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ARCHAEOLOGICAL    SURVEY    OF    EGYPT 

Edited    by    F.    LL.    GRIFFITH 


SIXTEEN  Til    .1/  EMC)  111 

THE     KOCK    TOMBS 

OP 

EL       A  M  A  Pi  N  A 

TAltT    IV. -TOMBS    OF    PE^TllU,   MAHU,  A^i  D    Ollll-ms 

BY 

N.    DE    O.     DAY  IKS 


FORTY-FIVE    PLATES 


r,  ()  N  D  O  N 

SOI.l)    AT 

The   offices   OF  THM    EGYPT   EXPLORATION   FUND,   ;37.   Gufat   Ki'ssf.ll   Stueet.   W.C. 

ANii  PiKiicK  Huii.uiNii.  (;ori,R>    SyUAUK.   Huston.  Mass.,  U.S.A. 

AND  BY  KEGAN    PAIU-,    'I'KI;N(MI.   TlUTHNKli   .V    (X).,  Dkvden   IIoiisk.   W!,  CkuuahI)  .Stiikkt,  Son...  \V. 

U.  QUARITCU,  1.-..  I'licADiij.v,  W. ;    ASIJKl.  k  Co.,  l::,  Ukiifoiui  .Strket.  r.ivKM   Cmm.kn,  W.C. 

AND  UIONRY  I'llOWDI';,  Ames  Couneu,  E.G. 

i'JOG 


r '■"'; 


T^ONDOX  : 

PRINTKD    BY    filLllKKT    AND    ItlVINCTON    LTD., 

«.     JOHN'S    ItlUHE,    CLKRKKNWEI.r.,     V..V . 


gi^^SKUNivERsrrY 


EGYPT    EXPLOEATION    FUND 

ipcesiOcnt 
P.   G.    HILTON    PRICE,    Esq.,    Dm.S.A. 


\l)icc=prc6t?ciit3 
Thk  Rt.   Hon.  The  Emil  oi'  Cuomeu,  G.C.B.,  G.C.M.G.,  K.C.S.I.  (Egypt) 


Sir  John    Evans,    K.C.B.,   D.G.L.,    LL.D., 

F.K.S.,  F.S.A. 
SiK  E.  Maunde-Thomi'hon,  K.G.B.,  D.C.L., 

LL.D. 
Tub  Ri;v.  Pkof.  A.  H.  Sayce,  M.A.,  LL.D. 
Pnor.  W.  W.  Goodwin  (U.S.A.) 


The  Hon.  Ciias.  L.  Hutchinson  (U.S.A.) 
PuoE.  T.  D.\y  Seymouu  (U.S.A.) 
Pkoe.  Au.  Eii.MAN,  Pli.D.  (Gcniiimy) 
PiioF.  G.  Masi'kuo,  D.C.L.  (France) 
JosiAH  Mullens,  Esq.  (Australia) 


toil.  CrcaeurctB 
H.  A.  Gruebek,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  Edwaud  R.  Waui.kn,  Esq.  (U.S.A.) 

fjoii.  Sccictarc 
J.  S.  Cotton,  Esq.,  M.A. 


rticmbcifi  of 

T.  PL  Baylis,  Esq.,  M.A.,  K.C.,  V.D.  ] 

C.  F.  Mobeuly  Bell,  Esq. 

The  Hon.  J.  R.  Carter  (U.S.A.) 

SoMisRS  Clarke,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

Newton  Crane,  Esq.  (U.S.A.) 

W.  E.  CuuM,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Louis  Dyer,  Esq.,  M.A.  (U.S.A.) 

.■Vrthur  John   Evans,  Esq.,  M.A.,  D.  Litt., 

F.R.S. 
Prop.  Ernest  A.  Gardner,  M.A. 
F.  Ll.  Griffith,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 
F.  G.  Kenvon,  Esq.,  M.A.,  D.Litt. 


aoninUttcc 

Prof.  Alkxandi;r  Macalisteh,  M.D. 

Mrs.  McClure. 

The  Rev.  W.  MacGreoor,  M.A. 

Robert  Mono,  Esq.,   F.R.S.E. 

The  Marquess  of  Northami'ton. 

Francis  Wm.  Peucival,  Es(i.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Sir  Herbert  Thompson,  Baut. 

Mrs.  TiKARU. 

Emanuel  M.  Underdown,  Esq.,  K.C. 

John  Ward,  V.sq.,  F.S.A. 

T.  Herbert  Warren,  Esq.,  M.A. 

E.  TowKY  Whvte,  Esq.,   M.A.,  F.S.A. 


CONTENTS 


List  of  I'lates       ..... 

CllAl'TKU     1.       TUK    To.MB    OF     I'lON'I'llU. 

A.  Architecturul  Features. 

The  exterior  .... 
The  wiiU-tliickuesses 
The  interior  .... 
The  condition  of  the  tuinl) 

13.  The  Sculptured  Scenes^. 

Nortli  Wall— Upper  Tart       . 

„         ,,  Lower  I 'art 

South  Wall— Lower  i'art 
Upper  i'art 
Titles  of  I'eatliu      .... 

Chapter   II.     Tiiio  Sitk  of  tiik  Southeun  Tombs 
Situation         .... 
Number         .  . 

Previous  records    . 
Change  of  Necropolis 
Architecture 

Tomb-forms  .... 
Sequence        .... 
Methods  of  construction 
Later  burials 
Koads    ..... 

CiiArri;K   111.     Tiik,  '\\n\n  of  Maiiii. 

A.  Site  and  condition 

B.  Architectural  Features 

C.  Scenes  and  inscri])tions. 

The  wall-thicknesses 

The  rewards  of  Mahu 

An  insi)i'cli()ii  nf  I  he  ilufences 

ri>li(ing  the  capital 


PAGE 

vii 


2 

.5 
6 


7 
7 
7 

K 
9 
9 
9 
10 
II 

12 
12 

\S 
\i 
\h 
Hi 


CONTENTS. 


Chaptei;  IV.  The  Tomb  of  Aty  ..... 
(Jhai'tku  v.  The  Tomb  ok  Rames  .... 
Chai'J'ei:  VI.     The  Tomb  of  NEFER-icnEi>EKU-HEi;-.sEici[Ei'Eii 

CUAI'TKI;     VII.       Till:    To.Mi;    liF    SlITI  .... 

Chapter  VIII.     Thi;  Religious  Text.s. 

A.  Their  character   ....... 

B.  Louger  prayers    ....... 

C.  Shorter  prayers  ....  ... 

D.  Burial  petitions  ....... 

Appendix.     Decorative  Teciinique  at  Ei,  Amaiina 


PAGE 

19 
21 
2.S 

2.T 


26 
27 
30 
30 

32 


Index 


34 


LIST    OF    PLATES 


WITH    UKFEKKNCKS    TO    TlIK    I'AnES    DN    WHICH    THKY    A1!K    DESCUIHED. 


PLATE  Tonil)  of  I'enthu. 

T.  Plan  and  Sections      ..... 

II.  Facade     ....... 

III.  N.  thickness 

IV.  S.  thickness       ...... 

V.  N.  wall :  Upper  Scene.     A  visit  to  the  TciupK 
VI.  „  „  'The  Teinjilt'  Court 

VII.  ,,  „  The  Lesser  Sanctuary 

VIII.  N.  and  S.  walls.     Lower  scenes 
IX.  „  Fragments    . 

X.  S.  wall.     The  King  and  Queen  at  meat 

XI.  Tombs  of  Penthu  and  Rames.     Photographs 

XII.  Tombs  of  Pentliu  and  Mahu.      I'liotographs 

XIII.  Southern  tombs.     General  Plan 

Tomb  of  iMahu. 

XIV.  Plans  and  Sections    ..... 
XV.  N.  thickness.     The  Royal  Family      . 

XVI.  N.  end  Avail.     The  Stela    .         /       . 

XVII.  Pack  wall  :   N.  side.     ^lahu  and  his  train 
XVill.  „  ,,  Mahu  visits  the  Temple 

XIX.  „  „  {coiiii)inatio)i) 

XX.  Back  wail  :   S.  side.     The  Royal  Chariot    . 

XXI.  S.  end  wall  :   Leftside       .... 

X.Xil.  Back  wall:  S.  side.     Passing  the  sentries  . 

XXIII.  S.  end  wall.     The  false  door      . 

XXIV.  Front  wall.     Mahu  exercising  office 
XXV.  S.  end  wall,      li'ight  side    .... 

X.WI.  Front  wall.     Mahu  brings  prisoners 

XXV 11.  Hack  wall.     Doorway        .... 

XXVI II.  Exterior.     Door-jambs     .... 

XXIX.  Fragments        ...... 


PAOK 

1, 

2 

1,  L\  (I, 

;<i 

L 

2!) 

.   1.  l'!>. 

'.() 

■) 

2, 

3 

.      •".,  i. 

o 

5 

■1, 

5 

• 

G 

■)     09     • 

52 

ic. 


I.  wl: 
7—11 


12.  l.', 

i;'.,  u 

12, 

1 3.  28 

U 

15 

15 

i:..  Ifi 

Hi 

IG 

12, 

i;{,  2S 

Ifi,  17 

17 

17,  IS 

1.!.  .11 

!•">, 

;iu,  ;5i 

i.;,  14, 

2S,  29 

XXX.     Tond)s  1(1  (Apy),  SIa,  Dr 


Smaller  Tombs. 
Plans       . 


11.  I!t 


LIST   OP   PLATKS. 


XXXI.     Tomb  of  Apy.      Kntrance 
XXXII.     Hymn  to  the  Aten.     Collixtion  of  texts 

XXXIII.  {The  same  rontinnrd.) 

XXXIV.  Tomlis  7a,  7b,  9b,  11  (Rames).     I'lans 
XXXV.     Toml)  of  Ramcs.      Entrance 

XXXVI.     Tomb  m.      I 'lau  and  section      . 
XXXVII.  „  Sections  and  inscription  . 

XXXVIII.     TomliofSuti,      i'lan  and  sections      . 
XXXIX.     Tomlis  of  Suti  and  Apy.     Inscriptions 

riiotoorapliic 
XL.     Tomb  of  Mahu.      Entrance 

The  sentries     ..... 
XLI.     Mahu  and  the  city  officials 

The  Koyal  Family  driving  out  . 
XLI  I.     Malm's  Chariot,      {hil- drsign)  . 

Mahu.     Nefertiti      .... 
XLIIl.     Tomb  1.1.     Exterior.     Interior 
Tomb  of  Apy.     Hymn  to  Aten 
XLIV.         ,,  ,,         Votive  pieces  . 

„  The  Royal  Family  . 

X  [iV.      Rames  at  prayer        .... 

Rnmcs  and  his  wil'e   .... 


ates. 


PAGE 

, 

19,  20 

20,  26- 

-29,  31 

28,  29 

11,  21 

22,30 

23,  24 

23, 

24,31 

2;') 

I!', 

25,  31 

13, 

14,28 

16 

17,  32 

1.^),  IG 

1') 

1.3, 

15,22 

23,  24 

27 

19 

19,  20 

22,  30 

21 

THE 


EOCIv    TOMBS    OF    EL   AMARNA. 


PART    IV. 


CHAPTEE    I. 


THE    TOMB    OF    PENTHU 


(° 


\S)- 


A.    AiicinTEC'ruRAL  Fmaturks. 

ExTKiiioii.  (I'liitcs  i.,  ii.) — This  tomb  is  hewn 
in  the  cliif,  <iO  yards  or  tliorcabouts  to  the 
South  of  No.  4  (Mcryra).  The  rock  here  forms 
an  overhanging  face  about  30  It.  higli,  and  l)y 
cutting  back  the  ibot-slopc  on  the  left  luuu' 
a  vertical  wall  70  ft.  long  and  15  ft.  high  was 
gained  for  a  facade  with  but  little  labour. 
Perhaps  because  by  chance  the  rock  above 
took  the  exact  shaj)e  of  tlic  usual  rull  and 
cornice,  though  in  gigantic  dimensions,  the 
portal  was  furnished  with  no  other.  The  ex- 
cavation left  a  protected  court  on  tlie  North 
side  of  the  door,  and  dwellers  in  the  desert 
at  a  later  j)eriod  foi'med  tins  info  a  snug  abode 
by  adding  thick  walls  of  piled  stone. 

The  framing  of  the  doorwav  stands  out  in 
slight  relief  from  the  wall,  and  is  (lecoratc<l  in 
the  usual  way  (I'late  ii.).  Tlie  lintel  has  the 
usual  device  of  royal  and  divine  cartouches, 
flanked  on  each  side  liv  tlu'  figure  of  the 
deceased  and  his  })raycr.  It  is  the  exact 
counterpart   of   that  of   Ahmes  (III.    xxvii.).- 


'  No.  5.     (No.  2  of  Lcpsius  ;uui  L'lIOle.) 
■'  A   coiiiplelu   Jrawiiif^  of   tlio   doorway   was    lost   in 
transit,  in.  Ungfand,    and  had  to  be  replaced  by  a  less 
careful    record.      The    figures    on    the   lintel    arc    ordy 
approximately  correct. 


The  jambs  (much  broken  and  time-worn)  con- 
tain ihj  hclep  }!cle)i  prayers  in  four  columns  each. 
(Translations  on  p.  oO.) 

Tni:  Wai.i.-Tuicknesses. — Here  the  usual 
figures  and  prayers  of  the  deceased  are  again 
Ibund,  facing  outward.  They  have  suUcred 
great  injury,  but  the  texts  can  be  restored 
from  parallels  in  the  tomb  of  Iluya.  The  liicro- 
gly|)iis  were  carefully  formed,  but  retain  shaj)e 
and  colour  only  on  the  upper  part  of  the  walls. 
Several  Greek  gratliti  are  scratched  over  the 
figure  on  Plate  iii.,  one  of  which  reads 
Ep/xaio';.'  i'cnthu  Avears  the  long  gown,  waist- 
sash  and  sandals,  and  has  the  shaven  head  of 
the  priest.  Translations  of  the  prayci-s  will  be 
found  on  p.  '2d. 

Intkuiou. — The  tomb  is  in  nearly  every 
respect  similar  M  fhat  t.f  Ahmes  (111.  xxvi.), 
being  T-shaped,  with  the  cross-corridor  at  the 
further  end  from  the  door.  The  inner  room 
served  as  the  burial-chamber,  the  actual  place 
of  interment  being  provided  by  a  shaft,  which 
is  protected  by  a  parapet  of  rock  and  goes  down 
nearly  10  ft.  I  descended  this  and  found  a 
regularly-formed  clianiber,  1 7  ft.  long,  opening 
out  of  it  on   till'  South  si.lr.     It  was  partially 


Cf.  Part  III.,  pp.  35.  3C. 


THE  ROCK  TOMBS  OF  EL  AMARNA. 


filled  witli  loose  stones,  and  liad  e\'idcntly  lieen 
thoroughly  ransacked. 

Beyond  the  cross-corridor  was  the  Shrine. 
It  had  contained  a  statue  or  the  l)lock  out 
of  which  one  Avas  to  be  hewn,  Init  this  has  been 
entirely  removed.  The  I'oof  ol'  the  outer 
corridor  is  vaulted.  For  the  trench  in  the  floor, 
see  Part  II.,  p.  2. 

Condition  of  the  Tomb. — The  tomb  had,  no 
doubt,  been  used  as  a  dwelling-place,  and  to 
this  are  due  two  rounded  niches  in  the  South 
wall  and  a  square  niche  in  the  North  wall, 
which  have  removed  a  large  part  of  the  scenes. 
In  order  to  give  more  light  to  the  back  room, 
an  attempt  was  made  to  break  away  the  whole 
of  the  framing  of  the  inner  doorway,  but  it  was 
only  partially  carried  out.  The  wall-surface  of 
the  long  hall  is  in  a  deplorable  condition.  The 
further  half  on  both  sides  is  almost  entirely 
destroyed,  owing,  apparently,  to  the  poor  j 
nature  of  the  rock  ;  and  the  parts  which  have  not 
so  suffered  are  almost  equally  imsightly.  The 
whole  tomb  was  decorated  in  a  peculiar  way, 
each  fifrure  or  sroup  beinir  moulded  in  an  inset 
of  plaster.  This  adhei'ed  so  indifferently  that  it 
has  nearly  all  fallen  aAvay,  and  has  left  simply 
the  roughly-shaped  mould  which  it  occupied. 
(Pis.  xi.,  xii.)  The  plates  therefore  give,  for 
the  most  part,  merely  the  depression  which  the 
figure  was  to  occupy.  As  this  sometimes  closely 
resembles,  sometimes  only  roughly  approximates 
to  the  final  picture,  a  suggested  restoration  of 
the  outline  has  generally  been  added  within.' 

