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RITCHIE'S
FIRST STEPS IN LATIN
WORKS BY F. RITCHIE, M.A.
FABULiE FACILES. A First Latin
Reader. Edited by J. C. Kirtland, Jr.
Illustrated. Crown 8vo.
IMITATIVE EXERCISES IN EASY
LATIN PROSE. 12mo.
FIRST STEPS IN LATIN. Edited
by F. C. Staples, A.B. Crown 8vo.
SECOND STEPS IN LATIN.
Crown 8vo.
EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE
COMPOSITION. Crown 8vo.
EASY CONTINUOUS LATIN
PROSE. Crown 8vo.
New York : Longmans, Green, & Co.
RITCHIE'S
FIRST STEPS IN LATIN
EDITED BY
FREDERICK C. STAPLES, A. B.
INSTRUCTOR IN LATIN
THE FAY SCHOOL, SOUTHBOROUGH, MASS.
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
91 AND 93 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
LONDON, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA
1909
GIFT
Copyright^ 1909,
By Longmans, Green, and Co.
THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.
PREFACE f/i/^^;^
The present edition of Mr. Ritchie's "First Steps in
Latin " has for its objects — first, the marking of all
long vowels; second, the rearrangement of the cases
in declension, following the order adopted in nearly all
American text-books and grammars ; and third, the sub-
stitution of ^-consonant for/. In cases where pupils have
been found prone to give a long-vowel sound to a short
vowel, the short mark has been written ; but for the most
part short vowels are unmarked.
Some slight changes have been made in the wording of
rules and explanations, and in the Appendix the Sumjhary
of Rules has been rewritten to conform with these chajiges.
No alteration has been made in the general plan of the
book. The subject of pronunciation, however, is of so
much importance that it has been incorporated at some
length in the text.
Such excellent results have attended the use of the book
in its earlier editions that even these slight changes have
been made with some hesitation ; but many requests
have been made for an edition revised along the lines indi-
cated above, and these must serve as my pretext.
It is hoped that, thus revised, the Series, which com-
prises " First Steps in Latin " and its sequel, '' Second
Steps in Latin," will meet with a wide acceptance in this
country, for, supplemented by Mr. Kirtland's edition of
Mr. Ritchie's "Fabulae Faciles," they make a thorough
and amply sufficient preparation for the reading of Caesar,
or other second-year work.
F. C. S.
219150
CONTENTS
Paob
Preliminary —
DefinitioDS • I
The Sentence ..#.... 2
Latin Nouns 4
Adjectives . 5
Latin Verbs 5
English Verbs o 8
Pronunciation 10
First Conjugation : A- Verbs. Active Voice 16
Nouns — First Declension 24
Second Conjugation: E- Verbs. Active Voice 2G
Nouns — Second Declension 30
Third Conjugation : Consonant Verbs. Active Voice 34
Adjectives 38
Fourth Conjugation : I- Verbs. Active Voice 42
Table of the Four Conjugations. Active Voice 46
Nouns — Third Declension 48
The Verb Sum 54
First Conjugation : A-Verbs. Passive Voice 56
Adjectives of Third Declension 62
Second Conjugation : E- Verbs. Passive Voice 66
Nouns — Fourth Declension 70
Third Conjugation : Consonant Verbs. Passive Voice 72
Nouns — Fifth Declension 76
Fourth Conjugation : LVerbs. Passive Voice 78
Table of the Four Conjugations. Passive Voice 82
Comparison of Adjectives 84
Appendix —
Nouns — First Declension 91
Nouns — Second Declension o 91
Nouns — Third Declension 92
Nouns — Fourth Declension 93
viii CONTENTS
Appendix — Continued Page
Nouns — Fifth Declension 93
Adjectives of First and Second Declensions 93
Adjectives of Third Declension 94
Numerals 94
The Verb Su?n, ' I am ' 95
Verbs Active : Present Stem Tenses 96
Verbs Active : Perfect Stem Tenses 97
Verbs Passive : Present Stem Tenses 98
Verbs Passive : Supine Stem Tenses • - • 99
Summary of Rules 1^1
Vocabulary —
Latin-English ^^^
English-Latin ^^^
FIRST STEPS IN LATIN
DEFINITIONS
A Noun is the Name of a Person or Thing; as,
' James/ * dog/ * book/ ' London/
An Adjective is a word which describes a Person or
Thing ; as, little dog, red book, many books.
A Verb is a word which tells what a Person or Thing
does or has done to it ; as, ' sleep/ ' strike/ ' to be struck.'
(i.) Verbs are Intransitive when the action does not
pass beyond the doer ; as, I sleep, the boy rims,
snakes creep.
(ii.) Verbs are Transitive when the action passes
on to another Person or Thing. The word
denoting this Person or Thing is called the
Object; as, 'I strike the table.' Here 'table'
is the Object to the Verb ' strike.'
(iii.) Verbs are Copulative when they join together two
words, one of which names a thing and the
other describes it; as, *the water is deep.'
Here 'is' joins 'water' and 'deep/ and is a
Copulative Verb. The word that describes is
called the Complement; thus, 'deep' describes
'water/ and is the Complement.
THE SENTENCE
THE SENTENCE
Every Sentence has two parts, namely —
1. The Subject, i. e, the word denoting the Person or
Thing about which something is said.
2. The Predicatey i. e. the word or words denoting
that which is said about it.
Examples —
Subject
Predicate
(i.) Birds
(ii.) We
(iii.) The man
fly.
eat bread,
is old.
[The Subject of a Sentence may be found by asking the
question Who ? or What ? with the Verb ; thus,
'Birds fly.' Who or what fly ? Ans, 'Birds.' The-
Predicate may be found by asking the question.
What about the Subject? thus, 'The man is old.'
What about the man ? Ans, He is old — 'is old '
is the Predicate.]
The Subject is always a Noun, or some word or words
used as Nouns.
The Predicate is always a Verb, or at least contains a
Verb ; but as Verbs are of three kinds the Predicate has
three forms. (See examples given above.)
(i.) When the Verb is Intransitive, the Subject and
Verb together make complete sense, and the
Predicate need contain nothino^ but the Verb.
THE SENTENCE
8
(ii.) When the Verb is Transitive, an Object is
required to complete the Sentence, and the
Verb and Object together make up the Predi-
cate.
(iii.) When the Verb is Copulative, a Complement is
required to complete the Sentence, and the
Verb and Complement together make up the
Predicate.
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCE
The following method of Analysis will be found useful —
The Subject is marked S.
The Predicate is marked either
or
(i.) V. I., i. e. Verb Intransitive ;
(ii.) V. T. and 0., i. e. Verb Transitive and Object ;
(iii.) V. C. and C, i.e. Verb Copulative and Comple-
ment.
The examples given above will be analyzed thus -
Subject
Predicate
S.
V. T.
(i.) Birds
fly
s.
V. T.
0.
(ii.) We
eat
bread.
s.
V. c.
c.
(iii.) The man
is
old.
LATIN NOUNS
LATIN NOUNS
Inflection. — The form of a Latin Noun is altered by
Inflection, that is, by changing the ending of the word ;
thus, mensa, a table ; mensae, of a table.
Case. — In this way six different forms of the same
Noun are obtained ; these are called the six Cases of the
Noun. The names of the Cases are —
1. The Nominative ; the Subject of the sentence is in
the Nominative.
2. The Genitive ; answers the question ' whose ? '
3. The Dative; answers the question 'to or for whom? '
'to or for what ?' — Case of Indirect Object.
4. The Accusative ; the Object of a Transitive Verb is
in the Accusative.
5. The Vocative; used in addressing Persons or
Things ; as, ' 0 queen/
6. The Ablative; answers the question 'by, with, or
from what ? '
Number. — Latin Nouns have Two Numbers, Singular
and Plural, and each Number has a distinct set of Six
Cases.
G-ender. — There are Three Genders : Masculine, Femi-
nine, and Neuter.
Declension. — A Noun is said to be ' declined ' when
its various Cases are shown in order. There are Five
Declensions of Latin Nouns, that is, there are Five
different sets of Inflections. The Declensions may be
adjectivp:s 5
distinguished by the ending of the Genitive Case
Singular^ —
Declension 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Ending of Genitive ae i is us ei or 6i
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are declined like Nouns as regards Number
and Case ; but besides this their terminations sometimes
indicate the Gender of the Noun to which the Adjective
belongs. Thus some Adjectives have in each Case a
separate form for each of the three Genders ; others have
in some Cases one form for Masculine and Feminine and
another for Neuter, and in some Cases only one form for
all three Genders.
LATIN VEEBS2
Voice. — Verbs have Two Voices, namely —
1. The Active Voice, when the person or thing
denoted by the Subject does something; as,
amo, I love.
1 The termination of the Genitive Singular is given as the distinguishing
mark of the Declensions, this being the method adopted in dictionaries. The
terms Stem and Character are purposeh' avoided. It is practically useless
(and to beginners very confusing) to be told that domino is the Stem of dominus.
The plan of cutting off -rum or -um from the Genitive Plural in order to find
the Character and so determine the Declension, presupposes that the pupil is
already able to decline the Noun.
2 On pages 8 and 9 the English Verb To teach is conjugated in Latin form,
i. e. the names of the Tenses are those used in conjugating a Latin Verb. It is
advisable that for practice other Verbs, and especially the Verbs love, advise,
rule, hear, should be conjugated in the same way. The Strong Verb teach is
given here in preference to the Verb love, because it has been found that con-
fusion arises from the similarity in sound of the various parts of the latter ;
e.g. loved and love.
6 LATIN VERBS
2. The Passive Voice, when the person or thing
denoted by the Subject has something done to
it ; as, amor, / am loved,
[iV. B, — Only Transitive Verbs have a complete Passive
Voice.]
Tense. — Each Voice has Six Tenses —
Present, Imperfect, and Future Simple,
Perfect and Aorist, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect.
[There is only one Form in Latin for both Perfect and
Aorist Tenses, but in English they are distinct. See
pages 8 and 9.]
Number. — Each Tense has Two Numbers, namely —
Singular and Plural.
<
Person. — Each Number has Three Persons, namely —
First, Second, and Third.
The Tense, Number, and Person of Latin Verbs are
indicated by various Endings, which are added to the
Stems.^
In order to form the Tenses of a Latin Verb it is
necessary to know three Stems —
1. The Present Stem —
From this are formed the Present, Imperfect,
and Future Simple, both Active and Passive.
1 Distinction of Mood is intentionally omitted here, as beyond the scope of
the book.
LATIN VERBS 7
2. The Perfect Stem —
From this are formed the Perfect and Aorist,
Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Active.
3. The Supine Stem —
From this are formed the Perfect and Aorist,
Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Passive.
Latin Verbs are divided into four classes, called Conju-
gations, according to the last letter of the Present Stem.
The First Conjugation has its Present Stem ending in A,
The Second Conjugation has its Present Stem ending in^.
The Third Conjugation has its Present Stem ending in
a Consonant or U.
The Fourth Conjugation has its Present Stem ending in /.
For some time, these Stems are given in the lessons.
Later they must be obtained from the * Principal Parts,'
given in the general vocabulary, where they are indicated
thus: —
esent Stem
Perfect Stem
Supine Stem
vide-o
vid-i
visum (2) see above
mitt-o
mis-i
miss-um (3) '* "
move-o
mdv-i
mot-um (2) *' "
Since all the forms of a Latin verb are ' made ' on these
stems, and these are always found in the Principal Parts,
it is necessary to commit the latter to memory most
thoroughly.
ENGLISH VERBS
ACTIVE VOICE
PKESENT TENSE
PEKFECT TENSE
Sing. 1. I teach.
2. Thou 1 teachest.
3. He, she, or it teaches.
Plur. 1. We teach.
2. Ye or you teach.
3. They teach.
or,
Sing. 1. I am teaching.
2. Thou art teaching.
3. He, she, or it is teaching.
Plur. 1. We are teaching.
2. Ye or you are teaching.
3. They are teaching.
or,
Sing. 1. I do teach.
2. Thou dost teach.
3. He, she, or it does teach.
Plur. 1. We do teach.
2. Ye or you do teach.
3. They do teach.
Sing. 1. I have taught.
2. Thou hast taught.
3. He, she, or it has taught.
Plur. 1. We have taught.
2. Ye or you have taught.
3. They have taught.
AORI^T TENSE
Sing. 1. I taught.
2. Thou taughtest.
3. He, she, or it taught.
Plur. 1. We taught.
2. Ye or you taught.
3. They taught.
or,
Sing. 1. I did teach.
2. Thou didst teach.
3. He, she,-xDr it did teach.
Plur. 1. We did teach.
2. Ye or you did teach.
3. They did teach.
IMPEKFECT TENSE
PLUPERFECT TENSE
Sing. 1 . I was teaching.
2. Thou wast teaching.
3. He, she, or it was teaching.
Plur. 1. We were teaching.
2. Ye or you were teaching.
3. They were teaching.
Sing. 1. I had taught.
2. Thou hadst taught.
3. He, she, or it had taught.
Plur. 1. We had taught.
2. Ye or you had taught.
3. They had taught.
PUTUBE SIMPLE TENSE
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Sing. 1. I shall or will teach.
2. Thou wilt teach.
3. He, she, or it will teach.
Plur. 1. We shall or will teach.
2. Ye or you will teach.
3. They will teach.
Sing. 1. I shall have taught.
2. Thou wilt have taught.
3. He will have taught.
Plur. 1. We shall have taught.
2. Ye or you will have taught.
3. They will have taught.
1 See observation p. 18.
ENGLISH VERBS
PASSIVE VOICE
#
PRESENT TENSE
PERFECT TENSE
Sing. 1. I am being taught.
2. Thou art being taught.
3. He, she, or it is being
taught.
Plur. 1. We are being taught.
2. Ye or you are being
taught.
3. They are being taught.
or,
Sing. 1. I am taught.
2. Thou art taught.
3. He, she, or it is taught.
Plur. 1. We are taught.
2. Ye or you are taught.
3. They are taught.
Sing. 1. I have been taught.
2. Thou hast been taught.
3. He, she, or it has been
taught.
Plur. 1. We have been taught.
2. Ye or you have been
taught.
3. They have beeb taught.
AORIST TENSE
Sing. 1. I was taught.
2. Thou wast taught.
3. He, she, or it was taught.
Plur. 1 . We were taught.
2. Ye or you were taught.
3. They were taught.
IMPERFECT TENSE
PLUPERFECT TENSE
Sing. 1. I was being taught.
2. Thou wast being taught.
3. He, she, or it was being
taught.
Plur. 1. We were being taught.
2. Ye or you were being
tauglit.
3. They were being taught.
Sing. 1. I had been taught.
2. Thou hadst been taught.
3. He, she, or it had been
taught.
Plur. 1. We had been taught.
2. Ye or you had been
taught.
3. They had been taught.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
Sing. 1. I shall have been taught.
2. Thou wilt have been
taught.
3, He, she, or it will have
been taught.
Plur. 1 . We shall have been taught.
2. Ye or you will have been
taught.
3. They will have been
taught.
Sing. 1. I shall be taught.
2. Thou wilt be taught.
3. He, she, or it will be
taught.
Plur. I. We shall be taught.
2. Ye or you will be taught.
3. They will be taught.
10 PRONUNCIATION
PRONUNCIATION i
Correct pronunciation of Latin, or indeed of any lan-
guage, requires that each letter or combination of letters
shall receive its proper sound; that each word shall be
correctly divided into syllables; that each word shall
have its accent correctly placed. Therefore we need to
understand the matter of
A — Sound
B — Syllables
C — Accent
A. SOUND
The Letters of the Alphabet. — The Latin Alphabet
was much like our own ; but / and w were lacking,
and h, y, and z were not common. / served as both
Vowel and Consonant. Like our own the alphabet was
made up of (1) Vowels and (2) Consonants.
1. Vowels
These were a, e, i, o, u, (y).
Each of these had two sounds — a long sound and a
short sound, which means that sometimes each was sounded
a long time in pronouncing, or was sounded for a shorter
time. In most text-books for beginners, the vowels are
marked with a small straight line (~) just above the letter
to show that it is to be held somewhat in pronouncing, and
1 The correct pronunciation of Latin is a matter requirinj;^ careful attention
on the part of both teacher and pupil ; and though the latter will gain much
from imitation, he should have as early as possible in his work the principles
that govern proper pronunciation at his command. With that end in view,
the following summary is added to the present edition, all former editions
having left the matter entirely to the teacher.
PRONUNCIATION 11
with a little curved line (") just over the letter (or with
no mark whatever) to show that the vowel is to be sounded
but a short time, a means long-sounded a\ a or a means
short-sounded a, or simply long a and short a.
In this book a vowel with no mark is to be regarded
as short.
The Vowel Sounds
a like a in father a like first a in aha
e like e in fete e like e in met
i like i in police I like i in din
6 like 0 in tone ' 6 like o in ^o^
u like u in rWe u like u in ^^^^
Diphthongs
ae oe au eu ui
If you will pronounce (using its Latin sound) each of the
two vowels in any one of the above groups in quick succes-
sion, you will see that they make practically one sound.
Now that is what a diphthong is — two vowels pronounced
as one sound.
Pronounce
ae like ai in aisle au like oit in house
oe like oi in spoil eu like eiu in feiv
ui like oo-ee spoken quickly
2. Consonants
The Latin consonants were sounded almost as in
English. The following points of difference should be
carefully noted.
Pronounce
C (always hard) like h — never as in cent,
g (always hard) like g in gate — never as in gem,
i-consonant like y in yet.
12 PRONUNCIATION
qu like kw.
s like s in since — never like s in ease.
(Avoid the z sound of s in final es.)
t always like t in time — never with the sh sound of t
in -tion English words.
V like English w.
In doubled consonants such as II, mm, nn, rr, tt, there
should be a sound for each of the two.
The few varia^ipns that remain may be pointed out by
the teacher as they occur.
B. SYLIiABLES
Latin words were not divided into syllables in just the
same way that we divide English words. For in Latin
a word has as many syllables as it has separate vowels
and diphthongs ; so that the word ndtio = nation, which
we would pronounce with two syllables, is in Latin a
three-syllable word ; thus, nd-ti-o.
It will be of help to know the meaning of the following
names, which are applied to words according to the number
of syllables they contain —
A word of one syllable is called a Monosyllable,
A word of two syllables is called a Dissyllable.
A word of three syllables is called a Trisyllable.
We also speak of words as monosyllabic, dissyllabic, and
trisyllabic according as they have respectively one, two, or
three syllables.
Polysyllable and polysyllabic are sometimes applied to
words of three or more syllables.
Words having the same number of syllables are said to
be parisyllabic.
Words not having the same number of syllables are
said to be imparisyllabic.^
1 Try to find where all these names originated.
PRONUNCIATION 13
The following rules will guide you in dividing words
into syllables —
1. A single consonant between two vowels, or between
a vowel and a diphthong, is put with the second ; thus,
amicus = a-m%-cus, aqua = a-qua,^
2. If there are two or more consonants between two
vowels or diphthongs, use as many of the consonants with
the second as can be pronounced with it; t\\.Vi^y jpugnat =
jpug-nat ; carmen ^= car-men ; templum = tem-plum,
3. Doubled consonants are separated; thus, vellum =
vel-lum.
Length of Syllables
Syllables are long or short according as they require
a longer or shorter time in pronouncing, the difference
being much the same as in the case of the vowels.
A syllable containing a long vowel, or a diphthong, or
a short vowel followed by two consonants or by x or z,
is long.
Most other syllables are short.
C. ACCENT
If you will pronounce carefully, and rather slowly, any
English word of more than one syllable, you will notice
that some one of its syllables is dwelt on, and so made
more prominent than any other ; e. g., English, meaning,
pronounce, study, behavior. This prominence, or stress
of the voice, is called Accent.
English words may have the accent on any syllable.
There is hardly any rule governing the position of the
1 </ is always followed by u, and the two make practically one consonant
sound, su, gUy hu, and cu may be so combined.
14 PRONUNCIATION
stress or accent. We consult the dictionary and that
directs us ; thus we are told to say in-ter-est-ing, in-t^r-
nal-ly, fun-da-m^n-tal, mis-un-der-stand. Here are four
words, each having four syllables, and in no two is the
stress put on the same syllable.
In accenting Latin words, we may say that only the
last three syllables of a word are to be considered ; and of
these, one (the very last) is never accented. For conven-
ience, these three syllables are named as follows —
The Ultima} or last syllable.
The Penult, or that before the Ultima.
The Antepenult, or that before the Penult.
Rules of Accent
I. Words of Two Syllables
In words of two syllables accent the Penult. i
II. Words of More than Two Syllables
If the Penult is a long syllable, accent the Penult.
If the Penult is a short syllable, accent the Antepenult.
CAUTIONS
1. Never accent the last syllable of a Latin word.
Pupils often do this to emphasise the differing case
and personal endings.
2. Do not mistake the hyphens used in the paradigms
and exercises for syllable-division marks.
3. Do not mistake long marks (") for marks of accent.
Accent marks are not used in this book.
1 Try to find where all these names originated.
PRONUNCIATION
15
4. Eemember that mucli of the Latin you are to read
later will have no marks of any kind ; that those used in
this book are for your guidance in acquiring a correct
pronunciation.
EXERCISES
Examples to illustrate these principles, and exercises
for drill, should be *given by the teacher to such extent
as he feels the class requires.
