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RICHARD CADBURY

OF BIRMINGHAM

BY HIS DAUGHTER

HELEN CADBURY ALEXANDER

WITH PORTRAIT AND ILLUSTRATIONS

HODDER AND STOUGHTON
LONDON MCMVI

Printed by Hazell, Watson <S> Viney, Ld„ London ana Aylesbury.

MY MOTHER

WHOSE RADIANT MARRIED LIFE

AND WHOSE COURAGE IN HER LONELINESS

ARE MY CONSTANT INSPIRATION

CT78

FOREWORD

O INCE my father's sudden passing away in Jerusa-
^ lem, in the spring of 1899, a wish has often been
expressed for some record of his life. A period of ill-
health, necessitating several months at home, while
my husband was continuing his mission work with
Dr. R. A. Torrey in America and Canada, seemed like
a call to attempt the fulfilment of that wish. Remem-
bering how my father shrank from anything in the
nature of eulogy, I have told the story as simply as
possible, knowing that facts will give the best insight
into his character, and desiring that what is told may
be stimulating and suggestive in a practical way. It
is sometimes the case that those who shine in the eyes
of the world are seen to least advantage in the candid
light of home ; but much as my father was loved out-
side, it was in his home that the genuineness of his
Christianity was most fully revealed, and the private
side of his life is therefore invaded with an object.

M83403-3:

vi FOREWORD

From generations back he had learned to care deeply
for family unity and affection, and there is no doubt
that his life and work were greatly influenced by the
strenuous example of his father and grandfather. For
this reason it seemed well to give a brief sketch of their
lives and activities, and thus to introduce some flavour
of the vigorous Quaker atmosphere into which my
father was born. The key-note of his life was love ;
he was a genius in the art of loving. His love for God
gave balance and sanity to his love for his fellow-men,
and was the root of the true humility which was pro-
bably his other most striking characteristic.

His religious work, philanthropy, or business occupa-
tions were never separated into cut-and-dried sections.
Through every part of his life he sought opportunities
of bringing souls to God through Jesus Christ. This
did not hinder but rather helped him to pay wise and
thorough attention to what is sometimes termed the
secular side of things, and he threw himself with en-
thusiastic ardour into everything which he undertook.
There is not a day when the thought of him fails to up-
lift and encourage me in all that is best, and the desire
to share this helpfulness with others has made the
preparation of this book not only a labour of love but
of delight.

FOREWORD vii

My warmest thanks are due to the many friends who
have provided me with reminiscences, letters, and in-
formation of various kinds, and to others who have
given kind permission to use illustrations.

HELEN CADBURY ALEXANDER.

Moor Green,

Birmingham, 1906.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

PAGE

CADBURY ANCESTRY (ll66 — 1 794) .... I

CHAPTER II

RICHARD TAPPER CADBURY, THE GRANDFATHER

(1768 — 1860) 12

CHAPTER III
JOHN CADBURY, THE FATHER (l8oi — 1 889) . . 27

CHAPTER IV
boyhood (1835 — 1843) 39

CHAPTER V

SCHOOLDAYS (1843 — l^SI) 5 I

CHAPTER VI

YOUNG MANHOOD (1851 — 1860) 77

CHAPTER VII
life's responsibilities (1861 — 1868) .... 108

x CONTENTS

CHAPTER VIII

THE USES OF SORROW (l868 — 1871) . . . . 131

PAGE

CHAPTER IX
SUNSHINE AFTER STORM (1871) 141

CHAPTER X
HAPPY HOME-LIFE (1871 — 1883) *57

CHAPTER XI
ESSAYS AND POEMS 1 68

CHAPTER XII

NEW VENTURES (1878 — 1882) 184

CHAPTER XIII

MISSIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS (1882) .... 203

CHAPTER XIV
MOSELEY HALL (1883 — 1891) 213

CHAPTER XV

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIAN WORK

(1883— 1891) 231

CHAPTER XVI

MOSELEY HALL CONVALESCENT HOME (1891) . . 244

CONTENTS xi

CHAPTER XVII

PAGE

UFFCULME (1892 — 1896) . . . . . • 254

CHAPTER XVIII
BOURNVILLE AGAIN (1892 — 1898) 263

CHAPTER XIX

WEDDINGS AND HOME DOINGS (1896 — 1 898) . . 277

CHAPTER XX

PUBLIC SERVICE (1892 — 1898) 294

CHAPTER XXI

GOSPEL TEMPERANCE (1892 — 1898) . . . 304

CHAPTER XXII

HOLIDAYS AND TRAVEL (1892 — 1898) . . . . 318

CHAPTER XXIII

BOARD SCHOOLS AND THE BIBLE (1897) . . . 333

CHAPTER XXIV
MAGISTRATE AND POLICEMEN'S FRIEND (1892 — 1898) . 344

CHAPTER XXV

WHAT IS MY FAITH ? 356

xii CONTENTS

CHAPTER XXVI

PAGE

ADULT SCHOOL AND MISSION WORK (1892 — 1898 . . 369

CHAPTER XXVII
THE LAST CHRISTMAS (1898) 386

CHAPTER XXVIII

THE LAST JOURNEY (1899) 398

CHAPTER XXIX
WITH CHRIST 415

CHAPTER XXX

" HE, BEING DEAD, YET SPEAKETH " . . . 429

APPENDIX 435

INDEX 438

ILLUSTRATIONS

richard cadbury ....... Frontispiece

FACING PAGE
JOEL CADBURY OF EXETER. RICHARD CADBURY's COPY IN THE FAMILY

BOOK OF THE MINIATURE BY HARRY GRUTH, PORTRAIT PAINTER

TO GEORGE II., I7S7 • • • * 8

JOEL CADBURY, OF EXETER, AND HIS WIFE 12

RICHARD TAPPER CADBURY's FIRST HOME IN BIRMINGHAM . . l6

RICHARD TAPPER CADBURY'S SONS AND DAUGHTERS, 1865 . . 20

RICHARD TAPPER CADBURY 24

PAGE FROM THE FAMILY BOOK, SHOWING RICHARD CADBURY'S PARENTS,

AND ORIGINAL SKETCH OF HIS BOYHOOD HOME .... 42

RICHARD CADBURY WITH HIS SISTER MARIA AND HIS BROTHER GEORGE 56

FIRST MEETING OF THE FRIENDS' READING SOCIETY, 1849 ... 68

BRIDGE STREET WORKS 78

MOTTOES FOUND PASTED ON THE INSIDE OF AN OLD LETTER-CASE

USED BY RICHARD CADBURY AT BRIDGE STREET . . . Il6

xiii

xiv ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING PAGB
RICHARD CADBURY WITH BARROW J ELIZABETH CADBURY WITH JESSIE 124

RICHARD CADBURY'S BROTHERS, 1863 : JOHN AND EDWARD . . I28

PAGE FROM THE FAMILY BOOK, SHOWING SOME OF RICHARD CADBURY'S

ORIGINAL DESIGNS . I38

RICHARD CADBURY AND EMMA J. WILSON, ABOUT THE TIME OF THEIR

MARRIAGE IN 1871 . . . 142

RICHARD CADBURY'S BROTHERS, 1863 : GEORGE AND HENRY . . l60

RICHARD CADBURY'S DAUGHTERS, 1880 164

RICHARD CADBURY'S SONS 1 66

GHALET IN THE HARBORNE ROAD GARDEN 174

GENERAL VIEW OF BOURNVILLE IQO

THE DINNER-HOUR AT BOURNVILLE IQ6

GIRLS' DINING-ROOM, BOURNVILLE 200

RICHARD CADBURY AND HIS WIFE, ABOUT 1880 .... 206

I. MOSELEY HALL BEFORE THE PRIESTLEY RIOTS OF I79I ; 2. MOSELEY

VILLAGE GREEN, 1 885 2l6

MOSELEY HALL, 1883 : I. FRONT VIEW ; 2. VIEW FROM THE WIN-
DOWS TO ST. ANNE'S CHURCH 222

TEACHERS AND OFFICERS OF CLASS XV., 1894 234

ILLUSTRATIONS xv

FACING PAGE
THE SEVERN STREET TEACHERS' MEETING, 1896 .... 238

RICHARD CADBURY IN 189O 244

VIEWS OF UFFCULME 256

GROUP OF BOURNVILLE REPRESENTATIVES AND THEIR WIVES, 1896 . 264
RICHARD AND GEORGE CADBURY, 1896 268

THE BOURNVILLE ALMSHOUSES : I. FROM THE ROAD ; 2. THE QUAD-
RANGLE 274

THE SILVER WEDDING 28o

UFFCULME 282

WYND'S POINT, MALVERN 284

BEATRICE AND ALEC 292

I. A BEDROOM TENT IN PALESTINE, 1897 ; 2. ON THE SANDS AT PORT

SAID, 1897 324

I. BY THE DEAD SEA ; 2. A ROW ON THE JORDAN .... 328

IN THE DRESS OF A SYRIAN GENTLEMAN. LEBANON, 1897 . . 33O

RICHARD CADBURY WITH HIS YOUNGEST DAUGHTER, BEATRICE, 189O 34O

FRIENDS' HALL AND INSTITUTE, MOSELEY ROAD : I. FRONT ENTRANCE ;

2. LECTURE HALL 382

xvi ILLUSTRATIONS

FACING PAGE
FRIENDS' HALL AND INSTITUTE, MOSELEY ROAD : I. ASSEMBLY HALL ;

2. GYMNASIUM 384

THE FIRST GRANDCHILDREN, 1899 . . . . 390

TWO LITTLE GRANDSONS, 1 899 394

CAMEL-RIDING BY THE PYRAMIDS, FEBRUARY, 1899 . - . 404

AT LODGE HILL, SELLY OAK 426

THE MEETING-ROOM, BOURNVILLE ALMSHOUSES .... 432

CHAPTER I
CADBURY ANCESTRY (1166— 1794)

EARLY CADBURY HISTORY AND THE PEDIGREE BOOK —
THE CADBURYS OF SOMERSET AND DEVON

IN turning over the leaves of a biography, there is
generally to be found on its opening pages some
record of family history, and the doings of earlier
generations. The moulding forces at work on a char-
acter are always worth studying for the light they
throw upon it ; and so it comes that when a man's
life-story is made to pass before us, and for the time
his interests become ours, we like to push back the
curtain of the past, and make out the figures of the
generations in the background, till they fade into
the dim mist of uncertainty

The life of Richard Cadbury is especially bound up
with the past history of his family for an added reason,
for it is to his untiring efforts and patient research
that the present knowledge of it is due. In a life
overflowing with work and activities of all kinds, he
found time to compile a book which is now valued as
one of the family's greatest treasures. It is a large,
solidly bound volume, entitled The Cadbury Pedigree,
and contains the details of family history, which were

2 RICHARD CADBURY

thus collected for the first time in comprehensive
form. From early manhood to the last year of his
busy life, Richard Cadbury studied the records of his
ancestors with thoroughness and affection. From
the registers of many a country village, from wills at
Somerset House, Court of Chancery papers, or old
Quaker records, by an extensive correspondence,
and by personal investigation up and down the counties
of Devon, Dorset, and Somerset, — a mass of informa-
tion and illustration was brought together to form this
unique and fascinating volume. It is the source
from which we extract nearly all that is of interest in
these early chapters. The " Family Book," as it is
familiarly called, is a veritable museum of genealogies,
maps, original ink and water-colour sketches, sil-
houettes, prints, photos, paper clippings, ancient
signatures and letters, and many other interesting
documents, all of which are thickly scattered over a
ground-work of closely written matter in his own
beautiful handwriting. Clearness, precision, and artis-
tic instinct are evident in the careful arrangement
of this store of varied material. Upon the first page,
beneath a coat-of-arms and motto, stands a short
introduction, requesting Richard Cadbury's successors
to continue the chronicle of family history.

The name " Cadbury " is of British origin. Cath
or cad means a " stronghold" ; burg, softened into
bury, a " hill."

The name occurs several times in the south of
England — North and South Cadbury in Somerset,
Cadbury in Devon, Cadbury near Clevedon, Cadbury

CADBURY ANCESTRY 3

near Yatton, Cadbury Banks in Worcester, south of
Malvern ; each of these places presents exactly the
same feature, an isolated hill-top of oval shape, more
or less strongly trenched and fortified with earthworks.
Of these the best known is Cadbury Castle, the steep
fortress-crowned hill overshadowing the little village
of South Cadbury, Somerset, a few miles south of
Castle Cary. Here stood (according to many authori-
ties) the far-famed Camalot. Phelps's History and
Antiquities of Somerset states that —

This fortress has been the subject of historical notice by
our early writers on antiquities — some ascribing it to the
Britons, others to the Romans. On examining the castle
itself, no doubt can be entertained as to its origin, and that
it was the work of the Belgic-Britons ; being one of a chain
of forts communicating through the country. . . . This camp
must have been nearly impregnable before the introduction
of artillery, and was occupied first by the Belgic-Britons,
next by the Romans, and probably by the Saxons.

The historian Leland tells us l :

At the very south ende of the chirch of South Cadbyri
standith Camallate, sumtyme a famose toun, or castelle, apon
a very torre or hille, wunderfully enstrengthenid of nature. . . .
This top withyn the upper waulle is xx acres of ground and
more, and hath bene often plowid and borne very good corne.
Much gold, sylver, and coper of the Romain coynes hath been
found ther yn plouing, and lykewise in the feldes in the rootes
of this hille, with many other antique thinges, and especially
by este. Ther was found in hominum memoria a horse shoe
of sylver at Camallate. The people can telle nothing ther,
but that they have hard say that Arture much resortid to
Camalat.

About eight miles north of Exeter is another
1 In his Itinerary, vol. ii. 46.

4 RICHARD CADBURY

Cadbury, of which nothing is now left but a few cottages,
with whitewashed walls and thatched roofs, built on
the side of the hill. The church which is at the foot
of the " bury " has been evidently of some importance,
for as far back as 1291 it gave its name to a deanery.
In the Doomsday Book it is described as 4C XIEerra
(lEtllelmt lie Poiilei Catltiune." Within the ancient
entrenchment on the top of the hill Sir Thomas
Fairfax encamped with his army in the year 1645.

The surname of Cadbury was no doubt derived from
these western villages, and every known family bear-
ing the name can be traced to one of the three counties
of Somerset, Devon, or Dorset. The Dorsetshire
family living in and around Wareham almost certainly
were descended from the Somersetshire stock.

The first recorded instance of the name is that of
William de Cadeberi of Cadeberi, Somerset, where he
had lands under the Lords of Newmarch in the reign
of Henry II. in 1166; and from this year onwards for
four hundred years, there is mention in various docu-
ments of thirty-three Cadburys, all of whom lived in
the south of England and mostly in the south-west.

A very brief reference to a few of these must suffice
for our present purpose. In 13 14 an entry appears
in a Latin document of Johannes Cadbury, who fell
among the slain in the battle of Bannockburn.
William le Mareschal of Cadbury received the King's
(Edward III.'s) pardon for rebellion at Wallingford on
March 28th, 1327. William Cadbury lived at East
Stoke Mont acute (Somerset), and at the end of the
fourteenth century married Margaret, daughter of

CADBURY ANCESTRY 5

Sir Robert Latimer ■ of Pulham, Dorset. Thomas
Cadbury 2 is returned among the gentry of the county
of Kent in the twelfth year of King Henry VI. (1434),
and at his death gave by his will 3 lands to maintain
one lamp for ever in the church of St. George, Canter-
bury.

During the fourteenth and fifteen centuries five
Cadburys were incumbents in various Somersetshire
livings, and as late as 1690 other members of the
family served the Church of England in the capacity
of minister and churchwarden.

In February, 1604, a grant of pardon was issued by
the Privy Seal to Richard Cadbury and others for
piracy,4 and from 1655 to 1680 several letters and
papers appear from Humphrey Cadbury to the Naval
Commissioners, Samuel Pepys, Captain Deane, and
others. He says in one of these, " I have been a mast-
maker at Deptford and Woolwich since the Reforma-
tion."

Early in the sixteenth century a Nicholas Cadbury
and his wife Eleanor made for themselves a home at
Wareham, in Dorset. It was from this home that Sir
William Pitt took his wife, Edith Cadbury, who was
born in 1567 and died in 1633. The Cadbury coat-of-
arms, quartered with that of the Pitts, is to be found

1 Sir Robert Latimer was grandson of William Lord Latimer
of Corby, Northants. In 1896, Jessie, eldest daughter of
Richard Cadbury, married Rev. T. G. Clarke, rector of Corby.

2 Fuller's Worthies of England, vol. i. 514.

3 Halsted's Kent, vol. iii. 715.

4 Calendar of State Papers, doquet February 9th and 14th,
1604.

6 RICHARD CADBURY

on the funeral certificate of Sir William Pitt in the
Herald's College, and over the recumbent figures of
himself and his wife, on the family tomb in the church
of Stratfield-Saye a few miles south of Reading.
Beneath is the motto, "Visunita fortior." It is this
coat-of-arms and motto which Richard Cadbury has
placed over his introduction in the Pedigree Book.
The motto especially is of interest, as it was adopted
and handed on by Richard's grandfather, Richard
Tapper Cadbury, and is characteristic of the family.
Generation after generation, a remarkably strong
unity of affection bound its members together in
loyalty to one another, and in the aim of extending
God's kingdom upon earth. There is no doubt that
this family unity added much to the force and
influence of their individual work.

On June 16th, 1557, the register of the parish of
Uffculme records the interment of William Cadbury
of that parish, and from this point onwards, to the
birth of Richard Cadbury, the Family Book gives
father and son for ten generations. For over two
centuries the life of the family was centred around
the little towns of Uffculme, Culmstock, and Hemyock,
on the banks of the River Culm, which flows from the
Blackdown Hills into the green valley of the Exe, a
few miles above Exeter. At one time there were
many prosperous woollen mills along the course of the
river, and some members of the family appear to have
been interested in the woollen trade.

James of Hemyock, born 1633, married twice and
had a large family. His eldest son, James, alone appears

CADBURY ANCESTRY 7

to have lived to have children, and from him are
descended in two branches all the members of the
family at the present time. The eldest son, James
(the third in succession), went to live at Halberton,
Devon, and founded an offshoot of the family, which
settled in London,1 and of which all male heirs are now
extinct. Mark, John, and Robert, brothers of James,
became members of the Society of Friends early in the
eighteenth century, and from this point it is easy to
trace the family history in fullest detail through the
well-kept records of that religious society. In 1725
the above-mentioned John married Hannah Tapper
of Exeter, the following being a copy of the marriage
certificate :

Whereas John Cadbury of Burlescomb in ye county of
Devon, Wool Comber, son of James Cadbury of Hemyock of
the said county, Yeoman ; and Hannah Tapper, daughter of
Richard Tapper of ye city and county of Exon, Wool Comber,
have declared their intention of taking each other in marriage
before several meetings of the people of God, called Quakers,
in ye city and county of Exon, according to the order used
among them, whose proceedings therein, after a deliberate
consideration thereto (with regard to the righteous law of
God, and example of His people recorded in the Scriptures of
truth), were approved by the said meetings, they appearing
clear of all other, and having the consent of the parents and
all persons concerned. Now these are to certifie, to all whom
it may concern, that for the full accomplishment of their
said intention, this 29th day of the fourth month, called June,
in the year 1725, they, the said John Cadbury and Hannah
Tapper, appeared in a publick assembly with the aforesaid
people and others met together at a meeting, appointed on

1 Elizabeth Cadbury, the last of the name of this branch,
died at Halberton, Devon, on December 31st, 1905, in her
ninetieth year.

8 RICHARD CADBURY

purpose at a publick meeting-place, in the city of Exon ; and
in a solemn manner he, the said John Cadbury, taking the
said Hannah Tapper by the hand, did openly declare as
followeth :

" Friends, in the fear of God, and in the presence of
this assembly, whom I desire to be my witnesses, I take
this my Friend, Hannah Tapper, to be my wife, promising,
with God's assistance, to be to her a loving and faithful
husband, until by death we are separated."

Or words to that effect ; and then and there in the said as-
sembly, the said Hannah Tapper did in like manner declare
as followeth : (A repetition of the same words, transposing John
Cadbury for Hannah Tapper and husband for wife) ; and the
said John Cadbury and Hannah Tapper, as a further con-
firmation thereto, did then and there to these presents set
their hands ; and we whose names are hereunto subscribed,
being present amongst others at the solemnising of their said
marriage, and subscribing in manner aforesaid as witnesses
hereunto, have also to these presents subscribed our names
ye day and year above written.

John Cadbury and Hannah Cadbury.
Richard Tapper and Hannah Tapper.
Thomasine Cadbury.
Richard Tapper, junr.
Mark Cadbury.
Henry Cadbury.
Leah Tapper.
Rachel Tapper.

Below these follow a number of other names of Friends
who were present.

Through this marriage the Cadbury family was
brought into very close touch with the apostle of
Quakerism. Hannah's father, Richard Tapper, was
one of George Fox's companions in persecution, and
a small Bible which belonged to him passed into the
possession of his great-grandson, Richard Tapper

'Ca^tbuy

Richard Cadbury's copy in the Family Book of
the miniature by Harry Gruth, 1737— page p.

CADBURY ANCESTRY 9

Cadbury, of Birmingham, who in turn left it to his
eldest great-grandson, Richard Tapper Cadbury of
Philadelphia, U.S.A. It is inscribed, in the hand-
writing of the elder R. T. Cadbury, as follows :

This Bible just two hundred years since belonged to my
great-grandfather Richard Tapper, whose name is written in
it. This dear ancestor was one of the converts of George Fox,
and was imprisoned with others in Exeter gaol in 1693, as
related in Besses' Sufferings of Friends, and I doubt not this
relic was his companion. Many impressive passages are marked
in it that denote a pious and serious mind. The Bible contains
a chronicle of his family that I could not otherwise obtain.

John, the wool-comber of Exeter, and his wife
Hannah, had five children, all of whom died in infancy,
except their son Joel, who was born in 1732. An old
silver snuff-box, in the lid of which is a beautiful little
miniature of Joel, when a child, was amongst Richard
Cadbury 's special treasures. The miniature is painted
by Harry Gruth, portrait-painter to George II. about
1737. Joel became a serge-maker in his native town
of Exeter. He married twice, Sarah Fox of Falmouth,
and Sarah Moon of Bristol. John, the eldest son, an
accountant at Teignmouth, had no children ; Joel, the
second, a stockbroker and silk mercer in London,
married Frances Brewster Fry, and had two little girls,
both of whom died young ; a younger brother lived
only eighteen years. The fourth son, Henry, emi-
grated to America, married, and died at the age of
forty-six, lamented by his comrades in the new land.
An obituary notice states :

It would be difficult to find in the western country a man
who had the various powers of pure modern English more

io RICHARD CADBURY

completely at command than Henry Cadbury ; in anecdote he
was rich and overflowing, in satire keen.1

Again in a large family one son only remained to
continue the name, in this case the youngest, Richard
Tapper Cadbury (Richard's grandfather), whose re-
moval from Exeter to Birmingham in 1794 marked
the eventual disappearance of the Cadbury family
from the south of England.

On his mother's side many of Richard Cadbury's
forebears were settled for generations in the hill-
country to the north of Lancashire, and the whole
of his ancestors, with one exception, up to and
including his sixteen great-great-grandparents, were
members of the Society of Friends. On both
sides he regarded them with reverent affection, and
when he received copies of one or two old Barrow
portraits for his " Family Book," he spoke of these
ancestors as " Those without whose love we should
have had no existence."

At the beginning of the eighteenth century the
Society of Friends was at the zenith of its power.
Fox was but few years dead, and a very large number
of his followers had shared with him the abuse and
imprisonment that formed so large a part of the be-
lievers' heritage ; they had also drunk deeply of the
wine of the kingdom that flowed freely in these
days of persecution. While the Church was often
content with the formalities of worship, these simple
believers claimed, each for himself, the direct guidance

1 The Supporter, Chillicothe, Ohio, April 28th, 18 13.
8 See Appendix.

CADBURY ANCESTRY n

and indwelling presence of the Holy Spirit. Spurgeon
says of Fox : " He expected that God would speak
to him, commune with him, cheer him, guide him,
comfort him, chide him, and uphold him. He had
inward communication from God, in the strength of
which he went his way to suffer and to serve with all
his heart and soul and strength." ■

The Church of England monopolised the patronage
of court and parliament, and included within its fold
almost all the great of the land ; to be a Nonconformist
was not only to endure the hardness of bodily perse-
cution, but to be disfranchised from the privileges of
civil life. The Quaker faith stood for reality, and
the many converts that were joining on every hand
were soldiers pledged to active service, ready to
sacrifice all worldly glory in the personal devotion to
a Heavenly King.

For two hundred years and more Richard Cadbury's
ancestors had been sturdy adherents to this faith.
The temptation is strong to linger over the records of
their lives, and to reproduce many of the incidents
collected in the pages of the Family Book. This
unique manuscript volume would provide ample matter
for a book in itself, and some day another hand may
attempt to do justice to it ; for our present purpose
we must content ourselves with this brief reference
to the early Cadbury family.

* Chas. H. Spurgeon' s address on George Fox, Headley
Bros., London.

CHAPTER II

RICHARD TAPPER CADBURY, THE GRAND-
FATHER (1768— 1860)

BOYHOOD — MARRIAGE — FAMILY LIFE — A CRUEL LAW —
TEMPERANCE — CHAIRMAIN OF THE COMMISSIONERS —
PHILANTHROPIC INTERESTS — CHARACTER SKETCHES

RICHARD TAPPER CADBURY was the son of
Joel and Sarah (Moon) Cadbury of Exeter, and
was born on November 6th, 1768. His mother must
have been a fine woman, judging by her portrait ; and
the father, whose silhouette is also in the Family
Book, has very decided features under his cocked hat.
He was a conveyancer, and has the bag-wig of the
legal profession. From a letter written by Richard
Tapper Cadbury when he was seventy-three years
old, we can gather something of his reverent boyish
affection for his mother :

Sarah was the name of my dear and revered mother, known
little indeed by the more recent generation, but whose memory
is precious to me, and whose pious example and precepts are
in my thoughts most days : indeed, I think I may say they were,
under Providence, the stay of my youth, the guide of my
manhood ; and her happy close, the result of such a life, the
hope and comfort of my old age. I cannot dwell on her
affectionate demeanour, her wisdom and her piety, without
emotion. To these she added a most animated and cheerful

mHOTHHHHH

R. T. CADBURY, GRANDFATHER 13

mind. It was her lot to pass through many baptisms and
trials. She never repined, but bent to the storm, and arose
from it calm, resigned, and dignified. At a very early period
she inculcated the love of virtue and true piety, endeavouring
to elevate the mind above everything that was grovelling,
mean, or low, and the avoidance of all society where these
qualities were perceptible. It was not by any settled plan
that my dear mother inculcated her advice and precepts ; but
when she felt the subjects, she impressed them timely and in
short emphatic tones, that indelibly fixed them on the heart,
the truth and correctness of which was proved by time and
experience.

The type of character formed in her son, by the
influence of the mother in that Exeter home, was
handed on as a heritage to his successors — amongst
others, to his grandson Richard.

Young Richard Tapper Cadbury left Exeter as a boy
of fourteen, riding on the top of a coach to Gloucester,
where he served an apprenticeship to a draper. Moving
to London, he lived for several years with Jasper and
Ann Capper, linen-drapers, of Gracechurch Street.
During this time, when about twenty-four years old,
he had an idea of going to America ; perhaps the
glowing accounts of the country contained in his
brother Henry's letters may have helped to draw his
thoughts across the ocean. Some of his friends
dissuaded him from his purpose, and in 1794 he
started a drapery business in Birmingham, in partner-
ship with Josh. Rutter. Two years later, on
October 5th, he was married to Elizabeth Head, of
Ipswich.

A couple of letters preserved in the Family Book
give us glimpses of that long-ago wedding day. The

14 RICHARD CADBURY

first is from the bridegroom's father, who was pre-
vented from being present at the marriage :

Exon, October 12th, 1796.
My dear Son and Daughter, Richard and Elizabeth
Cadbury, — I have felt ineffable satisfaction in the prospect
of my beloved son being indissolubly united to a most amiable
young woman, for whom I felt a paternal affection when I
first saw her, and whom I now have a right to salute as my
daughter. Whilst writing I feel fervent aspirations to the
Giver of every good and perfect gift, for your comfort in this
transitory life, having engrafted in your minds true and un-
dented religion, without which all other things are vanity,
and with which all the events of human life are sweetened.
I had a great desire to have attended your union, but could
not bring it about with convenience ; but my wife more than
made up for the deficiency.

Your affectionate father,
Joel Cadbury.

The other letter is from Richard Tapper's brother
Joel, the silk mercer of Gracechurch Street, London,
to the youngest sister, Sarah Moon (afterwards Mrs.
Samuel Cash).

Ipswich, October 5th, 1796.
Dear Sally, — I steal a few minutes from breakfast, just
to iniorm thee (though I have much to be done this morning)
that Benjamin and Maria arrived here last evening about
8 o'clock, and we all supped together here, except John.
Although this morning is not ushered in with ringing of bells
and instruments of music, it refreshes us with its charms, and
there is plenty of harmony in all our minds. Dick [the
bridegroom] and myself are just returned from the walk we
took yesterday morning. The tide is out this morning ;
everything is arranged for the day, and we are to have a grand
dinner. I intend to send this to-day, and after meeting or
dinner I intend to write more. We do not seem all hurry here,
but all seems smooth and comfortable. . . .

R. T. CADBURY, GRANDFATHER 15

Copdock Elf, 5 miles from Ipswich.
Here we are, all assembled to dinner, and I write now just
before dinner, with a room full of Friends in grand talk.
We went to meeting in two coaches, with Benjamin's
phaeton and Joshua's chaise. After two Friends had preached,
up got Dick and spoke extremely well, and Betsy did her part
feelingly and very audibly. After they had spoken, a solemnity
covered the meeting, pleasing to be felt. Betsy and Dick
are very well and cheerful. The company were as follows :

Mother and myself ;

Aunt Head and John ;

Dick and Betsy ;

Benjamin and Maria [here follow more names].

There were a few others unknown to thee.

8 o'clock, evening.
We are just returned from dinner ; a most sumptuous
dinner it was, flesh, fish and fowl, game, hare, etc. The
dinner was excellently served, well dressed, plenty of sauce,
trifles, etc. Betsy has conducted herself with great composure,
firmness, and sweetness.

We are now just going to sit down to supper. All has been
good humour, without excess of it or any extremes. . . . My
mother is very well, and looks remarkably well. Benjamin
is full of frolicks and roguery as usual.

Dear Sally, thy affectionate brother,

J. C.

The Birmingham home, into which Richard Tapper
Cadbury and his wife settled for the first three years
of their married life, was in the Old Square. At
that time it was a quadrangle of handsome and
symmetrical blocks of houses, the enclosed space
forming a garden, with shrubs and flowers, and
stretches of green turf, surrounded by an iron
railing. In this home their first three children —
Sarah, Benjamin Head, and Joel (the founder of the
American branch of the Cadbury family) were born.

16 RICHARD CADBURY

In 1800 the family moved to a new home at No. 92,
Bull Street. Up to that date the building had been
used as an inn, but Richard Tapper Cadbury altered
it, and had a part of it suitably adapted to his business
as a silk mercer and draper. There were in all ten
children, five sons and five daughters, whose long
lives covered a century of Birmingham life. The
youngest daughter, Emma, afterwards Mrs. Gibbins,
who became a well-known figure in Birmingham,
lived until 1905. She was one of the last to be seen
in the dignified old Quaker costume, which added
to the queenliness of her presence. The unusual age
to which the members of this family lived is worthy
of record. Richard Tapper Cadbury himself lived
to be ninety-two. Only two of his children died
young. The fourth little daughter lived but for three
short years, and the youngest boy, Jesse, died when
thirteen years old. The ages of the others were as
follows : —

Sarah (Barrow)

8oi

years.

Benjamin Head

8i*

Joel (of America)

Maria

86J

John (father of Richard Cad-

bury)

James (of Banbury)

S5i

Ann

Emma Joel (Gibbins)

This made an average age amongst the eight of over
eighty-one years.

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W Pi

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W H

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R. T. CADBURY, GRANDFATHER 17

In 1812, when the youngest little girl was a year
old, Richard Tapper Cadbury took a country house
in Islington Row. His children revelled in this rustic
life. The older sisters, Maria and Ann, lived there
to attend school, but when their schooldays were
over they often went to town to help their mother.
The younger children spent most of their childhood
in the country home. On the opposite side of the
road were cottages with pretty gardens, and across
the fields old Edgbaston Church could be seen. A
short walk away was the Five Ways Turnpike, from
which the highroad led into the town.

Broad Road, as it was then called, was a lonely
country thoroughfare, bordered by trees and hedges.
There were a few large houses, — Bingley Hall, the
home of the Charles Lloyds, with its beautiful avenue
where the Prince of Wales's Theatre now stands ; and
further on the home of the Berry family, which is now
the Children's Hospital. Most of the way there were
only cottages, standing away from the road in their
gardens. After dark, people wanting to go out of
town met together for mutual protection, and walked
as far as the turnpike at the Five Ways, carrying their
lanterns. Richard Tapper Cadbury and his wife
were very frequently of the number, and often spent
the nights in the country with their younger children,
sometimes even staying for a few days.

They often used to invite friends, needing a little
fresh air and rest, to go and stay at the house in
Islington Row; and at the quarterly and monthly
meetings of the Society of Friends, the hospitable

18 RICHARD CADBURY

Quaker and his wife entertained parties of guests to
dinner at Bull Street, assisted by their large family
of sons and daughters.

In 1818, Jesse died, leaving a terrible blank in the
life of his youngest sister and playfellow. His short
life was so full of loving happy faith in his Saviour,
that Thomas Evans included a sketch of it in his book
entitled Examples of Youthful Piety, which was pub-
lished in Philadelphia in 1846.

Long years afterwards, when Richard Cadbury
built the beautiful almshouses at Bournville, one of
the first inmates was an elderly woman who had been
a servant in Richard Tapper Cadbury's family. Among
her treasures is a slate which had belonged to little
" Master Jesse." Thus are the tender memories of
the old days linked with the present.

In 1823, Richard Tapper Cadbury's eldest child,
Sarah, married John Barrow of Lancaster, and the
journeyings to and fro between the two households
became very frequent. Coaches left the Hen and
Chickens Hotel at 6 a.m., and only by travelling on
till late at night could they reach Lancaster in the day.
Sometimes the journey would be broken at Pendleton,
near Manchester, where they stayed at the house of
John Wadkin, a great friend of Richard Tapper
Cadbury. Mrs. John Wadkin was a sister of Mrs.
George Barrow of Lancaster, so their daughter Candia
was a first cousin of the young Barrows. The knot
of relationships was eventually very closely drawn,
when three of Richard Tapper Cadbury's children,
Sarah, Benjamin Head, and 'f John, were married

R. T. CADBURY, GRANDFATHER 19

respectively to John Barrow, Candia Wadkin, and
Candia Barrow.

Many of the coaching stories are forgotten, but the
general facts are still remembered. The cold, wet,
and great misery of the outside seats, the cramp and
stuffiness of the inside, the rapid changing of horses
at the post-houses, and the queer travelling com-
panions that were thrust on to each other for many
hours in very limited space — these things could
never be forgotten by those who went through
them.

In 1830 an incident occurred which illustrates
Richard Tapper Cadbury's loyalty to principle, even
in face of personal loss. It was in connection with a
trusteeship in which his father, Joel Cadbury, of
Exeter, had been concerned. Money had been ad-
vanced out of the principal for educational purposes,
but on the expiration of the trust the full original
sum was demanded. Rather than submit the case
to Chancery, Richard Tapper Cadbury replaced from
his private purse the amount already expended. His
generous action so roused the affectionate admiration
of his stalwart sons and daughters that they resolved
to present him with some tangible sign of their feeling,
in accordance with the quaint, dignified ways of the
time. They purchased a silver snuff-box, and had
the following inscription engraved on the lid :

To commemorate the settlement of Pearce's Trusteeship
of 34 years' continuance, in which Richard Tapper Cadbury
overcame injustice and malevolence by liberality and for-
bearance, on the 15th day of 1st month, 1830. From his
dutiful children.

20 RICHARD CADBURY

This little episode gives a charming peep into the unity
and love that pervaded that large family, in which
both parents and children strove to encourage and
uplift each other in all that was good. " Noblesse
oblige " was surely the motto they lived by-

During these years the business in Bull Street had
been prospering. Fashion must have been tyrannical,
for when the huge gigot sleeves, stuffed with feather
pillows, began to be worn, Richard Tapper Cadbury
had to have his shop door widened to admit the ladies.
Elizabeth Fry was one of his customers. Her journal
tells how in her early married life she ventured to
establish a system of Bible reading among her husband's
employes. She may have known of Richard Tapper
Cadbury's habit of assembling his workpeople, down
to the youngest errand-boy, for a Scripture reading
every Tuesday morning. To do this, even weekly,
was remarkable in those days.

The windows of the shop were dressed with
beautiful silks, draped over tall Oriental jars. The
firm suffered much from depredations, their goods
being so valuable. After repeated losses, notice
was given that the next thief caught should be
vigorously prosecuted. Very soon a woman was
found carrying off a roll of costly silk under her cloak.
Given in charge, she was tried at the assizes, and
Richard Tapper Cadbury attended the trial, when
she was convicted. A grandchild remembers him tell,
with deep feeling, how overwhelmed he was when he
heard the judge pronounce sentence of death. " I
had never realised what it would be," he said. u I

R. T. CADBURY, GRANDFATHER 21

was appalled ; and at once, without delay, I posted
to the Home Office, got the woman reprieved, and her
punishment changed to transportation." The interval
between trial and execution was often so short in
those awful days, that all his speed was probably
needed to bring the reprieve in time. The severity
of the punishment was out of all proportion to the
crime committed, and this incident makes one realise
how recently British law has emerged from a system
which was not only cruel and unjust, but tended to
increase the very evils that it aimed at repressing.

In those days, before the dawn of the temperance
movement, there was a great deal of sociable taking
of wine, and at the end of the shop a part was curtained
off, where customers were asked to go and get refresh-
ments. With such customs surrounding him, it is
all the more interesting to notice the force of character
which enabled Richard Tapper Cadbury to shake
himself free, and become one of the earliest enthusiasts
in the cause of temperance. It was at first most un-
popular, but that could not hinder the fine old Quaker
from throwing his whole heart into it, the moment he
was convinced. He was among the first to pledge
himself against the use of " ardent spirits." Later
on the seven men of Preston came to the town, and were
invited to visit at his home. From them he learnt
many facts regarding the evils of intemperance, and
his strong sense of justice and earnest desire for
personal and national righteousness were deeply
touched. Owing finally to the persuasion and coura-
geous example of his son John, who had already

22 RICHARD CADBURY

taken a bold stand, Richard Tapper soon gave
up taking either wine or beer, and discountenanced
the use of all intoxicating drinks during the last
twenty years of his life. His wife before long also
joined the ranks of the total abstainers. In spite of
the remonstrances of medical and other friends, who
predicted the most serious consequences from rigid
abstinence at his advanced period of life, Richard
Tapper Cadbury steadfastly adhered to his resolution,
and used to say that he believed it had done much
towards ensuring to him the blessings of a healthy
old age.

In 1832, having already retired from business, he
gave up his house in the town and removed to Cal-
thorpe Road (now No. 58), in Edgbaston. By this
time the children were scattered. Sarah had married
John Barrow and was living in Lancaster. Benjamin
Head, with his wife Candia (Wadkin), settled into
the old home in Bull Street, and took over his father's
business. John had for eight years been carrying
on a tea and coffee business in Bull Street, and was
in this year married to Candia Barrow of Lancaster.
Joel had already been in America for sixteen years,
and he too was married and settled in a home of his
own in Philadelphia. The family at Calthorpe Road
now consisted of three daughters, and James, who was
in business with his brother Benjamin.

The new garden was a great joy to them all. Flowers
and fruits flourished, and the peaches, which attained
great perfection on the walls, took a prize when ex-
hibited at the Botanical Gardens' Show.

R. T. CADBURY, GRANDFATHER 23

The last twenty-eight years of Richard Tapper
Cadbury's life were spent in this home. Most of the
time only Maria and Ann were left with their parents ;
for James married Lucretia Sturge (a sister of Joseph
Sturge) and went to live in Banbury ; while Emma
was married to Thomas Gibbins, of Birmingham.

The death of Richard Tapper Cadbury's wife pre-
ceded his own by nine years. Up to the very end,
the energetic old man took a keen interest in the career
of every member of his large family circle. Every
Friday the sons and daughters living in Birmingham
met at their parents' house for dinner, and they and
the grandchildren could always find easy access, for the
door key was hung outside where they could reach it.
By means of letters and occasional visits he kept in
close touch, also, with those of his family in Banbury
and Lancaster, and further away across the Atlantic.

While still a young man, with the weight of a large
and growing business on his shoulders, and a com-
parative stranger in the town, Richard Tapper Cadbury
had thrown himself heartily into public life. He
was an Overseer of the Poor in the disastrous year
1800 ; bread was then is. lo^d. the quartern loaf,
and such was the distress, that no fewer than twenty-
two distinct poor rates, it is said, were levied within
twelve months, aggregating 13s. 6d. in the pound.
On the termination of his year of office he became
one of the Guardians of the Poor, and soon won a
reputation for activity, regularity, soundness of
judgment, and high integrity. In 1822 he accepted
an appointment on the Board of Commissioners, the

24 RICHARD CADBURY

then ruling authority in Birmingham, and was elected
Chairman in 1836. He maintained this position till
1851, when the Board was dissolved by Act of Parlia-
ment, and its responsibilities and authority handed
over to the newly constituted Town Council and
Mayor. During the long period in which he held office,
the town increased at a rate that was without pre-
cedent in the provinces, the population having
trebled in the interval. The work and authority of
the Commissioners necessarily involved very serious
responsibilities.

The final meeting of the Board, held on the last day
of 1 85 1, is described as a very interesting scene. The
venerable Chairman, who was then in his eighty-third
year, presided ; his colleagues, all of them staid men,
had reached middle age — some of them had left it far
behind them. With one or two exceptions every
Commissioner was present, and there was a degree of
quietness almost amounting to solemnity in the pro-
ceedings. The last recorded minute of a body, which,
for nearly a century, had controlled the affairs of the
town, is an appreciative tribute to the work and worth
of their Chairman. " The Commissioners present at
this, the last of their meetings, desire to. express to
their venerable and much-respected Chairman the
gratification they feel that his health has been in such
a measure continued to him as to enable him to preside
up to the very close of his duties. They offer him
their grateful thanks for his uniform courtesy and
kindness, and review with deep interest the services he
has rendered, during the long period he has acted as

RICHARD TAPPER CADBURY.

R. T. CADBURY, GRANDFATHER 25

one of the Commissioners of the Birmingham Street
Acts."

Richard Tapper Cadbury's active work did not cease,
however, with this severance of his official relation
with the public life of the town. He was Chairman
of the " Birmingham Fire Office " up to the time of
his death. The General Hospital and Dispensary,
the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, the Blind Asylum,
the Infants' School Society, the Eye Infirmary, and the
Children's Hospital, still benefited by his interest in
their welfare.

He was one of the earliest promoters of the Birming-
ham Auxiliary of the Bible Society (the first formed
in the provinces), and to the close of his life he felt a
deep and anxious interest for the wide circulation of
the Holy Scriptures without note or comment. In
addition to these labours, he took an active part in the
efforts for bringing about the suppression of the slave
trade, and the abolition of slavery.

Richard Tapper Cadbury was the subject of the first
biographical sketch in the first number of Edgbastonia,
a Birmingham magazine, inaugurated in May, 1881.
At its close, the writer adds :

To within a few weeks of the close of his life, his figure was
a familiar one in our streets. He adhered to the formal
simplicity of " cut " characteristic of the attire of the members
of the Society of Friends, but was always carefully, and even
smartly, dressed : his tightly fastened coat having invariably
a flower in its button-hole. Few people met him without
raising the hat in token of respect. He was greatly esteemed
by his co-religionists, over whom his influence was so geat
that, amongst them, he was usually spoken of as " King
Richard." His death occurred when he was in his ninety-

26 RICHARD CADBURY

second year, and he was buried in the simple graveyard of
the Friends in Bull Street ; the shops in the thoroughfare were
closed as the funeral cortege passed, as a mark of respect for
a man who had been one of its principal traders before its
then oldest inhabitant was born.

One of his contemporaries, in a descriptive sketch,
says :

His commanding presence, his great capacity, and his
clearness of thought and speech more than justified the
prominence he had attained. That he was very dignified
in his bearing, bold in speech and action, somewhat dogmatic
perhaps in manner, and occasionally obstinate in enforcing
his own views, was generally admitted. But these qualities
were more than counterbalanced by his unvarying courtesy
and undeviating kindness, which made him very popular
with all classes of his fellow citizens. Indeed, it is the lot of
few men to retain, as he did, his influence over his fellows
to the very last days of an unusually prolonged life.

A notice that appeared in one of the public journals,1
at the time of Richard Tapper Cadbury's death in
March, i860, closes thus :

In concluding this sketch, we can hardly pass over the
happiness that existed in Mr. Cadbury's domestic relations ;
diffusing as he did by his bright and cheerful tone and con-
sistent example, by his uniform kindness and sympathy, an
attractiveness which drew to him as a centre, not only his own
children, but his numerous grandchildren, who always found
ready and easy access to him, and enjoyed the privilege of
sharing in his affections, and listening to his valued counsels,
the fruit of prolonged experience. At the close of his life he
had the privilege of witnessing his numerous surviving children
and forty grandchildren and great-grandchildren closely
united in one unbroken bond of unity and affection. Thus
passed away from us an honoured citizen, a beloved parent,
and a Christian man.

1 Aris's Gazette.

CHAPTER III
JOHN CADBURY, THE FATHER (1801— 1889)

BUSINESS TRAINING — SPEEDING THE MAILS — MARRIAGE
— WORK AS A COMMISSIONER — CLIMBING CHIMNEY-
SWEEPS ABOLISHED — OVERSEERS' DINNERS — CHOLERA
IN BIRMINGHAM — SECOND MARRIAGE — TEMPERANCE
AND PHILANTHROPIC WORK

JOHN CADBURY was born in Bull Street,
Birmingham, on August 12th, 1801. He was
the third son and fifth child of Richard Tapper
Cadbury. His brother Joel, two years older than him-
self, was his special companion in boyhood. Both were
high-spirited, warm hearted and affectionate, and
their father thought it well to develop their energy.
Joel was therefore sent out to his Uncle Warder in
Philadelphia, when about fifteen ; and a year later
John was sent to be apprenticed for seven years in the
grocery business, to a Friend at Leeds named John
Cud worth. Whilst there he was introduced into a
circle of the Society of Friends, and made many
friendships amongst them. Being fond of music, he
learnt to play the German flute. At that time the
study of music was not considered consistent with the
principles of Friends, on account of its very usual

28 RICHARD CADBURY

connection with various forms of worldly amusements.
Later on, in deference to his father's wish, John gave
up his favourite recreation, though he loved to hear
music all his life. This fact is characteristic of the
man who fearlessly stood alone, if need be, in any
matter where his conscience was concerned, but who
was always ready to yield, in matters of personal
preference or enjoyment, to the conscientious scruples
of others.

His aunt, Sarah Moon Cash, gives a word-picture of
him at this time :

John is grown a fine youth ; he possesses a fine open coun-
tenance, is vigorous in body and mind, desires to render himself
useful in the business or in any other way ; he possesses a
strong, athletic form, with energetic powers of mind ; he
appears very amiable, but his character is not yet formed.

From Leeds he was sent by his father to London,
for a year's experience in the bonded tea-houses ;
and in 1824, when he was twenty-three years old,
came the venture in Bull Street. With character-
istic liberality and brevity his father had placed
some money at his disposal, telling him that with
that he must sink or swim, as he had a family of ten
children to care for. To John's credit be it said, he
used his capital so wisely that he never had occasion
to ask his father for further help.

In the conduct of his business as a tea and coffee
dealer, he was as shrewd as he was painstaking. He
was amongst the first tradesmen in the town to intro-
duce shop fronts with plate-glass windows in mahogany
frames. People would often come for miles to see

JOHN CADBURY, THE FATHER 29

them. He was particular to have his windows bright
and attractively arranged, as well as clean. The
passer-by in the early morning might often see the
master himself superintending and helping in the task.
His industrious attention to business compelled the
admiration of his neighbours, and more than one was
known to say, " That young man is sure to get on."

That he was a man of some " presence and spirit "
may be gathered from an incident of the old coaching
days told to his son Richard, who has recorded it in
the Family Book :

He was travelling in the mail-coach to London ; when they
were a few miles past Dunchurch a wheel came off the coach.
In this dilemma he at once volunteered to return to Dunchurch,
where he ordered a post-chaise and four to be sent on to the
coach, and a chaise and pair for himself and the only other
passengers. So they dashed off first with the chaise and pair,
and by " putting on the official " every one made way for
them. If the toll-man did not at once open the gates, John
Cadbury threatened to report him, as they were bound on
" King's business." At the towns they passed through they
ordered a post-chaise and four to be ready for the mail which
followed, and a fresh pair of horses for themselves, and thus
they went about seventy-five miles to London. Such was the
speed at which they travelled that they were only an hour and
a half behind the time. Nothing was paid for on the road,
every one making way for them, but not without some opposi-
tion, which, however, a little judicious threatening dispelled.
On his arrival he at once made his way to the Post Office,
where he received the thanks of the authorities.

In the March of 1826 John Cadbury married Priscilla
Ann Dymond, of Exeter. She was a sister of Jona-
than Dymond, the author of Essays on the Principles
of Morality, a book which has passed through ten

30 RICHARD CADBURY

editions in England, and has also found much favour
in America. John Cadbury was a frequent visitor
in the family at the time the Essays were being
written. Most of the work was composed by
Jonathan Dymond while at his desk, during business
hours, and in the evening he would take the sheets
he had written, and read them over to his future
brother-in-law for approval.

After barely two years of married life, Priscilla
died, and John Cadbury was left lonely in his new
home. The sorrow, which in some natures leads to
self-pity and lessened usefulness, was the means, in
his case, of leading him out into a fuller activity for
the good of others.

The year following his wife's death saw his first
visit to Ireland, in the service of the Society of Friends.
He went as companion to his father-in-law, John
Dymond, of Exeter, who was visiting Ireland on a
religious concern.

Two later visits were paid to Ireland in the same
Christian service. In 1835 he accompanied Samuel
Capper, and again in 1842 he shared the memorable
gospel journey with Robert Charlton.

In 1830 John Cadbury entered on his career of
public work. He was appointed to the important
position of clerk of the Monthly Meeting of Friends
in Birmingham. In the same year he was elected a
member of the Board of Commissioners, of which his
father, Richard Tapper Cadbury, was then Chairman,
and he himself often presided at the meetings. Later
on, he was Chairman of the committee appointed to

JOHN CADBURY, THE FATHER 31

the delicate and onerous task of conducting a Bill
through Parliament, for the transfer of the powers and
property of the Commissioners to the Corporation.

For some time the two bodies had held co- jurisdiction
in the town, but when the Bill was carried into law
the affairs of the borough were managed by a single
authority. But for the devoted and prompt services
of John Cadbury in London while the Bill was before
the Parliamentary Committee, a measure of a different
character would have been passed. He was associated
in this work with Arthur Ryland and H. M. Griffiths,
who won over to their view of things Mr. Spooner and
Mr. Muntz, at that time the Parliamentary repre-
sentatives for Birmingham. In their report laid
before the Commissioners they concluded :

Thus it will be seen that we have successfully maintained
the principle of local self-government, and effected some
important improvements without obstructing the progress of
the Bill.

During these years John Cadbury took a leading part
in seeking to remedy the smoke nuisance, which was
then a serious evil in the town. He also vigorously
condemned the barbarous practice of employing
climbing boys for sweeping chimneys. One day he
paid a visit to Hagley Hall, accompanied by a scien-
tific chimney-sweeper, to show the practicability of
cleansing chimneys without the employment of boys.

He used to tell racily of that visit in the dark
hours of the early morning. He watched to see
that the machine was effectively used, and, before
leaving, asked the cook for water to wash his hands,

32 RICHARD CADBURY

who sharply observed, she had never before been
asked to set a wash-basin for a sweep !

Although the chimney-sweepers as a body were
opposed to the movement, he had the courage to call
a meeting of sweeps in the Town Hall, when he con-
vinced them that the new system would be an ad-
vantage, even from the point of view of their own
monetary interest. To encourage a start he himself
bought a number of machines, and set master-sweeps
up with them. Legislation was at length carried
prohibiting the employment of climbing boys.

In 1832, he was appointed one of the Overseers of
the Poor, who had indeed reasons for thankfulness
when John Cadbury joined the Board. To this work
he applied his Christian principles in so energetic
and practical a manner as often to arouse a good deal
of unpopularity amongst the officials.

Up to this time it had been the practice of the
Overseers and the principal officers to dine together
weekly, and once a month there had been a special
dinner, called the " Chairman's Dinner." These
dinners were paid for out of the rates. John Cad-
bury was amazed on attending one of them, soon
after his election, to find the table laden with the
choicest dainties. Outside he saw a crowd of cold
and hungry paupers waiting for relief, and shivering
in the cold. It was the first meeting of the annually
elected Board of Overseers, and as the members were
preparing to adjourn to the Board Room, the clerk
observed, " You will excuse me, gentlemen, but before
you go to your duties, I should advise you each to take

JOHN CADBURY, THE FATHER 33

a glass of brandy." Indignant before, John Cadbury
was now thoroughly roused, and at the next meeting
of the Board, with the help of a Mr. Henry Knight,
he so plainly showed the illegality and iniquity of the
system that it was abandoned.

Another instance of his keen sense of duty and
fearless nature occurred in connection with the out-
break of Asiatic cholera in England, which caused
widespread panic :

When it reached Bilston — which it ravaged fearfully — the
Birmingham Overseers, as a precaution, took a detached house
in Bath Row — then quite outside the town — for a cholera
hospital. Happily it was not required for living patients,
but the body of only one person who died of cholera in Bir-
mingham— a Bilston man — was taken there. As no one of
his friends came forward, the parish authorities were applied
to in reference to his burial. Every one was panic-stricken,
and the Overseers could get no one to undertake the funeral.
A parish coffin was provided, but the difficulty was to get
any men to put the body in it, and carry it to St. Thomas's
Church for burial. Mr. Cadbury and his friend Knight under-
took to attend the funeral officially, but they were in great
perplexity about bearers. At length some men were found
who, upon promise of very liberal pay, consented to act,
upon conditions that there should be no pall, and that they
should be allowed to smoke all the way to the church. This
was conceded, but another difficulty arose. The clergy were
all alarmed, and declined to officiate. At length Mr. Cadbury
induced one to volunteer. The parties accordingly met in
Bath Row, and were preparing matters, when the clergyman
came to Mr. Cadbury, and asked if he " thought there would
be any impropriety in commencing the service as soon as the
procession started," urging that it would be safer, as he could
get the service over by the time the grave was reached. This,
too, was conceded, and soon the curious sight was seen of a
surpliced clergyman with open book proceeding at full trot
along the road gasping out the burial service, while at his

34 RICHARD CADBURY

heels was an uncovered coffin, borne by four men, each with
a pipe in his mouth, followed by Mr. Cadbury in a broad-
brimmed hat and flowing Quaker frock-coat, and by Henry
Knight, his nose and mouth muffled up in a large blue scarf.1

Thus John Cadbury employed the four years of
his loneliness. At the end of that time the cloud
lifted, and the sun shone again.

In visiting Lancaster during the time of his sister
Sarah's engagement, he had met Candia Barrow for
the first time. A niece remembers his ardent de-
scription of her when recalling those days : " I loved
her the first moment I set eyes on her ; she was not
sixteen. She had beautiful eyes, and her dark hair
curled all over her head." In some way the two
young people drifted apart, but after the years of
intense loneliness which followed the brief period
of his first marriage, John Cadbury 's heart turned
with a new hunger to the love of his boyish days.
He was married to Candia in 1832. She was the
fifth child and eldest daughter of George Barrow,
a foreign merchant, and the owner of several ships
which traded principally with the West Indies. He
was a prosperous man, and his ships would often lie,
three abreast, the entire length of the quay on the
Lune, while waiting to discharge or receive their
cargo.

George Barrow's home, Bowerham, was on the out-
skirts of the town, surrounded by fields. From the
look-out which he had built he could command a
view of Morecambe Bay, and through his telescope

1 Edgbasionia.

JOHN CADBURY, THE FATHER 35

watch his ships making for the mouth of the river
or at their moorings on the quay. In the distance
the mountains of the lake district might be seen,
robed in mists or clothed in sunlight.

John Cadbury often told his children of the long
coach rides between Birmingham and Lancaster, and
of how their mother would stand at her father's gate,
listening for the horse at the end of Bowerham Lane.
He would tell them, too, of the wedding day, and of
how, as they drove away from the bride's old home,
the long sprays of the wild rose brushed in at the
carriage windows from each side of the drive, scattering
their fragrant white petals over the bridal pair. He
regretted having to take her away from the sweet
country to the town home in • Bull Street, but she
always said how glad she was to be near him all
day long.

The eldest son, John, was born in the Bull Street
home, but Edgbaston was the birthplace of the other
five children.

As early as 1832, the year of his marriage with
Candia Barrow, John Cadbury had become a pledged
total abstainer. Always abstemious, and realising
to some extent the horrors which follow in the wake
of alcohol, he was influenced by the visit of the men
of Preston to see that in a matter of such vital im-
portance half-measures were useless, and he must
take his stand definitely against the great curse.
From this time forward he worked whole-heartedly,
and with unflagging energy, in the cause of temperance,
loyally seconded by his wife.

36 RICHARD CADBURY

The first annual meeting of the Birmingham
Auxiliary Temperance Society, of which John Cadbury
was one of the founders, was held on July ist, 1833,
at the Friends' Meeting House in Bull Street. In
recognition of his labours in connection with this
movement, and as a mark of the esteem of temperance
workers, he was presented with an illuminated address,
which bore the following inscription :

To Mr. John Cadbury this humble memorial of gratitude
is respectfully presented by the total abstinence members of
the Birmingham Temperance Society, as a sincere token of
their high esteem for his ceaseless and unwearied exertions
on behalf of so great and glorious a cause.

The presentation took place in the newly erected Town
Hall in the year of his son Richard's birth.

It must not be thought that his outspoken principles
cost John Cadbury nothing ; but when once he felt
convinced of God's will in any matter, he was immov-
able. His views had at first been considered un-
necessarily strong and advanced by his father, who,
however, finally became convinced that John was
right, and took his place alongside in the fight.

During these years of public activity, John Cadbury
was paying full attention to his business. The tea
and coffee shop had been opened at 93, Bull Street,
Birmingham, as already stated, in 1824. About 1835
he rented a warehouse in Crooked Lane, where he first
experimented in making cocoa and chocolate with
pestle and mortar. In 1847 the Great Western Railway
Company took down these premises, and John Cad-
bury removed to Bridge Street. About this time his

JOHN CADBURY, THE FATHER 37

brother, Benjamin Head, entered into partnership
with him for a few years, the firm thus taking the
well-known title of " Cadbury Bros." Two years
after the move to Bridge Street, in November, 1849,
the shop in Bull Street was handed over to Richard
Cadbury Barrow, a nephew of the two partners.
They did not immediately abandon the tea department
of their business, but gave increasing attention to the
manufacture of cocoa and chocolate, which finally
absorbed their whole trade. As soon as they were
old enough, first Richard, and then George and Henry,
joined their father in the business.

In the year 1855 a crushing sorrow shadowed John
Cadbury's life, for his wife, Candia, died. He was
prostrated by the shock of her loss, and about the
same time was taken ill with a severe attack of
rheumatic fever, from which he never entirely
recovered.

In 1861 he handed over the business to his sons,
Richard and George, and spent the later years of his
life, as far as his health would allow, in religious and
philanthropic work.

John Cadbury loved all his children devotedly, and
amongst his other interests he always realised that
they were his first responsibility. Three of his sons,
John, Edward, and Henry, preceded him to the Better
Land, but he lived to see Richard and George in
homes of their own, with their children around them.
His faithful and devoted companion to the end of
his life was his only and dearly loved daughter,
Maria. She never left his side, and although she

38 RICHARD CADBURY

married a few years before his death, she continued
to live on with her husband in the old home.

On May nth, 1889, John Cadbury died, in his eighty-
eighth year. He was buried in Wit ton Cemetery, and
the throng around the grave-side, including numerous
deputations, showed how much he was reverenced
and beloved. As the crowd gathered around the
grave, there were a few moments of eloquent silence,
broken only by the twittering of the birds in the
neighbouring shrubbery. During the funeral service,
William White, an old friend and fellow worker of
John Cadbury, closed a powerful address by saying
that he could remember the time, forty years ago,
when scarcely any active form of philanthropy in
Birmingham did not claim John Cadbury 's pecuniary
help and energetic personal support. In every effort
for the good of his fellow townsmen, social, moral, and
spiritual, their departed Friend was always to the
front.

CHAPTER IV
BOYHOOD (1835— 1843)

BIRTH — DEVELOPMENTS OF SCIENCE DURING BOYHOOD —
THE HOME IN CALTHORPE ROAD — ANECDOTES — A
BUNDLE OF OLD LETTERS — TEMPERANCE TEA-
PARTIES

RICHARD CADBURY was born on August 29th,
1835. By all that a man owes to heredity,
he came into the world nobly equipped, and the
atmosphere of his boyhood was fragrant with the
memories of past generations. His mother's home
in Lancaster, with its happy associations, was a large
factor in his early life. It will be remembered that
before his father married Candia Barrow, his Aunt
Sarah had settled into a Lancaster home as the wife
of John Barrow. Through this double marriage the
family ties between Barrows and Cadburys were closely
cemented, and, as might be expected, the two house-
holds of young cousins saw a great deal of each other.
Candia's children often visited Lancaster, and the
south mail which brought them from Preston was
stopped to set them down at the end of Bowerham
Lane, just below their uncle's gate. Many were
the expeditions paid by merry parties of the
young people to the farms owned by their Grand-

40 RICHARD CADBURY

father Barrow on the Yorkshire border. On one
of these farms, Scalemire, which passed at his death
into Candia's possession, she and her husband and
children spent some delightful holidays.

It is interesting to notice that Richard Cadbury's
life, together with his father's, exactly spans the
nineteenth century, while his own is practically coin-
cident with the reign of Queen Victoria, who was
crowned when he was two years old, and was married
a couple of years later. The marvellous changes that
revolutionised modern life and ushered in a new era
were in their transition stage during his boyhood.
Some of the greatest achievements which the world
has yet seen were to be found in the application of
science to the practical business of life, and greatly
affected the development of a commercial career such
as that of Richard Cadbury.

" From the beginning of history down to the opening
of Victoria's reign, men had been travelling the earth
in just the same way ; that is to say, they were drawn
by horses on the land, and conveyed by sailing vessels
on the rivers and on the seas. Now came the steam-
ship and the railway. Up to this time men had com-
municated with each other by messengers on foot or
on horses, camels, ostriches, or by carrying birds.
Now the electric telegraph was stretched across the
land and under the ocean. It is not too much to
say that no such sudden and complete change was
ever made in the business ways of men during the
whole history of the world." '

1 Illustrated London News, " Life of Queen Victoria."

BOYHOOD 41

When Richard Cadbury was two years old, the
Grand Junction Railway from Birmingham to Man-
chester, the first railway in the Midlands, was opened.
A year later, on August 27th, 1838, the first train
puffed on its way from Birmingham to London.

Amongst the names of Birmingham citizens who
figured on the managing committees of the new
railway companies were those of Richard's grandfather,
Richard Tapper Cadbury, and William Chance, Samuel
Beale, Joseph Shorthouse, and John and Joseph
Sturge.

In the spring of the year 1835 preparations were
being made by John Cadbury for a move from the
town house in Bull Street to Edgbaston, and Richard
was born in the temporary home at 17, Frederick Road.
Before Christmas the father and mother, with their
two baby boys, had settled into the house in Calthorpe
Road, which was to be the family home for many years.
It faced down St. James's Road, and was almost
cottage-like in appearance. Although too small with-
out considerable alteration, its country surroundings
decided John Cadbury to take and enlarge it, laying
out the garden to his own taste. His wife, who was
exceedingly fond of gardening, shared with him in all
the plans, now as at all times lifting the home burdens
that he might not be hampered in his business and
public affairs.

The first child born in the new home was Richard's
only sister, Maria, on March 13th, 1838. A year later
came George, on September 19th, 1839 > tnen a baby
boy who only lived three days. On March 31st, 1843,

42 RICHARD CADBURY

Edward was born, and two years later, on July 17th,
1845, the youngest son, Henry.

" The thought of this dear old home," wrote
Richard's sister, " brings bright memories." House
and garden were full of charms, and the children were
taught from babyhood to love Nature and all living
creatures. In the garden was a small pond of water,
with a rockery island and fountain in the centre,
round which all kinds of ferns luxuriated. These
were under the special care of Richard and his mother.
Flowers and fruit, trees and fields, were rich sources
of study and enjoyment for the young folks.

11 Many were the games we had on the square lawn
[runs Maria's description]. Our father measured
round it twenty-one times for a mile, where we used
to run, one after another, with our hoops before break-
fast, seldom letting them drop before reaching the
mile, and sometimes mile and a half, which Richard
generally did. How rosy we were, seated round the
breakfast-table ready for the basins of milk provided
for each child, with delicious cream on the top and
toast to dip into it. Our father went for a walk each
morning, starting about seven o'clock, taking his dogs
with him, and we were often his companions. The
roads round Edgbaston were very countrylike then,
with rambles across fields, and pools of water where
the dogs enjoyed a swim. One pretty walk was across
the fields to Ladywood House, now in Vincent Street,
in the midst of the town. We returned home to
breakfast punctually at eight o'clock. The family
Bible Reading followed, and by nine o'clock our father

U- 1*3

PAGE FROM THE FAMILY BOOK,
Showing Richard Cadbury's parents, and original sketch of his boyhood home.

BOYHOOD 43

was ready to start for business. I can picture his
rosy countenance, full of health and vigour — his
Quaker dress very neat with its clean white cravat.
Our dear mother was always ready to see him off
with a parting kiss. At nine o'clock the school bell
rang, before which we generally had a run in the
garden, and the boys a game on the gymnastic poles
of various kinds, one as high as a ship's mast, up
which they all learned to climb. Richard was par-
ticularly clever in performing various antics on the
bars. Our natural longing for music was so far en-
couraged that we were allowed to buy Jews' harps
with our pocket-money. These we thoroughly enjoyed,
having learned several Scotch airs from hearing our
mother sing them. We loved* to listen to the sweet
lullabies, with which she hushed the babies to sleep.
Our father had two musical boxes in a special drawer
in a bookcase. It was a great treat to us when he
wound these up for our pleasure. Our grandfather
and grandmother and aunts Maria and Ann lived not
far from our house, lower down in the Calthorpe
Road. Many are the happy memories of running in
to see them. The door key was hung outside, where
we were allowed to find it. I can picture grandfather,
standing before the dining-room mirror, very upright,
seeing that his cravat was neat and coat collar well
pulled up, and gloves ready, before starting to town ;
a piece of honeysuckle or southernwood or some
sweet-scented spray put into the buttonhole of his
coat. We only knew our dear grandmother as aged
and infirm, so cannot speak of the time, when, as we

44 RICHARD CADBURY

have been told, her life was full of activity at home
and amongst the sick and poor. We used to run into
the fresh kitchen in the summer time to find our aunts
in their clean morning dresses of print, and tall, white
caps, busy getting up their muslins.

" Our mother had a busy homelife with her five
boys and one girl. She was a lovingly watchful and
affectionate wife and mother, seldom visiting from
home. Although of a retiring disposition, she had a
sound judgment, and was not easily moved, when she
saw a thing to be right. She was gentle but firm
with her children, and they were all devotedly fond
of her. She had a great dread of exaggeration. My
father has told me, that when he was going to a public
meeting to speak, she used to warn him, when telling
an anecdote, not to embellish, but to keep to the
true facts. She and our father taught us to speak
respectfully and pleasantly to all in their employment,
for they liked those who lived with them to feel their
house a home. The hymn, ' Speak gently,' was one
my mother wished us to learn by heart when children,
and I believe it had a wonderful influence upon us.
We can never forget the tiny room where our mother
used to retire, and where she gained much heavenly
wisdom and strength with the Bible before her. I
never remember our parents threatening us with a
punishment they did not intend to carry out, or
punishing hastily or in a temper.

" First Day was a happy one. We were taken to
Meeting as soon as we were old enough. When ready
to start we would come down to father, and, standing

BOYHOOD 45

by his side, he made Gray's Elegy with its illustrations
very attractive, drawing interesting lessons from it.
In one picture a bigger boy had broken the wheel of
his little brother's cart to tease him. Another sturdy
little fellow defends and sympathises with the small
child. Our father's lessons from that picture were
never forgotten, and our eyes filled with tears when
he talked to us about it. We always thought the
kind, sturdy boy was like our brother Richard.

" In the old meeting house in Bull Street an aisle
went up the centre, the men sitting on the left-hand
side and the women on the right. My five brothers
sat in a row on the second form from the top, father
facing them from his seat below the minister's gallery,
while I sat by my mother. We were brought up from
childhood to go to Bull Street Meeting on a Fourth
Day morning, so we had only afternoon school that
day. Our father also closed his place of business in
Bull Street for an hour or two, so that he and several
young men Friends in his employ could attend Meeting.
He provided coffee and light refreshments in a sitting-
room above his shop, where grandfather and grand-
mother and other members of the family could gather
for social intercourse when Meeting was over. Our
home was one of sunshine, our parents doing all they
could to make us happy, and the consistency of their
own lives was a great help in forming the characters
and tastes of their children. Home was the centre of
attraction to us all, and simple home pleasures our
greatest joy."

When quite a baby Richard's life hung one night

46 RICHARD CADBURY

on a very slender thread, and he owed its preserva-
tion to the tender devotion of his mother. After
the fashion of those days a leech had been applied to
the soft little arm to alleviate some ailment, and it
drew the blood from a vein or artery, which began
flowing so freely that his life would soon have ebbed
away had not his mother kept her finger pressed upon
the spot for hours, until the arrival of the doctor in
the morning.

Richard's first lessons were with a governess at
home, named Martha Heath. He and his brother
John were devoted to her. She lived quite near their
home in Frederick Road. One day, when Richard
was about three years old, an active little fellow,
with fair curly hair, his grandfather came unexpectedly
upon him, toddling alone across the road, and took
him home. It was discovered that the little lad had
slipped out of the house unnoticed, and was on his
way to visit his " dear governess." In a home so full
of beautiful Christian influences, it was very natural
that Richard's mind should turn with simple directness
to the things of God, for as soon as he was old enough
to understand anything he had been told of the love
of Jesus. His little heart was very tender, and one
day, when he was about five years old, he ran to his
own small bedroom, and kneeling down, asked the
Lord to forgive him and be his own Saviour. This
incident might never have been known ; but long
years afterwards, when one of his own children, at
the age of twelve, confessed Christ during a series of
mission meetings Richard Cadbury had arranged for

BOYHOOD 47

his work at Upper Highgate Street, he had a talk and
prayer with her in the inquiry room. It was then
that he told her of his own experience as a little lad
of five.

When about six years old Richard attended a
well-known Friends' boarding school in Birmingham,
under the care of William Lean. His cousin, Thomas
Barrow, a boy several years older than himself, came
from Lancaster to attend the same school for some
months. During this time Thomas lived at his
cousin's home. He recalls the kindness of his aunt,
and remembers " the lawn on which so many
benevolent, school, and other happy gatherings, took
place."

In searching for information about these childish
days, a bundle of old letters was discovered carefully
packed away in a quaint Chinese chest, which con-
tained some of Richard Cadbury's special treasures.
Mysterious influences seem to steal from them, blotting
out the thoughts and the things of the present, and
building up again in imagination a picture of that
long-ago home, until the figures of father and mother,
with their five sturdy boys and gentle daughter,
become as real as any living acquaintance. Most of
them are those which Richard or his brother John
received at school. To turn over the faded pages,
some written closely in the firm handwriting of the
father and mother, and some in large sprawling letters
by the little brothers and sisters, is almost like
touching and speaking to those who have long ago
passed to the other Country, or the childhood figures

48 RICHARD CADBURY

of those who are now grey with years. As you read
you are transported from your own life and surround-
ings, and become for the moment the shadow of
Richard at home and at school. You laugh with him
over the bits of fun and the home jokes ; you thrill
with the tenderness of family affection ; you sorrow
with him in the loss of his relations and companions ;
you share his interests of all kinds ; and at last you
find that you know him, in a way that nothing else
but those old letters could have brought about.

The way they have been preserved is also an inci-
dental side-light upon his character, and shows how
his methodical habits had their root in his early child-
hood. Carefully folded and arranged in neat bundles
of a year at a time, they take up so little space that
it is not until they are opened out you can realise all
they contain. It would be impossible and unwise
to reproduce them in their entirety, but a few sentences
culled from some of them are sufficient to fill in the
picture. Not many of Richard's own letters are to be
found among them, but the first is one of these. It is
dated 1842, and written to his brother John, who had
already gone to a boarding school in Charlbury :

My dear Brother, — I have got a railway train, first, second,
and third-class carriages, with an engine and tender ; this was
a present from my dear papa. [It will be remembered that
railways had only been in existence about five years.] Wilt
thou send me a letter with some sweet violets for dear mamma ?
she is so fond of them. Grandmother sends her love to thee.
I got some pictures and send some of them to thee, they are
so pritty.

I am thy affectionate brother,

Richard Cadbury.

BOYHOOD 49

His father and mother had begun their married
life as total abstainers, and brought their children up
in the same way. Maria has again supplied some
reminiscences :

It was not easy in those early days of the Temperance
Society for our parents to give up offering wine and other
spirituous drinks to their friends, for it was looked on as a
mark of want of hospitality, and even the family circle did
not at first approve of it. Our parents both worked hard in
visiting the families of drunkards ; and we always liked going
with either of them. Our father signed the pledge with Joseph
Livesey at the first meeting he held in Birmingham in 1832.
He built a room for temperance meetings, and had them
sometimes filled with drunkards. Two splendid men arose
from these meetings, who became very attractive platform
speakers in the cause of total abstinence. They were both
Birmingham blacksmiths, Thomas B.arlow and John Hocking.
These meetings made a great impression on our childhood,
and amongst them we can remember the large temperance
tea-parties our father gave in the Town Hall year by year at
Easter. We sat amongst the people, and were allowed a cup
of tea and a piece of plum cake like the others, afterwards
taking our places behind father on the platform.

A letter from Maria to her brother John in March,
1842, says :

Last Second Day Richard and Charlotte and I went to the
temperance meeting at the Town Hall to tea, and we heard
father make a speech.

It was in this year that Richard's father travelled
through Ireland as companion to Robert Charlton,
who was visiting on a religious concern. Already, in
the year of Richard's birth, John Cadbury had accom-
panied his kinsman Samuel Capper on a similar concern,
and during that journey in 1835 the two Friends held

50 RICHARD CADBURY

their meetings in a tent, which they carried about
with them. Some of their meetings were much dis-
turbed by the influence of the priests, who incited the
people to throw stones at the Friends, and to do all
they could to prevent the erection of the tent. So
great was the opposition that they could not find men
who dared paste up the notices of the meetings, and
were forced to do it themselves ; but notwithstanding
these annoyances they had large and solemn gather-
ings. Robert Charlton's meetings were often held
in brewers' yards, which were quite deserted and the
machinery rusty, owing to the previous exertions of
Father Mathew in the temperance cause. John Cad-
bury wrote an interesting tract on the subject on his
return to England, which was widely circulated. It
was to this visit that the mother referred in her letter
of June 8th, 1842, to John :

I expect thy father will leave us for Ireland on the 18th of
this month. Grandfather Cadbury had a party of his grand-
children yesterday, twelve in number. They were very happy,
and they say it was a pretty sight ; the six little ones under
five years old were in high glee, thy little brother George not
the least happy of the group.

CHAPTER V
SCHOOLDAYS (1843— 1851)

CHARLBURY — HITCHIN — MORNING RAMBLES AND NATURAL
HISTORY COLLECTIONS — BIRMINGHAM FRIENDS' READ-
ING SOCIETY INAUGURATED — SCHOOLDAYS ENDED —
TOUR IN SWITZERLAND

IN August, 1843, a few days before his eighth
birthday, Richard joined his brother John at
Charlbury School. The head mistress of the school
was Maria Palmer, an excellent woman, but a very
strict disciplinarian. At times the two boys, who
were accustomed to so much love and happiness at
home, would have felt home-sick and lonely if it had
not been for the kindness of the assistant mistress,
Mary Lamb, whom they loved devotedly.

Charlbury was a little country town, about three
miles from Enstone. Here the schoolboys from
Birmingham got off the coach and were taken by a
carrier's or other conveyance to Charlbury. The
coach drive was very enjoyable in summer, through
Stratford-on-Avon and Shipston-on-Stour, and the
school was delightfully situated, with Lord Churchill's
park and the Wychwood Forest near for walks and
excursions. On Sundays the boys attended 3, pleasant

52 RICHARD CADBURY

Meeting, composed of kindly, old-fashioned Friends,
who invited them to dinner now and again, giving them
roast pork with Yorkshire pudding cooked under it,
and allowed them to wander at will about the beautiful
old-world gardens until time for the afternoon Meeting.
There is an amusing incident of these days, supplied
by a schoolfellow of Richard's :

" The summer holidays were over [he writes], and a
new suit of clothes for little John Cadbury, which had
not been sent home in time, was forwarded to him at
Charlbury School. It was early in August, and the
luscious gooseberries in the Edgbaston home garden
were ripe. The clothes had been packed in one of
the long, narrow hampers, used for fish, which were
usually very flimsy, and the good father, always want-
ing to share home pleasures with his boys at school,
filled the basket up with gooseberries. I have often
fancied their mother expostulating with her husband
on the danger of mixing ripe fruit and new clothes in
a fish hamper, as I have not the slightest doubt she
would, dear, thoughtful woman that she was. As the
hamper had to travel fifty miles on the top of the
coach, and had then to be carried three miles on the
back of the unfortunate country postman, you can
imagine what happened. The postman, poor man,
said the juice had been running down his back all
the way, and his coat was soaked through. The con-
dition of the new suit of clothes was something tragic,
and I believe they had to go into the wash-tub. It was
very comical, and Maria Palmer and Mary Lamb laughed
so heartily over it, that it was fixed on my memory."