Despite  present  appearances  and  the  aspect 
of  the  plates,  the  few  fragments  of  plaster  that 
remain  in  place  show  that  the  reliefs  were 
executed  with  the  greatest  care  and  delicacy. 
The  decoration  of  the  tomb,  however,  remained 
incomplete.  The  lower  scene  on  the  South  wall 
finished  abruptly  half  way  along,  and  of  the 
upper  design  only  fragments  of  the  preliminary 
coloured  sketch  remain. 

'  A  move  detailecl  description  of  the  methods  followeil 
by  tlie  sculptors  is  t;ivt.'n  in  un  aiipendix,  p.  3J. 


B.    Tnn  ScuLrTuiiEJ)  Scenes. 

1. — A  Royal  Visit  to  the  Sanctuary. 

Noitli  Wall.     Upper  Tart.     Plates  v.,  vi.,  vii.,  xi.,  xii. 

Though  this  subject  as  a  whole  has  no 
rounteri)art  in  other  tomlis,  it  has  resemblances. 
As  a  representation  of  the  Smaller  Sanctuary 
it  is  most  akin  to  that  in  III.  xxx.,  and  to  two 
pictures  in  the  Royal  Tomb."  But  in  each  of 
those  scenes,  the  visit  of  the  King,  which  is  its 
ostensi!)le  motive,  is  very  differently  pourtrayed  ; 
while  here  there  is  added  as  a  second  motive, 
with  a  second  appearance  of  the  Royal  party, 
tlu'  Itestowal  of  rewards  on  Penthu.  It  has 
already  been  explained  (Vol.  III.,  p.  29)  in 
dealing  with  a  similar  picture  of  the  temple, 
that  the  first  double-gated  pylon  represents  the 
outer  gate  of  the  Temple  of  the  Aten ;  the 
furniture  Avhich  is  seen  behind  it  indicates  the 
intervening  courts  or  sanctuary  ;  and  the  second 
jjylon,  with  the  building  attached  to  it,  is  the 
Smaller  Sanctuary. 

The  Pioyal  party  stand  outside  the  temple, 
the  King  holding  up  his  hands  in  a  reverential 
attitude.  The  Princesses  Mcrytaten,  Meket- 
aten  and  another,  with  the  usual  attendants, 
accompany  their  })arents.''  Five  chariots,  one 
of  them  with  royal  plumes,  wait  outside. 

The  fnrnitnre,  by  Avhich  the  intei'vening  places 
of  offering  are  symltoli/.ed,  corresponds  most 
closely  to  that  of  the  last  courts  of  the  larger 
temple  or  to  that  of  the  dependent  building  at  the 
I'car  of  the  smallei".  It  is  only  in  the  latter  that 
the  tables  with  curved  legs,  Avhich  crowd  the 
space  here,  occur  again  (I.  xi.,  xxxiii.).  This 
picture  of  the  temple,  however,  finds  its  closest 
parallel  in  the  Royal  Tomb,  where  the  rays 
strike  through  the  Iniilding  in  the  same  way, 


-  Mon.  (hi  Culte  il'Atonoji,  I.  i. 

'  Lepsius  took  away  with  him  apiece  of  falling  plaster, 
showing  two  heads  of  female  fan-hearers.  (FjEPSIUS, 
l>.  Text,  ii.,  p.  1.'33.)  They  must  lie  from  this  group 
(L'l.  xi.).  Dr.  Schiiefer  kindly  sent  me  an  excellent 
drawing  of  the  fragment  (No.  521  in  the  Berlin  Museum) 
which  is  reproducetl  on  Plate  ii. 


THK   TOMB    OF    rivVTHU. 


and  the  joints  of  meat  stacked  on  tables  and  in 
shrines  are  a  similar  feature  ;  but  Avhere  the 
Smaller  Sanctuary,  like  the  Greater,  is  indicated 
oidy  by  furniture  and  gates.' 

I'entliu  and  one  or  two  fellow-priests  meet 
the  King  at  the  gates,  and  tlie  picture  suggests 
that  tlie  King  presently  took  tlie  opportunity  to 
show  his  favour  to  this  wortliy  by  substantial 
rewards.  Possibly  the  similar  scene  belov/ 
(I'l.  viii.)  records  the  reward  of  Peuthu's  in- 
dustry as  Chancellor,  that  on  the  South  M'all 
the  honour  done  him  as  Chief  Physician,  or  Privy 
Councillor,  and  this  his  recompense  for  true 
discharge  of  his  duties  as  Chief  Servitor  of  Aten, 
the  scene  of  his  exertions  being  in  each  case 
chosen  as  the  scene  of  his  reward.     The  occasion 

is    described    as    "  Rewarding  - the 

Intimate  of  the    King,    the    Chief  Servitor   of 

Aten "     Over  I'cnthu's  head   is  the 

stereotyped  acknowledgment  by  tiie  lucky 
courtier — "  Abounding  in  wealth  and  knowintr 
Avho  l)estows  it "  ^  A  longer  inscrip- 
tion, which,  no  doubt,  gave  the  reason  for  the 
ceremony,  has  fallen  fi'om  its  setting. 

The  fiices  of  the  royal  pair,  ton,  Imvc  pcriidied, 
with  the  ex(:e])tion  of  the  chin  and  neck  of  the 
Queen,  a  fragment  which,  being  moulded  with 
extreme  care,  makes  us  regret  the  loss  of  the  re- 
mainder. The  mannerism  of  the  earliest  period 
is  indeed  not  entirely  kept  undi'i-.  Tiic  chin, 
liowcver,  is  unexaggerated,  and  the  neck,  though 
lean,  is  such  as  Itossctti  might  have  diawn. 
The  muscles  arc  strongly  indicated;  the  cliceks 
are  hollow,  giving  prominence  to  tlie  check- 
bones,  and  suggest  a  Iiaid,  mascidine  as])ect. 
It  thus  conveys  a  dill'erent  impression  from 
the  painted  profile  on  the  opposite  wall  (PI.  x.), 

'  Tlie  inference  wouUl  lie  llial  tliis  part  of  the  Koyiil 
Toinl)  was  ilccoriitml  at,  the  pcvioil  of  the  chanRo  from 
the  South  to  the  Nortli  nceropoUs.  But  lliis  seems  im- 
possihle  unless  the  one  wall  of  the  room  which  represents 
mourning  for  Melcctaten  were  docorateil  later. 

•  Emending  to 


and  from  other  portraits  of  the  Queen  (cf.  Pis. 
XV.,  xxxi.)  and  is  not  convincing.  The  figure 
does  not  extend  below  the  collar-bones  ;  for,  by 
some  inexplicable  slovenliness,  the  cutting  out 
of  the  matrix  for  the  figure  had  gone  no  further, 
and  the  modeller  in  plaster,  finding  his  basis 
fail,  had  to  round  oil"  his  work  as  best  he 
could  (PI.  xii.  d). 

Dehind  the  Royal  party  is  seen  the  familiar 
columned  pylon,  the  entrance  gate  to  the 
Smaller  Saiictuary.  The  appearance  of  this 
building  has  already  been  described  from 
better  representations  (III.  pp.  21-1'5).  The 
walls  screening  the  entrance  inside  are  shown, 
but  t!ie  only  furniture  of  the  interior  now 
visible  consists  of  numerous  shrines  stacked 
with  bread  and  meat.'  Tbo  sun's  rays 
penetrate  the  building,  and  the  sky  extends 
overhead  till  it  I'eaches  the  supporting  moun- 
tains. 

2. — The  Rewaud  of  Penthu. 

Noi'th  Wall.     Lower  Part.     Plates  viii.,  ix. 

Sidlicient  remains  of  this  greatly  injured 
design  to  show  that  it  was  the  fellow  and 
perluqjs  the  original  of  one  in  the  tondj  of 
Mcryra,  which  it  rcsendiles  in  all  essentials 
(I.  xxix.-xx.xi.).  It  has  been  suggested  already 
that  the  same  subject  once  had  a  place  in  the 
hall  of  J'anehesy  (11.  p.  I'D),''  and  this  warns 
us  forcibly  how  little  there  may  be  in  these 
pictures  that  is  pci"soual  to  the  owner  of  the 
tomb.     As  the  selection  of  verses  on  tlic  jjravo- 


'  Cf.  I.,  viii.;  III.,  p.  i;j,  where  the  rendering  is  incorrect. 


*  Possibly  at  tho  time  of  Ihcso  cnrly  designs  the  gi-cat 
temple  of  the  Aten  was,  in  fact,  little  more  than  a  scries 
of  courts  entered  by  pylons,  and  tho  furniture  still  of  the 
simplest.  Cf.  PI.  xx.  The  sun's  rays  entering  the 
building  everywhere  would  then  be  even  more  noticenble 
than  at  later  periods. 

•  Panehesy,  as  Superintendent  of  the  Gran.irics  and 
Cattle  of  Aten,  would  seem  to  have  the  best  claim  to  the 
design,  and  possibly  it  originated  with  him  ;  for  his  tomb 
might  bo  contemporary  with  Pontbu's.  Whether  his 
fcllow-olVicials  adopted  it  with  eijual  justice,  or  any 
justice,  we  cannot  determine. 


TTTR   ROCK   TOMES    OF    KL   AMARNA. 


stones  of  an  Rnoiish  rliurclivard  are  detcrniineil 
iniicli  iiioro  In'  tlic  liiiiited  n'jtrfldirc  of  tlic 
local  sculptor  than  by  anv  applicability  to  the 
deceascti,  ori<i'ina,lity  heiii,n'  extruniely  rare;  so 
also  was  it  in  i\khetateii.  So  small  was  the 
number  of  stock  de-^i.t^'ns  that  tlicir  connection 
A\'ith  the  personal  historv  of  the  deceased  might 
be  ver}'  remote.  The  personality  of  these 
officials  oi'  Akhenaten  becomes  very  attenuated 
when  wo  observe  that  the  tombs  of  Ahmes, 
Penthu,  Pauelipsv  and  ^leryra  are  illustrated 
with  much  the  same  subjects,  whether  the 
owner  is  a  High  Priest,  a  Chief  IMiysician,  or  a 
Superintendent  of  the  Court-house.  The  prayers 
and  biographical  statements  put  into  the  mouth 
of  the  deceased  are  also  largely  professional 
compositions ;  and  even  the  sliort  legends  and 
dockets,  in  which  we  might  hope  to  find  a 
personal  note,  generally  at  El  Amarna  show 
signs  of  being  stereotyped,  too.  There  is,  how- 
ever, a  certain  degree  of  liberty.  There  are, 
nearly  always,  difFerences  of  treatment  and  ex- 
pression ;  the  artist  then,  as  now,  despised  the 
ignoble  role  of  a  mere  copyist,  and  it  is  in  these 
variations  that  we  shall  find,  if  anywhere,  signs 
of  individual  fortune  and  character. 

The  inscription  accompanying  the  picture  of 
]\Ieryra  sets  forth  that  he  was  rewarded  for 
filling  the  temple  with  all  kinds  of  provisions  for 
offerings.  The  fragments  of  the  corresponding 
but  shorter  notice  here  make  it  pi-obablo  that 
its  tenour,  and  even  its  wording,  were  wry 
similar.  But  the  reference  to  Penthu  is  lost. 
Apparently  similar  services  and  i-ewards  wore 
claimed  in  both  cases. 

yVs  in  the  later  picture,'  the  opening  scene 
shows  the  freight  ships  drawn  up  side  by  side  at 
the  river  bank,  ^vitil  th(<ir  pi-ows  moored  to  the 
shore.  There  are  nineteen  single-masted  vessels. 
Fragments  of  plaster  with  detail  (mooring-stakes, 
landing      planks,     cartouche-headed      stcei'ing 


'  The  full  description  fjiveii  in  Part  I.,  pp.  3.'!-.';G,  uUowf 
uie  to  lie  more  brief  here. 


paddles,  figures  standing  by  piles  of  produce, 
itc.)  show  that  the  copy  of  Meryra.  lollowed  this 
closely.  The  cattle-yards,  however,  are  not  in 
this  tomb  phiced  on  the  river-bank,  but  at  the 
end  of  the  jjicture,  ami  in  their  place  we  have 
here  a  glimpse  of  tlic  gardens  ,'uid  \-illas  which 
lay  along  the  quay.  Between  these  and  the 
shijis  is  a  broad  band,  which  may  represent 
either  the  qu  ly  or  the  river.  It  is  impossible 
to  see  whether  the  two  strips  of  garden  are 
simply  such  or  contain  colonnades."  There  is 
a  strip  of  sky  over  each,  indicating  perhaps 
"hat  they  lie  side  by  side,  not  one  beyond  the 
other.  The  rest  of  the  line  of  buildings  and 
gardens  is  lost,  except  for  a  small  fragment 
(on  a  larger  scale  in  ix.  a.)  The  rest  of  the 
u-all-space  up  to  the  store-yard  was  occupied 
apparently  by  numerous  chariots  and  their 
attendants. 

The  enclosing  wall  of  the  store- yard  is  shown 
running  round  on  all  sides.  In  its  outer  court 
the  King  and  Queen,  accomj)anied  by  three 
princesses,  their  nurses  (recognizable  by  their 
bending  attitude,  PL  ix.  E.),  and  a  numerous 
suite,  receive  Penthu.  lie,  on  his  side,  has  with 
him  a  considerable  company  of  shade-bearers, 
scribes,  officials  and  attendant  priests;  for  it 
is  presumably  in  his  capacity  of  Chief  Servitor 
of  Aten  that  ho  has  earned  the  distinction  of 
the  golden  insignia.'  The  response  of  Penthu  to 
the  King's  generosity  is  on  a  strictlv  official 
model  "Give  health  to  Phai'aoh  (life,  prosperity 
and  health  to  him  !  ),  thy  fair  child,  0  Aten. 
(I rant  that  he  may  complete  [thy  duration; 
grant  it  for  ever.]  " 

Behind  the  royal  pai'ty  is  the  granary,  filled 
with  lioa]is  of  grain  {rL  I.  xxxi.)  Prom  here 
onward  the  wall-surface  is  de.stroved,  ijartly    In' 


-  Cf.  the  picture  of  the  river  bank  in  the  tomb  of  Afay 
(V.  v.).     Mon.  (Ik  CiiUe  d'Atmiou,  1.  xxxv. 

■■'  See  Plate  ix  c.  .Also  FVHote,  Lettres  P.critcs,  p.  Gl. 
Enough  details  of  this  f,'roup  and  its  text  remain  to 
justify    their    restoration    on    the    exact    lines    of    the 

1  ellliua  ill    I.   NXN. 


THE   TOMB   OF   PENTHU. 


iiiitiir;il  (lc(;i\-,  |i;i|-tl\-  1)\'  lu.-s  nl'.-i  LTrfiit-  palcliiu^ 
block  Nvliicli  had  Ijului  lit  led  in  witli  plaster. 
Probably  a  jjictiuc  ol'  tlic  treasury  uccupicd  the 
space,  but  all  that  now  rcinaias  is  a  iragmcut 
showing  the  cattle-house.  Tlic  stalls  are  seen  at 
the  top  ol'  the  picture,  and  between  them  and  the 
front  wall  (below)  arc  eight  (?)  groups  of  cattle, 
each  tended  liy  a  cow-keeper  { I'l.  i.\.  d.,  CT.  1. 
xxix.'). 