I. Separate into syllables and pronounce the following —
vincetur
regione
capere
idem
vincitis
vocabimur
reges
mater
magistrum
huic
quae
manere
causa
utilis
patientis
doces
amicus
pater
more
equus
coepisti
sumus
iubeo
aedificaverunt
II. To be read in class —
Brevi tempore ad flumen Tiberim venit. Tum tamen
nulla erat urbs in eo loco, Eoma enim nondum coiidita
erat. Hercules itinere fessus constituit ibi paucos dies
morari, ut se ex laboribus recrearet. Hand procul a
valle ubi boves pascebantur spelunca erat, in qua Cacus,
horribile mon strum, tum habitabat. Hic speciem terri-
bilem praebebat, non modo quod ingenti magnitudine
corporis erat, sed quod ignem ex ore exsplrabat. Cacus
au^em de adventu Herculis famam acceperat; noctu
igitur venit, et dum Hercules dormit, quattuor pulcher-
rimorum boum abripuit. Hos caudis in speluncam traxit,
ne Hercules e vestigiis cognoscere posset quo in loco
Celati essent. (From '' Fabulae Faciles.")
16
A-VERBS
FIRST CONJUGATION: A-VERBS
Verbs whose Present Stem ends in a belong to the
First Conjugation.
Example — Ama-re, to love. Pres. Stem Ama-.
ACTIVE VOICE
Present Tense
The Present Tense is formed by adding Personal End-
ings to the Present Stem, ama-.
Formation
Example
English
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Present Stem + o *
'^ + s
" + 1
" " + mus
" + tis
" + nt
am-6
ama-s
ama-t
ama-mus
ama-tis
ama-nt
I love. Obs. 1.
Thou loves t.
He loves.
We love.
You love.
They love.
* [In the First Person Singular, by adding o to ama- we get ama-o, but
this is contracted to am-o ; hence the a at the end of the Stem is not seen.
A vowel which results from contraction is long.]
Ohs. 1. — Note shortening of final vowel of Present Stem, and where.
Obs. 2. — Remember that the Present Tense has three forms in English —
Am5 = / lovey
Amas = Thou lovest,
Amat = He loves.
I am loving.
Thou art loving,
He is loving,
I do love,
Thou dost love,
He does love, etc.
06s. 3. — No separate Latin word is required for *I/ 'thou/ 'he/ etc.;
thus, amat, he loves. Here ' he/ which is the Subject of the sentence, is
said to be contained in the Verb, and 'amat' is a complete sentence in
one word.
A-VERBS
17
VOCABULAKY
^-Verbs conjugated like amo
Canto, I sing,
Present Stem, canta-.
Pugno, IJight,
" pugna-.
Salto, I dance,
salta-.
Voc5, / call^
*' voca-.
Non = not.
EXERCISE
I
1.
Canta-t.
11.
Non salt-o.
2.
Pugna-s.
12.
Non voca-s.
3.
Salta-mus.
13.
Canta-s.
4.
Voca-nt.
14.
Pugna-tis.
5.
Canta-tis.
15.
Non voca-t.
6.
Pugna-t.
16.
Canta-mus.
7.
Salta-tis.
17.
Non pugna-nt.
8.
Voca-mus.
18.
Non voc-o.
9.
Canta-nt.
19.
Non voca-tis.
.0.
Pugna-mus.
20.
Salta-nt.
1.
They sing.
11.
He does not dance.
2.
We fight.
12.
I am calling.
3.
You dance.
13.
You are not singing.
4.
He calls.
14.
They fight.
5.
Thou singest.
15.
Thou dost call.
6.
I do not fight.
16.
He is fighting.
7.
He is dancing.
17.
Thou dance St.
8.
They are calhng. 18.
We do not call.
9.
We do not sin|
^. 19.
They dance.
0.
You are fighting. 20.
He does not fight.
18
A-VERBS
FIRST CONJUGATION : A-VERBS — continued
Ama-re, to love. Pres. Stem Ama-.
ACTIVE VOICE
Imperfect and Future Simple Tenses
Both these Tenses are formed, like the Present, by
adding Personal Endings to the Present Stem, ama-.
IMPERFECT
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Present Stem -}- bam
" + bas
" + bat
" + bamus
•' + batis
" + bant
ama-bam
ama-bas
ama-bat
ama-bamus
ama-batis
ama-bant
/ was loving.
Thou wast loving.
He was loving.
We were loving.
You were loving.
They were loving.
FUTURE SIMPLE
Sing.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Present Stem + bo *
" + bis
" + bit
'* + bimus
" + bitis
" -f bunt
ama-bo *
ama-bis
ama-bit
ama-bimus
ama-bitis
ama-bunt
/ shall {or will) love.
Thou wilt love.
He will love.
We shall {or will) love.
You will love.
They will love.
* What two vowels are contracted to form the o ?
06s. — In addressing one person * you ' is now more commonly used
than * thou/ therefore both the Second Person Singular and the Second
Person Plural may be translated 'you'; thus, amas, you love, and
amatis, you love, but ' amas ' is addressed to one person, * amatis * to
more than one.
A-VERBS
19
VOCABULARY
Laudu, I praise.
Present Stem, lauda-.
Rogo, / ash.
" roga-.
♦ EXERCISE II
1.
Salta-bat.
11.
Salta-bam.
2.
Voca-mus.
12.
Voca-bamus.
3.
Pugna-bit.
13.
Roga-bitis. "
4.
Eoga-bis.
14.
Salta-t.
5.
Lauda-s.
15.
Voca-s.
6.
Canta-bitis.
16.
Lauda-nt.
7.
Yoca-bant.
17.
Lauda-bat.
8.
Pugna-bunt.
18.
Pugna-bant.
9.
Voca-bas.
19.
Canta-nt.
0.
Pugna-tis.
20.
Voca-bis.
1.
We shall fight.
11.
They were asking.
2.
He was calling.
12.
You (sing.) will praise.
3.
They will praise.
13.
He was not calling.
4.
Thou dost fight.
14
He is praising.
5.
I shall ask.
15.
You (sing.) were fightin:
6.
They were dancing.
16.
We do not dance.
7.
We are calling.
17.
You (pi.) were calling.
8.
He calls.
18.
We were praising.
9.
They will call.
19.
You (pi.) will sing.
0.
He does not fight.
20.
He is dancing.
20
A-VERBS
FIRST CONJUGATION: A-Y EBBS — continued
Ama-re, to love
ACTIVE VOICE
The Perfect and Aorist Tense
This Tense is formed by adding the Personal Endings ^
to the Perfect Stem, amav-.
The Perfect Stem of any regular Verb of the First
Conjugation is found by adding v to the Present Stem ;
thus —
Present Stem, ama-,
" pugna-,
" lauda-,
Perfect Stem, amav-,
" piignav-.
" laudav-.
Formation
Example
English
Sing. 1.
Pf.Stem + i
amav-i
Perfect
Aorist
I have loved.
/ loved.^
2.
+ isti
amav-isti
Thou hast loved.
Thou lovedst.
3.
'* +it
amav-it
He has loved.
He loved.
Plur. 1.
" + imus
amav-imus
We have loved.
We loved.
2.
" +i9tis
amav-istis
You have loved.
You loved.
3.
'' + erunt
. or -{-ere
amav-erunt
or amav-ere
They have loved.
They loved.
Remember there is only one form in Latin for both Perfect and Aorist ;
thus, 'amavi' means both / have loved and / loved or did love.
1 These Pers. Ends, are peculiar to this Tense, i. e. are not used elsewhere.
2 Or, / did love, etc.
A-YERBS
21
EXERCISE III
1. Rogav-it.
2. Salta-bat.
3. Pugnav-imus.
4. Non roga-nt.
5. Voca-bit. ^
6. Salta-t.
7. Laudav-erunt.
8. Yocav-isti.
9. Pugna-bimus.
10. Laudav-it.
11. Yoca-bat.
12. Salta-bit.
13. Non lauda-mus.
14. Saltav-istis.
15. Cantav-erunt.
16. Non laudav-i.
17. Yoca-t.
18. Yocav-it.
19. Non salta-t.
20. Cantav-isti.
21. Roga-batis.
22. Laudav-imus.
23. Salta-bitis.
24. Pugnav-istis.
J. We have praised.
2. They danced.
3. He did not fight.
4. You (sing.) were calling.
5. He sings.
6. He will dance.
7. They have asked.
8. We did not praise.
9. You will ask.
10. They fought.
11. They did not dance.
12. We were calling.
13. They do not praise.
14. Thou hast not called.
15. We are dancing.
16. I was calling.
17. They are dancing.
18. We will ask.
19. He has praised.
20. You have asked.
21. You will call.
22. We have fought.
23. You are calling.
24. I did not praise.
•22
A-VERBS
FIRST CONJUGATION: A-YEUBS — continued
ACTIVE VOICE
The Pluperfect and the Future Perfect Tenses
Both these Tenses are formed, like the Perfect and
Aorist, by adding Personal Endings to the Perfect Stem,
amav-.
PLUPEKFECT
Formation
Example
English
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pf. Stem + eram
+ eras
+ erat
+ eranius
+ eratis
+ erant
amav-eram
amav-eras
amav erat
amav-eramus
amav-eratis
amav-erant
/ had loved.
Thou hadst loved.
He had loved.
We had loved.
Yon had loved.
They had loved.
FUTUKE PERFECT
Siug 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pf. Stem + ero
+ eris
+ erit
+ erimus
+ eritis
+ erint
amav-ero
amav-eris
amav-erit
amav-erimus
amav-eritis
amav-erint
I shall have loved.
Thou ivilt have loved.
He will have loved.
We shall have loved.
You will have loved.
They will have loved.
In the sentence amat = he loves, the Subject is contained in the Verb,
but the Subject may also be a separate word ; thus, Puella amat, the girl
loves.
Obs. — The Verb must aj^ree in Person with its Subject; thus, puella,
the Subject, is of the Third Person, therefore the Verb amat is also of the
Third Person. See Rule p. 24.
A-VERBS
23
VOCABULARY
Volo, I fly,
Vulnero, / woundy
Present Stem, vola-.
" vulnera-.
Hasta, a spear.
Puella, a girl.
Regina, a queen.
EXERCISE IV
1. Vocav-erat.
2. Pugnav-erit.
3. Hasta vola-bat.
4. Pugna-bit.
5. Vocav-erimus.
6. Yulnera-mus.
7. Rogav-eris.
8. Saltav-eras.
9. Puella lauda-t.
10. Vocav-erunt.
11. Non salta-bimus.
12. Rogav-eratis.
13. Puella saltav-erat.
14. Vulnerav-erunt.
15. Yulnera-bunt.
16. Laudav-erit.
17. Yulnera-tis.
18. Cantav-erant.
19. Yocav-erint.
20. Pugnav-erunt.
1. They had called.
2. He will have asked.
3. We have fought.
4. Ye were dancing.
5. The girl will praise.
6. We sang.
7. They will have sung.
8. You (pi.) did not praise.
9. The spear flies.
10. We had wounded.
11. They did not fight.
12. You (sing.) had praised.
13. The queen will ask.
14. We shall have fought.
15. He had sung.
16. The spear will wound.
17. They do not fight.
18. We were calling.
19. The girl had danced.
20. Thou wilt have fought.
24
NOUNS
NOUNS
FIRST DECLENSION
Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in ae belong to
the First Declension. The Nominative ends in a.
The Cases are formed as follows —
SiNOULAR
Plural
Nom.
Mens-a
a table (/.)
Mens-ae
tables.
Gen.
Mens-ae
of a table.
Mens-arum
of tables.
Dat.
Mens-ae
to or for a table.
Me US-is
to or for tables.
Ace.
Mens- am
a table.
Mens-as
tables.
Voc.
Mens-a
0 table.
Mens-ae
0 tables.
Ahl.
Mens-a
by J with, or from
a table.
Mens-is
by, with, or from
tables.
Most Nouns of the Eirst Declension are of the Feminine Gender.
Rule — The Subject of the Sentence is in the Nominative
Case.
Observe that if the Subject is Singular, the Verb must be Singular
" *' " " *♦ Plural, " '' " " Plural.
Thus, in the sentence The girls love, the Subject, girls, is Plural, there-
fore the Verb must also be Plural, and the Latin will be ' Puellae amant.'
Thus we derive (see bottom p. 22) :
KuLE — The Verb agrees with its Subject in Number and
Person.
Kemember that every sentence having a noun for its subject will have
its verb in the 3d Person,
NOUNS
25
VOCABULARY
Decline —
Epistola, -ae, f ., a letter.
Sagitta, -ae, f., an arrow.
EXERCISE V
Point out the Subject and Predicate in each Sentence.
1. Hastae vulnera-nt. 11.
2. Eegina lauda-bat. 12.
3. Non pugnav-eramus. 13.
4. Puellae salta-bunt. 14.
5. Vocav-erunt. 15.
6. Kegina cantav-erit. 16.
7. Puellae voca-bant. 17.
8. Non ama-tis. 18.
9. Keginae laudav-erant. 19.
10. Sagittae vulnerav-erunt. 20.
Epistola lauda-bit.
Cantav-eramus.
Laudav-istis.
Non pugna-batis.
Keginae salta-nt.
Puella vocav-erit.
Puellae vocav-erant.
Hastae vulnera-bunt.
Non saltav-isti.
Vocav-erint.
1. The girls do not call.
2. The queen will fight.
3. The spears wounded.
4. You did not dance.
5. I had not fought.
6. The queens praised.
7. The girls were dancing.
8. The spears will fly.
9. We had sung.
10. Thou didst fight.
11. The arrows were flying.
12. The queen had praised.
13. We shall have sung.
14. Ye were asking.
15. The queen does not dance.
16. They had fought.
1 7. We do not praise.
18. The girl has not sung.
19. They have asked.
20. We are not praising.
26
E- VERBS
SECOND CONJUOATION: E- VERBS
Verbs whose Present Stem ends in e belong to the
Second Conjugation.
Example — Mone-ke, to advise.
Present Stem, mone-, Perfect Stem, monii-.
ACTIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from the Present Stem Mone-
[The Personal Endings are the same as in the First Conjugation.]
PRESENT
Formation
Example
English
Sing. 1.
2
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pres. Stem + o
" +s
" +t
" " + mus
" + tis
" +nt
mone-6, p. 1 6, 06s. 1.
mone-s
mone-t
mone-mus
mone-tis
mone-nt
I advise, p. 16, 06s. 1.
Thou advisest.
He advises.
We advise.
You advise.
The}! advise.
IMPEBFECT
Sing. I.
2.
3.
Plur.l.
2.
3,
Pres. Stem + bam
" +bas
" +bat
" ** +bamus
" 4- batis
'* +bant
mone-bam
mone-bas
mone-bat
mone-bamus
mone-batis
mone-bant
I was advising.
Thou wast advising.
He was advising.
We were advising.
You were advising.
They were advising.
FUTURE SIMPLE
Sing.l.
2.
3.
Plur.l.
2.
3.
Pres. Stem + bo
'' +bis
" +bit
" + bimus
" + bitis
" + bunt
mone-bo
mone-bis
mone-bit
mone-bimus
mone-bitis
mone-bunt
I shall (or will) ■\
Thou wilt
He will
We shall (or will)
You will
They will '
Rule — The Object of a Transitive Verb is in the Accusa-
tive Case. See page 3.
Thus — Subject Transitive Verb Object
The queen loves the girl,
Reglna (Nom.) amat puellam (A ecus.)
E-VERBS
VOCABULARY
27
Verbs of Second Conjugation like moneo
Doce-o, / teach,
Tene-6, / hold,
Time-6, 1 fear,
Present Stem, doce-.
" tene-.
" time-.
EXERCISE VI
Point out the Subject and
1. Doce-mus puellam.^
2. Tene-bant hastas.
3. Tene-t hastam.
4. Time-bunt reginam.
5. Puellae non time-nt.
6. Regina saltav-erat.
7. Tene-bam epistolam.
8. Hastae vulnera-nt.
9. Non time-bo hastas.
10. Doce-tis puellas.
1. We fear the queen.
2. Ye teach the girls.
3. The girl will fear.
4. They hold a spear.
5. Ye were not teaching.
6. Thou dost fear.
7. We had not danced.
8. He praised the letter.
9. I will teach the girl.
10. He is not fighting.
Object (where there is one).
11. Non pugnav-isti.
12. Yoca-t reginam.
13. Hasta volav-erit.
14. Lauda-mus puellam.
15. Tene-batis hastas.
16. Non doce-bitis.
17. Tene-t epistolam.
18. Time-bat hastam.
19. Keginae time-nt.
20. Non pugnav-eramus.
11. They were holding letters.
12. You will fear the spear.
13. Thou didst not call.
14. Spears had wounded.
15. They will teach girls.
16. The girls were fearing.
17. You will not have fought.
18. Thou teachest the queen.
19. They fear the spears.
20. He called the girl.
1 The correct Latin order is not alluded to till a later exercise; it can, of
course, be insisted on from the first in the English-Latin exercise. Until the
correct order is used in the Exercises, require the pupil to rearrange each
eentence that contains an object.
28
E-VERBS
SECOND CONJUGATION: :E-YEB,BS — continued
MoNE-RE, to advise
Present Stem, mone-, Perfect Stem, monu-.
ACTIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from the Perfect Stem Monu-
The Perfect Stem of any regular Verb of the Second
Conjugation is found by changing the last letter of the
Present Stem from e into u. Thus —
Present Stem, mone-, Perfect Stem, monu-.
** " doce-, " •* docu-.
[The Personal Endings are the same as in the First Conjugation.]
PERFECT AND AORIST
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pf. Stem-f i
" + isti
" -fit
" +iinus
" -f istis
" + erunt
or + ere
monu-i
monu-isti
monu-it
monu-imus
monu-istis
monu-erunt
or monu-ere
Perfect
/ have
Thou hast
He has
We have
You have
They have.
Aorist
/ advised.
Thou advisedst
He advised.
We advised'.
You advised.
They advised.
PLUPERFECT
Sing. 1
2
3
Plur. 1
2.
3
Pf . Stem -h eram
*' -j- eras
" -f erat
" +eramus
*' + eratis
" -h erant
monu-eram
monu-eras
monu-erat
monu-eramus
monu-eratis
monu-erant
/ had advised.
Thou hadst advised.
He had advised.
We had advised.
You had advised.
They had advised.
FUTURE PERFECT
Sing. 1
2
3
Plur. 1
2
3
Pf.
Stem + ero
" + eris
" f erit
" + erimus
" -f eritis
" + erint
monu-ero
monu-eris
monu-erit
monu-erimus
nionu-eritis
monu-erint
/ shall have advised.
Thou wilt have advised.
He will have advised.
We shall have advised.
You will have advised.
They will have advised.
E-VERBS
29
VOCABULARY
Aqua, -ae, f., water. Ira, -ae, f., anger.
EXERCISE VII
Point out the Subject and Object.
1. Tenu-i hastam.
2. Docu-eras puellas.
3. Eeglna timu-erit.
4. Tenu-imus sagittas.
5. Timu-eratis aquam.
6. Lauda-bitis epistolas.
7. Puellae saltav-erunt.
8. Eegina time-t hastam.
9. Laudav-erant puellam.
10. Puellae timu-erunt.
11. Non time-o iram.
12. Docu-isti puellam.
13. Regina monu-erit.
14. Sagittae vola-bunt.
15. Tene-tis sagittas.
16. Non monu-istis.
17. Timu-erant hastas.
18. Docu-eris reginam.
19. Puellae canta-bant.
20. Timu-erint reginam.
1. We held spears.
2. You do not fear anger.
• 3. The girl had not taught.
4. Thou didst teach the girl.
5. We praised the letter.
6. I did not fear the arrow.
7. We do not praise the girl.
8. We shall not fight.
9. He was teaching the girl.
10. They had held the arrows.
11. The queen will have ad-
vised.
12. You are not praising.
13. They fear the water.
14. The girls had not fought.
15. I did not praise the girl.
16. The queen has not
feared.
17. The arrow has wounded.
18. The spears did not
wound.
19. Thou hadst taught the
queen.
20. Thou art holdino^ a letter.
30
NOUNS
NOUNS
SECOND DECLENSION
Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in ^ belong to the
Second Declension.
The Nominative ends in Us or er, if the Noun is Mas-
culine or Feminine. Feminine nouns in this Declension
are rather few.
The Nominative ends in um, if the Noun is Neuter.
Masculine
SlNGULAB
Plubal^
Nom.
D6min-U8
a lord (ni.).
Domin-i
lords.
Gen.
Domin-i
of a lord.
Dominorum
of lords.
Dai.
Domin-o
to or for a lord.
Domin-is
to or for lords.
Ace,
Domin-um
a lord.
Domin-os
lords.
Voc.
Domin-e
0 lord.
Domin-i
0 lords.
Ahl.
I>omin-6
by, with, or from
a lord.^
Domin-is
by, withy or from
' lords.T^
Nom.
Magister
a master (m.).
Magistr-i
masters.
Gen.
Magistr-i
of a master.
Magistrorum
of masters.
Dat.
Magistr-6
to or for a master.
Magistr-is
to or for masters.
Ace.
M agist r-um
a master.
Magistr-6s
masters.
Voc.
Magister
0 master.
Magistr-i
0 masters.
Abl.
Magistr-o
by, with, or from
a master.'^
Magistr-is
by, with, or from
masters.^
The Case-endiugs of domimis and magister are exactly alike except in
the Nominative and Vocative Singular.
Observe that in declining magister the e is dropped in all Cases except
Nominative and Vocative Singular.
1 A Preposition is required to give this meaning to the Ablative of dominua
and magister, or of any word which is the name of a person.
NOUNS
31
VOCABULARY
Like Dominus. Like Magister.