SCHOOLDAYS 53

A letter from John Cadbury to his boys, dated
August 1 8th, 1843, seems to refer to this :

My dear John and Richard, — Your dear mother gathered
for you a basket of fine, ripe gooseberries, which were sent
by coach yesterday ; we hope you and your schoolfellows
have enjoyed them by this time. I am glad to say your
mother is very finely. Edward grows fast ; Maria and George
delight to be with him. They are very well and often talk
of you. Next week I expect they will go to school in Bath
Row to a Friend, and your cousins Joel and Mary are to go
to the same school. We were very glad to hear that you were
both comfortably settled and happy. I am sure you will be,
if you use your best efforts to please your governess, and in
all things do as she wishes. In the basket will also be found
light waistcoats for John, which mother thinks will be very
pleasant wear this hot weather. I still intend paying you a
short visit, perhaps next month, and as the time draws nearer
shall write the exact time. In all • things love one another —
be kindly affectionate to one another. Our dear love to you
both. Your dear grandparents, uncles, and aunts are well,
and send their love.

In December their mother wrote to them :

We have not in the least forgotten you, and altho' so long
a time has elapsed since we wrote to you, you have been
daily, almost hourly, in my thoughts, but I have deferred
writing in the hope that we could form some plan for your
being accompanied home this day week, which time we are
all anticipating with great pleasure. We have had the boys
from W. Lean's school to see us ; they all speak kindly of dear
Richard, and remember him with pleasant feelings. I hope
that both he and John may obtain the same feeling from your
present schoolfellows, by kindness and forbearance, and a
suppression of wrong passions.

Again she wrote (January 27th, 1844) :

My very dear Boys, John and Richard, — Do you ever
think of your absent parents, and brothers and sisters, since

54 RICHARD CADBURY

you left them ; or ever look at the paper mother left, to keep
you in mind of some of your duties ? I can assure you we all
think and talk about you. I should like to know what is your
favourite game of play now, what you amuse yourselves with
in the evening, and what books you are reading. If I have
set you too much to accomplish in one letter, you may either
each take a part or leave something for another time, and
tell me if you can read this letter entirely yourselves.

Strangely enough, a paper in Richard's neat, rather
cramped, schoolboy hand was found quite separately
from the bundle of old letters, and must be a memory
copy of the paper of duties spoken of by his mother.
It is headed, " A mother's affectionate desire for
her precious child," and runs :

Every morning before you leave your room — wash your-
selves clean, brush your hair very tidily, also your teeth, put
your clothes on neatly — let your hearts rise to God in grateful
feelings for preserving you through the night, desiring that He
will be with you through the day, to keep you from every
wrong thought and action, preserving you in love to each
other, and to all in the house and everywhere. These feelings
will help you through all your difficulties and trials, remem-
bering that His Almighty eye is upon you and sees all your
strivings, and hears all your prayers to conquer that cruel
and selfish spirit, which is always ready to crush all our good
desires. January 15th, 1844, Richard Cadbury, Junr.

The return home of the two boys was always a
joyful event. Their sister writes :

" It was a real gala day to my brother George and
myself when John and Richard came home for the
holidays. I remember one summer day our standing
at the nursery window, with large crimson peonies in
our hands, watching for the coach which brought them
home from Charlbury, as the railway was not then

SCHOOLDAYS 55

completed. We had happy holidays, and enjoyed
working in our own gardens ; we liked helping to
gather fruit, also to top and tail gooseberries and
shell peas, seeing who could fill a basin first. The
boys were allowed to make supplies of pop, and very
good it was, with a piece of bread and cheese."

During the autumn of 1845, Richard, who was not
strong at the time, was at home for a few months,
attending meanwhile a school in the Wheeley's Road
for the little boys and girls of Friends. He wrote to
John (September 28th, 1845) :

My dear Brother, — We are very much obliged for thy
kind letters, which thou hast sent us. On Fourth Day I and
father went to Dudley Monthly Meeting ; we went there in a
good-sized car and two horses. After Meeting we went to
dinner at Edward Williams ; we went all round his garden,
and there was a beautiful pond with some gold-fish in it ; he
has two little girls, and I met them carrying three little puppies,
which were very pretty ; after dinner we went to John Wil-
liams, where there was a great many little children running
about. After we had been there a little while we went to see
Dudley Castle, and went all about it. We met a man on the
way that told us something about it ; after that we went to
tea at R. H. Smith's. After tea we got ready and jumped on
the car and came home to Birmingham. I sent thy letters
off to George and Maria on Third Day. I very often think of
thee and wonder how thou gets on. I went with Charlotte
this morning to the other garden, and we picked up all the
apples that had fallen. I remain, /

Thy affectionate brother,

Richard Cadbury.

The father enjoyed having his children with him
in his Christian work, and their religious teaching was
always made a pleasure to them. It was their mother
who gave them their first simple instruction from

56 RICHARD CADBURY

Mamma's Bible Lessons, Peep of Day, and afterwards
Line upon Line, the latter being a great favourite.
Their father also gave them Scripture lessons, generally
in connection with the morning Bible reading. The
ist and 23rd Psalms, 5th chapter of Matthew, the
14th and 15th chapters of John, and the Lord's Prayer,
were some of the chief passages thus given to learn by
heart. During the months that Richard was at home
he seems to have felt strongly in his childish way his
responsibility towards the younger brother and sister.
John had gone to school at Hitchin, and the two
youngest brothers were quite babies in the nursery,
so his special care and thought was for Maria and
George, a little pair of seven and eight years old.
Richard himself was eleven at this time, and there
are sacred memories of happy Sunday afternoons
which the trio spent together. A small room opening
out of their mother's bedroom looked on to the garden,
and there the three would gather, while Richard read
aloud parts of the little book, Line upon Line, to
them. After talking over the lesson, a short time
would be spent in prayer. It seemed sometimes as
if they came together to the very borders of heaven ;
and especially when the big brother would pour out
his boy's heart in prayer, the atmosphere of heaven
seemed to fill the little room. In bright, warm weather
these Sunday talks took place out of doors in the
summer arbour.

A visit to his mother's farm, Scalemire, helped to
complete Richard's convalescence, and in the spring
of 1846 he went to the boarding school at Hitchin,

RICHARD CADBURY WITH HIS SISTER MARIA AND HIS
BROTHER GEORGE.

SCHOOLDAYS 57

under the care of a kindly though strict master,
Benjamin Abbot. He was alone for a while, as John
hurt his leg, and took Richard's place as the invalid
at home. Richard's first note from Hitchin is to be
found amongst the old letters. It is dated March 20th,
1846:

My very dear Parents, — I am sorry that I have not wrote
to you for so long. I am very much obliged for your kind
letter. I have been to a lecture twice ; one was about Beth-
liem and the other about Jerusellm. I can tell you the boys'
names, but not in their ages and not where they come from :
[here followed a list of twenty-four names]. There is one day
scholar, G. Latchmore, and two of master's sons, Arthur
Abbot and Aston Abbot. I feel very comfortable, and I
think John will when he has been here a little while. I am
very much obliged for Maria's note, and I intend to send her
one in return for it. Please give my dear love to all. I
remain,

Thy affectionate son,

R. Cadbury.

This must have crossed with his father's letter,
written on March 23rd :

My dear Richard, — Thy sister is anxious her letter should
go. I will therefore add a few lines to tell thee that thy dear
mother, sweet little Henry and Edward, also George, Maria
and John, are well, and all have much love to send thee. John
goes to W. Lean's at seven in the morning and stays all day.
His leg is fast getting well. We hope to hear from thee very
soon ; thou canst tell us who are thy playfellows, who sleeps
in thy room, how thou manages with thy lessons, and whether
thou feels happy and settled. We often talk about thee, and
when we sat round the fire last evening, each repeating a few
verses, and then a little serious conversation and reading, our
hearts overflowed in affectionate remembrance of thee ; yes,
my dear boy, it may be said the greater the distance from us,
the closer the tie of love and solicitude. Be a good boy, be

58 RICHARD CADBURY

diligent and very attentive, strive in all things to spare giving
thy master trouble, " Remember thy Creator in the days of
thy youth."

The enclosed note from Maria is also there, and its
last sentence reads :

I am much obliged to thee for reminding me of saying my
prayers morning and evening,

Thy affectionate sister, Maria.

In those days the school terms were half-years,
and it was not as easy as now to arrange for country
and seaside visits during the holidays. Maria gives
a reminiscence of these times :

" Our favourite seaside place was the village of
Blackpool. The quiet cottage on the shore where we
stayed, on the south side, called Bonny's Cottage, had
the greatest charm. We ran wild, and built wonderful
castles on the shore. I remember an unusually fine
castle, which John and Richard built, and how active
George was helping them. They made an erection
of stones, and I was employed with the two younger
boys, getting clay to fasten them together, mother
also helping me to make a gay flag, which was fastened
on to a long pole and placed on top of the fortress.
The Blackpool seas were then, as now, very boisterous,
and the boys were determined, if possible, to build a
castle that could resist their strength, and they suc-
ceeded ; theirs was the only one on the shore that
stood after a heavy sea, but some mean-spirited boys
went and cut down their flag-staff."

Richard must have longed for the sights and sounds

SCHOOLDAYS 59

of the sea, when his mother's letter from Blackpool,
dated June ist, 1846, reached him at Hitchin :

My very dear Richard, — I wrote a few lines to thee on
Seventh Day morning with something like a promise that thou
should hear from us from this place, where thou hast spent
so many happy hours. We are staying at the inn on the
shore, and find it most clean and comfortable. This morning
all is life and bustle on the beach. The donkeys and donkey-
carriages are thickly clustered on the sand waiting for employ.
The bathing is mostly over, but I can see five machines at
work, and the little boat busily engaged in carrying passengers
out to have a sail. Thy dear father enjoyed a bathe this
morning out of a boat which they took for some distance into
deep water, where he could dive and swim to any extent, and
he has been glad of his breakfast and a rest since. We have
not found many shells, but a few sea eggs, and we shall save
one for thee. We have a pleasant sitting-room upstairs,
looking on to the sea, with a fine expanse of water before us,
bounding the distant horizon, and 'studded with little boats,
gliding smoothly along with their white sails. The donkeys
have just been joining in concert their musical eloquence, a
sound thou wilt remember often greeted thy ear in this place.
There are a great many handsome houses built at both ends
of the place, fronting the beach, since we were here, and the
railway now brings us to the back of the town. We intend
spending to-morrow at Scalemire. I shall think of thee and
thy happiness in leaping over the rocks after the little lambs ;
it was this season of the year, only earlier.

The autumn of that year saw John and Richard
together again at Hitchin School, and the extracts
which follow reflect what was going on during this
period. From their mother (July 30th, 1846) :

I do not doubt you are now getting to regular school em-
ployment, and will feel more settled, and there will be less
time for mischief. Never look cross or out of temper. Take
all in good part and it will be impossible to tease you long,
but if you make a noise or show anger they will persevere in

60 RICHARD CADBURY

vexing you. It is bad for us to have too smooth sailing, and
we are apt to forget the source from whence all our blessings
are derived, and you still have many. How different would
it be, if you had no home to come to in the holidays, and no
one there to love you.

July 31s/, 1846. — On Second Day your dear grandparents
will have been married fifty years, and we all intend dining
together. Their old age is rendered more happy by having
all their children to comfort them. Oh, that my dear
children may also live to be a comfort to their parents in
declining years.

Richard must have been at home again for a short
time at the end of that term, for there is a letter from
him to John, dated November 23rd, 1846, in which
he says :

My very dear Brother, — Thou art having great advan-
tages in being at school, whilst I have so very little schooling,
that I fear thou wilt get a long way before me, especially in
Latin. I have been out this morning with notes, to invite
some friends to meet Joseph Sturge and his bride to tea at
our house. Our little dog " Trim " very often goes out with
father and me before breakfast, and on Sixth Day morning
we had a violent storm of wind and rain, which frightened
him so much, that he ran howling to a person's door, and laid
with his dirty feet upon the step, which so enraged the
gardener, that he kicked him up like a football, which almost
drove him out of his senses, and he ran into the very next
house, making a dreadful noise, so as to frighten all the neigh-
bourhood, so that we were obliged to carry him all the way
home. The same day I had another disaster, that of taking
my kitten to town to live ; when she came out of the basket,
she came spinning out like a top, and continued to whirl for
some time, and then lay down as if she were dead, but she has
recovered, and has settled down quite well ever since. Accept
a great deal of love for thyself, from thy affectionate brother,

Richard Cadbury.

P.S. — Please do not forget to give my love to Master and

SCHOOLDAYS 61

Mistress Dina Abbot, and any of the boys that would like to
have it.

The Christmas holidays came and went, and the next
letters are full of allusions to the famine and distress in
Ireland. One from Maria, on February 4th, 1847, says :

I am sorry I could not write to you before, because I have
been making clothes for the poor Irish.

From their mother (February 12th, 1847) :

My dear John and Richard, — Since I last wrote we have
been gratified and cheered by receiving several letters from
you. We have thought of our dear Richard in his walks
during the winterly, snowy weather we have had for more
than a week. The thermometer has been 120 below freezing.
. . . Your snow-mound is, of course, preserved, and shows
its sides of black ice tipped with snow. [This was a wonderful
snow pyramid made by John and Richard in the garden at
Calthorpe Road. It roused great admiration, especially from
the boys' grandfather, who got Richard to make him a drawing
of it.] We are still engaged in sending off money and clothes
to Ireland. I wish they may reach the most destitute. Many
benevolent people in that country are giving up their time to
assist the poor wretched sufferers. May we who are spared
such distress endeavour to cultivate thankful hearts to Him
from whom all our blessings flow, by endeavouring to live up
to His precepts and divine will. I have often thought of
you with prayerful desires that you might be permitted to
have your minds rightly engaged in Meeting to seek for
renewed strength to do your duty, remembering that nothing
can prosper without the blessing of the Almighty upon it,
and that whatever we do, we should do all to His glory. We
know not how soon we may be called to account for our
thoughts and actions in Meeting as well as elsewhere.

Your affectionate mother.

From their father (March 4th, 1847) :

My dear Boys, — A basket goes to-day to the care of W.
Manby, to be forwarded to you, I hope to-morrow, by the

62 RICHARD CADBURY

carrier. It contains two drums of figs, and another drum,
the largest, contains oranges at the top, and the cake at the
bottom, which I have cut up for you ready for use, and you
must therefore be careful how you open it. The fourth drum
also contains oranges, and in the string at the top of one of
them is a small parcel for John from his mother, brother, and
sister. Now I should think if you divide one drum of figs
amongst the boys it will do, and then perhaps you can give
to your particular friends part of the rest. We were pleased
to receive John's note and commend him for not being made
the tool of others to do what is wrong — let others do what
they may, but do you, dear boys, in all things do what you
know to be right. Let boys do their own wrong deeds, you
do right not to be made the cat's-paw of any. We all keep
finely, and all send their love to you. Write as soon as you
get the basket, and tell us how you get on with its contents.

Your affectionate father.

In April of this year one of the boys' schoolfellows,
Newman Bradley, was suddenly taken from their
midst by death. The event made a deep impression
upon Richard's tender and sensitive heart, as the
following sentences from his mother's letter show :

My heart turns towards you with the most tender affection,
thankful that you are still spared when one amongst your
little family is taken, and he as likely to have many years
added to the few that were gone, as any of you who remain
to learn this lesson of the uncertainty of time, and the im-
portance of making the best use of it. ... I desire this
affliction may be blessed to you all, and help to fix your affec-
tions more firmly upon the joys that never die. Maria wrote
before we received the intelligence from dear Richard, or her
little heart would have responded to his in his trouble.

Their father wrote a few days later :

My dear Boys, — We read both your letters with much
interest, giving us some particulars respecting the illness and
death of your schoolfellow, Newman Bradley. Pear boy, we

SCHOOLDAYS 63

have a pleasant recollection of him, and earnestly hope he
was one of those who remembered his Creator in the days of
his youth, and that the change for him is a glorious one. We
desire that this event may prove instructive to each one of his
schoolfellows, and that you may be induced to be more
watchful in word, thought, and action, seeking daily by prayer
to walk humbly, truthfully, and justly before your fellowman
and in the sight of that Omniscient Being, whose eye is ever
over the workmanship of His wonderful hand. We shall now
be glad to hear from you again with an improved report of
Richard's cold and cough, and we rely on your being very
careful not to wear wet or damp shoes. The garden begins
to look pleasant — a few nice showers and warm sun have
brought up the seeds, and the trees are bursting into blossom.
Your brothers and sister greatly enjoy running in the garden,
none more thoroughly than Henry, wjio is an amusing, en-
gaging little fellow, and as merry as a cricket. Many shops
are now shut in High Street, and will shortly be pulled down
to allow the Oxford and Birmingham Railway Tunnel to go
under ; the warehouse we expect will be sold next week, and
immediately taken down and removed.

The roof is off my old warehouse [he wrote again, on
May 13th, 1847], and the men are fast pulling it all to the
ground, and other houses in the neighbourhood are coming
down. We are now comfortably settled in our new quarters.

June 10th, 1847. — My dear Richard, — We have received
thine and dear John's letters, and read with interest your
account of your nice garden, which shows the care and at-
tention you have given to it, and if you will only persevere in
taking every possible care of the gardens of your minds, and
see that no ill weeds grow there, or if they do, very early to
pluck them up by the root, then indeed shall we and you have
cause to rejoice together.

Richard was a great favourite among his school-
fellows, and made a few close friends amongst them.
He was remarkably vigorous, and there were few boys
who were his match in muscle, but he was not physi-
cally strong. His father therefore arranged that,

64 RICHARD CADBURY

instead of having lessons before breakfast with the
other boys, he should take long rambles in the country.
He had a great love for natural history, and many of
his schoolfellows remember the wonderful objects of
interest he would bring back with him from these
morning walks, and the collections he made of butter-
flies, birds' eggs, and other things. It was the story
of eyes and no eyes. All through his life Richard's
powers of observation were on the alert, and he threw
so much energy into his natural history pursuits that
the interest of all the family circle was aroused.
Among the letters is one even from America, from his
cousin Joel, whom he had never seen :

My dear Cousin, — Hearing thou was interested in the
collection of English insects, moths, and butterflies, I thought
a few specimens from our country would not be unacceptable,
though the manner of preserving them be different from that
practised by you. I hope it will not debar them from entrance
into thy collection. Thy loving, but unknown cousin,

Joel Cadburv.

Although a keen collector, Richard was a most
gentle, tender-hearted boy, a lover of all living crea-
tures, and never willingly caused them pain. He was
always a protector of the smaller boys from being
bullied, and hated to see a dumb creature tormented.
Indeed, it was a characteristic of his life from be-
ginning to end to champion the weak and the op-
pressed. One of his old schoolfellows, Caleb R.
Kemp, writes of those days :

" In common with all others who knew him, I saw
his useful life develop, and was thankful for the

SCHOOLDAYS 65

large-hearted support he gave to good objects. His
unselfishness in the midst of abundance was most
teaching. I was at school with him at Benjamin
Abbot's at Hit chin, and he was a good-tempered and
very pleasant schoolfellow. He was not in strong
health, and did no work before breakfast, but took
a country walk instead. In after-life our paths
seldom crossed, but when we met he was always the
same genial, pleasant friend, and would talk of our
boyish association."

Another, John Edward Wilson, says :

" I heard at once from my schoolfellows, that when
Dick Cadbury returned to school I should find him
a most capital fellow. This I did indeed ; he was a
most lovable boy, so gentle and so true. He always
seemed on the look-out to help any one, and the
depth of his character endeared him in an unusual
degree to his schoolfellows. He was anything but a
prig, and had great influence, although not one of the
older boys. He seemed especially to think of and
care for his older brother, who, owing to poor health,
seemed to need a tender friend and brother. I never
heard a word against him."

Canon Head of Clifton, Bristol, writes :

I was at school with Richard Cadbury and his older brother
John, and bright, stalwart fellows they were. Dick was
especially good at games and lessons. I cannot remember
any particular incident in his school life, but I remember him
very well. His bright and happy way, and his sunny dis-
position, marked him out among the other boys who were
there.

Richard was taught by his parents to look upon

66 RICHARD CADBURY

the early morning walks as a privilege, which he loyally
endeavoured not to presume upon.

I find by thy master's letter [wrote his mother, August 3rd,
1 847] that he is so kind as to find a companion for dear Richard
in his morning walks. Now I am anxious my dear boy should
show his gratitude by endeavouring to do all his kind care-
takers wish him to do, and still to feel that he is the responsible
person, when out ; not to do anything they may disapprove
of, and to return at the right time. His good conduct in this
respect has gained him their confidence, and now I hope he
will keep it with his increased privilege.

Their father wrote on August 7th, 1847 :

We hope Richard's walks will, now he has a companion, be
more enjoyable to him, but be sure not in any way to presume
or encroach on the liberty so allowed. We very often wish
we could send you a basket of gooseberries, which are still
most abundant and in perfection. The accounts of the harvest
are most promising. Bread is again lower, Sd. instead of io$d.
for the loaf weighing 4% lbs. . . . The election took place the
day after you left. There was a great bustle and much
excitement ; Muntz and Scholefield were elected by a large
majority, much to the mortification of the rejected candidate,
Richard Spooner, and his supporters.

From the mother on August 9th, 1847, came an
amusing home picture :

Poor Trim [the fox-terrier] has had an accident. In peeping
under the large gates a dog outside seized his nose, and would
not loose his hold until severely flogged. Trim has recovered
from it, but is much annoyed with it. He has a walk most
mornings with your dear father.

I trust, my dear boys [she wrote, a month later], that you
are improving in spelling, but my Johnny spells the verb " to
hear " the same as the adverb " here." Tell me if I do wrong
in naming this. I think father will have something to tell

SCHOOLDAYS 67

you, when he writes next, about the warehouse and manu-
factory. It is George's birthday on First Day, eight years old.

Thy affectionate mother.

What tender courtesy lay in that hint about wrong
spelling. It was no wonder that these parents were
treated with love and reverence by their children.
From the father (September 25th, 1847) :

We continue to have the boys in turn from W. Lean's on
First Day, and they enjoy standing under the apple-tree whilst
I shake it. I often wish you could share with them, but hope
you can buy apples cheap in the town ; a little fruit is good
for you.

From the mother (November 2nd, 1847) :

It is a great pleasure to us to find the time passing so quickly
away with you, because it looks as if it was well and pleasantly
employed. I trust you may have equal pleasure in looking
back upon it, and in being able to think, " Well, this half-year
I have conquered my difficulty over that last ' cannot ' in
arithmetic ; I will now try ' Can ' in my writing, spelling, and
Latin grammar." Remember dear Grandfather Barrow's
motto, which he happily carried into practice : " Whatever
is worth doing at all is worth doing well " ; it will save you
many a trouble in after life.

This became a favourite motto with Richard Cad-
bury ; his children often remember him quoting it.
From the father (January 4th, 1848) :

My dear Boys, — I do not like you to be without a penny
in your pocket, and also wish that you should now and then
buy a few apples and pears, which with you are so cheap and
when ripe are so wholesome. John will be interested to
know that O'Brien, the leader of the rebels in Ireland, is taken,
and now in prison, but the other leaders are still unfound.
There has been a second conflict, the rebels led on by a young
man named German, and some lives lost. It is among the

68 RICHARD CADBURY

mountains, at a place I well remember for its wild mountain
scenery and the uncivilised state of the people. They have
robbed the mails more than once. The corn is ripe and only
wants cutting and carrying. Bread and flour have risen in
price.

Soon after John and Richard returned to school
after the summer holidays of 1848, their mother wrote
to them :

Whilst sitting this evening with your father by the nursery
fire, my thoughts seem drawn towards you in tender affection,
in the remembrance of the very happy time we have so lately
passed together in so much love and harmony. It has
strengthened the unity of our little family circle, and evinces
itself on your part in the overflowing of love towards us all in
your sweet little notes and letters. The first from dear John
we received after tea last evening, with the welcome tidings
of your safe arrival ; the others before Meeting this morning :
all of which gave great pleasure. Your dear grandfather has
made many inquiries and seems much interested to hear
about you. Many families around us are in trouble from
various causes, and how much have we as a family to be grate-
ful for. Not a murmur ought to escape our lips, but thankful-
ness should fill our hearts to the great and merciful Giver
of all our blessings.

Second Day afternoon. Your ferns are well cared for ; the
dear children have great delight in remembering your requests,
and in fulfilling them. Everything reminding them of you
is treasured ; they love to think and talk of you, and George
and Maria spent yesterday (Sunday) afternoon in their little
room, as when Richard was with them. I think their separa-
tion from you has united them more to each other, sympathis-
ing in their mutual loss. All send their dear love to you.
Accept the dearest love of your affectionate mother.

From the father (August 14th, 1848) :

We very often recur to your visit home, and remember
with comfort the good resolutions intended to be kept by you
on your return to school. If you are laughed at for doing

lip

-j

SCHOOLDAYS 69

what is right you ought to be able to bear it. It is better far
than being commended for doing that which is wrong. You
will know how your father has been ridiculed hundreds of
times for being a teetotaller, so being encouraged, my dear
boys ought not to be ashamed to do what they know to be
right. Do not fail to read your Bible daily in retirement.
God's blessing will attend it.

On October 22nd, 1848, he wrote :

The longer I live, the more I am attached to the principles
held by the Society of Friends, and I am anxious my dear
children should never be ashamed of openly and honestly
speaking and acting as Friends ; and whoever may ridicule
you for so doing are unworthy of your notice or intimacy.

During the Christmas holidays the first meeting
of the Birmingham Friends' Reading Society was
held on January 10th, 1849.' Jonn Cadbury was
the first President, and arranged to have the social
gathering in his works at Bridge Street, which were
decorated as befitted a gala occasion. The first four
or five annual meetings of the Reading Society were
held in the same place, and Richard Cadbury has
preserved some reminiscences of them in the Family-
Book :

The rooms were decorated with evergreens, and there were
many interesting collections of curiosities and pictures dis-
played, which were lent by Friends for the amusement of the
evening. After an address from the President, the rest of
the business was condensed as much as possible, so that it
might be a time of social intercourse and recreation. Part of
the evening was spent in scientific experiments, such as the
electric light, which was invented about that time. There
were also readings of poetry and original papers. White and
Pike had a printing press in the room some of the evenings,
and printed cards in commemoration.

70 RICHARD CADBURY

John and Richard returned to school in the middle
of January. Their mother wrote (January 20th, 1849) :

Your notes received to-day did indeed greatly cheer us. I
called in upon your dear grandmother soon after you left.
She seemed to feel a great deal in parting with you, feeling
sensible of the great uncertainty of ever seeing you again.
Her life seems to hang on a very slender thread. Your dear
grandfather called in yesterday, anxious to hear of you. I
hope you will remember to name them particularly in every
letter you write to us. We cannot expect to retain them much
longer with us at their advanced age. The children often
speak of you, and lament your loss, but I trust if your time
is properly occupied at school you will never have cause to
regret being there.

The summer holidays passed, and on August 12th,
1849, Richard received a letter from his mother :

My Richard has so much enjoyment in cricket playing, but
I trust he will be careful not to do too much at it, for experience
has taught us that much violent exertion does not suit him,
but brings on headache, &c, which will unfit him for the
employment for which his stay at school is intended. This
object I wish you both to keep in mind as the primary one in
your sojourn and separation from us : — the storing of your
minds with all the instruction you can gain. Habits of
industry and perseverance are quite essential to a man of
business, and if these are not brought out in school habits
I fear there will be little prospect of obtaining them in after
life. Yet I do not desire that the things of time should be
to the exclusion of the contemplation of things eternal, but
that we may be preparing under the Divine Hand for the joys
of His presence, where the conflicts and cares of the world
can never enter, but where all is joy and love and peace. The
two important habits of industry and perseverance will not
be a hindrance in the good cause, but may be helpful in
securing times of quiet contemplation and reading and prayer.
All you do, try to do well, not for the praise of man but for
the ease of your own conscience. Do not condemn my letter
as prosy and uninteresting, but take it as from one who loves

SCHOOLDAYS 71

you dearly, and who loves to serve and help you in the right
way if I can. Your affectionate mother.

August 28th, 1849. — My very dear Richard, — This is to
meet thee upon thy attaining thy fourteenth birthday ; as we
cannot meet to congratulate thee upon the event we must be
satisfied to do so by writing, and be assured we all feel most
affectionately interested with warm desires for thy progress
in the right path. I do not know whether thou continues thy
practice of lying down each day ; if thou does I think it would
afford thee a quiet opportunity of reading over the text for the
day in the little book Aunt Benjamin gave thee ; it might
sometimes be a help and strength to thee to do right. Thy
fern is putting out its fronds most beautifully, and the one we
brought from Scalemire two years since is looking strong and
well. I intend to mark it, that we may more easily find it
another time. Thou hast our united and affectionate wishes
for thy future happiness and good.

During the autumn of this year England was
scourged by a terrible epidemic of cholera. The
common-sense of the parents in matters of illness
may be seen by a few words written to little John
some years before by his father :

I hope thy fear about fever is an exaggerated one. The
best preservation against it is great cleanliness, uniform
cheerfulness, and what is particularly important, not to think
or trouble about it. These are the causes, it is said, why doctors
do not take it, the latter reason especially.

But this outbreak of cholera was more serious than
an ordinary mild epidemic, and the mother wrote on
September 13th, 1849 :

So thankful to hear that you were " both quite well," for which
I assure you I felt truly thankful, and my heart almost leapt
for joy when I read it. With thankful feelings I can report
the same of all our family and families, and indeed all north
of the town ; at least, the medical men at the hospital say that

72 RICHARD CADBURY

we have not any more illness than is usual here at the time of
year.

September 22nd. — Yesterday was kept as a fast by the
people of Birmingham, to thank the Almighty for His goodness
in sparing them from cholera, and to pray for His continued
preservation from this fearful visitation. I should think all
places of worship were open, the shops closed, and all business
suspended. We have indeed cause for great thankfulness
in being so lightly dealt with. May we live more continually
in the remembrance of it.

September 31s/. — I am anxious to tell thee how much thou
hast claimed our thoughts and best desires for thy right and
proper decision upon a subject of much importance to thy
future engagements in life, and we feel pleased thou art allowing
the subject to rest upon thy mind and taking time to consider
it. I expect it has induced thee into very serious feeling,
and I trust thou wilt endeavour to seek best guidance and
direction in coming to the conclusion, that wherever thy lot
nay be cast, His preserving power may be over to keep thee
rom all evil and thy heart united to Him, acknowledging
Him in all thy ways, that He who has thus preserved and
blessed thy dear father, may bless and preserve thee, my dear
boy, until the time when He shall see right to take thee to
Himself. To live in His favour and in the fear of losing it is
certainly our greatest good.

In November of this year, John Cadbury divided
his business, and although at first he did not entirely
relinquish the tea and coffee part of it, he now paid
chief attention to the manufacture of cocoa. The
shop in Bull Street was handed over to his nephew,
Richard Cadbury Barrow, who left Lancaster to reside
in Birmingham, and plans were made for young John,
on leaving school, to join his cousin.

The mother wrote to her boys on November 5th :

We are expecting your cousin Richard Barrow back from
Lancaster on Second Day. The cotton trade remains very
bad. I think he is glad he has something better to look

SCHOOLDAYS 73

towards. It is difficult to tell how the iniquitous quarrel of
the Emperor of Russia with the Turks will end, but we know
there is a superintending Providence in these things, and we
must hope that God will prevail over evil.

; \ What does dear John say to helping Cousin R. C. Barrow
in Bull Street ? [wrote the father, ten days later]. We are
now preparing for him in earnest. A new front is to be put
into the shop, and the whole place inside and out is to be
remodelled.

The spring of 1850 saw John making a start in
business, while Richard returned alone to school at
Hitchin :

My very dear Richard [wrote his mother, on March 16th],
— Thy note arrived in due course, and it is very cheering to hear
of thee so regularly. Our hearts often warm in affectionate
feelings towards thee, and we trust thou art making the best
of thy time at school, doing everything as perfectly and well
as thou can, remembering thy opportunity of gaining know-
ledge may be very short. Thou wilt remember how very
useful thou found some part of thy little store last vacation,
when thou gave us so pleasant a specimen of thy perseverance.
We are very glad to find also that thou joins thy companions
in play with the same enjoyment and spirit as ever.

Malvern, with its grassy hills and wooded valleys,
its keen breezes and sparkling springs of water, was
always a favourite resort of the Cadbury family. The
father and mother, who, with John and the other
children, were at Malvern in the April of this year,
did not forget Richard away by himself at school, as
the following letters from his mother show (April 9th,
1850) :

Father now hopes John may be well enough to return
with him next week to go into Bull Street entirely. . . .
Edward and Henry are in great delight with the beautiful

74 RICHARD CADBURY

flowers they find — sweet violets and primroses in abundance,
Henry running from one bunch to another, not knowing which
to admire most, culling them and bringing them home in
the full glee and happiness of his little heart.

April 2.0th. — Thy brother John has written thee a long
letter, descriptive of this pleasant place, and we often think
and say how much we should enjoy to have thee with us here ;
but we trust thou art in a place of greater profit to thyself,
and that thou art more prepared to help thy dear father,
which I know you are both looking towards with great pleasure.
He is anxious thou should perfect thyself in French, and in
every other way he wishes thee to study thy improvement,
mentally and bodily.

Other letters tell how things were going on at home.
From his father (May nth, 1850) :

My dear Richard, — Thy sweet sister, constant to her
promise, has written her weekly letter to thee, and no doubt
keeps thee informed of the various incidents of home. We
are all in good health since our return from Malvern. Edward
and Henry came home tanned with the sun and wind, and I
rejoice also to add that none derived more benefit than John,
who is now apparently strong and well, and is thoroughly
settled at the shop, and very fully occupied. Cousin Richard
is very kind to him, and I believe John is not only happy,
but becoming much interested in the business.

On August 29th, 1850, Richard was fifteen years
old. A few days later he received a letter from his
father :

My dear Richard, — We were not unmindful of thy birthday
on Fifth Day, and many were the good wishes that passed our
lips, none more affectionately desiring thy happiness than
thy father and mother. Fifteen years have soon rolled over,
time passed that can never return. The time to come none
can tell beyond the present moment, so that we are called on
to " Let the day's work keep pace with the day " — to-morrow
may not be ours. Eternity stands before us, so that, my

SCHOOLDAYS 75

dear boy, we are most anxious thou should in every way im-
prove the moments as they speed along. We have a parcel
waiting to send thee. I continue to take Trim and Sappho
a walk in the morning, much to their joy and benefit.
Sappho very kindly, a few days ago, pulled Trim up by his
neck, and carrying him into the pond, gave him several dips
and then let him go ; it amused us all very much. We begin
to think how pleasant it will be to have thy help to work with
and for us. John is very steady at his post in Bull Street.
The garden is still gay with flowers of every hue. Yesterday
we cut a delicious melon, and have an ample supply of fine
cucumbers.

September 10th. — A parcel containing thy birthday cakes
is sent off to-night. (Presents also from John, George, Maria,
and Edward. ) It also has a nice copy of the Holy Scriptures
enclosed, which is a joint present from thy father and mother.
We trust it may prove a lasting comfort, pleasure, and profit
to thee in the best sense. A little time spent each day in its
private perusal cannot fail to do good, and we desire to en-
courage thee through every discouragement to persevere in
this habit of daily reading, and silently meditating on what
thou reads. The mind is thus often attracted to the divine
source from whence alone all good must come. " Seek and
ye shall find ; ask and ye shall receive " ; these are blessed
promises, and may be realised this day as much as at the time
they were given forth by our adorable and blessed Redeemer,
but we must all remember He is alone the way, the truth, and
life. Thy affectionate father.

During the autumn gas lamps were being put for
the first time along the Edgbaston roads, and hansom
cabs were being introduced into Birmingham. Maria
wrote on November 2nd :

I suppose thou knew we were going to have lamps in Cal-
thorpe Street and all the streets and roads about here. Yester-
day George and I went to town in one of those London cabs.
It looked very curious, seeing no man in front.

In the following summer of 185 1, Richard, now

76 RICHARD CADBURY

almost sixteen years old, left school, and prepared to
help his father in the business at Bridge Street. Be-
fore settling down, his father wished him to have
the pleasure and education of a visit to Switzerland,
and he therefore accompanied Arthur J. Naish, a
Friend. The tour is remembered as a most delightful
one, but there is no record of it, except one or two
references among the old letters. These show that
his parents evidently expected Richard to write them
a daily message when away on a holiday. It was
probably one of the things which helped to train him
in prompt letter- writing. He was also taught to share
his pleasures with others, and a letter from his father
on August 21st says :

Thy dear mother hopes thou wilt be very observant of
everything worthy of notice ; also be prepared to be a guide
to us on our next visit to the Continent.

The close of this Swiss tour marked the end of
Richard's free and happy boyhood, and from this time
forward he began to prepare for the responsibilities
and duties of older life.

CHAPTER VI
YOUNG MANHOOD (1851— 1860)

BEGINNING BUSINESS — THE BRIDGE STREET WORKS —
ANOTHER SWISS JOURNEY — HIS MOTHER'S DEATH —
TWENTY-FIRST BIRTHDAY — SKATING INCIDENTS— GAMES
AND ATHLETICS — SWITZERLAND AGAIN

AT the time when Richard Cadbury left school,
his father and his grandfather were both deeply
immersed in civic duties, and in philanthropic and
religious interests. About this time his sister Maria
left home for two and a half years of boarding school
at Lewes, under the care of the three stately sisters,
Mary, Myriam and Josephine Dymond. The ordeal
was a formidable one for the little girl, whose chief
companions had been her five sturdy brothers, and
it would be difficult to say which felt the separation
most. Letters to her from the two youngest boys
give flash-light glimpses of the home. One from
Henry mentions his brother Richard :

JT; The holidays are very near, and I want thee to come home.
Thy garden is getting on very well, and the ferns on the
rockery are going on nicely. Richard brought some home
from Lancaster, and put them on the island in the pool.

Richard had settled to work in his father's business

7$ RICHARD CADBURY

at Bridge Street with characteristic energy and
devotion. There was much to learn, and to a young
man of his temperament a merely superficial know-
ledge was not enough.

The productions of the firm were beginning to gain
A a recognised position among the manufactures of
Great Britain. In 1849 the second meeting in Birming-
ham of the British Association had been held during
September, and at the same time an exhibition of
local arts and manufactures was opened at Bingley
House, in Broad Street. The old house had been
specially adapted, and large temporary buildings
were erected on the grounds for the exhibition. It
proved very attractive, and on November 12th Prince
Albert visited it, spending nearly three hours in exa-
mining the contents, with which he expressed his
great satisfaction. No. 18 of the catalogue reads :
" Chocolate, Cocoa, and Chicory, in various stages of
\ manufacture, contributed by Cadbury Bros., Bridge
Street, Broad Street, Birmingham. " The success of
the exhibition led to the building of a permanent
hall, which still stands as then erected, and bears
the old name of Bingley.

From a description of the works at Bridge Street
' in 1852, when Richard Cadbury was seventeen years
old, we can gather some idea of his early business
impressions. On the ground floor of the factory were
the store-house, the roasting ovens, the " kibbling
mill," and other machinery ; while above was the
packing room, where all was light and cheerful. The
score or more of girls, who worked under the direction

p _

X w

5? °

a B

YOUNG MANHOOD 79

of a forewoman, wore a kind of industrial uniform, their
ordinary dresses being exchanged during work hours
for a clean holland washing-frock. Some weighed
the cocoa, or packed it ; others wrapped the " homeo-
pathic " and other special makes in tinfoil, or filled
the boxes with " bonbons," or helped the forewoman
to count and sort the orders. Everything was scru-
pulously clean, and the busy hands and bright faces
made the work-room a happy place. Care was taken
., to employ girls of good moral character, and no oppor-
tunity was neglected of influencing them in the best
things, endeavouring to teach them habits of order
and pleasant manners which might reach beyond their
work hours to their homes and families. Once a week
during the summer they were given a half-holiday,
and twice a week they left work an hour earlier than
usual to attend evening school. Some of the men
had learnt a steady habit of saving, and with nearly
all, from the mere force of quiet example in their
masters, teetotalism was the rule. Reproof was not
often needed, but when given, it was more as an appeal
to the better feelings than a demonstration of anger.
Such were the conditions under which John Cadbury's
son received his training.

Sometimes there were pleasant breaks in the routine
of business, as in May, 1853, when Richard attended
the Friends' Yearly Meeting in London, and sent
home daily reports.

My very dear Richard [wrote his mother on May 22nd], —
We much enjoy thy accounts of your proceedings, and feel it
very kind of thee to keep us thus informed, for be assured our

80 RICHARD CADBURY

affectionate thoughts often turn towards thee, and we shall
be truly glad to encircle thee again in our little family compact.
I am glad you attended the Temperance meeting, and that so
many Friends were there. Dear Richard, I hope much good
seed is being sown in thy mind which may spring up and bear
a hundredfold at some future day. How little we are apt
to think of the influence of example, or of the utterance of
our sentiments upon those who surround us, for good or for
evil, or how far they may descend upon future generations not
yet in being. How needful, therefore, that our minds should
be imbued correctly, and that we should seek wisdom from
the Most High.

At this time Benjamin Head Cadbury was connected
for some years with his brother John in the business,
and it was during their co-partnership that the title
of Cadbury Bros, was first used for the firm. In
November, 1853, they received a royal appointment
as Cocoa and Chocolate Manufacturers to the Queen.

When John Cadbury was away from home, a good
deal of responsibility fell upon Richard's shoulders ;
but his father reposed great confidence in him, as can
be seen in a letter from Southport, dated June 7th, 1854,
to Richard and his brother George, who was still
attending William Lean's school in Birmingham :

We greatly enjoyed the receipt of the beautiful flowers you
sent us, showing that home in this respect has pretty strong
attractions. . . . Dear Richard's business letter was very clear
and satisfactory, and I am glad to find that in every depart-
ment you go on agreeably and encouragingly.

After three years' steady work in the business,
Richard had another delightful visit to Switzerland
in the summer of 1854. This time, as well as Arthur
Naish, his companions were the Rev. J. J. Brown

YOUNG MANHOOD 81

and a Mr. Scott. The journal letters he wrote to his
parents on this journey, as well as one or two from
his father, have been safely preserved, and give a
vivid account of their travels.

Up till the winter of this year John had continued
with his cousin, Richard Cadbury Barrow, in the shop
in Bull Street ; but by degrees it became clear that
his health was not equal to the strain of office
and indoor life. When once or twice he fell into
serious faints it was seen that a change must be
made, and his father determined that he should learn
farming, and live as much as possible in the open air.
He was sent, therefore, to Brinsop Court, in Hereford-
shire; and, although not far away from home, his
departure was the flitting of the first bird from the
old home nest.

For some years past the mother had been failing in
health, and it was a delight both to her and to her
family when Maria, who was nearly seventeen years
old, left school at Christmas, 1854, and was able to
relieve her mother of many of the home burdens.
She had only been at home for a month or two when
sorrow fell like a crushing blow, leaving a blank in the
lives of husband and children, which nothing could
ever quite fill ; for in March, 1855, the mother passed
into the presence of the Saviour, whom she had loved
and served so faithfully. It was one of the greatest
griefs of Richard's life, for she had been so much to
him — a friend and companion, as well as mother. In
his boyhood they had spent many a happy hour
studying botany together, and it was chiefly from

82 RICHARD CADBURY

her that he gained his love and knowledge of ferns
and plants. In the later years he had been with her
on many an errand of mercy. Modest and retiring
as she was, she never shrank from anything, however
formidable, which she felt the Lord had given her
to do, and one of her last acts was systematically to
visit numbers of public-houses, speaking to the men
and women inside, and giving away tracts and
pamphlets. An echo of her kindness was received
more than fifty years after her death from an old
gentleman, who had received encouragement from
this tender-hearted woman. He wrote to George
Cadbury :

In my youth I have worn clothing that your brothers John
and Richard and yourself had left off, your dear mother taking
care to clothe me, a poor orphan lad. To this day I can see
her smile, and her gentle hands wrapping up parcels for me,
and still hear her speaking to me words of kindness. I fol-
lowed the dear one to her grave when in my twenty-first year ;
now I am in my seventy-second.

It has been well said :

" The mother is and must be, whether she knows
it or not, the greatest, strongest, and most lasting
teacher her children have. Other influences come and
go, but hers is continual ; and by the opinion men
have of women, we can generally judge of the sort of
mother they had."

Certainly this was true of Richard Cadbury and
his mother, for her influence was one of the most
potent in his whole life. There is no doubt that his
chivalrous courtesy towards all women, and his

YOUNG MANHOOD 83

championship of those who were oppressed and wronged,
owed its impulse to his mother's life and her training
through his boyhood. He never forgot her. She
was the inspiration of many of the causes which he
undertook in later life. Her framed portrait, sur-
rounded by those of his three brothers, John, Edward,
and Henry, hung to the very last in his dressing-room,
where they still remain. On the back of hers are
written in his own hand some verses which he com-
posed :

MY MOTHER

From gentle bowers among the flowers

The sweetest perfumes rise ;
My mother's love thus gilds the hours

Of memory's changing skies.

Our childhood's day has passed away,

Yet not our childhood's dream ;
The vista of its chequered way

Is like a silver stream.

Can Heaven bestow a warmer glow

Of sunshine from above,
A purer, holier pledge below

Than in a mother's love ?

About the time of her death John Cadbury was
seriously ill with rheumatic fever, and from this
time forward became a good deal of an invalid, often
having to be away for long periods to undergo hydro-
pathic and other treatments. Maria did her best to
fill the mother's place to him and her brothers. It
was a heavy burden to fall upon the shoulders of the

84 RICHARD CADBURY

young girl, but she rose to the occasion bravely, leaning
hard upon the never-failing power of God. The ill-
health of his father also added greatly to Richard's
responsibilities, as except for the occasional help and
advice of his Uncle Benjamin, he had to bear the
weight of the business alone. His brother George
had by this time left school, and was at York, learning
the tea trade.

August 29th of the year 1856 brought round
Richard's twenty-first birthday. It happened that,
unavoidably and to the sorrow and regret of all the
family, he was alone at home at the time of this im-
portant event. John was away on the farm at Brinsop,
Edward and Henry at school in Nottingham, and his
father, Maria, and George were at Southport. How
lovingly he was remembered by all can be traced in
the big budget of letters which reached him on the
morning of his birthday. Parts of them were as
follows :

From John, Stoke Hill (August 25th, 1856)

Dear Brother, — Thy letter, with details of various intended
preparations to celebrate both thine and Cousin Sarah's
birthday, is most truly interesting. Much as I should like to
join you, I think I must defer my visit till father returns, or
otherwise I should most certainly have come to Birmingham
over-night to join your party. I hope this may reach you on
the right and proper day, when with the usual compliments
to thee, let me include Cousin Sarah, and wish you both many
glad returns and a long and happy life. How easily we pass
from childhood over that bridge of years, from all the dreams,
when we used to picture with so much wonder what it would
be like, to the realities of manhood with the world before us.
How precious is the one dear parent we have left. We will

YOUNG MANHOOD 85

yet trust and hope to see him restored amongst us, and to
enjoy many long years of his experience.

From his father, Southport (August 2jth, 1856)

My dear Richard, — This is intended to meet thee on the
29th of the present month, being thy twenty-first birthday,
an interesting and eventful period to all who are permitted to
attain to it ; and in reviewing the course and events of thy
life, from thy birth to the present time, it affords me the
truest pleasure and comfort to contemplate thy uniform
virtuous and amiable conduct. It is difficult to express all
the feelings of the mind on such an occasion as this, but I can
assure thee we are all most anxious to convey to thee the near
interest we feel on thy account, and we should like thy twenty-
first birthday to be one of great enjoyment to thee. I much
approve of thy proposal to have a day's excursion with thy
cousins in commemoration of it, and I wish it to be carried
out in a generous and liberal way, and of course wholly at my
expense. I am sorry I have been unable to present thee with
some useful and valuable memento of my affection on thy
birthday. It is my wish for thee to possess a cabinet, suitable
to contain thy specimens of butterflies and other objects in
which thou takes an interest. I wish thee to order one
according to thy own taste ; I wish it to be good and hand-
some. And now, dear Richard, in contemplating the present
with the future, I see the important and increasingly re-
sponsible position thou must necessarily hold in the business
as well as in the family. I believe thou art not insensible to
both, but as my own restoration to health is uncertain, I wish
to encourage thee quietly and steadily to place thyself in my
position, so as to be able with confidence to assume the im-
portant standing of a master. It is important for thee at all
times to appear respectably dressed. I will not say more on
this point, but conclude with the earnest and serious hope that
neither business nor pleasure, or any other lawful pursuit, may
interfere with the performance of thy civil and religious
duties, so that the day's work may truly be said to keep pace
with the day. Thou hast my entire confidence, and thou
knows thou possesses the warmest love and affection of thy
tenderly attached father.

86 RICHARD CADBURY

From Maria, Southport (August 28th, 1856)

My own dear Brother, — Although we are all absent from
thee, do not for one moment think thou art forgotten by any
of us, especially on so memorable a day as to-morrow, thy
twenty-first birthday. It is a great pleasure to us to think
that part of the day is to be spent at grandfather's. We have
talked and thought of you much to-day, and hope you will
all enjoy the excursion, and that the day will be clear and
fine ; the view then I should think would be extensive from
the summit of the Wrekin. Had George and I been at
home, how we should have enjoyed to join the party ! Thou
wilt be pleased to hear that dear father really does seem to
be benefiting under the water cure, and at times is so lively
and cheerful.

Other letters are before us from George and Aunt
Ann at Southport, and two delightful schoolboy-
epistles from Edward and Henry at Nottingham, all
showing how warmly Richard was loved.

In the autumn plans were being made to buy John
a farm of his own. On September 20th, 1856, the
father wrote :

My dear Richard, — We have had several letters from John
this week, which have interested us very much, and I am
quite in hopes that there is a possibility of his obtaining the
first refusal of a first-rate farm. The dear fellow writes with
much considerate feeling lest he should put me to serious in-
convenience by finding the necessary money, and evinces a
cheerful willingness still to postpone taking a farm. I have
therefore this morning written him very explicitly, assuring
him that I shall be prepared to supply the needful money for
him to take a farm when a suitable one offers, and I have
further assured him that his brothers and sister with myself
are unitedly most desirous of doing all we can to forward his
settlement in life. . . . We have bright, animated notes from
thy dear grandfather ; the buoyancy of his spirit enables him
to move and get about quite to admiration. I shall rejoice
to share in his instructive company again. My brother,

YOUNG MANHOOD 87

Benjamin H. Cadbury, informs me that the work has com-
menced in Crooked Lane. I am much interested in its pro-
gress, and hope thou wilt find time frequently to visit it, and
shall expect a report from thee on its progress in a few days.

Thy dearly attached father.

In the summer Richard received an urgent invita-
tion from his friend and schoolfellow, C. W. Dymond,
to spend a holiday with him at Dartmoor. As his
father was again ill and away from home, Richard
could not desert his post of duty at the business,
and was unable to go. C. W. Dymond wrote on
August 8th, 1857 :

Dear Richard, — I was very sorry that thou wast under the
necessity of giving up going with us to Dartmoor. We took
five days for a ramble round the borders and through the
centre of the moor. . . . Many of the views we obtained were
remarkably fine, and some of the scenery of the interior of
the moor wild and solitary in the extreme. ... I often wished
thou had been with us, for thou would have enjoyed it so much.
It is very pleasing to hear that John has now got a farm of his
own. He will no doubt do well, as he seems to take great
interest in farming. It will be a very pleasant place for you
to visit now and then during the summer.

Thy affectionate friend,

C. W. Dymond.

The well-known and old-established school of William
Lean was closed in the autumn of 1857, on his retire-
ment. Eleven of the old scholars, among whom were
Henry Newman, J. H. Shorthouse, Samuel Price,
Richard Cadbury Barrow, and Richard Cadbury, sent
out a circular to all the old scholars suggesting a
testimonial to be given to William Lean and his wife.
At the end of the circular, a copy of which was found
in the Chinese chest, are the words, " Subscriptions

88 RICHARD CADBURY

may be forwarded to Richard Cadbury, Junr., Bridge
Street, Birmingham," and pinned to it are the papers
containing lists in his neat handwriting of all the old
scholars, with entries of their subscriptions, and of
those to whom he wrote more than once in order to
obtain a reply.

The presentation of a handsome purse of gold to
William Lean, and of a davenport of walnut wood,
fitted up with stationery, to his wife, took place on
December ist, and the report of it is fastened together
with the other papers.

It is a curious coincidence that, at the very time
this chapter was being written, several Friends were
searching for a complete list of the names and
addresses of those who had attended this school ; and
thus the old records, so carefully made and kept,
served a useful purpose once again.

In spite of the cares and responsibilities which rested
upon his young shoulders, Richard Cadbury managed
to enjoy life thoroughly. He was one of a circle of
young men Friends who shared in the delights of out-
door sports and country excursions. They were taught
to love and study nature, and to enjoy real fun ; and
it would be impossible to find a greater contrast between
the healthy intelligence of these young people, and
the restless craving for excitement which is to be found
amongst so many brought up in the baneful atmosphere
of modern worldly amusements. One of the things
which this energetic party of young men used to do
was to take long summer walks in the dewy freshness
of the very early morning. Most of them were in

YOUNG MANHOOD 89

business, and therefore had to fit in these excursions
in the hours before breakfast. Many are the tales
they have told of their adventures. They would
meet, first at one house and then another in
turn, and, while every one else was asleep, would
be let quietly in, and congregate in the deserted
kitchen, where a store of provisions had been put
ready the night before. What fun would ensue, as they
toasted their own bacon or fried sausages, and made
toast and coffee before setting out ! Even the dark-
ness of the winter mornings was not able to keep them
from, their early excursions. Indeed, the frosty
weather, when skating was to be had, was the keenest
time of all. Richard was an enthusiastic and skilful
skater. There are many reminiscences of his prowess
on the ice. One of his sisters-in-law writes, " He
used fairly to dazzle us with his skating."

George, who was often one of the party, says of his
brother :

He was passionately fond of skating, and, when a young
man,frequently rose at five o'clock so as to be on the ice before
the dawn of day, and thus have two hours' exercise before
going to business in the city. Only those who have made
this effort know the exhilaration of skating in the early
morning, and watching the light gradually break and the
beauty of the sunrise. He was fond of athletic exercises, and
was always captain of the football and hockey team that
played at Edgbaston fifty years ago, being an exceptionally
good player at both games. Amongst those with whom he
played was the late J. H. Shorthouse, author of John
Inglesant, and other men who have since become well known.
In later years he often longed, amid the pressure of business,
for more time in which to engage in the exercises and games
of his youth and early manhood.

90 RICHARD CADBURY

An amusing incident is supplied by Samuel Price,
who was one of the skating fraternity. Although the
reservoir at Edgbaston was the place where they most
often enjoyed their favourite recreation, the large pool
at the foot of the Edgbaston Hall grounds offered
temptations which could not be resisted. One winter
there was an exceptionally long hard frost, and during
part of the time the moon was full. With the frosty
ground crunching beneath their feet, the young
fellows made their way to the borders of Edgbaston
Park ; they climbed over the palings, taking care
not to break or injure them, and were soon skimming
over the frozen pool in the moonlight. Their sur-
reptitious visits continued, and as they grew bolder
they used to go in the early mornings as well. Some-
times when it was dark they burned coloured fires on
the ice. This led to the detection of their pranks, and
old Lawyer Whateley, who lived at the Hall, set to
work to put a stop to them. One morning he sent
a man down to the pool to take the young men's names,
and to request them not to come again. Now it
happened that Lawyer Whateley was a friend of that
stately and dignified old Quaker, Richard's grandfather.
The similarity of the names at once struck Mr. Whateley.
He well knew, of course, that it was a young man who
had been skating ; but he wrote a letter to Richard
Tapper Cadbury, who was nearly ninety at this time,
saying he was sorry that his old friend had taken
the trouble to climb over his palings to skate, as he
would have been glad to let him in by the gate at any
time. The idea of the old gentleman climbing over the

YOUNG MANHOOD 91

palings was very amusing, and evidently half in
fun; but Richard Tapper Cadbury took it quite
seriously, and wrote to say how surprised he was that
his friend, John Welshman Whateley, should think
him capable of such a piece of ill-manners. Needless
to say, this was the end of the stolen visits to Edgbaston
pool, for Richard's grandfather, though not without
a keen sense of humour and sincere love for his grand-
children, was a strict disciplinarian, and had a great
sense of the proprieties.

During this same winter another incident occurred,
which showed Richard Cadbury's alertness in an
emergency. As they were skating together upon the
reservoir, the same Friend who supplied the preceding
story was practising the out side-edge backwards.
Not being careful enough to notice where he was going,
he glided right into the middle of a lightly frozen space,
above one of the springs. It might have been a serious
accident, but Richard, with his quick vision, saw what
had happened, and in a moment was skimming towards
the spot, knotting two handkerchiefs together as he
sped along, and calling to the others to follow him.
He lay full length on the ice and worked his way to-
wards the broken edge, giving directions to the next
who skated up to do the same, and hold on to his heels.
The knotted handkerchiefs were seized, and with a
little struggling their wet and half-numbed comrade
was rescued from his perilous position, and escorted
home at a run. Some idea of the coldness of the
morning may be gained from the fact that, by the time
he reached home, his clothes were as stiff as boards.

92 RICHARD CADBURY

A detailed account of a long boating and camping
expedition up the River Wye, entitled " The Log of the
Seagull," is to be found in the first volume of the
records of the Friends' Essay Society. The Log
abounds with humour and incident, and is freely
illustrated by pen-and-ink sketches, many of which
were contributed by Richard, who was with the
expedition part of the time. A letter from his
father runs (July 20th, 1858) :

My dear Richard, — We received thy " despatch " this
morning, for such we find would be the correct phraseology
of reports received from the exploring boating-party. We
suppose thou hast commenced thy share of the toil, and should
like to have a few lines after a night or two's bivouacking under
the tent. All is going on comfortably in the home circle,
and our old friend " business " is on the even tenor of its way.
John has enjoyed your visit, and is progressing well with his
hay. Thy account of his crops is satisfactory. I am glad
he was able, so pleasantly, to give your party a helping hand.

One of Richard's chief companions of those days,
J. W. Shorthouse, says of him :

As a boy he was strong and a very fast runner, and many
pleasant games at cricket and hockey I have had in his com-
pany in Joseph Sturge's field. We sometimes had great
fun at his father's house in Calthorpe Road, especially on one
occasion, when we had a bonfire and fireworks there, attended
by Friends generally. He also went with us on boating
expeditions, notably in the year 1858, when we arranged one
on the Wye from its mouth to Hay. His brother John was
then farming in Herefordshire. The best sketches illustrating
the account of this expedition were done by Richard Cadbury,
who had much artistic taste. As a boy and a young man
he had the same characteristics as in later life, great deter-
mination to take his full share of any work that had to be
done, and a desire to make things pleasant for all who were

YOUNG MANHOOD 93

working or playing with him. I should not think he ever said
an unkind word to any one. Before he had a First Day school
class of his own he often took mine when I was prevented,
and he was much valued as a substitute by other teachers
also. We all felt we got in him a better man than ourselves,
and he was so good-natured that he seldom declined.

Another Friend, Charles Lean, says :

We never met without the cheery " Well, Charles," and
kind inquiries. As to years ago, I chiefly remember our games,
and always envied his bold wheeling round the gymnastic
pole. We and others enjoyed together in their season cricket,
football, skating, bathing, bonfires, and fireworks at his father's.
We attended debates at the Friends' Reading Society and a
Bible Class at Bull Street. In all he was thorough and deter-
mined, and a good example to any one.

These last two letters show that Richard's energies
were developing along lines of Christian work, in which
he took the most sincere and earnest delight. From
the very first it was a joy to him to be face to face
with a class or company of men, who would reverently
search the word of God with him for the truth and
for practical guidance in the affairs of everyday life.
Although in the position of teacher, he always drew
out the men themselves, making them feel that, while
willing and ready to impart to them the knowledge
he had already gained, he put himself alongside of them
as a learner.

It was when he was about twenty-three years old
that he made his third tour in Switzerland, which was
perhaps the most adventurous of any. His father had
again been very ill, and was at Southport with Maria.

Richard had been steadily working away at Bridge
Street, and his father felt he had well earned another

94 RICHARD CADBURY

trip abroad. There are no letters in the bundle de-
scribing this journey, but many remember the stories
of terrible climbs and exciting adventures, and Richard
wrote a descriptive diary for his father, profusely
illustrated with sketches made from rough drawings
on the spot, and coloured and finished at home. One
of the climbs which he made with his guide, who
became his devoted friend and admirer, was the
Col de Geant, and was one of the earliest ascents of
this mountain. One of his sketches represents a
precipitous rock, up which he and the guide, roped
together, were cautiously and laboriously climbing,
cutting steps as they went. On the summit of the
rock stood a young chamois, looking down on them.
Richard scarcely cared to talk much about this adven-
ture, which both he and the guide realised to have
been full of danger. Other pictures show them roped,
and crossing snowfields or cutting their way along
ledges of ice. There is one of the Hospice of St.
Bernard, with an account of the visit to that place,
telling of the little garden where the monks tried to
grow some cabbages, and succeeded in getting one
about the size of a walnut. A rather ghastly sketch
shows the Mortuary, with the dim outlines of silent
figures lying within, where those who had lost their
friends on the mountains went to try and recognise
them among these frozen and disfigured remains.

The family at home were almost horrified when
they knew of some of the dangers Richard had passed
through, and it was a relief to them, when he became
engaged a few years afterwards, to know that he had

YOUNG MANHOOD 95

an added reason to hold him back from such risky
adventures. It was most characteristic that on this
tour, which was always marked out in Richard's
memory as one of the most delightful he ever made,
he so economised in the matter of personal comforts
that on his return home his appearance took every one
aback. He was gaunt and thin, though hardened
and in robust health ; his clothes were shabby and
threadbare ; his boots had hardly any soles left on
them : but he was radiant and in the highest spirits,
and, moreover, had in his trunk a present for every one.
In the summer of i860 a party of four of the American
cousins — John Warder and his wife Caroline, and
Joel Cadbury and his sister Sarah — came over to
Europe to visit their English relations, and to see
something of the Continent. A large family gathering
was arranged on August 16th, at which the American
visitors met as many as possible of their English
cousins. Richard, who would vividly remember the
historic gathering that had taken place seven years
earlier at his grandfather's home, designed a card to be
given to each person present, in commemoration of the
evening. A floral spray, circled by a wreath of olive-
leaves with fruit, surrounded a bundle of sticks and
the motto, " Felices ter et amplius quos irrupta tenet
copula." Below are two verses of his own composition :

Thrice happy they whom love entwines in memory's wreath

together,
"Tis better far when joy combines than any earthly treasure ;
Columbia's star shall brighter glow, and Albion fairer seem,
Now that our kindred feelings flow in one unbroken stream.

96 RICHARD CADBURY

Heaven's choicest gifts blend all in one, as dew-drops in a

flower,
Or as when streamlets meeting run in union each bright hour ;
So may the olive round us be an evergreen of love,
And may each branch of parent tree unite in Heaven above.

A few weeks later the four American cousins, with
Richard Cadbury, his Uncle James, of Banbury, and
his cousin Martha Gibbins, set out for a tour through
France and Switzerland, described in the following
letters :

Hotel de Lille et d'Albion, Paris.
September 13th, i860.
Dear Father, — I have just received thy letter, which
arrived about mid-day. We had a splendid passage over from
Folkstone, with scarcely a cloud on the sky, and the scene as
we left the white cliffs of Albion was indeed very beautiful.
The sea was quite an emerald green colour, and the atmosphere
so clear that we could distinctly see the small crescent of the
moon and Venus, a brilliant object a little to the right, although
the sun was shining brightly. We saw also many seagulls,
some of which came close to the bows of the vessel. On our
arrival at Boulogne we saw as usual some of the universal
French soldiers, with their red peg-top trousers, their hands
as if fastened into their pockets. We got our luggage through
the Douane without much trouble, and put up at the Hotel
de Paris, as we were just too late to get off by the 10.30 train.
We then strolled about the town, and saw its beautiful cathe-
dral, with some rather extraordinary crypts underneath,
covered with rough paintings, this part being all that remained
of the old cathedral which was battered down with cannon.
We had some capital fun. Uncle James found many that could
speak some English, but it did not much matter whether or
no — he gave it them, and some curious scenes we had between
signs and words until we undertook to help him out. We left
by a train at 5.30, and arrived in Paris at 11.0 after a very
pleasant ride, and with plenty to keep us merry. We are
very comfortably located here, John Warder, Joel, and I in
one room, and Caroline, Sarah, and Martha Gibbins in a most

YOUNG MANHOOD 97

elegantly furnished apartment, where we are now all writing
our letters. We have had a very busy day ; Uncle James
and myself got up at half-past five to explore the district,
and walked through the gardens of the Tuileries, in which
the flowers were most luxuriant — long beds covered by one
mass of plants and scarcely one that was not in flower ;
among the trees further on were quite a forest of chairs,
where the people congregate in the evenings. We then
passed on to the Place de la Concorde, and had a peep
through a telescope at the planet Venus, showing it about the
size of the moon, and not more than one-half lit by the sun,
thus ]) . We went on to the fruit-market, two or three
times the size of Covent Garden, and quantities of the most
delicious fruit ; we bought about 1 20 greengages, which have
been most acceptable during the day.

We met the rest of the party at breakfast at nine o'clock, as
we thought they ought to have a good night, and started at
ten, the first part being what uncle and I had seen before
breakfast, with the exception of the fruit-market. The Louvre
really cannot be described with justice. From the immense
courtyard enclosed within it we could look with amazement
upon the magnificent range of architectural beauty around us.
The high buildings of which it is composed seem an elaborate
display of columns, statues, and carved stone work. We
made our entrance into the museum, and were soon lost
amongst paintings of the very highest order, and think we
did not walk less than a mile in viewing them — Raphaels,
Caraccis, Murillos, and thousands of others. We really could
hardly tell how to leave, they were so enchanting ; we had no
time to see the sculptures. At about three we went into a small
restaurant, and had a good dinner for a franc each, sitting in
a kind of trellised balcony, covered with creepers. We gave
the waiter sundry commands in French and English, Uncle
James at last giving in with the latter. I don't know what
folks will think of us, for we laugh so much. After this we
went to the Hotel de Ville, and were taken over all the state
apartments — Napoleon's reception-room, and the splendid
ballroom where he gave that ball that we read of some time
ago in the papers. From thence to the Cathedral of Notre
Dame ; the carved stone- work in front was particularly curious
and beautiful. We then walked to the column of Julliet

98 RICHARD CADBURY

(formed out of cannon melted down), where we all got into a
diligence and went for three or four miles along the principal
boulevards of Paris to the Madeleine ; this we found was just
closed, but we shall see it to-morrow if we have time. After
some tea at our hotel and some writing, we have just been all
along the Champs-Elysees and Place de la Concorde by gas-
light— a very fine sight, with thousands of lights making it quite
a fairy scene ; we then went for a mile and a half along some
of the finest boulevards, to see the cafes and restaurants
and shops of all kinds, dressed out with a taste such as only
Parisians can show. Excuse so rough and poor an epitome
of what we have been witnessing, but it is impossible in so
short a time to do justice to it. Cousins wish to join me in
dear love to thee and all at home, and I remain,

Thy affectionate son,

R. Cadbury.

Macon, September 15th, i860.
My dear Father, — We arrived here this morning at 4.30,
after a comfortable ride from Paris ; Uncle James and I did
not take beds, as we thought we had had enough sleep, but have
enjoyed a bath and a walk round the town. The River Saone
is wide here, but its banks are flat and uninteresting. We
bought two bunches of grapes, quite \ lb. each, for id. (4 sous),
which were delicious. Yesterday we made our way at ten
o'clock to the Jardin des Plantes, which disappointed us very
much ; certainly nothing to compare with our Zoological
Gardens, either in plants or animals. We took a cab from here
to the Pantheon, from the top of which we had a splendid
panoramic view of Paris, and it was interesting to consult our
map, to trace all the public buildings and gardens. The beauti-
ful gardens of the Luxembourg were close to us, and here we
walked to next. The arrangement of trees, flowers, and
marble statues is much finer than anything I have ever seen
before. The pictures in the palace are mostly by French
artists ; several amongst them of Rosa Bonheur's best paint-
ings. We were much surprised here, as in the Louvre, to
notice so many artists copying the pictures, and one-half of
these ladies ; but the latter were not so much masters of the
brush as the former, excepting in miniatures. By this
time we were somewhat hungry, and made a descent upon a

YOUNG MANHOOD 99

patissier's, which was a salutary change, and then turned
our steps to the Hotel Cluny, an ancient palace, the rooms
of which were decorated with a very remarkable collection
of antiquities. There were some of the best productions of
Palissy, the potter, and the most beautiful tapestry I ever
saw, quite equal to a good painting. There were a great
quantity of exquisite carvings in wood and ivory, and curiosi-
ties of all kinds, mostly connected with the kings of France.
This was to me the most interesting of anything that we have
seen in Paris, and was a good finish to the day's sight-seeing.
We returned to our hotel in time for a table d'hote at half-past
five ; and this was quite a novelty to cousins, being the first
we have yet had, and they were thoroughly tired out before
we got through it. Uncle James amuses us very much, in
asking for potatoes with his beef, and stale bread instead of
new, clean plates after cheese for dessert, etc. ; but we are all
settling down to thorough French life, and he enjoys it as
much as any of us. He went with me both mornings in Paris
about six o'clock to wander through the streets, which were
thronged with people, and to the markets, where we regaled
ourselves upon pears, peaches, and greengages ; we bought
eight splendid peaches, for is., which we took home for break-
fast with the others. We also saw the Billingsgate of Paris,
with exactly the same scene as in London, only that the
clamour was in a foreign tongue, and they employ women who
sit on high desks to take account of what is sold, and receive
the money. I think we certainly had far the best of it, for
the mornings were so fresh and cool, and the people more
astir than in the middle of the day. It has begun to rain a
little this morning, but think it will clear up. We shall spend
a quiet day in Geneva to-morrow, reaching there about ten this
evening. Since writing the above, uncle and I have been out
again, and crossed to the other side of the river, where there is
a large fair ; and as there is a little rain all the people have
umbrellas up, forming quite a curious scene, as they are all
colours, a quarter of them bright scarlet. They were selling
quantities of pears and apples in long sacks, grapes, peaches,
nectarines, and one part of it was a sort of corn-market — sacks
of all kinds ranged in long rows with the sellers at the back —
doubtless for the small farmers which this country abounds
in. The carts are all drawn by bullocks and cows, and form

ioo RICHARD CADBURY

an interesting sight wending their way to market. The women
almost all wear the curious chimney hat with broad flat brim.
I must now close this, as we are going to have dinner, and
then on to the station for Geneva. Farewell, with dear love,

Thine very affectionately,

R. Cadbury.

In answer to this letter his father wrote (September
19th, i860) :

My dear Richard, — We are much gratified to receive thy
letters, the last from Macon. The summary of your pro-
ceedings is clear, full, and very interesting. We are also
much indebted to Brother James for his lovely impressions
and truly interesting details of what you are seeing. I only
hope you have not been too adventurous ; but I think I can
trust thee, and thy Uncle James will, if needful, check or
refrain from any apparent risk, so I make myself happy,
though I regret to read of another fatal accident on the Alps.
It is dear George's twenty-first birthday. He has been quiet
and thoughtful and very pleasant. His relatives have been
kind in remembering him, and he is in possession of valuable
and useful presents. ... I send our united love to each
one of your interesting company, and I can assure you
that we shall be truly happy to welcome you safe back, a
pleasure we are warmly anticipating. Accept a full share of
love thyself from thy attached father.

No wonder he felt somewhat anxious, with the
memory of Richard's daring adventures of two years
ago fresh in his mind. The journal letters continue :

Chamounix, September 18th. i860.
Dear Father, — We are boxed in here this afternoon by
some rain, and we are therefore spending a few hours in writing
home. We received thy acceptable letters, and also one from
Cousin Elizabeth, to whom please give my dear love and
thanks. It is very interesting to me to go over ground that
I have been over before, and I think that its beauties are doubly
fixed upon the memory, and far more appreciated for doing

YOUNG MANHOOD 101

so. From Matron to Geneva we passed by the railroad through

the magnificent valley at one end of the Jura range, often

with precipitous rocks on one side, and a beautiful sloping

mountain on the other, laid out in cornfields and vineyards.

We spent the next day (First Day) very enjoyably at Geneva.

Cousins Sarah, Martha, and I went to the English church, and

had a very practical sermon preached us ; the others stayed

at the hotel and sat together for a time of quiet devotion.

When we returned we all set out for a walk, and visited the

cemetery, which is prettily laid out. Calvin's tomb is simply

a small stone, with the initials marked upon it at the foot

of the grave. This was his particular wish, that no tombstone

should be raised over his grave. We also saw the tomb of Sir

H. Davey, and some few other notables. We then followed

the beautifully blue and clear Rhone to its junction with the

Arve ; there is a little promontory that runs out for some way

between the rivers, and so narrow that you can place your

hands at the same time in both. The Arve was very much

swollen, as was the Rhone, by the quantities of rain that had

fallen upon the mountains, and a gentleman told us that the

Rhone was two feet higher than the day before ; the junction

of the muddy waters of the Arve with the clear ones of the

Rhone was very curious. In the evening, after a table d'hote

at five, we went to the poste restante for your letters, which only

opens at 6 p.m. on a First Day, and very much enjoyed reading

some of them together aloud; after which we had another

stroll by starlight through the town, and on to a new pier

or breakwater, that they have built opposite to the town.

We ordered for the morning a carriage with three horses for

Chamounix, and we were all ready for them at seven o'clock.

