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I- LIJ 1

Sracbacti flollrge libracg

fJUtJiXlL JtrcLtZtf <n ^^-^ici

THE

riyazu-s-sa;laTIn.

A HISTORY OF BENGAL

QBULAM HUSAIN SALlM.

TRANSTiATRD FROM TBS ORIGrNAI< PBRRIAN

MAULA.VI ABDUS SALAM, M.A.,

BKNOAL mOVlirClAL CITIL 8CETICB, MBMBBR OP TUB ASIATIC AOCIBTT OF
BBTTOAT., AUTflOB OF TBAKSL1TI0K8 OF UBFI AMD 8ni*NA8B-t-EAHUBl.

FASC. 1.

CALCUTTA:

FR1NTBD AT TRB BAPTI8T MISSION PRBS8, AND PUBI.IRIUD BT
THB ASIATIC SOCIBTT, 57, PABB BTRBBT. .

1902.

PREFACE.

" And now shall India's paroquets on sugar revel all,
In this sweet Persian sugarcandj that is borne to far BengaL**

ffafia to Saltan Ghiasa-d-din, King of Bengal.

The History of Bengal cannot fail to be of special inierest
not only to Hindus and Masalmans in Bengal^ bat aUo io
Englishmen^ in that Bengal formed the foandation-stone of
the glorions fabric of Empire in Asia that England was de8«
tined in sabseqaent years to rear on the wreck of the mighty
Empire of the 'Great Mogal/ Yet Histories of Bengal are
very few. From the Mahammadan side, thoagh there are plenty
of General Histories of India^ containing incidental ref erenoes
to Bengal^ or dealing with particular periods of it^ there is no
general or comprehensive History of Bengal, save and except
the Riy4^n-s-SaIfttin. From the European side, the ovij
standard History of Bengal is Stewart's History, but this last,
too, whilst mainly based on the Riyftfi, incorporates also tlie
less reliable accounts from Feri^ta. To appreciate the his-
torical value and position of the Riyl](, I need only quote the
opinions of two eminent Orientalists. ** The Riyft{u-s-SaUtin/'
says the late Professor Blochmann who laboured so largely
for the Asiatic Society of Bengal, '' is much prised as being
the fullest account in Persian of the Muhammadan History of
Bengal, which the author brings down to his own time (1786-
88) *' ; whilst Dr. Hcernle observes in a letter to me : *' The
Riyft{ is a Standard History of Bengal, is continually quoted
by Mr. Blochmann in his ' Contributions to the History and
Gteography of Bengal * in the Journals of the Asiatic Society
Mr. Blochmann strongly recommended that it should be
translated, and, therefore, the book is one which deserves
being translated and published by the Asiatic Society.''

Whilst fully sensible of the honour conferred upon me by

• • •

A respectful tribute of mournful acknowledgment is due

to the memory of my lamented wife, Hyatunnissa Begam,

who often sat up by me during progress of this work^ and

sustained me in my labours.

ABDUS SALAM.
Obissa, Cuttack:

23rd May, 1903.

P.S. — I had hoped to add to this work an Appendix deal*
ing with the social, economic and political condition of the
people in Bengal under each period of Moslem Rule ; but for
this (though I have collected some materials) at present I com-
mand neither the requisite leisure nor the full critical
apparatus. The foot-notes will, however, it is hoped, giye
the reader some idea of the culture and civilisation that pre-
vailed in Bengal under the Moslems, of their system and
methods of administration, of their policy in adding to the
physical comforts of the people, and in improving their in-
tellectual, social and ethical ideals.

A. 8.
Barisal, Backbboumjb :

17ih November, 1903.

RIYA^U-S-SALATIN, OR A HISTORY OP BENGAL.

0ONTBNT8.

Pag0.
Preface by ibe Translator ..• ... ... I to Hi

Oootenta ••• ... ... ... ... ▼tozziil

CBmlam Hntain 8alim*a Preface ... ... ... ... 1

IntrodnotioB : Seotion I ... ... ... ... 7

Boandariee aad enyirona of Bengal — Frontiera of Moalem Bengal
— Berenne — Standing armj — Tiprab — Knob Bebar — Ksmmp—
Arrakan— Pegn^ Oriaaa.
Introdociion i Section II ... ... ... ... 19

Oertain featnrea of Bengal — Mytbologioal traditiona— Origin of tbe
name of ' Bangalab '— Phjaical aapecta — Prodnoe^Obaracter of tbe
people^Land-Berenae^Food of tbe people — Tbeir dreaa— Mode
of liTing^Modea of traTelling — Mannfaotorea — Natural reao ur oe a
— Fmitery — Riyera.
Introdnction t flection III ... ... ..• ... 24

Towna and Citiea in Bengal — Oity of Lakbnanti or Ganr or Jinnata-
bad — lfint>towna in Bengal dnring tbe earlj Moalem Kinga —
Oity of Mnrthidabad— Peru of Hngli and Satgaon — Oity of
Calcntta^-O^andanagore, Ohintnrab and Swmmpore City of
Pomtab—Oity of Dacca or Dhaka, or Jahangfmagar — Oity of
Bnnargaon — QJiittagong or Qjj^atgaon or lalamabad — Sarkar Bogla
— Baagpor and Gboragbai— Sarkar Mabmodabad— Sarkar Bar-
bakabad— Sarkar Basnba— Sarkar Snbal or Sylbet— Sarkar
gh^rifabad— Sarkar Madaraa— Akbamagar or Bajmabat— Maldab
— Sbrine of 8h»k Jallal Tabriii— Manaolenm of tbe Saint, Nor
Qutba-l«Alam— Bngliab aHk and cotton factory in Maldab —
Bngtiab Indigo factory at Goamalti near Ganr— Note on the
Sarkaraor Diatricta of Bengal by the Traaalator.
Introduction t Section lY ••• ... ... ... 47

Bole of tbe Hindn Obiefa or Baiin orer Bengal— Bafah Bbagirat of
tbe Sfaatri caate— Naj Gpnriab of tbe Kyeatb caate— Adiaor
Kyeetb^Bbnpal Kyeatb— Snkb Sen Kyeatb— Snkb Sea Boido
— Ballal Sen— Lakbraan Sen— Madbn Sen— Kaian Sen-^Sada
Sen — NanJ — Bajab Lakbmania, aon of Lakbmaa- Nadia, tbe
Hinda aeatof Goremment in Bengal, nnder BaJab Lakbmania
— Obaraoter of BaJab Lakbmania— Domination of certain Hindn '
Bala or Obiefa in Bengal— Bi^iab SnraJ^Hindna originally

liahaa moaquaa, ooUegaa, BtodBota' boatoU, tr«*«llenr rsa^hoaaMi
aod militvy oot-poaiai iatrodooe* coipkga of moaty, and ood*

ilruolB other pablio worka, luoli as embaiikineiita, n»da bridgM
oU).~-BB|^ti*r Kbilji •enili> an expeditioD DDclar his LisatanauC,
Hubamtnad gliiru, to invado Jaja&gar (Uriaaa), and bimMlf
loula an eipaditiuD Ui Tibat (or Tibet)— Tbs eipodition to Tibat
(Titwl) u diaaatroal railuro— Treachor^ of tbe Ilajab of Kamrop
(VVMtvru Aaaani)— From bamilialioa, Dal^itiBr Kbilji diea at Uoo-
oot« (UeTkol), aoutU of Diiiaj pur— Malik 'Aiu-d-diu Khiiji aac-
oeedi Uak^liar Khiiji— Rnle at All Hardan Khilji-Eule uf Gbiaan.
d-diu Khiiji— Bultiin Qatbu-d-din Jim nhilat plafing al polo in
Laboce, and Koipetor Aram tiliab inooeedi him — <lliia»n-d-dia
obUuiu in 620 A II. rrom Iho Calipb (Khalifa) of Hacbdad •
puiilificial patent rocogniiing the Uoalem aorereign of Bengal

VII

■moDgik the Motlem hierarohj of tbe world — Freo oommeiciftl
intorooono bj tea between the M ntalniftns along the eea-boArd of
Bengal ead the Aimbe of the eea-porte of Beerah and Baghdad —
Bmperor Altame^ from Delhi inTadet Bengal in 622 A.H.—
(ftiatn-d-din eziende hie Bengal Kingdom orer Jajnagar (Orina),
Bang (Baai Bengal), Kammd or Kammp (Weeiem Aeaam), and
Tirhot — CBiiaan«d-din ettablishei motqaes» poblio halls, ete^—
Saltan Naaira*d-din, ion of Bmperor Aliam|h, fromDelhi InTadee
Bengal in 624 A.H., kills ^{aea-d-din, and enooeedt io the rule
OTer Bengal, with the approval of hie father, Bmperor Alta»|^ —
Bole of SnUan Nasim-d-din, ion of Bmperor Altamf^ — HoMamn-
d-din Khil{i— In 627 A.H., Bmperor Altamfb from Delhi again
invadee Lakhnaoti, defeats and oaptores Hnssamn-d-din Qilji* and
bestows the VioeroTaltj of Bengal on Alan-d-din |^an — Bole of
Alao-d-din Khan — Role of 8aifo-d-dtn Tork — Role of Itso-d-din
Tofhan Khan — Bmpress Rasiah asoends the throne of Delhi—
Saltan Moisoddin Bahram Bhi^h asoends the Imperial throne
of Delhi— Saltan Alao-din socoeeds Bahram 8b>b— Tagfaan Khan
meets Iflnhajo-s-SiraJ aothor of the splendid Persian historj,
Tahaqat'i'Nap/rif and brings the latter to LaUinaoti as his gnest —
TogiianQan (with him being Minhajo-s-Siraj) invades Jajnagar
(Orissa), storms the fort of Baktasan or Katasan— Fightings
between the Rajah of Orissa or Jajnagar and the Mosalmans—
Lakhnanti invaded by the Ooryias— Rale of Malik Qorabeg
Tamar U^aa — Bmperor Nasiro-d-din llahmfid (son of Bmperor
Altamsh) entrasts the Vioerojaltj of LaUinaoti to Malik Jalalo-d-
dhi i^an— Rale of Malik Ja1alo-d-din ]^an— Role of Arsalaa
Qan— Role of Mohammad Tatar Khan — Bmperor Balban as-
oends the Imperial thrOne of Delhi (664 A.H.) — Bmperor Balban
appoints Tof^ral to the Yioeroyaltj of Lakhnaoti — Role of To^pml
Bomamed Soltan Ma^iso-d-din— To^ral's character — ^Togkral
invades Jajnagar (Orissa), Oodh and Kammp (Western Assam)
soeeees f olly, and proclaims independence— Bmperor Balban from
Delhi invades Bengal and defeats Ta^ral at a place near Sonar'
gaon in the Dacca district, and in 681 A.H. confers the throne of
Bengal on his (the Bmperor's) own son, Boghra Khan, who is
henoaforth styled Soltan Nasira-d-din— Bag]|ra B|an, the first of
a soccession of Balbani Kings who roled over Bengal, and held
their coort mostly at Sonargaon, near Dhaka or Dacca — Role of
Bo^ra E^an — Bmperor Balban's parting advice to his son Ba|j|ra
Khan indicative of an exalted ideal of kingly doties and res-
ponsibilities cherished by this great I odo- Moslem Bmperor —
Bmperor Balban dies in 686 A.H., and is socceeded by Soltan
Moiso-d-din Kaiqobad (son of Bog^ra Khan, somamed Soltan
Hasini«d-din)— Dissensions between Nasiraddin and his 100, Bm«

uothar at Sycd Alao-a-din Hiualn B])>1> ("ItK ■ brUf br«>k)
raigo dnriog this period — Seign of &ult*o F>kbra'd-din — Baign

»f &iil|»ii All Mubarik, auruameil AUu-d-diii— lisigu of Hnji \[jm,
lurnauiod Sullmi ail'^'oiu-'i-dlii— lluii llyua eiluii<li hia neaUirii
troDtiora ai far a« Beaarea. aud fi.uudi Uajiijur in Bohar-Um-
pumr Firui ghah Tueliluk aiigcuoda lu tlia throne of Delhi, and
iiiTadoi Lakhiiauti in 764 A. 11. and reacbui I'anduah iu Ilia
Maldah diattial— SulUu Khauiiu-ddiu rtitirua to Ihu fort ut
Ekdalah— Nolo bj Iha Traiialiitoc uii [ha lita of Kkdiilah—Nutu bj
Ibe TrauaWor un llio Briil iJoriKal uipuditioa of Krnperor [^irui
yhah Tii(J)l<ik— The pntronDuinl of llaji llyua, uauinl gb^ikL
Uajah Uiraliaiii. diea-lUioa aol iu, and Kmporor Firm gljuh
ra lira* from llongal, withoul nobiSTiug lucoaaa— Taaoo |iroolaimud
betwcea Bmparor Ficai 61)a^ ■■■d Bbamau-d-dia— Eeinn of

Pag$,
SilnncUur S|Ah— Bmperor Firm fihal^ To|^1ak't leoond Bengal
expedition in 760 A.H. (I860 A.O.)— The Bmperor withdnwi
wiihont ftobieTing anything deoisiTe -Noie by the Trantlator on
Bmperor Finn £Qiah's eecond Bengal expedition, inclading hie
maroh to Oritta and his hunting in ite foreete— Bikandar ^tih
bnilde the Adinah Moeqne at Pandnah— Dialogne between Bikandar
Shah and hia Qneen— Battle between Bikandar Shah and his eon,
liktaen-d-din at Qoalpara, near Jaffargange in the Dhaka or
Daooa diatriot— Bikandar 8hah defeated and killed— Beign of
Qbiaen-d-din— 8ul(an Gbiaan-d-din inTitee the immortal Persian
poet, Hefis, to hie Conrt at Bnnargaon— Hafii exoneee himself,
bnt sends a lyrio — GBiiasn-d-din*s Oonrt at Snnargaon an asylnm for
ihe learned and the ooltnred— Saltan Gbiasn-d-din lies bnried at
Sonargaon — Remarkable Jadioial integrity of the Jndge Qaai
Sirajn-d-din, and law-abiding nature of the king l^nltan Gbiasa*
d-din — Beign of Baifn-d-din Baltann-s-Saliitin— Beign of 8hamsa-d-
din — Usurpation of llajah Kfins, Zamindar — Raja Kans aims at the
extirpation of Islam from Bengal— Dauntless behsTiour of one of
the Musalman 'Ulama, named 8b*^^kh Hadrol Islam— The saint,
Nur Qotbu-l-'Alam, iuTites OTor to Bengal 8oli;an Ibrahim Qhiurqi,
King of Jaunpur, to pot down Bajah Kans— Soltan Ibrahim
(aooompanied by an eminent scholar, Qasi Qhi^babu-d-din) oomes
to Bengal, and arrlTes in Panduah — BaJah Kans terrified asks
the saint's forgiTsness and offers his son Jado as a oonTsrt to
Islam, and himself abdicates in favour of his son— The saint ap-
peased — Jado assumes the name of Jallalu-d*din— The saint now
asks Bulfcan Ibrahim to withdraw, as to fight against a Musalman
king was unlawful under the Moslem Law or BKoro^Parley be-
tween the saint and Qasi Sh^Abu-d-din— Sultan Ibrahim, annoyed
and Texed, withdraws to Jaunpur — Bajah Kans displaces Sultan
Jallalu-d-din, and re-asoends the throne, and renews oppressions
on Mosalmans— 8haiUi Anwar, son of the saint, Nur Qutbu-1-Alam
— Sb<^iUi Zahid, nephew of Sh'^ikh Anwar — BaJah Kans banishes
Bb^kb Anwar and Qhaikh Zahid to Snnargaon— Qhaikh Anwar kill-
ed by BaJah Kans— Rajah Kans the same day diea— Reign of Sultan
Jallalu-d-din son of Raja Kans— In Sultan Jallalu-d-din's reign, peo-
ple happy and oomfortable— The city of Panduah becomes very popu-
lous — Jallalu-d-din builds at Qaur a Mosque, a Bessrroir, the Jallali
tank and caraouaMrai— Jalla1u-d-din remoTes the capital from Pan-
duah to Gaur — Jallalu-d-din's taausoleum at Panduah— Beign of
Ahmad Qhah, son of JaUalo-d-din— Ahmad Shi^b proves a tyrant,
and is killed— Reign of Nasir K^an, the slaTO— Reign of Nasir 8b«b
a grand-son of Soltan Shamin-d-din, and restoration of the Ilyas
Qhahi dynasty in Bengal- Nasir Sh<»b just and liberal, and the
people under him happy — Nasir Sh^ builds the fort and other

Bliulf Ifati haadi tba popiilu partj— People at Baag»1 poiMMod
or poKtioal lira end itrsogth— Uodem inoDaTchis* itriotlj ooa-

■titutioiial, aud tba ponoi* u( Milium loiuroiguB itriutly legulnted
Bill] lituiMd by tlia 3hura ue tlul.am<iiaclai> Uw, wlio.e ei|>uuiidurs
irero tlie Uliiinrt ur tliu lluJ/ u( tlii liOurueJ— Civil war proves
■uii){iiii>ary— UiiialTar Sli.li kMnil. uad Sjed Iluiain gliurif UuJiJ
KUiii* tlie ltui.,{'il ihroiiu— Miiiuflai- Slii.b'ii inutKiuu at, Uaur—
ltui|;i. uf Al'iU'd-diii fiyt^.l lluitBii> Slanr Uuli-Aluu-d-diu'a ii.uiiu
ODcoiiia and iiiacripliuni is ' Alau-d.dhi Abul Uuiaffnr lluiaiii
Sbal, '— Ni.lH by ll,a TtKi.alalur on Aluu-d-din IIuhhih Sliali —
Hu»ir. tlbab <.riiv«. oa hi. advrntuier in HeoKal, and aettl... al
Qbaiidpur— I'rotuBSOr btwIiQiauD ideiitifloB Qtl>'>d|>ur in iiaoiliuii
tiuur Alaipur ur ' Alau-d ilni'a Uiwii ' uii Ihu llbiiiruU, eaal ur
Kl'ulna (rvrmerly in J.aaors or Jbb&t), hi the place where llie

Page,
Haaaifi QhAhi dyiiMiy of Bengal Moilom indlspenclent' kingi had ite
adopted homo-^Hatain Q^ah first obtained power in the district of
Faridpar or Fnthalmd where his first coins were stmok — Hnsain
6h^'* *oti, Nasrat ^nh, erected a mint-town at Khftlifatahad
for Bagerhat, formerly in the Jessore or Jnsar district): — Names
o^ Hnsain Qhah, his brother Ynsaf 8hnh, and his son,
Nasrat Shah and Mahmad Sh^^h, fonnd in connection with several
pargannahs of Jessore or Jfisnr district— Hnsain Shfth " the Good "
still remembered from the frontiers of Orissa to the Brahma-
putra— Hosein ^k)\ eitends his empire into Orissa, Assam, and
Ohittagong, and reigns orer all North Behar and all Sooth Behar,
up to the limits of. Sarkar Monghyr (Mongir) where his son,
Prince Danyal, erects a Tanlt over the shrine of Pir Nnfa-— Hosain
8h*h builds a Onthedral Mosqae at Mnfihain (in Dncca district),
where there is still an old colony of Mnsalmans — The Uneaini
djnnsty consisting of four kings reigned OTcr Bengal for forty-
fonr yours — Rich people in Bengal nsc plates of gold— Hnsain
Qiah disbands the Paths, and expels the Abysslninns from Bengal
•v^Hosahi fih^h remores his seat of QoTemmcnt to Kkdalah which
adjoins the City of Oanr — Hnsain 8h*^h, being himself of a noble
stock, employs nnmeroas Syeds, Hngbals and Affh'^ns of noble
^ families in his serTice in Bengal— Hnsain ^%h Appoints efficient.
District Officers, and secores thorongh peace iit Bengal —
Hnsain Qhnh subjugates Rajahs of the enrirons up to Orissa,
conquers Assam, Kammp and Kamtah— Hnsain Qhah's first
QoTernor of Western Astsm or Kammp was his own son. Prince
Danyal, who was followed by Musunder CBiaii. who was succeeded
by Sultan Gbiasn-d-din, who introduced a colony of Muhammadans
hito Asnm — Rnjahs Rup Narain, llal Kunwar, Gasa Lakhan and
Laohmi Narain subdued — Hnsain Qh^h builds numerous mosques
and rest-homes in Bengal, as well as numerous Madrassahs or
Golleges— Hnsain Qh^h confers numerous gifts of lands etc, on
saints and scholars — For the maintenance of the Rest-house in
connection with the shrine of the saint Nnr Qutbu-1-alaro,
Hnsain Qhi^h endowed scTeral Tillage— Husain Qh'^h'a character
— Amongst the soTCi^igns of Bengal, none equal to Husain ,
Bhi^^'Traoes of Husain dh*h*s beneficence known widely—
Sultaa Husain Bharqi, a refngee at the Oonrt of Husain Sh^h —
Emperor Babar's InTasion of India, towards the end of Husain
8h>^'> reign— Reign of Nasrat Qhi^h, son of A1an-d-din Hnsain
Siiah— Nasrat 8h*h or Natib 8h<^h a wise and Just and an effi-
cient forereign— Nasrat Qb^h re-conquers Ohittagong, subdues
Tirhut and Hajipur, and holds temporary sway oTcr Aiimgarh.
in the N. W. Pixmnce— Hajipur long the head-quarters of the
Btngal Qoremora of Behar — Bmperor Babar conquers Hindustan

Khfcn okptoraa Qmor — 61|w ^^ui nuraha* to Q»nr, and ba-
oomM inMtar of Bengil— BoUmn Unhmad Bli'l> armiU tha
Cathedral Uoique aL Sadullapur, a qaaitor of Gnor — Kmporor
Unmayun puiliea througli tho pausa of Teliagadbj and
SaliHgBU-JaUl Kh^n *»•' Kh"" iUl>D retrent ta Gaar to
Qher Khan— U'h mud giiah, tlio Inst independanl Mngalinan biug
of Bengal, dies at Kahlgaon or ColgQng — Sljet Khap, on Emperor
Ilumnyuii'i appruacL, retire! fram Itengal lowardi Die Lilli of
Jharkutd or Cliutia Nag pur— Emperor Humaj un capture* Qaur,
names it Jinnntabad, introduce* the yoEhal Imperial t^ulba and
coin, and tialti at Oaur for tlireo montha— Owing to liadueaa of
climate of Qaur, umay Uneiiiil aoldisri periali— Sher Khaa with
Ilia AtghBD auldieta marcLea from JLarliand or ChuU Nagpar
to the fort lit Bobtas, oapturoa it, aud al«a aarpriaoa

XUl

Ptig€.
lloDghjr (Mangir) — Newi of Miria Hindttl*t rebellion reoeired
bj Bmperor Hamajon, who marohei beok io Agra, leeTing
JahMigir Qoli Beg m the Mnij^l (Jorernor of Gear end eapporied
by Ibrahim Beg with five thonaand oanklrj — ffiier Khan re-
oaptnree Qaor, aeeenda the throne of Bengal and aaanmee the
title of 8her ^9h — Qber 8hah, a great etateeman, a benoTolent
eoTereign and a eplendid general — His fleoal ref er im fflier Qb^^b
beetowa jagin, 4ltamgha§, and Madad^uMoih for the rapport of
eeholara and eainte— Hia Armj reformer— Hie pnblio worka—
Hit rigorons administration of Jnstioe— People enjoj perfect
seenritj of life and property— Peace condnded between Imperor
Hnmaynn and filler ^^h, Bengal, together with the fort of
Rohtas being left in the possession of Sbw 8bi^~8hw 6hi^ ■nd-
denly attacks Bmperor Homayon at Ohansa. and defeats the latter
— Shor 8hi^ rednoes Bengal and Behar to subjection — Shaikh Sh^^
patron -saint of fOk^^ fihah^fih^r Sh^h leaTCs S^isr Qan as hia
Goremor of Bengal, and marches to Agra — ^w Qh^b again
defeats Bmperor Hnmaynn at KanaoJ, and marches to Agra-
Rule of Qisr Hian at Gaur— ^isr Khan gires himself royal
airs, and is quickly supplanted by Qb^ 8hi^» who divides
Bengal amongst sereral tribal chiefs, placing orer them an orer-
lord in the person of Qasi Faiilat, a learned scholar of Agn^—
Siw Bh*h returns to iigra—OTer-lordship of Muhammad Qan
Bur in Bengal — 8hw Bhah*s son, Jallal SM^ sumamed Islam
Uah or Sniim ^nh, ascends the throne of Hindustan, and draws
up a comprehensiTe Procedure Code or DaHnr «1 JuMiU-Battle
between Mnhammnd f^mn Bur and Muhammad Qhah 'Adli-^
Muhammad Qan killed — Rule of Qisr Qan, sumamed Bahadur
fihah, Blnhamnuid Qan*s son— Battle between fJ^lMt Qan
and Muhammad Qbah 'Adli near Surajgarha in the Monghyr
district— Muhammad 8h«b killed— Beign of Jallalu-d-din, son of
Muhammad Qan — Reign of Jalallu^-din's son — Rule of CBiiasn*
d-din— Reign of Ta] Qan Karani— Taj S|an, one of the most
learned scholars of his time— Reign of Sulaiman Karani, brother
of Taj U>M~'8^1<^^*i^ Karani holds erery morning a devo-
tional meeting in company with 160 Qhi^kbs and IJlama, after
which he transacts business during fised hours— Sulaiman
Karani, with the help of his renowned general Kalapabar, oon-
ciuers Orissa — Sulaiman Karani shifts his capital from Ganr to
Tandah — Sulaiman partially subdues KuQh Behar— Peace con*
eluded between Sulaiman and Emperor Humayun— Peace main-
tained between Sulaiman and Bmperor Ak bar— Sulaiman
Karani rery energetic, industrious, methodic, and strict — Reign
of Baysiid S|an, son of Salaiman Karani— Reign of Daud Qan,
SMI of Sulaiman Karani — Daud Sh*u reigns orer Bengali Behar and

HndMla Mid iif^iu — Dkad with LUgeaaral EaUpiihkr dBf«*t«d—
Dnud killed— Oriw* ftimeied hj Uughkll— Eilirpfttlou of oer-
lt\in KnndaM of Unud Khkii- KHkpahar kUlod m liutlla—
IiCailiiig At)(ha[i ((raiiJeea or Om&rn &oe to tba jungle* la the
triigLa u( lieatj&l— Afghnca oulluot in Bhaii (i: SuodaibuiB
iuulutliug DaqirijBiiJ ur Uaokergeuje) Diidsr Karini Liii), Ibraliim
•nd 'I«. ^ui-'Ioa Ul»<>'« luiidouce-titiihUi Khu, the Mag^^i
gVDorBl, pluudura BnliliUiirtiur, oixiu|iioa SunnrKiu)" i^nd ouoampa
on the bauka ul llio llrabmupulra - Khun Jahuu diei, aud Akbnr
ap|H)inM ^au 'Aiini Micia KokaL to auuceed lilir. — A[(haiis rullj
ii) fiufi uuder Uiiuiau, tliuir cUlof.
Cbaptai III „.
AccauDt o( (.be Naiiuia bt Bengal appointed L; the Ua^^l
liuipeiura ut Uullii — Niuiuia and Diiraiia ileQned — AuoeuioD of

■mperor Jahangir — Intiirreotioti of Ofinaii QiAn— Kfiamai or
Yioerojalfcy of Rajah Man Singh— Wasir E^nn appointed Diwan
of Bengal— Rajah Man Singh reoalled, not being able to inbdne
Oaman Qan — Nisamat of Qntbnddin Qnn — Qatbnddin Khan
killed bj 'AH Qnli Beg» snrnamed 8h^ Af^[|an Khan, at Bnrdwan
—filler Afghan Khan, hniband of Meherannesea (afterwards
KmpreM Nor Jahan)-^Emperor Jahangir*! chiTalrj towards
his Qneen Empress Nnr Jahan— Jahangir Qnli Qan appointed
Natim or Yioeroy of Bengal — Islam S|an appointed GoTomor of
Behar — Islam K^an promoted to the Nisamat of Bengal—
Afsal Khan, son of Shai]^ Abal Fasl Allami, appointed QoTornor
of Behar— Rule of Nawab Islam S^an OTor Bengali and an
iMSOonnt of the fall of Osman Qan — Nawab Islam Qan transfers
the seat of Mni^al goTemment from Tandah to Dacca or
Dhaka or Jnhang^rnagar^Battle between the Imperialists under
Shnjait Khan and the Afghans nnder Osman Khan, near Dhaka
or Dacca — Osman hit bj a canon-ball, and dies— Afghans how
thronghly cmshed^Islam Khan leads an expedition against the
Mags, defeats them, and sends some Mag captires to Emperor
Jahangir, in charge of his son, Hos^ang Qan — Nawab Islam
Qan dies— Nisamat of Nawab Qatim Khan — Assamese make an
incursion into the oonqnered Imperial domains — Qn»im Khan
re^^alled- Niiamat of Ibmhim ' Q^an' and arriralof Prince ^nh
Jahan in Bengal — The title of Khan a high honorific distinction
Under the Mn|j|al Emperors — Ahmad Beg Qan appointed Go-
vernor of Orissa^ Shall Jahan's insurrection— an aoconnt of filiah
Jahan's inTasion of Bengal and the fall of Ibrahim Qan Fateh
Jang at Rajmahal — Manj Barha Sjeds for political and militarj
■srrices reoeiTe from Moghal Emperors honorific title of Khan
which in coarse of time obliterates all traces of their Ryed descent
— Bhah Jahan marches to Dacca— Prince fi^nh Jahan's fightings
with the Imperial Army and his withdrawal to the Dakliin — Assign*
ment of Bengal in Jagir to Mahabat g^an and his son — Nisamat of
Nawab Mnkkaram Khan — Nisamat of Nawab Fedai ^nn — Em«
peror Jnhangir dies, and his son, fih^h Jahan, ascends the throne of
Delhi — Nisamat of Nawab Qasim Khan-Qasim ^an, under orders
of Emperor fih^h Jahan, expels the Portngnese from Bengal —
Nisamat of Nawab 'Asam Khan — The Aasamose make an incursion
into Bengal— 'Asam Khan reoalled bjr the Emperor— ViceroTaltj
of Nawab Islam Khan II— lalam Khan sends oot punitire eipedi-
tion to KuQh Behar and Assam— Islam ^an recalled for being in-
stalled as Imperial Vasir at Delhi — Nisamat of Bengal bestowed on
Prince fih^h fibuja — In the interregnum, Nawab Saif Khan repre-
ients Shah Bb^J'^ '■> Bengal — Rule of Prince Muhammad fibuja —
Prince Bb^Ji^ tntnsfart t^mporarilj seat of Mn|^ g^remment from

peror AorMkgMb aogagad in Ughtiog for t<r«ira jatn jn th»
DkUt'o •gkinM th« HuMlnan kingdomi of Bijbpnr uid
Qatcoudah, Had AhmadiiBgar, uai alio agaiuit the Uahrattu andur
Sidiji tai Sumbliu— Tlia EmperDr'H protraoted absence from hii
upiUl lead! lo oatbteiik uf iaiurroctiou in diffareiit |iarU of the
Emiilni— Etebelliou of Bublia Singh, Zamiadar or Cbillwah and of
lUhim Klian, the AfgliA'i— Kiahau Itam, Zamind^r at DardiraD,
hilleJ by the rebela-NurDllal. Kbftn, Puujdar of Iho Cboklah of
Jaaar (Jsuore), adrsDOOi to BgUt with tbu rebsla, but rotreaU
■ooo after to the fort of llDgbll, and teeki for liulp from tbe Dutoli
of CbiDiucab — Kiahan Itam'a daa^^hter, a heroine, kill* Gublia Singb
for Mlompt upon her chaatitj — liimat bjiugh luoooedi Subl.a Hiogh
—The rebola harry balf the proiinco of iieugF.l from Bardwan to
Uajmahal — This opporlouity ntiliied bj the Engliib for foilifyiug

xvii

their new eettlement in CaloaiU— Braye fnll of Niamat Kb^Q
and hie nephew, Taahar j^an—News of the disaster carried
to Nawab Ibrahim Qan who exhibits pasillAnimity— News carried
to Kmperor Aarangseb, who appoints Zabardast Khan to be
Faojdar of Bardwan and Mednipnr, and to chastise the rebels —
Zabardast Qan, son of Ibrahim Qan, ohnstises the rebels —
Asima-iii-shan appointed Yiceroj of Bengal and Behar, Nawab
Ibrahim Qan being recalled bj Bmperor A nrangseb— Battle of
Bhagwangolah— Zabardast Sj^an defeats Bahim Qan or Rahim
Shah — Rnhim Qb^h's flight to Bardwan— Yiceroyaltj of Prince
Asimn-sh'tbi^n and fall of Rahim Khan — A limn-sh'Shan's jealonsj
of ZabardMst Qan— Asima-|h-!han marches to Bardwan-^Zabar-
dstt Qan in disgnst leaTCS Bengal and proceeds to the Bmperor
Aarangieb in the Dakhin — TifuU^ jagir9, nuidad-i-matH, Altamgha
laad-tennres noticed — Recrndescence of Bahim Qhah's rebellion —
Rahim Qh^h treacheronslj attacks Asimn-sh-fhan, and nearlj
captures the latter — Loyal gallantry of Hamid Qnn Qaraifbi
(Fanjdar of Silhat) who moTCS swiftly to Asimn-sh-shan's rescne,
toms dissster into Tictory and kills Rahim 8h*h, the rebel —
Asimn-fblb^B after rictory enters Bardwan, and makes a pilgrim-
age to the shrine of the saint 8h<^h Ibrahim Saqqa — Jagat Rai, son
of Kifhan Ram, in Tested by the Prince with the gamiAdari of
Bardwan — The prince erects a Cathedral Moeqae at Bardwan— The
prince founds the town of Qiahgan] alia$ AsimganJ, In the suburbs
of Hngli Oity — Asimn-ih-ib'^B's Mosque at Sbfthganj — FaruUi Sir,
Asimu-ili-ilian's sod, blessed by the saint of Bardwan, Buff Baisid,
and prophesied by the saint as the future B mper or of India—
Asiinu*|b*ll|ta sails from Bardwan for Dhaka or Dacca or Jahan-
gfanagar on Imperial war •▼easels — Atimu-|]|-{ban speculates at
Dhaka In trade and Introduces Sauda-i'Khat and Bauda-i^'Am, and
is sharply rebuked by Emperor Aurangseb— The Emperor appoints
Ifirsa Hadi, sumamed Kartalab Khan (afterwards Murfbid Qnli
Khan), to the office of Diwan of Bengal—Powers of the Diwan
defined— Powers of the Nasim defined — Asimu-ib'lhan lasy and
covetous, and in July 1006 for the sum of 16,000 rupees permits
the English to purchase from existing holders the right of renting
the three Tillages of Oaloutta, Sntanati and Qobindpur— Both the
Kiaara's and the Diwan's powers regulated by an Imperial Pro-
cedure Code roTised yesr after year by the Bmperor — The Pro-
cedure Code or Daitur-al'* Amal in India described— Kartalab Khan
appoints ssgacious and thrifty Collectors to CTcry Pargannah,
QhP^lah and Barker- Mursbid Qnli Qan (Kar Talab Sh'^)
resumes Jis^'rt in Bengal of the Bengal man$ahdar$, and allots
them Jagir§ in lieu in Orissa— A big' surplus in the Bengal RcTenue
thus Hfeoted — Murfbid Qnli ^tm enhances the RoTenue—

^*M toqairi or tatcavi or •grioaltiml loani And adTKiioM, aod aii-
ooaiBgM tha Unautry to till tbeir Iftodi Rod iiDprora itgriaiiltar* —
Uurihid Quii Khtn uo believei' ii> Parmaaeiil StittlemeuU, kud pte-
rin UyolwKri to Piirmiiig SettluiauiU— Islmnio Rarenue ifitanu
rDoogiiiio llis aoil i>* SUto prujiurtj, niid Bllot k portion of iu profit
or prodacB to tlio lufHiiI tiller of 11. a soil fur l.ii laboot on it, aud
abhur tliu ' middle inuu '-^The ounititutiuu ot tlio Banoying pailj
■lid tlio Sett loinu lit procoduro utidar the Uuf^al Eiuperuri xlm-nt
BikOtly KualoKOUi tu llie eiiitiug Brilith Survey Bud Seltlemaiit
Procwlute — Muiahid Quii Khkii tbutiaai Ibe Zamiudar ot Biibau-
par (ur VUbi>upot}-AudullaL Kbau, Zamiudur of Birbbum, muoi-
tioeat iu liii g'tla ai>d inu<lu<i.i'Majli gratitM Ui MboUr* aud aaiDla—
Uajabi ot 'I'ipra, Ku£j| Iteliar, uud Aaanni all laTod in bufors tl>a
Tiifuroaa pertuiiality ot Uur^liid Quii Kbau — During Uuitl|id (juli

XIX

Png€,
Kli>p*i Administimtion, no foreign inoartion nor internal diatar-
banoe — In conMqnenoe, military expenditure rednoed, and nearly
abolished— Hinda Zamindart forbidden by Mar^id Qali Khan to
ride on poiHt— Mar{bicl QoH Khan strict and impartial in his
administration of jnttioe — To arenge the wrong done to another,
Miir|]|id Qnli, Qan in obedience to the Itlamio law, exeontet his
own son— Morbid Qnli Khan harsh to defaulting samindars—
Fonrible oonrersion of Hindus to Islam only on the part of two
Ksv- Moslem rulers in Bengal— Poddar or the Treasurer— Procedure
of sending remittanoes of the RoTenne to the Bmperor — Some old
industries and arts and manufactures In Bengal— Murt^id Qnli B^an
secures from Bmperor Aurangsob title of * Motamunul-Hnik Alau-d.
danlah Jnftr ]Qao Hasir Jang '—Imperial Mansabdars, hearing of
the prosperity of Bengal, seek for oflfloes in Bengal — Nawab Saif
Khan appointed Fai^dar of Pnrninh on recommendation of Bm-
peror Aurangseb— Qanungo Dorab Nnrain — Qannngos Sb^o
Narain and Jai Narain — Ziau-d-din Khan. Fanjdar of Uagli and
Admiral of all the sea*ports on the coast of Oororoandel, a patron
of the Bnglish merchants, dismissed by Mursliid Qali K^an who
with the Bmperor's sanction brings the port of Hugli under his
immediate authority, though hitherto it was independent of the
Bubahdari of Bengiil— Murshid Quli appoints Wali Beg as Faujdar
of Hugli — The French, Dutch and Bnglish secretly support Ziau-
d-din S|aa — Battle between Zian-d-din and Wall Beg near Hugli
— Zian-d-din withdraws to Delhi — Kankar Bangali ; his insolence
to Nawab Jafar Q^an i Jafar E^n's retort— Syed Akram Qan,
Diwan of Bengal, dies, and is succeeded by Syed Basi Q^an, hus-
band of Naflsah Qanam— The ' Baikant ' or ' Reserroir of filth ' into
which defaulting Zamindars were thrown— Insurrection of Sitarim
Zamindar of Mahmadabad (in Jessore or Jasar) and murder of
Mir Aba Tqrab, Faujdar of Bhuina (formerly in Jasar or Jessore,
now in Faridpur district)— Sitaram's residence at Mnhammadpur
or Mahmudpur, at the conflnence of the Madhumati and Barasia
riTers in Jasar (Jessore) district— Pir Qan, Mir Abu Turab's
general, detailed to chastise Sitaram— On Mir Abu Turab's fall,
Hasao Alt Khan, scion of a noble family, who had married
Murihid Quli Ban's wife's sister, appointed Faujdar of Bhusna-*
Hasan All Qan captures Sitaram and his women and children,
and sends them to Murs^idabad to Nawab Jafar Sl*^ (Murf^id
Quli S^n) who hangs Sitaram, and bestows his tamindari on
Bam JiTanT-Emperor Aurangseb dies, and his son Bahadur Bb^h
iuooeeds him — Prince Asimu-s^-shan sets out for the Imperial
Capital — Prince Farmkh-sir comes to Mur^idabad and is receired
with honour, and puts up at the Lai Baih palace, as Nawab Jafar
B^aa's guest— Nawab Jafar Qan remits the rerenue of Bengal

Daui|iuBimi — lus uauna iiiuugn aveisMj Bupptntsa By »m rrsaoQ,
•ipallsd tiom B«ngml— Afauiinllkh Khan. Fkajdkr of th« port of

lIuK'i -Sliujuit Khan and Nij>t Klup, Zttniiod>fi of Tonkj Barabpar
(iu JauuTO or Juaar diitricl) — Jat&r Kbau creates Itio oCBoo of Sopor-
iiaeiidenl of Dacoitf wilh ipii^a nnde. Iho latter— Jafar Shao con-
fiacBtaa tlie itiininijuri of ghajait Khau and Nijat Kban. and aettlea
it iTith Ram Jiiau — I'crfoct peace uod lecuiity in Boogal — Jalar
Khau oalaUiahei Thanuht or military police ont-poiU at Katwah
UuraliidKauj, Tuptlial— Tl.ioTea, dacoita aad lobbora uit«riuiuatod
— Nnwab JufarKljaii'i (Uunhid Quli |(hau) cliflrao tor, col duct
nnd pulitf — A copy uf tlie Qoruo Iratiicribed by Nawab Jafar Khan
by I'ii oHu hand eiixa ill llio ihriue of Ua^dam A^ii Siraju-d-
dm al BadD'Mapur— Waekly piice-curreol reports pruparod — Bice
iuld at & or maand* per rupea iu BoDgal — Fcopla eat polao and

zzi

qaliah ddlj, epeBdiog cmlj one rupee per monib— FM>ple happy
ftod oomforiable— Ho ezporUtion of food-grmint permiiied — A
preTooiiTe officer appoinied under the Faojdar of Hngli to tee thai
•hipt in the harbour did noitmnggleoni food-grains from Bengal —
If arditd Qali Qan hat only one wife — Abeiemiooa in habiia, bni
allowe himaelf the laxnrj of ioe- water and ioe-preeerree— Mango
oaUore in Bengal — Mar|||{d Qnli Qan atriotly impartial in ad-
ministration of Jnatioe— To arenge the death of an op p re ae ed man,
Mniflitd Qnli Qan ezeontea hia own ion, and obtain! the title of
'ildoliU-Gafiar '— Qasi Mnhammad CQiarf appointed by Bmperor
Aorangseb Qasl or Chief Jottioe of Bengal — Qati Mnhammad
Sharp • remarkable integrity, and ] adioial independ enoe— How Qaaia
or Jndgea and Magistratea were reomited, and how their jndioial
independence was safegoarded by Mnsalman Bmperors of India—
Qasis snbordinate only to the Bhara or the Mnhammadan Law — A
Police Baperintendent of Hngli stoned to death under orders of
Nawab Jafar JU^an (Mnrshid Qnli fi^n) for enticing away the
daughter of a Mughal oitisen— Murfhid Qnli (Nawab Jafar Uan)
erects a treasury, a Katrah or Tower, aOathedfal Mosque, a Monument
and a Beserroir— Mnrihid Quli Qan proclaims Barfaras Qan as his
heir, and dies—- Niiamat of Nswab 8hQJ**vd*din Muhammad
Shan— Barfarai Shuk reports Nawab Jafar Qan's (Murfhid
QulTs) death to Bmperor Muhammad Qhi^f and also to his own father,
Bbojau-d-din Khan, who was Deputy Nasim in Orissa Bhtjau»d-
din aspires to Die Niiamat of Bengal, leaves his son Muhammad
Taqi S]|>ui m Depiitj Nnsim of Orissa at Katak (Outtaok) and
marches swiftly to Bengnl — Fighting between the father and the
son aroided through the good offices and wisdom of the widowed
Begam of Nawab Jafar gt^mn (Mur|||id Qoli Qmi)— GhvjMi-d-din's
character, conduct and policy — his humane treatment of the
Bengal defaulting samindars — 6]iaJ<^Q-d-din ssods tribute and pre*
seats to Bmperor Muhammad tbtih — Nawab BhQjMi*d-din*s public
works — Nawab 8hujau-d-din delegates the duties of the Nisaa^t
of Bengal to a Oonnoil or Cabinet of Adfisers, and himself prefers
pleasures^Haji Ahmad, Bai Alamfiliand Diwan, and Jagai Bet
Fatehfiliand members of Nawab ShoJ^v-d-din's State Council ia
Bengal — Alamfibpind appointed Deputy Diwan of Bengal — Ante*
Mlents of H^i Ahmad and Mirsa Band! (afterwards Ali Yardi
Baa) — Chief AdministratiTe OiBoers in the beginning of the
figtms of Nawab Bh^i*<i*d-din Sh^^^Q^^"**! between BhnJ^ Qnli
Khan, Faujdar of Hngli, and the Bnglish, Dutch and French
merchants— Bnglish goods seised, but afterwards release d 'Chief
of the Bnglish factory at Qasimbaiar agrees to pay three loet as
ncsar to Nawab BhvjMl-d.din Kb*<^-^hief of the Bnglish faotory
la Calcutta remits the aosar to Nawab ShoJaa«d«din Xh^ui—

Moan, ikBlndBr ol Birbham — Kkratohand, iknindar at Bard-
mn— Nadir fifaab'* iaraaiou of India— UiDJaodd in or Nawab

ShaJau-d-dauUh diei, &nd ii laoceeded bj hii ion, Nawab Bartarai
JChui— Niumator Nawab fiarfarai Kbao— Trc&cliery of Sartana
Kli»n'» Coanaillon, Haji Ahmad, JagaL Set, and the Rai Raiaa—
TrBaobei7 of Ali Vardi Khan— Battls of Oherea-SangniDary fight
batWMD Ali Vardi Khan and Sarfarai ^au— Sarrami Khan killvd
— Dwiina ot Uoalsm Bengal Irom thia daUi— Nitamat of Ali Vardi
Khan— All Vardi Khan bauiihea to Uacca ll>e Bsgami ot Sarfaraa
l^an— Emparor Uuhaminad ghah'a lament od the Bengal roTolu-
lion— Ali Vardi'i I'trionnil ot GoTBrnnient— Ali Vardi wage! war
againit Uargliid Quii Khan If, OoTernor of Uriaaa, and beatowa
all iaiporMDl ofBoaa on Iiia own relatiTe* — Dnrdanah Begani, tb*
brave wife of Murthid QuIi K)|aii Il—Hiria fiaqir, aon-iD-law of

• ••

XXlll

Mar^j^id Qnli Qan II— All Vardi beiiowt the GoTemonhip of
Oritta on hi« nephew and wm-in-Uw, SaaUi Jang altoi Said Ahmad
Khan — Saolai Jang taken priiioner, and Mina Baqair iakee the fiuif •
nod of Oritta— Ali Vardi'i aTenging expedition to Oriita— Mina
Baqir fliee— If ir Habib, the Deputy of Mnrfbid Qali Q^an II, leekt
help of the If ahmttae in order to inrade Bengal— Ifahratta inonr-
■ioni into Bengal, under the ingpiration of Mir Habib— At length,
peace oondnded between Ali Yardi and Mahrattas— AH Vardi dlec—
Ali Vardi'a character — Ali Vardi tnooeeded by his maternal grandaon
BtraJn-d-danlah^Kisaroat of Kawab Birajn-d-danlah^BiraJn-d-
dnnlah's character and polioj— Hie miatakee— Mohanlal, a Kjeth,
appointed Chief Miniater- 8irajn-d-daa1ah'i quarrel with Rajballab
leads to rupture with the Knglish— Treachery of Mir Jafar, Dulab
Bam and Jagat Bet who in rite orer Uie Bnglish— 8iraju-d«
daulah's quarrel with Qfanukat Jang, Faujdar of Pumiah— Biraju-
d*daulah captures Calcutta, and names it Alinagar and leaTCi
Manikfiliand as its prisoner — The English under Clire return to
Bengal—The Bnglish re-take Calcutta, and defeat Maaikol^and— On
the iuTitation of Mir Jafar, Dulab Bam and Jagat Set, the Bnglish
under Clive march to Plassey — Battle of Plassey— Defeat and
murder of Siraju-d-daulah— Nisamat of Jafar Ali Qan or Mir
Jafar— Mir Jafar's and his son Miran's cruelty to Siraju-d-
daulah's mother and aunt, Amanah Begam and Ghaseti Begam,
who are drowned— Miran suffers and receiTCS retribution by being kill-
ed by lightning — Mir Jafar replaced by Mir Qasim— Nisamat of
Nawab Mir Qasim Ali Qan— His character and policy— Mir Qasim
remoree his capital from Murshidabad to Monghyr^Mir Qasim's
rupture and fight with the English— Mir Jafar re-installed as
Nasim of Bengal — Battle of Bnksar — Grant of the Diwani of Bengal
to the English by Emperor Qbah Alam— Mir Qasim's adTenturee and
death.

Chapter IV — Domination of the English in the Dakhin and in Bengal,
Seotkm I — Arriral of the Portuguese and French Christians in the
Dakhin and in Bengal. ••• ... ... ... S09

Section II — Domination of the English Christians orer Bengal and
the Dakhin. ... ... ... ... ... 4U6

Index with ... ••• ••• ... ••• 415

Map of Bengal under Moslem Rule ...

TRANSLATION

OP THB

ftlTA^n-S-SALATlN OF QBULAH QUSAIN SALlM.

In THB RAiiB OP God, tub Kind and thb Mbroipul !

Worlds of praise are dae nnio the palace o! that World-
Creator, who adorning this world by means of His hand of
perfect power with the ornament of existence, has nnfnrled the
Standard of Creatorship, and worlds of panegyric befit the shrine
of that Supreme Anther who has drawn by means of his brush
of perfect art the portrait of Life in particoloored lines on the
pagee of Creation. He (God) is that Wise Sage, who has entrusted
the affairs of the management of the world and the people of
the world and the good and the right guidance of all classes to
the persons of Sovereign, and who has entrusted into the hands
of authority of SoYcreigns of this world, the reins of the opening
and stoppage of the business of divers classes of mankind. He
(God) is that Supreme Bnler of the Universe who, weighing the
opening and stoppage of the affairs of mankind and the good and
bad of Centre-Sitters in the circle of earth, in the scale of
expediency of the world, has left in every clime and every
country a ruler.

From the Cloud of His bounty, the garden of the world
is g^reen.

From the sephyr of His generosity, the orchard of the
soil is gp-een.

From the Colouring of the painter of His Creation,

Emerald becomes green in the centre of mine.

Praise unto Lord, Higb is His rank and His praise.

Universal is His bounty and generosity.

All praise is due unto His Beneficence !
And blessing^ full of white effulgence and sacred benedictions
are due'unto all the messengers of the Palace of His bounty, that

* ffliDlim tjaMin Sklim Zxiilpun ii Ihs anthor of the prrauit hUtoricsl
work eotitled tha B<rM<i-*-Sxli|in, or Hiltorj of Benf^l. Ilm^i Bakhtb >i>

hUbiitorj " KhurahiiUBliin Num*"uf whiali Ur. Bsieridt;e hm pubHihed
latel; an Analyiii in tlje Joarnali ol the Aaiatio Society, haa ■□Die nollos n(
GhultiD Muuin. HmLHtei Uiat IJIiulBm Ijiiuin waa of Zaid|iur in Oodh,
nigrateil t« Uildali iti Bengal, anil held tlie nSoe of Dak Men^i or Foal
Uiuler tliere. undar Ur. tieorKs Udn.T. Noticing tte CliiLntal.ls Diaponaarr at
Hildali, ll.lii HaUiab uba^l >e« that here oied to be the l>uu» o[ Ghulaui
Hulain, and li.at in iKe quarter known aa Cak Qacbin Ati ia the tomb of
(Ibulim lluaniD irho died in 1233 AH ur 1817 AC. The cbrDnofirain com-
poHd in honour of hii mamorj by hia pupil, Abdul Karim. ia 4iij JU J (^^M
which yielda 1233. Ur Udnj nppmra lo have been at tba time Commercial
Baaident ol tba Gut India Hnmiunj'a factory at Uilduh.

t Motim "U ■ f'iBce uf Yemen, iu Arabia. Uii geueruna hoapiUlity ia a
by-Murd in the li^aat.

the .world of bonniy, the NftiUblrwftn ^ of ibe world of Jostioe, the
Gtooeroos man of the age, and who is callooe about popnlarity and
praise—

Maj (}od always preserve liis good fortune, and advance his
Vank, and elevate his position, and double his life and dignitj !^—
and that he has been in the class of his servants, and has ever
been and is still the recipient of his favours. In short, the
ezoellencies-abonnding and bounties-springing person of that
mine of disoemment, is unique and matchleis in this age.

He is a paragon of all excellencies,

He is superior to all prdise th^t oafl b6 o6nctived.

He is enlightetied, sees thitongh thingit aright, like old
sages,

But he has the fortune, the Agd lin^ the rttnk of manhood.

He weighs his words which at6 pregnant with meaning.

His two lips, like two palms, at the iiiHe of conversation,
are pearl-scattering.

The tray of his bounty is ready for the poor and the needy ;

He always keeps g^ld and dinar * for the indigent.
Inasmuch as his high mind is always pursuant of the study
of histories and travels, and is seeker of all sorts of knowledge
and accomplishments, in. the year 1200 A.H. corresponding to
1786 A.O., his bent of noble mind turned towards seeking a
knowledge of the lives and careers of past sovereigns and rulers
who unfurling the standard of sovereignty over Bengal, the
Paradise of Provinces,* have now passed into the secret regions of
Eternity. Accordingly, the order was given to this man of poor
ability, that whatever he might gather from historical works, Ac.,
he should compile in simple language, so that it might be intel*
ligible to all, and might deserve the approval of the elite. This

• t NaoAirwia was a King of Irin or old Persia. Ha floariahed in ibe
aisth oaatarj, and belonged to the Saeianian djnaaty. Hia waair waa ibe
ffaaooa Bnsarobemeher or Bonsoor, aatbor of the j^amimah* Nao|||ir-
waa't jaattee la proverbial in ibe world.

S Diair, a gold ooin weighing one muqal, «.«., 1| dirhama. For details
sea AiB-l-Akbari, Vol. I (Bloohmann't Trana., p. 80).

i Oar aatbor oalle Bengal '* JintuU-ul^hiUd,** or ' Paradiae of Provinoea. *
1 aa not anra if there is any bittorical baiii for this ezpreesion, ea there is
for ibe ezpreeeton " JinnaUdbid " which latter epithet wma bestowed bj
Kvperor Hnmaynn on Ghinr in Bengal (eee Tabaqat-i-Akbari, Slliot'e Hietory
of India, VoU ▼, p. 801, Ain-i-Akbari, VoU II, p. 131, and Badaoni, Vol. f ,

niU,UiePra(laoao( Banfal jiaM«dUi*lMctM( nvwM toUiBDalhi BspMora,
and in ooowqoaiioa fU TiaerojKlty wu «lwa;t ao*«t«d bj Frioou Roj«l of
Delhi, rroiD *a remote > period m tba ttmea of Empemn g^kminddia AlUma^
■ud OhiMnddio B>lb«n— who** iodi iu iiioceiiion ruled orer Denga), not to
■pckk of later Uoglial Prince* Rojal of Dellii. Under Britiih rule >l«o, Bengal
Proper. inuladiriK Aieatn, Bshkr and Ori*u and Cliulia Nagpur. torm* the
largeat AdmiLiitntit* Ditiaioa of India, contain* one-lbird of the total
populalioD iif Rritiih India, and jieldi a grou reieuue ot 17 or 16 million*
aterling, or uiielhird of tli* actual reTonoe* of tLe Indian Empira. It i*
wortbj of note tliat the aboTe eipmaaion ii alao uaed ia Mu[^l Imperial
(official) docum8i.U, v>ij< J.A.S.II fur 1001. Vol. LSX, Put I, No. l.pp. 21.12.
> " BijaiU'i Sallliu " is a cbroiiogram yielding dale 1S02 AH., correipond-
iog to 17t$B A.C, tlie jear iu wbicli tbi* hiatorical work wa* compUtod.
' BaiitaU ' in Fenian mean* a ' garden,' ita plnral being ' Hijif ' meaning,
■ garden).' " 8alt(in " mean* " KingK ' , tlierefore, ' Rijitu.i.flalitin ' maana
- gaidao* uf Kiogi." It i* a pit; the author doea not apecify all tbs •ouroe*

SeoitoQ III relates to a doecription of certain oitiee of that
conntrj.

Section lY relaiee to a brief sketch of the rule of the Baian
of Hindoflt&n.

Chapter I relates to a description of the mle of the Mnsalmin
ralers who as Vioerojs held delegated aathoritj over this conntrj
from the Emperors of Delhi.

Chapter II relates to a chronicle of the M nsalm&n Kings who
mounting the throne of Bengal, had the Sbo(bah > of soTer*
eigntj recited after their own names.

t>f hi* historj, but there ie iniemal eridenoe to indioete thftt, beeidee oonsnlt*
ing eUndard hitiorioal worki, eooh m Tabeqii-Nafuri bjr Minhij-a-Siri],
Terikh-1*'^!^* 8b*hi by ^aoddin Barni end bj Sirij Afif (which ooniein
referenoee to the hieiorj of Bengal onlj for the period between 1196 io
18S8 A.O.) and TabaqaM-Akbari bj Nisamoddin Ahmad (which contain! an
aeoonni of Bengal for the period 1SS8 to 1688), the Badaoni and Akbarnlmah
bj Alml Faf1(for the period under Akbar) and other timilaretandard hittorioal
worke on India inoh aa the Taeaft, the JqhHnamah^ the Pid$KihnimaK, the
iUaM^imlfiulfc, and the JfooMr-i-iilamyiri. Balim had reooarte alio to other lets
known hietorioal treatises relating to Bengal which are not perhape now eziant,
and perhape lay only in MSB. Oar aothor now and then eaya ' I have aeen in
a UUIe book/ and he alao cites a historical compilation by one Haji Maham*
mad of Qandahar, of which no oopy seems now to eiiet. Onr aothor a p pears
also to haTO taken coneiderable peine in deciphering old inaoriptioni on monn*
ments, mceqnes, and ahrinea in Ganr and Psndnah— old Mnaalm&n capitals
of Bengal. Thii featnre conaiderably enhancee the ralne of hie history,
and givea it a aoperiority orer other timilar worke, and plaoee our author in
the forefront of Bengal antiquariana and reaearohera. Indeed, Ohnlim
Unsain is pre-eminently ihe Hiitorian of Ifuhammadan Beognl, becenee
other Muhammadan hietoriana before or after him dealt only with certain
perioda of Bengal history, whilst our author's narratire comprises the history
of Bengal from the earlieet mythological period to the dawn of British rule,
with a more detailed aooount of Ifuhammadan Rulers of Bengal. 8tewart*e
Hietory of Bengal is to a g rea t extent based on the ' Riyif ' though Stewart
very often hae preferred the leea accurate account of the Dakhin historian,
Firishta, who flourished in the seTenteenth century. The great Oriental scholar
and antiquarian, Profeeeor Bloohmann, in his ' Contributions to the History
and Geography of Bengal ' says t " The Riylf is much prised as being th^
falleet account in Persian of the Muhammadaa History of Bengal." Profee*
eor Bloohmann further obeenree *' for the early portions, Ghulam l|usain
Salim has used books which are unknown at preeent ; yet he givee Taluable
dates which are often confirmed by collateral eridenoe. Salim has also made
a fair use of the antiqeities of the Gaur Dittrict."

1 The {)|it(bah is a Musalmsn prayer-book recited on Fridays, ' Id days, and

. Ohajpter Ilf relates ip a detocrii^tioo of the' careers of the
Nagims ^ who were appointed to the NijEftmat of this ooantrj bj
the Caghtal * or Maghal Emperprp. -
Oliapter TV consists of two parts :—
. Part I being descriptive of the arrival of the Christians, con-
sisting of the Portngnese and the French, Ao.^ in the Dakhin and
in Bengal.

, Part II being descriptive of the domination of the English
Christians over Bengal and the Dakhin.

other ipacial daji and oocMioDt. The reciUl of the Qntbah after one's
n^me and the minting of ooina, waa regarded by lluialman aoTereignt a«
emblems of aoTereig^ty.

INilimjH- .

The Ni|ime were fanctionaries croHted by the Maghal GoTemmeni
or by 8her Shi^b (Badaoni, Vol. I, p. 865). To each ProTince or Qubah, the
liaghal Emperon appointed two Principal Heads of administration, one being
the Na|im and the other being the Diwan. The Na^im was the Qoremor
or Viceroy of the Prorinoe, he was the Exeoatire and Military Head of the
ProTinoe, and administered Griming Justice) whilst the Diwin, though
independent of the former and directly subordinate ;to the Delhi Emperor,
held portfolio of the Finance, and was responsible for the re?enae administra-
tion of the Province, and also occasionally administered Oivil Justice. Thus
there were two independent wheels in the machinery of ProTincial adminis-
tration. Under the Naiims, there was a chain of subordinate officials, called
Naib Ni|ims, Serlashkars, Faujdars, Kotwals and Thanadars on the ezecatire
side, and under Diwans on the judicial side, were Qasi-ul-Qassat (Ghief
Justice), Qasis, Muftis, Mir Adls, Sadrs presided orer by 8adr-i-S«diir, and on
the revenue side were Naib or local Diwlns, Amila, Shiqdars, Karknns,
QanuDgoB, and Patwaris. The Judiciary, both Civil and Criminal, were often,
however, independent of both Ntjima and Dlwana, and aubordinate only to the
Imperial $adr-i-$adur or ^adr-i-Kol or $adr-i-Jahan (or Ministor of Justice)
at Dolhi, who wua responaiblo for good conduct to tho Muj^al Emperor
bimaelf. (Soo A\n, Vol. II, p. p. 37-19, and do. Vol. I, p. 263.)

S Ca^ghtai Khun was a sou of Cangiz Kjiau. Emporor Babar, the foander
of tho Muj^htil dynasty in India, waa doacendod on tho mother's side from
a nobler stock, that is, from Caj^tai Khan ; bunco the Mo^al Emperors of
India commonly styled themsolvus as Cu^tui Emporors in preference to
* Mu^al ' EmporoiH, the term ' Mu|^ul ' not being su honourable, in accord-
ance with an accepted uwago and principle amongst Moslems to refer back
their liucagu to tho nobler side, whether paternal or maternal.

INTRODUCTION : CONSISTING OF 4 SECTIONS.

Sbctiom I. A Dbbcriptiom. op tbb B0UNDARIB8 AHD Emtiroks

* OP TBI COOMTRT OP BlRGAL.

Be it known to the wAy-farers Of the climes of traTels and
hiitories thai the ^i^hah ^ of Bengal is in the second climate.'
From Islftm&b&d, * otherwise known as Chittagong, to Teliagadhf,*
that isi from east to west, the length is 400 Ziiiro^,* and its breadth'
from north to soath, that is, from the monntains in the north to

■

t The name of ^ubah originated from the time of Smperor Akber, who
detignaiad the liaoal btom m followi from the time of the ten-Teara* mUIot
meni : — A 9i>bah wm so •ggregate of Sarkan, a Barkir or Dirisioa wae
•a aggregate of Dattars, a Daetdr (which Sir Henry Blliol in hia QloMaiy
•zplaina aa an abbreTiation of Dattoni-1-Ainl, oorreeponding to a distrio§
aader a Barkir) was an aggregate of Parganaa or Mahals (need as eqniraleni
e ip tes s ione), and a Pargana.or Mahal meant a fltoal dirislon, the fieoal unit,
eoinoiding with the dominione of a natlTO chief under the Muf^al dynaatj.
The words need before Akbar's time to denote Steal divisions or tracts oC
oonntrj larger than the Pargana, were W^m\, KfaaUah, * Arfah, Diy&r, Yilajet,
Iqta, Bilid and Mamlakat Thns in. the earlier Mnsalmin histories before the
end of the fourteenth centniy, we oome across 8b^-l*8<>inat S]^atUh-i-Oadh^
' Arfah-i-Gorakpor, Diyir-i or ViUjet-irLakhnanti, Vilayet- i-Mean Doab^
Iqta'-i-Kara, Bilid Bang, Mamlakat LakhnanU. Bee Elliot's Glossary, and Airn^
Vol. II, p. 116. and Tabaqat-i-Nnfirii pp. 148 and 262.

t The Mnsalmin astronomers and geographers dirided the world into strea
parts, to each of which they gare the name of IqlTm or climate.-*Bee Aia-I*
Akbari JarrHt's Trans., Vol III, p. 48.

i Islimibid or Ohittagong. The district was first oonqnexed by the
independent Mnsalmin Kings of Bengal. In 1860 A.O., about which year
Iba Batutah was in Ohittagong, it belonged to King Fakhruddin of Bnnar*
gaon. it was re-conquered in 1686 by the Mngkals under Umid Qin who
ehnaged the name of the place to Islimibid during the rule of Nawab
8h*ista Sl^B, Viceroy of Beugal.~8ee Bloohmann's cootributions to History
and Geography of Bengal and the Alamgir-Nnmah^ p. 040, and the Aim,
Vol. If, p. 186.

* Teliagadhi on Teliagarh! is a pass lying between Rajmahal on the
south, and the Ganges on the north ) formerly of strategic importance, as
eommaading the approaches to Bengal Proper. The ruins of a largo stone
fort still exist, through which the E.I. Railway passss. Bee Hunt Imp.
Oasetteer, Vol. XIII, p. 886 and Ain, Vol. II, p. 116.

i Karoh or Kos— Am 16 says :— The Kos was fixed at 100 taaabs, eseb
consisting of 60 Ilahi gas or 400 poles (bant), each pole of 18i goB, Qhsr
Qhih fixed the Kot at eOjariba, each of 60 Sikandrl 903. A fmrBatk is equal to
three Km.— See Ain-i-Akhari, Vol. II, p. 414.

liogi (known in tlMM <Uja m Barl Bbnljla) nodM him, alUr uinauUaa of
B«Dgal bj Emparor Akbsr to tba Uogbal Bmpir«. ' Ita'i gadi wu koown u
Hunkd-i'Ali, llieeiiitinK Diwin r.milisi of Haibktnagu and Jangklbui in
UjmauainKh diilricl duim dsKent from ' lia. "Dhati" acoording to Aba)
Fail eiteDded tOO Koi rrom eaat U> we«t, and BOO £01 rrom norlh to tba
ocBU to the aouth ; it tbai inoladed the Bondaiban and tlie traota along tba
Uegna. Gnnt deSosi " Bhati" aa iiioludiag the SuadarbAa and all tha
naighboaring lowlaodi (avaa llijelj) orarflooded b; tha lidea. Tba Moaalniia
biatoriana nerer uae the t«r<n Sandnrbaa. but gJTS the aea-board from Uijoly
to tha Uegna una uama of ' Bbati,' whioh •igniHea lowlanda oTarflooded
bf tidea— 6i» Atn-iALbau, Vol. I. p. 3U. and J.A.S, No. 9, 1S74, and No. 3,
1876 and Jm. Vul II. p 117.

* In tbe Aid, tba !^ubab ot BenRal ii alsted to bmTti coiuiatsd ot SI Sar-
kira includiag TS7 mahala. and tbe reieaua ia atntod to hare iMen 6B Krora
84 lakha B9 thogaaod aud IV cUmi, equiralant to Ka. 1«,061,4S2-16.7. It«
atuiding armjr, accord.uK lu tbe Aid, cuuaialad ut S3,830 cctbIij, 801,160

SarkAra wiib eigliiy-seven mahals in this ^ubah*. In past UmMf
the fixed re^enne of ibis 9ubah was fifty-nine kror eighij-fonr lak^
fifij-nine ihousand and three handred and nineteen danw, which is *
eqoal to aboat one kror fortj-niue lak^ sixty-one thousand four
handred and eighty-two rupees and fifteen aonas in iic^a Rupees.
Twenty-tbree thousand three hundred and thirty cavalry, eight (dk

iafaaiiy, 1,170 elephantf, 4,260 gone, 4,400 bouts. ReoMinbertng that the
army was not genemll j paid in coin, bat by bestowal of fiefs or militarj jsgirs,
even at this distanoe of Ume, it is not difflcalt to imagine how Bengal was
o^ermn by colonies of Moaalmin feadal barons. — See Ain-i-Akbarf, YoL II,
p. 1J9 and Vol. I, p. 870.

lOif THS FsoNTisas or Muhammaoaii Bbnoal.

The test as well as the Akhamamah and the Iqhalnamah'uJahangiH state
that Bengiil was bounded on the soaih by the sea, on the north by hills (that
is, those sonth of Nepanl, Sikkim, and Rhntan), on the east by hills (that is,
those of Ghittagong and Arakan), on the west by the $abah of Behar. Dor*
ing the reigns, however, of the Independent Musalmin Kings (snoh as Ilyas
Shiah, and AUnddln Hniiain Qb^h in 1602 and his son and snooesaor Nayrat
8h*h), the Matalmin Kingdom of Bengal was more extensiTe than its geogra-
phical limits, and included northern portions of Oriraa or Jajnagar, Kuch
Behar, Kamrup or Western Assam with portions of Sastem Assam, and the
whole of Upper Rehar (a Governor to represent the Bengal Mnsalmin King
being poeted at Uijipar opposite to Patna), and the eastern portions of Sooth
Behar including Sarkars Monghyr and Behar.— (See J.A.R. No. 8, 1878,
pp. 881 -882). The whole of Orissa was cooqnered and annexed to the Bengal
Mnsalmin Kingdom in the reign of Snlaiman Karar&ui, the last bat one inde-
pendent Mnsalman Af^an King in Bengal.

When Bahhtiyir ^ilji conquered Bengal, he ruled (ostensibly as Yioeroy
of the Mnsalman Kmperor of Delhi, Kntbuddin Aibak) over portions of
Dinajepir, Mftldah, Rangpur, Nadiah, Birbhum, and Bardwan comprising what
was then called Diyar-i-Lakhnanti, and also he held Behar (Tabaqat-i-Nafiri,
p. 166). This state of things oontinned during the rule of his two immediate
sacesssiifs, when we find Husamuddin Iwas (a contemporary of Saltan
^amsnddin Altam|l|) extending the frontier eastward to the Brahmapdtra
and southward to the sea-board, and reigning as an independent king under
the UUe of Sultan G^iasuddin (TabaqatiNafiri, p. 168). The Tar?kh Firus
Qiahi, p. 87 mentions that Emperor Balban in his pursuit of Mo^isuddln
Tnghral, had to go so far eastward as Sunargaon, which would appear to have
been within the limits also of Tnghral's Bengal Kingdom. Again, in 1860 A.O.
when Ibn-i-Batiitah was in Ghittagong, we find this important seaport was in*
the hands of King Fakhmddin of Sunargaon. As Mr. Thomas in his learned
discnssions on old coins of Bengal Musalmin Kings has suggested, it would
seem that so early as the twelfth century there was free commercial inter-
eonrse between the iouth*eastern sea-board of Bengal and the Arab seaports

Qovernor wu kppoiotcd lo euh of Ui» nlxirs tliro« BdiDiiiiatniU** B
or DifiiioDB, tbe tioTernor ot LakhnHoU being the Supreme OoTemor or
Vicaroj, itliilat tlio tiro olher Goiaruora were plaoeJ generallj in inbor-
dinalion Lo him (Turikh-i-Firai ^fthi, p. 451], Dul tlii* iUt« ot tbiagi did
not iMt long; for iu the reigu of Uuhamuiud ghih TuKklak (TuikhiTirui
tjh&hi. p. iaU) UeogkL ftK"'" ">SB u kq ludapeiidetit Uuialiiiiiu Kingdom, >ud
u bii l>ee<i me..limied abore, the vrhuta of Up|>ar Uehar with eKitarn
portioDi of Sootherri Htilinr iros tghin KtiiiHied totliu Rengal Kingdom, whiUt
Uriiu mlw> •rni ■ubiequeiillj adJud lo it. This aUt^ ot things conlianod
unlil Akbucsmo lo llio throne, when Bungat. with Bahar end OriuK, wu
■naeied to Iha Mufhal Kmpiro of Dulhi. Beo Tabaiut-i-.Vafi,i, Tarikb-i'Firn-
g!)*<)i, Jk6ari.arnah,lbn'i.UatuUb'aTra<rel<kiid Ur. Thomu'a "liiiliul CuioBg*
ot Uaagal," J.A.y.li , No. l,lHOT>i>d No. IV, 1(173 pp. S21-2i:2 aud 313.

1 The uma in Ain-i-Aklmri, Vol. 2. p. 117.

> For iJeiitilicutiou of tbiMU (tlacei sou J.A.S., 1872, p. I'J,

tlie oomfori of its iubabitanis, is BQperior i4> all the eastern
tracts of Hiodast&n. Large oranges thrive here, and other fmits
also grow in abundance. The tree of pepper grows there, its root
is thin, and its branches creep over ponds. Its ear, like the ear
of grape, hang^ down from the branches. Its inhabitants belong
io two tribes, namelj, MaUi and Kuj, ^ its R6jah is of the first
tribe. Thej mint g^ld coins, and the coins are called Nftraini*
Notable Rftjahs have mled there. One lak and one thoasand
infantry are always in the service of the Rftjah.