Serv-us, -i, m., a slave.
Amic-us, -i, m., a friend.
Liber, libri, m., a hook.
EXERCISE VIII
Point out the Subject and Object.
1. Magister lauda-t s^rvum. 11. Servitime-nt dominum.
2. Puellae tene-bant libros. 12. Regina lauda-t librum.
3. Regina amav-it amicum. 13. Hastavulnera-bitservum.
4. Nontimu-erunt dominum. 14. Puella timu-it aquam.
5. Amici voca-bunt servos. 15. Non tene-bimus hastas.
6. Servi non pugnav-erant.
7. Eegina tenu-erit hastam.
8. Lauda-bamus amicos.
9. Hastae vulnerav-erunt.
10. Docu-erimus puellas.
1. The slaves feared the
queen.
2. The friend will hold
spears.
3. The girl fears the slaves.
4. I did not praise the girl.
5. The master had taught.
6. We will praise the book.
7. You (sing.) do not fear
water.
8. I had called a slave.
9. The girls love the
queen.
10. They will not have
fought.
1 6. Magister doce-t puellas.
17. Ama-batis magistros.
18. Servi tene-bunt sagittas.
19. Yulnerav-isti reginam.
20. Non laudav-istis libros.
11. The spear wounded the
girl.
12. You were holding the
book.
13. The girls have not sung.
14. Thou hast called the
slaves.
15. The queen loves the
friends.
16. We fear the master.
17. You had held the spear.
18. We did not call the girl.
19. We were teaching the
slaves.
20. They praised the letters.
32
NOUNS
SECOND DECLENSION — con^m«e(/
Masculine
A few words ending in er do not drop the e in declen-
sion, as magister does.
Singular
Plural
Norn.
Puer
a hoy (m).
Puer-1
boys.
Gen.
Puer-T
of a boy.
Puerorum
of boys.
Dat.
Puer-6
to or for a hoy.
Puer-is
to or for boys.
Ace.
Puer-um
a hoi/.
Pueros
boys.
Voc.
Puer
0 boy.
Pueri
0 boys.
Ahl.
Puer-6
by, with, or from
a boy.^
Puer-is
by, with, or from
boys. 1
Neuter
The Nominative Singular of Neuter Nouns of the Second
Declension ends in um.
Singular
Plural
Nam.
Bell-um
war {n.).
Bell-a
wars.
Gen.
Bell-i
of war.
Bell-6rum
of wars.
Dat.
Bell-6
to or for war.
Bell-is
to or for wars.
Ace.
Bell-um
war.
Bell-a
wars.
Voc.
Bell-um
0 war.
Bell-a
0 wars.
Abl.
Bell-6
by, with, or from
war.
Bell-is
by, withf or from
wars.
Tn all the Declensions the Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative of
Neuter Nouns are alike, and the Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative
Plural end in a.
1 A Preposition is required. See p. 30.
NOUNS
33
VOCABULARY
D5n-um, -i, n., a gift.
Terre-o, I frighten.
Tel-um, -i, n., a dart.
Present Stem, terre-.
EXERCISE IX
[N. B. — In Latin the Object is generally placed before its Verb.]
1. Tela non terre-nt. 11.
2. Puer dona lauda-t. 12.
3. Voca-bas pueros. 13.
4. Tene-bimus tela. 14.
5. Puella librum tenu-it. 15.
6. Laudav-istis araicos. 16.
7. Hasta servum vulnera-t. 17.
8. Eegina non saltav-erit. 18.
9. Puellae aquam time-nt. 19.
10. Servi puerum ama-bant. 20.
Pueri tela tene-bunt.
Hastas non timu-imus.
Keginae vocav-erant.
Amav-imus reginam.
Puer servos voca-bat.
Magister pueros docu-it.
Sagittae vulnera-bunt.
Dominus servum lauda-t.
Tenu-eratis epistolas.
Puellae saltav-erunt.
1. The boys loved books. 11.
2. We did not fear war. 12.
3. The queen was calling. 13.
4. Ye have taught boys. 14.
5. 1 will praise the gifts. 15.
6. The slaves feared water. 16.
7. Boys will hold arrows. 17.
8. Thedartswoundtheboys. 18.
9. The girls are not dancing. 19.
10. We do not fear boys. 20.
You (s.) will have sung.
The girl held letters.
Masters will teach boys.
Slaves fear darts.
We had called the girl.
They praised the gifts.
The queen will not fight.
You (pi.) were not singing.
They frightened the girl.
The slaves had fought.
U CONSONANT VERBS
THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT VERBS
Verbs whose Present Stem ends in a Consonant ^ belong
to the Third Conjugation.
Example — Reg-ere, to rule
Present Stem, r6g-, Perfect Stem, rex-»
ACTIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from the Present Stem MeG-
PKESENT
Formation
Example
English
Sing.l.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Present Stem + o
" +is
'* " +it
" +imus
" + itis
" funt
reg-o
reg-is
reg-it
reg-imus
reg-itis
reg-unt
/ rule.
Thou rulest.
He rules.
We rule.
You rule.
They rule.
IMPERFECT
Sing.l.
2.
3.
Plur.l.
2.
3.
Present Stem + ebam
" + ebas
" +ebat
" " + ebamus
" + ebatis
" " + ebant
reg-ebam
reg-ebas
reg-ebat
reg-ebamus
reg-ebatis
reg-ebant
I was ruling.
Thou wast ruling.
He was ruling.
We were ruling.
You were ruling.
They were ruling.
FUTURE SIMPLE
Sing.l.
2.
3.
Plur.l.
2.
3.
Present Stem + am
- +es
" +et
" " + emus
" +etis
" -fent
reg-am
reg-es
reg-et
reg-emus
reg-etis
reg-ent
I shall [or will) ^
Thou wilt
He will
Weshall(orwill)
You will
They will J
■i-
The Engl.-Lat. sentences of the following Exercises may be analyzed
according to the method described on page 3. When the Subject is con-
tained in the Verb, S. should be placed over the termination, thus —
V. I. s. s. V. I.
Salta-mus = We dance.
^ Or in u.
CONSONANT VERBS
35
Duc-o, / lead,
Mitt-o, / send,
Scrib-o, / writCf
VOCABULARY
Verbs of Third Conjugation
Present Steniy duc-
" mitt-
" scrib-
Perfect Stem^ dux-.
" mis-.
" scrips-
EXEHCISE X
S. V. T. O.
1. Puer scrib-ebat librum.
2. Mitt-ent servos.
3. Puer aquam time-t.
4. Puerum non mitt-unt.
5. Libros scrib-ebat.
6. Epistolam scrlb-etis.
7. Docu-erunt pueros.
8. Puer dona mitt-et.
9. Puella librum scrib-it.
10. Non mitt-itis servum.
11. Duc-ebat puellas.
12. Servus puerum duc-et.
13. Amici dona mitt-unt.
14. Laudav-eramus libros.
15. Duc-ebatis puellas.
16. Vulnerav-isti magistrum
17. Reginas docu-eramus.
18. Timu-erunt sagittas.
19. Servi tela mitt-ent.
20. Pueri servos voca-nt.
Analyse the following Sentences -
1. We will send a slave.
2. The queen writes books.
3. You (s.) were leading a
boy.
4. Friends will send gifts.
5. We write letters.
6. The boys were writing.
7. The girls loved books.
8. We had taught boys.
9. You (pi.) send arrows.
10. They had called a slave.
11. The girls will dance.
12. The queen held a spear.
13. They will send letters.
14. We are leading boys.
15. We will write books.
16. The master taught girls.
17. We will praise the queen.
18. You (pi.) had held letters.
19. The girl will send gifts.
20. Friends write letters.
Se CONSONANT VERBS
THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT YEUBS — continued
Reg-ere, to rule
Present Stem, rSg-, Perfect Stem, rex-.
ACTIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from the Perfect Stem Bex-
The Perf. Stem of Verbs of the Third Conjugation can-
not be found from the Pres. Stem; it must be looked up.
[The Personal Endings are the same as in the First and Second
Conjugations.]
PERFECT AND AORIST
Formation
Examplb
English
Sing. 1.
Pf. Stem + i
rex-1
Perfect
Aorist
/ have ^
I ruled.
2.
" " +isti
rex-isti
Thou hast
Thou didst rule.
3.
" " 4 it
rex-it
He has
2
He rided.
Plur.l.
" " + imus
rex-imus
We have
We ruled.
2.
'' " + istis
rex-istis
You have
You ruled.
3.
" " + erunt
rex-erunt
They have)
They ruled.
or + ere
or rex-ere|
PLUPERFECT
Sing. 1.
Perf. Stem + eram
rex-eram
I had ruled.
2.
" " + eras
rex-eras
Thou hadst ruled.
3.
" + erat
rex-erat
He had ruled.
Plur. 1.
" ** + eramus
rex-eramus
We had ruled.
2.
" " + eratis
rex-eratis
You had ruled.
3.
" " + erant
rex-erant
They had ruled.
FUTURE PERFECT
Sing. 1.
Perf. Stem + ero
rex-ero
I shall have rtded.
2.
" + eris
rex-eris
Thou wilt have ruled.
3.
" + erit
rex-erit
He will have ruled.
Plur. 1.
" *' + erimus
rex-erimus
We shall have ruled.
2.
" + eritis
rex-eritis
You will have ruled.
3.
" + erint
rex-erint
They will have ruled.
Obs. — When the Subject consists of two or more Nouns joined by
* and,* the Verb must be Plural ; thus, Puer et puella canta-nt, the boy and
the girl sing. When the Object consists of two or more Nouns joined by
* and,' both must be in the Accus. ; thus, Amo puerum et puellam, / love
the boy and the girl.
CONSONANT VERBS 37
VOCABUIiABY
Fili-us, -1, m., a son. lulia, -ae, f., Julia,
Nunti-us, 1, m., a messenger. Et, and.
EXERCISE XI
S. O. V. T.
1. Regina nuntios non mis-erat.
2. Pueri epistolas scrips-erunt.
3. Servus puerum et puellam dux-erit.
4. Puer et puella donum mis-erant.
5. Libros et epistolas scrips-eramus.
6. Magister filium et puellam docu-it.
7. Eegina et lulia dona mitt-ent.
8. Hastam et sagittas tene-bamus.
9. Puer et servus aquam time-nt.
10. Tela et sagittam timu-istis.
11. Servos et nuntios vocav-eratis.
12. Regina et lulia epistolas scrib-ent.
1. The boys and the girls wrote letters.
2. We had sent a slave and a messenger.
3. The queen will have sent arrows and spears.
4. The slaves had led the boy and the girl.
5. We have written letters and books.
6. You will send slaves and messengers.
7. The girl and the boy were calling the queen.
8. The spears wounded the queen and the slave.
9. You had sent books and gifts.
iOr Julia and the girls will have sung.
11. The boys are holding darts and arrows.
12. We fear the master and the queen.
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are words which qualify Nouns, and as
Nouns are of various Genders, Adjectives are declined in
different forms according to the Gender.
Adjectives of Three Terminations are those which have
one form for the Masculine Gender, another for the Femi-
nine, and a third for the Neuter. Thus —
The Masculine is declined like a Masculine Noun of the Second
Declension.
The Feminine is declined like a Feminine Noun of the First Declension.
The Neuter is declined like a Neuter Noun of the Second Declension.
Bu^\]S=good
Singular
Plural
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
Bon-US
bon-S
bon-um
Bon-i
bon-ae
bon-S
Gen.
Bon-i
bon-ae
bon-i
Bon-6rum
bon-arum
bon-6rum
Dat.
Bon-6
bon-ae
bon-6
Bon-is
bon-is
bon-is
Ace.
Bon-um
bon-am
bon-um
Bon-OS
bon-as
bon-S
Voc.
Bon-e
bon-S
bon-um
Bon-i
bon-ae
bon-S:
Abl.
Bon-6
bon-a
bon-6
Bon-is
bon-is
bon-is
Bonus is declined in the Masculine like dominus, in the Feminine like
mensa^ and in the Neuter like belium.
Rule — An Adjective agrees with its Noun in Gender,
Number, and Case; thus, Regina bona, a good queen. Re<jina is
Feminine Nominative Singular, therefore bona must also be Feminine
Nominative Singular to agree with reyina.
ADJECTIVES 39
VOCABULARY
Magn-us, -a, -um, great. Me-us, -a, -um, my, mine.
LoDg-us, -a, -uiil^ long. Tu-us, -a, -um, your {thy, thine).
Parv-us, -a, -um, small, little. Mult-us, -a, -um, much, many.
EXERCISE XII
[N. B. — lu Latin the Adjective generally stands after the Noun which it
qualifies. In translating from Latin, place the Adjective before the
Noun, and be careful to use good English always.]
1. Servi mei scrib-ent. 7. Libros longos scrib-is.
2. Hasta longa terre-bat. 8. Puellam parvam time-t.
3. Kegina bona lauda-t. 9. Librum parvum tene-tis.
4. Filius parvus mis-erat. 10. Dona magna mitt-es.
5. Hastas longas time-o. 11. Sagittas tuas time-mus.
6. Pueros meos laudav-it. 12. Servum tuum vocav-isti.
13. Filius tuus servum meum doce-bat.
14. Eegina magna libros tuos laudav-it.
15. Nuntius epistolas meas tenu-it.
16. Dona multa et epistolas longas mis-imus.
17. Amici tui f ilium meum docu-erant.
18. Libros magnos et epistolas longas scrips-isti.
1. Your son has written a long letter.
2. My slaves had led the little girls.
3. We shall have sent great books.
4. You were holding arrows and long spears.
5. The queen praised my gifts and your letters.
6. The little girls do not fear the water.
7. We have sent many slaves and messengers.
8. The good queen will praise the little boys.
9. The long spear has not wounded my slave.
10. Your books will teach the boys and girls.
11. The master was teaching many boys.
12. We have written a great book and many letters.
40
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES — continued
Besides Adjectives in -us, -a, -um, there are others of
Three Terminations in -er, -a, -um,
NJfGER = hlacJc
SiNGULAB
Plural
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
Niger
nigr-a
nigr-um
Nigr-1
nigr-ae
nigr-a
Gen.
Nigr-i
nigr-ae
nigr-i
Nigr-orum
nigr-arum
nigr-orum
Dot.
Nigr-6
nigr-ae
Digr-o
Nigr-is
nigr-is
nigr-is
Ace.
Nigrum
nigr-am
nigr-um
Nigr-6s
nigr-as
nigr-a
Voc.
Niger
nigr-a
nigr-um
Nigr-i
nigr-ae
nigr-a
Abl.
Nigr-6
nigr-a
mgr-o
Nigr-is
mgr-is
nigr-is
TENEK = i^e7lC^er
SlKGULAB
Plural
Masc.
Fein. Neut.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom,
Tener
tener-a tener-um
Tener-1
tener-ae
tener-a
Gen.
Tener-i
tener-ae tener-i
Tener-6rum tener-arum tener-6rum
Dat.
Tener-6
tener-ae tener-6
Tener-is
tener-is
tener-is
Ace.
Tener-um tener-am tener-um
Tener-6s
tener-as
tener-a
Voc.
Tener
tener-a tener-um
Tener-i
tener-ae
tener-a
Abl.
Tener-6
tener-a tener-6
Teuer-is
tener-is
tener-is
Niger is declined in the Masculine like magister, and drops the e.
Tener " *' puer, and keeps the e.
Both are declined in the Feminine like mensa, and in the Neuter like
bellum.
N. B. — Tuus = your, when speaking to one person.
Vester = your, " more than one person.
Always use ' tuus ' for your^ unless it is clear that more than one person
is being addressed.
ADJECTIVES 41
VOCABULARY
Like Niger. Like Tener.
Pulcher, -chra, -cbrum, beautiful. Miser, -a, -um, wretched.
Vester, -tra, -trum, your.
Noster, -tra, -trum, our.
EXERCISE XIII
s. o. V. T.
1. Pueri parvi servos nigros time-bant.
2. Servi nostri hastas multas tenu-erunt.
3. Kegina nostra pueros bonos lauda-bit.
4. Puellae pulchrae amicum vestrum dux-eriint.
5. Pueros parvos et puellas teneras non time-mus.
6. Eiliufa meum et servos vestros docu-i.
7. Tela niulta et hastas longas mis-isti.
8. Puella pulchra servum miserum duc-ebat.
9. Filii nostri dona tua lauda-bunt.
10. Amici vestri epistolas multas mitt-ent.
11. Magna dona et libros mnltos mis-eratis.
12. Pueri parvi epistolas parvas scrib-unt.
1. Our sons were calling your slaves.
2. The black slaves feared the long spears.
3. We praised the beautiful girl and the little boy.
4. You (sing.) will teach your son and our slaves.
5. The good queen had sent many messengers.
6. Our friends write many books and long letters.
7. We shall have called our slaves.
8. Our spears wounded the wretched queen.
9. You (pi.) will have praised our friends.
10. The little boys will praise the beautiful gifts.
11. You (sing.) had sent your son and my friend.
12. The tender boys and the slaves did not fight.
42
I-VERBS
FOURTH CONJUGATION: I-VERBS
Verbs whose Present Stem ends in ^ belong to the
Fourth Conjugation.
Example — Audi-re, to hear
Present Stem, audi-, Perfect Stem, audiv-.
ACTIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from the Present Stem audi-
PBESENT
Sinj^. 1
Plur
Formation
Pres. Stem + o
" + s
+ t
-f mus
-ftis
-hunt
audi-6 p,16,06s.l
audi-s
audi-t
audi-mus
audi-tis
audi-unt
English
/ hear.
Thoit hearest.
He hears.
We hear.
You hear.
They hear.
IMPERFECT
Sing. 1
2
3
riur. 1
2
3
Pres. Stem + ebam
" " -f ebas
" + ebat
" " -f ebamus
" ** + ebatis
'* " -f ebant
audi-ebam
audi-ebas
audi-ebat
audi-ebanius
audi-ebatis
audi-ebant
I ivas hearing.
Thou wast hearing.
He was hearing.
We were hearing.
You were hearing.
Theij were hearing.
FUTURE SIMPLE
Sing. 1.
Pres. Ste
2.
(( i(
3.
U It
Plur. 1.
it tt
2.
{( «
3.
-hes
-f et
-hemus
-1-etis
-fent
audi-am
audi-es
audi-et
audi-emus
audi-etis
audi-ent
I shall {or will)
Thou wilt
He will
We shall {or will)
You will
They will
Observe that in the Imperfect and Future the Personal Endings are
the same as those of the Third Conjugation, but in the Present they
are slightly different.
I-VERBS 43
VOCABULARY
Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation like audio
Erudi-d, I instruct. Funi-o, I punish.
Impedi-o, / hinder. Mur-us, -i, m., a wall.
EXERCISE XIV
8. o. V. T.
1. Amicus bonus f ilium meum erudi-t.
2. Muri magni nuntios nostros impedi-ebant.
3. Magister noster pueros non puni-et.
4. Servos nostros et f ilium tuum erudi-mus.
5. Regina pulchra servum miserum non puni-t.
6. Murus magnus et aqua nuntium impedi-ent. ..,
7. Tela multa et hastam longam tenuristis.
8. Amici nostri libros multos scrips-erunt. '
9. Puella pulchra magna dona laudav-erit.
10. Magister bonus filios tuos puni-ebat.
11. Sagittas et hastas longas timu-imus. ^
12. Puellas teneras et pueros parvos erudi-tis.
1. The long spears were hindering the little boys.
2. Good masters will instruct our sons.
3. The great queen does not punish the slaves.
4 You do not instruct the boys and girls.
5. The great wall hinders our messengers.
6. Many arrows had wounded the wretched queen.
7. Our friends will praise our letters.
8. The tender girls did not fear the darts.
9. Our letters will instruct the little girl.
10. We shall have sent books and many gifts.
11. The beautiful girls were holding the books.
12. I shall punish my son and your slaves.
44
I-VERBS
FOURTH CONJUGATION: I-YETIBS ^ continued
AuDi-RE, to hear
Present Stem^ audi-, Perfect Stem, audiv-.
ACTIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from the Perfect Stem audTV-
The Perfect Stem of a regular Verb of the Fourth
Conjugation may be found by adding v to the Present
Stem; thus —
Present Stem, audi-, Perfect Stem, audiv-.
[The Personal Endings are the same in all Conjugations.]
PERFECT AND AORIST
Formation
Example
English
Sing. I.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pf.Stem + i
" -fisti
" +it
" -f imus
" -histis
" -f erunt
or -h ere
audiv-1
audiv-isti
audiv-it
audiv-imus
audiv-istis
audiv-erunt
or audiv-ere
Perfect
Aorist
/ have \
Thou hast
He has
We have
You have
They have.
.r
2.
/ heard.
Thou didst hear.
He heard.
We heard.
You heard.
They heard.
PLUPERFECT
Sing.l.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pf. Stem -f eram
" -f eras
" -f erat
" + eramus
" -f eratis
-f erant
audiv-eram
audiv-eras
audiv-erat
audiv-eramus
audiv-eratis
audiv-erant
I had heard.
Thou hadst heard.
He had heard.
We had heard.
You had heard.
They had heard.
FUTURE PERFECT
Sing.l.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pf . Stem + ero
+ eris
+ erit
" -f erimus
*' + eritis
-f erint
audiv-ero
audiv-eris
audiv-erit
audiv-erimus
audiv-eritis
audiv-erint
I shall have heard.
Thou wilt have heard.
He will have heard.
We shall have heard.
You will have heard.
They will have heard.
KuLB — The Genitive Case is used to denote Possession.
