Plants perennial, tufted from a knotted crown; culms geniculate,
slender, 10 to 50 cm. tall, sometimes taller, sparingly branching,
scabrous at least on the uppermost joint; sheaths minutely scabrous
and usually pilose along the margin; ligule ciliate, about 1 mm.
long, sometimes minute; blades flat or folded, 2 to 10 cm. long
(longer in plants in moist situations), 3 to 5 mm. wide, scabrous on
the upper surface and long-pilose toward the base, glabrous or nearly
so beneath; panicle 1.5 to 10 cm. long, not dense, purplish, mostly
Wie @n pe flexuous, the axis slender, angled, scabrous; fascicles subsessile,
. 65.—Pennisetum : ‘ : >
ciliare. From Spreading; bristles united at the very base, flexuous, unequal, the
Drummond, Pun- outer short, slender, scabrous only, the inner thicker, flattened,
pep adie: about twice the length of the spikelet, ciliate, the innermost one
a little longer than the rest; spikelets 1 to 5 in a fascicle, sessile, 4 to 5.5 mm.
long, about 1.5 mm. wide, scaberulous; glumes thin, 1 to 3-nerved, acute or
abruptly mucronate, the first one-fourth to more than one-third, the second two-
thirds to three-fourths, the length of the spikelet; sterile lemma shorter than the
216 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
fruit, thin, 5 to 7-nerved, with a slender mucronate tip, inclosing a palea of equal
length and a staminate flower; fruit but little indurate, the lemma 5-nerved, with
an attenuate spreading tip.
Sometimes cultivated for ornament in the Southern States. An allied species,
Pennisetum holcordes (Roxb.) Schult.,'‘ has been cultivated under the name “/P.
ciliare,’’ while true P. ciliare has been more generally known as ‘‘P. cenchroides.’’
In P. holcoides the bristles are very plumose, making the panicles soft and downy.
DISTRIBUTION,
Arid open ground, tropics and subtropics of the Eastern Hemisphere; sparingly
introduced in the American tropics (only American specimens cited below).
GuaTeMALA: Zacapa, Pittier 1751.
Porto Rico: Ponce, Britton, Cowell & Brown 5389.
4. Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.
Panicum glaucum L. Sp. Pl. 56. 1753. ‘‘Habitat in Indiis.’’ The first phrase
name cited is ‘‘Panicum spica tereti, involucellis bifloris fasciculato-pilosis. F%.
zeyl. 44.’’ The Flora Zeylanica is Linnaeus’s own work, and the exceptionally
detailed description given seems to show that it was drawn up from the plant which
is still preserved in the British Museum.’ The description given in the Species
Plantarum, ‘‘Setae in spica longitudine flosculorum. Foliorum vaginae oris pilosae,
Dum spica recens prodiit Flosculi in series dispositi observantur,’’ also applies
wholly to the Ceylon specimen, as does the name ‘‘glaucum’’ itself. But Linnaeus
confused the matter by citing four phrase names, besides that from Flora Zeylanica.
One refers to a Plukenet figure that probably represents Elytrophorus articuiatus.
one is a Tournefort phrase that is unidentifiable, and two, given as 8 and y, are
identifiable as green foxtail, Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn., and yellow foxtail,
C. lutescens (Weigel) Stuntz, respectively. The variety y was taken by subsequent
authors as the basis of P. glaucum L. and the names Setaria glauca and Chaetochioa
glauca have been applied to yellow foxtail.
Holcus spicatus L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1305. 1759. A brief diagnosis, which applies
to P. glaucum and fails to agree with the generic diagnosis of Holcus immediately
above, is given, and ‘‘Pluk. t. 32. f. 4.’’ is cited. Plukenet’s figure ? represents
P. glaucum. No locality is mentioned, but Linnaeus later '* gives “Habitat in
India’’ for this species.
Cenchrus spicatus Cav. Deser. Pl. 304. 1802. Based on Holcus spicatus L. Kuntze
(Rev. Gen. Pl. 3: 346. 1898) published this combination anew, based on ‘‘Peni-
cillaria spicata Willd.”’
Pennisetum typhoideum L. Rich. in Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805. Holeus spicatus L.
and Plukenet’s figure, pl. 32, f. 4, are cited.
Penicillaria spicata Willd. Enum. Pl. 1037. 1809. Based on Holcus spicatus L.
Pennisetum glaucum R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl. 1: 195. 1810. The name is based
on Panicum glaucum L., though the plant to which Brown applied it was evidently
a species of Chaetochloa. /
14Mant. 2: 148. 1824.
15 Fl. Zeyl. 18. 1847. (The number 44 refers to the species, which is no. 44.)
16 For the identity of thissspecimen see Trimen (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 24: 136.
1896), and for the reasons for restoring this name to pearl millet see Stuntz, U.S.
Dept. Agr. Bur. Pl. Ind. Inv. Seeds 31: 84. 1914; Hitchcock, Amer. Journ. Bot.
2: 299, 300. 1915. An analysis of the various Linnaean names that have been
applied to pearl millet will appear in an early number of the American Journal of
Botany.
17 Phytogr. 1: pl. 82. f. 4. 1691.
iS Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 2: 1483. 1763.
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PENNISETUM. Q17
Setaria glauca Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812. The name is based on Panicum
glaucum L., though Beauvois applied it to a species of Chaetochlou.
Pennisetum spicaium Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 499. 1817,
as synonym of Penicillaria spicata Willd.; Koern. in Koern. & Wern.
Handb. Getreid. 1: 284. 1885. Based on Holcus spicatus L.
Panicum spicatum Roxb. FI. Ind. 1: 286. 1820. Based on Holeus
spicatus |.
Penicillaria plukeneti Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 221. 1827. ‘‘P. Pluk-
enetti Hort. Plukenet Alm. t. 32. f. 4. W[illdenow] E[numeratio]
1037.’’ Both references are identifiable as P. glaucum.
Chamaeraphis glauca Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 767.1891. Based
on “‘Setaria glauca Beauv.,’’ that being based on Panicum glaucum
L. Kuntze applied the name to a species of Chaetochloa.
Izxophorus giaucus Nash, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 423. 1895. Based
on Panicum glaucum L., but the name applied to Chaetochloa
lutescens (Weigel) Stuntz.
Chaetochloa glauca Scribn. U. 8. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 4:
39. 1897. Based on Panicum glaucum L., but the name applied
to Chaetochloa lutescens (Weigel) Stuntz.
There has been great confusion as to the names referable to this
Fic. 66.—Pennisetum glaucum. From McCarthy, North Carolina.
species. As Hooker says, ‘‘The synonymy of the species is almost inextricable.’’ The
synonymy here given includes only those names that are based on Linnaean names.
183104—20——2
218 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Schumann !® published the name Pennisetum americanum, based on Panicum amer-
icanum L., applying it to pearl millet. Panicum americanum L. is based on ‘‘Pani-
cum americanum Clus, hist. 2, p. 215.’’ Clusius’s figure does not represent pearl
millet, nor does his description apply to it. It is more like common millet (Chae-
tochloa italica) but was probably based on a confusion of two or more species. Schu-
mann’s name was accepted by Leeke.?°
DESCRIPTION.
Plants annual, branching at the base, robust, as much as 2 meters tall; culms
simple or rarely branching, densely villous below the panicle, often minutely so below
the nodes, otherwise glabrous; nodes usually appressed-pubescent; sheaths loose,
mostly overlapping, commonly scabrous and usually densely hairy on the margins
toward the summit and on the collar; ligule densely hairy, about 3 mm. long; blades
flat, cordate at base, sometimes as much as 1 meter long and 5 cm. wide, scabrous on
both surfaces, the midnerve prominent; panicles cylindric, stiff, very dense, as much
as 40 to 50 cm. long and 2 to 2.5 cm. thick, pale, bluish tinged, or sometimes tawny,
the stout axis densely villous; fascicles on slender villous peduncles 2 to 5 cm. long,
spreading; bristles unequal, the inner coarser, sparsely plumose below, about equaling
the mature fruit; spikelets mostly 2 in a fascicle, short-pedicellate, at maturity 3.5
to 4.5 mm. long, obovate, turgid; glumes unequal, the first minute, the second one-
fourth to half the length of the spikelet, ciliolate; sterile lemma slightly shorter than
the fertile one, firm, obscurely nerved, ciliate at the broad summit, inclosing a villous
palea and sometimes a staminate flower; fertile lemma indurate, abruptly pointed,
long-ciliate on the margins, except at the base and apex, the palea broad, thinner,
villous on the margins and toward the summit, the subglobose or pyriform ripe cary-
opsis forcing open the lemma and palea and equaling them, bluish lead color or
whitish; anthers with a minute tuft of hairs at the tips.
DISTRIBUTION.
Known only in cultivation. Leeke *! considers it a composite species having a
polyphyletic origin, arising in cultivation from Pennisetum gymnothrix (A. Br.)
Schum., P. perottetii (Klotzsch) Schum., P. mollissimwm Hochst., P. violaceum
(Lam.) L. Rich, and P. versicolor Schrad. These species are all natives of Africa.
Pennisetum glaucum has numerous varieties and forms. It is an important food
plant in Africa”? and is also cultivated for its grain in India, Arabia, and southern
Europe. In our Southern States it is grown to a limited extent for forage. It is
sometimes called Indian millet, African millet, and cat-tail millet.
Pennisetum purpurewm Schumach. ,?* a tropical African species, is being introduced
as a fodder plant in the Southern States under the name Napier grass. In Africa it is
also called elephant grass. Itisa robust leafy tufted branching perennial, 2 to 4 meters
tall, with elongate blades 2 to 3 em. wide, and dense, stiff, tawny or purplish panicles,
the fascicles sessile, the sparsely plumose bristles exceeding the two or three un-
equally pediceled spikelets.
19Tn Engl. Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. 58: 51. 1895.
20Zeitschr. Naturw. 79: 52-96. 1907.