The country through which we passed it is very difficult to

describe ; we were all exceedingly charmed by its beauty and

grandeur — the little Swiss chalets dotted about among corn

fields and meadows, which extended for some miles, and

backed by some grand rocky peak towering up among the

fleecy clouds that clung to it. The quantity of fruit-trees

and fruit was really something wonderful — plums of six or

seven descriptions, apples and pears, and all of them open

to any one who likes to take them ; for instance, we would

drive our carriage under a plum-tree, and then, taking hold

of the stem, shake a deluge of them upon us ; we really got

102 RICHARD CADBURY

so many that we did not know what to do with them, and I
am sure I never ate more in my life at one time. Some of
them were particularly delicious, and we did so wish we could
import some of them over to you. The latter part of the
way was amongst pine-forests and very steep, so that we had
to walk a great part of the way. Joel and I walked the last
nine miles, and enjoyed it extremely, and as each snowy peak
came into view, ribbed with its glaciers, every step seemed to
add to the magnificence of the scene. The Glacier des Boissons
seemed as if it poured its white frozen torrent in our path, and
was a beautiful object. We are stopping at the same hotel
(La Couronne) that George and Richard C. Barrow stopped at,
and find it very comfortable. This morning we procured
four mules and three guides, and were all ready by eight o'clock,
not at all discouraged by the rain which had fallen through
a great part of the night. We made quite a remarkable
appearance, uncle, John Warder, Joel, and I having on our
light coats strapped round the waist and trousers tucked
into our boots; cousins were all wrapped up well in shawls,
and we all felt in splendid spirits. It took us two hours to
arrive at the Montauvert, and as it cleared up and the sun
shone brightly before we got half-way, the views down in the
valley below us and the mountains on the other side were
beautiful. We made arrangements with the guides to have
our mules taken to the other side of the glacier, so that
we might cross it, and have them ready for us. This
we easily accomplished, and all much enjoyed it, and it gave
us a fair idea of what glaciers really are. The view from
the Chateau, where the ice breaks up, is very fine, showing
the exquisite blue colour that is the great charm of glacier ice.
We intend going up the Flegere to-morrow if nothing prevents
us in reference to weather, etc. I hope to write you again
from Interlaken, or perhaps before this. There has been a
great deal of talking, and I am afraid this is much discon-
nected. With dear love to all, I remain,

Thy affectionate son,

R. Cadbury.

Thun, September 23rd, i860.
Dear Father, — I believe that my last letter was posted
at Chamounix, since which time we have been through a great

YOUNG MANHOOD 103

deal of the most charming Alpine scenery. Last Fourth Day-
was very wet and heavy, clouds hanging on the mountains,
so we decided instead of ascending the Flegere to go straight
off to Martigny ; we got five mules, one of which was for
the luggage, and commenced our day's journey, as the one
before, in soaking rain. It soon, however, cleared up, and
we had a favourable day. We stopped for dinner at a
little hotel, facing the beautiful fall of the Barbarme, which
dashes down the mountain and sends the spray on all
sides. The single path runs most of the way on the side of
the mountain, and the peeps into the deep valley with the
river foaming below were very fine ; it is, however, finest near
the summit of the Tete Noire, where the valley widens and
deepens, and the river finds a channel down the valley and
gorge of the Trient into that of the Rhone. At the summit of
the Forclay we had to have our tickets viseed for the Vallais ;
it seemed a curious thing to be stopped there, almost on the
verge of the eternal snow. The last five or six miles cousins
joined us on foot, being thoroughly tired of riding, and the
guides took us by a short cut through fields and orchards,
and I should think we had such a run as they never had
before ; but really the mountain air gives you such life and
strength that you become almost like the chamois. We
slept that night at Martigny, and hired a large carriage to
take us to Leukerbad in the morning. It was rather a dry
ride the first part, along the valley of the Rhone ; but directly
we turned into the valley of Leuk the scenery was most
magnificent. As cousins say, each day the views are grander
than the former. This was the valley that Arthur Naish and
I walked down at midnight on our last tour together, and it
was very interesting to see in reality what I had only con-
jectured at before. Some of the little villages situated on
the sloping sides of the mountains, and half hidden in orchards,
and the white steeple of its little church, formed a pic-
turesque scene, and just as evening's twilight crept over the
landscape, they rung a peal of fine bells, completing the en-
chantment. Leukerbad itself is situated at the very end of
the valley, and is quite hemmed in by precipitous rocks.
Over these is the pass of the Gemmi, and it being a splendid
morning (Sixth Day) we got the necessary mules and guides
and set off at eight o'clock The path is so narrow, and winds

104 RICHARD CADBURY

so much among the cliffs, that no part of it can be seen from
the bottom. We found it very steep, but it was more difficult
in proportion for the ladies on mules than for us ; but all labour
was amply repaid as the distant scenery gradually extended
and everything below us appeared in miniature. There had
been a great deal of snow the night before, and the last half-
mile the ground was covered with it, and on the summit above,
7,000 feet high, the snow was some four or five inches deep.
We could see from here most of the snowy peaks of the Monte
Rosa Range — the Matterhorn, Weisshorn, etc. — reminding me
of my late trip amongst their snows and valleys. The descent
of the pass was extremely beautiful, and grander than any we
have passed, as we had snowy mountains on each side of us.
We picked some of the holly fern, just where I obtained that
which is growing on our rockery, to bring home with us for
Cousin Martha. The mules went with us as far as Kandersteg,
where we got return carriages to Interlaken. The scenery
was thoroughly Swiss. The people seem to take great pride
in their cottages — almost all of them with the woodwork
carved, and in some cases quite elaborately. We took up our
quarters at a capital hotel, the Belvedere in Interlaken, and
as we had missed one day at Chamounix we determined to
make up for it here, so I arranged for carriages and mules
to take us in the morning over the Wengernalp. We drove
as far as Lauterbrunnen, and sent the carriages to meet us at
Grindelwald, while we made the tour of the Wengernalp to
that place. My ideas in connection with Lauterbrunnen were
very pleasant ones, and I was not at all disappointed, as it
lies amongst the most beautiful valleys. The peasant girls
also wear a very pretty dress, one of which I was tempted to
buy, and will bring home with me. About a quarter of a mile
from here is the Staubbach (or Dust Fall), the most beautiful
waterfall I have seen in Switzerland. It falls over a pro-
jecting ledge of rock 950 feet above the valley, and it is im-
possible to describe with justice the beauty of the feathery
arrows of water that shoot from the summit, gradually dis-
persing themselves, till they all fall in a misty cloud to the
bottom. On each side of the main fall was a slender stream
of water that seemed as if hung in mid-air, for its tiny current
was almost all dissolved into mist before reaching the bottom ;
but the finishing touch was an exquisite rainbow at the bottom

YOUNG MANHOOD 105

of the main fall, extending in a right angle from the rock, the
colours being as vivid as I ever remember seeing in a rainbow.
We were quite sorry to leave the scene, but we had a long day's
work before us, and could not stop longer. The ascent of
the pass is at first very steep, and a tremendous pull it was ;
but we seem always repaid for hard work, and so it was here
in the view spread out before us. The echoes among the rocks
are particularly grand in these mountains. In two or three
places on our route people were stationed, who lived in some
of the little chalets and blew a large Alpine horn, I should
think six feet long, which resounded from hill to hill,
sometimes in its reverberations equalling the notes of an
organ. The most magnificent scene was in store for us
at the summit, as we faced nearly the whole range of the
Oberland. The Great and Small Giant, the Jung-Frau,
Silberhorn, and other snowy mountains were all at our feet ;
their glaciers and snowfields seemed quite close to us. This
is also the best place to see avalanches, of which we saw at
least eight or ten while we were there. It is quite awe-inspiring
to hear the distant thunder of the masses of ice as they break
off from the side of the glacier, and are at once dashed into
powder among the rocks ; and here you may judge of real
distance, as all you can see is a small dusty cloud rushing down
the mountain side. I have not time to describe more, ex-
cepting to say that we had a delightful ride back to Interlaken,
well satisfied with our day's work. We went some of us to the
English chapel to service in the morning (First Day), and had
a stroll to the Lake of Brientz ; in the afternoon we took the
steamer on the Lake of Thun to Thun — a most delightful and
memorable farewell it was to the Alps, as we watched the
shadows gradually steal up their snowy sides, which were
tinged with the most lovely pink or roseate hue ; and when
the last rays had left the highest peak, the atmosphere above
them partook of the same pinky colour, throwing out in bold
relief the snowy mountains, which now appeared of the purest
whiteness. In a few minutes the moon with the planet Mars
shone with a silvery light in the heavens, and were reflected
in the mirrored waters of the lake, which shone like polished
steel. Farewell for the present, with dear love,

Thy affectionate son,

R. Cadbury.

106 RICHARD CADBURY

Folkstone, September 27th, i860.
Dear Father, — I write a few lines to say that I expect
to be home to-morrow evening at 8.30 or 12 midnight. We
had a comfortable passage across last night, with very few
sick on board, the two nights before have been rough, and
nearly the whole of the passengers, above 200, sick, so we
have much to be thankful for in so far ending our journey
in safety. Daniel P. Hack [who afterwards married Martha
Gibbins] wrote a pressing invitation for all of us to go round
by Brighton, and we have thought it best to accept it, and
therefore go that way this morning, getting there at 1.30, and
leave to-morrow at 3.30 or 5. Farewell then for the present.
With very dear love from,

Thine affectionately,

R. Cadbury.

Fully occupied with pleasures and activities the
years had thus been rolling swiftly by. Richard
was now twenty-five. The days of sheltered boy-
hood and of careless youth lay behind him, and
he stood upon the threshold of the wider interests
and the graver responsibilities of manhood. The
older generation was passing away. In the spring
of 1859, humanity, and the Society of Friends
in particular, had to mourn the loss of Joseph
Sturge.

Soon after him another well-known figure in Birming-
ham passed from sight, for on March 13th, i860,
Richard Tapper Cadbury died, leaving behind him a
large circle of children, grandchildren, and great-grand-
children, some in England and some in America, to
whom he was the chief link which bound them to one
another and to the memories of the past. With the
snapping of that link the past receded, and his grand-
children seemed plunged into a new present, with

YOUNG MANHOOD 107

changed conditions and fresh claims. He had been
loved and honoured by them all, for although in
many ways a representative of the old school, he
was remarkable for the warmth and kindness of
his heart.

CHAPTER VII
LIFE'S RESPONSIBILITIES (1861—1868)

BECOMES HEAD OF BRIDGE STREET WORKS, WITH HIS
BROTHER GEORGE AS CO-PARTNER — MARRIAGE TO
ELIZABETH ADLINGTON — BUSINESS STRUGGLES — PER-
SEVERANCE REWARDED — ANECDOTES — FATHERHOOD —
DEATH OF HIS BROTHERS, JOHN AND EDWARD — DEATH
OF HIS WIFE

THE spring of the year 1861 was the dawn of
untried experiences for Richard Cadbury. He
was the first of his family by ten years to pass through
the portals of married life. He had become engaged
to a schoolgirl friend of his sister's, Elizabeth Adlington,
whose brother William had been one of his own school-
fellows at Hitchin. Elizabeth was a bright, vivacious
girl, slim and graceful in figure, and with a sweet,
intelligent face. She was accomplished and well
informed, a good conversationalist, and had attractive
manners. She, as well as her future husband, was
a member of the Society of Friends, and had received
from her parents a thorough domestic training, being
particularly skilful with her needle. Her father was
William Adlington, of Mansfield, a widely esteemed
citizen and a well-known member of the Society of
Friends.

108

LIFE'S RESPONSIBILITIES 109

The preparation of a home for his bride was a great
joy to Richard Cadbury. He took a house in Wheeley's
Road (No. 17), and devoted most of his spare time
to beautifying the garden, making there a rockery, to
which he transferred some of the rare specimens he
had collected and planted by the pool at his old home
in Calthorpe Road. There is a letter, dated April 8th,
i86i,tohis brother Henry, who was at school at Kendal,
in which he says :

My little house is beginning to look charming now it is nearly
completed ; it will, however, find me plenty to do to buy
furniture for it. I have had a boat-load of rockery put on
to the bank by the canal, so that I hope to make that respect-
able before I have done.

This same month of April saw Richard and his
brother George installed as heads of the factory in
Bridge Street. In preparation for this step George
had joined him a short time before. Thus began the
long business connection and friendship which lasted
between the two brothers for nearly forty-five years,
and grew more firmly and closely knit with each suc-
ceeding year. Their father's ill-health had for some
time necessitated his frequent absence from the
business, and finally he was obliged to retire and leave
it in the hands of his two sons. It was thirty years
since he had first opened the shop in Bull Street,
now in the hands of his nephew, Richard Cadbury
Barrow, who afterwards became one of Birmingham's
leading citizens, and accepted the position of Mayor
in the year 1889.

During the months of his engagement to Elizabeth

no RICHARD CADBURY

Adlington, Richard Cadbury had small apprehension
of the business struggles that were coming. Even
if he had been fully conscious of them, it is not likely
that the presentiment of future trouble would have
turned him from his purpose, and his soul in its depen-
dence upon God was unafraid in the midst of stress
and storm. It may have been the glad half -conscious
hope of passing on his name to a new generation, that
quickened his interest in matters of family history.
At any rate, it was during this spring that he first
spent a short holiday in Devonshire, hunting up the
records of his ancestors, which he began to put
together two years later in the Family Book. On
July 24th the wedding took place in Mansfield ; and
after the ceremony there was a large family gathering
at Kingsmill, the home of the bride's parents.

On settling into their home in Birmingham, Richard
Cadbury was obliged to put every ounce of energy
he possessed into the struggle for success in his business.

The new heads of the firm were quite young men,
Richard being twenty-five and George twenty-two
years old. They might well have been daunted by
the difficulties they had to face, for at this time the
business was actually losing money. For five years
they had an uphill fight, and upon Richard the burden
fell with double weight, as he had a home of his own
to keep up, and a wife and little ones to provide for.
Far from being a drag upon him, this was in his case
an added spur and inspiration for the battle with
adversity. He and his brother, who loyally worked
with him in everything, put their shoulders to the

LIFE'S RESPONSIBILITIES in

wheel and pushed like men. Their wholesome training
in self -discipline, thoroughness, and attention to detail,
as also the habit of abstinence from alcohol and tobacco,
and from any pursuits which might weaken their
physical and moral fibre, stood them now in good
stead. They depended entirely upon God, to whom
they entrusted the success or failure of their enterprise.
While putting their whole energy into the task, they
were content to follow His guiding wherever it might
lead. Both brothers had inherited money from their
mother, and this they threw into the scale as necessity
demanded. They determined to close the business
before there was any chance of a single creditor being
out of pocket. Richard put down the value of every-
thing which he possessed, not at the price at which
he hoped to sell it, but at the price it would fetch if
it had to be sold under the auctioneer's hammer. This
sound principle he followed through all his business
career. The first years of loss would have broken
the courage of a less determined man. In his private
accounts for that period it appears that his share of
loss on trading for the first three years was as follows :

In 1861 . . . . . . £226 15 o

„ 1862 304 18 7

„ 1863 20 18 11

These figures speak for themselves as to the anxiety
through which he was passing at this period of his
life. It almost seemed as if the struggle must be
abandoned, although even at the lowest ebb of the
tide he was able to look every man in the face, and

ii2 RICHARD CADBURY

was prepared to pay twenty shillings in the pound.
His original private capital of £4,000 had been reduced
to £415 9s. 3^., and there seemed nothing left but to
give up the business. Plans were being formed for
George Cadbury to start for the Himalayas as a tea-
planter, and Richard intended to take up land-sur-
veying, when in a remarkable way the pluck and
industry of the brothers were rewarded. The tide
turned, and in the year 1864 the business began to
show a small profit, and from this time it went forward
with astonishing strides. They often expressed in
after life their great thankfulness for the early diffi-
culties which they had to face and overcome, regarding
them not only as a temporal but as a spiritual blessing.
They never forgot how near they were to closing the
business. Often during these early struggles Richard
Cadbury would say to his brother, "If I had a
few hundreds a year for certain I should love to retire
and enjoy the country." But when success came,
both felt that it was their duty, not only to those
whom they employed, but to a far wider circle, to
stick to their business, which Richard Cadbury did
to the very end of his life. Even during the years of
adversity and of limited resources, his heart was open
towards the needs of others. While his income was
but small his giving was always prompted by a liberal
spirit, and as possessions increased the privilege of
giving was availed of in proportion. After his own
family, he felt that his first responsibility was towards
those who worked for him. They were much more
to him than a part of the machinery required for

LIFE'S RESPONSIBILITIES 113

carrying on the business, and he never considered
that he had fulfilled his obligations towards them
when he had paid them their wages. To study their
comfort and happiness was his delight. In those
days the hours of work began at 6 a.m. A pint of coffee
and a bun for the men, and milk and buns for the
girls were always provided, free of charge, when
they arrived to their work in the early morning. If at
any time they worked until after five in the afternoon,
tea was also given. Some of them remember how
the two young masters would go personally to see
that they had plenty to eat, and would send out one
of the boys to buy watercress for their tea.

In accounting for the unexpected success which
had come to them, the persevering labours of the
brothers themselves must be considered. They
manufactured a good article in their works, and
then went out and pushed it among the trade.
The personal visiting of their customers was a great
point with them, and was a much more difficult
undertaking in those days than under the present
conditions of travel. They worked for long hours,
and personally superintended every detail of the
business. Richard Cadbury would often go into the
warehouse and make up the orders himself, and not only
in the early days when the hands were few, but even
in his later years, he would enjoy a busy afternoon
helping in this way. " He would do anything for
us," was the verdict of one of the women, who said
they could not have had a kinder master. Especially
on his return from one of the business journeys he

ii4 RICHARD CADBURY

would make a point of seeing that the orders which he
had obtained were promptly and carefully attended to.
Meanwhile their father was not forgetting his sons,
and, in spite of his poor health, gave them a helping
hand whenever possible. Among Richard's letters
is one received from his father while on a business
journey to Glasgow. It is dated July 14th, 1862,
rather more than a year after the two young men had
taken over the business :

My dear Richard, — I visit the warehouse twice a day. I
think thou hast done very well in the business, and I believe
taken the right steps to secure a future trade. It has also
given thee an insight into what the other houses are doing,
and their terms.

Richard Cadbury's promptness and remarkable
punctuality was an important factor in his success,
and an incentive to those whom he employed. To
encourage punctuality in the early hour at which
work began, a penny a day was given to the men and
a halfpenny to the girls, cancelled of course in case
of unpunctuality. Besides this there was a scheme
of what the employees called " Pledge Money."
The temptation to the men and girls to eat some of
the chocolate they were making was naturally very
strong, so a penny a day was given to the men and
a farthing to the girls for not doing this. At the end
of every three months this punctuality and pledge
money was paid out, and came as a very welcome
addition to the wages. One man remembers that
he was able to buy all his boots out of it.

Up to the end of his life, exception rare occasions,

LIFE'S RESPONSIBILITIES 115

Richard Cadbury was never later than 8.45 in reaching
his office in the morning. His first task was personally
to run through all the letters, so that he could gather
the strings into his hands. He always had an open
mind to receive and consider fresh suggestions, from
whatever quarter they might come, and in this way
encouraged the intelligent co-operation of all who
worked with or under him. When a decision was
formed he devoted all his powers in a strenuous effort
to make the new plan a success. Some men possess
the power of conception to an unusual degree, but
spend their time in dreaming of possibilities that
never get beyond the initial stage. Richard Cadbury
not only knew how to conceive, but how to carry
his conception into effect. Underneath all else, the
secret of his career lay in his assured conviction that
he was under the care of his Heavenly Father, to
whom he looked for guidance in all things. Thus it
was that, even when grey seas and leaden skies were
round him, he carried with him in his home and
business a calm and trustful spirit, which bore testi-
mony to the fact that he had learnt the lesson, " Thou
wilt keep him in perfect peace whose mind is stayed
on Thee, because he trusteth in Thee."

In spite of the care and anxiety through which the
brothers passed during these five trying years, their
outward demeanour revealed nothing of it. The
employees were well acquainted with the position of
affairs, and at one stage expected any day to hear that
the works were to be closed. They waited on, however,
and most of these men before whom there seemed a

n6 RICHARD CADBURY

dismal outlook ultimately rose to positions of honour
and trust, and grew grey in the service. Day after
day the workers eagerly scanned the faces of their
employers for some sign of weakness or fear, but there
were no symptoms of dejection ; no cloud of gloom
rested upon either face. They took the morning
Bible readings with their workpeople as cheerfully
as though they had not a care in the world, and they
looked bright and happy. This testimony to the
reality of the faith that was in them made a vast
impression throughout the works. Their buoyancy
and courage told on many of the young fellows, who
were not much given to serious thought. They saw
that these men were in possession of a secret source
of strength that they themselves did not know, and it
led their thoughts into deeper and more serious channels
than before. They could understand people serving
God so long as the world went smoothly with them,
but this was a new illustration of the joy and peace
which God can give in the midst of trouble. Others
outside the business were deeply impressed by their
attitude, and a brother-in-law of Richard Cadbury's
wrote afterwards to one of his sons :

Since I have known a little of commercial difficulties, I have
always been amused at the " Cheeryble Brothers." It was a
name thy mother dubbed them with, when in fact things were
anything but cheery.

Sometimes it was possible to get a few hours from
business in the afternoon, and then Richard and his
brother and about twenty of the young men from the
works would adjourn to the fields, and have a game

LIFE'S RESPONSIBILITIES 117

of cricket or football. The two brothers were equally
enthusiastic in outdoor sports, and this made their
partnership in business all the more pleasant. Country
excursions were sometimes planned, and the firm was
the first to introduce the Saturday half-holiday in
Birmingham.

An interesting feature in a newspaper report of one
of the cricket matches is that the two partners were
playing with their men, and scored well in the batting,
as well as carrying off eleven wickets between them in
the bowling against the other side, of which the greater
number fell to Richard. This side-light of the relation
existing between masters and men in the Bridge Street
works may be regarded as one of the secrets of their
success. The brothers always recognised, in practice
as well as in theory, the importance of identifying
themselves wherever possible with those whom they
employed.

Although at this time of writing, seven years have
passed since Richard Cadbury's earthly presence
moved up and down amongst his workpeople, the
memory of him is still fresh in the minds of those who
knew him, and they often say to one another, " If
Mr. Richard were here he would do so-and-so." Their
hearts warm as they talk of the old days, and tell how
glad they always were to see him come into the works.
His kindness and sympathy with them in trouble made
them look upon him as a father ; indeed, one of the
men said, " He was more of a father to me than my
own was." Once when the father of one of the girls
had died, Richard Cadbury came up to her and said,

n8 RICHARD CADBURY

" Don't feel obliged to come to your work ; just take
a day at home if you are not able to come. I know
what sorrow is." This was one of many instances of
the kind. One of the men said of him, " Mr. Cadbury
was a man of great force and character. In his business
affairs he was very persevering, and was always
determined not to be beaten. He was enthusiastic
and impulsive, but absolutely just, and in his treatment
of people was generous to a degree. He had a great
faculty for discernment, and could always tell what a
man could do, and placed him accordingly." There
are many reminiscences of his impetuosity, always
tempered with such instant forgiving humility that
tears and smiles are mingled in the telling of them.

On one occasion he told one of the men to make up
a quantity of cocoa, and a little later, thinking the
order had not been carried out, he accused the man of
not obeying his instructions. The man said he had
made the order up. " You have not," said Mr. Cad-
bury. " I have, sir, indeed," replied the man. " I
tell you you have not," Mr. Cadbury asserted ; and
then went upstairs to make further inquiries. When
he came back he put his arm round the man, and said
how sorry he was for having wrongfully accused him,
adding in self-reproach, " I will never do it again."
To this same man's house he often used to go, and
carried things in his pocket for the children.

One day he had been giving a scolding to one of the
men who had happened to do something wrong, and
seeing him a little later Mr. Cadbury asked, " Come,
J , what are you looking so gloomy about ? " The

LIFE'S RESPONSIBILITIES 119

man's looks apparently told more than speech could
have done, but they soon changed when the master
gave him a warm and hearty handshake. He was
known again and again to cancel accounts, when it
had been proved to him that the people were in ad-
verse circumstances through no fault of their own,
and he was always on the lookout to try and help up
those who were down. One of the men remembers
walking home one night with him, when they came
across a young man lying drunk on the roadside.
Richard Cadbury insisted on stopping and helping
the poor fellow along to his home, and for a consider-
able time afterwards took a deep personal interest in
him and his family.

One of the trusted representatives of the firm well
remembers his first interview with Richard Cadbury,
which took place in 1874. He had been a grocer's
boy, and had a great ambition to be connected with
the firm. The story is best told in his own words :

After much pestering on my part and marvellous patience
on theirs, I paid my first visit to Birmingham, and was that
day engaged as junior traveller, to begin work the beginning
of January, 1875. I was just leaving the memorable little
office over the gateway in Bridge Street, overjoyed at my
success in getting my foot on the rung of the ladder I so longed
to climb. I impulsively said to Mr. Richard, " I am delighted
to have at last succeeded, sir, and am giving up a situation
where I am getting half as much again, believing this will
eventually be better, it being necessary for me to make more
money, as I have a family to keep." Remembering how
boyish I looked in those days, the astonishment on Mr. Cad-
bury's face was not to be wondered at. He said to me, " Sit
down again, young man. A few minutes ago thou told me
thou was not married, and I thought it hardly likely ; now

120 RICHARD CADBURY

thou speaks of a family to keep. What does thou mean ? "
" Well, sir," I replied, " it was unnecessary for me to trouble
you with my private affairs, but my father has left me a
legacy of mother and five children unprovided for ; that is
why I am, I believe, making sure of a good thing before giving
up another situation where I could never get much more than
at present." The expression on that face, which was to
become so dear to me, completely changed, and with a kindly
farewell Mr. Richard said to me, " Ah well, young man, thee
do thy best, and I do not think the step taken to-day will ever
be regretted ! " Needless to say, it never has been.

Many an anecdote is told showing how well he
understood boyish nature. He often realised the
innocent motive at the back of what seemed like
wrong-doing. He never treated the boys and young
men as if they were machines, but wherever possible
allowed their spirits and sense of fun to have free play.
Sometimes on wet days they would get up to pranks
in the office, and make a great din. One who was
then among the number remembers how Richard
Cadbury would go to the office after some crashing
noise, and throw open the door suddenly, saying,
" Boys, what are you up to ? What an unearthly
noise you are making ! " But he was not able to get
outside the door quickly enough to hide the merry
smile on his face. He was always in a hurry to get
home when the hours of work were over, and left
Bridge Street punctually at 1.30. If he was kept a
few moments over the time, he would carry off his
coat, and put it on as he walked along the street.
Sometimes the boys would play a prank on him by
turning his coat inside out, and he would be a long
way down the street before he could get it turned right

LIFE'S RESPONSIBILITIES 121

and put on. He always took these jokes in good part,
and the boys respected his good nature too much to
do it more than once or twice.

A friend of Henry Cadbury's was anxious for his
son to enter the office at Bridge Street, and took him
to have an interview with the two young heads of the
firm. Without remembering the actual words that
were spoken, Edward Thackray will never forget his
surprise at the tone of the conversation, for it was so
entirely different from anything he had expected in
connection with business. Not only was his capability
for office work inquired into, but the greatest stress
was laid upon need for pure morals and practical
Christianity being the basis on which all his work must
be founded. He remembers Richard Cadbury speak-
ing most earnestly with his father on these lines, and
hoping that wherever he might settle, it would be under
good, Christian influences, and that if it was decided
for him to come to them, it might be the beginning of
a life-long connection. This decision was arrived at,
and when the next morning the young man arrived
at Bridge Street to enter upon his new duties, Richard
Cadbury greeted him warmly, taking his hand between
his own, and speaking to him as kindly as if he were
his own son.

At this time the young clerks in the office hap-
pened to be much rougher than their employers
had any idea of. There were sweepstakes and secret
gambling, so that at first the newcomer had a
hard time of it. But he was soon afterwards joined
in the office by two other earnest young men — William

122 RICHARD CADBURY

Cooper and Charles Price. The three stuck together
and became great friends. By-and-by the chief
ringleader of the other set was found to be falsifying
the books, and had to be dismissed, and in some way
after that the atmosphere of the office became com-
pletely changed. It is interesting to know how those
three young men, who dared to make a stand for the
right, turned out in later life. All three are earnest
Christians. Edward Thackray became the confidential
clerk and trusted friend of the members of the firm.
William Cooper became their chief agent and repre-
sentative in Australia, and at the same time a pro-
minent leader in Christian work. Charles Price
became the joint partner of a well-known and successful
business, entering Parliament soon after his retire-
ment. At the time of Richard Cadbury's death he
wrote to one of his sons :

I should like to take this opportunity of saying how very
much your father has been to me. The nature of my work
in our firm is very much what his was in yours, and you can
scarcely realise that almost every day he comes up before me,
for I feel how greatly indebted I am to him for any business
qualities I possess. My office training was at Bridge Street,
and owing to the smallness of the office I came much in contact
with him, so that his training and advice have been to me more
than I can acknowledge.

Edward Thackray's position as head of the office
was not always an easy one, as he occupied the place,
to some extent, of buffer between masters and men ;
but the trust that was reposed in him was a great help
through his difficulties. On one or two occasions in
the early days when things had not gone right, " Mr.

LIFE'S RESPONSIBILITIES 123

Richard," whom he loved and admired, sometimes
wrongfully laid the blame on him for what had oc-
curred. He can remember folding his arms on the
desk one day and, laying his head upon them, he burst
into a fit of sobbing, while the master went off like a
whirlwind to make investigations. Finding the young
clerk was not the culprit after all, he was back as
quickly as he had gone, and putting his arms round
the shoulders of the sobbing boy, comforted and en-
couraged him as tenderly as if he had been his own
father. Edward Thackray says he realises now how
much was due to the alertness and sometimes fiery
energy of the young master, whom no detail seemed
to escape, and who seemed to be everywhere at once.
" I never knew any man who stuck to business like him,"
was his verdict. ' Although always ready to arrange holi-
days for others, Richard Cadbury was most sparing in
allowing them to himself, often taking the opportunity
of bank holidays, when all the rest were away enjoying
themselves, to have a good day of quiet extra work
at the books. At times, too, he would curtail his own
holidays for the sake of giving more time to others.

The Christmas gatherings for the workpeople were
times that were eagerly looked forward to all the year
round. In those days, when the numbers were smaller,
it was more like a big family party. Every one knew
every one else, and called each other by their Christian
names. When there were two or more of the same
name, or if any one had a name that was not popular,
the young masters promptly christened them afresh.
For instance, George William B was known as

124 RICHARD CADBURY

" Arthur," while a man rejoicing in the distinguished

title of Zachariah S was promptly cut down to

" Fred." " Jemima " was a new name applied to one
of the girls. Many a laugh was enjoyed over these
suggestions, but the new names stuck to their bearers,
their real ones being scarcely known. Many of those
left at Bourn ville when their beloved " Mr. Richard "
was taken from them were still known by the name
thus adopted in long-ago years. The Christmas
parties were first held in the works at Bridge Street,
which were decorated in harmony with the festive
occasion ; then, as the numbers grew, they took place
a few times in the Severn Street schools and the
Priory Rooms ; and the last year before moving away
from Bridge Street the Christmas party was held in
the Town Hall. There was always a tea to begin
with, during which the young employers would go
round the tables carrying teapots to fill up empty
cups, and to see that their guests were being well
attended to, stopping here and there to chat or enjoy
a joke. In the business meeting that followed, when
giving reports of the work that had been accom-
plished during the year, the speeches of Richard
Cadbury and his brother would be more like a family
talk ; they never forgot gratefully to acknowledge God's
hand in all success that was allowed them, and to urge
their workpeople not only to more strenuous efforts
in the business, but to more faithful and earnest
service for God in the year before them.

As a further illustration of how deep was the interest
taken by Richard Cadbury in those who worked for

3 cs

LIFE'S RESPONSIBILITIES 125

him, a story is told by one who, as a lad, had been to
witness a horse-race. When he returned to his work
on the following day, he had a feeling that the master
would speak to him on the subject, knowing how
strongly he felt about it. Watching his employer as
he came in, he thought that never before had he
seen him look so sorrowful ; he felt sure that he
was the cause, and while his heart smote him, his
will was rebellious, and he was determined to re-
sent anything that might be said to him. But the
reproof was not of the kind he had expected. Ap-
proaching the lad, Richard Cadbury said to him in a
quiet voice, " Tom, I have been praying for you."
The words were spoken with so much feeling and
sympathy that the lad was completely broken down,
and never from that day forward did he give further
cause for anxiety. It was the turning-point in his
life, and, as he afterwards confessed, " it did more for
me than any advice or sermon I ever heard."

Meanwhile, in his private life Richard Cadbury was
passing through sunshine and storm. Rather more
than a year after his marriage with Elizabeth Adling-
ton, a little son was born to them on September 27th,
1862. He was named Barrow, after his grandmother's
family, which was so closely related to the Cadburys.
Eighteen months later, the first daughter, Alice, was
born. Richard Cadbury 's joy and wonder in this
new experience of fatherhood knew no bounds. It is
impossible to hear it spoken of by those who witnessed
it without being stirred by the strong emotions which
swept over his own soul. As each little one came, he

126 RICHARD CADBURY

took it in his arms with a reverent awe, as though he
felt himself unworthy of such a gift from God, and
in all the busy occupations of his life nothing ever made
him neglect the trust which he felt to be more binding
and more sacred than any other.

But these same years brought deep grief as well
as the new joys. The baby daughter did not live long
to rejoice the hearts of her parents. While on a
visit to their uncle, Henry Newman, Alice was taken
from them. She was only seven months old, but the
little gravestone in the burial-ground of the Friends'
Meeting House at Leominster meant an agony of
sorrow in the hearts of Richard Cadbury and his
wife.

In the autumn of the previous year it had been
decided for John, who in boyhood days had been
Richard's special chum and schoolfellow, to leave
his Herefordshire farm and develop his agricultural
interests in Australia. The journey was then a
formidable undertaking, and while greatly wishing
to go, John dreaded the long sea- voyage, but shrank
most of all from the parting with his family. He
reached Brisbane in safety, and after many adventures
became happily settled. He had only been in Aus-
tralia about twelve months when sudden sorrow fell
on the home at Calthorpe Road, for Edward, the
youngest but one, was taken from them by a short
illness lasting only a fortnight, in the early spring of
1866. His death left a great blank in many hearts,
even outside the circle of relations. Although only
twenty-two years old, his sunny disposition, his un-

LIFE'S RESPONSIBILITIES 127

selfishness and generous heart had gained him many
friends. An incident that occurred while he was at
school in Nottingham, and which his brother Richard
recorded in the Family Book, gives an insight into
his character.

He generally had great command over his temper, but once
one of the younger boys had been taunting him with something
that aroused his anger. He was about to strike the boy a
heavy blow, when a man working on the premises was just
in time to give Edward a push that knocked him over. He
immediately got up, shook the man's hand, and thanked him
for having been the means of stopping him in a moment's
anger.

He can hardly be said to have undertaken any
business of his own, although he was concluding an
agreement of partnership when illness cut short his
prospects. His funeral was a time of great solemnity,
and this and the Meeting afterwards was attended
by most of his Sunday scholars. His schoolmaster,
H. Thompson, came all the way from Kendal to be
present on the occasion. A short article in the Friend
says of him :

The remembrance of the departed is precious to many.
There was an honesty of purpose, and, though possessing great
muscular strength, a gentleness of disposition, which endeared
him to many, as a schoolboy and in after years. A class of
about twenty young men, some very ignorant and rough on
entering, whom he taught on First Day mornings, were much
attached to him, and to these his plain and homely but truly
earnest manner of teaching was peculiarly adapted, and on
some produced a marked effect. His short career is a stirring
lesson.

The news of Edward's death reached John in

128 RICHARD CADBURY

Australia only a few weeks before a sudden attack of
colonial fever ended his own life. Like his brothers
in England, he had been at work for the Master, and
it is again to his brother Richard that we owe some
knowledge of what he was doing. The Family Book
says :

His letters show an earnest desire to alleviate the sufferings
of those around him. He was almost over-sensitive of the
levity and wickedness that his business brought him in contact
with. In a letter written a few weeks before his decease, he
mentions the case of a young man who lodged with him and
who drank freely and went out rowing on the Sabbath. He
had often spoken to him of the danger and wickedness of giving
way to such practices, urging him to discontinue them, but
without any lasting result ; the end being that he was drowned
in one of his Sabbath trips. On February 5th, 1866, he wrote :
" We have just decided upon the building of our Meeting
House, the ground and fencing all paid for. It will be capable
of seating about fifty comfortably, and we may hope that
when completed there may be real worshippers, not in the
form but in the life, to offer up their hearts and wills to the
teaching of our Heavenly Shepherd." John revelled in quiet
country life, and his letters are full of allusions to nature's
charms.

It is touching to notice the following words in his
last letter home, dated May 5th, little thinking that
in three short weeks he was to join his brother :

It was pleasing to receive further intelligence of the last
days of dear Edward, confirmatory to my faith that he gently
sleeps in Jesus, and that rest with Him will indeed be but as
a moment, until the innumerable host are called to sing for
ever with the harps of God. ... It makes one almost feel
that the best, like the early ripe fruit, are garnered in first of
all from their labours of love.

The letter was finished in a trembling hand without

LIFE'S RESPONSIBILITIES 129

signature, only a week before John passed away ; the
last words that he probably ever penned being, " I
dwell much on the 23rd Psalm."

We can feel with Richard the pangs of grief and loss
caused by the snapping of these two links with his past
days of happy boyhood. A shadow lay over his
own home as well, for his wife was often in failing
health, so that although the severest part of his business
struggles was safely over, the comparative freedom
from this cause of anxiety was succeeded by cares of
a different kind. One of his wife's sisters, who during
these years often came from Mansfield to pay long
visits at her brother-in-law's home, says that she
never until then realised his great tenderness and self-
sacrificing love. On October '7th, 1865, a second
daughter, Jessie, was born, and in the early spring of
1867 the family was increased by the birth of a second
son, who was called William Adlington. Before two
more years had passed, a third boy, named Richard,
after his father, opened his blue eyes in the home at
Wheeley's Road. This was on December 21st, 1868,
and the old year closed with a storm of sorrow, for
ten days after the birth of the little son the mother
was taken. New Year's Day dawned upon a be-
reaved husband, with four motherless little ones,
none of whom were old enough to realise the sorrow
that had come to them. Richard Cadbury afterwards
wrote of his wife :

Her life was one that left an example to her children
and others of modesty, purity, and truthfulness ; with but
little outward show, she was a humble-minded Chr stian,

130 RICHARD CADBURY

acknowledging Christ as her all-sufficient Saviour, in whom
we believe she has now found perfect rest.

Bravely, but quietly, he bore his loss, and there
can be no doubt that it brought to him a rich harvest
in the deepened consciousness of the nearness and
reality of the Divine Presence. It is not always easy
in the time of pain and sorrow to trace the way
in which our Father is leading, and it may take years
before it is possible to look back and see that Heavenly
Wisdom has made no mistake, and that Heavenly
Love has imposed no unnecessary burden ; but it
was in a spirit of humble submission to God's will
that Richard Cadbury set himself to discharge the
added responsibilities involved in filling the double
place of father and of mother to his children. The
lines he wrote years afterwards in his daughter Jessie's
autograph album are a true picture of the spirit in
which he bore his sorrows. They are quoted from a
hymn on " The Will of God," by Faber, one of his
favourite authors :

I love to kiss each print where Thou

Hast set Thine unseen feet ;
I cannot fear Thee, blessed Will,

Thine empire is so sweet.

Ill that He blesses is our good,

And unblest good is ill ;
And all is right that seems most wrong

If it be His sweet will.

CHAPTER VIII
THE USES OF SORROW (1868— 1871)

A BEREAVED HOME — CHILDREN OF THE SLUMS — FOUNDING
THE CRECHE — DESIGNING PICTURES FOR CHOCOLATE
BOXES — BIBLE READINGS AT THE BRIDGE STREET
WORKS

THE new year of 1869 opened, as we have seen,
upon a bereaved home.. We can picture the
young father's yearning tenderness over the little
ones, who depended so absolutely on his love and
care, — Barrow, a lively boy of six ; Jessie, hardly more
than a baby, was three ; Willie, not quite two ; and
Richard, a wee mite of a few days old. In spite of
outside responsibilities, Richard Cadbury realised that
his children had the first claim upon him, and every
moment that he could spare was given to them, or
to planning for their happiness and comfort. In
writing of him afterwards his daughter Jessie said :

His tender love for his children has been ever the same. He
was everything to our baby lives. I can well remember riding
on his shoulder, and going to him with our troubles ; he was
so much to us always. We loved the tales which he told to
all his children in turn. If only they had been written down
they would charm many a child, so simple, sweet, and full
of mischief and fun. It is wonderful when one recalls the

131

132 RICHARD CADBURY

sorrow he went through, and how he was pressed with business
and philanthropic work, how he always found time for his
children. Even on Sunday, though very busy with mission
work, he never missed giving us those never-to-be-forgotten
Bible lessons and talks. He often broke down in his tender
longing that his children should be followers of God. I
remember now the drawings he made with pencil to illustrate
a point when he thought it would help us more clearly to
understand. His tenderness in reproving us when we were
older, and the remembrance of his gentle sadness when we
had done wrong, brings tears to one's eyes even now. Perhaps
the knowledge of his justice, as well as his love for us, was one
great fact that made him such a real friend to his children.
Amongst so many of us there were, of course, different dis-
positions, as well as a great variety of ability ; yet he never
showed partiality, and we felt that the same real love existed
for each. To be enwrapped in our father's tender embrace
made one feel it was worth while braving anything.

During this time, when Richard Cadbury was in
dire need of an older woman's sympathy and experi-
ence, he made the acquaintance of a gentle-hearted
and practical-minded widow lady, Mrs. Wilson. Her
husband had died seven years before, and had left
her with six children, three boys and three girls. She
was thus well versed in the knowledge of motherhood,
and gladly gave her help and advice to her young
acquaintance. The shadow of grief which had fallen
upon his own life only served to deepen Richard
Cadbury 's natural though tfulness for others. It was
not his nature to sit and brood, for trouble as well as
joy spurred him to greater activity. His passionate
devotion to his own children, and his joy in fatherhood,
was but a special phase of his great love to all children.
One of the things which grieved his tender heart
almost more than anything else was the sight of a

THE USES OF SORROW 133

child in pain or misery. He always longed that
children should have a real child-life, and not be
burdened before their time with care and responsibility.
In walking to and from his home in Wheeley's Road
to the factory in Bridge Street, he had to pass through
a district which already had begun to be thickly
populated. Day by day, as he walked through some
of the back streets, he would notice'the children playing
in the gutters — little toddlers running about the roads
in imminent danger of the traffic, and babies being
dragged about and nursed by children hardly bigger
than themselves. Often as he spoke of these things
his eyes would fill with tears, and his voice would
break, and as he played with his four little ones in
their safe and sheltered home, his heart would go out
to the hundreds of neglected, uncared-for children in
the city streets.

His was a heart in which sympathy was always
trying to take practical shape, and little by little a
plan developed in his mind, founded on what he
knew and had seen of the creche system already
established on the Continent. He had spoken of it
to his wife, and they had both had it strongly on
their minds, since the pressure of business cares
had somewhat lifted, to do something for the better-
ment of suffering humanity. It was in double memory
of her and of his mother that he determined to carry
the plan into actual being. God had prospered him,
and an increase of comfort and means always implied
to him an added opportunity for helping others. He
talked the matter over with his friend, Mrs. Wilson,

134 RICHARD CADBURY

and decided to found a small creche as an experiment,
with an eye to future development if it worked well.
He looked about for a house in a suitable position,
and succeeded in finding an empty corner-house in
Bishopgate Street, which he rented. He then com-
missioned his friend to find a suitable matron, being
anxious to make the scheme helpful in every direc-
tion. A poor widow, with five children, who was in
great distress, was recommended for the position.
Assured that she was honest and sober, Richard
Cadbury at once supplied her immediate wants, rented
the house, and set Mrs. Dyson to clean it out thor-
oughly. She was full of gratitude and delight at thus
being able to maintain her independence. Having
watched in this preliminary interval to see how much
real interest she had in the scheme, and how she
managed her own children and her home, Richard
Cadbury felt satisfied that he had found the right
woman to act as matron.

At first the day nursery was opened with only five
children ; but it quickly grew, and a good deal of
public interest was aroused by the new experiment,
resulting in similar homes being opened in Birmingham
and London and other places.

Richard Cadbury took the most intense personal
interest in the work, and visited many of the homes
of the children. Mrs. Dyson would point out to him
cases of special distress, in which it was his joy to be
able to help. Both now, and as long as he remained
in Edgbaston, his own children would often go down
toT see the little ones at the creche, and were taught

THE USES OF SORROW 135

to share with them their toys and games. For weeks
before a seaside holiday they would save up empty
match-boxes, to be packed with shells for the children
at the day nursery.

Richard Cadbury was always trying to plan devices
for the safety and care of the children. One of these
was a large square cradle, hanging and swinging from
the ceiling, which would hold quite a large number
of babies at once. He had numbers of different-
sized benches made for the varying sizes of the
children. Another contrivance was an arrangement
like little sheep-pens all along one wall of a room,
for the children who were just beginning to toddle —
a long, low wooden fence, parallel with the wall, and
divided across its length, so that in each partition a
small child could play about safely, without any risk
of getting near the fire or into other perils of babyhood.
The babies were always bathed and kept beautifully
clean. This cleanliness occasionally roused astonish-
ment during the first months amongst the owners of
the children. One day a girl, coming for her sister's
baby, could not at first distinguish it from among the
others ; it was so changed from the dirty, ill-kempt
little mortal that had been brought in the morning.
At last she discovered it, and picked it up, exclaim-
ing, " My ! Yer own mother won't know yer ! "

A mothers' meeting was started on Wednesdays,
under the care of Mrs. Wilson, in which it was sought
to lead the women to Christ, and to show them how
to apply their Christianity on the lines of good home
management and total abstinence from intoxicating

136 RICHARD CADBURY

liquors. A mission meeting was also opened on
Sunday evenings at eight o'clock, the mothers and
fathers of the children being especially invited.
Richard Cadbury took a great personal interest in both
of these meetings. He usually gave the gospel address
on Sunday evenings, and sometimes visited the homes
of the women, to get into touch with their husbands.

About three years after the creche had first been
opened, its founder took the adjoining house, throwing
both into one, to allow for increased accommodation.
By degrees the importance and value of the work
so commended themselves to public confidence, that
Richard Cadbury felt the time had come to share
the responsibility with others. A brief appeal was
therefore issued, resulting in the formation of a
committee, which first met on November 19th, 1873.
From this time public annual meetings were held,
at which reports were given. The Family Book con-
tains the account of the first annual meeting, as
given in The Daily Post. It was held in the com-
mittee-room of the Town Hall, under the presidency
of the Mayor, at that time Mr. Joseph Chamberlain.
He strongly advocated the " wider establishment of
such institutions, on the simple and judicious lines
adopted by the founder of this day nursery, Mr.
Richard Cadbury."

The same day nursery, now moved into Bath Row,
still carries on its quiet and useful work, and was the
forerunner of many others.

Meantime Bridge Street was claiming a full share
of Richard Cadbury's attention. We have already

THE USES OF SORROW 137

spoken of his skill in drawing, and of the various ways
in which he was able to make use of it for the pleasure
and instruction of others. About this time he was
able to turn it to practical account. From the very
beginning of his connection with the business his
artistic talent was in requisition. During these early
years it was he who designed the labels and adver-
tisements. In many of the former his choice of
proportionate size of lettering and arrangement of
colour and general design was such that many of the
original labels are still in use.

Much ingenuity was required in the early days to
devise new features that were likely to be attractive.
Up to this time there had been little attempt to beautify
the boxes in which chocolates were sold. Richard
Cadbury conceived the idea of having boxes with
pictures, instead of mere printed labels. He took
great pains to seek out the best pictures or coloured
designs that he could procure for the purpose. The
choice was not a large one, and this led him to make
his own designs, painting them in his spare moments
at home. At a time when there was nothing of this
nature on the market, they caught the public fancy,
and did much to popularise the articles manufactured
by the firm. The first were painted in the autumn
of 1868. Many of them were sketched at this time,
and in the years that followed, from his own children,
who were delighted to be his models and pose for him.
The first was that of a little blue-eyed girl, in a muslin
frock, nursing a cat. Many others followed within
the course of the next few years, and some of them

138 RICHARD CADBURY

recall memories of by-gone childish days in his own
family. A number of them reflect his tours in Switzer-
land. Hospenthal, with its flower-spangled upland
meadows, was a favourite place of his, and it was there
that the little girl, kneeling among the flowers with
her arms round the neck of her pet lamb, was painted.
The Swiss flowers — gentians and gentianellas, Alpine
roses, wild cyclamen and the tinted soldanella, which
is only to be found along the snow-line — speak of his
enjoyment in botanising.

Some years after his death a forewoman still em-
ployed at Bournville, who had been one of the girls
at Bridge Street in the early days, told how one morning
he brought to the works a small picture of Swiss
scenery with snow mountains and blue skies, and a
brown chalet in the foreground. " Now, Sarah Ann,"
he said, " you may think that sky is exaggerated,
because we hardly ever see it so blue over here ; but
I can assure you it is often quite as blue as that in
Switzerland."

By degrees the firm found that, for the sake of
economy and for other reasons, it was advisable to
develop various collateral trades, such as the manu-
facturing of cards, tin and wooden boxes, engineering
for the repairing of their own machines, and other
lines. Each new department that was added required
a great deal of thought and study, and in everything
the co-operation of their employees was invited and
welcomed.

One reason of the happy relationship between the
partners and their workers was to be found in the

4 Page from the Family Book, skotving some of
Richard Cadburfs original designs — page ij8.

THE USES OF SORROW 139

keen interest taken, not only in moral and temporal
concerns, but also in the spiritual welfare of the
people. From the early days a morning religious
service was conducted by the heads of the firm.
Following a custom observed in the households of
Friends, they gathered their workpeople around them
before beginning the day's work. The services were
always of the simplest character, consisting of the
singing of a hymn, in which all joined, the reading
of a portion of Scripture, generally followed by a few
words of explanation, and a brief closing prayer. The
whole occupied, on an average, only about seven or
eight minutes ; but its influence, and the fact that
masters and workpeople stood on the same level in
the presence of the great Master of all, may in no small
degree account for the harmony that existed between
them — and the fact that there has not been a serious
dispute in the history of the firm needs no comment.
The morning service tended to relieve the work of
the day from the sense of drudgery, and reminded all
of the source open for the strength needed in the cares
and duties of life. The memory of some of Richard
Cadbury's words is still cherished, as he spoke in his
quiet, unassuming way of the sufficiency of Divine
Grace for all needs, or of the blessedness gained by
those who truly wait upon God. They felt that they
were listening to one who was speaking from his
own experience, who was himself treading the path
along which he sought to lead them. His sincerity
and simplicity left a deep impression. So many sects
and denominations were represented, that it would

140 RICHARD CADBURY

have been less easy for a clergyman or minister re-
presenting a particular denomination to take the
services ; but when conducted by the employers them-
selves they partook of the character of family worship.
It was no wonder that, with such influences about them,
many an earnest Christian worker sprang from the
ranks of the employees.

CHAPTER IX
SUNSHINE AFTER STORM (1871)

ENGAGEMENT TO EMMA WILSON — EXTRACTS FROM ENGAGE-
MENT LETTERS — THE NEW HOME — MARRIAGE

AFTER two years of loneliness, during which he
strove to be father and mother in one to his four
little children, God sent into Richard Cadbury's life
a gleam of sunshine and happiness, which was destined
to grow brighter and brighter unto the perfect day.
In the autumn of 1870 Mrs. Wilson's second daughter,
Emma, who had been living for several years in
German Switzerland, returned to England, and natur-
ally visited at the home of Richard Cadbury. She
entered like a vision into the lonely man's life. His
heart was filled with a hungry craving for some one on
whom to lavish its wealth of love, and almost before
he knew it his affections had begun to twine them-
selves round the sweet personality of the girl, whose
own heart was deeply touched by the yearning look
of sadness on his strong face. She was passionately
fond of children, and her tenderest sympathies were
called forth by the little ones, who loved her from
the very first. Small wonder, for the flower-like face,
with its appealing blue eyes and frame of waving

141

142 RICHARD CADBURY

golden hair, would have been hard to resist. It was
not long before the two were drawn together in a
bond of strong love, which nothing could break,
and a new joy had dawned for them both. No
engagement was made public for some months, but
the families of each were privately told of their love
for each other and intention of marriage.

Richard Cadbury never kept a diary, beyond the
calendars in which engagements were jotted down.
Although his correspondence was increasingly large,
he never accustomed himself, even in later years, to
employing a secretary or typist, and amongst the
letters obtainable out of the immense number written
with his own hand, the majority are too brief to
reflect much of his own life and thoughts. In this
dearth of autobiographical matter it was with a
doubly grateful sense of privilege, that permission
was accepted to read through the letters which he
had written to his future wife, during the time of
their engagement. Up till now no eyes but hers
had ever seen all the outpourings of his great heart
to the one who was to share every thought and interest
of his life. The letters are too sacred to be published
in full, and much in them that was meant for the eyes
of one reader only would be quite unsuitable for
general perusal. A few sentences from one or another
are sufficient to give a picture of Richard Cadbury in
his home, his business occupations, and Christian
work. They also reveal glimpses of the depth and
reality of his spiritual experiences. On October 22nd,
1870, he wrote :

RICHARD CADBURY AND EMMA J. WILSON
About the time of their marriage in 1871.

SUNSHINE AFTER STORM 143

I have felt happier to-day than for a long time. . . . Your
dear mother seemed not only satisfied but really happy, in
the thought that we love each other as we do. I have told my
father and brothers and sister to-day, and they are perfectly
satisfied with the step I have taken. I can assure you of a
very warm welcome from them all.

The next two extracts give a home picture, and
remind us of his interest in the creche :

October 2&th. — The children were all in the nursery together,
Barrow doing his best to dress Willie, and Bonny reaching
out for a frock which he would insist on as being necessary to
complete his toilet, although quite dressed. Jessie, who
was glad to receive the last touches up, was enjoying a warm
fire, and wanted to know all about the morning's bustle.
Barrow and Jessie went with me to Calthorpe Street to dine,
and were very happy with some new toys their auntie had
been buying for them.

I called at the children's day nursery this evening about
seven o'clock, and saw the mothers coming for their children.
It really did one good to see how pleased they seemed on
finding them so happy and with clean faces too, which is a
blessing many of them were total strangers to before.

November 2nd. — I think I told you that I could not see how
it was possible to love you more than I do, but I think now
I shall love you more deeply as I know you better, and can
more fully sympathise in your joys and your troubles.

Barrow and Jessie came downstairs this morning quite
full of pleasure, to tell me about the two little French dolls,
Eugene and Marguerite, which you so kindly dressed for
them, and which are pretty indeed. Is it not sad to be ex-
pecting to hear of the general bombardment of Paris by any
telegram ? 1

Emma Wilson, who had been brought up as a Non-
conformist, had some years earlier joined the Church
of England. This will explain many passages which
occur in the correspondence.

1 The Franco-German War.

144 RICHARD CADBURY

November 6th. — I will strive all I can to make you happy.
All my enjoyment will be yours, and I do not believe my
pledge to love and cherish you for ever can be broken by
anything below. I have begun to read the Church Services,
and will tell you more when we meet. It is such a comfort
to me to have the prospect of joining you in worship next
Sunday. It seems such a bond of union for the soul, to
worship together the one great Father of all ; and although I
cannot understand the efficacy of priestly ordinations, yet
it makes me very happy to think that we can both own the
one great Sacrifice for sin, through whom alone we can find
atonement and by whom alone we can approach God's mercy
seat (Heb. vii. 26-28).

I went to our first Essay Meeting on Friday. There were
some capital essays — one on "Fashionable Quakers" was
most spirited. About forty-eight were present, and nine
essays were read. I shall feel proud to take you some of these
days, and introduce you in the social gatherings to some
whom I think you will like.

The thought of the serious responsibilities which
lay before her was sometimes a source of anxiety to
Emma Wilson, but the loving encouragement of her
future husband smoothed away all fears.

I feel [he wrote on November loth] how heartily you have
entered into the thought of fulfilling the duties of a wife, and
I may also say of a mother of the little motherless ones, and
I feel assured that God will help you to fulfil your trust. I am
so glad of your letters, which breathe so much love to me.
They are like so many stepping-stones across a broad river,
until I meet you once again in that land of bright and happy
days.

November 15th. — In our conversation together you asked me
respecting our disuse of ritual service in the Society of Friends,
and I told you that I thought it might be better not to trouble
you about such things at present ; but I have since thought
that perhaps you would be puzzling yourself over it, and
wondering how as a Christian, professing my entire belief in
the Scriptures as the Word of God, I could omit them. If it

SUNSHINE AFTER STORM 145

would be any comfort to you I will gladly write them down
for you in a simple way.1 Religion seems to me such a work
of God's Holy Spirit in the heart, that although we may re-
verently thank Him for many ways in which Christ has been
revealed to us as the only means by which our guilt can be
washed away, yet these can be of no avail unless blessed by
the great Giver, and unless we open the door of our hearts
to receive Him, who has been knocking there until " His head
is filled with dew and His locks with the drops of the night."
This is the glorious promise : " If any man hear My voice and
open the door, I will come in to him and will sup with him,
and he with Me. " With what j oy , then, shall we open the gates
for the Lord of Glory to enter in. I shall always think of
this when I read the beautiful piece we sang together, " Abide
with me " ; it is so full of that feeling of peace and rest, which
will rejoice our hearts when other comforts fail, knowing that
if we will receive Christ He will make His abode with us
(Johnxiv. 23).

November lyth. — I have just had your letter, and its precious
enclosure. I do love you more than it is possible to write or
tell. The children are all very well, and now I hear their
happy little voices as they are coming down to breakfast.
May the Lord keep you from every harm, and may He be
your strong power when discouragements and temptations
assail you.

For several reasons Richard Cadbury decided to
remove into a new home before his marriage. A
little further along Wheeley's Road, in which he lived,
was a house which had been Joseph Sturge's home,
and on the opposite side of the road was a large field,
well known throughout the town as " Sturge's Field."
In the days before such a thing as a public park in
Birmingham was known, Joseph Sturge had allowed

1 The booklet What is my Faith? published in 1878, was
first inspired by thus realising the need for a concise and
simple statement of belief as held by the Society of Friends
(see Chapter XXV.).

146 RICHARD CADBURY

the public to enjoy the use of this field. But by this
time it was cut up for building, and new houses were
being erected on it. They opened upon Wheeley's
Road, and the gardens ran back to the canal, which,
as there was then no railway, was double its present
width, and seemed like a broad river with grassy banks
and green bushes on each side. It was here that
Richard Cadbury decided to make his home.

I have just been with my father [he wrote on November 23rd],
to look over one of the new houses that are nearly finished,
on the right-hand side of Wheeley's Hill. Everything seems
complete and beautifully arranged. Father is anxious that
I should secure it Do you think you would like the situation ?

November 26th. — I have again been over the house in
Wheeley's Road, with your dear mother, who likes it very
much, and thinks you would too. How happy it makes me
to think of everything nice for you. The children are very well.
Barrow is getting on nicely with his lessons ; Jessie is lively and
affectionate ; Willie, " the little brother," is beginning to show
real progress with his reading ; and Bonny is as sweet as ever.

December 13th. — I have just received your letter. You
cannot tell what a joyful sensation it is to me to read your
loving words. They indeed make me long to be better and
to be worthy of you, for my love for you has made my love
for better things deeper.

December 29th. — The canal is frozen quite hard. It was a
great delight to Barrow and Jessie to have a run and slide
with me as far as the tunnel. Tell me when anything
troubles you in any way, and do open your heart to me on
anything that perplexes you or that you want me to tell you.
I will do what little I can to comfort you in your loneliness,
and as the days grow longer and the sunshine and fresh vernal
tints of the trees and grass and bright spring flowers show
themselves, they will bring many happy thoughts and much
pleasure in many ways.

January 2$th. — I have never told you how much I admire
the scrap-book you have made for the children, and which
has given them a great deal of pleasure already. Some day I

SUNSHINE AFTER STORM 147

shall have them round me, and tell them some tales out of it.
The first picture [a hospital nurse] reminds me very much of
you ; I do not mean in likeness, but in mind, for you would
be such a loving nurse. It would almost be worth while to be
ill to have your loving care and face near. . . . We have been
buying a good deal of the cocoa that was shipped from Havre
to Liverpool. Poor France, her troubles do not seem at an
end at present.

January 31s/. — My brother George was in Liverpool yester-
day, and bought a large quantity of cocoa that usually goes
to France. Henry [who had joined his two brothers in the
business at Bridge Street] is in the Isle of Wight, so I have it
to myself, and as we are very busy it keeps me close at work.
I read the collect you spoke of in your letter, and thought
it a very beautiful one. How often we need to be reminded
that this is not our rest, and that while we are here temptations
and trials will be our lot. I am so glad that we can tell one
another our thoughts without reserve, and feel very jealous
to disturb your restful and believing" heart ; and yet, dearest,
I long that the foundation of our faith should be a reality.
Not that I doubt for a moment that yours is a sure reality —
indeed, I long for your pure spirit and humble faith ; but I
do at the same time look at the M helps " you speak of with
some doubt, because I fear we may, to some extent at least,
rest on them and feel satisfied that we have done something
ourselves towards our salvation, instead of trusting altogether
in the Almighty Arm and in the efficacy of the gospel, and
the new dispensation in which all rites which typify cleansing
and sanctification have received their full accomplishment
in the blood shed on Calvary. It is by this alone we can know
our sins to be washed away. It is the natural tendency of
man to trust in his own deeds and sacrifices for gaining his
salvation ; but unless they are the result of a humble and
contrite heart, they are not acceptable to God. The founda-
tion of the Romish faith is in great measure one of works, and
in the display of outward signs and typical rites. We know
that nations under their control make a far greater show
of their religion, and are more strict in their discipline than
any other ; yet the result is gross superstition and darkness.
You will notice by referring to the " Preface " to the Prayer
Book, and to the part on " Ceremonies," that the non-necessity

148 RICHARD CADBURY

of any of these rites and ceremonies is fully acknowledged,
excepting so far as the decent order and godly discipline of
the Church as at present ordered is concerned, and to stir up
the dull mind of man to the remembrance of his God. Both
of these things are very necessary in themselves, but do not
make such rites binding on the conscience, because the
gospel of the new dispensation does not require them, and in
the view of Friends it appears distinctly to deprecate their
continuance. And although both Friends and the Established
Church seem to agree on the non-necessity of the outward
performance of such forms for our salvation, yet the spiritual
meaning is the same, for by them we know the Christian from
the unbeliever, and in the keeping of them " we do shew forth
the Lord's death till He come." Indeed, the Christian cannot
live without them, for as food is to the natural body, so is the
" bread from heaven " to the soul. And now, my precious one,
I do long to know the truth as it is in Jesus, both for yourself
and for myself. Pray still for me that I may know God's
will and not my own. Your love and your religious faith
have drawn me very near to you, and if it be still God's will
that different paths are chosen for us to the one source of
everlasting joy, we shall be sure to meet there, and perhaps
in God's love and mercy He may still see fit to join us in the
same path, for some steps of our earthly pilgrimage, before
we meet on that heavenly shore.

God granted this desire ; and not " for some steps "
only, but for many years did Richard Cadbury and
his wife walk along the same path of church fellow-
ship and worship. For some time after their marriage
she accompanied him to the Friends' Morning Meeting
on Sundays, and he went with her to the Church of
England service in the evening ; but, without the
least urging on his part, it was a great joy to him
when, within two years of their marriage, she joined
the Society of Friends.

February yth. — It is difficult to say when we shall move into
the new house, for so much has to be done, and the weather

SUNSHINE AFTER STORM 149

has been so cold that the men have not done the work they
would have done. We have not quite decided about making
a boat-house, for they say that the railway company, who
have an act for carrying a line along the canal over the other
side, will make it only half the width, which would spoil it
for rowing. We have decided to send Barrow to school next
week. I am so glad that you approve, and Barrow, too, is
quite pleased with the thought. The woods will soon begin
to look lovely. There is always such a joyous feeling in
springtime. The birds wake up to a new life, and all is new
again. I think I feel something like the birds this year, for I
never was happier ; a new life seems dawning, and everything
partakes of the freshness of a brighter and a better day. I
have been reading the Twenty-seventh Psalm this evening ;
it is a beautiful one. What a never-failing source of joy
for the Christian to know that, whatever may befall him on
this earth, he can trust in One who is able to deliver to the
uttermost.

February 14th. — I have just returned from our first temper-
ance meeting, and am now sitting down for a quiet hour with
you. We had both rooms crowded, and some first-rate speeches
made by working men, interspersed by recitations and songs.
There were several of the very worst class there, and I quite
believe that such meetings will do a great deal of good. I long
for you to be with me, but I believe that even thinking of you
often strengthens me in desiring to do my best. I expect
they will want me to take the chair again. Dear little Barrow
went off to school yesterday ; his lips quivered a little as he
said good-bye, but he bore up bravely, and in the evening,
when nurse took some clothes, etc., he wrote me a little note
to say that he was very happy. There were a lot of valentines
for the children this morning, and they were much delighted.
We had about thirty-five among our letters to-day for the
girls at the warehouse ; some were quite large packages, but
we kept them all till just before they went, or there would
have been a great deal of time wasted. As it was there was
such a rush for them, and excitement, that it was not easy
for the forewoman to distribute them to the rightful owners.
A gentleman from one of the Birmingham papers called on
me to-day to say that the editor was anxious to write an
article upon my day nursery, as it was almost unknown,

150 RICHARD CADBURY

and he thought it would be very useful to establish several
of the same kind in other parts of the town. The piece of
fern you sent me made quite a lovely little valentine,
with the snowdrops on it. The snowdrop is the emblem of
consolation. The fern is the " Prickly Fern " (Polyp odium
aculeatum), and is one of our prettiest species. It is
almost an evergreen, too, which makes it charming to have
through the winter ; but to look as bright as the specimen
you sent, it requires to be in a shady place and a fine
loamy soil.

February 21st. — I should be quite at a loss without your
weekly budget. Do you know that I make a point of giving
up Tuesday evenings especially for you ? And when I am
writing these letters, I think a great deal more than I write.
Dear little Barrow has been very happy at school. He
was very much pleased to go with me to his Bible class on
Sunday morning. I am so glad he takes an interest in these
things. Yesterday I attended the annual meeting of the men's
class I sometimes teach on Sunday. There were about seventy
or eighty there, and when I was comfortably seated to enjoy
hearing others talk, I was called upon the first to make a
speech. I was not prepared, but I said a few words, com-
mending their report, and then we had some capital addresses
from other gentlemen, and many of the scholars themselves.
To-day another class, numbering probably four hundred, will
meet in the same room at Severn Street. Thank you for the
little book ; it is very nice to read anything of the kind, where
the spirit is dictated by a Christian, who would win souls to
Christ. I wish that all Christians could see alike as to the
way to worship their Creator ; it does seem strange, but if
it be God's ordering for some good purpose we cannot now see,
we must be content. We now only look through a glass
darkly, but then face to face. It is a certain bond for the
Christian to know that at the best our worship is imperfect,
because God's presence is not fully revealed. It is a bond
because it links every true Christian in the chain of sympathy
and love.

February 28th. — I have your dear face before me while I
write. I wish for better words to express how much I love
you ; there is no one in the world that I love and honour
so much as you. There is no need of any marriage service to

SUNSHINE AFTER STORM 151

pledge me to love and serve you until we are separated (to meet
once again, we may reverently hope, in a better world), for
this I have done already in my heart ; but we daily see how
necessary the public acknowledgment of such a contract is
before God and before men.

Jessie was admiring some of her curls this morning, and
remarked that they would soon look like yours, so you see
you have another admirer among us. She is such a merry
little thing. I am sending you a paper giving an account of
the Continent. It is a good thing that this fearful war is
over for the present, but what wretchedness and misery will
be left behind after the troops are cleared away. No earthly
blessing can replace the loss of fathers slain on the battlefield
to the poor widows with their little ones, in many cases turned
out from their homes, and all they had in this world taken
away and destroyed. I will try and send you the paper
L' International, as it gives French ideas on the subject.

March 21st. — I cannot tell you what joy it gives me to know
that you love me so earnestly, and that you can feel the same
for me, for there is nothing now so dear to me on this earth
as you and the little ones depending on my care and love.
I have sent you to-day's paper, because it contains so much
of interest, including Napoleon's arrival in England and the
fearful rioting in Paris.

We do not have any Meeting on Good Friday, because I
believe Friends generally think that all days are alike holy,
except those especially appointed in the Bible, as the Sabbath,
which is to be entirely dedicated to the Lord. I do not think
we can devote too much time or too many days to good works
and thoughts, when we consider how short a time our life is
here, to prepare for an eternal life above ; but there is, I think,
very likely a danger in man appointing any day for others as
holier than the rest.

We are in a glorious state of muddle this evening, in pre-
paration for a grand move to-morrow. My greatest pleasure
now is to do what I know you will like me to do. Do you not
sometimes yourself feel a secret pleasure in giving up some
little enjoyment to please those you love ? I know that we both
do, so you need never be afraid of telling me all you think.

It makes things feel more like a reality now that we are
really moving, and I try to fancy you as mistress of our little

152 RICHARD CADBURY

domain ; the time is coming very near when I shall have you
to love and to cherish as my own dear wife.

March 23rd. — I thought you might like to know how we
managed the move yesterday. . . . Every time I come into
the house I think of you. It seems like one real step towards
having you here, to have a home for you. How I long to ask
you how you would like to have things, and to show you all,
but " Geduld ! " there is a good time coming, and it has half
come already, for I fancy you by me continually. The news
from Paris this evening is fearful ; the nation seems to have
gone wild. How often I expect you will sit just where I am
writing this letter now. I have given you all my heart, and

I have not much else to give you ; but all that I have seems
to belong to you quite as much as to me. If God blesses us
with so many good things here below, oh, how we should render
all the praise and glory to Him for His many mercies, one of
the very greatest of which is that He has united us in this
bond of love, which no earthly joy or sorrow can break.

March 31st. — I like a great deal in the little book you so
kindly sent me, and which I have read through carefully. I
have made one or two notes explaining what points I cannot
see with the author ; not that I say I am right and he is wrong.
There is only one part that I do grieve over, and that is where
the bread and wine are treated as " holy mysteries," as being

II the means " by which God's grace is " conveyed " or com-
municated, instead of being taken as a reminder according to
the generally accepted meaning of the words, " Do this in
remembrance of me." I still keep on my meeting on Sunday
evenings [at the creche] and a good many come, but I often
feel how unworthy I am.

April 4th. — I have just returned from a Temperance meeting
at the Town Hall, and heard some most telling speeches from
good and earnest men — two Baptist ministers, a Roman
Catholic clergyman, and an Archdeacon from the Established
Church were among the speakers. Father has invited me to
breakfast with Archdeacon Sandford, who is staying at
Calthorpe Street. He is such an interesting old man, with a
long, silvery beard. I do not think I shall be able to go, because
I take the reading in the mornings for the people at the ware-
house ; and as they gather over two hundred sometimes, I
cannot leave it to any one.

SUNSHINE AFTER STORM 153

Wilson Sturge has gone to Nantes, and then on to the valley
of the Loire, where Friends are distributing a large quantity
of seed to the farmers, who have none to sow their land with ;
and it is believed that this is the very best means of helping
them to help themselves in the fearful condition they were
left in by the war. What fearful accounts there are from
Paris. I hope you will like the French papers I send you ;
some of the accounts are most graphic.

April 18th. — I often feel myself very unworthy of your love,
and expect you will rind a great deal to put up with in me
and the care of my dear little ones ; but with God's help I
will strive to make you happy, and to ease you of every care
that I can. My sister is looking forward with great pleasure
to being one of the bridesmaids. The children will be near
home while we are away, perhaps at Castle Bromwich. Barrow
has had ten days' holiday, which he has much enjoyed, and
returned to school yesterday.

April 2$th. — I have just finished two more little paintings
for the oval chocolate boxes, and* intend to do one more.
Would you like to see them before I send them to be engraved
from ?

May 2nd. — I have taken Mr. Laundy's Bible class at the
Friends' Mission Rooms this evening. I do so enjoy having
a class of men ; they are so intelligent, and enter into the
interest of the thing so. . . . Farewell for the present, my
own dear bride, as they say in Switzerland. May the Lord
keep you as in the hollow of His holy hand.

May gth. — I have been out this evening to a party, but how
nice it will be when I can have you with me, though I shall
not care to go very often, for if I have you to love at home,
other attractions will be very secondary. There are a great
many children in the day nursery ; one day last week they
had thirty-eight, and could have had four more. Poor little
Esther Dyson is still living, and the doctors think she may
partially recover. It is so delightful to sit by her as she lies
in bed, and to hear her speak of peace and rest in Jesus. I
have often thought how comforting it would be if one of my
own dear little ones was dying, if they could look forward with
such joy to the blessed change. We so much enjoy the
delicious green of the young leaves and grass. It is such a
pretty view along the canal, with the peep through the tunnel.

154 RICHARD CADBURY

The may is just beginning to show itself among the bushes on
the banks.

May 16th. — I had a very nice little meeting last Sunday
at the day nursery. Five or six earnest men joined us from
another place of worship, and three appeared in supplication,
praying most earnestly for the poor widows, that they might
have consolation, and for the drunkards, that they might see
the error of their ways. My reading was the first part of
the eighteenth chapter of Matthew, where Christ shows His
disciples that they must be as humble and as pure in spirit
as a little child.

May 23rd. — Barrow is very happy at school. It is such a
pleasure to have him at home on Saturday and Sunday, and
is also a great treat to the others, who cling to him, and think
much of their " big brother at school."

I do so like your way of speaking on the points of doctrine
on which we may differ. Do excuse me, dearest, if I have
written too positively on any points, for I would be as Paul
admonishes Timothy to be — " the servant of the Lord must not
strive, but be gentle unto all men, apt to teach, patient."

June 13th. — I was so glad to have your letter on Sunday
morning, although I did not get it until after Meeting, for I
took a class at our school at Severn Street, and then Barrow
and Jessie met me, and we walked down to Meeting together.
Can you do without me until Monday, do you think ? For
though I am impatient to see you again, I should be able to
have my little meeting on Sunday at the day nursery. We
had such a nice gathering yesterday, that with the prospect
of being away three or four Sundays, I do not like to leave
them.

June 16th. — I was so exulting in the prospect of coming over
on Tuesday to see you, when I remembered that it was im-
possible. Both my brothers, George and Henry, will be away
on important and necessary business, and I am left alone in
charge. I fear " patience " is hardly a virtue with me now,
excepting so far as it is a necessity. I am sure you will do
very well at housekeeping, and now I tell you that I am not
going to criticise you at all. Perhaps I shall laugh at you
now and then, and I am sure you will laugh at me if I begin
to show you how. I trust God will give me the spirit to pray
then, as now, very earnestly for you, that you may be kept in

SUNSHINE AFTER STORM 155

His holy care and keeping, and that He may make bright the
prospect before us. In prayer we may rest on the care of One
who is mighty to save, so that when thoughts trouble us, or
when even mingled feelings oppress us, it is a great comfort
to have full trust in the assurance that He will do all things
well.

July 1st. — I am so glad that you have spent such a pleasant
evening at Mr. Fry's. I saw the two elder boys at Calthorpe
Street when they were there. Barrow and the eldest boy
had a game together, and I thought how curious it would be
if they were to become rivals in the same trade. I fear some-
times I appear to you much better than I am, but you will find
a great many faults, a great many " little foxes "; but I
will strive to overcome them, dearest, and with your love I
believe I shall.

July 6th. — It makes me very happy to have your faith and
love, and although we have so much in one another now, I
believe it will increase as we know more of each other, and
feel more the oneness of the Christian's hope. I thought
Dean Stanley's views on this were very beautiful, so have cut
the piece out for you. Farewell for a short time ; I wish I
could come in like a fairy, and have a peep at you, but I fear
I should be sorely tempted to play you some trick if I did,
besides giving you a kiss in the dark.

July 13th. — Last Sunday was almost, if not quite, the very
happiest day in my life, and particularly as we sat together
in church, and sang those beautiful hymns ; shall we not often
have as happy a time together ? For the whole soul and heart
seems to join in one aspiration of praise. When we are to-
gether, dearest, on the ocean of life, there will be many rough
waves to cross, many stiff gales to encounter ; but if we place
our trust in the Heavenly Pilot, He will lead us safely into the
haven of rest and peace.

The marriage was arranged for July 25th. Emma
Wilson was the first of her family to be married,
which added to the importance of the event in
the eyes of her brothers and sisters. Their great
friend and adopted aunt, Miss Richardson, of

156 RICHARD CADBURY

Bristol, insisted that the wedding should take
place at her house, and so it was arranged. Two of
Emma's brothers were away from home, one in
Brazil and one in New Zealand ; but her sisters
Hannah and Alice, and the two youngest boys, John
and Willie, as well as her mother, were all present to
share in her happiness. Hannah and Alice Wilson and
Maria Cadbury were her bridesmaids, and surely the
sun has rarely shone upon a sweeter picture than that
wedding group, with its central figures of the fair
young bride leaning upon the arm of her stalwart
husband. Richard's brothers, George and Henry,
were also among the wedding party. They were still
unmarried, though within a short time both followed
their brother's example. Richard's father was pre-
vented from being present, but as the young couple
passed through Birmingham Station on their way
to the lakes, where they spent a short honeymoon, he
went down to meet them, taking a basket of grapes
from his own hothouse for their refreshment on the
journey, and a little purse full of gold, which, in his
courtly way, he presented as a wedding gift to his
newly made daughter.

In a few short weeks Richard Cadbury and his wife
and their four little ones were at home together, and
the happy routine of everyday life took up its course.

CHAPTER X

HAPPY HOME-LIFE (1871— 1883)

EDUCATION OF HIS CHILDREN — DEATH OF HIS BROTHER
HENRY — FAMILY CUSTOMS — TIME BRINGS CHANGES

IT would surely have melted the most frozen-
hearted misanthrope to have had a glimpse of
the peace and joy and love that filled the new home
at Wheeley's Hill. Then, as in later years, Richard
Cadbury's home-life preached silent but enduring
sermons to many who entered it. Simplicity, but
genuine hospitality, unselfishness, and forbearance,
earnest ambitions for the good of the world and
the glory of God, marked that happy Christian
household. After the sorrows he had passed through,
it was the beginning of a golden age to Richard Cad-
bury. In November, 1872, another daughter, who
was named Edith, was added to the family group,
and her advent caused great delight amongst the other
children.

The old family home at Calthorpe Road, in which
Richard had spent all his boyhood and youth, was
given up about this time. The years had brought
many changes, taking away from John Cadbury's
side first one and then another of the large family

158 RICHARD CADBURY

circle that had for so long filled the old house with
happiness. The mother had first been taken, and
John and Edward — her first-born and her fourth son —
had joined her on the other shore. Richard, George,
and Henry were all married, and now only the father
and his devoted daughter Maria were left. The town
had gradually been spreading nearer, and many of
the open fields were covered with houses, and the
country lanes with their hedges and grassy borders
were turned into suburban roads, lined with residences.
The grounds of the Calthorpe Road house had been
divided, and on the large field which backed on to the
Harborne Road John Cadbury had built two houses
with pretty gardens. It was into one of these that
he and Maria now moved. The garden belonging to
it was larger than the adjoining one, and included
some of the orchard trees, under which long ago the
boys from William Lean's school had been allowed to
fill their pockets with apples. The pool was there,
too, the old haunt of Trim and Sappho ; and many of
the ferns brought by Richard and his mother from the
farm at Scalemire and other places, and tended with
so much care, still grew and flourished on its banks
and rock island.

With the thoughts of the past stealing round us
again, it is difficult to shake off the spell, and to realise
that Richard's eldest boy was now nearly eleven years
old. He was very anxious to give his children as wide
an education as possible, to fit them for their future
responsibilities and duties. He felt that there was a
particular advantage in the study of foreign languages,

HAPPY HOME-LIFE 159

and the benefit of a time spent in a foreign country,
if under safe and wholesome influences. A German
lady, who had for many years been a governess,
much esteemed and loved in the Gibbins' family,
was at this time over in England. She had been
married, but had lost her husband, who left her with
one little boy ; and for some time had opened her
home in Stuttgart to take in a few English boys. She
did not undertake all their teaching, but arranged for
them to attend daily one of the schools in the town,
while she saw to the home side of their training. She
happened to be staying at John Cadbury's while
Richard and his wife were on a short holiday at Hem-
yock, in Devonshire, making, further research for
family history. The father wrote to them on August
9th, 1873 :

My dear Son and Daughter, — Emily Kolle and her son
are pleasantly staying with us ; we find them most cheerful
company. I much want to lay before you the subject that
has arisen during our intercourse with Emily Kolle. She has
settled to take under her care the son of Edward Crossfield,
the son of George Dymond, and also the son of Henry Ellis, —
a first-rate opportunity for these youths to obtain a thorough
knowledge of the German language, and to be under the
judicious and motherly care of Emily Kolle. It makes me
long that dear Barrow should share in this high privilege.
She considers he is exactly the right age, and would in a year
or two obtain a thorough knowledge of German, and at the
same time a sound education at one of the excellent schools
at Stuttgart. Please do seriously think this matter over
before you return.

And so it came about that on his eleventh birthday
Richard Cadbury's eldest boy sailed with Madame

160 RICHARD CADBURY

Kolle and her son for Germany, taking with him the
hearts' love of his parents. How impatiently they
longed for an opportunity to pay him a visit in his
new surroundings can be well imagined. The follow-
ing summer the opportunity came, and, accompanied
by Maria, they journeyed to Stuttgart in the bright
weather of early June, extending their tour into
Switzerland as far as Ragatz. It was during the time
spent on this visit in the valley of Hospenthal that
Richard Cadbury painted a number of the pictures
of Swiss flowers and scenes for the chocolate boxes.
Soon after their return they left their home in
Wheeley's Road to take the house which John Cadbury
had built in the Harborne Road, adjoining his own.
It was a great delight to both to be so near each other,
and, indeed, the two households were more like one.