It shows to whom a thing belongs; thus, Pueri liber, the boy's book, or, the
book of the boy.
I-VEEBS 45
VOCABTJIiARY
Claud-o, / shut (3), Present Stem, claud- Perfect Stem, claus-
Frang-o, / break (3), " frang- " freg-.
Port-a, -ae, f., a gate.
Oppid-um, -i, n., a town.
I / EXERCISE XV
1. Eeglnae filius pugna-t. 6. Oppidi portam claud-es.
2. Servi amicus time-t. 7. Pueri hastas freg-i.
3. Pueri librum tene-s. 8. Eeginarum iram time-o.
4. Puellae dona laud-o. 9. Magistri f Ilium due-it -
5. Servorum tela vola-nt. 10. Magistri pueros doce-nt.
11. Kegina nostra servos vestros puniv-erit.
12. Magistri boni pueros multos erudiv-erant^
13. Sagittae multae et hastae impediv-erunt.
14. Amicus tuus dona multa mitt-et.
15. Servus niger oppidi portas claus-erit.
16. Eeginae filios et servos erudiv-isti.
17. Hastas longas et sagittas freg-eramus.
18. Muri magni nuntium tuum impediv-erant.
1. We will shut the great gate of the town.
2. The sons of the queen had broken many arrows.
3. The wall of the town will have hindered our mes-
senger.
4. You have praised the gifts of the girls.
5. Our friends were writing a great book.
6. The black slave was leading the little girl.
7. You have not shut the gate of the town.
8. The slaves held many arrows and spears.
9. We will instruct the little son of the slave.
10. The queen's friends had sent the messengers.
11. We do not fear the slaves' arrows.
12. You have broken the gates and the great wall.
46
THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS
TABLE OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS
ACTIVE VOICE
1
Amo^
Moiie-o
Reg-o
Audi-o
ama-s
mone-s
Teg-is
audi-s
ama-t2 ama-mus ama-tis
mone-t mone-mus mone-tis
reg-it reg-imus reg-/tis
audi-t audi-mus audi-tis
ama-nt.
mone-nt.
reg-wnt.
audi-unt.
1
1
Ama-
Mone-
Reg-
Audi-
!
1
bam
ebam
bas bat bamus batis
ebas ebat ebamus ebatis
bant,
ebant.
t
Ama-
Mone-
Reg-
Audi-
1
b5
am
bis bit biraus bitis
es et emus etis
bunt,
ent.
Amav-
Monu-
Rex-
Audiv-
1
1
i
isti it imus istis
erunt or
ere
li
Amav-
Monii-
Rex-
Audiv-
-
eram
eras erat eram us eratis
erant.
1
Amav-
Monu-
Rex-
Audiv-
1
ero
eris erit erimus eritis
erint
English
Present. — / love, am loving, do love, etc.
Imperfect. — 1 was loving, etc.
Future Simple. — / shall or will love, etc.
Perfect. — I have loved, etc.
Aorist. — / loved or did love, etc.
Pluperfect. — / had loved.
Future Perfect. — I shall or will have4oved.
1 The First Person Singular Present is amo for amao.
2 See p. 16, Obs. 1.
THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS
47
BECAPITULATOKY
Active Voice, Four Conjugations
1. Erudiv-erant.
2. Pugna-s.
3. Scrips-erint.
4. Doce-s.
5. Mls-erunt.
6. Viilnera-t.
7. Eoga-bo.
8. Impedi-es.
9. Tenu-erat.
10. Vola-bant.
11. Timu-imus.
12. Salta-bis.
13. Dux-erimus.
14. Claus-eris.
15. Yocav-eras.
16. Mitt-unt.
17. Terre-tis.
18. Freg-istl.
19. Docu-eritis.
20. Vulnera-tis.
21. Frang-itis.
22. Erudi-emus.
23. Vocav-istis
24. Canta-banius.
25. Tene-nt.
26. Claud-ebatis.
27. Scrib-etis.
28. Mis-imus.
29. Lauda-bit.
30. Tenu-erain.
31. Terre-mus.
32. Scrib-am.
33. Claus-it.
34. Terru-ero.
35. Erudi-tis.
36. Puni-ent.
1. Thou callest.
2. We shall hold.
3. You were leading.
4. They will have sent.
5. I had feared.
6. Ye are teaching.
7. They punish.
8. We do not ask.
9. I will shut.
10. Thou didst send.
11. Ye had led.
12. Thou wilt have held.
13. We are writing.
14. Ye hinder.
15. We have broken.
16. Thou fearest.
17. Ye did not fear.
18. We taught.
19.' I shall send.
20. Thou dost punish.
21. He wounds.
22. Ye were praising.
23. Thou wilt hinder.
24. Thou dost lead.
48
NOUNS
NOUNS
THIRD DECLENSION
Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in ^s belong to
the Third Declension. The Nominative ending is various,
and Nouns of all three Genders belong to the Third
Declension.
The Third Declension has two divisions —
1. Nouns which increase; that is, which have more
syllables in the Genitive Singular than in the
Nominative Singular.^
2. Nouns which do not increase; that is, which have
the same number of syllables in the Genitive
Singular as in the Nominative Singular/^
I. INCREASING NOUNS
Masculine and Feminine
Singular
Plural
Norn.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
liidex
I u die-is
liidic-i
liidic-em
liidex
liidic-e
a judge (m.)
of a judge,
to or for a judge,
a judge.
0 judge,
by, with, or from
a judge. ^
liidic-es
liidic-um
liidic-ibus
liidic-es
liidic-es
liidic-ibus
judges,
of judges,
to or for judges,
judges.
0 judges,
by, with, or from
judges.^
Norn.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
Virgo
Virgin-is
Virgin-i
Virgin-em
Virgo
Virgin-e
a virgin (/.)
of a virgin,
to or for a virgin,
a virgin.
0 virgin,
by, with, or from
a virgin.^
Virgin-es
Virgin-um
Virgin-ibus
Virgin-es
Virgin-es
Virgin-ibus
virgins,
of virgins,
to or for virgins,
virgins.
0 virgins,
by, with, or from
virgins.^
Observe that the Nominative and Vocative Singular is index, but
that air the other cases are formed by adding certain endings to the stem
iudic-; this stem is found by taking away -is from the Genitive Singular.
1 These are called Imparisyllabic. 2 These are called Parisyllabic.
8 Require a Preposition for this meaning.
NOUNS 49
VOCABULAIIY
Words of the Third Declension
Decline —
Rex, regis, m., a king. Miles, milit-is, m., a soldier.
Vox, voc-is, f., a voice. Leo, leou-is, m., a lion,
EXERCISE XVI
1. ludic-es scrib-ebanj}. 7. Vox reg-is terre-t.
2. Mllit-em timu-imus. 8. Puer leon-em time-t.
3. Eeg-es pugnav-erunt. 9. Milit-es pugnav-erant.
4. Keg-is voc-em audi-o. 10. Eeg-um filios doce-s.
5. Leon-es time-bis. 11. Virgin-em lauda-bas.
6. Eeg-em vocav-isti. 12. ludic-es puni-ent.
13. Milit-es voc-em reg-is non audiv-erunt.
14. Pueri parvi leon-em vulnerav-erant.
15. Milit-um hastas longas freg-imus.
16. Eeg-is amici nuntios multos mis-erant.
17. Puella tenera leon-is voc-em time-bat.
18. Vox tua pueros parvos terru-it.
1. The soldiers will fight. 6. The judges punish.
2. The kings had praised. 7. I praised the virgin.
3. We heard a voice. 8. I call the king's slaves.
4. You feared the lions. 9. The judge's son sings.
5. Thou lovest the king. 10. You taught kings.
11. The sons of the king had written many letters.
12. The judges punished the slaves and the soldiers.
13. The boys' spears had wounded the lion.
14. Your voice will frighten the little girls.
15. The soldiers did not fear the spears of the slaves.
16. We do not hear the voice of the virgins.
17. The king and the queen will praise the soldiers.
50
NOUNS
THIRD DECLENSION -confrnwecf
I. INCREASING NOUNS
Np]UTER
Eemember that all Neuter Nouns have Nominative,
Vocative, and Accusative alike, and that in the Plural the
Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative end in d.
Singular
Plural
Nom.
N5men
a name {n.).
Nomin-a
names.
Gen.
N6min-is
of a name.
Nomin-um
of names.
Out.
Nomin-i
to or for a name.
Nomin-ibus
to or for names.
Ace.
Nomen
a name.
N6min-a
names.
Voc.
No men
0 name.
N6min-a
0 names.
Abl.
Nomin-e
b'/, with, or from
a name.
Nomin-ibus
by, with, or from
names.
Nom.
Opus
work (n.)
Oper-a
works.
Gen.
Op6r-is
of work.
Oper-um
of works.
Dat.
Oper-i
to or for work.
Oper-ibus
to or for works.
Ace.
Opus
work.
Oper-a
works.
Voc.
Opus
0 work.
Oper-a
0 works.
Abl.
Oper-e
by, with, or from
work.
Oper-ibus
by, with, or from
works.
Obs. — In making an Adjective like bonus or niger agree with a Noun
of the Third Declension, remember that the Adjective is declined like tlie
Second or First Declension while the Noun is of the Third Declension,
therefore the endings of the Adjective will not always be the same as those
of the Noun ; thus, Reges boni, good kings.
Decline together Rex mdgnus — vox tua — onus parvum.
Obs. — Rules for gender and certain other features of Third Declension
Nouns are deferred for later study.
NOUNS 61
VOCABULARY
Neuter words of the Third Declension
Decline —
Carmen, carmin-is, n., a song. Onus, on6r-is, n., a burden.
Flumen, flumin-is, a river.
EXERCISE XVII
S. ♦ o. V. T.
1. Puellae pulchrae carmin-a multa canta-bant.
2. Flumen magnum milit-es nostros terre-bit.
3. Eeg-is servi onus magnum timu-erunt.
4. ludic-es boni milit-em miserum puni-ent.
5. Milit-es nostri portas magnas claus-erunt.
6. Eeg-em magnum et reginam ama-bimus.
7. riumina magna nuntios meos impediv-erant.
8. Virgin-es pulchrae carmen longum canta-nt.
9. ludic-is boni voc-em audi-emus.
10. Milit-um multorum hastas freg-eratis.
11. Virgo tenera onus magnum tene-bat.
12.' Servi nostri onera magna porta-bant.
1. The great kings punished the wretched slaves.
2. We heard the voices of many soldiers.
3. Your voice will frighten the son of the queen.
4. The king and the queen praised the good judge.
5. You heard the songs of the beautiful girls.
6. Many soldiers were holding arrows and spears.
7. The great river will hinder our slaves.
8. We had led the little son of the great king.
9. The son of the good judge writes many books.
10. The slaves had shut the great gates of our town.
11. The good king praised the song of the girls.
12. The little boys feared the voice of the great lion.
52 NOUNS
THIRD DECLENSION — cowa'nwe^f
II. NOT-INCREASING NOUNS
Nouns that do not increase (see p. 48) form their
Genitive Plural in -ium instead of -um} In all the other
Cases the endings are the same as those of Increasing
Nouns.
Feminine
SlNQULAB
Plueal
i
Nom.
Ov-is
a sheep (/.).
Ov-es
sheep.
Gen.
Ov-is
of a sheep.
Ov-ium
of sheep.
Dat.
Ov-i
to 07^ for a sheep.
Ov-ibus
to or for sheep.
Ace.
Ov-em
a sheep.
Ov-es
sheep.
Voc.
Ov-is
0 sheep.
Ov-es
0 sheep.
Ahl.
Ov-e
hi/, with, or from
a sheep.
Ov-ibus
by, with, or from
sheep.
In many parisyllabic Masculine and Feminine Nouns the Accusative
Case Plural has also the ending -Is. Compare this with the Genitive
Singular ending -is.
Neuter
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Mar-e
the sea (n.).
Mar-ia
seas.
Gen.
Mar-is
of the sea.
Mar-i am
of seas.
Dat.
Mar-T
to or for the sea.
Mar-ibus
to or for seas.
Ace.
Mar-e
the sea.
Mar-ia
seas.
Voc.
Mar-e
0 sea.
Mar-ia
0 seas.
Ahl.
Mar-i 2
hi/, with, or from
the sea.
Mar-ibus
by, with, or
seas.
from
Decline together Avis parva, mare mdynum.
1 The rule is here given absolutely, to avoid confusion. Wherever in the
following exercises exceptional Nouns have been used, the Genitive Plural has
been avoided.
2 All Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension with Nominative Case ending
in e, al, ar, have I (not e) in Ablative.
NOUNS 53
VOCABULARY
Words of the Third Declension, Genitive Plural -ium
Av-is, -is, f., a bird. Host-is, -is, m., an enemy}-
Nav-is, -is, f., a ship,
Vinc-o, / conquer (3), Present Stem, vine-. Perfect Stein, vie-.
EXERCISE XVIII
S. O. V. T.
1. Kegis milites hastes multos vic-erunt.
2. Keglna nostra navem magnam mitt-et.
3. Oves tenerae leonem magnum time-bant.
4. Hostium sagittae regem vestrum vulnera-nt.
5. Avis parva vocem tuam timu-erat.
6. Avium par varum carmina audiv-imus.
7. Naves niagnas et milites multos due-is.
8. Kegis fllius hostium tela non timu-it.
9. Mare magnum puellas multas terre-t.
10. Militum tela muros nostros non frang-ent.
11. Epistolas longas et libros multos scrips-i.
12. Keginae filius aves teneras voca-bat.
1. The queen's ships will frighten our enemies.
2. The girls heard the voice of the little birds.
3. We do not fear the great ship of our enemies.
4. The darts of the soldiers wounded many slaves.
5. Our enemies will not conquer the king's soldiers.
6. The little boy was holding a beautiful bird.
7. Your arrows have wounded the tender sheep.
8. We praise the voices of the beautiful virgins.
9. You had broken the spears of many soldiers.
10. The ships of the enemy frightened our slaves.
11. You have not shut the great gates of your town.
12. The sons of the judges do not fear the great sea,
1 Hostis may, of course, be Feminine.
54
THE VERB '^SUM"
THE VERB "SUM"
Present Stem, 6s-, Perfect Stem, fu-.
The Verb sum belongs to none of the Four Conjuga-
tions, and is irregular in Present Stem Tenses.
[Be especially careful of Pronunciation.]
Present
Perfect and Aorist
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
sum, / am.
es. Thou art.
est, He is.
sumus. We are.
estis. You are.
sunt, They are.
fu-i I have been. I was.
fu-isti. Thou hast been. Thou wast.
fu-it, He has been. He was.
fu-imus, We have been. We were.
fu-istis, You have been. You were.
fu-erunt, They have been. They were,
or fu-ere
Imperfect
Pluperfect
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
eram, / ivas.
eras. Thou wast.
erat, He was.
eramus, We were.
eratis, You were.
erant. They were.
fu-eram, / had been.
f u-er5s, Thou hadst been.
fu-erat, He had been.
fu-eramus, We had been,
fu-eratis. You had been.
fu-erant, They had been.
Future
Future Perfect
Sing, 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
ero, / shall be.
eris, Thou wilt be.
erit He will be.
erimus, We shall be.
eritis. You will be.
erunt, They will be.
fu-ero, / shall have been.
fu-eris. Thou wilt have been.
fu-erit, He will have been.
fu-erimus, We shall have been.
fu-eritis. You will have been.
fu-erint, Tliey will have been.
The Verb sum is a Copulative Verb, that is, it joins the Subject to
another word which may be a Noun or an Adjective, and is called the
Complement. A Noun Complement is often called a Predicate Nominative.
An Adjective Complement is often called a Predicate Adjective. See
pages 1 and 3.
Rule — The Complement agrees with the Subject.
s. v.c. c.
Regina est bona = the queen is good.
Here bona is a Predicate Adjective, and is Nominative Case Singular and
Feminine Gender, to agree with rer/lna.
[In the Analysis V. C. = Verb Copulative, C. = Complement.]
THE VERB ''SUM'
55
VOCABULARY
Dur-us, -a -um, hard,
Timid-US, -a, -um, timid.
DeDS-us, -a, -um, thick.
Alt-US, -a, -um, high, deep.
Aeger, -gra, -grum, sick.
EXERCISE XIX
s. v.c. c.
1. Puella est pulchra.
2. Aves erant pulchrae.
3. Servus erit nuntius.
4. Rex fu-it timidus.
5. Telum fu-erat durum.
6. Avis fu-erit parva.
7. Reges sunt magni.
8. Muri erunt alti.
9. Oves fu-erunt parvae.
19. Filius servi tui est nuntius noster.
20. Milites reginae nostrae sunt multi.
21. Portae oppidi vestri erant magnae.
s. v.c. c.
10. Filius erat bonus.
11. Portae fu-erint densae.
12. Hostes fu-erant multi.
13. Amici sunius.
14. Milites estis.
15. Miseri eritis.
16. Aegri fu-istis.
17. Servus eris.
18. Regina fu-eras.
1. The king was sick.
2. The boys were small.
3. The ships are great.
4. The gifts will be many.
5. Your son is a slave.
6. We had been friends.
7. You will have been sick.
8. We are not soldiers.
9. The ships were black.
10. You have been a king.
11. The letter will be long.
12. We are the king's sons.
13. The friends of the queen are the enemies of the king.
14. The gates of the great town will be high.
15. The spears of our soldiers were hard.
16. The sons of the good judges have been soldiers.
17. The enemies of your king were many.
18. The son of your friend had been our slave
56
A-VERBS
FIRST CONJUGATION: A-VBRBS
Ama-re, to love
Pres. Stem, ama-, Per/. Stem, amav-, Suj). Stem, amat-.
PASSIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from Present Stem Ama-
PRESENT
Formation
Example
English
Sing 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pres. Stem + or
" -hris
" +tur
" " +mur
" " + mini
" " +ntur
am-or i
ama-ris
ama-tur
ama-mur
ama-mini
ama-ntur
I am loved.
Thou art loved.
He is loved.
We are loved.
You are loved.
They are loved.
IMPERFECT
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pres. Stem -h bar
" +baris
" +batur
" +bamur
" " +bamini
'* " +bantur
ama-bar
ama-baris
ama-batur
ama-bamur
ama-bamini
ama-bantur
I was being loved.
Thou wast being loved.
He was being loved.
We were being loved.
You were being loved.
They were being loved.
FUTURE SIMPLE
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pres. Stem + bor
" " +bgris
" +bitur
" " 4-bimur
" +bimini
" *' H-buntur
ama-bor
ama-bgris
ama-bitur
ama-bimur
ama-bimini
ama-buntur
I shall be loved.
Thou wilt be loved.
He will be loved.
We shall be loved.
You will be loved.
They will be loved.
'^ [Each of the above Tenses has another form for the Second Person
Singular, viz. Pres. amd-re, Iraperf. amd-bdre, Fut. amd-b^re.]
^^ B. — Only Transitive Verbs have a complete Passive Voice, but
wEen turned into the Passive Voice they become Intransitive, and
cannot therefore have an Object.
1 Am-or is for ama-or, just as the Active am~d is for ama-o.
A-VERBS 57
VOCABULARY
Porto, I carry (1). Culp5, I blame (1).
Monstro, / show, point out (1). Turr-is, -is, f., a tower.
EXERCISE XX
1.
Lauda-bitur.
7.
Vulnera-bamim.
2.
Culpa-bamur.
8.
Aqua porta-bitur.
3.
Onus porta-tur.
9.
Non culpa-mur.
4.
Puerl culpa-ntuE.
10.
Vulnera-bimini.
5.
Non voca-beris.
11.
Rex monstra-batufi
6. Monstra-bimtur. 12. Voca-baQs.
13. Filii tui!e| amicus noster lauda-buntur.
14. Turres altae oppidi nostri monstra-ntur.
15. Milites multi hastas et sagittas freg-erant.
16. Naves regis nostri hostem timidum terre-bunt.
17. ludic-is filius et servus mens culpa-bantur.
18. Puellae timidae leonem magnum timu-erunt.
[Remember that The Active Voice is used wlien the person denoted by
the Subject does something ;
The Passive Voice is used when the person denoted by the Subject
has something done to it.
Thus, The hoy calls (Active) ; the boy is called (Passive).]
1. We are blamed. 7. The voice is praised.
2. You were being praised. 8. The boy is calling.
3. They will be carried. 9. The girls are called.
4. Thou art not fearing. 10. You will be blamed.
5. We were singing. 11. Thou art singing.
6. He was being blamed. 12. We were being called.
13. The great burdens of our slaves were being carried.
14. The voice of the beautiful virgin will be praised.
15. The timid soldiers of the king are not praised.
16. The gates and the towers of the town will be shown.
17. You are blaming the friends of the good judges.
18. The letters and books of your friend will be shown.
58 A-VERBS
FIRST CONJUGATION : A-VERBS — continued
Ama-re, to love
Pres. Stem, ama-, Per/. Stem, amav-, Sup. Stem, amat-.
PASSIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from Supine Stem Amat-
These Tenses are made up of the Participle amdt-us and
Tenses of sum.
The Supine Stem of a regular Verb of thj First Conju-
gation is found by adding t to the Present Stem.
PERFECT AND AORIST
FOEMATION
Example
English
Sing. 1.
Sup. St. + US sum
amat-us sum
Perfect
Aorist
7 have been
/ was ^
2.
*' + us es
amat-us es
Thou hast been
Thou wast
3.
" + us est
amat-us est
He has been
o
He was
Plur. 1.
" + i sumus
am at-i sumus
We have been
a-
We were
r ^
.^
2.