21 Zeitschr. Naturw. 79: 55. 1907.
22 For a full treatment of the varieties and their history see Koern. & Wern. Handb.
Getreid. 1: 284. 1885; Schum. in Engl. Pflanzenw. Ost-Afr. 5®: 51-58. 1895; and
Leeke, Zeitschr. Naturw. 79: 52-108. pl. 2, 3. 1907.
23Schumach. & Thonn. Beskr. Guin. Pl. 64. 1827. Described from Guinea,
Africa.
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PENNISETUM. 219
5. Pennisetum karwinskyi Schrad.
Pennisetum karwinskyi Schrad. Linnaea 12: 431. 1838. ‘‘Habit. in Mexico (Kar-
winskyv).’’ In the Schrader Herbarium, which is preserved in the herbarium of the
Botanical Gardez at Petrograd, there are two sheets hearing this name, but no data.
On one sheet are leaves only; on the other is a culm with a single purplish panicle
about 5em. long. The fascicles of this panicle are smaller than usual for the specics
and the inner bristles are only sparsely short-ciliate. The description and the speci-
men represent a rather dwarfed plant such as Rose, Standley & Russell's no. 12866,
from Alamos, Sonora.
Cenchrus multiflorus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 318. 1839. ‘‘Hab. in Mexico.’”’ The
type specimen was examined by Professor Hitcheoek in the herbarium of the German
University at Prag. The fascicles ate much like those of Pringle’s no. 3849. Most of
the bristles only slightly exceed the spikelets, the inner are more pilcse than usual
for the species, and one bristle is about twice as long as the rest, thicker, and stiffly
flexuous.
Pennisetum multiflorum Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 49. 1886. No locality or specimen is
cited. The description is as follows: ‘‘Spica imbricata, spiculis quinis in eodem
involucro, quarum 1-2 abortientes; gluma inferiore tertiam partem spiculae aequante
superiore inferiorem duplam aequante; involucri setis exterioribus brevibus scabris;
interioribus crassioribus in dimidia tantum inferiore parte ciliatis, spiculas duplo
superantibus, seta una multo longiore.’’ In the Copenhagen Herbarium is a speci-
men of T.iebmann’s no. 463 which bears the name ‘‘ Pennisetum multiflorum Fourn.’’
in Fournier’s handwriting. This consists of a single naked elongate terminal joint
and, in an envelope, a fragment, 5 cm. long, of a panicle, the fascicles with exception-
ally slender bristles. scarcely at all ciliate, the innermost one as much as 3.5 cm. long
(as in Nelson’s no. 3965); three fascicles with short subequal bristles, the inner sparsely
ciliate (as in Pringle’s no. 2044); and a single bur of Cenchrus pilosus H.B. K. (the only
American species cf Cenchrus known in which the bristles are antrorsely scabrous).
Since only the inflorescence is described, it seems certain that Fournier’s descrip-
tion was based on this fragmentary specimen. The allusion to the ciliate lower part
of the thickened inner bristles must have been made from observation of the bur of
the Cenchrus. Fournier does not base the name on Cenchrus multiflorus Presl, though
he is naming the same species. He includes Cenchrus multiflorus Pres] in Cenchrus.
Liebmann’s nos. 341 and 464, which he cites under it, are in the Copenhagen Her-
barium; no. 454 bears the name Cenchrus multijlorus in Fournier’s hand, the other is
- marked ‘‘determ: Fournier.’’ Both are Pennisetum karwinsku’.
DESCRIPTION. Ha
Plants perennial. in loose clumps from hard knotted crowns. the culms produced
from hard scaly bulblike buds bursting through the basal and underground sheaths;
cilms erect or ascending, simple or with leafy shoots from the lower nodes, mostly
1 to 1.5 meters tall, rarely only about 0.5 meter, very scabrous below the panicle, other-
wise glabrous, the lower internodes compressed; sheaths keeled, mostly overlapping,
pilose along the margin at Jeast toward the summit, sometimes sparsely papillcse-
pilose, or rarely the lower densely pilose, throughout; ligule 1.5 to 2mm. long, mem-
branaceous-ciliate; blades usually rather firm, ascending or spreading, flat, 10 to 40
cm. long, 5 to 15 mm. wide, broadest at the base, tapering to a long, attenuate, very
scabrous, usually involute tip, the upper surface scabrous and usually sparsely papil-
lose-pilose, rarely densely so, sometimes scabrous only, the lower surface usually
scabrous, sometimes smooth, the margins very scabrous; panicle rather stiff or slightly
flexuous, 5 to 17 cm. long, mostly 10 to 12 mm _ wide, excluding the longest bristles,
tawny cr purplish or sometimes greenish, mostly dense except at the base, but
sometimes the fascicles rather loosely arranged, the axis strongly angled, pubescent;
220 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
fascicles subsessile, ascending or spreading; bristles united at the very base, unequal,
the outer short and slender, the inner stout, flattened and sparsely ciliate below
(sometimes scabrous only but with some ciliate in the same fascicle, rarely none cili-
ate), commonly erect or appressed with ascending tips, 5 to 8 mm. long, the inner-
most sometimes 15 to 25 cm. long, rarely longer, flexuous (this innermost bristle com-
monly elongate in the lower fascicles and not in the upper in the same panicle, but
sometimes elongate in all and sometimes not in any); spikelets 1 to 5 in each fascicle,
sessile, 5 to 6 mm. long, about 1.38 mm. wide, glabrous or scaberulous; glumes thin,
acute, the first 1-nerved, one-third to half the length of the spikelet, the second 5 to
7-nerved, two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the spikelet, or the attenuate tip
elongate; sterile lemma slightly shorter than the fertile one, 5 to 7-nerved, acuminate,
inclosing a palea of about equal length and usually a staminate flower; fruit subin-
durate, the apex attenuate and spreading.
In this species the fascicles vary greatly in size. Specimens with few-flowered
fascicles and_short bristles appear distinct from those with fascicles of 4 or 5 spikelets
: and elongate innermost bristles, but in several specimens
almost the entire range of variation in fascicles is found
from base to summit of a single panicle. The type spec-
imen of Cenchrus multiflorus and that of Pennisetum mul-
tiflorum represent about the extremes of inflorescence, the
first with short, relatively thick, bristles, plentifully cili-
ate, the second with long, very slender bristles, very
sparingly or not at all ciliate. Jiménez’s no. 522 has an
exceptionally large panicle, the innermost bristles of all
fascicles elongate, a few of them 5 cm. long.
DISTRIBUTION.
Rocky, open, dry or moist slopes, mostly in the up-
lands, from Mexico to Costa Rica.
Sonora: Alamos, Rose, Standley & Russell 12866.
Jatisco: Guadalajara, Hitchcock 7342, 7364; Holway 3;
Pringle 2044, 3849, 11327.
: GUERRERO: Balsas, Hitchcock 6791. Acapulco, Palmer 75
Fic. 67.—Pennisetum karwin- in 1895.
ee ae Pringle 3, Oaxaca: San Agustin, Liebmann 341. Oaxaca, Galeotti
5880.
Cuiapas: Between San Ricardo and Ocozocuantla, Nelson 2985. Ocuilapa, Nelson
3065. 29 FS
(Cosra Rica: Nuestro Amo, Jiménez 522.
6. Pennisetum setosum (Swartz) L. Rich.
Cenchrus setosus Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 26. 1788. ‘‘India occidentalis. ”’
The type specimen in the Swartz Herbarium at Stockholm was examined by A. S.
Hitchcock. .
Panicum cenchroides L. Rich. Act. Soc. Hist. Nat Paris 1: 106. 1792. ‘‘E Cayenna
missarum a Domino Le Blond.” The type has not been examined. The description
is insufficient for identification. The name is referred here on the authority of
Doell.?5
Pennisetum setosum L. Rich. in Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 72. 1805. Based on Cenchrus
setosus Swartz.
25 In Mart. Fl. Bras. 22: 306. 1877.
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PENNISETUM. eal
Pennisetum purpurascens H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 113. 1816. ‘‘Mexicani,
Volcan deJorullo.”’ The type has not been examined, but the description applies
well to the robust plants of Mexico. The blades are described as scabrous on the
upper surface and on the margin and glabrous beneath, and the sterile floret as having
a palea. &
Pennisetum uniflorum H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 114. pl. 34. 1816. ‘‘Prov.
Novae Andalusiae, juxta Cumanacoa,’’ [Venezuela]. The description and plate
identify the species. The sheaths are described as pubescent, the blades scabrous
on the upper surface and margin, and glabrous beneath; the sterile lemma empty.
Panicum densispica Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 273. 1816. Based on ‘‘ Pani-
cum cenchroides Rich. non Lam.”’
Panicum triticoides Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 274. 1816. Described from a
3pecimen in Desfontaines’s herbarium, its source unknown. The type has not been
examined. The description applies well to Pennisetum setosum, to which Doell?®
refers it. The sheaths are described as glabrous but pilose at the mouth, the blades
as rough and sparsely pilose on both surfaces.
Setaria cenchroides Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 495. 1817. Based on Panicum
cenchroides L. Rich.
Pennisetum triticoides Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 877. 1817. Based on Panicum
triticoides Poir.
Gymnothri« geniculata Schult. Mant. 2: 284. 1824. ‘‘Setaria geniculata Sieb. FI.
Martin. * * In Martinica.”’ The detailed description identifies the species.
The sheaths are described as glabrous and the blades as scabrous on both surfaces.
Pennisetum alopecuroides Desv.; Hamilt. Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 11. 1825. ‘‘India
occidentali.”” The type hasnot been examined. The description of the ‘‘involucre”’
as pilose identifies the species. The sheaths are described as glabrous and the blades
as subscabrous.
2Pennisetum erubescens Desv.; Hamilt. Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occ. 11. 1825. ‘‘St.
Thomas.’’ The brief diagnosis is insufficient for identification, but the species is
probably P. setosum. The leaves are not described.