At the close of 1875 the happiness of the family
circle was again clouded by sorrow, through the
sudden death by typhoid fever of Richard's youngest
brother, Henry. It was nine years since John and
Edward had died, and the diminished family felt this
added loss keenly. Henry had been married only two
years, and left behind him a sweet baby girl, only
three months old. For four years he had been helping
his brothers Richard and George at Bridge Street,
where he was universally beloved by the workpeople.
Some of them have vivid memories of the sad morning
when the news reached them that Mr. Henry had
passed away. They tell how all had assembled
together for the usual morning reading. The hymn
planned for the day was, " Knocking, knocking, who

HAPPY HOME-LIFE 161

is there ? " They tried valiantly to sing it, but
failed ; then all sat down. "Mr. Richard " opened
the Bible and tried to read, but was so overcome with
grief that he could not go on, and kneeling down,
buried his face in his hands and wept. His brother
then tried, but by this time all were moved to tears,
and the little company settled into a time of quiet
prayer and re-dedication of themselves to God. One
of the forewomen says, " We all felt we had lost
an elder brother." Richard Cadbury wrote of Henry
in the Family Book :

During his latter years he often laid stress upon the power
of the blood shed on Calvary to cleanse from the guilt of sin,
not relying on any works of his own, but on the atoning
Sacrifice.

In January, 1877, a fourth daughter, Helen, was
born to Richard Cadbury, and eighteen months later
the family was increased by the arrival of another,
who was named Margaret, though she was always
known in the family as " Daisy." Meantime the
older children had been growing fast. Barrow, who
was at school in England after his return from Ger-
many, went to Manchester in 1878 to study for a year
at Owens College.

A new educational departure had taken place in
Edgbaston. Many Nonconformists and others, the
Society of Friends included, objected to sectarian
teaching being made part of the school curriculum,
and Richard Cadbury largely shared in this feeling,
not caring to have his children taught creeds and
catechisms with which he could not wholly unite,

162 RICHARD CADBURY

A limited company had been formed, and the High
School for Girls was opened in January, 1877. Jessie
Cadbury, now a tall girl of twelve, was among the first
pupils, and, after a few years at the high school, went
to the Friends' Boarding School at York ; Willie and
Richie being meanwhile at Hitchin.

Richard Cadbury's joy in fatherhood never lost its
freshness, and his delight in the cluster of children
that filled his home may be seen in the following
sentences from letters written to his wife. The first
was written on February 26th, 1880 :

I greet thee this morning [he says] with a little cutting from
a paper that exactly breathes my feelings to my precious
ones. I have so longed to be with you, and especially in the
early morning, I feel quite lost without my little Daisy. I
just want her in my arms with her little head nestling on my
shoulder.

The verses enclosed are as follows : , , ,

Patter, patter, little feet, ! •

In the room above my head ;
Not a sound is half so sweet,
There is music in their tread.
Happily they trip along,
Airy, fairy, light, and gay,
Keeping time to an old song,
Bringing back a bygone day.

As I listen to the sound,
What a vision greets my eye
Just a wee thing toddling round,
With its mother standing by.
Love is light upon her face
With a beauty most divine ;
Over all the crowning grace, —
Child and mother both are mine.

HAPPY HOME-LIFE 163

The other was received at Bristol, where his wife
had gone to bring Jessie home from a visit (Octo-
ber 28th) :

I was delighted to have dear Jessie's letter this morning.
Please to thank her very much for it. Edith was at home
to welcome me, and very pleasant it was to see her bright
little face. Upstairs I heard the little ones singing, and there
they were with nurse round a bright fire, Daisy ready to go to
bed, a sweet little angelic picture in her nightdress, and full
of love, and Nellie singing on the floor, with her shoes and
stockings off, as pretty a picture as you could possibly imagine.
Yes, I am proud of them all, and as happy a daddy as is living,
and only want you all about me to complete my bliss.

Christmas, as may readily be supposed, was a time
of genuine delight to all the household, especially to
the younger children, and none of them will ever
forget their father's appearance year by year as
Father Christmas. There were also many delightful
family customs. One of these was the " hot cross
bun tree," a most original idea. Very early in the
morning, on a Good Friday, Richard Cadbury would
steal out into the garden and decorate some tree with
hot cross buns. Then, when the children were awake
and dressed, he would take them out into the garden
with baskets on their arms to gather the wonderful
crop which had grown during the night, apparently
from the buds which they had been shown on the tree
the day before. No other buns could ever have
tasted quite the same as did those wonderful fruits
of the " hot cross bun tree."

It was no wonder that Richard Cadbury was loved
by all children, especially his own. He was so entirely

164 RICHARD CADBURY

their playfellow and friend that he always had their
confidence, and yet never forfeited their respect.
With all his tenderness there was a keen sense of what
was fair and right in their treatment of each other.
Any sign of selfishness would meet with his reproof.
At times he could be very stern, but his children never
failed to realise the tenderness beneath. His eldest
son said, " When severe punishment was necessary
I have known his eyes to stream with tears, and he
felt it probably much more than we did."

These years were very busy apart from the increasing
responsibilities of home, for in 1879 the business was
moved out to Bournville, and about the same time
the mission and adult school work at Highgate was
begun. He also had a certain amount of quiet work
in hand for the Society of Friends, and his active
interest in temperance efforts was undiminished.
His time for recreation was as fully occupied as any
other, for idleness to him was not rest, but misery.
From his boyhood he had been passionately fond of
gardening, and took a great pride in his roses and
other flowers. He would often be at work in the
early hours before breakfast and on summer evenings,
and in his adult school work he tried to inculcate this
love of gardening and flowers in his scholars. More
than once he presented each of the men in the morning
school with bulbs, to be grown in their own homes,
offering prizes at a show held afterwards to those who
had succeeded best. At the bottom of the Harborne
Road garden he built a Swiss chalet, the lower storey
of which formed a useful shed for gardening tools

RICHARD CADBURY'S DAUGHTERS, l88o.

Jessie.
Helen.

Edith.
Daisy.

HAPPY HOME-LIFE 165

and the boys' old-fashioned high bicycles, while the
room above, with its green-shuttered windows under
the overhanging brown eaves, made a delightful
place for picnics. Most of his painting was done
during the evenings at Harborne Road, often
necessarily by gaslight, but this resulted in giving
to some of his pictures a wonderful depth and brilliance
of colour.

His daughter Edith, who was not at all strong, had
been ordered by the doctor to live by the sea, and in
1882 was sent to a school at Weston-super-Mare.

The same year it was decided for Richard, now a
boy of fourteen, to go to Germany, as his brother had
done, to live with Madame Kolle at Stuttgart. A
year before, Barrow and Jessie had been taken by
their parents to Switzerland, and in 1882 their
brother at Stuttgart had a visit from them, the three
making a tour together in the Black Forest. The
father also kept in constant touch with his boy
through letters. At the close of one from Nevin, in
North Wales, to acknowledge a birthday present,
he said :

Many thanks, my dear boy, for thy present, which I will
take great care of. I hope to have many birthdays among
you all, and always to have your love.

February 26th, 1879, was tne golden wedding day
of Richard's uncle and aunt. Fifty years had passed
since Benjamin Head Cadbury had brought his bride,
Candia Wadkin, from Pendleton to his Birmingham
home. Their union had been blessed with a son and

166 RICHARD CADBURY

seven daughters, of whom one had died in childhood.
It can well be imagined what close friends and play-
mates these girls and their brother had been with the
five boys and one girl-cousin in John Cadbury's home.
By the time of the golden wedding the son Joel had
been married for some years. The six daughters,
whose home was still with their parents, had been
trained to follow their example of Christian devotion
to the needs of those in poverty and in sin, and to
the spreading of the gospel of Jesus Christ. Their
beautiful home-life and their unselfish work for God
cannot be passed over without mention. Adult school
work among women, children's Sunday schools, and
home missions of all kinds, work among fallen women,
foreign missions, hospital and prison visiting, and
almost every good cause that could be quoted, claimed
their constant and unobtrusive labours. The golden
wedding of their parents was an occasion of general
family rejoicing, and the following verses were written
by Richard Cadbury in celebration of the event :

Full fifty years have passed away

Since two young hearts were light and gay ;

And each in confidence confessed

The love that fluttered in the breast.

And now a sweeter, holier flame
Binds earth to heaven in higher aim ;
Whose souls thus linked in earthly bliss
Long for eternal happiness.

Sweet memories linger on the years

That time has oft bedewed with tears;

Tears that reflect the sunlit rays

From Him who filled their hearts with praise.

-A

RICHARD CADBURY S SONS.

Barrow, 1882. William, iS

Richard, 1876.

HAPPY HOME-LIFE 167

A daily providenceTweTtrace
In mercies shed with boundless grace ;
Each year God's sheaves of golden grain
Have blessed the hours of toil and pain.

And now with garnered sheaves they stand
Like pilgrims near the promised land,
With willing hearts to lay them down,
For heaven's sure, untarnished crown.

Richard Cadbury's two eldest sons were now growing
into young men. Barrow, on leaving Owen's College
in Manchester, had gone to London for a year, to learn
business methods and habits, and on his return began
to help his father in the adult school work. His
twenty-first birthday was quite an event in the family,
marking the beginning of the time when Richard
Cadbury's children were to take their place in the
world and share its burdens. His wife's family had
also been growing up fast. Her youngest brother,
Willie, was almost like one of their own children,
having lived so much in their home. While quite
young he had gone as a missionary to Madagascar,
but in 1882 returned to be married, and to take his
wife back with him to the foreign field. A long
letter from Richard Cadbury to his father describes
their wedding on May 3rd, 1882, and another to the
bride's mother gives a sympathetic picture of their
farewell meeting and departure for Madagascar.

CHAPTER XI
ESSAYS AND POEMS

AN ARTIST'S SOUL — DRAWING AND PAINTING — PRESIDENTIAL
ADDRESS ON TECHNICAL EDUCATION FOR THE BIRMING-
HAM FRIENDS' READING SOCIETY — THE FRIENDS' ESSAY
SOCIETY — SUBJECTS CHOSEN FOR ESSAYS — POEMS

RICHARD CADBURY had the soul of an artist.
Every part of his many-sided life was tinged
and brightened by his innate love of beauty. From
first to last Nature was his familiar friend, speaking
to him, and through him, of the majesty and love of
God. In later years the pressure of multitudinous
engagements left little time to express in literary
form, or with pencil and brush, the poetry and romance
which were an inseparable part of him. But the
beauty of his mind increased, and breathed like a
heavenly fragrance through his adult school lessons
and addresses, and his daily words and deeds. To
the end he revelled in the glory of forest and mountain,
of sea and sky, of flower and tree ; the innocence of
happy childhood ; the loveliness of pure womanhood.
These things filled his soul with such reverent awe
that his whole being seemed at times to tremble with
the strong emotions that swept over him. His face

168

ESSAYS AND POEMS 169

would glow with pleasure when a little child confided
in him, or a dumb creature trusted him, or when he
would stand drinking in the beauty of a flower or
some fair scene. Sometimes when the birds were
singing he would say, " Ah, if they knew how I loved
them, they would come and perch on my shoulder."
But no look was quite so radiant as when his eyes
rested on the sweet face of his wife.

His aptitude in drawing and painting was shown
when quite a small boy. There are portfolios full of
his beautiful copies of landscapes and figures, and
studies of trees and flowers. He had a wonderful
memory for outline, and was often known in younger
days to hang a large sheet of paper on the wall, and
with a piece of charcoal make a bold, rapid sketch
of Swiss mountains or other scenery. How he applied
some of his smaller paintings to practical purposes
we have already seen. His larger water-colours were
almost all given to his wife, and cover the walls of
her boudoir.

Richard Cadbury's interest in the Birmingham
Friends' Reading Society has been mentioned. His
presidential address given in 1878 on " Technical
Education " is a striking indication of how keenly he
had studied a subject which had hardly begun to
attract popular attention. It is full of practical
suggestiveness, and was received with delight, as
well as some surprise. How much it helped for-
ward the movement that resulted soon afterwards
in the establishment of a well-equipped technical
school for the town cannot be ascertained, but it was

170 RICHARD CADBURY

certainly prophetic. It was printed and published,
and on August 25th, 1896, nearly twenty years after
its first appearance, Richard Cadbury received a letter
from the author of The Producer and Consumer,
saying :

I have been reading your valuable essay on " Technical
Education." I consider it so important that it ought to be
reprinted for the benefit of the country. It must, I think,
be very gratifying to you to find your old ideas so largely
adopted in the present day, and to know how much it has
tended to the advancement of England's trade.

The Friends' Essay Society was another interesting
Quaker institution, providing intellectual entertain-
ment for social gatherings in place of the dancing
and card-playing of other circles. John Henry
Shorthouse, the author of John Ingles ant, was perhaps
the most prominent of its members. Richard Cadbury
was secretary of the Essay Society for seven years
(1875-82) while living in Edgbaston, and never
resigned his membership.

His first appearance on the pages of the dignified
volumes in which the essays were bound was in
connection with the famous " Log of the Seagull."
Through all his married life contributions were added
at various times. Interesting and beautiful as many
of them are, there is not space enough to reproduce
them. The subjects chosen reveal his thoughtful mind
and wide range of interest. It is strange to find that
his first prose essay was entitled " The Jews," and
the last, written after his first visit to Egypt in 1897,
is on " The Jewish Race in Egypt." Both show his

ESSAYS AND POEMS . 171

knowledge of Hebrew and Egyptian history. Educa-
tion claimed a place in " The Influence of Early Edu-
cation on After Life " and " Does the Cultivation of
the Mental Faculties increase Temporal Happiness ? "
while earnest thought mark those on " Ireland and
her Wrongs " and " Liberty." The first of these is
largely historical, the second a study on the nature
of true liberty. Compulsory education, both secular
and religious, the legal repression of the liquor traffic
and drinking customs, the widening of woman's
sphere, trade unions, and the power of capitalism,
militarism, ecclesiastical tyranny, and finally the
privileges and abuses of liberty in religious thought,
are dealt with in a striking manner. The essay closes
with the words :

Perfect liberty is — and ever will be — like a far-off star ;
a beautiful world gilded in its own brilliancy ; a Utopia
impossible to obtain, except in imagination.

It is like a delicate flower that, when grasped, is crushed in
our embrace. Never will its untarnished beauty be realised
in this world, but with victory over the sin that now stains its
fair white petals it will be worn as an emblem of purity in
paradise.

The essays on " Sleep " and " Mercy " teem with
originality of thought. A number are of a descriptive
character, including " Half an Hour in James Watts'
Workshop " ; " Cloisters of the Friars, Hirschau " ;
" The Roman Villa near Brading " ; and " A Quiet
Corner in the North Riding." " Michel Eugene
Chevreul " is a biographical study of the remarkable
French chemist, an ardent teetotaller, who lived to
the age of 103, hale and hearty to the end, Richard

172 RICHARD CADBURY

Cadbury always had the old man's photo in a con-
spicuous place in his library. " Days and Years "
reveals his keen interest in astronomy, and deals
with the causes of the changing tides and varying
seasons. " The Fairies' Sea Cave " is a dainty bit
of imaginativeness, and fairly dances with innocent
humour and rhythmic grace. A long comparative
study on " Nature and Art " so reveals Richard
Cadbury's habits of observation, and his appreciation
of colour and form, that we are tempted to quote a
short extract :

A prominent feature in nature is, that green constitutes
the chief colour in those objects upon which we rest our sight,
and is in its fullest perfection when we need it most. It is
hardly necessary to be reminded of the pleasure there is when
spring-time harbingers the light green leaf of grass and tree ;
and later when the sun is in his zenith, how delicious it is to
wander under the darker shade of the forest. Green also
forms the best contrast to bright colours ; the charm that
flowers have would be lost if they had not the fresh and cool
background that it affords. The eye thirsts for it somewhat
in the same way as the tongue for water, and it seems espe-
cially adapted to rest the optic nerves when the sight is over-
strained. Green is eminently the colour which God has
chosen for man, to invigorate his mind and refresh his body ;
and even those who live in large cities and who love the
freshness of its natural charms may still apply it in the art
of decoration.

With gold it forms one of the prettiest finishes to interior
decoration, while it adds coolness and cheerfulness to have
the shutters and sunblinds or the prominent woodwork
painted an emerald green. It forms at the same time a
pleasant contrast to the dull reds and smoky browns that are
all but universal.

We too often find a total disregard for this — nature's
choicest colour — in the laying out of our suburban gardens.
A border of box — or perhaps a row of tiles, surrounding a

ESSAYS AND POEMS 173

bed of gooseberry trees and cabbages is a work of art (?) for
the eye to rest on in dreary contemplation.

Trelliswork produces an effect that represents in a stiff
form the beautiful intertwining in nature, and whether it be
placed against the wall or used as a verandah, it is a great
relief to the broad face of bricks and mortar, and at once invites
the opportunity for allowing nature also to do her share in its
embellishment.

White is the emblem of purity, and not only the emblem
but the test. As purity is essential to health, its introduction
on this account is important ; it is also indispensable as a
contrast, and to give value to colour. The delicate tint of
the skin is always enhanced by the contrast of white, and
perhaps the loveliest picture we can look on is a beautiful
woman dressed in pure white.

Whenever colour is introduced it should be bright and
pure, to produce a pleasing effect, but never in too large masses
or in too great variety. The better taste is that bright colour
should be used only as a relief upon a subdued groundwork,
because if the sight be arrested by a distinct and pure colour,
the subdued background will remain in some measure unde-
fined ; and as a brilliant dash of colour will give charm to
what might otherwise have been a dull and unattractive
painting, so a judicious arrangement of colour in dress or in
an apartment will give a life that it would not otherwise
possess.

The mind becomes cramped by living too much among the
works of our own creation, and no broad design nor original
thought can be conceived ; but nature will teach what cannot
otherwise be learnt, in nobility and power, in grace and
beauty. It is among the rugged mountains wrapped in grey
mists, and on the wide ocean and desert, or in the quiet
valley where flocks are grazing and the distant hills are
bathed in hazy light, that we drink in and appropriate new
ideas, which again and again come before us in the everyday
business of life.

The essays on " Summer " and " Autumn " are
gems of word-painting, and weave around you such a
spell that you bask in the sunshine and fragrance, and

174 RICHARD CADBURY

revel in the abundance of fruits and the glorious colour-
harmonies of autumnal foliage. Amongst the essays
appear also some of the poems, which are here repro-
duced.

A long piece, entitled " The Creation," is written
in blank verse. It was inspired by reading Hugh
Miller's account of the Mosaic vision, and is full
of pictures, sometimes giving a sense of space and
immensity like a Dore engraving.

Another long poem, entitled " The Fall of Lucifer,"
is in the same style. It pictures the original glory and
beauty of the " covering cherub," his fall, his efforts
to tempt the human race to share his sin, and his final
conquest by the Prince of Peace. Somewhat similar
in form is the " Ode to Evening " :

Hail ! glorious evening, harbinger of solemn night.

Oft have I watched thee,
As the bright sun, dipping in his sea of light

Fills full the soul with wonder.
The dewdrops fresh distilled
Drink in the light of Heaven

And hang like lamps among the flowers.
The daisies shut their rosy leaves, as angels shut

The lips of cherubs when they sleep.
The bee flies loaded to its well-stored cells,
To sleep in dreams till morning wakes with song

And flowers unfold again.

The farmer sits beside the ruddy glow
Of heaped-up embers, in his humble cot,
While round his chair, his curly-headed boy
Romps with the playful kitten.

A welcome waits the labourer from his toil ;
And home can never be one-half so sweet,
As when the children cling about his knees
To hear a wondrous tale of bygone days.

CHALET IN THE HARBORNE ROAD GARDEN.

ESSAYS AND POEMS 175

And now the darkening shadows gently steal . j

From vale to copse, and up the mountain-side,
Until the last warm ray has left the highest peak.
The glorious arch of heaven, bedecked with clouds
Is bathed by thy lost rays in colours bright ;

Then fading gently into sombre night,

The evening star shines as a beacon light.

From woody glen is wafted softly by

Melodious song. Then when all nature sleeps

In peaceful rest, I dream of earth and heaven —

Thoughts rise in harmony and visions fill my soul

As stars and planets, and beyond them galaxies of stars

Shine with resplendent beauty in the sky.

I thought, " Can all these wondrous worlds be formed

Alone to please man's vision ? " No, they mark

The wisdom, immortality, and power,

Of Him who made and holds them in His hand.

They shine like pathways for the souls of saints

To fly from bonds of earth to heaven's gates.

" The Lake " is a differently worded picture of
similar scenes. Verses in commemoration of the
American cousins' visit, also " The Two Children "
and the breezy little piece called " The Homeland,"
were composed before Richard Cadbury's marriage.

THE HOMELAND

Home, home, we are out on the tack
For the land so brave and free,

Where the happiest faces greet us back —
'Tis the fairest land to me.

I'll seek not you, ye raging waves,

Ye waters of the sea ;
For there's not a land that Nature's spared

So many gifts as thee,

March 24th, 1857,

176 RICHARD CADBURY

The rest were probably written later, but are for
the most part undated.

GOD'S MESSENGERS

I passed a wretched labyrinth of homes,
Where the sweet woodland zephyr never comes,
Nor rose nor woodbine grow with perfume rare,
But smoke and close infection taint the air.

High from the loud and angry cloud below,
A garret window caught a sunny glow ;
Oh ! how like hope this gleam of light may be !
Dispersing clouds and setting sad hearts free !

A little maiden clasped her hands in prayer,
Seeking in faith and hope God's presence there,
And asking for His holy hand to stay
The curse, that led her dearest ones astray.

Great God, Thou knowest all that dwells within ;
Wilt Thou, who art too pure to look on sin,
Be with a trembling heart, amid this shade,
And listen to a little one who asks Thy aid ?

Rest, helpless, weary one ! in patience, rest !
The battle is the Lord's ; His will is best :
For He can reign who rules the stormy sea,
And still the tempter's power, and care for thee.

God answers all who humbly rest in Him,
And though the night be long, and hope be dim,
Morn ushers angels in with radiant wings
To bear thy sorrow to the King of kings.

Sweetly reposing, in God's love abide,
Calm as a placid lake at eventide ;
Reflecting visions of the heaven above,
And waking in that realm where all is love.

Then shall we not, as little children, pray
That we may be God's messenger to-day ;
For what we do and what we say may be
God's beacon-light to set some captive free,

ESSAYS AND POEMS 177

A CHILD'S HYMN

Lord, I am a little child,

Full of sin I come to Thee,
Longing to be reconciled,

Jesus love and pity me.

Calm my passions by Thy grace,

Love me tenderly again ;
Find within Thy fold a place

For a wandering little lamb.

Lord, Thy loving smile I see,
Yes ! I hear Thy patient voice,

Saying gently, " Follow Me,
Come and in My fold rejoice."

Oh, how happy in Thy love

Guardian Shepherd, I may be ;

Willing now Thy love to prove,
I will come and follow Thee.

FRAGMENT

Hast thou heard the skylark singing, till its evanescent lay
Leaves harmonious whispers ringing, as it soars to meet the

day ?
Hast thou stood to watch the eagle, speeding onwards in its

flight ?
Till lost among emblazoned clouds, the portals of the night ?

SPRING

Beautiful springtime, we welcome thy coming ;

The dark days of winter are passing away ;
In mossy banks, flowerets their bright heads are showing,

And feathered tribes carol thy steps with their lay.

We welcome thy coming, sweet charmer of nature,
In embryo waiting thy warm, genial showers,

To unfold the leaf with the soft breathing zephyr,

And change the bare woodlands to garlands and bowers.

178 RICHARD CADBURY

When early morn dawns on the eastern horizon,

A ruby light fringes the curtains of night,
Till the sun rises forth from the mist to emblazon

And o'er-spread the earth with his mantle of light.

Thus April invites with its soft rain and gleaming
Those fairy-formed beauties in woodlands we love ;

Each clothed in its glory of colouring — seeming

Like scattered tears dropped from the rainbow above.

A grassy lane passing through copses and moorland,

By cornfields and meadows, where troops of lambs play,

Charms our steps on to revel with Nature's wild garland,
In ferny nooks shaded by branches of may.

From each pendant twig is a lustrous gem hanging ;

The breath of the morning, distilled into dew,
Which from its white blossoms sweet odour is bringing

To mingle with that of the violet blue.

Hard by, in the valley, a rustic bridge crosses

A clear mountain stream that runs purling along,

Where a fair country maiden stands combing her tresses,
And blends her sweet voice with the thrushes' full song.

Her playmates have left her to search in the forest,
For flowers to wreathe with the red and white may,

And now return laden with garlands the choicest,
To crown her their May Queen in innocent play.

Thus waits the young springtime, festooned like the maiden,
The queen of the year in her virgin robes dressed,

For the sunshiny summer to cherish, who's laden

With fruits from the flowers her presence has blessed.

ANGELS

Children of Heaven, the anthem you raise

On earth is a jubilant echo of praise ;

Sweetly the strain falleth soft on the ear,

Angels are telling us Jesus is near ;

Swiftly they break through the cloud and the gloom,

Shining as light from their glorious home ;

Higher to beckon us, children of night,

Gladly to welcome us, children of light.

ESSAYS AND POEMS 179

Welcome we give you, bright angels, below,
Silently striving to comfort our woe ;
Angels of mercy watch over us here,
In sorrow or joy, sweet spirits, be near ;
Come when in anguish and soothe us with calm,
Come when we joy most and shield us from harm ;
Guardian angels, we yearn for your love,
Foretaste of higher and purer above.

Angel of patience, with gladdening wings,

Bless every sorrow humanity brings.

Mother, why weepest thou ? Dry up thy tears,

Angels are waiting to banish thy fears ;

Nought hast thou here when God calls thee away,

Seek thou for glories that never decay ;

Seek the pearl gates that thy loved ones have found,

Thank Him that they have reached holier ground.

Pilgrim of earth, upon life's troubled sea,
The Angel of Hope thy best pilot will be ;
Cast in thy anchor when calms would ensnare,
Press for the harbour when breezes are fair.
Fear not, but trust on His arm to rely,
Hope fills thy canvas, the land to descry ;
Bring others with thee its glories to see ;
Hearken ! the angels are welcoming thee.

THE ANGEL'S SONG

My hymn is praise,

My song is love,

My home is with the blest above ;

I joy to raise

My song to Thee

For all Thy gifts and love to me.

To Thee, my King,

Is glory due,

For ever let my song be new ;

Oh, let it ring

In cadence sweet

For ever where the spirits meet.

180 RICHARD CADBURY

Around Thy throne

We pray to Thee,

That peace on all the earth may be ;

For thou wilt own

The sinner's sigh,

And welcome to Thy courts on high.

Oh, Lamb of God,

We angels bright

Would gather in the harvest white ;

We kiss the rod

That makes us Thine,

So may Thy saints in glory shine.

Come and rejoice,

Rejoice with me

To welcome in a spirit free ;

All in one voice

An anthem raise,

Of glory to our God and praise.

" Finite Man," " A Thing of Beauty," and " In His
Presence," are three more of his poems. " The
Golden Wedding " and " My Mother," have been
quoted in other chapters.1

The following lines were sent to his wife as a valen-
tine, and were headed by a pen-and-ink sketch of a
standard rose-bush in full bloom, with woodbine
twining round the stem.

A VALENTINE

The beauteous rose spreads fragrance all around,
But sweeter than the rose thy love to me,

For as the woodbine climbs to kiss its flowers,
So is my soul entwined in love to thee.

Sweet love, my love is thine and thine is mine,
So shall I ever be thy valentine.

Pp. 83, 166.

ESSAYS AND POEMS 181

All through his life he had a strong objection to the
second verse of our National Anthem, and when it
was sung he never joined in, but would keep his lips
pressed together in protest. He wrote one of his own.

A NATIONAL ANTHEM

Queen of our sea-girt isle !
The earth and heaven smile

To own thee blessed.
The empire of thy throne
Rests in true hearts that own
Thy sceptre's sway alone,

Our gracious Queen.

God bless the just and true !
Strengthen our wills to do

That which is right.
Honour and peace have met ;
Justice with mercy set
Is thy proud coronet,

Our noble Queen.

Sweet land of liberty !
Still mayest thou ever be

Noble and free.
Under one flag we stand,
True to our Fatherland,
Joined as a patriot band,

True to our Queen.

" The Daisy " and " Life " are among a set oi
poems which he wrote in an album, with original
illustrations in water-colour.

THE DAISY

There is a little flower I love

That drinks in sunshine from above,

Is watered by the dew,
Lies nestled in the mossy grass
And closes when the dark nights pass,

Its eye of golden hue.

182 RICHARD CADBURY

Its dainty petals, white as snow,
Are hidden from the winds that blow,

And fast to each embrace ;
But early morn soon opens wide
The ruby lips that, watchful, hide

Its bonnie little face.

The welcome, little English flower,
I fain would offer as my dower

To thee is love's behest ;
That thou wouldst flourish at my side,
And by thy sweetness banish pride

For ever from my breast.

LIFE— AN ALLEGORY

Brightly flows the little fountain
As the light that heralds day,

Free its song upon the mountain
As it hastens on its way.

Rippling now o'er pebbled shallow,
Laughing as it gaily skips,

Kissing every bending willow
With its sparkling, rippled lips.

Now in sunshine, now in shadow,
Now a pool of calm delight,

Bordered by a daisied meadow,
Mirrored in its bosom bright.

Soon it meets another river
Gently running to its side,

And unites its stream for ever
In its ambient flowing tide.

In the breeze, their pennants flying,
Little barks are borne along,

Safely guided and relying

On its current deep and strong.

Now its clearness dims like shadows,
On the everlasting hills ;

But the broader path it follows
Is refreshed by purer rills.

ESSAYS AND POEMS . 183

With a peaceful calm it lingers

Till the breakers on the shore,
Like the white-robed angels whisper,

" Come and sing for evermore.'"

The following hymn, which Richard Cadbury wrote
on September nth, 1876, has since his death been set
to music by Professor D. B. Towner, and has been
sung in large mission services in America.

Christ is thy light, O wanderer, tempest-tossed ;
Look to the beacon pointing to thy rest.
Dark is the night and rocky is the coast,
But sure it shines above the billow's crest.
Christ is thy light.

Christ is thy strength, oh, faint and weary soul,
Thy strife is vain, embrace without delay
The grace that pleads with thee to make thee whole,
Who by His blood has washed thy sins away.
Christ is thy strength.

Christ is thy guide, O pilgrim, seeking rest ;
He gently bids thee open wide the door
For Him to enter in and be thy guest,
Oh, trust and follow Him for evermore.
Christ is thy guide.

Christ is thy hope, oh, cling to self no more,
No more to hopes which natter and decay ;
But to the rock that stands the tempest's roar,
On which thy trembling ark will find a stay.
Christ is thy hope.

Christ is thy King, He wore the crown for thee ;
A crown of thorns, a diadem so meet.
Oh ! bow before His love that made thee free,
And humbly cast thy crowns before His feet.
Christ is thy King.

CHAPTER XII

NEW VENTURES (1878— 1882)

THE SEVERN STREET ADULT SCHOOLS — FOUNDING OF CLASS
XV., OR THE HIGHGATE MISSION — REMOVAL OF THE
BUSINESS FROM BRIDGE STREET TO BOURNVILLE —
THE NEW FACTORY — ANECDOTES

ONE of the chief contributions of the Society of
Friends towards the religious life of England
in the middle of the nineteenth century was the es-
tablishment of the adult school movement. The Bill
providing compulsory elementary education was not
passed till the year 1870, and all over England there
were large numbers of grown men and women who
could neither read nor write, and who were thus cut off
from enjoying a personal acquaintance with the Bible.
Great numbers were entirely outside any religious
influence, and beyond the reach of churches and
chapels. Many who were not actually averse to
Christianity felt themselves too poor and ragged and
ignorant to mix with respectably dressed people in
the ordinary places of worship. The only way to
bring them to a knowledge^ the gospel was by taking
it to them, and giving them an opportunity of learning
to read the Bible for themselves.

184

NEW VENTURES 185

The Severn Street School in Birmingham was
opened by Joseph St urge and his brother in the year
1845, when Richard Cadbury was ten years old. In
spite of its small beginnings, the Severn Street School
grew during his lifetime to thirty-eight branch schools
in different parts of Birmingham, numbering nearly
six thousand scholars on their books.

One great feature of the movement, and certainly
one of the secrets of its success, is its elasticity. It
easily adapts itself to the varying tastes and needs of
its members. A recent attempt to define its aims
and work, speaks of it as a " voluntary unsectarian
democratic brotherhood, which does not concern
itself with theories, except as they help men in their
daily lives. Its basis is the practical teaching of
Jesus Christ. Its text-book is the Bible. It be-
lieves in helping men, in every department of their
lives, to live up to the top of their capacity — bodily,
mentally, and spiritually."

Richard Cadbury's own connection with adult
school work, which was afterwards to find in him one
of its chief supporters in Birmingham, began in a very
quiet and unpretentious way. Most of the earnest-
minded young Friends were encouraged as soon as
they were old enough to take some part in the work
at Severn Street. Richard Cadbury's gift in penman-
ship found a useful outlet in taking charge for a time
of the writing section. It should be mentioned that
the first half of the school, before the Scripture lesson,
was devoted to the study of reading and writing, in
which the Bible was used as text-book, and selected

186 RICHARD CADBURY

verses were laboriously inscribed in the copy-books.
Richard Cadbury's name was never enrolled as a
registered teacher at Severn Street, but he frequently
acted as a substitute for others, sometimes taking a
class in this way for months in succession. As the
school developed, and the town spread further in all
directions, it was seen that it would be impracticable
to draw the scholars to one common centre. In order
to carry on the work successfully it was necessary to
organise branch schools, and for this pioneer work
practical and reliable men were needed.

In the thickly populated district of Balsall Heath
no work of the kind existed. About the year 1876
Mrs. William Lloyd had founded a creche and orphan-
age in Montpellier Street, where many a little homeless
and motherless wail received care and comfort. Various
meetings were held in the same house, and in 1877
a gospel meeting on Sunday evenings was started in
connection with the Severn Street Christian Society,
which had been organised to link together the evening
services for the adult school men and women. Those
who belonged to other places of worship were not
urged to attend, but the numbers of these were
comparatively small, and the mission meetings not
only united the scholars, but gave them oppor-
tunities of turning to account for others what
they had gained themselves. A branch tract com-
mittee from Severn Street was also formed at the
Montpellier Street creche, and they considered the
idea of starting an adult school in the district. Two
or three promised Bibles and books, and a school

NEW VENTURES 187

secretary was appointed. The next and most im-
portant thing was to find a teacher, and the men decided
to ask Richard Cadbury if he would undertake this
position. After much prayer and careful thought he con-
sented, and though at first not promising to continue
permanently, he never left the work, but devoted to
it the best energies of all the following years of his
life.

Ten years later, in 1888, he himself wrote a brief
account of the origin of ■" Class XV." of Severn Street
or, as it was also called, " The Highgate Mission " :

It was started in a small room at Montpellier Street, the
entrance being in Kyrwick's Lane, near Camp Hill Station,
through the garden of what used to be a very pleasant country-
house, used as a creche by Mrs. William Lloyd. In the field
at the back of the house a long, two-storied shed had been
erected, the basement of which formed the room in question.
The ceiling was very low, and the light and ventilation not of
a superior character. In winter, a small gas-stove was the
medium of warmth, and owing to the gas-pipes being near
the surface of the ground, it was often the case that neither
light nor warmth could be obtained.

A few Severn Street scholars who lived in that neighbour-
hood thought a First Day morning school might be estab-
lished here, as being much more convenient than having to
walk so far at that early hour, and they asked your present
teacher to come one Sunday and open the school for them.
About four old Severn Street scholars were present, and a
few new ones they had induced to attend ; so after an hour's
preliminary conference all sat down to the Bible lesson.

Many initial difficulties had to be overcome, in the way of
starting the various societies inseparable from school work,
such as sick club, dispensary fund, savings' fund, etc., and
more than once in the depth of winter we have sat together
in our top-coats, with a tallow candle as our only light. Many
of our new scholars left under the somewhat hard discipline,
but, notwithstanding all these difficulties, the room was well

188 RICHARD CADBURY

filled with about sixty scholars during the summer months,
and many a happy hour was spent together.

We remember with gratitude the kindness and sympathy
of Mrs. Lloyd, who was always ready to help us in the work.
Meetings for worship were held on Sunday evenings in the
same rooms, conducted by the Severn Street Christian Society,
and these meetings much encouraged those who had made
a new start in life to continue in the right way. In 1879 it
was felt that no further development of the class could be
made in this room, so after much anxious deliberation we
agreed to make a move to the board schools near Highgate
Park.

God has indeed blessed our work, both in numbers and in
capacity to work for Him, and we trust that this labour of
love, begun in His name, may find those able and willing to
carry it on for many generations.

Richard Cadbury very often spoke at the gospel
meetings held on Sunday evenings in the room at
Montpellier Street. One of the men remembers how
one freezing, foggy night, about forty-five or fifty had
assembled for the meeting. " All at once," he said,
" the gas went out, and we could not see a hand
before us, so we were obliged to continue by the light
of a candle. Mr. Cadbury went on just the same,
and stuck to it well."

The name of Richard Cadbury's eldest son had
been enrolled on the register of the school in 1879,
but it was not until his return from London, two
years later, that he was able to take up his duties
as a teacher in the junior school. From that time
forward he was his father's constant companion and
helper in the work. The removal of Class XV. in
1880 brought so large an increase in numbers that
very soon the Moseley Road Board School, ^which

NEW VENTURES 189

backed on to Upper Highgate Street, had to be taken
as well for the junior section.

An iron mission-hall in Upper Highgate Street was
also rented for week-night meetings. What led to
this is told by one of the scholars :

After a time we felt that there were too many good men
with nothing to do, so six of us went out one Sunday night in
May, about 1880, down to Queen Street, Sparkbrook, and
began to sing and carry on mission work. In September of
the same year Mr. Cadbury came down to see us, and we said
to him, '• Well, sir, what are you going to do now that we
have a congregation ? " Mr. Cadbury replied, " I will find
you a place." There was a man in Highgate with a little iron
hall. Mr. Cadbury went to see this man and rented the hall
from him. It held about seventy or eighty people, and he
told us that as soon as we filled it. he would build a bigger.
Then we set to work to fill the place. We told Mr. Cadbury
that we wanted some tracts ; he got some immediately, and
helped us get them ready for distribution. He was like the
captain of a band of men, ready to work. The consequence
was that we soon filled the hall.

It can easily be imagined what time and energy had
to be put into this adult school work to make it succeed
as it did. It necessitated Richard Cadbury being a
great deal away from his home in the evenings, but his
wife unselfishly seconded him in all his efforts. To the
preparation of his lessons for the Early Morning School
he regularly devoted, not only Saturday evening, but
often other spare moments through the week. His
reward lay deeper than in the mere growth of num-
bers, which in itself was a great encouragement. He
never forgot or neglected his chief object, which was
to bring men and women definitely to Christ, finding in
His salvation and the guidance of the Holy Spirit the

igo RICHARD CADBURY

only secret of moral integrity and true Christian
living.

While entering this fresh field of Christian enter-
prise, Richard Cadbury was making another new
venture in connection with the business. The
success of the firm and the increase in the number of
employees necessitated an enlargement of premises,
and made possible the scheme which had long been
near to the hearts of Richard Cadbury and his brother.
The thought of a factory out in the country, where the
workpeople could enjoy the benefits of fresh air and
beautiful surroundings, led to the decision of aban-
doning the works at Bridge Street, and moving into a
new position. It happened most opportunely that a
small piece of land, situated in a pleasant, healthy
locality in Worcestershire, near King's Norton, pre-
sented itself to their notice. On acquiring it, building
operations were begun at once, and " Bourn ville "
sprang into being.

During the last years at Bridge Street, changes
had taken place in the quality of the goods manu-
factured. In 1872 the Adulteration of Food Act was
passed, causing a clear statement to be made of any
admixture to the pure cocoa. From this time the
firm discontinued the production of the cheaper
kinds of cocoa which were so widely used, notably a
mixture known as " Pearl Cocoa." This meant the
severance of a very large part of the trade, but it was
felt to be worth the risk of loss in one direction to be
able to speak ot the cocoa sold by the firm as " abso-
lutely pure."

NEW VENTURES 191

Similar in many respects, the two Cadbury brothers
also held the same views on political questions, and were
always willing to bear reproach and ridicule for taking
the weaker side — pleading the cause of the poor and
suffering in this and other countries. They believed
that the teaching of Jesus Christ should be brought
to bear upon national life, that all war is inconsistent
with the teaching of the Prince of Peace, and that a
true follower of Christ should not bear arms and destroy
a fellow man. One of the last things they did before
leaving Bridge Street was to contribute towards the
distribution of relief amongst those who had suffered
through the Crimean War. A grateful acknowledg-
ment was received from Lady Strangford, who was
superintending the Ambulance Relief Hospital at
Constantinople.

The new factory at Bournville was easy of access
by rail and canal from the great centres of commerce,
and its admirable natural position rendered it a most
desirable site. The district was healthy, the air pure,
and the water good and plentiful. The estate ex-
tended over about fifteen acres, and the firm decided
to build the factory on the part nearest the station.
The work of construction had begun in March, 1879,
covering about three acres of ground, thus leaving
plenty of room for extension when necessary. Every-
thing was arranged with well-studied convenience,
and all kinds of modern appliances for economising
labour and time were introduced. The name " Bourn-
ville" was suggested by the pretty trout-stream
known as the " Bourn," which flowed through the

192 RICHARD CADBURY

estate, forming the northern boundary of the factory.
A cricket and football field was provided for the
men, and a wide playground for the girls, fitted with
swings and other contrivances for outdoor enjoyment.
Close by the factory and bordering on | the road
which ran on the south side of the works sixteen
semi-detached houses were built, which were inhabited
by the foremen and others, and though large and
roomy, with a front and back garden to each, the rent
charged was only 5s. per week. At the back of
these houses was an orchard planted with apple, plum,
pear, and cherry trees, and across the fields beyond the
" Bourn " widened into a pool, in which an open-air
swimming-bath was built for the men.

In the works themselves large dining-rooms were
provided separately for the men and women, and in
the kitchen, gas-stoves and cooking apparatus made
it easy to provide hot dinners in a very few minutes.
As an illustration we may mention that eighty chops
could be cooked in about ten minutes. Order and
regularity prevailed throughout the factory, special
attention being paid to cleanliness. The old custom
originated by John Cadbury, of all the workgirls
wearing washing dresses, was continued. The material
was provided by the firm, free for the first dress, and
afterwards at less than cost price, and the girls were
required to start work in a clean frock every Monday
morning. It will be seen at once how this helped
them to keep clean and respectable, only their strong
white washing frocks being soiled by their work,
after which they could change back into their own

NEW VENTURES 193

unstained clothes, and turn out of the works looking
as great a contrast as possible to the usually pictured
type of factory girl.

It is needless to say how great was the joy and
delight of the two brothers over the changes which
Bournville made possible, and how they personally
entered into every detail of the arrangements. " We
consider," they said, " that our people spend the
greatest part of their lives at their work, and we wish
to make it less irksome by environing them with
pleasant and wholesome sights, sounds, and conditions."
The employees shared in the almost boyish delight of
their masters, and great were the rejoicings when at
last all preparations were made, and the new premises
were ready. Some of the forewomen who were still
at Bournville years after Richard Cadbury's death
have told how he went down to Bridge Street and
personally conducted a party of the workgirls to their
new destination. It seemed almost like the father of
a family taking his children out for an excursion into
the country. He bought all their tickets, and as the
train drew near to Bournville, eagerly pointed out
landmarks to them. In a state of happy flutter and
excitement they alighted at the station and walked
up the lane to the new factory, which was to become
practically a life-long home for so many of them. It
was the beginning of many happy years for both
employers and employed, though neither realised
then the large development which was to take place.
When riches increased, Richard Cadbury did not set
his heart upon them, although he gladly accepted the

194 RICHARD CADBURY

measure of prosperity with which God had seen fit
to reward his industry and perseverance. He always
spoke of himself as the steward of a trust from God,
and never as though what he possessed were absolutely
his own.

The unselfishness and humility of his character
seemed to deepen with increasing prosperity. During
the first year or two at Bourn ville, he and his brother
and their confidential clerk had their mid-day dinner
together in their private dining-room, as it was too
far to go home at noon from Bourn ville. There are
vivid and amusing recollections of the Spartan sim-
plicity that was practised. Both the brothers had
been accustomed to deny themselves luxuries that
they might be able the more liberally to provide for
their own dear ones and others, and they continued
their frugal habits almost unconsciously. The some-
what monotonous bill-of-fare consisted week by week
of neck of mutton, which was cut into two pieces. The
first and larger half was roasted on Monday, cold
on Tuesday, and hashed or minced on Wednesday.
On Thursday the smaller portion came upon the
scene, boiled this time for variety; while the bones
and any scrag ends that were left furnished the meal
for Friday. A change was brought about by the
unexpected visit of their father, unfortunately, or
perhaps fortunately, on a Friday, when the bones
happened to be very bare. He was quite concerned,
and found an argument that immediately prevailed
with them, by drawing their attention to the fact
that the young clerk was a growing lad, and needed

NEW VENTURES 195

more substantial sustenance. Through all his life
Richard Cadbury's simple tastes were characteristic.
He never grumbled about food. Whenever he gave
thanks aloud, which was not usually his custom, there
was a ring of sincerity in his voice, and the words
he often used were :

Our Father, we thank thee for this food for the body, but
most of all for that bread which cometh down from heaven,
even Christ Jesus, which giveth life for evermore.

Even amid the pressure of business Richard Cadbury
had time to think of his family, and copies of
magazines in which the firm advertised, and which
were sent to Bournville, were forwarded, when suit-
able, to his boys at school. This is but one of a host
of similar instances, showing his thoughtfulness in
little things.

The windows of the adjoining offices occupied by
the two partners looked on to a pleasant garden with
rose-beds and shrubs, a great contrast to the outlook
of the dingy, cramped little offices in Bridge Street.
They realised on coming to Bournville that a large
part of their lives would be spent in these rooms, and
felt it would add beauty and strength to their work
thus to arrange them. Richard Cadbury had taken
great pride in the laying out of this garden, and of
all the ground surrounding the factory. One day,
when the works were being built, he found some men
trying to put an old tree-stump into position in the
little private garden. He thought it would look well
in front of the office, overgrown with ivy on the sides.

196 RICHARD CADBURY

He told the men where and how to place it, and stood
by to watch them do it ; but they did not understand,
so he pulled off his coat, and taking a crowbar, used
it to advantage, and very soon had the tree-stump in
the right position. Sometimes he would take a pick
or shovel from a navvy employed on the grounds,
and apply himself to the work for a short time while
the man had a rest.

One of the foremen remembers that on going to
Bourn ville they were troubled a great deal by wasps.
Richard Cadbury was very anxious that all the wasps'
nests in the neighbourhood should be destroyed.
11 I happened to destroy one," said the man, " without
getting stung. Mr. Richard asked me how I did it.
I told him that the wasps did not come near me, as I
was smoking at the time. He said, ' They have a
better taste than you, Tom.' I said, ' Pardon me,
sir, but did you ever try to smoke ? ' ' You have
me there,' he said, ' I did once smoke half a cigar,
and it made me so ill that I have never tried
again.' "

After the firm had been settled at Bournville for
two or three years, Richard Cadbury was joined by
his eldest son, Barrow, who had been for a trip
to America, on completing his training in London.
They shared the same office for seventeen years,
and took up much the same branches of the work.

Richard Cadbury seldom failed to arrive at
business at 8.25 in the morning. He believed in
early rising and walking exercise. After half an
hour spent in the garden, followed by family reading

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and breakfast, he would start off punctually at ten
minutes past eight, his wife always going to the
door to help him on with his coat and see him
off. Then he would walk with a brisk and vigorous
step the first half of the way to Bourn ville. A
stranger might have been struck to see the works'
letter-van, which had come from town, waiting at the
corner of Dogpool Lane, in order to give the master
a lift for the rest of the way. Richard Cadbury used
jokingly to call it his carriage-and-pair, and would
never change it for his own carriage in the mornings,
preferring to walk the first mile, and liking to get a
chat with the driver, and to glance through some of
the special letters. Until the last few years he insisted
on walking back the whole of the two miles at the end
of the afternoon, and it was only on account of allowing
a little more time at home, before hastening off to his
almost daily evening engagements, that he finally
consented to drive.

As the morning reading at the works was not until
nine o'clock, he had half an hour to run hastily through
the letters, which he would place in a neat pile, ready
to be attended to when the short service was over.
The amount of correspondence he would dispose of in
the course of a few hours was often marvellous to those
who were able to watch him at work. From his
earliest days he looked upon careful attention to
correspondence as one of life's duties. He wrote a
bold, readable hand, and excelled in rapidity of com-
position and in accuracy. He knew what ought to
be said, and expressed himself with clearness and

198 RICHARD CADBURY

precision. How varied his correspondence was few can
have any conception. He would go systematically
through the pile of letters from beginning to end,
dashing off an answer to each with lightning rapidity.
As a consequence of this method no one but himself
and the recipient of the letters knew how much kind-
ness of heart, and frequently more substantial tokens
of his sympathy, reached those who had ventured
to appeal to him on matters that were quite outside
the range of the daily business routine. His extra-
ordinary promptness in replying to every letter has
been testified to by many. The secretary of the
Birmingham Young Men's Christian Association said
of him :

He showed a most kindly and loving interest in our work
for Christ amongst young men in Birmingham. What struck
me a good deal was his remarkable promptness in replying
to correspondence. Over and over again, when I have had to
write to him on association matters by the night mail, I have
received a reply at noon the following day. Such promptness
in a man immersed in a huge business, in addition to numerous
religious and philanthropic agencies, was, I consider, most
striking.

When house-surgeon at the Ear and Throat Hospital
[wrote another gentleman], I ventured to write to him one
evening, telling him of our pressing need. By mid-day came
a handsome contribution, accompanied by a personal note ;
and thus within twenty-four hours the appeal was sent, re-
sponded to, and the gift acknowledged.

The same story is told by all who were connected
with him in any branch of work that he took up.
His children also have tender memories of how lovingly
they were remembered when away from home, when

NEW VENTURES 199

the coming of his usually short but graphic and affec-
tionate letters could be depended on as regularly as
the posts.

What Richard Cadbury was to his workpeople is
difficult to put into words. He was always ap-
proachable, and they felt to have in him a personal
friend. Endless anecdotes might be quoted of his
kindly and thoughtful deeds, especially showing his
innate reverence for womanhood. The fact of the
girls at Bournville being his employees seemed in his
mind to be overshadowed by the fact that they were
women, and he treated them with the courtesy which
was his natural bearing towards every woman. Num-
bers of them remember how, when passing through
the workrooms, he would often relieve one or other
of the girls of a pile of boxes she was carrying, and
deposit them for her, or how he would stand back and
hold open the door for them. He and his brother
took particular interest in seeing that the huge dressing-
room, where the girls changed their street frocks to the
cotton overalls worn during their work, was comfort-
ably and suitably arranged. Each girl had a numbered
hook of her own on one of the many wooden screens,
and all round the walls over hot pipes were pigeon-
holes for boots and shoes, so that, coming on a rainy
morning, the girls could change, and find their boots
dry again before going home at night. One winter a
large number of rubber snowshoes were bought and
sold cheaply to the girls. On a foggy night, when
Richard Cadbury was walking home, he overtook a
number of the girls who were doubtful about finding

200 RICHARD CADBURY

their way, and stopped to escort them, until they
knew where they were.

At times his boyish fun would break through. In
one of the large rooms in the works the way out was
up a flight of steps, and sometimes the girls would
congregate at the foot a few moments before the
dinner-hour, ready to make a rush as soon as the bell
should ring. Once or twice Richard Cadbury hap-
pened to be passing through just at the moment, and
would rush up the stairs like a boy, turning round
with a laugh on his face to say, " I managed to get
up before you just in time, you see."

It can easily be imagined what an atmosphere of
sunshine and brightness he carried about the works
with him ; indeed, the girls used to look forward even
to seeing him pass through the rooms. Although the
hot temper which was naturally part of his energetic
nature was usually kept under, flashes of it would
occasionally break through. No one was more alive
than himself to this weakness, which the grace of
God so marvellously controlled in • him, and when-
ever an outburst of impatience did show itself,
the humility and gentleness which followed broke
everybody down, till, as some have expressed it,
" We felt we could lie down and let him trample
on us."

On one occasion he was going through the works
with one of the head clerks. They stopped in one
department to explain something to a forewoman.
She was slow to understand, and did not seem able to
grasp the explanation. At Bridge Street, and in the

NEW VENTURES 201

early days of Bournville, Richard Cadbury usually wore
a little black velvet cap, and this was a well-known
weather-vane through all the works as to whether
things were going right or not. If it rested upon the
master's head, everybody knew that things were going
smoothly and well ; but if it was hastily tucked under
his arm, it was a sure sign that something was brewing.
It was now being screwed and twisted in its owner's
hands. At last a final explanation was given, with
one or two hasty expressions at the woman's slowness.
After they had walked on, the clerk, with a fearless
confidence in the genuineness of his master's Chris-
tianity, said, " Excuse me, sir, but I think you were
a little hard on Caroline." Immediately Richard
Cadbury said, " Was I ? Well, I believe you are
right ; I will go back and put that straight." He went
back at once to the forewoman, and shook her warmly
by the hand, apologising for his hastiness, and en-
couraging her to try again.

His impulsiveness often led him to do small things
that others would not have thought of or have spared
the time for. Not long after a new traveller had
taken up his work for the firm, he had rather a bad
week. He felt discouraged and disheartened, and
almost expected that he might get a sharp note from
his employers. To his surprise, towards the end of
the week he received a kind and spontaneous letter,
personally written by Richard Cadbury, saying how
much he appreciated the faithful work he was
doing, and hoping he would be encouraged to continue
Still more energetically. This little note banished

202 RICHARD CADBURY

all clouds of discouragement, and the young traveller
set to work with new vigour.

The ledger clerk in the office once made a very
grave error in entering up the books. Richard Cadbury
used regularly to go into the office and run over the
entries. The clerk, knowing that such a visit was
due, ran off and hid behind the door, just in time to
escape the master as he came through. Instead of
the explosion of wrath which he expected to see, he
heard his master say, " Poor fellow ! I think he has
got too much on hand." Meeting the clerk soon
afterwards, Richard Cadbury put his hand on his
shoulder and said, " Frank, I think you have too
much to do ; I must give you a little help." From
that time on assistance was provided.

The spirit of good fellowship that pervaded the
works found its centre in the intercourse of the two
partners, and harmony reigned even over their differ-
ences of opinion. There were many times when their
views in connection with this or the other business
matter would come into sharp conflict ; but whenever
this was the case they would sit quietly down together,
and thrash the matter thoroughly out, each explaining
his view of things to the other, until they had finally
decided upon a line of action to which both could
agree.

CHAPTER XIII
MISSIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS (1882)

THE BLUE RIBBON CAMPAIGN — PLANS FOR A BIRMINGHAM
MISSION — UNITY OF CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND NON-
CONFORMISTS IN THE CAUSE — CURZON HALL — THE TOWN
SHAKEN — FORMATION OF THE GOSPEL TEMPERANCE
MISSION — FURTHER RESULTS OF THE BLUE RIBBON
CAMPAIGN

DURING the year of 1882 a remarkable crusade in
the cause of Gospel Temperance was conducted
in many of the cities of England by an American,
Richard T. Booth. He seems to have been a man of
extraordinary magnetism, and wherever he went the
wave of interest in the temperance cause, especially
from the Christian standpoint, rose to a tidal
height.

The present generation knows little of the unpopu-
larity that had to be faced by the pioneers of total
abstinence. They had to fight against obloquy and
misrepresentation ; but it was well worth the battle,
and those who engaged in it had brave hearts and
stubborn wills.

The enthusiasm aroused by the Blue Ribbon Cam-
paign provided just the stimulus which the cause

203

204 RICHARD CADBURY

needed, and drew public attention to the evils of
drinking in a more striking; manner than anything
had done before. Mr. Booth's outstanding ability
as a speaker attracted considerable attention, and
crowds, flocking to the meetings, came under the
spell of his enthusiasm, and, yielding to his
pleas, decided to become total abstainers. He had
been already at work in England for about three
months before coming to Birmingham. Richard
Cadbury had always taken a deep personal interest
in the temperance question, and the alertness
with which he brought forward the argument of
indisputable facts was a great strength to the
cause.

He and his brother George eagerly watched the
Blue Ribbon Campaign, and desired to have the
benefit of R. T. Booth's presence in Birmingham.
They felt that here was a unique opportunity for
uniting Christians of every denomination in a great
effort for righteousness in the name of Christ. For
this reason it seemed wiser for a private individual
to undertake the venture, rather than an official
representative of any sect, or even of a temperance
society.

After due consideration, they therefore called in from
the office at Bourn ville Edward Ward, a man in
whose Christianity and temperance principles they
had thorough confidence. They laid the scheme before
him, saying they felt he was the right man to carry
it out, and that they were only too willing to give
him all the ^leisure that he would need. After

MISSIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS 205

much demur and hesitation on his part, and mutual
prayer, Edward Ward decided to undertake the
trust. The first step was to visit R. T. Booth's
missions in other places. Armed with notes of in-
troduction from Richard and George Cadbury, he
visited first Leicester, and then Stockport. Having
gained this practical experience, the next thing was
to raise a private guarantee fund, so that he might
not be blocked at every turn by the question from
many who would sympathise with the effort, " Yes ;
but where is the money to come from ? "

Richard Cadbury went with him to call upon Mrs.
Avery, the wife of the Mayor,* who kindly consented
to head the list of subscriptions. Other prominent
Edgbaston and Birmingham families were visited,
and their practical sympathy solicited, with the result
that in a short time a sufficient sum was guaranteed.
It was important to secure the sympathetic interest
of the Free Church ministers. Chief representatives
of each denomination gave their signatures to a
circular setting forth the scheme. Amongst these
names were Dr. Dale, of the Congregationalists,
and William White, of the Society of Friends.
This circular was printed and sent round to every
Free Church minister in the city, with an invitation
to a meeting for free discussion of the scheme. A
large number met, and gave a warm and hearty
response. From this point the co-operation of the
Church of England was enlisted. Richard Cadbury
and Edward Ward called upon Canon Bowlby, asking
whether he and his section of the Church of Christ

206 RICHARD CADBURY

would be willing to throw in their lot in this great
cause with the Nonconformists. The noble-hearted
churchman gave his entire sympathy, invited all the
Church of England clergymen of Birmingham to his
private house, and when they were gathered, said
that Edward Ward would explain to them the project
that was being contemplated. It was a nervous
position for a layman, unaccustomed to public speaking
on a large scale, to face such an assembly, but he ful-
filled his mission bravely. With the exception of a
few dissentient voices, the gathering of clergymen
was willing to join with the Nonconformists in this
great work for the city. It was probably the first
time in Birmingham that the Church of England and
the Free Churches had publicly united upon a common
platform, and worked shoulder to shoulder in the
cause of Christ.

A general committee was formed, and a united
invitation sent from the Christians of Birmingham
to R. T. Booth. Curzon Hall was engaged and re-
seated, and an office was taken conveniently near.
The preparations were naturally costly, as, apart from
the expense of the hall, there was much printing and
advertising to be done. Richard Cadbury privately
guaranteed to be responsible for the balance, if any,
at the end ; and when the time came, cheerfully wiped
off the accounts by the payment of a large sum.
Undenominational prayer-meetings were held all over
the city, and many pledges were taken before the
mission began. A spirit of great expectation and
eagerness spread over the whole town. John Cadbury

MISSIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS 207

offered to act as host to the missioner and his wife.
Pledge cards were printed, and thousands of little
pieces of blue ribbon, the badge adopted as a sign of
total abstinence, were prepared. All was at length
complete.

On Tuesday afternoon, May 16th, Richard T. Booth
and his wife were given a public welcome. Several
carriages, filled with supporters of the mission, were
at the station to meet them, and drove to the Old
Square, where a triumphal procession was formed to
parade through the town.

At this point comes in a characteristic touch in
connection with Richard Cadbury. The carriage in
which he had intended to drive with Mr. and Mrs.
Booth was over-full. In spite of remonstrance, he
gave the word to go forward, and insisted on walking
behind.

Canon Bowlby and other representatives of the
churches took part in the procession, which made its
way down Corporation Street, New Street, High Street,
and the Bull Ring. It passed finally into the newly
covered cattle market, which soon overflowed, leaving
thousands outside. A magnificent meeting was held,
setting forth the plans and objects of the mission. It
is difficult to describe the hold which this wonderful
campaign took on all parts of the city life. It per-
meated everything. In most of the factories, and in
shops and private homes, pledge cards were in evi-
dence. The atmosphere of eagerness and earnest
vigour in the meetings themselves was intense and
indescribable.

208 RICHARD CADBURY

John Cadbury, by this time advancing in years and
increasingly feeble, took the chair several times for
his guest, and spoke at one or two of the meetings.
His sons Richard and George took no public part,
though they were helping all the while behind the
scenes. Richard did a good deal of visiting in the
homes of the people who came out for Christ, or
signed the pledge at the Curzon Hall meetings. A
number of men who had been brought in through the
mission became members of his adult school, or came
into permanent touch in one way or another with his
mission work at Highgate.

In three weeks the long-looked-for and eagerly
expected mission was over, but the work was only
inaugurated, and the effects of it have not yet ceased
to be felt. Bare figures of statistics can give no
adequate idea of the moral and spiritual upheaval the
town had experienced, but they at least indicate some
of the definite results. More than sixty-six thousand
persons adopted the blue ribbon badge as a sign of
their total abstinence. Among this number were some
who were teetotallers before the mission was held,
but during the three weeks' campaign over fifty thou-
sand new pledges were taken. A thorough and lasting
work had been done, and a vital blow had been struck
at the drinking customs of the time.

We have seen how Richard Cadbury threw himself
into the movement with the earnestness that charac-
terised his sympathy with every good cause. When
the mission was ended, and its supporters were in doubt
as to the continuance of the work, he was quick to

MISSIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS 209

suggest the formation of a permanent organisation.
In this way the Gospel Temperance Mission came into
being. Launched on the crest of a great wave of
popular enthusiasm, the mission was instituted at the
proper moment, and at once applied itself to active
propaganda. It was arranged that the four divisional
committees in the north, south, east, and west of
Birmingham, organised for the Blue Ribbon Mission,
should continue for sectional, and occasionally for
united efforts, along Gospel Temperance lines. In
the south division a very influential committee was
formed, into which the other three were soon merged,
with Richard Cadbury as chairman and treasurer.
From the first he did not spare himself, but threw
much zeal and energy into the work. Missions were
arranged in churches and chapels of every denomina-
tion, a large choir was formed, and an efficient band
of honorary visitors was organised. The honorary
secretary and superintendent of workers for the time
writes :

Mr. Cadbury attended nearly every meeting of the com-
mittee, and took part in many of the meetings throughout the
district. His true, earnest piety and deep faith in the power
of prayer was such as created thorough earnestness in all the
workers ; thousands of pledges were taken and the signers
visited. At the Quarterly Visitors' Meetings reports were
presented, Mr. Cadbury asking visitors to state their difficulties
and encouragements, and inviting suggestions, which were
freely discussed. It was pretty generally shown that the
greatest hindrance to a man keeping his pledge was the very
unsatisfactory condition of his home-life, and it was felt that
means should be taken to reach the wives and mothers of the
men.

Mr. Cadbury suggested the holding of meetings for women

210 RICHARD CADBURY

in the afternoon, and that suitable ladies should be employed,
who had tact and earnestness combined with a sympathetic
nature, to have control of the classes formed and visit the
members to encourage them to make their homes brighter and
help their husbands and sons to keep the pledge and attend
to the higher things of life. This work was eminently success-
ful, and Mr. Cadbury felt that it should not be confined to
South Birmingham only, but that each of the other divisions
should have like benefits, and that all should be worked from
one centre.

Lady superintendents were soon appointed, and as class
followed class in quick succession, helpers were engaged to
assist them, so that a large staff was ultimately appointed.
The whole financial responsibility was undertaken by Mr. R.
Cadbury. The work thus begun has gone on to this day, and
the full tale of its success will only be known in that day when
all secrets shall be revealed. It has been my privilege to
follow the career of a number of those who were reclaimed
in those early days.

Mr. Cadbury's memory is loved and revered by large numbers
who received great spiritual good either directly or indirectly
through his instrumentality, and while we cannot see him,
his influence is with us still, and we have the joy of knowing
that he is with that Saviour that he loved so much and served
so well. I always look back on those days as some of the best
of my life, and his photo holds an honoured place in my home.

The first lady worker to be appointed was Miss
M. C. Brookes. She says :

In the year 1884, March 3rd, I was introduced to Mr. R.
Cadbury by the late Mr. David Smith of the Bloomsbury
Institution. He told me how anxious he was to commence
some work in the east of Birmingham. The kind way that
he received me made a lasting impression on my mind. Just
after that I went to a meeting where Mr. Cadbury was present.
I was a stranger and did not know any one. He left his own
friends and came and talked to me, because he thought I
was lonely. He taught me a lesson in that one act to be
thoughtful for others.

MISSIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS 211

Soon after that we began the Women's Meeting at Blooms-
bury, which is still going on. We started with about forty
women ; they had nearly all been in the lock-up. Mr. Cadbury
said, "Look for the worst, and do your best to help them."

When the band of lady workers numbered about
six, the need of an organising secretary was realised,
and the services of Mr. J. M. Goodchild were secured.
From this time, by a gradual process, the various
district committees were amalgamated in a central
organisation. As the work grew more helpers were
engaged, until no less than twenty were devoting their
whole time to the carrying on of the women's meetings
held under the Gospel Temperance Mission. They
were arranged into five districts, with a superintendent
in charge of each. The women's meetings were held
weekly in connection with various churches and
chapels, and there were also coffee suppers for the
husbands, drunkards' teas for the outcasts of society,
indoor missions in winter, and tent missions in summer.
Savings' clubs and poor funds were started in con-
nection with the women's work, and every summer
seaside and country excursions were organised.

It was another sign of the way in which the work
of the Blue Ribbon Campaign in the summer of 1882
had quickened the religious life of Christians in Bir-
mingham, that the Society of Friends arranged for
simultaneous gospel missions all over the city during
the following autumn. One of these was held in
Richard Cadbury's iron mission-hall in Upper Highgate
Street, amongst the men of his adult school. Many
a poor, sinful man and woman was brought to Christ

212 RICHARD CADBURY

in this way, and a permanent mark was left upon the
work by the establishment of a regular mission meeting
in the iron room on Sunday evenings. This was in
addition to the one already established in the Chandos
Road board schools, and, like it, was affiliated with
the Severn Street Christian Society.

CHAPTER XIV
MOSELEY HALL (1883— 1891)

A COUNTRY VILLAGE — THE OLD HALL AND ITS HISTORY —
FAMILY EVENTS — STUDY OF EGYPTOLOGY — PASSING
OF THE OLDER GENERATION — TEMPERANCE DEMON-
STRATIONS AND OTHER FIELD PARTIES — HOW THE POOL
WAS USED — BLUEBELL WOODS AND THE RAGGED
CHILDREN — REDNAL HILL — HOLIDAYS AND RECREA-
TIONS

THE removal of the works from Bridge Street to
Bournville, four miles away to the south-west
of the town, led Richard Cadbury to leave Edgbaston,
which had so long been a centre for the Cadbury
families, for a district more within reach of his business.
He finally decided to lease for a few years the beautiful
old house and estate of Moseley Hall. An added
reason for deciding on the new home was the fact that
it lay almost equidistant between Bournville and
his adult school at Highgate. Great was the delight
of the children at the thought of living in the country.
Their father brought home descriptions of the spreading
lawns, the trees and woods, the open fields and beauti-
ful pool, with its tree-shaded island. The tales that
he told of the rabbits which scuttled across the grass,
waving their little white " flags of truce," or venturing

213

214 RICHARD CADBURY

in the evenings to nibble the softer grass upon the
lawns, so roused the interest of the children that the
new home was immediately nicknamed " The Bunny
House." Some of them will never forget the happy
day when all preparations were at last complete, and
they drove away, leaving behind the pretty roads of
Edgbaston, lined with houses and gardens. What
seemed to their excited fancy an immensely long
drive brought them at last by the country high-road
to the village green of Moseley. Round the green
were low houses and old-fashioned shops, with a
blacksmith's at the corner, and up a street to the left
could be seen the square tower of the village church.
Close by the green, and sloping steeply from the road
at right angles, was the entrance to Moseley Hall.
Tall wooden gates, flanked by a little lodge on each
side, were thrown open under the shade of spreading
trees, and showed a vista of the long drive, winding
between woods and fields, down-hill and up again,
with glimpses of the pool in the bottom of the valley.
The old house, with its portico of stone pillars, its
spacious rooms, and long, stone-paved passages, was
full of mystery and delight to the young folks. It
was a good specimen of an English house of the early
part of the eighteenth century. The cellars, much
older than the rest of the building, stretched under
the whole length, and the fact that some of them were
built for prisons and had been used for this purpose
gave to explorations through them a weird and mys-
terious charm.

It was a house full of surprises. In one room was

MOSELEY HALL 215

a cupboard, with mirror panels ; but when the handle
was turned, behold ! no cupboard, but a flight of three
steps leading up to another door, which opened into
a room. This room had its mystery also. All along
one wall a handsome cupboard was built, divided into
several sections. On opening the doors, ordinary
shelves were revealed, until at last came a door
behind which was an opening like the entrance to some
mysterious place. Nothing further could be discovered
until a secret spring in an adjoining cupboard was
touched, upon which the floor-board could be raised,
leaving the door behind it free to open. Then came a
door of metal lattice- work, which slid aside on being
unlocked, and a step or two lower you were in a large,
roomy safe.

Owing to the thickness of the walls, almost all of
the rooms leading into one another had double doors,
which afforded delightful nooks for hide-and-seek.
The library was lined with bookcases, and apparently
opened only into the passage. But if you tried
opening the bookcases all round the walls, you came
at last to one containing many handsome volumes,
the bindings and titles of which peeped at you through
the lattice- work of brass, covering the books in some
places instead of glass doors. Alas for appearances !
for on opening it the whole front of the cupboard,
book -bindings and all, moved forwards, and revealed
a sham door.

The views from the windows were very beautiful ;
not a house was in sight anywhere. From the dining-
room, drawing-room, and library you looked across

216 RICHARD CADBURY

a downward slope of lawn and field on to the cool,
shining waters of the pool, from which the eye rose
again up a green hillside to the thick belt of trees
fringing the top of the hill. Above all soared the
spire of St. Ann's Church.

Richard Cadbury, with his usual antiquarian interests,
compiled a charming album with old prints and photo-
graphs, newspaper cuttings, and other notes, referring
to the history of Moseley Hall.

The old estate had been for a couple of centuries
in the possession of a family named Greaves or Grevis.
Successive generations squandered the family fortunes,
and about 1780 Moseley Hall passed into the hands
of John Taylor, an inventor and successful manu-
facturer. He was the owner of another estate at
Bordesley, and soon after entering into the possession
of Moseley Hall, demolished the old mansion, and built
a magnificent country house upon its foundations.
This, however, was not destined to remain long un-
molested, for in 1791 it was burnt to the ground
during the disgraceful outbreak of the Priestley Riots.
Numbers whose only fault was that they were Dis-
senters suffered through the ignorant fanaticism of
the mob. They endeavoured to obtain redress from the
authorities, though every obstacle was placed in their
way, and to add to the injustice of the case, two years
were suffered to elapse before the sums awarded were
paid over. John Taylor proceeded in time to build
a new hall upon the ruins of the old one. It continued
to be let to various families, until in 1883 Richard
Cadbury took it on a short lease.

%- 1

I. MOSELEY HALL BEFORE THE PRIESTLEY RIOTS OF I79I.
3, MOSELEY VILLAGE GREEN, 1885.

MOSELEY HALL 217

Not many months after settling into their new home
the happiness of Richard Cadbury and his wife was
increased by the birth, on April 28th, 1884, of a
daughter, who was named Beatrice. This baby girl
was the last of their children, and brought with her
a double portion of sunshine, for Margaret was nearly
six years old, and all the family were delighted to have
a baby in the house again. She was everybody's
pet, and seemed like a breath of the bright spring
weather in which she was born.. Only three weeks
earlier the first daughter had made an appearance
in the home of George Cadbury, and this double event
caused great rejoicing. In the following August
Richard reached his fiftieth birthday, and his wife
and children made it a day of festivity. It was the
custom on all the children's birthdays to have a cake,
surrounded by lighted coloured candles, one for each
year. They insisted that a fiftieth birthday was too
important an occasion not to be fitly celebrated, so a
family party was planned. A large iced cake appeared
on the table, with the name and the date in pink
sugar, and as fifty candles were too many to go round
it, a separate board was made, like a circular " Step
Pyramid," and blazed in glory on a pedestal of its own.
Do these things seem trivial ? Perhaps ; and yet
the memory of the strong family affection which lay
beneath it all is one of the deepest and sweetest things
in life.

About this time the work of the Egypt and Palestine
Exploration Societies was beginning to reveal the
hidden marvels of the ancient world, and Richard

218 RICHARD CADBURY

Cadbury followed it with the keenest eagerness. The
study of Egyptology became one of his particular
hobbies. He made an album of Egyptian history,
in which he placed all the photos of mummies and
other discoveries as soon as they could be obtained,
with extracts of pages taken from histories of Egypt
and the accounts of Maspero, Mariette, Amelia B.
Edwards, and others. He collected old books and
manuscripts, and, amongst other things, studied the
history of writing and of writing-paper.

The eight years spent at Moseley Hall were in some
ways the completest in Richard Cadbury 's family life,
for, as already mentioned, his youngest child had been
born soon after going there, and the first marriage,
that of his eldest son, took place just before leaving
the Hall. It was not often that all the sons and
daughters could be at home together, but during
Christmas and holiday seasons the old house, always
full of life and brightness, overflowed with happy
bustle.

Barrow had entered into the serious business of life,
sharing his father's work at Bourn ville and Highgate.
Jessie, after continuing another year or two at school,
had a six months' visit to America amongst the distant
but still closely united branch of the Cadbury family in
Philadelphia. William went to Gloucester to learn
engineering. Richard returned from Germany to
an English school. Edith was at boarding school ;
and the two younger girls, Helen and Margaret, ad-
vanced to the schoolroom stage, leaving the nursery
to its new little queen. The lives of the parents were

MOSELEY HALL 219

thus filled with happy cares within the home circle,
as well as the multitudinous duties and interests
beyond.

In the spring of 1887 George Cadbury's first wife
passed away, and he was left with three boys and
two small girls. Richard's deepest sympathies went
out to his brother in this sorrow, and he did his utmost
to comfort and help him. When his eldest daughter,
Jessie, returned soon afterwards from America, he
gladly spared her for a time to keep house for her
uncle, and help him care for his five little children,
keeping in touch by letter, although he saw her con-
stantly. In sending one to be inserted here, Jessie
wrote :

" No one ever had such a father as we. As mother
says, he was our adviser, our lover, our friend, our
all. The following letter, dated August 30th, 1887,
gives some idea of what I mean : "

Many thanks for thy sweet letter received yesterday. My
life is made a very happy one, because I know that I have the
love of all whom God has given me ; and my heart is often full
of thanksgiving to Him for sparing me a little longer to do
what I can to prepare your way for the more serious conflicts
of life, which must come ; but which are only the purifying
process (by God's grace) to lead us into a purer and holier
life. We all miss thee very much at home, but feel thou art
in thy right place, and distance in no way lessens our love
and prayers for thee. May we be ever kept by this precious
bond.

While Richard Cadbury's children were growing
towards manhood and womanhood, the older genera-
tion was fast passing beyond the shadows of age, to

220 RICHARD CADBURY

the light of the world, in which nothing dies or grows
old.

His uncle, Benjamin Head, only lived for a year after
his golden wedding day. Another uncle, Joel Cadbury,
of America, had died ten years earlier, and his aunts,
Sarah Barrow of Lancaster, and Maria and Ann, had
also crossed the border-land.

The years 1888 and 1889 brought to a close the
useful lives of the last two sons of Richard Tapper
Cadbury. James, of Banbury, whose wife had gone
before him, and who had no children, was greatly
mourned in the town where he had laboured so earn-
estly for the glory of God. He was followed a year
later by John, whose death left a great blank in the
lives of his sons Richard and George and their families,
but most of all in that of his faithful and devoted
daughter Maria, who soon afterwards went with her
husband to live in France for several years. The
city of Birmingham, which owed much to John
Cadbury, and more especially the temperance societies
and workers in all branches of Christian enterprise,
shared in the sorrow of his bereaved children and
grandchildren. His faithful work for the Lord had
continued up to the very last, in spite of ill-health
and increasing feebleness. Even on the last Sunday
before he died young men had been entertained to
dinner according to his usual custom. He had kept
up the habit, learned from his father, of a regular
weekly gathering of his children and grandchildren,
and for the last few years the three families had met,
week by week, at each of the homes in turn, Harborne

MOSELEY HALL 221

Road, Moseley Hall, and Woodbrooke. His home-
going was full of peace and gladness.

I shall never forget [wrote his daughter Maria] how, a day
or two before he died, he threw up his arms, his face radiant
with joy, as if he had been permitted to have a glimpse of
something heavenly.

Only the youngest was now left of the first genera-
tion of the Cadburys of Birmingham, Emma Gibbins,
whose long life lasted for several years beyond that
of her nephew, Richard Cadbury.

It is difficult to separate the different parts of
Richard Cadbury's life from each other, for they were
closely intertwined by the one purpose which domi-
nated them all. In his private life, although he never
brought the worries or burdens of outside things home
with him, he did not shut the door behind him for
selfish seclusion. In all things he was aided and
encouraged by his wife, who, on her side, kept petty
household cares from him, and made everything run
smoothly, that home might be a place of constant
peace and restfulness.