3. — I'knthi;  ii(iN(iuui;i)  i\   riiK  I'alaci:. 

South  NViili.      LuWLT  I'ai't.      Pliilc  viii. 

This  scene  seems  to  be  similar  to  that  on  the 
lower  part  of  the  West  wall  of  Ahmes  (111. 
xxxiii.,  xxxiv.),  and,  so  far  as  we  can  gather 
from  the  fragmentary  state  of  both  pictures, 
represents  the  i-cward  of  tlie  Court  otHcial. 
Hence  the  ceremony  takes  place  in  the  palace 
itself ;  the  oijjjortunity  thus  given  for  architec- 
tural Oisjilay  ])eing  perhaps  one  reason  for  the 
introduction  of  the  scene. 

The  King  here  sits  in  the  great  reception  room 
of  the  palace,  and  from  III.  xxxiv.  we  should 
infer  tluit  the  (^ueen  was  shown  seated  behind 
him.-  Consistently  with  other  representations 
of  this  hall,  a  I'uw  of  iuur  coluiinis  is  shown.'' 
The  picture  of  the  interior  of  the  palace  on  tlie 
I'iglit  is  different  in  arrangement  from  those 
hitherto  met  witli,  and  as  it  more  nearly 
resembles  the  picture  in  the  Southern  tombs,  a 
closer  study  of  it  iiiav  l)e  dcl'iTrcil. 

Penthu  is  standing  before  the  King  in  grateful 
acknowledgment  of  the  royal  gifts  which  two 
attendants  are  fastening  upon  him.  On  the  left 
the  front  wall  of  the  palace  is  seen,  with  its 
fayade  represented  above  in  elevation.  'I'he 
gateway  and  si(l(>-door  btluw  must  represent  the 


entrance  (<>  the  court  ul'  the  ])alace  from  the 
street:  if  out  of  place  in  regard  to  the  whole  it 
is  in  true  relation  to  the  facade,  and  more  cannot 
be  expected  from  an  Egyptian  draughtsman. 
Nor  is  unity  of  time  considered  essential.  The 
figure  of  Penthu  is  found  again  outside  the 
gates,  where  he  receives  the  congratulations  of 
iiis  friends,  and,  as  his  name  and  titles  are  seen 
above  another  group,  he  may  have  appeared 
there  also  in  some  othci-  role  or  at  another  stage 
in  the  proceedings.  His  chariot  awaits  liim  * 
and  a  military  escort  is  in  attendance.  To  judge 
by  a  half-effaced  inscription  on  the  left,  Penthu 
was  accompanied  by  a  crowd  of  his  subordinates 
in  office.'' 

The  gate  on  the  extreme  left  (on  which  the 
last  strokes  of  I  lie  sculptor  seem  to  have  been 
spent)  appears  to  be  a  repetition  of  the  entrance 
gates  (cf.  II.  xiv.). 


4  — Tin;  King  .\ni)  Qukkn  .\t  Micat. 

South  Wall.     Upper  Part.     Plato  x. 

Only  a  few  fragments  of  painting  remain  here, 
but  it  has  been  found  possible  to  build  up  a 
picture  on  them.  Though  the  scene  is  familiar,'"' 
its  execution  is  most  interesting.  The  deft 
i)rush  of  the  Egyptian  draughtsman  never 
showed  to  better  advantage  in  tlie  outlines 
secured  ;  for  the  suggestion  of  i-estful  ease  and 
laniruid  movement  is  admirable.  Tlie  hands  also 
show  that  the  artist  was  better  able  to  depict 
Hexibility  and  softness  than  the  sculptor  to  carry 
it  out,  and  the  fragments  of  the  profile  convey 
his  impression  of  the  royal  lineaments  more 
accurately  than  most  of  the  finished  portraits. 
The  shape  of  the  cup  C:*)  which  the  Queen 
holds  is  noteworthy.     The   painting  is   in    red 


'  I  oufjht  probably  to  have  placoil  two  annuals  only  in  ,  ■^^^^,  suj^Keslcil  royal  plumes  have  no  jiisliGc;itioii. 

the  upper  f;roups  also.  :,  ,,  .j^.i,^.   people  of  the  sU)roli.iiiM'  ami  the  .sulmnliiiales 

"  The  su^^esteil  ligure  of   the  Queen  in    front  is   to   he  JiiXv (1  l"V      <^-^j  ^>i  '  \  "' 

deleted.     More  likely  fan-bearers  stood  hero.  of    this    house  (reading  q  t""^  |'  ^i^     o     Sf  I  >>■ 

■■'  The   fourth  is  behind   the   King,   passing   through   a  i  (I'lato  ix.  u.j 

group  of  jars.  |       '''  HI.  iv.,  \i.,  \.sa.. 


'rjlK    KOCK    TOMBS    OF    E].    AJIARNA. 


outline  witli  the  flesh   in   solid   red,  hut  hluc  is 
also  used  on  the  coILar  :   the  eup  is  left  white. 

This  group  lies  aljout  six  feet  iVom  the  right 
end  of  the  wall.  It  shows  the  King  and  (Jueen 
(with  a  princess  beside  her  ?)  seated  on  chairs, 
each  before  a  pile  of  viands.  A  hand  on  the  left 
suggests  that  a  figure  of  C([ual  size  and  impor- 
tance sat  facing  the  King,  and  the  picture  in 
Huya's  tomb  leads  us  to  ask  if  it  can  be  Tyi. 
Conceivably,  however,  it  might  be  the  hand  of 
I'enthu  or  some  other  official  in  attendance.' 


5. — Titles  of  Penthu. 

rcnthu  is  entitled  (Plates  iii.  and  iv.)  :- 
Koyal  Scribe. 
Intimate  of  the  Iviiiir. 


'  The  liand  is  at  its  true  level  in  the  Plate,  l)ut  it  should 
Ijc  sonic  distance  further  to  the  left,  as  if  it  were  helping 
itself  from  the  same  tahle. 


Chief  Servitor  of  Aten  in  the  temjjle  of  Aten 
in  Akhctaten. 

Chief  Physician. 

Privy  Councillor  (ami  khml). 

The  following  epithets  are  also  applied  to 
him  (Plate  ii.)  :—- 

Royal  Chancellor. 

Sole  Companion. 

Attendant  on  the  feet  of  the  King. 

Favourite  of  the  Good  God. 

Beloved  of  his  lord. 

He  who  approaches  the  person  of  the  God. 

Chief  of  Chiefs. 

Companion,  chief  of  the  Companions. 

Tiiough  we  know  little  of  the  special  duties 
which  these  varied  offices  and  honours  entailed, 
it  is  plain  that  Penthu's  rank  was  high  and 
brou";ht  him  into  close  relations  with  the  Court. 


"  All  these  arc  horrowod  by  or  from  Ahmes  (III.  ixvii.), 
along  with  the  device  on  the  lintel,  showing  that  they 
were  honorary  titles  only,  applicable  to  any  high  official. 


CHAFTEJ;    II 


THE     SITE     OF    THE     SOUTHERN     TOMBS. 


1.  SiTUATinN.-— It  is  curioiis  lluit  thc  l)ol<l 
cliffs  themselves  were  not  selected  as  a  site  I'ur 
thc  earliest  tombs  at  Akhetaten,  but  a  low  bank 
which  marks  the  rise  from  the  level  of  thc  plain 
to  that  of  the  great  wady  running  southward 
through  tlic  mountains.  Thc  rock  is  of  thc 
worst  })()ssil)k;  nature  ;  the  site  was  limited  in 
area  and  lay  an  hour's  ride  south-east  of  tlic 
city.  Hence  after  a  few  years  it  was  abandoned 
for  thc  northern  clilfs.  These  unattractive  hills 
are  bounded  on  the  J'Jast  and  West  by  two  KIwrs 
(drainage  valleys)  and  arc  cut  into  three  parts 
by  dry  water-courses,  descending  from  the  level 
of  the  wady. 

2.  NiniiSKR. — Of  the  tombs  excavated  here, 
nineteen  are  usually  open  and  have  been  num- 
bered :  '  but  there  are  others  in  a  greater  or  less 
state  of  completion,  of  which  eight  appear  on  thc 
accompanying  map  (Phitc  .xiii.).  All  the  tondjs 
arc  liable  to  become  sauded-uji,  so  that  many  oi' 
the  numbered  tombs  had  to  be  excavated  in  order 
to  secure  plans.  The  eight  lettered  tombs  were 
completely  hidden  and  were  cleared  of  sand  by 
mc.  j\Iost  of  them  had  been  unearthed  Ijcforc  by 
MM.  Bouriant  and  Barsanti,  but  no  records  or 
plans  seem  to  have  l)een  made.  The  tombs  arc 
betrayed  at  once  by  thc  piles  of  stone  fragments 
thrown  out ;  so  that  it  is  almost  impossible  that 
any  large  chamber  remains  undiscovered,  though 
there  might  be  many  of  thc  type  9ii.,  9c.  There 
are  also  many  small  cuttings  where  a  tomb  was 

'  7  to  25  in  contimuUion  of  llio  iioi'tlicrn  tombs.  Tliey 
arc  often  called  tlic  Toinhs  of  llayy  Qandil  iiflcr  the 
nearest  village  on  the  rivur-bank. 


planned  or  wlicucc  stone  was  taken  for  inset 
(patchings,  cornices,  etc.),  and  these  no  doubt 
have  caused  disappointment  to  others  l)esidcs 
myself.  Of  the  tornljs  which  I  opened  only  7c 
was  of  any  size,  and  uouc  showed  any  traces  of 
inscription  except  2")A.- 

."'..  rKKvinLJs  ItECouns. — The  buried  state 
of  these  tombs,  consequent  on  their  low  posi- 
tion, kept  tiicm  unknown  or  uucopied  long 
after  their  first  discovery.  They  seem  to  have 
been  unvisited  1:)\-  Wilkinson,  as  H.\Y,who  shared 
with  him  the  knowledge  of  the  tombs  of  Et  Til, 
refers  to  the  conspicuous  tomb  of  Ay  as  "  the 
tomb  opened  by  me."  ^  Tomb  lo  also  wiis 
opened  by  him  and  his  companion  Laverin  1830, 
as  he  recortls  on  its  ceiling;  and  tombs  7  and  8 
were  entered,  and  sucli  copying  and  planning 
done  as  were  possible  under  the  cin'um.-.tances. 
LTloTic  did  very  little  work  here.  The  great 
advance  which  Lr.i'Sius  made  on  Hay  wiis  more  iu 
the  j)ublication  than  in  the  extent  of  his  copies  ; 
for  though  the  entrances  of  most  of  thc  other 
tombs  were  plain  to  him,  lie  made  no  attem])t  to 
penetrate  into  them.  The  work  done  by  l-'rench 
Egyptologists  on  the  site  between  1  .S8o  and  1 1102 
has  already  been  noted  (Part  I.,  p.  ■'>).  Tlic 
rcsidt  of  their  combined  labours,  long  delayed 
owin''  to  thc  illness  and  death  of  .M.  Bouriant, 


-  Tlio  eviiloiit  excitcincnt  under  which  M.  lioiuiant 
worlccd  can  alone  account  for  the  sUvtcment  that  the 
South  Kroup  contains  more  than  fifty  tombs,  and  that  all 
the  valleys  arc  full  of  Iheni.  Dciu  jours  dc  foailks, 
pp.  1.  15. 

■'  U.VY,  MSS.  '29817,  fol.  G5. 


TilK    ROCK    TOMBS    OF    EL   AMARNA. 


lias  iiou-  aji[)eareil,  so  far  us  the  south  group  is 

LUllCl'rUL'll.' 

4.  Change  of  NECuorm.is. — Tlie  transference 
of  the  Necropolis  to  the  northern  liills  presents 
us  with  ;m  unsolved  problem  :  for  the  material 
changes  that  coincided  with  it  suggest  that  it 
had  real  significance.  The  new  and  stricter 
name  of  the  Aten  comes  into  use  ;  the  form  of 
tombs  imdergoes  considerable  alteration ;  tlic 
Queen's  sister  disappears ;  detailed  pictures  of 
the  temple  are  shown  and  those  of  the  palace 
are  altered  ;  the  figure  of  the  deceased  takes  the 
place  of  the  King  in  the  doorways.  None  of 
these  changes  is  startling ;  none  perhaps  was 
sudden ;  yet,  taken  together,  they  show  that 
the  Sth  or  Utii  year  of  the  reign  marked  a 
turning-point.  Probably  it  exhibited  in  some 
definite  way  the  success  of  the  revolution  :  only 
a  very  partial  and  short-lived  success,  no  doubt ; 
yet  not  to  be  a  i'ailurc  was  already  much. 

1 1  may  well  be  supposed  that  up  to  this  point 
all  had  been  in  doubt.  Now  (surely  by  a  com- 
promise) civil  peace  was  assured.  The  city  had 
been  solidly  founded  ;  the  temple  and  the  palace 
erected  ;  -  the  boundaries  of  the  sacred  district 
Solemnly  confirmed  ;   tlie  Queen's  sister  married 


'  Monuiwnls  imir  scrvir  i).  I'rtade  da  Cidlc  d'Alonoti,  en 
Egyptc.  Tome  I.  Lcs  Tomhcs  dc  Khotiilatonou.  Par 
MM.  U.  BouTxiANT,  G.  Lf.grain  ct  G.  Jequier.  1905. 
The  previous  publications  of  texts,  I've,  by  IVF.  Uoubiant 
(Deux  juurs  dc  fouilles  a  Tell  cl  AiiKinia)  nnd  M.  Dahhssy 
(lieciicil,  XV.,  p.  36)  Ijcinr;  suiiersedod  by  ami  refeneJ  to 
in  that  work,  1  shall  not  cite  them  in  addition. 

As  far  as  possible  I  have  worked  on  the  site  with 
previous  copies  before  me  ;  so  that  where  I  dill'erfrom  my 
predecessors  I  must  be  understood  to  have  fullv  con- 
vinced myself  that  they  were  in  error.  I  may  add  that, 
except  for  deliberate  mutilations,  and  inscriptions  in  ink 
on  the  facade  or  in  the  entrance  of  tombs,  the  records, 
with  i-are  exceptions,  do  not  appear  to  have  deteriorated 
since  the  days  of  Hay. 

■  Perhaps  temporarily  the  court  had  settled  further  to 
the  south  (in  the  mansion  with  tlic  smaller  painted 
pavement?),  but  now  moved  noi-thward  to  the  newly- 
built  quarter  of  tlie  city  ;  the  necropolis,  naturally, 
shiftiii''  will]  il. 


(iir,  in  a  wav,  perhaps,  that  bad  jiulitieal  results''  ; 
a  new  influx  from  Thebes  was  changing  some- 
what the  fii'st  fashions  in  which  the  King's 
inllucncc  and  local  mannerisms  had  been  un- 
challenged. All  this  is  hypothetical  ;  but  some 
such  change,  important  yet  not  radical,  seems 
indicated. 