Pennisetum richardi Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 49. 1829. Based on Panicum cenchroides
L. Rich.
Pennisetum siebert Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 50. 1829. Based on ‘‘Gymnothrix
geniculata Schult.—Setaria geniculata Sieb, herb. Mart.’’
Pennisetum hirsutum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 284. 1829. ‘‘In ripa fluminis 8. Fran-
cisci ad Joazeiro provinciae Bahiensis et Pernambucensis; nec non in * * * pro-
vinciae Piauhiensis.’’ The specimen collected by Martius in Bahia, which was
examined by A. 8. Hitchcock in the Munich Herbarium, is probably the type. The
sheaths are described as tuberculate-pilose toward the summit and the lower blades as
tuberculate-pilose on both surfaces, the upper blades as sparsely pilose.
Pennisetum pallidum Nees, Agrost. Bras. 285. 1829. ‘‘Habitat. * * * ad
latera montium de Mentanha et Itambé, districtus adamantini, provinciae Minarum.”’
The type specimen, collected by Martius, was examined by A. S. Hitchcock in the
Munich Herbarium. The sheaths and blades are described as tuberculate-hirsute.
Pennisetum flavescens Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 316. 1830. ‘‘Hab. in Mexico.’’ The
type specimen was examined by A. S. Hitchcock in the herbarium of the German
University at Prag. The sheaths are described as smooth, the blades as nearly glabrous
beneath and tuberculate-villous above.
Pennisetum dasistachyum Desv. Opusc. 76. 1831. ‘‘Habitatin Guyana.’’ The type .
has not been examined. The description of the bristles identifies the species. Des-
vaux cites ‘‘ Panicum cenchroides Rich. nec Lamk., densi-spica Poir.’’ as synonyms.
The sheaths and blades are described as glabrous, the sheaths bearded at the mouth.
' 26 In Mart. Fl. Bras. 22: 306. 1877.
Ap ay CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Pennisetum hamiltonii Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 2: 297. 1841. Based on “P.
alopecuroides Hamilt. (non Spr. nec. Steud.).’’
Pennisetum nicaraguense Fourn. Bull. Soc. Bot. France II. 27: 293. 1880. ‘“‘Circa
Granada (n. 1304),’’ Nicaragua, the specimen collected by Paul Lévy. The type has
not been examined. The description applies well to the robust plants with hirsute
blades collected by A. 8. Hitchcock in Nicaragua (nos. 8708, 8738).
Pennisetum indicum var. purpurascens Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 787. 1891. Based
on Pennisetum purpurascens H. B. K.
In Leeke’s ** revision Pennisetum setosum is included under P. indicwm (Murray)
Kuntze, and the American plants as well as those of India and Africa are referred to
var. typica. The plant of India is an annual, much more freely branching than is
P. setosum, and has more slender, less dense panicles. It was described by Lin-
naeus as Panicum polystachion ?® and transferred by Schultes* to Pennisetum.
Linnaeus, following a brief diagnosis, cites ‘‘ Rumph. amb. 6. t.7. f. 2. B.’? Merrill
identifies the Rumphian plant as Setaria flava (Nees) Kunth, and says that this
‘“Rumphian reference is the whole basis’’ of Panicum polystachion L. Since Lin-
naeus gives a diagnosis of his own, however, (which does not agree with the Rum-
phian figure) I should take his own specimen as the basis of his species. Dr. Stapf
states, in a letter, that in the Linnaean Herbarium there is a specimen of ‘‘the
Pennisetum setosum of India’’ [that is, the species which has commonly been so called]
“written up by Linnaeus himself polystachyum.’’ If the name Pennisetum indicum
(Murray) Kuntze ** were properly referable to this species it would be antedated by
P. polystachyum (L.) Schult. Dr. Stapf holds that Alopecurus indicus Murray (Syst.
Veg. ed. 13. 92. 1774), upon which Pennisetum indicum Kuntze is based, was based on
Panicum alopecuroides of Linnaeus’s Mantissa. Murray cites “‘ Panicum alopecuroides
Spec. plant. .82,’’ but his description is copied verbatim from the Mantissa (p. 322,
1771) and not from the second edition of the Species Plantarum, the page reference to
which he gives, nor from the first. In the Mantissa Linnaeus changes the application
of the name. Following ‘‘ Panicum alopecuroid. Excludatur et reformatum restitua-
tur sequentibus’’ he gives a description that is based on some plant having pilose culm,
sh2aths, and blades, and apparently an inflorescence of pear! millet or of common millet.
Panicum alopecuroides, ‘‘Habitatin China,”’ of the first edition of the Species Plantarum
(p. 55) was based on a plant undoubtedly sent to him by Osbeck.* In his Dagbok
ofwer Ostindsk resa, published in 1757, under date of September 27, 1751, Osbeck lists
“‘ Panicum alopecuroides’’ without description, among plants observed growing along
hedgerows near Canton. Dr. Stapf, who at our request kindly examined the Chinese
plant in the Linnaean Herbarium, identifies it with Pennisetum compressum R. Br.,
specimens of which from China agree perfectly with Linnaeus’s description.
Leeke *4 refers Panicum vulpisetum Lam.,®° described from Santo Domingo, to P.
indicum. We have not seen Lamarck’s specimen but the description (particularly
that of the spike as repeatedly subdivided/ applies not to P. setosum, but to Chaetochloa
vulpiseta (Lam.) Hitche. & Chase, as described in the Grasses of the West Indies.**
Lamarck mistakenly cited Sloane’s plate 70, figure 1, thus giving an erroneous im-
pression of his species, which he described from a specimen in the herbarium of
2Zeitschr. Naturw. 79: 17-19. 1907. f
29Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 870. 1759.
30Mant. 2: 146. 1824.
31 Rumphius’s Herb. Amboinense 91. 1917.
Rev. Gen? Pl: 2:' 787. ‘18st.
33 See Merrill on Osbeck’s Dagbok in Amer, Journ. Bot. 3: 571. 1916.
34 Zeitschr. Naturw. 79: 18. 1907.
35 Encycl. 4: 735 (err. typ. 745). 1798.
36 Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 18: 350. 1917.
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PENNISETUM. — 223
Desfontaines. The specimen in the Sloane Herbarium from which the cited
figure was drawn is Imperata caudata.*"
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, in loose clumps, sometimes of 30 or more culms; culms usually 1
to 2 meters tall, slender to robust, subcompressed, ascending or suberect from the
more or less geniculate, sometimes rooting lower nodes, bearing one to several flower-
ing branches from the lower and middle nodes, scabrous below the panicle, other-
wise glabrous; sheaths loose, from glabrous to rather densely papillose-hirsute, usu-
ally sparsely hirsute along the margin toward the summit, and otherwise glabrous;
ligule membranaceous-ciliate, 2 to 83 mm. long; blades mostly rather firm, ascend-
ing or spreading, 10 to 40 cm. long, 4 to 18 mm. wide, tapering toward the base
(or the reduced upper blades widest at base), acuminate into a long, slender,
very scabrous tip, from scabrous on both surfaces (or rarely glabrous beneath) to
rather densely papillose-hirsute on both
surfaces, more commonly scabrous be-
neath and sparsely papillose - hirsute
above, always stiffly hairy back of the lig-
ule; panicles terminating the primary culm
and branches, occasionally one or two ax-
illary panicles borne in the upper sheaths,
10 to 25 em. long, 8 to 10 mm. thick,
excluding the elongate bristles, rather
dense, usually somewhat nodding, from
pale yellow to dusky purple or brown, the
axis slender, scabrous; fascicles sessile, at
first ascending, spreading or often reflexed
in age; bristles unequal, the outer delicate,
scabrous only, most of them shorter than the
spikelet, the inner densely silky-plumose
below, the hairs directed inward, those of
the erect lower part of adjoining bristles
matted and beautifully crimped, the bris-
tles spreading above; spikelets solitary,
sessile, 3.2 to 4 mm. long, 0.8 to 1 mm.
wide, the glumes and sterile lemma very
thin; first glume usually minute, often
obsolete; second glume exceeding the ster-
ile lemma and the fruit, 5-nerved, abruptly
acuminate, ciliolate, sometimes obscurely
erose or lobed; sterile lemma 5-nerved,
ciliolate, minutely 3-lobed at the truncate
apex, the palea sometimes and, less often, a staminate flower developed; fruit indu-
rate, smooth and shining, 2 to 3 mm. long, 0.8 to 1 mm. wide, the narrowed apex of
both lemma and palea stiffly ciliate-fringed.
In this species the pubescence of the foliage is exceedingly variable, but the floral
characters are unusually constant.
Fic. 68.—Pennisetum setosum. From Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb. 611, Trinidad.
37 See Hitchcock, Contr. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 12: 133. 1908. It is pertinent in this
connection to quote Merrill’s observation (Interpretation of Rumphius’s Herbarium
Amboinense, p. 27. 1917): “‘It is not at all certain that in quoting illustrations of
various species as synonyms Linnaeus and his contemporaries and immediate suc-
cessors intended them as exact synonyms; it would seem, in many cases at least, that
the citation of illustrations as synonyms was intended to convey to other botanists
some conception of what the species was like, and not necessarily to indicate that it
was an exact equivalent of the species under which it was cited.”’
224 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Pennisetum breve Nees *8 of Brazil is very closely related to P. setosum. Doell
reduces it to a variety of that. The type of this, collected by Martius in Bahia, was
examined by A. 8. Hitchcock in the Munich Herbarium. It is not here included
because the plants are much smaller and the fascicles and spikelets are larger. None
of this form is found among North American collections; our few specimens are from
near Rio de Janeiro. Panicum alopecuros Lam.*® (not Pennisetum alopecuros (Nees)
Steud. 1854), described from Brazil, the type of which, from Rio de Janeiro, was
examined by A. 8. Hitchcock, in the Lamarck Herbarium in Paris, belongs to this
form.
DISTRIBUTION.