And the coantrj of Kamrikp which is also called Kftmru * or
Kimt4h is subject to those Rftjahs. The inhabitants of Kftmrup
are good-looking, and in magic raise the standard of mastery ; and
many incredible stories are related regarding them. In respect of
the flora of that place, it is said that the scent of the flowers continues
as fresh as before, some months after their being plucked, and that
with these necklaces are made, and that by cutting trees a sweet
liquid is obtained, and that the mango-tree trails like a climbing
vine over ponds, and prodoces mango-fruit ; and other similar
stories are related.

And the mountain of Bh&tan, which is the abode of the Bhutiahs,
lies to south of Kuch Behftr. T&ngan ' horses and Bhut and Bar!
horses and the musk-deer are found in this mountain. In the

1 In T^haqati'Ne^, p. 166, " Meeh " and <* Kooh." Bee J.A.8. for 1878,
p. 40. AUm^mmmah, p 683. Akbamamah^ p. 207. Tu^uk p, 147, and Pad^

tkmkmammh^ p. 64, Vol. II.

i Kainr«p(in Tmb^iqai'i'Nafiri, p. 163, Kamrud) inolnded tbe Weiiem portimi
of Amm together with tbe Bengal Dittrictaof Rangpar, Rangmati (now in
Ooalpara Distriet) and Sylbet. It wae firat oonqnered bj If nealmina in the
reign of Hnaeamnddin Iwaa alia§ Snltan Ghiaanddin. an immediate tnooeeeor
of BakkVty^ KhilJI, in the earlj part of tbe thirteenth oentnrj. (TabaqtU.u
Nmfiri, p. 163). At the oloee of the fifteenth oentnrj, its Rajah Nelambbar waa
overthrown by Hoealn ^mh. King of Bengal. In ancient dayi, Kamrnp was
Boted for its toroery and the beantj of its women. Rangpor ie stated to
have been foond#d by Bakfetiyar Kbilji, during hie eipedition into Tibet-
Bee alio J.A.B. for 1873, p. 40; Alnmgimnmah, p.p. 678 and 730, makes it
eqniTalent for Hajo (Kooh Hajo) Ganhati and dependeooiea.

3 "Tangietan" is the general name for that aseemblage of moontaina
wbieh eonttitnte the territory of Bhutan, "tanga" meaning 'defiles.' Abol
Fay! also mentions these 'Tanghan* horses. He states: *'In the lower parts
of Bengal near to Koch, a species of horse is produced called Tanghan."
The Umgan pony is usually 13 hands high and short bodied, deep in the
obeei, and very aotiFO.

wise tha loft; ridgea »f Kimrdp, aiid breftdtliwisa it fuwi lii«

1 Tnbe* nf Mkrl, Majmi, DupliU, mnd Vil&ndnh ■nd Nag.— Vilimdkli or
l.«Da>li Ihbs hai Uian ideiitifled witb the Aku iribo.

All thfuH itibei belong lo the Nan-ArjkD Tibet. ilnrmon (tock. whioh liarn
clung t<> Ihe tWirt* uf the Himnlajrki, thej oroMed inta India by the nordi-
emlern [wupi, nnd in prB-hi«torio liniei thej had dwelt in Centnil Atja,
(Ida bj iide with the atioestun ol tba Mungoliani and lb« CbiuHe. Ttie
jTincip.! tn'-a"' tl.e Tibet..- FJurmui .lock »re the f..l1owmg :-(lJ Cnchari.,
I-) Uaroa, (3) Tipuraa or Urunga, (i| llhuiiy..». (IS) Gurunga. (6t Uarmia,
(7) Newara, (8| Ui«'ha.. (It) Miri«. (10) Akaa. (11) Miah.ni.. (12) N.ia..
(ISJDaphla.,— Sm J AB for lN7;i, p T«, Col. l)i.ltoii'a" Ktbnologj of Bengsl -
H>id alao deacriptinn of Aaaam and the Aaumeae in Alam^inamaK. p. Hi.

1 Thiaaeemi to Ih> a ropyiat'i miiUike fc.r ■■Ooiicaer lull. " (aee J.A.S. 1872.

ntoaniains of the Valandfth ii*ib6. Tlie iitici in the norlli of
the river BrabniapQira, from Qowaliati to the abodes of Mart
and Majrol tribes, is called tTttarakul; and the extent of the
Dakhinkal is from the conntrj of Naktirani > to village Sadifth.
The climate of the lands bordering on the Brahmaputra is for
foreigners poisotioas. For eight months the rainj season prevails,
and the foar months of winter are not free from rain. And the
flowers and fruits of Hindust&n and Bengal are available here ;
and besides these, others are found which are not to be had in
Hindrist4n. Wheat, barley, and pulse are not grown, bnt the soil
is fit for cultivation of all kinds. Salt is scarce and dear, and
what is procurable from the defiles of some of the rocks is bitter
and brackish. The fighting cocks of that country do not turn
back face from enemies ; though the adversary may be 8tit)ng and
big, they fight so much that the brain of the head becomes dis-
tarbed and they die. Large well-formed elephants abound in the
wilds and the mountains. And plenty of deer, wild-g^ts, and
wild-cows, and the horned fighting rams are also to be fonnd. In
the sands of the river Brahmaputra, gold is fonnd ; twelve thou-
sand Assamese are employed on this work. Every year one tola
of gold per head is paid into the Rajah's treasury. But the gold
is not quite pure, so that one tola of gold sells for eight or nine
rupees, and silver and gold coins are minted in the name of the
RAjah, and shells are current^ but copper pice is not in use. Musk-
deer is found in the monntains of Ashim. The bladder of musb
is large, and full of large pieces of musk, nnd is beautiful-looking.
The aloes- wood, which g^ows in the monntains of KftmrOp and
Sadiali and Lakhiig^rah, is heavy and fall of scent. No tax
is levied from its subjects. From evety house, out of every three
persons, one person has to serve its RHjah, and in serving him,
shows no laxity, and if laxity is visible, he is killed. * The Rftjah
of that place dwells in a lofty building, and doos not put his foot
on the ground, and if he places his foot on the ground, he is de-
prived of his rflj. And the people of this country have a falsei
notion that their progenitors were in heaven, and that at one time
fixing a ladder of gold they came down to the earth, and that
since then they have dwelt on earth. Hence the R&jah is called
8arg1 — and 'Sarg' in the Hindi language means 'heaven.' And

l"NAkiimni" or " Naktirani ** bsa been identified with Deahrani, a
pergana of Kammp.— See J.A.8. for 1872, p. 76.

from Illftm ftnd Hindaiatn. B&rriag their mothers, thej oan takm
ftll other women for tlieir wives ; for iDBt&nce, * brother mt.f
many hie Bister. And the people never remiss in their obeisance
to the authority of their sovereign and chief whom Uiej styl«

I " The ttccoDul of tha burial ol Aliom ningiiBUia ia coDfirmod b; r»c«nt
(liiclMgrei or dsMcratod gmet."—3oo J AH. tir 1872, p 82, roatnots.

I China waa loan knotfo to Aiiatica uixler ll,« name of KhuUi or KhaU
or Kl-ala and Mochin.

1 Khaa £iu/ivh ia Ihs name gireo to PcliU> ; il meaui tha Court ot lb*
(treat Kliao. K«e lt'lliirb<ilot and Yulu'a Ukrcopob.

* Arracan or the Ma^li oountry iticluiluil CliillaKOnK till a let* period ; it
rormed a Krpnt Buddliial Kingduin, *liilat adjiiiiiinK il on the oorth waa th*
Hindu Ki'iK'lo'"''' Tip|Mmh.~SiH> Alamftrnanialt, p IHO, vhorviu Arracao
il rallrd " Ita^iang," ai.d ill iabsbitauU aia called " Uagha."

'Wall/ are always firm in their allegiance io him. Women-
Boldiere inm oat at darhfirM^ whilst their hoshands staj at home.
The inhabitants are all black in coloar, and their males do not
keep beard.

And adjoining to the country of Arkhang, is situate the country
of Pegu,' between the south and east of Bengal. And the military
force of that country consists of an elephant-corps and infantry.
White elephants are found in its jungles, and on its boundaries
are mines of minerals and precious stones ; owing to this, enmity
exists between the Piguans and the Arkfaangians.

And bordering on this tract is the country of Mag} The in«
habitants are so many animals dressed up in human forms. They
eat every animal of the earth and the sea that is procurable.
They spare no animals. Their religion and law are all unsound.
And they marry their sisters, bom of different mothers. And
the pronunciations of their language are similar to those of the
people of Tibet.

And in the southern limits of Bengal, is situate the vilayet
of Odisah (Orissa). From Landahdalul to Mftlwah and the
passage of the Ghllkali lake, are its limits. In the period of the
sovereignty of SuUftn Jalftlu-d-din Muhammad Akbar Padot&H
Qbitflf ^bis country being conquered by KftUpahftr was entered
in the Diwan-i-Akbarl and annexed to the Nij&mat of Bengal.
And its short account is this, that Kftl&pahir,* who was one of the
nobles of Bihar and who was bold and could work miracles^
under order of Muhammad Akbar P&d«bi^l)t ong<^od in conquer-
ing that country with 12,000 select cavalry. Rftjah Makand Deo,

1 Pega Is now a dirition of Britith Barmah oompriung the dtstriott of
Rangin* BasmIb, Ac.

t Tb« Might and Arraoaneto were ooe race, their coantry being Arraeaa
or ArkllABg. They made oonttani ralde in fleett of armed boats np tho
riTere of Soaih-Bastem Bengal. During the Vioerojaltj of the Mnghol Vioeroy
of Bengal ai Daooa, Nawab Qkaiata Khan, iheee raida were ooneiderably
eheoked, and aereral of the Ki»g^ fleeta were captared at the month of the
Megna Ri^er, and the fort of Ohittagong waa alao re-atormed. The Magha
were alao expelled from the island of Sandip. A large number of Magh
a w ttler a are to be foand atill in Ohittagong, Bakarganj, Noakhali and Tipperah.
Though originally Bnddhltta, thej have now intermixed with the people^
and have become Uindaised or aemi-Uinduieed. — See AlamgimnmaK, p. 940.

^ The Arat Ifahammadan inonrtiona into Jajnagaror Northern Oriaaa appear
to have taken place about 1204 A.G. under Mahammad Shiran, an officer of

Bi«Dtiaika<t bj BmUodI I, p. 3IUI, ■■ loning baau lubilaMi bj Ulnifh ^in in
1323 A.C. or723 A.n., !n Gbluuddin TuKlilak'a reign, aod ii ■nflDti..Diid u

liaTingbeen*iib<lu<-<l in 13U0A C, by Firm S1ij>Ii Tniit'luk, ll.diUHi l,S4»kn>l
Tui^ t'irui ^hklii bj gbami S«rBJ, p. MS. Serxj riienliuuH tbul Uiu idul at
JagBOiisLb wu lurried ulT U> Uulbi by Firm Slmli (p. IIUj.

I Id IboSiirul'UiiUklieriD iL ia lullud Birabbuti. Tbe fort of Hinhbati
ii on tbe luutli bkiik ol Lho Uuliaiiadi riinr, oppuBiLu to tbu citj of CutlKuk ;
it >1 DOW it. rui..i. Tb«ru11u»i.>K<loiKri).lio» of it ii lr...«Uted >nd ■am-
nmriKd bj ma from Ibs^nr.— "Tbe fort Biiril.tuiti witb the citJ of Cuttack
I* sitokU oil tba Bti ip of lund IjiagbelKiWii tbs riTert Ualiaiisde ai.d liotliajnri ...
The tort ia on tbe bauk uf tbe Habuuadu, lUid tbe circun]t«re<ice uf ita en.
oluaiog niuiMut ia .bout tbroe KroK. Tb« t-n.pi.tt >a built ot atone, brick.
lia>o ftod g«u.ei.t, aod'i •oUe nio^t rum rouuJ ibe i.u.,wrt. The cil; of
Cultackia aituate uu tbe buiika u( tbo tiatbajiiri liier, sud tbe diatance
tielireea tba (oit aud tbe cilj ia about tno AVoh. ..''

proper forceR for enconntering the enemy, he himeelf, aooording
to his old habit, went to sleep. K&l6pah&r, by saocessive and
nameroQs fightings, vanquished the Rajah's forces, and brought
to his subjection the entire dominion of Odisah (Orissa), so
much so that he carried off the Rani together with all household
goods and chattels. Notwithstanding all this, frcftn fear of be-
ing killed, no one was bold to wake up this drunkard of the sleep
of negligence, so that Kftlftpahftr had his hands free. After com-
pleting the subjugation of the entire country, and investing the
Fort of B6rahbatl, which was his (the Rajah's) place of sleep,
Kftlftpahftr engaged in fighting. The officers and employes of the
Rajah ^ summoning his clarion- players communicated the news of
the whole affair through the reed of the clarion. When the news
about Kftlftpahftr went to the ear of that fortune-sleeper on the
bed of sleep, which is bit>ther of death, considering this affair
as the event of the Day of Judgment, like the sleepers in graves,
from the sound of the trumpet, sprang confounded from the sleep
of oblivion, and making tlie movement of a slaughtered animal,
devoted his head to the swords of the warriors of Islftm. The
country of Orissa and the fort of Bftrfthbftfi being subjugated, were
added to the dominions under the sovereignty of the Musalman
Emperors. The firm Muhammadan religion and the enlightened
laws of Islam were introduced into that country. Before this, the

A This waa Rajah Hoknnd Deva, Harioandara, who reigned from 16(K) to
166S. Ifakiind Deva was a Telngo by birth. In 1664-66 A.O. a treaty was
ooooliided between Bmperor Akbar and the Bajah, preceded by mutual dee-
patoh of ambanadora on both sidei (see Badaoni p. 76, wherein it is stated
that Haean Qan Khasanohi and Mahaputir where tent by Akbar ae ambaasa-
dors to the Rajah of Oriaaa). Aa mutual jealouaiea prerailed between If nghnla
and Affhana,thia political meaanre waa adopted by Akbar, in order to aerve
aa a ooonterpoiae to the ambition of the Mnanlman Afghan King of Bengal,
Snlairoan Karrarim, who had planned to eitend hia Bengal Kingdom by
annexing Oriaaa and alao to prevent the latter from helping Akbar'a rebellioqs
Qovemor of Taunpur, named Khan Zaman. Finding ahortly after Akbar
engaged in warn in the weat, Snlaiman Kararani, the King of Bengal, attaoked
the Oriaaa Rajah, who had oome oloee to the Gangea ; the Rajah fled to Fort
Kotsama. The Bengal King detached a,foroe under Killpahar, hia general, to
Oriaaa aeroaa Mnjurbhanja and thence aonthward by the Kaoabaaa ri?er.
Kilipahar ravaged Oriaaa, defeated the Rajah'a deputy, and ahortly after the
Rajah himaelf waa killed, and Muhummadana Anally conquered Oriaaa in 1668
A.C. After conquering Oriaaa, Snlaiman Karrarani (who reigned from A.O.
166S to A.0. 167S) left hia Vaair, Khan Jahan Lodi, aa Viceroy of Oriaaa with
headqnariera at Oattack, and QAtlfi aa GoTemor at Pari« (Badaan! II, 174^ '
8

of addltkawl anltatioD t« tb« UoMlmmn hiatoriuia. Tba t«it dnoribM Un
%a one of the " Omntb of Bkb«r'*| uid Babkr never drekmt of the polioj
ii gruideoD, Akbar, to eoiploj Ilindui id liigh miliUry cspacilje* or to

mkke them hil " Omrft."

>Dg«t

UuMlmui*. (6«» Ulocbm&nn'ejfin, Vol. 1, which aienLiouioneSTed Baju
Buhftand Badaoni, p. 328, Vol. 2, and Jin, Vol. a, p. 371): Badini, loo, io tba
ir>in(aU>6i>-J-T''u><inU (p. 42. Vol. 1), nionliooi Kelapahar u a brotber of
Sikaiiiliir Shib (<■'><" Ahmad iChin 3ur of gliur SL>b'a faiDilj) who occupied
Bihar aa tuyul under Akbar. (The hlnkbiin-i-AIfhaDi gi*n atull deaoriptioa
ut Kalap^ar'i oonqucit. He wu killed in 1582 A.C. iu a fighl with Aiii
Kokah belneeu Cul(^n); and Uajtnkbai.

* Sh^ik Kabir fluoriahed about tbe begioniog of the 16th ceaiorf daring
tba rale of lodependont llnnalniau Kin|[i in Bengal. He wa* tbe leader of a
great theiatio movemont, the ubjucl in slew Iwing to harmoniae Haaalmkn
and Tlindu religione, and to teacb TOtarie* uf both the great religiool of India
ihat the/ were after all oUildrou and norahippeta of one Ood, that tbe AHab

is called in the language of that oonntry iardni. 'Atter
having done bo, they proceed to worship their God of Jaggann^th.
At FanAtam, Hindiu unlike their practice elsewhere, eat together
with Mosalmans and other raoes. And all sorts of cooked food
sell in the boMar^ and Hindus and Husalmans buy them and eat to«
gether and drink together.

8B0TI0N II.— DESOEUPTION OF CERTAIN FEATUBBS

OF THE COUNTRY OF BENGAL.

Be it known to the appraisers of the pearls of past chronidee that
most of tlie historians have narrated that when Hftm, son of Noh
(Noah) the prophet (may he be in peace I), with the permission of
his holy &ther, set himself to colonise the south, he girded up his
loin for accomplishing this, and deputed his sons — the first of
whom was Hind, the second Bind, the third Habaobi ^be fourth
Zanaj, the fifth Barbar, and the sixth Nubah — ^in all directionii
on colonising eipeditions. And the tract that each of them colo-
niied was called after him. The eldest son. Hind, having come to
the country of HindQstin, it was so named after him. And Bind
in the company of his elder brother, having set himself to colonise
the tract of Bind established himself there, and that was named
after him. But Hind had four sons, the first was Pfirab, the
second was Bang, the third was Dakin, and the fourth was Nahar-
wiL And every tract that was colonised by each, is still called
after him* And DakIn, son of Hind, had three sons, and the conn-
try of Dakln was parcelled between them. Their names were
Uarh&t, BjMiir, and Talang ; and Dakhinans are all descended
from him, and up to this time all the three tribes dominate there.

And Naharwil had three sons, namely, Babruj, Kanoj and
Milrij. After them cities were also named.

of MfMslmaiis is the Parmathiir of the Hindm, that they ought io, bo
lolOTsatof oooh others o reads, And to regard eeoh others m fellow-brethren
The Isboors of Kabir miiy be placed between 1880 and 1490 A.O., and refleot
■oi obIj eredit on him, bat illnstrste what ethical and epiritaa! progress took
plaes amongit Uie people of India ander the impact of Islim. It maj be
added that on Kabir's death, both Hindus and MoMlmans claimed hie
body I so catholic and liberal was h^ in his Tiewt. Thii great theistic more*
■Mat set on foot by Kabir, received expanaion in the following ceatary by
ibe laboors of Ghaitanya, the Nnddea leader of Viahnnitm, in Bengal who
iowishsd in »he reign of Saltan AUn^-dln Hosain gbib, King of Beogal.

thftt tb«7 mftke the Boor of lime &nd brick, the lower rooma are
not fit for habitslioD, kdcI if anj on« lives tbere be aoon fallH sick.
And owing to excessive bumidity, the soil of Beng&l has macli
power of sproatiiig, for intttaiico, bomo hoiLh at paddy, in propor-
tion to the rise of water, so long as tliey are not inundated, shoot

1 Abul Fiql HimiJarly in tlio Ain-i-Akbari uiplaim Die origin ot ths term
Ban^alaK. (Suu Jur. Tr., p. 115, Vul.ll). In tl.u Tiboquf-i-Muftri. Ilii
•ipruwiion " B.iih " i« invHrinljIy uhoiI. In Ilia TanUi-i-F.i-ui ^Ju, Ihi
eipreisioD " llarigklali " or " B«iigftl " is uaml.

■ Tlie I'araiuu Caluudar conniata at tvuJvu iiular montlia, nftmed(l) FarWkr-
dill (UvolO, (2) Atilibihiulil (April), [3) Kl.nrduil {Uuy}. (i) Tir (Jun«)
(6) Uordul (July), (ti) miuhriwar (AnKUaL). (7) Mllir (SopUiDiboT), {t-
Abin (Uctobor), (9) Adir (Kufomber), (10) 1)1 (Ducomber), (11) BahD>i.i
(Juiuuj), (12) Se|)ttudi>rmu (Fobruiu-y). Soo Kiulmrdion'i Tan. Diet, aui
alao Ameer Ali'a lliatvry of fiarceui, p. 316.

forth higher np and their eare do not sink nnder water, and similarly
from one paddj-seed two or three seers of paddy are obtained
in the case of certain sorts of paddy. And most of the lands
grow three crops in a year. And the crop of that oonntry is all
paddy, whether fine or coarse. Other crops, snch as wheat, barley
and pulse, dso., are scarce. And strange to say the paddy crop
grows in so mnch abundance that it needs not the rains in dry
months nor the water of wells and rivers. Bnt in cases of drought
in the rainy season, the paddy crop is totally destroyed.^

The dwellers in Tillages are loyal and submissive to their rulers,
and unlike the Zemindars and tenants of other provinces of
HiodQstAn, they do not fight with their rulers. They pay in the
land revenue of each year in eight instalments in eight months,
and the tenants personally pay their rents at the Kaeherig, The
appraisement of each crop is based on nasaq^ — and nataq is
a document which remains with the muharir* i%ud the paiwain^
and the Karkun^* with the seal of amil. But in affairs relating
to bargains of giving and taking and purchases and sales and other
Worldly matters, no race in all the four quarters of the globe is
toqual to the Bengalis in wickedness, duplicity, knavery and villainy.
They do not consider loans repayable, and the promises which they
pledge to perform in one day, they do not fulfil in one year. And
the food of the natives of that kingdom, from the high to the low,
are fish, rice, mustard oil and curd and fruits and sweetmeats.
They also eat plenty of red chilly and salt. In some parts of this
country, salt is scarce. The natives of this country are of shabby
tastes, shabby habits and shabby modes of dress. They do not
eat breads of wheat and barley at all. Meat of goats and fowls
and clarified-butter do not agree with their system. And there
are many amongst them who, if they eat the same, cannot digest
them, and vomit thom out The dress of both males and females,

1 Grmphio desoriptioDi of faminet in India in past times will be foond in
tile TarikK-i-Fimt AdU, Badaoni, and the Maoiir-i-Alomgiri.

S Abttl Fafl in the Ain Myi:— "The harvests are alwaye almndaoi,
meaearement ie not ineiited upon, and the rerenue demanda are determined
hj eetimaie of the crop. His Majesty Emperor Akbar in his goodnsM has
eoafirmed this praotioe." (See Ah^i-AkbaH, Vol. 2, pp. ISl-lSt).

• '<Mnhrir"isaclerk.

* ' Plitwari ' • Village Aoootintant. — This fanotionary flourishes even now.
^ " Karkun " was a superrisor over village patwaris, — he was an Imperial

olBoer in ohar^ of the aooonnts of a parg^maK The " Karkans " were in
tarn supervised bj 'Amils' in oharge of an aggregate of paffMshsor a

and piUki and jomJak. BlephanU ue oftptnred in soma pwto
of tho oountry ; good horeee are not procurable, »ud, if had, tbej
cost mucb. A curious sort of boat is made in tbis country for
lOptnrilig fortfi. Aud it is in this wise : the boat is large, and

ditlriol. Here wo get a glimpse of the old Qtcal ijitam io ragKrd to ita
ftuoouDt-bnncli. In Ibo uoUecliuobrauuL uf the MuuIdikd Aaol •jMem,
Shiqdan (uorrupl«tl into Uiuda fkmily aamu Sikdaru) {)reiiidod o*ar Uftbkla,
MajiiiMa'uluT*(oo[TU|jt«d into Hindu fauiil]' namsa ul Uoiumdikn) pTOsiilod
over a grODp or i^in^'s ol Ualiikli or > Turf, mad oTsr bd BggrBgHla at Uabab
or TarfSi ourroapondiag to amoduru Diiltiot, au Amil preiided, and OT«r an
aggreuatc of DiilticU ur a Diviaiua, tLu DiiUiuU, tbora <raa a local Diwan,
Tha lul two tuuolkUD'iie* woru goumlly Uuaaliuaai, wlillitl Lha first two
Bubordinata ruDCliooariM were almost iorariably Uindiu.

1 " BiDgbaaan " u( our authoi oorreapoodn lu Abiil Fafl'l " Sukhaaui " in
theAiu. (6m Jm->-.lUKir>, Vol.2,p. 12G).

the prow of it, which is called in the dialect of the conotry
^lAi, ii mide so high that when it is placed alongside the wall
of a fort, people from th^ boat can get on to the wall from it, and
enter the fort. And a kind of carpet is minnfactnred from the
linseed plant, which is very pretty and mnch liked. And precions
stones, pearls, jasper, and mby do not exist in this country. From
other conntries these are imported into the ports of this Subah.
And the best fmit of this country is mango, which in some parts is
huge, sweet, and without strigns, and tasty, and has a small stone.
And the tree of three years' growth— of the height of a man- -
bears fmit. And large oranges, which are called kaunla, and small
oranges, which are called nUrangi^ grow well in this country. And
Tarieties of citrons are available. And lemons, pineapples, cocoa-
nnts, betelnuts, palm-fruits, jack-fruits and plantains hare no end.
Atid grapes and melons, &e., do not grow here ; though the seeds
of melons and grafts of vines haye been often planted in this
ooontry, they have never thrived. Sngarcanes, good, delicate and
sweet, red, white and black in colour, grow here in abundance ;
ginger and pefiper in some parts grow abundantly, and betel
leaves Itlso grow in abundance, and silk is al^ produced well and
in abundance here. Good silk-stuffs are manufactured in this
eoahtry, and cotton-fabrics of good quality are turned out here.
Rivers, small and large, are plenty in this country, and the prac-
tice of digging tanks is very common. People in this countiy
seldom drink the water of wells, because everywhere the waier of
tanks and rivers is found in abundance. And generally the water
of wells is salt, but with a little dig^ng of the soil water
comei out.

And the best of rivers is the Ganges (Gang), which rises
from the northern mountains of Hindustftn at the point called
Gonmnkb4h, flows throuKh the provinces of Hindilstftn, FarTakhA-
bid, AlfthftbAd, and Beh&r into Bengal, and in Benflral at a place
called Qisihitft,! within the Sark&r of B&rbakftbid, it is named
Paddi. From this place, a branch of the Ganges separates, flows
down Mur«bid&bAd, and at Nadifth joins the Jalangi river, and then
flows into the sea. This branch is called Bhigriati, and it goes
towards Chittagong, flowing through the sea. The Ganges at
Al4hibid joins the rivers Jouu (or Jamnft) and SOrsatl, and near

I Q^lhaia mentioned by Abnl Fsf I in the Am and quoted by onr author
appram tl> be Hajrahatti, on the left bank of the Podda, now nlto a ferrr
plaee, near llie eptfaaoe of the Bnral river, below Raanpir Boalia,

TAIN TOWNS AND FOUNDATION OP CERTAIN
CITIE3 IN THE COUNTRY OP BENGAL.
The city of Lakliiisuti, which in past times woa the Capital of
Beogal, was founded by Sangnldib. It Ih said that at the time
when Firu2 Rai, the RSjah of HinduBtan, being <lufcnted by Rua-
tam Dostan,' fled to Tirhut, and from thure fleeing tu the moan-
taina of Jliurkhiind * aad Qoiidnarah,' diud, Rustam Daatati, who

I Dalian wil* Llie titln iit Kualuni, tha Porsiuii Hercules— olhemiie oallad

1 " Jhkrkaiid " wai Urn name by wliich, whi

Partfaou iiiclndiiiK Hiibbum."

t ] thii>k " Uoiiilwiruli " in Llio U<it lieru IB u i.-0|iy>at'B uiialake (or " (loud-
wkiiab" whioh hu been idealiAed witli lliu " Coiitral I'rorinoet," ot which
the capital is au-bk-K&t&iiga (Jabalpur).

diiipleaied with his insolence, not bestowing the kingdom of
fiindCkst&Q on the Rftjah's children, awarded the sovereignly of
Hindfistftn to a Hindu, named SQraj.^ Suraj became a powerfal
RAjah, subjugated the kingdom of the Dakhin and also the king-
dom of Bengal. When SOraj died and the sovereignty passed to his
•on, Bahraj, disturbances occurring in all parts of the kingdom,
ambition showed itself in every head, and at length a Brahmin,
named K9d&r, coming out from the mountains of Sawftlik, and be*
coming yictorious after fightings possessed himself of the reins of
sovereignty. Towards the end of his reign, a person named Sangal-
dlb,* emerging from the environs of Kuch, which adjoins the limits
of Bengal, brought to his subjection, first, the countries of Bengal
and Behir, and then fighting against K9dar became Tictorious, and
building the city of Lakhnautl,* made it his capital. And for

1 It it worthy of note thai ihere it » town called SoraJ-garh (or fort of
8iraJ) in MoDghjr diatriot, on the ■ontham banks of the Oanges, and oloae
Id Manlaaagar, where there is alio an old Mnhammadan fijianqah foanded bj
Mahabat Jang.

t In Firisbta, ' G|||*ngal.' In the lift of Hindn kings given in the Ain-i-
Akbari, I do not find this name.

> The antbentto history of the city begins with its oonqnest in 1198 A.O.
(S04 A.H.) by the Mnhammadans, who made it (thehr first oapital in Bengal.
(See Tabaqat-i-Na|iri, p. 161, Pert. Text). This was the period when were
e i 'e ot ed nnmerons moeqnes and other Mnhammadan bnildings. (See Hnnt.
Imp. Gasetteer, Vol. Ill, p. 888, also Ravenshaw's and Oreighton's " Bains
of Ganr "*). When the Mnsniman kings of Bengal established thehr inde-
peadence, they transferred the seat of government to Snnargaoa and Pan*
dnah. Ptadnah was soon after deeerted, and the royal reddeaoe re-transferred
•o Gaar, whilst Sanargaon oontinaed as capital of East Bengal. Minhajns
SinJ visited the eity in 641 H. or 1346 A.O., and gives an aooonnt of it in
bis Tabaqit-i.Nasiri. (p. 162, Pars. Text) Abul Fa«l in the Ain notices it
(ase p. 118, Vol. 8, Ain, Jar. Tr.), and states that the city was known in hia
tisM both as Lakhnanti and Ganr, and that the latter epithet was changed
to " Jinaatabad'* by Emperor Hnmiynn. Badaini (p. 68, Vol. 1, Pars. Text)
stales that Bakhtiyar Ghori foanded a city and named it after himself ' Goor.'
The capital was shifted in Salaiman Kararani*s time farther westward to
Tandih. Daring the oonqnest of Bengal by the Ifnghals ander the Em-
peror Akbar, Ganr again became the headqaarters of the If ag]|al Govem-
■Mat, and the Maghnl Imperialists under Mnnatm Khan. Khan-i-Khanan,
the first Ma^nl Viceroy of Bengal, oconpied it A pestilence, howerar, broke
o«t, in coarse of which Monaim died — and also thoasands of troops and
people daily (see pp. 818 and 376, Al%, Vol. 1, Rloch's Tr. and Badaoni, Vol. 8,
4

XI ^wtN ^Its, ootttalDiDg OT«r 900,000 miiI*. Tb« ralborof Kkwahad
JahuiDaiiui notM the (olIowiDg prinoipkl buildJDgi ma itlll eiiMiog : —

1. Tb» Qkdkm-IUial, B aqokre, ooe-domed building in the encloiars of tha
Fort, oreoked bj BqIiad Nairst Bli*b, bod of SulLui AlUudia Hiu&iii gblh in
937 A.H. (1&30A.C.).

2. TheUiukr, Dorth-eut ot theQidim-BuDl, bailt bf Sultln Firni gblti
Tha height of tha Miuar ii abonl 60 cuLita. kud iU oiraumter«noe kbont 6.
ODbiU. Titai TviBned in 893 A.H. (1487 A.C.).

WhBD 1 Tiaitfld Uanr from Ualdab iu 1HST I found alao portion* of tb*
rampart, the gatewa;-, anil tha Qadam-lliuul building yet eiunt.

1 The ombaukud road a bridge ii deacribcd iu Tabaijati- Hatin (p. 162).
It coDDOCted Lakbnauli with l^khnur in Kar on the ireitem aide, and
Lakhnaoti with Deociil« in Bariod on the eaalorn aide, and waa oouatructad
bj Unaaainuddia Inui alU$ Saliui Ohiaauddiu.

tanoe of one ftof, a large bnilding of ancient times existed, and
also a tank called Peftsbftri — the water where of was noxions, who-
ever drank it became attacked with bowl-diseases and died. It
is said that in past times, criminals were imprisoned in that tank*
and by drinking the water of it they immediately died. And Em-
peror Akbar, taking pity, pat a stop to this form of punishment.

CITY OP MURSBIDlBiD.

The city of Maro^idibftd' is a large town situate on the banks
of the river Bhftgirati. Both banks of the river are populated.

1 Mnrfb^^ilMd wm the latest Mohammadaii Oapitol of Bengal, its immedi*
ate predeoeMor for over 100 years being Daooa or Jahingfmagar, in Baatem
Bengal. In 1704 A.O., Mnrtj^id Qnii S|in alio known as Jifar S|in (then
the Mn^nl Diwan) falling ont with Prinoe Aiim-ne-|hln, the Mn|^ol Tioe-
roj or Nawab at Daooa, transferred the seat of government from Daooa to
the little town of Makh«u«»Udi ^^^ named the plaoe after himself " Hnrsbidi*
hid.** After the batUe of Plaaeey in 1767 A.C., OliTe on entering Morfbidi-
bid deeoribes it thns : '* This eitj is as extensiTO, popolons, and rioh as the
eity of London . . . The inhabitants, if inolined to destroy the Bnropeans,
might hare done so with sticks and stones.** Bven after the battle of Plassey,
Mu^liAbid remained for some years the seat of administration. The result
of the battle of Plassey was at the time appreciated both by Olire and the
people, for the reason that it ended the mismle of Sirajndanla, who had ren-
dered himself obnoxious both to the people and the Bnglish by his yonthfol*
ptmaks and Tagaries ) it was not regarded at the time as interfering with
If nsalman sorereignty : it merely affected the snbstitntion of a new Nawab
(IGr Jifar) for Sirajndanla. In 1766, the Bast India Company reoeiTed.
the grant of Diwan! or financial administration of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa
from the Mn|^nl Bmperar of Delhi, S]|il> Alam, and in the following year
Lord OIIto, as the Bmperor's Diwan, presided in person at the Pnniya, or
aanaal ootleoUon and settlement of roTennes. On this oooasion, the yonng
Hawib Nasim (as administratire and military representatiTO of the Mo|^nl
Bmperor of Delhi) sat on the euMtMid, with the Diwan (Lord GliTo) on his
right hand. The work of sdministration still remained in the hands of
Mahammadan oflloials. In 1778, Warren Hesttngs remored the Snpreme,
OHfl, and Orimlnal Oonrts from Mnrfhidibid to Oalcntta, bnt after three
yean the Oriminal court (Nisimat Adalat) was re- transferred to Murfhi-
dlhftd, and it wsfl only in 1700, under Lord Oomwallis, that the entire
revenue, eiril, and oriminal staff were posted in Calcutta. The MurfJiidlbid
Mint, the recognised emblem of metropolitan supremacy, was abolished in
1790. Thenceforth, Murtbidibid has been left only as the residence of the
Nawlb, a deeoendant of Mir Jifar, and now it has ceased to be of importance.

Vioereg»l Mat. It is a beantifal city. ItainhkbiUnta, intbaaooiety
of tho Sub&lid&ra, being llironn joto contact frith tbe people of
Uellii, in point of refiuemeut of manners and conversation, r«-
Bamble the people of HindQelan, uulike those of other parts
of Bengal. Amongst its bnildings, none that was seeit was note-
woi'thj*, except the Iraambarah building, which was erected by

' It naT bs of intaratt to note hare that tb« (ottowing mint towDi aiiitad
■D Bangkl during the earlier UuhammadaD kingi : (1) UUinaoti, (8) Piroa-
ibid (Panduh), (3) Sitgaon, (4) gLahr-i-Nan (not identifiadj, (G) OhijMpur,
(0) SnDarglon, (7) Uaaiuniabid (i «., Bjibet or Ujmeniingb), (8) FaUii-
btd (raridpiir towe), (UJ KlialitaUbid (Bagetbat town in Jaaaore), and (10)
Buainabad (prubabi; cloae to Uinr) 'See Tbomaa' "Initial Coinage" anil
Dlocbmanu'a CoDtribotiuat).

Nawib Silrija^-daiikh. Its praise is beyond desoription ; its

equal is not to be found in the whole of HindOstftn. Although at

present one-tenth of it does not exist, yet a remnant of it is a fair

specimen of the original edifice. These two verses of Maulftna

*Urfi Sbli^lf^ (^y peace of Ood be on him 1) being found to be

apposite to the present casCi are transcribed below : —

How much of morning is known to the dwellers at its gate,

In that in its neighbourhood, the sunset has no access ;

Wonderful is the fairness of the building, that in gasingat it,

The glance does not turn back to the socket from the sight

of the wall!

And the palaces of Mfitijhil * and Hir&jihl, which were most

beautiful, at present have been dug up from their foundations, and

are in complete ruin.

PORTS OF HtrOHLl AND SiTGAON.

The Parti of EUgkU and SdigOan^ are at a distance of half a
htrok from each other. In former times, S&tgfton was a large
city, thickly populated, and was the seat of a Governor. And
the factories of the Christian Portugese, and of other traders were
also there. When Sfttgaon fell into ruin owing to its rirer silt-
ing up, the port of Hugbll became populous. The Faujdirs of

1 Urfi was a f amooi Portian poet of Sbirli, attoohed to ibo Ooiirt of Sm-
poror Jahangir. He poeeewd poetioal geniiia of a high order, and was aiaeh
•ppreoialed bj the Emperor. I pnbliehed an IngUeh irantlaUon of sooie of
hb " Odea " or " Qaaaid/' many jeara ago.

* The paUoe of Matijhil waa for ooTertl jeara, after the intunation of
Hawab Mir Jafar, the reeidenoe of the British Politieal Beddent attaohed to
the Oonri of the Nawib Nasims of Bengal.

t Satgaon, the ancient rojal port or "Ganges Begia" of Bengal. It laj at
the point of jnnetion of the Hd|j|li and the holy Baraawiti. The river Baras-
witi silted np doring the flrat-half of the sixteenth oentnrj, and the For*
i agn eae merohanta fonnd that the harbour of Satgion waa no longer praotloa«
ble, and aooordinglj fixed their port at Oholaghat in 1687, a few milea lower
down on the same eaat bank of the river. Oholafhat soon became the ohief
emporiom, and took the name of the rirer, that is, Hoghli town or pari.
Bitgion is now become a petty Tillage, thoogh when I Tisited it from HAghll
In 1888, 1 fonnd traces of a mined moeqne. The first mention of Satgion
that 1 find in Mnhammadan history is in ihe reign of Saltan Qhiasoddin Tngh-
Ink 81i*b who invadv^ Bengal to chastise Bahadur Bb^i King of Banargaon*
(Beepp 46^ Tarikh.i.Firoisj^ahi).

1 Ajam. The Arabi dirided the ncM (it th« world into the ArahU kad th«

AjaniM or non-Amba. PaniK Proper wu csllod Irkk-i-Ajam.

t In IGOe A C, it ii meationed in tliu Ain-i-Akbari u a, rant-pftjiog Tillage
Dunod " KklikiLU" undar Sarkir Slt^ioD. (See ^rn, p. 141, Vol. S, Jar. Tr.)
In 1686, in cUDKKiueuce of > ruplure with the Uaiulmia tulhoritiM at
Uufllli port, tha English merohaQU, led 1>; their Chief, Job Gharnock, war*
obliged to quit their facUir; there and tA retreat to Sutsnitl (now a northero
qiuj-lst of CatoulU). Tbeir now (etMameiit iood eitended iUelf aoulhwarda
Antoter the Tillage »( " Kalikatta " (betweea the preieDt CuaUimi-Uoaae and
the Uiul] and aubaeqaeutlj orer the tillage of tiabiodpijr (irhicb eiiited to
tha aoulb of the preaeiitiite of Fori William}, la 1669, il became the head-
quarter! of the lerTanla of the Gut ludia Compaay emplojed in Bengal
tacturiei. lu 1096, the orixinal Kort William wu built, being replaced b; •

JTato" meant ^iiiMier"or *'lord/' therefore iltis Tillage wm
named Kftllkati, meaning that its owner was Kftll. Gradaallj, by a
proceee of the modalaiion of the tongae, the alif and the aa being
dropped it wae called Kalkaia. The following is the aocoantof the
foundation of this oitj and the establishment of the English factory
there. In the period of the Ni^mat of Nawib J4far Sb&n, the
factory of the English Company, which existed in the port of
HOgbll, close to Lakhoghat and MoghnlpQrah, suddenly after sun-
set when the English Obiefs were at dinner commenced cmrabling
down ; the English Chiefs hamm-scamm ran oat, and saTcd them-
selTce from this whirlpool of destruction. But all their chattels
and properties were washed away by the tide. Many cattle and
some human beings also perished. Mr. Cbarnook, the English
Chief, purchasing the garden of Benires, the Company's On-
mAshtft, which was situate in Lakbogbat, adjoining to the towUf
cut down its trees, and laid the foundation of a factory, and com*
menced erecting two-storeyed and three-storeyed buildings. When
the boundary walls were completed and they were about to roof
them with the main beams, the nobility and the gentry of the Sayy id
and Mughal tribes, who consisted of rich merchants, represented
to Mir Nisir, Faujdftr of HQgfall, that when the strangers would
get upon the terraces of their high buildings, it would interfere
with the sanctity and privacy of their ladies and families. The
Faujdftr communicated the gist of this state of things to Naw&b
Jftfar Sbftn, and subsequently deputed there all the Mugbals
and the whole of the nobility and the gentry. These, in the
presence of the Nawftb, set forth their gricTances. Nawftb Jftfar
Sbftn despatched an order to the Fanjdftr prohibiting absolutely
the English from placing a brick oyer a brick and from laying a
timber over a timber. The Fanjdftr, directly on the receipt of the
order of prohibition, directed that none of the masons and

oiM in 1742, tks abore three TillagM being parohMed in 1700 from Priaee
Aiam, eon of Emperor Anrangieb. In 1786, the town wsa aioked and Fort
WflUuB oeptored bj Nawib Sirijo-d-daalah, who ohanged its name to
Aliaagar. In Jannarj 1767 it waa re-taken bj the Snglith under Admirals
Weleon and Olire. A new fort, the present Fort William, was oommeaoed
bj CliTO, bat it was flnithed in 1778, when the maidaa was aleo opened oat.
la thie eonneotion, It maj be added, that the anther of the '* Beimi Mnta-
kheria," thoagh hoetile to 8ira]a-d-daoIah,and thoogh a oontemporarj historian,
does not say a word abont the '* Blaok Hole " affair I

boftrd tbo ahipa, uid thna rendered lajal mnd good urrioa. The
Emperor Aurftogieb beinf; pleased wiUi the Koglisb, enqaired aa to
what the ICiiglish CoiD|)ariy prayed for. The English Chief peti-
tioned for the );rant of a Sanad (Roynl patent), permitting the
erection of factories in the Imperial dominions, and eBpecially the
erection of the Bengal factory. The petition was graut«d by the
Emperor, and an Imperial Farman ( patent) was issued, reiuitling
kII custums UI1 tihipH of the Knglish Company, and directing the
levy from Ihrm of Ks. It.lKW, liy way of tiihuteto the Royal
Customs-lioiiBe, and porinitliiig tho erection of a factory. Mr.
ChRrnoclc. with Ilia Imperial t'aTmaii and orders, i-eturned from
the Dnkhiu to Ueiih'al, and nt a place called Cliannk {Uaii-ackpur)

landed. He aent agents with presents, tribate, and gifts, Ac., to
Naw&b Jftfar Sbin, and obtained permission to bnild a factory at
Calcutta, in accordance with the Imperial Sanad^ and bailding a
new factory there, devoted himself to the improvement of the
town, and opened tittding transactions with Bengal. To this day
the factory is notable.

Calcutta is a large city on the banks of the river Bhftglratl.
It is a large port, and the commercial emporiom of the English
Company, and is subject to them. Small ships, called s1oopS|
always every jear come to that port from China, England, and
other parts, and many remain there. At present, this city is the
place of residence of the English Chiefs and officers and employes.
The buildings are solidly made of lime and brick. As its soil is
damp and salt, from proximity to the sea, the buildings of that
city are two-storejed and tliree-storeyed. The lower rooms are
unfit for dwelling. The buildings sre constructed after those of
England; they are well- ventilated, commodious, and lofty. The
roads of that city are broad and paved with pounded brick. And
besides ihe English Chiefs, (he Beng&lls, the Armenians, Ac., there
are also rich merchants. The water of wells in this city, owing to
salt, is unfit for drinking, and if anyone drinks it, he suffers much
In summer and rainy seasons, the water of the river also beoome
bitter and salt; but the water of tanks, which are plenty, is
dmnk. The sea is forty Karoh distant from this place ; within
every daj and niglit the water of the river has one flow and one
ebb. At times of full moon, for three days, the tide comes furiously
once in course of a day snd night. It shows a wonderful condition
and a strange furionsness. It drives across the banks many boats,
and wrecks them, but those which are not on the sides of the rivers
are left undamaged. Consequently, on tliat day, at that place
boats, both smsll and large, are left without anchor. This tide in
the language of Bengal is called 6fln, and the tide which occurs
daily in called f'odr. An earthen fort has been erected to the south,
outside the city. The English are wonderful in venters. To re-
late its praise is difficult ; one ought to see it, to appreciate it.
Viewed ezf«mally from any of the four sides, the quadrangular
rampart looks low like the slopes of tanks; but viewed internally,
it looks loftj. Inside the fort, there at*e Inrge and lofty buildings.
Wonderful workmanship has been displnyed in the construction of
the fort; and other curious and rare workmanships are visible in

itwuoa m •qiul footing with piwldanolM >t Kiidru mad Bombay. !■
1T73, >n Act of Pkrliamant^no pusaed, nndar which it itm daolarod that tha
PraiidBDCJ of Calcutta ahDold eierciie a sort of nencral ooatrul ursr otiier
poaacHioaa of the Engliih Eii(t India Compintj, thut the Gliiuf iit lli* Pn«i-
dano; of CalcatU ihould be a>i]1od Guvernor-OanaTul. lu 1772, Warrrn
UaaLinga had given into the handi ot tlio lervaDta of the Ei»t iiidia 0»iii-
paoj the general kdaiiuiitrition ot BengHl wbich lind hitherto bean io tb*
haodi of llaUamiiiadan Nifamat officiuli, and had ramnrad tbe Treaanrj frani
Unnhidabad to CalcnLta. The latter town thut b«>ca>Da buth tbe oapiui uf
Bengal and the eeal uf Supreme Oaveri.iner.l Id 183t, the QoTernor-Qeneial
ot Bangal wai araat«dQ(iTernor General ot Indin, aod waa allowad to appoint
a Dapaly-tioTenior of Bengal to manage the alfiiir* of Beogai in hii abaenoa.
In 1W4, a aaparate l.ieDtsnanc-QovetrKir waa appointed for Bengal, Debar,

(See Wilaon'a Enrly ^nnol. of thi " Englith in Boifol," Baclclaod'a " BenfiU
nnder Lientananl-Oofarnura.")

The hai-wearing Enfi^liBh dwell in it,

Thej are all fcmihfnl and well-behaved.

The dwellingn are like these, the dwellers are like those,

How far can I detail their praises P

lis streets are olean and paved,

The air every morning pnsses through and sweeps them.

In everj alley mooulike faces move abont.

Robed in prettj and olean dresses.

Their faoes are bright with radiance, like the moon,

Ton might eaj the moon has become the earth- trotter.

One is like the moon, another is like Jnpiter,

Another is like Venns in effnlgence.

When large nnmbers, like wandering stars, stroll abont.

The alleys resemble the milky- waj.

Ton see, if yon go to &aiar,

The rare g^oods of the world there.

All the articles that exist in fonr qaarters of the globe,

Ton find in its bssar, without search.

If I were to depict the people of art therein.

The pen would fail to pourtray such a picture.

But it is well known to all, [England.

That pre-eminence in workmanship pertains to China and

Its plain is level like the surface of the sky»

Roads are fixed on it, like the eqnator.

People, whilst promenading in gardens.

Like wandering stars, meet each other in their walks.

Such a city in the country of the Bengalis,

No one had seen, no one had heard of.

Cbandannagor 1 (Chandarnagar) aiuw Fari^h^^ogah, is twelve
karok distant from Calcutta. The factory of the Christian French
is situated there. It is a small town on the bank of the river
Bhagirati. There is a French Chief there. Ho is the administra-
tor of the afEairs and mercantile concerns of that town. The
Bnglish Chiefs have no authority there. Similarly at Q]^(kqiMtfih
(Ghlnsfirih >), the Dutch hold authority.

1 Ohandaasgore, fooiided m a miall French ■ettlemeni in 107t, rose to
Bereantile imporienoe under Dopleii in the middle of the eigbieenih century.

* In the terenteenth oentory, the Dotch merohanta who hsd hitherto resid-
ed el BilgioB and Hftgkl! ports, foonded their fnotory end port nt Ohin*
■aiih, a little below HAAD town.

uiiM mklwl*, with raTaDoe 6,406,776 dam (8«e Jarrett'i Tnua. o( Ain, Vol. S,
p. 134). Uoder iU Bdiaiuittntor, N>iv>b Saif KhsD, h contemporor; of Nawiib
JIfar Khia, llie Viovruf o( Bengul, it ultuiued Ihe liaiglil or iU prDipsrily.

Iiuftrly diud ual whsD I «u ut Pnriiiitli iu lUOS,

> Tim tr»cl ot country beiwecu tlio uortlium lluiiLii tit Fiiruiftli diilrtct kud
the fuol o( Nepul Proper ii luoally known wt tlie Mumng.

* ItuUia of tlie fori itill ■Cmid. It ii aow id tliu Mtniudkiy o( Ur. t'otbM
or Puruikh, ■ few tnilea U> the uortli of Ijuroiuli lailwHy itatina.

t The Uuuiir-uI.(;uuira(Vol. l,Fuo. Ill, pp. tS77-687| gi«et e doUiled
LIugraphical tkoLoh of Amir Khie. It meDlioiii 8sif KLap. Faajdar uf
Puruiah, u one of the io»i ul Amir Kbin. Tbo U<iu»r calli Amir Kh»>,
"Amir Khi-i Mir-iUiran." Au.ir Khiuii ii>otUer, l.lkmida Danu B«,j>m.
waaa gr«i>d*di>ug liter of )iiuiDu-d-d*u]ah A^iit Kh»n.

• Ujrungur ii now a cinlu aiidur the Sub-MaDager of tlie Durbbapga Baj at

.^9DteBto of that pari ^( the countrj. Nawftb Jifar Ebftn, oon-
•idering the arri-val of each a person to be an aoqaieition, conferred
the office of Faajdftr of Zila' Pamiah and that of Commandant
of Jalftlgadih npon him, and also settled on him the Pargana
of Bimngar aliat Dharmp&r,^ and Gundwftrah, which is in the
province of Behar, pertaining to Pnmiah, and also the niahals of
the Jigir forming an appendage to the office of Commandant of the
aboTe Fort. The aforesaid Sb&n, being appointed independent
mler of the district, after much 6ghting expelled DQrjan Slng]|,*
son of Bir g^ftls ^^^ Rajah of Bimagar, who was disloyal and
refractory, and brought the aforesaid pargana nnder his subjection,
and having thoroughly chastised the other malcontents freed the
roads from all perils. He represented the state of affairs to the
Emperor, and submitted that the mahals were small, and that his
skky in this mahal wan un I iterative. In consequence, the Emperor
Aorangseb wrote to J§far Sb&i^ m follows : ** I have sent to
you a lion, putting him in a cage. If he does not get his food, be
is certain to give yon trouble.*' The aforesaid Nawftb, who regarded
the stay of such a person to be a boon, remitted all the ontstand-
iog revenue due from him, and made concession in view of the
suitable maintenance of his rank and station. The above KbiOi
fiillowing the example of J&far Sb&n, imprisoned all the Bemindars
of that district, and did not omit any means of realising the
revenue. So that realising eighteen lakhioi rupees from those
mahals; he appropriated them to his own use, and day by day the
strength of his government and finances and of his army increased.
And making peace with the semlndars of the Mitrang, he com-
menced to cut jungles and to bring them under cultivation. Bring-
ing under cultivation half the wastes up to the foot of the moun-
tains of the Mui*anK, and placing it under his rule, he enlarged

his country and his resources. And Jftfar Q^ftn, seeing and hearing
of it, used to connive. At present, Pumiah ' is a large city, and the

rivers Kusi and Siinra pass through it. Its soil is low and full of

water. In the rainy season the floods rush down from the moun-

i At present each of theee forms a police circle.

t Sererml Dnrjan 8ingji^% ere mentionod in the Alamgimamah, One Bir
Singh, ZeCnindiir of Srinegnr, it aleo mentioned in it

* It did not eppenr to me to when I was at Pnmiah in 1808. The old
town or citj appeared to me to hare got into complete rnin, and very little
Ifaoe of its former opulence and proeperitj existed.

the kfoTMaid Nkwib dhi) to B«nd troops for Kl«iit*oc«. From
0»ndAhgo1ah (C«rftgola) and the backs of the GaugeH to the
UHrang, the tract of PurnUh is about ten daya' joaroey io extent.
Aod from the mountains of iho Mltrang, a route * leads U> Ench-
Beharand Asaani- Aud lliu tribute of the Rajah of lht> Muraug
was paid in gunic-

1 and 1 No tniL'ut of ihniie cuuld be found b; tne, wbeo I wss Si PoTDish
in 1888..

1 A fair ia iliU held siinusllf at Csrsgols, and i* Ikrfiely attended bj Hepau-
leee, Bhniiu snd other hill-tribe*, llioiigh notto tbe wine eitent ss bstore.

* Three tootee tu Kuch Uehai- snd Assam sts daicribed in lh» Atamgir-

»iiHaA(p. esa|.

DHAKAH (OR DACCA) alta$ JAHANOlRNAGAR.^

TliiA ciijr is on the banks of the Bndhlgangi, and the

Ganges, named Psdmi, flows three karoh or kos distant from this
oitj. In past times it was known by this name. During the

BOTereigntj of Nnm-d-din Mnhaknmad Jahftnglr, the Emperor,

the city was called Jahangirnagar. From that time till about

the end of the reig^ of Emperor Aurangseb, this oitj was the

i Daooa or Jahinginuiffftr wit the Hntalmin TicerefrMl Capital of Bongal
daring Mo|j|o1 rule in India for a oentnrj, boforo it wnn shifted to Monhidabad
by Marihid Qoli Kb&n in 1704 A.C. In 1610 A.O., Ulim Qin. the Mngkal
Viooroj of Bengal, shifted the Vireregul Capital from Rajmahal,or AkbaniiHK«r,
io Dacca. This transfer of capital nppeart to hare been decided npon, becante
the Matelmftn dominion! in Bengnl bed considerably extended eastwnrd,
aad Rajmahsl ceased to occopj a central position, and also because Magh
aad Arracanese incorsions fron Arrakan had become freqoent. To
effeetnally goard against the latter, a powerful fleet was constmcted and mala*
tained at Dacca and on the riTcrs Pndda and Megna; and colonies of
Moaalmin feodal barons (most of whom have now died ont or sunk into
ploughmen) were planted throoghoat Bastem Bengal, espeoiallj at places
of strategic importance, in order to hold in check all dislojal Afg||in ele.
HMots, and to prerent their intrigaing with the Magh raiders. Except for aboat
•isteen years, when Prince Rhah Bhnja re- transferred the Viceregal Capital to
Bajmabal, Dacca remained the Viceregal Capital of Bengal throoghoat tha
MTonteenth oentirj nnder three fllostrioDS Mn^nl Imperors, ir«s , Jahingir,
Sl^ Jahin, and Anrangieb. Tha most notable amongst the Mn^al
Vieerojs of Dacca were Islam Qin, Mir Jomla, the General of Anrangieb,
aad fDiasata Qin (nephew of Empress Ndr Jahan). The latter two Kawibe
are still remembered for their enconragement of architectare, and for their
oonstraetioB of great poblic works condocire to the material improTcment
of the people. Whilst the great arhie?ement of the flrat was the breaking
of the laat neck of Afghan opposition. The snbnrb of Dacca, it is related,
extended northwnrde for a distance of 16 miles, now corered with dense
Jaoglea. The mntlin mannfactnre of Dacca, once so famont, has now nearlj
died ont. The old fort, erected in the reign of Emperor Jahinglr, has dis*
appeared. The onlj old public boildinge now remaining are the JTatra, bailt
by 8h>h Bhnji in 1646, and the palace of Lnl Big]|, both of theee mIso being In
reins. (Bee Tajlor's Topographj of Dacca and Dr. Wise's Historj of Dacca).
Dacca, or Dhakka, occars in the Akhamimih as an Imperial Thaaa in 1684
the amhal to which it belonged is named *' Dhakka Besa ; " it pertained in
those earlf dajs to Sarkar Basuha. (See Ain-i-Akbari Jnrrett's Trans., Vol. ft
Fase. II, p. 1S8). Deooa, though it has lost its former Viceregal magnifloenoe
aad opaleooe, has not jet sunk into an ordinary Bengal town, by roesop of
Its being the residence of the present liberal and poblic-spirited ' Nawibe
ef Daoea«*

UntMimk g^lh, prooUlmed hii iDdepeikdane« mt SQDkrgtoa, irhara ha raajded
knd miotad ooini Thomni' ''Initial Ooiaaitfl" mnd Tariilfi-Firut-§Kalii,
p. MO). Mnlxirak Kt!*l>'» *0". Oh"! Sijih {Mril Ii.depondenL kii>gl, alw
reiidsdftt SaiiarKkoii, Bod miDted coin* ther«. Id 1353 A 0., Ilnji Iljas or
Sultlu Slmmauddin Abul MuuSar llyu gliili (fourth Independent king)
Mlkbliihed himwll bI Snii.irgkQii (Thomai* "Initial Coinage") and there
r.iundadn nei* dynattr nt Ind.'pODdent Dengat kings, wlio (with Kn inter,
mptinn onlj nt hIkioI furty yean) coolinaed to rule over Bsn|{nl for OTar
aoenturj (I3&2 to U95 A. 0.). and di*idtHl tlieir reaidenco between Qaur and
Sanartnon. Itwantu Siinnricaon that Lliu illuitrioni pout of gliirai, Hifii,
■eat liii fainoui gl.ati lu !4u1t[i. Ohiuuddin (aon of Sikandar gbth i.nd grand-
■oo of llyaiSliah), ohen tlie latlor iiirited iba poet to hia Royal Court
at Sunargaoii 8uoar|{ucui haa now baooina an iniignillcHnt Tillage, wilhoat
a«ii>t(le trace of iu former regal iplendonr. (See alio Or. Wile'* oota oo
Bunargaoii, J.A.S., 1B74. p. 81!).

ISLAMABAD alioi OHATGAOK.i

Islim&bftd aliat GbfttgAon (Ohiiiagong), from anoient times,
has been a large town, and its environs are forests of trees. It is
soaih-east of Marshidabad on the seaooast, and in anoient times
it was a Urge port. The traders of every oonntry— especially the
ships of the Ohristians — nsed to frequent it. Bat at present,
sinoe Calcutta is s large port, all other ports of Bengal have fallen
into decay. It is said that ships which founder in other parts of
the sea re-appear in front of Ohittagong ; it rests with the nar-
rator to prove this. The ebb and flow of the sea occurs also here.
And the fighting-cocks of that tract are well known.

SABEAR BOGLA.s

Sarkir BaglA was also a fort on the seacoast, and around it
was a forest of trees. And the ebb and flow of the sea also occurs
there, similarly to what occurs at other places on the seaside and
in the environs of Calcutta. In the twenty-ninth year of the acces-
sion to tlie throne of Emperor Akbar, one hour of the day was re-
maining, when a strange flood occurred, in consequence of which
the whole town was submerged. The Rajfth of that town, getting
on a boat, escaped. For five hours the fury of the storm, and
lighting and thunder, and tumult of the sea lasted. Two lak$ of
human beings and cattle were engulfed in the sea of annihilation*

1 OhiiUgong WM foand to be ia the handa of King FaUiraddin of Sanarw
g»oo abont 1860 A.O., when Ibn-i-Battitah Tisiind it. It was re-tabdnod by
King Nasnii gbib, too of Hnsain gblh, in the beginning of the tizteenth
oentnrj. In Todar ICal'i rent-roll, it ii aiaetted at Be. SS5,607, and the
8aHtar ia ihown ae including leren mahala. During the atmggle for snpremaoj
in Bengal between Afg]|fina and Mngliala in the ee?enteenth oentnrjt it tempor-
arilj alippedontof lloelem handa, and had to be re-oonqnered in 166i A.O. hj
Nawib Sh<^i*ta ^in, Emperor Anrangzeb'a Viceroy at Daooa, who named
it Isllmibid (8ee the charming deeoription of the re-oonqneet of Chitta-
gong, inthe Alamgimamah^ ftp. (MO-066.) Ohittagong wal, from Torj earlj
timee, an important place of trade, and the earlj Portogneee tradera called ii
'• Porto Qrando.*'

t Sirlnr Bogia or Bakla in Abal Fayra Ain ia stated -to hare oontained foor
mahala, and ita rerenne was Re. 178,766. It comprised portions of the Backer-
gnnj and 8nndarb<ui distriota and the sonthernmost portions of the Dacca
diatrict. Ti.e anther of the Seiral Mntakherin calls it Sarkir Hogla.
6

l«ll*t-GaMml, londad Soath-BMUro Bmigiil. H« Mnqaerad. taji th« Akbur-
nanuih, ^krkkr* Bkkla knd Fathabftd (Fandpur) and Mttled and di»d tbara.
It i( remarhabla that oloae to faridpur there ii a Tillage {now a railway it*-
tion) called Khan-Khananpur. wliicli probably wh« the roaidanoe ot Horad
Khan. a<id wliioli aRain ia cloae to a place ciillud Knjbari (prubablj the Mat of
the old Knjahii. Ilia aona were Ireacheroailr marderad at a (eatt to which
they were iuvited by Mukond, the lUji.h i>( Bliuiaa aod Fatahabnd. (3m
AiniAkUii, p. 374, Bloch. Tram ) During Iha roigei of JahinKir and gjiih
Jahin, 8iilrnj>t, aon of Mukaiid, ^ave trouble, nud at len^cth in St,ih Jiihtu'i
rtign «aa captured and eiecule.l at Oh.ka (11136 A.C.) Nawlb Jilar Khin
about 1772 broke ap thii Sarkar, and anneied part ot it to Rajihalii and pari
lo the new ChnLlah ot Bhaaaa. Bhuana liea near Honranldih and Dakhinbarj
ani-ieat Mixlem ooloniea, aod it ia curiaoa that woit ot it, on the Nnbgtganga ,
WB And Batrajltpar clote U> an ancient Moalem ooloiij, at Alukdih t whilal
oppotits lo Faiid^ur we Ant) Mukqnd chor, which ii again cinae to " ^an-

bcr of elepliaiiU belonging to iho liftjiih of iliai plnce escaped into
the jangles ; ever since which elephants are to be obtained in those
jangles. And pepper also grows in those parts.

SARKAR BARBAKiBAD.t

BArbakftb&d. A good staff called Oang&jal is manafaotared
there, and large oranges also thrive there.

SARKAR BAZOHA.S

Sarkftr BAs&hft is a forest of trees, these being trees of ebony
which are ated in constraction of baildings and boats. And mines
of iron are also foand in that tract.

SAREAR SlLHAT.ft

Sarkftr Silhat is a raoaiitainoiis region, woollen shields are
very well made there ; they are famous for their beaaty throagh-

QmalDpur" rtition, referred to abo?e. 8atrajlt*t detoendant or raooeitor,
the DOlorioai Baja Sitaram Rai, had hit head-qairien at If ahmfidpar towo, at
Um oonllaenoe of tlie Baratia and Madhamaii rirert, in Jeesore. Qalte close
to Mahmttdpiir, if an old MoiHlman oolonj at gilirgaon. (5m Ain-i-Akbari,
Vol. II, p. 18S, and Bloohmann't Oontr., J.A.8., 1878, p. 217).

1 Sarkir Barbakibid, so named after B irbak ^\h. King of Bengal. It
eiteoded fromSarkar Lnkhnanii, or.Ganr, along ihe Padda to Bagilra, and
eoa p t i sed portioae of Mnldah, Dinajpur, Raji^ahi, and Bogra Ita clothes
w«r« well known, eepeoiallj the ttaSt called hhae-9h, Tbirij>eifcht mabals i
revenoe Be 436,383. (8m Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. II, p. 137, and Bloohmana's
CoBtr., J A.B., 1878, p. 216.)

i Sarkir Basuha extended from the limite of Barker Barbakabid, and in*
doded portione of Ri}f]|lhi, Bogra, Pabna, and Miitmanaingh, and reached la
tlM oonth a little bejond the town of Dacca. Thirtj-two mahali i rcTenne
Rs. 967,921. (See illm, VoL II, p. 187).

8 Sarkir SUhat adjoining to Sarkar Baiuha, chiefly extended eaet cl the
Sanaa ri?er. The conntrj was oonqnered bj Moealmane led by a warrior-saint
called 8b<^b Jallal in the end of the fourteenth oentnrj, when the Afghan
King Bb'^msn^^in rnled orer Bengal with his capital at danr. Qhlh Jallirs
•brine in Silhat town etill exiiti. Silhat supplied India with ennnohs, and
Jahangir issued an edict forbidding people of Silhat from castrating bojt.
Bight mahalsi rerenne Rs. 167,082 (ifin, Vol. II, p. 189, Bloohmaqn*s (}oatr.|
J JLSn 1878, pp. 216, 286, 278).

Formerly it wiu k large and popnloni oity. Aitd a Fanjdtr of

1 Sarkir gliHrifibid oompriMd BODtb-eut«ra porlioni of Birbhum uid k
UrKu portion o( Burdirkii, inoludiog Bnrdwui town. Twoiilj'iii mihaU;
raianae It*. &62,2L8. (Ain-i-Akbarl, Vol. II, p. 130).

* earkftr Iftdimn sitended rrom Nagoi in Weatarn Birblium o>er Raui-
gftDJ, aloDg tbe Damu Jar to above Bunlwan, aod thenco rrom thore OTSr Khaud
Ohoab, Jal.ii>ibid, Cbandrakon« (wmUfd Hodili diilrict) to Mai>dil|blt, ftt
tho iDoiilli or Ibo Kupnarain rivar. Biiteon mabaU i toTauDe Bi. a3S,08G
(Sse Ain, Vol. II, p. Ul).

* SJiar aiitb hnd aUeadj mads plao* to ahift tho aauL or OoTatninant or
Bongal rrom Tandali to Agmahal, but thia *raa carriud out bf Btjxh Man
Bingh, Akbar'a Governor or Baogal, wbo namad Iha pb>ce Rijmaha), and
aubaeqoBDtlr A k barn igar, after Kmparor Akbar, Befure Man Kingh, D«ud,
tbe laat Atf^no King or Bengal, had torliUed Agmahal (OU A.U.) in hi«

rank, on behalf of the Nftzim of Bengal, resided there. At present
it is in oomplete dilapidation and rain.

MALDAH.
The town of MAldah ' is on the banks of tlie i iver Mahftnanda.

At a distance of three karoh towards the north, is sitnate holj

PandQah,* which contains the sacred shiiue of Hafrat MahJi-

dQm Sb&h JaUl Tabris* (May Qod sanctify his shrine !) and the

last stMid agatost Mahals ander S^ln Jahan, Akbar'a general (Bodaoni,
Vol. n, p. SS9). Sobfleqnently, in the .time of Jahangir, Rnjmahal was the
toene of a mngainarj battle between Prince Qh^h Jahan and Jahaafrir'i
Vioeroj of Bengal, Ibrahim Kh&n Fateh Jang, who was killed {Iqhalnamah»i'
Jchmmgiri, p. i21). It waa for aboat twentj years the Yioeregal Capital of
Bengal, nnder Prinoe fihih Qbnja, who adorned the oitj with beantifnl marble*
pal a eee, no trace of which, howerer, now etists. — (See Ain^i-Akbari, VoL 11,
p. 940).

1 As earij as 1680 A.O., the English Bast India Oompanj, with permts-
•km of Smperor Aorangseb, established a silk factory here, and in 1770 A.C.,
Knglisb baser, close to Mildah, was flied npon as the Commeroial residency.
Mildah is mentioned in the Tosak-i- Jahangtri : " When I ( Jahangir) was
prince, I had made a promise to Mir Ztyandin of Taswin, a Saift Syed, who
has sinee reoeired the title of Mustafa Qan, to giro him and his children
Pbrgaoa Maldah, a well-known Pargana in Beng^. This promise was now
performed (1617 A.C.)"— See J.A.S., 1878, p. S16n.

• Pandnah, like Oaur, is sitnate in the dUtrict of Mildah. 'AH Mubarak
had his oapital at Pkaduah, and the third independent Mnsalman Af^ian
King of Bengal, named Shamsnddin Ilyas fih^h, fortified the place, and per*
maaeotly removed the headqaarters there about 1868 A.O. Panduah for
over 60 years remained the Oapital of Bengal, during the reigns of seren
Afghan independent Kings of Bengal, after which the capital was in 1446 A.O.
daring the reign of Nasiroddin Mahmud ^kh re- transferred to Oaur, which
was retained by Muhammadans for about throe centuries as their oapital.
The prindpal buildings at Panduah ire the mausoleums of Mskkdum f^kh
Jallal and his grandson Quftb 8hib, the Oolden Mosqne (1686 A.O.) with wall
of granite, and ten domes of brick, the Eklakhi Mosque containing the graTe
of C%iasnddin II, the fifth Mnsalman independent King of Bengal, the Adina
Moeque (fourteenth century) characterised by Mr. Fergusaon as the meet
reflMrfcable example of Pathan architecture, and the Baiargarh (serentj
towered) palace. Panduah was once famous for its manufacture of indigenous
paper, but this industry has now died out. Dr. Buchanan Hamilton gives
a detailed description of the ruins of Panduah, and the ^urf^id Jah&nnnmah
(an analysis of whioh Mr. Beveridge has published) supplements it.

* Shaikll Jslaluddin Tabrist was a disciple of Said Tabriii, a ricegerent of
8h<^habuddin ghnrawardi, and a friend of Qwijah Qutbuddin and 8h"lkh
Bahaaddia Zakariah. Sb«iUl Najmndd'm, SI|i^kk*alI*l«m •^ I>«l^i> bore him

two years my maetor, iir. Geoige Uiliiey (May liia fortune ttlivaya
laHt) has beeo lioldiug lici-o llio utiieu of tlie Chief of the Factory
of the Company, auj also aincu in thU place tbis humble sei-vaut
lioij beou engaged iu the compoaitlou aud uompilation of this book,
the above uari-ative has beou givcu *

oDmitji lothu uiut wuLt |u> Beatrkl. His tomb i* in Ibo port u( Dot Ukhkl
(or yBldiTeiilo).— Sou Ain-k-AiUri, Vol. II, p. 3ua

■ Sboillll Nur gutbu-l-'AI&iD wm k>d nod viueipiroDt ut ^fti|[& Aka-I-Unq
(Ll>e latter huning been viceis<iruiit of bl>>i|Lll AU|i Sir»j). He wu a mjsliu
uT umiiMDce, aud died In A. II. HUB (&.C. IMS) and waa buriad at Pauduah.—
a^uAin, Vol. Il,|>. 371.

* HoU on Sarkari of Bengal (prineipalli/ cuinpiltd /ram Bloehmann't CDHlritii.

SBOTION IV.— A BRIEF NARRATIVE OP THE RULE OP
THE RAIAN (THE HINDtT CHIEFS), IN ANCIENT
TIMES, IN THE KINGDOM OF BENGAL.