5.  AiiCiiiTECTURE. — The  originality  so  marked 
at  this  epoch  in  other  directions  is  not  less  pro- 
minent in  tomb  architecture.  There  was  a  com- 
plete break  from  the  traditions  of  Theban  tombs 
both  in  foi'm  and  in  mode  of  decoration.  The 
ordinary  T-shaped  chamber  is  unknown  at  J'^l 
Amarna,  and  so  also  is  decoration  in  colour  on 
plaster.  Papyrus  columns  everywhere  replace 
the  sijuare  jnllar  of  rock  where  support  is  needed 
for  the  roof.  If  Akhenaten  fails  to  win  our  ad- 
miration away  from  the  bright  colour  and  rich  de- 
tail of  the  Theban  tomb,  his  architecture  at  least 
is  in  the  highest  degree  imposing,  especially  in  the 
Southern  Group,  where  the  larger  tombs  almost 
reach  the  dignity  of  rock-temples.  There  is  no 
other  necropolis  like  this  in  l^gypt.  Beside  the 
solid  masonry  of  Saqqareh,  the  magnificent 
simplicity  of  Beni-Ilasan,  the  rich  colouring  of 
Thebes,  must  be  set  the  graceful  architecture  of 
the  tombs  of  Hagg-Qandil.  The  row  of  complex 
columns  finishing  at  the  wall  in  jiilasters 
with  cavetto-cornice,  and  carrying  either  a 
simj^le  or  a  corniced  architrave,  is  an  architect- 
ural element  which,  by  its  harmonious  blending 
of  straight  lines  with  curves  and  of  the  plain 
with  the  broken  surface,  may  bear  comparison 
with  features  of  classical  ai'chitecture  that  have 
become  imperishable  models.  The  breaking 
of  the  plain  wall-surl'ace  by  double  corniced 
l)ortals,  or  by  the  door  and  lattice,  also  shows 
admirable  decorative  taste,  and  we  can  only 
regret  that  no  free-standing  building  remains  in 
Akhetaten.  Unfortunately  the  period  was  so 
short  and  the  work  so  luu'ried  that  we   have  to 


'  Put  not,  it  would  seem,  to  Iloreniheb,  the  future  Iving 
of  Egypt.     See  Sethe,  J./.  I'JOD,  p.  131. 


Tin:  siTK  oy  riiK  southeiin  tombs. 


ciiinj)k'lc  the  toiiil)s  iii  iiiiauiniititiii.  One  aiid 
all  tliuv  I'liinniu  skc^tclii'S  whicli  sliow  the  restless 
genius  of  the  iirtist;  tiiul  if  there  seems  no  great 
variety  of  type,  no  more  indeed  than  indicates 
tliat  the  type  was  variable,  we  must  rememl)er 
tliat  the  tomlis  of  the  griuip  iipjiear  to  be  the 
product  of  two  or  three  years  at  most. 

(I.  ToMB-FOK.Ms. — The  most  natural  impulse  in 
tomb-(|uarrying  is  to  gain  wall-space  with  least 
labour.  To  this  the  corridor  answers  best.  It 
might  lie  athwart  the  entrance  or  in  line  wilh 
it,  and  though  the  latter  arrangement  had  llu' 
advantage  of  taking  small  I'rontage  space,  the 
cross  corridor  was  generally  adopted,  as  it 
secured  room  for  expansion,  in  the  South  group 
only  tombs  18,  !',(  and  iM  adnptcd  tin;  direct 
corridor.  It  was  imitated  in  tombs.')  and  o,  but 
there  the  cross-corridor  (with  false  doors)  Avas 
added  at  the  fiuihcr  end,  thus  forming  an 
exact  T. 

The  smallest  ton d)s  are  all  of  the  cross-corridor 
type,  with  a  false  door  (shrine)  at  each  end  and 
another  opposite  the  entrance  (tombs  7,  11.  IT"). 
If  time  and  means  permitted,  the  breadth  of  ihu 
corridor  was  doubled,  the  back  wall  becoming  a 
row  ol' colnnnis  do'wn  the  cinitre  (conunt'nced  ii. 
Nos.  10,  li',  2(1;  nearly  completed  in  7c,  13). 
Or  it  might  be  trebled  or  (|uadruplcd  by  having 
two  rows  of  colunnis  (Nos.  S,  l-l,  l(i)  or  three 
(No.  25).  Two  false  doors  to  right  and  left  on 
entering  still  bori'  witness  to  the  embryo-form, 
though  these  might  be  repeated  in  the  new 
cross-aisle  (Nos.  S,  IG).  Not  that  the  develop- 
ment actually  took  place  in  successive  strijjs. 
After  the  cross-corridor  was  finished  the  central 
aisle  might  be  run  out  to  its  limit,  and  the 
excavation  begun  to  right  and  left  (Nos.  21,  22). 

The  simple  cross-corridor  tond)  was,  however, 
not  really  complete.  It  had  no  place  for  burial 
(only  a  shaft  in  the  chamber  in  tond)  1 1 ),  and  il 
was  intended  that  the  <li»)r  in  the  back  wall 
should  lead  t<i  a  rurthcr  I'miin,  iu  which  nr 
through  which  the  burial  place  should  be  i 
reached.     In   the  tomb  of  Mahu   (No.  '.))   this  , 


room  was  left  ijuitc  simple  and  small.  In  Xos.  S 
and  I  ■)  this  inner  room  was  meant  to  become  a 
inany-columned  chamber.'  Where  the  cross-cor- 
ridor had  become  a  columned  hall,  it  was  felt  ad- 
visable to  begin  the  burial  ])lace  at  once,  placing 
it  at  the  end  of  a  flight  of  steps  leading  down  from 
the  floor  (iu  the  left-hand  back  corner,  Nos.  8, 
lo,  II,  IG,  2o).  If  the  stairway  Wiis  extensive, 
it  was  made  to  turn  on  itself  so  as  to  keep  within 
the  area  of  the  tondj.  The  stairway,  when  in 
the  secuud  chamber,  was  on  the  right  (Nos.  G,  'J, 

7.  Si'.QUicxcK. — It  is  dillicult  to  determine 
the  order  of  succession  of  the  tombs  in  this 
grou]).  The  I'rincesscs  arc  always  three  in 
iiuiiiber,  excejit  in  tombs  '.)  and  1  I  where  Mci'v- 
taten  alone  appears.  Rcasnus  will  be  given  for 
doubting  if  these  two  tond^s  can  really  date  as 
early  as  Akhenatcn's  fifth  or  sixth  year.     All  the 

!  tombs  therefore  seem  to  be  practically  of  one 
period,  and  I  am  unable  to  suggest  witli  confi- 
dence any  sc([ueuce  among  them.  Tombs  8  and 
23  show  examples  of  the  later  form  of  the  name 
of  the  Aten,  and  tond)  1)  uses  no  other.     These, 

I  then,  we  should  expect  to  be  latest  in  date. 

8.  ;\lETnODS    OF   CONSTKUCTION. — As     will     be 

seen  in  dealing  with  separate  tombs,  they  are  all 
I  more  or  less  unfinished,  and  the  decoration  of 
all  is  seriously  incomplete,  lividently  the  work 
w;is  done  in  the  utmost  haste.  The  shrewd  king 
seems  to  have  seen  that  the  best  way  to  biiiil  his 
courtiers  to  Akhetaten  and  to  his  enterprise  there 
was  to  let  them  see  their  future  halls  of  burial 
already  l)lanned  on  anelalxirate  scale  andactualiy 
begun.     A   tondj  was  invariably  ([Uarried  fmrn 

'  Il  is  fioiii  tills  lypc  liiivt  tlic  lai";,'ci"  tombs  of  tlie  North 
{^roup  arc  developed,  but  willi  coiisideiublc  cbiingcs  of 
diiiieusions  and  airangcnienl.  The  two  false  doors  aro 
still  seen  in  the  first  chamber  of  Mcryra  (No.  -1)  and  of 
I'ancliesy  (No.  G).  In  the  latter  tliey  are  Ininsfcrred  to 
llic  back  wall. 

*  When  the  inner  room  \v;us  u<lded  in  No.  ti,  the 
provisional  burial  place  iu  the  outer  hall  was  abandoned 
for  a  more  elaborate  one  in  its  true  place,  the  second 
chamber. 


10 


THE   ROCK   'I'OMBR   OF   EL   AMARNA. 


the  roof  (lownw.'irils,  and  to  the  hist  tlic  coiling 
remained  the  most  finished  and  accurate  portion; 
so  that  the  modern  surveyor  is  ohliged  to  adopt 
the  hdjorious  and  inverted  method  of  taking  the 
ceiling  as  the  basis  of  his  plans.  The  reason  for 
this  is  not  far  to  seek.  When  one  tomb  was  be- 
gun before  its  neighljour  had  been  completed,  it 
was  advisable  that  the  latter  should  have  marked 
out  its  claim  to  frontage  by  excavating  the  whole 
breadth  within.  This  is  in  fact  always  i'ound 
to  have  been  done,  even  if  the  torn))  \v^as 
left  unfinished  in  the  rear  (cf.  Nos.  l-l,  '22, 
25,  etc.). 

A  further  peciiliaritv  of  these  tombs  is  that 
they  were  cvidentlv  liiiished  piecemeal  as  the 
work  went  on  ;  the  last  smoothness  and  detail 
were  given  to  the  ceilings,  architraves,  cornices 
of  doors,  and  capitals  of  columns,  while  the 
other  half  of  the  tomb,  the  column,  the  doorway, 
was  still  a  mass  of  rock.  The  explanation, 
however,  is  not  that,  owing  to  a  childish 
impatience  to  reach  pleasing  results  or  in  order 
to  avoid  the  use  of  scaffolding,  the  toml)  was 
completed  in  sections:  this  feature  is  the 
direct  result  of  the  conditions  under  which  the 
work  was  done.  So  hasty  was  it,  so  insecure 
the  supply  of  labour,  so  remote  the  chance  of 
completion,  that  the  most  expeditious  method 
was  the  oidy  metiiod.  Quarriers,  finishers, 
plasterers  and  decorators  were  employed  upon 
the  tomb  simultaneously,  one  following  upon 
the  other's  heels  ;  and  when,  as  was  feared,  the 
quarriers  were  called  away  from  the  half-exca- 
vated toml),  the  finishers  employed  the  interval 
that  must  elapse  before  new  work  was  prepared 
for  them  in  completing  the  chamber  to  the  limit 
that  their  forerunners  had  set  them.  The  plas- 
terers moulded  and  whitewashed  the  capitals 
of  columns  regardless  of  the  fact  that  the  shaft 
was  still  unformed  and  that  their  work  would 
be  seriously  impaired,  if  not  destroyed,  should 
the  excavation  ever  be  proceeded  with.  The 
decorators  and  sculptors,  who  found  a  propei'Iy 
smoothed    wall,   sketched    out,    sculptured   and 


painted  their  scenes,  though  half  the  chambei", 
or  all  save  the  doorway,  was  still  virgin  rock. 
This  procedure  has  been  justified.  J5ut  for  this 
unmethodical  haste  there  could  have  been  no 
architectural  beauty  and  no  texts  or  scenes  in 
the  necropolis ;  for  not  a  single  tomlj  reached 
comjjletion,  and  only  in  two  cases  arc  even 
the  interiors  perfectly  ready  for  decoration. 
This  must  be  remembered  in  appreciating 
architectural  features,  and  not  less  in  drawing 
conclusions  from  the  scenes.  No  evidence 
can  be  gathered  from  the  absence  of  certain 
representations,  for  the  subjects  which  would 
have  occupied  the  remaining  walls  are  iiu- 
kno^vll  to  us.  As  a  matter  of  fact  all  the 
pictures  ^ve  have  in  this  group,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  those  in  the  tomb  of  Mahu  and 
one  in  the  tomb  of  May,  are  three  separate 
versions  of  the  same  design,  showing  the  reward 
of  the  official  from  the  window  of  the  palace 
(Tombs  7,  8,  25). 

The  tombs  and  their  sculptures  lie  open  also 
to  the  charge  of  being  "jerry-built";  for  the 
material  in  which  they  are  excavated  is  tpiite 
unsuited  to  their  ambitious  designs.  The  ad- 
mirable lines  of  cornice  and  column  and  the  fine 
detail  of  sculpture  are  all  executed  in  plaster. 
The  stone  basis  for  both  is  often  of  the  roughest 
description.  Many  of  the  columns,  owing  to 
faults  and  fissures  in  the  rock,  are  largely  made 
up  of  plaster.  No  doubt  a  great  deal  of  bad 
work,  due  to  haste,  has  also  been  covered  up 
in  this  way.  But  the  Egyptian  Avork  in  plaster 
was  so  excellent,  and  tlie  insecure  basis  for  this 
rock-architecture  is  so  little  to  lie  suspected 
even  now,  that  the  passing  centuries  must  be 
considered  to  have  sufficiently  vindicated  the 
ancient  architect. 

9.  IjATEr  Burials. — Most,  if  not  all,  of  the 
tombs  have  been  re-used  for  later  burials,  bones 
and  great  mounds  of  sherds  outside  the  principal 
tombs  witnessing  eloquently  to  the  fact.  Large 
numbers  of  coflius  were,  I  believe,  found  by  the 
first  excavators,  many  being  burnt   and  others 


'I'llK   SITE   OF   TnK    SOTTTIIEUN  TOMBS. 


11 


removed  to   Cairo.     No  notes   of  this   Depart- 
mental undertaking  have  been  i)ublislied.^ 

10.  Roads. — As  in  the  Nortli  group,  broad 
tracks,  swept  clear  of  stones,  lead  from  the 
vicinitysof  the  ancient  town  to  many  of  the  chief 
tombs.  They  are  marked  on  I'lato  xiii.  fur  a 
certain  distance,  but  after  three  or  four  hundred 
yards  from  the  tombs  they  visibly  swerve 
from  tlie  straight  line  and  often  bend  con- 
siderably, perhaps  because  several  ran  into  one.^ 
Their    full     mapping     remains     to     be    done. 


'  I  hope  to  be  able  later  to  obtain  a  little  evidence 
on  the  subject  from  the  heaps  of  debris  and  from  the 
JcUahin  who  did  the  work. 

*  Von  their  furllier  course,  consult  Pktuih,  T.  A.,  pi.  xxxv. 
Their  number  and  direction  is  given  in  Lepsius,  D.  Text, 
ii.  p.  148. 


The  following   notes   on    this   sul)ject    may  be 
added : — 

From  Tomb  25. — Two  roads;  one  leaving  at 
319",  one  at  322^,  and  seeming  to  strike  the 
river  bank  at  points  .'517"  30'  and  333^  30' 
from  the  tomb.      Twenty  and  twenty-two  feet 

Ijroad. 

From  Tomb  23. — Thirty-fiur  feet  broad. 

Fi'om  Tomb  22. — Very  straight.  Tweuty- 
fivc  feet  broad. 

From  Tomb  S. — Appears  to  strike  tiie  bank 
303°  from  the  door  of  the  tomb.  Twenty-nine 
feet  broad. 

The  uninscribed  tomb.-;,  uf  which  some  plans 
arc  given  on  Plates  xx.k.,  .xxxiv.,  will  be  noticed 
in  Tart  V. 


12 


CIJAI'TEK    IIJ, 


THE    TOMB    OF     MAHU     (^ 


A.     Sl'I'IO    AND    CiiXMITlnN    iiK    'rui';    Td.MI'.. 

Tins    tiniil)    was    dpnii'il     l)v    M.    Isuuriant     in 
ISS.')  -  for  tilt'  I'lrst  tiiiK'. 

Miiliu,  Chief  of  I'olicc,  was  Ijctter  ■aw.wv  tliaii 
any  one  of  tlie  risk,  or  ratlier  the  cei-hiiutv,  that 
liis  tomh  wouhl  ho  phiiidereil  after  his  deatli. 
Instead,  tliercfore,  nl'  hewin^u'  ids  clnunhers 
conspicnonsly  in  tht'  fare  of  tiie  Idils  overloolvin.u" 
tlie  plain,  lie  eliose  a  retired  spot  wliere  tiie 
jrronnd  was  almost  tlat.  Drivinr;-  a  narrow- 
stairway  to  a,  snitie.ient  depth  he  formed  his 
''eternal  home"  eellar-wise  there,  wliere  the 
whirling  sands  wonld  qnickly  conceal  it. 
Though  his  aim  was  not  pt'rmanentlv  secured, 
the  ruse  was  partially  successful.  The  little 
torn!)  remained  innnune,  not  only  during  the 
religious  reaction  that  soon  occurred,  hut  from 
the  assaults  of  modern  thieves.  Tl'  his  little 
chamber  is  now  the  most  atti'active  of  the 
Southern  tombs,  it  is  owing  not  only  to  the 
])eculiar  interest  of  the  scenes  but  also  to  the 
unsullied  whiteness  of  a  large  part  of  the  walls. 