Open slopes and savannas, southern Florida and southern Mexico, through Central
America and the West Indies to Brazil, reaching its greatest development on rocky
slopes of Mexico and Central America. Specimens from Ashantee, Africa, appear to
belong to this species, possibly introduced from America.
Frioriwa: Estero * Bay, Garber 28; Sargent in 1905.
Jattisco: Rio Blanco, Palmer 677 in 1886. Guadalajara, Pringle 1740.
Veracruz: Jalapa, Hitchcock 6544. Zacuapan, Purpus 2154.
Moretos: Cuernavaca, Pringle 11241.
Corima: Alzada, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 433; Hitchcock 7094. Colima, Palmer 1269 in
1891.
GuERRERO: Between Petatlin and Chilapa, Nelson 2149. Acapulco, Palmer 433 in
1895.
Oaxaca: Oaxaca, Hitchcock 6187. Trapiche de la Concepcién, Iiebmann 336, 337, 342.
Curapas: Tuxtla, Nelson 3090.
GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz, Pittier 217.
Honpuras: San Pedro Sula, Thieme 636 (J. D. Smith no. 5582).
Satvapor: Santa Ana, Hitchcock 8795. San Salvador, Renson 324.
NicaraGcua: Masaya, Hitchcock 8708, 8733, 8738. Jinotepe, Hitchcock 8702.
Costa Rica: Between Boruca and Lagarto, Tonduz (or Pittier) 4457. Surubres,
Biolley 17382. Nicoya, Tonduz 13751. Atenas, Hitchcock 8515. Guanacaste,
Jiménez 698. Rodeo, Pittier 1614. Pacaca, Pittier 3287.
Panama: Taboga Island, Hitchcock 8095.
Cusa: San Juan de Buenavista, Wright 3471.
Jamaica: Without locality, Swartz.
LEEWARD IsLANps: St. Christopher, Hitchcock 16349. Guadeloupe, Duss 4152.
Dominica, Hitchcock 16436; Jones 5.
Wrinpwarp Istanps: Martinique, Duss 1316, 4017; Hahn 1012. Barbados, Dash 346.
TrinipaD: Icacos, Amer. Gr. Nat. Herb. 611; Broadway 4964. St. Joseph, Amer. Gr.
Nat. Herb. 612.
Tosaao: Plymouth, Hitchcock 10235. Adelphi, Broadway 4683.
Cotomsra: Corinto, Pittier 989. Sabanas del Credo, Pittier 1487. Santa Marta,
Smith 156, 2532. Without locality, Linden 1560; Triana 340.
VENEZUELA: Dos Caminos, Pittier 5756. Ocumare dela Costa, Pittier 6053. Valencia,
Carrefio 8237. Without locality, Fendler 1683.
Braziu: Ceara, Gardner 1885. Piauhy, Gardner. Para, Goeldi 81, 217.
Bottvia: Coripati, Bang 2168.
38 Agrost. Bras. 281. 1829.
39 Tabl. Encycl. 1: 169. 1791.
40 Four specimens of this collection in the National Herbarium are all labeled
‘‘Lastero’’ or ‘‘Laster’s’’ Bay. This is obviously an error in copying the name from
Garber’s original notes. i;
Re REN
ae
ee
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BAILA Vaace
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF Vane 225
N fro W.
7. Pennisetum antillarum (Poir.) ae ae SL
Panicum antillarum Poir. in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. 4: 275. 1816. ‘‘Antilles (V. (4
in herb. Desfont.).”? The type specimen or a duplicate of it was examined by A. 8.
Hitchcock in the herbarium of the Botanical Garden at Florence and a fragment of
inflorescence was given him for the National Herbarium. So far as known this is
the only collection of this species in existence. The description given below, except
that of the inflorescence, is translated from Poiret’s desc iption and that of Desvaux.
Saccharum? antillarum Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 877. 1817. Based on Pan-
icum antillarum Poir.
mS
Setaria antillarum Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1: 46. 1829. Based on Panicum antillarum pee
Poir.
Pennisetum antillarum Desv. Opusc. 76. 1831. Based on Panicum antillarum Poir.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants probably perennial; culms erect, slender, terete, branching, scabrous below
the panicle, otherwise glabrous; sheaths pilose, ciliate at the throat; blades narrowly
linear, acuminate, pilose on the upper surface at least toward the base, glabrous
beneath; panicle 8 to 15 cm. long, very slender, acuminate, rather dense, the slen-
der angled axis minutely Feobeulons: fascicles sessile, spreading; bristles scant,
very slender, unequal, most of them aban equaling the spikelet, the
innermost conspicuously longer, 4 to 6 mm. long; spikelets solitary, f
sessile, 2 to 2.6 mm. long; glumes and sterile lemma thin, brownish, ye
ciliolate, the first minute, sometimes obsolete, the second exceed- U
ing the sterile lemma and the fruit, 5 to 7-nerved, minutely 3-lobed at f
the apex, the middle lobe acute, exceeding the lateral ones; sterile
lemma 3 to 5-nerved, minutely 3-lobed, the middle lobe reduced to
a mucro, the palea obsolete; fruit about 1.5 mm. long and 0.4 mm.
wide, indurate, smooth and shining, the narrowed apex of both lemma
and palea ciliate-fimbriate.
The spikelet and particularly the indurate, fimbriate-tipped fruit
show relationship to Pennisetum setosum.
Known from a single collection from ‘‘ Antilles.”
8. Pennisetum crinitum (H. B. K.) Spreng.
. Fie. 69.—Pen-
Gymnothriz crinta H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 112.1816. ‘“‘Crescit —nisetum an-
in littore lacus Cuiseo [Lake Cuitzeo, Michoacan] prope La Puertade @#//arum.
_ Andaracuas, et juxta 8. Rosa, * * * in regno Mexicano.’’ The pane
type specimen has not been examined, but the detailed description
agrees perfectly with the numerous specimens from the region whence came the type.
Pennisetum crinitum Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 302. 1825. Based on Gymnothriz crinita
ly 1B ye Gs
_ Pennisetum humboldtianum Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 508.1885. Based on
Gymnothriz crinita H. B. K.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, glabrous as a whole; culms solitary or few together, erect from a
curved or slightly geniculate base, robust, usually 2 meters or more tall, commonly
bearing leafy flowering branches from all but the lower nodes, these often bearing
sterile branches; internodes conspicuously channeled on the side toward the sheath,
the lower mostly compressed, relatively short, the upper elongate; sheaths much shorter
than the internodes, rather loose; ligule stiffly ciliate, about 0.5 mm. long; blades erect
or ascending, rather thick, flat, meee of the main culm 20 to 40 cm. tones 8 to 18 mm.
wide, broadest at the base, those of the branches smaller; primary panicles usually
226 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
rather short-exserted, mostly stiffly erect, 12 to 25 em. long, about 10 mm. thick, ex-
cluding the longer bristles, dense or sometimes loose at the base, stramineous or -
tawny or sometimes with pale bristles and greenish purple spikelets, the axis ridged,
scabrous, toward the base often 2 mm. thick, the panicles of the branches commonly
partly included,.shorter, more slender, less densely flowered; fascicles sessile, ascend-
ing; bristles scant, unequal, most of them scarcely exceeding the spikelet, the outer
shorter or two or three of them sometimes a little longer, the innermost stouter,
12 to 20 ¢m. long; spikelets solitary, sessile, 5 to6 mm. long, about 1.3 mm. wide,
acuminate, often blotched with purple, scaberulous toward the summit; first glume
one-fourth to half the length of the spikelet, 1-nerved, acute or subacute; second
glume slightly shorter than the fruit, 5-nerved, subacute; sterile lemma equaling the
fruit or slightly exceeding it, 5-nerved, acuminate, the palea obsolete; fruit indu-
rate, 4.5 to 5 mm. long, about 1.3 mm. wide, acuminate, the tip often spreading, the
tip of the palea free.
DISTRIBUTION.
Moist meadows or wet open ground, in the highlands of
southern Mexico. .
Jauisco: Rio Blanco, Palmer 514 in 1886.
Guanasuato: Irapuato, Hitchcock 7397. Ac4mbaro, Amer.
Gr. Nat. Herb. 432; Pringle 2608.
Veracruz: Rio Blanco near Orizaba, Hitchcock 6343.
Mexico: Lecheria, Pringle 13251.
Micuoacan: Morelia, Holway*! 3593; Pringle 4316; Arséne in
1909 and 1910. Patzcuaro, Holway 3629.
9. Pennisetum complanatum (Nees) Hemsl.
Gymnothrix complanata Nees, Bonplandia 3: 83. 1855. ‘‘See-
mann n. 1560. Panama.’’ The description indicates an excep-
tionally small plant with decumbent base, such as Pittier’s
no. 190la from Salvador. The type specimen is-in the her-
barium of the British Museum. Two fascicles from the panicle
were kindly sent by Dr. Rendle for deposit in the National
Fic. 70.—Pennisetum erbarium.
abn. Pennisetum complanatum Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3:
507. 1885. Based on Gymnothrix complanata Nees.
Gymnothrix mexicana Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 48. 1886. ‘‘Orizaba * * * (Boure-
[eau] n. 3139, Scuarrn[ER] n. 105, 174, Tuomas in herb. Bucutncer, F. Mixi[er]
n. 2015, Bort[ert] n. 143, 1486); Papantla (Lizpm[ann] n. 344).’’ The name was
earlier listed without description by Hemsley.4? A specimen of Bourgeau’s no. 3139
is in the National Herbarium. Liebmann’s no. 344 in the Copenhagen Herbarium,
bearing the name in Fournier’s writing, has also been examined.
41 Dr. Holway’s Mexican grasses collected in 1899 were sent to the agrostologist of
the Department of Agriculture with labels bearing the name, locality, date, and col-
lector’s number, but without the name of the collector. By some mischance the col-
lections were attributed to Dr. J. N. Rose, whose name was written by some clerk on
the Department of Agriculture label. It was only after the publication of Hitchcock’s
Mexican Grasses (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 181-389. 1913) that the mistake was
discovered. This and other specimens collected by Holway are there cited as Rose’s. _
2 Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 508. 1885.