" +iestis
amat-i estis
You have been
You were
3.
" +isunt
amat-i sunt
They have been^
They were^
The Participle used in forming the Tenses of the Supine System has
three Terminations for the three Genders, like an Adjective ending in
-MS, -a, -um, and it must, like an Adjective, agree in Gender and Number
with the Subject of the Verb ; thus —
j Masculine, Puer amat-us est = the boy was loved.
Sing. J Feminine, Virg5 amat-a est = the virgin was loved.
\^Neuter, Nomen amat-um est = the name was loved.
I Masculine, Pueri amat-i sunt = the boys were loved.
Plur. J Feminine, Virgines amat-ae sunt = the virgins were loved.
^Neuter, Nomina amat-S, sunt = the names were loved.
A-VERBS 59
VOCABULARY
Lex, leg-is, f., a law. Lapis, lapid-is, m., a stone,
EXERCISE XXI
V. p. s. s. V. p.
1. Laudat-1 estis. 6. Virgo vocat-a est.
2. Naves monstrat-ae sunt. 7. Milites sunt timidi.
3. Onus portat-um est. 8. Vulnerat-us sum.
4. Eeges culpat-i sigit. 9. Oppidum est magnum.
5. Yulnerat-i siimus. 10. Kegis filii estis.
11. Leges bonae regum nostrorum laudat-ae sunt.
12. Portae altae oppidi magni monstrat-ae sunt.
13. Eeginae filius parvus vulnerat-us est.
14. Opus puellarum pulchrarum laudat-um est.
15. Flumina multa hostem nostrum impedi-ent.
16. Milites multos et naves magnas mis-isti.
17. Carmina virginis pulchrae laudat-a sunt.
18. Milites multi et rex magnus vulnerat-i sunt.
[N. B. — 'I was loved ' is the Aorist Passive.
* I was being loved ' is the Imperfect Passive.
* I was loving ' is the Imperfect Active.]
1. You were called. 6. We were being called.
2. We were blamed. 7. Boys were fighting.
3. The work was praised. 8. Kings were wounded.
4. The girl has been called. 9. The voice was praised.
5. The girls were beautiful. 10. Spears were carried.
11. The song of the beautiful virgins was praised
12. The great ships of our kings were shown.
13. The soldiers of the good queen have been wounded.
14. The messengers of the judges will be blamed.
15. The great stones of the walls were being shown.
16. We do not fear the ships and soldiers of the enemy.
17. You have written many letters and many books.
18. The gifts of the little boys were praised.
60
A-VERBS
FIRST CONJUGATION: A-YEUBS — continued
Ama-ke, to looe
Pies. Stem, ama-, Perf. Stem, amav-, Sup. Stem, amat-.
PASSIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from the Supine Stem Amat-
PLUPERFECT
Formation
Example
English
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Sup. St.-f us eram
" +US eras
" -f- us erat
** + i eramus
" 4- i eratis
** -fi erant
amat-us eram
amat-us eras
amat-us erat
amat-i eramus
amat-i eratis
amat-i erant
/ had been loved.
Thou hadst been loved.
He had been loved.
We had been loved.
You had been loved.
They had been loved.
j:, FUTURE P^IRFECT
Sing.l.
2.
3.
riur.l.
2.
3.
Sup. St. + us ero
" + us eris
" -f us erit
" + i erimus
" + i eritis
" -f i erunt
amat-us ero
amat-us eris
amat-us erit
amat-i erimus
amat-i eritis
amat-i erunt
I shall have been loved.
Thou wilt have been loved.
He will have been loved.
We shall have been loved.
You will have been loved.
They will have been loved.
Ablatives of Instrument and of Agent.
The Thing with which an act is done is called the Instrument or
Means, and is put in the Ablative Case ; tims, in Vulneratus est sagittis
= he was wounded with (or by) arrows, sagittis is Ablative of Instru-
ment or Means.
The Person by whom an act is done is called the Agent, and when the
verb is Passive, the Agent is put in the Ablative Case with the Preposi-
tion a or ab; thus, in Vulneratus est a milite = ^e was ivounded by a
soldier, nnlite is Ablative of Agent. •
Rule — Instrument or Means is expressed by the Ablative
■without a Preposition.
Rule — Personal Agent with a Passive Verb is expressed by
the Ablative with the Preposition * a ' or * ab.'
Thus, ' By ' or * with ' a Thing := Ablative only.
' By ' a Person or Animal— Ablative with ' a ' or ' ab.*
A-VERBS 61
VOCABULARY
Oppugno, I attack (1). Aedifico, I build (1).
EXERCISE XXII
[N.B. — d and ab both mean *by/ but a is used before consonants,
ab before vowels and h.]
1. Virgines pulch^ae a rege magno laudat-ae sunt.
2. Milites multi sagittis vestris vulnerat-i eraiit.
3. Onera inulta a servis miserls portat-a eruiit.
4. Flumen altura a militibus moiistrat-um erat.
5. Hastis et sagittis hostium vulnerat-i eramus.
6. Ab araicTs reginae bonae culpat-us eris.
7. Milites portas lapide magno freg-erunt.
8. Leonem magnum sagittis multis vulnera-bamus.
9. Eegina nostra a militibus ainat-a erat.
10. Avis tenera a puero lapide vulnerat-a est.
11. Carmina multa a puellis pulchris canta-ntur.
12. Virgines timidae aquam fluminis timu-erunt.
1. The good boys will be praised by the masters.
2. The king has been wounded by the arrows of the slaves.
3. Your books had been praised by the judges' friends.
4 The tender girl had been wounded by a great stone.
5. Many rivers will have been pointed out by the boys.
6. We have been blamed by the king and by the queen.
7. You will have been called by our friends.
8. We will break the gates of the town with our spears.
9. You have frightened the timid girls with your voice.
10. Many towns were attacked by the soldiers.
11. We were building a high wall with great stones.
12. The judges have written great books and many letters.
62
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES OP THIRD DECLENSION
Besides the Adjectives in
-us, -a, um, I ^^.^^ ^^j^^^
-er, -a, -um, J
the First and Second Declensions, there are others which
follow the Third Declension of Nouns.
The Adjectives declined below have one form for the
Masculine and Feminine Gender and another for the Neuter
in Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative ; in the other
Cases they have the same form for all Genders.
Melior = letter
SiNGULAB
Plural
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Norn.
Melior
melius
Melior-es
melior-a
Gen.
Melior-is
melior-is
Melior-um
melior-um
Dat.
Melior-i
melior-i
Melior-ibus
melior-ibus
Ace.
Melior-em
melius
Melior-es
melior-a
Voc.
Melior
melius
Melior-es
melior-a
AbL
Melior-e o?- T
melior-e or i
Melior-ibus
melior-ibus
Observe that the Ablative Singular ends in I or e.
Tristis = sad
Singular
Plural
Mas. Fem.
Neut.
Masc. Fem.
Neut.
Norn.
Trist-is
trist-e
Trist-es
trist-ia
Gen.
Trist-is
trist-is
Trist-ium
trist-ium
Dat.
Trist-i
trist-i
Trist-ibus
trist-ibus
Ace.
Trist-em
trist-e
Trist-es
trist-ia
Voc.
Trist-i^ ;
trist-e
Trist-es
trist-ia
Ahl.
Trist-i
trist-i
Trist-ibus
trist-ibus
Observe that the Ablative Singular ends in I, not e.
Decline together Donum melius — hasta gravis — servus fortis — onus
[leve — ftiius melior — telum grave. " '•
ADJECTIVES 63
VOCABULARY
Decline like trlstis —
Fortis, brave. Gravis, heavy.
Brevis, short. Dulcis, sweet.
EXERCISE XXIII
1. Eex est fortis. 6. Vox fuit dulcis.
2. Onus erat grave. 7. Carminum dulcium.
3. Carmina sunt dulcia. 8. Sagittis brevibus.
4. Hasta erit brevis. 9. A forti milite.
5. Pueri erant fortes. 10. Opus erat melius.
11. Kegis filii carmen dulce canta-bant.
12. Onera gravia a servis miseris portat-a sunt.
13. Eegina nostra a militibus fortibus amat-a erat.
14. Epistolae puerorum parvorum sunt breves.
15. Militum fortium hastas graves time-mus.
16. Avium parvarum vocem dulcem laudav-isti.
17. Amici nostri dona meliora mitt-ent.
18. ludicis filius sagitta brevi vulnerat-us est.
1. The song was short. 6. By brave boys.
2. The girls are brave. 7. Of a sweet song.
3. The books were heavy. 8. Short letters.
4. Of brave soldiers. 9. A better gift.
5. By a short spear. 10. Of better spears.
11. The sweet voices of the girls will lead our friends.
12. V^e were wounded by the heavy spears of the soldiers.
13. The heavy books were carried by the little boys.
14. The short song had been praised by the king.
15. The arrows of the brave soldiers are short.
16. The heavy stones will hinder the king's messengers.
17. Better ships will be built by the brave queen.
18. The wretched slaves will fear the heavy burdens.
64
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES OF THIRD DECLENSION — con^nue^f
The Adjectives declined below have in the Accusative
Singular, and Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative
Plural, one form for Masculine and Feminine and another
for the Xeuter, but in all the other Cases they have the
same form for all three Genders.
Felix — happy
SiNGULAB
Plural
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
Felix
felix
Felic-es
felic-ia
Gen.
Felic-is
felic-is
Felic-ium
felic-ium
Dat.
Felic-i
felic-i
Felic-ibus
felic-ibus
Ace.
Felic-em
felix
Felic-es
felic-ia
Voc.
Felix
felix
Felic-es
felic-ia
Abl.
L .
Felic-i or -e
felic-i or -e
Felic-ibus
felic-ibus
In GENS = vast
SiNGULAE
Plural
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Masc. Fein.
Neut.
Nom.
Ingens ingeiis
Ingent-es
ingent-ia
Gen.
Ingent-is iiigent-is
Ingent-ium
ingent-ium
Dat.
Ingent-i ingent-i
lugent-ibus
ingent-ibus
Ace.
Ingent-em iugens
Ingent-es
ingent-ia
Voc.
Ingens ingens
Ingent-es
ingent-ia
Abl.
Ingent-i or e ingent-T or e
Ingent-ibus
ingent-ibus
Decline together Puella felix — mare imjens — magister sapiens — telum
velox — servus auddx — donum ingens.
Ohs. — A noun is sometimes qualified by another Noun which agrees
with it in Case, and is said to be in Apposition.
Romulus rex piignavit = Romulus the king has fought.
Timemus Komulum regem = we fear Romulus the king.
Filius Romuli regis = the son of Romulus the king.
Rule — An Appositive agrees in Case "with the Noun which
it modifies.
ADJECTIVES 65
VOCABULARY
Decline —
Like FeJlx. Like Ingens.
Vel5x, veloc-is, swift. Sapiens, sapient-is, wise.
Audax, audac-is, hold.
Cai-us, -i, Caesar, -is, Lentul-us, -T (names of men).
EXERCISE XXIV
1. Eeges sapientes bella longa non ama-nt.
2. Lentulus, amicus noster, puerum audacem puni-et.
3. Nuntii veloces libros, dona tua, porta-bant.
4. Servi sapientes a Caio magistro laudat-i sunt.
5. Libros et epistolas, Caesaris opera, lauda-mus.
6. Naves multae a regina sapiente aedifica-tae sunt.
7. Caius, index bonus, sagitta brevi vulnerat-us est.
8. Opera servorum audacium a rege culpat-a sunt.
9. Magistri sapientes pueros multos erudiv-erunt.
10. Hastas veloces et lapides graves time-mus.
11. Caius et Caesar, amici nostri, sagittis vulnerat-i eranto
12. Lentulus, regis filius, libros multos scrips-it.
1. The bold slaves broke the heavy gates of the town.
2. Caius, your friend, has been praised by the judge.
3. Vast walls were being built by slaves of the queen.
4. The books of Caius, the judge, were praised by the king.
5. We feared the swift arrows and the heavy spears.
6. The voices of the wise judges were being heard.
7. Lentulus and Caesar, our friends, had been called.
8. The towns had been attacked by the bold slaves.
9. Caius, our slave, has been wounded by a heavy stone.
10. A sweet song was sung by Julia, a happy girl.
11. The bold lion had terrified the tender sheep.
12. The son of the wise master had led the brave soldiers.
66
E-VERBS
SECOND CONJUGATION: B- VERBS
MONE-RE, to advise
Pres. Stem, mone-, Per/. Stem, monti-, Sup. Stem, monit-.
PASSIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from Present .Stem Mone-
[The Personal Endings are the same as those of the First Conjugation.]
PRESENT
FOKMATION
Example
English
Sing. I.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pres. St. + or
" +ris
" +tur
" +inur
" +mini
" +ntur
mone-or
mone-ris
mone-tur
mone-mur
mone-mini
mone-ntur
I am (being) advised.
Thou art advised.
He is advised.
We are advised.
You are advised.
They are advised.
IMPERFECT
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pres. St. + bar
'' +baris
" +batur
" +bamur
" +bamini
" +bantur
mone-bar
mone-baris
mone-batur
mone-bamur
mone-bamini
mone-bantur
I was being advised.
Thou wast being advised.
He was being advised.
We were being advised.
You were being advised.
They were being advised.
FUTURE SIMPLE
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pres. St.+bor
*' +bgris
" +bitur
" +biinur
" +bimini
" +buntur
mone-bor
mone-bSris
mone-bitur
mone-bimur
mone-bimini
mone-buntur
I shall be advised.
Thou wilt be advised.
He will be advised.
We shall be advised.
You will be advised.
They will be advised.
[Each of the above Tenses has another form for the Second Person
Singular, viz. Pres. mom-re^ Imperf. mone-bdre, ¥\it. mone-b^re.]
E-VEKBS 67
VOCABULARY
Sor-or, -oris, f., a sister. Rom-a, -ae, f., Rome,
Urbs, urb-is, f., a city. Gall-us, -i, a Gaul.
Verb-um, -i, n., a word.
EXERCISE XXV
1. lulia, soror mea, a servo nigro terre-bitur.
2. Leones magnrab ovibus teneris time-ntur.
3. Eoma urbs magna ab hostibus oppugnat-a erat.
4. Pueri multi a Caio aiiiico tuo doce-iitur.
5. ludicis boni verba sapientia aiidiv-imus.
6. Milites fortes hostium sagittis non terre-buntur.
7. Eomulus, rex sapiens, portas urbis claus-erit.
8. Aves timidae puerorum vocibus terre-bantur.
9. Carmen dulce a lulia, sorore tua, cantat-um est.
10. Hostes audaces portas urbis nostrae freg-erant.
11. Epistolae Lentuli, amici nostri, laudat-ae sunt.
12. Onera gravia a servis miseris time-bantur.
1. Caius, the son of our friend, will lead the soldiers.
2. The boys were being taught by Lentulus, a wise master.
3. We do not fear Caius, the son of a wise king.
4. Ye were wounded by the heavy spears of the soldiers.
5. Julia, the sister of Caius, your friend, is beautiful.
6. The little birds are frightened by our voices.
7. The bold enemy (pi.) will not attack the great city.
8. Your letters will have been praised by the wise queen.
9. You were being taught by Caius, the son of our friend.
10. The anger of the judges will be feared by your slaves.
11. The gates of the city were pointed out by the enemy.
12. The short spears of the enemy (pi.) wounded many
soldiers.
68
E-VERBS
SECOND CONJUGATION: E-VE^UBS — continued
MoNE-RE, to advise
Pres. Stem, mone-, Per/. Stem, monii-, Sup. Stem, monit-.
PASSIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from the Supine Stem Monit-^
PERFECT AND AORIST
Formation
Example
English
Sing.l.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Sup. St.-f us sum
" -fuses
" -f us est
" -f i sumus
" -f i estis
" +isunt
monit-us sum
monit-us es
monit-us est
monit-i sumus
monit-i estis
mouit-i sunt
Perfect
Aorist
/ have been \
Thou hast been
He has been
We have been
You have been
They have been .
/ was \
Thou ivast
He was
We were
You were
They were.
PLUPERFECT
Sing.l.
2.
3.
Plur. I.
2.
3.
Sup. St. -f us eram
" + us eras
" + us erat
" + i eramus
" -fi eratis
" -h i erant
monit-us eram
monit-us eras
monit-us erat
monit-i eramus
monit-i eratis
monit-i erant
I had been advised.
Thou hadst been advised.
He had been advised.
We had been advised.
You had been advised.
They had been advised.
FUTURE PERFECT
Sing.l.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Sup. St. + us ero
" -f us eris
" -f us erit
" -f i erimus
" +i eritis
" -f i erunt
monit-us ero
monit-us eris
monit-us erit
monit-i erimus
monit-i eritis
monit-i erunt
I shall have been advised.
Thou wilt have been advised.
He will have been advised.
We shall have been advised.
You will have been advised.
They will have been advised.
Obs. — When an Adjective qualifies two or more Nouns of different
Genders the Adjective agrees v^^ith the Masculine rather than with tlie
Feminine : — Puer et puella sunt pulchri=:<Ae boy and the girl are beautiful.
The same applies to the Participle used in the Supine Stem Tenses of
the Passive Voice.
Puer et puella laudati sunt = Me boy and the girl were praised.
1 Supine Stems of Verbs of Second Conjugation are rarely regular, and
should be looked up.
E-VERBS 69
VOCABULARY
Doce-o, I teach (2), Perfect Stem, docti-, Supine Stem, doct-.
Vide-o, /see (2), " vid-, " vis-.
Move-o, / moL'e (2), " mov-, *' mot-.
Omnis (Adjective like tristis)^ all.
EXERCISE XXVI
1. Rex et regina ab omnibus militibus vis-i sunt.
2. Filius tuus eb soror mea a magistro bono doct-i erunt.
3. riumina magna et muri alti regem impedi-ent.
4 Murus et porta oppidi nostri sunt alti.
5. Romam urbem nostram et Romulum regem ama-mus.
6. Verba sapientia iudicum bonorum non audiv-istl.
7. Aves multae puerorum sagittis vulnerat-ae sunt.
8. Onus magnum a servis timidis non mot-um erit.
9. Roma, urbs nostra, a Romulo rege aedificat-a est.
10. Virgines pulchrae carmina dulcia canta-bant.
11. Caius, amicus tuus, et lulia, soror mea, aegri fu-erunt.
12. Libri tui ab omnibus amicis nostris laudat-i erant.
1. The wall and the gate were built by Caius, your friend.
2. The boy and the girl had been taught by the son of
the judge. [friend.
3. We have seen Julia, your sister, and Lentulus, our
4. Books and letters were praised by the wise king.
5. Heavy stones had been moved by the great river.
6. We shall have been seen by the Gauls, our enemies.
7. You were frightened by the voices of the messengers.
8. The bold slaves had broken the gates of the city.
9. Rome, our city, will be attacked by all the soldiers.
10. The girls' sweet song will be praised by the queen.
11. We shall be. wounded by the heavy spears of the
enemy (pi.)-
12. We were fearing the deep river and the vast sea.
70
NOUNS
FOURTH DECLENSION
Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in -us belong to
the Fourth Declension.
The Nominative ends in -us if the Noun is Masculine
(or Feminine).
The Nominative ends in -u if the Noun is Neuter.
Masculine
Singular
Plural
Nojn.
Grad-iis
a step (m.).
Grad-us
steps.
Gen.
Grad-us
of a step.
Grad-ayim
of steps.
Dat.
Grad-ui
to or for a step.
Grad-ibus
to or for steps.
Ace.
Grad-um
a step.
Grad-us
steps.
Voc.
Grad-us
0 step.
Grad-us
0 steps.
A hi.
Grad^
by, with, or from
a step.
Grad-ibus
bij, with, or from
steps.
Neuter
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Gen-u
a knee (n.).
Gen-ua
knees.
Gen.
Gen-US
of a knee.
Gen-uum
of knees.
Dat.
Gen-u
to or for a knee.
Gen-ibus
to or for knees.
Ace.
Gen-u
a knee.
Gen-ua
knees.
Voc.
Gen-u
0 knee.
Gen-ua
0 knees
Abl.
Gen-u
hij, with, or from
a knee.
Gen-ibus
by, with, or from
knees.
[The Dat. Sing, has also the ending u for Masculine and Feminine Nouns.
The ending of the Dat. and Abl. Plur. is sometimes written -ubus.^
Carefully distinguish the Fourth from tlie Second Declension —
A Noun with Nominative in -ws and Genitive in -l is of the Second.
A Noun witli Nominative in -us and Genitive in -m is.of the Fourth.
Obs. — When an Adjective describes * man/ ' woman,' or 'thing,' the
Noun is o'ften omitted in Latin, and the Adjectiv-e shows by its Gender
whether * man/ ' woman/ or ' thing ' is meant. Thus —
Singular Plural
Masculine, Bonus = a good man. Boni = good men.
Feminine, Bon^= a good woman. Bonae = good women.
Neuter, Bonum = a good thing. Bona = good things.
An Adjective so employed is said to be used Substantively.
NOUNS 71
VOCABULARY
Decline —
Like Gradus.
Arc-US, -us, m., a how. Imperat-or, -oris, m., a general.
Exercit-us, -us, m., an army. Rot-a, -ae, f., a wheel.
Curr-us, -us, m., a chariot.
Man-us, -us, f., a hand.