B.  AijcurrKcniKAi,  Fkatuuks. 
The  toinb  is  of  the  simple  cross-corridor  type, 
with  a  second  chamber  in  the  axis  of  entrance 

'  Tomb  9.  Tlie  name  is  spelt  (or  misspelt)  in  four 
other  ways  in  the  tomb  by  tlie  slovenly  scnl)e.  By  eri-or 
a  h  (?)  precedes  the  niime  on  the  right  jamb  outside 
(Phitc  xxviii.).  Can  it  he  this  blunder  th;it  has  indueed 
the  editors  of  tlie  French  publication  to  transliterate  the 
name  by  :^^ahhou  ?  ft  was  correolly  >,'iven  in  the  first 
instance  by  M.  Bonriant, 

■  BOUIUANT,  />».,-  jours  lie  fniiillc%,  p.  l(j.  As  nii,i^hl 
be  expected  from  this  lille,  the  excavation  seems  to  have 
been  of  the  mostsununary  sort.  The  tomb  was  i)uhlislied 
last  year  in  Mon.  du  Calle  d'Atonou,  I.,  oh.  xv. 


through  which  the  jilace  of  burial  is  reached. 
'I'his  inner  chamber  is  roughly  hewn  and  askew, 
and  the  shrine  at  the  back  of  it  remains  an  un- 
iinished  doorway,  h'rom  this  chamber  a  winding 
stairway  of  47  steps  leads  down  to  the  burial- 
place,  making  more  than  a  complete  turn  before 
the  owner  was  satisfied.  Two  flights  bring  one 
to  a  small  chamber,  and  from  the  floor  of  this 
two  flights  more  descend  to  a  room  at  double 
the  depth  of  the  first.  This  contains  a,  l)urial- 
pit  with  a  rough  chamber  at  one  end  for  the 
actual  interment.  The  pit  had  been  filled  up 
with  round  boulders  and  loose  stones.  A  niche 
in  the  wall  at  the  foot  of  the  first  flight  of  steps 
may  be  a  later  lonihi^  for  burial. 

The  intermediate  chamber  seems  to  reflect  the 
uncertainty  of  life  and  fortinie  in  Mgypt.  Had 
Mahu  died  or  fallen  from  favour  just  then, 
this  proyisional  chamber  must  ha\e  formed  his 
place  ol'  sepulture.  The  prospect  of  sudden 
arrest,  or  of  possible  elaboration  of  the  work, 
seems  to  have  often  affected  the  plans  of  the 
Egyptian  architect,  as  it  not  infrecjuently  does 
those  of  his  modern  successors.  Sometimes, 
l)crhaps,  the  stojipage  was  deliberate,  the  coveted 
achievement  being  so  far  beyond  the  immediate 
resources  of  the  official  that  it  was  impossible  to 
execute  the  whole  plan  at  one  outlay. 

The  inscribed  chamljer  in  all  finished  tombs 
of  this  group  has  a  doorw.ay  at  each  end.  Jn 
this  tomb,  however,  this  i'eature  is  replaced  at 
the  North  eml  by  a  round-topped  stela;  while 
the  other,  though  of  the  usual  form,  has  its  inner 
l)ai't  inscribed,  thus  obviating  the  possibility  of 
hewing  a  chamber  or  statue-shrine  there.  These 
doorways,  plainly,  have  been  interpreted  as  door- 


THE   TOMB   OF   MAIIU. 


13 


shaped  stelae  and  decoi-atively  treated  as  suc.li  ;  i  whole  wall.'     The  prayer,  wliich  is  a  duplicate  of 

the  North  stela  being  just  a  repetition  of  the  I  that  on    the    opposite    wall    with   one   or   two 

inner  design  of  its  fellow,    omitting  the   dooi--  I  variants  in   spelling,  occurs  four  times  in  this 

framing.     A  single  step  leads  up  to  the  latter:  lomh  alune,=  as  well  as  in  those  of  Apy,  Any, 

two  steps  to  the  former.     The  sculpture  in  each  j  Tutu,  and  of  Meryia  in  the  North  Group.     (A 

case  shows  acts  of  worship  Ijy  the  royal  family.  '  collation  of  these  texts  will  be  found  on  Plates 

The  profile  of  the  (^uecn  is  repeated  in  line  on  xxxii.,  xxxiii.,  and  a  translation  on  p.  28.) 


Plate  xxix.,  and  in  photograph  on  Plate  xlii. 


The   texts    in    this    tomb    contain    the    most 


The  fagade  of  the  tomb  occujjies  only  the  extraordinary  erroi's  and  are  often  unreadable  as 
breadth  of  the  narrow  stairway,  and  hardly  they  stand,  the  decorator  being  plainly  incapable 
admits  even  of  the  door-fi'aming.  The  cornice  of  reading  a  word  of  that  which  he  copied  and 
and  the  scene  on  the  lintel  are  almost  Aveathcred  having  besides  a  corrupt  or  illegible  exemplar, 
away.  The  inscriptions  on  the  jambs,  as  well  The  portraits  of  :N[ahu  which  so  often  recur  in 
as  those  on  the  corresponding  doorway  to  the  '  the  tomb  agree  fairly  well  with  one  another : 


inner  chamber,  are  translated  on  pp.  3<',  ;JI. 


but  as  they  also  dift'er  little,  if  at  all.  from  the 


The  walls  of  the  outer  hall  were  to  have  been     typical  Egyptian  oHicial,  they  cannot  be  taken 
fully  occupied  by  scenes  in  two  series,  an  upper  ,  as  a  serious  attempt  at  portraiture. 


and  a  lower  ;  but,  as  is 


iiivai'iah 


ly  the  case  in  i       The  faces  of  the  royal   pair  in  the  tomb  are 


these  tombs,  the  woi-k  is  uiifiiiisluMl.  As  a  con-  well  j)reserved  and  coiilirm  the  most  pleasiu"' 
setiucncc  the  walls  ali'ord  a  most  interesting  and  least  bizarre  examples  elsewhere.  The 
exhibition  of  the  technical  methods  employed  ;  King's  profile  in  Plate  xv.,  where  the  work  is  on 
for  they  remain  in  almost  every  stage  from  the  j  the  largest  scale  and  most  carefully  executed, 
ink  sketch  to  the  finished  ix'lief.      In  most  cases  |  strikingly  resembles  the  plaster  head  found   by 


the  paint  seems  not  \-et  to  have;  been  applied. 
The  scene  on  Plate  xv.,  however,  has  received 
part,  if  not  all,  of  its  colouring,  and  the 
hieroglyphs  on  the  door-jambs,  instead  of  I)eiug 
as  elsewhere  in  siniplc  IjIuc,  ai-e  in  vai-ied  colours. 
Attention    is  called    in    the     tcc]inii|uc   later  (Jii 

(p.  :i2). 


C.    Tllh:   SOKAK.S   AM>    r\sci;irTioNs. 

I . — TiiK   W'ai.i.-tiiicknkssks. 

Plates  XV.,  xxix.,  xl. 

The  sides  of  the  siiort  entrance-passage  to  the 
tomb  (representing  the  Ihicknesscs  of  the  wall ) 
are  ornamented  in  the  way  almost  universal  in 
the  Southern  tombs.  On  the  left,  namely,  the 
iloyal  family  arc  shown  saerilicing  at  the  altar  of 
the  Aten  (I'lates  xv.,  xl.),  an<I,  in  a  lower  panel,  i 
the  (igurc  and  liturgy  of  the  deceased  (I'l.  xxix.). 
On  the  other  side  the  latter  subject  occujiies  the 


Professor  Petrie  in  the  mined  town.'  Tiie  ]iro- 
portions  of  the  figures  are  l)ad,  erring  above 
all  in  the  excessive  size  of  the  head  and 
shortness  of  the  thighs.  Yet  they  do  not 
show  the  anatomical  enormities  which,  thou"h 
rarely  ])erpetrated  in  tiiinl)-scul])ture,  are 
often  considered  characteristic  of  the  jjcriod,* 
and  are  even  supposed  to  reproduce  similar 
[diysical  peculiarities  of  the  unhappy  pair. 

The  scene  in  PI.  xv.,  in  which  the  Kingpoui-s 
incense  or  oil'  on  the  (laming  bowls,  while  the 


'  The  figure  is  shown  on  Plate  xxix. ;  the  whole  in 

Moil,  tin  Ciiltc  d'Aloiwu,  I.,  p.  07  (with  some  inoccura- 
cit'S  ami  oinissioiis). 

■  For  variants  in  the  four  texts  of  this  tonih  consult 
i'art  1.,  pp.  50,  51,  where  the  text  of  Plate  xxix.  =  Maliu 
(I,  that  of  PI.  xvi.  =  Malm  fc,  that  of  the  S.  thickness  = 
Mahu  c,  and  that  of  Plate  xxiii.  =  Malm  (/. 

•■'  PKTiin:,  T.  A.,  Frontispiece. 

*  Chaiacteristic  perhivps  of  work  of  the  first  few  years 
of  the  rei^n,  (boundary  stelae,  stelae  in  the  palace,  trial 
pieces,  etc.). 

'-  Cf.  11.  xxxii.  for  the  shape  of  the  vessel. 


14 


TITK   ROCK  TOMBS   OF   ET,   AMARNA. 


Queen  ofiers  tlie  srepti'e  and  n  lamp  (?)  ^^ucli  as 
already  burns  on  tlie  sacrifice,  calls  for  little 
comment.      llibbons   secure   the    uraei    to    the 


Queen's    hea(l,o;ear    or    roil] 


iirr. 


The    Kinir's 


sporran  (in  faint  red  ink)  seems  to  have  been 
sewn  with  ornaments  of  inlaid  enamel  and 
fringed  with  glaze  pendants. 

Here  and  elsewhere  in  the  tomb  only  the  first- 
born daughter,  ]Merytaten,  is  shown;"  but 
against  the  inference  that  the  woi'k  belongs  to 
the  earliest  years  of  the  reign  is  to  be  set  the 
fact  that  in  this  tomb  the  cartouches  of  the  Aten 
take  their  later  form.^ 

It  scarcely  seems  possible  that  the  tomb  should 
have  been  decorated  before  the  birth  of  Meket- 
aten.  For  we  ihid  tlie  li\'mn  to  the  Aten  already 
composed,  plagiarized  and  corrupted  ;  the  town 
guarded  by  forts ;  its  police  and  government 
org.anizcd  ;  the  peculiar  artistic  style  and 
methods  of  decoration  fully  developed.  It 
seems  more  likely  that  the  artist  liad  no  place 
in  the  pictures  cxcejit  for  the  heiress,  wlio  Avas 
now  old  enough  to  ajipear  with  her  parents  in 
public. 

2. — Tiiic  RinvAKn.s  of  ■\[Aiir. 

Front  Wall,  N.  lialf.      Buck  'NVall,  N.  half.      Tlatos  xvii., 
xviii.,  xix.,  xxix.,  xlii. 

The  scenes  in  the  hall  itself  have  two  subjects, 
the  duties  and  the  rewards  of  Mahu.  The 
former  subject  occupies  the  South,  the  latter  the 
North  half  of  the  chamber.  In  e\'ery  case  the 
scenes  on  each  side  of  the  stelae  on  the  end 
walls  form  a  part  of  the  larger  picture  on  the 
adjacent  wall. 

The  design  on  the  North  half  of  the  front  wall 
is  gone,  but  a  fragment  in  ink  which  survives 
(PI.  xxix.)  shows  that  on  the  upper  part  Mahu 
was  seen   receiving   the    customary  honours  at 


'  Cr.  Stf.in'iioufp,  Bliilc~cil,  pp.  lOG,  l.'JT. 
-  One  also  in  tlu;  tomh  of  Eames  (PI.  xxxv.) ;  two  on 
most  slelao  ;  not  less  than  three  olsewliLTe. 

•"  As  in  the  tonil.)  of  ;\ny  and  once  in  that  of  Tutu. 


the  hands  of  the  King  from  the  window  of  the 
palace. 

On  the  North  half  of  the  back  wall  we  have 
as  the  upper  picture  the  ink  fragment  shown  in 
IT.  xvii.  ;  the  parts  on  the  extreme  left  (end 
wall)  and  on  the  extreme  right  are  completely 
effaced.  The  former  probably  contained  addi- 
tional attendants  and  soldiery ;  the  latter 
evidently  showed  the  loggia  of  the  palace  from 
which  the  collars  were  being  handed  to  Mahu  by 
the  King.  "What  is  left  shows  us  the  waiting 
chariots,  the  crowd,  the  close  attendants  of 
Mahu,  and  a  second  figure  of  that  official, 
"  Mahu,  commandant  of  the  Mazau  of  Akhet- 
aten."^  By  virtue  of  his  office  he  appears  to 
have  been  entitled  to  have  a  standard  carried  be- 
fore him.  Unfortunately  the  design  on  the  panel 
cannot  any  longer  be  deciphered  with  certainty  ; 
it  ai)pears  to  present  the  execution  of  an  enemy 
by  the  King.  Malm's  men  are  ranged  behind 
him  unarmed.  He  himself  is  lifting  his  hands 
in  excited  salutation  and  says,  "Thou  makcst 
great  by  troops  and  troops  ;  thou,  the  ruler  of 
Aten  (?),  thou  shalt  live  for  ever."^ 

The  lower  scenes  (Pis.  xviii.,  xix.)  differ  little 
from  the  last,  except  that  the  temple  is  substi- 
tuted for  the  palace,  indicating  another  occasion 
and  place  for  the  reward  of  this  important 
public  official.  The  completion  of  the  palace 
and  temple  would  be  great  public  events  in 
Akhetaten,  and  Mahu  might  well  receive  tokens 
of  court  favour  on  both  occasions.  Or  perhaps 
the  artist  in  decorating  the  tomb  rather  had  it 
in  mind  to  indicate  Mahu's  responsibilities  :  the 
temple  and  the  palace  which  he  had  to  protect, 
and  the  system  of  defences  round  the  city  wdiich 
he  had  to  maintain.  In  all  this,  of  course,  Mahu 
did  excellently  and  reaped  generous  recognition. 

The  whole  of  this  picture,  being  also  merely 

*  The  Mazau  formed  the  police  force  in  important 
centres,  being  recruited  principally  from  a  Nuljian  trihe 
of  that  name.  Their  Connnandant  was  responsible  to 
the  Vizier  or  Governor. 

'■'  Cf.  III.  xii. 


THE    TOMB   OF    iMAHU. 


15 


sketched  out  in  black  ink,'  not  only  aifords 
an  example  of  the  skill  and  method  of  the 
ancient  draughtsman  and  of  the  basis  which  was 
given  to  the  sculptor  for  his  subsequent  work ; 
but,  owing  to  its  provisional  character  and  to 
the  manual  dexterity  which  it  betrays,  it  brings 
the  day  of  its  execution  singularly  near  to  us. 
The  man  whose  brush  traced  these  clever 
sketches  seems  to  have  but  left  his  task  for 
a  moment  and  to  be  still  in  our  midst.  AVe  can 
see  the  sculptor,  too,  who  had  looked  forward 
to  this  task,  when  pressure  of  work  elsewhere 
called  him  away  from  the  tomb,  deferring  his 
departure  for  half-an-hour  while  his  deft  tool 
modelled  a  head  of  Mahu,  which  was  to  remain 
for  all  time  the  only  advance  on  the  ink  design 
(I'hotograjih,  PI.  xlii.)  Or  perhaps  ]\Iahu  him- 
self, intensely  chagrined  at  the  stoppage  of  the 
work,  would  not  release  the  craftsman  until  he 
had  at  least  seen  his  own  portrait  elaborated. 

Mahu,  wearing  the  festal  cap,  and  with  his 
neck  laden  with  collars,  kneels  in  prayer  or 
liomage  before  the  great  gate  of  the  temple. 
The  whole  scene  is  the  familiar  one  of  the 
reward  of  the  faithful  official  by  the  King,  and 
the  inscriptions  confirm  it.  The  King,  however, 
is  not  present,  uuless  the  scene  on  the  other 
side  of  the  door  (PL  xxii.)  is  to  be  brought  into 
connection  with  it.  Otherwise  we  must  suppose 
that  Mahu,  after  being  honoured  as  shown  in 
the  scene  above,  presented  a  thankofrerin"  at 
the  gate  of  the  temple,  and  this  prayer  for  his 
royal  master,  "Health  to  |  I'liaraoh]  !  Life, 
prosperity  and  health  to  him  !  n  A  ten,  vouch- 
safe him  forever,  (namely)  Ua-eu-ia,  who  forms 
by  (his)  Art." 