Srecrechsaemocneh
Eb Moyet ra Oey eabtpitonin on lat ger bedirlesag
d ee a
DOR CEhg Mdamine askatn Ree Oe ceprpiiaes fabs ecakage
icine mi tel ah pat on
ee es aterm oepaaiinas menciinte unmet
see ee te
ee
es
es
ea a
ee
ee a om hee
pet
Pye erp ee ee ee
het et in ne
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PENNISETUM. DPA
Gymnothriz grisebachiana Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 48. 1886. ‘‘Mirador (ScHarrn[EeR]
n. 185. pl. ed. Hohen:).’’ A specimen of Schaffner’s no. 185 was examined by A. S.
Hitchcock in the Grisebach Herbarium at Gottingen.
Pennisetum mexicanum Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 508. 1885, nom. nud.;
Ind. Kew. 2: 458. 1894. Based on Gymnothrix mexicana Fourn.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial; culms solitary or few together, erect or ascending from a strong
rhizome, 1 to 2 meters tall, sometimes dwarfed, scabrous below the panicle, otherwise
glabrous, simple or, more commonly, with one or two, rarely with several, flowering
branches, the lower nodes sometimes geniculate, the internodes terete (or the lower
slizhtly compressed) slightly or not at all channeled, not elongate and naked; sheaths
loose, commonly as long as the internodes or longer, pilose on the margin at the sum-
mit, sometimes pubescent on the collar; ligule ciliate, about 2 mm. long; blades
thinner than in P. criniutum, mostly somewhat spreading, flat, or folded at base, 20 to 55
em. long, 5 to 8 or rarely 10 mm. wide, glab-
rous beneath, very scabrous on the upper f)
suriace, often papillose-pilose toward the base
and with stiff hairs just back of the ligule,
attenuate into an elongate involute setaceous
tip; panicles nodding or somewhat flexuous,
7 to 16 cm. long, about 10 to 12 mm. thick,
_excluding the longest bristles, not so dense as
in P. crinitum, with tawny or purplish bristles
and pale spikelets, the slender axis ridged
and scabrous; fascicles on very minute
bearded peduncles, ascending; bristles mu
merous, unequal, most of them exceeding
the spikelet, several to many, 12 to 15 mm.
long, the innermost 15 to 25 mm. long, but
usually not conspicuous as in P. crinitum;
spikelet solitary, sessile, 6 to 7 mm. long,
about 1.8 mm. wide,rather abruptly pointed,
minutely scaberulous; first glume one-fourth
to one-third the length of the spikelet, thin,
1-nerved, acute to truncate; second glume two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the
fruit, 5-nerved, acute or subacute; sterile lemma slightly shorter than the fruit,
5-nerved, acuminate, inclosing a palea of equal length and usually a staminate
flower: fruit rather less indurate than in P. crinitum, acuminate-tipped, the tip of
the palea free.
Oy
‘<i we
———
SS
—
Ly
ie
:
x
Fig. 71.—Pennisetum complanatum. From
Tiirckheim 3835, Guatemala.
DISTRIBUTION.
Open, rather dry slopes and savannas from near sea level to 1,500 meters altitude
from southern Mexico to Panama.
Veracruz: Orizaba, Bourgeau 3139; Hitchcock 6356; Mohr in 1857; Miller 2010,
Smith 625. Papantla, Liebmann 344. Mirador, Schaffner 189.
Guatemata: Cob4n, Tiirckheim 81, 445, 3835. Guatemala City, Hitchcock 9042, 9043,
9058; Popenoe 734. Eureka, Hitchcock 9077. Laguna de Ayarza, Heyde & Lux
3923. Salida de Izabel, Seler 2301. Antigua, Kellerman 5112. Lake Amatitlin,
Kellerman 6248.
Satvapor: Sonsonate, Hitchcock 8973. Izalco, Pittier 1901a. Volcano of San Sal-
vador, Hitchcock 8943.
Panama: El Boquete, Hitchcock 8250.
228 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
10. Pennisetum domingense (Spreng.) Spreng.
Gymnothriz domingensis Spreng. in Schult. Mant. 2: 284. 1824. “In $8. Domingo.
Bertero.’’ The type has not been examined. The description, especially that of the
minute involute blades, leaves no doubt of the identity of the species.
Pennisetum domingense Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 302. 1825. ‘‘Hispaniol” [Santo
Domingo]. The brief description is doubtless drawn from the same Lertero collec-
tion, though Gymnothrix domingensis is not mentioned. Cenchrus parviflorus Poir.
is erroneously given asasynonym. That name, as shown by Hitchcock,* is a syno-
nym of Chaetochloa geniculata (Lam.) Millsp. & Chase.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants glabrous, perennial; culms terete, solid, slender, rigid, glaucous, glabrous,
as much as 7 meters tall, branching, the branches borne singly or in fascicles of 2 to
4, about equaling the main culm, stiffly spreading at an angle of about 30 degrees;
nodes mostly swollen; sheaths 3 to 5 cm. long, much shorter than the elongate
internodes, those subtending the fascicles loose and flat;
ligule lacerate-ciliate, about 0.5 mm. long; blades 0.5
to 4 em. long, 1 to 2 mm. wide, involute, divergent,
firm, falling from the sheaths in age; panicles 3 to5cm.
long, terminal only, erect, loosely flowered, the slender
axis angled, scabrous; fascicles on minute pubescent
pedicels, ascending or spreading, the scabrous bristles
long, the innermost less slender and 15 to 20 mm. long;
spikelet 4.2 to 4.5 mm. long. about 1.4 mm. wide,
obscurely strigose; first glume about one-third the length
of the spikelet, faintly 3 to 5-nerved, erose: second
glume two-thirds as long as the spikelet, 5-nerved,
acute; sterile lemma nearly equaling the fertile lemma,
5-nerved, suleate down the middle, abruptly and mi-
nutely mucronate, the palea equaling the lemma and
inclosing a well-developed staminate flower; fruit
brownish, 4 to 4.2 mm. Jong, about 1 mm. wide, acu-
minate, the lemma mucronate.
The above description is drawn from a single incom-
plete specimen, Tiirckheim’s no. 3669. The following
Fic. 72.—Pennisetum domingense. noteis given by Tiirckheim on the specimen in the her-
From Tiirckheim 3669, Santo parium of the Berlin Botanic Garden [translated]:
ote ‘Near Maniel de Ocoa, 300 meters altitude; dry ground
among shrubs. Only one plant, 7 meters high. October, 1910.’’ The species is
apparently very rare. teh
DISTRIBUTION.
On dry shrubby hillsides, Santo Domingo and eastern Cuba.
Cusa: Eastern Cuba, Wright 1547.
Santo Domrneo: Maniel de Ocoa, Tiirckheim 3669.
11. Pennisetum durum Beal.
Pennisetum durum Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 163. 1896. ‘‘P. crinitum Scribn.
ined * * * Mexico, Pringle 489, 817.’’ Dr. Beal’s work was based on the collec-
tions in the herbarium of the Michigan Agricultural College. In this herbarium are
two specimens of ‘Pennisetum crinitum Scribn.’’ which are marked ‘‘durum Beal”
in Beal’s handwriting. These are Pringle’s nos. 498 and 817, both from the state of
Contr. Wi. S. Nate eee 20: 168. 1920.
slender, flexuous, unequal, most of them 4 to 10 mm..
~
sheceaeseartaeiaiga cece coca
Ae
=
'
~ ~ a te ma et mn ee A RR
.
. Lele net: any e—neeeenlioe etree cma TS TI
; .
‘
o~ eT ee and eee iene
Bal ey deinlatehns athens teeny fesse ll
.
~ ‘
’
pear ps emer arene rene | a :
pet ay td me apt a
. fi
Peleg er er ym pe — gel et
. dare tne tS ee pat care moe
‘ |
<r ye = won nS Sp whee melo pile A eet lee mei tine ll
aoe pp a ne le le i eet
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OE el AND oO a
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te mathe e
: cae bab Ce a
.
AURA yee ery ye he a athe gem eg
r]
at ane ie. Oa
pi rh I i pt me
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PENNISETUM. / 229
Chihuahua. Since no. 498 is erroneously cited as 489, the second specimen cited,
Pringle’s no. 817, is taken as the type. This isa single complete culm 1.5 meters tall.
Pennisetum crinitum Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 163. 1896. Not Pennisetum
crinitum Spreng. 1825. <A herbarium name given as synonym of P. durum.
Pennisetum pringlei Leeke, Zeitschr. Naturw. 79: 33. 1907. ‘‘Mexiko.”’ The
detailed description identifies the species. No specimen is cited, but from the
specific name it is to be supposed that the description was drawn from one of Pringle’s
three collections of this species, his numbers 498, 817, or 4962.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial; culms few to several from a hard knotted crown, erect, mostly
rather robust and rigid, 1.2 to 2 meters tall, usually glaucous, strigose or scabrous
on the nodes and just below them, otherwise glabrous, slightly compressed, simple
or rarely with a few leafy branches from the upper nodes; sheaths loose, mostly
much shorter than the internodes, pubescent on the
margin toward the summit and usually on the collar,
otherwise glabrous or rarely scaberulous, the scarious
margin (especially in the large lower leaves) sometimes
produced into an erect auricle at the summit; ligule a
ring of stiff hairs i.5 to 2 mm. long; blades ascending
or spreading, mostly rather firm, scabrousand sparsely !
pilose on both surfaces, or smooth or glabrous beneath,
rarely also on the upper surface, 15 to 60 cm. long, 5 to 17
mm. wide, narrowed to the base (often in the lower leaves
almost petiole-like) and tapering into a long involute-
setaceous scabrous tip; panicles terminal and on slender
naked peduncles exserted from the upper 2 to 4 sheaths,
1 to 4 peduncles from a sheath, the panicles nodding,
3 to 10 cm. (rarely 11 to 12 cm.) long, mostiy 8 to 10
mm. thick, usually pale, the axis very slender, angled
and scabrous; fascicles sessile, ascending; bristles rather
scant, unequal, most of them shorter than the spikelet, {|i
the innermost longer, sometimes twice the length of the
spikelet; spikelet solitary, sessile, 6 to 7 mm. long,
about 1.5 mm. wide, acuminate, glabrous; glumes 1
to 3-nerved, acutish, the first about one-third and the
second half the length of the spikelet; sterile lemma -
equaling the fruit or slightly shorter, 5-nerved, acute, Fic. 73.—Pennisctum durum.
its palea obsolete; fruit subindurate, acuminate. From type collection.
i
:
a=
DISTRIBUTION.