Summer and winter, the house and grounds of
Moseley Hall were hospitably shared with others,
largely with those whose lives had been placed under
less favoured conditions, to whom a day in the country
was like a glimpse of heaven. Sunday schools, men's
and women's classes, mothers' meetings, bands of
hope, Christian workers of every variety and every
denomination, were frequent and welcome guests.
The larger parties were entertained in the fields, tents
and booths being erected in case of rain, while the

222 RICHARD CADBURY

smaller ones were invited into the gardens and to the
house itself. Once every summer a huge temperance
demonstration was held in the meadows which circled
the rest of the grounds. Throngs of people from all
parts of the town streamed in through the two drive
entrances, several times numbering between twenty
and thirty thousand. It was a wonderful sight to see
the great crowds enjoying themselves with no danger
of any drunkenness. Refreshment tents were scattered
about, and as a rule several stands were erected for
open-air Gospel Temperance meetings, at which spirited
and earnest addresses were given, and pledges taken.
It goes without saying that Richard Cadbury took
part in the open-air meetings, and he, with his wife
and children, went in and out among the people,
though it was in the smaller gatherings that they were
able to come into real personal touch with them. At
one of the demonstrations two friends were talking
together. One said, " I have not seen Mr. Cadbury."
The other said, " There he is, helping to carry that
big tea-urn." The first replied, " That's just like him
— always trying to make some one's burden lighter."

His children were taught early to share in the work
of entertainment, and can remember carrying round
heavy cans of tea as soon as they were big enough,
or distributing bags of buns and cakes. They played
games with the children from ragged schools, Sunday
schools, or bands of hope, and were delighted to look
after the babies at a mothers'-meeting party.

The little girls and their governess instituted what
was known as the " Poor Class." They had a list of

MOSELEY HALL, Ii
i. Front view.
2. View from the windows to St. Anne's Church.

MOSELEY HALL 223

poor homes in Balsall Heath, including several
widows, a few old couples, and a big family or two,
which they took under their special care. As there
was no school on Saturday mornings, the Friday
afternoon was always given up to visiting the " Poor
Class." Savings were carefully hoarded for the
Christmas fund, towards which all the family sub-
scribed. Every opportunity was taken to earn money
by picking up apples in the orchard, weeding in the
garden, dusting their own rooms and making their
beds, so as to swell the funds. Chocolates and sweets
were saved, and one of the little girls had a toy chest
of drawers full of these trophies in her bedroom, which
would often be counted over and longingly gazed at,
but were kept uneaten by Spartan efforts. Perhaps
they grew stale by the time they were given away,
but there must have been a secret flavour about them,
absorbed from the childish love that had stored them
up. At Christmas times the schoolroom at Moseley
Hall would be a scene of suet-chopping, raisin-stoning,
cur rant- washing, and other preparations for the making
of Christmas puddings, which, with groceries and
other things, were personally delivered at the homes
of the " Poor Class." The farm cart was lent, piled
high with holly and evergreen, with which the children
and their governess decorated the often dingy rooms.
Once or twice a local chapel was borrowed for a tea-
party, with a Christmas tree, and a little meeting to
end up with, at which Richard Cadbury and his wife
gave their willing help to their children's efforts.
The pool at Moseley Hall greatly added to the

224 RICHARD CADBURY

beauty of the grounds. There was a big, flat-
bottomed punt in the boathouse, which could hold
about fifteen people at a push, and which nothing
could tip over. Often the boys would run down for
a dip in the pool before breakfast, and the girls would
push out in the punt beneath some tree which drooped
over the water's edge, to read or study or picnic.
They all loved to row, and great was the pride of the
younger girls in being allowed to take a heavy boatload
round the pool during the summer parties. The pool
was full of fish, and Richard Cadbury was always
willing to grant permission to anglers to make use of
it. In winter it was the centre of outdoor attraction,
and the skating, of which there was plenty during
those years, was a never-to-be-forgotten joy. It was
the only large sheet of ice in the neighbourhood, so in
frosty weather it was thrown open to the public for
a small entrance-fee, which was given to the funds of
the Gospel Temperance Mission. What fun it was,
when lessons were done, or the day's work ended, to
rush down from the old Hall and join with the merry
crowd on the ice ! To think of it conjures back the
ringing music of the skates, the nip of the frosty air,
the bumps and collisions, the laughter and fun. How
peaceful and refreshing it was in the quiet of early
morning to skim over the shining surface, coming up
to the house for breakfast with a healthy appetite ;
or at night, when the crowd had melted away, leaving
perhaps a party of invited relations and friends, to
glide to and fro by the light of the moon, or flaring
torches stuck into the piles of snow, or Chinese lanterns

MOSELEY HALL 225

held aloft, which seemed in the darkness to be moving
like will-o'-the-wisps on the surface of the ice.

In the summer-time the woods were the chief glory
of the grounds. After the first Spring flowers, snow-
drops, violets, and wood-anemones, were over, came
the bluebells. No sight on earth can be fairer than
that heaving sea of azure, glinting in the sunlight,
which filtered through the roof of green interlacing
boughs. Richard Cadbury's chief delight in the
possession of so much beauty was in sharing it with
others. Sheaves and armfuls of bluebells, smelling
of summer woods and sunshine, found their way into
homes in noisy streets and close courts and alleys.
He would often send little Beatrice and her nurse,
carrying baskets of them, into the village of Moseley,
which with the advent of steam-trams was fast losing
its country appearance. There they were instructed
to give the flowers away to children, or any one who
seemed to want them. Not until the bluebells were
nearly over would he allow them to be trampled on,
but then he several times invited parties of ragged
children from the slums, and turned them loose into
that fairyland of trees and flowers. It would have
melted a heart of stone to see the procession of little
figures starting for home, their miserable clothes ragged
and torn, but their faces shining and radiant with
happiness, as they hugged their precious armfuls of
fragrant blossoms. Of all the parties, it was perhaps
those little ragged children who pulled hardest at
Richard Cadbury's heart-strings. He seemed as if he
longed to pick up each of the neglected little waifs

226 RICHARD CADBURY

into his strong embrace, and let them share in the
happiness and love and protection he was able to give
to his own children. Sometimes he could hardly
speak to them for the tears that choked his voice at
the sight of the little bare shoulders peeping through
torn frocks ; the thin, starved little faces ; the dirty,
matted tangle of unkempt hair, from under which
their bright eyes looked trustfully up into his.

One of these parties happened to come on a streaming
wet day. Many of the children had only one garment,
and perhaps a pair of old boots. The sight of the
grass was irresistible, and in spite of the rain many
of them ran about in it, getting soaked through.
With tears in his eyes Richard Cadbury ran up to the
nursery, asked his little girls to ransack their toy-
cupboards, and took out a quantity of things for
which he set the children to run races in the tent.
Then, instead of giving them the ordinary tea with
their buns and cake, he went into the old-fashioned,
high-ceiled kitchen of Moseley Hall, and himself
mixed a big red pan full of steaming hot cocoa with
plenty of milk in it. This was taken out in urns to
the shivering little crowd, and after enjoying it he
sent them home. The grounds were also lent for
flower-shows and many other purposes, always on the
condition that no intoxicants would be allowed.

In the year 1889 a Mr. T. Grosvenor Lee, honorary
secretary of the Birmingham Association for the Pre-
servation of Open Spaces and Public Footpaths, sug-
gested to the Birmingham Town Council that an effort
should be made to save Rednal Hill, a few miles south

MOSELEY HALL 227

of the town, from being turned into a building estate.
Thek proposal of keeping open this beautiful hill for the
enjoyment of the public appealed strongly to Richard
Cadbury, and he immediately subscribed the bulk of
the money required for its purchase. His spontaneous
liberality in this matter was repaid to him a thousand-
fold in the knowledge of the pleasure and refreshment
it brought to countless numbers of his fellow citizens,
particularly those of the poorer class. His own
children always looked forward to a drive with their
parents to Rednal, and to a picnic on the hill or tea
in a picturesque cottage.

. Some men love work and some men love play ; the
wisest love both. Richard Cadbury was one of these.
Time never dragged heavily on his hands. He passed
through sorrow, loneliness, and disappointment, but
never knew what dulness or ennui meant. There never
was a moment in his life when he experienced the
disillusionment of men who have lived for pleasure,
and find happiness slipping through their fingers.
The buoyancy, hope, and eagerness of youth remained
with him to the end. His business and his work for
Christ and humanity were full of romance to him,
and he entered into his holidays and rest-times with
the enjoyment of a schoolboy, making them not only
invigorating to himself, but full of untold happiness
to his wife and children, and any other fortunate
beings who were able to share such opportunities
with him. At home he still indulged his hobby of
gardening, going out into the woods before breakfast
with saw and axe to clear out dead wood, and cut

228 RICHARD CADBURY

down the elder- trees, which he called his " enemies,"
because they choked the growth of other shrubs.
Sometimes he would spend this early hour in patiently
teaching the younger children to play tennis, or in
weeding dandelions out of the velvety lawns. About
seven o'clock every morning he would make a tour
of the rooms, knocking at each door, and calling
out in a cheery voice, " Good morning ! It's time to
be getting up — the sun is shining," or some such
greeting. He loved all animals, his horses and dogs
especially, and took a great interest in his little farm.
There was a green paroquet in the nursery, which he
always visited on his morning round, taking it out
of its cage and hiding it under the flap of his coat or
letting it perch on his shoulder, while he got a tit-bit
out of the cupboard. The holiday times were filled
with occupations and interests that had to be crowded
out in the busier life at home, such as teaching his
children to make collections of ferns, flowers, mosses,
fossils, or shells, or in making illustrated albums ;
while his wife would often read aloud to the little
company for hours in her musical voice.

He was always planning how to be able to share
his advantages most widely with those who had fewer
than himself. This was seen in the lectures he gave,
while travelling, and in the notes that he made
for use in classes, Bible lessons, and addresses, and
in many other ways. He never gave to anything his
second best. The motto which he practically lived
out in all he undertook was, " Whatsoever thy hand
fmdeth to do, do it with thy might"; but he took

MOSELEY HALL 229

care first to ask God's guidance in choosing his handful
wisely. His consistent example will never be forgotten
by his children, or others who came into close contact
with him.

Malvern was still a favourite place for holidays,
especially in the spring, and all through the years at
Harborne Road and the early Moseley Hall days the
annual fortnight's visit to the home of his brother-in-
law, George Adlington, at Kingsmill, near Mansfield,
was looked forward to by Richard Cadbury's family
as a special treat. The farm and the flour-mill and
the big reservoir provided endless entertainment, and
the hospitable uncle, and a large circle of cousins in
Mansfield and Nottingham, had a warm place in the
hearts of all the children and their parents.

The Isle of Wight and Devonshire were other happy
hunting-grounds. Once, in a farmhouse near Ilfra-
combe, all the party had been regaled upon boiled
eggs, and Richard Cadbury, in a flash of fun, turned
the empty egg-shells upside down in their cups, drawing
on each a Humpty Dumpty with various expressions.
On visiting the same farmhouse a week or two later,
the little party were surprised and amused to see that
row of Humpty Dumpties gazing at them through the
glass doors of a cupboard, where they were carefully
ranged along a shelf.

Richard Cadbury never failed to leave his mark on
the places which he visited, and although most un-
assuming, was always doing personal work for Christ.
At West Malvern he insisted on trading with the local
shops, and would often do the marketing himself,

230 RICHARD CADBURY

thus getting many an opportunity for a quiet personal
talk about the things of eternity. When staying at
places where there was no Friends' Meeting, he and
his family would attend the Church of England ser-
vices, or some dissenting chapel. In a small place
he would make a point of shaking hands with the
minister, thanking him for his help, and occasionally,
when invited, he would take part in the service by
giving the address or reading the Scripturelessons.

A visit to Kilkee, on the rugged west coast of
Ireland, was a much-enjoyed experiment. A furnished
house was taken, and the whole family, with the
help of the nurse and a kitchen-maid, did all their
own work. One day in Kilkee Richard Cadburyjcame
across one of his own firm's letter-fixers putting up
an advertisement on a shop window. He immediately
went across and spoke to the man, shaking hands
with him in his warm, genial way. There are so many
incidents of this kind that it would not be possible
to tell them all, but if others would " go and do like-
wise " there would be more joy and less loneliness
in the world.

It was in the autumn of 1891 that his eldest son's
wedding took place. Barrow had become engaged to
Geraldine Southall, also a member of the Society of
Friends, and the festivities for their marriage formed
the last family event which took place at Moseley
Hall. Almost immediately afterwards they moved
into the new home, which was named " Uffculme,"
in memory of the Devonshire village which had shel-
tered generations of Cadburys in earlier days.

CHAPTER XV

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF
CHRISTIAN WORK (1883— 1891)

GROWTH OF THE HIGHGATE MISSION — BUILDING OF THE NEW
HALL IN UPPER HIGHGATE STREET — ANECDOTES — SOUL
WINNING — INCREASE IN THE WORK AMONG WOMEN
UNDER THE GOSPEL TEMPERANCE MISSION — POLICE
COURT WORK — THE TEMPERANCE INSTITUTE

OF all other interests, none was nearer Richard
Cadbury's heart than his own adult school at
Moseley Road, and the mission work of all kinds that
was fast growing up round it. The years at Moseley
Hall covered a wonderful development in the move-
ment that had made such a modest beginning at the
Montpellier Street creche. Two board schools were
already in use on Sunday mornings, and the iron room
in Upper Highgate Street had been rented for the
week-nights as an experiment. Since the Friends'
mission in 1882 a meeting had also been held there
on Sunday evenings, in addition to the one in the
Moseley Road board school, and soon afterwards a
children's school was started. Altogether, the little
iron room proved so useful that in 1884 Richard

231

232 RICHARD CADBURY

Cadbury bought it. The two mission meetings were
affiliated with the Severn Street Christian Society, and
overseers were duly appointed for each. Monthly
overseers' and fellowship meetings were instituted.

In 1886, eight years after the formation of Class XV.,
the iron room in Upper Highgate Street was found
inadequate for its many uses, and was moved from
its position to an open space in Conybere Street,
and Richard Cadbury built a permanent home for
his mission work on the site.

Although always anxious to put others forward,
Richard Cadbury was the one to whom the men
looked for guidance and advice. In spite of his
natural modesty and humility, he never shrank
from responsibility in this respect. He worked on
the plan of giving all possible liberty to his scholars
to express their difficulties and their varying opin-
ions, though he never yielded an inch on matters
of principle. As a consequence, he was respected as
well as loved.

He was most systematic in the preparation of Bible
lessons for his class. A glimpse at the closely written
pages of his notebooks, which stand in a long row on a
shelf in his library, gives some idea of the time and
thought devoted to them. A Friend writes, " The
class always had his most loving care and thought, and
his earnestness and evident sincerity impressed all who
surrounded him." Up to the very end of his life he
would leave home at a quarter past six on Sunday
morning, and walk the two miles down the Moseley
Road to Highgate. He met the teachers to breakfast

GROWTH OF CHRISTIAN WORK 233

at seven o'clock, the school itself beginning at 7.30
and continuing till about 9.30. Nothing but absence
from home or illness would keep him away, and there
is no doubt that his regular and punctual attendance
was the greatest inspiration to his scholars. He took
no notice of the weather, hail or fine, rain or snow.
One of the men remembers a snowy morning with a
blizzard blowing, when the men who ventured out
did not expect to find their teacher at school. But
on their arrival he was there to welcome them, having
walked down earlier than usual to see that all was
warm and ready. Another Sunday heavy snow had
fallen, and at that early hour there had been no traffic
to make a way through it. One of the teachers who
also lived up at King's Heath turned back, thinking
it was not possible to get through ; but Richard Cadbury
plunged along, often knee-deep in places. Further
on he found a snow plough clearing the tram-lines,
and by getting on this was able to reach school in
good time. Warmly clad and with strong boots on
his feet, the struggle with the elements had only
invigorated him. But many of the men were less
well prepared. Surprised to see him there at all, they
were still more astonished when he pulled out of his
pocket a pair of dry socks, and offered these and the
use of his leggings to those whose feet were wettest.
Of all other incidents, this seems to have most laid
hold of the memories of the men. With tears in their
eyes and a choke in their voice they will tell of his
loving thought for them.

" Many times," says one man, " I have gone to him

234 RICHARD CADBURY

with details of distress and suffering — deserving young
men unable to come to class because of shabby clothes
and unemployment ; and always the same ready
response, ' Just get what they need, and let me know
when I can be of assistance.' "

To a man who had been complaining of his teacher,
Richard Cadbury wrote :

You will not find perfection anywhere in this world, nor do
I think it would be good for us to have no difficulties in life.
Perhaps those very things you speak of may be a lesson of
patience for you, and bring out the highest traits of your moral
and Christian character. I want you also to try and sym-
pathise with our teachers in the difficult positions they fill,
and help them in every way in your power. I hope you will
write or speak very freely to me.

When one of the men ventured a remark about
being imposed upon, and having his kindness abused,
Richard Cadbury remarked, " Ah, Roland, I can see
through a great deal, but you must never let that
thought deter you from appealing to me. I would
rather risk helping some undeserving cases, than miss
a needy one."

" Only on Saturday last," writes an old scholar,
" a friend of mine called, who was formerly with me
in Upper Highgate Street Choir. 'Oh!5 he ex-
claimed, when I mentioned Mr. Cadbury, ' can I
forget the man who taught me to live ! ' "

One of the men who had been led to Christ and
greatly blessed through Richard Cadbury became
very ill from the effects of a bad sunstroke, and had
to be taken to the hospital. He was restless, feverish,
and distressed, calling out in delirium, and the nurses

GROWTH OF CHRISTIAN WORK 235

hardly knew how to keep him quiet. Richard Cadbury
took the opportunity of visiting him the following
Sunday. The change which came over the man as
soon as he came near was extraordinary. His very
presence seemed to soothe him. He knelt down by his
bedside, and holding the sick man's hand, prayed for
him. Although he could not speak, the poor fellow
became perfectly quiet and peaceful, and passed away
soon afterwards.

One man, who had been in the work some years,
failed in his business, and was in terrible distress.
Mr. Cadbury went to him, and kneeling by his side
said, " Henry, what can I do for you ? " " Sir, give
me bread for my children." " You shall never want
a loaf of bread as long as I live," and he fed them,
paid the rent for seven years, and found the man
some odd work at 5s. a week. " He saved me, and I
could have suffered death for his sake," was the grateful
outburst.

One of the men who came out for Christ in Upper
Highgate Street School, through Richard Cadbury's
influence, said, " I have never had any lessons in
Mr. Cadbury's own class. I was like Lazarus, I had to
have the crumbs ; but his life was everything to me."

Another, who had been an infidel, was led to confess
Christ. On his death-bed the man was full of joy and
peace. Almost his last words were, " The life of
Richard Cadbury is always before me. If I had got
my time over again, I would be very different to what
I have been ; but I have got Christ now, and I am going
to be with Him."

236 RICHARD CADBURY

The work amongst men was by no means always
smooth sailing. Sometimes those for whom he did
the most were least grateful and gave him most trouble.
In such cases his patience was remarkable. " Men
failed, betrayed him, but his zeal seemed nourished
by failure and by fall."

In August, 1884, before the new mission-hall was
built in Upper Highgate Street, Richard Cadbury
arranged for a tent mission close by. One night
there came into the meeting a notorious drunkard and
pugilist, who went by the name of the Birmingham
" Tom Sayers." He signed the pledge and kept it,
and telling his mates that he had changed his name,
refused to answer to " Tom Sayers." He was invited
by the workers to the iron mission-room in Upper
Highgate Street, and attended the Sunday evening
meetings for two months. One night an announcement
was given that a special mission would be held in the
iron room by George Wood, a converted sailor.
Prayer meetings were held for some weeks beforehand
on Sunday mornings, to which our friend was invited.
He came, but felt like an outsider, till, at the close of
the prayer meeting, Richard Cadbury gave him a good
grip of the hand, and smiling into his face, said how
glad he was to see him. That smile won the man's
love. He attended every meeting of the mission,
and, before the end of it, came right out for God. From
that day to this he has been an earnest Christian
worker, and has brought many of his old companions
to Christ. With several others he began a " Men's
Afternoon Bible Class " on Sundays, and took an active

GROWTH OF CHRISTIAN WORK 237

share in open-air meetings. His teacher's encourage-
ment helped him over many a hard place, and the
memory of it inspires him still.

Richard Cadbury was most considerate of his helpers
in the work. One of them was for a time under a cloud,
but said nothing of it, and thought his trouble was
unnoticed. To his surprise he one day received a
letter from his teacher :

Dear James [it ran], — I have felt a good deal of concern
about you lately, and cannot help thinking that there is
something weighing on your mind. If there is anything that
troubles you, do let me know, for I have learnt to honour and
respect you, and would gladly do -anything that I could to
help you. You know me well enough, that I do not wish to
pry into any private concern ; but if I can counsel or help you
in any way, I shall be glad.

" I thank God for such a life," said this man ; " the
life of Jesus Christ in him has made me what I am."
In the early days of the school he always went with
the men for their annual excursions, which were con-
tinued for about sixteen years, until the numbers grew
too large for it to be practicable. One year a greater
number went than had been expected, and some had
to go without tea. Some one told Richard Cadbury
of this, whereupon he opened his black bag and
brought out some sandwiches, with which his wife
had privately provided him. " He insisted on giving
them away," says one of the men.

Into the special missions, lasting perhaps ten days
or a fortnight, which he arranged from time to time,
Richard Cadbury threw all his energy. He used to
go out with the men to the open-air meetings in all

238 RICHARD CADBURY

weathers. If there was any hesitation who should
do this or that, he was ready to offer. At one open-air
meeting it was decided that a bell should be used to
call the people to the service. The question was, who
should ring it. " I will ring the bell," said he; "I
am not ashamed of it."

Walking down to the mission-hall one day he saw
a poor woman taking home a barrow of coals. It
seemed almost more than she could manage, so Richard
Cadbury insisted on wheeling it home for her. " At
one of the meetings," writes a worker, " an old lady,
very poor, had been offering up prayer, and, poor old
soul, she had not the strength to get up again from
her knees. We all saw the incident, but no one
moved to her assistance. Mr. Richard was the one
to realise the position, and in a moment left the plat-
form, and running to her, tenderly lifted her to her
feet."

He was an untiring worker in the inquiry-room.
Once when there was a number of children present,
many young boys came out for Christ. After the
service was over, he took these boys into the kitchen
at the back of the old mission-hall. One of the
workers found them all kneeling together in prayer.
Some of those boys are now earnest workers them-
selves.

Howard Nicholson, of London, who frequently con-
ducted missions at Highgate, writes :

He always took a most unobtrusive part in the missions in
which I had the privilege of working with him. I was im-
pressed most with his simple, absolute faith. Sometimes

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GROWTH OF CHRISTIAN WORK 239

when we felt doubtful about some one who had professed, he
always took the hopeful view, and this no doubt helped many
who would otherwise have been neglected. His simple belief
in God's power to save was most beautiful, and has often
been an inspiration to me since.

He took pains to keep in touch with the converts
after the mission was over. Sometimes he sent round
a letter to each of them. One dated March 12th, 1885,
is a typical example :

My dear Friend, — I cannot look back to the events of the
last few weeks within our little church without a deep feeling
of reverent thanksgiving and praise. God's grace has fallen
upon many hearts as the gentle dew, strengthening and re-
freshing us in our Christian life. I pray that your faith and
patience in the midst of trials and temptations fail not. Oh,
my dear friend, if Christ be in the vessel, the waves may beat
and the storm may rage, but you will hear the words, " Fear
not ! " above the voice of the storm. I want you to keep very
close to the Saviour who has breathed peace and joy into your
soul. Pray that your life may be hid with Christ in God, for
He is able and willing to keep you from falling. " Beloved,
now are we sons of God." Our inheritance is not only a
heavenly one ; it is a present as well as an eternal joy. You
know something of the indwelling of His presence, and the
joy of believing. May neither the world nor the things of
the world rob you of your crown. With Christian love,

Your friend,

Richard Cadbury.

The iron room had been moved from Highgate
to Small Heath, and became the centre of important
work under a Nonconformist minister, one of the Gospel
Temperance women's meetings also being held in it.
Finally Richard Cadbury gave it entirely over.

I hereby have much pleasure [he wrote on May 7th, 1888,
to Rev. Charles Joseph], in transferring to you in perpetuity

240 RICHARD CADBURY

as your own property the iron room known as the Mission
Room, in Greenway Street, Small Heath, with all that it con-
tains belonging to me. ... I need not assure you that you
will take our best wishes and prayers with you in your work
for Christ. " The harvest indeed is plenteous, but the labourers
are few." That is to say, " few " who are wholly consecrated
to Christ.

The quiet and unostentatious work of the Gospel
Temperance Mission was spreading like a network
over Birmingham. The women's meetings had in-
creased in size and number. From 1883 they were
held weekly in connection with fifty-one places of
worship in Birmingham, belonging to seven or eight
different denominations. The salaries of the lady
workers were paid from the funds of the Gospel Tem-
perance Mission, as also the expenses of extra tent
missions in the summer, and of coffee suppers for the
husbands of the women in the winter. Thorough
attention was given to systematic visitation in the
homes of the people. Many have been won to Christ
and are leading sober, useful lives as a result.

In September, 1886, the police court work, which for
many years had been carried on by the Birmingham
Temperance Society, was being relinquished for want
of funds. When Richard Cadbury heard of it he
said, " No, it must not be given up " ; and forthwith
undertook to finance it himself, providing the Birming-
ham Gospel Temperance Mission would undertake
its management. The work was then handed over,
and the services of William Gaule, the missionary,
were retained. Being also a teacher in the early
morning school at Highgate, William Gaule was in

GROWTH OF CHRISTIAN WORK 241

constant touch with Richard Cadbury, and grew to
love him devotedly.

Towards the end of the period spent at Moseley
Hall, a new scheme for the furtherance of Gospel
Temperance developed in Richard Cadbury 's mind.
Desiring to bring together into closer union with
each other the various temperance associations in
Birmingham, he leased a large building in Corpora-
tion Street as a " Temperance Institute." The
secretary of the Gospel Temperance Mission became
also secretary of the Institute, and used one office
for both purposes, although the accounts were kept
separate. In this building temperance societies could
rent rooms and offices at lowered rates, having the
advantage of being near each other for conference
on important matters, and sharing the privileges of
the reading-room, refreshment bar, telephone, and
other things. The Institute became the home of the
United Kingdom Alliance, the Band of Hope, the
Sunday Closing Association, the Church of England
Temperance Society, the National Vigilance Associa-
tion, and many others. A large assembly-room was
available for meetings, and a number of smaller rooms.
Richard Cadbury also collected with infinite care a
valuable and in some respects unique library of tem-
perance books, which was free to all members of the
Institute, and became much prized as a reference
library to those studying temperance problems. Any
total abstainer subscribing five shillings annually to a
temperance society could obtain a card of membership,
and thus enjoy all the privileges the Institute afforded.

242 RICHARD CADBURY

In furnishing and fitting up the new building Richard
Cadbury gave the most loving thought to every detail,
sending down some of his own pictures and tables and
bookcases, and personally inspecting everything. His
letters to the secretary show this, and also that he
realised how largely success depended on having
everything well organised at the beginning.

The opening of the new Temperance Institute took
place on October 22nd, 1889. Richard Cadbury
gave a breakfast in the large assembly-room, at which
were present abou*^ three hundred of the leaders of
the temperance movement in Birmingham and the
surrounding district, and a considerable number of
ladies and gentlemen who were visiting Birming-
ham for the National Congress. He presided at the
breakfast, and among the guests were the Mayor
(Richard Cadbury Barrow) and Mayoress, the Mayor
of Stafford, the Venerable Archdeacon Farrar, the
Rev. Canon Bowlby, the Hon. Conrad Dillon, Alderman
William White, and a long list of the leading clergy
and ministers, business men, and prominent citizens
of Birmingham.

The object of opening that Institute, Richard Cad-
bury said in his speech, was to strengthen the various
organisations which were fighting the battle of temper-
ance in Birmingham, by providing a library of the
best works of reference on the subject, and by arranging
for lectures and discussions of a practical character
during the winter months. They did not wish to
interfere with the work of any organisation, but to
concentrate the strength of all, on those occasions

GROWTH OF CHRISTIAN WORK 243

when unity of action as well as unity of interest was
necessary. His address concluded with the words :

I cannot close without noticing the religious aspect of our
cause, which is to some of us the most important of all. Our
life here is but a preparation life for the eternal city. As
pilgrims and sojourners beset with difficulties and temptations,
it is our duty to put aside all that hinders us in our heavenly
race. But the religion of Jesus Christ cannot be a selfish one.
If any effort of ours be the means, by God's grace, of saving
one soul from eternal destruction, and leading him to the
Saviour of sinners, we may thank God and take courage.

CHAPTER XVI
MOSELEY HALL CONVALESCENT HOME (1891)

THOUGHT FOR THE SICK CHILDREN OF THE CITY — GIFT OF
HIS OWN HOME FOR THEIR BENEFIT — CO-OPERATION OF
THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL — A MODEST BENEFACTOR —
FORMAL OPENING OF MOSELEY HALL CONVALESCENT
HOME — CHILDREN'S PARADISE

THE years at Moseley Hall, which had brought so
much happiness to Richard Cadbury, filled him
with a deeper longing to comfort and cheer other lives.
We have seen how his heart went out to the little
ragged children of the slums, and he felt double sym-
pathy for the parents who, even when respectable,
found it hard to bring up their little ones in health
and decency. With the street as their only play-
ground, the constant noise of the town dinning in
their ears all day, and the stifling atmosphere of their
often unsanitary homes, it was no wonder if the less
robust boys and girls fell sick and pined away, even
when they escaped actual disease. Richard Cadbury's
heart ached to give them the chance of a week or so
in the peace and beauty of country surroundings,
where they would be cared for and have plenty of
simple food and good air and sleep. After^a time the

244

RICHARD CADBURY IN 1890.

[Photo by Elliott &> Fry.

MOSELEY HALL CONVALESCENT HOME 245

thought of founding a children's convalescent home
somewhere on the outskirts of Birmingham began to
take shape in his mind. He was very anxious that
the " institution " element should be absent as much
as possible, and that it should have for the children
the charm of a private visit to the home of some one
who loved them. He and his wife talked over their
plans, and quietly looked about for a suitable place.
At last it became clear to them that they could find
no place so well adapted to the purpose as their own
home, Moseley Hall. The lease on which Richard
Cadbury had taken the place had -only a year or two
to run, and then a decision would have to be come to,
whether to buy part of it, or move elsewhere, as a
scheme was on foot for cutting up the whole estate
for building purposes, unless it were bought. Finally
it was chosen for the convalescent home. The fact
of its being within easy reach of the town was an
added advantage. The next step for Richard Cadbury
and his wife was the consideration of a new home
for themselves. Had it been merely a personal ques-
tion they would have moved several miles out into
the country, for the town was fast pushing its long
arms into the direction of Moseley and King's Heath.
But there was the Sunday work to consider. He felt
he must be within walking distance of his adult school
at Highgate, especially as his mission work took him
two or three times on a Sunday in the same direction.
He was fortunate enough to find a piece of land not
far from Moseley Hall, and here he finally decided to
build his new home.

246 RICHARD CADBURY

The first outside his own family to whom he spoke
of his proposed scheme was his cousin, Joel Cadbury.
Then he decided to take his friend, John Henry Lloyd,
who was much interested in hospital work among
children, into his confidence. Mr. Lloyd writes :

It was in December, 1889, that Richard Cadbury told me
at an Essay Meeting that he wanted a little private conversa-
tion with me. On December 7th, 1889, he wrote : " Will it
be convenient to meet me at the Temperance Institute on
Tuesday, the 10th ? Many thanks for so kindly writing and
offering to enter into what has lately occupied my thoughts a
good deal."

We met at the new Temperance Institute, and he propounded
his noble proposal to make a gift of Moseley Hall, where he
and his family had lived so happily, and to purchase the
house and twenty acres of land for a children's sanatorium.

The estimated cost of house and land was a large
sum, but Richard Cadbury was willing to give still
more " for alterations, hot-water heating, and endow-
ment for a beginning." Mr. Lloyd continues :

He took me over every room at Moseley Hall a few days
after, and a small meeting was held, including Henry Glaisyer,
George S. Matthews, Joel Cadbury, Joseph Barrows, junr. (a
Church of England representative of the General Hospital),
and a Jewish Rabbi, the Rev. G. J. Emanuel.

After consultation, it was suggested to the Blackwell
Sanitorium Committee that they should undertake
a women's and children's sanatorium at Moseley
Hall ; but they did not see their way to accept it,
wishing to add a wing for women at Blackwell.

A Nonconformist minister, who was associated with
Richard Cadbury in temperance work and other ways,

MOSELEY HALL CONVALESCENT HOME 247

sent a reminiscence of the occasion on which he first
heard of the new plans :

A large conference was being held in the city, and several
delegates were hospitably entertained at Moseley Hall. I
was invited up to join them and to share in the early
morning devotions of family visitors. After the delegates
had left for their sessions, and the quiet of a calm morning
reigned in the grounds, my friend led me on from walk to walk
in happy converse. At length we entered the conservatory.
To my glad surprise he told me that his settled purpose was
to so dispose of the Hall and grounds that it should be a home
of health and rest at the service of the town ; and further, that
it should be so given that no burden of furnishing or sustaining
should be felt. It was so like him, and yet I never saw him so
humble and joyous. A light was on his face; his eyes had that
tender expression that those who loved him knew so well ;
his very voice as he talked was like music. During the
closing moments of our talk, as we prayed together and silently
gave praise to God, there came to us a vision of precious
children, lovingly cared for and happy, which is now the
actual benediction of Moseley Hall. He saw it there and
gave glory to God.

In November, 1890, Richard Cadbury again wrote
to his friend, John Henry Lloyd, as honorary secretary
of the Children's Hospital, inquiring whether that in-
stitution would co-operate with him in the manage-
ment of a convalescent home.

At that time there was in connection with the
Children's Hospital a small convalescent home at
Arrowfield Top, chiefly managed by Mrs. Bracey and
Mr. and Mrs. Lawley Parker. After much consulta-
tion it was agreed to give this up, and to transfer the
whole organisation as the nucleus of a large home
at Moseley Hall. Mr. and Mrs. Tomey, the matron
and her husband, were to take charge, and the

248 RICHARD CADBURY

subscribers were all asked to continue their subscriptions
to Moseley Hall. Eventually this was arranged, the
Children's Hospital retaining prior claim to twenty
beds to represent their old Arrowfield Top. Mr.
Lloyd says :

What impressed us all most in everything connected with
Moseley Hall was Richard Cadbury's great modesty. In
fact, we might have been those who were conferring the
favour, rather than he the donor ! I So anxious was he that
there should be perfect freedom to manage all as best we could.

I shall be much gratified to know [wrote Richard Cadbury
on November 6th, 1890], that the committee of the Children's
Hospital approve of my offer at their meeting on Monday. . . .
If Mrs. Bracey and Mrs. Lloyd would like to see over the Hall,
it would give Mrs. Cadbury and myself much pleasure to see
them or any of the ladies interested in the question, or any
gentleman of your committee.

On November 10th, 1890, Mr. Lloyd wrote on behalf
of the managing committee of the Children's Hospital :

We have agreed to cordially accept your offer. I need hardly
say how deeply we feel your generosity, and how desirous
we are to unite with you in making the very best use of the
gift for the suffering poor children. I am afraid we shall come
in upon you like a flood, but almost all the members of the
committee are sure to want to see Moseley Hall; also some
ladies. Would 11 a.m. on Friday be convenient to you and
Mrs. Cadbury ? We do not wish to intrude too large a number
of the two committees. Do let me know the maximum
number you can do with processing round the house.

The same day Richard Cadbury replied :

I wish first of all to express how deeply I am indebted to
you for the kind personal interest you have taken in helping
me to carry through the desire I have so long had, to make
this place a home for the sick and suffering little children of

MOSELEY HALL CONVALESCENT HOME 249

this town and neighbourhood. It seems difficult to realise
that it is now so near accomplishment. Friday morning will
suit us very well for those interested to see over the Hall, and
all that Mrs. Cadbury asks is that you would kindly send
word about the number you expect to come.

His further letters to John Henry Lloyd are full
of careful attention to detail, with the aim of making
the home a happy and delightful place for the children.
On October 2nd, 1891, he wrote :

I think it is time that some one should be appointed to look
through the Hall to see what alterations will be required.
All the out-buildings have been thoroughly repaired, and the
roof and chimneys of the Hall made." as good as new."

And on November 28th, 1891 :

I should be very glad for the inspector to examine the
house at any time convenient to him. . . . We are quite
prepared for Mr. and Mrs. Tomey to come in on the 15 th.
The cellar is full of coal, so there will be no need for a supply
for three months at least. As far as we know there is not the
slightest reason why the children should not come in at once.

Shortly before Christmas Richard Cadbury and his
family moved to Uffculme. A letter written on
March 8th shows how he kept in the background :

I cannot fully express how grateful I feel to you for the kind
interest taken in so many details connected with the success
of the Children's Convalescent Home. I have purposely
abstained from attending committees lately, so that you may
have a free hand in all details or alterations, furnishing, and
arrangements for opening. All I have seen and heard of
appears to have been admirably done. The subscriptions have
been started in a very noble spirit, and I think will induce a
higher range of subscriptions to follow. It will be well to
add my name as a subscriber for ^5 5s. [this was the amount

250 RICHARD CADBURY

promised by a number of friends], and then I propose to give
an annual donation which could come under " A well-wisher,"
or some such term.

The formal opening of Moseley Hall as a convalescent
home for children was accompanied with as little
ostentation as possible. The ceremony took place on
a Saturday afternoon, when Richard Cadbury — himself
the president of the home — handed over the Hall and
grounds to the Mayor of Birmingham, who accepted
them on behalf of the trustees and the subscribers,
and, after a few appropriate words of explanation,
declared the institution open. Numerous invitations
had been issued by the committee, and there were
nearly three hundred ladies and gentlemen present.
After prayer had been offered by Canon Owen, and
the letters of apology read, Richard Cadbury, in
handing over the Hall and grounds, said he felt it —

a very pleasant duty to perform. After having resided
with his family on the spot, with all its pleasant surroundings
and memories, he could not express the pleasure it gave them
all to contemplate what they believed would be a source of
health and happiness to those for whom it was now prepared.
He wished sincerely to thank the ladies and gentlemen of
the committee, who had bestowed so much care and fore-
thought in starting the institution on a sound and permanent
footing, and he sincerely hoped a kind response would be
given to the appeal for further help, so that they might be
justified in increasing the number of beds for those little
sufferers for whom a few hours of fresh air and bright sunshine
were of such value.

After several more speeches, afternoon tea was
partaken of, and the company then had an oppor-
tunity of seeing over the newly appointed home.

MOSELEY HALL CONVALESCENT HOME 251

When asked to continue as president Richard Cad-
bury wrote :

I shall be obliged by your substituting the name of some
well-known and influential gentleman in place of my own for
next year as president. It is necessary for the good of the
Home that such offices should be taken by others.

The Home was at first almost entirely for~sickly
children and convalescents, most of whom were up
and running about, with perhaps only two or three
obliged to be in bed. As long as this was the case,
two of his daughters used to go over on Sunday after-
noons to hold a simple Bible .class, with plenty of
hymn-singing, for the children. By degrees it was
found that the Home would fill a greater need as a
convalescent hospital, particularly for children to
recruit after or between operations. This necessitated
a good deal of rearrangement, especially of the staff,
but Richard Cadbury warmly gave his consent to
the change.

It very much meets my views [he wrote on October 30th,
1894], that the Home should be used more than it is for suitable
cases from the hospitals, only that it entails a larger staff of
capable nurses, and that so few of the best rooms face the
south.

An outbreak of infectious illness during the next
year was a great grief to the kind-hearted founder.

Your letter has quite overwhelmed me [he wrote on
May 2nd, 1895]. It is very kind of you to write at once. The
action you have taken in sending for an expert from London
is the best thing that could be done. If the drains are the
cause of the fever it can surely be traced and a remedy found.
It is indeed a mystery to me and to Mrs. Cadbury, as during

252 RICHARD CADBURY

all the years we lived at the Hall none of the household were
indisposed from any such cause ; in fact, with the exception of
our younger children having the measles, no one was seriously
ill during that time. I am so sorry that you should have so
much anxiety in the matter, and trust the action taken will
be satisfactory.

The numerous other letters received by those re-
sponsible for Moseley Hall do not contain anything of
general interest, but they show how Richard Cadbury
continued to enter into every detail that concerned
the welfare of the convalescent home and its inmates.
He loved to see as much as he could of the patient
little sufferers, though it was a pleasure mixed with
sorrow, for nothing hurt his tender heart so intensely
as the sight of a little child in pain. His wish that
the children should feel their stay at Moseley Hall to
be like a visit to a friend's home was realised, for many
of the children spoke of going to "Mr. Cadbury's
home," and learned to love the kind face, a picture
of which still hangs in the entrance hall.

On fine summer days the children would be carried
out on small wicker couches to lie under the shade
of the trees, and many a little face looked bright and
happy that would have pined and drooped in the
close courts of the city. On indoor days the large
rooms of the old house made cheerful, airy wards.
An average of about sixty-two children often passed
through the Home in summer-time, and numbers
would be waiting to take their turn. Parents and
friends have often expressed their gratitude at the
care given to their children. One mother was so de-
lighted with the change in her child that at the end

MOSELEY HALL CONVALESCENT HOME 253

of the month she simply refused to take it out, and did
not rest till she had found friends able and willing to
pay for it for another month. In another case a little
girl had been sent in by the medical missionary. On
leaving, the poor little maiden had to put on again
her own miserably shabby clothes, and a lady who
was there said to the mother, she sometimes won-
dered whether it did not seem almost cruel to have
the children for a short time in a beautiful home,
wearing good clothes, and then send them back to
their miserable surroundings. The mother exclaimed
emphatically :

"Oh, do not say that. I have been a servant in
good service, but my life since I married has been
too much of a struggle for me to teach my children
what real cleanliness and order means. I am so
thankful for my girl to have a taste of something
better. It may mean a new start in life for her. I
thank God for this home."

A little girl, in sending a subscription to the Christmas
fund, wrote :

I have been getting this money together because my father
and mother and also myself are very grateful for the great
benefit I derived during my stay with you, and they felt that
they would like me to do some little thing for the place which
had done so much for me. I have been well ever since, and
have not gone back in health at all.

CHAPTER XVII

UFFCULME (1892— 1896)

RICHARD CADBURY* S NEW HOME — A BUSY FAMILY — GRAND-
CHILDREN— VISIT OF KING KHAMA

CHRISTMAS of the year 1891 found Richard
Cadbury and his family settled into the new
home at Uffculme. Moseley Hall could be seen across
the fields, half-hidden in tall trees, in whose topmost
boughs the colonies of rooks swayed and cawed.
Since the first days at Moseley Hall the town had
grown rapidly in all directions, but Uffculme was still
almost in the country. In spite of his busy life,
Richard Cadbury had found time to personally plan
the new home, and supervise the laying out of the
grounds. The special feature he designed for the
house was the great hall, built after the style of an
old-fashioned banquet ing-hall. It took up the centre
of the house, from back to front, and clear up to the
height of the roof. Round three sides ran galleries,
one across the end looking down into a beautiful
palm-house. At the opposite end of the hall was a
great window, in the recess of which a sweet-toned
pipe-organ was built. The hall was so designed that,
when furnished, it was cosy in spite of its size.

254

UFFCULME 255

The wonderful cases of birds, British and foreign,
looking almost alive in their surroundings of rocks,
grass, and pools, the collections of butterflies and
humming-birds, the marble statues, the skins of wild
beasts, the horns and antlers, and many curios, made
the hall a veritable museum. Children appreciated
these things as much as their elders. How they would
enjoy the delightful pretence of feeding the emu,
which stood below a palm near the library door.
In one corner they would discover the sedgewarblers
on their nest in the tall grasses, in another the harrier-
hawks feeding their gawky, half-fledged babies in the
rough nest of sticks and heather, behind which was
painted such a background of mountain and mist
that as they looked they seemed transported into
the Highlands. Here could be found the sacred ibis,
the spoonbill, with his flat, awkward beak, or the
wriggly-necked snake-bird ; there could be seen a
family of merganser ducks enjoying a quiet swimming
lesson — mother merganser sailing along with a couple
of babies on her back, and father merganser teaching
the others to push off from the shore. Perhaps the
favourite of all to the children was the grizzly bear,
lying on the sofa in the centre of the hall, upon whose
back three or four small figures could ride at once.
Then, if you wanted something really alive for a change,
away you could go into the palm-house, to talk to the
cockatoo, with his snowy feathers and yellow plumes ;
or throw ants' eggs to the gold-fish, and watch them
swim and rush for the dainty morsels.

Richard Cadbury was never happier than when he

256 RICHARD CADBURY

was going round with a little group of children, showing
them all these wonders, and telling tales about the
habits and ways of animals, birds, and insects, that
made their eyes round with eager delight. The laying
out of the grounds gave scope to his artistic and
botanic instincts. The undulations of the land lent
themselves to beautiful effects. The house stood at
the top of a hill, which sloped away from it to the
south-east and south-west, bounded by the railway.
Behind, on the north side, the ground was level, a
road running between the house and the fields on
the other side. The road had been a favourite country
walk, and, up till a few years previously, only a public
footpath across the fields. An ancient yew-tree, near
the coachman's lodge, had been a landmark for cen-
turies, and a historic trysting-place for lovers, who
would meet there to pluck and exchange their bits
of dark evergreen. Richard Cadbury built a wall
along the road which shut out from the public a
favourite view across the wide valley to the distant
Lickey Hills and Rednal. He was most anxious to
compensate by making the road as pleasant as pos-
sible, and had trees planted all along the footpath,
often speaking, when he looked at them, of his wish
to make a shady walk for those who passed up and
down. The head gardener has many memories of his
master's enthusiasm over the garden, and speaks of
him with affection and deep feeling. He remembers
being engaged at Moseley Hall. The moment he
looked up into Richard Cadbury's face, and met the
searching glance of the kind brown eyes, he was

VIEWS OF UFFCULME,

UFFCULME 257

impressed with the feeling, " It's no good your ever
trying to deceive that man."

The rockeries at UfTculme were Richard Cadbury's
chief delight, and on the arrangement of these he
spared no energy. Many a time he would go down
and work away with the men, guiding and directing
all the details. A piece of marshy ground at the foot
of the hill was transformed into two pretty ponds
at different levels, with a bridge across the little water-
course that united them.

Plans for sharing Uffculme with others were as
keenly entered into by Richard Cadbury and his wife
as at Moseley Hall. Instead of tents for the summer
field-parties, a large, open tea-shed was erected in
the fields across the road, and proved a great con-
venience. Beginning with the first summer at
Uffculme, the fields and grounds were continually
used for parties.

For the first year or two all the family but the
eldest son and his wife, who lived in Edgbaston, were
more or less at home together. William had com-
pleted his engineering training in Gloucester, and,
after eight months in Germany, had joined his father
and brother and uncle at Bournville. Jessie and Edith
led busy lives, helping their parents at home and in
the work outside. Plans were being made to set up
Richard, who was finishing his training, in a well-
equipped printing business of his own. The three
youngest girls had years of school and college before
them. In 1894 a new member joined the family
circle. Four years earlier Mrs. Cadbury's brother,

258 RICHARD CADBURY

William Wilson, and his wife, had come home from
Madagascar, bringing with them their two little
girls and a boy, only a few months old. Little Alec
was a special pet of the family at Uffculme. In 1894,
when Dr. and Mrs. Wilson returned to Madagascar,
they felt it right, in spite of the sacrifice to themselves,
to leave the three children in England to be educated*;
and Richard Cadbury and his wife, to the great delight
of their children, took the four-year-old laddie into
their home. To Beatrice, who had been a good deal
the youngest, the advent of this small cousin into the
nursery was the greatest joy possible, and they
became almost inseparable companions.

The years 1892 and 1895 saw the beginning of a
new generation in the birth of a son and daughter to
Barrow and his wife. They were named Dorothy
Adlington and Paul Strangman. When he held
in his arms his own grandchildren, Richard Cadbury's
cup of happiness was full to overflowing. His own
childhood and the early days of his children seemed
to be renewed in their little lives, and he always loved
to have them near him. Children were never in his
way ; their play never disturbed him, however busy
he was. It was no wonder that he was a great favourite
with them. They were never afraid of him, but seemed
to find confidence at once in his merry look and the
touch of his strong hands. They all instinctively
loved and trusted him, from his own children and
grandchildren to the grimy urchin who would shout
a jovial " 'Ello ! Mr. Cadbury " as he passed along
the street ; or the tattered little maid whose grubby

UFFCULME 259

hand would be shyly slipped into his on turning up
some narrow court or alley. Whenever Dolly and
Paul were at Uffculme they would trot into the library
where their grandfather was busy writing. Down
would go his pen, off would come his eyeglasses, and
he would gather them into his arms for a loving
embrace, then deposit them on the rug with a picture-
book. Later on the old wooden bear might be taken
from the corner cupboard, and induced by putting a
" penny in the slot " to turn the handle of his barrel-
organ, and grind out a tinkling tune.

One of the pictures in his library was connected
with a deeply interesting event which occurred in
September, 1895. King Khama of Bechuanaland,
with the chiefs Sebele and Bathoen, his private
secretary Siesa, and the Rev. W. C. Willoughby,
who was in attendance as interpreter, was on a visit
to England, for the special object of visiting Her
Majesty Queen Victoria, and of enlisting her sympathy
and that of the British Government in his efforts to
keep his country free from the curse of the liquor
traffic. The story of Khama is a thrilling instance of
the miracles that can be wrought by the power of
Christ. He has been described as "an unaccountable
outcrop of mental power and integrity," and as Mrs.
Wyndham Knight-Bruce remarks in her inspiring
sketch of Khama's life, " Yes, perfectly unaccount-
able, if you leave out his Christianity." 1

1 The Story of an African Chief, being the life of Khama,
by Mrs. Wyndham Knight-Bruce, with a preface by Edna
Lyall.

260 RICHARD CADBURY

It was natural that the heart of such a man as
Richard Cadbury should be stirred to its depths by
the advent of this dark-skinned Christian hero, and
that he should be foremost amongst those who sought
to honour and support his mission to this country.
He privately distributed large numbers of The Story
of an African Chief, and tried in other ways to
attract people's interest and attention.

An invitation was sent to Khama and his suite
from the General Committee of Missionary and Tem-
perance Organisations in Birmingham, and was ac-
cepted. The party arrived in Birmingham on Thurs-
day, September 26th.

The following morning, Khama and his brother chiefs
repaired at the early hour of 9.30 to the Council House,
to receive a civic welcome. Richard Cadbury, who
was the host of the party for the day, was present
at the breakfast. In response to the address of
hearty welcome Khama replied in a dignified and
touching speech, which deeply impressed all who
heard it.

When the proceedings at the Council House were
over, Khama and the other chiefs were driven to the
works at Bournville. To the surprise and amusement
of all, Khama insisted on sitting by the coachman,
saying that in his own country the best place was
usually given to the King, and the embarrassed groom
had to take his place with the other chiefs in the
carriage.

At first they walked through the rooms at Bournville
wearing an air of stolid indifference, but as the many

UFFCULME 261

and various processes of manufacture were shown and
explained their features relaxed. The chiefs could
not restrain their admiration, and, having once uttered
exclamations of surprise, they let themselves go, and
during the remainder of the tour chatted away in
lively fashion. What seemed to impress them
most was the immense number of workpeople,
chiefly young women, and the striking cleanliness
everywhere.

The shipping department interested Khama almost
more than any other part of the works. Having been
told that the goods made up there were packed in
such a way that they would travel uninjured to any
part of the world, " even to his own country," he gave
the keenest attention to a parcel which was being
prepared. The other members of the party passed
on to another department, but, missing Khama, they
returned, and found him still intent upon the export
package. He explained that he had waited to " see
it finished," perhaps thinking that he would renew
acquaintance with it in Africa.

The tour round Bournville being completed, Richard
Cadbury drove his guests to Uffculme, where his
wife and family joined in giving them the warmest
welcome. Mindful of the arduous toils their visit
to Birmingham necessitated, he arranged that they
should have a thorough afternoon's rest. It was a
glorious autumn day, and after luncheon, Khama and
his friends were taken to bask in the sunshine on the
sheltered verandah of the summer-house.

On leaving, each chief was presented with a bouquet

262 RICHARD CADBURY

of flowers, fresh cut from the greenhouse, and a card,
on which were the following words :

To the Chiefs Khama, Sebele, and Bathoen —

The household at Uffculme offer you a true welcome ; they
desire that you may realise the brotherhood and friendship of
our people, and that you may carry back to Africa a message
of good-will to their brethren in that far-off land.

May the God of peace bless and prosper you and your people,
and grant a favourable result to the object of your mission
in this country.

Moor Green, Birmingham.
September 27th, 1895.

Richard Cadbury then drove his guests into the
city, where a reception was held in the Town Hall,
for which about 2,500 invitations had been sent
out by the joint committee of the missionary,
temperance, and peace societies of the city. A large
audience greeted the appearance of the chiefs with
enthusiastic cheering. Richard Cadbury occupied the
chair, and after extending to them a hearty welcome,
he handed them an illuminated address, expressing
warm sympathy with their mission to England.

The meeting was full of enthusiasm, and the speeches
of the three chiefs touched deep chords in the hearts
of their hearers. On the following morning Khama
and his suite left Birmingham, but their visit had
strengthened and encouraged many to work for
Christ with redoubled energy. To Richard Cadbury
it had been a joy and a stimulation to meet with these
Christian brothers from Africa, whose energies were
so entirely devoted to the same kind of objects in life
as his own.

CHAPTER XVIII
BOURNVILLE AGAIN (1892— 1898)

SIMPLE TASTES AND HABITS — PUBLICATION OF " COCOA — ALL
ABOUT IT " — DEVELOPMENT OF BOURNVILLE — BOURN-
VILLE HALL AND THE GIRLS* RECREATION GROUNDS —
HOW THE QUEEN'S DIAMOND JUBILEE WAS COMMEMOR-
ATED AT BOURNVILLE — THE MORNING SERVICES AND

CARDINAL NEWMAN'S VISIT CHRISTIAN WORK IN THE

BOURNVILLE AND STIRCHLEY DISTRICT — OPENING OF
THE STIRCHLEY INSTITUTE — AN AVERTED STRIKE —
THE BOURNVILLE ALMSHOUSES

TN spite of the increase of other claims, Richard
J- Cadbury's interest in Bournville affairs never
slackened. His presence at the works could always
be depended on. As regularly as the clock, he still
turned up every morning at the corner by Dogpool
Inn, and drove on in his " chariot," the works letter-
van, for the old simplicity of habit and manner re-
mained unchanged. To the last he was the friend of
all the workpeople, approachable by any of them,
courteous, and full of sympathy. It was no wonder
that their love for him deepened with the years.

Early in 1892, very soon after settling into Uffculme,
he published a unique book, entitled Cocoa — all about
it, by " Historicus." This was the first complete

263

264 RICHARD CADBURY

and comprehensive work ever published upon the
subject. The history and cultivation of the plant
itself is first treated of ; then follows the history of its
use as a food, with subsequent chapters on its analysis,
manufacture, its value as an article of diet, and its
adulterations. A description of vanilla, and an
appendix giving further particulars as to the planting
and culture of cocoa, complete the book.

Its publication aroused a great deal of interest, and
Richard Cadbury had taken infinite pains that it should
be as attractively presented to the public as possible,
not merely a learned dissertation on a food product
and its manufacture. Almost every page is illustrated
with coloured pictures, photographs, and engravings.
Those which were most admired were the reproductions
from quaint drawings in a rare work by Philippe
Sylvestre Dufour, and one from an old Latin book
on chocolate, allegorically representing . a casket of
chocolate being handed to Neptune to make known
to the countries of the world. About three years later
it became necessary to issue a new edition, which
contained additional matter and new points of interest,
culled from " quaint and curious volumes of forgotten
lore." Richard Cadbury wove the story of its use
among the ancient lords of Mexico into quite a romance,
with Montezuma as chief hero. More engravings were
reproduced from Dufour, De Bry, Squier's Nica-
ragua, Ogilby's America, and an old book by Bligny,
1687.

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the author says :

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Three years ago the writer ventured to place before the
public some details respecting the cultivation and use of
cocoa, and he has since been enabled to collect much new, and
as he believes valuable, information. Few early books treat
accurately or exhaustively of the subject, but nearly all the
earlier travellers and settlers refer to cocoa as an important
article of consumption in South America and Mexico, long
before it was known in Europe. We owe much to adventurous
navigators and explorers for luxuries that have now become
a necessity of civilisation. Waste tracts of rich alluvial soil
still remain uncultivated, and are likely, if properly utilised
by generations to come, to be at once means of employment
and sources of supply ; it is generally admitted that cocoa
claims probably more attention than any other food product
throughout the tropical zone in which it nourishes.

The multitudinous mass of Press notices show
something of the renewed interest the book aroused.
" A most entertaining and instructive book " is the
general verdict. " It is astonishing how much interest
has been imparted to a homely subject. This work
will be of value, not only to all interested in food
products, but to the student of history and to the
general reader."

Bournville was becoming quite a little town in
itself. Many trades were represented in the various
departments, and the work of building and enlargement
was continually going forward. Little by little the
pleasant meadows by the trout-stream were swallowed
up, but the greenness of the country clung wherever
possible, to hide the prose of bricks and mortar. Trees
were planted, creepers trained up the walls, and
flower-beds and window-boxes added touches of bright
colour. Inside and outside the factory, everything
revealed intelligence and artistic taste behind its con-

266 RICHARD CADBURY

trol, as well as the thoughtfulness of kindly hearts.
Five tall chimneys and some acres of warehouses and
workshops, divided by streets, connected by bridges,
and intersected by railway lines, gave to a visitor some
idea of the extent of the works. But for all this,
the first impression on passing through the porter's
lodge was that of entering a garden, welcomed by the
sweet breath of flowers and the song of birds, for on the
left was the girls' playground, and beyond it the little
private garden of the two partners. By degrees
the firm was able to purchase more of the land sur-
rounding the factory. This included, on the opposite
side of the road, an old family mansion standing in
beautiful well-timbered grounds, the name of which
was changed from Bournbrook to Bourn ville Hall.
It was adapted for use as a home for about sixty
of the workgirls, who lived at a distance. They
boarded there altogether, or, if they wished it, went
to their own homes over the Sundays. Richard
Cadbury took a personal interest in furnishing the
Hall, especially in the choice of pictures to hang on
the walls. Part of the gardens were railed off round
the house and reserved for its occupants, while the
kitchen garden and vineries were used to provide
comforts for employees who were ill, for whose care
two sick nurses were engaged. The rest of the grounds
belonging to Bournville Hall were made into a re-
creation ground for the workgirls in general. At
the back were playing-fields, in a corner of which,
asphalt tennis-courts were made and a roomy pavilion
built. Between the fields and the road was a belt of

BOURNVILLE AGAIN 267

fine old trees, and beneath its shade wound pretty
shrubbery walks, lined with rustic seats. A passage
was tunnelled under the road, leading straight from
the works into the beautiful grounds, and on a summer's
day few prettier sights could have been seen than the
numbers of white-robed girls who streamed across in
the dinner-hour to revel in the sunshine of the open
fields, or sit in groups beneath the shady trees, enjoying
a picnic lunch. These surroundings had an importance
beyond the mere comfort and pleasure of the employees,
for they contributed largely to the general air of
health and cleanliness which pervaded the whole
factory, and which are of such importance in the pre-
paration of any food product. In every department
order and regularity were preserved, and an earnestness
of purpose was to be seen amongst the busy workers
in that monster hive.

The system of payment adopted was what is known
as piece work, which was satisfactory alike to the
workpeople and to the firm. From the first the
partners encouraged thrift among their people, both
by example and precept, and fresh impetus was
given in 1897, by a scheme in honour of the Queen's
Diamond Jubilee, when a savings fund was established
at Bourn ville. The sum of one pound was given to
every employee who had been for three years in the
service of the firm, and ten shillings to those employed
for a shorter time, on condition that this should form
the nucleus of an account opened for each in the new
savings fund. At the end of the year the amount due
to each depositor, and interest at 4 per cent., was

268 RICHARD CADBURY

transferred to the Post Office Savings Bank. In a
few years the money saved by this means grew to a very
large sum.

The short service at Bourn ville was still held at
nine in the mornings, sanctifying and adding inspiration
to the work of the day. It was felt by all to be like
a " family reading," though, as Richard Cadbury
would often say, his " family " was growing a large
one. His earnestness in the brief addresses he gave
will never be forgotten by those who heard him.
Usually he would jot down a few thoughts in con-
nection with the passage to be read, and the hymn
chosen for singing. These notes were written at odd
moments in the day, on various scraps of paper, yet
for all that neat and legible. After taking the service
he would place them between the leaves of his " works'
Bible," which is full of them, scattered over the Old
and New Testaments, and lying thickest perhaps
between the pages of the Psalms and the Gospel of
John. As stated earlier, attendance was voluntary,
but, as a matter of fact, practically all the employees
were willing and eager to join in the services, Roman
Catholics enjoying them with the rest. When this
came to the ears of the priests, it caused such uneasi-
ness that finally the venerable Cardinal Newman called
on the Cadbury brothers to talk over the matter. It
was explained to him that there was absolutely no
compulsion, but that they gladly welcomed all who
wished to share in worshipping God, through the
common Saviour Jesus Christ. The Cardinal was
growing feeble, and at the close of their little conference

RICHARD AND GEORGE CADBURY, 1 896.

BOURNVILLE AGAIN 269

the two brothers helped him with respectful courtesy
to his carriage. Before closing the door Richard
Cadbury clasped his hand warmly, saying, " Well,
Cardinal, we are all one in Christ Jesus" ; and although
not hazarding an affirmative reply, the old man
returned the pressure of his hand.

A Friends' Meeting had been established in the
works soon after moving to Bournville, and was held
on Sunday mornings in the room then used as the fore-
women's dining-room. On the other side of the railway-
line was the thickly populated district of Stirchley,
which, although surrounded by the country, was full of
the slum element, and Richard Cadbury and his brother
began to feel a deep responsibility towards the people
living there. A mothers' meeting had been begun
in a simple way, but there was no suitable building
available for this or the other Christian work which
had grown around the Friends' Meeting. Neither
was there any place except the public-houses where
cyclists or others could get light refreshments. This
need led Richard Cadbury and his brother to build a
comfortable and well-arranged Institute on the main
street of Stirchley, just below Bournville Station. It
was completed early in 1892, and the opening on
May 14th is thus described :

About sixty leading Friends of the district assembled in one
of the lower rooms of the Institute, between six and half-past
for a prayer meeting. After a few verses of Scripture had
been read, about twenty of those present took part in prayer,
solemnly supplicating that the building which was about to
be]: opened might tend to the advancement of the Redeemer's
Kingdom, and be made a blessing to the village. The Friends'

270 RICHARD CADBURY

Meeting House will seat about five hundred persons, and the
room below will accommodate about two or three hundred
children. The building contains a coffee-house and class-
rooms, as well as the two large rooms before mentioned. The
attendance of the meetings connected with the Society of
Friends is more than double that of all the other denominations
of the village combined, so there is not sufficient room in the
new building, and the board schools will have to be engaged
on Sunday in addition.

This led to a great increase in every part of the work.
The Institute soon became the headquarters of a
flourishing adult school, with children's Sunday
schools, temperance societies, savings funds, and
the many other ramifications of a work along the lines
of the Severn Street Schools. A mission meeting on
Sunday evenings was also established in connection
with the Severn Street Christian Society. Richard
Cadbury could not leave his class at Highgate on a
Sunday morning, but often gave the gospel address
at the evening meeting. A mothers' meeting had
been held for some years in a small room at the co-
operative stores, conducted by George Cadbury's first
wife, and after her death for a short time by Richard's
eldest daughter. It was now taken over permanently
by his wife, who was warmly welcomed by those already
in charge. His son William worked on the committee,
and took great interest in directing the affairs of the
Institute ; while his two eldest daughters, Jessie and
Edith, took an earnest part in the work of the girls'
club and the Christian Endeavour meeting. George
Cadbury and his family regularly attended the Friends'
Morning Meeting on Sundays, and took the chief

BOURNVILLE AGAIN 271

responsibility of the Christian work which was con-
nected with it. After some years other members of
the Society of Friends came to live in the district
surrounding Bourn ville, and shared in the management
of the work. Any of the inhabitants of Bourn ville and
Stirchley who cared to attend were welcomed at the
various meetings, but a great number, especially of the
teachers and others in responsible positions, were drawn
from the ranks of the workpeople. This helped to
strengthen the ties between them and their employers,
binding them together, beyond their business relations,
in an effort to spread the gospel amongst the homes
crowded together below the railway-line, on the out-
skirts of the factory.

It was no wonder that the name of Richard Cad-
bury should be revered, and his opinions on business
matters trusted, far beyond the limits of Bourn ville.
A gratifying and practical illustration of this may
be given. At the close of the year 1894 a spirit of
dissatisfaction was rife among the employees at the
extensive alkali works, Oldbury, controlled by Messrs.
Chance. With the New Year the matter was rapidly
assuming definite shape, and threatened to crystallise
into a strike. This was happily averted, owing largely
to the amicable bearing shown by the employers and
the reasonable spirit of the men. It was agreed on
both sides that the whole question at issue should be
referred to the arbitration of an independent, but
capable, outsider. After some discussion the names
of four well-known gentlemen were agreed upon, from
whom one was to be selected whose decision should

272 RICHARD CADBURY

be accepted on both sides as final. The name of
Richard Cadbury was among the four, and at once
commended itself to those most deeply concerned in
the dispute. The problem bristled with difficulties,
but Richard Cadbury threw all his energy into working
out an equitable solution. The extraordinary confi-
dence placed in his judgment was shown by the
readiness of masters and men to accept his decision.
But for this wise resort to arbitration numbers of men
would have been thrown out of employment, and the
whole business disorganised.

It may not be out of place here to record an incident
that came to light soon after Richard Cadbury's death,
though it occurred some years before. But for
information spontaneously volunteered in a letter of
sympathy, it would never have been known ; for
Richard Cadbury, with that reticence which was one
of his distinguishing features, never mentioned it. A
gentleman interested in a benevolent work appealed
to him for help, saying that he had already applied
to the head of a rival firm (mentioning the name),
from whom he had received the small donation of
£1. He could not help contrasting " this stinginess "
with Richard Cadbury's well-known generosity.
Great was the writer's surprise at receiving a
reply enclosing an exactly similar amount. In his
letter Richard Cadbury said, that while he entirely
sympathised with the object of the appeal, " he could

not allow his friend Mr. to be called ' stingy,'

as it was quite the reverse of what was true." The
rebuke told home, and to have acknowledged it so

BOURNVILLE AGAIN 273

many years afterwards was at least a generous recog-
nition of the lasting impression it had made.

In the last year of his life Richard Cadbury was
busy with a new scheme connected with Bournville.
This was the erection of thirty-three almshouses near
the new model village. They were originally intended
to prove of value to the aged employees of the firm,
who always have first chance amongst other appli-
cants. The fact that only a small proportion of the
inmates of these almshouses have had any connection
with the works is an added testimony to the way in
which the firm has looked after its own people, making
it easy for them to live either with their own families
or elsewhere. While this scheme was going forward,
Richard Cadbury was also building a large institute
on the Moseley Road ; but he threw as much interest
into the new almshouses as though he had nothing
else on his hands. The houses are built in groups
of semi-detached one-storey cottages round a quad-
rangle. As a visitor stands there, an old-world feeling
of peace and restfulness steals over him. The velvety
sweep of cool, green grass, surrounded by the low,
red-roofed houses; the gay flower-beds; the clock-
tower which stands in the centre ot the quadrangle,
sleepily chiming the hours as they pass, — all seems so
far removed from the toil and bustle of the work-a-day
world, that it is hard to realise that within a few
hundred yards are the borders of an enormous indus-
trial centre. There could be no more charming retreat
for men and women who have toiled through the
years of a long life, than to enter this little haven of

274 RICHARD CADBURY

rest. The age limit was fixed at sixty years and
over, and the home-like atmosphere is greatly in-
creased by the fact that married couples could con-
tinue to live together. The inmates must " possess
an assured minimum income of (single persons) 5s.,
or (couples) ys. 6d. per week, and not exceeding (single
persons) fifty pounds, or (couples) sixty pounds per
annum." Not only the pleasant dwelling, but fire,
light, medical attendance, and medicine are given free.
To form a permanent endowment fund for the alms-
houses, Richard Cadbury built along the adjoining
roads thirty-eight houses for ordinary residence, which
are let at rents varying from nineteen to thirty pounds
a year.

On every hand there are most engaging proofs
of his loving thoughtfulness for the frailties of an old
age which he himself was never to reach. Each little
house is complete in itself, and there are no stairs
for the old people to climb. The front door opens
into a tiny entrance hall, and in every way draughts
are carefully guarded against. A large open arch
leads from the sitting-room to the bedroom, and the
heat from the big stone fireplace radiates to the re-
motest corner of both rooms, lighting up with a ruddy
glow the solid oak furniture. Behind the living rooms
are the usual offices, which are all under cover. Some
of the houses have small gardens belonging to them,
and at the back of the quadrangle is a beautiful orchard,
which originally belonged to Bournville Hall. Richard
Cadbury specially provided that this should form a
part of the almshouse property, and should never be

THE BOURNVILLE ALMSHOUSES,
i. From the road.
2. The quadrangle.

BOURNVILLE AGAIN 275

built on. It is a delightful place for the old people
to wander about in, and here, too, are plots of ground
for their use, in which they can grow flowers and
vegetables.

Shortly before leaving England for his last journey to
the East, Richard Cadbury had the joy of personally
admitting the first six inmates. One house had been
furnished throughout as a model, and although he did
not live to see even the first inmates actually settled
into the almshouses, he took them to see the model
cottage, and showed them its comforts and conveni-
ences with eager delight.

By the end of this year, 1898, six members of the
Cadbury family were engaged in the business. Barrow
had shared his father's work at Bournville since 1882,
and his brother William had also been there for
eight years, followed soon afterwards by the eldest
son of George Cadbury, whose second son joined the
rest not long before the building of the almshouses.
Owing to a large increase in the business during these
later years, provision had been made by the two
senior partners for its reorganisation as a private
limited liability company. At Richard Cadbury 's
death it was found that all the details had been care-
fully thought out beforehand.

"lit was because Richard Cadbury, foremost among
the captains of industry of his day, realised that it
was a far nobler and more patriotic thing to make
men than to make money, that he won so large a
measure of popular admiration in his lifetime, and
has since been mourned with such genuine sorrow.

276 RICHARD CADBURY

[So runs an article in The London Quarterly Review
for July, 1899, by Hugh W. Strong.] Without any
well-defined sense of the real nature and extent of
their communal obligation to this amiable, self-
denying, unobtrusive Quaker, men have spoken of
him, gratefully and affectionately, as one of the truest
philanthropists that ever sought to allay the sufferings
and promote the happiness of humanity. . . . The
discharge of the high stewardship of wealth to which
he held himself called . . . and the devotion of a
beautifully selfless nature to the educational, social,
moral, and spiritual elevation of the workmen of his
own city . . . proclaim Richard Cadbury a leader
and a prophet, a man among a million."

CHAPTER XIX
WEDDINGS AND HOME DOINGS (1896— 1898)

ELDEST DAUGHTER'S MARRIAGE TO THE REV. T. G. CLARKE,
RECTOR OF CORBY, NORTHANTS— rTHE SILVER WEDDING
— SECOND DAUGHTER'S MARRIAGE TO ARNOLD E.
BUTLER OF BIRMINGHAM — WYND'S POINT, MALVERN —
A HAPPY GRANDFATHER — THE SECRET OF PEACE —
LETTERS — A STRIKING ANSWER TO PRAYER

THE march-music of old Father Time is irresistible.
It changes its theme and varies its measure,
but it never stops, and we must go with it. The
themes are not so very numerous, after all, and repeat
themselves again and again while we pass along with
our contemporaries in the procession of the generations.
Sometimes the air is played lightly with a sound like
a lullaby ; at other times it is slow and muffled, for a
funeral dirge ; and again our feet move faster in time
to a joyous wedding march. And then at last all
the mingled sounds grow faint as we, too, pass beyond
the music of time to the solemn and grander strains
of eternity.

The years 1896 and 1897 were marked by marriage
festivities in tbe Uffculme circle. Richard Cadbury's

277

278 RICHARD CADBURY

two eldest daughters had become engaged, — Jessie to
the Rev. T. G. Clarke, for many years curate-in-
charge of St. Philip's Church, Birmingham ; and Edith
to Arnold E. Butler, a young Friend, also of Birming-
ham. The first wedding took place at St. Philip's
in April, 1896. On returning from their honeymoon
the young couple were welcomed by Richard Cadbury
and his wife to their new home in Corby, a charming
Northamptonshire village. For a hundred years and
more no lady had held sway in the rectory, for the
last three rectors had been unmarried. The people of
Corby, therefore, gave a warm welcome to the bride
and bridegroom who had come into their midst, and
taking the horses from the carriage, in which they and
their parents were to drive from the station, pulled them
through triumphal arches to the doors of their new
home. It was a happy beginning, but the delight and
love of the villagers grew deeper when, not much more
than a year later, the rectory echoed to the unaccus-
tomed sounds of a baby's voice. The little newcomer
brought added joy to the home at Uffculme. He was
named Richard (after his grandfather) Thomas Victor
Clarke ; and when about a year old a little painting of
him was sent by his mother to her parents, Richard
Cadbury hung it in his library, with a miniature of
little Paul. His letter of thanks shows the loving
pride of the grandfather's heart :

Thank you both very much [he wrote] for the lovely
birthday present received this morning quite safely. What a
treasure these little gifts of God are to us all. How it makes
the earth young again ! The picture is excellent, and will
form a delightful subject to look upon, when I feel tired, and

WEDDINGS AND HOME DOINGS 279

always. May God richly bless the lad with all those gifts
and graces that will fit him for His service. We all join in
dearest love to you all.

Your affectionate father.

Three months after their eldest daughter's marriage
the silver wedding of Richard Cadbury and his wife
was celebrated amidst great rejoicing. They had not
at first intended to have any elaborate festivities, but
their children and the thousands who loved them gladly
seized such an opportunity of showing their esteem
and affection. On Monday, July 20th, the grounds
at Uffculme were thronged with, over two thousand of
the employees from Bourn ville, who had been given a
holiday in honour of the event. When the bride and
bridegroom of five-and-twenty years ago stepped out
on to the terrace, they were greeted with ringing
cheers from the crowd that swayed in a dense mass
over the sloping lawns. His strong black beard was
changed to grey, and the golden waves of her hair were
silver now. Sorrow had swept over them, responsi-
bilities had increased upon them ; but there had been
no bitterness, no crushing grief, no despairing heart-
ache. Hand in hand they had passed through joy
and pain, together they had worked and lived " each
for the other, and both for God." They had striven
for the welfare and happiness of others, and God had
flooded their own lives with sunshine. The knowledge
of their perfect love and devotion to one another
did more, perhaps, to help those whom their lives
touched, than any of their good and kindly deeds.
It was an inspiration, a radiant and beautiful example,

280 RICHARD CADBURY

which spoke louder than words. The courtesy and
reverence which characterised their treatment of each
other, their absolute faith and loyalty, the unselfishness
of their united aims, made marriage appear in the
eyes of all who knew them, most of all their children,
to be the holy and ideal earthly relationship which
God intended it should be. They were lovers to the
end, and as they stood on the terrace that hot July
day the love-light on their faces told its own tale.
The strong, well-built figure, and the slim, girlish
form, clad in silver-grey, looked so youthful and
vigorous that long years of happy union and service
seemed to lie before them. A silver epergne was
presented on behalf of the workpeople, and Richard
Cadbury was so touched by the evident love that
accompanied the gift that he found it difficult to
steady his voice when speaking his own and his wife's
thanks. Two days later a garden-party was held for
relations and members of the Society of Friends, and
on Saturday, the 25th, the actual Silver Wedding Day,
about 930 men and women scholars from Highgate,
belonging to Class XV., took their turn in the
festivities.

Urged by his children, Richard Cadbury, who never
liked missing his adult school work, consented to go
to Malvern with his wife over the Sunday for a minia-
ture honeymoon. Romance filled the air, and the
girls insisted that their mother should have a new
going-away dress, and saw to it that a beautiful
home-made bouquet and buttonhole were provided.
Their aunts, Maria Fairfax and Alice^Wilson, two of

THE SILVER WEDDING.

WEDDINGS AND HOME DOINGS 281

the bridesmaids of long ago, entered into the fun, and
waited on the bride. Instead of the single-horse
brougham which had been ordered to drive Mr.
and Mrs. Cadbury to the station, the open landau,
with flowers in the lamps, was brought round,
the men with buttonholes, the horses gay with
favours, and an old shoe tied to the back of the
carriage. The drive and the road were thickly lined
with members of the family and household and
the Highgate friends, all of whom were provided
with handfuls of fresh rose-leaves. As the carriage
drove off with its smiling, happy pair, the level rays
of evening sunshine irradiated their faces and the
falling showers of pink and white petals that rained
upon them. It was late when they reached Great
Malvern, and the day ended with a long, quiet walk
over the range to the western side. The brilliant
moonlight, the balmy air of a summer night, the
hushed repose of the hills above and the long shadowy
valley at their feet, were in harmony with their
thoughts, as they took their way, arm-in-arm, recalling
tender memories of the Love that had watched over
them and guided their footsteps through the twenty-
five years they had journeyed together.

They returned home on the Monday, and on the
following day 3,200 of the women from the mothers'
meetings of the Gospel Temperance Mission came
to Uffculme to complete the happy festivities in
honour of the silver wedding. It was characteristic
that the guests chosen to rejoice with them should
have included not only their personal friends and

282 RICHARD CADBURY

relations, but the larger circle of friends connected
with Bournville, the adult school and mission work
at Highgate, and the Gospel Temperance Mission.

In the autumn of this same year, 1896, George
Cadbury's eldest son was married to a Nottingham
cousin of the Uffculme family, further cementing the
bond of relationship.