Since bj the laudable endeavonrs o( Bang, son of Hind, the
dominions of Bengal were populated, his descendants, one after

l%on9, l^bajol-Mfafiri, TariUi-i-Finii Qh^hi, Ah^i-Ahhari, Badoani^ Thomat't
f niiial ooiiiaf(e, Iqhalnamah-i'Jahangiri, Badnhahnamah, and Alamffimamah.)

Before proceeding to the next section , it 01*7 be noted here that
oer aothor has not described all the Sarkara or old Moialnian adminiitratire
divitioBS or diitriott of Bengal.

Bengal before Mnhammadan oonqaett in 1198 A.O. consisted of Bre
Dirisions, namelj (1) Badha, the tract south of the Gknges and west of
the Hoghlii (2) Bagdi, the deltaic tract of the Ganges 1 (8) Banga, the
tract to the east and beyond the delta; (4) B^rendra, the tracts to the
north of the Padda and between the Karat ja and Mahananda rirers, and (6)
Miihila, the conntrj west of the Mahananda (See Hamilton's " Hindustan ").
These DiTisions appear to hare been under different Hindu Bajas or pettj
chieftains, who had no cohesion amongst them, and were under no allegiance
to any central authoritj, and whose form of government was patriarchal.
When BaUltiar K||i1Ji with eighteen troopers stormed Nadia, then the
Hindu capital of Bengal, and conquered Bengal, in 1108 A..0. (694 A.H.) he
appears to hare conquered Mithila, Barendra, Badhn, and the north- western
portioa of Bagdi. This tract was named Vilajet-i-Lakhnauti after its capital,
Lakhnanti citj. Its extent is roughlj described in 1S46 A. 0. (641 A.H.) in
the Tahafoli-Kofiri, p. 168, when ita author If itihaju.s-8iraj, risited Lakhnanti.
MinhaJ says that the Vilajet-i-Lakhnauti lies to both sides of the Ganges,
and eonnists of two wings, the eastern one is called Barendra, to which
Deokot belong I, and the western catted Rll (Radha) to which Lakhnanti
belongs, that on one side the town of Lakhnanti is connected with
Deokoi, and on the other side with Lakhnor bj a causeway or em-
banked road, ten days* distance. Deokot has been identified with an old
fort, now known simply as Damdamnh, on the left branch of the
Pumababa, south of Dinajpur, and close to Qangarampur. Bang or Bast
Bengal appears to ha?e been snbdned in 181i A. 0. (610 A.H.) by Saltin
Ohiasuddin, an immediate snccesior of Bakhtiar H^itji (Tahaqatf p. 16S).
During the rule of the Independent Hosalman Kings of Bengal (1888 to 1688
A.O.), the extent of the kingdom of Bangala or Bengal was much more appar*
ently than what is described in the Ain-i- Akbari, and in the rent-roll of Bengali
prepared by Akbar*s Finance Mintsteri, Khwajah Mnsnffar Ali and Todar If all
In 1688 A.O.— (8«s J.A.8., 1878, p. 264, Tabuqat-i-NAfiri and Tarikh-i-Firus
Shahi, Thomas's ' Initial Ooinage '). Tn Akbar's rent-roll, the following 19,
Barkers ere mentioned as comnoaing the kingdom of Rengnl Propei* *.'—

whilit > litfg* portion oompriMd th« moderp diatrioU ot tha 14-hrguiM to
tli« KaUdak rivar, wMMrn N«dU, •outb-weaMni lCDr*hid«bid, and exUadad

ill Ilia uaLh to lUiiagarli below DiiimoDd Harbour. To tliU Sarku- belongaj
mah.,1 KnlkitlaCCaloutU) wliiohtogetlier wilh 3 other mubkla paid iu lS9i
a Und rareaaeor Hi. 23,40S. Firtylbreo inabult j revaiiuo lU 4,18,1 IS. —3m
iklaoJ.A.8., 1870. p 3S0.

U. Sarkfr Uabmudabi.l, (O culled nltoc Mahmud ShftU, Cing of Bengal
(SW A II.), oompmiug iiorth-eaitorii Nudla, iiortlieutoni Jeiaon, niul
weateru Kiiridpur. EiKhty-aiKlit Dialinla , revaiiaa, Ka. ^,00,266.

13. aarkit KJi'iliti.libiJ, coinpriai..g a^iillieru Jeaiore mid waitero Baqir-
gaoj ( llaokarKunge), Tlia Saikar ia ao iiBiued atior tbe hareli parganah
Khaliratibad (or ' olearanco ol KLiallfah' K^iu Jabao) near Bagerhat. Tbo
lanceat mnbal of ttiii tjarkar waa Jeaar (JojHoto) or Kaaulp&r. Thirtj-Ave
uiahalaireienua, lla 13S,OS3. hi tbia Sarkar i* alao Alnipur, wblob ProfsaMW
Blocbmaan aurmiaea lu liaie been Llie ruaideiice uf Sultiin Alauddin Ilaaajn
^ib, before Ibe latter bocume Ki»g of UeiiK"!.

40
tlie oonnirj. The first person who presi<Ted over the sovereigntj

14. Sarkir Fathtbid, •o called after Fath Shab, King of Bengal (886 A.H.)
oomiMrlting a imfill porfeion of JeMore, a large part of Faridpar, northern
BaqirganJ, a portion of Dhaka dietriot, the itUnd of Dakhin Shahbftspiir,
and Sondip, at the month of the Megna. The town of Faridpar liet in the
haTell pergana of Fathabid. 81 mnhnlfl; rerenne Re. 1,00,289«

16. Sarkir Bakia or Bogia, eonth-eaat of the preoeding, oomprieed
portions of BaqirganJ and Dhaka dittriote. Fonrmahale t revenue Re. 1,78,766.

Barhan South of ih€ Oang$$ and W€tl of the Bhagirati (Hugkli,)

16. Sarkar Udner, or Tandah, comprising the greater portion of
Mnrshidabid diatriot, with portion of Birbhnm. Fifty- two mahals ; rerenne
Re. 6,01,066. Bnlaiman Qb^i Kararini, the last bnt one of the Afghan Kings
of Bengal, moved the seat of Goremment to Tandah from Ganr in 1664 A.O.,
that ia, 11 years before the min of the latter.— (ifn-f-iifcbaH, Vol. II,
p. 180n.)

17. Barker Bharifabid, sonth of the preoeding, comprising remaining por*
tiotts of Birbhnm, and a large portion of Bordwan distriote, including the
town of Bnrdwan. Twentj-siz mahals i rerenae Rs. 6,62,218.

18. Barkar Bnlaiminabnd, so called after Bnlaiman Shah, King of Bengal,
eom pr is ing a few southern parganas in the modem districts of Nadia, Burdwan
and the whole north of Hughli district. Pandnah on the E. I. R. belonged
to this Sarkar. The chief town of the Sarkar called Sulaimanabid (after-
wards ehangAd to Salireabad) was on the left bank of the Damfidar, south-
east of the town of Burdwan. Thirty-one mahals i revenue Rs. 4,40,740.

10. S'lrkir Hadaran, extended in a semicircle from Nagor in western Bir-
bhnm, over Raniganj along the Damudar to above Burdwan, and from there
over Khand Ghosh, Jahanabld, Chandrakona (western Hughli district)
to Xandalghat at the mouth of the Kopnarain river. Sixteen mahals i revenue
Re. 2,86.066.

The above 10 Sarkars which made up Bengal Proper in 1682, paid a revenue on
khaita lands (crown lands) inclusive of a few dutiee on salt, Kate^ and fisheries,
of Rs. 6,8,87,062. According to Grant the value of jagir lands was fixed at
Re. 4,848,802, eo that in 1682 A 0. and from before it, Rs. 10,686,044 was the
total revrnne of Bengal.— (8m J.A.S , 1878, p. 210). This was levied from
ryate in specie, as the equivalent of the sixth share of the entire produce of
the land, claimed by the sovereign as his share. — (See Ain-i^Ahhari), pp. 66 and
68, Vol. 2. This rent-roll remained in force dnring the reign of Jahiingir. Under
8b*lt Ithin, the boundarlee of Bengal were extended on the eoulh-weet, Medni-
pnr and Hljli having been annexed to Bengal, and in the eaat and north-east by
eonqneets in Tipperah and Koch Hajo ; and when Prince QbaJ* was made
Governor of Bengal he made about 1668 A.C., a new rent-roll which shewed
84 Barkers atid 1,860 mahals, and a total revenue, in hlmUa and jaffir lands, of
Rs. 1,81,16,007.— (8m J.A.S., 1878, p. 210). ghnj*'* rent-roll remained in
force till 1722 A.O., an addition having been made after the re-eonqueet of
Chittagong, and conquest of Assam and Koch Behar in Aurangteb's time. In
7

of B«ngBl, Ori«M oonalatlng of 5 Surknrs. Tboa, the Bibkh ot Bangal ia
deiorib«d mi oonriitiog of 2t S*rkftn (thftt it, iiiclading 6 Biu-knTi of Oriiaa).
nud Th7 mahkli, aud the raTenaa i« ■Utt>d to be Ri. l,lU,Ul,4tU'ie-T.— (8«e
^ n, Vol. II, p 129). Mutaii'kd ^K-i nl.o iru atlaclieU lo Emperor
J»l<nngir'i Court, in liia Bcoount ol tlio aeTsnlh year of Julisngir'a r^gn, itetea
tut the reienae of ll«i>gal wui one K'or aud Bftj luli iu rupcei.— (Vide
Iqbaluamah.i-Jahanviri, p. 60)

< Bijih UluLointli or Ithkgdnt, aui> of N'aritk, had hia Capitiil at the cit;
of Pn^jateapur (iJentifiad with the modern (ianhnti), ia doaoribed in the
Ualiibi'arftt aa eapouaing the raate of narjCidban, And aa being aluin bj the
lictuijoua Arjiin. AccurdinK to the Aiu-iAlibari, p. \H, Vol 2, Bhagirat or
Uhagdnt had t wen tf. three lueoeworH ia hia dynutf.
* Ai'Oordiug to lbs ifin, p. 147, Jarjudhan.

■Tbiaiitbe period during whioh bi* 'tyHixly ruled. In the .fin, p. 1i4,
£410 jenn.

from hill family to Noj Gk>ar1ab,( who belonged to the Ejeetii
tribe, and for 250 * years he and his eight deseendants raled.
The fortune of sovereignty passed from his family also to Adisar,*
who was also a Kyesth, nnd eleven persons, including himself and
his descendants, ascending the throne, ruled for 714 years over the
Kingdom of Bengal. And afterwards tlie sovereignty passing from
his family to Bli(ipftl Kyesth, the hitter with his descendants,
forming ten persons, ruled over this kingdom for a period of- 698
years. When their fortune decayed, Sukh ^en Kyesth with his
descendants, numbering seven pei*sons, ruled over the Kingdom of
Bengal (Bangftlah) for 160 * jetira. And these sixty-one persons
ruled absolutely over this kingdom for aperio«l of 4,240^ years.
And when the period of thoir fortune was oven their fortune
ended. Sukh Sen, ^ of the Boido caste, became ruler, and after
ruling for three years over this kin«/dom, died. After this,
Ball&l Sen, who built the fort of Gaur, occupied the throne
of sovereignty for fifty years, and died. After this, Lnkhman
Sen for seven years, after him MadhQ Sen for ten yearSi after
him Kaisll Sen for fifteen years, after him Sadft Sen for
eighteen years, and after him Nauj 7 for three yeare ruled. • When
the turns of these were over, Rftj&h Lakhmatiift,* son of Lakhman,
sat on the throne. At that time, the seat of government of the
Baii of Bengal was Nadlah,* and this Nadlah is a well-known
city, and a seat of Hindft learning. At present, though conipared
with the past, it is dilapidated and in ruin, still it is fampus for its
learning. The astrologers of that place, who were known over the
world for their proficiency in astrology and soothsayings, unitedly

1 In the iUn, p. 146, ** BboJ Oaariali."
B In the Aio, p. 145, « 690 years."

• lo the Ain, " Adf or."

4 la the Ain, p. 146, *' 106 yeirt.**
ft In the Ain, *'46 44'* yean.

• In the Ain, " Sokh Sin." He is nut deeoribed m a Boido.
1 In the Ain, *' Nangah."

9 InFeriahta ** Lakhroanah *' ; in Tiibnqit-iKnfSrt " Lakhmaniah. **

• In Tabaqiit-i-Naviri, " Nandtah ** or *' new isle** Apoording to onrrent
legends, it was founded In 1063 A.C. bj Lakh man Sep, ton of Pallil Sen, who
resided partly at Gaar, and principal I j ni Dikrampnr, in Daqoa dittrioi.
Mnhanmad BaUitiir ShtlJi in 691 AH or 1108 A.G. lionned ihefoHof
Kadiah, and oonqnered Bengal with eiglitoen .troopen — a sad oommratary oa
the feebleoess of the Hinda Biijah !

of fiengfti (Bangil&h) were powerful, and of liigh rank ftod
dignity, and did not owo allcginnce to tho U&harljah of Hindu-
Btan, who ruled over tho llirono nt Delhi. For inetaiice, Siimj,*

I Till* aocount i« repeateH in leviiral Moulman liiitoriei, lucli u Tibxjkt-
i-Nni»ri, FeriihU, Aia-i-Akbari. Tba Tiil>HC|nt, p. let, being the neueat con-
ivmporarj record, may be ■peci&JI; reFerred to, oipeciiillr u ill kutlior,
MiuhaJD'S-Binij, ibortly after, in 611 A.H. Tiiite<< LnkhDnali. One lot roipri*
ii meant.

* UinhaJD-i-Sinj Id thoTabuiKt, pp 150 and ISi, pnyi a bi);)> eulugiuni to
tliii Ittjih. and eitoli hi> virtuoi nnJ liborulitr, and wind* ap bj ■ajiiig;
■'U>y (lod 1e»en l.i> |>ii<ni1iiiiont in tl.u neil world ! " Vorily. Uinliij wna
hiroiolf literal inhiiTiowi!

1 In FeriihU(rer. toitl, Vol. 1. p. 121, Itahdij, Ulbsr of Siiraj, iideM^twd
M deacAoded from Noah. It is worlby oFnote, thai in tha diilriclof Uongbjr,

who WM a powerful BAjih, sabjngat-ed the Kingdom of Dakhin
(Dakin). At that time, his deputies commenced grasping and
usurping ; and in the Kingdom of Hinddstfin, idol-worship dates
from his time. It is said that, in the beginning, Hind, having seen
and heard from his father Hftm, son of Noah (peace be on him ! )
devoted himself to the worship of God ; and that his children also,
in the same manner, worshipped Ood, until, in the time of Rai
Mabirftj,^ a person coming fi*om Persia perverted the people of
HindOstftii to sun-worship. I ffluxen of time, some became star-
worshippers, and others fire- worshippers. In the time of Rai
SQraj, a Brahmin, coming from the mountains of Jharkand, '
entered his service, and taught the Hindus idol- worship, and
preached that everyone preparing a gold or silver or stone image
of his father and grandfather, should devote himself to its wor-
ship ; and this practice became more common thnn other practices.
And at the present day in the religious practice of Hindus, the
worship of idols, and of the sun, and of fire is very common. Some
say that fire-worship was introduced by Ibrfthlm Zarda^t^ in

OB the loatheni bank of the Ganges, near Manlanagar, there la a town oallod
" Sftrajgarh, " or " foH of SoraJ." Mighfc not ihii plaoe hare been the birihplaoe
or aeal of gOTernment of Rijih Sum] in the text ? The looality is one which
wottid faoilitato his ezoarsion into the Dakhin through the defiles of the
Vindhya range, of which the text speaks.

I This is apparentlj a mistake in the text for '* Bni Bahdaj, " who is men-
tioned in Ferishta as the father of Rai 8ara], and as a deeoendant of Noah.

t We meet with the name of " Jharkand " in the " Akbarnamah " ) it was
the Xnsalman appellation of " Ghntia Nagpor*' j oat as Bharknnd was the
Mnaalman appellation of " Sonthal Parganna."

The Aryans most have fallen verj low in the scale of apiritualism,
to have needed leasons in religion from a preceptor hailing from Ohntia Nagpor,
who was apparentlj a Dravidian or Sonthali Brahman.

This imprinicement of "spiritnal light" from the defiles of Ghntia Nagpir
tract, in the time of Bijih Suraj, strengthens mj surmise that Sdrajgarh,
which is not far from Ghntia Nagpor, was the home or residence of Rljih
BiraJ. It maj also be noted that the Bonthalese worship images of their
ancestors, which worship is referred to in the text.

t Zaidafbt or Zartafbt or IZardahas^t is the name of a person descended
from ICanichahar, and a'disoiple of Tythagorai. During the reign of Kmperor
Gaflitasp of Persia he claimed to be a prophet, and in trod need fire-worship.
The Magians regard him as a prophet, and saj that his name was Ibrahim,
and consider his book the Zend (or Zendararta), as a rerealed book. He is
sa p poaed to have been the Zoroaster of the Greeks.

AtruilD dspvtMl Ilia ganemiMimo, rinu-vioBli, witb ntlj Uodmmi onury,
to abaatiw fib^ns^." 1'he rMt ot tl<« uooont c-f Pwjahte telllM with that
iiithoteit.

^ Knch B«har used to be known in early dftji aa the tract of the "Koch

Iribo '' or litiiplf ■■ " Kocli."

* "Irmn" ur Fenik hero m tlie teit >i eTideiitly a miituks for " Tumi "or
Tsrtarf or HcjtLia, uf whiah Afridib wu Dionarcb. Tbia liidicatoi tlio
•ubjeotioD of ludia (like Henia) to ths Sc/thiima at n romote period.

* AfTaaiib (oonqaeror uf I'oraia) wu an ancient kini; of Tuna or Tartar?
or Sojthia. He wu a Mongol by birth. He conquertd Teraia, killed Naaar
witb hiaowD hand, aud roiguod Iharo fur abpat twelve jrara, about aeien
oenturiea before the Chhalian era, but wai iubae<|DeDtlj driren bejood the
Uiui bjr u famuoi cliiuf called Zaliar. Atrlalib again OTerran Paraia,
bui wu at luat dvfijaUxI and aUin in Ariibijio bj Zalur and bia oalebratad aoa,
Kualaoi, the I'eriian llercnlei, AFraiiijab appear*, howeTcr, to bare b««ll a
family auroama, like the Hbaraoaba, the Ptulemja, the Cnaara.

M6ng61fi, thirsty for blood. In the moahtiins of Koch, near the
liiiiiis of Ohorighat, in Beny^al, an engagement took' place; for
two days and nights the fighting continned. AUhoogh the Mon-
gi>Is displayed deeds of bravery, and pat to the sword fifty thousand
of the enemy, yet owing to the overwhelming nambers of the
Indian army, they could effect nothing. The Mongols also lost
eighteen thousand of their numbers, and on the third day,
seeini^ symptoms of defeat on the forehead of their condition,
they retreated. And ss the Indian Ai*my was victorious, and
the Mongers conntry was distant, the Mongols gave up fighting^
and retiring into the mountains, secured a strong place, where thdy
entrenched themselves, and sent to Afr&siftb an account narrating
the state of things. At that time, Afrftitiftb was in the town of
Qangdoih, which is situate midway between Sb^tft find China,
and is distant a month's journey on the other side fiom SJyftnbA.
ligh.i On the simple receipt of the account, and being apprised
of the state of things, he marched swiftly to the aid of the Mongols,
with one lak chosen cavalry. And at a time, when ShsngaK
summoniitg together the Rftis of the surrounding countries, wss
pressing the siege hard agninst Pii*§n, and was about to pnt all to
the sword, he ( Afrssiftb) atlacked him on the way. The Hindtks,
on the first onslaught, losing heart and feeling paralysed, dispersed,
like the constellation of the bear. Pir&n, relieved from the
anxiety of the siege, paid his obeisance to AfrftsiAb. Afrisiib
threw down on the soil of annihilation as many of the Hindu
srmy as he could. And ^nngtil with the remnants being
vanquished, retreated to the town of Lakhnanfi, and owing to
the pursuit of Afr&si&b, could not prolong his stay at Lnkhniuti
more than a day, and took refuge in the hills of Tiihnt. And
the Mongols, ravsg^ng the Kingdom of Bengrnl, spared no trace
of fertility. And when AfrAsi&b planned an expedition towards the
hills of Tirhtit, Sb^^gi^l hegged forgiveness for his misbehaviour
through wise envoys, and presented himself before Afrftsil^b with
a sword and a winding-sheet, and prsyed for leave to go. to the
country of T&rAn. Afr&siib, being plessed, bestowed the Kingdom
of Bengal and the whole empire of HindOstftn on Sbi^"g>^l*> son,
and carried Shangal in his company, nnd in the battle of tiimft-

I The eapiUl of China used to be onlkd iu thoM d«ji ** KhanbaHgh," or
City of the Great Qin."

N«a{>|irTaD, la. (3m Nkmai-K^aarann, • aliort Tantaa Hiitor? of Psnlk
by Uirin UDl.mmmad).

1 Al llie time wlien Sul|>n Muiiacldi.i Uuhamint.l Snm uliVit Sl|»l>Il>-
udiD Ohari. nxido ii.coriiui.i intQ in>iJar,tiii, Itiljil. Jaicl.ni.d H-tl.ar ruled
at KmiaDJ anil Uoiiaroi, and Rijih I'uU.anrii Tonoar ruled at Dell.i. Tabaqat.

p. leo.

* But it mott be noted that tliora ii in tlis text (prubably owing to miaULs ot
the copf iat of the ori^jinBl insiiuauript tuit) a cuofuaiun in llie lequenca of

* In tlie iiei|{liboDrhooil al the Hanjab, Aleiandei gavo battio to tlie Uiodu
prince. Poruf, wlio hnd advancsil from Kanauj, and put hiin to rout,

* Abijl Fati in llio Ain aa^*: " A )iarl of the iiorthem mouutiiiDa of the
Subali o( UoUii ia callwl Kuinajiin. Here are niinoi ot gold, ailTsr, lead,
iroo, copper, and bormi. Here are al*u foand the inuek'deer and the Kulai cow
anaailkirurni*" AiniJLbaii, Vol. i. p. £S0.

liAiids of Alexander. After ihis, Rftjfth Madiw Rithor,* like whom
there had been tew tnoh powerful Rajahs in Hindnatan, marching
with his forces, oonqnered the Kingdom of Lakhnantl, and allotted
it to his nephews, and after introducing perfect methods of govem-
ment, returned to Kanauj with immense booty. And, in efflux of
time, the Rajahs of Bengal again asserting independence, oontinued
to rule peacefully.*

Inasmuch as the object of the author is to chronicle the history
of the Musalman sovereigns, therefore, not busying himself with
the details of the affairs of the HindQ Rftis, he reins back the
graceful steed of the black pen of writing from striding this valley,
and gives it permission to canter towards relating and reciting the
details of the history of the Muhammadan rulers and sovereigns.

AN AOOOUNT OF THE BEOINNINa OF THE ILLUin-
HATION or THE DARKNESS OF BENGAL BT THE
BAT8 or THE WOELD-XLLUMINATINO BUN Or

THE EEUOioN or mxthahmad (peaoe be on

HIM!) BT THE ADVENT Or HAUK IKHTIAEir-
D-DIN MUHAMMAD BAKHTIAR KHILJI, AND Or
HIS SUBJUGATION Or THAT KINGDOM :-

I In Ferishtft, " Ramdeo lUthor."

i Most of these legends and tredliione regarding Bengal and India of
pre-Moelem iimea haTe been borrowed by onr author from Ferithia. For the
noei pari, they oonaiti of a huge maM of mythologfoal fiotioni, io eitraot a
few grains of sober historiciil troth wherefrom, I mast leave to more
eompetent hands. Tet it is worthy of note (as onr anther's narraiire Indioates)
thai India and Bengal in Tery early times had political oonneotion of some
snri with Sojthia and (throngh the latter ) with Persia. It is probable thai
eihaologirally, these Scythinn incnrsions resulted to a great extent in an
ndmixiure of Soythinn nnd Aryan races in Indii, which admixture was
fuiher complicated by the subsequent Draridian incnrsions from t^ south*
8

CHAPTER I.

A DESCRIPTION OF THE RULE OF THE MUSALMAN
RULERS WHO RULED OVER THIS KINGDOM OF
BENGAL, AS VIGEROTS OF THE EMPERORS OF
DELHLi

Be it not hidden from the enlightened hearts of those who
enquire into the hiBtories of Moaalman sovereigns and mlers,
that the oommenoement of the effalgenoe of the sun of the
Mnhamroadan faith in the Kingdom of Bengal, dates from the
period of the reign of Sal(&n Qutbu-d-din Aibak,* Emperor of

I Thii period •itanded from 1108 A.G. to 1388 A.O.

> This la not qoite aoonrato. Bengal wm conquered by Bayitttr QilJ-al-
Gbasi (Tahaqat'i'Napri, p. 146), in 604 A.H. or 1198 A.O. (for the dieonMion
of the date, aee Tahaqat, p. 160, and Blochmann'a oontribntion to biatory of
Bengal), wlillat Emperor 8bi^k*bnddin CBiori alioM Ifuitnddin Muhammad
Sam wae jet alire, and whilst Qntbnddin Aibak ruled at Delhi, aa the
latter'a Indian Viceroy, that ia, only 7 yeara after the llnaalman oocopation
of Delhi, which took place in 687 A.H. or 1191 AX), (Tabmqat, pp.
139, 140 and 188). He waa called " Aibnk," beoanae hit little finger waa
feebleor paralyaed (Tabaqoi, p. 138), whilat according to another aoooont,
*• Aibak" aignified the *<brillUnt chief." Hia name U preeerred in
hia Capital by the Qntb moeqne and by the Qotb If inar, thongli theee were
erected to commemorate other more or leaa forgotten worthiee. BakJitiir
^hilii in the first instance conquered Bengal on his own initiatire, though he
acknowledged the nominal suserainty of fih^^l^buddin and subsequently
of Qutbuddin, when the latter mounted the throne of Delhi {TahoftU, p. 140).
That this was so, appears from the ciroumstaooe that in the list* of llsluks
and BuU^ns under gJiababoddiQ alias Maita-d-din coDtained in Tabaqat
(pp. 146 aud 137), Bakhtiar is aasigncd a coordinate position with Qnlbuddin.
In this connection, it is worth noting that owing to a popular aud commou
fallacy, these early pre-Muj^ul Moslem rulers of India have boeu de8crib«d
as ' Pathan rulers of India.' As pointed out by Major liaverty in his traui*
latiou of Tabaiiut-i-Na^iri, neither the Ghoris, nor their slaves, "the Slave-
kings of Delhi," nor the Tu^luks, nor the Khiljis were Afghans or
* Puthtins/ hut that they were »ll Turkish tribes. (Seo ulso Tahaqat-i-Nafifi,
p. 150, where the expression *' Turkdn " or ' 'lurks ' is constantly employed,
>vilh roforencu to the first Musuhnan con(|uerors of Uehar and Uengul).

•

Delhi* And the origin of the title "Aibak" ie thtt liia little finger
WM feeble ; hence he was called * Aibak. * When SoHftn Qntbn-
d-din in 590 A«H. wreeted by force the fort of Kol from the
HindoSy and captured one thousand horses and an immense
booty, the news spread that Sal^An Mni'sa-d-din Muhammad Sim,
also called 8ul(ftn S]}ahftbu-d-din, had planned expeditions for
the conquests of Kanuj and Banftras. Sal(an Qn(bu-d-din
marched forward from Kol to reoeiFC^ him, presented to him the
booty of Kol with other valuables, and becoming recipient of a
special SbHa't, formed the vanguard of the imperial forces, and
marched ahead. And engaging in battle with the forces of the
Rajah of Baniras, he routed them, and at length, slaying on the
battle-field Rajah Jaichand, the Rajah of Baniras, he became vie-
torious. Sull&n Sh&hftbu-d-din, marching with a force from the
rear, moved up and entered the city of Baniras, and pillaging
the whole of that tract up to the confines of Bengal, carried off
as booty incalculable treasures and jewels. The Sul(in then re-
turned to Ghssni. And the Kingdom of Bengal as an adjunct
of the Empire of Delhi, was left in the hands of Qu(bu-d-dln.
Snilin Qn|;bu-d-dln entrusted to Malik Ikbt^laru-<l-^o Muham-
mad Bakbtiir Kbiljl the Viceroyalty of the Provinces of Behar
and Lakhnautl.^ Muhammad Bakbtii^f who was one of the

Aeoordhig to the * ICMalik-al-Maraalik/ says Major Bavertj in an article in
A.8 J. for 1876, No. 1, p. S7, " the Ebl^l •^ ^ tribe of Tories whioh in former
tiaes oetUed in Gsrmeir, between Sijistan end the region of Hind. Thej are
in nppeeimnoe and dreee like Tnrks, and obeerTO the ooetome of tbet raee»
ead an epenk the Tarkieh laognage." The Khaljs or Khiljie hmTO been bj
•everal wriiers erroneonalj oonfoanded with the Afghan tribe of " Ghaliie "
or ** Ghiljie." The first Afghan or ' P^hnn ' who eat on the throne of Delhi-
wee SnlUn B»hlo1 of the Lodi tribe, the thirtieth llntalman mler of Indie,
eonnting from Qatbnddln Aibek.

1 It is worihj of note that in the times of Bakhtiir Kbilji and hie imme-
diato saooeeeori, South Beher wae included in the Bengel or Lakhaant,
▼ioeftijalty. South Behar waa eeparated from the Bengal Yioerojaltj la
ttS H. by Bmperor Altamah who placed it under a dittioot goremor, named
Alaaddin Jani. On withdrawal of the Bmperor, Behar wae again annesad
bf the Bengal ruler, Ohiaauddin (aee Tahaqtit-i-Nofiri, p. 163). It oontinoed
lo be a part of the Bengal Kingdom till 1820, when Kmperor Ghiasuddia
Taghlak again eeparated it. Behar belonged to the 8Kar^ Kingdom of
Jaaapur from 1897 A.O.; again under Ibrahim, Bahadur Khan, son of
Governor Darya QAa, aaeumed independence in Behar, with the title of
Wh Mahaamad, and aboot 1406 A.O. or about 906 A.H. Sonth Behar

* In TkbH|U-l-NMiri p- 147, wUoh U tb* moat nliabla soooant, ' Bmdww.'
ThB lUofol mentionj Ui» naina of the tsDiUtory of Badkon to ba Bipatalar
Hubuu-d.diD Uauii Aiatb.

* Uajor RaTorty idautiBea Baklltilr Kh iLji'i iaair lmd« with the carnmmiU
of ' BhagiTKl aod Ohoili,' (oath of Bsnuu, and out of Chunargvb. PrafBuor
BlochmanD coniiden thia idenliBcBtion lalUfiKitor;. (Sua UAVorly'i tiKotla-
tioD of Tabanal-i-Natiri and UlochmADn'a coutr. to hUtorj and Ueogrkplij
of Bengal J.

* This account doea uul aooord alriotly willi what ii conUioed ia tlie
Tabaqat-i-Na|iri, (Pan. leil, p. U7), Itifl iieareaL oonLcmponu-y aooount tor
the period, la Tabaqat, it ii ilkl«d ILal after bein^ [ejocled by War Uiniaterl
both at Ghaiai and at Delhi, owing to hia alonder appeu-anea, Bak^tiar
Khilii proceeded lo Bodaoii, proaeot«d liimaoK before it« tsodal baron,
■enaiml llaabam-d-din Ilaaaan Aroab, who allutted liim a fiiad pay, thai
tb«Dca Bakhti*'' prooo«ded to Uadli and preaeiitod bimaclf Ualore ita fouda'

that proTinoe, he advanood himBolf further in rank and dig^iiy.
When the fame of his bravery and liberality, and the reputation of
his heroism and gallantry, spread over the confines of Hindnstan,
Snlt&n Qolba-d-din who, not yet ascending the throne of Delhi,
was still at L&hor, sent to him valuable Sbil^'^ A&d summoned-
him to his presence, and granting to him an illuminated Farmftn of
Chiefahip over the province of Behar, deputed him there. And
Muhammad Bakfati&r marching quickly to that side, spared no
measure of slaughter and pillage. It is said that in Behftr there
was a HindQ Library which fell into the hands of Muhammad
Bakbtiir. The latter enquired from the Brahmins as to the reason
for the collection of the books. The Brahmins replied that the
whole town formed a college, and that in the Hindi language a
college was called Behftr, and that hence that town was so called.
After this, when Muhammad Bakht^ifti^' being victorious' returned
to the service of the SuHftn, he became more renowned and
enviable than other servants. And his mnk was advanced so
much, that the juice of envy set aflowing amongst Sult&n Qutbu-
d-din's other officers, who burned in the fire of envy and shame, and
combined to expel and destroy him, so much so, that one day in
the presence of the Sul(ftn, in regard to his strength and prawess,
they said unanimously that Muhammad Bakbti§r, owing to exuber-
anoe of strength, wanted to fight with an elephant. The Sul(&n
wondering questioned him. Muhammad Bakbtiftr did not disavow
this false boastfulness, though he knew that the object of the
associates of the king was to destroy him. In shorf, one day when
all the people, the elilB as well as the general public, assembled in

baitm, Malik Hawmaddin Ugh^lbak, who conferred on him fiefi of SahUkt
and Sahli (identified with Bhagwat and Bhoeli}, and finding him brave and
bold eeoi him (apparently on reoonnoitering ezpediiiont) towards linnir near
Fiftiia, and Behar town. In iheee reoonnoitering expedition! for one or two
year*, Bakbtiir gathered a large bootj, when the Delhi Vioeroj (Qatbaddin)
reeogniied tardilj BaUitiir*! merits. It would thoa appear that bat for
Bali ^ tiar'e own tenacity, the ttopidity of the War ministers of GBiasnln and
Delhi would have robbed the Indo* Moslem Empire of a Taloable recmit, and
perhaps postponed indefinitely its rapid expansion towards Behar and Bengal !
1 In Tabaqat.i.Nsfiri,pp. U7 and 148 it is stated that Bahbiiir presented
himself before the gate of the fort of Rohnr with two hundred horse-girths
aod armonri ooTerod with f or-cloth (u;(yu»f ^), and stormed the fort, and

thai Bakkttar had with him at the time two wise brothers, named Nisamod*
dn and BaoisaiDaddin (of Farghana).

I«it, p. 147>, BaUiliir raooDDolurad B«tM (or oa«iMlwoyMn,kod sanM oK
mach plaoder. Qiitb-a-dia, Ihs Delhi Vicaroy. then callad Bakhtiirto Ijhora
tardily reoujjuiiei] hia mariu, >nJ londod liim with proaanla, Buhhtiir re.
lumod to Bolitr, knd couquersd it, nnd uarryiiig off igsiii a Inrgii boolj,
pcMoiited liimieir to Qatb-udlii at Delhi, wliaro hs had tu uudorgo a gUdia-
turial ordaal at tlia WhiL«Caatlo (Quri-Sufod ur Delhi), and tboa receirinK
proaouU rrom Qulbuiliti, retnrnad to Bohar, and the aucoud joaraflAr bia
conquMt of lluhar, hu iiivailud and coii((iien;d ileagal, itorming and aaakiiiK
NadiH, and e4lubli>liii'|{ himnelf al Ihu villai/e or mould cf Lakhtiauti {Tibaqal-
i-Nuf>r>. p. l&l). Thin wuuld iudiiats that I.akhiinuli wan fauodud lij hini.
and wai ili*fincl from (Jaur, thuagh pamihly cloaa la it.

) The Tabwiat (I'ori, U,tI. p. Ibl) aUitua that the K>j>.h (UUmaoia) waa
ihiD RJltins in hia iunor apartinoiita, with hia (oud aol befors hioi in gold aud
■ilver )>laCa*, nliun thnauddnu inru»h ul llatl.tijt Khilii with eiKbtoen troopen,
atruck totrur, and the lUiuh run onl Uaro-Cuol by a baokduor, and Aod to

Saddenlj, Mahammad Bakbti&r, with eighteen horsemen, made
an onslaaght, so that before the Bftj&h was aware, Bakbtiftr barsi
inside the palace, and ansheaihing from the soabbard his sword that
lightened and thnndered, engaged in fighting, and pht the harvest
of the life of man J to his thundering and flashing sword. Rajah
Lakbmanift getting confounded by the tamnlt of this affair, left be-
hind all his treasures and servants and soldiers, and slipped cot
bare-foot by a baok-door, and embarking on a boat, fled towards
KimrQp.^ Muhammad Bakbtiftr sweeping the town with the broom
of devastation, completely demolished it, and making anew the city
of Lakhnantl, which from ancient times was the seat of Gov-
ernment of Bengal, his own metropolis, he ruled over Bengal
peacefully, introduced the Sb^Mi^ and minted coin in the
name of Suljin Qa(bu-d-din, and strove to put in practice
the ordinances of the Muhammadan religion.* From that

Ssakiiai snd Bang, hii treararM, harem, sUtm and servanic and women and
eleplmnU all falling into Bal^tiir't hands.

1 Borne eopiee of the Tabaqat-i-Naf iri have ' Saknat ' and alio * Sankanat.'
Tabeqai-i-Akbari has " Jagannnth."

Aeeording to other and more relinble aooonnte, the Rijah fled from Nadiah
to Bikrampnr, eonth-eaMt of D^ooa. I think therefore ** ^ J i^UlC
in the printed text of the Tabaqat-i-Nnfiri ia a oopyiit'a miatake for
**£l|«4^/* meaning the Bi]ah'i "Bengal Retidence" whioh wniai
Bikrampnr from before.

Kamriid (or Knmrfip) ai well as Sanknat and Bang ii mentioned in the
Tabaqat(Per«. text, p. 180), in oonneotion with thepreriona flight from Nadiah
of Brahmana and Bahae who hearing of BaUitiir'e proweea and of hia eon-
i|neat of Behar, anticipated Bakh^i^r'i inraaion of Bengal, and had advised
the Rijah to shift with all his troops and people from Nadiah to his residenoe
ia last Bengal (ai Bikrampnr). The astrologers had also prepared the RiJah
for Bakktiir's conquest Bnt the Rijah was deaf to all adrice, whilst the
Brahmaas and Bahas had fled. It is opposed to the probablities of the case
thai the subsequent defeat of the RAJah hj eighteen troopers of Bakh^i^ ^ns
brought about by anj foal play or stratagem from one side or the other i
beeause the RiJah was a good, noble and generous prince, and the idol of his
people, and eren the Musalman historian (author of the Tabaqat-i-Nafiri)
'pays him a gkiwing tribute. (See Tahaqat, p. 140).

i Muhammad Bakh^iir g]|i1ji was not a military maimnder or a religious
fanatic. He was, no doubt, a champion of Islam, but at the same time
combined in himsslf all the qualities of a great general and a wise statesman.
We read in theTabaqat-i-Na|iri (Pars, text, p. 161), that both in Behar and
Beagal, Just after their conquest, he established llosques. Colleges, Khmnf&k§

■ A town ana • o«ieiirM«a uiiMort u Hutu auuut.

■ In tb* text * Habmft,' whloh i« eridaatlj n miaUka of tho eopjrttl.
Ualiaba la a Uiwn klwat 16 mile* from Lnoknow city.

* A town in Jalauo tlialriot, North'Wait^rn Prorincea, on the right bank of
the Jamna.

' On the banki of the river Sot, North-Weatem ProTincea, Bnt oonqnered
by Sayail Babar Uaaud Ghui, nephew of 8u1|in Mahmui] ef QhaiDJ, in 1028
AC, and te-oouqaered by Qolliu-d-diu in I19G A.G.

• In Tabaqat-i-Na)iri, p 1G2. " Tibbel and TurlciiUn."

1 One oan eaaily imagine whnt an inimnnMt Muulman armj BaUitiir
Khiiji muil hare labaiKiusnlJy poured into Bengal from Iho Upper Woatsm
Provinoea, to have an u bled hioi to detach 10,000 oa?alry for an expedition into
Tibbat, nitboat weakening hii garriion in the newly conqoered ProTittcoa of
Bengal and Uebar, oapecially ai we read in the Tabaqat (p. 1&7), that at tho
aame time he tent a detoahmont under Uahammad Shirinto iovada Jajna-
gar (Oriawi). Thoae whouruitiven to amaieuient at the preaent numarical

iaiiui of Bongal. Guided by ono of ilic Chiefs of Koch» named
'Ali Mich, who had been converted to Mohammadan faith by
Mahammad Bakbti&r, he reached towards thoee moontains.
*All Mich led Bakbtiar's forces to a conntrj, the town whereof
is called Abardhan.^ and also Barahmangadi. It is said that
this town was founded by Emperor Gar^liftsp.* Facing that
town, flows a river called Namakdi,* which in its depth and
breadth, is thrice as much as the river Qanges. Since that river
was tamnltous, broad, and deep, and fordable with difficnltyy
marching along the banks of the river for ten days,^ he reached
a place where existed a large bridge' made of stone, and extending
over twenty-nine arches, erected by the ancients. It is said that
Emperor Ghurshftspt ^t the time of invading Hindustan, constmcted
that bridge, and came to the country of Elftmrup. In shorty

•iTMiSih of If onlman popnUiton in Bengal, and are at pains to evolve theo*
rias io aooonnt for it, might m well bear in mind these elementary facts of
history.

1 In Tabaqat-i-Nsfiri p. 168 " Mardhan-Kote " and '* Bardhan-Kote i ** in
Bo^aoiit, p. 68, Vol. I, " Brahman." The mini of ' Bardhan-Kote ' Me north
of Bogra dote to Qobindganje, on the Karatya river, not far from Ghoraghat,
and this is the plaoe meant aooording to Professor Bloohmaan.

t A King of Torftn or Torkittan or Tartary or Soythii i but in Namak*
MTMitnum, p. 7, he is deeoribed as the last sovereign of the P9$hdadum
dynasty of Persia. In Feri fhUi it iM stated that when Oarfbasp made an
fa^arsion into Hindnstin from Torkistin, he founded the oity of BarjUiaB."

i In Tabaqat-i.Naiiri p. 163, ' BagmaU ' and ' Bakmadl ' i in Badaoni,
p. 58, Vol. I, "Brahmanpntr*' and " Brahmkadi." The river referred to
has been identified bj Professor Blochmann to be the Karatya, whioh formed
for a loog time the boundary between ancient Mnhammadan Bengal and
Kamrip.

* This ten days* raaroh extended northward along the banks of the Karatya
awl the Teesta, whioh hitter before 1784 flowed west of the Karatya, johied the
Atrai, and fell into the Padma, and of all Bengal rivers extended farthest into
Tibbat. This maroh then was along the frontier between aneient If nsalouw
Bengal and the tenritorj of the Bijah of KAmrup. Bakhtlir's TibbaUn
expedition most have commenced in the latter part of 006 A.H. (1909 A.G.)
or beginning of 606 A.H. (1210 A.G.)

ft This bridge most have beon in the neighboorhood of Danheling (or Dar«
Jeeling) which in those days appears to have, been the boandary separating the
Ifeehes from the hilUtribes. The aothor of the Tabaqit-i-Nafiri (Pars, text,
pb 16S), in this ooaneotioa mentions the following three tribes as then inhabit-
log Northern Bengal, vis., (1) Kooh, (2) Meoh, and (8) Tharo | v%d4 also PalUm's
Bthnology of Bongal,
9

I In Um Tftteqftt-t-Natiri (Pbi«. Uit, p. ISI), thU muoh iu thu nkUd :
" ArurlettviDgftTurkiihoOicotind a Khiljl offloet with a Itrge body of troops

lo guard the btidt(e UnliBiuiuad Bakliliir Ehiiji with hi* arm; tor tUU»n

(h hilli aod low dell lea, and on tha lixteeoth da; (From
iridge) daaconded ialo t ho open plain ol Tibbat, anil

oaated many populoua TillagM. aud aftur aoine eight huan' hard llghliDg,

intranohed hiiiiaelt in a fort thera."

I The Taba^*li Ha,ih nainei Iho oitj KaimbaUn. BaUtiir Khiljl'* nurch
from the bridge huh nurlhwuril fur liitean daja.

• Tha rair nl NikuianUn, 40 iiMltii iiorlh-nett of Dinajpur, attract*
eir«ry year a litrge number ct hiU-poiiioi, which go thciioe to othar plaoa* in
BeoKal and elaevbsre.

* In 1 b dayi BnUlli^r Khiiji retreated from the hill* of Tibbat into the plaloi
. Ikamrup. According to Uajot KaTerly, frntn the hilli of UnrjeeliDgi BaUtiir

Khilii bad adranccd lhn>DK>i Sikkim into Tibbnl tawarda tho 3angpa,

Neither haman beings saw anj briDad except the circalar disc
of the sun. >

Nor did the oattle see any fodder except the rainbow ! /

• r * * «

From excessive hanger the soldiers devoared flesh of horses
and horses preferring death to life placed their necks under their
daggers* In short, in this straitened condition, they reached tha
bridge* Since those two commandants quarrelling with each other
had deserted their posts at the head of the bridge, the people of
that country had destroyed the bridge. At the sight of this •des-
truction, the heart of the high and the low suddenly brokci like
the Chinese cup. Muhammad Bakb^i^r engplphed in the sea of
confusion and perplexity, despaired of every resource. • After
mucli striying, he got news that in the neighbourhood there was a
very large temple,^ and that idols of gold and silver were placed
there in great pomp. It is said that there was an idol in the
temple which weighed a thousand maunds. In short, Muhammad
Bakbti&r with his force took refage in this temple, and was busy
improvising means for crossing the river. The R&jah of Kftm-
rfip* had ordered all his troops and subjects of that country
to commit depredations. The people of that country, sending out
force after force, engaged in besieging the temple, and from
all sides posting in the ground bamboo-made lances, and tying
one to the other, turned them into the shape of walls. Muhammad
Bakbtiir saw that all chance of escape was slipping out of his
hands» and that the knife was reaching the bone, so at onpe with
his force issuing oat of the temple and making a sorfie, he broke
through the stockade of bamboos, and cutting through his way,
rescued himself from the hard-pressed siege. The infl^els of that
country pursued him to the banks of the river, and stretched their
hands to plunder and slaughter, so that some by the sharpness of
the sword and others by the innudation of water, Were engulphed
in the sea of destruction. The Musalman soldiers on reaching the
river-banks stood perplexed. Suddenly, one of tlie soldiers
planged with his horse into the river, and went about .one arrow*
shot, when anotlier soldier seeing this, planged similarly into the.
river. As the river had a sandy bed, with a little movement, all

t Yerf likely, the temple of MAhnmani in Kimrup diitriot.
* It wonUI appear that the Bijah of Kimrup who had offered his ssTf i oe S '
to Batttiir Shilji, ia the end tornod oat treacheroet.

A. II. aa Uift d*ts of th« Bengal oouqueti— which jdtoIvm ehranototin)
cotilrmdiotion.

Ur. TbomM iubit "IiiitiHl Coiiiuge ot Bengal" aUUs lliBl All Uardaa
uaumed indepeDdoDco under [he tUla cf AUuddio wboii (julbuddin Aibak
died in Lahure in 607 A.!I. Tbna ullowiiig 8 monlh* r»t Ualik Aiuddio'a
rule. Ba]|liliar Khilji appean to haio Iwen usaawiiiateil about the middle
of 606 A. II. — tbe dale pmviouBl; airiiod at bj me.

[ii Uadaoni, il it aUted thai Uuhammad Uukhtiar Khiiji retarned to
DaokQt from Tibbal with only aoDie three bandred troopera, the
reat o( hia eipeditiouary force hating periKbed, and fell ill from veiatioo,
and waa attacked wiih hectio (oTer, aud uaed to laj "no donht Sullao
Uahammad Uuiiuddia hai met with nn accidout, tliut fortune hui gune lO
■gainat luo." And whea be became weak from illnoaa, All Uardaa, on*
of Uuhammiu) i)a)il|tiar'« pficuipal officura, arrived at Duokal, and 8ad>
ing blm bod'iidiluii, pulled iloirn thu thect fiom hii face, and dunpatclivd

from the rule of this ti^ansiiory world into the eternal world*
Malik' 'Aza-d-d1a Sl^ilji snoeeeded to the rale over Bengal.
Eight months had not passed, when 'All Mardan Kbiljl slew him.

RULE OF 'ALI MABDIN SHiLJl IN BENGAL.

After the assassination of 'Ass-ud-din, his assassin, 'All Mardta
Sbtljl became raler of Bengal, styled himself Sal(ftn 'Alaa-d-diUi

with one blow of a dagger. The aboTo aoconnt is rendered Uiiit by
the Tabnq^-i-Nifiri, the nearest contemporary aoooont, (Pers. teit, 1 p<
186) : — When BaUitiir Khiji with about one hundred troopen onlj made
good his escape aoroes the riTer, 'Alt Mich with hii relattTee rendered good
serf ices, and oondooted BaUitiir Qilji towards Deokot. On arrival at
Deokot, from ezoeasiTe hamiliation BaUittftr fell ill and ahnt himself np,
aad did not ride ont in the streets, for whenever he did so, widows and
orphans of the soldiers and officers that had fallen, used to onrse and abase
him from the terraces and the streets. Bahhtiir wonld eaj " Some mishap
mast hare befallen SoKan Moiiaddin, for the tide of fortnne to have
that tomed against me." And it was a fact, for at that time Snltin Mais*
oddin had fallen at the hands of an assassin (a Ghakkar). From excessive
hamiliaiion, Mohammad BaUltiar Khili! fell ill and was confined to his
bed, and at length died. And according to another aoconnt, one of his offioera
*Ali Mardin JO^Wyi who was bold and ferocions, and held the fief of Deokot,
OB hearing the news of BaUitiir's illness, came to Deokot, foand him lying
in bed, threw aside the sheet from his face, and slew him.'*

I His name was Malik 'Asaddin Mnhammad ghirin W^fi (Tabaqat*

i-Msfiri, Pers. text p. 167). The following acconnt of him is snmmarised

from Tabaqit, the nearest eontemporarj acconnt: "Muhammad QhinMi

aad Ahmad Iran were two brothers, both being ^ilj noblemen, and in the

serHce of Bahbtiir. When Bakhtiir led his expedition towards Tibbat, he

sent the above two brothers with an arm/ towards Lakhnanti and Jajnagar

(Orissa). When these heard the news of BaUtiir's assassination, thej retamsd

to Deokot, and after performing funeral ceremonies, proceeded towards

Karkoti (not identified, but must have lain not far from Deokot) which was

held in fief by ' A li Mardin Qtlji. Thej oaptored the latter, and placed him

is charge of the Kotwal (the police comminioner) of that pliice, named Baba

Kotwal Ispahan!, aad returned to Deokot. Mnhammad Shiran was an

ener g etic man endowed with noble qualities. At the conquest of Nndsali,

he had rendered good serrice bj capturing elephants. As he was head of the

Kkilii oligarchy, all the ^iljl nobles acknowledged him as their chief aad

paid homage to him. In the meantime, AH Mardin Khilji made good his

eseape, proceeded to Delhi, and persuaded Sultan Qutbuddin to depute from

Oadh Qaimas Romi to Lakhnanti, in order to put down the KhYlj! oligarchy

in Bengal. Uusiamaddin I was who held the fief of Kanktori (Kaagor, a

It ia kin iteM io Tataqat-l-MMiri (Pen. tazt, p. IDS), Uut from meamiw
inaolaDM, h« divided tba country o( IHd and Turin amoogit hia adheraoU,
,nd no ODO dared lo iDifgeit tbit thote dominioDi did Dot pertain to him.
On« poraoD onmplalnetl of porartj to Alaaddin, who enqnirod whono* he
cams. On luarning he came from lapahan, bo ordered liia tniniatara to
write out adoonment aMi^^aiug lands in lapalian to him I

Ilia alatod inTalMqit, Lliat on eacape from the onatodr ot the Kotwal
uf Narkoli, Ali Mardin nenl to Sullau Qulbu-d-dln, and receired the Vice-
royalty of Lakhnuatj. WLou lie croauid the Koai river, DaaaamoddLn troia
Deokot recoiled birn, i-ondui^ted him to Duokot, wiiers AU Uardin waa
fomally inatalled iu power, lie wae croel and ferocioua, killed many S^Hji
noble*, and the nalive chiofluina trembled nnder him. The anbjeota a*
well aa the aolJiera were in diagoat with him.

■ Ilia real name waa Uuaaamoddin Iwaibin At-naiiin. tie wia •
■ublaot jthilii and (larmair, and on joiairiK Bakbtiir |Uti>il waa flrat np>

LahofT^ fell from his horse, and died, and his son, Aram S^fthj
moanied the Utrone o! Delhi, and tlie Empire fell into decay.
Qhift|Q-d-din estahlishing completelj his mie oyer this provinoe,

pointed to fief of Kangor, (which laj eoath-eatt of Deokofc) and neii
promoted to charge of the important northern mUitarj ontpoet of
Deokot. On the appointment of Alt Mardan ^ilji to the mie of Bengal,
he adTanoed to receive the new Vioeroj on the hanks of the Koei river,
and helped in the latter'i installation at Deokot. On the aesaadnatioo
by the E^^U' nohles of AH Mardan, who had since the death of Rmperor
Qntfrnddin Aibak assumed independence, Hassamnddin was elected
ehief of the Khiiji oligarohj in Bengal in 609 or 610 A.H. Seeing the
feebleness of Qathnddm*t successor, Aram gb&b, Hossamn-d-din assomed
independence, made Lakhnanti his capital, and assumed the title of
SnltiB Ghiain-d-din about 612 A.H., and minted coins in his own name.
Mr. Thomas in his " Initial Coinage of Bengal " notices several coins of
BuH^n Qhia|u-d*din struck at Qaur or Lakhnauti between 614 and 690
A.H. An examination of these coins indicates the interesting and curious
fuel that Ghii|u-d-din had put himself in communication with the Khalifa
of Bagh^sd so far back as 620 A.H. (that is, earlier than Bmperor Altamsb
of Delhi who obtained similar honour in 626 AH.) and obtained a
pontiflciitl patent, recognising the sovereign of Bengal amongst the
Moslem hierarohj of the world. This circumstance, as suggested bj
Mr. Thomas, would also indicate that in those days there was freer sea
and ooean-interoourse between the Musalmans along the shores of Bengal
and the Arabs of the sea- ports of Basrah and Bagdad, than between
Mnsslmsns of more inland places in India and the Arabs of the aforesaid

In 622 A.H., Emperor Altams^ from Delhi invaded Bengal, and on

BnlUB CBtiaanddin pajing him -tribute, peace was concluded. In 624 A.H.

8nl|in Nifimddin, eldest son of Emperor Altamsj^, invaded Lakhnauti,

whilst Ghii|nddln was engaged at Kamrup and Bang (East Bengal), and

foQghi a battle with Sultan GhiR|uddin, on the latter's return, and

kOled the latter, and suoceeded to the rule over Bengal in a ssmi-sovsrelgn

eapeeitj, with the approval of his father, Bmperor Altamsh. It is stated

that Saltin Ghiasuddin extended and consolidated the Moslem sovereigntj

in Bengal, and extended his empire over Jajnagar (Orissa), Bang (BasI

Bengal), Kamrud (or Kamrup, Western Assam), and Tirhut (see Tabaqat«

i-Nsfiri, Peru, text, p. 168.) Minhajos-Siraj, Author of Tahaqat-i-Nafiri who

visited Lakhnauti shortlj after in 641 A.H. and appreciated the material

improvements effected by Qhiifuddin, pays him a high tribute (PerS. teXt|

p. 161), a tribute which in 627 A H. Emperor Altamlh had also paid to the

BMmorj of this good and great sovereign, bj decreeing that Ghia|uddln

shoeld in his grave be styled at a SuHiin. Amongst his public works,

Tabeqat-i-Nafiri mentions that he founded the Fort of Basket (Basankol

Ganr), established mosques, and Public Halls, Aa

ncqanintftnoea &t ueim, ana lar three jeun aod some mouths hs
oontinaed to rule or er Bengal. In the year 626 A.H., at Lnkhnanti,
)ie tnaled the untasty lotion of death.' And UuBsnmu-d-din Kbilji>

1 I1i«bo(lr vM bronght to Delhi, sad eaahrinod b; the loving fMher in ft
bekDtiful mftaioleam (known u the roiaioleum of Snltiii OhltiJ, »bopl
three mile* weat ot the celebrated Qafb Uinar. In the iiiicription
on tlia Tnaaitileam, Niflraddlii ia entitled "Emperor of the Kaat." or
■'M«:ik-u1U.luk-Dl-3h»rq." Emperor AlUmsli eo muoh l.iiod the memarj
of hii clileit ion (the King of Bengftl] that liu beatowcil hin nano
(i.«., N"»irudilin) on hii {Kmperor't) jronnger ion wiio ■fterwanli tnoODt^
the throne of Delhi, after whom Tabaqat-iNifiri ii namsJ.

1 In T>bu|ali.KMiri, " Balka Ualilc Khilji." The correct name appMra
to b« Halik lyiliaruiMin Balka, who aaanmed the titia of DonUt gJiah,
andmmted coidb. Ur. Thomaa in tkia "Initial Ooinaga ot Bengal" notkaa

wbo WM one of the nobles of Md.'Bakbtiftr sacoeeded to the mie
of Bengal.

EULB OP 'ALIU-D-DIN KB[AN.

When Sal(ftn gj^amsn-d-din Altam^ heard the news of the
death of his beloved son, he obserTed the necessary ceremonies
of monrning, and in the year 627 A. H. for the purpose of qaench-
ing the fire of insarrection which had appeared in Bengal after
the death of Nftfim-d-din, proceeded to LaUinanti, and after
fighting with Malik Hnssamu-d-din Sbilji* who raising insarrec-
tion had brought abont complete disorder in the govemment of
Bengal, captured him. After weeding out the root of insurrec-
tion, and quelling the tumult of rebellion, he assigned the rule
of that kingdom to Issul-mulk Malik ' Alau-d-din Sbta*' And
the Utter devoting himself to the subjugation and administration
of the country enforced in this ooantry the Imperial Sb^itbah and
coin. After ruling three years, he was recalled.

BULB 0¥ SAIFU-D-DlN TURK.*

After snpercession of Issu-l-mulk 'Alan-d-dfn, 8aifu-d-din
Turk received the Royal patent of Vioeroyalty of Bengal. He«

a eoin of DooUl Sb^h tirook in 027 A.H. To pat down Doalat Shih, Bmperor
AllMBth penonallj ioTsdad Bengal for the Moond time {n 627 A. H., defeated
tkmlai Shih or lUltieroddin Belka, and entrotted the goremment of Bengal
to Alanddin S|in or Aliiaddin Jinl. (Tahnqftt-i.Nafiri, Pen. text, p. 174).

1 In Bedoni, ** Malik Alanddin S^nfi, " in Tahnqnt-i-Nefiri *<AUnddin
JenS.** After his first inration of Bengal, in 622 A.H., Snltin Shamraddin
Altaoieji feparated Beher from Bengal, w hioh wae under Snliln (ftiaenddin
and left Alanddin Jani as ite Go?emor. On Altani|]^*s withdrawal, BnltpUi
Okl—nddin wreeied Behar again from Alanddin Jini, and henoe the ■eoond
faivaakNi of Bengal bj Emperor Altam{h*e eon.

2 The following aooonnt of him it abridged by me from Tabaqat-i-Nefiri,
Ibe neareet oontemporary aooonnt (Per*, test, p. 288) :— " Malik. Saifnddfai
Aibak Ighantal was a Tnrk of Qata ; he wae a noble Malik, and waa
endowed with excellent qnalitiee. Saltan Ni|imddin Mahmnd, King of
Bengal, (aou of Emperor AltamiJi), pnroliased him, and kept him in hia
eompany, first appointing himaa Aroir.nl- Majlis (Lord Ghamberlain) and
tban eonferring on him the fief of Sarsati. Subsequently, for his good
psnieea, he waa appointed GoTernor of Behar, and next promoted to the

Nagor) wid th« othar twiog in B«nDd, od the ilde of Dookot. At this
tima, Einpreu Emiiah kaoencied th« linp«ritl tlirone of Dolhi, and To^kd
Kh»n Mot eo>o;« <rith preacnti la Uollii, and noeirad in relnru ImiwrlKl
preaeota Miit in oliarge o( Qaii Jnilnluddiii. Tutbao pruc«eded ln>m
Iinkboanti to Tirlmt diitricl, and acquired much boot; and tia«aura.
Whou Bullin Muiiuddio IJahram ^.h atoended tha Imp«ri>l throna at
Delhi, Tothaii Khiii aent tlio tormgi iilao pretenta. Wlieu SulLin AUuddin
aucowded lUlimm fjhhh, ilali.addia llullal Sadaai iixadad Ondh.
Unnikpar, and Kacah and oaat efot ua tlia euLaiii proviuOM, BDd ao Tufbau
{C^tn •reut U, KaraU and Manikpiir, (to cot>oiliat« Bahanddia and to turn
biro baok), and iu Oudii >net Uinliaju-aSiraj, (autlior of Talnqati-Naiiri),
•nd nith tha latter went luck to Lakhnnuli in Ull A. II. At ihia tima
the Bajah ot Jnjoagkr (Uiiaaa) coaimitted dapradationa in Lakbuall.
Tu(t>D Kh(n that fear, b; iriy ot repriial, invaded Jajnigai (llinbija-
■-Sinkj aocompnoyinK him) and reaohod >tnd Btormed the lort of Bftktaaan,

Uie empire of Delhi into the hands of Bul(in tlasiali,! daughter '
of Sal^aia SbamflQ-d-din Altamo^, daring her reign, the Vioeroyalty'

which ifl on ihd Onti'% frontier. Fighting etained, and the Mnmlinahi

were defeated. Tag||%n Khan retamed to Lakhnanti, tent 8harfa-l-niii1k

Ail^ari to the Bmperor of Delhi, to eeek for help. Under Emperor'a order,

a targe armj led bj Tamar Kfein Qammddin Qiran, feudatory of Oadh

wat tent to Lakhnanti, in order to repel and chattite the infidels of

Jajnagar (Orieta) The Rajah of Jajnagar inraded Lakhnanti, owing

to lineal mans in the preriont expedition haring demolithed the Orieta

fort of Kataiaa (or Baktatan). . The Oritaana first took Lakor (probably

l^*8or)» and slaughtered a large body of Mnsalmans including the Oommaad*

ani of Lakor, named Fakhrul Mnlk Karimuddin, and then approached

the gate of Lakhnanti, hot after fighting retreated. Then between

Te^ian Sbln and Tamar Qin ill-feeling ensued, aUd thej fought against

each other, and on both sides manj were killed. Bj the interoessioa

of Mfnhnjtt-s-Siraj (author of Tabaqat-i-Nafiri) peace was brought about

between the two, on condition that Lakhnanti would be left to Tamar

B|an, and Tngbtin Khin with his treasurea and elephants and effects

would retire to Delhi. Tugjpui did so (in his companj being Minliaju*

s-8ira])l the Bmperor loaded him with presents, bestowed on him

Uie Oorernorship of Ondh, whilst Tnmar Ehln held the ^ngtl

Yioeroyaltj. On the samS night, both died, Tamar gjfin at Lakhnanti^

aad Tu|^n in Oudh 1 »

It would appear from the abore that the inrasion of Bengal by Muid^ds
uader Ghangis ^in referred to in the text, is a myth and a mistake for the
iarasion of Lakhnanti bj the Hindus of Jajnagar (Orissa). The mistake
is rspsated in many histories, but Tabaqat's account is the most'rellabte^
as its author was an eye-witness of the aftair.

i The daughter of Bmperor Altamfb. named Rastah, ascended the throne
of Delhi in aooohlande with Iter father's wishes in HU A.Mi (1^86 A.O.)
The sight of an nnreiled Moslem Bmpress seated on the Imperial
throne of Mhi, struck all Indo- Moslem eyes in those days as a curious
ph e aomeoon, and hence our author's expreesion, ''Juggling sky.** She
rsigned for three years from 1286 A.O. to 1289 A.O. Aocording to
Badaoni, the Bmpress was endowed with excellent qualities, and was.
hrare, generous and intelligent. She followed the path of equity and tlie
principles of Justice, and set in order the affairs which had remained in con-
fuskm during the brief reign of her step-brother Sul^ln Ruknuddin Fims
8h>b. She set before her the pursuit of beneficence as the object of her
ambition, aad made Nisamul Junaidi, Ghief Viiier. The Bmprees came oat
of the curtain, wore masculine garments, such as a tunic and a AZlaH, and set
oa the throne. According to Tabaqat-i-Nafiri, she was put to death by
the Hindus. She was learned in the Qoran, industrious in public busiasss»
firm aad energetic in erery crisis. Indeed, she was a great woman and a great

Aft«r supei-cesaioD o[ UkIiIc leza-d-din TagbJlti (Urin, (jariUg
T&mar tOi&n, l>ocoming ruler of the kingdoin of Laklinanti, aet

I Uftlik QurtUg TkiuBrK^iD ur Q>Diru-d-aiu Qirxi T>mkr S^ln wM
Qorenior at Beagal from 642 A. II. to 04* A.U., vilion lio died.

Ad aocount ut iiU career in UohkbI Hlready a|>peari in > preTiona not«
Hii pniTiaaa oareor may, howerer, ba Dot iced Lere. I iDmmu'iM it from
Tabaqat-i'Naii'' (I'arn. text, p. 217), wliicb ii • cootemporvf accooDt. —
" Mallik Tamar Khin Turk nai Tirtuoui and polialied in mannera, rerj aoor-
g«lia aiid gensroDi aod active aud braie. Ue bad a batidioiiie appoarioco.
BuIUd Sli^oiau-d-din Altimih purohaaod him (or 60,000 ehilal, appointed him
Depotj BupeiiateridonL of tlie Itojal Stiiblei, iibilit Tucb^ii KUan was th*
Cbiat Superiutendent. In tba reigo o( Kmproia Hailah, he becama faoda-
torj of Kaoanj, and (oukIiI in the eipedilioD againat Kahwar and Ualwah,
and raodarod good aorTioe*. lie raoeiTsd Qef o( Karab, and alao did good

io admiiiisiraiiTe affairs. After mliog ten jean, he died.
And in the reign of Emperor Nft;ini-d-din^ Mahmi&di eon of
Sol(in SbAmsn-d-dln Altam«b i" ihe year 655 H. the Vioerojalty
of Lakhnanti was entrusted to Malik Jal&ln-d-din Sbftn,

RULE OF MALIK JALALU-D-DlN SEAN.*

Wlien Malik Jalftln-d-din Sbftn saoceeded to the Vioerojaltj
of the kingdom of Lakhnanti, he rnled over it for a year more
or lees, and in the year 656 A.H. he was snperoeded, and Arsalin
Sbt^n was appointed Viceroy of that province.

RULE OF ARSALAN SBAN.*

When Arsalftn Sban became Viceroy of Lakbiuinti, he derot-
ad himself to administrative matters. He asserted some amount
of independence. In the year 657 A.H.^ he sent two elephsnls
and much jewellery and rare stnffs to Saltan Nafira-d-dln, and
shortly after died at Lakhnanti.

Mrrioe there. On the death of Nniini-d-dln, he wm appointed Goremor of
0«dh. Whilst at Oadh, he inTaded all the eastern traoU Inolading Tirhat,
aad carried off Immenie booty. He wat ihenoe aeni to Lakhnanti to help
Taf^po Biia in repelling the Ooriya invation, and after that settled down
ia Bengal aa its Yioeroy.

i After him the Tabaqat-i-Naf iri is named ; it is a general history of
India from the oommenoement of Mnsalman Bale down to 668 AH.
(I too A.O.) Saltan Nasira-d-din sncceeded Saltan AUn-d-din to the throne
of Delhi in 1146 A.O. His Visier was ^iasa-d-din Balban (afterwards Bm-
peror Balban). Of the sii years whioh intenrened between 668 A.H. and
664 A.H. (the date of assumption of sorerelgnty by Emperor Balban) there
is BO known historical work. The TariUi Firai ghahi of Ziaa-d-din Bami
only began from Q^iasn-d-din Balban*s reign. Bmperor Balban reigned from
1166 to 1187 A.O.

1 Jalalnddia llasad, Malik Jan! SkW ti^%n, became GoTemor of
Beagal ia 666 A.H.

I do not find any detailed aooonnt of him giren in the Tabaqat-i-Nsf iri.

> Itsn-d-dln Balban was Goremor of Bengal in 667 A.H., in which
year he was attacked by Ta]a«d-din Arsalan ]^in SanJar-i-Qiwarismi, who
was snbeeqnently oaptnred or killed at Lakbnaoti by Itso-d-din. Hence
Tajn-d-din Arsalaa Khan cannot ooant amongst Gh>?emors of Bengal (see
BloohaBaan's Contr. to Hist, and Geog. of Bengal, and Tabaqat-I-Nafiriy
Pits, teati p. 167).

■ ThU Mconiit diffen alighUj from FrofNaor BloohnuMtt'i eonoloaiaaa
derived trom iaicriptiont Kud the evidencfl of ooini, u mI forth ia liii Contri-
buLion* U> the Oiitorjr >nd Ocogrftph; of Boiitpkl. Proleuor Bloohmum boldi
thai on tlie deatli of Unliammed Tilir Khln, wliii:li took place ibortlj eft«r
B>llwD'e acoouiion, &l|er Khio nu ■ppointed Imperial OoTernor o(
UkbnkDti 1 that aher Eh*" wa* aucceadod iu the ufflcw by Amin K^in.
whoHt Deputy or Naib wa> Tac^raL. Tut^ral liaard of Balbau'a illaem
attacked and duteatud Amin K^ln, and prucl.imed himaelt klog of
Bengal ander lUs title of Sallin lloKbiiU'd dia (A.C. 1279). Balbao
leouiered from hia illneu (hortly after, inradod Ui'ngal iu peraoii, defeated
Tn^^ral, at aume placo Dear 8uDarK«iii, nhere Da'iuj Bai waa the leaindar
(Tarik]|'i-FirDigL«1'i. P- "7}, 'ud in 081 II. (A.C. 1X82} before Isaniig Bengal
oaufurred the thruue of Bengal on lii) (tlie Emperor Balbao'*) «», Bag^
Eh»Q. wlio ajaamed tbe title of SuIUq Naaira-d-din. Niiirod-dia app«ara to
bare died iu 691 U. (1293 A.C), that ii aboot fire years aft^ tbe dwiUi o( U*

BULB OF TUQBBAL, STTLBD SULTAN MU<i^SU-D-

DIN.

Tnghral became Viceroy of Lnkhnaati. In that, in liberalitj

and bravery, oonrage and sngacity be wor nnoqaalled, in a shori

ttme he broagbt tbe kingdom of Lakhnaaii to Bnbjeciion and

order, and eobjogated Kamrap (Western Assam). In the year

678 A.H. be marched with bis forces from Lakbnaati to Jajnagar,

and vanqaishing the Rajah of that pince, obtained many elephants

and mncb riches and chattels and stnffs. In that Saltfta Qbi^mo-

d-din Balban hod become old, and both of his sons were at Maltftn

with large forces engaged in fighting tbe Mnghals, the kingdom

of Lakbnanti was lost sight of. In consequence of this circam-

siance, Tn|j|ral failed to despatch elephants and booty to the

Emperor. And also as at the time the Emperor was sick at Delhi,

and had not come oat of the palace for one month, and ramoars

of bis deatb bad spread in the Empire, Togbral finding the field

completely open, sallied ont, nnd collecting a large force proclaimed

bimself Sal(in Magbisa-d-d1n, and unfurling on bis bead the red

Royal umbrella, bad the Ebnthah in that country recited after bis

own name. Simultaneously with this event, the Bniperor recovered

health, and royal edicts announcing the recovery were received.