EXERCISE XXVII
1. Milites nostri arctis magnos manibus tene-bant.
2. Manus tenera sororis tuae vulnerat-a erat.
3. Curriis hostium ab omnibus militibus vis-i erunt.
4. Omnes boni Romulum regem nostrum ama-bunt.
5. Fllius amici tui a multis culpat-us erat.
6. Exercitus Gallorum hostium nostrorum vid-imus.
7. Fortium opera et sapientium verba lauda-tis.
8. Multi sagittas et arcus magnos portav-erunt.
9. Caesar imperator exercitus nostri hostem non time-t.
10. Puerorum audacium sagittas manu mea freg-eram.
11. Magnum exercitum et multos currus mis-istis.
12. Fortes et sapientes ab omnibus lauda-buntur.
1. The vast armies of the Gauls were seen by our (men).
2. All your works have been praised by the wise (men).
3. The friends of Caius the wise judge wrote many (things).
4. We will shut the gates of the city with our (own) hands.
5. You did not see the bows and arrows of the enemy (pL).
6. Many will blame Caesar, the general of your army.
7. The brave fear not the armies and the chariots of kings.
8. Rome, the city of brave men, will be attacked by Gauls.
9. The heavy burden was moved by the hand of a girl.
10. The king and the queen were loved by all good men.
11. The great stones will break the wheels of the chariots.
12. The rivers hindered the armies of the brave Gauls.
72 CONSONANT VERBS
THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT VERBS
Example — Reg-ere, to rule
Pres. Stem, rSg-,
Sup. Stem, rect-.
Per/. Stem, rex-,
PASSIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from the Pres. Stem Eeg-
PRESENT
Formation
Example
English
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pres. St. + or
'' " +itur
" •' +imur
" " +iinini
" " +untur
reg-or
reg-6ris ^
reg-itur
reg-imur
reg-imini
reg-untur
/ am [being) ruled.
Thoii art ruled.
He is ruled.
We are ruled.
You are ruled.
They are 7'uled.
IMPERFECT
Sing. I.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pres St. + §bar
*' " +ebaris
« " +ebatur
" " H-ebamur
•' " +ebamini
" " +ebantur
reg-ebar
reg-ebaris 2
reg-ebatur
reg-ebamur
reg-ebamini
reg-ebantur
I was being ruled.
Thou wast being ruled.
He was being ruled.
We were being ruled.
You were being ruled.
They were being ruled.
FUTURE SIMPLE
Sing. I.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Pres. St. + ar
" " -heris
" '^ 4-etur
*' " +emur
" " -femini
*' -f entur
reg-ar
reg-eris ^
reg-etur
reg-emur
reg-emini
reg-entur
I shall be ruled.
Thou wilt be ruled.
He will be ruled.
We shall be ruled.
You will be ruled.
They will be ruled.
^ or reg-Sre.
or reg-ebare.
or reg-ere.
06s. — * With/ when it means ' together with ' or * in company with/ is
translated by * cum ' followed by the Ablative ; as in the following :
Mitt5 servum cum puero = / send a slave with the boy.
Rule — Accompaniment is expressed by the Ablative "with
the preposition * cum.'
Carefully distinguish this from the Ablative of Instrument, which shows
with what or by what an action is done. See page 60.
Puer vulneratus est sagittis = the boy was wounded with arrows.
CONSONANT VERBS 73
VOCABULARY
Occid-6, I hill (3), Perfect Stem, occid-, Supine Stem, occis-.
Ger-6, / carry on (3), " gess-, " gest-.
Fluct-us, -us, m., a wave.
Vent-US, -1, rn., wind.
N.B. — reg-^ris (short e) is Second Person Singular Present;
regeris (long e) is Second Person Singular Future.
EXERCISE XXVIII
1. A Gallis vinc-emur. 5. Cum multis mitt-emur.
2. Cum nuntio mitt-eris. 6. Bella ger-ebantur.
3. Non duc-ebamini. 7. A Caesare duc-ebamur.
4. Tells occid-eris. 8. Omnes vinc-entur.
9. Multa sapientia a Lentulo amico tuo scrib-untur.
10. Imperatorem cum omnibus amicis occid-emus.
11. Naves multae fluctibus et vento frang-untur.
12. Mtirum ingentem lapidibus magnis aedifica-bamus.
13. Filii nostri cum nun tils velocibus mitt-entur.
14. Multi fortes a Gallis hostibus nostris occid-ebantur.
15. Yirginis pulchrae carmina dulcia audiv-imus.
16. Libri magni a Caio, itidice sapiente, scrib-untur.
1. Vast armies were being led by the brave general.
2. You will be slain by the heavy spear of the Gaul.
3. Many gifts will be sent by Julia your sister.
4. We will send a swift messenger with your slave.
5. Our king with (his) son will be slain by the enemy.
6. The gate of the city is being broken with a vast stone.
7. The Gauls with a vast army will attack our city.
8. Brave (men) are not frightened by waves and wind.
9. The wheels of our chariots will be broken by the stones.
10. We shall be led by Caesar, a brave general.
11. Your work has been praised by all good men.
12. The wise praise the good laws of Komulus our king.
74
CONSONANT \rp:RBS
THIRD CONJUGATION: CONSONANT YEHBS — continued
Example — Reg-ere, to rule
Pres. Stem, r6g-, P^ff- Stem, rex-, Sup. Stem, rect-.
PASSIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from the Supine Stem Rect-
PERFECT AND AORIST
Formation
Example
English
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Sup. Stem -f us sum
" -fuses
" -f us est
" " +i sumus
" -f i estis
" " +i sunt
rect-us sum
rect-us es
rect-us est
rect-i sumus
rect-i estis
rect-i sunt
Perfect
Aorist
/ have been
Thou hast been
He has been
We have been
You have been
They have been)
/ was
Thou wast
He was
We were
You were
They were.
1
PLUPERFECT
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Sup.
Stem + us eram
" 4- us eras
" +US erat
** +i eramus
" -l-i eratis
" +i erant
rect-us eram
rect-us eras
rect-us erat
rect-i eramus
rect-i eratis
rect-i erant
I had been ruled.
Thou hadst been ruled.
He had been ruled.
We had been ruled.
You had been ruled.
They had been ruled.
FUTURE PERFECT
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Sup. Stem + US ero
" " -f us eris
" " -fus erit
'' " 4-i erimus
" +i eritis
" -f i erunt
rect-us ero
rect-us eris
rect-us erit
rect-i erimus
rect-i eritis
rect-i erunt
I shall have been ruled.
Thou wilt have been ruled.
He will have been ruled.
We shall have been nded.
You will have been ruled.
They will have been ruled.
* To ' AS Indirect Object
*To* (or 'for') is the sign of the Dative Case. With such verbs as
do = / give, narro = / tell, mon-stro = / show, etc., the Dative indicates
* to whom ' (or * to what ') something is given, told, shown, etc. So used,
it is called the Dative of Indirect Object. (See Ex. XXIX, 9.)
Rule — The Indirect Object is put in the Dative Case.
CONSONANT VERBS 75
* To ' Meaning ' Motion Towards '
When, however, motion towards a person, place, or thing is implied,
* to ' is translated by the Preposition ' ad' or * in ^ with the Accusative Case.
Thus — Ad urbem missus est = he was sent to the city.
In urbem missus est = Ae was sent into the city.
Rule — Motion towards a Person, Place, or Thing is ex-
pressed by the Accusative with the Preposition ' ad ' or ' in/
(With town names and a few other words the Preposition is omitted.)
EXERCISE XXIX
[In this and the following Exercises words introduced for the first
time are given only in the Vocabulary at the end.]
1. Eex Gallorum cum exercitii ad urbem contend-it.
2. Multae naves fiuctibus et vento fract-ae erant.
3. Nuntii veloces ad exercitum nostrum miss-i sunt.
4. Urbis portae a servis timidis claus-ae erunt.
5. Hastae et sagittae fuerunt utiles militibus.
6. Libros Lentuli, amici tui, regi monstrav-imus.
7. Eex et regina omnibus bonis carl fu-erunt.
8. Carmina avium parvarum sunt dulcia omnibus.
9. Urbis turres et portas imperatori monstra-bimus.
10. Cum multis Gallis in urbem vestram duct-i sumus.
11. Liber tuus Lentulo iudicis filio utilis erit.
V
1. The name of our general is dear to all the soldiers.
2. All the slaves have been sent to the great city.
3. The wall of the temple was broken by the waves.
4. Our armies had been conquered by the Gauls, our
enemies.
5. The words of the judges will be declared to the king.
6. The messengers had been sent to the city of the queen.
7. We were marching with a great army to the river.
8. Many brave men were slain by the darts of the enemy.
9. The ships of the enemy were useful to our queen.
10. The chariot's wheels had been broken by the stones.
11. The letters and books were shown to all the boys.
76 NOUNS
FIFTH DECLENSION
Nouns whose Genitive Singular ends in -el are of tlie
Fifth Declension. The Nominative Singular ends in -es,
and the Gender is Feminine (except dies, usually Masc).
SmOULAB
Plueal
No7n.
Di-es
a day (m., f.).
Di-es
days.
Gen.
Di-ei
of a day.
Di-erum
of days.
Dat.
Di-ei
to or for a day.
Di-ebus
to or for days.
Ace.
Diem
a day.
Di-es
days.
Voc.
Di-es
0 day.
Di-es
0 days.
Abl.
Di-e
by, with, or from
a day.
Di-ebus
by, with, or from
days.
Obs. — The ending of the Genitive and Dative Singular is 6i not ei
when a consonant precedes it. Thus, spes, sp6i = hope.
Case-Endings of the Five Declensions
1
2
3
4
5
Fern.
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Masc. Fern
Neut.
Masc. Fern
. Neut.
Fern.
Nom.
-a
-us -er -um
various
various
-lis
-u
-es
Gen.
-ae
-T -1
-is
-is
-us
-lis
-ei
Dat.
-ae
-o -o
-i
-i
-ui -u
-u
-ei
Ace.
-am
-um -um
-em
= A^ow.
-um
-ii
-em
Foe.
-a
-e -er -um
= Nom.
= Nom.
-lis
-ii
-es
Abl.
-a ,
-6 -o
-e (i)
-e(i)
-ii
-ii
-e
Nom.
-ae
-1 -a
-es
-a
-lis
-ua
-es
Gen.
-arum
-orum -drum
j -um
I -ium
1 -um
I -ium
-uum
-uum
-^;rum
Dat.
-is
-is -is
-ibus
-ibus
-ibus
-ibus
-€bus
Ace.
-4s
-OS -a
-es
-a
-lis
-ua
'-es
Voe.
-ae
-1 -a
-es
-a
-iis
-ua
-es
Abl.
-is
-is -is
-ibus
-ibus
-ibus
-ibus
-ebus
' In ' AND * Into '
The Latin word in has two meanings —
In with Accus. means * into ' or * to/ and shows motion towards a
place (see, however, p. 75).
In with the Ablative means *in,* and shows position in a place.
Thus, In urbem = into the city ; in urbe = in the city.
Rule — Place * -where ' or ' in -which * is expressed by the
Ablative Case "with the Preposition 'in.*
(Town names and a few other words require a different Case to express
'place where ' and * place in which.')
NOUNS 77
EXERCISE XXX
1. Caesar cum magno exercitu in Italiam contend-ebat.
2. Eex et regina in urbe nostra occisi erant.
3. Currus nostros et naves amico tuo monstra-bamus.
4. lulia soror tua ab omnibus bonis laudat-a erit.
5. Captivl miseri ab imperatore in urbem duct-i sunt.
6. Cum Lentulo, iudicis filio, in Italiam mitt-eris.
7. Milites multi sagittis et hastis vulnerat-i erant.
8. Italia, patria nostra, omnibus fortibus cara est.
9. Servus niger in curru cum imperatore sede-bat.
10. Nuntios multos ad iudicem bonum mis-istis.
11. Milites fortes a Gallis hostibus nostris non vinc-entur.
12. Dulcia sunt omnibus sapientibus puellarum carmina.
1. We have not seen Lentulus, the friend of your son.
2. We will march with Caesar, our general, into Italy.
3. All things will be declared to the judge by the slaves.
4. Many were slain in the town by the arrows of the
Gauls.
5. Julia, your sister, is dear to all (her) friends.
6. The slaves were carrying a heavy burden into the town.
7. The armies of our enemies will march into Italy.
8. We were showing our books to Lentulus, your son.
9. Caesar, our general, has carried on many great wars.
10. The queen will sit with the king in a beautiful chariot.
11. The words of the general were declared to all the
soldiers.
12. The timid sheep are frightened by the voices of the
boys.
78
I-VERBS
FOURTH CONJUGATION: I-VERBS
Audi-re, to hear
Pres. Steniy audi-, Per/. Stem, audiv-, Sup. Stenif audit-.
PASSIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from the Present Stem Audi-
PRESENT
Sing. 1
Plur.
Formation
Pres. Stem + or
*' + ris
+ tur
" f mur
" + mini
" + untur
EXAMPLB
audi-or
audl-ris
audi-tur
audi-mur
audi-mini
audi-untur
English
I am {being) heard.
Thou art heard.
He is heard.
We are heard.
You are heard.
They are heard.
IMPERFECT
Slug. 1
2
3,
Plur. 1
2
3,
Pres. Stem + ebar
" 4- ebaris
" + ebatur
" + ebamur
" + ebamini
" + ebantur
audi-ebar
audi-ebaris
audi-ebatur
audi-ebamur
audi-ebamini
audi-ebantur
I was being
Thou wast being I
He was being
We were being
You were being
They were being ^
FUTURE SIMPLE
Sing. 1
2
3.
Plur. 1
2
3,
Pres. Stem + ar
" + eris
" + etur
" + emur
" + emini
" + entur
audi-ar
audi-eris
audi-etur
audi-emur
audi-emini
audi-entur
/ shall be heard.
Thou wilt be heard.
He will be heard.
We shall be heard.
You will be heard.
They will be heard.
[The Second Person Singular of each of the above Tenses has a second
form, viz. Pres. aud-ire, Imperf. audi-ebdre, Put. audi-ere.]
Rule — Time •'when' is expressed by the Ablative.
Rule — Time 'how long' is expressed by the Accusative.
Primo anno occisus est = he was killed in the first year (when).
Multys annos manebit = he will remain many years (how long).
I-VERBS 79
EXERCISE XXXI
The Latin word e or ex means 'from' or 'out of,' and takes an Ablative;
as Ex Italia = out of Italy.
1. Proximo anno omnes urbes a militibus muni-ebantur.
2. A Lentulo, itidrce sapiente, puni-eris.
3. Naves nostrae fluctibus et vento impedi-untur.
4. Captivi dies niultos in oppido mane-bunt.
5. Primo die nuntios ex urbe mis-imus.
6. Verba tua regi et reginae nuntia-buntur.
7. Pueri ignavi a magistro nostro puni-untur.
8. Galli cum exercitu magno ad urbem contend-ent.
9. Libros multos et epistolas manu mea scrips-i.
10. Hastae et sagittae militi forti utiles erunt.
11. Gallorum imperator anno secundo occis-us erat.
12. Carmen puellarum ab omnibus laudat-um erit.
1. We were being instructed by Lentulus, a wise master.
2. You will be hindered by the river and by the walls.
3. The city is being fortified by Caesar, the general.
4. The next day the slaves were sent out of the town.
5. Many captives were being led into Italy by our (men).
6. The son of the general was wounded with a short spear.
7. We have been sent with the swift messenger to the
king.
8. The words of the wise are praised by all good (men). .
9. We do not fear the armies of the Gauls, our enemies.
10. The voice of the general will be heard by all the soldiers.
11. The gate of the city will be guarded by a brave man.
12. The citizens remained many hours in the temple of
Diana.
80
I-VERBS
FOURTH CONJUGATION: I-VEUBS — continued
Exam/ple — Audi-re, to hear
Pres. Stem, audi-, Per/. Stem, audiv-, Sup. Stem, audit-.
PASSIVE VOICE
Tenses formed from the Supine Stem Audit-
The Supine Stem of a Eegular Verb of the Fourth Con-
jugation is found by adding t to the Present Stem.
PERFECT AND AORIST
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
Formation
Sup, St. 4- us sum
" " +US es
" " +US est
*' " +i sumus
" " + i estis
" " +i sunt
audit-US sum
audit-US es
audit-US est
audit-i sumus
audit-i estis
audit-i sunt
English
Perfect
I have been -s
Thou hast been
He has been
5s~
We have been
> 5
You have been
They have been J
Aorist
/ was
Thou wast
He was
We were
You wtre
They were
PLUPERFECT
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Sup. St. + US eram
" ' " -f US eras
" " + us erat
" " + i eramus
" " + i eratis
" " + i erant
audit-US eram
audit-US eras
audit-US erat
audit-i eramus
audit-i eratis
audit-i erant
I had been heard.
Thou hadst been heard.
He had been heard.
We had been heard.
You had been heard.
They had been heard.
FUTURE PERFECT
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
Sup. St. -}- us ero
*' " +US eris
*' " 4- us erit
'* " -f-i erimus
" " +i eritis
" '' 4-i erunt
audit-US ero
audit-US eris
audit-US erit
audit-i erimus
audit-i eritis
audit-i erunt
/ shall have been heard.
Thou wilt have been heard.
He will have been heard.
We shall have been heard.
You will have been heard.
They will have been heard.
A Sentence containing an Active Transitive Verb with an Object can
be turned into a Sentence containing a Passive Verb with an Ablative of
Agent (or Instrument), or vice versa. See page 83.
I-VERBS 81
EXERCISE XXXII
1. Proximo die omnes naves nostrae fiuctibus fract-ae
sunt.
2. Onus magnum et grave multas horas porta-bamus.
3. Urbis portae ab imperatore prima hora claud-entur.
4. ludicum filii cum nostris Mils erudlt-i sunt.
5. Multos dies in Italia cum amicls mans-imus.
6. Secunda hora nuntium velocem ex urbe mitt-emus.
7. Proximo anno magnum exercitum in Italiam dux-i.
8. Voces puellarum in vestris templis audit-ae erunt.
9. Multos dies in nave cum militibus mane-bis.
10. Anno secundo Galll omnes a nostris victi sunt.
11. Cara est civibus omnibus Italia patria nostra.
12. Exercitus nostri ab imperatore forti duc-ebantur.
1. On the next day a voice was heard in the temples.
2. For many days the captives remained in the city.
3. All the cities of Italy had been fortified by our men.
4. The messenger was sent out of the city at the first
hour.
5. The next year many brave (men) were slain by the
enemies.
6. The great rivers will hinder the armies of the Gauls.
7. On the second day the town will be attacked by the
king.
8. The messengers had declared your words to the judge.
9. You were seen by Caius our slave and by many citizens.
10. We feared the darts of the enemy and the waves of
the sea.
11. For many hours we sat with the captives in the temple.
12. At the first hour the ships were seen by our messengers.
F
82
THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS
TABLE OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS
PASSIVE VOICE. For Table of Active Voice, see p. 46.
1.
Am-or 1
Mone-or
Reg-or
Audi-or
Singular
2. 3.
ama-ris ama-tur
moue-ris mone-tur
reg-eris reg-itur
audi-ris audi-tur
Plueal
1. 2. 3.
ama-mur ama-mini ama-ntur
mone-mur mone-mini mone-ntur
reg-imur
audi-mur
reg-imini
audi-mini
reg-wntur
audi-untur
Ama-
Mone
Reg-
Aud
■.-I
baris batur
ebar ebaris ebatur
bamur bamini bantur
ebamur ebamiui ebantur
Ama-
Mone
Reg-
Audi
■ [bor
?ar
beris bitur
bimur bimini buntur
emur emini entur
P4 «
Amat-
Monit- I us
Rect- 1 sum
Audit-
US
es
US
est
sumus estis
Amat-
Monit- i^us us us
Rect- ( erara eras erat
Audit-
eramus eratis
sunt
erant
Amat-
Monit- I us
Rect- j ero
Audit-
US
eris
erit
enmus eritis
1
erunt
English
Present — / am being loved, or am loved, etc.
Imperfect — I was being loved, etc.
Future Simple — / shall or will be loved, etc,
i Perfect — / have been loved, etc.
I Aorist — / was loved, etc.
Pluperfect — / had been loved, etc.
Future Perfect — / shall or will have been loved, etc.
1 The First Person Singular Present is amor for amaor.
THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS
83
RECAPITULATORY
Active and
1. Vide-bar.
2. Culpa-beris.
3. Duc-eris.
4. Puni-untur.
5. Vinc-etur.
6. Terre-tur.
7. Move-mur.
8. Monstra-ntur.
9. Yinc-ar.
Passive Voices, Tour
10. Vocat-a erit.
11. Sede-bas.
12. Muni-emus.
13. Custodi-tis.
14. Yoca-bimur.
15. Doct-i erant.
16. Terre-ris.
17. Aedifica-tis.
18. Miss-a est.
Conjugations
19. Puni-entur.
20. Mane-bunt.
21. Duc-iminl.
22. Doce-tis.
23. Y.inc-ebaris.
24. Monstrav-isti.
25. Yocat-us es.
26. Puni-eminl.
27. Move-ris.
1. We are conquering.
2. Ye were seen.
3. She has been taught.
4. We are being led.
5. Thou wilt write.
6. We shall be sent.
7. They were punished
8. I was being called.
9. Thou wilt be blamed.
10. We are instructed.
11. He is being praised.
12. They are building.
13. They did not fear.
14. Thou art not seen.
15. She had been sent.
16. I shall have written.
Formula for Inversion of Sentences
The Subject of the Active Sentence becomes the Ablative of Agent
(or Instrument) in the Passive Sentence. The Object of the Active
Sentence becomes the Subject of the Passive Sentence.