The following summer Richard's daughter Edith
was married to Arnold E. Butler in the Friends'
meeting-house at Bull Street. It was a brilliant June
day, and all went off as happily as at her sister's
marriage and on the silver wedding day. The parents
felt losing their two eldest girls from the home
circle, but rejoiced so entirely in their happiness,
that no room was left for selfish regrets. The only
member of the family who was far away was by no
means forgotten. This was Richard, the third son,
who was in South Africa. Finding that his health
could not stand the strain of indoor work, the printing
business had had to be abandoned, and after a course
of study in market-gardening in Jersey, his father had
bought him a piece of land in Cape Colony, where he
hoped to combine Christian work with his fruit-growing
interests. From the time he went out, his father
never failed, however busy he might be, to write
him a letter each week, sometimes quite short, but
never forgotten.

On the day after their daughter Edith's wedding,
Richard Cadbury and his wife planned a long day's
excursion, for the party of guests and relatives, to
Wynd's Point, the new country home of the Cadbury

WEDDINGS AND HOME DOINGS 283

family at Malvern. The Malvern Hills were, to the
end of his life, one of Richard Cadbury's favourite
holiday resorts ; the glorious freshness of the air
which swept across them refreshed and invigorated
him like nothing else but the air of the Swiss moun-
tains. For a long while he had admired the beautiful
spot in which the famous singer, Jenny Lind, had
passed the last five years of her life. It lay in a
hollow of the hills, high on the top of the pass
which crosses the range below the Herefordshire
Beacon. A disused quarry in one part of the grounds
forms a rugged background of rock and crag to the
thick belt of trees which shelter the front of the house
from the keen winds. Behind the house, the well-
wooded hillside, enclosed in the grounds, climbs steeply
to the level of the quarry's height and the top of the
ridge, from which a magnificent panorama can be
seen on all sides. Wynd's Point is almost in the
centre of the range which stretches in a straight line
northwards past the Wych and the Worcestershire
Beacon to the bare, abrupt slopes of the North Hill.
To the south, the hills beyond the Herefordshire
Beacon are wooded and irregular in shape, curving
round the edge of Lady Henry Somerset's beautiful
estate of Eastnor in diminishing undulations. From
the summer-house above the quarry in the grounds
of Wynd's Point, you can see, on a fine day, the
Welsh mountains away to the west, like purple
shadows on the horizon. Turning towards the east,
the smoke of Cheltenham rises beyond Bredon, under
the Cotswolds, and to the extreme right and left

284 RICHARD CADBURY

the square towers of the cathedrals in Gloucester
and Worcester are silhouetted against the silvery
cloud of smoke hanging over the towns.

When Jenny Lind and her husband bought Wynd's
Point the house was little more than a cottage ; but
they enlarged it, throwing some of the small rooms
into one, and adding several new portions to the
building. A long, covered-in verandah was built on to
the front of the drawing-room, at the end of which
was a small octagonal nook opening into it through
a wide arch, and one step lower than the rest. This
was decorated in white and gold, and was called " The
Golden Cage," in honour of its mistress. After her
death in 1887, Wynd's Point was let, furnished as it
had been, to various people, until it was bought by
Richard Cadbury and his brother. They and their
wives entered into a unique arrangement, in order
that the country home might be more thoroughly
used than it could have been by either family alone.
They shared all expense equally, and took possession
of the place on alternate months, exchanging when
necessary. When no member of either family wished
to use it, it was lent by each in turn to their various
friends and acquaintances. In this way many an
opportunity occurred of making possible a delightful
holiday for convalescents after illness, or for tired
Christian workers after months of toil in the crowded
city. The peace and quiet, the majestic curves of
the hills, the glorious outlook over plain and valley
on either side, the wild life to be studied in birds,
squirrels, and rabbits, the scent of the gorse, the sound

WEDDINGS AND HOME DOINGS 285

of the wind sighing in the trees or sweeping in a hurri-
cane over the wide expanse — all these things made
Wynd's Point an ideal nature's playground. Its
associations with the sweet singer who had breathed
her last within it added a sense of romance to every-
thing. All the furniture and household adornments
which had belonged to her were greatly prized by
Richard Cadbury. It was not until a few months
after his death that his wife, who was staying at
Wynd's Point, had the pleasure of meeting Mr. Otto
Goldschmidt (Jenny Lind's husband) and his son, who
called upon her. The sight of his old home recalled
many tender memories to the 'old man's mind, and
he could hardly bear to look up at the windows of
the room in which his beloved wife had passed away.
He spoke of her with the deepest affection, and pointed
out shrubs in the garden which they had brought
home from the Riviera, and planted together, and
told how she had built the summer-house on the lawn
as a surprise-gift for him, so that he could sit out of
doors to work at his musical compositions. He was
greatly touched by the evident reverence with which
everything belonging to her had been treated, and
felt a bond of sympathy between himself and Mrs.
Cadbury in the sorrow and bereavement that had
come to each. In memory of his visit he sent her a
beautiful engraving of Jenny Lind, in all the charm
and loveliness of her young days.

Wynd's Point proved a great source of refreshment
to Richard Cadbury through the last busy years of
his life.

286 RICHARD CADBURY

The hills are white with snow [he wrote on February 4th,
1898, to one of his daughters]. It was snowing all morning,
but was fine for Daisy, Beatrice, and Alec, who came this
afternoon. We went for a walk this evening by moonlight.
It was gloriously fresh, and on our return we found the roads
hard with frost. The gorse is yellow with flower, and one
rose-tree is green with young leaves. I think the rest is doing
dear mother good. I am thankful to say that I am strong
and full of vigour ; these fresh winds blow strength into me.

The home into which Edith Butler and her husband
had settled was the house in Wheeley's Road,
Edgbaston, in which she had been born. We can
fancy the memories called up in the minds of her
parents every time they entered it, and especially when
a nursery was established and the little gate at the
head of the stairs in use again. The baby boy whose
advent brought about these happy arrangements was
the fourth and last of his numerous grandchildren
whom Richard Cadbury had the joy of seeing. It
was a happy circumstance that he should be the
one named after his grandfather, Richard Cadbury
Butler.

Here we have spoken only of Richard Cadbury's
home-life and surroundings, but at the same time
the circles of outside influence and work for God
were widening in all directions. The wonderful sense
of restfulness about him was a marvel to all who knew
how busy his life was. At times he would be somewhat
burdened by the pressure, but was never low-spirited
or depressed. His courage always rose in times of
difficulty, and the uniform cheerfulness of his manner
carried sunshine wherever he went. He always seemed

WEDDINGS AND HOME DOINGS 287

to have time for his home and children, and for any
who were in trouble and needed his help. No one felt
that he treated them as one of a number, or that he
was in a hurry to get to the next. His good nature
and patience seemed tireless. One thing that ac-
counted for all this was his power of concentration.
He seemed to devote his whole energy to whatever
he had in hand, and for the time being to forget
everything else. Directly it was finished he would
leave it, and turn with renewed vigour to the next
thing engaging his attention. In this way he would
often get the refreshment of short sleeps. Many a
time his wife would tuck him up for a quarter of an
hour on his library sofa, and after perhaps ten minutes'
sleep he would start out reinvigorated. Only a man
with a conscience and mind at ease could have done
this. There is no doubt that, of all earthly things,
what he most depended upon was harmony and peace
in his home-life. So long as he knew that he possessed
the love and confidence of his own little circle, no
outside worries or anxieties could ruffle more than the
surface of his happiness. But deeper than all else lay
the great secret which governed his life. It was an open
secret, never boasted of, but to be seen and read of
all men. The verbal expression of it is to be found
in the words from one of his favourite hymns, which
always hung in his dressing-room :

Peace, perfect peace, by thronging duties pressed ?
To do the will of Jesus, this is rest !

Not many of the letters written to members of his

288 RICHARD CADBURY

family have been kept, but all reveal the intimate
friendship that existed between Richard Cadbury
and his children, as well as his longing for their spiritual
welfare. To one of his sons who was away from home
he wrote :

Don't forget daily to read a portion of Scripture, and keep
close, in prayer and in life, to Him who will be thy comfort
at any time of perplexity and trouble. May God guide and
keep thee in all thy ways.

And again :

We often think of thee, and pray that God will preserve
thee from all the power of evil. It is a comfort to know that
there is one Friend ever near, who knows all our need, and will
shield His children from all harm.

The same thought appears in a letter to a daughter
who had just gone to Germany :

May the Lord guide thee and keep thee in all thy ways.
Times of trial and temptation and disappointment come to
us all, but there is a sure refuge and strength in Him, who
has passed through it for our sakes, and in whom we may
find perfect peace.

On November 18th, 1896, he wrote to another
daughter :

This is only a little note to send thee my dear love and
good wishes on thy birthday. How quickly eighteen years
have slipped away ! It makes me feel quite old to have you
all growing up into women. Well, it is after all but a little
space to the end, but God has given us a better hope of the
glorious land, where no sorrow or temptation shall come.
Of course, it is not intended that we should be always thinking
about that, but it is such a perfect rest to know that all is
well with us, and with all we so dearly love.

WEDDINGS AND HOME DOINGS 289

A letter from Egypt to his second son in 1897
contained another birthday message :

I wish especially to join with the others in wishing thee a
very happy birthday, and that thy life may be spared for many
a year, both for thy own blessing and for the happiness of all
whom thou may influence for good. This indeed makes life
worth living, and God has given us so many opportunities for
making those around us happy that it becomes a duty as well
as a privilege to do what we can, and this includes the little
opportunities quite as much as the greater. I often have my
heart full of praise to God that He has given my dear children
this spirit. The Nile journey has been a great rest and enjoy-
ment to me and to us all, and now I long to be at home again
with you.

An incident must here be told as a testimony to
the way in which God hears and answers the believing
prayer of a fully surrendered soul. During her college
life one of Richard Cadbury's daughters had happened
to come into contact with a refined sort of scepticism
and a subtle attitude of criticism towards Christian
truth, which, added to an intense agony of soul caused
by the Armenian massacres, had shaken her hitherto
unquestioning faith to its foundations. This was
followed by a state of spiritual paralysis, and a cessation
of any effort to win souls for Christ. On going to
Germany to study the language and music, the tempta-
tion to throw heart and soul into the favourite and
absorbing pursuit swept aside all graver considerations.
With her old love for the things of God stifled by the
mood of almost cynical indifference that was fast
growing upon her, and with the intoxicating delight
of her musical studies, it was easy to persuade herself
that her old moral objections to the stage were prudish

290 RICHARD CADBURY

and the result of ignorance and prejudice. She was
resolved not to go to the theatre, as some around her
were doing, without her parents' knowledge, nor
against their express veto, though it is to be feared
that her conscience had to be salved with regard to
their wishes. She had allowed herself to be persuaded
that her musical education was incomplete without
attending the opera, and was ready to believe that the
tone of the operatic stage was purer than that of the
ordinary theatre. At any rate, she besought per-
mission to see some of the great operas, determining
not to indulge too frequently, nor to allow any of her
ideals with regard to the sanctities of life to be lowered.
Richard Cadbury's wisdom in dealing with this difficult
mood was remarkable. He took a course seldom
followed by men of his intensely strong views on such
matters. He trusted in God rather than in his own
right to forbid ; and though his heart was torn with
sorrow and regret at his daughter's request, he wrote
her the following letter from Wynd's Point, where he
was staying :

Sunday, February 6th, 1898. — We have been spending a quiet
day or two here, mother and I. It has been delightful weather,
the sun shining brilliantly nearly all day. We have just been
singing hymns together in the drawing-room. Mother has
told me of thy chat with her about operas, and I promised to
write to thee about it. Of course, thou art of an age to judge
for thyself on such matters, and neither mother nor I wish to
dictate or lay down our will against thy well-considered
judgment. Nor do I know sufficient of the character and
surroundings of such entertainments to go into any detail. I
have been very happy without anything of the kind, and so
far our dear children have not only had happy lives, but

WEDDINGS AND HOME DOINGS 291

lives which have been untainted with the fascination that
often draws young girls into worldly life and associations.
I want thee to feel that we both have every confidence in
thee, and are quite sure that thou wilt not enter into any-
thing that thou knows thou cannot ask God's blessing upon.
This is our safeguard, if we are honest to our convictions
and make God's written word our rule of conduct. I have
been reading a lovely little bit from J. J. Gurney, where
he speaks of conscience as " sitting in the court of every
man's soul as a judge." When truly guided by the Holy
Spirit, it is the representative of God in our bosoms, and
ought to reign supreme over all our actions, bodily and
mental ; and then he goes on to show how we may dethrone
Conscience from her throne of " power " by our own wilfulness,
although " the divine decree which establishes her authority "
is still in force. I think we realise thy reasons on the question
of the opera as the means of hearing musical talent, and of
education, and do not for a moment dispute it. Make it a
matter of earnest prayer, and God will guide thee aright, and
rest assured that we shall not judge thee. May the Lord bless
thee, my darling, with His richest blessings, and make thee
still ajDlessing to others. With dearest love from us all,

Thy affectionate father.

The tenderness and trust that breathed through
the whole letter entirely disarmed the almost defiant
expectation of a refusal with which it had been awaited ;
but after a time the girl's carefully reasoned arguments,
combined with the hunger for pleasure which had
taken possession of her half-starved soul, proved too
strong, and it became only too easy to " dethrone
conscience by her own wilfulness." Perhaps it would
have been well had she known of the agony of tears
and pleading with which her father wrestled in prayer
for her ; but God knew, and honoured the strong
faith that left the guiding of affairs in wiser hands
than his own. No earthly being but his wife, who

292 RICHARD CADBURY

shared all with him, knew what that conflict cost
Richard Cadbury, but " the Father which seeth in
secret " rewarded him openly. Out of deference to
his wishes and the influence of his Christian work, his
daughter had no intention of attending the theatre
in Birmingham, but reserved to herself the right of
doing so during the twelve months she expected to
live abroad, and on any subsequent visits. Richard
Cadbury's letters to her show none of the anxiety of
his loving heart, but God did not disappoint him.

An unexpected turn of events made it necessary
for his daughter to return to England many months
earlier than had been planned, thus removing her
from immediate temptation, and giving her an oppor-
tunity of being closely associated with her father
during the last months of his life. To the glory of
God it must be stated, that in time Richard Cadbury's
prayers were fully answered, and the lasting joy of
the things of God rilled his daughter's heart again,
leaving no room or desire for the unsatisfying pleasures
that bring so much spiritual deadness and misery in
their train.

Another illustration of his method of dealing with
this kind of difficulty occurred in connection with
his eldest son taking up smoking. It was a habit he
personally disliked as unhealthy and disagreeable,
and he held strong views about it ; but he did not
stir up anger or opposition by directly forbidding him,
though his son well knew that he was troubled about
it. His father's quiet influence told upon him, and
the habit was soon dropped.

BEATRICE AND ALEC.

WEDDINGS AND HOME DOINGS 293

During the autumn of 1898 Richard Cadbury's
son in South Africa became engaged to a half-cousin
in England, and this new tie seemed to bind him
closer to all at home. Barrow, Jessie, and Edith, with
their families, were in constant touch with their
parents at Uffculme ; while the rest, William, Helen,
Daisy, Beatrice, and Alec, were all under the home-
roof, — none realising that those months, crowded
with busy activity, were to be the last in which the
father's earthly presence should gladden their lives.
The loving hand of God was weaving the threads of
family life with bright colours, up to the very edge of
the dark shadow which lay beyond. It may truly
be said that the characteristics marking all, and
especially the private side of Richard Cadbury's life, are
summed up in the words, " Now abideth faith, hope,
love, these three ; but the greatest of these is love."

CHAPTER XX

PUBLIC SERVICE (1892— 1898)

POLITICAL CLAIMS — 1889 VICE-CHAIRMAN OF THE BIRMING-
HAM LIBERAL ASSOCIATION, 189O VICE-PRESIDENT, AND
189I-97 PRESIDENT — 1895-98 PRESIDENT OF THE
DERITEND WARD LIBERAL CLUB — BISHOP OF CHESTER
UNDER GOTHENBURG SYSTEM — CONFERENCE AT HIGH-
BURY— FIGHT FOR THE LOCAL VETO BILL — RESPONSI-
BILITY OF THE SUFFRAGE — PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL
VIGILANCE ASSOCIATION, BIRMINGHAM BRANCH

RICHARD CADBURY was keenly alive to the
privileges and responsibilities of Christian citi-
zenship. The tendencies which he inherited, and the
atmosphere in which he had been reared, were all on
the side of public-spirited devotion to the service of the
community in which he lived. He was not unfaithful
to his traditions, although the task of building up a
huge business, and the time and energy given to mission
and temperance work, made it impossible for him to
take a prominent part in city government or in politics.
With regard to the latter, while realising its impor-
tance, he shrank in his earlier days from the strife and
personal bitterness so often displayed on its battle-
ground. But his interest in temperance reform, his

294

PUBLIC SERVICE 295

desire for religious freedom, and earnest hope that
war and militarism might yield to the saner methods
of international arbitration, were among the things
that held him to a steadfast loyalty to Liberalism.
He was an ardent admirer of Bright and Cobden, and
more particularly of Gladstone, although he could
not unite with him on every point. The granting of
grocers' licences, for instance, he regarded as a great
error, believing that it would lead to increased drinking
among women, as afterwards proved to be the case.
Through the first half of its political history Birming-
ham was overwhelmingly Liberal, but vicissitudes
brought the fortunes of the Liberal Association to a
low ebb in the eighties. Its treasurer and most
generous supporter died, its secretary resigned, and its
future was in a state of suspense. Mr. W. Finnemore,
who has since been its efficient secretary, remembers
meeting Richard Cadbury in the street just at the
time that he was considering whether to accept the
appointment. They stopped to speak, and Richard
Cadbury said :

" I hear there is some chance of your coming to
the Liberal Association. I am very interested to
hear it. The work is so difficult and trying that I
should hesitate to recommend you to do it ; but,
if you do, I shall be glad to help you, and I can speak
for my brother also."

Needless to say [writes Mr. Finnemore], in face of the diffi-
culties which Liberal work in Birmingham presented, that was
a most comforting assurance, and he was as good as his word.
We reorganised the association, and in the first year won

296 RICHARD CADBURY

the first political success that had been achieved, since the
split in 1886, at a by-election for the ward of Lady wood.
This delighted Mr. Cadbury very much. He was singularly
broad-minded as a politician, and for political ends in which
he believed was quite content to work with men from whom
on other questions he strongly dissented. . . . Before the
shadow of the South African War fell across us, the progress
made in Birmingham was so encouraging that a wide scheme
of work had been planned. The last communication I ever
had from Mr. Cadbury was a letter saying how much he would
like to help. He said he was then making preparations for
a journey to the East, but asked me to see him immediately
on his return. Alas ! that time never came, and all good
works in Birmingham, and many elsewhere, suffered heavily
by the great loss.

Richard Cadbury was vice-chairman of the Liberal
Association in 1889. A glimpse of him is given, in
November of the previous year, in a newspaper de-
scription of a Birmingham mayoral reception given to
Liberals, at which Mr. Gladstone and other repre-
sentatives of the party were present. " Mr. Richard
Cadbury of Moseley Hall, another well-known face,"
says the account, " was closely followed by his guest,
Sir Wilfred Lawson."

In 1890 he became vice-president, and filled the
position of president from 1891 to 1897. A letter
accepting reappointment in 1894 shows the spirit
which dominated his political ideals :

I hardly like again to accept the honourable position, in
which you wish to place me, seeing that I cannot take an active
part in your proceedings, but as it is the wish of your committee
I cannot refuse.

You have my warm sympathy in your battle for liberty,
equality and brotherhood. Do not be afraid to own Christ
as your leader, and to look to Him for guidance and strength.

PUBLIC SERVICE 297

He was also president of the Deritend Ward Liberal
Club for four years — 1895-98 ; and of the Relief
Association connected with it, contributing largely to
the various funds.

Mr. Cadbury was so generous that he never refused his
help [writes the secretary], either politically or otherwise, for
any fund in which he was interested for the welfare of the
people. He has sometimes sent me as many as twenty notes
at a time for hospitals or other charities.

In 1895 Richard Cadbury was asked to stand for
Parliament. Under the circumstances he finally con-
sented, if the Liberal Association were unable to
secure another candidate. This they succeeded in
doing, and he gave his warmest support to the nominee
of the party. " He always seemed to have time to
consult with us," wrote this gentleman, " and made
it a pleasure to be of service to those who needed
his counsel." "Mr. Richard Cadbury was true to
Liberalism right through its darkest days," was the
verdict of another ; while the gentleman who preceded
him as chairman of the Deritend Ward said, that he
" was well-known for his philanthropic large-hearted-
ness, robust Liberalism, and for everything which went
to distinguish a great and good man."

It was to be expected that temperance legislation
would be one of the subjects engaging Richard Cad-
bury's special attention. Early in the nineties the
Bishop of Chester was vigorously carrying forward a
campaign for the adoption of the Gothenburg system, as
established in Sweden. This was, briefly, a scheme for
the municipalisation of the liquor traffic, including the

298 RICHARD CADBURY

provision of model public-houses. Richard Cadbury
studied the arguments for and against the Gothenburg
experiment, comparing its results with those of the
Norwegian Local Option Law of 1877, which, in the
five towns that adopted it, reduced the consumption
of alcoholic drinks by 50 per cent, in fifteen years.
In November, 1892, he was invited by Mr. Joseph
Chamberlain to meet the Bishop of Chester and others
at Highbury, the grounds of which, by the way,
adjoined Uffculme, in order to have a free discussion
of the whole question. He became more and more
convinced that the Gothenburg system, however
inviting it might seem in theory, was founded on
retrograde principles, and would menace the hopes
of real progress in temperance reform. His chief
objections to it, briefly stated, were : that it did
not strike at the root of the evil of drunkenness ;
that it could not be proved to have reduced drinking
in Sweden ; that it did not provide any area free from
the temptation to drink ; that it did not protect the
poor, while the rich were able to protect themselves,
as in suburban building estates ; that the licences,
being annual, would receive a legalised vitality, and
be more difficult to repress ; and finally, that the
effect and influence of passing the trade over to town
and county councils would be to stimulate it, in order
to reduce the rates, thus doing away entirely with
any inducement for decreasing the sale. He studied
the results of prohibition in the state of Maine, U.S.A.,
and also in Toxteth Park, an important suburb of
Liverpool, containing over ten thousand houses, and

PUBLIC SERVICE 299

soon had at his fingers' ends a long list of unanswerable
arguments in favour of local option. These proved
useful ammunition in the fight that raged in 1895
round Sir William Harcourt's Local Veto Bill, which
Richard Cadbury championed in the face of bitter
opposition. The threadbare arguments of his oppo-
nents, and the old outcry that local power to prohibit
the trade assailed the liberties of the people, and that
the law could be, and was, evaded in prohibition
areas, were child's play against the tremendous logic
of cool facts which Richard Cadbury poured out in
his public correspondence. One of the things he
specially approved of in Sir William Harcourt's Bill
was that it gave power, independently of restriction,
to control the character of the public-houses, as well
as the number, by placing safeguards in the hands of
the magistrates. He did not live to see the check
given to progress by the temporary removal of all such
power from the licensing justices, but we may hope
that the ideals for which he strove may yet become
established facts.

Richard Cadbury regarded the responsibility en-
tailed by the possession of voting power as a serious
one, whether for candidates in civic or national govern-
ment. He was not only faithful in exercising it
rightly himself, but taught the same principles to the
men in his school. A Methodist minister gives a
flash-light picture of him on the occasion of a municipal
election :

It was a bitter winter's morning, and the polling day had
come. It was not fit for a dog to be out — sleet, snow, a biting

300 RICHARD CADBURY

wind, and the street slushy and dark at 8 a.m. when the
polling station opened. I was residing where I could see the
lighted schoolroom, as the doors opened on the stroke of the
hour. I could not see an elector anywhere. Wading out,
feeling sure I should be the first to poll, I saw just entering the
door of the lighted room the familiar figure of my friend,
Mr. Cadbury. He was first ! I often recall his earnestness
and splendid promptness in doing his duty.

The story of Richard Cadbury's public service on
the Bench is told in another chapter, as well as one
side of his struggle against sectarian religious teaching
in the board schools. A subject to which he devoted
some of his best energies was that of social purity.
For many years he was president of the Birmingham
branch of the National Vigilance Association, and was
by no means a mere figurehead to its work. We have
already spoken of his chivalrous attitude towards
womanhood, imbibed from the beautiful influences
of his parents' teaching in boyhood. In presence of
the grave horrors of social evil, he took an undaunted
stand as champion of the wronged and oppressed.
There was no subject that gave deeper revelations of
the latent fire at the heart of his gentle and loving
nature. He followed with earnest sympathy the brave
fight of Englishwomen, under Mrs. Josephine Butler's
leadership, when the country was menaced by the
Medical Congress at Brussels in 1873, which did its
utmost to carry out an international scheme for State
regulation of vice. When the Criminal Law Amend-
ment Act of 1885 was passed, he realised the great
responsibility of the National Vigilance Association in
seeing that it was put into force.

PUBLIC SERVICE 301

" Our business," he said, " is to make and keep the public
acquainted with the nature and provisions of the Act ; to put
those provisions in force in the interests of the poor and de-
fenceless ; to protect the wronged when justice requires it ;
and to punish the real transgressors, who too often get off
scot-free."

" Many duties rest upon us," he said on another occasion.
" First, in the training of boys and girls in the way of pure
thought, pure language, pure literature, and a polite and
courteous treatment of one another."

He went on to speak of rescue efforts, the protection
of girls seeking situations at home and abroad, the
prevention of the sale and publication of indecent
literature, the campaign against objectionable posters,
and other lines of work, closing with the words :

No doubt we may be called prudish and sentimental by
some ; but it will not hurt us, nor do we care for their gibes.
What we do care for is the purity of our young men, and the
lovable sweetness of our daughters, which can only come from
a pure heart.

" I still look on prevention as by far the most hopeful
method of dealing with such matters," he said at another
time. " Much is in the hands of parents. Are we doing all
we can to purify our literature, our entertainments, and
our homes — using every means to raise the tone and taste
of our young people ? Promiscuous dancing and the drinking
customs of society are all more or less responsible for this
sin. Purity and temperance are the handmaids of religion,
and there is no higher happiness than that which flows from
their godly companionship."

Richard Cadbury did more than preside over
meetings and give addresses, or organise and subscribe
to the work. He took a personal part in it, following
up many an individual case.

302 RICHARD CADBURY

On one occasion he heard of a girl who had been
betrayed by the son of one of Birmingham's most
wealthy citizens. He at once called upon the father
of the young man, and calmly but firmly told him
that, unless his son made ample reparation and pro-
vision for the girl's future, he would institute a prose-
cution and himself be responsible for all the legal
expenses. The result was that the unfortunate girl
was amply provided for.

" It is imperative," he said, at one of the annual meetings
of the association, " upon all leaders of religious thought, and
especially on ministers of the gospel, to speak frequently and
pointedly upon the question of social purity. It is naturally
a delicate subject to deal with, and ought never to be spoken
of without a deep sense of duty, and with the guidance of the
divine spirit. ... So long as sin reigns, laws must be made
and put into force; but far more efficacious are those laws
which are written within our hearts and consciences. It is
this higher moral law which we desire should predominate,
but this can never be accomplished until the unregenerate
heart is changed, and we become new creatures in Jesus
Christ."

Richard Cadbury was deeply conscious of the power
of the Press in moulding the thought and opinion of
the nation. He longed to see it the channel of in-
fluences which should attack such social evils as
gambling, drinking, impurity, and militarism. Mr.
Sheldon's book, In His Steps, made a great im-
pression on him, and an object he had much at heart
was the establishment of a newspaper that would
uphold national righteousness, and seek to bring into
practical effect the teaching of Jesus Christ. He did
not live to carry out this intention, though his brother,

PUBLIC SERVICE 303

George, who knew of it, has since made a practical
start in the direction of his ideal by excluding from
the pages of The Daily News, not only advertisements
of intoxicating liquors, but also all betting news and
forecasts.

CHAPTER XXI

GOSPEL TEMPERANCE (1892 -1898)

A CHARITABLE OPPONENT — DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NEGATIVE
AND POSITIVE SALVATION — THE GOSPEL TEMPERANCE
MISSION PASSES THROUGH A CRISIS — A NEW START —
INCIDENTS CONNECTED WITH THE MISSION

THERE was no part of Richard Cadbury's Christian
work which did not bring him face to face with
the evil effects of strong drink. Every year his
principles with regard to the need for total abstinence
grew stronger ; yet, while his indignation was often hot
against all encouragement of the liquor traffic, his
personal attitude towards those whom he most ener-
getically opposed may be gathered from a letter sent
to George Cadbury shortly after his brother's death.
It came from the chief office of a " High class weekly
trade journal, devoted to the interest of and circula-
ting among licensed victuallers, brewers, wine and
spirit shippers, etc."

"Though widely separated from you in most things," ran the
letter, " I hope you will allow me to add my condolence to the
many you will be receiving from all parts on the death of your
dear brother, Mr. Richard Cadbury. His simple goodness
compelled the respect, and even the love, of many who differed
from him on public questions, and who, in private life, find it

304

GOSPEL TEMPERANCE 305

impossible to follow his noble example. You will find it
difficult to understand how one — such as I am — can be touched
by the death of such a one as he was ; nevertheless, try to
believe that every word I have here or elsewhere written of
him is sincere and heartfelt."

These few words are a wonderful indication of
Richard Cadbury's character, in which determination
was tempered with charity. There was no doubt as
to his convictions, and no wavering in his outspoken
expression of them. Never for a moment did he turn
aside from the fight against what he regarded as a
national curse, and one of the greatest hindrances to the
gospel of Christ. Not even the calumny that he fought
for temperance because he was a cocoa manufacturer
could cause the least diminution in his efforts. It
was too groundless to have any power of hurting him.

As the temperance cause grew in popularity through
the energy of Christian people, the educational side
of the movement began to develop, and numbers
threw in their lot with it merely from humanitarian,
scientific, and economic reasons. This extension of
influence was a magnificent sign of the awakening of
the nation to common sense and a higher-toned moral
attitude towards a question which for so long had never
troubled the public conscience. At the same time it
meant the introduction of a variety of methods in the
manner of combating the evil. There were many who
did not look beyond the present life, and who had no
personal acquaintance with the power of Christ to
break the chains of sin, drunkenness included. This led
them into a somewhat negative line of procedure. In-

306 RICHARD CADBURY

stead of recognising the need for what has been called
" the expulsive power of a new affection," substituting
a new motive force at the centre of a human life, it was
considered sufficient if people could be induced merely
not to drink. In a word, the reformation of a man's
outside circumstances assumed more importance than
the regeneration of that part which controlled his
will and desires.

Richard Cadbury realised that Christ alone could
effectively save to purity and positive righteousness in
this life, even apart from the consideration of what
comes afterwards. He was fully in sympathy with
efforts to improve social conditions, and was much
interested in the establishment of coffee-houses and
in providing places for innocent recreation which
would be free from the drink. But he had no faith
in the ultimate results of mere competition with the
public-houses on their own lines of attraction by
worldly amusements. While not condemning those
who differed from him in this respect, he was very
decided about it in work over which he had personal
control, and for which he felt responsible. He never
lowered or confused the ideal for which he strove and
prayed, which was nothing less than the genuine
salvation of the whole man — soul, mind, and body.
He realised that to save a man from drunkenness was
of little use, if he were left a slave to gambling, or
dishonesty, impurity, or even an ungovernable temper.

The Gospel Temperance Mission, in which he was so
deeply interested, passed through a crisis with regard
to this very question soon after the retirement of its

GOSPEL TEMPERANCE 307

first secretary in 1893. For ten years a lofty tone had
been maintained, and the barrier of righteousness
upheld. The Temperance Institute had proved a boon,
and had helped to strengthen all the temperance
organisations. The large assembly room had been
well used for various purposes. Richard Cadbury's
attitude towards theatricals appears in a note dated
February 16th, 1892.

" I think," he wrote to the secretary, " the application for
dramatic entertainments is an objectionable one, considering
the higher life so many of our people are teaching."

After 1893 a change came over the central influence of
the Gospel Temperance Mission, though it did not last
long enough to seriously affect the work in the women's
meetings. Almost imperceptibly the religious element
began to wane, and its place to be taken by the pro-
vision of various amusements. Finally, theatrical
entertainments were introduced, though without the
sanction of the committee. The mission became
involved in debt. Strife and discord was rampant in
the ranks of the workers, and everything was chaos.
Richard Cadbury stepped into the breach and offered to
carry on the work, provided it was handed over for
him to administer as he saw fit. This was done. A
new secretary, was appointed, and one of Richard Cad-
bury's first acts was to free the mission from debt.
He then called the staff together at the Temperance
Institute, and told them of the new arrangements.
Prayer was offered for divine guidance, and all recon-
secrated themselves to the work. This was a truly

308 RICHARD CADBURY

touching scene, and will never fade from the memory
of those who were privileged to take part. Gradually
things were got into order, and the workers into
line.

"For this," writes one of them, " Mr. Richard Cadbury was
entirely responsible, for he was constant in his prayers and
attentive to every detail. He was never known to grow dis-
couraged ; in fact, it was he who would cheer the workers on
to renewed efforts, and his ' Let us pray about it ' was always
effectual in stilling the troubled mind. Monthly prayer-
meetings of the staff were held, and at these he was invariably
present, presiding over one of them the day before he sailed
on his last voyage."

His readiness to place himself alongside the other
workers, as one of them, put heart into their efforts,
and raised their hope and courage. To one whom he
engaged to superintend an important branch of the
work he said, " I always want you to consider that
in this work we are not master and servant, but
brothers." He meant what he said, and the testimony
of that man years afterwards was, " What Mr. Cadbury
said in our first interview, he carried out in spirit as
well as in letter."

"„Can you wonder," writes another, " that he
always got the very best out of us ? He was always
get-at-able, and his manner was such as to place the
greatest stranger at perfect ease, no matter what
social difference there might be."

As one of the lady visitors said, " Mr. Cadbury's
presence in the meetings was like a ray of sunshine
coming into the place." They all felt that he not only
dealt with their work as a whole, but was keenly

GOSPEL TEMPERANCE 309

interested in the individual cases under their care. It
is an interesting revelation of his thoughtfulness to
go through the mass of short letters written to the
Secretary of the Gospel Temperance Mission. Patience
and consideration for other people's feelings mark every
line of them. Another noticeable feature was the
entire confidence he gave to those he placed in re-
sponsible posts. Unless he found reasons to remove
them from their position of trust, he loyally upheld
their authority. There are many instances of this.
Once an irate lady wrote to Richard Cadbury, roundly
abusing the secretary. It was one of the occasions
when the windows of the Temperance Institute,
which commanded a fine view of Corporation Street,
were being let for watching a procession. The small
fee charged was greatly reduced for members of the
Institute, and the lady was very indignant when
politely informed that her subscription had ceased for
some years. Richard Cadbury at once wrote to the
secretary, saying that while he hoped the lady had
been courteously treated he was quite right in carrying
out the rules.

Another letter shows his kindliness towards the
lady workers, and how he tried to meet their wishes.
One of the superintendents, who was in delicate
health, did not want to relinquish her work, but to
spend part of her salary in employing a private
assistant of her own, who would partially relieve
her. This she did in spite of dissuasion, but Richard
Cadbury's patient consideration soon prevailed, and
in a few months' time she resigned voluntarily, without

310 RICHARD CADBURY

a trace of the bitterness which might have been
caused by peremptory treatment.

A caretaker who had been for some years allowed
a commission on the letting of the rooms at the In-
stitute was dealt with in the same spirit. Fresh
arrangements having to be made with the growth of
the Institute : " I think it will be better not to change

's payments just at this time," wrote Mr. Cadbury ;

" but towards the end of the year, so that he may
not feel we distrust him." A man to whom he was
anxious to give a chance was employed as caretaker
of the tents during the special summer missions.

" I had a very satisfactory interview with B yesterday,"

he wrote, " and really think that the man is in earnest. He
fully acknowledged his mistakes, and his determination to
cut off from those who have led him astray. I promised him
that I would carefully consider his case, and see if anything
could be done for him, if only for partial employment."

The man's drunken habits made it impossible to
continue employing him, but fearing this discourage-
ment might drive him still lower, Richard Cadbury
gave him private help, paying his rent for months.

Numberless acts of kindness were never known to
any one but the giver and the recipient. They can
be guessed at by the many that have come to light
from all kinds of sources, but even of these it is only
possible to mention a few. On one occasion a young
married couple wrote asking for assistance, as they
were in very poor circumstances and the bailiffs
were in their house. Inquiries were made into the
case, which proved to be genuine. The young man

GOSPEL TEMPERANCE 311

was out of work. He had furnished on the hire
principle, and his payments had fallen behind.
Richard Cadbury came forward with assistance. The
claims against the man were met, and money was
given to him with which to make a fresh start. Both
husband and wife were most grateful for what had
been done, and later on, when the tide turned in their
favour, offered to pay back the money, though that,
of course, could not be accepted. It is worth putting
on record that at the present time that man is a town
councillor, and is prospering in business.

A young fellow once wrote 'to borrow £3 from
Richard Cadbury, who replied that he never lent
money, and at the same time enclosed a cheque
for £3 !

A speaker at one of the temperance gatherings had
tried to ingratiate himself into his good graces by a
not very creditable ruse. In speaking of this to a
friend some days later, Richard Cadbury said, " Did
you ever hear anything so barefaced in your life ? "
but went on to say that he had walked home with
the gentleman, who told him that he had not a penny,
and that there was no food in his house. He had
given him what he had in his pockets, wondering
whether the poor fellow was really as badly off as he
professed to be. " Find out what his liabilities are,"
continued he, " and let me know." When inquiries
were made, and he was satisfied that the case was a
deserving one, he paid the whole debt, without the
man himself knowing who had done him the good
turn.

312 RICHARD CADBURY

A Church of England clergyman who was associated
with Richard Cadbury in temperance work writes :

He was a living picture of full consecration. I never saw
him without the cheerful smile brightening his face. What
was the spring of his happiness ? His wealth ? No ; for this
he simply used as a steward, not as its owner. He lived less
for public favour than any man in his position in the city.
It was the gladness of a heart always doing the will of a Master
whom he delighted to serve. He was often heard to say, " I
wonder why God has given me so much. I do love Him."
His love for Jesus gradually transformed him until it was like
having the very Spirit of Christ amongst us.

A little girl of thirteen, now an earnest worker in
the Gospel Temperance cause, once went to see Richard
Cadbury about a bazaar for the Sunday school to
which she belonged. It was a long walk to Bournville,
and on the way she asked God to touch his heart so
that he might give her a sovereign. " Who sent you
here ? " was his first question, after the girl had
explained the purpose of her call. " No one," said
she; "but I asked God, and He directed me here."
Saying that he could not send her empty away, Richard
Cadbury asked her to hold out her two hands, and as
she did so, put a sovereign into her right hand, and
into her left a shilling and a penny. The sovereign,
he explained, was for the bazaar, the shilling for herself,
and the penny for her fare. The little girl never
forgot this encouragement of her faith.

It was his custom to offer through the Gospel
Temperance Mission a free supply of pledge cards and
temperance tracts to any society too poor to provide
them. They were also given away to individual

GOSPEL TEMPERANCE 313

applicants with a card to hang in the window, intima-
ting that " The Gospel Temperance Pledge may be
signed here."

Four working men, who had organised a total
abstinence society, wrote :

We are carrying on the work entirely out of our own pockets,
without any collections ; and with the blessing of God, we
intend to be a power for good in this neighbourhood. A friend
of mine informs me that I have only to ask and you will supply
me with pledge cards. If this is so I shall be very grateful
for such assistance.

Across the bottom is a note to the secretary in Richard
Cadbury's handwriting :

I have sent the above 10s., and told him that you would
supply him with pledge cards, tracts, etc. Ought we not to
announce this more thoroughly among all temperance societies
and meetings ?

In November, 1897, he received a request from the
director of an amateur dramatic society, for permission
to give a performance in the Temperance Institute in
aid of the engineers who were on strike. The incident
reveals not only Richard Cadbury's determination not
to rent the rooms under his care for such purposes,
but also a refreshing touch of humour. The writer of
the letter says that the —

expenses of hiring scenery and make-ups are to be paid out
of the receipts, and as the ladies and gentlemen connected
with my society would give their services free, we think a
substantial sum could be handed over to the secretary of the
locked-out engineers. The expenses of such a performance
would be approximately about £$ — that is, for scenery, effects,
and printing.

314

RICHARD CADBURY

Instructing the secretary to decline the request,
Richard Cadbury added a further note in the form of
a little sum :

£ s. d.

Hiring scenery, etc.

5 o o

Charge of 6d. for

Cost of cleaning . .

I IO o

admission to an
audience of 260
(the utmost seating
capacity of the
assembly room),
would balance ex-

penses at . . 6 10 0

6 10 o

6 10 0

This is typical of the practical way in which he
balanced up the frequent absurdity, from a financial
point of view, of the entertainments held for charitable
purposes.

The reckless way in which debts were sometimes
incurred often troubled him. In sending a contribu-
tion towards a struggling church, he once spoke strongly
on this subject. Being told that it would have been
impossible to continue its work without getting into
debt, he replied :

I am sorry if I cast any reflection on the earnest and good
work you are doing. I am one with you heart and soul, but
these debts are such an awful drag on the Lord's work, and
I contend quite unnecessary, for the Lord will make a way,
where men are in earnest for His service. A correspondent,
a splendid worker, this morning says, "Our church is doing
a good work, but it will be able to do much more when relieved
of this burden, which is as a millstone round our necks."
Almost every letter of the kind (and I receive dozens in the
week) are to this effect.

Two gentlemen called upon him one day to solicit

GOSPEL TEMPERANCE 315

a donation on behalf of a Band of Hope, which had
got into financial difficulties. They " got a proper
roasting," as one of them described it; but as they
were preparing to leave, feeling their mission had been
a failure, Richard Cadbury called one of them back
and whispered in his ear, It's all right this time.
Go on, and I will give you £100."

The women's meetings, as already stated, were held
in connection with any church or chapel that wished
to have them, the workers being supplied by the
Gospel Temperance Mission, and a small subscription
was usually paid each year towards the expenses of
the room. The members of one chapel, which was
heavily encumbered with a building debt, felt un-
able to continue their share in the expense of the
women's meeting, and wrote to Richard Cadbury
in reference to abandoning it. He replied to the
mission secretary :

It would be a great pity on both sides to give up the work.
It is evident that they could not afford to pay any one to carry
it on. Would it not be possible for the women to make a
contribution towards the church, in which I would gladly
join, besides paying the cost of gas, cleaning, etc., as now.
I want them to feel our full sympathy in the struggle they are
making to reduce their debt, which should, of course, never
have been contracted.

It was characteristic of Richard Cadbury to en-
courage the members of the meeting to do what they
could towards helping their own work ; but even
more so, that his lion's share of the contribution
should be referred to as " gladly joining " with
them.

316 RICHARD CADBURY

In times of special distress he would send an extra
gift to the lady workers.

" You can spend £10," he wrote to the secretary one hard
winter, " on my behalf among the ladies, for distribution as
they may think best among the poor — groceries, coal, or
soup. The calls must be terrible just now."

This was only one of many similar instances, and big
bundles of hospital notes found their way into the
same channels.

Some idea of the work done by the Gospel Temper-
ance Mission may be gleaned from the last annual
report of Richard Cadbury's lifetime, in September,
1898. Over sixteen hundred women's meetings had
been conducted through the year by the seventeen
lady workers on the staff, who had also paid nearly
forty-three thousand visits in the homes of the people.
The average weekly attendance at the meetings
amounted in the aggregate to over nineteen hundred.
In addition to the regular work, special winter and
summer missions had been held ; also non-abstainers'
teas, coffee suppers, and meetings for ballet girls and
theatrical employes. Two tents were used every day
during fifteen weeks for the summer campaigns. A
minister remembers that when the question of these
tent missions was first brought forward, ten years before
Richard Cadbury's death, he met the usual objection
that it would be but a temporary effort, with the
remark, "But some work can be done in it that will
last for ever." The tent was bought, and the prophecy
as to its usefulness fulfilled. Not only were numbers
brought to Christ year by year, and freed from the

GOSPEL TEMPERANCE 317

power of the drink, but many workers were trained,
and in three of the waste places where the tents stood
are now permanent houses for the work of God.

Much more could be told of Richard Cadbury's
active interest in the work of other temperance or-
ganisations. He not only attended their meetings
constantly, but often threw open his grounds at
Uffculme for summer parties, demonstrations, and
conferences. A report of one of the meetings of his
own Highgate Gospel Temperance Society " closes
with words that truly describe his attitude towards
all temperance efforts : " The results of this year's
work should encourage us to aim after our President's
ideal —

Greater Faithfulness."

CHAPTER XXII
HOLIDAYS AND TRAVEL (1892— 1898)

BOULOGNE — CORNWALL — TOWYN AND THE CHILDREN'S
SPECIAL SERVICE MISSION — A SWISS TOUR — GAIRLOCH
AND THE HIGHLANDS — ITALY — INTEREST IN ART AND
HISTORY — FIRST TOUR THROUGH EGYPT AND PALESTINE
— THE NILE JOURNEY — EXCURSIONS TO THE PYRAMID
OF UNAS AND THE TREASURE CITIES OF PITHOM AND
RAMESES — JERUSALEM AND SOUTHERN PALESTINE —
CAMPING THROUGH THE COUNTRY TO DAMASCUS AND
BEYROUT — FRIENDS' MISSION AT BRUMANA — A LAST
VISIT TO CORNWALL

NO schoolboy ever entered into the enjoyment of
holidays with keener zest than did Richard
Cadbury through all the years of his life. Dearly as
he loved his ordinary work of all kinds, the cares,
anxieties, and responsibilities which formed a necessary
part of it were laid aside and left behind whenever he
started on a holiday. Whittier tells how the " shadow
on the dial " runs back, leaving in the sunshine of
eternal youth the genial nature which clings to
" homely joys and loves and friendships." It was
truly so with Richard Cadbury. He loved to have,
not only his wife, but as many as possible of his chil-
dren around him ; and the thought of thus " being

318

HOLIDAYS AND TRAVEL 319

wanted " stirs tender memories in the hearts of his
sons and daughters. Few realise what it means to
a child to grow up in the knowledge that its love
and presence are indispensable to the parents' happi-
ness, and yet this is surely a great heritage.

North Wales, the coast of Cornwall, Scotland, the
Yorkshire moors, and of course Malvern, were favourite
haunts of the family. There were flying visits, too,
to the home of Richard Cadbury's sister, Maria, in
Boulogne-sur-Mer. It was from there that he wrote
to his nine-year-old daughter, Beatrice, in June, 1892 :

We are so glad to have thy sweet little letters that come
over the sea to us, and yesterday thy photo surprised us all.
It was just like a peep through the key-hole to see thee standing
with thy little stick in thy hand ; I hope not to hurt thy poor
donkey ! Yesterday we went to the market, and saw lots
of fish just fresh out of the sea, and some shrimps wriggling
about, all ready to be boiled. On the sands we saw a poor
shrimp woman, cold and shivering with being so long in the
water. She told us that one of her sons was drowned four
years ago, and that her husband was ill at home. On the
cliff is a little church they call " Calvary," with a very large
cross over it that the sailors can look at when they are a long
way out at sea. Here the poor sailors' wives go to pray for
their husbands and sons, that God will protect them and
bring them home again safely.

Dearest love from mother and thy loving daddy.

Scraps from a few other letters give glimpses of
him in holiday surroundings. From the Lizard,
Cornwall, he wrote to the secretary of the Gospel
Temperance Mission (August 8th, 1892) :

I have had you often in my thoughts, and praised God that
the work goes on with satisfactory results. We are having a
very happy, restful time here, for which I am truly thankful.

320 RICHARD CADBURY

The weather has been hot and fine up to this afternoon, and
now I hear the fog-horn booming from the large lighthouse
opposite our lodgings, to warn ships off a treacherous coast.
I would that men would hear the gospel message and take heed
to it as well as these vessels do.

Twelve months later he wrote from Towyn to his
Highgate Adult School :

My dear Fellow Teachers and Scholars, — These are
only a few lines to tell you how often I have thought of you
during my absence, and how I am looking forward to meeting
you next Sunday. This is a beautiful place with a long sandy
beach and view over the sea, looking out to the west, where
we see the sun sinking down to his rest every night among the
tinted clouds and sky. Behind us are the mountains, above
which Cader-Idris rises high into the clouds, more often
than not having his white night-cap on. Nearly every day
we have had two services on the sands for children. Mr.
Josiah Spiers has come from London especially for the purpose.
He was the first promoter of these children's services, and it
is a pretty sight to see the children flocking round him from
digging on the sand to hear something about the love of Jesus.
Some of them (almost all children of well-to-do parents),
have never been spoken to about the need of forgiveness and
salvation, and I am so thankful to say that many have con-
fessed Christ ; some who came to laugh can now thank God
that they have found Jesus to be their Saviour. I shall be
with you in thought and prayer to-morrow morning, and trust
that God will send you a rich blessing on your labours.

Yours affectionately,

Richard Cadbury.

The summer of 1894 was the occasion of a tour in
Switzerland with his wife and all five daughters. He
became known as " the gentleman travelling with six
ladies," but it was having them all with him that made
more than half his pleasure. He delighted in showing
them the scenes of his old adventures, which to the

HOLIDAYS AND TRAVEL 321

younger children, at least, were entirely new. A
touching incident occurred in an accidental meeting
with his old guide, who had been his companion on
many a daring climb in the long-ago days of boyhood.
When the man recognised him, his joy knew no bounds,
and in his happy excitement he threw his arms round
Richard Cadbury's neck and hugged him, with the
tears running down his cheeks. All were fond of
singing, and many a time, when resting during a
long day's excursion, they would make the keen air
of the Alps tingle with the harmonies of part-songs
and hymns.

It is once more the office of the Gospel Temperance
Mission which affords a glimpse of Richard Cadbury
in Scotland a year later. He wrote to the secretary
from Gairloch :

August &th, 1895. — It is interesting to know that all is going
on well. Our plodding work among the masses will have its
reward, with faith and patience to persevere. We are having
a very happy time here, beyond the arena and strife of tongues
and newspaper articles. Our landlord is a fine specimen of
a Highlander, in his kilt and native dress — a sound Liberal
and an abstainer. We are close to the sea in a little bay, and
all around us the mountains covered with heather or timber ;
I think it is the most beautiful place I was ever in.

August 10th. — There is no public-house in Gairloch, and
everything breathes peace. No one seems to suspect any one
else of dishonesty or roguery. I found once we had gone to
bed with the front door wide open all night, and our landlord
said there was no fear at all from any one in the neighbourhood.
I sometimes wonder when all men will thus have faith in one
another ! Our work is in the right direction, although it
seems but a trifle amongst the selfishness, distrust, and wicked-
ness around us. May we have that perfect faith in one
another, in which alone we shall find strength, in God's name

322 RICHARD TCADBURY

to bring light and happiness to those who live in darkness.
Mazzini says, " We are here on earth not to contemplate,
but to transform created things, to found, as far as in us lies,
the image of the Kingdom of God on earth." And another
writer, " Each word we speak has infinite effects, each soul
we pass must go to heaven or hell, and this our one chance
through eternity."

It is wonderful how bracing the air is here, and there is so
much to interest in the plants, and flowers ; sea and land birds
also in infinite variety. The mountains rise from 1,000 to
over 3,000 feet in height, so that there is plenty of climbing
to do, and there are lots of boats on the lochs.

Italy was the scene of travel in the spring of 1896.
Only the two eldest daughters and Beatrice were
with their parents at this time, as the other girls
and Alec were at school and college. The youngest
son, who had just arrived at the Cape, received a letter
from his father, dated Florence, March 24th, 1896 :

We have been hard at work among the beauty of Italian
lakes, and have seen the white cathedral of Milan ; but what
interested us more than that, the original picture of Leonardo
da Vinci — " The Last Supper " : then on to Rome, with its
treasures of the past in the Vatican and St. Peter's, and among
the ruins of the ancient city, treading on the stones of " Via
Sacra " over which the Caesars trod, and in which the con-
quering armies were sent forth to lead back the captive foe.
We saw the Forum where the great senators spoke, and where
edicts were promulgated ; the gate of Titus, through which
the captive Israelites were led with spoils from the Temple
at Jerusalem ; the Coliseum, where thousands of poor captives
and Christians died the martyr's death; then on to the " Appian
Crag," by which Paul was led a prisoner — the Mamertine
prison, in which both Peter and Paul were confined and
thrust into the " inner prison," a dungeon cut out of the rock,
beneath the ordinary cells. From Rome we went to Naples,
and visited the buried cities of Pompeii ; one large mansion
had only recently been opened, and the mural paintings were

HOLIDAYS AND TRAVEL 323

almost as perfect as when the city was buried — the marble
statues and fountains, even to the old money chest, just left
as they were found, so that we could walk round the courts,
and into what had been the garden and fountains. Another
day we visited Vesuvius, and went to the edge of the smoking
crater, the guides leading us over the mouth of the crater of
the last great eruption, from which, here and there, volumes of
sulphurous smoke issued with a strong, hot blast. We then
descended the cone, and walked for nearly an hour over the
last great eruption of lava, about three months ago, standing
like a mountain to climb over. The heat was still great, and
through the fissures we could see the red glow. Near the
centre a stream of lava was still flowing, and I was surprised
to see it going so fast ; it was about four feet across, and was
awfully hot.

Here we are among the beautiful work of the men that
made Florence — Michael Angelo, Dante, Savonarola, Galileo,
and Delia Robbia, and a host of other great men, who have
left their stamp on the place and people.

Three days later he wrote to his sister Maria :

It was a very fitting close to a cut and dried sermon at
the English church, to visit the holy precincts of St. Marco,
close to which is the ancient monastery where Savonarola
wielded such marvellous power over the destinies of Florence.
It is now fitted up in part as a museum, but the cells on each
side of the corridors, each about ten feet square, are empty,
so far as furniture is concerned, but in every case are adorned
with beautiful frescoes, mostly by the hand of Fra Angelico.
The cell at the end of the longest corridor was Savonarola's,
containing the beautiful portrait by his dearest and most de-
voted friend Bartolommeo, whose pictures adorn the principal
galleries of Florence and Rome, and who died with him on
the burning cross in the Palazzo Vecchio. There were also his
vestments and coarse horsehair shirt, and the books and
manuscripts written by him. One could picture the proud
Lorenzo di Medici pacing about in the cloisters, waiting for
a message from the holy monk, but who was not so wise as
Naaman the Syrian, and therefore got no audience. From
this quiet cell he came at last, when Lorenzo sent for him on

324 RICHARD CADBURY

his deathbed, and was willing to do everything but hand over
all his autocratic power to a republican government, and so
died without a blessing. From this cell he formulated all
those wise laws which he publicly preached in the cathedral,
and which the people joyfully accepted, and from this monas-
tery soon afterwards he was taken prisoner, with his friend
Bartolommeo, by order of that vile Pope Borgia, to be
tortured and burnt — and the crowd who had almost adored
him, were now ready to stone him to death, on the way to
his lonely prison.

We came out, therefore, with saddened feelings, realising the
apparent hopelessness of all wisdom and power, and even
whole sacrifice of soul and body for the good of the people and
for the glory of God, excepting as God will rule and guide and
deliver men from their sins. May the time be close at hand,
when Savonarola's life and prayers may be answered.

The early months of 1897 brought the realisation
of a pleasure long looked forward to by Richard
Cadbury. For years he had keenly followed up his
studies in Egyptology, keeping pace with the work
of the Exploration Society, and at last the time had
come to see with his own eyes the marvels of the ancient
world. Greater still was his eagerness to visit Pales-
tine, and pass through the scenes amongst which the
Lord chose to spend His life on earth. On this tour
he and his wife were accompanied by four of their
daughters, the eldest being already married. A rapid
journey across France and Northern Italy, along
the coast of the blue Adriatic, over the dancing waves
of the Mediterranean ; and the glamour and fas-
cination of the East was around them ! Each member
of the party kept a private diary, and, in addition,
took turns at writing a detailed journal letter, of
which typed copies were sent to the various homes of

HOLIDAYS AND TRAVEL 325

the family in England. To read the journal is like
following Richard Cadbury through those weeks of
unclouded happiness, and sharing in the exuberance
of eager delight with which he saw the places, and the
recently discovered treasures, that were already familiar
to him from books and photos. Cairo, with its motley
throngs and gorgeous mosques; the Gizeh Museum,
with its treasure trove of weird relics, the Pyramids
of Gizeh, and the patient, majestic figure of the Sphinx,
gazing across the desert, were the first revelations of
Egypt. Then came two or three weeks on the Nile,
as far as the first cataract. Words cannot describe
the effect on the minds of the six travellers, as day by
day new wonders were unfolded before them. The
river itself, on whose bosom glided numbers of pic-
turesque boats with crossed, wing-like sails, presented
a continually changing panorama, as did the banks
on either side. Date palms, tamarind trees, yellow
mimosa-bushes, and sometimes a purple drapery of
Bougainvillea ; camels and buffalos ; the creaking
wheel of a sakieh, or a shadoof worked by a lithe,
brown-skinned Arab to irrigate the cultivated land ;
women in coarse blue dresses washing clothes at the
river-side, or men filling their water-skins ; crowds of
native pedlars, beggars, or troops of children calling
for " backsheesh," — these were some of the daily
pictures on which their eyes rested.

Many were the excursions made, riding across the
desert on donkeys to visit tombs and temples, brought
again to human view after being buried for ages
beneath the drifting sands, which preserved so much

326 RICHARD CADBURY

that might otherwise have been destroyed. Richard
Cadbury examined everything with minute attention,
making notes and drawings and taking snapshot photos
at every place visited. The solemn giandeur of Karnak
by moonlight was perhaps the scene that impressed
him most deeply of all. He took a great interest in
the American mission at Assiut, and his work at home
was constantly in his mind, overflowing in conversa-
tions with fellow travellers, many of whom had never
before heard of an adult school. Their last Sunday on
the Nile, as no clergyman was aboard the steamer,
he conducted a short service in the dining-saloon,
giving an address, in brief outline, on Israelitish
history in Egypt up to the time of the nineteenth
dynasty and the Exodus.

Returning to Cairo, he called on Brugsch Bey, to
consult him about visiting the Pyramid of Unas, to
the north of Sakkara, and the treasure cities of Pithom
and Rameses, as these were not in the beaten track of
ordinary tourists. Pithom was the last place visited
before leaving Egypt. On February 26th he wrote
in the journal :

Yesterday we made the most interesting of any of our
excursions, and one that we find is hardly ever made, owing
to the difficulty of access. It was, however, one of our
dreams before leaving home to visit Pithom : "And they built
for Pharaoh treasure cities, Pithom and Raamses. And they
made the children of Israel serve with rigour ; and they made
their lives bitter with hard bondage, in mortar, and in brick "
(Exod. i. 11-14). It is a journey of about twelve miles over
the desert, and mostly along the fresh- water canal (" Canal
of Sesostris"). As we turned off into the desert we soon
discerned the low tumuli which now cover the remains of

HOLIDAYS AND TRAVEL 327

the great city from which the Israelites escaped from their
taskmasters in Egypt to the Red Sea. The little village of
Tel-ei-Maskhuta lies in the very centre of Pithom, and the
sheikh owns the whole of the land. He came at once to
show us all that was uncovered of the ancient city, and it
was quite sufficient to repay us a hundredfold. The great
storehouses were before us with walls at least twelve feet
in thickness ; the bricks were very large (about twelve inches
by eight, and about six inches thick), and laid in very hard
mortar full of small pebbles, of both of which we have
specimens. There was no " straw " in these bricks, which
is almost universal elsewhere. No one ever seems to come
here, so the sheikh let us have some interesting " antiques "
he had picked up among the ruins — two weights, a beautiful
little copper statue of Anubis, and a small lion-headed
goddess. We also found the remains of bronze money, and
some lovely pieces of glass iridescent with age.

The 3rd of March saw Richard Cadbury and his
party in Palestine. In his wife's writing are the
words :

Our first view of Jaffa, as we stood on the deck of the ship,
was beautiful. It stands on low hills, dipping into the Medi-
terranean, and behind the town we could see the plain of
Sharon, and the hills of Samaria and Judea.

A day later the journal records :

Quite suddenly our carriages drove through the Jaffa gate,
and we were in Jerusalem ! We were all quiet ; our hearts
were too full to talk, for it seemed so strange and wonderful
to be in the city of which from babyhood we had heard and
read and sung.

The Holy City itself, with Bethany and the Mount
of Olives, Hebron, Bethlehem, and Jericho, including
visits to the Dead Sea and the Jordan, occupied nine
or ten busy days, and then began the never-to-be-
forgotten camping tour through Palestine. The party

328 RICHARD CADBURY

of six, with their dragoman, two waiters, cook, groom,
and camp servants, formed a good-sized cavalcade,
which included horses for riding and a number of
baggage mules. The camp consisted of five tents-
three for sleeping, with two folding-beds in each, a
dining-tent, and a kitchen tent. The first day's
adventures were more pleasant to look back upon
than to experience. Towards evening, after riding
through torrents of rain, the soaked and bedraggled
little company came in sight of the wet tents
pitched on a lonely hillside near Bethel, far from any
human habitation. A small brazier of charcoal, and
a hot dinner, prepared in some marvellous way by
the old cook, helped to restore warmth to the numbed
figures; but it was a terrible night, with thunder
roaring, lightning flashing, a furious wind tugging
at the tent-ropes, and the pitiless rain beating on the
canvas. Morning dawned grey and wild, and all that
could be done was to ride through the storm to the
nearest town, Ramallah, where an American Friends'
mission was established. The travellers camped in a
Latin monastery, but the missionaries gave them a
warm welcome, and never did afternoon tea taste so
refreshing as that provided in the girls' school. The
work of the mission was so interesting in every way
that all were glad of the circumstances which had
driven them back to Ramallah. On the following
morning (Sunday) they attended the Friends' meeting,
at which Richard Cadbury gave a beautiful message
to the people, through an interpreter. He was
specially interested in the girls' school, and was

1. BY THE DEAD SEA.

2. A ROW ON THE JORDAN-

HOLIDAYS AND TRAVEL 329

delighted to give a number of wardrobes, which he
found were needed.

By Monday the storm had spent itself, and the
travellers passed through Shiloh, Sychar, Shechem,
Samaria, and Nain, to Nazareth. About eight hours
of each day were spent in the saddle, with a long rest
at noon. The riding was often very rough, across
open country without roads. Staircases of rock had
sometimes to be climbed, and rivers to be forded ; but
the beauty of the scenery and the fascination of its
sacred associations made the toil a delight. Spring
flowers were in profusion — fields of blue lupin, crimson
patches of anemones, and clumps of cyclamen in
every crevice of the rocks. Chameleons and lizards
darted through the wide stretches of fragrant aniseed,
and turtles sunned themselves on the rocks by the
riverside. Sometimes a jackal could be seen slinking
across the open plain, or packs of them would be
heard howling at night. Once, when the camp was
pitched by a great hedge of cactus at Jenin, they
came close to the tents, filling the night-air with
their dismal cries. Camels and dromedaries were
seen yoked with oxen, and the brown goats'-hair
tents of the Bedawin, with their picturesque groups
of occupants, became familiar sights of the day's ride.
Richard Cadbury had his camera, sketch-book, and
botany-tin always at hand, and each member of the
party carried a Bible, turning up the references to the
various places as they went along.

A couple of days were spent at Nazareth, and then,
after passing Cana, a short, steep climb brought the

330 RICHARD CAD BURY

travellers to the top of the " Mount of Beatitudes,"
from which they looked down upon the blue Sea of
Galilee. That evening they encamped near the shore
of the lake, outside Tiberias, and watched the full
moon rise from behind the mountains of Gilead, flooding
the still waters with silver. In the balmy night-air
they stood for a long while by the lake-side, singing of
Galilee and of the Lord who wrought so many wonders
upon its bosom and beside its shores. The rainy
season was not quite over, and two days later another
of its periodical storms broke upon them, and they
were forced to take refuge in the Greek monastery of
Tiberias. Mountains and shore were blotted out by
the mist, angry gusts of wind lashed the waters of the
lake into crested waves, till it was easy to imagine the
peril of any fishing-boat out in the fury of such a gale.
Richard Cadbury had most interesting conversations
in French with the old Greek priest, who hung upon
his words and seemed to love the kindly Englishman
whom the storm had driven under his roof.

From Galilee the route lay past Magdala, the
" waters of Merom," and Caesarea Philippi, to Damas-
cus. On the way a rocky spur of Mount Hermon
had to be crossed. A rough, steep climb brought the
riders to the snowline on top of the pass. Descending
on the further side, a blustering wind drove them to
seek shelter by swerving some miles out of the ordinary
track. This led them past a Druse village, which had
been burnt down by the Turks a year before, leaving
the inhabitants in a state of fierce resentment towards
all strangers. A crowd of children came out of the

IN THE DRESS OF A SYRIAN GENTLEMAN. LEBANON, 1897.

HOLIDAYS AND TRAVEL 331

houses with the usual cry for backsheesh, and because
none was given, they picked up stones from the ground
and began hurling them furiously at the cavalcade.
Fearing a worse disturbance if the men of the village
were aroused, the dragoman put his party to a gallop,
and the danger was escaped.

The beautiful surroundings of Damascus, and the
bazaars and places of interest in the city itself, occupied
several days, and the end of the camping tour was
spent amongst the wonderful ruins of Baalbek. Bey-
rout was next visited, and then came a delightful
stay at the Friends' mission station, Brumana, on
the heights of Lebanon. A cousin of Richard Cad-
bury 's was in charge of the Girls' Home, and he was
deeply interested in her work, as well as in the hospital
and other departments of the mission. There is not
space to tell of the meetings and classes he visited,
nor of how he enjoyed the insight into Oriental life
and customs ; but Brumana made a lasting impression
on his heart and mind.

The time for departure came all too soon, and it
meant farewell to Palestine, for a rapid journey by
sea and land brought Richard Cadbury with his wife
and daughters safely back to the shores of old England
and their home at Uffculme.

On the return voyage he wrote :

Our last few days were spent at Brumana among our dear
friends on the Lebanon. It is a lovely spot, and is free from
the control of the Sultan, although Beyrout and Damascus
are under his sway. Friends are doing a noble work, both
there and in the neighbouring villages. Their schools for

332 RICHARD CADBURY

boys and girls and their hospital are full. The latter is far
too small for the requirements of the people, as it is the only
oneTfor the half-million who live on Lebanon. It was so
interesting to see and hear native Christians take part in the
meetings, just as we should do in England. Both the meetings
I attended were full, and great attention was paid to what was
said. I ventured to speak at both through an interpreter.
We are returning in health with thankful hearts, having had
a delightful tour, and one that I hope will be useful to us all.

The last summer holiday of Richard Cadbury's life
was spent in Cornwall. Not only were his wife and
three youngest girls with him, but also his daughter
Edith, with her husband and baby-boy, whose pretty
ways delighted the hearts of his grandparents. A few
lines from an article in a Penzance paper about nine
months later, when the news of Richard Cadbury's
death reached Cornwall, show how he was loved by
all whom he met :

Many Cornishmen are to-day mourning the loss of one of
the best and truest men this world has ever known.

His kindly presence, sunny disposition, and boyish light-
heartedness endeared him to one and all, and he loved to
roam over the downs, cliffs, and shore, chatting with villagers,
coastguards, and fishermen.

The death of such a man is a national loss, and his life a
national lesson. Few men exercised a more far-reaching
influence for good, and amongst the thousands who are mourn-
ing his loss, none will feel more genuine sorrow than those
Cornish folk with whom he came into contact during his
holiday visits to the Lizard district of the old county.

CHAPTER XXIII
BOARD SCHOOLS AND THE BIBLE (1897)

FAR-REACHING GIFT — PERSONAL MESSAGE TO THE CHIL-
DREN— GIFT OF BIBLES EXTENDED TO TEACHERS AND
PUPIL TEACHERS — UNIVERSAL DELIGHT AND GRATITUDE
— THE CHILDREN'S LETTERS OF THANKS — ADVERSE
CRITICISM — REASONS FOR GIVING THE BIBLES

THE impressions of childhood cannot entirely lose
their effect on the after-life of any man or wo-
man, and Richard Cadbury never forgot what he owed
to his home training. The memory of it, added to his
natural affection for children, resulted in many a loving
scheme for their welfare. Some have already been
spoken of, but none of his gifts was more far-reaching
in its influence than his presentation of Bibles to
24>73° of the board school children of Birmingham
and district. The specific reasons which promoted
this gift will be given further on in his own words,
but, broadly speaking, his love for the Word of God
and his belief in its authority, made him desirous that
it should be in the hands of every boy and girl old
enough to read it.

The offer was made through the various school
boards towards the end of 1896, and was accepted

333

334 RICHARD CADBURY

with gratitude. The only dissentient voice was that
of a Roman Catholic priest. The members of one of
the boards were considering the presentation of the
Bibles to 3,785 children under their care, when Father

C raised an objection. As a Catholic, he said,

he had, of course, the greatest respect, honour, and
reverence for the Holy Scriptures. At the same
time, he was utterly opposed to putting into the
hands of children under the age of thirteen or fourteen
years an open Bible for indiscriminate reading. It
was not a fit and proper thing that a book even like
the Holy Scriptures should be read by children from
the first chapter to the last.

Much more in the same strain was said, the speaker
concluding with the remark, that if it was determined
to have speeches made on the occasion of handing
over the Bibles, he would make it his business to see
the parents of the Roman Catholic boys and girls,
and ask them to keep their children away during
the distribution.

That was the only discordant note that mingled
in the chorus of hearty approval and thanksgiving
with which the gift was received. The teachers were
no less pleased than the scholars.

" I feel," wrote one head master to Mr. Cadbury, " that I
cannot let the day go by without writing to tell you with
what enthusiasm and gratefulness the boys and girls of the
school received your gift of beautiful Bibles this morning.
Had you been here in our large hall, you would have been
thrilled at the pleasure manifested by the children. It was
grand. The children have asked me to thank you for them,
and this I do with all my heart."

BOARD SCHOOLS AND THE BIBLE 335

In each Bible was a slip, on which was printed this
message :

I present you with a copy of the Holy
Scriptures, in the hope that you will read
a few verses every day. May the grace of
the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God,
and the communion of the Holy Ghost, be
with you all !

Your friend,

Richard Cadbury.

Below were the verses :

Jesus said, " I am the way, the truth, and the life : no man
cometh unto the Father, but by Me " (John xiv. 6). " Search
the Scriptures ; for they are they which testify of Me."

The gift to the children evidently created a desire
for its extension, for soon afterwards Richard Cadbury
issued the following printed letter :

It seemed hardly complete that the teachers and pupil
teachers should not have received a copy of the Scriptures,
and I fear many were disappointed. I am therefore prepared
to give a copy with marginal notes to all who would care to
accept one. I am deeply sensible of the need of every teacher
being imbued with the Spirit of Christ and His teaching, so
that His light and life should be reflected through them on
the children under their care.

In each of the Bibles presented as a result of this
were the words :

Dear Friend, — In asking you to accept
this copy of the Holy Scriptures, I realise
the responsible position of the teachers.
No doubt you often feel the need of a closer
fellowship with Christ and of the teaching
of the Holy Spirit, so that His life and

336 RICHARD CADBURY

light may be reflected through you on the
children under your charge. His own
Word is, "I am the light of the world :
he that followeth Me shall not walk in
darkness, but shall have the light of life."
Richard Cadbury.

Others were eager to participate in the good things,
and the chief superintendent of the Birmingham
School Board wrote :

" May I take the liberty of asking if my staff could be
included in your generous gift of Bibles ? I am sure
it would be very much appreciated."

Across that letter in Richard Cadbury's handwriting
are the words, " I have replied, saying I would send
all the staff a Bible. It should be, of course, the best."

In some cases a scholar or a teacher was overlooked,
and whenever the omission was brought to the notice
of Richard Cadbury — and this was invariably done
by the disappointed persons themselves — he gave
instructions that Bibles should be sent.

The delight with which they were received on every
hand gave great satisfaction to the warm-hearted
donor, who felt amply repaid for his outlay of time and
money in the knowledge that the message of truth
had found an entrance into so many hearts and homes.

Acknowledgments, couched in the most grateful
language, were sent to Richard Cadbury by the
thousand. They took various forms. In some cases
a letter was drawn up on behalf of a class or a school
and signed by all the recipients ; in others the head
master or head mistress replied on behalf of the entire
school : but the method generally adopted was for the

BOARD SCHOOLS AND THE BIBLE 337

children themselves to write and thank their friend
for his gift.

A teacher told of the Bibles being received " with
sparkling eyes " ; another expressed the disappoint-
ment of the children at not receiving them from the
hands of Richard Cadbury himself, going on to say :
"Of all your liberal actions, I believe this, though
you may not actually see it, will be the most far-
reaching in its good results."

" If you could only have seen the bright looks with
which the girls received their Bibles, you would, I
feel sure, have been repaid," said one writer ; and it
was also a teacher who wrote, " We have reason to
know that your kind gifts have been welcomed in
many households — even in homes where indifference to
the teaching of the Bible had hitherto been the rule."

The masters in a boys' school wrote as follows :

Such a tangible expression of your Christian interest in our
spiritual welfare fills us with the warmest appreciation and
admiration of your spontaneous generosity towards us. That
a great responsibility rests with teachers is unquestionable.
It lies within their scope to influence for good or bad the soft,
impressionable tendrils of childhood, warping them into a
godless indifference to all the wonders of the Bible and its
holy teaching, or stimulating them to climb to heights of
purity and integrity. Your own example of Christian benevo-
lence will always remain locked up in our memories as one of
our most treasured possessions ; and we truly and sincerely
wish you every happiness and a long lease of health and
strength to enable you to carry on your many noble and
praiseworthy works of good.

A girls' school, in acknowledging " the beautiful
books and your kindness," invited Richard Cadbury

338 RICHARD CADBURY

to pay a visit to the place. " We may tell you," ran
the letter, " that if ever you come to Aston and have
the time to spare, all our teachers and all the girls
will be pleased to see so kind a friend, and we should
feel honoured by such a visit."

These extracts are typical of the contents of hundreds
of other letters. They show how near Richard Cadbury
came to the hearts of teachers and scholars alike by
means of his gift. All felt that in him they had a
friend who was interested in their spiritual as well
as their temporal welfare, and therefore they valued
the Bibles as they would have appreciated nothing
else.

But it was the letters from the children themselves
that were most precious to Richard Cadbury. Some
of them, of course, bore the stamp of a parent's dic-
tation ; but in the majority of cases the little ones had
been left to give expression to their own feelings, and
some of them displayed amazing originality in doing so.

Almost every one of the youthful correspondents
promised to act on the advice to read a portion of the
Bible daily. " We think you must love little girls
very dearly," said one writer, with truly childlike
sweetness, " and we will promise to strive earnestly
day by day to read a few verses, as you desire."

There was doubt in some of the young minds as
to the correct way of addressing their friend. One of
them who apparently thought that one so kind should
bear a high-sounding title, wrote to him as " Sir
Richard Cadbury, Esq." ; while another, not knowing
his address, sent his letter to " Richard Cadbury,

BOARD SCHOOLS AND THE BIBLE 339

Esq., Donor of Bibles to Board School Children,
Birmingham." It does not need to be added that the
postal authorities had no difficulty in finding " the
donor of Bibles."

The children's thanks came from a full heart, and
they gave expression to their feelings with wonderful
naturalness and simplicity — a simplicity that was
sometimes very touching. One boy, twelve years
of age, said he would read a bit of the Bible every day,
and he hoped he would have it when he was an old
man. A little Jewess also promised to read the Bible
daily, and hoped that all who had received the gift
would do the same. Then she added, " I hope it
will please God to spare you, dear Mr. Cadbury, to
see us grow up good men and women. I have often
heard of your great kindness to old people and to little
children like myself." Thanking him " over and over
again," she signed herself, " Your grateful little
friend."

One boy thought that Richard Cadbury would be
" surprised to receive a few lines from a little boy
like him " ; while another added the text at the con-
clusion of his note, " He that hath pity upon the
poor lendeth unto the Lord ; and that which he hath
given will He pay him again."

A twelve-year-old boy, " son of my widow mother,"
said that his " poor dead father was a firm believer
in the Bible, and died a Christian man, and, with
God's help and my Bible, I hope to do the same."

It would have been very strange if, among so many
letters, there had not been some full ol the unconscious

340 RICHARD CADBURY

humour that so frequently marks the writings of
children. Richard Cadbury must have had many
a quiet laugh as he read what his juvenile friends
said to him. For example :

I heard a boy say that you only gave them [the Bibles]
away for an advertisement ; but I soon told him that you were
too good a man for that, and that you had no need to advertise,
as your name was made years ago.

It was a boy who wrote thus, but the following
was received from a little girl :

Third standard have not any Bibles, but I hope they will
get into fourth next year and try and get one. I hope you
will keep your pockets quite full of money for them, or else
I shall be very disappointed, and I think the children will
too. Mother says they never had such luxuries in the olden
days, so that we ought to think ourselves very lucky girls.

Equally amusing was the letter of a little fellow
who said that his sister, " who is in third standard,
is rather sorry as she has not a Bible or cholate. I
hope you are quite well," he proceeded, volunteering
at the same time the information that " I feel
quite well, and all the family feel quite well." The
conclusion of the letter was in perfect keeping with
the rest — " So this is the end of my little letter, so
good-night."

The letters of thanks were read by Richard Cadbury
with tears and smiles, and were put away among his
treasured belongings. Such gratitude, he thought,
deserved some recognition, and this reply was issued :

I thank you for your letter, and am so glad to hear that you
are pleased with the Bibles. We have just returned from a visit

RICHARD CADBURY WITH HIS YOUNGEST DAUGHTER, BEATRICE, 189O.

BOARD SCHOOLS AND THE BIBLE 341

to Palestine, and have trodden in the very steps of Jesus and
His disciples, starting from Joppa, along the plain of Sharon
and over the Judean hills to Jerusalem; and then visited
Bethany, Jericho, Bethlehem, Jacob's Well, Sychar, Nazareth,
Nain, Samaria, and the Sea of Galilee, Caesarea Philippi,
Damascus, and many other places, which made everything
so real that we read of in the Bible. Many of the old cities
are now laid waste, and the people are very dark and
ignorant; but here and there we found the missionaries of
Jesus teaching them the good old way. It was so nice to
hear little Syrian boys and girls reading the Scriptures and
singing hymns in their Arabic tongue, and some in our dear
old English language.