Tugliral, not becoming ashamed of what he bad done, struck the

hand of disloyalty on the hem of hostility. When Sul(in

QbiM^-d'din Balban became aware of* this, he despatched Malik

Abiakin who bad long hairs, and who had the title of Amfn

Sbin and was Oovemor of Oudb, appointing biin generalissimo

lllostrioas father Bmperor BallMui. For » fall aooonnt of Toshnl lijled Snl-
fin IIiig]|HNi*d-din, see Tabnqat-i-Nnfiri (Pert, test, p. 961), and also TttriU|.|.
ffros Qiah! (Pers. test, ftp, 81 to 94), bj Ziaa-d-d!n Darni. Before becoming
Qoremor of Bengal, he held the following oflloes : Ohashnigir (Taster to a
priiiee) nnder Shamsa-d-din Altamfh i Amir-ol Majlis or Lord Ohamberlain
eader Bmperor Roknn-d-din, Soperintendent of Blephants, neit Baperintend-
eal of Stables ander Bmpress Rasiah, feadatorj of Tabarhind under Baltin
Alaa^-din, neit feodatorj of KanaoJ and GoTemnr of Oadh, and neit Vice-
rojof Dengnl. De iovnded Jajnagar (Orissa), Ondh and Kamrnp (Western
Assam) sucosssfally, and then proclaimed hit independence. Tagkral was
•oMvs ami energetic, bold and ooamgeoas, liberal nnd generous. His worthj
of note that in this connection, the author of TanlLb-i*nrns gbahi (p. 08),
for the/lril iim4 uses espressions like these, " Iqlim-i-Lnkhnauti,** " Iq1im-i-
Soaargaon,'* *' Arfah-i-Bangalah,*'— indicating that Tu|hral had considerablj
extended h\» Bengal Batrapj,

and paawd from EjamKiuUtt to Uoftb. Leftving Hkliks-1-Umwm-
FaUira-d-dlD KoluiAl to rale at Viosroj at Dehll in Lis abasnoa,

he croBoed the Qangea, and not lieeding that it was the rninjr
aeaaan, by forced mamliefl, proceeded towards LakhnaDti.
Tugh'^l w'>o i" tills internal had collected his efficient troops,
inarclied iu state tonards Jajnagar witli his tieasuics and a large
army, and planned to take it and to encnmp tlieie, and subse-
qaently to retum to Lakhnanti, when the Kmperor would return
to Debli. Ilut when the Emperor reached Lakhnauti, sflor stay-
ing there a few days, lie despatched QenernI Haaaama-d-din
Vakil-d«r BRrbag (SecreUry of Slate), who was the grandfather
nf the anthor of iho Tfinhh-i-firuz Sh/lhi, to Hnhjugnfe the

I Iu TuriU i Kirn. Sti«l". "Q-H'obI' Jthin aj«n'«i."

kingdom of Lakhnaati, and the Empemr himself marched towards
Jajnagar,^ to chastise Tnghral. At the time, when the Emperor
reached the confines of Sanargaon, Bliuj Rdi,* who was the Zamin-
dar of that place, enrolled himself in the ranks of the Imperial
adherents, and promised that in case Tnyhml attempted to escape
across the river,* he wonld prevent his doing so. Bnt when the
Emperor swiftly passing from that place marched several stages,
the trace of Toghral was lost, and no one conid give a cine to his
whereabonts. The Emperor ordered Malik Barbak Baras^ that
he should march ahead ten or twelve Karoh with seven thousand
chosen cavalry. Although these tried every means of pursuit and
search, they could obtain no trace of Tnghi*aL One day, Malik
Muhammad Tirand&z,* the ruler of Koel,^ and his brother, Malik
Mnqaddar, separating themselves from the vanguard force, with
thirty or forty troopers marched ahead. Suddenly, on a field they
came across some grocers. Arresting these, they made enquiries,
and in order to frighten them, they commenced slaughter by
breaking the neck of one ; then the others cried out : — '* If your object
is to obtain goods and provisions, whatever we have, you may take;
bat spare our lives." Malik Muhammad Tirandas said : " We:
have no concern with your goods and stores: our object is to
ascertain the whereabonts of Tughral. If you show the way, your
lives and things would be spared ; otherwise whatever will befal
yon, will be the consequence of your misconduct." The grocers
said : " We carried food-grains to the camp of Tugbi^li^ i^d now

1 From the manner of detoription given here, the Jijnsgar here referred
to woald seem not to be in Oriasa, bat lome plaoe in Bast Bengal (probably
Tipperah). For an exhaaitifo and intereeting ditoanion on " Jajnagar,"
eee Bloohmann'e " Oontribntioni to Hiitory and Geography of Bengal.*'

t In TaHlsb-i-Fimi fibahi, *< Danaj Bai,** (p. 87).

9 Probablj the river Brahmaputra or Megna if meant. Sanargaon is situate •
OB the banks of the Brahmapntra, 18 miles S.-B. of Daooa. For a oontempo-
rary and graphic deeoription of Emporor Ghiasa-d-din Balban's eipedition
to Bengal, see TarikJb-i'^raB ghnhi (pp. 85-04 Pers. text.)

« In FeHfhta, ** Barbaq Barlas/' in Tank^.i-Firos ^nhi ** Barik Begtaras.**

ft In TaHyi-i.Fims ^nhu ( ** Malik Mnhammad Bherandis," p. 88).

• Koel is a Uhtil in Aligarh Distriot.

1 From the description gtTon, Toghral alian Saltio Mngj^iso-d-din wonld
appear to hare pitched hit tent at the time on the western banks of the
Brakmapntra not rery far from Sanargaon. Or, one might imagine him
at this point of time having shifted his tent farther eastward to the
western bank of the Megna, opposite perhaps to the old ferry of Manioknagar

uid enconiitered him on the river-lwDk. Then Halik Haqftddar
Bbot a ehooting &rrow at Tugbial's Bhoulder, disraounud the ktt«r
from his lioree, ttnd himself diamouniia); from bis own hoi-se, sever-
6d Tujtliral'B head from the body. Seeing that the fulloweca of
Tugbral wore Hoarcbing for tlieir niastei-, Malik Muqnddur bid
Tujthral'B hcjad in the mad by the rivcr-xide, aod fluiiji liia body
into tbe river, aod pulling off his own garment*, be aet himself to
washing timm. At tbia moment, TuglirHl's aoldieia arrived,

ftcrou the riTor, or aomewhore oloso to tho r.iodoru Bbu; »b Buur forry,
icriouily pl«ouiDK Ui emu ovor on boaU (roiii Ihu D.icca aide to (liti Tipporah
tnvl (wliicli h»« bcoii i.lumirii^.l l.urs nUli Juiiinipir), witli I be old Kiid
powerful K.iiperor of UmIIu ((lljiflBa.d-di.i Unltmn) >l.ulo«i..K him. Tl,i. Jij.
nagar, tl>erufori>, in BotiKul, ■>• diOureiit from Jbjiis|jar in Diina,

shoniing oni " Lord of the world ! Lord of the world! " and
Marched for Tngbral. Not finding him, they took to their heele.

They shot an arrow at his heart,'
Dismounted him from his horse, and cut off his head.
When Tayhral at that place was killed owiog to his iii-
alertness,

One shout arose from every side.

The adherents of Tnghral were completely routed,

From the absence of their leader, tiiey were all cowed down*

At this time Malik Bftrbak Baras* arrived, and Muqaddar run-
ning forward announced the joyful tidings of the victory. Malik
Bftrbsk applauding him sent a despatch to the Emperor, announcing
the victory, together with the head of Tnghral. On the following
day, together with the booty and prisoners of Tngbral's army, he
proceeded himself to the Emperor, and narrated the story of the
victory. And Malik Muhammad Tirandaz* was promoted to the
first rank, and his brother Malik Muqaddar^ received the title of
Tngl|ral-ku^ (" Tughral-slayer "), and was raised to the peerage,
Sollin Qbiftsu-d-din Balban after this marched back to Lakhnauti,
and set himself to the work of chastisement. Along both sides of
the road passing through the market-place of the Oity, putting up
scaffolds, the Emperor hanged such adherents of Tngbral as had
been taken prisoners, and capturing their women and children,
wherever found, he had them slaughtered at Lakhnauti, after
patting them to indescribable tortures. Till that time, none of
the Emperors of Oehll had slaughtered the children and women
of miBoreante.^ After this, the Emperor bestowed the kingdom of

i These Tenef, with slight Tariationi, hure been borrowed vsry
probably from Amir Qoirmo, the poet-laareato of Emperor Cflii— ii«d*dln
Bdbaa.

S In TariUi Fimi Qh&hi (p. 88.) Malik Barbak Bektan.

• In Tankh Fims Qhthi (p. 88) Malik Mahammad Shirandas.

« From Tarikk Fims ghnhi (pp. 88, 90 and 91) Malik Maqqadar and
Tof^ral-koah woold seem to be two different indiridaala.

i The author of TariUl Fimi gh&hi remarki that on both sides of the
principal hoMoar of Lakhnaati that was more than one karoK long, soaffolds
were set op, and men, women and children were hang^. 8ach crneltjri
■orrowfoll/ remarks Ziaa-d*din Bami, had ne? er before been perpetrated by
Mnsalmao soreretgos of DelhL (See pp. 91-92 TariUl Fims Sbihi).

krmr l«ft Delhi, Bahkdar ghih retired to BDurgmoo, wbUat Hifira-d-dai
joining the Emperor kt Tirhat ome with the Utter Ut Ltiihiikati, wban tlia
Emperor conSrmod Ni|ira-d-diD u Governor of Lekhuaati. The Kmparor
■ont iiil adopted ton Tat«r Khia, OoToraor u( Zafu-tbad (noar Jauopur) with
an armj to upetiktcagitiDit Sul|in Baliadar gliili, wlia waa oaptured and aent
to Delhi wit li a chain round hii neok. At thia time, alao, two additional
diitinut ProTince* in Bengal were oonititut«d, vt'i., Sauargaon and S>tKBOD,
oach boing placed nnder a MilitsTj UoTsinor i whilit Behar wai aeparated
from Bengal. Sunaryaun waa placed under Tatu Khin-

With the aocidental death or Emperor Tu[b1ak ghih and the aoora-
aion or hia aucoewor Kmperor Uahamoiad ^ih Tn^hlak, other change*
took place in the adminiatnlion or Bengal. The new Emperor releaaaJ
Bahadur 6hih. allowed liiiu lo return to Sauargaon, on condition that tha
Bengal coicage waa to boar the joint uamea or Baliador Shah and the EnpMor
Uohamm^it Tuc^lak, and alao that ia the a^lbak the name* ot tioth were to

«5

liftd been captured, except the elephants ; and conferring on him
the title of SaHfo Nft$ira-d-d1n, he placed on the son's head the
rqjai ambrella, and allowed also the JCbnthah to be recited and the
coin to be minted in his name. And at the time of departure, the
Emperor giving his son some parting advice,' said : " It is not
discreet for the king of Lakhnaati, be he a relation or a stranger,
t6 quarrel with or rebel against the Emperor of Delhi. And if
the Emperor of Delhi marches to Lakhnaati, the ruler of Lakhnautl
should retreating take refuge in some distant comer, and when
the Emperor of Delhi withdraws, he should return to Lakhnautl,
and resume his work. And in the levy of revenue from sub-
jects, he should observe the middle coarse, that is, he should
not levj such a low amount, that tliej should become refractory
and disloyal, nor such an excessive amoant, that thoy should be
ground down and oppressed. And be should pay such an amount
of salary to his officers, that it may suffice for them from year
to year, and that they may not be pinched in regard to their
necessary expenses. In matters of administration, ho should take
couQsel with wise people who are sincere and loyal ; and in the
enforcement of orders, he should abstain from self-indulgence, and

Im r«oitad« Tatar Khan who wai hitherU> Military GoTemor of Snnargaon,
rtoeived the title of Bahrain JB3|ln, and waa stationed at Snnargaon at the
Covri of Bahailnr ^Ih, as a lort of Imperial Resident. Ni|ini*d-din was
ooetinned at Subordinate GoTemnr of Lakhnaati.

In 7t6 A.H. (1836 A.O.), Nifim-d-din died, and Mnhammad (ibih
appointed llalik Bidar S|i1jl aa Goremor of Lakhnaati with the title of
<|Mlr Kb*"* Bahadur BhAh, the king, at SnnargMon, attempted toon after
to throw off all outward tigni of allegianoe to the Emperor, who aent an
arm J to Bahram't attiitance. Bahadur Qbih, the laet Bengal Balhan|
tof m eig n , and the last rojal repreeentatire of the house of Emperor CBiJasn-
d-din Balhan, was defeated and put to death about 781 A.H. or 1881
A.O. Bengal remained Imperialist till the death of Bahram Kl^an in 1888
A.O., when Fa|hm-d-d!n sucoessfully retrolted, killed Qadr Qin and
established the independenoe of Bengal. (See Bloohmann's contribution
to History of Bengal, Thomas* Initial coinage, Ibn-i-Batutah, Tkrikh
riras Bhihtf PP- 92, 181, 854, 460, 461, 461, 480).

1 The pieces of solemn advice given bj Emperor Balban to his son
Bngkra gJiftn, at the time of former's departure from Bengal, are set forth
in detail in the TaHk^-i-Firus 8babl (pp. 06 to 106), and will repaj perusal.
Thej eoatain golden rules for the conduct of sorereigils, and indicate that
this Mosalman Emperor cherished a noble and exalted ideal of kinglj duties
sad rsspoosibilities.

monriiing ceremoiiioB for hii elder brother, lie ftttanptad to
CsoHBole the heart of Ilia father. The Emperor wid : " The de«th
of yonr brother has mado me sick nnd feeble, and sooa the time of

i Id T»ri!tS ficai Shihi (p. 1071. " «ftar Ihreo ^tari."

■ Sultin Muhamow], eldiut loii uf Emperor Ghiuu-d-diii Balban, wa*
Imperial Viceroy of MnlUn Prolines or Viliyet nt thii time, ThU Priuce
waa brKTe, galUiit odiI acuompliilieil. kixl lio l»ll g*Ukntl; fl)(btiii|[ batw*«D
Lahoruftiid Dibnipur liKuliiBt the Mu[!|al liordei uiidur Tiimu- from Oentnl
Asia who were harrying kt tbit tima tho North- Wsa tern frontier of ludiii'
llanoe the Prince ia ityled " Khiu-iahabii) " or " Uiirtjred Prince or
CliiBf." liia Jonlh wiu a )(reat lUo^k to tho atfaj Kmperor. (See Turikbi-
firui Slilbi, p|i. 1D9-IU). The Prince waa ■ patron of loaraing, and to hii

Uaaan, tor wh»M tiiographicai ikotch, tea Badaoai, Vol. 1, pp. SOO-tOI,

mj departare from the world shall approach. At this time, jonr
separation from me is not proper, hecanse besides yoarself , I have
no other heir. Your son, Kaiqabftd, and jonr nephew, Kai SbosraVf
are jonng, and have no experience of life. Should the Empire
fall into their hands, they woaM be incapable of defending it, and
joo woo Id have to pay homage to either who might ascend the
throne of Delhi. Therefore, it is meet that yon should remain
with me." N&fira-d-din, according to his father's request^ re-
mained with his father. But on seeing his father regain some
health, he quickly under pretext of hunting went out of the city*
and without taking leave of the Emperor returned to Lakhnautl.
The Emperor, being affected at this, again fell ill, and in the year
68b A.H., passed from this transitory world. And when Sultftn
Mnisu-d-din KaiqubSd, after the death of his grand-father, at the
age of eighteen years, mounted the throne of Delhi, in consequence
of youth, indulgring in frivolities and dissipations, he became un-
mindful of the affairs of the Empire, excepting women and wine.^
And Malik Nis&mu-d-din setting himself to the destruction of the.
Balbani family, induced Muixu-d-din to call his cousin Kaikbasrau
from Mult&n, and to kill him on the way, and to dismiss many of
the loyal Umarft. Sollftn Nftfiru-d-din Baghra KtSn at Lakhnanti,
on receiving news of the negligence of liis son, and of tlie over-
bearing influence of Malik Nisftmu-d-din, wrote to his son letter^
containing instructions, and by insinuations and hints, advised

1 Zisaddia Bsmi, snthor of Tari^.i-Finii gbihl (p. 181) sUIm that
■iMrUy before his death in 086 A.H. (1887 A.O.), the eged and venerable En«
peror G^leaa-d-din Balban •nmmoned to his preeenoo in hii pAlnoe in Delhi,
Malik- ol-Umara Fak^ni-d-din Kotwal (or police oommiMioner) of Delhi,
Khwajah Hnmiin Bnfri, the Visier or Prime Minister, and tome oihert, and
inetraeted them to place Kni Khatrao, eon of Saltan Mnhammad, on the
throQe. After the Bmperor^i death, however, the Kotwnl and his partj placed
Kaiqabad, son of Baltin Nifim-d-din Bafh*a Khin (King of Hengal, and
second eon of the Emperor) on the throne. The personnel of Snltin
Maisn-d-din Kaiqahad's administration consisted of (1) Malik-nl-Umsni
Kotwal of Delhi, (8) Mitama-d-din, nephew of Malik-nl-Umara, who
beeaase Dadbig or Ohief Jostioe, and sobeeqaentlj Wasir or Prime Minister,
(8) Malik Qnamo-d-din who became Wakildar or Administrator-General.
Bmperor Kaiqabad, who was a boj of seventeen jears, wss addicted to
ple a— rea, and spent most of his time in the charming pleasnre- villa of
Kilakhari, in the ■aborba of Delhi. Nisnma'd-dln the Waiir who now
■sea Hind the title of Nisama-l*Malk, set aboat devining means to destroy
the boaae of Balban (see Tarikk-i-'iraB 8b>h!, p. 188).

I TIm Utt bar* b ntbor coafoatd. In FeriabU, Um raodariag ia a* fol-
lowai "Whau Snltfn Uoiia-d-dlo Kniqabtd board of the inteotioti of liia
tHtber (Sultia NMirad-diu bu^n Khnii, King uf Uang>l) and u( the luttar'*
atriral in llehar, liu (Kuiperur Kaiqubail), too, arrayed liii furooi, and io tho
hulMat part ot the yoar reachud the Uauki of tho Ghii)jar river, and halted.
And Sultin NiTiru-ddin, on hearing uf the neiri. adiBnoed from Bahiir,
roacbed the banki of the river Bro, and balUid." The uioeting betireeo
Sollin Kljira-d dill aofj^n Khtu aud hia luu ll.a Kuiperor Kai4abad ii
imaiortaliied in the pagea of -'Qirauu-a-3adaiii " bj Amir Khairau, the
celebrated poet of Ueihi. Theoampot the futber waa ou (he baok uf tha
liver Sroor Saru or Sarju, tbe old river boaodarj-line between the Hoaalnian
Kingdom uf Bengal (whiub included llehar iu tiiuae dayi) aud the Bmpira
of Delhi, and the Damp ot the aon wu on the oppoailu bank* ot the Sn.
rariU.i r»ui S^hi, p. Ul. The (Jirunua'S.nlaiii IUm the nieel.ng-plaoa at
Ajudheja on the banki of the Uhagor

yon, and, Jacob-like, if once more mj eye which has become
blind, becomes bright bj the sight of Joseph, no harm shall betide
to your sovereignty and enjoyment*' The SaHftn wound np this
message with the following Terse : —

" Althoagh paradise is a happy region,
Nothing is better than the joy of union."

Sal(&n Muisu-d-d1n being touched by the perusal of his father's
letter desired to proceed unattended, to meet his father. Nisftmn-
d-dln used dissunsion, and aiTanged that the Emperor, with all
Imperial pomp and paraphernalia, should for the purpose of
meeting his father march from the bank of the river Ghagar to-
wards a plain, and then encamp on the bank of the Saru. And it
was also arranged that out of regard for the rank of the Emperor
of Delhi, Nftfiru-d-diu crossing the Saru should come to visit
Kaiqubftd, who should remain seated on the throne. Then Bughrl
SbAn embarking on a boat crossed the river, and proceeded to the
tent of Muisu-d-dln Kaiqub&d. Kaiqnbad being overpowered by
feelings dismounted from the throne, prostrated himself on his
father's feet, and both the father and the son embracing each
other, and giving each other kisses on the head and the face shed
tears. After this, the father catching the hsnd of the son, place4
the latter on the throne, and desired to stand in front of it. The
son descending from the throne placed the father on it, and him*
self respectfully sat before him ; and ceremonies of rejoicing^ wera
performed. After a while, Sul(ftn NAfiru-d-din left, and crossing
the river returned to his tent. From both sides g^fts were ex*
changed. Several days successively, Sul(ftn Nftfiru-d-din went ib
meet his son, and both were in each other's company. And on
the day of departure, after speaking some words of advice, > and
taking his son in the lap, he departed, and weeping and crying
returned to his own camp. That day he ate no food, and told his
oonBdanIs : *' To-day I have bid the last farewell to my son.*'

1 It it ttAied that on the daj of departar«, Snltin Nafim-d-dlo
Bagjjpm lU%n eihoried his ton, Emperor Kaiqnbad, to attend to prayer and to
oliwnre the fast of Ramsan, tanght him oeriain regnlationi and fixed mlea
of aorereifntj, warned him against exceeses in wine and neglect of State
natters, rebaked him for killing Kai Khosraa and other noted Amirs and
Malaksof Ohiasn-d-din Balban, and advised him to dismiss Niiama-d-din oZtot
NisamnI Mnlk. the Wasir. (See Tariih-i-Firut'S^M, pp. 144 to 166).

tlia oDc* or Sula SsoraUr]' (Ani Uamalik) in Uw Ckbinat of Rnparar
kftiqabiid. jHlUlu-d-din stcended the Delhi tliroiie in 1290 A.C. or fl89 A.H.
kod with liini commuiiood Ihe Khiiji dyimaiy wliiuh conLinned to reijfD orer
iDdik till 1320 AC. During liin reign, Uuliaminadan uunqneaU i*er» ex-
tended into Stiutlieni India llirouijh llie pranroM of hia neplmw, Alaa-d-
din Khiiji. Sue T»Hk)i i Pirui BlinUi pp. ITO-ITl, Sddiiuui, p 167, t.iI. 1
B^launi ilaloa lli&t 'galij" nii.l ■ Khilj " were difforent, mid Ibat " Ifhilj"
waa U1.0 or tl.e ol.ildrci. of Vufui, ao.i of UouU.

» 8ul|*n ymlm-d.d.n Khiiji wu. .ui. uf Sulflx Ah.u-d.din Khiiji. Sea
Tati^i-Firiii Ojahi |> 4Utl und SHI,

* 111 respect uf the wiak rule in Ueuf(kt of Sul|,in Naairud-din Ducbr*
Blilh (*on of Kni|>ert.r Biilbanl. /.iau-d-d<n ll.trai <p. 1B9) relatsa thM
Emparor JalHlu-ddiii'a favouiilo mode of diapoting uf ducoiti captured
in the Delhi turritury, wnt tti acnd them in sbipluadi tu Bengal, wher* tbey

of 001118 after ibe names of the Emperora of Dellii. DaiiDg ikie
rei|ni, however, of Snllftn Qa(ba-d-dln Q)ilji, he usurped the
soTereigntj of Bengal, and pi*oclaiming himself Bahadur g^^h,
introdnoed the Kbuthah and the coin in the kingdom of Bengal
after his own name, and commenced oppressions. For some time,
he passed in this wise. Bnt when the Empire of Delhi passed to
QJitisQ-d-din Tngblak Shah,> in the year 72i AH. petitions from
Lakhnautl describing the oppi*essions of the rulers of that ooantrj
were received. Sul(in Tagblak gh&h with an efficient army
marched towards Bengal. When he reached Tirhnt, Solt&n
Nifim-d-dln * whose fief had not been confiscated daring Alan-d-
din*s reign owing to his good conduct and who resided in a corner of
Lmkhnauti, not finding strength in himself to contend against
Tagblak ghfth, submitted to his fate, marched from Lakhnanti
to Tirhut, and presenting himself befoio tlie Emperor offered

t Go the defeat of Khusrma Sj^in, (Tarikk-i-Finii Qhahi, pp. i20 and
iSl) the noblee placed Ghmsl-ul-llulk on the throne of Delhi. (Biaii-uU
Molk then M«amed the title of GhiMa-d-din Taghlak gbih. His father
wae a Tnrkiih tlare, named Malik, of SaHin ^ia«n-d-din Balban, and
hie Bother wai of a Panjab family. Brare, noble, and magnanioioiis,
ho was the foander of the Tagblak dynast/ whioh reigned for ninety*
foar years at Delhi (18:0-14U AG.). He foanded the city of Tn^llaf
kabad, aboat4 miles east of Delhi. He. reigned from 1820 to 1824 A.O. In
order to pat down the assumption of entire independence by Bahadnr lEQ|ih
ai Banargaon In Bengal, Qhiasu-d'din Tuf^lak marched to Sonargaon, foaghl
a dodslTo engagement, took Rahadar Qhsh a prisoner, and marched back with
the latter towards Delhi, storming the fort of Tirhnt, and tearing Nafim^
d-dio as Qoremor of Vilayet^i-Lskhoaati. Qhiasn>d-din ditrided Bengal into
throe proTlnoes, namely (1) Yilayet-i- Lakhnautl, (8) Vilayet-i-Sitgion.
(8) VHayei-i-Bonargion, placing each under a distinct Gorernor, and pladng a
Yiooroy (stationed at Bnnargion) orer all the Qovemors. Tarikk-i-Finis-8]|lhi
p. 461.

* This Nifim-d-din was a grandson of Sultin Nifim-d-din Bu|dira 8]|Ah,
son of Kmperor Balban. He was Goremor of Lakhnanti, but had beoil
o u s t ed bj his brother Bahadnr 8bib, king of Bengal, who held his court at
Buaargaon. This Nifim-d-din and another brother Ba^pra JQ^kn had taken
rofnge at the time with the Bmperor of Delhi (Tug]|lak 8hib) who at thoir
instigation ioTadod Bengal to chastise their brother, Bahsdor Qb^h (^Ing
of Bengal). The text, howerer, is misleading, end would incorrectly
indicate that the Nisim-d-din here referred to is Sultin Nifiru-d-din Bu^hra
SlAh, king of Bengal (son of Bmperor Balban). See, howerer, Bloohniann*s
''Contributions lo History and Geography of Bengal" and TariU|-i*Fi]
Bbahl, pp. 460^1.

An Moompliihed icboUr, a Ktnonl of the 6iM order, m bud of —tttt -!—-'■
ebilitj, hia oooeatricity tiid (iiiooiry lohoDiee mtrred hu •nccau ■■ k
Mvenjign. Uit great ftmbitioo wai to eitond liii empire over llie «orld,
uid to be K eeooDd AlaiKDder. He fraitlBMly threw • way the pick of hii
■ploodid army fut tie idtuiod of renin end tho couqueiit o[ Chioa.
Theugli the turtility ot hii geDiai efolvutl and orgaeiiod a reveaue ■yitom,
hi* Boaooial occeutHcity in eelablialiing a Qxed currency of oopt>eir
ooiDB couiplulely diaorguiiaeil iU He rocoived au eiuluuiy fron the
{fhaliU of Kgypt, who eBul out lo Lini Lhe iuvcaliture of Boyalty.
lu hia ruigu u aeiura faiuiuo bruku out lu Delhi, and in vooaequance
Ibare oaa a Kuuent uiudua ul ita |>u|)ulaliuu U> Ueiigal. llu reatored Baha-
dur ghih to the kiritfduui utSunargaun uii carlaiii cuiidiuoua, but eubaaquent-
]y dethroued him. tii Lia rei^u, Bengal beuuoie indtipeudBiit under FaUiru-
d'diD. (8«e Tatik!i-i'Firui ghihi, pp. -120, 46^ WT to 461, 473, -17G, 4T8,

Kb*<i on Malik Bedar Khiljiy who was oiio of his leading uoblea,
he assigned to him the coontry of Lakhnnutl, which had fallen
▼acant by the death of Saltan Na^ira-d-din. And giving the
title of Bahi-ftm Kb&Q ^ Tatar JQ^tLu, whom Taghlak ghah had
appointed (Governor of Sanargaon, and who was an adopted brother
of Saltan Muhammad Sbfth, and bestowing on him in one day
one hundred elephants and one tlionsand horses and one karor
gold coins, and conferring on him the royal umbrella and the
staff, and making him Viceroy of Bengal and Sunftrgfton, he
sent him to Bengal with all honours. And nftor fourteen years'
administration of that country, Qadr KbA" ^vas killed at the
bands of his servant, Fakbru-d-din, as will be related hereafter.

CHAPTER II.

AN ACCOUNT OF THE INDEPENDENT MUSALMAN
KINGS WHO IN THE KINGDOM OP BENGAL MOUNT-
ED THE THRONE, AND RECITED THE KBUTBAH
AFTER THEIR OWN NAMES.

It ought to be kuown that fi-oin tLo i-eign of Sul^du Qulba*
d-diD Aibak to the reign of Sul|.an Qbittau-d-diu Md. Toghlak
Shah, seventeen Emperors ruled at Delhi for a period of one
hundred and fifty years, and that in the kingdom of Bengal its
rulers exercised authonty as Viceroys of the Emperors of Delhi,
and that the mu|6aA and the coins of the Emperors of Delhi
were curi*eut in Bengal. If any of the Viceroys rebelling intro-
duced the |C&u|6aA and the coins after their own names, the Emper-
01*8 of Delhi considering their chastisement necessary, swiftly
punished them. In the reign of Muhammad Sh&h, Qadr Sbftn,
being appointed Governor of Lakhnauii, for fourteen years admin-
istered the affairs of that State. Then Malik Fakhru-d-din,
who was Qadr Kban's Armour-Superintendent, meddling in
administrative matters, obtained much influence, and, resolving in
mind to usurp the Viceroyalty, watched for an opportonity.
Finding Qadr Khan off his guard, Fakbt*u-d-din revolted, killed
his own master, and became Viceroy of the kingdom of Bengal*
When the Empire of Muhammad ghah, the Emperor of Delhi,
fell into complete decay, aiming in his mind amongst other things
at the Empeix)r'8 capture, Fakhi'U-d-diu withdrew his hand from
Hubmidsion to the Emperor of Delhi, and proclaimed himself
king.' The Emperor of Delhi, owing to coufuaion in his own

1 The period uf thu lDde(x)iideut Mubuliuuu Kiii^it uf Iiuii{(ul lasted from 1338
to 1538 A.C., and begun with FakJiru-ddiu Abul Muzuffur Mubarak Sbdb, wlo
waa Silahdar or aruiour-bearer tu Bahrani Khin, the (Jovenior of Suuir*
^aon. Oil hin Mia*»tor'H deulh in 731) II «»r 1338 AX"., Fiikhiu killed Qadr Khan.
Governor «>f Lal^hii.iuli, and Mibdued |iroviiu e:i «>l Lukhnuuli, Snl^^aou and
Sunuif^aon, and Ubbunied ind('|K:ndcncc undci lliu lillu of Fuk^iuddiu (Tmikli-

Bmpire, oould not direct Iim attention towai*da tlie kingdom of
Bengal. From tliat time, the kingdom of Beng^al became in-
dependent and distinct from the Delhi Empire. Fakbra-d-d1n
wae the first king who had the JQ^nfibah of sovereignty
after his own name in the Kingdom of Bengal.^

AN ACCOUNT OF THE SOVEREIGNTT OF SULTAN

FAKHHU-D-DIN.

When Snlt&n FaU}rn-d-din ascended the throne of the
kingdom .of Lakhnaati, he sent oat his officer Mnkbi^lif Sl^ftQ
with an efficient army for the snbjngntion of the outlying pro-
Tinoes of Bengal. Malik ' AU Mabftrik, the generalissimo of
Qadr Kh&n. oncoanterod him with a lai*ge army, and after mnoh
fighting killed Hnkbitlif Eb&"f <^d routed the latter*s entire force.
Sultftn Fakbm-d-din who had just become king, and was not
confident of the loyalty of his officers, did not venture to atf-ack

l-Fims, 8h*^>f P* ^90), Hit ooiiui minted at Sanlrgion, (pablithed in Thomss's
** IniiUI Coiniige ", wonld indicate thai he reigned for ten yean and aome
iwNiilia. lbn-i-Batat»h mentions that he waa an eminent man, and very
g aaeto u a Hit capital appears to haTe been at Sonirgion. His son-in-law,
Zafv Qtn fled from BonArgfton to Pims 8h*b in Delhi, who at his reqaeat
(Tarikk-i-Piras Sh^hi bj Shnmsi-Sim], pp. 105-114) inraded Bengal a seoood
liflM daring Sekandar Qbih's reign. Bengal attxined great prosperitj doring
the mle of these Independent llasalman Kings. Forts and pablio bniMingg
ware erected, lloaqaea. Colleges, Stadenta' Hoatela nnd Travellers' Gneat-hoeaea
ahd Khxaqaha were eatablished in all parte of the Kingdom, tanka excaTated,
aad roada laid down. Two great Rojnl Hooses— ^ne of Haji II jas and another
of Alaa-d-din Hasain Qh^^ (with a brief break of aboat fortj jears, daring
which Rajah Kana and his saccessors nsarped the Bengal Kingdom}
reigned daring this period. The Kingdom of Bengal reoeired territorial
•spaaaion daring this period. Western Assam (or Kamrup), portions of Koch*
Behar, and portions of Jajnngar (or Orissa*, the whole of North Behsr,
(Turiyi-i-finis Shalii. p. 686) and eastern portions of South Behar ap to
geaerallj the town of Behar, were snbjeot to the Bengal Kingdom.
Maaalmaa arms were carried far to the east across the Megna, which had
hliherto proved a g re a t barrier to llas^lmnn extension, right np to
Silhat and the western portions of Tiperah and Noakhali districts, lacladlng
Ohittagong. Great thelstio moTsments hnving for their object the con*
oiliation of the two races, sprang ap. Kabir and ChaitnnyA, the great apiritaal
leaders who preached ontholic doctrinea, flourinhed in thia period.
I ThIa waa in US8 A.O.

Ali UnlMrik, AdJaUot OMerml (Arii-i-Lafhkar) of the Annr of Qailr ^ia
killed Uukhalit, ettabliihed hii own iiidnpcnilance tin L&kbiiaulj], and ••at
out lotters tulbu Ktiipeior UalinoiDiaa till>>< Tudl'"''. "'"> aetit uot Ualik-
Yiiaat, wboiliuil on hia way Lo DDiignl. Afler tliia, tliu Kni|>orur boiug piigH^nl
witli ulhor atfaira, di<l not aond ual any otiiera to Ben){al. For Stale rsaatuia
(ub*orTint( ll.u liuaiility of t'»k]|riia<liii of 8un*rK>iun) Ah Uuliarik in ULh-
iiauti aiiumod regal hunouii ami llio litta uf 3ulfln Alau-d din. Malik Ilyaa
Daji, who wm a tribal duet un<l n iiiililary ornnmander. after aoDio dafi, in
oolluBiun Willi I'orlHiii Umara and Malika of Laklmauli, killed Alau.d-diii,
and tiimaoir uuumed the title of iitiaiiiiud-diii. Ii> 741 A. U., the Emperor
Ualiammail t^ali Tu£blak marehod tu IJunargHcin, captored PnUiniddiii,
broat|lit him to l^klinaiiti, and killeil liioi.and then retired to Uelhi. TKenee-
rurih t)t)am>uadin llyaa ll'.ji ruled iiidepeiidently uvur lieutcd.

1 lli«namea|.i>e;.nifr...nhiiomiii((ml,li.li«nnTlioiniu'a"lnilial Coinage).
Ill be Alaudiliii Al>ul Mii(t>air 'Ali ghih. Ilii capital appoara to hare

a nephew of SaH&n Qbiftfi^-cl-din Tng^lnk Sbftb, and a ooniiin of
SaltSn MaYiamniad Sb^h. When SaH&n Muhammad Shfth
aaoended the throne of Delhi, in the first year of his reign, he
appointed Malik Firns to he his Secretary. At that time, some
misdemeanour came to pass on the part of H§j! Iljfts, foster-brother
of *A1i Mnbftrik, and owing to that he (Hftj! Ilyfts) escaped from
Delhi. When Malik FiruK demanded him from ' All Mnbftrik,
the latter searched for him. When no trace of his whereabonts
was obtained, ' All Mnb&rik informed Malik Fims of his escape*
Malik Firns remonstrating with him, banished him also from his
presence. 'All Mnbftrik started for Bengal. On the way he saw
in a dream Hasrat Sh^h Makbdum Jalftlu-d-din Tabrisi ^ (may
Ood ssnctify his sopolchre !) and showing submissiveness and
hamility pleased the saint, who said : " We have bestowed on
yon the ^Qbah of Bengal, bat you should baild for us a shrine.**
* All Mnbirik ag^reeing to this, enquired in what place the shrine
was required to be built. The saint replied : '* In the town of
PandQah, at a place where thou shalt find three bricks, one over
the other; and one fresh hundred-leaved rose beneath those bricks;
at that place the shrine should be bailt." When he reached
Bengal, entering the sorvioe of Qadr Oftn he stayed there, until
g^radually he became generalissimo of Qadr Sbftn*^ army. And
when Malik Fakb^ti-d-dln revolting against Qadr QMtn, and
killing his benefactor, assumed the reins of sovereignty, *Ail
Mnbirik proclaiming himself 8ul(ftn 'Al&u-d-dln and drawing
his forces against Fakfaru-d-dln, as has been mentioned before,
avenged the murder of his benefactor, by slaying Flkbi*a-d-dln.
With great promptitude, posting a garrison at Lakhnautl, Sal(&n
'AlAu-d-din turned his attention to the conquest of other pro-
vinces of Bengal. When he intit)duced the lQ)u(bah and the

beon ai I'anduali, from tlio ciroumsianoo that hii ootiit appear all to
hare been mintod at Firutab^id (t.e , Pnndiwh). Indeed, Panduah is known
M 'AH 8hAh*i enpiUI.'

1 8b«ikll Jalaladdin Tabriii was a disoiplo of Shaikh 8aid Tabrisi.
After iratrelling for ■ome time, ho joined Qliai^b Shahaboddin and beoame
the latcer'a Qalifa or ohief diioiple. He was a great friend of Khwajah
Qvlboddiu and ^ail|^ Dahaaddin. Qhaild^ Najmnddin the janior, who
was at the time gl|Mkll*nl'I>lam of Delhi, bore ill-feeliog towards him,
and made false acoueations against his pietj and oharaoter, and so
Jalalnddin retired to Bengal. He is baried at the port of Deomabal
(Maldire) See 8Hr, Vol. I, p. 281 and Ain.
13

proeenta <uid lar^ elephanU, letamed to his oapitol. And oning
Ui the docay wliicL hod set in in the Bmpiro of Delhi from the

1 Pkuduah is aitusto 12 milea north at Eogligli Kiiiar in Ualdkb diatricl.
From the btigiuuiiit; af llio n^i^u gt tiUuuisuddin Ilyna lu lbs end ot tlie nign
ot lUjbh Kaiis, ail kiiiK* rulod lliuro l»r a [lerioJ of 62 yoara, from 743 U> 79S
A. 11. Uul perliapa 'Ali Uubirik ibould nlao bo includod umunK*t tlio kiugi
wborulodkH'iiiidutl.. Ilia roiK" >E>l><--<>" ^ I'"*" oomineneed in 711 A. If.
(1310 A.C) 1'ruto.wir Dlotl.mau.i ciills Handuib 'Ali Sbib"* upitul (J.A.S.U.,
XL1I,2M)uidl'[urei«orUluclMnann'*iUtauiant»oemato be aupported b; the
narrKtivo of our uuthor, rii., Iba alitteniont ubuut 'Ali Uubirik building a ahrino
ot lbs a*iDt JuUllOddin nt I'andiiih. and also uboul gbaniaiiddin llyi'a arrival
St Panduab. h> 7K AM. (VMS), kin); Jalliluddin (son of lUj«h Kaiis)
irbu booaniu a MalianiNiadJiii, ruDiuvud tliu capilal Uuk ngoiu to Uaur or
lAklinauti.

time of Sal(ftn Mahamm»d S^ftli, for ihirieen yean the Bmperonl
of Delhi did not tarn tlieir attention to Bengal. Saltftn gbammi-
d-din ^ with absolate independence devoted himself to the adminia-
trative affairs of Hengal, snbjngated gpradaally all the tracts np
to the limits of Banftras, and enlianoed more than before his pomp
and power, until the tlirono of Delhi passed to Firiis Sl}&^>' x^Q

1 Hiji IlyU first appears to have in 746 A.H. made himself master
of Western Bengal, whilst at that time ly^tianiddin Abal MnsaCfar (ftaii
Shih (son of Mubarak Qh&h) still roigned at Saoargaon in Bastem Bengal.
HAji Iljis shortly after (768 A.H.) sabdaed Bastem Bengal also, and
established himself at Sonargcaon, and founded a dynasty whioh oontinoed
(with a brief break) to reign over Bengal till 806 A.H. or nearly a
oentory and a half. He extended his western bonndaries as far as Benares,
foonded Hajipnr, and though Firus ^ih Tufbtak the Emperor led aa
expedition into Bengal to punish him, he had to return unsnooessful. For
Ilyfts Shiib's coinage, seo Thomas's Initial Ooinage of Bengal, J.A.B., 1867,
pp. 67, 68.

The nearest contemporary aoconnt of this King will be found in
Tarikh-i-Firus ^kh\ p. 686 by Ziauddtn Barni and Simj Afif p. 77.

t Sultin FiruB ^kh Tngblak aliai Malik Firut Birfoak was a son of
an uncle of Muhammad 8bah Tu^lak, and a nephew of CBiiasU'd-din
Tn^lak ^Ih. His father was Rajab Silir who abandoning all worldly
mtbArn, became a saint. When fifty years old, in 766 A.H., he was crowned
as Bmperor of Hindustan. He was a wise, noble and' enlightened sorereign,
He paid special attention to improTement of agriculture and of the eoono-
mical condition of the country. He reformed the administration of Justioe,
pat down oppressions and corruption, lightly assessed land-rerenue, and
regolated its assessment acoording to the produce of the lauds assessed
and also according to the capacity of the tenantry to bear the assessmenti
and abolished octroi duties. He establishod thirty oollegos, founded five
hospitals and dispensaries, erected forty cathedral mosques and two
hundred oaraTanserais, twenty monasteries, one hundred palaces and Tillas,
and one hundred and fifty-two baths, and numerous gardens, and bridges.
In the euTirons of Hansi, ho erected a fort called Hisar-i-Firus, and
Joined It by means of a canal with the riror Jumna. His g reatest work
was the old Jumna canal) this canal drew its water from the Jumna,
sear a point where it leaTes the mountains, and connected that river witk
the Ghaggar and the Bntle] by means of irrigation channels, spreading
fertility all around. He caused the translation of sereral Sanskrit works
into Persian, and encouraged learning and the learned. He was the reoiplont
of a Royal in?estiture from Abul Fatah K^alif of Bgypt. He reigned from
1S61 to 88 A.O. The Tugklak dynasty ended in 14U A.O., the Bmpire being
shattered by the iuTasion of Timur in 1808 A.O., during the reign of Mahmid
aAh Ttt|dll>^l^f the last real Tughlak king. (Pee Tarikh-LFirua gh&hl pp. 648
670 by Zianddm Baml, and by fihams-i-Beraj).

Id TwiUi-i-rinu Qllilii b; Zik 'Buni, Ekdalkh >■ aMcribad aa fallows
(Fen. toit, p. 688) : " Ekdalah ia the ubhio of u mouu cloaa U> Punluah ; on ono
lido of it i» K river, acd on auolhur & junglo." Ziu 'Uariii ia a coiiWmponrj
hUturiaa for tho ]iario(l ; thoruforo, Ihia dcaoripliuii kitoii liy him Giet Iha
aile of tha Furl uF Ekdalub near ruuduali, aud tela ut rcit all tlio ipooaUliona
to llio coutcary railed by Mr. Bavorid)^ (in liia Atialyiia ul KImnhid Jaliiii
Numa) whu Siui it near tlie Dhowal jungla in Daoca diitrii-t, and alao bj Ur.
Weitmaoott wliu would plave it toTrardi Dinajpur. Pi-utoaaor Blocliinaiin ia
inclioed to truut * Kkdalali ' a* a genoric name, lortirrinK to aeveral placoa.
Boo J. A. S. It fur l»73, pp. Sl^'SlS. Ueuiiet ((ivua anolliot Ukdalah north of
Dacca "map or UinduaLao." tiiiarna-i-Siraj in liia Tarikli-Fitui gljibi (Pvra.
Icil p- 79) calla il Ibo " U1>;> u( Ekdulali."

1 The firaleipodilionot Emperor Firm gliih TugiiXiik iuLo Bengal (ia
T6i A.U.~I3S3 A.C;.) ia fully and Immouroady deaoribud by Zia 'Barni, a
contemporary bialorian, in Iho Tarijtji'i-Firui gitabi (Tera. teit, p. 660), who

lOJ

of the GaDgos. Then, alono, ho soarohod for a proper camp-
ing groand. Saltftn Sljamsn-d-din thinking that Firaz Shftb

eloMt his history with a narrati?e of ibis ozpedition and of the evenis up to the
sixth year of Finii 8hih*s reign. The object of the expedition was to pnnish
Soltftn 8hi^<nsn-d-din Hajl Ilyfts who had invaded and ramged Tirhnt and
harried the frontier (then the 8ro river) between the Bengal Kingdom
and the Delhi Empire. The Emperor set ont from Delhi on 10th Shawal
754 A.n., reached Oadh, crossed the Sro rirer, when Ilyis 8hih with-
drew to Tirhnt. The Emperor crossing the Sro, marched through Arsa-i-
Rharoaah (not idontifiod) and Qorakpur, tho Rajabs whoroof paid him
homage and enlisted themseWes on his side. Ilyis Qhih then reiomed
from Tirhnt to Panduah, the Emperor following bim towards Lal^«
nanti and Pandnah, after traversing Jagat or Jakat (not identified) and
Tirhnt (the lUjahs whoroof also paid homage to the Emperor). Ilyis Qblh,
on approach of the Emperor to Fandaab, retired to Fort Ekdalab, where he
entrenched himself. The Emperor did not plunder Fundnab, bat left its
popolation nnmolested, crossed tho river in front of the fort Ekdalah, and
laid siege to it for several days. He had sornples about destroying promiscn-
crasly the garrison of tbe Fort, so he made a feint retreating movement back
aoross the river, which resulted in drawing out Tlyas 8b>^h from the Fort. A
battle was fought, the Bengal army in which elephants formed a prominent
feature was defeated, and tho Imperialists oaptnrod forty-four Bengal
elephants, Ao., &a On finding that the rainy season was approaching, tho
Emperor by forood marohes (after appointing Collectora in Tirhnt district)
returned to Delhi, which was reached on 12th Shaban 765 A.H. or 1854 A.O.

This first expedition is also narrated by CQiams Siraj Afif , another nearly
contemporary historian, who continued Bami*s Tiirikh*i-Firus 8h*hi. (See
Pers. M8S., text p. 76). From this account, the following additional interest-
ing facts are gleaned : —

1. That Firus 6h*h sailed to Bengal in one thousand flotilla of war-
vessels, and his route lay across tbe Sro, the Ganges and the Kosi rirers, that
his expeditionary force consisted of 70,000 Khanins and Haluks, two lalu in-
fantry, 60,000 cavalry, besides an elephant-corps.

S. That when Firus ^kh crossed the Kosi river, Ilyiis Qhih, king of
Bengal, retired from Panduah to Ekdalah, which is called here the " Isles
of Ekdalah."

3. That Firus ^kh Uid siege to tho fort of Ekdalah for several days,
and nothing docisire occurring, made a feint retreating movement westward
seven haroh or Kos from Ekdalah, when IlyAs Qhilh thinking Firus Qbih
was retreating, came ont of the fort Ekdalah, advanced, and attacked the
Imperialists, who defeated and killed one lak of the Bengal army, and cap-
tured to Bengal elephants.

4. That then Ilyis Sh&h escaped again to tbe Fort of Ekdalah, which
WM about to be stormed by the Imperialists, when tbe females of the garrison
unoovertng their heads, exhibited themselves, and raised loud lamentatkNis,

priBODora of till! kingdom of LEikUnauti, miscd the stftndftrd of
rotum. And iu tlio year 755 A U., Sultan gijamsii-d'dm sent
many proHonl^ and uumorouti larotios, in cliarffo of wise oiitojh,
to Sultan Firux .^ali. TUu latter aluo ehowing attontiona to the
ciivoyH, Heut tliem back. And siuco Sultan Sliamsu-d-diu liad

which wotteaed tbo hswt of Firai Bl)>h, irho abkndoDod tho work ot doalrao-
tion.

5. That botoru DiftTcliiug buck Uiwards Dulhi, Pirui Sijih hikllail fur
■oms ilaj* at I'nuduah, uamod it " FiruialMkd," iiitrui]uu«fl Ihara tbo muihak
•fl«r hia own nauit), iiid alio named " Kkilulali " " Aiiilpot."

G. That Firui Sitih'it uipudilluD laiUd alaiuD lUODlhi.

1 lie disdiu 1363 A.C. 1754 A.U.] wheo Empeior rirni gbih bati^wl
SdIUd aLamau-d-diu Uaji lljii iu Ekdakh Kurt.

103

greftt anxiety from Flrnz Sh^K consequently in 757 A.H. the
former sent to Dellii wise and sagacious envoys, and sought for
peace. Firnz Sb&h agreeing, returned the envoys loaded with
honours. From that time, the houndaries between the Kingdoms
of Delhi and Bengal were delimitated; and the Emperors of
Delhi adhering to the terms of the treaty, nover meddled with the
Kings of Bengal, and by mutual exchange of presents on both
sides, they maintained friendly relations between the two king-
doms. And in the year 758 A.H., Sul(ftn Sh&™BU-d-din again
sent from Bengal Malik Tftju-d-dln with some nobles, in the form
of an embassy, with many presents and g^fts to Delhi. Snl(ftn
FiruB Shfth bestowing • attentions on the envoys more than
before, after some days, sent in return to Sul(ftn Sh&nisu-d-din
Arab and Turkish horses, together with other valuable presents,
in charge of Malik 8aifu-d-din ShShnafil. In the meantime,
Snl(ftn Shftmsu-d-dln' had died in Bengal. Malik T&ju-d-din and
Malik Saifu-d-din had approached Behar, when they heard the
news of the death of Sult§n 8h&™>n-d-<3ln. Malik Saifu-d-din
communicated this intelligence to Delhi, and agreeably to the
order of the Emperor, he g^vc away the horses and the presents
in lieu of the ]my due to the Imperial soldiers stationed in Behar.
Malik Tftju-d-din returned to Bengal. The reign of Shin^B^i-d-din
lasted 16 years and some months.

THE BEION OF SIKANDAR SBAH, SON OF SUAMSU-

D-DIN.

When Sul(&n ghftmsu-d-din Bhangs passed away from this
fleeting world, on the third day, with the consent of the nobles

t Regarding coinage of Ilyia QiAh, eeo Thomai*! Initial Ooinage of
Bengal, J.A.8., 1867, pp. 67-68.

" Haring in 746 become nnater of Woatem Bengal, Iljia gbih in 768
A.H. eetabliahed himself at Sanargaon, near Dacca, and thoa founded a
djnaetj which with an exception of about fortj jeara in the beginning of
the ninth centarj of the Hijrah, continued to rale o?er Bengal till 886 A.H.**
(Blochmann*t Contribntion, J.A.B., 1878, p. 254).

His coins (see p. 58, J.A.8. for 1807), disclose the interesting fact that
ssTeral of them were minted at Sunargaon (which is termed on the coins
Hasrat Jallal Bnnargaon or the Illostrions Royal Residence of Sonargaon),
bearing dates A.H. 758, 754, 765, 760, 757, 768. His name on the coins is
*' SbMnm-d^in Abul Hnstaffar Iljis gbih."

hi* labmiMloD, owriad off tha idol or Jigauktli to Ualhi, (p. lltl) Md oaptuMd
many elepbknU. Tha Emperor'a itaj '■■ Bengal and Ja]iimKSr during tliia

oipodiLioncovorea 2 jonri am) 7 moiilliB (p. 121). In lliia connection, nii
iiiloroaliiig de«cri|iliun of Jnjniiffar ia girea by Slinmi Sim] Atif [Tnti^-i-
Firai tiliilil, Pun. MS. toit, p. l\ti, mid i>i MuiitAkhiUil T.ivrarikb (I'ura. Luit-
p. Sn, Vol. 1, Fiiao. Ill, ). Ilcnrinif in mind wluit Zia 'Bnrni atntea refpirilinK
JaJBuKir in culinueli.i.i witli Unipuror lliilliuii'a uipL'dilioii lu Siiiinrgnini, I
am iiiclintjd lu aifreo with I'mtcaaor illiK-l.iiuiiin 1 1 nil Ilium wuru two J aj naKara :
ODD in Oriawi, uiul Hiiollior luwatdn Tippurnli. Ti'O account in Uiintakliiba
TnwaHUi rufurrod to abo.o, in uliKlitly .Uffcroiil from thai In Tarilsh-i-Kii-oi
tiliiliiby Sliiiuii SBraj Afit, Uadsoiii in lHuulukliib •tutoi tliat i'inii ^ih
after cumpleliDK liia Bi^uund i>i|)Cilition into lloiiKul l7tiU A.U.| nlumtd rrom
I>kndiiali by turcud marcliea tu Jnnn[iiir (p. 2(7, Muntakliib Pen. teit. Vol. 1,
V,i»c. Hi], wlieru Iik a|)«ut llio niliiy BOimun, iind tliit at tliB ami of Iliii year,
l>y nay of Ueliar, lie marclie<l into JuJniiKiir (llriaMt), pauiiiK tlirungb Sitlti-
(liiro, IliiriLMi, and i:n»oiiii(! Uiu Unlimidri river (tliu llujiili of Bu-ina*

105

When he reached ZafarftbftdJ the rains setting in, the Emperor
enoamped there^ and sent envoys to Sikandar Sh^^- Sikandar
Sbfth was in anxiety aboat the aim of the Emperor of Delhi,
when Firos Sbfth's envoys arrived. Sikandar Sbih immediately
sent his aid*de>oamp together with five elephants and other presents,
and opened negooiations for peace ; bnt these resolted in nothing.
After the rainy season was over, 8nl(ftn Fims Sb&b marched to
Lakhnanti. When the Sal(ftn enoamped in the environs' of
Pkadnah, Sikandar ghfth feeling that he was no match for the
Snitin followed his father's tactics, and entrenched himself in the
Fori of Ekd&Uh. Fims Sb^h pressed the siege hard. When the
garrison was reduced to straits, Sikandar Shfth sending forty
elephants together with other goods and presents and nnmerons
rareties, and agreeing to pay an annual tribute, sought for peace*
Fims Sb^ accepting these returned to Delhi. After this for
some years, Sikandar Sb&h with absolute independence gave full
rein to enjoyments. And in the year 766 A.H., he built the
Adlna mosque ; * but before he could finish it, death overtook htm,
and the mosque remained halt finished. Some trace of the
mosque still exists in the jungles of Panduah, at a distance of one
karok from the town. The Author of this history has seen it. hi

ieeing to T^linga and the Rijab of Suth^ira fleeing ioto a distaot eomer)
■Miebed into the territorj of Rajah Prihao Deo, who snit to the Emperor as
Irfliete tt elephanU, betklat other Talnable p r esent!, and theooe the Bi np er u c
Msrohed on hunting expeditione into the foreeta of PsdmiTati and Plromtola
whSoh oontained powerful and big elephanie, bagged three live elephants, and
killed two elephania, and in 762 A.H. returned to Delhi TioCorloos.

The aeoonnt in Tankh-i-i^rni Bhahi bj 8b(^nii-i-8ira] is more reliable,
as BliaJ'a father was with Pirui Bhah during the etpeditSoa (p. 116H^iraJ
eorraetly mentlona 'Banareai' (which meant evidently 'Katak BanareiT, there^
fof«, Badaemig 'Baranati* appears to be an error), aleo namee 'Adabah' aa Bal
of Jajaagar, also *< Rai 8hani«d,*' alio < RiU Thud.' The Bajah of Jajnagar
owned ahipa, elepbanti, and lofty palaoea oonatmcted of atone, and laid oat
with gardena, (p. 116).

t Zafarabad liea on the right bank of the Gumtl, a little below Jaunpar,
whteh lies on the left bank. The maps giro inttead " Jallarabad/* whioh Is a
oorruptloii of " Zaffarabad.*' Zaffarabad ia mentioned in the Ain-i-Akbari aa
apergnaah laSarkar Jaunpnr under the Subah of llahabad (Allahabad)— '
iarrtU'f Tr., Ain., Vol. II, p. 164.

S This beautiful moaqne ia at Panduah. Its inaoription hat been pub*
liabed in J.A.aB., 187S, p. S67. The inaoription waa written in 770 A.H,
(1860 A.O.)

i07

pai the reiDS of anihoriiy entirely into the hands of Saliftii
Qbiisn-d-din. Bat Qbi&sa-d-dln, who suspected always the
wiles and stratagems of the queen, one day on the pretext of
hunting escaped towards Sanft^gfton, and in a short time mobi-
lising a large army, demanded the throne from his faktHer. Short-
ly after, in order to wrest the kingdom, he marched with a large
army from Snnftrgfton, and encamped at Sundrgadhl.' From the
other side, the father also with a powerful army advanced. On
the next day, on the battlefield of Goftlpira,' both sides marshall*

ing their forces prepared to fight.

» ■ ■ • • ■

The son shewed malice towards the father :

Blood flowed from the perturbed heart.

The father snapped the ties of kindness and affection :

Ton might say that love had vanished from the world;

Although Qbi^Q-d-din had given strict orders to his soldiers
and commanders that to the utmost they should capture the king
alive, but as fate willed otherwise, Sikandar Sb^ WM unknow-
ingly killed at the hands of .one of the commanders of Qbi^Q-d-
din. Whilst still the slayer was standing at his head, one amongst
tbem seeing Sikandar gb&h killed, enquired as to who had killed
him. He said : '* I have killed him ; " the other man said, ** Ton
felt no pity for Sull&n Sikandar." Then both in fright went to
Qbtifl<^-d-dln and said : " In case we fear that by restraining
onr hands, we may be killed, can we kill him P " Qbi&fiu-d-din
said : " Certainly you may kill him,*' and after some reflection he
said : ** Apparently, thou hast killed the king.*' The slayer said x
*' Yes, unknowingly I inflicted a cut with the spear on the heart
of the king. Still he has some remnants of life." Qblft||tfl-d-dlti
p roceeded swiftly, dismounted from the horse, and placed the
hend of the bither on his lap, and tears trickled down his cheek,
and he said : " Father, open thy eyes, and express thy dying,

1 Hot idenUAed, but it matt hare been oloee to Sauurgaoo.

s IdeatiAod by Profetsor Bloohmann to be a Tillage qaite' oloee to
Paaduah, S.-W. of it (J.A.8., 1878, p. 266). Bot Dr. Wiae in bit inieiesUag
" Notes on Sonargaon " (J. A. 8. for 1874, p. 86) oorreotly plaoee it near
Jafargaflje in Dbaka dietriot, and nearly oppoaite to the JnooUoa of the
Gaagep and the Jabnna. *' light yeara ago," aaya Dr. Wiae, " Sikandar Shah's
toMb was pointed out in the above aeighboorhood.'' i

109

Moood named GfiJ, and ilie third named Lalah^ to perform the
last batbing ceremony. When Ood granted him recovery, consi-
dering them aoepicioas lie bestowed attentions on them more than
before. The other maids from envy need to tannt them
abont the bathing, so that one day whilst the king was in a jolly
mood, they related to him this a£Eair. The king recited the
following line —

" Cop-bearer, this is the story of fifare (the cypress) ChU (the
Rose) and Lalah (the Tnlip ").

The second lino of the verse could not be supplied, and none
of the poets attached to coort conid snpply it. Then the king
writing this line, sent it with an envoy to gh<^Q»a-d-din Hftfis to
Sbiras. Hifis > qaiokly supplied the next line :—

(**This story relates to the tliive bathers **). This 2ad line
is not devoid of ingenious excellencies, and he sent also another
idiasal in his name. The king in return bestowed on him valuable
presents. These two lines are from that ghasal :^

^5^tji ^«|ikU ^r'f^d^^i ^^
*4t;ft« «>G Jl >} jl^ tr >« JUU.

(HVaiu/aitbti). The parrots of Hindustan shall all be sugar-
shedding

From this Persian sugar-candy that goes forth to Bengal.
HAfis, from the yearning for the company of Sul(4n (2]Mi|n

d-din,
Rest not; for thy (this) lyric is the outcome of lamentation*

1 Uaflt the renowned Peniui poet of Bhirai died in 701 A.H.
i Tmntlaiion of ftrti two lines bj Jftrret (Bee Ain p. 148 VoL 1.)
*' And now shall India*! parroqnets on tngar revel all.
la this sweet Pscsiaa lyrio that is boras to far BeogsL**

wid : " Tea, I am wtiaBed." > Then the Qftti got np in great
delight, and showitig raspeot to the king, HOttod him oa the loot-
nad. The kJDg drawing out the sword from liis ai-m-pit Mid ;
" Qsii, in obedience to the injunctions at llie sacred Law, I have
appeared at your tribaual. If to-day I found jon deviating by
ono haiv-breadtb from adhei-enco to the injunctions of the Law, witli
this very sword I should ha?o sevefed your head. Ood be thank-
ed, that everything baa boon all-right." The Qazi also drew hit*
whip from uDderneath the iitatuad, aud said : " Sire, if to-day I
found thee in the leant tiuDBj^icm-iiig tho iiijiiuctiouH of the aacred

I Cummulaliua or compoaDding uf certain oflencai li (lonDiUad bf Uia
UuhammKilftii L>w, m u alco permitlsil (thoogh Lo a moni limited eiUnt)
b; lb« ptDMiDl Kugllih Oriminal Procodura Law at iDdia.

Ill

Law, by Qod, with this yery whip I shoold have tamed your baok'
red and black " ^ and added — v. ■■

'* A caUmitj bad come bat bas ended well.'* Tbe king, being
pleaaed, bestowing gifts and presents on tbe Q&zi, ristarned. Tbe
king from tbe beginning bad great faitb in tbe Saint Nnr
Qn(abnl 'Alam, and wiis bis contemporaiy and fellow-stndent ;'
for botb took tbeir lessons fmin gb^ikb Hsmidu-d-din * Kanjna-
sbin Nagorl. At lengtb, in tbe jear 775 A.U., bj tbe stratagems
of Rajab Kins wbo was a xemindar in tbat part, tbe king was
treaoberoasly killed. Tbe leign of Qbii^a-d-dln lasted seven
years and some montbs, and according to anotber acooant, it lasted
sixteen years, five montbs and tbree days.'

RglGN OP SAIFU-D-DIN STYLED SULTANU-S-SALATIN.*

Wben Snl(ftn QbiA^a-d-dln passed from tbe narrow haman
frame into tbe wide space of tbe sonl, tbe nobles and tbe generals

* t a
*

1 This story ■peaks TolamM in favoar of the parity of the adminitinitioa
of JBsUoe that miiit hsTO proTiiiled in the latter part of the foortoentli
oentary ander the Hosalman rigimt in Bengal. History fnile to fnrniih an
instaaoe that oan enrpasi this, in exemplifying the honetty and tente of daty
of a hamble peon, the judicial fearleetneas and integrity of a judge, and th6
law-abiding natore of a king.

S Bbaikh Hamid of Nagor belonged to Nagor in Jodhpiir.

* For Coinage of this King, aee Thomaa'a Initial Coinage, J.A.8.B., 1867,
pp. 68-70.

From the ciroomatanoe that hie early coins were stmok at the mint-town
of Moaxsamabad (territory whereof has been idontifled to ha?e extended from
the Megna to north-eastern Maimanstngh and the right bank of the Burma)',
it would a p pear that he first acquired power in Bnstern Bengal, and reigned
first at Sonargaon, from which place according to the Rlyss he marched out to
fight against his father, Siksndar 8b*^b, who reigned at Pandnah. Bnlfin
Ghiitu-d-dln must hare inrited Hsfis to his court at Rnnargaon, (as Hafii
died in 791 A.H.,) when, according to Sikandsr Sh'b's coins noticed by Ifrb
Thomas, Sikandnr Qhib yet ruled at Pandnah. (8ee also J.A.8. for 1878,
p.Sfi8).

* On the coins he Is called 8aifn-d-din Abnl Ifajahid Hamsah BhiH, son
of Asam gbAh (see J. A.8. for 1878. p. 869). Ferishta says : *' The Rnjahs Of the
eouBtry did not draw their heads out of the yoke of obedienoe, and did not

wgl^Ot or delay la p^rtng raTma* to bin." AoMwdlng to tka Tahw|kt, b*
nigaad 10 jean. Tba oolni diaooTvml of him, war* lUiu:)! at riraubad
(or PkoduAh).

I FerUhUt laji, th*t M the king was joaag lad ««ak in iotallMt, an
iaSdel named lUjah Kim, who waa attached to the mart, Diurped the
•lecDlJT* and coUeotiuu of taiea. The Tabaqat aaja that the king died a/ter
a qnlet aad peaceful reigo o( tbiee feare and a tew monlha

ProTaaacr B loch awDn ideal iHee thia king (irhoae ooina have net baea
diaooTered) with king g|)ahabu-d*diu Abul UataSar Bajaiid ghib. wboa* ooiaa
aranotioMl bjr Proteeaor Bloahmanu in J.A.B , p. tt», for 187>, Bayaiid
Sllili, looordinK to Frofeaacr BloohsiaDn'a theory, waa "a poppet kieg— a
henami tranaactioo," whilat Rajah Kina ruled oier Bengal.

1 frofeaeor BloabmaDD aaja <J.A.aB.. p. 363 tor 1S73):—

" Tba name of Bbatnriah doaa Dot ooour io the Ain, nor ha*a I aaen it
befora the tine o( Keonel'i Athta (1778) in whioh the name of fliiatariah ia

lis

USURPATION OP RAJAH K ANS » ZAMINDAB.
When 8a1(An Sbamsn-d.din died, Rajah Kftns a HindA

ir, subjugating the whole kingdom of Bengal^ seated him-
self on the throne, and commenced oppi^essions, and seeking to
destroy the Hnsalmans, slew roanj of their learned and holy
men. His aim was to extirpate Islftm from liis dominions. It
is said one day gh&ikb Badrol Islftm, father of Sb^^ikb Mninn-d«
din 'AbbaSy sat down before that wretch^ without saluting him.
Thereupon he said : " Shaikbi why did you not salute me P " The
SbaiUi said : " It is not becoming for the learned to salute
infidels, especially a cruel and blood-sliedding infidel, like thee,
who has shed the blood of Mnsalmans." On hearing this, thai
unholy infidel kept silent, and, coiling like the serpent, aimed at
killing him. One day he nat in a house which had a low and
narrow entrance, and Rummoncd in the Shaikh. When the Sl)aiUl
arriyed, ho guessed the Rajah's ohjoct, ro he fii*st pnt out his
legs inside, and afterwards not bending the head, entered. That

gifen to a Inrgo district east of Maldnh, bonndod in the west bjr the Maha*
naada rifer and the ParnAbhabn, its tribotarj, in the soath by the left bank
of the Ganges, in the east bj the Karntaya, and in the north by Dinajpur and
Ghoraghat. Dhatnriah therefore is the district to both sides of the Atrai
riTtr." Professor Blochmann (J.A.8.B. for 1875, p. 287), identifies " Bba*
tariah ** as part of old Darendra, in Rajshahi proper, between Amrul and
Bagnra, and signifying Northern Rajshahi Proper inoloding Tahirpnr.
ProfssKir Bloohmann also considers, that the nsme " Rajshahi " is ooonaetad
with Rajah Kins, who was a Rajah-gbib, that is, a Hinda Rajah who
atoonded a If nsalman throne.

1 The Tabaqat-i-Akbari merely notices Kins's nsnrption. Ferishta says
that though not a Mnsalman, Kins was a friend (8ur.) of Mnsalmans. The
Riyas gives the best acooant, bnsed perhaps on local traditions. Mr. West*
niaeoU inaoonratcly identifies ** Rajah Kins" of Bhathnriah with Rajah
Oaaaah of Dinajpnr.'* Professor Bloohmann (I think oorreotly) ideotifles
'*Bajah Kins" with "Rajah Kins Narayan" of Tahirpnr which latter is
iaolnded in Bhathnriah. (See J.A.8.B., p. 287 for 1876).

Rajah Kins does not appear to have issued coins in his own name, bni
dnrittg his r^gim^, posthnmons coins of Asam ^l\i (noticed by Honlile Sir
B. 0. Bayley in J.A.B., 187i, p. 294n.) and coins in the name of Shahabndin
Bayasid fibih, a pnppet king or a henami king (noticed by Professor Blooh*
maon in J. A. 8. B. for 1873, p. 263). were issned.

Rajah Kins from the testimony of coins appears to ha?e reigned from
810 A.H. to 817 A.H. or 1407 to 14U A.O. bat he appears to hare aotnally
nsarpsd the gofemment earlier in 806 A.H.
15

.HobwkBbih ... ... 808 ItOO

Bh^mni-d-dln Ibr«him 31|lh 804 14>1

Uahmnd ab^h ... ... 815 1441

Muhammad ghili ... 656 1461

llaiaiu ... ... ase 1461

ThslMttook rarugs in tlie court of AUa-d-din Uatnin Qliih, king of
Baogal ftbOQt 900 A..EI. or 1407 B,-0. Jkuiipar continued to b« ^TaroM] hj
tbe Lodi dynnat; till tlio defeat &nd .leilli of lliriliim, gnndtoD of Bahlol
at Panipnt bj Bibar in 1616 A.C. A local liDgdom <•■■ for a ihort tiine
eitablialied under Uuliadut Khln, goTornur u( Beliar i it WM rocoTsrMl b;
Uumajun, paased ftifain iiilo tha band* of Slier gljlh and bii ton Salim
gbib. Jaanpur cunliuued under Die Af^ani unlil Akbar in tha 4th jmt ut
bi« raign took poaieMJon of it llirough Ali Qnli Khan. In l&TG, tha Vioa-
regal conrl wu ramoTcd lo Allaliabad. and Jauopur wa* thenoaforth
goTeroed by a Ki.ii.n —8re Jairett* Tr. of Ain. Vol 11, pp. leS-ITO,
and alao Badaoni, Vol I, pp. 264, 272, 173, 816, SOT, Pen. taxt.

lift

• • • ■ . » ,

be on yoa.** When this letter reached Sallftn Ibrahinii the latter
opened it with g^at respect, and read it. Q&si Sbc^bftba-d-din ^
Jacnpnri who was one of the scholars of the time, and the chief
of the bod J of the learned men, and who was highly respected by
Sal^ftu Ibrahim who used to seat him on a silver chair on anspi*
cioas occasions, also nsed his great persuasions and said : ** Ton
ooght to set out qnickly ; for in this invasion both worldly and
religions benefits are to be obtained, namely the country of Bengal
will be subjugated, and you would also meet the Saint Sh<^ikb
Nftr Qa(bn-l-'Alam, who is the fountain*head of both worldly
and eternal boons, and you would also be doing a pious deed by
avenging the oppression of Muhammadans.'* SuU&n Ibrfthim
pitching out his tents struck the kettle-drum of march, and
making forced maitshes, in a short time, with a powerful army
reached Bengal, and encamped at Firuspur.* BAJah Kins, on
hearing this news, was confounded, and hastened to wait on the
Saint Qu(bu-l**Alam. Showing submissiveness and humilityi
and weeping, the Rajah said : " Pray, draw the pen of forgiveness
across the page of the offences of this sinner, and dissuade Sul(An
Ilnihim from subjugating this country.'* The Saint replied t
** In order to intercede on behalf of an oppressive infidel, I cannot
stand in thb way of a Musalman sovereign, especially of one who
has oonle out at my desire and request." In despair, Kins pros*
trated his head on the feet of the Saint, and added, " WhatcTeif
the Saint may bid, I am willing to submit thereto.** The
Saint said : *' 80 long as thou dost not embrace the MuSalman
religion, I cannot intercede for thee." Kftns assedted to this
condition, but his wife casting that misg^ded man into the
well of misguidance, prevented his conversion to Islim. At
length, Kins brought to the presence of the Saint his son named
JadQ.who was twelve years old, and said : " I have become old, and
desire to retire from the world. You may convert to Islim this

t ** Qiti Sh^Abii-d*dlti, a Mge of Hindoatan, floariihed ia the tinie
(of Ibimhiiii Bhih). He wm bom at Delhi aod in ihafc dij soqoirtd a
eoatpceheiitive knowledge of the indaoiite icienoea and traditional lore, and
ai the time of the arrival of Timor, he eet out for Jannpor in the oOmpaay
ofhlsanster Maalana Khwajigi who wae the aaooeoeor of Masim-d^dui
Ghvigh oC Delhi, and then oontinned hii progress and beoame the envy of'
his Hm.'*— Ainl-Akbari (JarreU*i Tr., Vol. II, pp. 100-170).

S <.«., Paadoab.

gilftliilni-d-dla Jannpuri died.