S. V. T. O.
Magister laudat puerum.
s. V. p. AB. A.
Puer laudatur a magistro.
It will be found useful to practise this inversion by turning sentences
from Active to Passive and from Passive to Active in any Exercise from
No. VIII.
84
ADJECTIVES
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Adjectives have three degrees of Comparison, viz. — .
Positive Comparative
Dur-us, hard,
dur-ior, harder.
Superlative
,_ . . ( hardest.
dur-issimus, < , ,
' { very hard.
Rule for forming Degrees of Comparison"
The Comparative is formed from the Genitive Singular
of the Positive by taking away the Genitive ending -l or
-is, and adding -ior in its place ;
Thus, durus, Genitive dar-%, Comparative dur-ior.
The Superlative is formed by taking away the Genitive
Ending and adding -issimus in its place ;
Thus, durus, Genitive dur-l. Superlative dur-^ss^mus.
Declension of Comparative and Superlative Degrees
All Comparatives are declined like melior, melius, p. 62.
All Superlatives " " " bonus, bona, bonum.
Positive
Car-US, dear,
Long-US, long,
Trist-is, sad,
Dulc-is, sweet,
Felix, happy,
Ingens, vast.
EXAMPLES
Comparative
car-ior, -ius,
long-ior, -ius,
trist-ior, -ius,
dulc-ior, -ius,
felic-ior, -ius,
ingent-ior, -ius,
Superlative
car-issimus, -a, -um.
long-issimus, -a, -um.
trist-issimus, -a, -um.
dulc-issimus, -a, -um.
felic-issimus, -a, -um.
ingent-issimus, -a, -um.
Rule— Two Nouns joined by *quam' (than) must be in the
same Case ; thus, Servus est felicior quam rex = the slave is happier than
the king. Here both slave and kiiig are in the Nominative.
Obs. — In making a Comparison between two nouns, *quam ' (than) may
be omitted ; but the second of the two nouns must then be put in the
Ablative Case. Thus, Servus est felicior rege = The slave is happier than
the king.
ADJECTIVES 85
EXERCISE XXXIII
1. Amicus mens est omnium iudicum sapientissimus.
2. Sagittae nostrae breviores sunt quam hasta tua.
3. Proximo die nuntium velocissimum ex urbe mis-i.
4 Carmina dulcissima puellarum non audiv-istis.
5. Servi miserl onus gravissimum portav-erant.
6. Fortissimi militum nostrorum a Gallis occis-i erant.
7. Lentull iudicis sapientissimi verba lauda-bamus.
8. Templum Dianae altius est quam murus noster.
9. Multos annos in urbe iucundissima mans-imus.
10. Nostri libri utiliores sunt quam vestri (libri).
11. Caium occidisti, omnium civium fortissimum.
12. Audaciorem imperatorem Caesare non vidi.
1. A sweeter song. 7. By a very bold man.
2. The heaviest burden. 8. By a heavier stone.
3. Very brave (men). 9. With dearest friends.
4. More beautiful girls. 10. Sweeter songs.
5. Of a shorter letter. 11. A wiser word.
6. Of longer spears. 12. Of heavier darts.
13. The spears of the Gauls are longer than ours {i^e. our
spears).
14. We will send Caius the boldest of all the citizens.
15. The songs of little birds are sweeter than your voice.
16. I hear the voice of Lentulus, a very brave soldier.
17. To a wise man books are more useful than spears.
18. We have not seen a more beautiful land than Italy.
86
ADJECTIVES
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Adjectives ending in -er
Adjectives in -er (like niger and tener) form their Com-
parative according to the rule already given (p. 84), but
their Superlative is formed by adding -rimus to the Mas-
culine Nominative Singular.
Niger, black,
Tener, tender,
Pulcher, beautiful,
Com-parative
nigr-ior, -ius,
tener-ior, -ius,
pulchr-ior, -ius,
Superlative
niger-rimus, -a, -um.
tener-rimus, -a, -um.
pulcher-rimus, -a, -um.
Six Adjectives form Superlative in -lImus
Positive
Facil-is, easy,
Difficil-is, difficult,
Simil-is, like,
Dissimil-is, unlike,
Gracil-is, slender,
Humil-is, low,
Comparative
facil-ior, -ius,
difficil-ior, -ius,
simil-ior, -ius,
dissimil-ior, -ius,
gracil-ior, -ius,
humil-ior, -ius.
Superlative
facil-limus, -a, -um.
difficil-limus, -a, -um.
simil-limus, -a, -um.
dissimil-limus, -a, -um.
gracil-limus, -a, -um.
humil-limus, -a, -um.
Positive
Bonus, good.
Mains, bad,
Magnus, great,
Parvus, small,
{ much, )
' ] many, ]
Multus,
Irregular
Comparative
meli-or, -us,
pei-or, -us,
mai-or, -us,
min-or, -us,
plus (neut.), 1
Superlative
optimus, -a, -um.
pessimus, -a, -um.
maximus, -a, -um.
minimus, -a, -um.
plurimus, -a, -um.
1 The Declension oiplus is irregular.
ADJECTIVES 87
EXERCISE XXXIV
1. Patres nostri urbem pulcherrimam aedificav-erunt.
2. Optimum donum a Lentulo amico meo miss-um est.
3. Virgines pulcherrimae carmen melius canta-bant.
4. Koma, urbs maxima, a Gallis oppugnat-a erit.
5. Naves minores fluctibus et vento frang-entur.
6. Caium, civem pessimum, ex Italia mis-eramus.
7. Verba iudicis optimi ab omnibus lauda-buntur.
8. Imperatoris filius est omnium puerorum minimus.
9. Verba amici tui peiora fu-erunt quam facta.
10. Servi miserrimi opus difficillimum time-bant.
11. Maxima opera militibus nostris sunt facillima.
12. PlurimI captivi ab hostibus nostris occid-ebantur.
1. We have seen Eome, the largest city of Italy.
2. Very many brave (men) were slain by the Gauls.
3. We will show the best books to Julia, your sister.
4. Caesar, with a very large army, is marching into Italy.
5. The boldest soldiers feared the chariots of the enemy.
6. You have never seen a larger river than the Ehine.
7. The books were written by Caius, a very bad judge.
8. A very great forest will hinder Caesar's army.
9. The best citizens are praised by Romulus, the king.
10. The deeds of many (men) are better than (their) words.
11. We will remain many days in a very beautiful city.
12. The worst citizens will be punished by the judges.
88 EXERCISES
In this and in the following exercise the vowel-markings have been
omitted purposely. The pupil may be required to supply them.
EXERCISE XXXV
1. Dona multa a lulia sorore tua mitt-en tur.
2. Rex noster cum filio suo ab hostibus occis-us est.
3. Urbis portae lapide ingenti frang-ebantur.
4. Nuntii veloces in urbem reginae miss-i erant.
5. Hostium naves imperatori nostro utiles erunt.
6. A Caio, magistro sapientissimo, non culpa-beris.
7. Lentulo, amico tuo, libros nostros monstra-bimus.
8. Imperatoris verba militibus omnibus nuntia-ntur.
9. Non vid-imus puellam pulchriorem quam luliam.
10. Proximo anno multi a Gallis occis-i sunt.
11. Multos dies in Italia cum Lentulo mans-imus.
12. Exercitus nostri silvis maximis impedit-i sunt.
1. Our walls are higher than the temple of Diana.^
2. On the next day many very brave (men) were slain.
3. The words of the wise are praised by all good (men).
4. The gates of the city were shut at the second hour.
5. The Gauls, our enemies, were marching into Italy.
6. We will announce your words to Caesar, the general.
7. All these books were written by a very wise (man).
8. We will march with your soldiers into Italy.
9. The boys and the girls will have been praised by all.
10. The king and the queen are dear to all the citizens.
11. Many ships will be sent by the brave general.
12. You have heard the very sweet song of the girls.
1 Two ways.
EXERCISES 89
EXERCISE XXXVI
1. Eoma, urbs pulcherrima, a Gallis oppugnat-a erat.
2. Dulcis est vox tua : dulcius est avium carmen.
3. Hostium naves maiores erant quam nostrae (naves).
4. Optimi milites ab imperatore forti lauda-bantur.
5. Cains amicus tuns plurimos libros scrips-it.
6. Lentnli filius omnium iudicum est sapientissimus.
7. Servos et cives pessimos ex urbe mis-eramus.
8. Hastas et sagittas plurimas manibus freg-imus.
9. Urbes omnes ab imperatoribus nostris muni-untur.
10. Servi miseri onus gravissimum porta-bant.
11. Cives omnes iudicis sapientis verba lauda-nt.
12. Currus et naves hostium non time-bimus.
1. The wall is high: the temple of Diana is higher.
2. We will send a swifter messenger than your slave.
3. The armies of the Gauls are larger than our (armies).^
4. The name of the queen is dear to many brave (men);
5. Your words are wise : your books will be very useful.
6. She was wounded with a heavy spear by the slave.
7. We will not march with your general into Italy.
8. On the next day we sent a swift messenger to the city.
9. Many captives are being led by Caesar into the town,
10. A slave was sitting in the generaFs chariot.
11. The judge's sons were blamed by all wise men.
12. The captives will remain many years in the town,
1 Two ways.
APPENDIX
NOUNS
FIRST DECLENSION. Gen. Sing. -ae
Singular
Nom. Mens-a, a table (/.).
Gen. Mens-ae, of a table.
Dat. Mens-ae, to or for a table.
Ace. Mens-am, a table. '
Voc. Mens-a, 0 table.
Abl, Mens-a, by, with, or from a tab
Plural
Mens-ae, tables.
Mens-arum, of tables.
Mens-is, to or for tables.
Mens-as, tables.
Mens-ae, O tables.
Mens-is, by, with, or from tables.
SECOND DECLENSION. Gen. Sing, -l
a. Masculine
Singular
Plural
Nam.
Domin-us, a lord (m.).
Nom.
Domin-i, lords.
Gen.
Domin-i
Gen.
Domin-orum
Dat.
Domin-6
Dat.
Domin-is
Ace.
Domin-um
Ace.
Domin-os
Voc.
Domin-e
Voc.
Domin-i
Abl.
Domin-o
Abl.
Domin-is
Nom.
Magister, a master (m.).
Nom.
Magistr-i, masters.
Gen.
Magistr-i
Gen.
Magistr-orum
Dat.
Magistr-o
Dat.
Magistr-is
Ace.
Magistr-um
Ace.
Magistr-os
Voc.
Magister
Voc.
Magistr-i
Abl.
Magistr-6
Abl.
Magistr-is
Nom.
Puer, aboy (m.).
Nom.
Puer-i, boys.
Gen.
Puer-i
Gen.
Puer-orum
Dat.
Puer-o
Dat.
Puer-is
Ace.
Puer-um
Ace.
Pner-os
Voc.
Puer
Voe.
Puer-i
Abl.
Puer-o
Abl.
Puer-is
b. Neuter
Singular
Nom. Bell-um, war (n.).
Gen. Bell-i
Dat. Bell-6
Aec. Bell-um
Voc. Bell-um
Abl. BeU-o
Plural
Nom. Bell-a, wars.
Gen. Bell-orum
Dat. Bell-is
Ace. Bell-a
Voc. Bell-a
Abl. BeU-is
92
THIRD DECLENSION
THIRD DECLENSION. Gen. Sing, -is
INCREASING NOUNS. Gen. Plur. -urn
a. Masculine and Feminine
ludex (m.) = judge
Virgo (/.) = virgin
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nom
Judex
ludic-es
Nom. Virgd
Virgin-es
Gen.
ludic-is
ludic-um
Gen. Virgin-is
Virgin-um
Dat.
ludic-i
ludic-ibus
Dat. Virgin-i
Virgiu-ibus
Ace.
ludic-em
ludic-es
Ace. Virgin-em
Virgin-es
Voc.
ludex
ludic-es
Voc. Virgo
Virgin-es
Abl.
ludic-e
ludic-ibus
Abl. Virgin -e
Virgin-ibus
b. Neuter
Nomen (n.) =
= Name
Opus (n.) =
= work
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Nomen
Nomin-a
Nom. Opus
Oper-a
Gen.
N6min-is
Nomin-um
Gen. Oper-is
Oper-um
Dat.
N6min-i
Nomin-ibus
Dat. Oper-i
Oper-i bus
Ace.
Nomen
Nomin-a
Ace. Opus
Oper-a
Voc.
Nomen
Nomin-a
Voc. Opus
Oper-a
Abl.
Nomin-e
N5min-ibus
Abl. Oper-e
Oper-i bus
NOT-INCREASING NOUNS. Gen. Plur. -ium
a. Masculine and Feminine
h.
Neuter
Ovis
(/.) =
= sheep
Mare («.]
= sea
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nom. Ov-is
Ov-es
Nom.
Mar-e
Mar-ia
Gen. Ov-is
Ov-ium
Gen.
Mar-is
Mar-ium
Dat. Ov-i
Ov-ibus
Dat.
Mar-i
Mar-ibus
Ace. Ov-em
Ov-es
Ace.
Mar-e
Mar-ia
Voc. Ov-is
Ov-es
Voc.
Mar-e
Mar-ia
AbL Ov-e
Ov-ibus
AbL
Mar-i
Mar-ibus
ADJECTIVES
93
FOURTH DECLENSION. Gen. Sing, -uj
a. Masculine and
h.
Neuter
Feminine
(few)
Gradus (m.
) = step
Genu
(n.) = knee
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nom.
Grad-us
Grad-us
Nom.
Gen-u
Gen-ua
Gen.
Grad-us
Grad-uum
Gen.
Gen-US
Gen-uum
Dat.
Grad-ui (u)
Grad-ibus
Dat.
Gen-u
Gen-ibus (ubus)
Ace.
Grad-um
Grad-us
Ace.
Gen-u
Gen-ua
Voc.
Grad-us
Qrad-us
Voc.
Gen-u
Gen-ua
Abl.
Grad-u
Grad-ibus
Abl.
Gen-u
Gen-ibus (ubus)
FIFTH DECLENSION. Gen. Sing, -ei
Mostly Feminine
Dies {m.,f.) = dai/
Singular Plural
Nom. Di-es Di-es
Gen. Di-ei Di-erum
Dat. Di-ei Di-ebus
Ace. Di-era Di-es
Voe. Di-es Di-es
Abl. Di-e Di-ebus
Res {/.) = thing, matter
SiJ
7GULAR
Plural
Nom
Res
Res
Gen.
Rei
Rerum
Dat.
Rei
Rebus
Aec.
Rem
Res
Voc.
Res
Res
Abl.
Re
Rebus
ADJECTIVES OP FIRST AND SECOND
DECLENSIONS
Masc.
Nom. Bon-US
Gen. Bon-i
Bon-o
Bon-um
Bon-e
Bon-o
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
Abl.
Singular
Fern,
bon-a
bon-ae
bon-ae
bon-am
bon-a
bon-a
Neut.
bon-um
bon-i
bon-6
bon-um
bon-um
bon-6
Nom. Niger
Gen. Nigr-i
Dat. Nigr-o
Ace. Nigr-um
Voc. Niger
Abl. Nigr-o
nigr-a nigr-um
nigr-ae nigr-i
nigr-ae nigr-6
nigr-am nigr-um
nigr-a nigr-um
nigr-a nigr-6
Nom. Tener tener-a tener-um
Gen. Tener-i tener-ae tener-i
Dat. Tener-6 tener-ae tener-6
Ace. Tener-um tener-am tener-um
Voc. Tener tener-a tener-um
Abl. Tener-6 tener-a tener-6
Masc.
Bon-i
Bon-6rum
Bon-is
Bon-6s
Bon-i
Bon-is
Plural
Fern,
bon-ae
bon-arum
bon-is
bon-as
bon-ae
bon-is
Neut.
bon-a
bon-6rum
bon-is
bon-a
bon-a
bonis
Nigr-i nigr-ae nigr-a
Nigr-6rum nigr-arum nigr-6rum
Nigr-is nigr-is nigr-is
Nigr-6s nigr-as nigr-a
Nigr-i nigr-ae nigr-a
Nigr-is nigr-is nigr-is
Tener-i tener-ae tener-a
Tener-6rum tener-arum tener-6rum
Tener-is tener-is tener-is
Tener-6s tener-as tener-a
Tener-i tener-ae tener-a
Tener-is tener-is tener-is
94
NUMERALS
ADJECTIVES OP THIRD DECLENSION
Singular Singular
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Nom
. Melior
Melius, better
Nom
Trist-is
Trist-e, sad
Gen.
Melior-is
Melior-is
Gen.
Trist-is
Trist-is
Dat.
Melior-i
Melior-i
Dat.
Trist-i
Trist-i
Ace.
Melior-em
Melius
Ace.
Trist-em
Trist-e
Voc.
Melior
Melius
Voc.
Trist-is
Trist-e
Abl.
MeliOr-e or -i
Melior-e or -i
Abl.
Trist-i
TrisM
Plural
Plurai
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Nom
Melior-es
Melior-a
Nojn
Trist-es
Trist-ia
Gen,
Melior-um
Melior-um
Gen.
Trist-ium
Trist-ium
Dat.
Melior-i bus
Melior-ibus
Dat.
Trist-i bus
Trist-ibus
Ace.
Melior-es
Melior-a
Ace.
Trist-es
Trist-ia
Voc.
Melior-es
Melior-a
Voc.
Trist-es
Trist-ia
Abl
Melior-ibus
Melior-ibus
Abl.
Trist-i bus
Trist-ibus
Singular
Singular
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Nom
Felix
Felix, happy
Nojn
Ingeus,
Ingens, huge
Gen.
Felic-is
Felic-is
Gen.
Ingeiit-is
Ingent-is
Dat.
Felic-i
Felic-i
Dat.
Ingent-i
Ingent-i
Ace.
Felic-em
Felix
Ace.
Ingeut-em
Ingens
Voc.
Felix
Felix
Voc.
Ingeus
Ingens
Abl.
Felic-i or -e
Felic-i or -e
Abl.
Ingent-i or -e
Ingent-i or -e
Plural
Plural
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Nom
Felic-es
Felic-ia
Nom
. Ingent-es
Ingent-ia
Gen.
Felic-ium
Felic-ium
Gen.
Ingent-ium
Ingent-ium
Dat.
Felic-ibus
Felic-ibus
Dat.
Ingent-ibus
Ingent-ibus
Ace.
Felic-es
Felic-ia
Ace.
Ingeut-es
Ingent-ia
Voc.
Felic-es
Felic-ia
Voc.
Ingent-es
Ingent-ia
Abl.
Felic-ibus
Felic-ibus
Abl.
Ingent-ibus
Ingent-ibus
NUMERALS (up to 20)
I. unus.
II. duo.
III. tres.
IV. quattuor.
V. quinque.
VI. sex.
7. VII. septem.
8. VIII. octO.
9. IX. novem.
10. X. decern.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
11.
XI.
undecim.
12.
XII.
duodecim.
13.
XIII.
tredecim.
14.
XIV.
quattuordecim
15.
XV.
quindecim.
16.
XVI.
sedecim.
17.
XVII.
septendecim.
18.
XVIII.
duodeviginti.
19.
XIX.
undeviginti.
20.
XX.
viginti.
VERBS
95
THE VERB SUM. 'I Am'
Present Stem ES-
Present
Imperfect
Future Simple
I am.
I was.
I shall be.
Sing. 1.
Sum
eram
ero
2.
es
eras
eris
3.
es-t
erat
erit
Plur. 1.
sumus
eramus
erimus
2.
es-tis
eratis
eritis
3.
sunt
erant
erunt
Perfect Stem Fu-
Perfect and Aorist
Pluperfect
Future Perfect
I have been. I was.
/ had been.
/ shall have been.
Sing. 1.
Fu-i
fu-eram
fu-ero
2.
fu-isti
fu-eras
fu-eris
3.
fu-it
fu-erat
fu-erit
Plur. 1.
fu-imus
fu-erarnus
fu-erimus
2.
fu-istis
fu-eratis
fu-eritis
3.
f u-erunt oi^ -ere
fu-erant
f u-erint
96
VERBS
ACTIVE
Present Stem Tenses
Present
Imperfect
Future Simple
/ /oi-e, am loving,
.2
do hue.
/ was loving.
I shall love.
?n
Sing. 1.
A mo
ama-bani
ama-bo
be
2.
ama-s
ama-bas
ama-bis
o
3.
ama-t
ama-bat
ama-bit
O
Plur. 1.
ama-mus
ama-bamus
ama-bimus
-^
J
2.
ama-tis
ania-batis
ama-bitis
PJM
3.
ama-nt
ama-bant
ama-bunt
a
/ advise, am adcis-
o
ing, do advise.
/ was advising.
/ shall advise.
SiDg. 1.
Mone-6
mone-bam
mone-bo
'?
2.
mone-s
mone-bas
inone-bis
6
3.
mone-t
mone-bat
mone-bit
P
o
Plur. 1.
mone-mus
mone-bamus
mone-bimus
2.
mone-tis
mone-batis
mone-bitis
.0)
3.
mone-nt
mone-bant
moue-bunt
/ rule, am ruling,
d
.2
do rule.
/ was ruling.
/ shall rule
1
Sing. 1.
J{Qg-o
reg-ebam
reg-am
^fl
2.
reg-is
reg-ebas
reg-es
¥
3.
reg-it
reg-ebat
reg-et
Plur. 1.
regi-mus
reg-ebamus
reg-emus
.52
2.
reg-itis
reg-ebatis
reg-etis
H
3.
reg-unt
reg-ebant
reg-ent
a
I hear, am hear-
.2
ing, do hear.