Mahu  is  followed  by  liftcen  of  his  men,  "  the  i 
Mazau  of  Akhetaten,"  led  by  their  officer  and  a  i 
standard-bearer,    whu    nil  ])raise    their  God  or  I 
their  King  with  upraised  arms  and  crv,    "  The 
good    ruler  (?)   who   makes  monuments  to  the 


Facsiiuileil  lici-o  fioiii  tracings. 


Father!  He  does  it  again  and  asain,  for  ever 
and  ever.     The  good  master !  " 

In  the  row  above,  Mahu  is  seen  again  at  the 
head  of  his  force.  It  is  led  as  before,  but  is 
now  ranged  in  six  ranks  of  five.-  A  formal 
review  of  the  police  of  Akhetaten  may  have  pre- 
ceded the  honour  shown  to  their  Commandant, 
or  it  represents  the  orderly  march  to  the  temple. 
Above  them  is  written,  "  the  police  of  Akhet- 
aten sing  and  shout  the  refrain'  (lit.  '  so  as  to 
say.')  '  He  promotes  [in  masses,  in  masses.  So 
long  as  Atcn  dawns]  he  will  endure  eternally.'  "  * 

Claim's  charioteer  and  saises  outside  the  crowd 
join  in  a  similar  cry,  "  He  promotes  by  (?)  num- 
berless masses.  He  shall  live  eternally  like  A  ten." 
Women  and  children  (of  Malm's  harem  ?)  join  in 
the  general  jubilation.     (Photograph,  PI.  xlii.) 

o. — A  llovAr,  Inspection  of  tiik  Dkfences. 

Back  Wall.    Soulh  end.   Plates  xii.,  xx.,  xxi.,  xxii.,  xl. 

This  picture  has  such  evident  reference  to 
Malm's  calling  that  it  must  have  been  desi<rned 
for  this  tomb.  Nothing  similar  occure  else- 
where, though  the  chariot  and  the  occupants 
were  reproduced  l)y  Ahmcs  (III.  xxxii., 
x.xxii.  .\).  Ill  I'l.  XX.  the  myal  chariot  is  .seen 
leaving  the  temple.  This  building  is  repre- 
sented, as  in  PI.  xviii.,  simply  by  the  front 
elevation,  a  mode  which  is  not  elsewhere  em- 
ployed.    A  peculiarity   is  the  terrace,  reached 


•  In  l)Otli  cases  tiioso  willi  tin.-  poinU'd  (laps  to  their 
tunics  arc  to  tiiosc  with  a  siiuarely -ending  clotli  as  two  to 
one ;  whctlier  as  indicating  a  dilTercnco  of  roco  or  function, 
or  merely  for  diversity's  sake,  is  not  clear.  Five  men 
sccui  to  form  a  unit. 


3    ro 


or 


.omitting  <=>,  must 


he  meant.     This  scriho  is  capable  of  any  error. 

.ReadingpX^iT^^^'^JT^ 
1'^^^i^i^i•      Cf.  I.  vi.i,:    III.  xii 


O 
xvii. 


svi.. 


IC 


THE    ROCK   TOMBS    OF   EL   AMARNA. 


by  an  ascent,  on  wliicli  it  is  sot:  an  explana- 
tion of  this  has  lieon  previously  suggested.' 

The  Queen  and  Princess  are  in  the  King's 
chariot,  instead  of  each  driving  her  own,  as  in 
later  representations.  The  Queen,  regardless 
of  the  situation,  seems  to  pester  tlic  King  witli 
talk,  though  his  whole  thonght  is  given  to  the 
manairement  of  his  steeds.  These  are  not  the 
more  easily  controlled  because  little  Meiytaten 
is  playfully  poking  their  haunches  with  a  stick  ! 
(1*1.  xii.  c.)  Tt  will  be  noticed  how  exceptionally 
human  and  unrestrained  the  pictures  are  in  this 
tomb,  and  in  considei-ation  of  this  we  may  well 
pardon  ]\rahu  and  his  artist  their  illiterate  texts. 

The  officials  have  an  even  more  difficult  task 
than  the  King.  Not  only  ^lahu  and  his  fifteen 
police  (I'l.  xxi.),  Imt  also  the  plump  vizier  and 
his  deputy,  feel  obliged  to  run  l)efore  the 
chariot.  The  "•ait  of  these  two  is  smifo-cstivelv 
constrained  in  comparison  with  that  of  the 
active  policemen.  The  objective  of  the  ex- 
cursion is  the  little  blockiiouse  shown  on  PI.  xxi. 
above  the  door."  It  is  merely  a  windowless 
tower  entered  by  a  door  on  the  ground  iloor, 
with  provision  for  defence  from  the  roof  by 
means  of  ci-enellatcd  and  overhanging  ramparts. 
A  ijrotection  is  afforded  airainst  ni^iit  attack  Ijv 
a  quadruple  line  of  posts  round  it,  connected 
by  rails  or  ropes.  Probably  thev  are  rather 
in  the  nature  of  entanglements,  set  a  short 
lieight  from  the  ground,  and  may  easilv  have 
been  arranged  so  as  to  give  an  alarm  within 
when  displaced.^ 

'  Part  III.,  p.  24.  For  the  faoadc  with  masts  see  I.  xii., 
xxvii.,  II.  xviii.  In  Plato  xviii.  here  the  terrace  is 
emphasizetl,  and  there  arc  shown  to  ri^ht  and  left  of  the 
colnmns  those  pilasters  in  which  each  row  of  columns 
terminates,  and  which  are  such  a  feature  of  the  local 
tomh-architecture      See  alsoil/ou.  (7;(.  Cnlte  d'Ato7iou,  1.  i. 

-  For  the  arranf,'enient  of  this  wall  see  the  Kej'  on 
Plate  xxviii. 

■'  This  device  is  shown  ag.ain  in  PI.  xxii.,  where  truly 
one  would  have  expected  the  posts  to  have  appeared  in 
elevation  rather  than  in  plan.  It  is  a  little  more  easy  to 
explain  if  the  obstruction  was  set  low  down.  It  m.ay  he 
added  that  the  sentries  in  Pi.  xxviii.  are  not  lioldinrj  the 
rope  or  rail,  as  has  been  stated. 


Lower  Scenes  (Pis.  xii.,  xxi.,  xxii.,  xii.). — 
The  rotuid  of  inspection  seems  still  to  be  the 
subject.  The  King  is  on  the  point  of  setting 
out  again,  and  is  turning  in  his  chariot  to 
take  leave  of  tlie  deputy-mavor  (I'l.  xii.).  The 
artist  represents  Mahu's  activity  and  ubiquity  in 
a  striking  way.  He  is  there  behind  the  vizier 
of  Akhetaten  to  raise  a  loyal  cry  in  farewell  — 
"  0  Ua-cn-ra,  thou  livest  fw-  ever  ;  thou  who 
hast  built  Akhetaten,  acting  as  Ra  himself  (?)." 
lie  is  seen  again  at  the  head  of  the  police 
that  remain  behind,  yet  kneels  in  front  of  the 
detachment  that  prepares  to  run  behind  the 
chariot ;  none  the  less,  when  the  chariot  ap- 
proaches its  destination,  he  is  foremost  in 
greeting  it. 

The  chariot,  as  it  passes  from  the  guard- 
house to  the  city  (?),  takes  a  road  flanked  with 
sentry-houses  to  right  and  lei't.  These,  too, 
like  the  block-house,  are  linked  together  by 
post  and  rail,  for  better  defence  against  surprise 
(PI.  xl.).  Each  sentry  has  his  prescribed  beat, 
and  as  the  royal  chariot  passes  each  inclines  in 
respectful  salute,  or  lifts  his  hands  in  acclaim, 
according  as  he  perceives  his  master  act.  The 
unarmed  escort  of  police  seems  to  witness  still 
more  powerfully  to  the  popularity  of  the  King 
and  the  law-alnding  character  of  the  I'ity. 

4. — Policing  the  Capital. 

Front  Wall.     South  end.     Plates  xxiv.,  xxv.,  xxvi.,  xii. 

Upper  Scenes. — No  written  clue  being 
given,  the  scenes  upon  this  wall  are  a  dumb 
show  which  might  admit  of  more  than  one 
interpretation.  The  picture  has  been  thought 
to  represent  the  taking  of  oiirui  dues  at  the 
outposts  from  cai'avans  or  peasants  coming  into 
the  city  with  produce.  It  must  be  remembered, 
however,  that  almost  the  whole  of  the  supplies 
of  Akhetaten  would  be  likely  to  reach  it  by 
river,  cultivable  land  on  the  east  bank  beino- 
scanty  and  the  roads  to  North  and  to  South 
mountaiudus.      We   have  already  seen   the   im- 


TllK   'I'OJIIi   OF   MAHU. 


posts  wliicli  were  Inid  upon  tlu'.  suiToundin^ 
country  for  the  support  of  the  temple  arriving 
in  this  Avay.*  Probaljly,  too,  the  scribe  who  is 
ever  to  the  fore  on  such  occasions,  would  be 
more  noticeable. 

I  would  ratlier  suggest  that  the  scenes  show 
Mahu  superintending  the  periodical  revictual- 
linix  of  tlie  iruard-houses.  Above  the  door 
in  I'l.  xxv.  Mahu,  with  a  detachment  of  ten 
men,  is  seen  coming,  as  I  assume,  to  take  what 
is  requisite  from  the  (iovernmenfc  stores  in  the 
city,  Avlicre  wine,  furniture,  vessels,  cloth, 
sacks,  &c.,  are  to  be  had.  An  employe 
there  seems  to  be  foi-bidding  him  to  take  any- 
thing without  a  siiiucd  warrant.  On  the  \-\<A\i 
therefore  (1*1.  xxiv.)  we  sec  Mahu  having  a 
colloquy  with  the  vizier  of  Akhetaten  -  and   a 

lesser   official,  " of  the   Lord  of  the 

Two  Lands,  praised  by  liim,  llecianefer." 

They  are  gathered  round  a  bnizier  of  bui'iiiug 
coal  or  logs,  which  is  always  welcome  early 
in  the  day  during  the  Egyptian  winter.  The 
result  is  satisfactory,  and  when  Malar'  returns 
to  the  store  with  his  authorization  he  meets 
with  a  very  different  reception  from  the 
authority  in  cliai'ge.  I'^verything  and  every- 
liody  is  now  at  liis  disposnl. 

^lahu  draws  his  supply  of  weajjons,  etc.,  from 
the  stores,  l)ut  the  (laily  tale  of  fresh  provisions 
is  I)roug]it  liy  the  villagers  to  the  gunrd-lmuse. 
This  scene  is  shown  in  the  lower  di\ision  of 
Plate  xxiv.  There,  women  and  children  are 
seen  bringing  fish,  bread,  water-jars,  and  even 
flowers,  on  asses,  or  on  their  shoulders.  They 
arc  received  at  the  guard-house,  and  when  tlii.' 
quota  is  complete  the  scribe  reports  to  ■\Ialiu, 
wlio,  attended  bv  his  dog,  inspects  tlie  array  of 
food  (Plate  xxv.).     The   block-house   is   similar 


to  that  already  seen,  but  here  the  inner  arrange- 
ment is  shown.  It  is  apparently  three-storied, 
the  ground-floor  being  used  for  storage  of  food  ; 
the  room  above  as  a  guard-room,  for  here  a 
fully  armed  sentry  keeps  his  watch  ;  while  the 
topmost  storey  forms  an  armoury  (PI.  xxiv.). 

FiOWKU    Sf'ENKs. — The  meaning  of  the  picture 

Ijelow  is  somewhat  more  obvious.      In  the  early 

morning  ^lahu  is  called  out  of  his  house  to  hear 

a    report   of  his   subordinates.'     A  brazier  of 

burning  embers  is  brought  outside  and  blown 

or  stirred  into  a  bright  bla/.e  by  a  house-servant 

(Pis.  xii.,  xxvi.).     There  ^lahu,  leaning  on  Ids 

staff,    listens   to  the   news.     The    whereabouts 

of  some  malefactors  has  been  discovered.     .\t 

once    every    one    is    alert    and    brisk.      The 

chariot  already  awaits  its  master,  and  a  posse  of 

six    men    is    running   at   the    summons,    armed 

with     batons,    curious    forked    sticks,    and    a 

javelin  {i).     Mahu,  escorted  by  four  of  his  men, 

drives  off,  and  the  capture  is  effected.     It  is 

his  duty  to  bring  offenders   before   the  vi/.ier 

for   judgment,   and    this    final   episode    is   also 

represented.      The    vizier   stands   outside    the 

porch    of  a   gateway,  attended  by  "the  cliicf 

princes  of  Pharaoli  (Life,  Prosperity  and  Health 

to  him  !  )  and  the  commanders  of  soldiery  who 

stand  in  the  presence  of  His  Majesty"  (PI.  xii.). 

I^lahu     dismounts     and     brings     forward     his 

prisoners    with     the    words,  "  J'lxamine    ye.   0 

princes,  (these)  men  whom  the  foreigners  liave 

instigated  "  (V).    Tiie  three  hand-cuffed  wretches. 

I  who  seem   to    be   spies    or    assiissins,    are    of 

I  different  nationalities;  one  may  be  an  Egyptian, 

I  the  others  pcrliaps  Bcdawin.     The  exclamation 

I  of  the  vizier,  "  As  the  Aten  cndureth  !    As  the 

'  ruler  endurcth  !  "  probably  evinces  his  adiniia- 

tion  at  the  imi)ortiuice  of  the  capture. ' 

It  is  a  scene  which,  in  reference  to  a  smaller 


PI.  viii.,  and  I.  xxix. 


«  WliiU  rc'iinuMs  ui  111.   iiik-skelch  of  bis  liomo  is  sliown 
oil 

-  I    am    indclitcil    to    Mi".    Grillilh    for    tla-   (h-ociso 


■'  His   title   is   scaicfly    logible,   but  his  dress  is  dis-      on   PI.  xxv.     Nolo   csppoially  llic  figure  of  tlic  sen-anl 
tinctivc.  I  warming  bis  bands  over  tlie  (ire. 

•■  The  hieroglyplis  overliead  only  S'^ve  his  name  and 
rank  once  more.  \   signilicuiice  of  tbc  final  scone  as  Kiveii  above, 

I' 


I 


18 


THE    ROCK   TOMBS    OF   EL   AJtARNA. 


matter,    might   be    enacted    in    any   Egyptian 
village   to-day.'     As   to    the   jars,  etc.,    whicli 


'  Curiously  enough,  while  engaged  upon  the  scenes,  I 
had  a  striking  proof  that  life  in  Egypt  is  little  more  mut- 
able than  the  art  which  represents  it.  Being  called  out  of 
the  toml)  one  day  by  the  sound  of  voices,  I  found  that  the 
police  of  the  excise  had  lain  in  wait  in  tlie  early  dawn  and 
had  captured  two  miseralile  salt-diggers,  whom  they  were 
driving  off  to  the  village,  bent  double  iis  in   tbe  picture  ; 


appear  above  the  chariots,  it  is  liard  to  say 
whether  they  connect  this  scene  with  that 
above,  merely  fill  up  space,  or  represent  stolen 
property  recovered  by  the  activity  of  the 
Mazaii. 

no  doubt  to  go  through  a  similar  examination  from  the 
village  dignitaries  in  tbe  midst  of  the  ruins  of  Akhetaten. 
And  yet  the  world  moves  I  This  contemptible  salt-mono- 
poly was  abolished  a  few  months  later. 


19 


CHAPTER   IV. 


THE    TOMB    OF    APY 


il 


A.    AUCHITKOTHKAL    FkATURES. 

Plate  XXX. 