' WliooTor quarrels with naiiiU, buITci-r.'

lUjah Kiiib lioaiiiig that Sutluu Ibi-aliioi bad Hiod, diaplnuid
Sultan Jalalu-d-diii, and liimseir ro-aiicoudud tlia llii-oiio, Acooi-diii);
to tbo iiijunclioiis oF liiu false trocd, lliu itajali propai-ed BevLTnl
Ifold-tigui-ca of cowx, xhoved in Jalalu-d-din tliiougli tlieir moutlis,
and pulled liini out fiom tlicii- buttock -sidoa, and then di8tnbut«d
tlie gold of tlioao cow-tiguioa anioug tlio DiaLuiaus, and lliua re*
perverted bin boh to biu own ureod. An Jalalu-d-diu, buwever, Lad
bcea converltid by tlic Saint Quibu-l-'Alam, lie did not abkudoa
bia faith in IiiUm, and tbo poi'suaaions of tbo iufidela had at effect

on his heftri. And Rajah Eftns again unfurling the standard ol
misbehavionr, attempted to destroy and extirpate Mnhammadans.
When his cruelties passed all bonnds, one day Sb<^>kb Anwir, son
of the Saint Qnlbu-l-'Alam, complained to his father of the
oppressions of tliat tyi*ant, and said : '* It is a matter of regret tliai
in spite of such a holy saint of the time as yourself, Musalmans
should be oppressed and ground down by the hand of this infidel.*'
The saint at that time was absorbed in prayer and derotion. On
hearing this utterance of his son, the saint was enraged, and
replied : " This tyranny shall cease only, when thy blood shall be
shed on the earth." Shaikh Anwftr knew full well that whatever
fell from the lips of his holy father, was sure to come to pass, and
so after a moment, said : *' What you have said about me, is moei
and proper; but in respect of my nephew, Shc^ikb Zihid, wliat is
your will ? *' The saint said : " The drum of the virtues of Z&hid
shall t*o8ound till resurrection-day.'* In short, Rajah Kins extend*
ing more than before his oppressions and cruelties, gradually
oppressed the servants and dependants of the saint himself,
plundered their effects and chattels, imprisoned Sh^kh Anwir
and Shc^kb Z&hid, As ho had heard the Saints' prophecy about
Sbiukb Zahid, not daring to kill him, he banished both to Sun&r-
gion, and sent orders to his agents there, that after ascertaining
from them the whereabouts of the hidden treasures of their
fathers and grandfathers, they should slay both. And on the
Shaikh *s airival at Suufti*gaoti, they perpetrated many cruelties^
yet not finding any cine to the hidden treasures which did not
exist, first they murdered gljc^^kh Anwftr, and when they attempt-
ed to take the life of Slji^>kb ZAhid, the latter stated that in a
certain village a largo cauldron was hidden. When they dug ii
up, they found a largo chatty, but did not find more than one
gold coin in it. They enquired, " What has become of the rest P**
Zaliid said : " Apparently some one has stolen it." And this
affair was the outcome of a miracle. It is said that on the very day
and at the very moment when Anwftr was murdered at SunArgion,
and his sacred blood shed on the earth. Rajah Kins passed away
from his sovereignty to hell. According to some accounts, his
son, Jalilu-d-d1n, who was in prison leagued with his father's
servants, and slew hiiu. The rule and tyranny of that heathen
lasted seven years.

Abnl HohBv Hatumnad fihlh. Qfi reign protwblj iMted rrom 817 to 8U
A. 11. (14111 to li30 A.C.) Some of bii coine were etrnck mt the mint-town of
Sun*rg«ou. Ha reeided ftt PiDdiuli, but in B£2 A.ll. bailt a Palace at Oaur,
and ihif tad Iiii reaidtDce to Ibe latUr plac«. faodoah alao became nrj
pupnloiu ia hii time.

1 TfaedaMiia miatake [or 822 A. [I.

* Uii name aa appearing on bii coini ia gt-amia-d.diQ Abul UDjafaid
Ahmad gliib. lie reigned fur 16 jeara from 834 to 860 A.ll, (that la 1430-
lUU A.C.)

The Tabaqat autci lUat be reigned for iii(«oii jetn, and died in 880
AH. Steirart aayi he reiijaed lor eiljbieen jraia. Ferialila aaj* 1<e waa a
good and geiieroui king, wliilit Ui;ai atalea be waa a Ijrant. With Ahmad
BJjib ended the dfnaaly of Hajnh Kim, and cotiimeDced the reetoratloQ of
tlie Iljal gtliiii djDaaly. (See J.A.S.U. fur 1878, p. 268).

119

noitiing, and used to out open the bodieii of pregnant woman.
When his oppressions reached the utmost limits, and the low and
the high were exasperated to desperation by his tyrannj,
Sb^i Sb&n and Nfifir Sb&n who were his two slaves and held
the rank of nobles infrigned, and killed Ahmad Sb&^ > ^^^ this
e?ent occnrred in 880 A.H. His reign lasted sixteen years, and
according to another acoonnt, eighteen years.

REIGN OP NA9IR KHAN. THE SLAVE.

When the throne became vacant by the mnrder of Ahmad
Sbi^t Si)ftdi EbAn desired to pnt Nfifir Ebftn ont of the way
nnd to become himself the Administrator-General of the kingdom.
Ni«ir Ebftn, gnessing his design, forestalled him, and slew SbMi
Sbin, and boldly placing himself on the throne, commenced to
enforce orders. The nobles and the Maluk of Ahmad gfai^h not
submitting to him, slew him. His reign lasted seven days, and
according to another account, half a day.

REIGN OP NA9IR SHAH.!

When Nfifir Kbftn the slave in retribution for his misdeeds
was killed, the nobles and the generals leaguing together, raised
to the throne one of the grand-sons of SuHin Sb*insQ*d-dln
Bhangra who had capacity for this onerous charge, styling him

1 Hit name, m appearing on hie ooini, ie Nifini.d-dTn Abnl IfasaAir
Mahmftd Shih. With him oommenoed the restoration of the lljii ghlhi
dynasty in Bengal. He reigned for thirty-two years in penoe (this peace
being probably dne to the ware that then prevailed between Jaonpar and
Delhi), and aooording to another aoooant for ' not more than twenty •sefsn
jeare,' and died in A.H. 862. In the hittortee, he is eimply called Ni|ir
Shlb. Datee of hie reign, ae aeoertained from coine and inecHpiions, are
846 1 861 1 86S ; while! the earliest dates aeoertained for the reign of Barbak
8hVh» Mahmud Sb^b's saooessor, is 866. Mahmud ^kh therefore mnst have'
reigned till the beginning of 864 A.H. If his reign lasted twenty-eeren years,
this would pnt b«ick the commencement of his reign to 8S6 (the year in which
Ifaraden's Ahmad QhihI's coin was stmck), and render Mahmad Bhih an
opposition king daring 14 years of Ahmad gh^b's reign which is doabifal.
Ineeriptions of this king from Satgaon, Dacca, and Ganr hare been pnblislied.
(See J A.8. for 1878, pp. 869, 871 and for 1878, p. 108).

iuwriptlou (J.A.S.B. for 1S7S, p. 178), to bk*« b«en Bokna-d-dia Abqt
Uniiihid BarUk Qljlh. Ilia rcigo commeDoeJ in 86L A.U., and mi appekn
from IhaTribeni iiiftcrip(iona(p»lil<aUecl l>r rrufeBior HloclimaDn id J.A.a.U.
(or IBTO, p. 'Ji*>i. before ll>i>i, lie laled u (iuternor of Suulli-Weaturn Beiignl
InStOA.H. Tliu DiiinJimr Miuriplioii (|iublished by Ur. WvBlDiacutt in
J. A. 8. for 1873. p. 2T2), ymve* lliKt llmluik tibib iiiidoubte^lly iei([ned ■■ king
in Bengal iii 865 A. II. (IVJU AC J

1 Ilia noma frun> iuacriptiun* (publiilied in J.A SB tor IS73, p. 2T1J
Bppain to ba gliam*u-d>diii Abul MuiaOur Vuauf ^ib. 11a appear* to bara
nigaed from HIV lo HSU A II., nheu be diud. From liia iuacriptiou foaod at
Paiidnah, Hairmt I'ai.duab, ai.d Gaur, tbe fullowing dale* of bii reign hara
bMn aacertaiiied, namely, A II UOt, 6Hi, HttS (that ia li77, U79, 1480 A.O )

FeriahlK aaya be whi a aobolar nlio obarged tlie Ulema to b«i tbe law of
the Prophet dul) ubaur<e<l. "No one dntud to drink oiiiii" (Oloobniaon't
Contr. J. A. a. fur IH73. p. ITS).

121

BBIGN OF PATp SHAH, SON OP YtJSUP SB AH.

After the death o! Yusaf Sb&h, his son Sikandar 5hUi,>
aicended the throne. He had a little touoh of lonaoj. As he
had no capacity for this important function, the nobles and the
leaders deliberating that verj day saperoeded him, and raised to
the throne another son of Tusnf ghfth, named Fat^ Sb&h. The
latter was wise and sagacious. Observing with wisdom the
usages of the rulers and sovereigns of the past, and bestowing
on the nobles dignities according to their individual ranks, he
pursued a liberal policy towards his subjects. In his reign, the
gates of happiness and comfort were thrown open to the people
of Bengal. It was then the established custom in Bengal for
five thousand paiJu to turn out every night with musici and for
the king to go out for a while in the morning to receive their
salute, and then to g^ve them leave to depart, a new corps of
paUu relieving them. One day, the eunuch of Pat^ Sb^^N bear-
ing the name of Barbag, leagued with the paiks^ and slew Patb
Sbib.* This event took place in the year 896 A.H. Path
Ship's reign lasted seven years and fi vermouths.

BEIGN OF BABBAO, THE BONUOH, STYLED SULTAN

SfiAHZADA.

Barbag the eunaoh, the faithless miscreant, after slaying his
own master, placed himself on the throne,according to the sayings

When a forest is untenanted, jackals give themselves the
attv of lions.

I 8i«wui calls him a **yoiit|i of the royal familj "i other historiM say
aothing aboai his relaiionthip. The Aln-i-Akbart giTee him half a daj ; the
TalMM|ai givea him two and a half dayit Ferithta gives no period, and
Stewart giree him two months (JA.8. for 1878, p. S81).

* His name from coins and inscriptions (JA.8. for 1878, p. 281), appears
to be Jalila d-din Ahal Mnsaffar Fat^ 8hAh. He appears from histories to
have reigned from 887 to 8M A.H. { bat inscriptions and coins shew that he
f signed in 886 A.H. Some of his coins were struck at Fsthabad (Faridper
town) tn 886 and 808 A.H. These together with the inscriptions on Baba
8alih*s mosqne at Bandar, near Dacca (dated 886 A.H.or 1488 A.O.), of
Bikrampir (Dacca District) on Adam Qhahid's mosqne (dated 888 A.H. or
1488),. of Bnnargaon on Moqqarabnd-danlah -din's mosqne (dated 880 or 1484
A.O.) are pnblished in J J1.8.B. for 1878, pp. 288-286), and fix the dates of his
reign. Fathabad (or Faridpor town) is named after him.
16

bU vow. Snddenlj, that miBoreant over whom a fftUlity wu
hanging, by the will of Povidence which flings one from the
throne of pride down to the dust of degradation, and places on
another's head the crown of sovereignty, owing to his intoxication
from liquor, slipped down from the throne. Malik Aiidil was
de)ight«d at this incident, and drew his sword on him, bnt did
not Hucceod in despatching him. Sultan ^aliKadft, Awaking, and
seeing himself in front of nn unsheatlied Hword, Heiied Malik
Andil, and buing strong, in Iho wrestling, tliren down the latter,
and sat on his chest. Malik Andil who held tightly the hair of
the eonur.h's hold, did not let it go, but shontcd out to Yugrusti
IQlin who nan standing outside the room, to came np quickly.
Yugrusli Kban, the Turk, with a nunilMi- of Abyssinians, instantly

123

OMne in, and finding Malik Andil underneath the ennnchy hesi-
tated in attacking with the sword. In the interval of searoh,
the lights had fallen under the hands and feet of the two wrest-
lers and had got extinguished, and all was dark. Malik Andll
shouted out to Yugrusb Sbftn, *' I am holding the hair of the
eunuoh's head, and he is so broad and robust, that his body has
become in a waj my shield ; do not hesitate to strike with your
sword, since it will not penetrate through, and even if it does,
it does not matter ; for I and a hundred thousand like me can die
in avenging the death of our late master." Yugru^ Sl^ftn gent-
ly inflicted some strokes with his sword on the back and shoulder
of 8al(ftn gb&hsftdi, who feigned being dead. Malik Andil then
got up, and along with Tugru^ Sb&Q and the Abyssinians, went
out, and Tawachi Bashi, entering the bed-room of Suli&n
Sbi^bsMfti lighted up the lamp. SoU&n ghahEAday fancying
him to be Malik Andil, before the lamp was lit, from fear not
mounting the throne, had escaped into a cellar. Tawachi Bashi
proceeding towards the cellar, entered it; then again Sul|^
Sbi^hzAda feigned being dead. The Bashi cried out : " It is a
pity that rebels have killed my master, and ruined the kingdom.'*
SullAn ghfthEftdft, fancying him to be one of his own loyal
adherents, cried out : '* Look here, hold your peace, for I am
alive,*' and enquired whore Malik Andil was. Tawachi said:
" Thinking that he has killed the king, be has returned home with
peace of mind." Sullftn^gbi^bzftdft told him, '*go out, call together
the nobles and set them to fetch Malik Andil's head, after killing
him, and place watchmen in charge of the gates, warning them
to be armed and on the alert." Tawachi the Abyssinian replied :
" Very well, now I go to effect a radical cure." Coming out,
he quickly told the whole affair to Malik Andll, who again went
in, and inflicting cuts with the dagger, finished off the eunuch's
life, and leaving his corpse iu that cellar, locked it, and coming
out sent a person to summon Sb&n Jahftn, the Vigier. And after
the arrival of the VtMieTf ho held a council for the election of a king.
And since the son of Fath gbfth was only two years old, the
nobles were diffident as to how he could be placed on the throne,
so that, in the morning, all the nobles being of one mind went
to the house of the widow-qaeen of Fath §iiihj related to her
the story of the night, and said : ** As the prince is a child, yon
should appoint one to manaf(e the affairs of Oovemment, until

* "The pretorun band of AbjMlniSDB, whioh Butek 6b*h bwl introdBO-
»d into Baag&l, beoima from the protectors of the dyoutf the mMten of the
kiDKdom, uid ouuucha were Ilia bcIdkI ruler* of tha oouutr;. . . . What
royallj kt that time woa in UuDgHl is well described Li; Abni Fail, who Myi
Ihut after the murder of Falli gtib, low hirolioga Haurishod ; and FerishU
sanuiBticiilly remarks that Ibo pcoplu would obey him who had killed a kioR
and uaarped Iho throno." Bloclimuiu's Guntr. (J.A.S. tor 1873, p. 286).

With Sallin Sljabtadi boKiaa a suocosslox ut llab«hl or AbjHiel.n
kiegi, which torminuled only with the rise of the Unaaiai djamMlj of BoDgal.

I IIU namo, as appearing on hi* coins (J.A.S. B. tor 1873, p. 188), is
Saitu-d-din Abul Uuutlar Firas glgih. He was an Abjssinian or Habahi, aed
roiipied from 893 to tfJ6 A.U. (aocurding to the Ustimon; of coins); whitot
histories giiu (iiiourrectif ) Ibo joar uf his death to bo (tW. Ua was(aoaocd'
ing to Itiyat) iho premier nobleman and a geDenilissimo under Fatb Qlish,
lie proved n wiso kion.

135

^mi Sbih, koA proceeding to the metropolis of Qaoir
himself there. In the directions of jnstice and liberality, he pnt
forth noble efforts, and seoared for his sabjeots peace and comfort.
In thai, daring the time he was a noble, Malik Andll had done
great and heroic deeds, both his soldiers and subjects dreaded him,
and did not lean towards disaffection. In liberality and generosity:^
he was matchless. In a short time, he bestowed on the poor tlie
treasures and largesses of past sovereigns, who had hoarded
the same with considerable exertions and pains. It is said
tliat on one occasion in one day he bestowed on the poor one
lak of rapees. The .members of Government did not like this
laTishness, and used to say to one another : *' This Abyssinian
does not appreciate the valae of the money which has fallen into
his hands, without toil and labour. We ought to set about dis-
corering a means by which he might be taught the value of money,
and to withhold his hand from useless extravagance and lavish-
ness.*' Then they collected that treasure on the floor, that the
king might behold it with his own eyes, and appreciating its Talne,
might attach yalue to it. When the king saw the treasure, he
enquired : '* Why is this treasure left in this place P '* The members
of QoTemment said : '* This is the same treasure that you allotted
to the poor." The king said : " How can this amount suffice P
Add another lak to it.** The members >! Oovemmenl, getting
oonfonnded, distributed the treasure amongst the beggars. Malik
Andll, after reigning for three years, in 899 A.U. fell ill, and the
light of his life was extinguished by the breese of death. But the
more reliable account is, that Firus SbAh also was slain at the
hands of the Paikt.^ A mosque, a tower and a reservoir in the
city of Qaur, were erected by him.

1 For a hntnooroat des c ription of the oowardico of the Bengal Paikit (an
Infaatrj oorpe of Bengal) in the time of Baltftn Iljit ghAh (1858 A.O.), see
Tarikk-i-l^nii Qhibi by Zia' Bami (Pen. teit, Faws. 7, p. 698), from which the
fonowing ie translated : " And the well-known Bengal Paiks who for yeani
dabbed themeelTes " Aba Bangal/* and gave themteWee martial aire, and pro*
elalmed their readinen tomcrifloe their livee for tlyit Qb^b the Bhaog-eater,
and osed to attend that maniac of a monarch, in the company of the daaky-
looking Bengali Rajaht— at the time of actual warefat e, pat from fear their
Angers into their moathe, ceased to be on the alert, threw down their swords
aad arrows, nibbed their foreheads on the groand, and were all pot to the
swocd (by the army of Emperor Firis 8||4h Togkb^)-''

THE BEIQN OiT SlDt BAOB, STTLKD HUZAPFAB

syAH.

When MuzaSar Shall mouiiUid the throno in Ihu city of Gkur,
being very blood-thinity adc) auHaciouti, liu alt^w iiiaiiy o( the

■ EIm name rrom coiua knd JDacriptiont (aue J.A.8. for ISTS, p. 289),
•ppeara to bu Nuiru-d-dio Abiil Mujahid Mahniud gljih. TIiuukIi thu liiatoriei
g«Danll7 call bim • Mm ot ft'irut til!i>>, '>>» ■ocsuiil at Unji Unbammad
QKndaliari relerrvd to ii> tliu toil, nanielj, tlial Uabinud 61>ih wu aaoo of
Fkth gb^b, appemn to be more relUblo. Hahmud Qliib reignad in 806 AH.

> " Jai^D Khan " ill Iha teit ia e>id«Dllf a cupjriat'i miiUka tor " Uabali
KtliD," ail MunucbalBTL- ol Uarbag tiLih, who accordiiiK to Haji Uabammad
(Jaiidabari, waa sutruited by Firiii gKih with Ibe bringing n|i of Uahmud
ahah, wlio waaonlf two yean old, wheu bia father Fath gljlb died, and Ualit.
AodU Firua tiliili aacanded tba tbruDu. witb tbc couaent at Fath Bbah'a quMa.

127

laamed and the piotm and the nobility of the city, and atoo killed
the infidel Rajalis who were opposed to the soyereigne of Bengal.
He bestowed on Syed Hosain gharif Maki the office of Vigieff
and made him Administrator of the affairs of Government. And
be became assidaons in hoarding treasure, and by the counsel
of Syed Hnsain, he cat down pay of soldiers, and set about
building a treasury, and he committed oppressions in the
ooUeotioii of revenue. Consequently the people, receiving in-
jnries at the hands of Musaffar SbAlN became disgusted with
him. Gradually, Syed Husain's mind was also changed, so that
matters came to this pass, that in the year 903 A.H., most of the
principal noblemen, seceding from the king, went out of the city,
whilst Sul(in Musaffar ShAli wi^h five thousand Abyssinians and
three thousand Afghins and Bengalis entrenched himself in the
fort of Gaur. For a period of four months, between the people
inside, and outside, the city, fighting^ raged, and daily a large
number of people were killed.* It is said that, during the period
Sul(In Musaffar was entrenched in the fort, whenever any one
was captured and brought before him, he used to kill him with the
sword with his own hand, with a ferocity characteristic of the
Abyssinians, so that the number of people killed by him amounted
to four thousand* At length, Musaffar Sl)Ah,* sallying out with
his force from the city, gave battle to the nobles, whose leader
was Syed Hnsain Shf^***^ ; ^ncl fi^m both sides, twenty thousand
men fell, either by the sword or the arrow.

t This Mfigninary oiTil wiir in Bengal, about the end of the ftftemth
cmAwtjt be t wee n the Rojaliete on one tide and the people on the other, headed
bj the Doblee, reminds one of a similar war between king John and hit barons
in Kngland, and illnstratee that the people in Bengal were not " domb, driven
eatUe,** bni that thej had sufficient political life and strength and powers of
orgaaintion to control the monarch j, when its acts exceeded all oonstitiitioiial
bonnds, as eei b j the Shara' or Mnhammadan law. Indeed, Moelem ironar-
ehiea, whercTer established, (barring individual aberrations) have been constl*
lalioiial in the atriot sense of the word, from the time, when, in the soTenth
eettt«7. the first Rhalifate was established in Arabia (see Sir W. If air^e
'* Annals of the Barlj Oallphate ").

S His name on inscriptions and coins (pnblished in J.A.B.B. for 187t,
pp. 180-290), appears to be Qbamsn-d-din Abn-Nasr Mnsaffar 8l|ih. His
iaeoripUoiis and coins shew that he reigned from 806 to 890 A. B. (that it^
from 1401 A.C. io 1494 A.O.) Histories allot to his reign three jears and fi?a
•onths. He was an Abjssiiiian, and his original nama wss Bidi Badr«

tha hiiloriui BMlMiDi. Nisimu-d-din oomptetod hh hfttat^ okllad T»taqU.l.
AbbAri in 1690 A.O. ; he ii th« Brit writer who fpiei k oonciia oounectad
ncooDDt of the liide penile lit MniKlniMi king! of Ueu^l from I8S8 A 0. to
1538 A.O.

■ HwnMmaoii ooiiii&nJ iaeoriptioDi (dtUJ.A.S.B, (or 1873, pp. MS- IBS),
i» '■ Alku-ddiii Abi'il Uaiiafu llouin &tl*l>, win of Syed Aihraf-kl-Hat&ini."'
(lowhere on coiiii and iiiecriplioii* U he called " Shu-if Hftki," u in the t«il.
The T*b«qKt-i>Akbiiri Bimply oalli bim " Alauddin "', Feri<ht> eirooeoiulj
oalU bim " Syod Bhirit Uaki "; whilit Stewart inoornntly oalU him "Sharif
Meoca." He rui|{iied rrom BOS loSST A. II. (according to coin* and iiwariptioti*).
The KiyiK lUteii thai Alaoddin, after airiiiDB aa an adTentnrer in Bengal,
aettlodat a place called Chandpar in Badhadiitrict (Weitem Bangal), tat Pro-
faMor Blochmaiui (J A.S.B. for 1H73, p. i£8n.) ia iiicliued to ideotiff IhaOhAod-
par in quealion unr 'Alaipar or 'AlaU'd'din'a lown/oo the llhaiiab, aaatof
|[halna,iii Jeaagre diatrict, aa tha plaoe whero the Huaaia iljatMj ot Baagal

189

*' Moiaffar Sh&h is very stingy, and rade in behaviour. Alihoagh
I advise liim to attend to the happiness of the army and the

iodepinideni kings had its adopted home, beoaose Hniiain 8b^b frtt obtained
power In the adjacent district of Faridpar or Fathihibad (which latter at the
tioM was included in, or rather included portions of, Jestore), where his flrs^
coins were itmck in 899 A.H. (Ilartden*i pL XXXVIII, No. DGOLXXIX), Snd
also becanse Hnsain Bb&b's eon, Nasrat fiUliih, erected a mint at the neighbonr-
ing place of Khalifntibad (or Bagerhat, formerly in Jeewre district) and
minted there coins in the lifetime of his father in 922 A.H. (see p. t97*
J.A.8.B. for 1878 and pi. IX, No. 10). Anothor bircnmstance which alao sup-
ports the aboTC theory of Profeaaor Blochmann about the locals of Alan-ddin
Hnssain 8tlil*'* adopted home, appears to be thta, that the names of
Hnsain Bb^b, his brother Tnftnf Qb&b, and his eons Nasrat ghib, and If ahmud
9|ih, are found In connection with eereral pargnnaa of Jenore (Jasar) district
(as formerly oonttituted, before its being split up into Pabna, Khulna and Farid-
par districts), such ae parganaa Naaratthihi and Mahmudaliihi and Yneuf-
Sliht, and If ahmudabad (a whole Sirkar including Northern Jessore or Jssar
and Bosnah). In regard to Alauddin Huaain Qb&b, Professor Blochmann
obssrres (J.A.8. for 1878, p. 291) that ** of the reign of no king of Bengal*-
perhapsof all Upper India before the middle of the 10th century— do we
posssss ao many inaoriptions. Whilst the names of other Bengal kings
aearoely ever occur In legends, and remain CTcn nnrecognlied In the geographi-
cal names of the country, the name of ' Husain 8hAh the Good ' Is still
rsmembered from the frontiers of Orissa to ihe Brahmaputra." This g rea t
and good king extended his empire into Orissa, into Assam, Into Ohittagong,
and reigned orer all north Behar, and all aouth Behar up to the western
limits of Sarkar Monghyr, where his son Dinyal erected a vault over the
shrinsof Peer Nafa. (See TAbaqat-i-Akbar! and also Badaoni, Vol. I, p. 871).
A cathedral moeque amongst his other edifices was erected by thia king, In
907 A.H. at Machain, opposite to Faridpor in Dhakah i the inscription of. this
mosque appears In J.A.8. for 1878, p. 298. The Husain Qhlhi dynasty con-
sisted of four sovereigns: (1) Alauddin Hnsain 8h&b who reigned from 899 to
939 A.H. (2) Ahin-d-dlu*s son, Na|irn-d-din Abul Musaflrnr Nayrat QbAh (929
to 989). (8) Alan-d-din Fimz gb&h (939), a son of No. 2, and (4) Gbiasu^-dln
Mahmid ^kh, (940-946 A.H.) the last Independent king of Bengal, who was
defeated by Qbor 8hih*s nrmy at Qnnr under Jalnl KhAn and Khwsf ^kn
In 944 A.H. or 1638 A.D. That Is, for forty.four years, this Husain! dynasty
eoooistlng of four kings, reigned o?er Bengal. (8oe J A.8.B. for 1872, p. 832)«
The Ta baq at-i'Akbari's notice of Bengal cloeee with an account of the reign
of Nafrat QhAh, the aeoond king of the above Uusaini dynasty. The fourth
king of the Uusaini dynasty, it may be of interest to remark, is the " Bl Ray
Mamnd de Bentfalt%** of the Portugooee, who described Ganr, the capital at the
tioM, as lining *' throe leagues in length, woll-fortifled and with wide ami
straight roads, along which rows of troes were planted to shade the people.**
This llahmail Sfaili diml in 915 A.lf. at Oolgoiig (Kihalgaon), where he lies
buried.

City of Oiiur, oit tlie Btona of tha large gftte-wajr of tho
Qadftm Hasul bailding,*and on tlie GoMen Mo§qiie, and also on
some other lihrinos, ivliicli are nmongat tlie edifices erected by
Sultftn Huaaih Sliali nml )im so>i>) Nafint Rbali and

I TheTiiIwqati-Akbnrl Hiiil Badaoxi (p. 317 vol. I) limply call bim
AUaddin (wl.kli Imwuvr wu ubvinnsly tl>D JiilHi name), Periilita «iti>-
noouil; ohH* liim " Snjiil Sli^rif Uaki," wl.iUt Stewart incorrectly call*

'KijM* wh'i»a hulbiir (A.iut« llmt Huan

iii-a ratliurar i,

mo uf his kiicsatorm

mit[l>t iwrliai- I.btc I™,,. ,. SL^rif «(

Uoccu. Tl,o^

lamfirnamah (p. 730)

all* him Huwii,, Shttl..

> Tlio iiinoriptiuo .l<<te.l U37 A. II. on

tl.o Qa.lkni Kn«

il biilUinKkt Qkuri*

puUi«li«] ii. J. A. 3, 1!, f.,1 lava, |.. asa^ i..

ii Ni'Tnil Shil.

i< .lewribe>) M aon uf

I3l

Mahmud ghftli, it appears thai Syed * Alfo-d-din Abol
Hasal&tr Husain gh&h is ilie son of Syed A^rafal-Hasainl. In
regard io the months and years of Syed gljarif Maki's period, all
these inscriptions tally, and thas all doabts are set at rest. It
appears that apparently his venerable father — Syed Aolirafal
Hnsaini — was Sharif of Makka ; hence the son also was known as
SbMif-i-Maki ; or else, his name was Syed Qnsain. In a
pamphlet, I have noticed that Qassin g^ah and his brother Yusnf,
together with their father, Sayyid Adli^i^fftl Qnsainl, were residents
of the town of Tarmus.^ By olianoe, they came to Bengal, and
stayed in the moas2l of Ghandpnr in the ftllA of Rafha,* and both
tlie brothers took their lessons from the Qftzl of that place. On
knowing their noble pedigree, the Qazi mairied his daughter to
Qosain S])6li. After this, he entei*ed the service of Mnjaffar
Sb&bi i^nd reached the office of Visier, as has been related before.
When he ascended the throne in the city of Oanr, after some days,
he forbade the people from the pillage of the city, and when they
did not cease, he slaaghtered twelve thousand planderers ;
then these stayed their hands from the work of pillage. And
making search, ho found much of the hidden treasures including
thirteen hundred plates of gold. From ancient times, the
cosiom in the country of Lakhnauti and East Bengal was
thai rich people preparing plates of gold, used to take their
food thereoui and on days of carnivals and festivities, whoever
displayed a large number of golden plates, became the objeot
of pre-eminence. And this custom up to this time prevails
amongst the rich and high-ranked people. Sul(in *Alftu-d-din
Qosain Sb^K since he was a wise and sagacious sovereign,
shewed oonsiderateness towards the influential nobles, and raised
his select officers to high fioeitions and trusty offices. And he
prohibited the Paths — whose faithlessness and regicides had be-
oome chairacteristio — from guarding the Palace, and totally dis-
banded them, so that no harm might befal him. And in place
of tlie Paikt^ in the Ouard-room and on the Band-stand, he appoint-
ed other body-guards. And he also expelled totally the Abyssini-
aos from his entire doroinious.

1 A town in TorkesUn.

> That is, the Western Bengal irsot. See howerer, note 13 io p. 48, where
Professor Bloohmaan idooiifios Ghandpar, near Alaipnr on the Bhairab,
ia Jesme district.

I Tbia WM Prince Dui]rft1 (inoomollr knowD u Dnkl GbMi)- Tbb
invuion of AiMm look pluce in 1408 AC. Soe J.A.8. tm 1B73, p. SS6.
P.ttlcaUn of tlii> inTMion of Aium in 14[« A.O. or 003-1 A.ll. wre giieu
in IbsAlamginiftroah pp.730 and 73t nnd tl>o Aium BurHOJi (J.A.B., tor
1874, p. £81). lluuiiiai.ih'icunqui»lol Kiimiut< »>d KamU (wMtcm Aiwrn)
ia aleo cbronicktl in ft conteaiporiiiiuoua iDBcHptiaii of 9U7 A.ll. (IfiOl A.C.|i"
a Uulnuah or College fuuudvi] by iluuiii QUHi at Gaur. Tiiia ioacriplion la
alao publialteJ in J.A.S., for 1874, {>. 3U3. lluaain gbib'a litat Qovemoi ot
Woatorn Ataam or Kamrup was liU loii. frinco Daiijal,— Iho aaine priooe wliu
enwlod Uie vault uvor tho ahrino of Pir Nata io Mooghjr fort in OCQ A.C.,
whilat rVtorninK from a miaaion on bolialt ol hi* father to meet SalUn
Sikandar Lodi in Bsbar, and immediatl; before eettingoat on thie Amm
expedition (Bodnoni, p. 317 Vol. 1). He w»« tullowod aa Oovomor of ^iim bj
Uuaauder Ohaai, who waa lucuBedod by 8ulL*n QhUtn-d.din wbo iDtrodnoed
» colony of Uuhamiuadanl into Aaanni.

oompleie ibe settlement of (he oonqaered ooaotry, retarhecl
triaropliant and victorious to Bengal. After the withdrawal
of the king, his son devoted himself to the pacification and defences
of the conquered country. But when the rainy season set in, owing
to floods, the roads and tracks became dosed ; and the Rajah with
his adherents issued from the hills, surrounded the Royal army,
engaged in warfare, cut off supplies of provisions, and in a short
time put all to the sword. And the king, erecting a fort on the
baok of the river Bhatah,* bestowed great efforts on the
improvement and advancement of the Kingdom of Bengal. And
erecting and establishing Mosques and Rest-houses at different
places in every district, he conferred numerous gifts on saints
and recluses.* And for the maintenance of the Rest-house in connec-
tion with the eminent saint, Nur Qulbu-l-'Alam, he endowed
several villages, and every year, from EkdAlft, which was the
seat of his government, he used to come to Pandua, for pilgrimage
to the bright shrine of that holy saint.* And because of his meed-
worthy courtcousness and affable deportment, and owing to the
exuberance of his good sense and wisdom, he ruled for a long
period with complete independence. In the year 900 A.H., Sul(in
Qnsain S^arql, ruler of the JaunpQr kingdom, on being defeat*
ed and pursued by Sult&n Sikandar, proceeded to Colgong
(Kahlgaon),^ and took shelter with SuHftn 'Alftu-d-dln ^usain
^ih. The latter, paying rogai*d to the refugee's rank, provided
him with means of comfort, so that relinguishing anxieties
and cares of soveraignty, SullAn ^usain Sb^i^l passed the
rest of his life at the above place. Towards the end of *Alan-d-
dln*s reign, Mu^yammad Babar the Emperor invaded Hindus-
tan. Sul(ftn l^usain Sbih, in the year 927 A.H., died a natural
death. His reign lasted 27 years, and according to some, 24 years,

1 Siewmrt Iim ' BaiMb,* and nji ii it the name of a eiream, wbioh also
bean iha name of Oandak. I do not know how far Stewart it correct.

t lie aleo fonnded If adrataht or Colleget for the adTancement of leamiDg,
at it evidenced bj the tettimony of the oontemporaneout intcripUoD of 907
A.H. pablithed in J.A.8.B., for 1874, p. 303. Thit intcription opent with the
remarkable taying of the Prophet, " Search after knowledge even at f4r as
Ohfaia."

'* See note p. 40.
4 See BedMat, p. 816, Vol. I.

ChitURotiK Tnot (mo Tuikb-i-HtmidiMd J.A.8. for 1B7S, p. SM), wd to Im*«
•ubdoMl Tirbut and Qajipur liacta in Nnrlh Bobar— and to havs nlao held
tcmponrj iwa; oror Aiiingarli iii tlia N'.-W. rroTiiicot (aoe Sikandarpiir
Aiiini{arh iiiKtiplion publiihod in J. AS. for ltj73, p. 2DS}. Kbarid iDoalionAd
io this iaacriptiun u on llio right bank ol the Obigra t'lrei.

Natral gliib rvignul Intm 029 to 039 A.K. ( J.A.S. for 1872, p. 33t).

> llajipuT wu lung llio buad-quarlera i>r tlie Baii),'Bl OoTeniora of Bahar
from the time of llaji Ilyii, and whk fuui.Jud by lluji flyit aliat QtiainBD-
d-dio Ilyai, kiug of Bongal. [I aank in iinporlanoa with the tnuiafer of tlia
bead-qoaiten U> PatuK, on tbe ealAbliihioenl o( Uugb*' rule ondei Einp«rar
Akbu'.

* Ibrahim Lodi, •on o( Sikandar Lodi and gnndaon ef Bablol Lodi, wu
defeatad and killed bj Babar al the dociaiTe battle of Panipat ia 1G18 A.O.
or SSI A.U. Boe the graphic deacriptioa ut thii dociUTo battio io Sodooai
(I'ora. Utt, Vol. I, pp. 334-a36.) By thU groat balllo, the aoraraignlr of

135

Sikandar Lodiy oonqoered the great empire of Hindnstan, many
of the AfgbAn Omra escaping, soaglit refnge with Na|rat Shfth,
And at length, SoUftn Ma^mud,' brother of SaHAn Ibrahim,
being expelled from his kingdom, came to Bengal. Nafrat S^ih
showing kindness to every one, bestowed on all pargannahs and
villages, in accordance with their respective rank and condition,
and consistently with the resources of his kingdom. And he
married Sal(&n Ibr&him*s daughter, who had also come to
Bengal. And planning the subjugiition of the Mughal forces, he
despatched Qu(b 'SJ^hn with a large force towards the environs
of Bhai'aich.* And the latter fought several battles with the
Moglials, and for a period the contending forces were bivouacked
there, fighting. But Sb&n Zam&n,* son-in-law of Emperor Babar,
had conquered up to Jaunpur, and when in the year 930 A.H.,
Bmperor Babar came to Jaunpar, and brought to his subjuga-
tion all its limits and environs, and planned to march to Beng^
and to bring it also under his domination, Nafrat Sbfth, foreseeing
the result, sent valuable presents and gifts in charge of wise envoys,
and offered submission. Emperor Babar, in view of the exigencies
of the times, made peace with Nsfrat ghah, and retired. When
Bmperor Babar died on the 5th of the month of Jamftdiu-1-AwaI

India wss transferred from Af^lian hands to those of the llagkals. Strange
enoagh to sdd, this revolntion was effected by the iotrif^nes of Afgj^n oSoers
Mid Omara of Ibrfthim who had joined Babar, and invited the latter to
India. (Badaoni, Pen. text, p. 881, Vol. 1). No donbt, it was a penaltj paid
bj Bslt^ Ibrihloi for hit ill-treatment of his brothers, officers and noblemen,
whom he conttantlj dittmated an<l disgmoed.

I 8al|ui Mabmud was a aon of Snltin Sikandar Tx>di. He waa set op
as a King bj Unaan Khan Mewnti nnd Kana Sanka, and indnced to fight
with Babar who defeated him. After defent, he lived at Ohitor, whence he
was broaght by Afdinns to Bohar, and proclaimed ita King. Qber Kh*n joined
him, bat aubeeqnently deserted him in favoar of MngjialB, who defeated him.
from Patna, he fled to Oriata, where he died in 940 A.H. (See Badaoni,
pp. 861 and 838, Vol. I).

i Sarkar Bharaich is inolnded in the Sabah of Oadh, and is mentioned in
the Aln-i-Akban (JarreU't Tr, Vol. II, p. U8).

This waa the farthest western incamion made by the Maaalman kings of
Bengal (barring of coarse Shoi* Sb^b, who from king of Bengal rose to be
Bmperor of all India).

8 See p. 139 Bloch. Tr., Ain, Vul. I. From Badaoni's aoooant (p. 888,
VoL I), the conqnest of Jaanpor appears to hare been made by Hnmayan,
during Babar's lifetime. In Badaoni (p. 8ii, Vol. 1), Md. Zaman Mirsa.

Toi. II, p. aoi, uia BoiiiioM, pp. 8M to H7, vol. i.

He foolfahlj ongMged In ft Wftr witb HnnMjnn ftnd «m 4«rMt«d, (Vol. II,
p. 200, Md Boituoni, p. 3M, Vol. t).

■ Tlii* buiUlinu wne ii> fair urdar nlieii 1 vUiled Qui'ir in 1B87. U ii n
■qiure aiie-duuiud building in tliii eiiultiaura uf Ilia Purl, lu longth frum
out la weiC ia :{■! uubila, uiid iu brondlb in tho tnuie. Tlio Ulmgirati Dm*!
tu the wiMl ul it, about ft diaUace u( 30 xiiit. Tliit building wu ereoled b;
Nkiimt tiL*b ill UJ7 A.ll. (I&30 A. II). Iiiaidu tliu dioh|Uo uudar lli« iIodib,

Bid tu bit>« bvuK turriierly al I'liiiduitli in lU ChilloUaM of Iha Skint
Jallaln-d-din Tabriai, hI.o i- auppoaml to Iiutu broutfl.t it from Arabia.

Tlia iiiKriptioii oi> ll.u liuildiiiK i^ jmLlialiud in J.A.tJ.U. fur lt(72, p. 138.

> TliadHlouii lliu iii«:ii|jlioii in liowovur, U3I A.II. (Suu J.A.a.U. tgc

1H78, p. aao).

* Uw Batuiiibaw'a and Craittl'toii'i " Uui-'i uf Uwir."

* He wu ft iJuiiil of Uftui' llu ciiiie a. h boy to Niuiiiud-d>" Aoliftli ol

137

[Noie &y the author, fifolfm: Iti all the imoHptioiui Vbiki
engraved on stonea exist to this time, the king's name is mentioned
as Nsfv^t Sh&^i son of Sal(ftn 'A1fta-d-din Hasain SbA^ In
histories, his name is mentioned as Na^ib Shftl^* Apparently, this
is a oormption or a mistake, in that there is no room for mistake
in the tnsoriptions engraved on stones.]

RBION OP PlBUZ SHAHJ SON OF NA9RAT SHlfi.

When Nairat Shi^h drank the disagreeable sjmp of death,
his ton, Fims Sh&h, by the oonnsels of the gpmndees, asoended the'
throne. He had reigned for three * years, when 8n1(in Ma^mAd*
Bengali, who was one of the eighteen sons of 8nl(ftn 'Alin*d-din
Hnsain gh^h, and whom Na^rnt gh&h had installed to the rank
of a nobleman, and who in the life- time of Nairat, oondnoted
himself like an ameer^ finding an opportanity, slew Fims Sb&h,
and asoended the throne by right of inheritanoe from his
father.

IMliI sad in oonne of time noqnired gpreat learning. He was then sent to
Bengal, where he died in 768 A.H. or 1857 A.O. After Niiamn-d-din's death
(aeoofding to the H«ft I qltm), he went to Lakhnaati— <8ee J.A.8. for 1878
p. MO).

Nef rat fS^lh oonld not hare laid the foundation of the 8aint*i ehrine i
he eoald have onlj repaired end improyed it, for the ineoription on the thriiM
(■ee J.A.8. for 187S, p. 294), ehewe that ito door was boilt by Nafrat 8hih*8
father. SalUn *Alan.d^in I^oeain Sbth, in 918 A.H. (A.O. 1610).

Akhi*e popil was the Saint AIan-1-Hnq, father of the Saint KnrQotb
'AfauB of history.

Akhi wae a oontemporary of gbamin-d-din Ahnl llasalEar Ilyii QlMlh,
King of Bengal.

1 Hie name appear* to be 'Alan-d-din Abnl Mnssafar Fimi Sfaih, both on
hie coine and hie inecriptione (See J.A.S.B. for 1878, p. 897). He reigned for
only one year (939 A.H.) when he waa slain by hie ancle M ahmud Qbik
the next King. Thie would alto pot back the date of Nafrat Qh^^'e mnrder
to end of 988 or beginning of 939 A.H. i hot BadaonCM eoooont (p. 848, Vol, I),
readers it donbtfal.

* ** Three yoart,** it eridently a copyist*e mistake, for Stewart who bases
hia history on the Riyas, mentions " three months '* whioh he mast ha?a .
fmiad in his copy of the M8. of the Biyii» and whioh appears otherwise
chronologically.

p S4S, Vol. I).

1 The town of Behftr is ineniil. It kppenn thnt at thii llms both Sarkar
Uongliyr in Suiilli Iteliar and llio wlmlo of Norlli Bolmr wore lubject to Iha
Bengnl kings, hikI llajipur waa Iho lieiutquarlera from a lung time of Ih*
llunKOi aoTvn.nr <■! Nurlli )iel>iir. Wi-atuf Snrknr Monghrr in South Behar,
which wai iiilijcct to tho gljarqi kingdom □[ Jauiipar, on tlio dooay of the
Utter kingdom, rell into tho lianda of lomi-iiiduiioudeut Afc^a" chigfi,
inclading t)i>ri.. Khin, hii ion lt»l>ailur lUtin (whu proolnimed liimaelf
Sultin UiiLiioimadl, SolUn Mnljiniid, and ghcr Khln. At thia time,
aathe teit ahowi, Uaklidum 'Alum, Mal>miid gliih'i brother-iu-law, who
wii hia (lurarnor of North Behar, and had hia he'id'qu<irl«ra at Hajipar,
alao ratialled againat hii aoToreign, and inCrigaod with ^er Kbin (aftar-
«Mda Sbar gi>i>>). (^o Badaoni. pp. 300, 3SH, 361, Vol. I).

■ IIuw ai!*r Qllth ■ctiuireil ll>u Delhi Kmpire, i* rvlnled in TariU-i-
gL er Bllihi. and ■)■» io it.<U<>„i and r).^ Akh»rn»niah.

139

and Sakrigali ' for one month coniinned 6gliting. At . lengtli,
(he paeaes of Tellagadhi and Sakrigali were captured, and Shev
Sbftn entered Bengal, and Ma^mud Shah, drawing hift foroe,
encountered the former, when a g^reat battle ensaed. Sal(iQ
Ma^mQd, being vanquished in the field, entrenched himself in the
citadel, and sent a message to Emperor Hamftjnn in Delhiy
seeking for help. Hnmftynn ghfth in the year 944 A.H. tamed to-
wards the conqaest of the province of Jannpar. Since at that
time, Sber Sb^n was in Bengal, Emperor Ham&jnn going to the
foot of the fort of Ghnnar,* laid siege to it. Q^asl Qin S&r, who
was in the fort on behalf of Slier ^ftn, raised the standard of
opposition, and for six months the siege was protracted.* By the
effort of Rumi Sb&n,^ ladders being moanted, the fdrt was
sealed and captured by Hamftjan. Shei* Sl^^Q <^1bo put forth
grand efforts for captoring the fort of OaQr, and the garrison
werto hardpressed. Bot as in the meantime one of the Eamindan
ci Behar, becoming refmctory, raised distarbonce, Sb^i^ Sbftn*
finding it inexpedient to halt at Ga&r, left his son, Jallil SJb&n,
aad Khawif Sb&n, one of his tmsty nobles, to besiege the fori
of Oaur, whilst he himself marched back to Behar. And JallAl
Sllta, son of Sbei* Sl^ftn, skirmished with Mabmud Sh^K bo that
the garrison were redaoed to straits, and food-grains became
scarce in the city. On Sunday, the 13th of the month of Far-
wardi, corresponding to the 6th of Zil-Qadh, 944 A.H.,» JalUl

1 These paasee are close to Colgoog, and are now traterted hf the 1.L
BaOway line. They were in thoee days 6onsidered the ' key ' to Benga)« They
were fortified under gfaer Qhih'e order by Qa(b Qin, eon of fiber ^kn and
Kk^was Kk'n, elate of 8her B|in. (See Badaoni^ p. 840, Vol. I).

> la the Ain-i-Akbari, under tho Siibah of Allahabad, Ohiuar Is
lieecrihed " ae a etone-fort in the eummit oC a hill, soaroely equalled for its
lo fUa ee e and strength .** The rirer Qangee flowe at its foot— ^Ain-i*Akbari
(Barrett's Tr., Vol. 2, p. 160).

t li ie stated that its eiege by Bmperor Hnmlyun oommenoed oo 8th
Jaanary, 1688 A.O. As its siege lasted six months, and as it was etormed htfom
Oair M (on 6th April, 1688 A.C.) into the hnndt of 8hsr BbAh's geneiml,
IQiawaa Khin^ the liege of Chunar must hure oommenoed in October 1687
A.C. (See TaritH i-ghcr Qb&hi), or it may be that the fall of Gair took plaoe
in July 1688 A.O. (See Badaoni, pp. 848 and 840, Vol. 1).

4 See p. 441 Bloehraann's Trans, of Ain, Vol. I, p. 441 , and Badaoni, p. 848|
Vol. I. Ohunar was captured by Humiyun In 948 A.H.

• This oonesponds to 6tb Apnl, 1688 A.C.

At the time when Sul^n Hain&yun the Emperor captared the
fort of Chunar, Sult&a M&hmud arriving at Darvialipar*,* Knd
meeting tlie Emperor, and using much cajolery aod pei-aaasion,
reqaeated the Emperor to iiivado Bcngnl. 'I'Uo Emperor, talcing
pity ou MHl^iiiiid, luft Mirza Dost Ueg^ in charge of the fort of

> Tlii* wiui ■ <|Oitrt<!r ul Uaiir. Tlio inscription ou tbii iiiuiqaa U pub-
Iwhed in J A.S B. tur IHT2, p. 33U.

* Thofftloot UiiljinudSliih ii rullj deauriboJ in theTkri^-i-Sljer ^iUx,
ot which the llou'Lile Hir Lilwird Clivu Dityluy liiu puhliilicd a Iruiilatioa in
DuwHiii'l sditioD uf Elliot! Iliitorf of ludia, IV, pp. UOU-364.

* 1 hftve not iiloDtidod thia pliusu ; but it muit hftve boou cluie to ChuDU.
t la Badami (p. 8W, Vol. I), it io lUttcd tLwl wheu iha King of Bengml

141

GhooM', aod in the beginning of 945 A.H.^ raised the standard
oC march towards the conquest of Bengal. Sboi* Sb&ni' learning
about this, despatched Jall&l }£b9kn and Khawdy ]Q)an to defend
the pass of Toliagadhi, which leads to Bengal. Abd this Tella-
gadhi and Sakrigali is a place between the provinces of Behar
aod Bengal, it is very impregnable ; it is flanked on one side by a
k>fiy hill and a dense forest which are quite impassablci and on
another side by the river Ganges, to ford which is very difficult.
Bmperor Humftyun detached Jahangir Beg * Mughal to capture
Tellagadhi and Sakrigali. On the day that Jahftngir Beg reached
thai place, just after he had dismounted, Jall&l SJli&n and
Khawftf Sb&n* marching up quickly with an efficient force,
attacked him. The Mughal forces, unable to cope, were vao-
qoished, and Jahftngir Beg, getting wounded, in a hapless
condition, retreated to the Emperor's camp.* But when Bmperor
Hnmftynn himself marched up to Teliagadhi and Sakrigali,
Jallftl Sb&n f^nd Sb^wftf Kb&Ot seeing their inability to stand the
Bmperor*s onslaught, fled towards the hills, and from thence, to
Sb®!' Kb&n at Oaur. The Imperial army, forcing its way easily
through that narrow deflle, marched up, stage by stage. And
when the Imperial camp halted at Kohal Gfton (Colgong),
Ma^^mud 8]]&h, who was in the company of the Emperor, hcMrd
that his two sons who had been taken prisoners by Jallftl KTiin,
had been slain. From this grief and affliction, he pined away

(named erroneootly Nacib Rhfth, which thoald be Blabmiid gJiih) getting
woanded in the war againet S]]orGli'lb,c»nie and met the Bmperor (Hamajan),
sad invoked hia help, the latter left Uir Uindn Beg Qaohin in charge of
Jannpnr proTince, and marched (from Chnnar) towardi Bengal, foreing the
paaa of Tellagadhi, which waa fortified and held by Qntb Shin and Khawas
Qao (aon and aer?ant reapootiTelj of Qher Qh*^)*
t •.«., 1688 A.O.

• gher Kliin or QherShib waa at thta time at Gaur and had made
himself master of it. (See Badaoni, pp. 848 and 849, Vol. I). Mughal hiatoriana,
to please the Mugbal Bropcron, inTariably belittle 6h«r ghih by calling bim
" fiber Qin.** fiber gh^b finally defeated Humiynn (Jarrett's Tr., ilia, p. 431,
aad Bada&ni, pp 354 and 356, Vol. I) near Kananj in A.H. 047 (A.O. 1540),
when Hnmiynn fled to Sindh.

* He is mentioned aa Governor of Bengal nnder Ilumiynn (rtdt Bloch-
maan*s Tr , Ain-i-Akbari, and also the teit, Faao. 1, p. 331, and also BaHmotti,
p. 858, Vol. I.)

4 This muft hare been near Colgong (Kahlgaon), at the time.

* BomiyaD o*ptiir«d Qaur, kboot J}t\j IBS8. Ilanljuii wttjad b1 Qafir
ror three month*, that U, till September 1638 A.C., bdiI nkmcd the pUo*
JiimaUbad. (See fiailuoni, p 349, Vol. I >.

* This imporUiit fori in Soalh Uehar waa uptarod b; gt^er Qhih in S45
A. II. or about Sopt«iiib«r 1G3B A.C by bii ingonioua tlretsgem. (See Badaimi,
p. SUP. Vol. i). (ihor Kh>"i iudacod the Ri.j«h o( Ituhlii to giro ahelter to
bii familj iii the Vurt, und tbon Mut it> there two thouiand armed Ar^l^aoa
ia mahjat or palaDqaiua ; theao latter killed iho Rajeh uid bia ac^dier*,
Bud oaailr captured tlie Fuct l»t gl,er gj;ah.

* In Firiahta ouoara the tollowiiig : " At tbia time newa ifM roceiTcd that
llim llindal had mUuU the ataodurJ ot reboMioD iu Agrah nnd UewM, had
capwd the K^utba tu bo rocited art«r liia own nams, and had killud fibaiU
Uablol" (Vol. 1, p. 433, Fan. tuit). Delhi tnooUonud hoto therefure kppaara
to be a iniatMks (ur Ai;ra, aa ap|ieiira alau from the toxt which (ullom. (8a*
Badaoni, p. 860, Vol. I).

143

newi from Delhi^ appointed Jahangir QoU Beg^ Oovernor of
Bengal, and leaving Ibrfthim Beg, who was one of the principal
Omra, with five thousand select cavaliy in tlie former's company,
himself swiftlj marched back towards Agra. This happeiled
in 946 A.H.

THE ACCESSION OP SBBB SHAH* TO THE THRONE,

IN THE CITY OF GAtJR.

When Emperor Hamajan in the year 946 A.H. withdrew
towards Agra, Sher Sb&vs apprised of the nnpreparedness of the
Imperial army and of the rebellion of Mirza Hindal, set oot from
the fort of Rohtas with a large army. And at the time, when
the Imperial camp arrived at Chansa, cnptnring the high way,
for three months Sher Sb&" bivouacked facing it,^ and caused
as much harassment as he could. At length, by way of treachery
and stratagem, sending to the Emperor Sh^^ikb Sb&Hlf the
well-known saint who was his spiritual guide, gh^r Sb&n sought

1 In Badtumi (p. 860, Vol. I). " JahAngir Beg Mnglial.''
t Ait regal liyle wm Faridn.d-din Abnl MosafFar gber Qhih. He reigned
ftom 944 to 952 A.H or 1638 to 1646 A.O. He lies biiried mi SaliMrim (BMeenim)
in BeHmr. Hia firai Goremor of Bengal, ^lisr ^in, who married a daaghirr
of Mabmftd Qbili m» k^og of Bengal, waa replaced bj Qasi Faillat, of Agra,
TKose who care to know the life and career of ihia remarkable Sorereign,
will find a fnll aocoant in Bodaani (Vol. I, pp. 866 to 874). A man of leamiiig
and wonderfal reeonreea, a daahing aoldier, a general of high order (ali^ayi
ready to avail himaelf of all aimtagema and taoiica in war), a politician of
keea diplomaoj, when he monnted the throne, he exhibited the higheet
qnalitiea of a atateaman and a benefloent aovereig^ . Moderate and aeientifio in
hia roTenne^aaaeaamenta, liberal in hia gifta, Jng^etn and benefactiona, gen^rona
in aopporting learning and the learned, wiae in hia armj>reforma (copied
■abaeqnentlj bj Akbar) mnnificent in laying down trunk roada, planting trees,
aiaking wetla, eatabliahing oaravanaeraia, bnitding Moaqnea, M adraaaha and
Kkanqah9t and erecting bridges, few Indo-Moalem Kinga oome np to hto
lerel. He adminiatered jnatice ao Tigoronalj thnt he impreaaed hia perao-
nalitj on all, and eatabliahed thorough peace, ao that, aaja Badaoni (p. 868,
YoL I), no daooit or robber would dare to touch a gold plate, though ft
night be left on the road by an old woman, during her aleep.

^ Sb^r Khin had encamped on the right bank of the ri?er between
Chaosa and Bakaar. The river hero ia called Thori Nadi. The battle of
Chaoaa waa fought on 9th Safar 946 A,. U. or 86th June, 1689 A.C. (8ee
AidMmt, pp. 861 and 868, Vol. I).

the title of 8t]sr gljih,* and that jo»r deyotiu^ hinuelf to the

1 Ralhor llie evertates Tor potuie were mule bjr Iluiniyan, who lenl
Mullk UahkmmuJ Aiii far the purpuse lo Slier KJitii, wtio wei Uien el
Cbauia. At the time, gljer {Cliiu with hii ileevei atuck up kiid with K epulu
jo hmnil, in KrilliuK wuallier, w&e d[)t)[>"K k Iretich, and fortitjiog the place
Od iMing the UuIIb, ha ut ilowD un the bare Kroeiid, kud in reply to tho
Mulla uid: " Tell lliii one wurd uu my brliair lu the Emperor. th»t be
leekt war. and nul ]>ii auldiere, whilat I do not aeek itnr. but my aoldiera do."
tiher Uh'b thin .unt to tbu bmperur hii ipiritiial guide gliaijili Ebalil, a daa-
cendant ur ghaikli Farid Uai.j ti!,ukar, (See iJuJuon^, pp. 35U and 361. Vo). I).

1 After dertatiiig llnniiyaii .t Cbauaa on 2Glh June, 1&3S A.C. (Oth
8«tar, MO A.H } ^vt Khin marolied to Ouur, alaw llaDiiyun'i QoTanof,
Jahangir Qnii Ueg, aud aMuuied the aame year at (Iniir the royal tilU of
Varidn-ddiii Abul Uuiaffni' ^rr ^ih, and (truck eoiix. gtiar fililh aUyad

Beiilemeiit of htH kingdom, attained great power and pomp. At
the end of the year, leaving Ebizr Kbftn to mie over Bengal, he
himself started for Agra. And from that side, Hnmftyan'sforoe,
despite the fraternal dissensions, consisting of one hundred
thousand soldiers, marched forward to eucoanter him. And in
the year 947 A.H.^ on the tenth day of the month of Mnharram*
in the neighbourhood of Qananj, on the banks of the river
Ganges, the contending hosts faced each other. And whilst the
Mnglial foroes were preparing to encamp at this stage, nearly
fifty thonsand Afyh&n cavalry dashed up. The Imperial army,
without fighting, was routed, and Sb^r 8b&h chasing it up to the
river, marched forward to Agra.

RULE OF SBIZR SBiN AT OAOR.

When ]£bisr Sb&Q was appointed Qovernor of Beng^ on
behalf of Sber SbAh, he married a daughter of one of the kings
of Bengal,* and in his mode of living, and in his paraphernalia
of comforts and luxuries, observed the kingly mode. And when
8]yer Sbfth at Agra came to know about this, exercising fore*
sight, he deemed it proper to adopt remedial measures against
the disease before it shewed itself, and swiftly marched to Bengal.
And when Sbisr Sbi" went forward to receive him, Qbor Sb^
imprisoning him, divided the province of Bengal amongst several
tribal chiefs, and appointed Qa^l Fa^ilat, who was one of the
learned scholars of Agra, and who was distinguished for his vir-
tues, honesty and trustworthiness, to be the over-lord, and
entrusting to his hands the power of nuking peace and war in the
country, he himself returned to Agra.*

till end of December 1S80 A.G. Rt Gaiir, and then leaving Khiir ]Qfin m his
Qovernor of Bengal, he marohed towards Agra. (Aodaoat, pp. 86S and 964
Vol. I).

t Correeponding to the jear 1540 A.O. See deeoriptloa of battle ol
Qanaaj in Badaoni, p. S64, Vol. I.

• He married a daoghter of Me^mad ^hh III, the late king of Bengal,
mad gave himeelf royal aire, in ooneeqaenoe of which fib^r 8hih prompUy
removed him, and appointed Qat! Faiilat as Governor of Bengal in his place.
(See Bsdaoni, p. 866, Vol. I).

• In 048 A.H. G^isr |^in was depoeed at Gaor bj 8h«r Qbih. Bher
6l|4b bad political insight of a high order. The administrative arraage*

147

oonqnesi of Chnnftr, Jannpur ^ and Kalpl.* Mnbammad Qbih
'Adli,' taking in his company Hema * the grocer, who was one of
his leading Omra, with a large army, proceeded to enooanter
Mabammad SbSot And in the village of Chaparghatha, which is
fifteen kro distant from Kalpl, between the two armies, a san-
gninarj engagement took plaoe.^ Many persons on both sidea
were killed, and Mo^mmad Q3>&n, too, was killed. The grandees
who escaped from the sword fled, and rallied tog^ether at Jhosi,^
and installed in power Mn^ammad Shin's son, named BJ^isr

t '* Jaanpnr it a Inrge city. Soltin Fimi Taghlak laid iU foaodaUon and
BMiied \t after hit ooatin FaUim-d-dln Jnnai." — Ain.

S Kalpi it mentioned in the Ain ander Sabah Agra (Jarrett't Tr., Yol. II,
p. 184).

t If obaris ]QAn killed Firus ^in, ton of Itlam Qhih, and attamed (in 960
A.H. or 1658 A.C.) the title of HnVammad 8hAh 'Adil. Owing to thit nn-
warrantod attAttination, popolnrlj he wat known at 'Adil Sh^h or timplj as
** Andhali " which meant " the blind ** in Hindnttani.

In Firishta and Stewart, it it ttated that Mnbammnd £^in 8nr mled
o?er Beogal and North Behar wiiely and beneficently till the olote of the
reiffB of Salim Qbfth i bat when in 960 A.H. If n^ammad 'Adil! who was
addicted to debanchery and pleainret, moonted the throne, after tlaying
Fima IDULn. Mn^^ammad ^ftn refuted to pay him homage, Tiewing him as
the asMittin of hit late mntter't ton.

If nbammad Kbin 8ar wat appointed in 962 A.H. (1546 A.O.) Governor
of Bengal and North Behar by Itlam ^kh, who htd depoted Qasi Faiilal,
the nominee of Qb^ 8b&h. . Itlam gb&h at the tame time confirmed Mlyan
Salaimaa Karrarani to continae at GoTemor of Sooth Behar.

4 Hemo the grocer wat made a Superintendent of the Markett by Safim
8l|4h, and rtited to the oflloe of Adminittrator-General of the Empire bj
Mab«mmad Qhah 'Adil. He wat defeated by Akbar*! General, Btiram S]|ia«
la 1666 A.O. at Panipat.

* Mohammad QAn Sar, Iilam 8b4h't GoTcmor of Bengal, refnted to
acknowledge If n^ammad 'Adli Qb^h, and himtelf attamed the royal title of
Q|imta-d-din Abal Ifaiaffar Ifabammad Qllfth, and invaded Jaonpor and
Kalpi. The battle of Ghapparghatta wat foaght between the two in 968 A.H.
(1666 A.G.) Ghapparghatta it eatt of Kalpi, on the Jamana river. He
raled at Islam 8h4h*t Goremor of Bengal from 968 to 960 A.H. and reigned
at king of Bengal from 960 A.H. to 968 A.H., thai it from 1668 to
1666 A.O. (See Badaoni, p. 438, Vol. I).

4 Jhott it on the left bank of the Gtnget, oppotita to AlUhabad i there
Qisr Qin,ton of If a^emmad 81|4h, who wat killed in the battle of Ghappar-
ghatta, celebrated hit juluM, and attamed the royal title of Bahador BhAh ia
968 A.H. (1565 A.O.) (See Badaoat, p. 488, Vol. I).

J49

the baitle-field,^ was killed. And ibis MnJI^mmad gb&b olia$
Hnbaris Sbin, was a son of Nijsftm Oftn 801*1 ^bo was a nephew
of Sb^ 81|fth, and a oonsin and brother-in-law of Salim Sh&b. After
the death of Salim gh&h, on the third day, slaying the former's
SOD, named Firns Sbib, who was his nephew, Mob^mmad Sb&h
mounted the throne of Delhi, and assumed the title of Mnbammad
gb4h *AdU.* As the latter had no capacity for Oovemment, the
Afghftns nick-named him ' Adll,' and by a slight change of pro-
nonoiation, they called him < Andli.' And ' Andll,' in the Hindns-
taol langnsge, means "the blind." After this, Bahidor SbAh«
reigning over Bengal for six years, died. >

REION OF JALLALU-DDlN, SON OF MUHAMMAD KHAN.

After Bahftdar Sh4h*s dentli, his brother JalUln-d-din > as*

oended the throne, and after five years' reign, in the City of

Ga&r, died.

REIGN OF JALLALU-DDlN'S SON.

After Jall&la-d-din's death, biw son, whose name is nnknown,
nding the throne, stmck np the drum of brief authority, and

i At thia UiUe in 964 A.H. (1667 A.C.) Bah«dar 6h«h wm MmtUd by
Bolftinftn KAimranL According to TariUl-i-Daodi, the deciiira buttle waa
foafcbt at tlio" aiream of Snrajgarh, near Monghjr " (whiob ia tbe Keol Nad!)*
Pr e f eaao i Blocbmann locaiea the battle-field at Fathpnr tilliige, 4 mitea wept
ef Snnjgarh and the Keol nadi. Tariyi-i-Daodi inaocnrntely plaeea 8«mJ-
garha one koa, more or leaa, from If onghjr.

* Bee Badaoni, p. S84, Vol. I.
. t Hia royal Utle waa ^iim-ddin Abal Hntaffar JalUI fihib. He
feigned over Bengnl and North Behar from 968 to 1171 A. B. (or 1661 A.C. to
1664 A.O.) During thia period, Snlaimin Karamni oontinned aa eemi-
Independent GoTomor of Booth Behar, whilst Hajipnr whiob had riaen ia
importanoe from the time of Nafrat ghih oontinoed to be the bead-qnartera
fo the Bengal Gorernor of North Behar. Patna became the aeat of Behar
Goremora from the time of Emperor Akbar. gjier Qb&h had bailt the Fort
of Patna (aee Blooh. Gontr. J.A.B. for 1876, p. 802). Jallil fihib died ai
Gear in 971 A.H. With Jallil 8b ih and hia son, ended the Bur dynaaty In
Bengal. Badaoni (p. 480, Vol. 1) atatea " that Mohammad K^in Bur, mle*'
of Bengal, aaanmed the title of Boltin Jallalu-d-din, and extended the Bengal
Kingdom op to Jaonpor."

151

bftnlra of ihe Ganges, and of Khwafpnr Tandah, and raised iho
standard of rebellion. When Mnt^ammad Sb&h 'Adll marched
from Qwalior with his army against the Earanians, and on the
bank of the Ganges, the two armies encountered each other,
HemQi the grocer, who was the generalissimo of Mu^mmad
Sbih 'Adli*s array, taking with him one halqdh of elephants, and
orosstng the river, and fighting, became victorious. And when
Ibr&hlm "Shhn 8ar,* who was 'Adll's sister's husband, escaping
and capturing Delhi raised troubles, Muhammad Qh&h *Adli was
compelled to leave the Karanlans, and to march back towards
Delhi. And the Karanlans thus became independent. And, as
has been related, when T&j Ehftn reduced to bis subjection the
City of GaAr, after nearly nine years ruling over it, and conquer-
ing the kingdom of Bengal, like others, he died.

REIGN OF SDLAIMAN KARANl.»

In the beginning of his career, Sulaimftn Karani was one of
the grandees of Sboi* Sbfth. Sb^r Sb&h appointed him Gover-

1 Though a grocor or haqilf Hema rote to the officer of Yisier and gene*
ralitsinio nnder Mohamniad Qbih Adii, and exhibited great pereonal oonrage
at the battle of Panipat foaght in 06i A.H. between him and Akbar. Ho
aMttmed the title of Kajah Bikrammadit at Delhi. He ill-treated the
Af^ani, who at heart despised him, and who, therefore, for the most part
threw in their lot with Akbar. (See Badaooi, Vol. II, pp. 18 to 16).

t See Badaoni, Vol. I, pp. 438 to 428. Daring the ohaoe which arose
during the latter part of the feeble reign of Muhammad Qlilh Adii, it was
arranged between Ibrahim and Sihandar aZtat Ahmad Khin. that the former
would mle over the Eastern Empire from Delhi to the easternmost portions
of India, whilst the latter would be master of the Pan jab, iiultan and other
western tmots.

8 Aooording to the Akbsmamah, Badaoni and the Tabaqat-i- Akbar?, be
died in 080 A.H. and reigned in Bengal from 071 to 980 A. H., or 1668 to
l67S A.O. He is sometimes called Kararani and sometimes Karani and also
KranL It is related of him that he held ererj morning a devotional meeting,
in company with 150 gli«ik]l« and 'Ulamas, after which he used to transsot
bosiness during fiied boars, (See Bloch. Tr., Ain, p. 171, and Badaoni, Vol. lit
pp. 76, 178, 174 and 200), and that this practice influenced Akbar's conduct.
His conquest of Orissa (in 976 A.U. or 1667 A.G.) mainlj throagh the
efforts of his distinguished general, Kalaphar, is detailed in a following
section in the text, and also in Firishtn, Akbamnmah, and TariUj-i-Daudi.

In 971 A.H. (IMi A..0.) SakJmio KanrmnI, th* AfikMi king of Bm^*I,
abandoDod Qaur on kcooant of ici bul clim>ts, kud ihirted the oapliBl wanlwud
to Tmiidkb, wliiuh wu kino called Khwupur T»iidiili. Id S83 A.U. (167ft A.C.)
Uuuim Kh«"iKh«i»ii. Akbir'i AipuMJor, re-occu(>i«] Qkur, wli«r« • putilanoa
■ooD btuke out, und he u well ■■ mknj Mu^xl ofllcon aud w>ldian diad.
(SotBadaoHi, |>|> £1(1 and 217, Vol. 11). Aboat 1211 A.U. (1836 A.C.JTaudali
waa dealroyed by fliwdi, and dj»p)iaar«d iiiU> tlis riior, Nuw-a-daji it liea
aa a heap tit dust aWat a mile rrom Ukliipur. (Sub lIover«Jf{()'i Aual7>u at
Khurtliid Jaliuu Nuina, J.A H., 1805, p. 215).

* Takiiitt advuiitage uf tlia iliMniiiiuii* bvt*ooii Iho Afg^aKi undar Sbar
aijili and lliu Mui^liiila iiiidor Niiipuror lluniiyun, Kucli Ueli*r which had
proTioualy b««n aalHlueJ by AUa d dm UiiaHiu ghili, king ol Bangal, and
IHirtiallj ra-uiiiqucred by tiulaiinin Koraiaui ruae iuUi asii-i-indepeodano* in
UUA.II. Diider Hiaa. and became independent under Uajaa Nara Narayut
iOlil All.) and bal Utwaiu (IHKI \ II ) SuU.''|iiciiCly it wui recouquerod.

friendahip, ioj^iher with presente. From the ptliet* side i^lnoj
owing to the ezigenoiM of the tiodeB which called for the.destrvot
tionaiid eztirpatioti of the deBcendants and adherents of Sbte
Sb^\ Oie presents and gifts were accepted, and a bondeftcendinjf
reply containing expressions of reassurance and good- will waa
•ent^ together with a Royal • manifesto, ratifying Snlaimin's
eontinnance in his office. After this, though Salaimin Oftll
oontinned the Khulba and the coin after his own name in the
kingdom of Bengal,^ he styled himself Hasrat *A1& (the Supreme
Chief), and outwardly showing submission to Jall&lu-d-dln Muham-
mad Akbar B&dsb&l^i ^^ ^ont occasionally presents and gifts.
Nearly sixteen years * ruling independently over Bengal, in the
year 981 A.H. he died. And he was very energetic, industrious,
and strict. In the history of Firifj^ta, the reign of Tftj Sbii^
is not given, and the reign of Snlaimftn Sb&n is described as
lasting 25 years. Since the brothers, from the beginning, hel4
conjointly the rule of this country, and Tftj Sb&n came afterwards,
therefore the rule of both lias been ascribed to one. God knows
the truth 1

BEIGN OF BAYAZID SS1N,8 SON OF SULAIMAN SHIN.'

• After Snlairoftn's death, his son Bsyasid SbAn, assuming-, the
sovereignty, ascended the throne of Bengal. As yet more than a:
month had not elapsedj and according to another account, ona»
jear and six months he had ruled, when an Afgiiftn named ftanso^
who was a cousin and brothcNin-law of Bayasld, attacking him^^

I from note ante, it woold appear that ho oeaaed to do so In Akbar^a
Ume.

t Prom note anU, it woald appear that ho roled onlj for ten jean orer'
Bofigal, whilst ho hold Bohar from tho time of Qber Shih.