On dry rocky slopes in the highlands of Mexico; apparently rare.
CuiauanHua: Santa Hulalia Mountains, Pringle 498. Potrero Mountains, Pringle 817.
Oaxaca: Sierra de San Felipe, Pringle 4962; Conzatti & Gonzdlez 491.
12. Pennisetum distachyum (Fourn.) Rupr.
Pennisetum distachyum Rupr. Bull. Acad. Sci. Brux. 92: 242. 1842. “‘(Sectio Gym-
nothrix. Beauv.) (Coll. H. Galfeotti]. no. 5680.) [Perennial].—Cette espéce remar-
quable et qui atteint la taille élevée de 15 4 16 pieds, créit par grosses touffes, comme
les Bambusae, dans les ravins sombres et humides de la Barranca de San Martin, prés
de Zacuapan (Etat de Vera-Cruz), & 1,500 pieds de hauteur absolue.” No further
description is given. The name is given by Fournier as a synonym of Gymnothrix
distachya Fourn.
230 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
Gymnothrix distachya Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2: 48. 1886. ‘‘Pennisetwm distachyuwm Rupr.
in Bull. Acad. roy. Brug. ix, n. 8. (nomen).’’ Fournier cites four specimens, among
them that to.which Ruprecht gave the name, Galeotti’s no. 5680. This specimen,
which, since Ruprecht’s name is used, must be taken as the type, has not-been exam-
ined. One of the other specimens cited, Botteri’s no. 1214, is represented in the
National Herbarium by three specimens, one being the scant-bristled, greenish-
panicled form (to which the name P. distcchyum is here applied) and two being the
many bristled, tawny panicled form described below as P. prolificum. Botteri’s
numbers are known to be badly mixed. Little reliance can be placed on citations of
his specimens. Fournier’s description is unsatisfac-
tory, being mostly a comparison with “‘G. tristcchya
H. B. K.,’’ which he thinks is but 3 to 4 feet tall, and
under which, as shown by the specimens cited, he
confused two species, P. distechyum and the form
with longer purplish bristles and spikelets with stami-
nate lower floret which he described as Gymnothrix
bambusiformis. But the description of the bristles
as not numerous and but little exceeding the spikelet
points to the scant-bristled form heretofore called P.
tristachyum (H. B. K.) Spreng.** by American authors.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial; culms 1 to 4 meters tall, robust,
glabrous or scabrous below the nodes, mostly solitary,
erect or ascending from a decumbent base, often
rooting at the geniculate lower nodes, branching from
the middle and upper nodes, the primary branches
ascending, the secondary and ultimate branchlets
spreading or nodding, with 1 to 4 slender-peduncled
drooping panicles from each sheath, the whole
Fia. 74.—Pennisctum distachyum. forming a top-heavy leafy compound inflorescence;
From Botteri 96, Mexico. -
nodes appressed-hirsute; sheaths loose, mostly shorter
_than the internodes, hirsute along the margin and at the summit or glabrate;
ligule stiff, lacerate-ci'iate, 2 to 3 mm. long; blades flat, mostly spreading, appressed-
hirsute on both surfaces or glabrate beneath and sometimes nearly so above,
those of the main culm 25 to 45 em. long, 1.5 to 3.5 ecm. wide, narrowed or
attenuate at base, the attenuation sometimes elongate, the apex acuminate, but not
setaceous-tipped, those of the branches: smaller, lanceolate, rounded or slightly
narrowed at base; panicles numerous, dull green, terminal and axillary, the slender
flexuous scabrous peduncles unequal, the longest often as much as 14 to 20 em. long, one
of the cluster of panicles usually partly included, the panicles rather densely flowered,
3 to 8 cm. long, rarely 10 cm. long, about 1 em. wide, excluding the longest bristles,
usually tapering to the apex, the longer ones flexuous, the axis slender, angled,
*t This species based on Gymnothriz tristechya H. B. K. (Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 113.
1816), described from Fcuador, has less freely branching culms, longer and narrower
blades, longer panicles, longer bristles, and larger spikelets. The locality cited with
the original description is “‘prope Puembo * * * regni Quitensis.’? Mr. Gagne-
pain, of the Paris Herbarium, states that the Puembo specimen is very poor, but that
@ specimen from Quito, a panicle and part of a branch of which were kindly sent to the
National Herbarium, agrees perfectly with the type. Specimens from Ecuador and
Peru agree exactly with this and with the original description and the illustration
published later (H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 7: pl. 679. 1825). Other specimens com-
monly referred to P. tristachywm belong to various allied species.
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PENNISETUM. Darl
scabrous; fascicles on minute pubescent peduncles, ascending; bristles slender, scant
(mostly less than 20), unequal, most of them shorter than the spikelet or but little
exceeding it, the innermost about twice as long as the spikelet; spikelets 4.5 to 5.5
mm. long, 1 to 1.2 mm. wide, acuminate; glumes unequal, obscurely ciliolate, the
first minute, l-nerved, acute or obtuse, the second about one-third to nearly half the
length of the spikelet, 3-nerved, acute or subacute; sterile lemma slightly exceeding
the fertile lemma. 5-nerved, depressed down the middle, scabrous, especially toward
the summit, acuminate, the palea wanting; fruit acuminate, but little indurate, the
lemma 5-nerved and scabrous toward the summit, the margins thin and flat.
This species is very closely related to Pennisetum lutifolium Spreng. of the Atlantic
slope of South America from Bravil to Uruguay. That, like P. distachyum, has been
referred to P. tristachyum. The illustration given by Doell.*° as Gymnothrix tristachya
H. B. K. represents P. latifolivm. In that species, described from Montevideo, the
blades are on the average longer for their width than in P. distachyuwm, the panicles
are mostly longer and yellowish, and the bristles longer, the innermost one three to
four times the length of the spikelet.
DISTRIBUTION.
In moist ground, in ravines and along stream borders and irrigation ditches, in the
uplands from southern Mexico to Costa Rica.
Veracruz: Zacuapan, Purpus 2894. Mirador, Liebmann 339. Orizaba, Botteri 96,
631, 1209, 1214 in part; Bourgeaw 2543; Miiller 2066; Seaton 291. Cordoba, Bour-
geau 1664.
Oaxaca: Cuicatlan, Pringle 5558, 5559.
GuaATEMALA: Baja Verapaz, Tiirckheim 3880.
Costa Rica: San Francisco de Guadalupe, Jiménez 2; Tonduz 8020, 14064. San
José, Hitchcock 8448. San Ramon, Tonduz 17910.
13. Pennisetum prolificum Chase, sp. nov.’
Plants perennial; culms 2 to 4 meters tall (probably taller, the base not seen),
very robust, glabrous, branching from the upper nodes, the branches often in fascicles
of 2 to several, relatively slender, repeatedly :
fasciculately branching, the ultimate branchlets Swi ee Z Mi:
very slender, nodding, their nodes often strongly Ne Wy Ain
geniculate, the very numerous panicles 2 to 5 A
together on very slender, flexuous, usually gla-
brous peduncel:s, mostly 2 to 10 em. long, the
terminal panicle often solitary, the whole system
of branches forming a great drooping leafy com-
pound tawny inflorescence often 1 meter or more
long and probably nearly as wide; nodes gla-
brous or strigose; sheaths loose, glabrous or cili-
ate on the margin above, sometimes with a few
long soft hairs at the summit; licule stiff, lacerate-
ciliate, about 2 mm. long; blades flat, mostly
spreading, 15 to 50 cm. long, 2 to 4 em. wide (on
the average a little shorter and broader than those MABEL
of P. distachyum), narrowed but not long-attenuate Sie ciumischitm prolijicum. EXOM
at base, glabrous on both surfaces or slightly i baatiecrie:
scabrous above, those of the branches progressively smaller, the ultimate ones
much more reduced than those of P. distachyuwm; peduncles unequal, one panicle
of a fascicle partly included; panicles tawny, 3 to 5cm. long, about 1 cm. wide,
p ys
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sy CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
denser than in P. distachyum, slightly tapering or obtuse at the apex, the slender
angled axis minutely scabrous; fascicles nearly sessile, somewhat spreading; bristles
slender, numerous, more spreading than in P. distachywm, most of them exceeding
the spikelet, the innermost not conspicuously longer than the rest; spikelet similar to
that of P. distachyum, but minutely scabrous only or glabrous, the glumes thinner,
more obtuse, the first usually nerveless, often erose; sterile palea wanting; fruit scarcely
indurate (thinner than in P. distachyum).
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 250836, collected on rocky slopes,
barranca of Metlac, altitude about 990 meters, State of Veracruz, Mexico, January
29, 1895, by ©. G. Pringle (no. 6975; distributed as Pennisetum bambusiforme Hemsl.)
None of the specimens seen shows the base of the plant. This species has been
confused with P. bambusiforme, from which it differs in its smooth or nearly smooth
blades, denser inflorescence, much shorter and more densely flowered, tawny panicles,
somewhat shorter bristles, less unequal in length, and in the absence of the sterile
palea.