This  toinh  ms  it  stands  is  siuall,  siin^jlo,  and 
rnde.  Only  the  door  and  cntr;ince-way  are 
completed  and  decorated.  The  passage  to  it 
through  the  rock  slope  has  not  yet  been  cut 
down  to  the  floor-level,  so  that  one  descends  by 
rough  steps  into  the  tomb.  The  framing  of  the 
doorway  had  the  customary  form  nnd  decoration, 
but  only  the  inscription  in  coloured  hieroglyphs 
on  the  right  jamb  is  now  worth  reproduction  (PI. 
xxxix.  Translation  on  p.  31).  'J'hat  on  the 
left-hand  had  similar  cartouches  and  apparently 
the  same  text,  but  the  personal  name  had  not 
been  cut.  Tiie  lintel  showed  the  familiar  design 
(if  the  King,  (^ueen  and  three  ])rinccsses  wor- 
shipping the  sun,  but  it  is  almost  erased.  The 
tomb  wasprobal)ly  sanded-up  when  tlie  religious 
reaction  took  place,  and  did  not  sutler  outrage. 
Hence  the  two  sides  of  the  entrance  provide  us 
on  the  one  hand  with  the  best-preser\'ed  poi-traits 
of  the  King  and  Queen,  and  on  the  other  with 
the  best-preserved  text  of  the  shorter  hymn  to 
the  Aten. 

Tlic  interior  is  very  rough.  The  narrow 
cross-cori'idor  was  t<j  l)e  etdarged  into  a  hall, 
with  a  row  of  four  colunuis  and  two  pilasters 
down  the  centre.  These  features,  however, 
;in'  ciiilv  niugiilv  blocked  out,  a.  slanting  lissure 
in  the  rock  which  traverses  the  (liaiiiber 
liaving  discouraged  the  (juarriers. 


'  TomI)   10.     Published  in  Mon.  ilii  Ciiltr  d'Aloiioii,  I. 
pp.  87-92.     Pis.  .\xxviii.,  xxxix.,  xl. 


B.  TnK  ScKxr.s  Axn  Inscriptions. 

The  ])ancl  which  represents  the  royal  family  at 
worship  is  executed  in  the  licst  .style  of  the 
period  and  is  still  excellently  preserved  (I Mates 
xxxi.,  xliv.).  The  scene  was  painted,  and  the 
blue  of  the  sky,  the  hieroglyphs  and  the  helmets 
is  still  of  startling  bri^jhtncss.  The  zeal  with 
which  the  artists  of  .\klietaten  .sought  anatom- 
ical correctness,  generally  with  the  most  unhappy 
results,  is  seen  in  the  modelling  of  the  collar- 
l)one  and  the  neck-muscles.  The  figures  are  but 
little  exaggerated.  The  King's  profile,  which  is 
perfectly  preserved,  shows  a  considerable  varia- 
tion from  that  in  the  tomb  of  Maliu  (PI.  xv.), 
the  lips  being  more  sharply  cut  and  the  angle  of 
the  nose  different.  This  of  Apy  strikes  one  as 
more  c(mvention.d,  but  the  impossible  angle 
given  to  the  skull,  and  especially  to  the  occiput, 
in  the  heads  of  the  pcrit^xl  throvs  out  the  whole 
face. 

The  oulv  other  feature  of  interest  in  the  con- 
ventional scene  is  the  offering  made  I)y  the 
King  and  Queen,  votive  j)ieces,  namely,  of  happy 
device,  wherein  in  tlie  one  ca.se  the  (^ueen,  in 
the  other  two  of  her  daughtei's,  support  the  car- 
touches (if  the  Aten.  The  i\ing  oU'ei's  for  his 
family,  the  (^ueen  for  herself;-  and  it  seems 
to  l)e  a  visible  plcilge  that  tlie  members  of 
the  lioyal  family  arc  one  in  loyalty  to  Aten  and 
deserve  the  royal  epithet  "  M|iliiil(ling  the  inimc 
of  Aten." 


So  also  in  Petrik,  T.A.,  pi.  xii.,  and  STKtNDoiiKK, 
Bliilezcit.  p.  155.  In  the  former  the  Queen  wear.s  four 
feiilhers,  as  tlie  princesses  here  wear  three,  perhaps  in 
impersonation  of  Maat. 


20 


THE    ROCK   TOMBS    OP   EL  AMARNA. 


As  elsewhere,'  the  name  of  the  Queen  is 
caressed  with  pretty  phrases  ;  she  is  "  the  liered- 
itary  princess,  pjroat  in  favour,  lady  of  grace, 
dowered  with  gladness  ;  the  Aten  rises  to  shed 
favour  on  her  and  sets  to  multiply  her  love  ;  the 
great  and  beloved  wife  of  the  King,  Mistress  of 
South  and  North,  T^ady  of  tlic  Two  Lands,  ; 
Nefertiti,  who  lives  always  and  for  ever." 

She  is  followed  by  her  three  daughters  with  ' 
sistra. 

The  space  below  this  was  filled  with  a  figure  (r) 
of  Apy  and  his  prayer,  but  only  in  ink.'  T!ie 
iigurc  has  completely  disappeared  and  the  text 
nearly  so.  The  latter  was  only  another  and 
abbreviated  copy  of  the  hymn  on  the  opposite 
\v'all.  It  added,  however,  at  tlic  end  the  perso- 
nal )iute,  which  is  wanting  in  tJie  other,  "  for 
till'  l:ii  of  the  Rnyal  Sci-ilie  and  Steward,  A]iy, 
who  lives  again." 

The  text  on   thr   I'iiiht    hand  side  of  the  en- 


1  J  I.,  p.  14;  HI.,  pp.  7,15. 

-  Reproduced  in  Mov.  ilii  CiiJlc  iVAtoiioii,  I.,  pp.  00,  91, 
but  the  iiguve  appears  to  be  fictitious.  It  is  plain  that 
the  I'eadin^of  the  text  was  already  very  unceitain. 


trance  will  be  found  on  Plates  xxxii.,  xxxiii., 
in  collation  with  others,  and  a  translation  on 
p.  28.  The  text,  like  those  in  a  corresponding 
situation  in  the  tombs  of  Malm,  Rames,  Tutu 
and  iVy,  does  not  occupy  the  whole  of  the  wall- 
space.  A  kneeling  figure  would  have  been 
ailded  liehny,  and  the  space  to  the  right,  here 
and  elsewhere,  is  left  blank,  in  order  that  the 
text  might  be  read  wlien  the  door  was  thrown 
back  against  this  wall.  Perhaps  the  space  was 
sometimes  coloured  in  horizontal  bands  to  re- 
present tills  plank-door,  as  in  the  tomb  of 
Ahnies  (III.  xxviii.). 

"^riie  ceiling  of  the  entrance-way  was  marked 
oft'  into  twi>  panels  for  colouring  by  three 
columns  of  liieroglyphs.  (,*f  the  latter  onl\' 
that  on  the  left  (l*]ast)  side  is  cut  (Plate  xxxii.  : 
ti'aiislation  on  p.  31 ).  Traces  of  ink  show 
that  the  right  column  also  began  ^vith  the  same 
fornuda.  .\py  is  given  no  other  titles  than  those 
of  1  loyal  Scribe  and  Steward.  "We  are  not  in- 
formed what  household  it  was  which  he  con- 
trolled, sn  that  he  mav  have  lieen  past  active 
service. 


21 


CHAPTER   V. 


TOMB    OF    RAMES 


(? 


A.  Arcihtkotuuai-  Fkatukks. 

I'lalc  xxxiv. 

Tins  tuuib  is  a  small  onv,  and  of  the  simplest 
cross-corridor  type.  There  ^vas  indeed  little 
cncourajietiient  to  anvthiiifr  ambitious,  for  a 
broad  vein  of  gravel  intersects  the  chamber. 
The  hope  of  enlarging  or  fully  dccoivatiug  the 
chamber  \vas  abandoned,  and  the  walls  were  not 
even  smoothed. 

A  door,  however,  was  fashioned  in  the  back 
wall,  and  its  entrance  formed  into  a  niche, 
where  seated  statues  of  the  deceased  and  of 
his  wife  (?)  were  hewn.  These  figures  were 
finished  oil'  in  plaster,  !\s  the  cnarsc  nature  of 
the  rock  demiinded,  and  hence  they  have  suffered 
considcrabK'.  They  were  evidently  thoroughly 
g^  ^  P     pleasing    and    carefully    worked, 

^^  -,^  the  Avigs  receiving  elaborate 
treatment,  iln'  woman  sits  on 
the  right  side  of  the  man  and 
embraces  him  with  her  arm. 
Her  name,  which  does  not  occur 
elsewhere,  has  l)een  written  on 
her  lap.  Apparently  it  is  Ncbt- 
ant,  a  known  name  of  the 
period.  The  inscriptions  on  the  door-framing 
arc  in  faded  ink,  and  arc  practically  illegible. 
On  the  lintel  there  was  a  single  set  of  the  five 
cartouches,  with  a  figure  (?)  and  a  short  prayer 
at  each  end.     The  jambs  appear  to  have  cou- 

'  The  name  is  spult  ^  [m    '   v    °"  ''''°  outer  lintel. 

The  loinh  (No.  11)  is  pubUshud  in  J/c»i.  <lu  Cidlc 
d'Aloiion,  I.,  x,\.\vii.  and  pjj.  83-85. 


INSCRIPTION    ON 

HTATHK. 


W-     7 


tained  te.Kts  of  the  usual  form,  and  a  repe- 
tition of  the  titles  given  to  l\ames  elsewhere. 

The  inscriptions  on  the  framing  of  the  outer 

door  are  in  much   the  same   state.     The  lintel 

showed   figures  of   Rames   adoring  cartouches. 

The  columns  on   the  jambs  began  with  a  (///- 

i  kflp.p-sdt'H  formula;    proceeded    with    requests 

'  for  such  favours  as  "the  loaves  which  are  set 

i  out   in   the  I'resence,   bread,  beer,  birds,"  &c.  ; 

]  and  ended,    ''  for  the  kn  of  the  Royal  Scribe, 

I  Commandant  of  the  soldiery  of  the  Lord  of  the 

Two  Lands,  Raines,  inanl-Iicni." 
'<  There  is  a  pit  in  the  East  corner  of  the 
chamber;  bnt  1  did  not  re-excavate  it.  The 
chamber  now  contains  part  of  a  stone  door- 
I  jamb  (?)  of  Rames,  which  is  said  to  have  been 
found  near  the  tomb  by  M.  Barsanti ;  -  bnt 
which,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  was  found  in  the 
town-ruins  bv  TroiV'^or  I'etrie  and  conveyed 
there.  The  identity  of  name  is,  however,  small 
proof  of  identity  of  person  in  the  case  of  so 
common  a  name.  While  there  is  no  place 
in  a  tomb  for  such  a  stone,  its  inscription 
Would  well  suit  the  door-jamb  of  u  house  ;  for 
it  reads,  "  provisions  {zrj'a.ii)  within  the  house 
of  entertaimncnt  every  day,  (iiis)   belly  having 

joy may  his  name  (?)  not  be  lost  (nni 

neluj  [7-](.'«./"),  the  scribe  Rames,  born  of  the 
house-mistress,  liny."''  It  thus  appears  that 
the  inscriptions  on  the  doors  of  the  tomb  may 
be  such  as  were  also  written  on  the  doorposts 
of  the  living,  mnliitis  iiiitlninlis.     It  need  hardly 

=  Moil,  du  Cullc  d'Aloiion,  I.,  p.  80.     Tlic  copy  there 
has  two  or  lliroc  iiuiccuracies. 

^  ■•  For  the  ka  of"  is  oniillud,  bu  it  nolcil. 


TIIK    HOCK   T(JJMBS    OF    EL   AMARNA, 


lie  said  that  ilwvc  is  still  less  ^imhuiI  lu  ideiilily 
this  Raines  \vitli  that  uauiesake  \\  hose  j^reat 
tunili  at  i\l)(l-el-Giinieh  shuws  the  traiisi'ur- 
inatinn  of  iVmeuhetep  IV.  into  Akheiiaten.  lie 
would  liardK  lia\'e  uarroweil  his  auihitioiis  to 
so  poor  a  liurial-jilace  as  this,  and  his  oiiices  as 
well  as  tile  name  ol  his  wife  ("  sister ")  are 
ditlcreiit.  The  title,  "  Steward  of  the  House 
of  Neb-maat-ra  "  given  to  J{aines  on  I'late 
XXXV.  seems  indeed  to  show  that  llames  had 
held  that  important  olHce  under  the  late  king, 
but  it  might  possibly  refer  to  some  present 
jippoiutmeiit. 

i>.    ScEIvES    AND     iNSCinPTinNS. 
Entrance.     Phitcs  xi.,  xx.w.,  xl. 
The   scene  on  the   left  hand   in    the  cntranee 


presents  a  very  diflerent  aspect  frnm  that  in  the 
tomb  of  A})y.'  it  is  much  more  simple  in 
design,  and  the  jilaster  in  which  it  is  moulded 
is  rapidly  crumlding  away.  The  King  oilers 
incense,  the  (Jueeii  a  cruse  of  ointment  (?).  As 
in  the  tomb  of  ^lahu,  Merytateu  alone  of  the 
daughters  is  present.  The  cartouches  of  A  ten 
are  illegible,  and  their  form  tlierelbre  is  not 
known  ;  one  would  expect  them  to  be  the  same 
as  in  the  neiglibouring  tomb  of  Apy. 

The  tigure  and  face  of  Uanies  on  the  opposite 
wall  are  well  jireservcd  and  pleasing.  A 
translation  ol'  the  prayer  is  given  on  p.  30. 


'   Tills  picture  has  Ijeen  tlravvn  fur  me  by  Mi'.  Ilarukl 
.tones. 


23 


CHArTP:K   VI. 


TOMB    OF    NEFER-KHEPERU-HER-SEKHEPER     (^^j'^P^)-' 


(I'lates  xxxvi.,  xxxvii.,  xliii.) 

TnKtoiiib  uf  this  official,  wlio  in  his  /,c;il  uul-diil 
Kinns  in  taking  un  epigrtun  for  a  iiiunt',"  was 
openeil  by  ^I.  Buuriant  in  IHS;^,'  and  cleared 
completely  by  M.  Daressy  in  iS'j;'),'  but  not  for 
the  lirst  time ;  for  they  found  written  on  the 
ceiling  in  smoke,  "  R.  Hay  opened  this  tomb 
1830,"  and  "  C.  Laver  I.s;50  measured  this 
tomb."^ 

Tomb  13  is  interesting;  only  for  its  architect- 
ural features.  Not  that  these  differ  from  those 
employed  elsewhere  in  this  necropolis  ;  for  tiiere 
are  several  tombs  where  the  same  I'ornis  iuive 
been  used  on  a  larger  scale,  and  carried  nearer 
to  completion.  Yet  owing  to  its  admirable 
proportions,  to  its  spotless  whiteness  and  good 
preservation,  this  toml),  even  in  its  half-finished 
state,  is  one  of  the  most  jdeasing  examples  of 
rock-architecture  in  b]gypt.  It  is  the  only 
instance  here  where  the  cross-chamber,  sup- 
ported on  a  single  row  of  colunnis,  has  ])een 
carried  so  far  towards  completion  as  to  convey 
any  idea  of  tbe  ultimate  effect ;  and  no  one  can 
see  it  without  being  struck  by  the  fatal  loss  of 
beauty  in  larger  tombs,  such  as  Nos.  IG  or  lT), 
where    the    columns     are     crowdctl    together, 

'  Tlu'cc  times  out  of  four  the  nmiio  is  wi'ittcn  witiiout 
tfic  strokes  of  the  plunil.  Tiic  touib  (No.  13)  lias  a 
chapter  devoted  to  it  in  Mon.  da  Cidtc  d'Atuiioii,  I.,  p.  7'J. 
Tlio  sketch-plan  and  the  description,  however,  will  he 
found  on  p.  G5,  assigned  to  a  12-cofumncd  tomb. 