• Ho reigood in 990 A.H. or 167S A.O. (Soo oitraot from Badaon! and the'
flawanih Akbari rogardiog the death of Salaimin, aoootaion and aataaoinatioa
of hit ion Bayasid, and tho installation of Bnjasld't brother Diod, ' ohieflj
throogh tho oflfortt of Lodi |^in, tho premier nobleman of tho Bengal^
Ungdom (J.A.8. for 1876, pp. 804.806).

Badaoni who waa a lealooa Koolem romarka that ' Solaimin oonqnered
the town of Katak-Bonarat, tho mine of nnbelief/ and made Jagannah (Peri)
a dar^nl Itlam, and rnlod from Kamrap to Oritaa. Balaiman't first Yloorej oT
Oriaia (inolading KaUk) wai Lodi S|in al%a$ Sb^n Jahan Lodi, and hia flril'
QOferoor of Jagannath or Pari was Qatla S^an (see Bodooat, p. 174^ Vol. II),'
20 '

, t Hod Qin beoame kiog of BeagftI, B*lwr and Ortea !■ MD l.H.
0S7S A.O.) 'nd reigned from 9S0 A.H. to 9M A.H. (1571 to 1676 A.O.}. <»>d«r
ths Utia of Abul UnuJIer Diud ghih. In 062 A.U. AkUr penonallr wrasiMl
Behirfrom him bj >turmiii)( Pitnft Knd Hajipar forti, kud Diud Bed to Otum_
when tl<s bkttleor Uuc^ulmari or Tak&roi north ot Jaliur, wu tonght in
167S A.O. belweon liim and tha ImperUliitt, commanded b; Unnitn S^in-i,
QmId. Diad «■■ defeatsd, and ooaclodad the PeMo o( KaUk, nndsr
whlob BangBl and Oehkr were ceded by him to Akbar, the latter TeooKniiiug
Diad'i ■oTeroigDty uver Oriiu. lu 9S3 A.D. Uanim Khta-i-^knin died
of mftlHTin at Gaur, with ■ large part ot bU armj, and Diud K^in, enooBrB|{«d
bj thia ciroumatance, inradud Bengal, uid on IGlh Rabi 11 9iS A.B. (Itth
Jnly, 1676 A.C.X waa defeatad by Akhar'» Oeneral, Bawin Quii g^u Jahin,
at Akmahal or Bajotabal, captured and beheaded. (3ee TariU|-i-DtDdi,
riritiila, Badaoni and Akbarnamah). With Uaud Khin'l daUh (1070 A.O.),
the Eaiarani df naatf eadcd in Bengal.

165

implements of war« whioh he had readj and in store) lie beoanie
hanghtj, and aiming ai oonqnests oansed troubles to the frontlerii
of the Empire of Emperor Akbar. Although the well-wishers dis*
eittded him from this policy, and gave him good counsel, he did not
4iste«i. Arid Munim Kbftn,^ styled the Sb&ti-i-Sbftnin, who was
Akbar's Ooremor of Jaunpur, and held a maHfoh of Paojhasfrl,
under the order of the Emperor, turned towards the destmotidii
and extirpation of Diud Sbin, and sent in adyance of himself a
small body of Mughal officers. Diud Sb^n, on hearing of this,
i4>pointed Lodl Sbin Afgbin, who was his premier grandee, io
oppose the Muglials. At Patna, both the armies encountered
each other, and for some time were engaged in skirmishes. At
length, both the factions patched up terms, and both the arm&M
withdrew to their respective Provinces. But Emperor Akbar,
declining to ratify the treaty, appointed Bija Todar Mai * (afteir

1 He WM sppoiDiad to hif Jagin in Jannpar in the ISth year of Akbar^s

nign, when be oonoloded peeoe with SaUimln Kamnuii, king of Bengnl, who

pttw ils ed to reed the A«|6a and itrike ooioi in Akber'i name. Mnnim fai

Ma A.H. wms appointed Goremor of Behar (efter Akber omptored Hejipor

iad Ftitna from DInd) and ordered to follow Dead into BengaL Mtmlm

nwred to Tandah, oppoeite to Qlnr, on the right tide of the Ganges, to settle

politloal matters, and left the pnrtnit to Mn^Mimmad Qnli U^b Barbs. The

kHer followed Dind to Satgaon, whence however, DInd withdrew to O ri wa,

and Mnbammad Qnli B|In Barhui from Batgaoo invaded the dietriot of Jaaar

( Jeesore), where Sarmadi, a friend of DInd, had rebelled, bnt the ImperiaUsIs,

here too met with no snooeee, and returned to Satgaon. Mnbammad Qnli

iooa after died at ICidnipnr, and Mnnim Qin with Todar Mai invaded (Mam.

defeated Dind at the battle of Mnghnlmari or Tikaroi, when the Peaoe of

Kalak wae oonclndad, nnder wbtoh Bengal and Behar were ceded bj Dind

to Akbar. Mnnim died of mahu^ at Gtor in Q6S A.H. The great bridge of

Jaattpnr was bnilt bj him. It maj alio be of interest to note that another

general, named Mnrad Qin, nnder Mnnim Qin-i-Shinln, abont MS A.H*

invaded Fathabad (or Faridpnr), and oonqnered it aa well as Sarkar Bogfa^

This Mnrad Shin died at fathabad (Faridpnr) in 968 A.H., and Mnkmid,

the Hunindar of Fathabad and Bhoena, inTited Mnrad*s sons to a feast and

treaeherottsly murdered them. See Blooh. Trans., A In, YoL I, p. 818 sad

Jledeoni, pp. 178 and 180.

i For a blographioal aooonnt, lee Bloohmann*t Tr. of Atn-i-Akbarf, YoL I|
p. 88. He waa a Khetri bj oaste, and attained the manttih of OhrnkV'
kcaJrl and alio the oAoe of Akbar'i Naib Dlwan or Deputj Finance Minister.
He was ver^ loyal to hie sorereign, and Akbar held a high opinion of him.
The rent-roll associated with hii name and prepared nnder the direotioB of his
ssfs t s lgu , is welUknowa, and is given in the Ain-i*Akbari. (Bee Ala*^

' At length, tbo foriane of Akb&r triamphed, aud tba Afghim
being routoJ, took to flighty and retired to Patua. SomeoE
their war-Tcaaels foil into the liaoda of the Muglials. Tba
£bAn-i-l^anaii also following up aud ciossiDg the river, marolted
with tlie great^at ozpodition to Pultia, and investing that fort,
where Daud Kbau had entrenched himself, prepared to assanlt it

AktMri, Vol. II, Jkrrell'i Tr-, p. 8S, and kUo Vol. I, pp. 366 kod S48
Dloobmum'a Tr.) U would appetr that thii great reot-rall whick hu made
Todar Ual ao tamoui, WM JQiolly preparad Li; LIm and hU Chiaf, Viuaffat'
J[jli>i, Akliar'i Chiat Fia>DC« lliuialer or Diwan. (3ae B«daoDi).

157

'When the eigQat to Msault the fort was giTen,
From hoth sides a hundred g^ns and mnskeis roared.
From the booming of the thundering guns, and iheir

smoke,
Like nnio the sable oloud wherein the ihundering angel
• dwells,

From the shower of dannon-balls, like the ball,
Gushed in amidst those armies a clelage 6f destmotioti.

When this news reached Muf^ammad Jallft1u-d-dln Akbar, ho
j6ame to realize that without his effort the conquest of the fort
of Patna was impossible; Therefore, mustering up Imperial
courage, he with all his princes and nobles set out in one thousand
flotilla. o( boats, placing over them covers of variegated colours,
in. the thick of the rainy season. When the Emperor reached
the suburbs of Patna, he got news that 'Aesh £bftn NeHsl, who
was one of the faithful officers of Daud S^ftn, sallying out otihp
fort, had been killed whilst fighting with the Sbftn-i-Sly&oftn,
ind that the garrison of the fort were contemplating flight. The
Emperor then detached Sbftn 'Altm ^ with a corps of 3,000 cavalry
for storthing the fort of Hajipur; and the latter arriving there,
wrested the fort from Fat(^ Q>&Ot ^^4 reduced it to his own
possession. Dftud Sb&n, on hearing of the fall of the fort of
Hajipur^ deputed sagacious envoys to the Emperor Akbar,
asking forgiveness for his misconduct. The Emperor, replied
i\M on his personal attendance, his crimes would* be forgiven:;
and in the event of his non-attendance, he might choose one but
of the following throe alternatives: " (1) either he might engage
singly in a combat with me, (2) or. he itiight send one pf his
grandees to fight singly with one of my grandees, (3) or he might
send one of his war-elephants to fight singly with one of my
elephants; whoever is triumphant in either, the country shall be
his." ' Diud Sb&Df on receiving this message, was frightened,
tad seeing no advantage in tarrying at Patnik, at night- fall slipped

• • • • • - •

rl His naiba wm Ohilomh B«g. He wm HntniTnn*! Safdrehl or table-
aUendani. Homljon bent him with' Uina Kaniraii to lIeooa,'aDd on the
kHs^tf death, he returned td India, wm graoiootl j reo^ired by Akbar' who
oottferted 6il him the title of ^in'Alim. * When Akbar moved agaiott Dlnd
ftjkh. in Patna, fQ^tin 'Alim oomtaAnded a obr|ie, and pasting np the' riv^r ott
boats towardfc ihA month of the Qaiidak, effected a landing.' (See Bloohmaaa's
ft. of AlB, YoL I, p^ •78-879).

wUling politlMl mfttUn. On raoeiring Todar Ual'i appwl for belp, tha
K^ui-i-K^inln promptly left TAndah, and qaiaklj adTauoed to OriMa acroM
llirbhum, Bardwaa and Uidnlpor into parganah Chittaa ia Oriiia, wban
Todar Ual wai.

* B«e Akbarnmnab, Tabaqati-AkbHri, Badaooi, for tall partioalan ot Uiia
battle. Tbe Akbarnamah placet the battle in a village called Takadhi or
Takroi ftwo milei rrom tbe bank of the SoabuDarika river and oloaa to
Jaluaar). PruroHar Blochmaon hu traced alto a Tillage Called UDsbnlmaH
<or UosIibI'* f liglil) cloae to thii Takroi or Tookaroi. (See Bloohmaou'l Tr.
of Aie. Vol. I, p. 375, aud nlao Uadaoiii, p. 103, Vol. II.)

Todar Ual.wri Protoaaor BlocbniaDii " morod from Bard wan over Uadaraa
ialo tbe parguna of Cbittoa, where lie wa« (ubaMiaentljr jcioed bj If anim.
Dind had taken up a itrong potitian at llaripur which liea between Bengal and
OriMa. Battle took pUo« on Srd Uarch, 1G7G A.D. After the batUe, Todar
Ual loadi the pannit, and reachea the town of Bhadrak. J4o( long aftar ha

159

The heroM arrayed themBelyes on the battle-field,

All were armed with daggers, arrows and spears.

On two sides the two armies sprang np like mountains,

One without terror, the other with teiror.

All Tied with each other,

And charged, and themselves were charged with guns,

arrows and spears.
From the blood of the heroes of both the armies.
Flowed a torrent on that battle-field.
On the field fell many a slaughtered.
On both sides, towered heaps of corpses.

An Afgbftn named Gnjra,^ who in heroism and valour was the
Bustam of his time, and who commanded the van of Dftnd Sbftn's
army, made a bold onslaught on the commander of the Sbftn-i-
SbAnin's Tail, named Sb&Q-i-'Alim, discomfited the Imperial
tanguard, slew 1Q)&n 'Alim, and shook the van. And a number
of Imperialists who were between the centre and the Tan,
becoming discomfited by the attack of Dftad Sbfin, reeled back fo
the centre, and caused confasion. The Sb&n-i-Sbftn&n, with the
small remnant of troops that yet held the ground, advanced in
front of Gujra, and by chance, Gujra and the Shftn-l-Sb&niQ
encountered each other.

When the two heroes encountered each other^

They unsheathed from both sides dassling swords.

Now one, and then the other, inflicted sword-cuts.

Worthy of heroes.

The one did not succeed in penetrating the cuirass,

The other defended himself with a shield.

At length, by the sword of Gajra,

The body of the Sbftn-i-Sib&nftn got wounded.

Other adherents came in the midst,

And intenrened between the two combatants.

writat to If anim to oome ap and join him, m Diad had oolleoied his troops
Bear KaUk, and tho whole Imperial army moToe to KaUk^ where a peace'
is eoodaded."

1 When Bejaiid was killed by Hanao, it i« related in the Sawaaih Akbari
ihat Gajra S|in attempted to raiae in Behar Bajaiid'a eon to the throne.
II nay be noted that a Tillage called Qajarpnr liee nbont 6 railee from Katek,
aad that there is a family there that claims Gnjra B|in ae its aaoestor.

I It >ppe>n troDi the AkbarnuDah thit t(L«r the battle of TftkroT, Ttxtw
Ukl punuod Diud Khiii d|i to Bhadrtik, wbilil Uun'iin Khin the £hiD-i-
Khmln owing to hii frouudiitill lay beliiud. At thia lima Ulud Kbta collect-
od bii troopi lit Kalnk, aud lo Todar Utl wrote to Munim Kbia to oomo up,
and UDn'ioi JChiri id *pit« ot lijiwouuda, moved up wilb ibo whole ImperUl
army tu Katuk, wlian llio I'uace ut Kalak wui i^uiiLluded. CDdei it, Diud
mio turmally roaigiied Iha aureniiKaty of Dahar and Hai.gal to Akbar, retain-
ing uoly Dciaaa. The ImtLIu of Takrui (3rd Uarcb, 1 eT5 AC.}— callsd bj
BadaoDi 'Diohwi— woa a iiiuat deciairo baltla, ai it Tirtually ended A([hui
■Qpremacy in Bantfal and Uuhar, and aubaliLutud Mugljal rale in ile pUuM.

• "Chin" iiapi«iei.tly atopyiit'* miataku for the " Uahanadi " riTBT.
In tkt^Uta writing, tho worda 'CUiii'aiid Uabanadi in Toraian migbt
reaouiblo each ulhur-

161

"When Ih^ faMia of tlie treaty i was settled, he went to meet Man^iii
Sl^iii. The Eb&n Sb&'^tn, ahowing chivalry and generosity,
presented to him a bolt, a dagger, and a sword set in jewels,
left to him the province of Orissa and Katak Benares, and
himself (on behalf of the Emperor) tnkiog possession 6f other
parts of the kingdom, returned with triamph and pomp, entered
the city of Tandah, and set himself to administer the oonntry.
Sinoe in former days, from the time of Mabammad Bakbtiir
Khiljl down to the time of Sber Sh&h, Ghitir had formed the
Capital of Bengal, (though owing to the climate of the latter plaoe
not suiting foreigners, the Afghftns had built Khawa^ptkr Tandah
for the settlement of the rulers), the B]y4n Sb&nftn, setting him-
self to the recoiistraotioii of the city of OaUr, proceeded to the
latter place, and built it anew, and made it his head-qoarters.
Soon after, owing to the badness of its climate, he fell ill, and
on the 19th Rajab, 983 A.U.* died. Dftad Ebio, on hearing the
ne#s of the Sb&n Sbftnftn*s death, with the assistance of the
Af|^ns, re-occupied Bengnl and Behar, and immediately marched
to wrest the city of Kbawsfpur Tandah. The Imperialists, not
being able to tarry, eviicuated the plaoe. Dftud Sbin with full
independence resumed his former sovereignty.

THE BULB OF NAWAB SEAN JAHlN IN BENGAL, AND
AN ACCOUNT OF DAUD KHAN'S DEATH.

^IThen the news of Man'im Sbfto* JSh^n Sbftnfo's death
reached Delhi, Emperor Akbar appointed Qusain Qull Sbin

1 Under ihlt iraaij of Katak, Behar and Bengal were formallj ceded
bj Dead ^Du the Af^bAn king of Bengal, to the Mag||al Bmperor (Akbar),
Orieea betng etiU retained by Diad 8b*k. Badatmi girea an intereeting
deaeripiion of the Darhar held on the oooaaion bj Mnn'tm Kbin fj^ln
IQiaoan, aorow the Mahanadi rifer, oppoaite to the fort of Katnk (Onttaok).
Both Mnn'im and Dmnd shewed refined chiTalrj and magnaaimitj towards
eaeh oUier, at thia Btaie f anction.

t Correaponding to 1676 A.O.

Profeasor Blochmann, in hia Tr. of Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. f, p. 870, girea a
llal (oooipiled from the Akbarnamah) of 14 other principal Mo^ial olBoara
who died at Gaar of malaria at thia time (083 A.H. or 1676 A. 0.) BodeoSt
also giree the liat.
21

wheo tb* Utter enooantered oppodUon trwa tha Atgj^t» nndar Dind Kk^t
who had at Ihii time entrenohad himwlf in the tort of Aknwhftl (nbM-
qnentlr, Bftiinahal or Akbarnagsr), )ls wu tl ooe lime FiDinoe Uiaiiter or
DewkD of Akbar, mid had Todsr Mai ander him. He, tngetbar with
hit Deputy, Todiir Mai, waa the aathor ot Akbnr'a rereuae-roll called
" jam-i-haail-i'Ual," which lupplanted the former roenue-roll of the
Emperor, called ' Jami Rnqnii,' thai had eiialed from Bairsm'* tiro*.
Ho waa prsTiona]/ Dairam'i Dew an alto. The old Jam-i-Uatjid (now in
mint} ot A|rra wat erocUd by him. lis wai hilled at Tandah by
Matiini Khiii, the rubol. (dee hit full biogrephioal tketoh in DIochmanD'a
Tr. of Aiu-I-Akbari, Vul. I, p. 3(tj, and ilao Uaatir-ul-U<Hara).

> '* llahmm " it a copyitl't rnltUke id tlie teil for " Kairatti."
* i.a.. RajmahiLl or Akbarntgar— Previuut to Man Siiicl^ teleoting it, S|iar
gljlh ha't HuleotiHl iti tite.

103

beiweon wm covered, on the 15ili Matarraiii, 983 A.H., which
was R Tharsdaj, both the contending hoets arrayed their forces
in batUe-rank.

The two armies fell into battle-array ;
The waniors became anxioas to fight.
When the market of fight and combat became w|umi,
' The wairiors drew against each other sharp swords.

From the thandering of gnns, and the raging of war-
rockets,
The sky itself qaaked.

K41& PihAr who was one of the renowned generals of DAad
Kb&n, attacking the right wing of Sb&n Jah&n/ spread consterna-
tion, and Mnsaffar Slyftn assanlting the left wing of Dftnd Sb^n^
caused it to reel back, and simnltaneonsly, VJ}hn Jahin as«
saolted the centre of D&ad Oftn, and a great battle commenced.

On that battle-field,* motaal fightings occorred :
Both the armies lost nnmbers of men.
From the numbers of the killed, monnds were raised,
And signs of the Day of Resurrection appeared.

The renowned hero, fibfto Jahin, in the battle.

Reduced to dust the army of Dftud :

Whichever side he raised his sword,

Ue severed the head of the enemy from the body.

And from this side, Dftud with the sharp sword.

Caused havoc in the army of SbAn J&han :

Whichever side he turned with his sword,

He felled on his feet the helmet of the enemy's head.

If he struck a horse with his sharp sword.

It was ripped into two pieces up to the bow of the saddle.

1 " JOiin Jahin ** was a tiUe next in imporUnoe to ** Biin.i-Biinin.'*
t This WM the deetsive battle of Akmahal or Agmahnl (tnbeeqnenUy
oalled Bajmahftl or Akbernagar), on 16th Bebi II 064 A.H., oorreeponding to
IHh Jnly, 1576 A.O. It ftoftllj cmehed Dind Qhih or Diad Qln, the laeft
Afghan king of Bengal, Bebar and Oriesa, and laid firmlj the foandation of
Mo|^1 lapremaoj oTer thoee provinoee, redaced Bengal to a B^bah of the
Great lineal Bmpire, and extiognished forefer Independent Moslem Royalty
in Bengal.

Bee fall acooant of this great battle in the Akbamamah and Badaoni|
whioh are contemporary aoooonts*

^ta, strikiDg up the ketlle^lram of i-etarn. prooeeded to E^IdI,

and in 961 A.M., turned to tbo conquest of the fort of Rohlu.*

I Od« canDol belp ooting Uio onlire kbicuco of cbi<r«1ry on the pu-t ot
tkia Unsb"! Gunorel, Kljiu Jiihin. If lis poucuotl ane-qunrtcr of tbo
cliivklry ot bin own prvduc^sMir iu office, Ihe KhtD-i-K^inui, he ooald haie
nerer ealendtxl liU hand to tlio perpetration of thia brulklitj, which wm *•
forooioui *■ it wu ungallaiit. A worthj *iid heroic foe like Diiud g^ih
dtMorroJ a b«Uur fstu, and it ii a pity tbat Khin Jaliiu'i maitor, tba Groat
Akbar, ahuuld nut bavo provided agaioat auch a miadeod, which muit reflect
adToraoI; uii the Emperor'i moniorf itaelt.

1 Thii ronuvrncd Furl in Boulh Bobar In 04fi A. II. puied into tbe bands
of SiiM ahih. (Sao iJuilaoni for a deaciiption of it, aa it eiiated in Aktar'a
time). During hia ruign aud that of bia aou Salim Sh*b, Fklh Kfain
Batui oommandod (ho Fori. 6ubaei|iiont1}', it csmo iolo tbe handa <rf Sulal-

16&

AN ACCOUNT OF THE EXTIRPATION OF CtiSRTAlN

GRANDEES OF DAUD KHAN.

When Muf^affar Kbftn planned io retain to Patna, on the waj
he detached Mo^mmad Ma'^am Sbftn* to oonqner ^nsain Sbin *
Aff^&n who was in those parts, nnd he oaasing ^osain Sbin to
flee, came to the Parganna which was hiBJagir^ and entered the
fort. And KftU Pahftr coming with 800 corps of caralrj,
besieged Ha'fnm Sbftn* The latter seeing a breach made, battered
down the rear-wall of the fort, sallied oot, and gave battle to
Kil4 PAhftr. As ill-lack woald have it, in the heat of warfare,
the war-elephant of EAlft PAhir, wilh its trank, flang down
Ma'fom EbAu's horse, and threw down Ma'^nm Sbin on the
gronnd. In the meantime, the Mnghal archers hit the
elephant-driver with the arrow, and the elephant, being without
its driver, tarned roand and attacked ils own armj, and killed
and trampled down nameroas Afghans. From this caase, the
Afghans were vanquished, Kftlft PAhftr was killed, and his
olepliant turned back. The province of Orissa and Elatak.
Uenares, the whole kingdom of Bengal and Behir, by the efforts
of Sb&n Jahftn, were annexed to the Empire of Akbar ; and the
fortune of the kings of Bengal terminated, and no other king in
that kingdom thenceforth minted coins, or had the Kho(bak
read after his name. And the leading Afghftn grandees, like Qnsain
Sb&n and KM P4h&r, as related above, were totally extirpated,
and some fled to the jangles in the tracts of Bengal.* In the.

BMB Karmrant and Jnnaid Karmrmni. The latter appolntad Sjed Muham-
mad Commaodant of the Fort. Tho latter being hardpressed hj MniMfar
Kkin. Mo^^ Governor of Behar, fled to Qhahbii Uin (who had been
depated bj Akbar to ohastise llajah Qajpati. See Ain-I-Akbari, Block. Tr., Vol.
I, p. WO), and handed over the Fort to hfan (964 A.H.) In the aame year,
Akbar appointed Mahbab Ali Khln Rahtari Governor of Rohtaa, and Qhahbas
Kkin made orer the Fort to him. (See Rloch. Tr. of Am, Vol. I, p. 42S).

i He foaght against Kila Pibir. See partionlart of hia career in Block,
Tr. of Ain, Vol. I, p 481 n and also in Badaoni and Maaair-nl-Umara.

i See p. 489, Block. Tr., Ain, Vol. I.

• After the battle of Akmaksl or Rajmnkal (1676 A.O.), in wkick tke laat
independent Afghan king of Bengal, Behar and Orisss, named Diad Sh>h,'
was defeated and killed, Bian Jahin proceeded to Satgaon, where DIad'a
family lived at the time, defeated remnants of Diod'a foOowen under
Jamtkid and Mitti, and re-annexed Satgaon to the Mnghal Bmpire. Diad's
mother came to Hfin Jakaa as a snppUoaat. • . Witk tke defeat and death*

■gmiut tha At^ya Qatin, who had oocnpmd OrUaa ftnd a portion of B*Bg>l,
He took ill, retir«d to Behu', lesTing llie oommand io Bengal to Shihbaa
Kh'ii Kmmbu. Of liim, Altbar lued to aay " Betwooii me and Aiii ii a ritet
ot milk whiub I cannot croai " (Boo Bluchmanii'a Tr , Aio, Vol. I, p. 8t6 for
dstaiU of bU o&rear and hIm Uaasir-ul-Uiimra).

> For int«re«ting detaili ot hii career aoe DIoahniann'i Tr., AJD-i'Akbari,
Vol- I, p. 899 and UaaiirulUnuira. Ma'tum K^in Kabuli rebelled, fled to
Dhati, and look refuge with the Uariban-i-Bhali, 'Iia Kliin. Qliihbai
Khin tulluwod him tu Uliati, crowod the Omiree at Khiirpur (near Harain-
gmo]) pluadered Baklitiarpur, 'lu Khin'« reiidaai.'o, oooupied Sanargaaa
and anoampod on llie banki of the Uraliinaputra. 'la> Kbln made pn>-
poaali ot poaue whicb were aouspted i under it, ati Imperial Reaidenl wai
to ■tuj' ml SuDarKaoD, Ua'ium was to go to llevoa, and gjiilibaa waa la
withdraw. But tbete torma were not vairiei) out, aa bia offloen ahewad
ioBobordiDaliOD, and Bh*bb(a bad to retreat to Tandah.

167

20,000 AfgbAns, he had the Ebn(bA in that iraot reed after his
name, and from the pride of being at the head of nnmerona
followers, he beoame aggressive. And taking no aooonnt of the
Imperial officers who were stationed in this oonntrj, he raised
his hand of eonqnest on the Imperial dominions.

Now I adorn my raritj-depioting pen with the ohroniole of
the aoconnts of the Nftgiins of Bengal, who were honoured with the
khill'at of the Nizftmat of Bengal from the lofty presenoe of the
Ohagtai ^ Emperors, and who raising the standard of anihority,
freed tliis country from the weeds and thorns of rebellions.

1 i^,, Mngh^ Kmperon. See note anU.

CHAPTER III.

AN ACCOUNT OP THE RULE OP THE NAglMS WHO
WERE APPOINTED TO THE NI^AMAT OP BENGAL
BT THb! TIMURIDE EMPERORS OP DELHI.

Nl^lMAT OR yiCER07ALTT OP RAJAH MAN SINGH.

When on the 19ih Jamftdi-nl-Sftni lOU A.H., Nnra-d-din
Mohammad Jahftngir B&d^b&h, in the fort of Agra, ascended the
Imperial throne, inasmach as from official despatches, news-letters,
and the oorrespondenoe of officers, news of the insarrection of
'0§mftn Sbi^n was continually i*ecei?ed, on the very day of his
accession, the Emperor, bestowing rich kliilPat with cAar^oi, and
a sword set in jewel, and a splendid horse, appointed Rajah M&n
Singh to the Nizftmat of the ^abal) of Bengal, whilst Wasir Sb&n
was exalted to the office of Diwan and Auditor of this Province.'
After their arrival in this country, the refractory 'Ogmftn advanced
to fight, and a battle ensued. 'Ogmfin with great shrewdness opened
secret negotiations. As the war was protracted, and the extirpa*
tion of the Afghins was not accomplished, in tlrnt very year
of accession, R&jah Min Sing * was recalled from office, and

i For the flnt time, we hear of the offices of Neiim and Diwan. Hither-
to we heard of MiliUrj GoTemort, called ** SipaMdan " or ** Sirla^kara '*
or " Hakims " appointed by the Mughal Emperor. It is ob?ioua that,
hitherto, Bengal uudor the Mughals was under a sort of Military
Oovornmont, preuidod oTor by Military Oovernora. When tho back-boue
of Afghan oppoHitiun waa brukun, in tho time of Kini>cror Jahongir,
for thu firufe tinu>, under Mu|^al rule, liengal was placed under Civil
Government by tlio Mu^&l Kinperora, who appointed two distinct func-
tionaricH, one being (hu Ntiji;ini (in ciiargu of execiitivu governnieut) and the
other, the Diwan (in charge of Kevenuu and Fiitnnco). This ayiitem of
(jovernnient, though actually enforced in Hertgul in Jahnngir'u time, must
hare been rnuturud towurdb thu end of Akbar'n reign.

^ He wuH a Hon of Hhngwan Dati, and Akbar Ixjstowed on liim the title of
" Fartand " or " 8on, " and rained him to the Uansab of Uaft i/utuii. See full

169

Qaj^ba-d-din Sbftn KokaltAob ^m exalted io big place, being ibe
recipient at tbe same time of Uil'ate with a belt set in jewels*
and of a horse with gold-monnted saddle. The Vioeroyaltj of
Rajah M4n Singh lasted eight mouths and a few days.

NIgAMAT OP QUTBU-D-DIN KHAN.

When Qa(ba-d-dln Kokaltft«bt' on the 9th ^far, 1015 A.H.,
was bononred with the kbil't^t of the Niz&mat of Beni^^, be was
raised to the rank of a PanjhazUri^ with 5,000 soldiers and troopers ;
and 2 laes of mpees was given him for his allowance, and 3 laa of
rupees was given for the expenses of his contingent. After
taking leave of the Emperor, he arrived in Bengal. As yet some
months had not passed, when he was killed at the bands of 'Ali
Qnli Beg AsUjlQ, styled Sber Afghan Sban.* And the deUil of

partlealart of his caromr in Blooh. Tr. of Ain, Vol. I, p. 840, and also ia
Mmatir'Ml'Umara, and Iqhalnamah-i-Jahangir%,

I Hit name wm« fihaitil S&nba [Qatbn-d-dm ^In-i-Ohiflhii] mod his father
WM Bbaikk Zada of Badaon, and his mother a dangher of gliaikh Sallm of FaUi<*
par Sikri. He wae a foster-brother of Jahingir, who whilst a Prince conferred
vpon l^nba the title of Qotbn-d-din Iftin, and made him Snbadar of Behar.
Ob Jahinirir's accession to the throne, Qnba was appointed Sibadar of Bengal,
(lOlS A.H.) At that time fiber Afi^an *A1I Qnli IsUjlA was tmpuldar (or
jagirdar) of Bardwan, and his wife Mehmnnissa (afterwards Em p res s Nir
Jahin) was ooreted by Bmperor Jahingir. Qa|bQ-d-din had instmotionfl to
ssad Bb^r Afglian to oonrt, bnt the latter refosing to go, Qnib went to
Bardwaa, where ^er Af^jian oame to meet him. On his approach, Qntbt
lifted np his horse*whip. fib^r AfiJM^n thereon mshed with his sword against
Qstbf sad inflicted a ont on his abdomen. Qntb died, and one of his followers
Ambah Qin, gave fiber Afgban a sword*cat on the head, when the latter was
also killed. (Blooh. Tr., Am, Vol. I, p. 4G6 and Iqhalnammk'i'Jahangiri^ p. 19).

• He was ao/areM or bntler of Ismail II, king of Persia. After the lattsr's
death, he went to India, and met at Maltan, Abdnr Rahim Kbin-i-Khimin.
and receired a num$ah, and on arrival at court, Akbar gave him in marriage to
Mehmnnissa (the fntnre Nur Jahin), daoghter of Mirsa ^iji| Tehrani.
Prince Salim fell in lore with her, and brought about, on his accession to the
throne, fiber Afghan's death, fiber Af|||i^ had reoeiTed Bardwan district as
fuyal or jofir, on Jahingir*s accession. His body was buried in the shrine of
the saint Bahrmm Saqqa at Bardwan. (See Iqhalnamakf p. 22).

Four tigers had been caught, and Nur Jahin requested Jahangir (Tniok ,
p. 186), to let her shoot them. She killed two with one bullet, and the other
22

dmogbtw, Duncd UahriiBDiMA — tba fatnre world-rsQowiwd NSr JaUn,
coiKOrt nf Emperor Jkliinf^ Od hii smTJil at Fatlipar Siliri. Akbw
KppoinUHl him Diiiin uf K»bul, anJ subirqueuLly UiwDo-i-Bkyuttt. In
Jaliingir'* roign. he rsctiivod thu title of ltiniB<lu-J-d&ulali. After the d«Lb
ut her Hrst hiuluuid, gliur Afghiin, at Budwan in thu Hxlit with Qutba-d-dia
Khin, JnhiDKir'i Uovurnor of UBngaJ, U..brunDiun wu brvught to court,
and marHod in 1<IW A )1. bj Jahim^ir, whu bualuMtud on hsr Nnt the title o(
Nil Uahil and then that uf Niir Jahia. hrr father Ghiyi) Reg beiuK at tha
■amelitns ad.a»e(d to the uflloe of Prime Uiuiiter or Vakil-i-Kul Bee
llluch. Tr.. Aiu, Vul. I, f am and !^balnamah-ijal,ai,g,ri, pp. 8, &4
and bS.

* Ddaliiur i( mentioned by Abul Fail in SarkarChitor under the Subkh of
Ajniir. (8«i> Jarrelfii Tr of Ain. Vul, H, p. 273). ft IS n-lated that a daughter
ut Naiuhlrruii, th« i'urtiau king, whuau witu wan a daUHhtur uf Uaiu-ka of
Cunitaiitinuplo, wiu married iulo tbu Uilaipur Uufxl family.

171

tabewing every attention to him, gave him the title of S^er Afghan,
and on aocession to the throne, bestowing on him a Jagir at Bardwan
in the ^i^ba^ of Bengal, be sent him there. Afterwards, when the
crookedness of bis condaot, bis wickedness and ill-temper
became known to the Emperor, the latter, whilst sending Qn(b
Sbi^n to Bengral, gave the latter a bint that if be fonnd Sher
Afghan woll*bebaved and loyal, well and good, bat if otherwise,
be sboald send him to the Imperial presence, and that in coming
if he made excuses, be should punish bim. When Qn(ba-d-dln
Sbin reached Bengal, he was dissatisfied with ^et Afghan's
action and conduct. Althongh be summoned the latter to his
preeence, putting forward idle excuses, be did not attend. Qn(hu^
d-din Sbi^n communicated the matter to the Emperor, who
ordered that agreeably to the injunctions couTcyed at the time
of bis departure, be should punish Sb^^ Afghan. The above
fib&n, on receipt of the Imperial order, instantly marched
swiftly to Bardwan. Sher Afghan on getting news of the
arrival of the above Sb&n, advanced forward with two grooms
to receive bim. At the time of meeting, the soldiers of
Qa(bu-d-din Sb&n crowding in stood at a distance, like a ring.
8bw Afghan said : " What is this treatment, and what does
it mean ? " The Eb&n told bis soldiers to disperse, moved
alone in ^er Afghan's company, and commenced conversation.
Sb^i* Afghan read signs of treachery in the aspect of affairs, and
forestalling the other, he thought it prudent to apply the remedy
before the disease appeared, and with great agility hit Qutbu-
d«dln on the abdomen with a sword, so that the latter's entrails
came out. The Sh&n ' seizing bis abdomen with both hands,
shouted out : *' Don't spare him, don't let this wretch escape.'*
A Kasbniirian, named Aina ]Qyan,* who was one of Qu(b't
principal officers, spurring his horse, struck ^ev Afgban with a
sword on the head. In that plight, ^er Afgban with another blow
finished Aina Eb&n's work. At this moment, the soldiers of Qa(bui'
d-din Shftn collecting from all sides, killed ^et Afgban also,
by inflicting successive cats. Sh^r Afghan Qftn is that person,

t lie wAt a float man, and one can well imagine hii piiifol posture si;
ihii moment.

t He is called Pir Q&n. alto " Baibah ^kn *' and *' Daibiih Khio ** is
Iqbalnamali-i-Jahingiri, p. 24.

173

of MinA ^akira. After the Mirs&*fi dcatli, lie entered the service of
Rroperor Akhar, who bentowed him on Prince Num-d-din Mob^^ra-
mad Jahingtr. He was a strong-bailt man, and he had rendered
nsefal eerrices. In religiona matters and in regard for jnstioe«
bo was Terj firm. After reaching Bengal, as jet he had not folly
set his hand to the work of administration^ when death claimed
him. His rnle lasted one month and some davs. When news of
his death reached the Emperor, Islftm ^ftn,' son of Sb<^ikb Badm*
d-din Fatebpnrl, who held the office of Governor of Behar, was
appointed Governor of Beng^al. And the Governorship of ^obfth
Behar and Patoa was conferred on Af^l O&n,* son of Shaikh Abal
Fafl <AlUmi.>

RULE OF NAWAB ISLAM KHAN, AND AN ACCOUNT
OF THE FALL OF 'OgMlN KHAN.

When in the third jear of Emperor Jahftogrir*s accession, the
Ni^imatof the ^ubah of Bengal was entmsted to Isl6m Oftn, the
latter had strict orders to eztingnish the fire of insnrrection and
rebellion that had been kindled bj ' Ogmftn O&n. Isl&m Sb&n oo

I Itlim l^in wai married to a tiaier (named Ladli Begam) of Abiil Fsfl,
Akbar't renowned Prime Miniaier. Itlim ^in died at Goremorof Bengal in
lOfS A.H. (Tniak, p. 126). His name wae ghaikh Alaa-d-din Q2|i|btT, and be
was a grandson of ghaildi Salim, the Saint of FathpQr Sikri. He received
the title of Islim Kb*n, and wae Qoremor of Bengal from 1016 to
loss A.H. He-shifted in 1015 A.H., the Mnchal Viceregal Capital of Bengal
from Tandah to Dacca. See Jqhalnamah-i'Jahangiri, p. S8 and MaoMtr^mU
Ummrm,

* 8hikikb Ahnl Fafl Allami, A1cbar*8 friend and Prime Minister, was bcm
on 14ih Janoarj, 1551 A.O., (6th Mnharram, 058 A.H.) at Agrah, daring the
reign of Islim 8h*h. He was a son of Shaikh Mnbarik ; held the office of Prims
Minister under Akhar and actirelj co-operated with the latter in the ennnda-
iion of a liberal poHoj of toleration in the goremment of the mixed races
rab}eet to the Mnsalman Rnle in India. He was a great scholar, and aaihor
of sereral works inolnding the Akbamamah and the Ain«i-Akbari. He was
m nrd ered hj Bir Singh, at the instigation of Prince Salim (afterwards
Emperor Jahangir) on Itth Angnst, 160S A.O. See his life in Blochmaan*s
Tr. of Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. I, and also in Maatir-ul-Vmara*

* Abdor Rahman, son of Abnl FafI Allami, receired the title of Af|al
Ek^Bt snd was appointed bj Emperor Jahangir, in the third jear of hit reiga^
Goremor of Behar, vie§ Islnm Kk«n who was appointed GoTsmor of BengaL
Iqhmlnamahf p. 33, and Mnasir-aMTmara.

ud wrred in BengftI in 1021 All, gndur ghujuC Kh*D (ahuU Kabir
Ohiihti) kgtiDit 'Oimaii Khtp Lohajii, the Af^^au. tioe /ijlmlnarauli, pp. 61 uid

* Bee n. 1, p. ICO, ani*.

t Twuioiii of Ahmad lloK K&buli (leo Bluch. Tr, Ail). Vu). I, pp 405-
166) umeO Haqbullah Khin and Abdul Bii|abuld th« title of ' UtiUiar Khiu'i
either ot tli«m it meant.

ft Ue Ku m grBiidHin of 8Te<l Hahmud of Barhk, wbo (enod Akbar. Uoal
or the Barhi Hyed* received Iroin tha Uu^hal Kmperort tlio bonoriflo dittiuc-
lion of -Khii.; which ia thuM daji wu coniidenHl the bighait title of
Indo-Moiloni pccrngu, neit unly in nkuK tO Prinoea Ro]»l kiid the '■gfaini-
Khaniii" ■iid"An.iru-l Umua." (Seu Bloch. Tt , Aio, Vol. I, p. SM, aod
Alamvi-: naniah).

1 lie Hui Tio|>b('W of SLnikh ilniuiii or llnaiu olioa Uu(|<tanb Khin win

176

Mu'assam Sbftn9' together with other Imperial offioers, were ap-
pointed his anxiliaries. When these reached the frontiers of the
traot^ under 'Ogmftn, they first deputed a sagacious envoy to oon-
ciliate the refractory mind of the leader of the insurreotion. They
strung the precious pearl of good advice to the ear-oorner of his
heart. Inasmach as that wretched man ( 'Ogmin S]b&Q) was by
inherent nature a bud staff, and had not the capacity of appreciat-
ing gfoodnees, not appraising the value of this pearl of advice, he
collected brickbats of vain aspirations .in the vessel of his bad
luck, and in the face of that shining pearl, he pot forward the
stature of his wild ambition, gave permission to the envoy to
withdraw without accomplishing his mission, and preparing to die*
spurred swiftly the horse of aggressiveness and fighting, and

in 1087 A.H . was Ooveroor of Behar. (See filooh. Tr., Ain, Vol. I, pp. 621
and 648).

1 Qbaitil Bayasld (Mnassam KJ^nn) was a gmndson of QbaiUi Ballm
Q]|l||[ti of Fathpnr Sikri. He was made Snbadar of Delhi bj Jahangir.
Hit ton Makkaram ^(n was a son-in-law and nephew of Islam Khin. Viceroy
of Bengal, and served nnder the latter, oonqnered Kooh Hajo and Qor*
dah, became Qorernor of Orissa and sabseqnentl j of Bengal. See Jfoof ir-aZ.
Umara.

> The tract nnder 'Osmnn appears to have been * Bhati/ that is the

tract including the Snndarbans, the lands alongside the Brahmaputra and

the Megna, in fact, the whole tract from Ohorag]^^ (or Bangpor)

sontkward to the sea. His residence is mentioned in the histories

(see Blooh., Atn, Vol. I, p 620) to hare been at " Kohistaa-i-Daooa,** the

** y ill jret-i- Dacca," bat his father *Isa Kban's residenoe (vide p. 843 of do.) is

menttoned to have been at Baktarapnr, close to Khiirpnr. Qisrpnr has beea

identifled with a place about a mile north of modem Naraingan], dose to

which are ruins of the forts built by Mir Jumla, Mug^^l Viceroy at Dacca, in

the 17th century. There is still there n M'lqharah, which is supposed to be the

resting-place of one of Jahangir*s daughters Here wns the chief naral fort of

Muhammadan Government, it lay at the oooflnence of the Ganges, the Lakhiya

and (he Brahmaputra rivers. It is three miles west of dunargaon, and nine miles

from Dacca About thirty miles north of Khisrpur. are two villages within a

mile of each other, called *' Baktarpur ** and " Issurpur,** but these oonlain

BO mina (See J.A.8. for 1874, pp. 211-213). " Bhati " from its inaooessibility

was elected as the last stronghold of the Afghans, who, sheltered amidst ita

Jungles, out up by numerous rivers and ohanneln, long defied there the power

of the Muf^s. During the HusJial military revolt under Akbar, the chief

robot, Masum KhMn Rabnli, who was a Turbnti Syod and whose uncle had

beea Vasir under Humaynn, took refuge in " Bhati," whero he fought against

Maiiflrar and 8b»libaz, and at length died in 1007 A.H. (See Blooh Tr., Aia,

Vol. I, p. 481).

177

of ftdherento, were killed ; and on the enemj*8 side also nmnj passed
to bellJ On seeing that some of the leaders of the Imperialists
had been killed, and their ranks emptied of yeteratis, a second time
'0|niAn placing before himself the rogae elephant, named BaQ^a,
himself moanted on a saddled elephant, personally assaulted the
Imperial Tan, and delivered saocessive onsets. From the side
of the Imperialists, Sbnj&i^ Sbfo,* with his relations and brothers,
ad?ancing to oppose him, exhibited great bravery and heroism.
If any of his relations were killed, and many retreated on receiT-
ing mortal wonnds. When that elephant came in front of
Sbaj&it Sbftn» the latter spurring his horse stmok it with a spear
on its trunk, and with great agility drawing the sword from his
waist, inflicted two successive cuts on its head ; and when became
in collision with the elephant, he drew his dagger, and inflicted
on it two more cuts. The elephant, fit>m its great ferocity, not
recking of these cuts, with grwii fury rushed up, and flung down
both the rider and the horse. Shewing agilitj, Sbajii^ dismounted
from his horse, and stood erect on the g^und. At this juncture,
Sbujftit's groom struck the trunk of the elephant with a double-
edged sword, and iuflicted a serious cnt, causing the elephant to
fall on its knees, gi^ujftit Sbftn* with the help of his groom,
threw down the rider of the elephant, and with a dagger inflicted
another cut on its trunk. The elephant roaring fiercely fled after
this ont| and moving some paces fell down, gb^j^'it Sb^n's horse
sprang up unhurt, and the Ql&n mounted it again. In the mean-
time, another elephant attacking the Imperial standard-bearer
threw him down with the standard.

iOB of Mvmnam Qin (a former GoTemor of BengAl) Joined the ImperialisU,
sad pnrtood 'Oimtn. See alto Iqbalnamah, pp. fil to 64.

I The author's remark It anjut and angraoefaL The Af^anfl nndor
"QimiB were flghiing for their homes and hearths, and did not dueeire this
opp ro b rions e«p r ee ri on.

• The Tntnk calls the elephant ** GajpaU," JqhdimmmmK (p. flt)
•< Bakhtak."

• His name was Qkaikk Kabir-i-Qhi|hti, and his title was 8k«ikk
Shajiit Khin Bnstam-i-Zaman. He was a relative of Islim Qan, Governor
of Bengal and served under the latter in Bengal, and commanded the
ImperialisU In the flghtiogs with *0|m&n, the Lohani Afgkan. (See Blooh.
Tr., Ain, Yol. I, p 6S0, and the Tuauk, and the Maatir and Iqhalnamak, p. 04).
He was sobeeqnently appointed Governor of Behar.

iMdw of tba Af^uu [d OriiM ud South B«Dg>l. K^mtn loooMdad Ua
brotber Sokimui, who had ' raignad ' tor Kline tima, had killed In a flfkt
lllmat Singh, aoo of Rajil Uia Singh, and liad bald landi naar tha Brahma-
putra, and (ubdnod the Bajahi of the adjaceal countriei. 'Otmin ancoaedcd
him. and rooaivod from Uao Singh landi in Oriiaa and SatgaoD and later
in KaaleTD Bengal, with a revenue of & or 6 lacs pet jaar. Bia reaidaooa ii
doacribed to have been at "Kahiitin Dacca," the " Vilifet-iDaooa " and
Dacca ilaeir The battle betweea Oaoiin and the imperialiit Qeneral, Bbojiit,
tiuk place atadiatancfl uf lOUitiii from l>accaaD 9th UuboiTBDi, 1031 (or Ind
March, )S12 A.C.) UMwart plaoe* the battle on Che bank* of tha Subarosriha
in Oriaaa, wbicb ia inipiobable. '(^niin'i brother, Wali.oa aubmiaaiou, rao«i>ed
a title with a jagir, and w*i made a commander ot one tbonaand. Aoooiding
to the Jfoaiir be waa murdered. See Bloch. Tr., Ain, Vol. 1, p. 630, U4]|ian-
i-At[baDi and Iiibaliu>mah, p. 61.

1 Ue wat a Subadar of Delhi. See Bloob. Tr , Ain, Vol. I, p. 493.

179

keteen. Sbnj&i^ SbftQ taking this oorps with him, chased the
enem J. Wali Sbftn despairing sent the following message : " The
root of this insnrrection was *Ogm&n ; he has met with his deserts,
we are all loyal. If we receive assarance of safety, we would
make onr submission and would send the elephants of 'OfimAn,
in the shape of tribute.'* Sh^jait Sb&n uid Mu'taqad SbtHf
shewing chivalry, arranged terms of peace. The following day,
Wali Sb&o and Mamris Sbftn, with all their brothers and
connexions, came to meet Sh^j&it Sh&D« i^d presented forty-
nine elephants as tribute. glinjAit and Mu'taqad Sb&Qi taking
charge of them, moved victorious and triumphant to Islftm Tj^la
to Jahftngimagar (Dsoca). IsUm Sbin sent a despatch contain-
ing news of the victory to the Emperor at AkbaribSd (Agra).
On the I6th of the month of Mubarram I02I A.H., this despatch
reached the Emperor, and was perused. In recognition of this
good service, Islim Sb&n was raised to the manfob of a
jftailAaiflrf, and gb^jiit Sbin bad his manfah raised, and
received the title of Rustam-i-Zamftn ; whilst all other Im-
perialists who had loyally and gallantly co-operated in the
extirpation of '0|mftn Slrfn, received similarly befitting manfabi.
The insurrection of 'Onm&n O&n lasted eight years, and in
the 7th year of the Emperor's accession, corresponding to
1022 A.H., his subjugation was accomplished. In the 8th year
of the Emperor's accession, Islim SbSn led an expedition against
the Mags, who were brutes in human form. Isl&m Sb4n sent to
the Emperor, in charge of liis son, Hooh^^ng Sbin* a number of
the Mags that were captured, and in the same year ( 1022 A.H.)
Islim Q^in died in Bengal. Thereupon, the Governorship of
that country was entrusted to his brother, Qisim Sbin.

NI^AMAT OF QISIM SSAN.

After the Oovemorship of Bengal was conferred on Qiiiim
SbiOf brother of Islim SbiOf he ruled five years and a few
months, when the Assimese making an incursion into the
conquered Imperial domains, captured and decoyed Syed AbA
Bakr.i Qisim ^la failed to make a sifting enquiry into this

1 He WM CommAndaiii of a If nfhal oat-post on the iatam frontier el
Jamdkare, under Jahangir. (See Alamgimamahf p. 680).

181

Emperor fco the elTect ihafc m the rainj ReaAOQ had approached, ho
wonld make Mando his rainj-season quarter, and would afterwards
wait on the Emperor. He alno asked for parfl^nnah Dholpnr ' beiiig
added to hiayogfr, aod set Darift Sbft^i * Afghln toiake charge of it.
Bat before the arrival of the Prince's letter, the Emperor had
negotiated the marringe of Prince Qliahrjftr with a daoghter
of Nar Maf^al * by gber Afgban,^ and at Nor Mahal's request
the aforesaid Par^annah had been bestowed on Sfcaharylry and
Sb&nfa-I-Mnlk, servant of Prince Qb^^l^i^iTSri had taken possession
of the fort of Dholpur. Soon after, DariA Shin aniyed and
wanted to forcibly take possession of the fort. From both sides,
the fire of conflict kindled. As lack would have it, an arrow hit
Sht^i^fu-l-^Qll^ on the eye, and blinded him. This mishap
caused the Begam ^ to be indignant ; the fire of discord biased np,
and at the instance of the Begam, the expedition to Qandahar
was entrusted to Prince gh'^^>^i7ii*» whilst llirsA Rostam * Safari
was appointed 'Ataliq of the Prince and Generalissimo of

1 Dholpar Mm 90 f»§ from Agra, near the left bank of the Cbambal river.
(Blooh. Tr., Am, Vol. I, p. 867).

* Darija Qin Rohilla was ao oiRoer of 8b*h Jah&n in the DaUiin. (See
Bloch. Tr., Am, Vol. I, pp. 604-606).

* Another name of the renowned Bmpreet Nur Jahin, contort of Emperor
Jahaogir.

4 Qher Afihan was the ftrtt hniband of KAr Jahin i by him the had one
daughter named Ladii Begam, to whom Prince fihahrjar (fifth ton of Jahaagir)
wat married, fih^h Jahin or Prince Qarram wat Jahangir't third ton. Nir
Jahin had no children bj Jahangir.

> That it, Emprett Niir Jahin.

* Mina Bnttam SafaTi WMt third ton of Rnlfin Hntain Mina, nephew of
Bhih Tahmatp kinff of PM^a (980-964 A.H.X and OoTemor of Qandahar
under the latter in 966 AH. Mirta Eattam*t danghter wat married to Prlnee
Panris, teoond von of Jahnngir. He inraded Qandahar, bnt met with no
tncoeit. In 1021, Jnhangir appointed him Gkyremor of Thath^ and after*
wardi £{^£&H4itaW nnd Goremor of Allahahad. and in the tltt jear, Goreraor
of Behar. He died in 1061 at Agra. Hit third ton MIrsa Haaani- Safari was
Ooremorof Koch nnder Jahangir and died in 1069 A-H^and hit gTandtoa(tott
of Mirsa Hatan) named Mina Safihekan wat Faajdar of Jeteore in Bengal.
(Bee Bloch. Tr.. Ain, Vol. I, pp 814-816 and MaoMirul-Umara). Mirtanagar,
a place dote to Jettore town, probably wat Mina 8afihekan*t Fanjdari head-
qoartert, and received itt name from him. He died in 1078 A.H. Ulna
Saffhekan't ton, Mina 8aifn-d-dln SafaW, accepted the titular distiaetion of
Khin nnder Anrangmeb.

Mlwla. 8w i.u-1-AkUri, Vol. I, p. 460, Bloah. Tr, mad JTaoMr-MMTnMw.

* Tlw printer or editor of the teat bj miitrnka hM pntj batweao A|sf
KhiD u>d g|)OBJah Abal Baaein.

• Tb* title ot "La^ku K^io" WMbold bj (1) Uabemmad Qouio of
Khureeen, under Akbu, <S) by Abul Uaun UaJhodi under Jahiagir, and <S}
bf Jan Niiar Khan yoJgu- Beg under gt)ih Jahin. The aeoond i> meeot

* Hiru Ruatim had the lakhnlluf of ridai. (See p. SU, Bloch. Tr., Ain,
Vol, I). I am not (ure it be ii meent here.

• Sedullah, eon of Bald K]|ln, Qoremor of Bengal, held the title of
Mkwatiab Khin fiee kiu, Uloch Tr., Vol. I, pp. 368-331).

1 Abdallah Khln Unbak w.i made bj Akbar a Paajbuari, and waa aaat
to llelwah with unlimited power. Ue ■ reigned in Uando like ■ king ' Bee
Blocb.Tr.. Ain, Vol. 1, p 321 and Maatir-ttt-Umara. I am not aure if belt
meant bore.

185

opportaniiy now, lie wiib the greatest expedition joined Sb&^
Jahftn*s army. Rajah Bikraraajit who was aware of 'Abdallfth
Sbio*8 plan, with great delight went to D&t*&b SbftQt ^ inform
the latter of 'AbdnlUh Ebin's desertion. As lock would haye
it, a caiinon*ball hit the R&jah on the forehead, and threw him
down. From this mishap, the thread of the arrangement of
Qhkh Jahftn's army was broken. Although a commander
like 'Abdallfth Sb^n, destroying the basis of the Imperial yan-
gaard, had joined the Prince's army, Dftr&b Sb&n i^nd other
commanders of Sbih Jahan's army were not daring enough to
hold their ground. On the Imperialists' side, the desertion of
'Abdullfth Kbftn, and on the Prince's side, the fall of Rnjah
Bikramajit caused mutual confusion, and both the armies were
dispirited. Towards the end of the day, both the forces withdrew
to their quarters. At length, the Emperor withdrew from Akbar-
ablUl towards Ajmir, whilst Prince SI* Ah Jahftn retired towards
Mnndo. On the 25th of the Jamadi-al-Awwal, the Emperor
detached Prince Partis with a lar^e army to follow up gh&h
Jahin ; and Ma^abet ]j[bftn was entrast'cd with the command of
Prince Pnrviz's army. When Prince Purvis with his army,
crossing the defile of Chanda ^ arrived in the Vilftyet * of Mando,
Sb^h Jah&n with his army sallied out of the fort of Mando, and
detached Rustam Sb&n * with a body of troops to encounter
Prince Parvis. Bahiu-d-dln Barqandftz, one of the confidants
of Rustam Sb&n, a servant of Sli&h Jahftn, held treason-
able correspondence with Ma^abet Q^ftn, and was waiting
for an opportunity. At the time when the two armies fell into
battle-array, Rustam Sb^n riding forward joined the Imperialists.
This wretched Rustam Sb&n was by Sbfth Jahftn elevated from
the manfab of a Sehh^itU ^ to that of a FanjhatHr\^ and honoured with
the title of Rustam Sbftn and appointed Governor of Qujrftt, and
he enjoyed the Piince's full confidence. Now that the Prince

I It ii A plao« mentioned and#r Babab Ber»r in ih« Ain-i-Akbari (Blooli
Tr., Ain, Vol. II, p. 230), near it it Manikdrug fort.

* There ii no incii Vili jet, in the strict tenee of the term ; but onlj a
Surknr of Mando in ^Qltab Malwuh.

* Rnttam Khftn-i-Dakhini it mentioned in the Aln, m Jagirdar of Bamo-
garh. Bee Kloch. Tr., Ain, Vol I, p. 478.

4 " Bohbaeti ** in the prtntod text teems to be a mintake or misprint for
" Bihaspi.'* (See Dioch Ain. Tr , Vol. I, p 245, for a dissertation on the eoa-
•titutioB of the Mngh'^l Armj).
24

lina (quoted ftbore) cam« to pu*. Mft^bet Sb&u MtidinK Moret
loiters, had diverted tlie Eban Cb&naD from tlie path of loyaltj,
tlirougli tlieporBuasiuuBor trailoi-H. And tlie 10>an tQ>aniii, b; wny
of advico, lold Khali Julian tUat aa tho tiinos wei-o out of joiiii,
followinK tho sayii.jf ■ _jU *iU jlj y ojl-i ^ ii *iUj (TraiuUitton :
" If the timos do uot fall in with yon, jou most adjust yourself
to the tiinos") hu sliciuUI armiigo for an armistice, na that would
uiit aud Uvxirablo in the iiitcieaU of humanity, gljhh
uiiiiK the eiliiiguishingof thefiie of discord to be a grrat
-lit. callud Ll.o tQiau 10ja<'ai< tu hia clos..t, and first r«aa.
mind ill res|<L-ct of him by making tho latter awtar by
I. And the lOtaii KLaiian pluuing his lianil on lliu Qmau
li vclieriioiii.1) thai hu would uevor i.hiy false with tho

be expe.li
Jahaii dee

ired his

leQooti:

18?

Pi-inee, nor tarn disloyal, and that he woald pnt forth hiB efforU
to hriDg aboat the welfare of both the parties* Thns being reas-
Bored, Sh&h Jahftn sent off the Cbftn Eb&tiftn, and kept Dftrib
Sbftn and his sons with himself. It was also settled that the
Sbio 5])ftnftn should remain on this side of the river Narbada,
and bj means of oorrespondenoe arrange terms of peaoe.
When news of the oonclnsion of an armistice and of the departure
of the Sibin Ebftn&n became known, the troops who had been
stationed to guard the banks of the river, ceasing to be vigilant
and alert, neglected to guard the ferries of the river. Of a night,
at a time when these were asleep, a bodj of Imperialists plunging
into the river with their horses, gallantly crossed over. A great
hubbub arose, and from panic men's hands and feet were
paralysed. Bairam Beg, ashamed of himself, went to Sh^h
Jahin. On hearing of the treachery of the Sbftn Sbftnftn and of
the crossing of the river Narbada by the Imperialists, Sb^b
Jahin deeming it inexpedient to halt any further at Burhftnpur,
crossed the river Tapti, in the thick of the rains, amidst a
storm-wave, and marched towards Orissa,^ scouring the Province
of Qntbu-l-Mulk.*

1 Tbe following is extracted from Blooh. Tr., Ain, m ii briefly and at the
■ame time looidly deioribee gb^h Jahln's moTementa :

" 8hih J»b«a rebelled, returned with Min* Abdnr Rahim Qin-i-l^nfta ^
toMaado, and then mored to Bnrhanpur. On the march thither, Q|ih
Jahin inUroepted a letter which Mina Abdor Rahim had secretly written to
Ma^abet Hl|ftn, whereapon he impriaoned him and hii eon Dirib Qin, and
tent them to Fort Aeir, bat released them eoon after on pareU. Parris and
If a^abet £]|&n had in the meantime arrired at the Narbadda to ca|>t«re
8bih Jahmn. Bairam Beg, an officer of 8h«h Jahin, had for this reason i«-
mored all boats to the left side of the rirer, and snocessfnll j prorented tha
Impmrialists from crossing. At M irsa Abdnr Bahim's advice, 8||ih Jahin
p ro p oaed at this time an armistice. He made him swear on the Qoraa, and seni
him as ambassador to Prince Pairis. Ma^Mt Qin, knowing Ihiit the fords
would not now be so carefully watched as before, eifeoted a crossing, and
Mina Abdnr Rahim, forgetful of his oath, Joined Parris and did not ivtnm
to Q^ih Jahnn, who now fled from Bnrhanpnr, marching through Talinganah
to Orissa and Bengal. Ma^abet and Mina Abdnr Rahim followed him up a
short distance beyond the Tapti. . . gb»h Jahin then moved into Bangal
and Behar, of which he made Dirib Qin Governor.** Blooh. Tr., Ain, Vol.
I, p. S87.

t In the Aln, it is stated as below :— *' Talinganah was subject to Qutb■•^
Mulk, bat for some time past has been under the Ruler of Berar." (Sea

Qmb afaJtbi djDMtr in 1611, with Oolkiuulfth m hia ca(ril*l. It wm eoaqaand

bj Aanngieb in 1088. {Seo p. 238 do )

I Thii ia ubTJoiuly k Printtri rnitUke in the Isit tor Pipli. loath o(
Colluk. Behli (or Pipli) ii Dxnitioned in Sulu Jaiaur in (ha Aiii. (3m
Jwretf.Tr. Vol II, p. Uif.

■ Tho hit at gT.DdMi in Ih* PaiJi^ihiumal. JMcHbu Muhkmiid 81i>b (or
Silsh BsKi ukioDuf Uir»ali*l'<. ■ndDoplisw ot U ink J ■tar Bag Aa-t J^^to
III. (3ee ISluch.Ti. Ain, Vul. I, pp. «ll-112} Aaat Khin Jafar Bag ia
ilaacribod ai il maa ot Ihe ([rvalaat ^niui, ao ablo Hnnncjor, and a capital ao-
Ctfunuint Ilia iutelligunve •.<■ iDrb tiiat ho could niaalanhaconUnta of ap«ga
hj a Klaiice ; he waa a groat hurliouUurial planting and lopping olt branoha*
•rith uHB honda in hia Kardani He waa alio a great poet. Ua nai Vakila.
I-Uulk aod H CoDiioandtT ot FiTo Thouiand, un.ler Emperor JaUngir. Ria
•on Ulna Zninnl-Hbidin ia mentioned in the Aiu M a comlnardar of 1,600
niih MU horae

I8d

news reacliod Ibt&litm £bftn Fateb Jang,^ who won Yitserof
of the 9^^<^^ o^ Bengal, he sank in the river of bewilderment/
Although his auxilinrj forces were scattered aboat in the tract'
of Magha and in other places, mnstenng np* conrRge, at
Akbarnagar otherwise called Rajma^al, he set himself to
strengthen the fortifications, to mobilize his troops, and to arrange
bis forces and armaments. At this time, the message of the
Prince came to him, to the following effect: "Owing to the
decree of fate, whatever was predestined has passed from poten-
tiality into action; and the yictorioos army has come this
side. Thoagh before the outlook of mj aspiration, the extent of
this Province is not wider than the area covered by the movement
of a gUnce, yet as this tract has fallen in my coarse, I cannot
summarily leave it. If you intend to pi'oceed to the Imperial
presence, and to stay my hand from meddling with your life,
property and family, I tell you to set out in fall security for
Delhi; or else if you consider it expedient to tarry in this Pro-
vince, select any place in this Province that may sait you,
and you will be let alone there at ease and comfort." Ibrfthim
Sl^ftn in reply wrote : " The Emperor has entrusted this country
to this, their old servant. So long as my head survives, I will cling
to this province ; so long as my life lasts, I will hold out. The
beauties of my past life are known to me ; how little now remains
of my future life in this world P Now I have no other aspiration
than that, in the discharge of my obligations for past Royal
fafours and in the pursuit of loyalty, I may sacrifice my life, and
obtain the felicity of martyrdom."* In short, llirfthim K bj n at
first intended to shelter himself in the fort of Akbarnagar, but as
the fort was large, and as he had not at his oommnnd a sufficiently
large force to properly defend it from all sides, he entrenched
himself in his soii*s mausoleum, which had a small rampart. At
this time, a body of Sb&h Jah&n*s troops who were detailed to
garrison the Fort besieged the rampart of the mausoleum, and
from both inside and outside, the fire of arrows and muskets

I He nppeart to have gone at ihii time iemporarilj from Dacca (then the
Mag^nl Viceregal Capital of Bengal) to Rajmahal.

t Thut in, Soath-Wentem Behnr. 'Tract of Hagha' or Sonth- Western
Behar thoald not be confoanded with the ' tract of Maga\ or Arrakan.

> I molt remark Ibrahim Q&n was naoommonly loyal for his times
which were fall of traitors, as the tett shews.

101

(Pasc. hi.)

Bai before the war-yessels arrived, Daria Sb&n had crossed ihe
river. Ibrahim SbAo on being apprised of this, directing Ahmad
Beg to cross the river, sent him to oppose Daria Sb^n*^ When
the two armies encoantered each other, a great battle ensued oa
the banks of the river, and a large nnmber of Ahmad Beg's
comrades were killed. Ahmad Beg, not finding himself strong
enough to stand his groand, retired. Ibrahim Sbin with a corps
of well-monnted cavalry, joined him. Daria Q^An, on hearing of
this, retired a few kmh^ and Abdiillah Sb&n Bahadnr Fims Jang *
also advancing a few kroh^ nnder gaidance of samindars, crossed
the river, and joined Daria O&n. By chance, on a site which is
flanked on one side by the river and on the other by a dense
jangle, they encamped, and arrayed their troops for battle.
Ibrahim £b&Qt crossing the river Ganges, set to fight. He detach-
ed Syed Nurallab,* an officer, with eight hundred cavalry to form

1 Daria Eban w«i a Rohilla general ander W^h Jahin. In the beglo.
Ding, he wM emplojed under 8b*ikh Farid, and under Sb^rifn-l-IIiilk, distia*
gniihed himself in the battle of Dholpur. After the batUe of Beoares, he
deaeried Qhnh Jahin. (See jra<iftn*.M7fiuiro, p. 18, Vol. II).

t When Rajnh Partob, Rajnh of Bhojpnr or UiJain (west of Arrah) raroli-
ed agninst the Emperor 8b«h Jahin, in the 10th year of Bb^h Jahin'a reign,
Abdullah K^«b Finix Jang beaieged and captared fibojpur (1046 A.H.)
Partab aurrendered, and waa executed ; his wife became a Muhammadaa and
was married to Abdullah's grandson. (See Padihflhnamah 1, b. pp. 271 to
274 and UaaiiruUUmara, p. 777, Vol. If). Abdullih Uin, though he was
thoroughly lojal to Prtnoe 8h"h Jahin at the battle of Benarea, subee q ne n tly
seoeded from the Prince, and submitted to Jahangir through the inter oeaaion
of £b«n Jahan. (8ee p. 248, Faac. 8, Iqhalnamah-i'Jahan^iri),

* One Mir Nurullah is mentioned in the Ain amongst the learned men of
Akbar*s time. It is evident the Nurullah in the text was a Sjed of Barha i
for the Sjeds of Barha from Akbar*s time were enrolled in the Armj, and
claimed their place in battle in the Tan or haraol. Many of theae Barha
Syeds for their military or political serrices to the State, wore honoured by
the Mughal Bmporors with the honorific distinction of ** Eiiin," whioh la
course of time very often obliterated all traces of their being Syeds, For
instance, Syed Ali Asgh^^i *on of Syed Mahmud of Barha, reoelTed the
title of ' Saif fChMn ' nnder Jahangir, his nephew Syed Jafar reoeired the title
of 'gbnJMit Kj|ia', Syed Jafar's nephew, Syed Sultin, raoeived the title of

the obftrge of their fkinil; Mid children wu tlie hftlter of their

■SaUUtKbin alidi IU!t>H4 Khin,' Ihe Uller'i ooniia, Sycd Mauffar, ra-
mited Iho lillo of ■ llinmial Khiu.' Again Syod Abdtil W..hbib toceiirod lb*
litis ot - Dilor Khiu,' wbiUt Sjod Kbin Jab>n-i'3tl>liiah>Di'* auu. Sjed Slt«r
Ziuin, received tbe title ufUDuBar Khiu,' anutber too, Syed Uanaoai-,
reoviied tLo litlu uf ' lA*likai Kbiti,' wbiUt bii Krmndaon, Syod Kirui. recalled
Ibu title uf ' IkiltitM Kbi" ' Again, ^ju'' Q^iini fluuriabed undur tho Utie uf
' gtiahimkl Rbiii ' lu AunnKieb'a rdf[n. xliiUl bii nejibew, 8y«d tlmuH., held
th« tilla uf ' \ii Khan' under Uul.anm.ad ^ih. (See Ibe Tuoil. Faiftbuh-
•.amah, M*>i.ra-M;.>ura.Jlu»„.,nu.nqh,H,.»ii-i-^Ia>>>#»*, and .lao Pnifvaaor
UluchmuiD'a iaterealing ouloun llarba Bjeda un hi*Tr.,ur Ain Akbari, Vol I,
pp. 300-102). Tbu Vudiiru-I- f/mui a ineniiuni nlao one Uir >urullah, aaa
ton oIHirKhxIlilullab (]>. 3-17, Vul III, Wuu.ir),

(J^, OCT S3i'r03'^

neok, came and Bnbmiiied io the Prinoe.> As lb

family and children, effects and treasares were at Jfthangimagar

(Dacca), S^fth Jahta's army proceeded there by river.* AhmadBeg

1 For A graphic ooniemponurj aooonnt of ihie warfare, lee Iqbalnamah-I*
Jahangtri (Pen. text, Faw. 8, pp. 218-S21), and the Tnsiik (p. 888). Ibrahim
Kl|in waa killed near the tomb of hia eon at Rajmahal, on the banka of the
Oangea. Onr aaihor appears to have borrowed hia aooonnt (in an abridged
form) from the Iqbalnamah, though there are alight variationa. In the text
we are told that Ibrahim Qan at the battle had with him " thoaaanda of
oaTafary and infantry," whilst in tho " Iqbalnamah," it ia mentioned that
Ibrahim Rhin had with him only " ono thonsand oaralrj."

• Ibrahim Khin Fatih Jang waa a son of 'Itamd-n-danlah lliraa G^ia|.
Hia real name waa Mirsa Ibrahim.

In the oommenoement of hia oareor, he held the offioe of Biiiikihii and
Wttgit^'navii at Ahmadabad in Onjrat. In tho 9th jear of Jahangir's reign,
he received the title of " Khan"* and the manfab of Kawar and panfadt, and
waa promoted to the office of Imperial Bai^iiiJi, and waa gradually further
advanced to the rank of PanjKaxari and to the offioe of Sabadar (or Viceroj)
of Bengal and Oriaaa, receiving at the same time the titloa of " Ibrahim Khan
Fatih Jang." In the 10th year of Jahangir*a reign, Prince 8h>h JahaQ
invaded Oriaaa and Bengal viA Tellngana. On hearing of this news, Ibrahim
KhIn moved from Dacca (which waa then the Viceregal Capital, and where hia
family and treaanrea were) to Akbamagar or Rajmahal. Prince 8h<^h Jahin
seat mess en gers to him, to win him over to his side, bat he proved nnflinohing
in his loyalty to the Emperor, and fell fighting heroically in the battle of
Bajmahal, near the maoaolenm of his son. Ibrahim Sl^^i^** i^P^J to Prince
8hih Jahan, ia a model of dignified and firm protest cooohed in the beat dip-
lomatio form of the Persiaa laagoage, and is worth quoting : —

dijh^^^sJ^ iSVM^ ^J^ j\yA^ ^J - Awj ^l>H« *5-*>*^ ^

(See MaMir-nl-Omaira, Vol. I, p. 186).

i At this time, the If usalman Viceregal Capital of Bengal oonUaved
(See lfaa«tr, p. 186, Vol. I), to be at Dacca or Jahangtmagar, which appean
to have been so named during the Viceroyalty of Islim B|in I, owing
to the decisive battle which waa fought under ita walla oa 0th M uharraa
lOSI A.H. or Snd Macohi 1612 A.O., ia the aevoath year of Bmperor

roaiht. and »fHr dafMUng Ibmhim Biio, prooaaded la Dmo*, wUthar
Ahmad Hag Khin {nepbow of Ibnhim utd of EmpreH Kur JaliiD) had pivvi-
oualf rotrmtcd afler Ibrahim'a deatb. Abmad Bog lumiidDrad to Bb>li J*hin
al Dacca (aocording In tb« Tuiut aiid ifooiir) with fortf 'firo laca of trvaaor*
kod &00 «lepbaiita. gliih Jahau luaviog Darib U" U iod of Mina Abdur
Kabim M^a tChaaiii) ■■ UoTernor of OaDgal, marched back wottwaid acroM
Hungal, Boliar and Jauupnr to Buiiarci, whore he iraa appoaod aod cLaoked bj
Uahabal £tin, (Sco Iqtalnamah-i-Jahannin, Faac. 3, ror». Uit, pp.115, SlU,
S17, E^. 323, liSS, £3H, 239). glith Nawai JC^iii was tba eldMl too of Abdw
aahim Khiu-l-Khiun i hia lifs al«Q i« given !□ the Uaatir-ul-Umara.