DISTRIBUTION.
Rocky slopes, uplands of southern Mexico.
Veracruz: Orizaba, Botteri 1214; Mohr & Bottert in 1856. Barranca of Metlac, Pringle
6075.
GUERRERO: Sierra Madre, Langlassé 849.
Oaxaca: Plunia, Nelson 2484. -
14. Pennisetum bambusiforme (fourn.) Hemsl.
Gymnothrix bantbusiformis Fourn. Mex. Pl. 2:48. 1886. ‘ Prope Mirador (ScH ren.
n. 338)” is the only specimen cited. The name was earlier listed without description
by Hemsley.*° Schaffner’s no. 338 has not been examined. Itseems-possiblethat
“Schafin:’-may bean error. Liebmann’s no. 338 is from Mirador, and the specimens
of this collection distributed from the Copenhagen Herbarium are labeled “Gymno-
thriv bambusaeformis Fourn. determ. Fournier,’ and agree perfectly with Fournier's
description. Fournier, however. cites Liebmann’s no. 338 under “G. tristachya
H. B. K.”? As stated above (under Pennisetum distachyum), Fournier's idea of that
species was confused. is description of G. bambusiformis is fairly detailed. The
characters that point most certainly to the identification here made of G. bam-
busiformis are [translated]: ‘“‘Bristles unequal, of which one is constantly longer,
niost of them twice the length of the spikelets,’ and “neuter floret 2-paleate.’’ In
the species described above as Pennisetum prolificum, which has heen confused
with P. bumbusiforme, the bristles are not very unequal, the innermost one scarcely
noticeably longer (most of them are about once and a half the length of the spike-
let), and the lower floret is empty.
Pennisetum bambusiforme Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 8: 507. 1885, nom. nud.;
Ind. Kew. 2: 458. 1894. Based on Gymnothrir bainbusiformis Fourn.
Pennisetum tristachyon var. bambusiforme Leeke, Zeitschr. Naturw. 79: 33> 1907.
Based on Gymnothrix bambusiformis Fourn.
Pennisetum tristachyum var. galeottiunuwm Leeke, Zeitschr. Naturw. 79: 33. 1997.
‘“Mexiko.’’ Leeke places the various allies of P. tristachywm under that species as
varieties. His var. bambusiforme is based on Gymnothrix bambusiformis, hence the
name is a synonym of P. bambusiforie; but it is uncertain to which of the forms I eeke
applies the name. He includes Gymnothrir distachyva Fourn. as a synonym, but in
his brief diagnosis says ‘‘Culmi nodi glabri.”’ In P. distachyum the nodes are ap-
pressed-hirsute; in P. bambusiforme and P. prolificum they are glabrous or strigose.
The diagnosis of var. guleotticnum is: “ Culmi nodi pilosi: spicnlae 4-4.5 mm. longae.”’
In Galeotti’s no. 5871 (P. bambusifornie) the lower nodes present are strigose but the
~
#* Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 3: 507. 1885.
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THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PENNISETUM. 233
spikelets are 5 mim. or more long. <A specimen of that collection in the herbarium
at Vienna is labeled “ Pennisetum tristachyum var. Galeottianum Y.eeke, n. var.’’ and
is probably the type. (Galeotti’s no 6871 differs from other specimens of P. banbust-
forme in that the sterile floret is empty in about half the spikelets examined. Othere
wise the specimen has the characters of this species.
DESCRIPTION.
Plants perennial, the culms very robust, probably as much as 6 meters tall (the
base not seen), glabrous, branching from the upper nodes, the branches often in fase
cicles of 2 or 3 (on the average less numerous than in P. prone slender, repeatedly
branching, the whole forming a drooping compound leafy inflorescence, looser and
less massive than in P. prolificum; nodes glabrous, rarely appressed-pubescent;
sheaths loose, ciliate on the margin and with an erect tuft of white hairs at the sumunit
(old sheaths commonly glabrescent), the sheaths of the inflorescence on the average
longer than in P. prolificwm and somewhat in-
flated; ligule lacerate-ciliate, about 2 mm.
long: blades flat, rather firmer thanin the two
preceding species, ascending or spreading,
those of the main culm 20 to 35 cm. long, 2 to
3.5 cm. wide, narrowed, sometimes somewhat
attenuate at base, scabrous or appressed-
pubescent on the upper surface, softly ap-
pressed-pubescent beneath, sometimes gla-
brescent, the blades of the ultimate branch-
lets narrow, much reduced: peduncles slender,
scaberuous, flexuous, unequal, one panicle of
the fascicle partly included; panicles purplish
tawny, 5 to 12 cm. long (rarely longer), about
lem. wide, excluding the longest bristles,
loose, flexuous, tapering at the apex, the
slender angled axis scabrous or hispidulous;
’ fascicles on minute pedicels, not crowded,
ascending; bristles slender, flexuous, numer-
ous, very unequal, most of them about twice
the length of the spikelet, the innermost some
times as much as 2 cm. long; spikelets 5 to §
mm. long, 1 to 1.2 mm. wide, scabrous;
glumes unequal, the first minute, usually
nerveless, obtuse or erose, the second one-
fourth to one-third the length of the spikelet, 1 to 3-nerved, acute or erose; sterile
lemma exceeding the fertile lemma, 5 to 7-nerved, attenuate into a slender flexuous
tip, inclosing a well-developed palea and usually a staminate flower; fruit 4.5 to 5
mm. long, the lemma scabrous toward the acuminate apex, but slightly indurate.
Fie. 76.—Pennisetum bambusiforme. From
Jiménez 990, Costa Rica.
DISTRIBUTION.
On rocky slopes and cliffs, between 900 and 2,800 meters altitude, southern Mexico
to Peru.
Veracruz: Mirador, Liehmann 338. Petlapa,*? Liebmann 340.
Oaxaca: Comaltepec, Galeotti 5871.
47 We are unable to locate this station, but most of Liebmann’s collections were
made in Veracruz. It may be in Oaxaca.
183104—20 3
234 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.
GUATEMALA: Pansamald, J. D. Smith’1853; Tiirckheim34. Coban, Tiirekheim 11.2136,
Il. 2183. FE] Palmar, Kellerman 6262. Volcan Atitlan, Kellerman 5781. Voledn
del Fuego, Seler 2422.
Costa Rica: Rancho Redondo (Goicoechea), Jiménez 990. ‘‘Cabeceras del Bkis,”’
Pittier 10573.
CoLoms1: Bogoté, Apollinaire & Arthur 12.
Peru: Santa Ana, Cook & Gilbert 1632.
+ EXCLUDED SPECIES.
The following names at some time included in Pennisetwm comprise only those
based on species found in America:
Pennisetum corrugatum (Ell.) Nutt.=Chaetochlou corrugata (Ell.) Seribn.
Pennisetum crusgalli (L.) Baumg.= Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.
Pennisetum geniculatum (Lam.) Jacq.=Chaetochloa geniculata (Lam.) Millsp. & Chase.
Pennisetum germanicum (Beauv.) Baumg.=Chaetochloa italica germanica (Mill.)
Seribn.
Pennisetum italicum (L.) R. Br.=Chaetochloa italica (L.) Scribn.
Pennisetum laevigatum (Muhl.) Nutt.=Chaetochloa geniculata (Lam.) Millsp. & Chase
Pennisetum montanum (Griseb.) Hack.= Hymenachne montana Griseb.
Pennisetum myosuroides (H. B. K.) Spreny.=Cenchrus myosuroides H. B. K.
Pennisetum pungens Nutt.=Cenchrus myosuroides H. B. K.
Pennisetum scandens (Schrad.) Jacq.=Chaetochloa scandens (Schrad.) Scribn.
Pennisetum verticillatum (L.) R. Br.=Chaetochloa verticillata (1..) Scribn.
Pennisetum viride (L.) R. Br.=Chaetochloa viridis (.) Seribn.
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INDEX.
{Page numbers of principal entries in heavy-face type.
Page
Adricansmillet sc i csccic ase e ee a seen 218
A OPECUTUS 2NGiCUS= 35 = Soe eee se 210, 222
VAN DNOCNAELD Na oe aoe aso ease toe TOS 211
Cxaltataccaaieaswecs ce ccce seme oe ations 211
IBCCKCLAINUUICO s,s ais clenisitee setincinoae ee eens 211
WELLOLONI Sse ae Saseisie wee oe center cine see 211
UBECK ETOPS1Sice oe isceacne vsice ces joes ooeees 210, 211, 212
MUU DICU as SN as Sn aci is ane ie eae alot Re aot 211
DELOLATISees sae weinejae ic ce eet eee See ae 211
CALatenOPhon@- sence ees cece cece scene 211
Gatatherophondstacne jones anes cose cece ees anee 211
ROTO CUfOTMUS sce eee eee CER eee ee See 211
Cat-tailtmillete-eeetde se ece co seiccere ae eane 218
Cen Chrllsmseeae ce soes see en se aideee cee ate 209, 210, 212
CUAATIS esac sare yore eS a SO est tee en 215
MUUtMOTUSsscccer cence ce ccee asec. soe 219, 220
MY, OSUTOIGES see sete ee eee ceils 212, 234
DONVIEPLOTUS ea ciarare on oiainre ewinjntwisoe ene eee 228
DILOSUS Fees erect ee eek tO! 219
SCLOSUS eae cn eo ME ee ot eee Se ele eee 220
SPICALU Sales seen eeeeioee ice rieete Cee 216
DULLOSUST Se eee Aalto ais cee aes ee 213
Chamaeraphise=n ices scne sien eas seceecemeneer 209
QLUUC US seae eae tence oe aie seine ceeiaaieee 217
Chaetochloairssacccascceetiscinicce sececaewone 209
COLkUgatateer eset ecceceetiocicmicciecice 234
peniculatagesacsecccec-nics lacie cee 228, 234
GLCUC Oe ete ae Sens einer eae Sree see 216, 217
Malicageetesce ass eceeeoeeat ae sees ese 218, 234
PEPMAMICA eats ae elses else ree ae eee 234
MIGESCONS secs coe css ee nisiols See woes 216, 217
Serine Giek}s SoagosasuoracseDoscucsoenacaaas 234
Werticillata’ nice. cise cee sane ees sees 234
Wlnlshe we cosdobsacanand dos sosomosesaeae 216, 234
Vill DISC tAyse sees ene cise ates ees eee ae 222
Hchinochloacrusgallizeescseca aes eee 234
He phan ts Sass erecta tee eee eset 218
Elytrophorus articulatus.............--.-.-- 216
ET IOCH WEL Ora calpains te casio eee aes ee 210, 211
densiflora Nore e esas ee see ce see 211
MCVETS Deseiyateinaiatelelaistetsiatsrais cele tetainiets eines ios 211
SECUNUILONG eae saat erin le eee 211
Mountaimsenassee seek eacececseeles ase eco 214
BORA soso ve he a see eaten Soe oe oe wees eae 216
Gyminoth nine ei oos chee ere tae ees 210, 211, 214
Bambusiformiso.- eee See soe eee 230, 232
COMPLON GUD crys c= ce eee eae ease eee 226
CHA erste ee ealaletsnileneoe oom ees ones 225
CiStACliy Wee eo aes 229, 230, 232
COMINGENSIS ee eae LEON Sees Saee A sioriee 228
QETICUIOLE eer ater cela ee eee ene 221, 222
Grischachinna=ense accent ree eee eee eee 227
MMi inericana see eet ans eee et 226, 227
CNWOTIE SB aerao sae ee ac a a ewe eee 210
UTStOCHY Cs o Oe a een Steines ein 230, 231, 232
Himalayas grasss-s sees eines te Gace eee 215
Synonyms in italic.]