/ was hearing.
/ shall hear.
1
Sing. 1.
Audi-o
audi-ebam •
audi-am
s
2.
audi-s
audi-ebas
audi-es*
6
3.
audi-t
audi-ebat
audi-et
r^
Plur. 1.
audi-mus
audi-ebamus
audi-emus
2.
audi-tis
audi-ebatis
audi-etis
pS
3.
audi-unt
audi-ebant
audi-ent
VERBS
VOICE
Perfect Stem Tenses
97
Pkbtbct and Ao^t
Plupkbtbct
Future Pxrfkgt
/ have loved. •
I loved.
/ had loved.
/ shall have loved.
Sing. 1.
amav-i
amav-eram
amav-ero
2.
amav-isti '
amav-eras
amav^ris
3.
amav-it
^mav-erat
amav-erit
Plur. 1.
amav-imus
amav-e ramus
amav-erimus
2.
amav-istis
amav-eratis
amav-eritis
3.
amav-erunt or -ere
amav-eraut
amav-erint
/ have advised.
I advised.
/ had advised.
/ shall have advised.
Sing. 1.
monu-i
monu-eram
monu-ero
2.
monu-isti
monu-eras
monu-eris
3.
monu-it
monu-erat
monu-firit
Plur. 1.
monu-imus
monu-eramus
monu-erimus
2.
monu-istis
monu-eratis
monu-eritis
3.
monu-erunt or -ere
monu-erant
monu-erint
I have ruled.
I ruled.
/ had ruled.
1 shall have ruled.
Sing. 1.
rex-i
rex-eram
rex-er5
2.
rex-isti
rex-eras
rex-eris
3.
rex-it
rex-erat
rex-erit
Plur. 1.
rex-imus
rex-eramus
rex-erimus
2.
rex-istis
rex-eratis
rex-eritis
3.
rex-erunt or -ere
rex-erant
rex-erint
/ have heard.
I heard.
I had heard.
/ shall have heard.
Sing. 1.
2.
3.
Plur. 1.
2.
3.
audiv-i
audiv-isti
audiv-it
audiv-imus
audiv-istis
audiv-erunt or -ere
audiv-eram
audiv-eras
audiv-erat
audiv-eramus
audiv-eratis
audiv-erant
audiv-ero
audiv-eris
audiv-erit
audiv-erimus
audiv-eritis
audiv-erint
98
VERBS
PASSIVE]
Present Stem Tenses
Present
Imperpbct
Future Simple
a
o
/ am being loved.
/ was being loved.
1 shall be loved.
'i
Sing. 1.
Amo-r
ama-bar
ama-bor
be
2
ama-ris or -re
ama-baris or -bare
aina-beris or -bere
G
3.
ama-tur
ama-batur
ama-bitur
6
Plur. 1.
ama-niur
ama-bamur
ama-bimur
t
2.
ama-mini
ama-bamini
ama-bimini
s
3.
ania-ntur
ama-bantur
ama-buntur
§
I am being advised.
/ was being advised.
/ shall be advised.
§) Sing. 1
Mone-or
mone-bar
mone-bor
p ■
'a*
2.
mone-ris or -re
inone-baris or -bare
mone-beris or -bere
8
3.
mone-tur
inoiie-batur
mone-bitur
x;
Plur. 1.
mone-mur
inone-bamur
mone-bimur
3
2
mone-mini
mone-bamini
mone-bimiui
eg
3.
mone-ntur
mone-bantiir
mone-buntur
I am being ruled.
/ was being ruled.
/ shall be ruled.
1)
Sing. 1.
Reg-or
reg-ebar
reg-ar
P
2.
reg-eris or -ere
reg-ebaris or- ebare
reg-eris or -ere
¥
3.
reg-itur
reg-ebatur
reg-etur
.1
Plur. 1.
reg-imur
reg-ebamur
reg-emur
2.
reg-imjni
reg-ebamiui
reg-emini
?
3.
reg-untur
reg-ebantur
reg-entur
d
o
'5
I am being heard.
/ was being heard.
/ shall be heard.
1
Sing. 1.
Audi-or
audi-ebar
audi-ar
a
2.
audi-ris or -re
audi-ebaris or -ebare
audi-eris or -ere
o
3
audi-tur
audi-ebatur
audi-etur
^
Plur. 1.
audi-mur
audi-ebamur
audi-emur
2.
audi-mini
audi-ebamini
audi-einini
^
3.
audi-untur
audi-ebantur
audi-entur
VERBS
VOICE
Supine Stem Tenses
99
Perfect and Aoeist
Pluperfect
Future Perfect
/ have been, I was,
iored.
/ had been loved.
/ shall have been
loved.
Siug. 1.
amat-U3 sum
amat-us eram
amat-us ero
2.
amat-us es
amat-us eras
amat-us eris
3.
a mat-US est
amat-us erat
amat-us erit
Plur. 1.
aniat-i sumus
amat-i eramus
an)at-i erimus
2.
amat-i estis
amat-i erat is
amat-i eritis
3.
amat-i sunt
amat-i erant
amat-i erunt
/ have been, I was,
advised.
/ had been advised.
/ shall have been
advised.
Sing. 1.
mon it-US sum
monit-us eram
monit-us ero
2.
monit-us es
monit-us eras
monit-us eris
3.
mon it-US est
monit-us erat
monit-us erit
Plur. 1.
monit-i sumus
monit-i eramus
monit-i erimus
2.
monit-i estis
monit-i eratis
monit-i eritis
3.
monit-i sunt
monit-i erant
monit-i erunt
/ have been, J was,
ruled.
/ had been ruled.
/ shall have been
ruled.
Siug. 1.
rect-us sum
rect-us eram
rect-us ero
2.
rect-us es
rect-us eras
rect-us eris
3.
rect-us est
rect-us erat
rect-us erit
Plur. 1.
rect-i sumus
rect-i eramus
rect-i erimus
2.
rect-i estis
rect-i eratis
rect-i eritis
3.
rect-i sunt
rect-i erant
rect-I erunt
/ have been, I was,
heard.
I had been heard.
/ shall have been
heard.
Sing. 1.
audit-US sum
audit-us eram
audit-us ero
2.
audit-US es
audit-US eras
audit-US eris
3.
audit-US est
audit-US erat
audit-us erit
Plur. 1.
audit-i sumus
audit-i eramus
audit-i erimus
2.
audit-i estis
audit-i eratis
audit-i eritis
3.
audit-i sunt
audit-i erant
audit-i erunt
SUMMARY OF RULES
1. The Subject of the Sentence is in the Nominative
Case (p. 24).
2. The Verb agrees with its Subject in Person and
Number (p. 24).
Obs. that when the Subject consists of two or more Nouns joined by
•and,' the Verb must be Plural (p. 36).
3. The Object of a Transitive Verb is in the Accus-
ative Case (p. 26).
Obs. that all the members of a compound object are in the Accus-
ative Case.
4. An Adjective agrees with its Noun in Gender,
Number, and Case (p. 38).
Obs. 1. — That it is not always true that the Adjective and Noun have
the same endings (p. 50).
Obs. 2. — That when an Adjective modifies two or more Nouns of
different Genders the Adjective agrees with the Masculine rather than with the
Feminine (p. 68).
Obs. 3. — The Substantive use of Adjectives (p. 70).
5. The Genitive Case is used to denote Possession
(p. 44).
6. The Complement with a Copulative Verb agrees
with the Subject (p. 54).
7. Instrument or Means is expressed by the Ablative
Case without a Preposition (p. 60). ... -^....^
f ^^ Of THE
UNIVERSITY
or
102 SUMMARY OF RULES
8. Personal Agent with a Passive Verb is expressed by
the Ablative Case with the Preposition ' a* or ' ab ' (p. 60).
Obs. 1. — That 'ab' is used before Vowels or Consonants, but *a' only
before Vowels and h (p. 61).
Obs. 2. — That * by a Thing' is Ablative of Means and ' b}^ a Person ' is
Ablative of Agent when the Verb is Passive.
9. An Appositive agrees in Case with the Noun which
it modifies (p. 64).
Obs. — Sometimes called a Noun in Apposition.
10. Accompaniment is expressed by the Ablative Case
with the Preposition ' cum ' (p. 72).
11. The Indirect Object of a Verb is put in the Dative
Case (p. 74).
Obs. — This use of the Dative is common with Verbs meaning to give,
to tell, and to show.
12. Motion towards a Person, Place, or Thing is ex-
pressed by the Accusative Case with the Preposition * ad '
or 4n ' (p. 74).
(With town-names and a few other words the Preposition is omitted.)
13. Place 'where' or 'in which' is expressed by the
Ablative Case with the Preposition ' in ' (p. 76).
(Town-names and a few other words require a different Case.)
14. Time 'when' is expressed by the Ablative Case
(p. 78).
15. Time 'how long' is expressed by the Accusative
Case (p. 78).
(Sometimes called Duration of Time.)
16. Two Nouns joined by 'quam' (than) must be in
the same Case (p. 84).
Obs.-^ln making a Comparison between two Nouns 'quam ' (than) may-
be omitted ; but the second of the two Nouns must then be put in the Ablative
Case.
VOCABULARY
Nouns. — The Nomhiative Singular, the Genitive Singular, and
the Gender are given. The Declension is known from the ending of
the Genitive.
Declensions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Genitives
-ae
i
-I»
-us
-Ii
Adjectives. — Adjectives like bonus, niger, or tener have the three termi-
nations of Nominative Singular given. Most other Adjectives are referred
to their types.
Verbs. — The First Person Singular of the Present and the Con-
jugation of all Verbs are given. The Perfect and Supine are also given
when they are not regular, and the Present Stem of the First Conjugation
is given (in parentheses). The Stem is marked off from the termination
by a hyphen, thus :
Present Perfect Supine
Mitt-o, mis-i, miss-um
LATIN-ENGLISH
aedifico (aedijicd-), (1), to build.
ae-ger, -gra, -grum, sick.
alt-US, -a, -Mm, high, deep.
amic-uSy -i, m. a friend.
ann-us, -i, m. a year.
aqu-a, -ae, f . water.
arc-uSj -us, m. a bow.
au-ddx, -ddcis, bold [Vikei felix) .
av-is, -is, f. a bird.
br^v-is, -e, short.
Caes-ar, -dris, m. Caesar (a name).
Cai-us, -I, m. Cains (a name).
canto (cantd-), fl), to sing.
raptiv-us, -i, m. a captive.
carmen, carmln-is, n. a song.
cdr-Hs, -a,-um,, dear.
civ-is, -is, m. a citizen.
claud-o, claus-if c/aus-nm, (3), to shut.
contend-o, contend-l, (3), to march.
culpo {culpa-), (1), to blame.
curr-us, -Us, m. a chariot.
custodi-o, (4), to guard.
Didn-a, -ae, f. Diana (a goddess).
ddce-o, ddcu-i, ddct-um, (2), to teach.
don-um, -i, n. a gift.
duc-o, dux-i, duct-um, (3), to lead.
dur-us, -a, -um, hard.
dulc-is, -e, sweet.
Spist6l-a, -ae, f. a letter.
erudi-o, erudi -i, erudit-um, (4), to
instruct.
^t, and.
exercit'us, -Us, m. an army.
104
VOCABL LARY — LATIN-ENGLISH
fact-um, -I, n. a deed.
/i/f-ns, -t, m. a son.
Jiuinen,jfluinin-is, n. a river.
furUus, -us, m. a wave.
fort-is, brave (like tristis).
f ranged, freg-l, frdct-um, (3), to break.
Gall-US, -I. m. a Gaul.
g^r-d,gess-t, gest-um, (3), to carry on.
grac-is, heavy (like tristis).
hast-a, -ae, f. a spear.
host-is, -is, m. an enemy.
hoj'-a, -ae, f. an hour.
igndv-us, -a, -um, idle.
tmp^di-o, (4), to hinder.
impird-tor, -toris, m. a general.
ira, -ae, f . anger.
Itali-a, -ae, f. Italy.
iucund-us^ -a, -um, pleasant.
Ixdia, -ae, f. Julia.
lapis, lapid-is, m. a stone.
laudo {laudd-), (1), to praise.
Lentul-us, -i, Lentulus (a name).
led, leon-is, m. a lion,
lex, leg-is, f. a law.
liber, libr-i, m. a book.
long-US, -a, -um, long.
mdgn-us, -a, -um, great.
viane-o, mdns-i, mdns-um, (2), to
remain.
man-US, -us, f. a hand.
mSli-or, -oris, better (compar. bonus),
mens-a, -ae, f. a table.
me-us, -a, -um, my, mine.
miles, mllit-is, m. a soldier.
mis-er, -^ra, -Srum, wretched.
miit-o, mis-i, mias-um, (3), to send.
monstro (monstrd-), (1), to show.
mdve-o, mov-l, mot-um, (2), to move.
mult-usy -a, -um, much, many.
muni-o, (4), to fortify.
mur-us, -I, m. a wall.
ndv-is, -is, f. a ship.
nos-ter, -tra^ -trum, our, ours.
nunquam, never (adv.).
nuntio [nuntid-), (1), to announce,
declare.
nunti-us -i, m. a messenger.
occid-o, occid-i, occis-fim , (3), to kill,
slay.
dnus, onSt^is, n. a burden.
omn-is, all (like trisfs).
0}ipid-um, -I. n. a touii.
oppugno (opjmt/nd-), (Ij, to attack,
assault.
djms, op€r-is, n. a work
parv-us, -a, -um, small, little.
pater, patr-is, m. father.
patri-a, -(le, f. country, fatherland.
port-a, -ae, f . a gate.
porto (porld-) (1), to carry.
prim-us, -a, -um, first.
proxim-us, -a, -um, next.
pnell-a, -ae, f. a girl.
pUgno {pugnd-), ( 1), to fight.
pnl-cher, -chra, -chriun, beautiful.
pdui-o, (4), to punish.
regin-a, -ae, f. a queen.
rex, reg-is, m a king.
rdgo [rogd), (1), to ask.
Rom-a, -ae; f Kome.
rot-a, -ae, f. a wheel.
sdgitt-a, -ae, i. an arrow.
sdlto (saltd-), (1), to dance.
sapi-ens, -entis (like ingens), wise.
scrib-d,scrlps-i, script-um, (3), to write.
sd'cund-us, -a, -um, second.
s^de-o, sed-i, sess-um, (2), to sit.
serv-us, -I, m, a slave.
silv-a, -ae, f. a wood, forest.
sdr-or, -oris, f. a sister.
tel-um, -I, n. a dart, Aveapon.
templ-um, -I, n. a temple.
tSne-o, (2), to hold.
terre-o, (2), to frighten.
time-o, (2), to fear.
timid-US, -a, -um, timid.
trist-is, sad, sorrowful.
turr-is, -is, f. a tower.
tu-us, -a, -um, thy, thine, your, yours.
urbs, urb-is, f. a city.
Hfil-is, useful (like tristis).
relax, veloc-is, swift {like /elix),
vent-US, -i, m. wind.
verb-um, -i, u. a word.
VOCABULARY — LATIN- ENGLISH
105
vtde-d, vid-i, vls-um, (2), to see.
innc-o, vic-i, vtcUum, (3), to coDquer.
vdco [vocd-)^ (1), to call.
vdlo {void-), (1), to fly.
vox, I'dc-ls, f. a voice.
vuln^ro (vulnerd-), (1), to wound.
ENGLISH-LATIN
all, omn-is (like tristls).
and, et.
anger, ir-a, -ae, f.
announce (to), nuntio (nuntid-), (1).
army, exercit-uSy -ms, m.
arrow, sagitt-a, -ae, f.
ask (to), rdyd {rogd-)^ (1).
attack (to), oppugno (oppugnd-), (1).
beautiful, pul-cher, -chra, -chrum.
better, m€lior, melioris.
bird, du-is, -is, f.
blame (to), culpo [culpd-], (I).
bold, auddx, auddc-is (like felix).
book, liber, libr-i.
bow, arc-US, -us.
brave, yoj'^is (like trlstis).
break (to), frang-o, freg-i, frdct-um,
(3).
build (to), aedlfico {aedijicd-), (I).
burden, dnus, oni^r-is, n.
Caesar, Caesar, Caesar-is, m.
Caius, Cai-us, -I, m.
call (to), vScd {vocd-), (1).
captive, captw-us, -i, m.
carry (to), porta (porta-), (1).
carry on (to), g^r-o, gess-i, gest-um,
(3).
chariot, curr-us, -ds, m.
citizen, civ-is, -is, m.
city, urbs, urb-is, f.
conquer (to), vinc-o, vic-i, vlct-um, (3).
country, patri-a, -ae, f.
dance (to), salto (saltd-), (1).
dart, tel-um, -l, n.
dear, cdr-us, -a, -um.
declare (to), nuntid {nuntid-), (1).
deed, /acf -Mm, -i, n.
deep, alt-us, -a -um.
Diana, Didn-a, -ae, f.
enemy, host-is, -is, m.
father, pater, patr-is, m.
fear (to), tlme-o, (2).
fight {to), pugno {pugnd-), (1).
first, prim-us, -a, -um.
fly (to), vdlo {void-), (I),
forest, silv-n, -ae, f.
fortify (to), muni-o, (4).
friend, amic-us, -i, m.
frighten (to), terre-o, (2).
gate, port-a, -ae, f .
Gaul (a), Gall-US, -I, m.
general, imperdtor, imperdtdr-is, m.
gift, don-um, -i, n.
girl, puell-a, -ae, f .
great, mdgn-us, -a, -um.
guard, custodi-o, (4).
hand, man-us, -us, f.
hard, dur-us, -a,-um.
heavy, grav-is (like tristis).
high, alt-US, -a, -um.
hinder (to), impSdi-o, (4).
hold (to), /^/je-o, (2).
hour, hdr-a,-ae, f.
idle, igndu-us, -a, -um.
instruct (to), erudi-o, (4).
Italy", Ttdli-a, -ae, f.
Julia, luli-a, -ae.
kill (to), occid-o, occid-l, occis-um, (3).
king, rear, reg-is, m.
law, /er, /eig'-?**, f.
lead (to), duc-o, dux-l, duct-um, (3).
Lentulus, Lentul-us, -l, m.
letter, ^pistdl-a, -ae, f.
lion, /fo, leon-is, m,
little, parv-us, -a, -um.
long, long-US, -a, -um.
many, mult-us, -a, -um.
march (to), contend-o, contend-i, (3).
messenger, ndnti-us, -i, m.
move (to), mOve-o, mov-i, mot-am, (2).
my, mine, me-us, -a, -um.
106
VOCABULARY — ENGLISH -LATIN
never, nunquam (also numquam).
next, proxim-us, -a, -um,
our, noster, nostra ^ nostrum.
pleasant, iucund-usy -a, -urn.
praise (to), laudo {landd-), (1).
punish {to), puni-o, (4).
queen, regin-a, -ae, f.
remain (to), m&ne-o, nidns-i,mdns-um,
Rhine, Bhenus, -i, m. [ (2).
riyer, Jiu7nen,Jiumin-is, n.
Rome, Rom-a, -ae, f.
sad, tnstis.
sea, mar-By -is, n.
second, s^cund-us, -a, -um.
see (to), vide-o, vid-i, vis-um, (2).
send (to), mitt-o, mis-i, ?niss-um, (3).
ship, ndr-is, -is, f.
short, br^vis (like trlstis).
show (to), monstro {mdnstrd-)^ (1).
shut (to), claud-o, claus-l^ claus-um,
.(3).
sick, aeger, aegi'a, aegrum.
sing (to), canto (cantd-), (1).
sister, sdror, sordr-is,'i.
sit (to), s^de-o, sed-i, sess-um, (2).
slave, serv-us, -i, m.
slay (to), occid-o, occid-i, occis-um,
(3).
small, parv-us, -a, -uw.
soldier, miles, miltt-is, m.
son,Jlli-us, 1-, m.
song, carmen, carmin-is, n.
sorrowful, tristis.
spear, hast-a, -ae, f.
stone, lapis, lapid-is, m.
sweet, dulc-is (like tristis).
swift, ve/ox, veloc-is {Vikejelix).
table, mens-a, -ae, f.
teach (to) ddce-o, ddcu-i, ddct-um, (2).
temple, templ-um, -i, n.
tender, tener, -a, -um.
thy, thine, tu-us, -a, -um.
timid, tlinXd-us, -a, -um.
tower, turr-is, -is, i.
town, oppid-um, -i, n.
useful, ulll-is (like tristis),
voice, vox, voc-is, f.
wall, mur-us, -i, m.
water, dqu-a, -ae, f.
yf2i\Q,Jiuct-us, -us, m.
wheel, rdt-a, -ae, f.
wind, vent-US, -i, m.
wise, sapiens, sapient-is (like ingens).
wood (a), silv-a, -ae, f.
word, verb-um, -i, n.
work, dpus, opSr-is, n.
wound (to), vuhi^ro {vulnerd-), (1).
wretched, miser, misera, mtserum.
write (to), scrib-o, sciips-i, sciipt-um,
(3).
year, ann-us, -t, m.
your, tti-us, -a, -um (speaking to one
person) ; vester, vestra, vestrum
(speaking to more than one).
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW
AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS
WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN
THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY
WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH
DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY
OVERDUE.
SEP 14 m^
fEB 27 J942
1 1942
tM^-
OCT 3 I94g
U-
IWAH 311943
APR 14 1943
<f^W
4^
--^«
\JAN2 2 1955L(J
LD 21-100w-8,'34
ID m I 70
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