I Ahmad Bog ja)iu waiaionut Uuhammad gbarif, and a oqttMW of
Ibrabim Khin Falvh Jang, the Bonsai Vicoro;, and of Emprala Nu JahlD.
Al llu> lima of Priiioa tib'h Jabio'i iDcunlon into Uriau and Bongal, ba WM
Deputy Uovemor ot Uriaaa. Ho waa al the time eiigag(>d In an etpadiUaa
againat K]|urda, <hi boariog of fijlili Jabin'a iDviaion, ha itHhdrew t« Pipll

195

inieroeBsion o! ^ih Jab6n*i confidants, was granted an audience
with the Prince. The Prince's officers were ordered to confis-
cate Ibrahim Shin's treasures. Besides goods and silk-stnffs,
elephants and aloes wood, ambergris and other rarities, forty
lacs of mpees were confiscated. The Prince released from confine-
ment Darab Sban, son of the SbftQ-i-Sb»nin» who had hitherto
been in prison, and exacting from him an oath, entmsted to him •
the GoTcmment of Bengal, and took along with him 'as hostages
the latter*s wife and a son, ghfth Nawis Sbin.i The Prince sent
Rajah Bhim,* son of Bajah Earan, with a large force, as his
Depnty to Patna, and he followed himself with 'Abdullah

(hii hMd-qaartora), thonoe to Katak, and not feeling himeelf Meore
there, marohed first to Bardwmn, whence ho went to Rejmahel or Akbemeger,
Mid joined hie ancle Ibrahim B|in. Being defeated in the battle there,
Ahmad Bog mored to Dacca (which was then the Viceregal capital of Bengal,
and where the familj and treasaree of Ibrahim Qin were), bat was sooa
overtaken there by Prince fji^lh Jahin, to whom he sorrendered. On Qhih
Jahin's accession, he was appoiaied Faajdar of Siwastan. (See lfaaf<r-«<-
I/mora, p. 194, Vol. I).

1 In the text there is some mistake. Whoa Darmb Khia (second son of
Itirsa Abdnr Bahim IBiin-i-yh&n&n) was made Goromor of Bengal, gh^h
JahAn took his wife, a son and a daughter, and also a son of 81li^ Nawis S||**>
(eldest son of the KlUn»i-ffi|inAn) as hostages (see Mtuuir'tU-Umara), 8l|ih
NawAi was not taken as a hostage, as the text woald imply. Darib was
■ubsnqaentljT killed by Mahabet Khin. at the instance of Jahaagir. The
following chronogram is giren in the Maaair-ul'Utmara (p. 17, Vol. 11), as
yielding the date of Dirib's death (1084 A.H.) :—

* Rim Dis, the Kaohwah Bajpet, was at first attached as naib hi the
Financial Department nnder Todar Mai, and soon gained Akbar's favoor by
his regularity and indnstry. Bmperor Jahangir conferred on him the title of
' Rajah Karan,* bat owing to his disgraceful flight daring the wars hi the
Dakhin, he lost Jahangir's farour. Jahaagir is stated to have cursed him
thus I—" When thou wert in Rai Sal's senrice, thou hadst a tankak per diem i
but my father took an interest in thee, and made thee an Amir. Do not
RajpttU think flight a disgraceful thing F Alas, ihy tiUe, Rajah Karaa,
ought to haTc taught thee better. Mayest thou die without the comforts of
thy faith.*' Uis sons were Naman Dis and Dalap Dis— Bhim Dis is noi
mentioned amongst his sons (see Bloch. Tr., Atn, Vol. I, p. 488). Bat ooe
Bhiv Singh is mentioned (see Bloch. Tr., Ain, Vol. 1, p. 418), amongst the
grandsons of Madha Singh, son of Rajah Bhagwaa Die. This Bhim Singh was
killed in the Dakhin, in the Sid year of ShUi Jahaa's leiga* Anether
Karaa It mentioned in the lf«aftr*ia«C7MSftt (p. 801, Vol. II).

S^ia {though be hmd with bin AlUhrlc IQiiii, toi: ot IfUkliir K]|in, kud
abeiEb^i Af(b*n). iu^tokd ot holding uut iti llie fuit of Patuk, Hed to
Allnhabad. After giiili J*liin's accomiiuii, MuUinIi] Khin wu HppoioUid

traujilu- ol (lurkkpur, kuil iu llio •uvcntli yoiir ot Sl>"l> Jaliiii'a i-eixii, »■•
kpiioiotod ft commBiiilor uT Tlircu Thaunand aud alto Sub&dar t>r Ti)liii)(ink.
Uo diud ill lliu 10th you ut gliih Jaliin'i ruigti (Sco p. -ISS, Vul. Ill,
Maatir-ut-Umara).

1 Uii red name was Uir^aSll>m«i,siidlm WHS il,oe1dc«t(oi, or Kbit. 'Autn
Uina 'Aiii Kokuli. At ll.u oi.d uf Akbur'a iviga. tiil*")'' on. ■ Cumniaiidar
of Two Thi>uB«ud. and in tlio third yeur of Jaharttif* reign, hu ruucivvd tbo
tiUoof "Ji.liingiryijUKh.n,- vncsiit bjtim dL.uih of J.l.iugir yuli Khiu
UUh Bob, (lovcriior uf Bi^hHr.and w«. ih.i.1 to Gujr.t •• .U'puty of hi. Utber,
who wu Guviroor of (iojrBt. SuboMjUuDtty, &liaiii>i wub mado aovornor uf
Jannpiir. When I'riuuo &h*h Jahiu invaded Bi-bar troni Boogal, and tbe
rHoL-e't vaoKuunl ondtr Abdulluh KhAi> Flrai Jatig and Bijab Bhiu CTOMwl

197

panic-sirickeo, bad left hii post, and had fled to Minft Rusiftm >
to Allahabad. Abdullah quickly advanced to the town of Jhosi,
which 18 on the other side of the Ganges facing Allahabad, and
encamped there. Aa he had taken a flotilla of large veesela with
him from Bengal, with the help of cannonade crossing tbe river,
he encamped at the pleasantly-sitnate city of Allahabad, Whilst
the main body of S^ih Jabtn's army pushed up to Jaunpur.

PRINCE 6HAH JAHAN'S FIGHTINGS WITH THE
IMPERIAL ARMY, AND HIS WITHDRAWAL TO
THE DAKHIN.

When news of Sb&b Jahan's advance towards Bengal
and Orissa reached the Emperor, he sent orders to Prince Parvis
and Mahabet £bftn, who were in the Dakhin, to march
quickly towards tlieSnbahs of Allahsbad and Beli&r, so that in case
the Nftzim of Bengal was unable to oppose successfully the advance
of Sbftb Jahan's army, they were to engage glj&h Jahan. In the
meantime, news of the fall of Nawab Ibrahim KbSn Fateli Jang,

at Ghanaa io proceed to Allahabad, Jahangir Qali g^ln fled from Jaaopur to
Allahabad and joined Hina Ruttam BafaTi there. He tabeeqaentlj became
Goremor of Allahabad, and on 8b&b Jahin*s aoceasion, was appointed
GoTemor of Surat and Janagarh. He died in lOil A.H. at Surat. (8ef
JfaoffV-aMTmora, p. 624, Vol. I, Pers. text).

1 llina Rostam Safavi waa a son of 8al(an Hnsain Mirsa, grandaon of
Bh^h Ismiil, king of Persia. Mlna Rnttam waa appointed bj Akbar, GoTer-
nor of M altan i Akbar alao made him a Panjhiiari, and gare him M nltan as
Jaglr. One of hia daughters waa married to Prince Fanris, and another tp
6h<^b Shaja*. He enjoyed great inflaence with Jtliangir who made him a
SK^khhaMari, and alao Goremor of Allahabnd, which he aacoeaafally bold
againat ghlh Jahin'a General, Abdullah Khin, forcing the Utter to retire to
Jhoal. He was snbseqnently Goremor of Behar. giiah JiihMn ponaioned
him off, and he died at Agra in 1061. It ia worthy of intereat to note that
hIa gmndaon, Mirsa 9^fbl^<^ (*on ^^ Mirsa Haaan Safari) wm Faajdar of
Jeaaore in Bengal, where he died in 1078 (aee Blooh. Tr., Ain, p. 81 4, Vol. I).
After him, I gneaa Mirsanagar (a aeat of old Jeaaore Hoaalman Faojdars) \m
named. The family still aarrirea there, thoagh imporeriahed. 9aftbikaa*8
eon, MIria Saifu-d-din. Safari, accepted the title of "K^nn" undei^
Emperor Aurangzeb. (See Maaiir-ul-Umara, Pers. text, p. 478,. Vol. III)I
The MMonr (printed text) states that on the death of his father, Mirsa
Hasan Safari, Mirsa ^Affhi^^iMi waa appointed Faajdar of ' Uaar ' in Bengal.
' Uaar * ia evidently a miapfint or a misreading for ' Jaaar ' (Jeaaore).

JngUInf Um ooimUj and in qnelUng Um iMomoUon of lUUk AmInt, te
loss A.H., thkt ii, in the tw«Dtf-flnt jear of Emperor Jkbtngir'i aocaaicm
to tlie IbroDO. Ho rvodcrcil tlta im|>ortuit Krvicoi M liU fatkcT. in o|i|>unD|{
&!)•)> J*)ii»'i invaiiOQ ot Bongil, Bolier, end Oriiiw, >nd with the liolp of his
KODanliMJnio, tUt.kbot lCl)ii>, deteetod gb*l< JB>i>n at Beniroa, and obligod
the laltOT to abnndon Ueliu, Bougal and Uriaaa, and tu beat a haity retraat
to the Dakhiu. (Boo pp. 233, :S», HO, 273, 270, IqUlnamtth-i-Jahangiri, Vuno
3, Pera. teit, whioli it ■ coiitooiporary record).

* BiH) duKcriptiun of tliii bultlu at Bsnarei bctweoD Ihu Imporialiita andar
PriDCO Patiii and Uababol Khiu, and tillili Jabia'i truopa, in the Iqbalnamah-
i.Ja)iangiTi, a cunLe<ii|>oivy Tocurd, p, 233, Pon. tiitt. ghah JaUa wai
totallf dufealed, owiiiK lo ttiu raahiioat ot iibi tavuariUi oAicar, fiajeb fihiB,
who liimaall Icll li)(btiiig. being uut lo piocea bj the ImperuliaU. Tba
lla<uir-ui-V'mi'a atato. tlmL li.e Ultlo look |.l«e on the .Ida o( ^^^
(Nahr.i.Tun.,.} in tbc Buburba of Boiiarca.

199

They tramped up to the field for fighting ;

Tea the fire of war biased np.

First from both sidefl, the artillery of ftie gnnneni,

Oommenoed aoatiering fire on the hosts.

From the smoke of the gan- waggons of the two foroen.

Ton might say a pitchy clond had formed.

The cannon-balls showered like hail.

Tea a storm of destrnction blew :

Tea the heads and hands, the breasts and feet of the Oom-

Blew like wind on all sides. [manders.

From blood, yea on every side a stream flowed.

Tea like fish, the bodies of the heroes throbbed.

On every side showered stone-rending arrows ;

They passed right through every body that tliey lodged in.

From swords and spears, breasts were torn to shreds ;

The corpses of heroes fell on the ground.

Bat the Impeiialists, like stars,

Hemmed in on the army of the Prince.

They surrounded the latter in that battle.

Tea as the ring encircles the finger.

From gh^h Jfthftn*s army. Rajah Bhim the valorous.

Was not cowed down by this slaughter.

Some of his race who were his comrades.

Hurled themselves on the enemy's force.

They spurred their horses, yea like lions in fight^

They drew swords, yea like water-dragons«

By one gallant charge, they broke the enemy's ranks,

And swiftly attacked the enemy's centre.

Whoever stood in the way of that force.

They hurled down his head on the dust.

But the veteran Imperialists,

When thej saw that suddenly a calamity had come.

Spurred on their chargers from every side,

And attacked that elephant-like hero, Bhlm.

They cut up his body with the sword.

And hurled him down from his steed on the dust.

Other commanders and officers (of Sb&h Jahftn),

Could not advance to his (Bhim's) rescue.

The gnnners, on seeing this crisis, leaving the

Tigoroai nil* in tbe Dkkliia. (Be« p. 971, Fuo X, f jtalaa w ■ > -i-JmliMngirii
Pen. leit). Qe diad kL llio rip* old age of eighty, holding hii own Kguurt
tho InipurUllati to thu lut. After Ualik Ainbar tho AbTuinuui'i dntb, hia
Koneraliiaimu, Vaijut Kliin the Abjuiiiiao, tog«lh«r with Ualik Ambur'i mm,
Fatih Khin, and utkrt uflicen uf NUamDl-Uulk, lubmiltod to Khin Jahln,
JahanKir'i Viuaruy or $ut>iul<ir in the Dakhin, in the tweuly-Rnt jair at
JalianKir'a i>ct:uaiiua. (3oo p. £60. Fuc. 3, Per*. t«it, IqbainamahiJa\ati^Ti).
Tho ilaa.ir.al-rmara (Vol. Ill, p. 7), |[ivua aome aildiUoaal facta about
him. It atuliia ll.iil Malik Auibur waa an Abyaaiitiaa ilavu ut thu UijafMr
kin^, Niaam t^liiih. Whan in lUOD A.II.. Quouu Cliaiid Sullln or Chand Bibi
waa killed, and ll.u furt uf Ahaiadnagar fell Into tba hands of Akbar'a offloere,
aiid Bahadur Niiatn g>|ih waa taken priaoDBT, and kept in the (iwaJior fort,
Uallk Amber and Haju Uian proclaimed their indapendonce. Ualik Amber
bruu){ht tu hi* control the territory extending from llie limite of Tuliugana l«
V point, four troh from AhuadoBgrnr and eight krok front DuBlatitied. In

201

reqnesiing the Prince's retnrti towatd^ the Dakhin. g^ah Jaliin,^
afi«r retreat, numtnotied D&rib Sb&n who, after taking oaths,
had been left as Oovpmnr of Bengal, in order to join the Prince
in his march. Dir&b Ebftn, owing to his disloyalty and knavery
putting a wrong interpretation on his call, replied that the
samindars, surrounding him on all sides, hnd cut off ways of his
march, and that, therefore, his egress being difficalt, he begged
to be excused. 8L^ Jah&n losing all hopes of Dftrftb*s arriyal,
and hafing no body of troops capable of action, was oblig^ with
a sorrowful heart, and in kn anxious mood, after leaving Dftrftb
S1m^*8 son in charge of Abdull&h Sb&n, to march towards Akbar-
nagar (Rajmahal). From thence carryini^ all household parapher-
nalia, which had been left there, Sbah Jahftu marched back towards

1010 A.H., olo^e to Nandirah, a battle wna fought between Malik Amber and
Itina IraJ, son of Abdar Bahim KhAn-i-KhanAn. Malik Amber was woonded,
bat the Khin-J-Khanin. knowing the adrenitry't eapnoity, Was glad to nrrmnff^
terms of poaoe. When Akbar died, and dinensioos broke out between
Kmperor Jahang^r nnd hit son. Prince 6b Ah Jahin, Malik Amber mobilising
a livrge force enoro-iohed on Imperial territories. In ooneeqnenoe, daring
Kmperor J»hang1r'a reign, the Imperialists were oonttantly engaged io wnr-
fare against Malik Amber, who held oat to the lust, and died a nrntaral death
in 1086 A.B. He Km boried in a maatoleam at DaaUtibid, bMween the
Shrines of QhAh Montaiab-ad-din ZarbaUMli and 81lAh Rl^iaT1 Qattil. The
aathorof the if aa««r .at. Umam pays a high tribate to Malik Amber, as a
general aod as a soldier, and also as a leader of men and us an administrator.
He raled bis dominions rigoroasly, stamping unt all tarbalenoe, weeding oat
all bad oharaoiers, maintained perfect peaee In his domains, and always
strore for the well-being and happiness of the sabjeots he roled. In the
Tillage of Qarki (which was sabeeqaently named Anrangibid), he digged
tanks, I'lid oat trablio gardens, and bnilt lofty palaoes. He waa liberal Is
charities, and Tery Jast, and Tery picas. A poet has written about him.

U^^ ,JU JUy> Jl .Mi

I From the battle-field of Benares, after defeat. 6||*h Jahin retreated to
Rohtaa (np to which desaltory fighting was kept np between the Imperialists
and 8bih Jahln's troops), thence mnrched to Pataa and Behar town, and
thenoe to Garhi or Tellagarhi fort. Whilst at Garhi, 6b*h Jnhin rammoned
his Gkiremor of Bengal, Dartb Khtn. to join him, but the latter made evossss,
whereon Qhlh Jahftn beoomlng dispirited went to Rajmahal, and retreated
thenoe to the Dakhfn (being hotly parsned by Prinos Parrls Snd Mahnbet
S|in) aeross Sarkar Madaran, Midaipor, Orissa sad TeKagaaa, (See
l^halmnfmakAUkanfiH, Tmae, I, pp. SIO-UO).

BaM at Bauna, kod ooBpellMl tb* l>Uw to bMt a haM; ratnat aoroM
Hehar. D«DKal and OriMa into tba Uakliin. For ihia signal miliUr? MiTioa.
llkhibat Klian rwwivud tmm Piinoe I'ortii <iio duuU, with the pnitioiu uiio-
tion ol the Kinp«rur) Uonttal in jo jir. Hi* liond wiioooa turned, and be tailod
toaend to the KiD|iarur Iha war-olepbMita l&ken b/ him in Ueaffal, and aUo
(ailed Ui remit the Imperial revenue fnim MoiiKal For tl.i«, the Kmperor
■ummaoed him ia hi* |ire*oiice (or cliaatiiement, when Hahabet Khin adopted
the eitrsonlinarj and impudent utep oF ifelliDg at the |>er*oii uf Iha Bmperor,
Kud plaoiiit( ibe laLCur for •ume time under (urroi I lance— from which at
laogth tha Kmporur ••■■ reacued \if the bold itratngem ol hi* Queen, Nnr
J»h>D Ueitam. Uababut wai then aunt awn]' in diigraoe to ThaU, wbunoa ha
went to Uujrat, and joined iho rebel Prince, Slilh Jhhau (See pp 218, iU,
181, I»S, ta\), in, 2*i, £48, •^ii, ibS, 26*. 25b, IfM, 2fi7, :j58, 2S9, 260. Ml,
■Mi. M3, S7U, *::, K.ao. 3, I'o™. tu.t Vui«-»o)i . J,j).ai.,i.
iL'Cjrd, andalio i/»<»ir'yM'r.uiu, |< 3H5, VJ IllJ

203

they, pArtibg company with Prince Pat vis, marched to Bengal.
And ordeni were gi?eu to the Bamindara of that ooantry to ceaae
impeding Dir&b Sbftn, and to allow him to onme. U&rftb Sbte^
without any impediment, came to Mfthabet Sb&n. Bat when the
news of DArftb*8 coming to Mahabet Sb^n reached the Emperor,
the latter sent an order to MAhabet Kbin to the following effect :
"What expediency dost thoa see in sparing that villain P It beho? ee
yoo, instantly on reading this, to send the head of that miachievoiui
rebel to the Imperial presence.'* M&habet Sb&n* carrying oat the
Emperor's order, beheaded Dftrftb Sb&n, and sent the latter's head
to the Emperor. And as Mfthabet Kbftn had not sent to ihe
Emperor the elephants that he had oaptared in Bengal, and had
defaulted in payment of a large amoant of the Imperial Retenae,
the Emperor passed orders to the effect that *Arab Dast Qbaib^
should go to Mftliabet Sbftn, confiscate the elephants and send
them to the Emperor, and tell Mfthabet Sbftn, that if he g^t proper
accounts, he Mhonid submit them personally to the Emperor, and
pay up all Revenue arrears to the Imperial excheqaer. Mfthabet
Kbftn first sent the elephants to the Emperor, and sabeeqaently
after appointing his son Sbftoahzftd SbAn to be 9*^^>^^ of
Bengal, set out to meet the Emperar with four or five tlioasand

From tho MaaBir-ul-Umara (p. 885, Yol. Ill), the folkmlnK additlcMial
facts aboot If ahabet K^in arc gleaned. His rent name was Zamaiiah Beg,
bit f •ther'f name being Ohiwar Beg Knball. He wns a Basari 8«yyid.
^twar Beg came from Sbirai to Kabal, and thenoe to India, and entered
Akbar'g Mrrice, and distingniahed himself in the b:%ttle of CQliitor. Zamanah
Beg, in joath, entered Pritioe SAlim'f eerrioe af an ohadi^ and toon was
advanced to the office of BaUuhl under the Prince. In the beginning of
Jahangir'i reign, Zamanah Beg was appointed to be commander of three
thonaand, and received the title of Mahabet gjinn. He wms deputed to serve
with Prince 8b*h Jahin in the Dakhin, and in the ISth year of Jahangir's
reign, wm appointed 9ubadar of Kabul. In the I7th year, dieeensiona broke
out between Emperor Jahangir and Prince fih^h Jahin, and Mahabet Qla
was reoalled from Knbni. When 8b^h Jahin ascended the throne, he ad*
vaoced Mahabet Khin to the rank of Haft hnari, and conferred on him the
Mtle of ** ^iniKj^niin BipUilir,** and appointed him ^obadir of Ajmir, aai
next, ^abadar of tbe Dakhin. He died in 10i4 A.H.

i He appear! to have been employed by Bmperor Jahangir on similar
miwiimi with reference to other refractory princes and officers, snob as Hoshang,
son of Prince Danyal, and Abdnr Bahim K^in-i-^inin and Mahabet Khin.
(Bee p. 2i4. Iqhalnamah-i-Jahangirl Pers. text, Faso. 8, and also Jfsasir.ni-
Umara, p. 393, Vol. 3).

iMM. TbB>, ' ^bmIUmu ' gndokllj OKue (o siKniry k ' PriraU
or ■ ' l^iukfaknk '

* Tho Huthur ut the Htya% hu borroned the aooourit frotn tba Iqbalmamak.
iJahanfiri (aee pp. 266 -XfiT, Fmo. )), but in hii xttumpt to ooiidsiiM It, ba bu
ntidnred bi* ■orount ilip-ibod Mid confuaed. The author of tho IjtaliiaiBaA-
i-Jafidnfirt, aami-d Mu'Umid Khan, «•■ JnhKnKir'i Bakhaliiat tho tima, ud
wu an ayawilnM* ut obat oocurred. Frum the acoonot that bo gifM, it
apptwra tbit the Kmparor waa rctarDJnK at the time tu Hindiiat«a from
Kabul, tbnt be had hii oamp pitched on the bmka □( the rirer Bihat (or
Jhelam), th' t he waa alone there with (ume courtiera. lach a« 'Arab Daat
ghaib, Mir U»naur Radabbahi. Jawaher K^in the EunHoh, Finn QId,
Kbidmat Kh*n the Kunuch. Haland Khln, Khmlmat fant Kbtn, Faaih Qan,
Rnd tbrM or foar uthiTi, that all tho reat u( the Imperial offioera and attea-
dkoU iiioluding Aaif K^in the Prime Hiniiter, bad left and oroaaed OTOr |a
tbe aaaleru baiilii of thu nvor. Seiiiog, tberetore, thia oppurtunitjp, Ulhab*

205

In Khori as the ImperiHl army had ftone towai-ds Tliaiah, Mahabet
Kbiiii was ordered to join ii there. In the meantime, Prinoe Partis
die<i. As S^aiif Kb&n' had entrenched himself in the fori of
Thaiah, gl|&h Jftliin's army marched bick to the Dakhin. MAhabet
Sb&n after reaching Thatah sent letters to Sb&h J§h4n, avowing
his loyalty, and Sl}fth Jfthftn being ooncilifited, Mfthabet Sbfo
entered the former's service. In consequence, the 9&bah of Bengal
was transferred fr<»m fi]y&nahzftd Sb&n, son of Mihabet SbftOt ^O
Mnkkaram Kl)An,* son of Hoassam SbAn, and the Province of

B|iB, leaTing ■ome Rajpat troops to guard the bridge, marched ap to the
Imperiel tent with a liirge namber of Biijpat oaTiUrj. At the time, the
Xmperor was repoeing in the QmaUlin&. Mihabet JQfin fearleeelj broke
open the door, and entered it with aboat 600 Rajput eaTsfarj, and paid
obeitanoe to the Emperor. The Braperor ooming out of the tent, sealed
himeelf on the Imperial Palanqain, which had lain in front of the tent*
Mihabet Khin came qnite close to the palnnqoin, and addressed the Xmperor
as follows ! *' Fearing that throagh the TindictiTeness and maUoe of Asif
Khin. I shoold be disgraced, tortured and killed, I hare dared to take tl'is
daring step of peraonHllj throwing mjself on the Imperial protection. Sire*
if I deserve to be killed and punished, kill and punish me in jonr Imperial
presence" (p. S66, Faso. 3, Iqhalnamah), In the meantime, Mihabet Qin's
Bnjpot caralry surrounded the Imperial tent from all sides. Then Mihabet
Mfin told the Emperor thiit that was the osoal time for the Emperor to go
out hunting, and nsked the Emperor to mount a horse. The Emperor mount*
ed a horse, end went out some distance and then lesTioff the horse monnted
an elephant. Mihabet Khin in hunting dress accompanied the Emperor and
led the latter to his own camp. Finding that Nnr Jahaa Begam had been
left behind, he led back the Emperor to the Imperial tent, but in the mean-
time Nur Jahan had gone across the rirer and had Joined her brother, Asif
Qin and was bnsj concerting measores to rescue the Emperor. After some
dajTS, by adoption of an ingenious and a bold stratagem — when the efforts of
all the Imperial ofBoers had failed— Kur Jahan succeeded in reacuing her
RoTal Consort, and in banishing Mihabet ^in. who was sent in disgrace
to ThaUh (See p. 276, Fasc. 8, IqhalnanuJt iJakfngiri) Mahabet Khan
snbeequentlj joined 8]|ih Jahin in the Dakhin.

1 In the Iqhalnamah, " Qharifn-l-Mulk" it app«>ars that Prince fibih
Jahin had gone from the l^akhin to iuTade the prorinoe of Thatah. Then
Qbnrifu-IMulk, on behalf of Prince Qh^Hjir, held the Fort of Thatoh with
4,(00 caralrj and 10,Oi0 infantrj. On hearing the news, the Emperor
Jahangir sent an Imperial armj to repel gh*b Jahin's inTssion, and Mihabet
Khin was sent on the same errand. gb"h Jahin was obliged to raise the
siege, and to march back to the Dakhin vid Gujrat (See Iqhalnmwuik and also
MaoBir.nl'Umara, Pers. teit, Fasc. 8, pp. 281-28i).

i Mukkaram Khin was a son of Qksikll Bajrasid Mnssam U&n, grand-

OorarDOC erf Kuofa HbJo. Later, h« ww appoiatad florerniv of OriHa, and
conqnered Kburdah iBuutb Oriaia) and ■Diiaicd it to th» Delbi Empire. In

the (iilMntli ;ou-, he anno to court, and •mi made Sab-du ol Uelhl. Id
the £lit your, ho »»• tent to Uengal » Gutenior in the place o( Kbiuhiid
}Chtn. Kiheb«t |Chiti'*«oD. (Bee pp. 286, iBT, 191, Fiio. 3, VuJ-aiMfi-t-
Judunyjn, and ilau U.wirul-Umaru). A g»\o Dpaet hia boat, and he was
drowued iu Ihu rivur witli nil hia companion*.

I Boe II unit.

Tlieeulhur of the lijbuloamah.i-Jahanglri mentiona that Ulna RnaUn
Satavi waa appointi-d bj Jahangir ^ubadur of VIlafcl-i-Behar and Patua, in
tbe21at jroar of the Emperur'a ivigu. (^ee p. 28U, Faaa. 3, Pora. tell,
iQbal<Mnuh.<.Ju*antfiri, and alio i/utuir-ul-I/maru).

• Later on in ihu loit, he ia deicribod aa a Saint, in wlmm Piinc* 6b*>>
Sbu)i hod Krvat [aitb.

207

NB^AMAT OF NAWAB MUKKARAM SEAN.

In tlie 2l8t year of tlie Emperor'^ Accession, corresponding io
1030 A.H., Makkaram Bl*n was appointed to the Nejimat of the
9&lYah of Bengal, lilsny months had not elapsed, when by chance,
an Imperial firman came to his address. The Sb&n in order to
receive it, advanced.* As the time for afternoon prayer had arri vedt
lie ordered his servants to moor his boat towards the bank, so that
he might turn to basiness, after finishing pmyer. The boatmen
attempted to take the bsrge towards the bank. At this time, a
strong wind blew, snd sent the boat adrift. A severe gale conplrd
with a storm-wave, caused the boat to sink. Makkaram ^&n
with his companions and associates !Rras drowned, and not a single
man escaped.*

NEJAMAT OP NAWAB FIDlI KHAN.»

When news of Mnkkram Sb^n being drowned reached
the Empei-or in the 22ud year of the Emperor's accession

t This incident illnitratet the tolamn pertonalitj of the ' Great Mngfanl '
in ihoee daje, nnd the oeremoniAl homage paid him bj hie offioere. The
praoiioe of advancing seTeral milee to receive imperial orders and firmanB,
eilsted thronghoat the If af)|Ml regime,

S Bee similar aooonnt in Iqhalnamah-i-Jahangiri, Faso. 8, Pars, text,
p 287.

• '* Fidai Khin *' nnd " Jin Nistr Qin " or " Junbit Kbin ** were his

titles, his name being Mirsa Hediiitall«h. He should not be confounded with

M'lr Zarif who also reoeiTed the tiUe of " Fidsi ^^In." When Mir Zarif

received this title of Fidai K^in, Mirsa Uedaitallah who held the same title

from before, reoeired the new title of *' Jin Nisir ^in *' from 61i«h Jah&n the

Kmperor. In the beginning, in the reign of Bmperor Jahangir, Mirta Hedait-

nllnh was " Hir Bdhr-uNawarah ** or Admiral of the Imperil Fleet, and being

p itro«iised by Mihabet Khin. he advanced rnpidlj in influence. In the quarrel

between Mihabet ^In and Kmperor Jahanynr, he took sides with his

P'«tron, Mihabet Qin, and subsequently fled to Rohtns. On return in the 22nd

year of Jalianeir's roign, he was appointed Viceroy of Bengal, in sucoeesifm to

llukkar<«m Khin, who lird been drowned, the arrangement entered into being

that ho should ymirly remit from Benfa], in the shape of presents, Ave Uet for the

Km]icror and flvo lacM of rnpers for the Emprosn Nnr Jahan (no doubt, over and

above the annnnl Imperial revenues). In SJjih Jnhin*s reign, hewas reoiilled

from Bengal and received Jaunpur in tiyul (or jogir) and subsequently wasap*

pointed Fitujdnr of Qorakpur. He then helped Abdullah Kb^*^ (Governor of

miahriiiaa i" nurUs b; tba Tl} kt Agn). In th« Wh jmi of JaUngir'a mIkb.
be WM uppoiiiled to tlie Uanikb ot Sh'"^ Itatari, iind lutMeqaoDtlr nitod to k
ha/1 hatori, uDd WH* alio ■ppointod Ijulwdnr of the PanJKLi, nnd Fakit or Prima
UiMiaier. In IU3T A II. nbon Jahanipr on retam from Kxiliinir died on th«
w»y nwr Hjijor, Nur J«hin (who eiihiuied Ilio came of tVinca Qljnliriyar)
wimtoJ to itii)>ti*oa A^if Kbia {ohu »|H>u*ed f rinoe tihih Jnhin'i cum),
but A|il Kljin cuuld not be uitod or brought back. AfH UiId Mnt a awin
runner, n.Du^d Benanii. a Uindu, to Bhib J-blo who w..i then in Qujr-i.
gbili J-biti <|uit:klT m'lrcbtd out to Agru, wheie ha w.t iiut*lled ■■
Eni|ierbr, whilat iiliahiijir and other [jcincea were auon impriaonad aud
m-de awaT with <)<i bia aoceaiiou, HhiU J-bin gave Atif ^>n tha
title ot "Euaund duubib, " and in..de him a " N«h hatati.' Ha
died at Lobore in lUGl A.U. " u/^ hA«f 4,^9-M f*j ,'■ ia a obroooijraB
nhicb yicl.l. ibe nbove data. (See Uiatxi-ul-Umura. ).. 151. Vol 1).

209

NEZAMAT OF NAWAB QASIM KHANJ

When QftRim Sbin snoceeded to the Nezftmni of Betif^^l, like |
Ilia predecessors in oflBce, he devoted himself to the affairs of

1 U it itrange that the Biydn ihonlcl gire saoh a mesgre soooant of
the Admin iitraiion of Nawab Qitim Sb'°» ^he fir»t Bengal Vioeroj appointed
bj Kmperor gb^h Jahln. Yet this Adminittration it peoaliarly interetting
and tigniflcNnt from the modern tiand -point, at the chronicle of thit adminit-
traiion eontnint. for the flrtt time, a reference to n conflict (no donbt, then nn-
important) between the Chriatiiin Eoropean merohantt in Bengul and the
MoMilman Yiceroyt of Bengul. To topplem^nt the acoonnt of thit Mntalman
Yioeroy with tome additional fnott glenned from the Mantir-ul- Umara, wonid
therefore be interetting.

Qitim Khin wat a ton of Mir Mamd of Joain (in the Yilnjet of BNihaq).
II tr Morad wtt a leading Sajjid of that place, whence he migrated into the
Dakhin. He wat brare and a capital archer, and wat engaged bj Bmperor
Akbar to train op Prince Khnrram. He wat tabteqnently appointed Bakf^t
of Lahore, in the 46th year of Akbar't reign. Hit ton, " Qitim Khin " (thit
wat CTidently hit title, hit aotnal name it not given in the MaoMtr) wat a
man of caltnre and literary habitt. Under Itlim Qln Ohithti Fariiqi
(Jahanglr't Bengal Yioeroy), Qitim S|in terred at KKa%an^% or Treatorer-
General of Bengal. Itlim |^in took particular interett in training him up.
Some timet fter, Qitim Khin wat lucky in getting married to Manijah Begam,'
titter of the Emprett Nor Jahin. Thit matrimonial alliance wat a turning
point in Qitim Qin't fortune ; he wat toon advanced in rank and dignity.
The witty coartiert of the time called him ** Qitim Qin Manijah.** He toon
became an attooiate of the Kmperor Jahangir. Towardt the end of Jahanglr*t
reign, he wat appointed ^^badar (or Yiceroy) of Agra. In the ftrtt year of
8bi^h Jahin't reign, the Emperor (Qb^h Jahin) raited him to the Man«ab of
Panjhtuari, and appointed him ^abadar (Yiceroy) of Bengal, in phuse of
Fidai K^in. Daring hit ttay in Bengal (daring Jahangir't reign), Qbih
Jahin had become pertonally apprited of the excettet practiced by the
ChritUant (Portngnete, obrioatly) retident in the Port of Hnghli. For in-
ttance, Sh^h Jahin had come to know that thete often took nnanthorited Icatet
of adjoining parganna», op p ret t ed the tenantry of thote pargannat, and tome-
timet by tempting often, oonTerted them to Ohrittianity, and even tent them
to Farang (or Earope). Farther thete Chrittiant (Portngaete, obTiootly)
carried on timilar malpraoUcet eren in pargannaa, with which they had no
connection. Farther, thete Chrittiant, ander the pretext of carrying on
trading trantaotiont, had in the beginning ettablithed tome ware-hontee
which they had gradually and clandettinely, by bribing local offieert, converted
into large fortifled baildingt. In conteqnence, the bnik of the trade which had
foand itt way, hitherto, to the old Imperial emporivm at Bitgaon, wtt
diverted to the new port of Hnghli* In consideration of tlM above eireom-
•tancet, the Emperor 8b*h Jahin, whilst tending Qitim Qin to Bengal
27

211

daiies of a OoTernor, ihe work of adminiBiration fell inio oonfn-
■ioD. The Assamese, making an incnrsioD, invaded and ravaged
many of the f>argannahs within the Imperial domains, and along
with mach riches and effects captured and carried away 'Abdns
8alam,i ^ho had gone on an expedition to Ganhall with 1,000
Oavalry and numeroos infantry. When this news reached the
Emperor, the latter superseded *A|am Sb&n, and appointed Islim
SbiOf who had much experience in the work of administration
and was one of the principal *Omard of Jahanglr, to the office of
^Qbadir of Bengal.

RULE OF NAWAB ISLAM KBIN.

When Nawab IslAm QMln was appointed $ubadir of Bengal,

as he was an experienced and a sagacious ruler, on his arrival in

did not mtittj ihe Kmperor, who WDi him to Bengiil m Viceroy, in raooenioii
to Qisim Qin, who died in the 6th jreer of ffl|ih Jahin't reign. He oontlnn-
ed in Bengal m Yioeroj for three yesn onlj, nnd in the 8th year wm trtns*
ferred to AlUhabed, and tnbeeqnently to G^imt, and Uetlj to Jannpnr, where
he WM Rector of the Jannpnr UniToreitj, and died in 1060 A.H., in hie 76th
year, and wae bnried in a garden which he had laid ont on the banks of the
Jannpor rirer. Hie daughter was married to Prince Bhll> fibn]a (after
the latter had loet hie first wife, a danghter of Mtna Rnstum 9efaTi). Be
possessed many good qualities, and was rery strict in auditing the accoonts
of 'Amils (Collectors of Rerenne). (See Maanr^-Ummra^ p. 174, Yd. I)b

i This 'Abdos Saliim wonld seem to be the Abdns Salnm (son of Moaoam
Khin, ^ttbadar of Delhi) who opportanely reinforced Qinjaii Kbin at the
deoisiTe battle ne«r Dhaka (Daooa) with the Afghan leader Osmaa Lohaat.
He wonld seem, therefore, to have been a brother of Mnkkaram Qin (an«
other son of Moafiam Qin) who was Goremor of Bengal and who was con*
qoeror of Knob Hajo (or Knch Behar) and Khnrdah. 'Abdns Salam at the
time wonld seem to hare been Goremor of Knch Hajo in succession to his
brother Mokkaram Qin, and to have iuTaded Assam. (See n. eiil«).
The AUmgimanuik (p. 680. Faso. VII, Pers. test) culls him **8b«itt
Abdns Salam,*' and states that towards the early piirt of fib^h Jahin's reign,
he was * Faujdar * of ' Hnjo' (that is. Knob Hajo, or weetam peri of Kuch
Behar), and that at Gaahati he together with mnny others was captured by
the Assamese, and that, to chastise the Assamese, an etpedition to Assam
was shortly nfter (daring the Vioeroyalty of Islim Khin II mlioM Mir Abdns
Salam) sent out under command of Siadat Qin (Islim Khin's brother), but
that the expedition reached only Kajal (which is on the fromtier d Assam),
end did not reenlt in any dedsiTO issue, ss Islim Bk^n was shortly after
recalled by the Bmprror to assume the olBce of Imperial Ftsisr al Delhi.

213

effect thai the Nizaraatof Bengal was assigned to Prince Maham-
mad Sb^ j'<K &nd that nntil the latter's arriyal, he should, as Prince'e
Deputy, carry on the work of Bengal administration. As Islftm
SbSOf in the very midst of fighting, had to march back to the
Imperial presence, the work of Assam conquest was left incompletCt
and his departure was a signal for fresh disturbances amongst
the Assamese. This happened towards the end of the 11th year
of Sbfth J ah &n'N reign.

RULE OF PRINCE MUHAMMAD SflUJ'A.

In the 12th year of Sh^^ J^hftn's reign. Prince Mohammad
Sboj*A ' arrived in Bengal, and made Akbamagar or Rajmahal the

Gajrat, and alio reoeived the title of " Saif B|iii." He wai nabseqaently
appoltited bj Bmperor fihih Jahin to be GoTemor of Behar (where at Patna
be bnilt ■ereral lofty pablic edifloee). [9afiabid town, near Jamalpir in
MonghTT, I gnew, was boilt by him, and is named eo after him. There is
still a place in it called " 9afi Sarai ** or " Baft*! inn." If mj memorj eerres
me aright, I found a big well in Monghyr town ne^r the Olob, which bears
tin inieription to ihow that it waa bnilt bj 8aif E]|in]. In the 6th year of
8h^h Jahin*! reign, he became Governor of Allahabad ; in the Sth year, be
WHS eelecied at Qofernor of Gnjrat, and next appointed Commandant of
Agra. In the ISth year, when Itl&m S|in Ma|bAdi waa aammoned back
from Bengal to Delhi, to aainme charge of the portfolio of Imperial Fafamt,
Bengal waa aaaigned to Prince fihth 8h<i]'<^ Aa the Prince was at the time
away at Kabil, Salf Khin received orders to adminiater Bengal on behalf of
the Prince, daring hia abaence. In the ISth year of 8hih Jahin*a reign (in
1049 A.H.) Baif SbAn MIna 9an died in Bengal, and hia wife Malihah Blai
died the following year. (See Jfaottr-al-irNMina, p. 416, Vol II).

I Prince 8h*^h Qhoi'* ^^<m the aecond aon of Bmperor ^Ih Jahin, whose
other aona were (1) Diri fibekoh, (S) Aaraogieb, and (t) Mnrid. Qhlh fihoj'a
waa married to a dnoghter of Miraa Rnatam 9afiTi, and anbeeqnently (on the
death of hia firat wife) to a daughter of Nawab 'Aaam Qin (a former Bengal
Viceroy), gh^h QhoJ'e, on appointment to Bengal, temporarily remored the
Viceregal Capital from Dacca to Rajmahal. He twice mied orer Bengal,
that ia, onoe for eight yeara, and again (after a break of two yeare) for
another eight yeara. 6h*h fihnj'a'a mla over Bengal waa marked by the Intro-
doction of financial reforma and by the growth of revenne. " Abont 1668
A.O. he prepared a new rent-roll of Bengal, which ahowed 84 Sarkare and
1,360 mahnla, and a total revenne on KhaUa and Jagir landa of Ba. 18,116,907
exolnaiTe of ahwah^,** (See Blochmann'a Oontr. to hiotory of Bengal aad the
Padihfihnamak). 8h&h Bhnj'a waa a lover of arobiteetare, and he bnilt
nnmemna marble ediAoea in Rajmahal, Ifoaghyr and Dacca* .He alee-

Mlpi, bawai noallwl Inun Ektiiinir. [n tha ISth /mt, ha ma appotDUd
QoTarnor ol Behu, and wbilat Ihere, ia tbo 17th yei, ba orgaoiaad and
daapatobad an eipedition to Palann (PaUmow) under Zabrdaat KljiB. and
de(eat«d ita tamiadar or Bajah, namsd Partab, who aabmittad to tha
ICmpaior, and agreed to paj an hddiuI UibuLa of ona iac of rupoaa. In tba
aothfaar of Sbib J-Uiu'i raign, whan Princa g^ib ghuj'a waa ncallad
fniai Bangal, 'lUqU |t^>n in additioD to hii OoTarnnnhip at Bahar waa
appuictad Vioaroj of UeDgnJ, whera ha ountiiiuad for two yaan. In tba tSrd
year at Sbih Jabia'i raign (1000 A.ii.) 'luqid K^in died at Agra. Hs waa
■ man of great reBnemanl and culture, and bi* aaathatio tiiataa led him to
be ooa at tlie foandara of a new aod elegant aty la of arohitactura. Ha bull
a aplandid palaoa on a new and improied daaign at Agra.

la Alavt^mamah Ip 111) 'Itaqid Kbln ia meolioned at a aon of BBioB-
d-doalab A»il |Cll»i. (8«e Muoiir-al- U-ara, Vul. 1, Paac. !. P.ra. Utl, p. IBO).

215

j9mn. In ihe 22nd yeiir of Qbah Jnhin's reign, he was enperaeded,
and Prince Mahammad Qbn j'i^ was for ihe seoond time re-appointed
to the Ni^amat of Bengal.

AV ACCOUNT OF THB RULE OF QBAH I3BUJ*A, FOB THB
8BC0ND TIMB, AMD THE BND OF HIS CAREER.

When, for the seoond time, Prinoe Mnhammad Qboj'i^ arriTed
in Bengal, for eight years more he carried on vigoronslj the work
of administration, and conqnering' other tracts added lanrels to
himself. In the 30th jear of the Bmperor*s accession, corres-
ponding to 1067 A.H., Emperor ^A Jnhin fell ill. As
ihe period of illness become protracted,' and the Members of

1 ImiHiRir Shih Jahin fell ill nt Delhi on Tth Zfl-hnJ 1067 A.H. (AUm-
fimamahf p. S7). At the time of the Bmperor'e illneee. Prince Daim flh^l^oh,
the eldeet eon, wee At A|pre. Prinoe ShuJ'*^ ^* Neeond eon, wee in Beofml i
Anrengieh, the third eon, wne in the Diikhin ; whilet Prinoe Marmd, the fourth
•on, wee in Oajmt. Owing to illneee, Slijkh Jnhin wne inrisible to the poblio
M well M to hie minietere end oAoen, end greet oonfneion in Stale effeire
ocenrred, and Dere Sb^l^l^ went to the Smperor, and took intu hie hands
thereine of Qoremment. In order to make himeelf thoronghly meeter of the
•itnation, D«ra Qiekoh aimed to keep the Cmp^ror fnlly nnder hie control,
and eo foreihij remored the Imperor together with all royal traee o ree from
Delhi on XHh Maharmm, 1068 A.H. (1066 in the printed Pers. teit It a mie-
print) to Agra, whioh wee reached on 19th 9*fmr, 1068 A.H. In the mean*
time, Mnrnd proclaimed himself King in Oojmt, whilet ffiinj'a eimilarlj
proclaimed himeelf King in Bengal, and invaded Pataa and Benares
{Almtmgimamah, p. SO).

Dara fihekoh'e plan wee flret to Tanqnieh Q^lh 8bid'(^ veit Mnmd, and

to reeefffe the final hlow for Anrangeeb, whom he dreaded meet. In

pnrenanoe of thie echeme, he firet detached a large armj nnder the commend

of hie eon Snlaiman fihekoh together with Rajah Jai Singh to operate agaiaet

Sh&h Qinj'a. The armj nnder Snlaiman Qbekoh on the 4th Rahi-al-Awwal

1068 A.H. reached Bahadorpnr, a Tillage on the banke of the Oangee, t| ftoe

from Benaree, and 1| ho€ from Q|ih Qbo] 'a't encampment, fibih Qii^'a had

brought with him a large number of Nawarmh or war-ehipe from Bengal, and

eo wae eangnine of enooeee, and treating the foe with contempt, he bed die-

peneed with ell ordinary precaationi of war. Solalman fib^hoh made a feint

retreat which farther took in 8b*l> 8bo]'a* and then enddenlj wheeling roand,

made a bold daeh which completel j snrprieed Qi^h 8h<0'*« ^l>o Icaring behind

hie tente, treaenree, gone and horeee, haeUI j got into a boet, and eailed down

to Pataa, thence to Monghjr, where he halted for eome deye. Snlaiman

Qb^hoh't armj porened fihnj'a to Ifonghjrr i and, then the latter quitting

okptnradMdbalirMtod. Shnrtlj aftAr bia iDiUllatlon, Amngnb draw kla
force KgiUDit fi)|ih Qhuj'* wbo bad adTuioed, knd ooonpisd RohUv Chonar,
Jannpur, Beriaru* mid AlUhubul. Thu l«ltle bslHean Aurengieb and gliDJ'K
wu ruught ol KmoIiob, n place oltMu to Komh, mxl reiuluJ in gbi]'''' defeui.
(Sm d««cdptiuii of li.e bxltla in llio iilamvirnarnuh, fun leit, |> 143) Alur
biii<ero.>(, giiuj'a flml lo lUbailarpur, tlience to l'.it..B, tliei.ov lo UoDRhjr
whioh lie roriiRed, and il.ouue (u>ing to lliu Ireauliory of lUjah Bahnia,
taiiiiDdur ut Klinn>k|iu[) to RaiiKamati, and llieno* (uwiiiK Ui tronoberf uf
Kbwaj.l. K-...ala J J.n. «mi.id« of L.rlilium) to lUjuiaUI. cheiioe thruugh

aliraji heroically lonleiiing e*erir inch <i( ground a^jainat the Loeta ot
Auraugieb. led l>y hiiUeiieral Hnuiam Kh«a atiut Uir JuinU. but ererj
time LalHud by dm tra>Li:herj of ao-i:alled •dberenti, biiriiiig a noble band of
Uarha ttyedj whu cluu^ to hiui to the lait, (See p|>. -US to &<il, dlomiriniaiuk,

217

Prinoas Royal, do one ezoept Dara gbekoh waa near the Bmperor,
the reins of Imperial administration were assigned to him. Dara
Sbekoh, Tiewing himself to he the Grown-Prinoe, f ally grasped
the threads of Imperial administration. Owing to this, Prinoe
Marad Baktb in Onjrat had the JQ^uthah read after his own name,
whilst in Ben^^al, Mnhammad 61}uj'<^ proclaimed himself King, and
marshalling his forces, marched towards Patna and Behar, and
advancing thence, reached the environs of Benares. On hearinic
this news. Dura Shekoh. dnrinfr the serious illness of the Emperor,
marched with the hitter from Sb&hjahanahad i Delhi), to Akbara*
bad (Agra), on the 20th Mnharram, 1068, A.H oorreMponding to
the 31st year of the Bmperor's accession, and on the 19th ^far,
reached Akharabad (Agra). From this place, D>ini Shekfih
detached Raja Jai Singh KaQJ^oah, wlio was a leading Rajah and
a principal member of the Empire, together with other leading
noblemen, snoh as Diler Sb^n, ^alabat Sb&n and Istid Singh* and
other officers holding the rankn of PanjkoBarl and CkahtirhoMfiri^
besides a large army compofied of his own and the Imperial
troops, along with gnnn and armamentu, nnder the geneml com-
mand of Sulaiman Sh^'l^oht his eldest son, in order to fight against
Mahararoad Shnj'a. Accordingly, these marched from Agm on the
4th of the month of Rabiul- Aw wal of the aforesaid yetir, and set
cot on the aforesaid expedition. And after marching several
stages, and passing through the city of Benares, these encamped at
the village of Bahadurpnr (which is sitnated on the bai^ of the
(Ganges at a distance of two and a half kroh from the city of
Benares) to a distance of one and a half kroh from Mnhammad
Sbuj'a's army. Both the armies exhibited military stategy and
tactics, and sought for an opportunity to surprise the other. In
consequence neither side made a sally. On the 21st Jamadinl-
Awwal, the Imperialists made a feint as if to nhift their camp, bnt
suddenly wheeled round, and rushed 8l2"j'<^'8 army, which was
completely taken by surprise. On hearing the news of the feint
retreat of the Imperialists on the previous dsy, 81)nj'a hsd
neglected his war-preparations, and was fast asleep. Being thus
taken by surprise, he woke up from his sinmlier, and mounting a
female elephant, he moved about restlessly. Hut the iranie was
already up, especially as Raja Jni Singh making a dashing flank
movement from the left side, dosed in upon him. Seeing no alter*
native, Qb&h Qbuj'a got into his war-vessels which he had bnmght
28

1 Aanngsrii botmI from the Dakhin in 1068 A.H., Infllotod ft oraahtaf
defut no Dan Sbekol>'i troop" ■«<! ^J UBhanja Jxirsnt Singh >t UJJkIb, ud
»l*o tlafaated Dara Sb"k">> Dea' Agrn, au<l llian ioformallf proolainied himialf
Kuiporor ID IWS AH (Sae JJa.n^imamah. pp. 69 lo SC, and pp. tl7 U> 108).

> Uaiagljakoh, arter liiidcfut b7 AuranKieb naai Agca, Bad to Dalhl,
and theoce Ui Laliors, and attar Tariuoa ad*an»rei in tha Paujab, Oojiat
and Kabul waa oipturad bj Jiwan, taDiindiir o( Dadar, and mada orar to
AuniiKiab nUo o>iui«il liiin tu ba impriaoaed and lubaMjasiitlj alaio, and bia
hoAj bnciwl in tbo mauauluiim uf llumaruii at Delbi. (9aa Atamtinamai,,
pp. i33 and -mU) Tliuiti wbo Lake au intoistt in Dara gbskah'i adrentarM
afuir bia fligtit, will Hnd a (ill acouunt ot tlie aams in tha Alamg\r»tmmK,
Dara gjuakob waa a Iras lliiiikar and a pro llinda, and it ha had inooMdMl !•'
Ilia tbrooa, he would bare oat. Akbarsd Akbar in bia pro-Hinda polios.'
Aariuif[ieb waa the revaraa of Ua^a gljekoh ; ha waa a ohampioD of laliDi,BBd
an iooDOolait like Uabmnd ot Ohaiai or Shthabu-ddin Qhoti. ' ■

219

refhrbishing hit sword, laid claim as his heritage to the suzerainty
of Bengal, and with a large and formidable army marched towards
the Capital of Hindustan. As before Sl^nj'a's arrival, the struggle
in Hindustan between Aurangseb and Dara gl^ekoh had terminated,
and Aurangseb had already mounted the Imperial throniB, on hear-
ing this news'of Sb^j'^'s march, Auranj^seb with his entire army
of Hindnstan swiftly marched, and at Kachwah the two armies
enoountored each other, and a battle was fonght. -

The armies were arrayed on both sides,
They stood forth like mountains on a plain:
When the armies from both sides approached each other.
From the dark dost that arose, the universe turned dark.
When from both sides they struck up drums of war.
The lion-like heroes spread their claws to smite.
' Tamult arose from drums, ' •
"' The ear of the world was deafened. •
From guns and muskets, rockets and arrows.
Security in the world fled to a comer.
From the smoke of gun-wagons that mingled with the

atmosphere.
The sky became hidden from the world's view.
The spear warmed in slaughtering,

And whispered messages of destruction into the ear of Life. -
The lightning of the sword kindled fire so much, ;

That it burnt the harvest of existence.
The fire of warfare biased np so keenly.
That it scorched the heart of Mars aloft on the sky.

After much exertions and fightings, Aurangseb*s army * was
defeated. Aurangseb, however, with a number of noblemen and
some ganners, stood his ground on the battle-field. Alivardi Sb&o,
the generalissimo of g^Ah Sh^j's's force, attempted to. capture
Auratig^b and checkmate him. As God has bestowed greater
wisdom on Sovereigns than on the mass of mankind, and as in
military affairs, Sovereigns are endowed with a more accurate per-
ception of the situation, that wise sovereign ( Anraiigseb) obserring
the adage that " war is fi*aud," deceived the aforesaid Sbin by
holding oat to him the chance of being appointed Prime Minister,
and said that if the latter could induce Muhammad gliuj'a to

nna»r tno oomnMna oi cmitftn MDimniinMi, lo |iiinne 3])kD anaj'ft,
AontDgtob himwif ti-iamphant ftnd victoiions miirched back to-
war^N tlio GupiUl (Delhi).

VICKROYAI.TY OF NAWAB MU'AZZAM QJiN,
ttHAN-I-KHANAN.

Whoii NHnub Mu'HMAm Sbi^ii "m appohitml l^ulwdar of
ne-gfti, l«' mat'cliHtl tow>uds Itengnl with a Uige arm;. As
tl>e paosoa of TelUf^adlii and SakrigHli ).ad been forti6ed by ^ih
gljiij'a, vi<!wii>g ibu furuiii),' of thoM d«61i-a la bo a difiiualt opera-
tioii, wiib tivi'lro tliuuHAod nuldiura be swiftly marcbed to Bangal

221

bj way of Jbarkand* and the tnoniiiains. When the eontending
armies approached each other, Sbft^i Sb^j*'^ finding it impracticable
to tarry at Akbarnagar (Rajmahal) caoeed 'AliTardi OftQi who
was the root of all this mischief, to be slain, himself retired to
Tandah, and erecting redonbts, fortified himself there. When the
two forces approached each other, separated by the riTcr Oange8«
one day Slyftrif Kh &n, who was a sonroe of mischief, and Fateh
Jang Sbftn, getting into boats, crossed oyer to the northern bank,
and they were similarly followed by others. From the northern
side of the bank, as soon as Sll*nf Sbtn landed, the soldiers of
8b&h 81li>j*i^ g^^^ battle. Nearly scTcnty persons who had reached
the banks were killed and slaughtered. The remaining boats retired
from the middle of the river. 8nl(&n Qb^j'* ordered the wounded
persons to be killed ; but Sb^h NeamatuUah Firuspuri expostulat-
ed. Sb&h Sybuj'a who had great faith in this Saint made OTer to
the latter Sharif Sb&n together with other wounded prisoners.
The Saint nursed them, and after their wounds had healed up
sent them back to their army. But Snl(ftn Muhammad, desiring to
desert to his uncle, came alone to meet the latter, and reoeiving
much kindness from his uncle, stayed on with him. Sul(in Sb^j'i^
gaye his daughter in marriage to him. Snl(in Muhammad, on
the side of Snltin 8ba j'i^ fought seyeral battles with the Imperial*
ists, consisting of the Sb&n-i-Sb^nan * and Diler SlM^o, ifo,

1 The AUmgimnmah indioatM thai at the Ume fihih QhaJ'a bad halted
at If onghjr, fortif jing the place. Then Rajah Bahrot. lamindar or Rajah of
Kharakpor, who profeeeed lojalty to 81l*h 6h*>j'*f Ix*^ in realitj wiit a traitor
•eoretlj intrigaed with Aorangieb*! general, Mir Jnmla alui$ Ma'aBiam Qln,
and ehowed the latter another rouU aoroee the hillt to the east of MonghTr.
In ooTering this rouUt Mir Jomla had to make a detonr of eereral mflee ; and
61|ah QhoJ'i^ finding that he was being ont-flanked, inttantlj tailed down on
hit war-?ee»e1t from Monghyr Fort to RangamatT and Rigmahal. and on the
way fortified the pattet of Teliagadhi and Sakrigali, which were then regard*
ed at the ' key ' to Bengal.

t A full acooant of hit life will be fonnd in the Maanr-Ml-Ummra, Vol. Ill,
p. 630, Pert. text.

From it, it appeart that hit nnrne wat Mir Mohammad Said Mir Jtmla«
and hit Utlet were " Mo'asiam Khin. g^in-i-Qanan Sipatalir.** He eame
from Ardattan, first terred nnder BnltAn Abdnllah Qntb 8h*l^ mlar of
Golkondah, where he attained great eminence. Falling cot with Qntb Bhih*
be Joined Prinoe Anrangaeb who wat then in the Dak bin. Hit great aerrioes
were (1) the oooqoett of Bijapnr, (2) the eztirpntion of ^kh Qhoj'a, (8) the
oofiqaettt of Koch Behar and Attaro. He wat a ttatetmaa of great tagselty

din hkd bean fron befora. ZaJnQ-d-din Iwd amog*d with tb« E«]«h «(
Arratmn to saoort Saltia ghnj'' to Arnkan. on the UtUr'i ftrriol Kt Daocn.
At tbia tima, Uanuu Khln. a umiudar ot Jaliangiroagar, proTed obatrODtiTa
toZaiaaddin'i plana, and ao ha {Uaouar) naa Gracohaaliaed itkh ths halp
□r lb« Arr%Vaneae. Btatling trom Unoca on boata, guiirdad bj tbe Arnkaoaa*,
&huj*a paaie<l UiroDRl' Dhapa (4 to) from Daoca), Siripar (13 bu north ol
Daoua), Bbalaab {whiob Ihea formed tha aoutberu limit o( tha Uu[b>)
domiiiioiia in ltau|[al|, and tbsDce to Arrakan. Oua wl>o oarea to Dote namaa
u[ old Bengal Uiona, maj prufitabl; read tliia portion of tlia AtamgiT^nmah.
* In tba Jla»>;ir>umuh <p. 676), haiioallad '- Him Naraio, umindar ot
Each Babar." It ■■ atalad tbarain tbat hitborlo he uaed to ragaWI; {Mf
tribat« to tlia Emperor, but that during tbe ohaiia *biuh aroaa owing to
Kmparor tll>al> J-lilu'i illneaa, and owing U) &b>h ahaj'a march to Pntoa.
in order to lay claim to the Imparinl throna, Uim Narain mMod ptjiag
lriliDt«, and iutaded Qhuraglmt or Bangpar and labaeqasnllr Bnmnp.

22a

he cnptared a Urge natnber of the Mosalman reeidento, male and
female, of ihafc plaoe, and witli the ohject of conqaerinflf Kamrttp,
to which Province pertained the tracts of Hajo and GUuhatiy
and which wm included in the Imperial domains, he despatched
his minister named Salt nan at h ^ with a large force. On the news
of this iiirasion, the Rajah o! Assam* shewing short-sigh tedneie*
sent also a large force by land and water towards Kammp. t
II ir Lntfallah gliirazl, who was Fanjdar of the Prorinoe of
Blammp,* seeing from both sides torrents of inTasion overtaking
him, and despsirintc of relief, and bein^ certain aboat the absenee
of Imperial anziliaries, qnickly got into a boat, and reached
Jahanglmagar or Dacca, and resoaed himself from the impending!
danger. And Sahuanath, not being able to cope with the
Assamese, acting np to the saying : ** To return is better,*' retired
to his own conntrj. The Assamese, without contest, oonquefedi
the province of Kamrnp, swept it with the broom of plunder,
carried by force to their own country all and everything^ including
the moveable and immoveable effects of the people, pulled down the
edifices, left no trace of fertility, nnd reduced the whole
province to one plnin, level ground. As Sultftn Sbuj'a was oocu-
pied with his own affairs, the infidels of As^am finding all
opportunity conqueied the environs of mausa Kadi Bari, which
is five stages from Jahanglmagar, and placing a gsrrison at thtt
village of Tabstlah near Kadibari, raised the standard of daria|^
and innurrection. Consequently, when the Sb&n-i-Sbitnan reached
Jahanglmagar, after devoting himself for some time to ad«'
ministrative business, he collected war-vessels and artillery and.
other armaments, and leaving Ihtiui^m Sb^u to protect Jahan-
glmagar (Dacca) and its environs, and appointing Rai Bhogatt
Das Sbtij^i to charge of financial and intemid affairs, in the 4th

Aooording to the Jqhalnamak'i-Jahangiri (p. 110), LsQlitni NNmin, " limindar
of Kooh Behar '* also af ed to pay homage and trihate to Emperor Jahangir.
1 In Jlamgimanuih (p. e78X " Bholaaath.*'
> His name was J! dhaj Singh. {Alamgimamahf p 678).
i 8ee Alamagimamak, a oontemporarj reoord, p. 678. LotfntUh ShtrasI,
the Faujdar of Kammp, retired on war-boats from Kumrap to Jahaagimagar
(Daoca). The Kooh also withdrew, on finding that the Assamese had in*
Taded Kamrnp. The Assamese ad?aooed np to Karibar! whieh is five numaal
from Daoon, and established a military ont-post ki Mast Salah, oloee to Karl-
bari. (See Alamgimamah, p. 679).

j^ l j — »- MBt oal ■ooaU to uoarUia whioh rout* wi» tt>* bMt, and tb«a cboa*
th* Qhormghiit root*, b; which h* paihed oo with bli forOM bj Imad, Mndliif
QUI another torca b; tliu rirer on war-TsaMl*, ths (vo furoca to git* ootst to
•auh oUiar, MntI to ooier eqoal diitaaoa each daj. (Sss JlomiriraaiiMlt,
p. 683, tot ■ (all deMrijiliuD of thiiaipeditiun ta Kucb Baharaad AMaal.
Th* WBr-*a<Hl> pM*ed through a riiar wliich juiiii Ghnrtghut with tba
Dtabmkpntrii, and tbs IinperuliiU rMOlicd Koch Heliar lowD. Th« Rajah
(Bim Naraio) Hird lo Bhutan, hit miniitar BbuUi-atb Bad to tli* Unrang, nud
thfl Imiwrikliata ■lurmed Kuoli Bchartown, and uaniad it AUmgirKaffar. Sf*d
8adii|. $adr ur Ubief Jusliooof Ueugal. ihuuted out lbs Jiaa frum tha tarraaa
□( tba HHJab'i palue ; the Rajah'4 aun Hiah.iniinlh anibraoed Ullm. a»d ■•-
randjar BaxCwbo r«oai>ad tba litla of Itf.idjar ^au) «ai latt by tba
g})»..-i-SJl<>nar> ai FaDJdar of Kucb Rubor, witb g^iii Samu (wbo waa lotm»r.
\Y ^■*> tUluj'a'a oOioer) at Diaao ut Kuoh Ualmr. {Son p. fiUl, ai.MfinuataA,

225

prbTitiees of Kaoli Beliar. and'Awam/ Afier this, on the 27ih-
Jamadiilliaiil of the aforMaid year, marching from Gaahaii, he
eniered Assam. Fightiog by water and bj land, be poshed
throngh the jungles, mountains and riTers. And whersTer.
he went he established a garrison. Storming the citadel and
palace of the Rajah of that oonntrj after much fighting,., he
gained maoh booty. After sacoessiTe .battles,^ .the hapless
Assammese, being routed, fled and escaped,; to . the .hills of
Bhutan, and the whole of Assam whs conquered. . At leogth,;
the Bajah of Assam drawing the rein of submission to the neck^
and wekring the ring of obedience on the ear, deputed a trust-',
worthy envoy to wait on the SJuSn-i-Ebanan with gifts and
presents, and agreed to pay tribute to the Emperor, and also
sent his own daughter with goods, rare silk-stuffs, elephants,
and other rarities in charge of Badli Phukan, for Emperor
Aurangzob. The aforesaid Phukan, with all tlie presents, reach-
ing the outskirts of the city of Dacca, encamped and prepared

I After oonqaering Knoh Behar, the Khin-i-Klianm (lla«a"tii BiAn),
pfo o ee d ed to the baoki of the Brmhin«patr«, with his railit»rj and naTal forces, ,
Mid pawed ihrooKh BangamatL Diler KkAn oommanded the ran, whilait
Mir Hnrtaiia waa in charge of the artillery. The KhIn«i»Khanan occupied,
Jogikhapa, and appointed Atanllah to' he Faojdar of that place, and then
ocmipjing Sipi^t, ttormed Ganhati, and appointed Mahaoimad Beg to bei
Fkojdar of GaohaU. After halting at Oaohati for aorae time, the Qiii-ix
Kk^naa marched oot, when the Ri^iaha of Darang (named HakrapanJ) and of*
Daronariah offered tribute and rabmitted. The Qin-i-B|anan then atormed
tiM fort of Jamdhara, appointed Sjed Mirsai Sahswari (together with 8jed;
Tklaraad Rajah Kifhin Singh) to be Thaoadar of Jamdhara, and appointed
Sjad Nafir-ad-din Qin (together with other Imperial offlcera) to be Thanadar .
or commandant of Kilabari, oaptared 400 Aaaameae war-reaiela with nnmerooa.
gnna and annamenU and etorea, ocoopied Sdagadha, I^khokadh, Diwalgaon,
Kajpnr, and Kargon or Qargaon, the capital of Ajumm, captnred 106 batter-
ing gnna, 100 elephants, and 8 lae$ of apecie in gold and aiWer, 676 other,
gnna, 1,000 war-Teewle, with other armameoU and stores. (Bee deacriptioa.
of OargaoB, the old Awam oapiUl, in p. 738, Alamgimamah). When the raina.
set in, the U^n-*'&*»*" encamped at Mathnrapnr, which was a high place,
aboni 8 krok disUnt from Qargaon, leaving Mir MnrUna with Rajah Amar
Singh and others in charge of Oargaon, and appointing Sjed Mnhammad as
Dlwan, and Mnhammad 'Abid to conftMwte tho effeoU of the Rajah who bad
aed to the hills of Kammp, and Meana Qin in charge of Salpani, and.
Ohaal Kfain in charge of Dewpani, and Jallal to protect the banka of the,
Dhank riTcr. . The whole of Dakhiaknl and portions of Uttarkal were snb*
dned by the Imperialiata (p. 786, AlamgimamaK). . .

ot the iDdamnltj, 4 Indlng AMamaa* noblaman ikoald ba (In* •■
hMUgM.

8. Tbftt D&raiig(ia th« UtUrkul) ud Biluli u>d DonurUh (la tb*
Dkkbinkul) ihoald be labifot lo tli« Emperor, Bnd thkt io th* Dftkhinknl, Uie
dalimiMtion line b»tirc«D Auam and tha Impenal domiuian* aboold b« tba
riTer KklADg, and in ths ClUrkul it ihoiild bo Alibwi. Eabnikt B>db, k
daagbter ot lb* Asum B*j>b, «M ghea in marriiKa to Prioca Uabkamad
Audi, bar duwar beiug ono Lak and Bi. bO,0OO. (Bae Ifouir-i-Jlaia^n,
p. 53),

1 8ee j4(iitH|fimaiiiiih, p. 612. Ha waa Vioaroj o[ Bangal from 106S la
1063. He died nokr Dacca in 30Lh Harob, 1001. Id 1661. ha had Ibraataoad
to axpel tbo Engliib murDhaul* from HuKbli.— Theae, boweTer, pradaBtlj
aabmitled and wore pardonul, on tbeir teudering an apologj ikroofh tbair
Huijhli agotit, Tri*i*B, on Ibuir agreeing to paj lU. S,UU> anaBBll;. Sum
WilMJti'a Kurly Anaalt vf Iht £i>j//l>h >n Btngal, Vul. II, p. 36.

227

VICEROY ALTT OP NAWAB AMIR-UL-UMARA

SBAISTA SSAN.

After the Sbftn-i'Sbi^nan's death, the office of ^abadar of
Bengal being conferred on Amir-nl-Umara Sbaiata Q^Qt ^^o
Intter arrived in Bengal. For aome years devoting himself to
administrative work, he administered justice and promoted the
welfare of the people. Bestowing g^nts of villages and lands on
widows of nobles and others in straitened circumstances, he
made them well-off. Spies informed the Emperor, whereon
Sb&ista £b&n ' himself went to the latter and explained the
irne state of tilings. As the alleged dissipation of the Imperial
revenne was unfoanded, he was re-invested with the Khellat
of appointment, and sent back to Bengal.* Bat as the Sbftn was

1 Bh*i*ta Khln was a son of Bmina-d-daaUh Afaf KlUti. and a brother

of Momtaa Mahal, wife of 8h»h Jahan. His name waa Ifina AbQ Talib,

and his iiilaa were ** Amir-al-Umara Qhtista Qan." In the reign of Shah-

Jahaa, he beoama a Panjhawari and Natlm of Balaghai In the Dakhin, and

snbeeqnenily Snbadar of Bohar and Patna, whan ha invaded Falaon (Palann)

and anbdaed Partab, Zamindar of Palaon (Palamn). Ha then baoame 9aha«

dar of Malwah and Oajrat and aabiaqaently Yioeroj of all tha Sabaha of the

Dakhin. He randarad good aerrioea to Anrangaab in the lattar'a flghtinga with

Dara Qkehoh and SaUuman fihakoh. On the death of Mir Jnmla, ha baoame

Yioerojr of Bengal in 1664 A.O. He ohaatiaed thoronghlj the Mag pirates who

harried the oonata of Bengal, and wreated from them (ohiellj through the exer*

.tkma of hia own eon, Boanrg Umed Q^n) the fort of Ohittagong, and named it

lalamabad (AlamgimamoK^ p. 940). He anbaeqnentlj beoame a Hafthauiri and

Yioerojr of Agra, where he died in 1105 A.H. He waa held in high eateem by

Emperor Anrangaab, who lariahed on him high priTilegea and aemi«regal

hooonra. With all hia greatneaa, Shiiata Khan waa meek and homble, oonrteoos

and afltable, Joat and liberal, brave, noble, and enlightened. He eatabliahed

moaqnea with madraaaaa, reat-honaea, bridgea, and roada thronghont India, and

hia oharitiea were wide. He waa married to a daughter of 8hAh Nawas Qan,

aon of Abdnr Rahim Khan Khinan« He forma a prominent flgnre in oonneotioo

with the early oommeroial enterpriaea of the Sngliah Saat India Oompanj.