May a blessing rest on your reading.'

Your sincere mend,

Richard Cadbury.

Even such a gift as the presentation of Bibles
created a good deal of discussion, and some people,
as they always do, looked for a motive that was not
free from selfishness. In a printed paper, issued " for
private circulation only," Richard Cadbury offered
the explanation. His statement was as follows :

In reply to the question that has been asked, What induced
me to distribute Bibles to the children of our board schools ?
it is this : " For some years past I have seen the great difficulty
of allowing indiscriminate religious teaching, which must be
dangerous and unsatisfactory ; while on the other hand, a
carefully supervised plan of religious teaching would necessitate
a religious test being placed upon those who are appointed to
be teachers, and this would involve much more serious ob-
jections. The difficulty really lies in this latter question.
For our board schools to be made an arena in which sectarian
dogmas and catechisms may be taught in place of the pure and
simple teaching of the Holy Scriptures is a position to be
resolutely avoided and condemned. No prophecy of the
Scripture is of any private interpretation, for " the prophecy
came not in old time by the will of man, but holy men of God
spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost."

342 RICHARD CADBURY

My desire is that every child should read God's own message,
and that God should be His own interpreter so far as board
schools are concerned. It would give me the greatest satis-
faction, not only for selected portions of Scripture to be read
in our board schools, but that they should be committed to
memory without comment from the teacher.

The Bible in the possession of the children would then be
an incentive to make themselves familiar with the names and
order of the books of the Old and New Testaments, and their
relation one to the other in the way of history, of prophecy
and the fulfilment of prophecy, of the revelation of God's
purposes to man, of the origin and power of sin, of the need of
repentance, and of God's means of salvation.

I ask for the earnest prayers of every minister of the gospel,
every teacher in our Sunday schools, parents, and all who are
interested in the living power of the Holy Spirit, that God
may bless His own message of salvation to the children of our
Birmingham board schools.

Richard Cadbury.

Uffculme, Moor Green,
January ist, 1897.

It will thus be seen that he foresaw many of the
difficulties that have since arisen in connection with
religious training in public schools. His own position
is explained in his statement, and there is no doubt
that, had his policy been generally adopted, we should
have been free from the wrangles and bitterness that
set church against church.

It would be interesting, if only it were possible,
to follow the course of such a large distribution of
Bibles, but that is one of the things that belongs only
to God. Traces of them, and of how they are treasured,
are constantly being found, and a letter received by
Richard Cadbury's wife while these reminiscences
were being written, nine years after the Bibles had

BOARD SCHOOLS AND THE BIBLE 343

been given, is an indication of some of the results.
It is written by a Christian worker :

You will be glad to hear of some of the Bibles so kindly and
generously given by your revered husband in 1897. It is a
pleasure to say that I have found several in Hall Green, and
in each case I believe the recipient valued the gift highly ;
the mothers upon whom I have called testifying to that
effect.

The promise earnestly and sincerely made by such
a vast number of children must have resulted in habits
of Bible-reading and meditation upon spiritual things ;
and if all who made the promise were true to it, there
must be many happy lives that are being lived for
God and the good of their fellows.

CHAPTER XXIV

MAGISTRATE AND POLICEMEN'S FRIEND

(1892— 1898)

APPOINTED JUSTICE OF THE PEACE FOR BIRMINGHAM —
BOARD SCHOOL CASES — PAYING THE WOMEN'S FINES —
CAREFUL VISITATION — A TOUCHING INCIDENT IN THE
LOCK-UP — THE LICENSING BENCH — PROTECTION OF
CHILD-LIFE — INTEREST IN POLICE MISSION — THE NEW
POLICE INSTITUTE — LAYING THE FOUNDATION-STONES —
KINDNESS TO INDIVIDUAL CONSTABLES

RICHARD CADBURY'S services to his native
town brought him the honour of an added
responsibility, when in the year 1892 he was appointed
a Justice of the Peace for Birmingham. This appoint-
ment caused much satisfaction to many who knew
and valued his public spirit, and warm congratulations
poured in upon him from all directions. The magis-
terial work which he undertook was conscientiously
performed, and he was seldom missing on his day at
the courts. He entered whole-heartedly into his new
duties, feeling that they opened up another channel
of influence for God.

He was first appointed to deal with the school
board cases, which came before the court every Thurs-

344

MAGISTRATE AND POLICEMEN'S FRIEND 345

day morning, this being often chosen as a probationary
course for a new magistrate. It brought him face
to face with distressing instances, where the poor,
half-famished mothers were compelled to go to work,
and leave the children to look after themselves.
Sometimes the children had been intentionally kept
from school to look after younger brothers and sisters,
sometimes they had played truant without the know-
ledge of their parents. In either case a breach of the
law had been committed, and the mother was com-
pelled to attend the courts. Genuine poverty and
distress always deeply touched Richard Cadbury's
heart, and it was a severe trial to him to have to pass
punishment on any one. Whether the women who
had been summoned were personally to blame or not,
he had no option but to fine them, although in many
a deserving case he privately refunded from his own
pocket the amount which, as a magistrate, he had
been obliged to impose as a fine.

It was impossible to judge on the spot of the causes
which had led to the summons, but a ready instrument
for distinguishing between genuine and undeserving
cases was at hand in the Gospel Temperance Mission
and the police court work which formed a branch of
it. William Gaule, the veteran police court mission-
ary, dealt personally with a number of the cases,
while others were handed over to the secretary of the
Gospel Temperance Mission, and he in turn gave the
name and address to the lady superintendent whose
mothers' meetings were nearest the home to be visited.
No pains were spared to find out the exact condition

346 RICHARD CADBURY

of each case dealt with in this way, and whilst a check
was put on the distribution of indiscriminate charity,
a means was also found, by which kindly advice could
be rightly given, and the way opened for speaking of
Christ and His love.

It was often suggested to Richard Cadbury that he
should abandon this part of his public duties, and
turn to another department, but he never saw his
way to make a change. On one occasion, when a
friend had been urging him to sit in another court,
his reply was characteristic : " No, I cannot do that ;
although it is extremely heart-rending, I feel I can
be of use in making the burden lighter to bear. I
will stay where the poor women are."

Now and then he would go round the lock-up with
William Gaule, but his susceptibility to the suffering
of others, through sin or whatever cause, called out
so much sympathy in each case that he would be
almost exhausted after a morning spent in this way.
On one occasion he had been round seeing the pris-
oners, entering cell after cell. There was hardly one
in which his composure did not break down, as with
tears in his eyes, and love in his tone, he would plead
with each occupant and speak of Christ. They were
just going to leave the gaol, when he noticed that one
door had been passed over. " Why are we not going
in there ? " he said. " Is it empty ? " " Oh no, sir,"
replied William Gaule ; " but, indeed, I cannot let you
go into that cell ; the most desperate character in
the whole place is in there. Even the warders are
afraid, and not one of them will venture in alone."

MAGISTRATE AND POLICEMEN'S FRIEND 347

" Why, that is the man above all others that I want
to see," said Richard Cadbury. " I cannot pass him
by." William Gaule still tried to dissuade him, saying
the man was really dangerous, and he could not allow
any risk. " Never mind," was the reply ; "let us see
him." It may here be explained that William Gaule
was so entirely trusted by all the prison officials
that he was allowed to carry a master-key with him,
which would open the door of any cell, a unique
privilege and one that was never abused. Together
the two entered the cell. The prisoner was sitting
on the end of his bench, and looked up with a fierce
expression on his face as the door opened.

William Gaule had hitherto been the only man who
could get on friendly terms with him. " I have
brought one of the magistrates to see you," he said.
" I don't want to see him," was the snarling reply.
The rebuff, however, was not heeded by Richard Cad-
bury, who walked straight over to the man and sat
down by his side. Taking one of his hands in his
own, he quietly said, " Do you know that you are
my brother ? " The man looked astonished. A
change passed over him immediately at this kindness
of word and touch. He listened with respect and
attention while Richard Cadbury talked to him of
Christ, the Almighty Saviour from sin. As he listened
a great transformation came over the poor, unhappy
prisoner. The gloomy scowl lifted from his face like
clouds from a hill-top, and in its place came a bright,
hopeful look. The three men knelt and prayed
together on the stone floor of the cell, and as Richard

348 RICHARD CADBURY

Cadbury shook hands with the poor fellow at parting
the tears welled from his eyes. The man was changed
from that day. " Instead of being a tiger, he became
a saint," was the verdict of one of the warders, who
had learned the never-to-be-forgotten lesson of the
power of love to change and win even the hardest
heart. Richard Cadbury never saw the man again,
for he was sentenced to transportation for life, which
was carried into effect very shortly afterwards, in
spite of all the efforts of William Gaule to procure a
release.

Richard Cadbury paid special attention to the
subject of licensing and temperance. His energy on
these lines roused fierce opposition.

" Mr. Cadbury's presence on the licensing bench," wrote an
angry correspondent, " was a scandalous intrusion, and is
bound to interfere with the cause of justice. It is nothing
less than a discreditable attempt to bring about the objects
of the Local Veto Bill, without the necessity of a poll."

The kind of insinuation which would have damped
the ardour of a man with less courage, or less pure
motives, is shown in another attack •

It goes without saying that Mr. Cadbury would, if he could,
substitute the sale of his own product instead of beer, in every
licensed house in the country. If the licensing bench is to
be thrown open to gentlemen with the narrow, fanatical views
on the licensing question which Mr. Cadbury is known to hold,
what security will the trade have of meeting with fair play,
when their business takes them to the transfer session ?

On one occasion, a deputation representing the
United Temperance Organisations of the city, at a
meeting of magistrates over which the Mayor presided,

MAGISTRATE AND POLICEMEN'S FRIEND 349

was introduced by Mr. Richard Cadbury, who said
they represented not so much any particular organisa-
tion as the ratepayers, who were interested in the
social and moral well-being of the city. He then read
a remarkable memorial, giving ample reasons for a
reduction of licences.

There were some among the magistrates, notably
Mr. Arthur Chamberlain, who nobly responded to this
appeal, and strove to diminish the power of the great
curse, though it was natural that antagonism should
be aroused amongst those interested in the drink
traffic.

In the year 1897 the licensing committee of the
magistrates seriously discussed the question of sending
children to fetch drink from the public-houses. This
was a subject which touched one of the deepest chords
in Richard Cadbury' s heart, and he threw all his
interest and energy into the effort for getting the
law passed.

Mr. Richard Cadbury [says a newspaper report] — whose
wide inculcation of temperance principles never takes the form
of reckless denunciation of the " Trade," but who always
employs the more effective medium of calm argument and
reasoning persuasion — supplied his brother magistrates with
an interesting and most instructive array of facts as to the
preventative measures taken by Continental and American
authorities, to the end that child-life may be protected from
a virulent cause of moral contamination.

The attempt of the child-lovers was successful, and
within a few months a law was in force throughout
the Birmingham district, forbidding children under
thirteen years of age to fetch beer from the public-

350 RICHARD CADBURY

house. Richard Cadbury's joy and delight was un-
bounded, and on October 27th, 1897, he wrote to his
daughter in Germany :

We have also been successful in carrying the resolution, to
stop children "under thirteen being sent to the public-house
for their fathers' beer.

It was natural that, as a magistrate, Richard Cad-
bury should take an increased interest in the welfare
of the city police. Before the time of his appointment
he had been in touch with Christian work among
them. Mr. J. T. Wilson writes :

I have known Mr. Richard Cadbury for several years, and
came in contact with him many times in connection with
Christian and temperance work, before I drew his attention
to our Police Mission, which had been founded in 1878,
and carried on for some years for the moral and spiritual
uplifting of the policemen, in an unostentatious way. The
only help I ever sought from him until 1891 was the privilege
of using the mission-hall, in Upper Highgate Street, for a
meeting of constables and their wives once a week. This
he readily gave. In 1891, when the old public offices in
Moor Street were abandoned for the New Victoria Law
Courts, we found it necessary to seek some central rallying-
point for our work. For a long time previously we had
prayed for guidance, and God opened what seemed to be
a useful door for us in Easy Row, in the premises about
to be vacated by the Y.W.C.A. To acquire the lease of
this place (which had been offered to us) and adapt it for a
Police Institute, where temperance and religious work could
be carried on for policemen and their families, and where
facilities could also be provided for physical exercise, mental
cultivation, and social intercourse and recreation, meant for
us the undertaking of financial obligations to which we had
hitherto been strangers. I sought help and advice from
Mr. Cadbury, who received me cordially and listened with
evident interest to what I had to say regarding our past efforts

MAGISTRATE AND POLICEMEN'S FRIEND 351

and future plans for the welfare of our civic force. At last
he said, " What a splendid work, and a fine field for doing
good. I will fetch my brother, and you shall tell him about
it." Suiting the action to the word, he fetched Mr. George
Cadbury into his room, the result being a promise of help
from both, in the form of substantial annual subscriptions, and
a desire expressed by Mr. Richard to be kept informed of the
progress of our work.

After this interview I was often a visitor to Bournville,
warmly welcomed by the friend, who never seemed to tire of
giving advice j and practical help. He knew how difficult it
was for policemen to live up to the Christian ideal, and that
in many quarters they met with discouragement. He had a
conviction that no effort ought to be spared for the moral and
spiritual elevation of such responsible public servants, exposed
as they are to subtle temptations. Encouraged by his genial
sympathy, and generous promises of help from other friends,
including £40 from policemen themselves, we adapted and
opened the premises at 17, Easy Row, as a Police Institute,
though they were unsuited for much development in our
work. When this became so apparent as to become a real
hindrance, I talked the matter over with Mr. Richard Cadbury,
and he encouraged me to launch out on a scheme for building
a comprehensive and up-to-date institute. After spending
a good deal of time and thought on the subject, a meeting of
constables and their wives was called. They were enthusiastic,
and promised among themselves over £160 towards a new
building. Shortly afterwards, the Bishop of Coventry, who
was our president, Alderman William White, myself, and
others sought an interview with Mr. Richard Cadbury, which
took place in the magistrates' room at the Victoria Law
Courts. After explaining our project, Mr. Cadbury advised
us to " strike out boldly," secure a prominent site, and do the
thing thoroughly, promising to give £1,000 to start us.

On June 27th, 1898, the foundation-stones of a
new institute were laid, one by the Hon. Mrs. Fiennes
(now Mrs. Stock), the foundress of the Police
Mission, and one by Richard Cadbury. Instead of
the usual trowel, each was presented by Dr. Knox,

352 RICHARD CADBURY

the Bishop of Coventry, on behalf of the trustees
and council, with a silver inkstand shaped to
represent a police constable's helmet, the feet in
the form of handcuffs connected by chains, and the
pen-racks being formed of truncheons.

As the work of building progressed, it became clear
that if the whole scheme were carried through, a much
larger expenditure would be necessary than at first
calculated upon. Since Richard Cadbury's promise of
£1,000 had been made towards the carrying out of
the scheme as a whole, it was felt due to him that,
before taking upon themselves the responsibility of
curtailing it, the council should consult his wishes
on the matter. Sir James Sawyer and others met
him again at the law courts, and the Bishop of
Coventry briefly stated the position of affairs. Richard
Cadbury looked across to the secretary and asked,
" How much more will be required to enable you
to carry out the whole design and complete your
scheme ? " "I cannot say what the exact amount
will be, but I feel sure not less than £2,500." He
then replied to the deputation as a whole, " Gentle-
men, I am greatly impressed by the need of this
institute, and am very anxious that the plans you
have formed for its future usefulness should be carried
out in their entirety. Go on and complete it, and I will
provide the amount which you are likely to require."

After this meeting the Bishop of Coventry wrote
to him, enclosing a resolution of thanks :

You will not thank me for trying to express what can after
all be most inadequately done — the sense of our indebtedness

MAGISTRATE AND POLICEMEN'S FRIEND 553

to you ; so I will leave that alone. But you will be pleased,
I think, to hear that we intend to try and raise for furnishing
and maintenance a sum equal to that for which you have
made yourself responsible. I trust that you may be long
spared to see good fruit of this, and of your many other
enterprises for the good of your fellow citizens.

In January, 1899, as Richard Cadbury was going
abroad for some months, the secretary wrote to inform
him that so far it had not been necessary to ask him
for any of the money promised, as up to that time
all the builder's demands had been met by moneys
in hand ; but that probably before his return their
resources would be exhausted, and they would be
glad to know to whom they might apply in case of
need.

Richard Cadbury replied (January 31st, 1899) :

I have given my son an order to pay on your demand £ -

on account of the Police Institute, so that will be all right.
The building is beginning to show some progress. Thank
you for the Hebrew letters, which we may be able to make
use of. With kind regards and trusting for God's blessing
on your work.

This was the last communication they had from
him, for during the following week the whole city
was plunged into grief by the sad intelligence that
Richard Cadbury had received " the home-call " with
startling suddenness in Jerusalem.

Those having the responsibility of the new institute
were naturally placed in a peculiar position by this
sad occurrence, but Richard Cadbury's sons generously
honoured their father's promises, and the trustees were
relieved of a great anxiety.

354 RICHARD CADBURY

" No account of dear Mr. Cadbury's generous interest in the
work for the general uplifting of the constables would be
complete," writes Mr. Wilson, " which dealt only with the
financial assistance he so lavishly rendered. He laid himself
out to do all in his power to cheer and encourage the
workers by his sympathy and wise counsel, and to uphold the
constables in the conscientious discharge of their unpleasant
duties. It is not too much to say that, but for his consistent
sympathy and generous support, the work would in all pro-
bability have collapsed, or, at any rate, could never have
successfully achieved what by God's blessing it has done, or
attained the present stable position which it now occupies
amongst the beneficent institutions of the city, and words
fail to express my sense of indebtedness to one whose memory
will ever be a cherished possession. It was an honour to
have known him, and a tower of strength to have had him as
a guide, counsellor, and friend."

Of his many acts of kindness to individual con-
stables, one example must suffice. A comparatively
young police-constable was placed on duty in plain
clothes for more than a year in order to watch the
operations of those pests of the streets, the book-
makers. Being incorruptible at their hands, he was
exceedingly alert and successful in locking these
bookmakers up and getting them punished. After a
year of work in this capacity, in which he beat the
record of any other officer in dealing with the fraternity,
they brought a charge against him of having received
a bribe from them. Those who knew the circum-
stances, the man they charged, and the unscrupulous
supporters his enemies were able to rally to their
support from inside the force, were convinced of the
vile conspiracy of the whole thing and of the constable's
innocence. However, he was called upon to resign

MAGISTRATE AND POLICEMEN'S FRIEND 355

owing to this calumnious report. The case was brought
to Richard Cadbury's notice, and, after carefully investi-
gating the details of it, he was convinced of the con-
stable's innocence, and determined that no pains or
expense should be spared to clear him if possible.

Efforts to get justice done were not relaxed for
about three months, during which time Richard
Cadbury regularly supplied the amount of the perse-
cuted constable's weekly salary. When nothing more
could be done, and the poor fellow at last decided
that he must return to his former employment in the
far north, Richard Cadbury paid the whole expense
of the removal of his household goods and himself
and family to Northumberland, and gave him sub-
sistence money to tide him on till he obtained work.

Happily the purity of administration to-day is such
that it would be less easy for such a discreditable act
of injustice as this to be perpetrated.

CHAPTER XXV
WHAT IS MY FAITH?

RELIGIOUS CONVICTIONS — IDEAL OF THE SOCIETY OF
FRIENDS — LOYALTY TO THE BIBLE — ATTITUDE TO-
WARDS DESTRUCTIVE CRITICISM — PUBLICATION OF
" WHAT IS MY FAITH ? " — CEREMONIAL BURDENS —
MINISTRY IN FRIENDS' MEETINGS FOR WORSHIP —
ELDERSHIP — FRIENDS' MEETING ESTABLISHED AT MOSE-
LEY ROAD — THE FRIENDS' FOREIGN MISSION ASSOCIA-
TION— PEMBA — SYMPATHY WITH PERSECUTED AR-
MENIANS— THE PEACE SOCIETY AND ARBITRATION

THERE can be no true estimate of Richard Cad-
bury's power and influence over others, of his
unselfish deeds and generous acts, which leaves out of
account the clearness and depth of his religious con-
victions. His strength for work was sustained by
the firmness of his hold upon the divine realities.
To him they were as real as the light of day, and to
the cultivation of them he gave his steadfast and
systematic attention. His whole life was actuated
by a single purpose, the glory of God. This was the
reason of its practical usefulness. He was no mere
nominal Christian, content with a place on a list of
church membership. He was a living member of
the Church of Christ, having a sense of true brother-

356

WHAT IS MY FAITH? 357

hood towards all other believers in Jesus, of any
denomination or none. But he believed in solidarity
and organised church-life, and the ideal of the Society
of Friends was the nearest expression he knew of
Christian fellowship and worship to that revealed in
the New Testament. He felt intensely that true
religion must enter into and influence every detail,
however small and trivial, of everyday affairs. He
rejoiced, therefore, in the insistence laid by Friends on
the need for Christian principle to permeate all the
issues of home and family life, and the choice of pure
and innocent recreations ; the continual exhortations to
strict integrity in all business transactions ; the stress
laid upon Christ's teaching on such questions as war
and oaths. He prized the opportunities for undisturbed
congregational worship, without human leadership or
prearrangement, which a Friends' Meeting afforded.
They were to him times of Holy Communion, in which
he humbly partook of the Body that was broken and
the Blood that was shed for the sins of the world.
At the same time, he realised that the gospel must be
proclaimed by other methods as well, and was ready
to co-operate with any in which Jesus was uplifted.
He believed in the priesthood of all believers, and yet
that there is but " One Mediator between God and
man, the Man Christ Jesus." He was fully aware
of the danger of giving a mere intellectual or formal
assent to a creed as the test for admission into any
fellowship of Christians, but he also felt the distinct
need of being able to give a reason for the hope that
was in him, and of having some simple, straight-forward

358 RICHARD CADBURY

statement of it, based entirely on the authority of
the Scriptures.

He believed the Bible to be the authentic message
of God to mankind, containing the only complete and
reliable plan of salvation for this world and the next.
It was not his nature to spend much time in contro-
versy, but he was fully aware of the dangers of a good
deal that is politely termed " higher " criticism.

A hint of his attitude towards mere argumentative-
ness appears in a reminiscence written by his cousin,
Theodore Nield, of Leominster :

Beside his unfailing kindness, no one who crossed his path
from time to time could fail to note the radiance of his
face, which could spring from nothing else than a deep-seated
and constant joy. And it needed no long intercourse with
him to see that this perennial brightness, far beyond that
of most who had fewer burdens to bear, was the result of a
singular and simple directness in his way of approaching
duty — not as a thing to be got round if possible, but rather as
a thing he had to do as a matter of course, which was certain
to bring its own blessing with it. That was his open secret.
And how could any man, even the worst, do other than honour
and love him !

He cared little for argument or controversy. I remember
how one evening I tried to rouse him to a discussion by telling
him, with playfully affected alarm, that some statement
he had made had upset all my most elementary theological
conceptions. And I well remember his smile, which passed
from his face to that of each of the little group, and there
seemed nothing more to say.

My remembrance of him when I was at UfTculme just before
he went to the East is that of a gracious and happy man.
He spoke of things as making way for his long journey, during
which he hoped to see more of some of his family than the
many engagements would allow him to do at home.

Richard Cadbury never underrated the value of

WHAT IS MY FAITH? 359

scholarship ; but he did most sincerely regret the
unworthy use that was sometimes made of it. He
did not tremble for the Bible when exposed to the
brightest rays of the scientific searchlight, for he
knew that truth has nothing to fear from truth ; but
he trembled for the too credulous followers of certain
intellectual superiors, who treated theories as facts.
There is practically no written record of his views on
these points, but a brief letter to a young Friend in
London sufficiently indicates his general position
with regard to them. The young man had been much
troubled by the tendencies of a " summer school,"
in which, under the name of Bible study, much time
and ingenuity had been given to the familiar attempts
to prove such things as the " myths " of Hebrew
patriarchal history, the " mistakes " of Moses, or the
" allegory " of Jonah. On writing to Richard Cadbury
he received the following reply :

There are many things to discourage us as Christian workers,
but we have one hope and one calling. To quibble over
questions that raise doubts and fears is worse than loss of
time. Surely our calling is clear — to preach Christ and Him
crucified. The Jews are quite able to defend their own
Scriptures, as they did when Dr. Colenso attacked them years
ago, and God is also His own interpreter to the soul that
earnestly seeks the truth. May the Lord keep you humbly
but steadfastly in the truth.

Sometimes those who appear to treat the Bible
with the most flattering respect, give a skilful twist
of their own to its teaching, and thus lead the way
to open infidelity. For this reason Richard Cadbury
took a great interest in circulating the Bible itself,

360 RICHARD CADBURY

feeling that, under the blessing of God, it was its own
best protector against the open onslaughts of its
enemies, and the more covert and insidious attacks
of its hidden foes. The work of the British and
Foreign Bible Society particularly appealed to him,
and he was a warm supporter of it.

The fact that the Society of Friends does not use
some of the ritual practised by other Christians has
sometimes given an impression of negativeness to
outsiders. Richard Cadbury's faith was by no means
of a negative cast, and he wished to show that the
true doctrines of Quakerism are positive Christianity.
The Book of Discipline of the Society of Friends is
too large for popular usefulness in this respect. He
therefore drew up, with earnest prayer for guidance,
a concise statement for publication. There is an
individuality and originality in the title of the little
pamphlet that at once bespeaks for it a candid
consideration — " What is my Faith ? By a member
of the Society of Friends." Brief and suggestive, it
arouses attention without challenging criticism.
When it first appeared in 1878, the Friends' Quarterly
Examiner for July in that year said :

This is another small pamphlet of fifteen pages, containing
a brief exposition of Christian truth as held by Friends, given
mostly in the words of Scripture. It forms a short and
reasonable summary, well adapted for placing in the hands
of inquirers as well as of our own members.

It was immediately found to fill a need, and was so
largely used that three subsequent editions were
necessary during Richard Cadbury's lifetime. It

WHAT IS MY FAITH ? 361

was also translated into Arabic, Hindi, and Japanese.
In the preface of the last two editions, issued in 1891
and 1896, he wrote :

In publishing this edition, the author commends it to the
prayerful consideration of all who desire to know the truth
as it is in Jesus Christ.

The Society of Friends have no written creed beyond the
authority of the Holy Scriptures, and they believe them to
be the only written authority that man can rely upon as the
revealed will of God ; and that no custom, opinion, creed,
or religion can be of any value that does not accord with them.

On the question of the necessity of outward sacraments,
the Society of Friends differ from many of their Christian
brethren, believing that they were but types of the great
sacrifice, and of Christ's cleansing blood. They claim to be
in Christian fellowship with all true believers ; in no way
condemning those who construe as a command of Christ the use
of material elements ; at the same time believing that their
use has a tendency with worldly people to satisfy them,
by resting upon the form rather than upon the substance.
This was very early shown in the history of the Church.
(See 1 Cor. x. 20-23, R.V.).

The fact of the apostles and early Christian Jews having
continued these rites, as well as that of circumcision, after
the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Christ, is not very sur-
prising, as we find that Paul did not at first realise the non-
necessity of his use of outward baptism (1 Cor. i. 14-8), nor
did Peter at first realise the baptizing power of the Holy Spirit
on the Gentiles (Acts xi. 15, 16).

The ancient fathers encouraged the performance of outward
ordinances ; but the extracts given from some of their writings
show that they felt the growing tendency was to rely too
exclusively upon the outward form as necessary to salvation.
" Saint Augustine in his time complained that they [rites
and ceremonies] were grown to such a number, that the
estate of Christian people was in worse case concerning that
matter than were the Jews ; and he counselled that such yoke
and burden should be taken away. . . . For as those be
taken away which were most^abused, and did burden men's

362 RICHARD CADBURY

consciences without any cause, so the others that remain are
retained for discipline and order ; which (upon just causes)
may be altered and changed, and therefore are not to be
esteemed equal with God's Law." (See " Of Ceremonies," in
the Book of Common Prayer.)

The pamphlet is arranged in a series of questions
and answers, and concludes with the words :

I desire to examine myself as before God, who knoweth
the secrets of the heart, and to ask in faith for the doctrines
of His grace to be made manifest in my soul ; and if I fail to
realise them fully now, through the infirmity of the flesh,
that I may be enabled to bear with patience the yoke of Christ,
and to know His strength to be made perfect in weakness ;
not laying for myself any other foundation of faith or of
works than that already laid — which is the only sure founda-
tion— " Jesus Christ and Him crucified."

If the value of a creed may be tested by its results,
the life of Richard Cadbury, with its many-sided and
unceasing work for God and humanity, can leave no
doubt as to the genuineness and virility of his faith.
That he himself was not satisfied with his own attain-
ments is only a further proof of the loftiness of his
ideal. He was pressing towards the mark, for the
prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus.

The Society of Friends is organised on a plan of
democratic self-government. It knows no class dis-
tinctions of clergy and laity, and the work of the
ministry is entirely separate from the responsibility
of church government. As there is no pre-arrange-
ment of service, so also there is no human leader to
preside over a regular Friends' Meeting. All meet
on a religious equality as brethren, to worship God.

WHAT IS MY FAITH ? 363

Christ Himself is the only Head of the Meeting, and
the Holy Spirit the director of the worship. Thus,
while the gift of those who have given proof of their
power in the ministry is in due time publicly recorded,
all are free, under the guidance of the Holy Spirit,
to take vocal part. Richard Cadbury was never a
glib or fluent speaker, but whenever he spoke in Meeting
it was " with great concern, and the message was one
which he had much upon his mind." One Friend
writes :

I not unfrequently met Richard Cadbury in connection
with our mission meetings, and always was conscious of the
help of his presence and sympathy. Indeed, I do not know
that I can more accurately express just the feelings I had than
in the words applied to a woman Friend : " When she comes
into one of our Meetings for worship the spiritual temperature
is distinctly raised." That is exactly what I felt with Richard
Cadbury ; there was a holy savour about him not easily
described, but very distinctly felt.

Another says :

In my youth he used to sit on the side form at Bull Street
Meeting close to me, and I was invariably impressed with
his reverent earnestness in worship. Occasionally, and later
more frequently, he used to speak or offer prayer, often with
some nervousness, but always with much depth of feeling.

At Bull Street [writes another Friend] we always felt that
his simple, trustful prayers were a great help to us, and we
missed him much when circumstances took him away to other
Meetings. He was a real power in our Meeting, though so
humble and unassuming. What he has done for his fellow
townsmen and for all good causes he was able to help is known
to all men. Would there were more like him.

The responsibilities of pastoral care and discipline
in the Society devolve upon two bodies composed of

364 RICHARD CADBURY

men and women Friends, appointed by the Monthly
Meeting. The Elders are especially responsible for
maintaining order in the Meetings for worship, and for
encouraging a right vocal ministry. The Overseers
have the care of the individual members and attenders
of the congregation. Richard Cadbury was ap-
pointed an Elder in the winter of 1888-9, and he was
faithful in discharging his duties in this respect,
although his multitudinous engagements prevented
him from attending as many of the business meetings
of the Society as he would have liked. In his mission
work, and in the individual work for God which he
did wherever he went, he always realised that the first
necessity was to bring men to Christ for personal
salvation. But, as already mentioned, he recognised
the importance of regular Christian fellowship, and
from the first aimed at establishing a Friends' Meeting
in his mission centre at Highgate, as soon as oppor-
tunity offered. It was not until the last few years of
his life that his desire could be carried into effect. At
first he met in a simple way at eleven o'clock on Sunday
mornings with some of the chief workers, and a few
of the more earnest men out of the adult school.
Then, as more attended, and learned to value the
quiet opportunity for waiting on God, he made appli-
cation to the Monthly Meeting, and the " Moseley
Road Meeting of the Society of Friends " was officially
recognised and registered, with its own Preparative
Meeting for the proper conduct of congregational
business.

One of the last things Richard Cadbury did before

WHAT IS MY FAITH ? 365

starting on his last journey to Egypt was to gather
together a typical little library of Friends' books.
He took great pains in discriminating between readable
books and those which would merely lie upon the
shelves. He designed a little cabinet for the library,
and presented it to the Moseley Road Meeting. Had
he lived longer his intention was to have circulated
similar sets of books to many of the smaller Meetings
in the kingdom.

He took a keen interest in the work of the Friends'
Foreign Mission Association. It has been mentioned
before that his wife's youngest brother, William Wilson,
who like Mrs. Cadbury had become a Friend, was a
medical missionary in Madagascar. His cousin Caro-
line, also, one of Benjamin Head Cadbury 's daughters,
had charge of a girls' training home in Syria, and
these ties deepened his sympathy with the work. In
his mind the claims of home and foreign missions were
indivisible, and although the former was his own
sphere of personal activity, both had an equal share
in his appreciation and prayers.

The Pemba Industrial Mission specially appealed
to him. During 1896 an agitation had sprung up in
England, with regard to the question of slavery
amongst the native tribes under the protection of
British rule. It was natural that the Society of
Friends should be to the fore in endeavouring to
awaken the conscience of the nation to the burden
resting upon it. As a result of the agitation through-
out the country and in Parliament, the legal status
of slavery in the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba was

366 RICHARD CADBURY

abolished in 1897. This was good so far as it went,
but the difficulty was in making it work. The greatest
need lay in the provision of free employment, coupled
with the preaching of the gospel of Christ. It was
with this double motive that the Friends' Industrial
Mission was established in Pemba. The question was
discussed in the Yearly Meeting of the " Meeting for
Sufferings " in London, and in the late autumn of
1896 two Friends — Theodore Burtt and Henry Stanley
Newman — went out to prospect, and to see if a shamba
(estate) could be obtained. On receiving their report
in the spring of 1897, it was decided to purchase the
estate and put the scheme to a practical test.

With what we know of Richard Cadbury's large
heart and wide sympathy, it is easy to imagine the
eager interest with which he followed the whole of
this movement. One morning two Friends from the
Birmingham Committee called on him at Bournville,
and with joy and delight he promised £1,000 to start
the work with. One of them said afterwards that he
had never gained £1,000 for any purpose in so short
a time. Towards the end of July, Banani, an estate
of about three hundred acres, was purchased. The
climate is bad for Europeans, and two of the first
missionaries died at their posts. Frequent furloughs
are necessary, and both the sacrifices on the field,
where they are heaviest, and the faithful efforts
of those at home who organise and support the
carrying on of the work, have borne good fruit.
"It is certain that Richard Cadbury, if he were still
with us," writes a Friend, " would be thankful for

WHAT IS MY FAITH? 367

the privilege which God gave him of enabling
others to carry out such a Christlike work."

The terrible massacres of Armenian Christians by
the Turks in 1895 and 1896 stirred to their depths the
strong emotions of Richard Cadbury's loving heart.
He took part in the agitation which aimed at spreading
accurate information of the awful facts, so as to claim
the sympathies of the people of England, and also
gave liberally to the National Relief Fund. One of
the many papers referring to this says :

There seems no end to the munificent benefactions of Mr.
Richard Cadbury, and if all successful manufacturers and
commercial men turned their accumulations of profit to such
noble uses, the cry of the socialist against the capitalist would
never have been heard.

How the hearts of the Armenians themselves were
touched by his sympatlry was to be experienced later.
The work of the Peace Society, and the question of
international arbitration, were essentially in harmony
with Richard Cadbury's Quaker — or, one is inclined
to say, his Christian — principles, as a follower of the
Prince of Peace. In 1897 he was appointed President
of the Birmingham Peace Society, and devoted some
of his best energies to its work during the remainder
of his life. He did not live to see the outbreak of the
iniquitous war which English politicians forced upon
South Africa, and which plunged both countries into
untold sorrow and disaster. But he was full of appre-
hension at the turn affairs were taking, and threw all
the weight of his influence into the scale of arbitration.
His convictions were well expressed in the words of

368 RICHARD CADBURY

a resolution passed unanimously by a meeting of
Birmingham Arbitrationists, on June 4th, 1897, over
which he presided :

This committee is of opinion that there is no question in
dispute between the English and Transvaal Governments,
which may not, if dealt with in a spirit of justice and con-
ciliation, be settled by arbitration. That a war between
England and the Transvaal, involving, as it might, the up-
rising of the Dutch and native races of South Africa, would
be a deplorable crime, would strengthen European suspicion
of England's honesty, and indelibly stain her national flag.

The portrait of Richard Cadbury hangs by request
in the chief offices of the Peace Society in London,
and is an inspiring reminder of the man who both
in trade and international disputes worked for the
gentler and more reasonable methods of arbitration
as opposed to the barbaric arguments of force and
violence. Dr. Evans Darby says : " He took a great
interest in our society, and was always ready to
support our work " ; and Mr. W. Randal Cremer wrote
to one of Richard Cadbury's daughters :

So many noble attributes were happily blended in his char-
acter that it is difficult to say whether I most admired his
kind, gentle nature, his generosity, high-souled aspirations, or
his earnestness of purpose. When I heard of his untimely
death, I shared your grief at his loss. The example of his life,
however, still abides with us.

CHAPTER XXVI

ADULT SCHOOL AND MISSION WORK

(1892— 1898)

FAITHFULNESS TO HIS ADULT SCHOOL WORK — PEN PICTURES
OF THE ADULT SCHOOL AT HIGHGATE — A TYPICAL AD-
DRESS— THE DOLOBRAN ATHLETIC CLUB — PRIMARY
CARE FOR SPIRITUAL NEEDS OF HIS SCHOLARS —
THOUGHTFULNESS FOR TEACHERS AND WORKERS —
SPECIAL GOSPEL MISSIONS — THE " WORLD-WIDE CIRCLE
OF PRAYER " — TRACT DISTRIBUTION — BUILDING OF THE
FRIENDS' HALL AND INSTITUTE, MOSELEY ROAD

THE adult school at Highgate, which occupied
so large a share of Richard Cadbury's work and
thoughts, nourished in a remarkable way during the
last years of his life. His home at Uffculme was very
little further from the school than Moseley Hall had
been, and regularly every Sunday morning he might
have been seen walking down the Moseley Road at
an early hour, when few people were astir and the
roads were quiet and deserted. He took as little
notice as ever of the weather ; summer or winter,
wet or fine, it made no difference to the sturdy figure
that tramped the two miles through it. A brother-in-
law who often accompanied him on a Sunday morning
when staying at Uffculme, treasures the memory of

369 24

370 RICHARD CADBURY

the talks they would have on the way, speaking of
them as " apostolic conversations." A clergyman who
used sometimes to pass him in the early hour says
how he was struck by Richard Cadbury's uniform
cheerfulness : " His face would light up when we
met in Christian service, so that it was perpetual
sunshine to be with him." Many a time in bad weather
it encouraged the men to turn up at school in good
time, knowing that the friendly smile and hearty
handshake would greet them. A pleasant pen picture
of the work appeared in one of the daily papers
in February, 1893. It was one of a series on the
social and religious life of the city, and belonged
to a special section on " Adult Sunday Schools in
Birmingham."

The largest of these [says the writer], and perhaps the most
highly organised, is Class XV. of the Severn Street School — a
branch which is under the superintendence and fostering
care of Mr. Richard Cadbury in the Moseley Road Schools.
A kindly invitation to visit this school came at an opportune
moment. Though it entailed unusually early rising, I sat
down at seven o'clock to breakfast in one of the class-rooms
with the teachers, a pleasant, unconstrained gathering over
which Mr. Cadbury, the host, presided. This gentleman
has for years set an example of punctuality and regularity
of attendance at the school, and has ever been foremost in
initiating or aiding all its various useful institutions. Break-
fast over, a move was made to the main schoolroom, where the
pupils were gathered together to open the proceedings with
a hymn, followed by a short Bible reading and a prayer by
Mr. Cadbury. Then they bustled off to their various class-
rooms, to sit down to their copybooks, their writing from
dictation, or in copying verses of Scripture, or in the reading
classes. Very diligent and painstaking pupils they all were.
No need for sharp reproofs or calls to order. Anything

ADULT SCHOOL AND MISSION WORK 371

savouring of coercion would be fatal at once. A strongly
marked feature of the whole gathering was its thoroughly-
democratic spirit. Discipline in the ordinary sense of the
term there was none ; yet there was perfect order. The term
" schoolmaster " would be out of place, because there is no sense
of mastership. Teacher is the word, whether for the super-
intendent of the school or for the junior member of the
teaching staff. Here is fully realised the doctrine which is
usually but a theory, of the " brotherhood of man," the
essence of true socialism and of true religion. The relation-
ship in which the teacher stands to the pupil is most aptly
likened to that of an elder brother. Doubtless this harmonious
state of things was not produced at the outset ; it has been
evolved by experience. "Sanctified common sense" has
taught those who are working in this great movement the
right means of reaching the men at whose welfare they are
aiming. The teachers have learned to understand and to
appreciate the spirit of their pupils. It is no wonder that at
first the young men who diffidently undertook the work
shrank from the difficulties which inexperienced men would
anticipate in dealing with a school of grown men of the roughest
type — those who had been always regarded as the class least
amenable to law and order. But trust in the men themselves
has been the principle which has led to success. There is no
desire on the part of the pupils to break from the routine of
the establishment, and the work upon which each man is
engaged is not a task, but a labour of love. It is a sight
indeed affording food for satisfaction to see great rugged-
faced men, with their hands stiffened by their daily toil,
earnestly labouring over the letters they are putting together
in their copy-books. They all came cleanly and respectably
dressed, and on the secretary being asked whether the men
always looked so respectable, " Not when many of them
first came," was the reply ; " but they never attend long before
a marked improvement is to be seen in their appearance.
They soon become more careful about the condition of their
clothes and about personal cleanliness. We have actually
had them come here, occasionally, under the influence of
liquor." " And do you turn them away when they come in
that state ? " was the natural question to ask. " Oh, no ; we
let them sit down with the rest, and do our best with them ;

372 RICHARD CADBURY

but we have to use great care and patience." " Are you able
to say that you have reclaimed permanently any habitual
drunkards, because some people contend that such men are
never really reclaimed ? " " Yes, we have a class almost full
of such men there (pointing to one of the class-rooms). It
is the drunkards' class, and the teacher you see there in-
structing them was himself once a great drunkard. He has
now been for many years a most consistent and earnest
Christian man, and his success with men who have given way
to drink is remarkable."

In preparing for his Sunday class Richard Cadbury
was always most painstaking and careful. It was a
part of the programme of the class that the superin-
tendent should give a brief address at the close.
Occasionally the ordinary sectional teaching would be
dispensed with, and all the scholars would meet in one
of the larger rooms, for what was known as a " general
lesson." This was always looked forward to as a time
of great interest. The notes for many of Richard
Cadbury's addresses were found neatly packed away
in a drawer of the library at Uffculme. They are
but fragments of what was really said.. His plan
seems to have been to select his topic, then to look
up other passages from the Bible which bore upon it.
These would be jotted down on a slip of paper, together
with any leading thoughts, and occasionally an illus-
trative extract, an historic incident, or a scientific
fact. The outline of one of these addresses, delivered
in the summer of 1896, is here picked out from the
rest. It will serve to show his way of work, and may
help to recall to some who heard it the lesson
given on that summer morning. But it will be
agreed by all who heard his teaching that there was

ADULT SCHOOL AND MISSION WORK 373

something in the tones of his voice, and the sweet
persuasiveness of his manner, which gave a charm to
his address that the printed page can never reproduce.

LIGHT (Gen. i. 3, also 13 and 14). — " The earth was without
form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep."
Covered with water and thick clouds — full of confusion and
emptiness : a picture of the heart of man without God,
unregenerate, without life, without hope, and dead in tres-
passes and sin. " The Spirit of God moved upon the face
of the waters." God is the fountain of life to quicken the
dead. Thus with the children of Israel ; read Deut. xxxii.
IO,! 1 1. " Fluttereth over her young " — the same word used
here as in Genesis. Then comes God's first creation on the
earth — light. As evil is always connected with darkness,
so light is always the attribute of God. " God is light, and in
Him is no darkness at all." " He that doeth truth cometh
to the light, that his deeds may be made manifest." Job
beautifully describes the joy of morning light to the world, and
how it discovers wickedness even as clay is turned to the seal
(Job xxxviii. 12-14). But whence comes this dayspring from
on high that searches the inmost recesses of the heart ? What
this light was that God created, man cannot fathom ; for it
was before the sun, the moon, and the stars were created.
A mystery to the man of this world, but to the eye of faith
no mystery, for God is light. Light is a trinity, in nature as
well as by grace. Light is divided by the prism into three
primary colours — red, yellow, blue ; but combined and
undivided, pure light.

In illustration of this point, Richard Cadbury
prepared a small cardboard disc, coloured in sections
with the three primary colours, and made to revolve
so as to show the result of the combination.

Red — the heat-giving principle ; yellow — the luminous, or
light-giving principle ; blue — the power of chemical action.
None can exist without the other, the three are one, the one
is three. Plants will live and grow luxuriantly under the

374 RICHARD CADBURY

influence of red and yellow rays ; but no fruit without the
blue rays. The trinity is incomplete, and only when the blue
is added is it perfect.

Light carries with it an invisible agency, always in action ;
and the more it is looked into, the more strikingly does it
illustrate the agency of the Holy Spirit upon the heart of
man. Thus, — (i) God the Father is light (yellow). He is
all, and combines all in transparent light. " He that sat
on the throne was to look upon like a jasper and a sardine
stone ; and there was a rainbow round about the throne."
(2) God the Son, the love of God revealed to man (red). (3)
God the Holy Spirit is the quickening, life-giving, fruit-bearing
principle (blue).

What, then, is known of this light and heat that comes to
us in a tangible form ? The sun is undoubtedly the main source.
Moonlight is only the reflected light of the sun, as is also the
light from the planets. (The luminous atmosphere of the
sun, whose flames are calculated to be 72,000 miles in height.)

Perhaps some may not full understand the position of our
earth (which is one of the sixty planets) in regard to the sun.

In the original notes some figures are given, which
need not be reproduced here, illustrative of the rela-
tive distances and positions.

Then follows a brief account of Herschel's great
telescope, with its strong penetrative power and its
wide range of vision.

He found that when some of the stars came into the field
of his glass they shone with such brightness that the eye
could not stand the blaze of light. " The entrance of Thy
word," said the psalmist, " giveth light." What a beautiful
and helpful thought is that which is derived by the psalmist
from the consideration of the starry world : "As the heaven
is high above the earth, so great is His mercy towards them
that fear Him " ; ** For as the heavens are higher than the
earth, so are My ways than your ways, and My thoughts
than your thoughts." The consideration of facts like these
gives greater significance to the words of Him who said,

ADULT SCHOOL AND MISSION WORK 375

" I am the light of the world ; he that folio weth Me shall not
walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life."

In the adult school movement, as in so many other
branches of Christian work, a tendency began to
develop here and there to over-emphasise social needs
at the expense of the spiritual. No one was more
interested than Richard Cadbury in plans for the
moral and physical uplifting of his fellows in the
school work, which found expression in savings' funds,
sick and benevolent societies, dispensary funds, am-
bulance classes, musical bands, angling and swimming
clubs, summer parties and excursions, football and
cricket clubs, and all kinds of athletics. In fact, he
was for many years the president and enthusiastic
supporter of the well-known Dolobran Athletic Club,
encouraging the men and boys in the schools to take
advantage of its classes. The memory of the glowing
health and vigour which he owed to the athletic
habits of his own youth made him realise the benefit
of physical training for many of his scholars, whose
days were spent in close factories amid the din of
machinery. Nor was the educational side neglected
in Richard Cadbury' s work. But he took a lofty
view of the best aims and possibilities of an adult
school, putting the needs of the soul in the first place
of importance A pamphlet which he drew up for the
help of his teachers and fellow workers shows this. It
was often reprinted, and largely used for distribution.

Dear Friends, — The object of our classes is to induce the
earnest study of the Scriptures, which are God's revealed will
to man.

376 RICHARD CADBURY

It is to bring those who are living a worldly life to a serious
thought of eternity, and the need of preparation through a
consecrated life.

It is to reclaim the fallen and to lead them to the Lamb of
God, who taketh away the sin of the world.

It is to encourage those who are growing up into manhood
to be strong in the power of God's might.

It is to draw into fellowship and communion those who are
fighting the battle of life, and who need the strength of a
united brotherhood.

It is that God's name should be exalted in the world, that
His kingdom may come, and that His will may be done on
earth as it is in Heaven.

Our classes for men and women are conducted on the
broadest Christian principles.

The Holy Scriptures are our only creed, the basis of our
discussions, and our only final authority.

It is on this understanding that the seekers after truth are
encouraged to take part, and have a right to express their
opinions on all subjects brought before them.

We desire that what we profess before men should be
brought into practical bearing in our lives, and that our
allegiance to God should be proved by our love to our fellow
men.

We hope that the list of institutions connected with our
work will commend itself to you, as we keep in mind the im-
portance of striving to make life happy and useful, while
desiring above all that the aim before us shall be a sure and
certain hope of eternal life.

This is a high and holy calling ; the work and responsi-
bilities are great, but our sufficiency is of God, and our
expectation is unto Him through our Lord and Saviour Jesus
Christ.

The many letters from Richard Cadbury which
have been kept and treasured by some of the teachers
and chief workers in the Highgate schools and mission
are full of his loving and thoughtful care for every
part of it. Once when some change had been made

ADULT SCHOOL AND MISSION WORK 377

in the arrangements of the Men's Adult School, he
wrote from London :

My dear Friends and Fellow Workers, — I have felt
anxious as to the result of the alterations we have made in
our morning school, and wish to express to you all my desire
for nothing that will in any way divide our interests and the
fraternal union that has bound us together for so many years.
My prayers will be with you as you meet together, that you
may be guided in the right path, and that the spirit of love
and condescension may keep you from a thought of evil one
of another. I shall probably be in one of the London early
morning schools on Sunday. Your brother in Christ.

When the children's schools were first opened,
Richard Cadbury often went down to Highgate on
Sunday afternoons ; but with his work in the early
morning school, attendance at the Friends' Meeting
at eleven o'clock, and the conduct of the evening
mission meeting at Highgate, Bournville, or elsewhere,
it was too much to continue regularly. On one
occasion he wrote to the children's school teachers :

Although I have found it very difficult to come often, it
is not that I do not feel a deep interest in the good work. The
next generation is our hope for the future, and if we do not
inculcate the principles of real Christian life into their young
hearts, and love for religious freedom under the banner of
Christ, we cannot expect any better result than the deplorable
condition of the churches at the present day. May Christ
be our watchword for 1898 !

The Women's Early Morning School shared in his
loving interest, and the lady who for many years has
been its faithful superintendent writes :

Mr. Cadbury always paid the most courteous and chivalrous
attention to the ladies who were helping in his mission work.

378 RICHARD CADBURY

After the Sunday evening meeting he always insisted on
carrying my bag to the station, and would usually run ahead
and get my ticket. He often used to go with the open-air
meetings to gather people into the special missions, and was
always ready to help in the inquiry rooms. He showed
continual kindness in helping people to get a change or a
holiday. Those to whom he gave his confidence he trusted
implicitly. I often remember him saying, " You have only
to say it is a genuine case," and out would come his cheque-
book.

When this lady wished to join the Christian Society,
which had become practically a mission branch of the
Society of Friends, Richard Cadbury wrote to her :

I am so glad to see that you are taking a little rest. It is
positively necessary to retire from the whirl of life's duties
at times, not only to rest our body and mind, but to realise
that to do God's work with all our minds and all our heart we
must have times of quiet, or we cannot know true communion
and the grace and strength it brings. It will be a very sweet
and happy service on my part to propose your name as a
member of our Christian Society, trusting it may not only
be a help to others, but a real strength to you in your Christian
life.

A sentence from another letter shows the personal
interest taken by Richard Cadbury and his wife in
the work of the women teachers :

" Thank you for your very kind letter, which makes me feel
my own deficiencies," was the humble-minded opening. " If
it would be quite agreeable to you and your teachers, my dear
wife and I would be delighted to entertain them at our house
next week. Please do not for a moment hesitate to say no
if you see any objection to it. I may also say it will give us
great pleasure to look forward to a periodical visit, say once
in six months, if you like to arrange it."

Special gospel missions were planned at regular

ADULT SCHOOL AND MISSION WORK 379

intervals, for Richard Cadbury looked on them as a
harvest-time in which to reap the results of persevering
labour of weeks and months.

" It has been a very busy time for me," he wrote to one of
his daughters in 1897 — " most evenings occupied at home or
away to the full. Soon comes our week's mission, which we
are looking forward to with much hope and prayer."

About three weeks later a letter to his son in South
Africa says :

We have just had a very successful mission at Highgate,
about one hundred and fifty coming out for Christ. Oh, how
important it is that our peace should be made with God. It
is a joy to the soul that nothing earthly can give ; and it is a
great comfort to me to believe that if we never meet on earth
again, we shall (by God's grace) meet where there is no parting,
and where sin cannot harm us.

This was written about sixteen months before
Richard Cadbury's last journey to the East, and was
strangely prophetic, for he did not live to see his son
again. Another reference to a special series of mission
meetings says :

We had a glorious meeting last evening — about twenty or
thirty genuine conversions, as far as I could tell.

Richard Cadbury's first journey to Egypt and
Palestine was quite an event to the people at High-
gate, as well as to himself, for he had never before
been away from his school for so long a time as three
months in succession. A grand welcome meeting was
arranged in the Highgate Board Schools to greet Mr.
and Mrs. Cadbury and their family on their return.

380 RICHARD CADBURY

" I received your kind letter at Beyrout, from which place we
sailed a week ago," Richard Cadbury wrote from London, in
accepting the invitation. " We are very thankful to have re-
turned home again safe and sound. It has been a delightful
tour, full of incident and adventure. I am so glad to hear
of the continued progress of our work at Highgate, and my
heart is full of gratitude to our Heavenly Father for His
preserving care."

This public welcome, at which Richard Cadbury
and his wife were presented with an illuminated
address, assuring them of the continued esteem and
devotion of all connected with the Highgate work, was
a spontaneous act, and was a genuine sign of the love
and friendship which bound the scholars, teachers, and
workers to their leader. All that he had learned and
enjoyed on that journey was shared with them, and
through the next winter he gave a much-appreciated
series of lantern lectures.

The many organisations which benefited by
Richard Cadbury 's help and interest were legion.
There is not space to do more than mention a few of
them, such as the Young Men's Christian Association,
the Medical Mission, the British and Foreign Bible
Society, the Police Mission, the Peace Society, hospi-
tals, and many other institutions. His belief in the
power of prayer led him to be deeply interested in
the " World-wide Circle of Prayer," which began in
Birmingham on January ist, 1896. Its object was
to unite believers of every denomination, who could
agree to pray for " the increased manifestation of the
Holy Spirit's presence in all Christians, and fuller
blessing upon all Christian work in all lands." The

ADULT SCHOOL AND MISSION WORK 381

invitation to unite as " all one in Christ Jesus " bore
an interesting list of signatures, including the Bishop
of Durham, Rev. Hugh Price Hughes, Dr. McLaren,
Rev. F. B. Meyer, Rev. Hudson Taylor (China Inland
Mission), Dr. Clark (Christian Endeavour), J. R.
Mott (S.V.M.U.), Rev. John McNeill, Richard Cadbury
(Friends), and many others, representing almost every
denomination of Christians.

The " Friends' Tract Association," and especially
its colportage work in England and Ireland, claimed
his liberal support ; and in his mission at Highgate
Richard Cadbury always encouraged the distribution
of carefully selected tracts. Amongst the many
earnest Christians of other denominations whom he
delighted to help was the Methodist minister, Rev. J.
Odell, who carried on for sixteen years a successful
training home for young evangelists. This work not
only owed its financial support largely to Richard
Cadbury, but both superintendent and students looked
to him for personal counsel and encouragement.

" He grew into my heart and life as no other friend had ever
done," wrote Mr. Odell. " The void remains, and no one has
filled his place. He was never ' the patron,' but always the
brother, the comrade in the work. It was this beautiful,
Christlike spirit that endeared him to all who sought his aid."

Many a good Christian man, who was overworked
and underpaid, experienced Richard Cadbury 's prac-
tical sympathy. A minister in one of the Midland
towns, who had been toiling for years without means
of taking a much-needed rest, was encouraged to
confide in him. As a result, the broken, over-

382 RICHARD CADBURY

burdened man was enabled at once to take a long
holiday, from which he returned to his work with
renewed strength and vigour. Such instances might
be multiplied, but we must turn to the Highgate
work once more.

Before his first visit to Egypt and Palestine,
Richard Cadbury had begun to plan a new scheme
for drawing into a central home the hydra-headed
organisation which was fast outgrowing even the
two board schools and the mission-hall in Upper
Highgate Street. A piece of land was secured, fronting
on to the Moseley Road, and on this was to be built
a magnificent institute, devised by the busy brain
and loving heart, which were at the same time planning
the beautiful almshouses at Bourn ville.

The last annual report of Class XV. which was
ever read by Richard Cadbury shows the state
of the work up to October, 1898. The attendance at
the Men's Morning School averaged 463, and added
to this was an average of 69 for a branch school which
had been started at Bordesley Green. A large Bible-
class for men on Sunday afternoons numbered an
average attendance of 263. The figures for the
Women's Morning School and afternoon Bible-class were
respectively 187 and 130. Over a thousand children
were in the schools every Sunday afternoon, and about
two hundred people gathered to the evening mission
meetings. The report also tells of a Christian En-
deavour Society, Band of Hope, Temperance Society,
Mothers' Meeting, Tuesday night Bible-class, Friday
night Bible-class, and many other sub-divisions of

FRIENDS HALL AND INSTITUTE, MOSELEY ROAD,
i. Front Entrance.
2. Lecture Hall.

ADULT SCHOOL AND MISSION WORK 383

the work. By this time the new building, which was
to be known as the " Friends' Hall and Institute,
Moseley Road," was nearing completion. Richard
Cadbury took an almost boyishly enthusiastic delight
in watching it grow into shape. The front part of the
building stood a little back from the road. On the left
of the entrance portico was a bright, pleasant refresh-
ment-room, connected with which was the caretaker's
house ; on the right a large room solidly furnished in
oak as a reading-room, or for holding smaller meet-
ings. Above, with three handsome oriel windows, the
lecture hall, capable of seating about four hundred,
stretched across the whole width. A long passage
above and below opened into a number of small class-
rooms, of which there were, in all, thirty-seven. On
the ground floor, the broad passage ended in a square
crush hall, from which opened men's and women's
cloak-rooms. A turn to the right brought one to the
chief feature of the building, the large assembly hall,
which was built to hold two thousand. It was well
lighted, with a platform at one end and a broad
gallery at the other, with a narrower gallery along
each side of the hall. These, both above and below,
were fitted with roller screens, by means of which a
dozen or more class-rooms could be quickly formed.
Beneath the assembly hall was a magnificent gym-
nasium, fitted up as the new home for the Dolobran
Athletic Club through the week, and to be used for
children's schools on Sunday. In the basement were
also the huge store-rooms, containing about three
thousand sets of crockery, for mammoth tea-parties,

384 RICHARD CADBURY

and in connection with the gymnasium were bath- and
dressing-rooms. At the back, separate from the rest
of the building, was a charming little house for the
secretary to live in. In all the arrangements nothing
was considered insignificant by Richard Cadbury, who
personally superintended every detail.

Sending a budget of letters to be looked through,
the architect, Mr. Ewen Harper, said :

They show Mr. Cadbury' s great anxiety to have the buildings
at Moseley Road and Bournville completed before leaving
for his last visit to the Holy Land. To me his death was the
losing of one whose life and example were an inspiration to
do nobly and faithfully.

Many details cannot be given, but a little must be
said of the decorations chosen with so much care and
thought for the assembly and lecture halls. On
November 5th Richard Cadbury wrote :

I am enclosing the texts chosen for the assembly hall. . . .
They should not be written in unreadable lettering, but should
be distinct and clear. The capital letters might be ornate, so
long as they are readable.

The texts chosen are painted on the walls above the
galleries, along each side of the hall. They include
Luther's " Gospel in miniature," invitations to accept
Christ, the " Golden Rule," and others — all of them
special favourites of Richard Cadbury 's. The references
to them, which were placed with each text, are
John iii. 16 ; Isa. lv. 6 ; Isa. ix. 6 ; Heb. xv. 8
John xv. 4, 5 ; Matt. v. 28 and 1 Pet. v. 7
John i. 1, 14 ; 1 Cor. iii. 11 ; Rev. iii. 12 ; Rev. hi
20 ; Rev. xxii. 17 ; Matt. vii. 12 ; Ps. xc. 12

FRIENDS HALL AND INSTITUTE, MOSELEY ROAD,
i. Assembly Hall.
2. Gymnasium.

ADULT SCHOOL AND MISSION WORK 385

Matt. v. 44 and xxiii. 8 ; Ps. xc. 17 ; Exod. xii. 13.
Over the platform, upon an arched, recessed back-
ground, is painted a beautiful design of lilies, sketched
by Richard Cadbury himself, with the words, " Con-
sider the lilies of the field " ; and on the outer
edge of the arch is the text, " I am the Way, the
Truth, and the Life ; no man cometh unto the
Father but by Me."

Further letters are full of detailed instructions for
the design in the recess over the lecture-hall platform.
It was a picture of the heavens, showing the moon
and the earth, and the " Great Bear," with the star
pointing to the pole star in " Ursa Minor." Across
the bottom of the recess were the phases of the moon,
and round the arch the twelve signs of the zodiac ;
while above all were the words, " The heavens declare
the glory of God."

The same minute attention was paid to every part of
the building, as in the choice of the chairs and seating
arrangements, the fitting up of the gymnasium, and
so on.

By Christmas-time Richard Cadbury had the de-
light and satisfaction of seeing the beautiful institute
ready for use, although many minor points still had
to be attended to. It was twenty years since Class XV.
had made its humble beginning under his care.
Through all the changes time had brought, he had
been its faithful friend and shepherd, and now had
prepared a permanent home, in which it could grow
and flourish.

CHAPTER XXVII
THE LAST CHRISTMAS (1898)

THE STORY OF A CHRISTMAS DAY — FATHER CHRISTMAS AND
THE CHILDREN — PRIVATE OPENING OF THE NEW
MOSELEY ROAD INSTITUTE — AIMS OF THE WORK OUT-
LINED

FROM the earliest recollections of childhood,
Christmas Day was the crowning day of the
year in Richard Cadbury's family. The very air
seemed electric with a feeling of affection and good-will,
and an anticipation of delightful surprises that marked
it out from all other days. The happiest and brightest
of all was that which dawned on December 25th, 1898.
Uffculme was full to overflowing, and the merriment
began early in the morning with the discovery of the
well-filled stockings which hung by every bedside.

According to a custom which had prevailed since the
old days at Harborne Road, the young people of the
house gathered before breakfast outside the mother's
and father's door, and sang carols. Most of them
were a special series, reserved for this occasion, which
the older girls had learnt in the nursery, tunes and
all, from the lips of their Irish nurse. The beautiful
German hymn, " Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht ! " had

386

THE LAST CHRISTMAS 387

been added to the list, which invariably closed with
a rousing chorus, " Merry Christmas to all." Then
for a moment Richard Cadbury's happy face appeared
at the door, and rattling all over the floor came a
handful of coppers. A lively scramble followed, after
which the coppers were solemnly divided, the youngest
having the largest share. At about eight o'clock all
the household gathered in the hall for prayers.
After a Christmas hymn Richard Cadbury read in
his reverent, thrilling voice the story of Christ's birth,
from the second chapter of Luke. It brought to the
minds of those who had visited Palestine with him
in 1897 vivid memories of the little Eastern village
of Bethlehem, overlooking the green stretch of valley
where the shepherds watched their flocks so long ago.
Then all knelt, and Richard Cadbury prayed, drawing
hearts closer together, and making each one feel the
nearness of the Heavenly Father's love and presence,
and the joy of Christmas-tide. In a few moments
the merry party were thronging towards the breakfast-
room, where the mother, whose birthday it was, was
led in triumph to her place as queen of the day. By
her chair was a tiny Christmas-tree and a pile of
presents, and in the middle of the table was her birth-
day cake.

Richard Cadbury's second daughter, with her hus-
band and baby son, were staying at the old home, and
at the close of breakfast there came a knock at the
door, where little Dickie appeared in the nurse's arms,
wrapped in his tiny pink dressing-gown ; he had come
to give his grandparents a kiss on his first Christmas

388 RICHARD CADBURY

Day. About ten o'clock a procession was made amidst
great excitement to the schoolroom, all the servants
and people from the lodges joining the rest of the
household to share in the distribution of Christmas
presents, which were stacked on, beneath, and around
the schoolroom table. Not a child in the room entered
more fully into the fun than Richard Cadbury, who
was radiant at seeing every one so happy. He
treasured the simplest little gift that fell to his share,
because of the love that lay behind it, for love was
the one earthly possession upon which he depended.
About half-past twelve the other Christmas guests
began to arrive. His brother, George Cadbury,
brought a large contingent, consisting of his wife
and nine children. Three of his cousins, daughters
of Benjamin Head Cadbury, who had been the special
playmates of Richard and his brothers and sisters
in their childhood days, and who had remained
closely and affectionately in touch through all the
long years, also joined the family circle on this
happy day. He had five of his own eight children
round him, but the eldest son and daughter, and
the youngest son on his farm in Cape Colony, were
lovingly remembered, though they could not join
with the rest at Uffculme. The eldest son and his
family were kept away by a visitation of whooping-
cough. Dolly, being Richard Cadbury 's only grand-
daughter, was a special pet of his, and he wrote to
her and her little brother, Paul, a delightfully playful
Christmas letter, half revealing the hitherto unrealised
fact, that " Grandfather Cadbury " and the wonderful

THE LAST CHRISTMAS 389

old Father Christmas who visited Uffculme each year
were one and the same. When the news came three
months later from Jerusalem that their grandfather
had gone to heaven, Dolly, at least, was old enough
to understand why the dear old Uffculme Father
Christmas could never come back any more.

By one o'clock all the guests had arrived, and a
party of thirty-four sat down to an old-fashioned
Christmas dinner. When they streamed into the hall
afterwards, the fun was at its height, and the air
rang with laughter. After a while the mother of
the house called to the children, " Hush ! don't
you hear the front door bell ringing ? " The hum
of merry voices stopped, and in the pause sounded
the distant whirring of an electric bell. Then came
excited cries of, " It's Father Christmas ! " " Father
Christmas has come ! " and a general stampede
towards the entrance hall. A thudding noise, like
some one banging a stick on the ground, was to
be heard outside. When the door was opened,
there stood dear old Father Christmas in his long
red cloak and hood, his humped back covered with
snow, his long white beard flowing, his aged hand
trembling as he leant on a stout, knotted stick, while
over his shoulder lay a knobbly sack with toys peeping
out of the top.

Amidst joyful cries of greeting, the children led
him reverently and affectionately into the hall towards
a comfortable chair. In a few moments he stood,
leaning on his stick again, in the centre of a
large group which had formed round him, including

390 RICHARD CADBURY

the servants, who had also come into the hall. In
front of him stood the children, whom he subjected
to a little examination of their behaviour through the
year, which some of them answered in slight trepida-
tion as the thought of various misdemeanours crossed
their minds. But Father Christmas only encouraged
them all to try still harder to be good children through
the year that was coming. Then he said, " But
where are my little Dolly and Paul ? I can't see
them anywhere, and isn't there a little boy called
Victor ? " After their absence had been explained
he said, " Well, I shan't forget them." Then he
caught sight of Dickie, who was looking at him
from his mother's arms with big wondering eyes.
" Why, who's that little 'un ? " he cried. " He
must be new since I was here last year, isn't he ? "
The baby boy was given a first kiss from Father
Christmas, who then began telling the children of
his home at the north pole, and the long journey,
first on an iceberg and then in a reindeer sledge.
" How old am I, children ? " he asked. But the
children could not tell. " Don't you know what year
it is ? " " Yes, Father Christmas, it's 1898," came
from some of the bigger boys. " Well, don't you
see, I am just as old as that — nearly two thousand
years old ; a good age, eh, Grammercy ? " said the
disguised Richard Cadbury, turning to his wife's
mother, whom he often called by this pet name.
Then he began telling the children how he was born
eighteen hundred and ninety-eight years ago, far
away over the sea, in Bethlehem, and that in a little

THE LAST CHRISTMAS 391

while he would be going back there again. It was
strange that he should have spoken to them like
this, in a way he had never done before, identifying
his origin with the birth of the Babe of Bethlehem,
the story of which always filled his loving heart with
tender emotion. It brought to mind the sweet German
legend of the Christ-child, which now seemed fused
into the character of Father Christmas in a new and
unthought-of light.

" But now, come, I must take you to the Christmas
tree, as I have some more visits to make," he said,
leading the way to the study. When the door was
opened a low cry of wonder and admiration burst
from every one's lips, for there against the dark ruby
window-curtains, on a table spread with a snowy
cloth, stood the most lovely Christmas-tree they had
ever seen. It seemed the very emblem of purity and
brightness. The upper side of every branch was
covered with sparkling white snow, and the whole tree
dripped with silver streamers, to represent icicles,
which glittered in the rays of numerous white candles.
From the top shone a silver star, and white and silver
ornaments twinkled among the branches. Not a touch
of colour anywhere, save the dark green of the tree
itself ; the very pot in which it stood seemed to shoot
out points of fire from its tinsel covering. Presently
Father Christmas drew attention to a pile of parcels
lying on the floor. Putting them into the mother's
care for distribution, he now said he must have his
dance with the children before saying good-bye. They
joined hands in a large ring and danced round, Father

392 RICHARD CADBURY

Christmas as spry as any of them, in spite of his humped
back and heavy weight of years. Then each rosy face
was raised for a farewell kiss from under the red hood.

They crowded to the door, and called " good-bye "
as they watched the well-known, bent figure start
off down the drive ; but how little any of them realised
that it was a real farewell for ever to the Uffculme
Father Christmas, and that they should never again
see the dear form in its long red cloak and hood. No
presentiment of the terrible sorrow that was so soon
to come cast any cloud on their gladness, as they
turned back to the study. Richard Cadbury slipped
in amongst them so quietly that the children, whose
attention had been fully occupied, never noticed his
absence. After a last look at the tree in its shimmering
glory of white and silver, the children trooped upstairs
with their treasures to the nursery corridor, and their
elders dispersed for an hour's rest.

At six o'clock the quiet which had fallen over the
house was again broken by merry voices, as one after
another gathered in the hall, and, at the sound of the
gong, turned towards the dining-room to partake of
that comfortable meal known as " high tea." This
over, a space was cleared in the hall for round games,
in which Richard Cadbury and his wife joined as
heartily as any of the children.

After a time all gathered round the organ to sing
some Christmas hymns, and then came the bustle of
goodbyes. When the rest of the family came back
into the hall from seeing their guests oif, they found
Richard Cadbury hard at work, picking up the debris

THE LAST CHRISTMAS 393

from crackers, and carrying off chairs and rugs to their
accustomed places. After such an occasion as Christ-
mas Day, when the house had been full of people, he
would often remind his children of those who had been
working doubly hard for their pleasure all day, and
that it was worth while to save them one added piece
of work, never pausing to think whether he himself
was tired. It was these constant little acts of unselfish-
ness that made his home-life so beautiful and full of
sunshine. Inspired by his example, the others set
to work also, and in a few moments all was restored
to order, so that, when the tired servants came upon
the scene, they found that no further labour was
needed. Was it any wonder that the whole household
loved him devotedly, even down to the kitchen-maid,
who felt rewarded for the hardest day's toil, when she
happened to pass as he came into the house in an
evening and received his cheery greeting ? So ended
his last happy Christmas Day on earth ; and what to
some might seem a prosaic close, gives but one more
illustration of the secret power of a life, in which thought
of self had no place, but which was devoted for his
Master's sake to simple and incessant service for others.
Although the day was always kept for family
reunion, Richard Cadbury did not forget his many
friends who had less of this world's goods than
himself, and Christmas-time was one of the busiest
seasons of the year in providing for their pleasure.
Amongst many others, the people at Bournville,
and those connected with his varied mission work,
had special claims. The works' party, at which

394 RICHARD CADBURY

about two thousand of the employes and as
many as possible of the travellers and members
of the Cadbury families were present, was never
happier or more successful, and to the Highgate
people this Christmas brought a special reason for
rejoicing. The new Friends' Hall and Institute, on
the Moseley Road, although not entirely complete in
every detail, was more or less ready for use, and the
large assembly hall was finished. A formal opening,
which never took place, was planned for May, but on
December 27th Richard Cadbury had the joy of
welcoming his adult scholars and the members of the
various branches of his Highgate work to the new
home which he had prepared for them." Tea was
provided in the gymnasium, and was partaken of by
about sixteen hundred, who then gathered in the large
hall above. When Richard Cadbury and his wife,
who had received and shaken hands with all their
guests, appeared on the platform, they were greeted
by hearty cheers, which seemed as though they could
not die away. With their parents were Barrow
Cadbury and his wife ; Edith Butler and her husband,
who had been taking an earnest part in the Highgate
Adult School since his marriage ; William Cadbury,
with the three youngest daughters and Alec, and a
number of relations and friends interested in the
work. When Richard Cadbury rose to speak he was
met with another storm of applause, and after it had
at last subsided he said :

In wishing you all a happy new year I do so with
heartfelt thankfulness for the blessings we have all received

THE LAST CHRISTMAS 395

during this closing year of 1898, and with a sure hope that
God will bless us in the future as we look to Him to guide us
in the new and increased work and responsibilities that lie
before us. This is not a formal opening to the public, but a
Christmas welcome to all who have for a longer or shorter
period worked with us through the past twenty years.

It is in no sectarian spirit that we have welcomed the help
of those who are willing to join with us in bringing in the
wanderer and the outcast, in reforming the drunkard, and in
holding forth the lamp of hope, faith, and charity to all who
have not accepted God's means of salvation. Nor is it our
desire to compete with other Christian chujches and public
bodies in building this house and institute for the people ;
but we believe that the homes of our artisans will be brighter
and better for the influences brought to bear upon their moral
and religious life in this place. Recreations and amusements
are necessarily part of our social life, and one of the great
problems of the day is to solve the question as to the best
means of keeping them free from contamination of the
moral character.

Our work is to train the young into habits of industry,
and to inculcate in them pure and holy thoughts, to stimulate
social and intellectual intercourse among those growing into
manhood and womanhood, so that their ambition shall be to
encourage mutual respect for one another and to place love
on its highest throne, by gentleness, by good report, by manly
courage, by cultivating the mind, by earnest work, and by
sanctified dedication to God's service.

We claim no superiority in these matters over others who
are working on the same lines, but wish to emulate all in zeal
and consecration. One great principle governs the children
of God ; that they are one in Christ. Some say and think
that unity is impossible ; well, if they think so they do not
believe in Him Who said " that they all may be one as Thou
Father art in Me, and I in Thee, that they also may be one in
Us." It is on this principle alone that the men of the world
will be won for Christ, and until the churches recognise this
unity of believers there will be no great ingathering of the
people. The reason is not far to seek ; it is because the
churches will be brought into sympathy with one another, for
although they may differ from one another in outward forms,

396 RICHARD CADBURY

they will acknowledge Christ as the great Shepherd of His
sheep, who says, "And there shall be one fold and one
Shepherd.' '

Ours is a humble attempt to build upon the one foundation,
without reference to creed or hierarchical pretensions. The
Bible texts on these walls proclaim allegiance to the doctrine
of the priesthood of believers and of the divinity of Christ.

We look forward to the new year for increased opportunities
and zeal for His kingdom, and devoutly ask for His guidance
and blessing upon all that is undertaken in His name.

A presentation was then made ot which Richard
Cadbury had not the slightest previous suspicion,
and which had been subscribed for by the men, women,
and children connected with the work. It took the
form of a table and reading-desk, a large armchair,
and eight other chairs for the platform, all in solid
oak, with the monogram " R. C." and the bundle of
sticks which he had chosen as the motto of the in-
stitute engraved on each. The loving words with
which the presentation was made, the genuine devotion
that beamed in the eyes turned towards him, and that
thrilled in the renewed cheers which greeted his rising,
stirred a tumult of emotion in him. He seemed
overcome by the gratitude with which his great gift
had been received ; it had not occurred to him to
expect it, and perhaps never before had he realised
the depth of passionate affection which his long years
of unassuming service had earned from his fellow
workers and scholars. After a few words of thanks
his voice shook and broke, and he asked his wife to
finish for him. The whole gathering seemed like a
family party, and she came forward with a face glowing
with happiness at seeing him so truly appreciated.

THE LAST CHRISTMAS 397

She told them how grateful she was for the love they
bore her dear husband, who was a man worth loving.
She had lived with him more than twenty-seven years,
and the longer he lived the sweeter he grew. After
thanking them again and again for their gift, her
gentle voice became more serious as she expressed her
hope that a great work would be done there long after
she and her husband had gone from them ; and that
the building might tumble down, if a time should ever
come when it was not fulfilling its mission and doing
work for the glory of God.

CHAPTER XXVIII
THE LAST JOURNEY (1899)

METHODICAL PREPARATIONS FOR ABSENCE — LAST BUSY
WEEKS AT HOME — EGYPT AGAIN — EXCURSIONS TO TEL-
EL-AMARNA AND BAB-EL-MOLUK — FIRST CHURCH IN
THE SOUDAN — VISIT TO THE MISSION HOSPITAL AT
ASSIUT — ILLNESS AND JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM

THE first weeks of the New Year were filled to
overflowing with work and engagements of all
kinds, and with preparations for the three months'
holiday, in which another tour through Egypt and
Palestine was planned. Richard Cadbury was in
harness up to the last day. One of the striking things
in his life was his continual readiness for the home-
call, whenever it might come, although he never dwelt
morbidly on the thought of death. It was his habit
to be neat and methodical, but before leaving home
for any journey he always took extra care in arranging
his papers and belongings, both at home and at
Bournville, in such order, that in the event of his death
as little trouble as possible might be given. Before
this journey in 1899 the thought often seemed to be
in his mind, and several remember him saying, " If
I should not come home again. . . ." But the

398

THE LAST JOURNEY 399

radiance and gladness of his life seemed deeper than
ever during those busy weeks. The completion of
the Moseley Road Institute and the Bournville alms-
houses was a great delight to him, and both were
formed into public trusts as Moseley Hall had been,
though these were entirely in the hands of his family
and members of the Society of Friends.