Page
LOCUS sa ee Se SSS IE ease eee 216
SDICOLUS Seee re ae ae na teens see 210, 216, 217
Ekymenachnemontanay.)-- 222-5. cere eee 212, 234
Im peratacaud atazissceee- esse aos cescaenee 223
Indianimilletse ee ey gane cape eee ee eee 218
EXOPROLUS GL CUCUS meee eee ee eee eee eaeee 217
IM ACTOCHOELE oss cement ences oe eee eee 211
SACCHATISOTINIS@see eee tee eee eens 211
Milletspearl!- ees tos ene nececmiseceee 209, 216, 218
INa Plier Prasses dae ae gece eee see aces eeee 218
Negerhirset. sec acicigs son seisonnce = cco eeeiogaese 209
Odontelyirumes-s ee esc aee---ee oer ee 209
IRANI CCRC epts mins cteeiseeeieeina ces tee ere eceeisors 209
Panicum alopecuroides.... 2.2.5. -ssssetie cine = 222
alopecurus....-.-. Wee eee acer eC eror 224
OMETICONUWMN ences eee eee ene een 218
OntillarumMen. ecm see nso sees eeieesoaees 225
CONCHTOI Seems eee een Coe see eee 220, 221
GENSISPICO see e wens aoe ee eee saci eeeeee 221
GLAUUCUM Na yale assins einai cee eae 216, 217
hordeiformMe sacseecace ence eee eee 211
OLY SLOCHY LOT a epee seis iets ie a eee 222
triticoid est. Nees tera eee 221
VUUDISELWM a reemenlseie cients sane ae aie 222
CeParavhenideasawsmececciemescceccencn acer eacice 209
Pearhmillet tosses sence sala 209, 216, 218
IPenicilanidvae-e secre ee === Beer 209, 210
(HMM Spe koasonoddanoce set poEedbbeDse acc 210
DIUK ENC Semem at sneer sn eeisiatee 217
SPICOlL Osa ene ae eee ee cients 210, 216, 217
Mberinisetuiness sesso eee 209,210, 211, 212
GLO PECUTOI ese anaaee ecco ece secon. eee 221
DOPCCULOSPaseeias cee eee on tee eee 224
HP GTUGHLONID cocc cocono soho abobesosodese 209, 218
antvillanumeserstaeeceenceeees aseiseee --- 210,225
Dambusiforme = 222-2 -s ase osnweecine 232, 233
DEON CS: ceeacaistineeic: ee seem aninicceis 224
CONCITOLUES marraiaemteaenaieie sieeeeinas oes 210, 215, 216
Cilia eM ese eee serene ee ceiys 212,215, 216
Complanaiumesnssseere tesa 226, 227
COMPTESSUM. ...------ aa gosoosoSsososSoNS 222
COTTUG ALUM reeaa aicls aise mieisiciioee emcees 234
Crinitumpecsees sean ee eras 225, 226, 228, 229
CTUSY OL liirascyeciac one ieis sean enoe nee 234
dasistachyuniesere cee eases eee ene sees 221
Gistachy umes sce eeeanecee 229, 230, 231, 232
GomingenSeres. see mes eee eoeseereee eee 228
Ghoinbhies ~ sos AbSoatoostoccsapeces-te 212, 228, 229
CTULDESCEN Ss ean see ae ee eee 221
exaltatum@ocessee ss nese ee eae 210, 212
[[ROCID 3 cs doscoacskoeooadebbsconccscHioe 221
OCNACWLOLU TICE aoe eoinaee clon eine eaten 234
GETMANGUM = a oases aoe sense ene eee 234
glaucumess-eeee eens 209, 210, 212, 216, 217, 218
PYIMNOUMT Ks seas ee eee 2G Socteleeee 218
Ramilionziteesee se pe seca sacs see eeeee 222
xX INDEX.
Page. Page
Pennisetum hirsutum. .0. 20 c.. essen nec ce one 221 Pennisetum purpureum ................- 209, 218
MOICOLD GS eiatste ani cto Saree ein aac eerie aie 216 TINO Soni cna scdn atc enanenyaneens 221
HOLGGIONING Nene sha soe ce seecien sansa eee 211 TUN PSlils os. 2 oon inn eh OME ee 209,214
AinDOldHoniumn. ai se\ce seis ceiee seas aes ea ae 225 SCONMENS So 5 sien o-0 eh apa mop eaee a ees 234
WNMACUT ee Cas caine ae eens 209, 210, 222 setosum....... 209, 210, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225
Val. DUTPUTASCENS ... 22-22-22 000-20500- 222 SEDETE S oereannin <2 os aa ainig OR eee 221
var. typica..... peeieioeierts > aiateete sonia 222 SDICCHITN. <6 ea vasa eaen ers ee 217
TEQTICU IN arte eam edwin oie aoe ain ci wtoia aie mata 234 UAPLOTUIN. «2 colt Bic op oc an a stdagean uae” 214
AT WANSKYL 2 < ciate ners sidaweaens 210,212,219, 220 tristachyumi-4: 22. se ad-~ape seas eee 230, 231, 232
LAEVIDLU No ece oacaacaeet ea ceceen eae 234 var. bambusiforme.. ........---- Saeed 232
IRM Soe pope accent onoraus cosas ne 231 Var. Galeottianwm. ....-cecscacccoce 232, 233
longistylum\ac sessc.vowsenee se ee teh mem ae 214 triticoldes.(2- Covodentcnhes-qe-d¢us eee 221
macrophyllum atropurpureum.. ....-.-..- 214 typhoideum< <n. caccoacsccs<coeneer eae 210
macrostachyum ..........-.------- 209, 211,214 UNAMOPUWM « watinnscqnndaaaa<e 4s ode ene 221
METICONU Tod anaes scitserae meee Soe ee 227 VELSICOOL .«- <stne Jee cures 900 e2eanueee 218
MiollissimuUn es soe ass scans see eee 218 WET CHIGHN so ccc~ sce need ne een sae eee 234
MOMLOANALIM = aciecte otao esis aai'sam ince ciate eee 234 WillosUm = 525 5:ancngeeassse02sanckeeee 213,214
MVULIMOTUMas. oSasecsccssccaasese5s 209, 219, 220 War. HWMile siccc oe ecceeccn + ada 213
miulilatumeeycassosces cee oe cece cee oe 210, 212 ViOlRCeNIM . 5.6. ve ctee - eos eres =e eeeeee 210, 218
MYOSUTOMES 25. 5cdsiadesecesesesceeeteces 234 VTE. Sas canis cn cencceuvasceseec eee 234
NICOTAQUENSE’ =. a2 3215 4csasesssnseec tsa 222'\| SPentastachyG.....<asaccep oocsies ss «nsaehesenae 211
OFientale<.zsss<5ss.seccs cece sre ceesnceete 210 GbYSSiNiCG>. < acccccccnecoceet’ shesehemean 211
ETINOLU Weta coaate tea ee ae Sees 214852105 4) SPlagiésetiim 222-225. -c2sc>s socks eoce eee eaene 209
PAIGUMe see Loess eascese stenaseeeeereee 221 | “Saccharum Qntillarwt.cs.cccccecccessreesasee 225
DENTASLACRYUM 522. ce cactescocesccewesdee 21g WRETICUTO - conde op space nse pees asleep 211
pPerottetil asc cessccces Scevdeweceseeuseewer 218 CIEQONS.. suse cosce coe cs os roc easy aeeee 211
polystachyum :..ofcccbesccc. ck se ne 209; 222 || (Setaria antillargim...:.--..-ssonsscsreeeeneeen 225
DANGLE Sa sc case cscs see clea woedemesee eee 229 CENCHTOMEE 24 occ os iow einene sed cesee heen 221
PLOWACUDY ees atoesreaae oe 230, 231, 232, 233 LPO Soe ec ck erect ecererce et oe 222
PUG ENS 5 -.c ce eenk Heed ee occu 5 ds OS 234 | geniculate. << 5 -cen0 dss ape oceesc eee 221, 222
PUT PUTASCENS .....2.--------2---- pace 221, 222 GUOUCO ooo ina oop ene eee Oe 216,217
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