(See Wilaon'a Early Annidi of ths Engliah in Bengal, Vol. l,pp. 46—09 and 111,

and Hnnter'a " Hiatorj of Britiah India," Vol. 2, pp. 886— S66). Nawab Qllista

Kh«n'a Vioerojaltj in Bengal forma a brilliant chapter in the Mnijl^l annals

,of Bengal, aa during it many naefnl pnblio worka, anch aa $4rai9, bridgea, and

roada were oonatmoted, and the eoooomio and agrionltnral condition of the

fieople attained an nnlqne degree of prosperity, in that a mannd of rioe aold

in the bosar for two annaa only (See Maa$ir-uAlomy%r%t pp. 167 and t66, and

Maa$ir'Ul-nmarm, Vol. 8, p. 690).

* Sbaleta Qaa was Aorangaeb'a Viceroy of Bengal for a qnarter of k

229
VIGBBOTALTT OF NAWAB IBRAHIM S&AN.t

Nawab Ibrahim Kb&n on being inyesied wiih the Sb>lbii of
the Nifftmat of the 9<^bah of Bengal, arrived. at Jahang^imagar

the If ag nod PortttgoeM piratet Mid the re-oonqaett ef OhiiUgong. I there-
fore inuislete freel j the followiiig contempormry iuKoaat from the AUmgir^
nmmak (Pert, text, p. 948) :—

Ae the Megi emerging from Arrakiui on war-Teeiele (Nftwarah) md
teking edrantege of the etraggle for eapremeoy between Annuigieb end Sh^h
QiaJ'n, harried the ooaete of Bengal, Smperor Anrangieb aent ont ordera
to hie Bengal Vioeroj, Nnwab Shi^ta Qln, to take immediate etepi for
ehaetiting the Mage. With thia object in Tiew, Nawikb 8h«hii» &» Iret
took atepa to gmud and fortify hia aoothem frontier ont-poate. He appoint*
ed an Af|k^B named Said with 600 rooketeera and mnaketeera to charge of the
Noakhali ont-poat, Mnhammad Sharif, Fanjdar of Hnghli, with 600 rooketeera,
1,000 infantry and 90 gnna to defend the ont*poat Of Bankram-Kadah,
and aet Mnhammad Beg Abakafh Mid Abol Haaian with the Imperial
war-reetela which laj at Biripar to patrol the rirer. From Biripir to
'Alamgimagar oorering a dtatanoe of twentj>one kroh, an embanked road ao
that it might not be flooded during the raina waa alao oonatmoted under the
Hawab*a order, for militarj porpoaea. The Nawab then ordered Abal Haaaan
to bring round Dilawar, lamindar of Sandip, or to pnniah him, aa the latter
aacretlj aided with the H age* Abai Haaaan attacked Bandip and fought with
Dilawar, who being hit bj an arrow fled to the Junglea. Meanwhile, the
Arrakaoeee fleet came up to Bandip to render aaaiatanoe to Dilawar. Abil
Haaaan prepared to aaaaalt the Arrakaneee fleet, which withdraw, and then
Abil Haaan, not purauing it, retired to Noakhali. Nawab Sh^iaUKh*"*
on hearing of thia, aent another fleet oonaiating of 1,600 gunnera and 400
oaTalry, commanded by Ibn-i-Huaain, Buperintendent of thf UToieara^ (Fleet),

i Ibrahim Qln waa the eldeat eon of Amir^il- Qmara 'AH Mardan A^a.
On hia father'a death, he waa made a Q^har KoMori, and anbaequently a
PamihoMari, He became ^nbadar of Kaahmir, of Labor, of Behar, aad of
Bengal in quick ao c oea ai on. Hia aona were ZabMdaat Qin (who nhaatiaed
the rebel Af^n, Rahim Qln) and Yaqfib ^in (who became 9Abadar of
Labor). He waa recalled from Bengal in 1100 A.H. (in the 41at year of
AnrangBcb'a reign), when Qhahiadah Muhammad Aaim, oZtof Atimu-|h-flk*a«
wia appointed in hia place. (Bee Maaiir'i'Alamgirif pp. 71, 168, aad 887, aad
JfoerirHiZ.iMnara, Vol. I, p. 806). The Engliah merohanta atyled him "the
moat famously jutt and good nabob '* (aee Wilaon'a BttHy iliMMiI« tf thg
MnglUk im Ben^, Vol. I, p. 184), aa he allowed them to return from Madraa
and flnally aettle at Butanuti (future Calcutta) in the flrat year of Ua
Yioeroyalty (1000), after Emperor Anrangieb had that year granted a
' general pardon ' to the Bngliah merohanta, on their making a moat humble
aubmiiaiTe petition, and on their ' promising lo pay a flue of Ra. 160,000*
(Bee Hunter's India, Tol. 8, pp. 866-866). . .

281

mi allow an ant to be oppressed. Ab ICmperdr Aorangseb wa0
engrossed id figbtitig for twelve years in tbe Dakbin witb
AbnlHasan>a{i(U Tana Sbftb, tbe Baler of tbat Proyince, iwd
witb 8Wa and Sambba* Mabrattas« rebellions laniindani of
Sattara, Ao., disturbances * broke outin seyeral parte of tbe Ettipire
owing to tbe Emperor*s protraoied' absence from bis eaJiiUl.
In tbe Sabab of Bengal, in tbe district of Bardw&n, Snbha
8in(|^b, samindar of Ghitwab* and Bardab, rerolted, wbtUt
Rabim Sbio tbe cot-nosed, wbo Was Ited^r of'tb^ Afgjbins,
joined tbe fornder witb a dontiogenl of Afghftti*. Kif^an Batn,
Btmindar of BardwAh,* wbo smarted nndet the fortner's oppressione
advanced Witb bis force to encoantef bifcn, and wai killed. And'
tbe latter*s wives Atid cbildren, together with all bis eCEeote lind

foogbt, fa which the Arrakanek^ Were defeated. The Arrhkaatae fleet then
nored op to the Kamnpholi Hver. Under orders of Bosorg Umed Qiik, Mir
Martasa oatting down the jangles, and liijing down a road, mored op by land
to near tbe Karanpholi, to reinforce the Imperial fleet« Bnanrg- Umed B|la
himself airailarlj moring np. A eeTere naval engagement took place in the
Karaaphali ciTer, in which the Mage were omthinglj defeated, and Bnsorg
Umed S^in stormed OhittAgong fort, captured the Arrakanese fl^t, and
sobdoed the whole tract of Ohittagong, and 183 Arrakaneee war-Tessels, with
gnns, armaments and elephants, were captured. iBmperor Aorangseb orde r ed
Ohittagong to be named Islamabad* and conferred gifts on Kawab 8h*i>ta
JSkl^ni and raised his son Basarg Umed Khin to the rank of Haser-o-Pa«WMD,
and FWrhad Qin to the rank of FoMir-o-PeiMadi, and oonferred on Mirr
Martasa the title of 'Majahid £bln,' and on Ibn-i-Hnsain the Utie of
MnaaflFar Qin, and raised Mannar samiodar to the rank of flas«r-o-Pcii«Mii.
This oonqnest of Ohittagong took place in the 8th year of Aarangseb*s rslgn.
Bee Alawiffimmmah^ p. 968.

1 Bee pp. 259, lU, 148, Si4, ^, 809, 286, and 8U9, JTaastr-i-iilM.
giri,

t Bee pp. 148, 211, 819, 888, 808, Maaiir-i^Alamgiri.

i The test does not narmte another distorbunoe that had preTionsly
broken ont on the Assam frontier. The Assameee had attacked the Imperial
garrison at Ganhati, and killed its Faojdnr, named Byed Firos QAn,
For the porpoee of chastising the Assamese, an Imperial expeditionary fotoe
was sent ont by Aorangseb to Assam (Moastr-i-illam^trt, p. 64).

4 Ohitwa or Ohatwah is mentioned in the Ain-i-AkbaH (see Janet's Tr. Vol.
2, p. 141) as a parganc, or mahal onder Barker Madaran. I hare failed to tnee
Bardha, which may be a misprint in the text for Balgarhi, another immhtd
nnder the same Barkar, or for Bharkondah (Tar. Bhargodha), a mahml onder
Barkar fibarifabad (see ^ta. Vol. 2, p. 189).

* Bardwan appears in the iia (Vol. 2, p. 189) as a waAoZ onder Barkar
ghirifabad.

torrent of deBtmctiou. Sabhft Singh, not ftrr«ngiD){ terma ot
pe*c«, fled to SHtgwiii, close to Uugli, and tbere, too, not fiuding

1 ThU NurolUh Khin >ppeBra to hkT« been •dbaaqaantlf promotad by
AuniBgub to the pa«l of Deputj i^nbulKr ot OriMk (Sea Maaiir-i-Alamgiri,
p. 168).

I Aim, It, U7*: " Inlbe umawa; that Hi* UaJMty (Koiperor Akbar),
tor the proaperitj ot Ilia Empire, haa kppointed a CuDHoaadur ol tha toroea
(or aaoh Proriooa, ao bj hU reotitade of ludgmaat, lo., ... he apporttooa aa-
Ten) parguiaaba to the cam of ona ol bia trait]', juit aod diaiutaieatad aer-
TaoU, oallad a Faujdar." (Saa Aini-AkhaH, Vol. 2. p. 4U).

t Apparentlj, Juaaora or Jaaai at the time forinad the head -quartan
■tation ot the llDc^al t'aujdar of the Chaklab or DitUion, iuoladiDg JeaM>ra,
Uogbli, Bardoau, aud Ueduipur dulrkta.

233

it praoiioAble to iarry, retired to Bardwiini and onder ihe lead
of Ra^im SbAn mardhed thence with his rabble towards Nadili
and Matffbidabftd, which was then called Makbgagabad. Amohgtit
the womeii and childreii of the slain Kig^atai Ban! that wart)
captiyes in the opprdesivd grip of Siibbft Singh, the former's dangbte^
was adorned with thd orhaments of beaaty and elegance and of
chastity and modesty. That wretoh of a villain (SabhA Singh)
plottod to stain the hem of the maiden's chastity with the filth
of defilement. As f4to wonld have it, that dog of a night wanted to
pounce on that maiden,* and through seduction of Sntan, it stretoh^
out its hand towai^ds her. That lion-like maiden with the swiftness
of the wink of blood-shedding eyes, by means of a sharp knife
which she secretod with hei^elf for such an occasion, cut him up
from below the navel to the belly, and with tlid same sharp knife
cat asandei* the thread of her own life^ When this world-con*
suming fire was extinguished, anothei* arose in the person of
that villain's brothei*i by thd nams of Himat Singh. Th<»
lattor also resolv^ to set the world on fire, and attempted to
plunder and pillage the Imperial domain^. And Ral^im Kbin,
owing to the strength of his rabble and clan, styled himself
Ra^im Sb&b* Placing crookedly on tli^ head of pride the dap
of vanity, and collecting a large number of low and ignorant
biidmaihei, he redoubled the flame of insdrr^tioui* ko ihat from
Bardwan to Akbamagar (Rajmahal) on* the west of the
Ganges, half the Province of Bengal was harried by him. And
whoever amongst the Imperiid kdherenti refused to submit to hini
was punished and tortured. Amongst them, in the environs of
Murshidabad, there lived an Imperial officer, named Neamai
Kbftn, with hts family and dependants. When he refased to
join Ra^im Sb&h the lattor, thirsty for his blood, ordered his
head to be brought. Seeing the measure of his life full to the
brim, Neamat Sban prepared to drink out of the cup of martyr-
dom, and advanced to the field. Tanhar Sb&Q* his nephew, who
was as brave as his name implied, spurring on his chat^r, made a
brave onset. At length the forces of the enemy hemmed him in^
and from every side attacked him, so that he drank the syrup of
martyrdom, and his comrades, one aftor another, were levelled

I Literally, ** OhinMO door."

t This oppoHoaity wm nlilised bj ihoBngHsli for foriifjing their new
•ettloment in Caloatta— 800 Wilson'i i4fin<i(f, Vol. II, p. 147.
30

285

of the ehaklahoi of Bardwaiii Mednipar, eio., itistBiing on the
chaBtisemeiii of tho misqreaut enemy, and directing the Naiime
and Fanjdan of the ^ahalis of Oudh and Allahahad and Bohar,
that, wherever they might get trace of the enemy; they should
capture him with his women and children. It was also proclaimed
that whoe? er would desert the enemy should be granted security
of life, and whoever would join the enemy and thereby draw the
paint of infamy on the face, should have his family extirpated. , And
so it came to pass. Shortly after, the 9<^^m^^^<^ ot Bengal and
Behar was conferred on Prince 'Asimu-sh-oh^n, who was ordered
to proceed to Bengal with a number of the Imperial officers.^ The
noble SbAn, named Zabardast SbAn* on the very receipt of the
Imperial order, fitting out a fleet of war-vessels armed with
artillery, sailed up from Jahanglmsgar (Dacca) with a numerous
force, and spurred on the charger of war. Babim Qh&h, on hear-
ing news of the approach of the Imperial army of vengeance,*
swiftly marched to the banks of the Ganges, with a laige army^
consisting of infantry and cavalry. Zabardast Sbftti, mooring his
war-vessels alongside the river-bank, quickly entrenched himself
in front of the enemy's force, arrayed his troops for battle, and
placed in front of the entrenchment of those Oog-like people the
projecting parts of waggons, in the shape of Alexander's wall.
On the next day, advancing from his entrenchment, he arrayed
his troops, posting armed heroes and warriors in the right and left
wings, in the centre, in the van, and in the rear* Placing the
aitillery in front, he advanced like the wave of the sea, and struck
the kettledrum of war. When the din of call to bkttle resounded
in the ear of Uabim Sb&h, the latter became perturbed, but moved
with his intrepid Afghan soldiers to encounter the Imperialists.
From the side of the Imperialists, Zabardast Qta ordered the
artillery to be brought into action, and directed the discharge of
muskets and war-rockets. The gunners and musketeers and
rocketeers did not slacken their fire, whilst gallant combatants
charged with their swords, and worked havoc in the enemy's
ranks. .

of the ehmkUthg of Jmut, BogH, Bardwan and Mednipnr, In the plao« of
Nnmllah Khan, who wai apparently recalled for hia pntillanimUy.

I U woald appear, like NamlUh, Nawab Ibrahim K}|an was alto recalled
promptlj for exhibition of pnaillanimity. The latter waa a bookworm and a
man of peace.

girdle of devotion uid self-MoriBoo to the waist of tbeir Utm,
engaged iu kilting the insnrgentfl, and piled np a heap from the
■lain. And after two bonrs' figliting the Afghan force waa onoe
again Bhatterod. Ral^im gljaiii stoopioK to tho disgrace of flight,
fled, and iu a hapless itato took the route to Unr^liidabad.
Zabardast Kban to a distance of one Jarmtkh rode forward, beat
and chased the oiicmy, captured and nlow a large number of the
rebels, and capturing tlieir treaaurea, eSecls, armaments and boraea,

1 Thii butllo "u foaglit aeu BhkgiraDsalah— See Btewut'i Bn^ ud
WLlK)ii.^i.rwI,, Vol. I, p. 148.

t That U. ths (DD.

1 Thatii, tl.olkj.

237

triamphanil J reiarned io hia own oamp. He ihen made a gifi ot
the booty to the Boldiers, aooording to their rank, and did not
spare himself in winning their hearts. For three dajs ho halted
there, and looked after the nnrsing of the wonnded. ' For tlie por-
poee of effectoallj blockading the passages, and onting off the
enemy's supplies he despatched stringent orders to the samindars
and watchmen of passages. He sent the wonnded soldiers, together
with the more precious g^oods and spoils, to Jahftngimsgar (Daooa),
and detailed scouts in all directions for ascertaining the t^here-
abouts of those who had fled. Ra^im Sb&h, in a hapless condition
and in an anxious mood, reached Mur^liidabad, and there exerted
himself diligently to mobilise troops. Rallying round some of his
vanquished rabble, who were in a state of disorder, and also others'
who were in straits and without armour and helmets, he opened cat
his treasures and chests, and by distributing horses and arms and
by lavishing money, he quickly mobilised an army, and once again
prepared for battle. Zabardast O^Qt^ OQ ^he fourth day, striking
the kettledrum of march from the battle-field, advanced in pursuit
ot the enemy towards Mursb^dabad. In the meantime, the lukmin-
dars of the vicinity flocked in and joined the Imperialists. After
marching several stages, Zabardast Sban encamped on the east
side of the plain. Ba^imgbfth, seeing the overwhelming force of
the Imperialists, felt himself no match for them, and cowardly fled td
Bardwan. Zabardast Sbftn hotly chased him and gave him no raiit.

VIOBROTALTY OF SHiHZADlH WlLAGUHAB
MUHAMMAD 'AZIMU-SB-SBAN AND THB
FALL OF RAQIM* SSlN.
As related before, Shfthsftdih Walaguhar Muhammad
'Asimu-Qb*Sb>^>ii* son of Muhammad Muissam Bahadur Slyih,

1 ZabardMi QAn wm the eldett ton of Ibrmhim Sl|ta« M» of Ali MsHan
Kll&ii. ZabardMt Q^n roM rabteqoenily to the office of ^ttbadar of Ondh
aod Ajmir, and alto io the rank of a OKaharhaMari. Hit gn^i serrioe was
the defeat of the Af|^ii intnrgentt led bj Ra^lm Siin, during the Vloe^
rojaltj of hit father, Ibrahim B|in, in Bengal. (See Jfootir-tU* ! 7m erB,
Vol lll,P' 800, and alto Maoiir-i-Alamgiri^ pp. 897 and 407).

• " Ba^im Kl\an" it mitprinted in the Penian printed text at " Ibrahim
Bian.*'

i Pnnoe Hahammad 'Aiim aiioM Aiima-fJi-ShMn wat a ton of Aorangteb's
eldett ton, Mohammad Mnaitam Bahadur 8hah, bj the laiter't wife, who WM

1106 A.H. (in tha 41M jmt of AnnDgMb'i nlga), ha ■
Viotiojalij at Bengal, Inaladiag Enob BebM', io ■Dooaaaion to Ibnhlia S|in.
(Baa Maanr-t .ttamein, p. S87). In 11UA..H , Behar wu aaded to bii Baogal
Vioerojalt; (Maatiri-Alameiri, p. 470).

> Tba Ordar of tha Mahi wa« oue of the moat Eialtad Orden foondod
nndar tba Ha|b*l "Si'fi in India.

■ 'All Uardan Kliin AtDir-al'Dmarit rendgred ImporUat ■orrleaa to tha
Staba la tbn reign ol gljih Jabin, and roaa to tha omoea of ^iibadar of
Kanuhir and ll.a faujab and U> tba tank of a Ha/Ouuuri, In lOGO A.H., ha
baoama ^ubadar ot Kabul, and alio aabaMjuentl; receiTSd Iha titla of Amir-
nl-Omara. la I0S6 A.Il , ha inradad Balkb aad BadaUliljBD and putlallr
BDb]n|{atad Ihuae trecta. Bubaequently bo bacama again i^iibadai ot l«bora.
In 1007 All. ha died, and waa Lunad al Lahore. Ilia reclitnde of pnipoaa,
■traightforwardaeaa in oonduct, Brm iojalty, and ainoeritj OOmbinad with

289

iion of 8U0I1 ?alaable senrices, might be iiiTOsied wiib the oflSoo of
9&bahdar of Bengal, the ambitiotui Sbftbsftd&h, moviiig from ^Abali
Bebar, Bwif tlj marched to Rajmahal, and spurring his hors^ for the
ohastisement of tbe rebels advanced with his large force to Bardwan.
The Prince ignored Zabardast Sbftn's services, and failed to b^tow
on him a single word of praise or enooaragement. The afbt-eeaid
Sbftnt becoming depressed by the apathy of the 6]iahaftd&h, and
finding his g^reat labonrs wasted, resolved to proceed to the Emperor.
Oaring not for the power of the Qbftbsftdfth, he strnok the kettle-
dmm of march, and took the rauie to the Dakhin. Ba^im fibfth
who, f i-oni fear of the f ary of that lion of the forest of warfare, had
been hiding like the fox and the jackal, in tbe holes of the mons^
and the serpent, finding now an opportunity, brought back water
into the rivulet of his ambition, and triumphantly made incursions
on the frontiers of Bardwan, Hugli, and Nadia. Pillaging the in-
habitant's of that tract he desolated it, nay rendered it a den
of wild beasts and a nest of owls and crows. After the
departure of Zabardast S]>ftn the Prince, with great self-reliance,
despatched mandates and orders to Jahftngimagar (Dacca) for
conciliating and reassuring the Zamindars and Faujdari. His
Highness himself, slowly marching from Akbamagar (Rajmahal),
advanced stage by stage^ studying the convenience of his troops.
The 'Amils, Faujdars, and samindars, with appropriate contingents
drawn from their respective mahals, presented themselves before
the Prince with gifts and tributes, and accompanied the latter in his
Royal Progress. The ill-fated Raf^im Qllib, fancying the news of
the approach of the Prince to be a fiction, like his own fate, was
sleeping the sleep of negligence. When, however^ the news of
tbe approach of the Royal Army reached the ear of that wretch,
he hurriedly and anxiously concentrated his Afghan levies who were
scattered far and near, and prepared for warfiire. That royal eagle
of the summit of the Empire, caring not for thnt flock of sparrows,

b r avery, toon guve him in nniqaa position amongtt the Imperial offloers of
hie day, end he enjoyed the full oonfldenoe of hie eovereign, who need to cell
him *' Tar Ofadar " or the '* feithfal frtend."

Hie important pnblio worki were (1) the irrigation of a large feaaal
Joining the river Kavi with Lahore city t (2) the oeiablishmOnt of a tplendid
pnblio garden onllod *' fihalamar " together with aqnedaeto, reeorvoirt, and
foontains, on the benkt of that canal, cloee to Lahore. (See Maoiir'ul-Umart,
Vol. II, p. 807).

promiaM summontMl out Etadim gJiih. When the demKndB of both

eidea reanlted in a p&rley and tlio object of the miasion rem&ined
nnnccomplitilied, Buddoiily Rat^ini ^alj with au armed force aalliod
oat of tiia camp slioatiog and advanced m front of the IQfwajah.
From wouiidH of the tongue it culmiiialcd Id wounds of (ho
epoar. Fathoming the wat«r andemoath the straw, Kliwajah
Anwar, regi-otted liia coming, and wantud to rotarn without ac-

1 Khwkjkh Aikm Cftms la Agra from BnJal^lialinn, Kiid ■obaaqaaDtly
raoeiTad U.a [itio* »t "Samfftm-uddiiulBli Kbnii llBOran Amir-Bl-[Jni»n>.''
Tb« MaaiirulU'^ara, p. Hl'J, Vol. I, tay liia olJer lirotlier'a oama waa
" Kbwajali Uuhamniad Jatar Klinii." Dauraii wu wixiuilod iii tlio Uttla wilb
Nadir Qiiah, and JiuJ in ll&l A II.

241

oomplishing the object of his mission. B4him Sbi^i AdTaiiciog
forward, oommenoed fighting. Being compelled to enoonnter him,
Sl^wajah Anwar gallantly and bittTelj foaght, and made heroic
exertions, but being oovered with mortal woands, fell together with
a number of his comrades. Finding the field deserted, the
Afghans with swords mshed oat and attacked the Royal camp
of ilie Prince.

When that scion of the Imperial family

Beheld perfidy in that prevaricator,

And also ili regard to the condition of (Qywajah Anwar,

News arrived that his head had been severed from his body ;

His face became cherry from rage.

He called for arms from the armour-bearer.

He placed the cuirass on the shoulder and the helmet en the

head.
From head to foot he became a figure of iron.
He suspended an adamantine sword.
And placed tightly a dagger in his waist.
He tied one sunny shield to his shoulder,
And placed a shining spear in his hand.
He hung a quiver from his waist,
And threw round the shoulder a Kaianian bowJ
He tied a noose to the top of his howdah^
And clutched with the hand an iron mace.
He gave order that the Generals of the army
Should collect quickly near the Royal tents.
At his order, the battle-seeking army
Flocked in towards the Prince.
When the Prince mounted his elephant,
He looked like the sun on a mountain.
The kettledrum of battle was struck, and the army moved,
Lfike the liver waving.

He advanced to the field and raised aloft his standard.
And boldly set himself to put his troops in array.
He arranged his centre and wings :
The right and left wings, the rear and the van.

I The old Kaianiaii forereigni of Periia or Iran ware oapiUl aroberi
and marksmeD. Their bowa were famoni for ranga and praoiaioa of ahol.
Bee Namai'Kh%$man, p. 4i, for an aoooani of Kaianian Kingt.
31

felled to ihe ground. Hamid SbAn with great agilitj sprang
down from his horse, and sat npon Ra^tin 8])fth*s chest, and sever-
ing the villain's head from liis body whirled it ronnd on a spear.
At the sight of this, the cowardly Afghan soldiery faltered and fled,
whilst the standards of those insolent villains were turned upside
down. The zephyr of triamph and victory once again blew on the
tails of the Imperial banners, and the Imperial band of victory and
triumph struck up loudly, whilst cries of '* Allah, Allah '* resounded
from the earth to the sky. The cavalry of the yictorious Imperial
army chased the vanquiiihed to their tents, and whoever amongst
young or old fell across the range of its career became the food of
the crocodile of blood-drinking swords ; whilst the rest who escaped
the sword, scampered off, covered with wounds and racked by
anxieties. Much booty and numerous captives fell into the hands
of the Imperialists. The fortunate Prince, an associate of triumph
and victory, entered Bardwan, and made a pilgrimage to the noble
shrine of the saint S]|&h Ibrahim ' Saqq&. Making votive offerings,'
the Prince entered the citadel, and sent a congratulatory message
On this victory to the Bmperor, and despatched troops for
chastising the adherents and abettors of the miscreant Afglians.
Wherever trace could be found of their whereabouts, they were
captured and slaughtered, and in a short time the districts of
Bardwan, Hagli, and Jasar (Jessore) were purg^ of the defilement
caused by the Afghan raiders. The tracts that had been desolated
by the ravnges of these rebels once again became fertile. Jagat
Rai, son of Kis^an Ram, the slain Zamindar of Bardwan, was in-
vested with the kbilat of the hereditary Zamindari of his forefathers.-
In a similar way, other Zemindars of that tract who had been
oppressed and banished by the Afghans^ were re-assured by Royal
Proclamations of goodwill, and re-installed in their hereditary
ranks and dignities. Taking fresh settlements of the QalfiJi
mahals (crown lands) and of Jaglrs, these commenced making oollee-
tions of rent; whilst the holders of TiyuU^ and *Aimahi and

I In Stewart, " Bahrain.*' He wm a saint who lived at Bardwan, hal
I have not been able to get detaila of hit career.

s '* Tiyalt '* or " Tajnii " and " Jagin *' are oorreeponding terms. Sad
■ignify ihe mme olutt of Und-ionnre. These were conferred for a ipeoiAod
Urae on ManiabdAn in Hon of ■alariot, and alio on othora by Way of reirard
during lifetime or a fixed period. In the early Mn^ial period, the word
"tiynl" 18 frequently mentioned, but it freqnentlj givae waj to the word

Bl)»r Shi'> fw *arr liberal In O0D(*rriDg thM* ••■•ak* and mltam^tu,
whioh, )iawBT«r, were ronaideroblf rMDined bj Akbsr who, OD Kooooat o( hla
hatnd o( ll>e Ultm*, depriTed them of their madod-i-maih landa, Bad
bkOMhsd moit i.f them to Bangui. (See note in AUiiihari, Vol. I, p. 270,
■nd BiKlaaoHi, Vol II, pp. 274, £76, £78).

AUamg^a, m. Terkiah word, meant a ' red rojal aeal or aUimp ' and also m
' rofal grant' u( rant. tree tenota, which waa patpetual, beraditary, and
traaiferabla. (Sea Ain, Vol. II, p. 67 a). In ronnding thia ajatem of Bajar-
(b>1*or Allam[l|aa, Iha Uaa»lman Bulara wen actuated bj a deaira to pm.
patuata tha three ariitocraciaa of birtb, of character, and of intalleot*
Care was taken to alai) niaiDtaia mora oi leea permaoentlr tha fouth
ariatooraoj of wealth, aa the Zamindara ondar llD(b'l Empecort wen mora
or laaa paimaaeKt quoit'etale tuuctionariea.

■ fitiahgaiij town lioa between Baii«b«ria and Hughli town*, Wbaa

345

'Asuoganj, and named it after himself. And lie extended the
aoope of the Sayer taxes that had hitherto been levied only on
wares and silk-stufEs. And he levied costoms-daties, in the shape
of tax,i at the rate of 2i percent, on the goods of Mosalmans, and
5 per oent. on the g^oods of Hindos and Christians.* He held in
esteem and respeot the learned, the good, and the noble ; and in the
sooietj o! the nobility and the gentry, he discussed the subjects
of Theology, Casuistry, Traditions, poetical works of Manlana
BQm* (God*s mercy be on him), and History. He shewed an anxious
solicitude to profit by the advice of saints and he exerted himself
to promote the welfare of the realm. One day he sent Sul(in
E&rimQ-d-dIn and Muhammad Famkb-sir to invite over ^^fl
B&isld,^ who was the most glorious amongst the saints of Bard-
wan. On their approach the saint greeted them with the salnta^
tion of '' Salam Alaekum.'* SuHftn KarlmQ-d-dln, assuming the
gravity of princely rank, did not respond ; but Farukb*sir walking

I was at Hoghli in 1887, I taw at QiahgsiiJ an old dilapidatad mowiQe
which wat laid to hare been erected bj Prince Aiiron|b-8||iin.

1 Thii if another aaint of Bardwan, the detaili of whose career are
unknown to me.

* There ie nothing to wonder at in thia, for one ftndfl the tame inTidioea
distinction in a more aooentnated form waa ob«erTed by another Snropeaa
Ohrifltian commdnitj in the 16th and 17th centnriee. " Moaleme were to pay
dntj on all llerchandiae. Portngnete were to be exempt." (Bee Hnnter'a
History of Britiah India, Vol. I, p. 145).

i Manlana Rnmia the renowned Myatic or Bnfl Perdan poet. Hia name
waa Manlana Jallala-d-din. He waa born at Balkh <b 804 A.H., and died
in ^i A.U. He waa a great aaint. Hia Matnavi is a atorehonae of spirit-
nal ti^satnrea, and has well been described thaa x —

Selflessnees waa the keynote to hia teachinga, which farther incnlcaled
the cnltiration of a constant sense of Difine presence in all honian iotions.
For instance, he aaya t —

^iu^ l^U cJj *Jm ilJi • ^ o-^ *U|^ aUi iU\

Again t^

^^ji )3^ v~^-^ h^^ • ^^/ J^^* *r 4^ *^> ^"^

4 The word need is ** tamgha." " In erery Kingdom, Goremmen^ taxes
the property of the subject oTcr and above the land^rerenae, and this they
call Tamghar (See Aln-i-Akbari, Vol. 11, p. 67).

tlie Emperor wrote the following ■crou the newi-letter, ftDii putting
bis owD eignaturo returned it : " What propriety ia tbere in

1 Aarknguli'a pen wti ■■ much dreaded ■■ bii iword. Ai a wriler of
oaastio and Urae luttera tull of withering ■arcaima. fuw Pertian writ«n inrpua*
AuraoBieb. He wb« in llio liaUl ut couitanOy irriliiig U.-O. letMn lo hU
olBoera, in order Ui keep them atraigbl. Tlie re*d«r irho wialiea to baire a
taate of Aurau^iob'a CMUdiu ■■rouiii, niiglit tarn to Iho onuiiial Peraian,
•a I am afraid I liane i.ut l>een al>la to cuurey iu full rcliali iu lliia Bngliah
dreuing. I quoto the urittiiial Puraiiin : —

uij'^ ■ cr-j J,* -^.j^ ^^r-y.}^ yr''»'ji ^"ij'y v^'/^j t**
- lA'j lAJj c/i/f

247

culling public oppression Sauda^i-Uh^h ^^^ what conneciioh list
8auda}'i lUdf with 8auda»i-*Am P

Those who purchase — sell ;
We neither purchase nor sell."

And by way of censure, to serre as a deterrent, the
Emperor reduced the Prince's man^ab by 500. The meaning^
of Bauda-i'Eb^^ itnd 8auda-%-*Am are as follows : " All the goods
which arriyed on board the mercantile ships at the port of Ohalgnon
(Chittagoug), ^., were bought up on behalf of the Prince,' and were
styled Sauda-i'Sbdf ; afterwards those very goods were re-sold id
the merchants of this country, when they were called Sauda-i^
Mm. When the news-letter containing the Emperor's signature'
came to be perused by the Prince, the latter abandoned the afore-
said trade. The Emperor Aurangseb appointed Mirsa Hadi to the
office of Diwftn of the Province of Bengal, after bestowing on
him the title of K&r T^lab Sbftn. The Mirsa was a saga-
cious man, and an officer of honesty and integrity. He had
already held the office of Dlw&n of the l^&biih of Orissa. In
several Mahals perfaitiing to Orissa he had effected retrenchments'
in expenditure, and had thus become prominent amongst the
Imperial officials. He wns held matchless in probity and rectitude
of purpose. Rendering eminent services, in peiiods of siege and.
war, he had got into the good gmcAs of Emperor Aorangzeb. At
that period, the reins of the administration of Financial and
Revenue affairs, I he power over the assessment and collection of
revenue, and payments into and disbursements from the Imperial
Treasury lay in the hands of the Dlwan of the Snbah. The Na-
si m had jurisdiction over the Procedure and Administration of
Political affairs, such as the repression and chastisement of the
refractory and the disobedient, and the extirpation of rebels and
tjrants« Except with regai-d to the Jaglrt attached to the Nisimai
and personal Manfiibs and presents, the Nasim had no power to

1 The reader might note thmt there is a ptin here on the word ' Miuia,'
whioh hi Pertian meani both ' trade ' and ' madneae.'

t ** Atinia-|b-8|)in waa laij and ooretoaa. He waa readj to oonoede aaj«
thing for a aaffioient bribe." In Jnlj 1608, for the lam of Ra. 16,000, the
Kngliih were pormiitod bj the Princo to purchaae from the oiiatlng hokiere
the right of renting the three villagea of Calcutta, Sutanati, and Gobind|Mir.
(See Wilaon a Annalt, Vol. I, p. 150).

landa in Oriu& on acooniit of Jagirt to tlie Bongkl M«D|ftbdan ;*

■ Ths Prooedare Ooda or Uinaal, oootKining let rolea and rsgaliktian* on
■U ra*SDD« >nd adminfitrBLJTe ft(t>i», «u callod in PenitD DatUr.ul-'Amal.
It wu iMned U> all FroTincial QoTernoii, Adminiitraton, aiid oOciala atMr
baiag paraonallr approred b; tbe Eoiparor liimieK, and BTer; joar modie-
oalioni oi adJiliuDi were inadu 10 il wilh tlie Emparor'a approral, Na
prufineial AdmiDialnUir*, wh«tlier Naiimi or Diwaai. had authority to
doviats Irom tba ael rul«« cuiiluinad iu tlio DaHur-ul-'Anal. Uadnoni (Vol I,
pp. SUSaSJ iMMi that in tba tin)* ot ealim gbab, aoo ol Slior gliah, Iha
Dailur-ul-Amat waa ao oooipreheoiiTa and uiplioit that BTea on EoclMlaatickl
maltan (not to apeak o[ Fiscal oi AdmiuialratiTa matt^ri), do ratanoca to
(Jaai* or Uuftia waa Dooeaaaty.

■ The Uarifabilara wero tlio bijflier odioara luidet the Uu(]|n1 Imperon i

24»

mnd ihts'sohVme ihefc with ilie Rmpefor^s approvnl. Wie t[b&n*
iliereon remnned all J<igir$ in Bengal, together with their Mtr
revenaee, save and except sach as pertained to the Niiaroat and
the DiwinI,* and allotted in lien thereof Jagir9 to the Bengal
mansabdars in Orima, the soil whereof was comparatively worse*
poorer, more sterile, and less fertile. By this ingenious stroke of
policy, the Sbin effected a big surplus in the Bengal re? enne to
the credit of the Emperor, and sqneesed oat the profits from the
Bengal Zamindai*s and Jagirdars. And by minofce attention to
details, he effected considerable retrenchments under the several
Ueads of the Public Bxpeuditure. Year after year, he enhanced the
Revenue-assessments of the $abah, and thus became the re-
cipient of Imperial favours. When the Prince ('Asimn-Qb-Sb&n)
found his control over the Bengal revenue diminished, he was con-
stantly in a bad humour. Besides, the rewards which the SbM
receif ed for his good services from the Emperor weighed as thorns of
envy on the heart of the Prince, and kindled the fire of his jealousy.
The Prince schemed to kill the Eb&Qf but failed in his aim.
The Prince won over to his side the Commander of Nuqdi troops

tli« term, liowever, wm alto used in the times of Qhw fih&h. The loading
Mttnfabdars were* either Proviaoial Qoveroors or Genomlt in iho Arotf,
whilst other MaofAbd«n held Jagirg, Tlieee llanfabdart ■omotloiM hel4
llanfab (or oAoo) in one Prorinoe or ^i^hah, and Jagir lands iii another.
(Hoe ilin-i-ilft6ari, Vol. I, pp. Sil-li2, Bloohrannn's trans.)

t Revtoae from land was called lO^iraf. Jauiayak was capitation tax
levied from non- Moslem sabjeots in ezohanga for protection afforded, at th^
rate of " 48 dirhami for perMos of condition, Si derhams for those of the
middle class, and IS for the lowest class." Over and above ths land-revenae,
teies on properties were called " TamjlA." Imports on mannfaetorss of
respectable kinds were called Jihat^ and the remainder Bmir Jihml, B^ir in its
original purport, meant " walking," ' moving,' or ' onstable/ and so oame to
denote all vatCa^U sooroes of state revenae (barring land-revenue or S)|lrij
which was stable), such as customs, transit duties, market-tax. (dao Vol. TT
pp. 67 and 68 and p. 86, Ain-i-AkUri^ for a list of Bair taxes abolished by
Emperor Akbar).

S Jmgir9 were conferred on Manfabdiirs for militarj senrioe, and oa

others tliej were conferred without requiring military serrioe. Before
Moghel times the word *' Iqia** corresponding to "Jagir" Is frequently met
with in the Tabaqat-i-Na|iri as well as in the Tarikh.i.Firut Qh&bi. Bef
in histories of the llughi^l period, the word 'Iqta* is seldom met with, and
is replaced by the word /sgtr. In Akbar's time, an oflloer called IKwan*il
Jagir or Superintendent of Jagirs was maintained. (See ifia. Vol. 1, p. S81).
32

251

Oimr(-Kcooi*il as well as in tlie NeWB-^slieei.'. He also submiited
to the Emperor a Pt*oceeding signed by the leaders of the riot|
together with his own Report. Fearing the ill-hnmonr of the
Prinoe, the Kb&n resolved to keep himself aloof from the
former, and to staj at a safe dintance fit>m him. After maoh
deliberation and connnUation, he fixed on thie excellent site o£
Miikb^Qsftbad, where news of all the four quarters of the $ahah
ooald be easily prooarable, and which, like the papil of the
eje, was sitnate in the centre of the importunt places of the
$abah. it had on the north-west the ehakldh of Akbarnafraf
(Itajmahal) and the passes of Sakrigali and Tllisgadhi, the
* Key ' to Bengal, on the soath-west, Birbhtim, Pachit and
Blobanpnr, the road to Jliarkand, and the forests and hilly passes
for the ingress and egress of free-hooters and armies from the
Dakliiu and HindnstAn, on the sonth-easti the ehaklSh of Bard wan,
the itNtd to Orissa, and Haghli and Htjli (ports for the arrival of
ships of Ohristian and other traders), and the ehakldh$ of Jasar
(Jessore) and UhQsnjJi, and on the east the chakldh of Jahanglr-
nagar (Dacca), which then constituted the Viceregal Capital of
this ^ubah, and to which pertained frontier outposts like those of
J»lam&bAd or Chittagoog, and Silhat and RangimAii, and on the
north, the qJ^tklAhs of Qj^orftghftt and Rangpnr and Euch Behar.
The above mentioned Sban, without taking permission from tlia
Prince, migmted to Makbsusabad with the officers of Zamlndars
and QanQugos and Heyenue officials in charge of crown-lands, and
settled down there. But when the news of the disturbance created
by the naqdis reached the Emperor in the Dakhin through the

1 Tbo tarmt oMd Are "WaqUh" and '* Sawanih.'* I'he Mai^al Bmperore
maintained a Special Iniellisenoe DepMrtmenfe. In everj Prorinoial bapltal
knd important centre, two special fanotionariee were maintained by the
'llnfdial Bmperort, one called " Bawnnih-naTit," and the other ** Waqimh-
naTit." These were Imperial eerrantii, quite independent of the local oSciala.
The dnUes of both theee fnnctionariee were to d«ilj record and eend newa to
the Bmperor of all that transpired in local centres, and as they worked
iitdependentlj of one another, the report of intelligence sent bj one checked
that of the other. The *' Waqiah-natit ** was an oAoial Court- Reoorder,
whilst the "Sawanih-naTis" was an oAcial General Intelligence-gi?er.
(See AU'i-Ahhmri, Vol. T, pp. t6d and 359.) The object in keeping up
these fanctionaries was that the Bmperor at Delhi mip^ht *' be informed dsilj
of nil that transpired throdghoot bis Ifimpire, and aliw that active serrants
might work without fear, and negligent and forgetful men be held in eheck."

Mud Bltoiisi|{lit«i] fool refoied to siga the pftp«rs. nnlen hia damftiid
for three lakt of rupscH on ncuount of Lis feea fu a QanQngo
wera satiBlitnl. The Kb^o under sti-ees of neooMity promiaed to

■ SubMquer.tlr in IT09, IWim BkrUliind K1|*d, whiM in lemponrjr okifga
or Uong^l, ntoelvinlk briba of lU. U.UOO from tbe B»gli(h maruhanU. knd
Kntntod tliBiii fremlum uf tritde ii> Uei.K>'l. balikr. »id Oriua. {8«* Wilaos'*

Ainal; Vol I, |j. IH3).

■ No tracv of llima raiDcd n-liito tui binok mkiblv adifloM «M fmad
by m» at Uuu,[ir (Uoiiylijrr) wbaii I wu tlmra ia the jawa 1893, IBM, or
iiilia«|uaDtl)'.

1 Kinparor Auran^ub wu ■( t><u tima Id tha Uakbin boaj waninf
•Kxinat the Uoinhiiaii Kingdom* <>t Oulkoiidah, AlimndiiagAr and Bijapar, asd

2i>3

pay one lak of rapees on his retarn from the Emperor, bnl
Darab Narain woald not accept tins arrrang^ment, and withheld
his signatore. Bat Jlnarain Qanungo, wlio was a Joint-QanQngo ^
with Darab Narain, nsiiig foresii^ht, signed the Aooonntsi
Regardless of the hostility of the Prince, and regardless of;
the refnnal of Darab Namin to sign the Aoooant-papers,-
the Sbftn started for the Imperial Camp, prenented gifts
and tributes of Bengal to the Kmperor and to the Visier and
other Imperial Ministei's, and also paid to the Emperor the
RcFenae-balances and proBts of the Jagin. And making over the
Aoconnt-papers of the ^obah to the Mastanfi^ and to the Diwan-i«

alfo Againtt the MahratU free-booton. AnrnDgieb, with nil hii poliiioal tsgii-
oiljT, oonmiited a griemiM mistake of policy by rapplanting ibeae If naalnuiB
Btataa, a« these had hitherto effsotnally corbad Mahratta and other outside
ambition, and kept in order all disturbing elements In the Dakhin. Their
political effaoement msnited in letting loose a namber of Mahratta f rfe*booieni
and other adrentorers that had hitherto had no political existence, and hastened
the growth of the Mahratta Confederacy that later on in a great measore^
ooapled with other forces, distracted the Great Mng^al Empire. By ose of •
liberal and statesman-like policy, Anrangseb might hare federated those
Mosalmaa States in the Sooth into Imperial fendatories, and thns oonrertedt
them into strong and loyal balwarks of the MngbpU Empire. Bat fanatkiism
In this matter (see Maa$ir-%-Alamg%r%, which explains that this policy of re^
pression was adopted by Anrangseb, by reason of certain r§ligum9 innovmtiim9
that were in force in thoee States) fatally dooded the otherwise clear politioat
Tision of this Great Ma|^l Bmperor, to the lasting detriment of the IiidiH
Moslem Oommon- wealth.

1 The Qan&ngo "was an officer in each distrioi acquainted with Its
customs and land-teiinres and whose appointment was osnally hereditary. Be
received reports from the patwarU Hand-stewards) of new cases of allnrion
and dilarion, sales, leases, gifU of land*** etc. (See Aln-hAkbarif Vol. lit
p. 47 a).

Over the district Qanangos, there was a Prorincial Qantkngo as the teal
indicat«<s. ( See nlto p. 66, Vol. II, Ain-i-Akbarit which sets forth faootlons
and emolnments of Patwaris, Qaniingoa, ghiqdar, Karknns, and Amias).

In the Atn-i^AkhaH (Vol. II, p. 40) it is sUted that it wns the dnty of
the B€Hkehi or Aoconntant, " at the year's end, when the time of rsreniiek
collections had closed, to record the balances doe, and dellrer the record to
the Got lector, and forward a copy to the Royal Ooort.*' It woald seem from
the text the same doi^y in regard to the entire Snbah had to be performed by
the Pro? inoial Diwan and the ProTinoial Qanungo.

> These important f anoiionaries are frequently mentioned In the Ain-i»
Akbari, Their fanction w.is to check, orerhaol and andit important Slate

M oopiM diraot to tlia Bofftl Oonrt i knd tlia MTsral Diitriet Oolkotora ■•!»•
Diiitwl llieic cooiuliJatod AoouunU to tlie rroTiDOial I>iwiH who (»llsat«d
them, kiid comptkrud tliem wilh the ContolidnCed Accouoti (independently
pivpkred) in the handi of the Ptoijucial Quminfoi. Then both tbe FroTinoi*]
IHteiii and the ProTJncial Qumin/o eigued after oompariaon one Qaneral Detailed
Cunaolidated Aoouuol togiillier with au Abetraot Acoount, and torwarded it
to Conrt, wLere it waa firat audited Ly the Central Uutlaufi and neat
audited by tbe Diwan t-Kul (after returcuco to the eet ol aocuaote already
receired reKDlail]> ia the Koyul Court* (ram diatriut Bitikckii ar Aooonn-
lunU), aud laatljr appruted iind paaead by the Emperor himeolf. Tboe, few
liwp-halea were left foe defolcationi in acooauli. (Bee the teit, and lb* .4ra-«-
Akkari).

■ Hutahid Qull Kliin waa t-m of a Brahmin and embraced lalan. HaJI
tibnti l|[wilia>n purrbiae-l him, and Dikmod him Uubammnd llndi, treatad liiiii

255

M»Ul>n8abad, he improved ihai town, and named ii lifter liimaelf
Mar9b*dabad, and foanded a mini ^ there. And eeparating th6
ehdkhlah of Midnipnr* from the ^abah of Odiea (Orisea) he
annexed it to Bengal. And imprisoninfif the defanltiniif samindars
of the ^ii^^v i^nd deputing experienced and honest Oolleotors of
Revenne to their mahaU, he attached the rente, and realised the
ootstanding Imperial revenues. And putting a oompleto stop to
the authority of samindars over the collection and disbursement of
the Impei-ial Revenue, he limited their source of income to profits
of Ndnkar^ tonures. Aud the *Amils* (Oolleotors of revenue) under

like • ton, and took him to Perftlft. On Sbafl'i deiith, Mohammnd Had! onme
to the Dakhin, and entered the aerTioe of Haji Abdallah g]|iinsanl, Diwio of
Qttbah Berar. He eabeeqaentlj entered Imperial eerrioe, and reoeived the title
of Kar Talab S^in, and waa emplojed in the Dakhin. He roee there to be
Diwin of Haidarahad — and then to be Diwan of Bengal (on the transfer of
Zianllah £[|ftn), with the title of Mnrfhid Qui! Qin. PreTiont to this, he wae
Diwin of Orieea {MaoMir't-Alamgiri, p. 488), in the 48th jeer of Bmperor
Aarang«eb*s reign. When FarmUi-tir aeoended the throne, by payment of
large enrnt ai preeente to the Bmperor, he beoame 9i>had*r of Bengal and
reoeived a Manyab of Haft h^Bari, Hie advanoement ie an eloquent teetiraony
to the Iilamio toleration (even under the mnoh-abneed Anrangieb) thai
made no distinction between oonTerte and bom Ifnualmaat In mattortof
ofllcial prefermente. He died in 1188 A.H. at Marfbidabad, which he bed
foanded ne the new Vioeregal capital of Bengal, in place of Dacca or
Jaliangtmagar. He wna a good financier, aa able accountant, and a
•trong and lagaoioue administrator. He built a dungeon full of filth, named
It ' Baikant ' or * Piundite,* and confined in it samindars who defaulted In
payment of rerenue. He re-survejed and re-assessed Bengal, divided It Into
ChakUs, and prepared a new Perfect ReTenne-Roll. [Bee Mtuuir^i'Alam^Wi^
p. 488, and Maoiir'Ul'Umara, p. 761, Vol. Ill (Pers. text)].

t A list of mint-towns In Hindustan In Akbar's time Is given lo the
Aln-UAkhari, Vol, I, p. 81. It appears that in Bengal, minting of gold
coins wns restricted to the ProTinoial capital (which In Akbar's time was
partlj Qanr and parti j Tandah), and that minting of silver and copper eolas
took place in Bengal in Tandnh

• In Akbar's Bent-Boll, llidnipur is shown as a city with two forts
(oaste, Khandait) under Snrksr Jaleear of 9nbah Orissa. It continued to
form a part of the Orissa 9i>bah, until it was transferred from Orissa to
Bengal by Murfbid Qui! Rhin.

• The term 'Nankars' is still prevalent in several perts of Bengal and
Behar. "Nankars** were *' service- ton n res,** that is, " tenures of land con-
ferrcd free of r^ivenne, in consideration of services tendered.** In those days,
the samindars amongst olhor duties would nppear to have performed police

257

and Bi«baopar, being proteoied bj dense foreeie, monnUdna and
bilb, did not penoballj . appear before the Nawab, bat depnied
instead their agents to carry on transactions on their behalf, and
tbroogh them* need to pi^j in the nsnal tribntes, presents; and
gifts. In consideration of the fact that - Asadnllah, «^tiim4M»
of BirbhQm, was a pions and saintlj person and had bestowed
half of his property as Madad-i-mdih grants on learned,
picas and saintlj persons, and had fixed daily doles of
charity for the poor and the indigent, the Sbftn refrained from
molesting him. He directed his attention, howeyer, to< the
chastisement of the lamindar of Bifbanpor^ whose ' items - of
ezpenditare were heavy, and whose collections of rents from
mahals were low. The Rajahs of Tipra, Knch Behar, and Assam
called tbemselfes ^^oiar dhdri and raling chiefs, and did not
bend their heads in submission to the Emperor of Hindnstan, and
minted coins after their own names. On hearing, however, of the
Tigoroos administration of the Sbftn« the Rajah of AssAm presented
to the Sb&n chairs and palkis of ivory, tnuikf musical instruments,
feathers, tAua of peacock feathers, eta, and offered bis sabmission.
Similarly the Rajah of Knob Behar offered presents and tribnte to
the Sbftn- Tbejabovementioned Sb&n sent Sbili^ts for them ;, and
this practice was observed year after year. The Sb&o, having intro-
daced order in the Financial condition of the Mahals of Bengal,
demoted his attention to the improvement of other administrative
and internal afUirs. His administration was so vigorous and
successful that there was no foreign incursion nor internal distur-
bance, and consequently the military expenditure was neslk'ly abol-
ished. He kept up only 2,000 cavalry and. 4,000 infantry, and with
these he governed the Province. Througb Nasir Ahmad, who was
a peon, he used to collect the revenue of Bengal. And the Kb An
was so powerful a personality and his commands were so overawing,
that his peons sufficed to keep peace in the country, and to overawA
the refractory. And fear of his personality was so deeply impressed
on the hearts of all, both the high and the low, that the courage of
lion-hearted persons qaailed in his presence. The Eban did. not
allow petty samindars access to his presence. And the mutfadis
and 'amils and leading samindars had not the heart to sit down

the MMMmsot of reTeaae were beaed on thorooghly soieoiiflo priaoiplst,
quits analogoufl to the •xiiiing Setilemeiit Prooodor* is Indis.

259

aitoks, failed to pay np the Siaie reTenne<^)ollMiioiifl ihai ihej
had misappropriated. Amonf|r8i these, Andinarain, samindar of the
QiuJclah of EUjshahi, who was the deeoendant of a Hindastani*
and who was both capable and effioient, held charge of the reveniia-
coUections of the Sbalfah (crown lands). With him were in lesgne
GholAm Mahammad and Kalia Jam&dar with two handred
troopers. Andinarain demurred to the payment of the demand,
and prepared to fight. MnrQ^id Qali QM^n sent his officer,
Mahammad Jin, with a force to chastise him. Glose to Bajbari,^
the contending forces approached each other, and a battle ensued.
OhnUm Mahammad Jamadar was killed, whilst Andinarain from
fear of Mnr^bid Qoli Sbin's anger slew himself, and his samlndarl
was transferred to two Bengal samindars on the northern side of
the (Ganges, named Ram-Jiyan * and Kali Knnwar, who were pnoo-
tnal in payments of revenne. When that year came to a close,
and the new year commenced, in the month of FarwardI (corre-
sponding to Asar) weighing the treasures ' Murobid Qull remitted
to the Emperor one kror and three laht of rupees on account of
the Imperial revenue, loading the same on two hundred waggons,

iMn-JTofltfrnt, thai it, by Hindni ihemtelTM who had smbrsoed the Itlmmie
religion, nmraely (1) by Jade al%a$ King Jallal-od-din, eon of Bajab Kaaa and
(S) bj Mntfbid QaH QSn, who was himaelf the eon of a Brahmin. I fall to
oone aoroea in Bengal hiaiory any instanoe of foreible oonTorsion of
Hindos in Bengal to the lalamio religion, on the part of any bom Mnaalmaa
mler or king. Proeelyiee and oooTerte, nnder all ■jeieina of the world's
religione, are generallj more lealona and bigoted than ihoee bom and brought
np within their pale. The general inainuaiion, therefore, againat Mnaal-
man aorereigna and rolera of Bengal that thej forcibly oonTerted the Hindna
to the lalamio religion, aeema to be aa nnfonnded aa nngenerona. No donbi,
the aoperior moral inflaenoe of Ifnaalman taints, like Mar Qntb Alim and
othera, naturally told on Hinda society (ditorganiaed and demoralited by the
oaete-tyttemt of the later daya, and ahom of the old Vedaatio parity) and
indooed portiona of itt rankt to flock tpontaneootly to the Modem or etd,
with itt timpler doctrine of If onotheitm.

I Probably, R^bari on the B.B. Railway, near the Ooalnndo atation.

S This Bam-JJTan, I belieTO waa the founder of the preeent Vatore RaJ-
houae. I do not know of whioh family Kali Knnwar waa the founder.

I In the Ain.iAkbari (Vol. II, p. 40), it ia explained under the term
' Fotadar ' or the ' Treaturer,' that the term foia (not, poink) it applied in
Arabic to olotha need aa waiat wrappera. A poddar meant ' a banker, a oaah-
keeper, or an officer in public eatabliahmentt for weighing money or bullion.

261

of these was Nawab Sail Sbftn * whose applioaUon for appoint,
ment being received through the Emperor, Nawab Jifar Sb4n
oonf erred an office on him. A short aoooant of Saif Sbi^n's career
is mentioned in the body of this History. Nawab Saif Sbftn
was alive till the period of the Nisamat of Nawab Mahabat Jang.
As he was the scion of a very noble family, he never visited Nawab
Maliabat Jang.* Although the latter sought for an interview,
Nawab Saif Q^m did not visit him. < Whenever Nawab Mahabat
Jang whilst out on a hunting excursion went towards Pnmeah,
Nawab Saif Sb^n advanced with his troops and blocked his
progress. But whenever Nawab Mahabat Jang had need of
auxiliaries, Saif Sb^ furnished efficient contingents. After Saif
Sbin*s death, his son, the Shin Bahftdur, succeeded to the office
of Faujdar of the tract of Pumeah and its environs. Nawab
Mahabat Jang gave in marriage the daughter of Nawab Said
Ahmad Sbftn Bahadur ^ulat Jang, his nephew, to the Sbin
Bahadur,* but that lady died four days after the wedding. On
account of this, confiscating the treasures and effects of the Sbtn
Bahadur, Nawab Mahabat Jang kept the latter under surveillance.
The Sb&n Bahadur of necessity was obliged to mount a horse
and escape to Sbi^h Jfth&n&b&d (Delhi). Nawab Mahabat Jang
bestowed the tract of Pumeah on Saulat Jang. The latter
proceeding there with a large force, devoted himself to its
administration, and held sway. After ^ulat Jang's death, his
son, SbiMikat Jang, succeeded him. Nawab Siraju-d-daulah, who
was the latter's cousin, during the period of his Nisamat, killed
Sb^Mikat Jang in battle, and deputing Diwan Mohan Lai, con-
fiscated Sbaukat's treasures and dSects.

What was I saying P and to what have I digressed P
Where lay the horse P and where have I galloped away P

I now return to my story. Nawab Jafar SbAn was seeking

t He reoeired the oflloe of F»ajdar of Ponitab, hM tho rrnnk of »
Hafl hoMori, Mid WM a son of ' Umdatii-l-iiiiilk Amir g^n, Balmdar of
Kftbal. 8«6 B^ir, Vol. II, p. 674.

t * MAbabat Jaog* wm a tiUe of Nawab All Vardi Q&a i his aoiaal namo
was Mirva Muhammad AH. Boo fittml Jfafatttria, Vol. II, p. 470 Fort. tozt.

t In 8€irul Mutath^rin^ Vol. II, p. 66S, ibo ilamo of Saif Qan's iob it
moniioned at Fayimddio Hoiain din.

Mttiugr oat for the Imperial C&mp, bod abewn good-will, and had
eigned the Nkwab's St»teiiient« ol Accoucta. And diamiBaing
Zian-d-din ]0)&d, Fftujdorof Huglili,' he tvitli Die Emperor'a auic-
tion broogbt Ui« Fanjilari of tliat Port under liiti immediate antho-

1 The oBiiM ol FftDJilur of Quglili wai liitlierta dirooHr under tha
Empanir, koii wu independenL ot the pabular ot Bengal. Unnhid Qali
Kbm luooeedsd in reducing the Fauidu ot llnifhli to l>ie pociliun of hi* own
immediatAaubordiDiUi. Fur Mnr^id (Juli'a relMiani nith lb« BnglUh mer-
ohkota, •»• Wilwp'i Anmil., Vol. I, pp 301, 199, 298, 207,290,108 Th*
Engliab merohkott lecured ■ great patron in Ziau-d-dio, who val appoiolad
bf gh^b Alam in 1710 to be Faujdar of tlugbli and Aduiirsi ot til tba aaa-
porta on Lho ouut ot CuromandDl, Sea Wilaou'i Annal; Vul. I, pp. ISG and

263

ritj M an appendage to the Niiamai, and appointed Wali B^
on hie own anthoiitj ae Fanjdar of that plaoe. The abore-
mentioned Sb&o, on the arri? al of Wali Bepf, telinqnishing the
fort, came out of the town to eet out for the Imperial Oi^nlal.
Wali Beg summoned to himself Kankar Sen Bengali, who was
Peobkar of the dismissed Fanjdar, for submission of papers
relating to receipts of reyenue and the oflbse-reootds, together
with the clerks and subordinate officers of the office of Faujdar.
Ziau-d-din "Sh^^ turned to Kanker Sen's assistance } and thereon
Wali Beg opposed the O&n's march. In consequence, between
Ziau-d-din SbAn and Wali Beg a quarrel ensued^ The abore-
mentioned SbAn with his army, on the field of Qbandanagar
(Chandenagore) between Ghiosurah and French Qfeandanagar,
with the help of the Christian Dutch and French, constructed
redoubts, and prepared to fight. Wali Beg also on the field
of the 'Idgfth,! on the bank of the tank of Debt Dis, to a
distance of one and a half hroh^ drew up his forces, con-
structed entrenchments, and transmitted an account of the
state of afEairs to Nawab J&Csr SbAn* And both the quondam
and the new Faujdars were bosj fighting from behind their
respective entrenchments, and reviewing their forces. MuUa
Jarsam JQranl, Deputy of Ziau-d-dln Sbio* and Kankar Sen,
secretly obtaining help of guns, gunpowder, and armaments from
the Dntch and French, advanced to the battle-field, and assumed
the offensive. Wali Beg, waiting for auxiliaries, assumed the
defensive. At this juncture, Dalip Singh Hawari with a force of
cavalry and infa^ntry came from Nawab Jifar SU^ to the
assistance of Wali Beg, and also brought a mandate containing
threats addressed to the Christians. Ziau-d-din Sbftn, on the
advice of the Christians, opened negotiations of peace with Dallp
Singh, and put him off his guard. Early in the morning, sending
by way of a ru$e a false message to Dalip Singh through an agent,
Ziau-d-din S])iQ instructed the latter to hand the message to
Dalip Singh and to get back the reply, and placing one red ikawl
for recognition on the head of the agent despatched the latter on

8SS, 820, 841. Mnrfhid QoH got Ziaa-d-din prtaipUy disiniswd la 1711.
(Sao Wilton'i AnnaU, pp. 88 aad 188) Vol. II, p. 88). •

1 I foaod the Idgah exisUng when I wm et Httf hli in 1887 to 1801
An tdgah is » place where the *ld prejor is offered*

iitar Sb>n would ba profua. Hawftb JSfu- Eb*D r«lori«d by

Wf ing : " KankftT ia under the eLoe." And Kankai* with fatah
on both the ^ and t\\e lakun of Iho ui »nd j in Hitiduitaoi
ineuia " » gravel." Nawab Jafar Kbaii, fuigning forgetfulneM of

1 It (raijld ■ppttBi' Ihe French, DuUih, snd BnglUh nenall baching op tb*
diamiMed Faujdar Ziand-diD Khan agaiual ths na<r Fuijdar, Wali Ba^. Sh
Wiboo'a JhhIj. Vol. II , pp. OC, 7S, "Jb, 79, 81, H). Tba akirmUhaa bMwMO
Ziaud'din Khin ftod Wkli Ueg cwcaried ia 1713 A.C.

* " Kankar " meatia a " pebble" " a grafel" or a " briek-b^, " Hait^Ml
Quli KhiD waa pDDoiDg ontbelliDdo Naib'a lutma ol 'Kftaliai'.' So. it woald
•Mm that Hnrahid Uali Kban. tb« atarn iron-mao, oould uowhiid th«a anbaad
biDiwIt aiid raceiTs humoarou* flaahca.

265

Kankar*8 past and present roiBOondnot, and ontwardlj shewing
reoonoiliaiion, appointed him to the office of Qbaklahdar of Hnghli.
At the close of the year, at the time of auditing the Annual Ahstraot
Aooonnts, the Nawah pat him in prison on charges of misap-
propriation of the cnrrent and arrear rcTenne oolleotions and totr
dntiesy and put this cat into breeches, and forced him to swal-
low some laxatiye, and set on him a harsh collector of reyenne. In
the breeches continnallj easing himself, Kankar died. At that
time Sjed Akrara Khftn who held the office of Diwftn of Bengal
died, and Syed Rail SbAi^i hosband of NaBsAh Sbi^nam, a
daughter of Qb^j^n-cl-clln Mohammad Sban, (Nawab Nasim of
the ^Qbah of Orissa and son-in-law of Nawab Jftfar SbteO who
was the scion of a leading Syed family of Arabia, was appoint-
ed Diwftn of BengraK And he^ was a bigoted and short-tempered
man, and in collection of does was extremely strict, and by adopting
harsh measnres collected the reyenne. It is said he prepared a
Reserroir fall of filth, and as in the language of the Hindus Para-
dise is called ' Baikant^* lie sneeringly named this Beserroir '* Baik»
aniV He used to thrust into this BeserToir the defaulting Zamin-
dars and defaulting Collectors of E^?enae. After torturing them
in Tarioos ways, aud making them undergo yarious privations,
he used to collect in entirety the arrears. In that year, news of
the insurrection of Sitaram Zamindar, and of the murder of If Ir
Abu Turftb, Fanjd&r of the QhahlAh of Bhusnfth, in the Sarkar
of Mahmudftbftd, was receiyed. The details of this affair-are
as follows : — Sitftrftm,* samlndar of Parganfth MahmQdftbAd,
being sheltered by forests and riyers, had placed the hat of

1 The text ii ambignooi. This ■entaooe refers probablj to M arf||id Qali

t Sitaniiii hftd hie reeidenoe at Mahammedpttr or ICahmidpfir, at the
janction 6f the Bareeia and Medhnmati rirers, in JeMore dietriet. See
Weetland*e Hietory of Jeeeore. Moheninadpar ie now a poUoe oirele. Baine
of hie tanks still exist there. Bhosna Uee near Bonmaldiah (formerly
in Jeesore now in Faridpnr district), an old Mnsalnaa oolonj, on tiM
Qllftodana river. Rains of a fort lie at Bhosna. Cloee to Mahanmadpor or
llahmadpnr, lies an old Mnsalnan oolonj at fih^rgaon, on the Barasia river.
Bee also Wilson's AnnaU, Vol. II, pp. 166, 167, 168. Sitaram was
'ezecnted for morder and rebellion' by Mnrfbid Qnlfs order. Sitarams
family and children who had taken refage in Galon tta, were in 1718 snrrend-
ered by the Bnglish to Mir Nsfir, Fanjdar of Hnghli, for being made over to
Mnrsj^id Qali Khin.

loroo, ElftmD iUttr luaa airootM mm to captDr« tbkt UoabI*-
■oDie TillaiD (Sitaram). The Nawab iuoed niandat«a to the
Zamindars of the enviroiis iiiaistiug on their not BoSeiing Sitaram
lo esuape aorosa their frontiers, and hIso threateiiiii|{ that shoald
the Utier eRect hia escape across the frootiers of any one, not only
he itould be ousted from bis Zamiodari, but be pooisbed. Tha
Zamindars from all sides bemme<l him in, when Haftan Ali Q)ftn
ai rived aod captured Sitaram together with bis women and

I It wx tonnerlT in D'b JeMore diitrict, but i« now inoladMl ia ik* men
modern diilrlut ut Fariilpur. CloM lo Bhuinih, va tlis b>nka at tkaQltuda-
Dk rirer, lie wvBnl utber ■ociant oolouioi of Sjreda Or Hira, Moh *■ tboaa at
Utumftldih uid Diikbiulari, eto.

267

ohildron, oonfederatei and adherents, and sent them wiib chains
roond their necks and hands to Nawab J&fftr Shin* The Nawab
enclosing Siiaram*s face in cow-hide had him drawn id ihe gallows
in the eastern saborbs of Mursbidib&d on the high- way leading to
Jahanglmagar and Mahm&dAbftd, and imprisoned for life Sitaram's
women and children and companions. Bestowing his Zamlndirt
on Bim JiT&n, the Nawab confiscated to the State 8itaram*s
treasures and effects, and extirpating his family, root and branch,
he sent an account of the affair to the Emperor* As the Bm-
peror^ Aarangseb 'Alamgir had died in the Dakhin on Friday,
28th of ZUqidh 1119 A.H., Mahammid Mn'ftssam Qhih 'Alim
BahadCir gh&h * ascended the Imperial throne of Delhi.
Nawab J&far Sbftn sent presents with the tribnte'of Bengal, and
received an Imperial Patent confirming him. in the Yicerojaltj
of Bengal. The Nawab was also honoured with the gift of a
SJ^iUai including a fringed palanquin. Prince Asii|iu-«b-81lint
leaving Sar-bland Sbin <m his Deputy at 'Aximabad, set out for
the Imperial Capital. And that very year Sul(ftn Farruhb-iir,
prior to the accessiofi o! Bahadur Qh^h, came to Murohld&bid
from Jahanglmagar (Dacca) at the invitation of Nawab Jiimr
Sbin,and put up at the L'Al B&|^ palace. The above-mentioned
Nawab, paying proper deference to the princely rank of his
guest, rendered him, due services, and defrayed the expenses of
the Prince and his household ; whilst according to the established
practice he remitted the Bevenve with the tribute to the Bmperor
Bahidur Sb&h- After a reign of five years and one month, in
the year 1124 A.H., Bmperor Bahadur Qb&h died, and his eldest
son, Sul(tn M&s&-d-dln, under the title of Jahftndir Qhih, >
became Emperor, and in concert with his two younger brothers

1 flnperor Aaraogseb dM in the Stud jear of hit r«igD, ftt th« ag* of
ninoty-one, in 1118 A.H. or 1707 A.O. at Ahmndnngar, and was bariod at
Aarangabad. See 8€ir Vol. II, p. 876, and Q«fl S^ln. He left the foDowing
■OM :— Mnbammad Mnasian (4t Kahnl), 8, Mnharaad Aiam (at Malwah) 8,
Kam BaUtfh (at Bijafrar.)

S Mahammad Mnasian alioi Qhih 'Alain the eldeet ion beoane Vmperor
in 1707 with the title of Bahadnr Qhih, after defeating and killing hli two
hrothert. He died in 1718.— See Mr, Vol. II, pp 878-879, and hietory of
Qafi Khln.

* The great Ttmnride Honie was at this time torn aaonder bj faetloiie
and wee badlj Mrred bj Tonal ministera and o(Bo«n. The Sjed brothert

269

expedition against Sal(in H'asa-d-dln. Samnoning his 'own
army and artillery from JahAngfmagar, Farmkb-sir set oat for
Sbftl^jAb&nAb^* i^nd by the time he arrived at 'Aslmftbid
(Patna)a large armyoollected under him. Lerying money in the
way of tax from the bankers of that town, he reduced the
9abali of Behar to his snbjeotion. Collecting paraphernalia of
royalty, he mounted the throne, and unfurling the Imperial Umbrella
he whirled it over his head. Raising the standard of march from
Patna with Royal pomp and splendour, he cast the shadow of
peace and tranquillity on the residents of Banaras. And raising
a loan of one krar of rupees on the security of the Empire from
Nagar Set and other leading bankers of Banares, he raised a levy
of efficient troops: Syed AbdftlUh Sbin and Syed Husain All
Sbfto»^ the two Syed brothers of Barhi, who were Nasims of the
^ubihs of Oudh and Allahabid and were matchless in oourtge and
heroism had been dismissed by Sultin M'asQ-d-dln, and oonse^
quently were smarting under a sense of wrong. They, therefore,
espoused the cause of Sultin Farrukb-sf r, and tied the girdle of
devotion and self-sacrifice to the waists of their hearts. And in-
tercepting the treasure from Bengal remitted by Nawab Jft&r
Shin, which owing to the reyolntion in goTemment QhQjan-d-dln
MQbimmftd SbiOt Darogha of Allahabid (unyoking the bullocks
ill the garden of the town) guarded with 300 troops, FarmUj-sir
detailed a large force to guard it. Haying satisfied himself abont
the security of the treasure and the efficiency of the force which
he had detached to g^uard it, Farmkb-sir bestowed the office of
VtMarai on Syed Husain Ali Sbin, and had the Sb^thah of sover-
eignty recited after his own name. " When Gh>d wills a thing,
the conditions for its accomplishment are also provided." As
Farmkb-sir was displeased with Jifar 5bto» be appointed
Rashid Sbin,* elder brother of Afrasiab Sbftn Mlrsai-Ajmlrl,
who was the scion of an ancient and noble family of Bengal
and was brought up in the Imperial household, and who in physi-
•cal prowess was equal to a Rnstam or an Isfandiar, and who
used to hurl down rogue elephants— to supersede Jifar Sbio in
the ^nbihdiri of Bengal. It is said thnt when Su1(in Farrokb-
sir set out from Akbarnagar (Rajmahal) towards 'Aslmibid

1 866 Biir, Vol. II, p. 881. ^

• 866 Wilfon't Annali, Vol. II, p. 00. ThU wm io 1711.

Wbon tbe two forcw eDoonnlered Mkcli other, % bkttle sninad.
Sj«d AnwRr, in the tbicic of tbe fight, waa killed, but Mir Buig«li,
with » smkll force, bravely stood his groaod on tbe bRttl»-fie)d,
till the army of R&^iid lOjan aurrouDded him from all aidea.
Althoogh these tidings reached Navrab Jafar filiaii, the latter
remaiDod DDcoDceroeil and quietly wont on with his work of.