The plans for changing the constitution of Cadbury
Brothers into a limited liability company were ready,
and his own affairs in connection with the works
prepared for a long absence. For two or three Sundays
in the January his adult school and other classes had
met in the new institute ; and in -a letter dated Janu-
ary 22nd he said, " We had six hundred and fifty-
three men at school this morning, which was a very
satisfactory beginning."

On January 29th, the last Sunday before his depar-
ture for Egypt, he gave an address to the whole
school, which was thus described by a reporter of the
Birmingham Weekly Mercury. The subject was " The
Silence of God " (1 Kings xix. 11, 12) :

He was interesting from the first, speaking with clearness,
though his voice showed symptoms of wear ; without manner-
isms or deadly commonplaceness ; with a cultured style and
evidences of imagination and instinctive love of the sublime
and beautiful in nature. He spoke of the still small voice ;
of the silence of God. We should know more of God's silence
in proportion as we knew more of the working of the Holy
Spirit of God. That Spirit must have been felt by us in prayer,
or we should have no faith in its efficacy. As we sang of the
stars and the firmament our thoughts went back to the dawn
of creation, when the Spirit of God brooded over the face of
the waters — silently. Sin came into the world and the silence

400 RICHARD CADBURY

of God was broken. In the temple of Solomon we saw a
wonderful symbol of the silence of God. Every piece of wood
was hewed into shape before it came to the builders. No
sound of axe or hammer was heard there. All was done in
silence. On the other hand, we knew that when the temple
was destroyed it was done with axes and hammers. The
world was full of noise and sin. For his part, he humbly
desired that we might return to the quiet and peace associated
with a purer form of earthly life. Passing along the history
of time, there was the Flood. Again the silent eye of God
looked on. We need to realise the power of sin, and the
power of the Evil One, who goes about seeking whom he may
destroy. We all knew this ; the difficulty was to apply it to
ourselves. This could be done by the Spirit of God in our
hearts. We must not rely upon each other, but on ourselves.
Thus might we find grace and help in every time of need.
Elijah for the moment lost faith. The voice of conscience
came to him, the voice of God, " Where art thou, Elijah ? "
In like manner the voice of God had found out Adam. We
wanted the voice of God in our hearts and consciences. When
the still small voice was heard, the prophet wrapped his face
in his mantle.

Did we realise the solemnity of the presence of God ? Were
we there to worship ? It is a solemn thing to stand in that
silent presence. We should do well to have more silence in
our worship, to let the Lord come in. We had enough of
the voices of men in the world, and in our daily avocations.
The wisdom of men was nothing when compared with the
wisdom of the Lord.

Thus did Mr. Richard Cadbury hold forth, his manner
quiet, and even modest ; his tone and general style that of a
level-headed citizen whose religious faith was real, whole-
hearted, and immovable. The people sat very still, giving
to every word the most respectful attention.

The same evening he took the mission meeting at
the Bournville and Stirchley Institute, and the follow-
ing night presided over a mass meeting for men in
the Central Hall, Corporation Street, at which Dr.
Thomas Savage gave an address on social purity.

THE LAST JOURNEY 401

Moseley Hall, the Police Institute, and his work at
the law courts were amongst the things that received
his attention during the last days at home. On the
morning before his departure he met the workers of
the Gospel Temperance Mission at their monthly
prayer-meeting, and the same evening a family dinner-
party took place at Uffculme, which he had to leave
early for a meeting. Coming home that night, he
threw his hat in the air, and said to his wife, " And
now, hurrah for a long holiday ! "

The following afternoon, February 2nd, a large
family party gathered at New Street Station to speed
the travellers on their way. There were seven of
them this time, as, besides his wife and three youngest
daughters, Richard Cadbury took with him his second
daughter Edith, and her husband, whose baby-boy
was left in the loving care of his grandmother Butler.
It was a great wrench for the young mother, but she
was anxious for her husband to take advantage of
such a tour in the East, and especially in Palestine.

The special incident which marked the journey
across Europe was a visit to Richard Cadbury's sister
Maria and her husband at Boulogne-sur-Mer. Again
a journal letter, written by each in turn, carried news
of their doings to the family at home. A smooth
voyage from Brindisi to Port Said, and a long day's
journey by rail along the Suez Canal to Ismailia, and
from there across the desert, brought them to Cairo.
It seemed familiar after the visit of two years before,
but was full of fresh interest. A week was busily
occupied in seeing the mosques and museums, Old

402 RICHARD CADBURY

Cairo and Rhoda Island, the Pyramids and the Sphinx,
where an experiment in camel-riding was made.

The month of Ramadan, during which no Mohamme-
dan may eat, drink, or smoke between sunrise and
sunset, was over on February nth, much to the relief
of Richard Cadbury, who could not bear to see the
donkey-boys and men of all classes going without
water through the hot days. One day, as the party
were standing on the piazza of Shepheard's Hotel, a
figure in a flowing cloak rushed up the steps, and
seizing Richard Cadbury's hand, showered kisses upon
it, turning to the other six with a similar salute. It
was Raschid Mouhany, the Nile dragoman of two years
before, who had hurried to Shepheard's the moment
he heard that the Cadbury party was there.

On Tuesday, February 14th, the Nile journey began
again, under Raschid's guidance once more, as far as
the first cataract. The following Friday a private
excursion was planned to Tel-el- Am arna, as Richard
Cadbury wanted to see a remarkable pavement recently
discovered by Mr. Flinders Petrie He describes the
day's doings in the journal :

This has been a record day for us, as we have accomplished
our long-looked -for visit to Tel-el- Amarna. We started before
dawn, but had hardly proceeded a mile before we were en-
veloped by a thick fog ; the wind had changed, and instead of
the rough crested waves the river was now unruffled. It was
unfortunate for our party, as we had to cast anchor for two and
a half hours, until the sun had dispelled the mist, and when we
landed it was 10.30 instead of eight o'clock. The usual
crowd of persistent children were waiting for backsheesh
and followed us on our journey. Palm-trees and corn-fields
formed a narrow belt between the river and the desert, on the

THE LAST JOURNEY 403

borders of which lay in desolation the once proud city of
Tel-el- Amarna, built by the last king of the eighteenth dynasty.

Amen-hotep III. was captivated by the beauty of the
Mesopotamian princess Tai, and she quickly used her influence
to educate her little son (the future King) in her own faith,
so that when his father died there was no one besides the
priests to dispute their will. But this was sufficient to compel
him to establish a temple to the sun's disc away from Thebes.
The Egyptians worshipped Amen-Ra, the hidden sun, after
his setting, while he was pursuing his passage through the
unseen world, which embodied the doctrine of the resurrection.
The Asiatics worshipped the full orb of light, so that, when
Amen-hotep IV. came to be king, he took upon himself the
name Khun-en-Aten, ** The Radiance of the Solar Disc."

On the low mounds upon which we were standing once
stood the most gorgeous palace Egypt had ever seen. Its
walls and columns were decorated with coloured glass and
gold, and inlaid with precious stones, and its statuary is said
to have closely rivalled the finest examples of Greek sculpture.
Of this very little is to be seen on the spot, but a brick building
covers a most wonderful painted pavement, on which are
represented water-plants with the lotus-flower in bud and in
full bloom, and a great variety of birds and fishes, equal in
execution to the best examples of modern art; and what
perhaps is more surprising, the colours are nearly as fresh
as if just painted. A few fragments of broken columns of
white marble show the exquisite character of the work of
these ancient sculptors. We walked with mingled feelings
over the wreck of the great city, especially over that part on
which stood Aten-Ra, " The House of the Royal Rolls." Three
hundred clay tablets were found about ten years ago with
cuneiform inscriptions, which have proved to be part of the
correspondence beween the court of Egypt with Babylon,
Assyria, and the vassal princes in Canaan, one or more being
from Ebed-Tob, the vassal king of Jerusalem. From here
we walked over about two miles of open desert to the rock
tombs. High up on the cliffs is a stratum of hard limestone,
and into this the great men of Khun-en-Aten's court cut and
ornamented their last resting-places. The first we visited
was for the king's treasurer, Huia. Two fine lotus-pillars
supported the roof ; the pillars and walls had been covered

404 RICHARD CADBURY

with pictures and hieroglyphs, but sadly damaged by the
ceaseless wreck of ages. The door of the tomb exactly faced
the sun at noon, and on each side of the entrance the king is
represented holding the solar disc ; inside was a picture of
the temple solar disc, etc.

Another tomb to which we scrambled along a narrow path
was dedicated to Ra-Meri, a great statue of whom stood right
at the back of the tomb perhaps sixty feet from the entrance,
but the sun shone right on to his disfigured portrait. Khun-
en-Aten was represented in his chariot, with runners and
soldiers. Another represented him followed by his children,
also in chariots, and a picture of the palace with its gardens
and fountains. We had our lunch in Huia's tomb with our
crowd of followers outside the iron gate like a pack of
wolves.

No time was left to visit the southern group of tombs,
which were a mile and a half distant, and so we missed
our visit to the tomb of the King's Canaanite Prime Minister
Tutu, which has a wonderful hymn to the Sun God, " The
creator of all things — heaven, mankind, animals, birds, flowers ;
our eyes are lightened by his beams ; he is the Lord of time,
the creator of years, months, and days."

The king's own tomb is up a wild ravine cut deeply into
the rocks, like the tombs of the kings of Thebes. The end
of his reign was sad and terrible, as his enemies wreaked a
savage vengeance on his mummy, scattering it to the winds
before it was fairly in its last resting-place, and nothing now
remains but some scattered fragments of his granite sarco-
phagus ; all his treasures and the rich ornaments of his temple
and palace were carried away to adorn the sanctuary of Amon
at Thebes. The king had surrounded his person and court
with Asiatics, and consequently it became a war to the death
between Egypt and Asia. Thus a new king and a new
dynasty arose, "which knew not Joseph," and the oppression
and expulsion of the Israelites naturally followed.

Our walk back over the desert was hot in the extreme. We
had to cross the river, and our ferry was full of men and two
donkeys, so we had to crush into the dirty boat and crew
as well as we could. We unloaded some men and the two
donkeys on an island, and soon after stranded on a sand-bank,
from which, after much shouting and men plunging into the

THE LAST JOURNEY 405

water to pull her off with ropes, we at last cleared ourselves,
and were then landed on the far side one after the other in the
arms of two men. The railway station was three miles away,
and we reckoned that we had only forty minutes to do it in ;
fortunately we had about half an hour longer, so had time to
cool at the railway station after a steaming hot walk, for we
did not relish the idea of spending the night in the native
huts. (Another writer in the journal tells of Richard
Cadbury's rapid pace, and of how even the Syrian guide
remarked, M Master walk very fast.")

We took first-class tickets, and wished afterwards we had
not, for a thick layer of dust covered these unused compart-
ments, and although the cushions were shaken and the backs
beaten, small streams of dust continued to fall on us all the
way to Assiut, which we reached at six o'clock. Our boat
had not arrived, but through the courtesy of the captain of
the Rameses the Great, which was on her way back to Cairo,
we gladly availed ourselves of a wash and brush up, and a
good dinner with the passengers of that boat. Ours arrived
at 8.30, and we were very glad to get into our own quarters
safe and sound.

On the Sunday Richard Cadbury was asked to
read his paper on " The Jewish Race in Egypt," a
revised edition of the one written two years earlier,
and permission being given to use the dining saloon,
he arranged a service between 10.30 and 11.30, and
an hour of informal hymn-singing in the evening,
which was much appreciated by the other passengers.

Denderah, Luxor, and Karnak were again visited,
and from here he wrote the following letter to the
teachers of the Severn Street and Priory Children's
First Day School Union :

February igth, 1899. — My dear Friends, — I expect to be
in Palestine on the date of your annual meeting (March 27th),
at which I hoped to have been present, so venture to send this
note to say that I do not forget your work of love for Christ's

406 RICHARD CADBURY

kingdom among the children who look up to you for example
as well as knowledge. May you have grace and wisdom, and
the power of the Holy Spirit to guide you and to teach you
all that will bring them to Christ. We are in a land of wonders,
and hope to reach the second cataract, a thousand miles up the
Nile. Our rulers have a difficult task in hand to teach these
wild Arab and negro races. Truth and honesty they know
little or nothing about, and they enjoy the freedom of their
wild life. The children are in continual motion, leaping and
skipping, shouting and singing, laughing and showing their
white teeth as they beg for backsheesh, and with no clothing
beyond a black dress thrown over their shoulders, and with
four or five necklaces of coloured and golden beads over their
necks, and hanging over their brown skins. Can you fancy
training such a class of youngsters ? Well, we may hope
some day that God will put it into the hearts of perhaps the
very children you are teaching to come away from England
and its luxurious homes to teach them godliness and cleanliness.
For the love of God in Christ Jesus, our Saviour and their
Saviour, is strong enough to save even the worst of sinners.

You have a great work before you, a work and responsibility
that is growing every year, and as you are faithful in conse-
crating your lives and your talents to God's service, He will
give you a rich reward.

I commend you to the work you have in hand for Christ's
little ones, to His holy care and keeping.

Yours faithfully,

Richard Cadbury.

His letters written during this journey were full of
thoughtful gratitude, expressed over and over again
towards those, especially his elder sons, who were
bearing the home burdens in his absence.

From Thebes another private excursion was planned
across the river to the tomb of Mer-en-ptah, the
Pharaoh of the Exodus and son of Rameses the Great,
among the tombs of the kings in the desolate valley
of Bab-el-Moluk. Richard Cadbury was intensely

THE LAST JOURNEY 407

interested in the portrait of " the first-born " son of
Mer-en-ptah, who died on the night of the Passover
in Egypt. He took rubbings of the head with its
side-lock of hair, denoting the first-born son. They
then saw the great shaft, eighty feet deep, where the
mummies of dead Pharaohs were found, from the
conqueror of the Shepherd Kings to the Pharaohs
and high priests of the twenty-first dynasty. It was
discovered by watching the movements of an Arab
who knew the secret, and was bringing articles of
great historical value into Cairo. The mummies, which
now form some of the greatest treasures of the Gizeh
Museum, had been deposited in this shaft for security
by the priests when Cambyses was raiding and
destroying every monument and statue that he could
wreak his vengeance upon, in an attempt to
obliterate the name and history of the Egyptian
people. The. small tomb of Rekh-Ma-Ra in the
necropolis of Thebes was another point of special
interest to Richard Cadbury. It was built in the
shape of a headless cross, ' which was also the
symbol for offerings made on altars in the tombs
belonging to the old empire. In the tomb of Mera,
for instance, he noticed this sign on an alabaster
altar before the statue, with a religious inscription
to Osiris, the great lord of the nether world.

They believed in a future life [he wrote in the journal],
but their dreamland of eternal bliss was that described in
the tomb of Unas, a land of continual pleasure, corres-
ponding with earthly hopes, when the spirit should again
return to animate the mummy so carefully hidden and
protected.

408 RICHARD CADBURY

But Christ became the head of the Cross by His life, death,
crucifixion, and resurrection, thus making death the way of
life to all who believe on Him.

How wonderful that the emblem of life used on all Egyptian
monuments, ■?-, became the emblem of resurrection to all
who believe on Him.

Esneh, Edfu, and Kom Ombos were visited on
the way to Assouan and the first cataract. The
wild appearance of the Bishareen, and the pitiful
sight of the convicts working in chains under a
blazing sun, attracted the attention of the little
party.

On February 27th an interesting ceremony took
place in Assouan — the laying of the foundation stone
of the first church in the Soudan, which was per-
formed by the Duke of Connaught, who, with the
Duchess and their two daughters, was passing through
on the return journey from Khartoum.

This time the tour of the Cadbury party was ex-
tended to the second cataract, which necessitated a
change of boats at Assouan. The difference in the
scenery further up the Nile was very striking. Richard
Cadbury wrote :

It is difficult to realise that we are in the land of Cush
(Egyptian) Ethiopia (Bible) and in the great Nubian desert ;
the Nile winding through its scorching rocks and sands as the
one great giver of good, and adored as such by its ancient
inhabitants. Centuries have passed since the eunuch of Queen
Candace returned to preach (as we believe) the gospel of
Christ to her people when " Ethiopia stretched out her hands
to God " ; but times have changed, and a once prosperous
people are now without the knowledge of Christ since
Mahomet AH, the murderer of the Mamelukes, devastated the
land and killed all who opposed his religious crusade with

THE LAST JOURNEY 409

fire and sword. It is now still and desolate, and although
palm-trees and a narrow strip of cultivated land fringe the
river banks, the people are rarely seen.

The descriptions given in the journal of places
visited on this part of the journey are so full of interest
that one longs for space to tell of them. Dendur,
and Korosko, where from a hill-top they watched
the sun rise, and looked across the desert road to
Berber, along which Gordon went on his last ex-
pedition to the Soudan, were full of fascination for
Richard Cadbury, as was also the cliff temple of Abu
Simbel, which was visited a second time on the
return voyage. Everywhere he was busy taking
rubbings, sketches, and photos', and making notes
for future lectures, and for his adult school lessons
and addresses.

Abousir, by the second cataract, was the southern-
most point reached, about a thousand miles away
from the Mediterranean, and in the wilds of the
sun-baked desert. At Wady Haifa they found on
going into a store a magnificent lion cub, seven
months old, tied up with a piece of cord like a dog.
He was as playful as a kitten, and greatly delighted
Richard Cadbury and his family. His wife wrote in
the journal :

We are all in the best of health, and enjoying everything
thoroughly. I wish you could all see father ; he is most
enthusiastic, taking rubbings and drawings wherever he can.
Every one comes to him for information, and he is looked on
as " the Egyptologist " on the boats. He joins in everything
that is going on, and chats with all. He is called all sorts of
names by the natives, such as " Mr. Cook," " Father,"
" Baron," and so on. 9

410 RICHARD CADBURY

Returning to Assouan, the travellers were much
interested in the barrage then in course of construction,
on which about five thousand men were employed.
Keneh, with its goolah trade, Luxor, and Abydos were
full of fresh attraction. In Luxor Richard Cadbury
purchased some special treasures to add to his collec-
tion of Egyptian relics. Instead of waiting till he
reached home, he immediately made neat labels for
each, and fairly trembled with eagerness as he showed
them to some of his fellow travellers.

On March nth Assiut was reached again, and
Richard Cadbury was anxious to revisit the American
Mission in which he had been so interested two years
before — especially the hospital, which he heard was in
great need of financial aid. His party drove in two
carriages through the dirty streets, which were so
narrow that, as they passed, the people had to run
into the houses to make room. The hospital was
composed of two native houses joined together. A
plot of ground had already been bought, on which to
erect a new building ; but this had to wait till suffi-
cient funds could be raised. On entering, they found
themselves in a small courtyard, into which the out-
patients' department opened. A number of patients,
mostly with bad eyes, were sitting waiting for the
doctors, who were engaged in an operation. Although
everything was beautifully clean, there was no proper
drainage system, and Richard Cadbury remarked on
the horrible smell in one part of the courtyard,
though no one thought any more about it at the
time. It was touching to see and hear how the work

THE LAST JOURNEY 411

of the missionaries was appreciated, and how their
loving care for the bodily needs of their patients
gained an entrance to their hearts, and opened the
way for speaking of Jesus and His love. Richard
Cadbury gladly helped the work, which had his
warmest sympathy, by a generous donation towards
the building fund.

On this journey, as on all others, he had no hesita-
tion in showing his colours, and succeeded in getting
many a quiet talk with one or other of his fellow
passengers. There were some whose whole life seemed
to be given up to pleasure-seeking and mere earthly
enjoyment, and towards such he felt the responsibility
of even a short acquaintance, looking upon it as an
opportunity for drawing their minds and souls to
higher things. The humble, gentle-spirited way in
which it was done could never be resented, and he was
universally beloved. Indeed, the kind of attractive
power that seemed to emanate from him during these
weeks was so striking that the others of the party
often spoke of it among themselves. One gentleman
who was taking a dahabieh for shooting, and whose
whole life seemed to have been spent in travelling
and sport, followed him everywhere with an almost
wistful, unconcealed affection. With a suspicious
break in his voice he said to Richard Cadbury 's wife
at parting, " Your husband is the j oiliest old chap I
have ever met ! "

The day after visiting the hospital at Assiut Richard
Cadbury complained of a sore throat, which grew
worse on reaching Cairo. His daughter Helen then

412 RICHARD CADBURY

sickened also, and for a few days both were very ill.
He was most anxious to push on to Palestine, for fear
of hindering the others from enjoying the camping
tour, and the doctor, who said it was a case of the
usual complaint known as " Nile throat," advised the
journey, saying the fresher air would help restore
the two invalids. They seemed to grow a little better,
and Richard Cadbury's wife wrote from the Messageries
steamer between Port Said and Jaffa on March 16th :

For two days we were very anxious, as you may imagine,
and did not know what course to take. . . . Now I am able
to report convalescence, as you will know, or we should not
have been able to move. I have told you everything, so that
you may know what we have been going through, and rejoice
with us in their recovery.

The effort of the journey was very great, and the
dust from the cargo of cement, with which the steamer
was laden, aggravated the condition of the sore throats.
In spite of the beautiful weather, the two days' drive
from Jaffa to Jerusalem was a trying time, though no
one dreamt of danger. The memory of Richard
Cadbury's patience and beautiful unselfishness through
those days of pain and weariness and discomfort can
never be forgotten. He could eat nothing, for even
the milk which he swallowed caused intense agony ;
he could hardly speak, and yet there was never a
sign of complaining or impatience. He would even
try to carry things, and relieve others of their burdens,
and was so gentle, so humble, and so Christlike, that
the hearts of his little family party clung to him as
never before.

THE LAST JOURNEY 413

At Jaffa they were met by Khalil S. Gandour, the
excellent and faithful dragoman who had directed
their camping tour through Palestine two years
earlier, and whose kind care and attention could be
relied on at every turn. His devotion to Richard
Cadbury was very touching, and the reality of his
affection has been proved in subsequent years.

Jerusalem was safely reached on the evening of
Saturday, March 18th. The youngest daughter's
throat also had a touch of the illness, which even
here was considered to be blood-poisoning. In spite of
great prostration, the disease, afterwards found to be
diphtheria, seemed to yield to drastic treatment. On
the Sunday and Monday, Richard Cadbury, weak as
he was, made out lists for the three who were quite
well, of places he wanted them to see. As he could
not speak easily, he wrote his desire that they would
not stay in the hotel on his account, and that he
was especially anxious that his son-in-law should not
miss the wonderful sights, which to him alone were
entirely new.

By Tuesday evening, March 21st, he, as well as his
daughters, seemed really better, though he was much
weaker than they. Good news, too, had come from
England. Mr. and Mrs. Butler's baby son had been
dangerously ill during this same time, and the sad
tidings had caused added sorrow and anxiety to the
party of travellers, especially to his parents and
grandparents. Tuesday brought a telegram saying that
the extreme peril was over, and all sought their rest
that night with upspringing hope, and happy plans

414 RICHARD CADBURY

for a quiet month in camp near Bethlehem, instead
of the tour through the country. Some purchases
had been made in preparation for this, and Richard
Cadbury looked forward to a quiet drive the next day.
His faithful wife had never moved from his side, in
spite of his desire that she should take a walk with
the others. On this night they read the Bible together
as usual, and the last words of his prayer were a
thanksgiving for his little grandson's restoration to
health; and so he sank to sleep.

CHAPTER XXIX
WITH CHRIST

FROM JERUSALEM ON EARTH TO THE HEAVENLY CITY —
UNIVERSAL SORROW AND SENSE OF LOSS — EXTRACTS
FROM LETTERS OF SYMPATHY — FUNERAL AT LODGE HILL,
SELLY OAK

THE blow fell swiftly and suddenly. The quiet
repose, which seemed so like sleep, was in reality
a state of unconsciousness. In the hush of night, as
his gentle wife watched beside him, Richard Cadbury
opened his eyes. She saw them brighten with a
joyous surprise; and a radiance of heavenly light
spread over his face as he sat up with lifted hands,
and gazed upon some glorious sight that was hidden
from her. In that solemn moment she knew that he
could never come back to earth again, and, before the
children could be summoned, his Christlike spirit
had entered with gladness into the presence of his
Lord. There was no farewell, no agony of parting
to cloud his sudden joy, and of the shadow which fell
on those who loved him we cannot speak. None but
God can ever know the depth of grief into which the
faithful heart which had beaten in unison with his
for twenty-eight years was plunged that day ; but

41s

416 RICHARD CADBURY

her courage and trust in God, not only in that awful
hour, but through the long years of loneliness, can
never cease to be an inspiration to their children and
many others :

It seemed but the opening of a door

The drawing back of a curtain's fold —

The brave, true life in a moment o'er,

Earth's paths exchanged for the streets of gold.

We thought of his help through years to be.

Our loss is deep, yet we offer praise —
Thy grace, dear Lord, Thou hast let us see,

In his life and work through many days.

We seem to stand near the open door

To feel a draught of the purer air,
Another has passed the threshold o'er

The Home seems nearer now he is there.

All through the Wednesday the bells of the English
church played " Thy way, not mine, O Lord," and
the tender sympathy shown by many around them,
especially by Dr. Wheeler and the nurses of the hospital
for the Jews, could not have been greater. When the
Armenian patriarch heard the sad tidings, he immedi-
ately sent a plaited palm-branch in memory of the
loving gift of their brother in Christ at the time of the
massacres of his people three years before. It can
scarcely be imagined what a shock the news gave to
those left in England, for the first tidings of illness did
not reach them till afterwards. The journal letters
were full of life and brightness, and one received in
England just before the telegraph wires carried their
message of sudden sorrow, was written by Richard

WITH CHRIST 417

Cadbury himself. He told of the visit to Abu
Simbel :

The sun had set when we anchored at Abu Simbel, and the
after-glow had faded away, so that we could only see in the
shadow of the rocks a faint outline of the mammoth statues
that guarded the celebrated temple of Rameses the Great. . . .
Originally steps led up from the river to the great portal.
These have long ago disappeared, and we had to climb a
steep, sandy path to the level of the temple floor, and then
had, for the first time, a full view of the massive seated figures
that guarded the temple. One has partly fallen, and its
debris looks like a small stone quarry ; the other three still
sit in their original beauty (for their faces are still grand and
beautiful), towering sixty-six feet above our heads. We
entered into a large hall cut out of the solid rock, with six huge
pillars, each having a standing figure 'of Osiris as Rameses,
like sentinels inside the temple. On one of the walls is a
wonderful picture of his victories in Kadesh on the Orontes,
showing the tents for the soldiers, the surrounding scenery,
and the battle in which he slays and captures his foes. There
are several rooms leading out of the large hall, one of which
is unfinished : the artist's drawing is made, the sculptor's
tool has followed over some of the lines, and then the half-
finished piece is left for ever ! It would form an unwritten
drama to know the reason why.

For the sake of the thousands who loved and revered
Richard Cadbury, it was decided that the funeral
should be in England, in spite of the many difficulties.
The delay and anxiety, the formalities to be gone
through, and the sorrow of the long, sad journey
cannot be described, though the reverent kindness
shown everywhere was extremely touching. From
Marseilles right across France the national flag was
thrown over the sacred burden by order of the authori-
ties, as a mark of honour and of protection. It was

418 RICHARD CADBURY

not until Friday, April 7th, that the sorrow-stricken
party, who had been met at Marseilles by Richard
Cadbury's two elder sons, reached Birmingham, and
re-entered, numb with a speechless grief, the beautiful
home at Uffculme. The household servants shared
with the family in the pain of bereavement, for they
had lost one upon whom they looked more as a friend
than a master.

During the interval of sixteen days, letters and
telegrams of sympathy had poured in by hundreds
from all parts of the world. Rich and poor, old people
and little children alike felt his loss. The city of
Birmingham was stirred to its depths. " Mr. Richard
Cadbury's death remained the chief topic of conver-
sation in Birmingham yesterday," said one of the
daily papers on March 25th. Others reported " wide-
spread grief and sorrow," " a great shock of surprise,"
" a profound sense of sorrow amongst all classes,"
" all Birmingham thrown into mourning by the sad
and startling news," "it is impossible to over-
estimate the gravity of the loss the city has sustained,"
and many similar expressions. While the public
mentions of him are far too numerous even to name,
some of the testimonies they contain are too beautiful
and too true not to be repeated :

Universal regret was evinced at the removal of the great
philanthropist — a friendly, sympathetic soul, a rare and
beautiful character, and above all a Christian. . . . He literally
went about doing good.

Such men are England's glory, and help to redeem us from
that selfish materialism which too often afflicts our prosperity.

WITH CHRIST 419

The State has lost much, and Nonconformity in particular
has suffered.

All creeds and classes have lost a friend.

The loss of such a man is irreparable.

Birmingham mourns for a man who has been a true son to
her, a lover of his kind, a large-hearted benefactor — a name
to be written down in her story with letters of gold.

If this was the general feeling in the city, how much
deeper was the grief felt by the thousands who had
personally known and loved him, even outside the
circle of his relatives and intimate friends. " There
is sorrow in hundreds of homes in Bournville," wrote
one — "sorrow keen, full of tenderness and gratitude."
A letter sent to one of the papers further exemplifies
this:

Will you permit me, as one who has been employed for a
long period of years by the firm of which Mr. Cadbury was the
senior member, to bear my witness to his great worth and
goodness. In business life he was an object-lesson to all his
people. Punctual, alert, quick to understand the bearing
of any subject brought before his notice, giving attention to
small details, as well as deciding large issues in connection
with a gigantic concern — in these and many other respects
he was a model business man. His energy and buoyancy
of spirit were contagious, and gave impetus to the despatch
of business, which was felt through all departments. His
cheery smile and pleasant word will long live in the memory
of the firm's employes. When occasion called for reprimand
and censure, he did not fail to administer them ; but if at any
time it were shown to him that his judgment had been hasty
and not well founded, no one could have been more ready to
make amends. He was approachable by all, and the youngest
boy or girl employed at Bournville felt this, and knew that
" Mr. Richard " would listen to anything they desired to say.
For obvious reasons I suppress my identity, and with a

420 RICHARD CADBURY

faltering hand I place this tribute on the grave of a kind and
considerate employer.

The resolutions of sympathy which were passed by
various bodies would make much too long a list to be
inserted in full, but they show how widely he was
esteemed and revered even by some whose interests
and opinions he did not share. Various federations
of Free Church Councils, places of worship, Sunday
schools and bands of hope, temperance leagues and
societies of every kind, all the school boards of the
city, unions of teachers and education leagues,
political committees of Liberals, Liberal-Unionists,
and Conservatives alike, magistrates, police courts
and district councils, and hospitals, including the
London Temperance Hospital, were among the many
who publicly recorded their sense of loss. Similar
resolutions were also passed by the Birmingham
Board of Guardians, the Birmingham Police Mission,
the Birmingham Y.M.C.A., the Commercial Travellers'
Christian Association, the National Vigilance Society,
the Old Age Pension Conference, Servants' Homes,
the Cannock Chase Miners, and the Handsworth
Engineers, athletic clubs and cricket clubs, and many
others.

He was referred to as the " prince of philanthro-
pists," a " princely benefactor," " one of the most
notable and lovable persons in the community " ;
but the most beautiful element in the testimonies to
his personality was that they went far deeper than
mere generosity. In fact, almost every mention of
his liberal gifts was accompanied by some such ex-

WITH CHRIST 421

pression as " he did good by stealth," " a most modest
man," " benevolent work done in secret," " his liberal
and unostentatious gifts," " anxious to avoid pub-
licity and show."

His money gifts [said one], great as they were, were not the
chief of his gifts to Birmingham. His noble life and the high
ideal he set before men, the great example he gave of devotion
to duty and of care for the welfare of his fellow men — these
were gifts of priceless value to the community in which he
lived.

His character [writes another] was one of almost wonderful
simplicity. He seemed able to make himself at home with
older and younger persons; thousands can testify to the
cheeriness of his welcome, and the entire absence of anything
like patronage.

Others speak of " his useful and blameless life,"
" his stainless career," " the blameless simplicity of
his character," and one, speaking of Sheldon's book,
says :

Here was an Englishman who humbly realised all, and
more than all, of the American pastor's dreams. Mr. Cadbury's
life, when written, might be entitled " In His Steps, or What
would Jesus do."

Another writes :

No doubt Victor Hugo had such a master in mind when
he drew the saintly Mayor in Les Miserables. He had the
happy knack of attracting to his service men with ideals, and
inspiring them with his own enthusiasm. His personal
magnetism was wonderful.

He had no ambition [ran another testimony] save that of
leaving the world somewhat better than he found it. Generous
in sentiment and of a guileless mind, not even the disappoint-
ment that attended many of his charities in the least disturbed
his faith in his fellow men, or decreased his earnest interest

422 RICHARD CADBURY

in their welfare. Deeply religious as his nature was, there
was a sanity and breadth about his views which redeemed
them from mere sectarianism.

The secretary of the Birmingham Y.M.C.A. wrote :

He was the soul of honour in all his dealings with his fellow
men, a man whose word could be implicitly relied on. His
great desire seemed to be, not to accumulate money for the
love of it, but as a means of benefiting his fellow men.

The following tribute came from an unexpected
quarter, The Licensed Victualler :

It may seem out of place in these columns to refer to the
death of an eminent Quaker of deep religious convictions, who
was also an earnest teetotaler, and opposed to every form of
gambling. Mr. Richard Cadbury was, however, an exceptional
man, transparently sincere in all things, and while holding
his own opinion with the utmost tenacity, tolerant to all
those who differed from him ; his charity was boundless. I
was once his near neighbour and saw a good deal of him and
his family, and was impressed with his infinite gentleness
and unobtrusive worth. Birmingham loses in him one of her
noblest sons ; but the result of his work in that great city
and beyond its borders will be seen for many generations.

A few sentences must be quoted from some of the
numerous letters received by Richard Cadbury's
family :

How many share this grief with you in greater or less degree
it is impossible to imagine. Your great-souled brother, with
his strong, open hand and philanthropic propensities, belonged
to all who love God and their fellow men ; and truly was he
loved by multitudes who never saw him.

The blow is so great to the Lord's work that we can hardly
yet grasp all its meaning. We cannot but sympathise with
his own near relatives, yet it is the loss to the Church, the
loss to mission work, the loss to so many forward movements
that is so bewildering. There was something so winsome in

WITH CHRIST 423

the beautiful simplicity and humility of Richard Cadbury
that it was always a delight to meet him, and his memory
will be fragrant in the thought of very many.

There are so few Richard Cadburys in the world that we
can ill afford to lose one. Like John the Baptist in prison,
my faith at times totters as I ask, " What will the Church do,
what will philanthropy do, what will every other good cause
or organisation do, which exists to make the world brighter
and better, when men like Richard Cadbury drop from the
ranks and pass on ? " May Elijah's mantle fall upon many
Elishas of the same family with a double portion of the spirit
of God. Depend upon it, Richard Cadbury, "being dead, yet
speaketh."

I have always had such an admiration for his character and
great kindness of heart, that I as well as others, feel we are
the poorer for his loss. Of few can jit be said so truly, that
the world was a little better because he had been born. I
should think it might be said of him that he never said, or
did, or even thought an unkind thing.

He walked so closely with God, that all who came under
his influence felt the power of his true-hearted goodness.

We feel we have lost in Mr. Cadbury a very dear friend ; his
simple faith and complete trust in his Saviour has often been
a great help to me when I have thought about him.

He was the friend of all and the foe of none. His noble
character and influence will always live in our hearts, and
many will thank God for his Christlike example and loving
sympathy.

These extracts have been taken from the letters
of those who knew him well, but many expressions
of sympathy and esteem came from others who had
known him but little or not at all.

I had scarcely ever spoken a word to your father [came in
a note received by one of Richard Cadbury's sons], but there
was such beautiful humbleness about him, that I have always
admired him and wished to know more. I can think a little
what his loss must be.

424 RICHARD CADBURY

The director of a large firm wrote to George
Cadbury :

He was unknown personally to us, but our esteem for you
both must excuse the intrusion of offering our tribute of
respectful sympathy.

A prominent Birmingham citizen said :

I think the whole city and very many beyond it were shocked
at the calamity, for it seems nothing less, in the removal of
one so deeply honoured and so much beloved ; it was always
a bright and happy moment to me when I could get a shake
of the hand and a few kind words from him.

It was a well-known medical man who wrote the
following :

I entertained a great respect and regard for your father-
he was so earnest, thoughtful, and generous ; our city has lost
one of its most unselfish citizens, and many will lose regretfully
a personal friend.

And it was also a doctor who said :

I shall never forget his happy and dignified welcome to the
guests, when he handed over his old home, Moseley Hall, to
the city as a convalescent home for children. His entire
being seemed to overflow with sunshine and peace. I can
never make the round of these wards, full of tiny suffering
inmates, without remembering that inaugural day.

The funeral took place at Lodge Hill Cemetery,
Selly Oak, during the afternoon of Saturday, April 8th.
From every part of Birmingham and the surrounding
districts, and from many another city besides, streamed
a great throng of people, bound together by one im-
pulse, to show their love for the friend who had gone

WITH CHRIST 425

from them. The grief of a multitude has something
in it that touches the heart strangely, and here on
every face genuine grief was plainly to be read. There
were poor, and middle-class, and well-to-do people,
some making their way on foot and some in carriages.
It was bitterly cold, though at times between the
clouds and hailstorms the sun shone brightly. The
grave was at the top of a beautiful knoll, with a wide
outlook towards the city and the distant Lickey and
Clent Hills.

Love was shown even in the preparation of the last
resting-place. The earth of the grave was covered
entirely with moss, in which freshly cut maidenhair,
violets, and pelargoniums were blooming. Alderman
White, who for so many years had been linked in close
friendship with Richard Cadbury, was seen standing
close by the grave, talking with the Bishop of Coventry
in reverent undertones. About three o'clock a deep
hush fell over the vast throng, which numbered more
than ten thousand people, as the bereaved little com-
pany drew near with their sacred burden. The funeral
service, held in the manner of the Society of Friends,
was exceedingly simple. For about ten minutes an
icy wind had been blowing, and the hail came down
in white sheets : but as the coffin was being lowered
the sun came out from behind the clouds, and as the
voices of the multitude swelled in the hymn, " Peace,
perfect peace," a lark seemed to rise from beside the
very grave, and, soaring into the air, greeted the warm
sunlight with an outburst of melody. When the
singing died away Alderman White read from the

426 RICHARD CADBURY

Scriptures St. Paul's glorious words on life, death,
and immortality.

The wind blew a spray of green from the grave.
" That there bit o' green that has blown out of the
grave," begged a middle-aged woman in a low tone ;
" I should like to say as I got it." Some one picked
up the spray and gave it to her. " I will put it in my
Bible," she said, and there were tears in her voice.

Another old friend of Richard Cadbury's led in
prayer, and then the silence which fell was broken
by the voice of George Cadbury :

" Thanks be to God, who giveth us the victory
through Jesus Christ our Lord." His voice trembled,
but grew stronger as he continued. " Some of us have
been helped by the life and faith of our departed
brother, some of us have been helped by his words,
some of us by his prayers, when he seemed to come
into such close union with his God and Father. We
are suffering from his loss, but we can rejoice for him.
. . . The secret of his fruitful life was his abiding in
Jesus Christ. . . . May we who are left for a little
longer walk in still closer union with each other."

One more prayer and another hymn, and the Bishop
of Coventry pronounced the benediction. The simple
and touching ceremony was over, and the crowd
dispersed quietly and reverently.

The veteran temperance lecturer, Richard Coad,
who had known and worked with Richard Cadbury
for twenty years, noticed a poor widow weeping

1 The list of the deputations present at the funeral is given
in the Appendix.

Pf *M*

WITH CHRIST 427

bitterly by the grave-side as the throng was dispersing.
" He was the best friend I ever had, and to many
more like me," she said ; " and though I live in
Worcester, I felt I must come here to-day."
In writing of his friend Richard Coad said :

His life motto seemed to be to loose the bands of wickedness,
to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free ;
to break every yoke, to deal his bread to the hungry, and to
bring the poor that were cast out to his house. Surely it is
true of him, " he that turneth many to righteousness shall
shine as the stars for ever."

That scene by the grave-side stirred many a heart
to longings for better things.

A sceptic has just said to me [wrote a gentleman to George
Cadbury], there must after all be something in a religion that
enables a man to stand by the grave of his own brother, and
tell thousands of people of the help they have received from
the life, words, and prayers of the departed.

Another aged Christian wrote to him :

His devotion to his Bible and to God, as you mentioned
on Saturday at the grave-side (for though my age and in-
firmities forbade my being present, I read with eagerness the
reports in the papers), must have fitted him as a guide in the
tremendous responsibilities of having the rule of numbers of
men. To you the loss is not merely in relationship, close as
that tie is, and endeared by harmonious intercourse ; but in
your business relations also you will miss his wise counsels.

The letters that came through the days and weeks
that followed were full of the same deep love as those
already received, and shared in the sorrow and loss
of those who were nearest to Richard Cadbury. Yet
in all there was a note of triumph and thanksgiving

428 RICHARD CADBURY

for the beautiful life which God had lent to the world
for nearly sixty-three years.

And now he rests : his greatness and his sweetness

No more shall seem at strife ;
And death has moulded into calm completeness

The statue of his life.

And round his grave are quietude and beauty,

And the sweet heaven above, —
The fitting symbols of a life of duty

Transfigured into love !

CHAPTER XXX
11 HE, BEING DEAD, YET SPEAKETH"

HOW HIS WORK CONTINUES — WORKERS IN MANY CAUSES
INSPIRED BY THE MEMORY OF HIM — THE MEMORIAL IN
JERUSALEM

IT is only when life is viewed from its further end
that a true perspective can be gained of it,
and we learn to understand what things were of lasting
value. It is surprising to find how often the small
things seem the greatest when looked at from this
standpoint.

Richard Cadbury's earthly presence had passed
away, and to those who loved him it was impossible
that the void should be filled. But his work was
not done. As the still surface of some pool is ruffled
by a falling stone, which disappears from sight, but
leaves ripples which widen and expand till they touch
the shore, so the influence of his life and work con-
tinues to spread long after he has gone from our sight.
There was no need of any monument to keep his
memory alive in the hearts of his fellow citizens, but
at Bournville1 and amongst the people who centred

1 The following December, 1899, instead of holding the
usual Christmas gathering at the works, a small book, entitled
A Threefold Chord, containing selected texts for each day in

429

430 RICHARD CADBURY

round the new Friends' Institute in the Moseley
Road, which he had founded, there were many who
had a natural desire for some memorial which could
recall to them his face and form, to inspire them and
those who followed after them, and which could be
handed on to succeeding generations. At both places
subscriptions were spontaneously raised, and as a
result there stands in the girls' dining-room at Bourn-
ville, and in the crush hall at the institute, a bust
of pure white marble, each of which is the work of
Thomas Brock, R.A. The old workers at Highgate
love to see his face as they pass in and out to their
meetings and classes. It is like a silent welcome
from the friend who worked with them shoulder to
shoulder for so many years, and new members or
children who had not known him are reminded of
the man whose loving heart founded the work. One
of the men once said :

His shadow is before me day by day, and it lifts me up so
that I feel I cannot go wrong. I love his memory, and when
I gaze on the statue in the institute, I could kiss the marble
with deepest love, because I know of the hundreds of persons
living now who would have been in misery if it had not been
for Richard Cadbury. All children loved him ; they would
catch hold of his coat as he went along, and he would stop
and pat them on the head and talk to them. He gave us
encouragement to do our best, and we always felt we could
go to him, because he received us with such a kind smile. He
made me begin to pray, because I thought he must be right,
if he could live as he lived, and it was he who led me to the
feet of Christ.

the year, was given to each of the workpeople at Bournville.
Inside the cover were the words : "In loving memory of the
late Richard Cadbury, with best wishes for the year 1900."

"HE, BEING DEAD, YET SPEAKETH " 431

The new institute provided so much room for
expansion that the work has advanced with giant
strides since its founder was called from it. Many
of those who were trained in the infants' classes and
children's schools during his lifetime are now amongst
the teachers and workers.

Many a far-off place in other lands has been touched
by the influence of the Highgate Adult School, and the
memory of Richard Cadbury brings cheer in the midst
of loneliness.

Mr. Edward Smith, president of the Midland Adult
School League, who was visiting Canada in 1902,
found traces of his work in the wilds of the Rocky
Mountains. On September 24th, he wrote a letter
for publication in One and All, the adult school
magazine, which contained the following incident :

I have spoken at several meetings, but until yesterday have
not met with an adult school man. We went to Glacier, a
splendid spot in the Selkirk, where the C. P. Railway have
a good hotel; in fact, there is nothing there but the hotel.
Carrying up my luggage, I heard the porter puff, so I offered
to lend him a hand, when, seeing the word Bournemouth on
the luggage, on an old hotel label, he said : " Ah, I have been
there ; that is a pretty place." " Did you live there ? "
" Oh no, I lived in Birmingham." " Did you know of any
adult schools ? " said I. It was a sight to see his face.
M Oh, yes ! I went to the Friends' School at Moseley. I shall
be glad to show you my certificates, etc.," and so he did.
His name is Clarke ; he is employed by the C. P. Railway Co.,
as caretaker of the hotel, and his son is porter during the
season. ... I have accumulated many interesting facts to
help men who may want to come out. British Columbia
has a great future.

Both the Clarkes wish to be remembered to friends at
Moseley. They prize much the certificates with the views

432 RICHARD CADBURY

Moseley Hall, ambulance medals, etc., and the jubilee
photo of Mr. and Mrs. Richard Cadbury.

In the Gospel Temperance Mission the memory of
him is also a continual inspiration. It was one of the
superintendents on the staff of lady workers who sent
some lines, which are at least a sign of the loving
remembrance in which he is held :

R emembered still ! memories of thee

I nspired me with greater zeal to labour on for

C hrist ; to extend His kingdom and glorify

H is name. Truly thy works follow thee.

A 11 thy kindly words and wise counsels still

R emain. Thy presence ever brought gladness, always

D oing good for thy fellow man ; to uplift and

C heer the sad — such was thine

A im while here on earth; these memories can never

D ie. Years may pass, change and decay must come;

B ut the influence of thy gentle,

U nselfish life, and noble deeds lives on.

R evered and loved by all who knew thee.

Y ea : thou art, indeed, remembered still !

At the new Police Institute the constables with
their wives requested permission to place a memorial
tablet in their assembly hall at their own cost. The
tablet was placed in position in time for the opening
ceremony on October 25th, 1899, when it was unveiled
by Richard Cadbury's old friend, William White.

In the almshouses at Bournville his picture hangs
in the little meeting-room above the text, " Inasmuch
as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my
brethren, ye have done it unto Me," and the old
people look upon it with grateful emotion when
they gather there. His kindly face greets the visitor

' 'HE, BEING DEAD, YET SPEAKETH " 433

who enters the door of Moseley Hall, and both here
and at the almshouses Richard Cadbury's birthday
is commemorated every August, for his wife sends to
the children and the old people a huge iced birthday
cake with his name upon it.

In numbers of homes scattered over many countries
his name is revered and loved, and at Jerusalem, where
his last hours upon earth were spent, a permanent
reminder of him is to be found. A new wing to the
English Mission Hospital for the Jews was built in
his memory by his wife and eight children. It is
called " The Richard Cadbury Ward," and contains
not only a ward for the Jewish patients, but one or
two small rooms which are at the disposal of British
or American visitors to Jerusalem, who may need
them in times of illness. They have already proved a
boon, and the following letter, received by Richard
Cadbury's wife from a prominent Scotch minister, is
one instance out of many :

Cadbury Ward, the English Hospital, Jerusalem,
April 3rd, 1903.

Dear Madam, — Travelling partly for health and partly for
pleasure, I fell ill here in Jerusalem. The weather happened
to be cold when I arrived, and a severe chill took a somewhat
dangerous form. On inquiring for an English physician, I
was directed here, and by him was advised to take advantage
of the ward which you have so generously erected. I have
received every attention from the doctor, the matron, and
the nurses ; and, indeed, the comfort of the place after months
of hotel life helped me to the desired recovery. I leave to-day
to continue my journeyings, but it does not seem right to
withhold from your knowledge the grateful feelings which
I have tried to express here. I have been travelling alone,
and it is not cheerful to be alone and ill in a hotel ; all the more,

434 RICHARD CADBURY

therefore, I desire to convey to you my warm appreciation of
the benefits which your ward confers. There is a fine saying
in the Jewish Talmud which I should like to quote : " The
wine is the Lord's, but we give thanks to the cupbearer."

The salary of a nurse for the Jewish patients, who is
called the " Richard Cadbury nurse," was also endowed
by this memorial fund, and a life-size portrait hangs
in the hall of the " Cadbury Ward."

In his own home everything speaks of him, and
year by year, as he would have wished, it is used for
the benefit and pleasure of others. Words are poor
things with which to try and express what he is to
his own children, but the thought of him is one of
the most potent forces in their lives.

If through these pages he, being dead, may yet speak
of the Saviour whom he loved and served, this book
will have succeeded in the sole object for which he
would have been willing that it should be written.

APPENDIX

AMONG the many bodies and institutions who
appointed deputations to attend Richard Cad-
bury's funeral were the following :

Severn Street, Class XIV. (George Cadbury's class).

British and Foreign Bible Society-

Moseley Hall Convalescent Home.

Gospel Temperance Mission.

Police Court Mission.

United Kingdom Alliance.

United Kingdom Alliance (Birmingham Auxiliary).

Birmingham Band of Hope Union.

Midland Temperance League.

Sunday Closing Association (Midland District).

Workhouse Drink Reform League.

Worcester Diocesan Church of England Temperance Society •

Birmingham Temperance Society.

Temperance Social Union.

National Vigilance Association.

Birmingham Sunday School Union.

Birmingham Council of the Evangelical Free Churches.

West Midland Federation of Evangelical Free Churches.

National Temperance League.

Birmingham Peace Society.

Moseley Road Wesleyan Cricket Club.

Lozells Street Wesleyan Mission.

The World-wide Circle of Prayer.

Birmingham Young Men's Christian Association

Birmingham Medical Mission.

Birmingham Town Mission.

435

436 APPENDIX

National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.

Children's Hospital.

National Liberal Federation.

Birmingham Liberal Association.

Allotments Association.

North Worcestershire Liberal Association.

King's Norton District Council.

Birmingham School Board.

Birmingham and Midland Education League.

Birmingham Board of Guardians.

Sir Josiah Mason's Orphanage.

Deritend Ward Relief Association.

Messrs. T. Cook & Sons.

The Salvation Army.

The Bournville Mothers' Meeting.

The P. S. A.

Sherbourne Road Board School.

Bordesley Ward Liberal Association.

The original number of thirteen stewards was augmented
by a couple of hundred assistant stewards from Bournville
Works and Moseley Road Adult School, who lined the lane
from the chapel to the grave.

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INDEX

Abbot, Arthur, 57

— Astor, 57

— Benjamin, 57, 65

— Dina, 61
Abousir, 409
Abydos, 410
Adlington, Elizabeth, 108

— George, 108

— George (junr.), 229

— William, 108

Adult School Movement, 184

Adulteration of Food Act, 190

Africa, 262, 293

Albert, Prince, 78

Appendix, 435

Arts' s Gazette, extract from, 26

Armenian Christians, Massacre

of, 367
Arrowfield Top, 247
Assiut, 326, 410
Assouan, 408, 410
Australia, 126, 128
Auxiliary Temperance Society,

36
Avery, Mrs., 205

Baalbek, 331

Balsall Heath, 186

Banbury, 23

Barlow, Thomas, 49

Barrow, Candia, 19, 22, 34, 39

— George, 34

— John, 18, 19, 39

Barrow Joseph, 246

— Richard Cadbury, ^7> 72, 81,
87, 109, 242

— Sarah, 220

— Thomas, 47
Bathoen, 259
Beale, Samuel, 41
Bechuanaland, 259
Belvedere, 104
Berber, 409

Besses' Sufferings of Friends, 9

Bethany, 327, 341

Bethlehem, 327, 341, 414

Beyrout, 331

Bilston, 33

Bingley Hall, 17, 78

Birmingham, 10, 13, 15-20, 22,
35, 36, 41, 47, 49, 51, 55, 72,
75, 78, 80, no, 117, 119, 134,
145, 149, 156, 165, 185, 205,
206, 209, 220, 221, 240, 242,
245, 250, 260, 262, 278, 292,
295, 296, 300, 418, 425

Birmingham Weekly Mercury,

399
Blackdown Hills, 6
Black Forest, 165
Bligny, 264
Blue Ribbon Campaign, 203,

204, 211

Mission, 209

Booth, Richard T., 201-3, 206,

207

438

INDEX

439

Boulogne, 3, 19, 401

" Bournville " established, 190

— description of, 191, 202
Bowerham, 34, 39
Bowlby, Canon, 205, 207, 242
Bracey, Mrs., 247, 248
Bradley, Newman, 62
Brazil, 156

Breedon, 283
Brientz, Lake of, 105
Bright, John, 295
Brighton, 106
Brindisi, 401
Brinsop Court, 8 1 , 84
Brisbane, 126
Bristol, 9, 65, 156, 160
Brock, Thomas, 430
Brookes, Miss M. C, 210
Brown, Rev. J. J., 80
Brugsch Bey, 326
Brumana, 331
Brussels, 300
Burlescomb, 7
Burtt, Theodore, $66
Butler, Arnold E., 278, 282

— Edith, 286

— Mrs. Josephine, 300

— Richard Cadbury, 286

Cadbury, Alec, 293

— Alice, 125, 126

— Ann, 16, 17, 23, 220

— Barrow, 125, 131, 143, 146,
149, 150, 153-5, 159, 161, 165,
167, 218, 230, 257, 275, 293

— Beatrice, 217, 225, 258, 286,
293, 319, 322

— Benjamin Head, 15, 16, 18,
22, 37, 84, 165, 220

— Bros., growth of, 78, 80

— Castle, 3

— Dorothy, 258, 259

— Edith, 5

— Edith, 157, 163, 165, 218, 257,
270, 277, 293, 332

Cadbury, Edward, 37,42,53,73-5,
83, 84, 86, 126, 128, 158, 160

— Eleanor, 5

— Elizabeth, 7

— Emma, 16, 23

— George, 41, 50, 53-6, 67, 72-5,
80, 82, 84, 86, 100, 108, 112,
147, 155, 156, 158, 160, 204,
205, 208, 217, 219, 270, 275,
282, 303, 304, 351, 388, 426

— Helen (Nellie), 161, 163, 218,

293

— Henry, 8, 9, 13

— Henry, 37, 42, 63, 73-5, 83, 84,
86, 109, 121, 147, 155, 156,
158, 160

— Humphrey, 5

— James (of Banbury), 16, 22,
23, ,96, 220

— James, 6, 7

— Jesse, 16, 18

— Jessie, 129-31, 143, 146, 151,
162, 163, 165, 218, 219, 257,
270, 277, 293

— Joel (great-grandfather of
Richard Cadbury), 9, 19

— Joel (of America), 15, 16, 22,
26, 95, 220

— Joel (of London), 9, 12, 13

— Joel, 166, 246

— John, 7, 8

— John (of Teignmouth), 9

— John (father of Richard Cad-
bury), at 92, Bull Street, Birm-
ingham, 16, 18 ; married to
Candia Barrow, 22 ; business
in Bull Street, 22 ; birth and
parentage, 27 ; apprenticed
to J. Cud worth, Leeds, 27 ;
business in Bull Street, 28, 36,
S7 ; married Priscilla Ann
Dymond, 29 ; death of wife,
30 ; public life, 30-3 ; married
Candia Barrow, 34 ; birth of
eldest son, John, 35 ; temper-

440

INDEX

ance principles, 35, 36 ; birth
of second son, Richard, 37 ;
other children, 37 ; death of
wife, Candia, 37 ; last days,
37 ; death and burial, 38 ;
further references, 41, 49, 50,
69, 72, 83, 156-8, 206, 208, 220

— John (junr.), 35, 37, 52,
54-7. 59, 65, 72-5, 81-4, 86,
92, 126-9, J6o

— Maria, 16, 17, 23, 220, 280

— Maria, 37, 41, 53-6, 75, 77, 81,
83. 84» 93, 156, 158, 160, 220,
319, 323

— Nicholas, 5

— origin of, 2

— Paul, 28, 259

— Pedigree, The, 1

— Richard, 5

— Richard, 129, 131, 143, 162,
165, 218, 257, 282

Cadbury, Richard, ancestry, 1-1 1

1835-1851
Birth, 39, 41 ; hereditary in-
fluence, 39 ; great progress and
development in commercial
life of country, 40, 41 ; home
life, 42-6 ; school at Birming-
ham, 47 ; school at Charl-
bury, 5 1 ; school in Wheeley's
Road, 55 ; boarding-school
at Hitchin, 56, 59 ; physical
weakness, 63 ; schoolfellows'
opinion, 64, 65 ; fifteenth
birthday, 74, 75 ; left school
and joins business in Bridge
Street, 76 ; tour in Switzer-
land, 76

1851-1861

. Starts his business career, 78 ;

early business training, 79 ;

holiday in Switzerland, 80 ;

death of his mother, 8 1 ; her in-

fluence on him, 82, 83 ; poem,
" My Mother," 83 ; business
responsibility, 84 ; twenty-first
birthday, 84 ; outdoor amuse-
ments, 88, 89 ; escapades at
Edgbaston Hall, 90 ; skating
incident, 91 ; Christian work,
91 ; third tour in Switzerland,
93 ; adventures, 94 ; return
home, 95 ; visit of American
cousins, 95 ; tour through
France and Switzerland with
American cousins, 96 ; letters
from abroad, 96-106 ; death
of his grandfather, 106

1861-1871

Became engaged to Elizabeth
Adlington, 108 ; preparation
of home for his bride, 108 ;
in partnership with brother
George at head of Bridge
Street business, 109 ; wed-
ding, no; business difficulties
and anxieties, 110-2 ; care
for employees, 113; business
methods, 114, 115 ; trust
in God, 115, 116; influence
over workpeople, 116; re-
lations between masters and
men, 117; affection of em-
ployees, 117, 118 ; anecdotes,
120; his impulsiveness, 118,
123 ; Christmas gatherings,
123 ; method of reproving an
employee, 125 ; birth of son
Barrow, 125 ; birth of daugh-
ter Alice, 125 ; death of Alice,
126 ; parting with John, and
death of brother Edward, 126 ;
death of John, 128 ; home
troubles, 129; birth of daugh-
ter Jessie, son William Ad-
lington, and son Richard,
1 29 ; death of wife, 1 29 ;

INDEX

441

establishment^ a creche, 1 34 ;
enlargement of creche, 1 36 ;
skill in drawing turned to
account, 137 ; custom of
having morning service, 139

1871-1878
Renewal of friendship with
Emma Wilson, 141 ; engage-
ment to Emma Wilson, 142 ;
decided to remove into new
home, 145 ; extracts from
letters to his future wife,
143—55 ; eldest boy, Barrow,
sent to school, 149 ; moved
into new home, 152 ; married
E. W., 155 ; settled in new
home with wife and children,

156 ; birth of daughter Edith,

157 ; education of children,
159; trip to Germany, 160;
removal to Harborne Road,
160 ; death of Richard's bro-
ther Henry, 160 ; birth of
daughters Helen and Mar-
garet, 161 ; Christmas and
other customs, 163 ; removal
of business to Bourn ville, 164 ;
interest in temperance work,
164 ; tour in Switzerland, 165;
love of nature, 168 ; artistic
talent, 169 ; address on
technical education, 169,
170 ; secretary of Essay So-
ciety, 170 ; essay subjects,
170-3 ; extract from " Na-
ture and Art," 172, 173 ;
poems, 174-83

1878-1883
Interest in educational ques-
tions, 184-9 » opening of
Severn Street School, 185 ; ac-
cepts office as teacher at adult
school, 187 ; account of origin
of " Class XV.," 187, 188 ;

extension of premises, 188,
189 ; manufacture of " Pearl
Cocoa " abolished, 190 ; de-
scription of business life at
Bournville, 191-202 ; his view
of increased prosperity, 194 ;
thoughtfulness for boys at
school, 195 ; arrangement of
private office and grounds at
Bournville, 195 ; personal at-
tention to correspondence,
197 ; incidents of life at
Bournville, 200-202 ; interest
in and work for temperance
cause, 203-12 ; Gospel Tem-
perance Mission inaugurated,
209 ; mission work and re-
sults,^ 10-2

1883-1892

Removal to Mose'ley Hall,
213; description of new home,
214-6 ; birth of daughter Bea-
trice, 217 ; fiftieth birthday,

217 ; interest in Egyptology,

218 ; joined in business by eld-
est son, 218; family arrange-
ments, 218 ; death of sister-
in-law, 219 ; other bereave-
ments, 220 ; life at Moseley
Hall, 221-30 ; favourite holi-
day resorts, 229 ; wedding of
eldest son, 230 ; mission work,
231 ; temperance work, 240 ;
opening of Temperance In-
stitute, 242 ; decision of turn-
ing Moseley Hall into a
convalescent home, 245 ; re-
moval to new home, " Uff-
culme," 249 ; formal opening
of Moseley Hall as a con-
valescent home, 250 ; de-
scription of new home, 254 ;
second son, William, joins the
business at Bournville, 257 ;

442

INDEX

entertains King Khama of
Bechuanaland, 260

1892-1899

Publication of Cocoa — all about
it, 263 ; growth of Bourn-
ville, 265, 266 ; thrift among
employees encouraged, 267 ;
institute built at Stirchley,
269 ; growth of Christian
work at Stirchley, 270 ;
scheme for erection of alms-
houses, 273 ; marriage of
daughter Jessie, 278 ; silver
wedding celebration, 279 ;
wedding of second daughter,
Edith, 282 ; purchase of
Wynd's Point, 284 ; work
for God, 286 ; wise dealing
with children, 291, 292 ; poli-
tical views, 295 ; public work,
295-302 ; temperance legis-
lation, 298 ; work in connec-
tion with the National Vigil-
ance Association, 300 ; tem-
perance work, 305-7 ; tour
in Switzerland, 320 ; in Italy,
322 ; visit to Palestine, 324
return to Uffculme, 331
holiday in Cornwall, 332
gift of Bibles to Board School
children, 333 ; to pupil
teachers and teachers, 335 ;
Justice of the Peace, 344 ;
dealings with prisoners, 346,

347 ; temperance legislation,

348 ; President of Peace
Society, 367 ; work in adult
schools, 369 ; outline address
for Sunday school class, 373 ;
public welcome on his return
from Palestine, 380 ; Christ-
mas festivities, 386 ; pre-
paration for a second tour
through Egypt and Palestine,

398 ; leaves Birmingham, 401 ;
extract from journal, 402 ;
excursions in Egypt, 407 ; ex-
tract from journal, 408, 409 ;
illness, 412 ; reach Jerusalem,
412; death, 415; funeral
arrangements, 417 ; funeral
ceremony, 424
Cadbury, Richard Tapper (of
Birmingham), 8, 12, 26

— Richard Tapper (of Philadel-
phia), 8

— Richard Tapper (grandfather
of Richard Cadbury), parent-
age, 1 2 ; summary of life, 1 3 ;
married E. Head, 13 ; life at
Old Square, Birmingham, 1 5 ;
life at 92, Bull Street, Birming-
ham, 16 ; life at Islington Row,
17 ; death of son Jesse, 18 ;
marriages, 18; anecdotes, 19,
20; temperance principles, 21,
22 ; removal to Edgbaston, 22 ;
death of wife, 23 ; closing
days, 24 ; review of public
life, 23-5 ; extract from
article appearing after death,
25, 26 ; committee work, 41,
90, 91, 106

— Robert, 7

— Sarah, 15, 16, 18, 22, 95

— Thomas, 5

— Thomasine, 8

— village, 4

— William, Adlington, 129, 131,
143, 162, 218, 257, 270,275,293

— William le Mareschal of, 4
Cadeberi, 4

— William de, 4
Caesarea, Philippi, 330, 341
Cairo, 325, 326, 401
Calendar of State Papers, 5
Cana, 329

Cape Colony, 282

Capper, Jasper and Ann, 1 3

INDEX

443

Capper, Samuel, 30, 49
Cash, Sarah Moon, 28
Castle Bromwich, 1 5 3
Chamberlain, Arthur, 349

— Joseph, 136, 298
Chamounix, 100, 102, 104
Chance, William, 41
Charlbury, 48, 51, 54
Charlton, Robert, 30, 49
Cheltenham, 283
Cholera, outbreak of, 33, 71
Christmas parties for employees,

123, 124
Church of England Temperance

Society, 241
Clark, Dr., 381
Clarke, Rev. T. S., 278

— Richard T. V., 278
Coad, Richard, 426, 427
Cobden, 293

Cocoa — all about it, 263

Constantinople, 191

Cooper, William, 122

Corby, 278

Cotswold Hills, 283

Creche, 134, 136, 152, 186, 187,

231
Cremer, W. Randal, 368
Criminal Law Amendment Act,

300
Crossfield, Edward, 159
Cudworth, John, 27
Culm, River, 6
Culmstock, 6

Daily News, The, 302

— Post, The, 136
Dale, Dr., 205
Damascus, 330, 331, 341
Dante, 323

Darby, Dr. Evans, 368
Dartmoor, 87
Dead Sea, 327
Deane, Captain, 5
De Bry, 264

Delia Robbia, 323

Denderah, 406

Dendur, 409

Deptford, 5

Dillon, Conrad, 242

Doomsday Book, 4

Dudley, 55

Dufour, Philippe Sylvestre, 264

Dunchurch, 29

Dymond, C. W., 87

— George, 159

— John, 30

— Jonathan, 29, 30

— Josephine, 77

— Mary, 77

— Miriam, 77

— Priscilla Ann, 29, 30
Dyson, Esther, 153

— Mr3., 134

East Stoke Montacute, 4

Edgbastonia, extract from, 25, 34

Edna Lyall, 259

Educational questions, 161, 169,
171

Egypt, 289

Egypt and Palestine Explora-
tion Societies, 217

Ellis, Henry, 159

Emanuel, Rev. G. J., 246

Enstone, 51

Essays on the Principles of
Morality, 29

Evans, Thomas, 18

Examples of Youthful Piety, 18

Exeter, 6, 13, 29, 30

Exploration Society, 324

Faber, 130

Fairfax, Sir Thomas, 4

Falmouth, 9

Family Book, the, 2, 69, no,

127, 128, 136, 161
Family motto, the, 6
Farrar, Archdeacon, 242

444

INDEX

Father Matthews, 50
Fiennes, The Hon. Mrs., 351
Finnemore, W., 295
Flegere, 102, 103
Florence, 322, 323
Folkestone, 106
Fox, George, 8-1 1

— Sarah, 9

Friends' Essay Society, 170

— Quarterly Examiner, 360

— Reading Society, 69, 169
Friend, The, 127

Fry, Elizabeth, 20

— Frances Brewster, 9

— Mr., 155

Fuller's Worthies of England, 5

Gaerloch, 321

Galilee, Sea of, 330, 341

Galileo, 323

Gaule, Wm., 240, 345-8

Genealogical table, 437

Germany, 160, 161, 165, 218,

257, 289
Gibbins, Emma, 16, 221

— Martha, 96, 106

— Thomas, 23
Gilead, 330
Gizeh Museum, 325

— pyramids of, 325
Glacier des Boissons, 102
Gladstone, W., 295, 296
Glaisyer, Henry, 246
Glasgow, 114
Gloucester, 218, 257
Goldschmidt, Otto, 285
Goodchild, J. M., 211

Gospel Temperance Crusade,
203

Mission, 209, 211, 224,

240, 241, 281, 306, 307, 309,
315, 316, 319, 321, 345, 432

Gothenburg system, 297, 298

Gray's Elegy, 45

Griffiths, H. M., 31

Grind el wald, 104
Gruth, Harry, 9

Hack, Daniel P., 106

Halberton, 6

Halsted's Kent, 5

Harcourt, Sir Wm., 299

Harper, Ewen, 384

Head, Canon, 65

— Elizabeth, 13

Heath, Martha, 46

Hebron, 327

Hemyock, 6, 159

Herald's College, 6

Highgate Mission, the, 187

High school for girls opened,

162
Himalayas, 112
History of Moseley Hall, 216
Hitchin, 56, 59, 65, 108, 162
Hocking, John, 49
Home at Edgbaston, description

of, 42, 43
Hospenthal, 138, 160
Hughes, Rev. Hugh Price, 381
Hugo, Victor, 421

Ilfracombe, 229
Illustrated London News, 40
In His Steps, 302
Interlaken, 102, 104, 105
Ipswich, 13
Ireland, 30, 49, 61, 67
Ismailia, 401

Jacob's Well, 341

Jaffa, 327, 412, 413

Jenin, 329

Jericho, 327, 341

Jersey, 282

Jerusalem, 327, 341, 353, 412

John Inglesant, 89, 170

Joppa, 341

Jordan, River, 327

Joseph, Rev. Charles, 239

Jungfrau, 105

INDEX

445

Kandersteg, 104

Karnak, 326, 406

Kemp, Caleb R., 64

Kendal, 109, 127

Khama, King, 259, 260-2

Kilkee, 230

Kingsmill, no

Knight, Henry, 33, 34

Knight-Bruce, Mrs. Wyndham,

259
Knox, Dr., 351
Kolle, Emily, 159, 160, 165
Korosko, 409

Lamb, Mary, 51, 52
Lancaster, 18, 35, 39, 72
Latchmore, G., 57
Latimer, Margaret, 4

— Sir Robert, 5
Lauterbrunnen, 104
Lawson, Sir Wilfred, 296
Lean, Charles, 93

— W., 47, 53, 57, 67, 80, 87, 88,
158

Lebanon, Mount, 331
Lee, T. Grosvenor, 226
Leeds, 27
Leicester, 205
Leominster, 126, 358
Les Miser ables, 421
Letters from —

Author of The Producer and
Consumer, 170

Bishop of Coventry, 352

Candia Cadbury, 50, 53,
59-62, 66-8, 70-4, 79

Canon Head, 65

Charles Price, 122

Dymond, C. W., 87

Henry Cadbury, 77

Howard Nicholson, 238

Joel Cadbury, 14

— Joel (junr.), 14, 15

— Joel (of America), 64
John Cadbury, 53, 57, 61-3,

66-9, 71, 73-6, 80, 85, 86,
92, 100, 114, 159
John Cadbury (junr.), 84,

128
Lloyd, J. H., 248
Maria Cadbury, 49, 58, 61,

75,86
Richard Cadbury, 12, 13, 48,
55» 57> 60, 96, 98, 100, 102,
106, 109, 143-55, J62, 163,
165, 219, 234, 237, 239,
248, 249, 251, 278, 286,
288-90, 314, 315, 319-23,
353. 377-8o, 406, 417
Scotch minister, a, 433

Liberal Association, 295-7

Licensed Victualler, The, 422

Lickey Hill, 256

Lind, Jenny, 283-5

Line upon Line, 56

L' International, 151

Liverpool, 298

Livesay, Joseph, 49

Lizard, The, 319

Lloyd, Charles, 17

— John Henry, 246, 247

— Mrs. J. H., 248

— Mrs. W., 186-8

"Log of the Seagull, The," 92,

170
London, 7, 134, 167

— Quarterly Review, The, 276
Lune, River, 34

Luxor, 406, 410

Macon, 98

Madagascar, 167, 258, 365

Magdala, 330

Maine, U.S.A., 298

Malvern, 73, 229, 280, 281, 283,

319
Manchester, 161
Mansfield, 108, no, 129, 229
Marriage certificate of John and

Hannah Cadbury, 7

446

INDEX

Martigny, 103
Matter horn, 104
Matthews, George S., 246
McLaren, D., 381
McNeill, Rev. John, 381
Meyer, Rev. F. B., 381
Michael Angelo, 323
Montauvert, 102
Monte Rosa, 104
Montezuma, 264
Moon, Sarah, 9, 12, 14
Morecambe Bay, 34
Mott, J. R., 381
Muntz, Mr., 31, 66

Nain, 329, 341

Naish, Arthur J., 76, 80, 103

Nantes, 153

Naples, 322

National Relief Fund, 367

— Vigilance Association, 241,
300

"Nature and Art," extract

from, 172, 173
Nazareth, 329, 341
Newman, Cardinal, 268

— Henry S., 87, 126, 366
Newmarsh, Lords of, 4
New Zealand, 156
Nicaragua, 264
Nicholson, Howard, 238
Nield, Theodore, 358
Norwegian Local Option Law,

298
Nottingham, 84, 127, 229

Oberland, 105
Odell, Rev. J., 381
Ogilby's America, 264
Oldbury, 271
Olives, Mount of, 327
One and All, 431

Palestine, 324
Palmer, Maria, 51, 52
Paris, 96, 1 5 1-3

Parker, Mr. and Mrs. Lawley,

247
Peep of Day, 56
Pemba Industrial Mission, 365
Pendleton, 18, 165
Pepys, Samuel, 5
Petrie, Flinders, 402
Philadelphia, 218
Pithom, 326
Pitt, Sir William, 5
" Pledge money," 114
Poems by Richard Cadbury :

" A Child's Hymn," 177

"An Allegory," 182

" A National Anthem," 181

" Angel's," 178

"Angel's Song, The," 179

"A Valentine," 180

"Daisy, The," 181

"Fragment," 177

" God's Messengers," 176

"Homeland, The," 175

"Hymn," 183

"My Mother," 83

"Ode to Evening," 174

"Spring," 177

"Verses," 95, 166
Pompeii, 322
Port Said, 401
Preston, 39
Price, Charles, 122
— Samuel, 87, 90
Priestley riots, 216
Producer and Consumer, The, 1 70
Pulham, 5

Ragatz, 160

Ramallah, 328

Rameses, 326

Reading, 6

Rednal, 256

Reminiscences of —

Brookes, Miss M. C, 210
Cadbury, George, 90
— Jessie, 131, 219

INDEX

447

Cadbury, Maria, 42-5, 54, 58

Clergyman, a, 312

Employee, an, 119

Finnemore, Mr., 295

Friends, three, 363

Hon. Sec. of Temperance
Mission, 209

House Surgeon at Ear and
Throat Hospital, 198

Lean, Charles, 93

Lloyd, J. H., 246, 248

Methodist minister, a, 299

Nonconformist minister, a,
246

Secretary of Y.M.C.A., 198

Shorthouse, J. H., 92
Rhone, River, 101, 103
Richardson, Miss, 155
Riviera, 285
Rome, 322, 323
Royal appointment of Cadbury

Bros., 80
Rutter, Josh., 13
Ryland, Arthur, 31

Sakhara, 326

Samaria, 329, 341

Sandford, Archdeacon, 152

Saturday half-holiday insti-
tuted, 117

Savonarola, 323, 324

Sawyer, Sir James, 352

Scalemire, 40, 56, 59, 71, 158

Scholefield, Mr., 66

Scott, Mr., 81

Sebele, 259

Severn Street Christian Society,
186, 188, 212, 232, 270

School, opening of, 185

Shechem, 329

Sheldon, Mr., 302

Shiloh, 329

Shipston-on-Stour, 51

Shorthouse, J. H., 41, 87, 89, 92,
170

Siesa, 259
Silberhorn, 105
Small Heath, 239
Smith, David, 210

— Edward, 43 1

-R. H., 55
Society of Friends, 7
Somerset, Lady Henry, 283
Southall, Geraldine, 230
Southport, 80, 84, 93
Sparkbrook, 189
Spiers, Josiah, 320
Spooner, Richard, 31, 66
Spurgeon, Chas. H., 10, 11
Squier's Nicaragua, 264
Stafford, Mayor of, 242
Stanley, Dean, 155
Stirchley, 269, 271
Stockport, 205
Story of an African Chief, The,

259
Strangford, Lady, 191
Stratfield-Saye, 6
Stratford-on-Avon, 51
Strong, Hugh W., 276
Sturge, John, 41

— Joseph, 23, 41, 60, 92, 106,
i45» 185

— Lucretia, 23

— Wilson, 153
Stuttgart, 159, 160, 165
Sunday Closing Association,

241
Supporter, The, 10
Switzerland, 76, 93, 96, 138,

141, 153, 160, 165
Sychap, 329, 341

Tapper, Hannah, 7, 8

— Joel, 14

— Leah, 8

— Rachel, 8

— Richard, 7, 8
Taylor, John, 216

— Rev. Hudson, 381

448

INDEX

Technical education, 169

Tel-el-Amarna, 402

" Temperance Institute "

started, 241
Tete Noire, 103
Thackray, Edward, 12 1-3
Thebes, 407
Thompson, H., 127
Threefold Chord, A, 429
Thun, 102, 105

— Lake of, 105
Tiberias, 330

Tomey, Mr. and Mrs., 247, 249
Towyn, 320
Trient, River, 103

Unas, Pyramid of, 326
United Kingdom Alliance, 241

Vesuvius, 323
Victoria, Queen, 40, 259
Visit of American cousins, 95

Wadkin, Candia, 19, 165

— John, 18
Wallingford, 4

War, South African, 296
Ward, Edward, 203-6
Warder, Caroline, 95

— John, 95

Wareham, 4, 5

Weisshorn, 104

Wengernalp, 104

Weston-super-Mare, 165

Whateley, 90, 91

What is My Faith ? 145, 360

Wheeler, Dr., 416

White, Wm., 38, 205, 242, 351,

425. 432
Whittier, 318
Wight, Isle of, 147, 229
William, Edward, 55
"Will of God, The," 130
Willoughby, Rev. W. C, 259
Wilson, Alice, 156, 280

— Emma, 141, 143-5

— Hannah, 156

— John, 156

— John Edward, 65

— J. T., 350

— Mrs., 132, 133, 141, 258

— William, 156, 258, 365
Wilton Cemetery, 39
Woolwich, 5

Wrekin, The, 86
Wychwood Forest, 51
Wye, River, 92

York, 84

Zanzibar, 84

Printed by Hazell, Watson &■ Viney, Ld.t London and Aylesbury.

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