-  "  '  Hcautiful  of  forms  '  (a  name  for  the  King)  fosters." 

^  Deux  joiirs  ile  fouillcs,  p.  9. 

'  llccucil,  XV.,  p.  3y,  whero  the  inscription  on  the  janib 
is  given. 

^  Layer's  plans  are  given  in  ll.w,  MSS.  29,817,  fol.  IJ. 


mutually  blotthig  one  anotlier  out.  and  forming 
mazes  rather  than  buildings. 

The  chandjcr  is  divided  down  the  centre  l)y  a 
row  of  six  colunnis.  The  two  central  ones  arc 
set  wider  apart  to  afford  an  aisle  in  the  axis  of 
entrance,  and,  in  conformity  with  this,  their 
abaci  carry  architraves  parallel  with  the  axis  as 
well  as  the  ends  of  the  longitudinal  architraves. 
The  latter  rest,  or  are  feigned  to  rest,  at  both 
ends  on  pilasters,  wliich,  according  lo  custom, 
are  furnislied  with  a  roll-moulding  at  the  corners, 
and  are  surmounted  by  a  cavetto-cornice  and 
abacus.  The  columns  (I'l.  xxxvii.)  are  of  the 
S-stemmed  type  already  described  in  Tart  ii., 
p.  oo  ;  but,  like  all  those  in  this  necropolis,  they 
have  nuuli  more  graceful  proportions  than  their 
successors  in  the  Northern  group.  As  they 
stand,  they  are  without  bases  and  spring  from 
the  rough  floor.  They  are  pure  white,  foi- 
the  coknnns  of  this  group  do  not  seem  to  have 
been  meant  to  receive  colour. 

.V  portal  is  set  in  the  back  wall,  wliich  might 
have  led  to  a  second  chamber  or  shrine,  had 
the  enterprise  been, carried  to  a  finish.  The 
chamber  i-ctains  traces  of  its  embryo  form,  the 
naiiow  cross-corridor  lumb,  in  tlie  porUils  in 
which  the  front  half  of  the  chainl)cr  terminates 
to  right  and  to  left.  Tliese  are  doul)le  in  form, 
showing  a  doorway  witiiin  a  doorway,  a  iiand- 
some  decorative  feature  which  we  shall  meet 
with  freiiuently  in  these  tombs.  Tiie  chamber 
is  not  well  laid  out,  being  askew  witii  the  a.\is, 
and  the  transverse  architraves  arc  still  more 
seriously  out  of  the  square.  The  heightonmg 
of  the  room  towards  the  back,  however,   may 


24 


THE   ROCK   TOMRS   OF   KL   AMARNA. 


be  an  arcliitcctural  means  ol'  increasing  its 
appai-ent  size. 

As  is  plain  from  the  pl«itcs,  tlic  chamber  is 
only  half  finished,  and  this  in  a  curious  manner, 
the  upper  part  lieing  in  a  iinal  state  down  to 
the  last  detail,  save  inscription  and  colour,  Avhilc 
the  lower  part  is  untouched  ;  so  that  the  slim 
columns  seem  to  be  emerging  slowly  and 
without  injury  from  a  suljsiding  bank  of  rock. 
This  feature,  though  very  marked  in  this  tomb, 
is  nuticcahle  in  nearly  every  other,  and  lias 
already  been  commented  upon  (p.  in). 

JiuuiAi.-ri.ACE. — It  is  evident  that  there  was 
no  longer  any  hope  of  completing  the  tomb 
when  the  burial  was  made.  As  soon  as  the 
central  aisle  was  finished  to  the  foot  of  the 
columns  and  the  whole  area  was  cleared  well 
down  below  the  capitals,  the  quarricrs  con- 
fined their  labours  to  the  North-East  corner, 
Avhcre  the  stairway  to  the  sepulchre  was 
usually  placed.  Disengaging  the  columns  first, 
they  tlicu  sunk  a  well  at  the  spot  without 
staying  to  remove  the  intervening  rock,  and, 
forming  a.  stairway  in  it,  Inu'rov/cd  into  the 
Eastern  wall  without  paying  a.ny  heed  to  the 
orifTinal  jiian  ol'  the  toml).  The  stairway  was 
carried     little     further     ihan     was    aljsolutely 


necessary,  and  I'rom  the  level  landing  at  the 
foot  a  rough  and  sligiitly  descending  galleiy 
was  driven  at  right  angles  to  it,  of  size  sudicient 
to  receive  a  coffin.  The  two  galleries  to 
right  and  left  immediately  on  entering  the 
stairway  may,  or  may  not,  l)e  contemporary 
in  date. 

ExTKitioit. — The  entrance  to  the  toml)  was 
neatly  finished,  but  no  traces  of  any  designs  are 
now  apparent.  The  jambs  and  lintel  outside 
were  similarly  prepared,  and  here  a  hasty 
attempt  Avas  made  to  commemorate  the  de- 
ceased, and  to  secure  for  him  some  measure  of 
preternatural  grace.  Inscriptions  were,  no 
doubt,  duly  sketched  out  on  Itoth  jambs.  All 
that  is  now  visible  is,  on  the  right,  the  lower 
half  of  a  column  cut  in  the  plaster,  and,  on  the 
lelt,  the  lower  third  of  all  four  columns  similarly 
cut,  and  fragments  of  the  upper  part  decipher- 
able tlirough  the  mordant  po\ver  of  tiic  ink  <>n 
the  surface  (I'late  xxxvii.  :  translation  on 
p.  31).  The  abandonment  of  the  work  was 
so  unforeseen  that  the  royal  jin-iiomeii  on 
the  right  jamb  has  not  received  its  cartouche. 
\Vv  here  learn  that  the  owner  Avas  "  Governor 
of  Akhetaten,"  and  by  holding  this  responsible 
post  took  rank  as  "  head  of  the  notables." 


26 


CHAPTEK   Vil. 


THE     TOMB    OF    SUTI 


a^nii)' 


(I'liites  xxxviii,,  xxxix.)  I 

This    (-umh   (Nu.   1"))  is    ol'  thu  ci'oss-corridur 
type,  but  with  tlio  udditiou  behind  of  ;i  hirgc 
columuiir  hall,  or  at  least  the  rough  comineucc-  ' 
ment  of  one.     The  exterior  door-framing,  the  i 
entrance,    and    the   corridor  are  executed  with  ' 
care  and  well-finished  ;   but  no  j)art  has  i-eeeived  [ 
decoration,     except     the     faeatk:.      Here     the 
prayers   on    tiie  jamb  are   still  extant,  though 
much    weather-worn     (I'l.  xxxix. :    translation 
on  p.  31). 

A  beginning  has  been  made  of  excavating 
tlie  interior  of  the  portals  at  each  end  of 
the  corridor,  no  doubt  with  tlie  intention  of 
forming  shrines  containing  statues,  as  in  the 
larger  tombs.     These  portals  are  of  the  double  ' 

form  met  with  in  the  last  tomb.     The  chamber 

^ . I 

'  Publisl-.cd  in  il/o/i.  da  Cultc  d'Alunou,  I.,  pp.  G7-G!).  ' 
Dahessy,  licciicil,  xv.,  p.  '12.  I 


liehind  was  to  have  been  sijuarc  in  shape,  and 
divided  into  three  aisles  by  two  rows  of  four 
columns  each.  On  the  left,  only  the  capitals 
of  tin-ee  columns  have  been  separated  from  the 
mass.  On  the  right,  a  little  more  h:us  been 
achieved,  less  in  tlu;  hope  of  completing  the 
tomb  than  in  order  to  secure  a  makeshift 
resting-place  for  the  dead.  A  well  (which  1  did 
not  empty)  and  a  little  gallery  to  the  South 
were  hewn  out  lor  this  purpose. 

Suti  was  standard-bearer  of  "  the  guild  of 
Nefer-kheperu-ra."  We  have  already  met  with 
guilds  such  as  these,  which  were  wont  to  take 
some  royal  epithet  as  a  designation,  Huya,  the 
steward  of  Tyi,  having  become  at  a  later  date 
the  marshal,  or  jiorhaps  c\en  the  standard- 
bearer  of  one  such." 


I'art  111.,  ri.  \ii.  uiul  p.  y. 


2(1 


CHAi'^'EK    VIII. 

THE     RELIGIOUS    TEXTS 


A.    TlIKlli    CllAKACTEK. 

The  Iiyiniis  iu  thv  Atcii  with  -which  uvery 
grave  at  I*>1  Aiiiarua  is  provided  slmw  iiiaiiit'est 
signs  of  addition  and  subtraction,  and  are  put 
together  -witli  so  little  literary  skill  tiiat  they 
often  scarcely  make  sense,  the  pronouns  changing 
from  one  person  to  another  in  a  single  sentence. 
They  exliibit  no  instinct  for  true  composition, 
nor  even  for  the  faithi'ul  reproduction  of  well- 
known  liturgies.  A  multitude  of  short  phrases 
culled  i'rom  the  Royal  llymn  or  echoing  its 
thoughts,  or  else  lingering  in  the  memory  from 
some  "teaching  of  the  King,"  seems  to  have 
formed  the  stock-in-trade  of  the  pr(_)fessiunal 
scribe.  His  longer  texts  ^\'ere  made  up  of 
a  number  of  these  liturgical  expressions,  strung 
together  with  little  regard  for  literary  i'orm.  If 
tediously  alike  in  sentiment  and  plirascology, 
most  of  the  hymns  are,  in  a  sense,  original  com- 
positions, and  allbrd  us  some  insight  into  the 
mind  of  the  ordinary  I*]gyptian  and  his  compre- 
hension of  the  new  faith.  It  is  somewhat 
surprising  that  there  should  l>e  even  so  niucli 
originality,  if,  as  it  appears,  uKJst  of  the  toml)s 
were  made  to  the  order  of  the  Iving  ;  but  the 
orthodoxy  of  the  pious  ])hrases  and  the  long 
adulations  of  Akhenaten  might  counterbalance 
this  latitude  in  his  eyes.  Yet  this  propensity 
to  compilation  was  not  everywhere  apparent. 
Huya,  who  [lerhaps  Avas  a  Theban  and  less 
instructed  in  tiie  new  piety,  simply  went  to  the 
tonilis  of  Ahmes  and  I'enthu,  and  l)orrowed 
word  for  word  llie  four  longest  prayers  wliich  lie 


'   I    must    again    acknowlLTlj^c    substantial    help    from 
the  Editor  in  luatteis  of  tiansiiition. 


needed.  Karlier,  tliis  poverty  of  feeling  was 
still  more  marked.  The  worthy  .Mahu,  who 
could  only  repeat  for  the  fifth  and  sixth  time 
the  little  oflicial  prayer  which  had  been  written 
doAvn  ibr  him,  may  iiave  been  specially  dull. 
But  Apy's  more  capalile  scribe  can  do  nothing 
better  ^vith  his  second  wall -space  thnn  repeat 
the  same  composition  ;  while  the  Royal  Hyuni. 
though  incomparably  superior,  was  plagiarized 
and  mutilated,  but  never  recopied.  Perhaps 
this  Royal  Hymn  and  that  feeble  echo  of  it, 
whicli,  in  distinction,  I  liave  called  the  Shorter 
Hymn  to  the  Aten,  wore  the  only  two  com- 
positions that  were  committed  to  writing,  and 
of  these  the  shorter  and  less  poetic  compilation 
seems  speedily  to  have  gained  po})ular  favoiu'. 

It  might  have  been  thought  that  here,  \\'here 
^vc  have  a  Ireshly-composed  and  local  hymn, 
containing  the  creed  of  a  new  and  victorious 
propaganda,  with  the  Iving  himself  as  auth(jr 
and  preacher,  we  should  have  a  stereo- 
t}'ped  text  free  from  all  the  corruption  and 
variance  that  years  and  repeated  transmission 
liring.  Nothing  is  farther  from  the  truth. 
The  great  hymn  is  only  known  in  one  copy,  and 
that  not  exempt  from  suspicion.  As  to  this 
Shorter  Hymn,  no  one  reading  it  in  its  com- 
plete version  can  feel  that  it  rci)resents  an 
original  composition  ;  lor  it  contains  no  pro- 
gression of  thought  and  no  unity.  It  separates, 
indeed, on  consideration,  into  two  distinct  hymns. 
The  first  ends,  perhaps,  with  the  sentence, 
"  thy  son  is  pure,  doing  what  is  well-jileasing  to 
thee,  0  living  Aten,  whenevei'  he  appears  "  ;  and 
the  secojid  begins  with  the  words,  "The  son  of 
the  Sun."     What  lies  lietween  the  two  seems  an 


TilK   KELIUIOUS  TEXTS. 


intcrpulatioii,  pfrliaps  itself  tiikcu  bodily  from 
some  third  source.  The  addition  inuy  hiivc  been 
due  to  a  misuuderstaadiu;.;-  of  tlie  plu'ase,  "  when- 
ever he  uppcjirs,"  whieli  was  thuu^dit  to  refer  to 
the  rising  of  the  Aten,  and  tu  need  expansion. 

Tiie  first  hymn,  ^vhich  roughly  corresponds  to 
the  te.Kt  in  Meryra,'  lias  unity  and  development, 
hiulogizing  first  the  appearance  of  the  visible 
god,  it  goes  on  to  notice  his  creative  and  life- 
giving  power,  and  then  his  ability  to  bestow 
happiness.  With  the  day  comes  joy,  and  this 
finds  its  fit  expression  in  the  temple  worship. 
This  leads  to  mention  of  the  King  as  chief 
celebrant  in  the  Aten  wcjrsliip,  and  so  to  a  con- 
cluding Word  in  his  praise.  The  interpolated 
passage  repeats  the  picture  ol'  all  creation,  the 
King,  and  the  god  rejoicing  in  unison ;  its 
grammatical  disconnection  and  the  variant 
texts,  however,  suggest  an  alien  origin.  The 
second  hymn  is  a  laudation  of  the  ,\ten  bv  the 
King.  The  words  "  he  says  "  have  been  dro])ped 
out,  or  are  represented  by  a  sentence  "  by  the 
King,  &c.,"  which  is  often  added  near  the  outset 
in  the  complete  text.  This  second  part  also  has 
a  certain  unity.  Beginning  with  an  expression 
of  the  King's  loyalty  to  the  Aten,  it  goes  on  to 
show  how  the  Aten  passes  from  his  lonely 
eternity  to  be  a  creator  and  a  sustainer  of  a 
grateful  creation  fnun  the  plants  upward. 
Perhaps  we  have  not  the  end  of  it,  for  finish  is 
lacking.  It  borrows  its  thought  wholly,  and 
often  its  very  words,  from  the  Royal  Hymn. 

Which  of  the  texts  collated  on  Pis.  xxxii., 
.xxxiii.,  then,  is  to  bt;  relied  ui)nn  ?  Study  soon 
shows  us  that  we  are  far  from  the  original, 
though  we  have  aj)parently  all  the  tomb-copies, 
through  which  corruption  and  alteration  might 
have  crept  in.  The  texts  plainly  fall  into  two 
groups  :  Any  and  Meryru  on  the  one  side  ;  on  the 
other  Apy  and  Tutu,  with  I\Iahn  (too  corrupt  to 
be  considered  in  detail).  The  differences  be- 
tween the  two  groups  are  largely  in  \ocabulary  ; 


1.  xxxvii.  :  tninslation  ib.,  p.  5U. 


if  anything,  the  former  is  further  from  the 
original.  Capricious  alterations  seem  the  chief 
ground  of  variance,  and  in  Tutu  these  have  gone 
to  a  great  length  and  not  with  advantage  or 
insight. 

Meryra  seems  plainly  to  have  curtailed 
from  Any ;  or  perhaps  from  his  source,  since 
he  omits  an  error  of  Auy's,  though  elsewhere 
verbally  alike.  His  long  omission,  too,  though 
apparently  due  to  lack  of  space,  is  precisely 
that  passage  Avhich  seems  intei'polated.  He 
seems,  therefore,  to  be  aware  of  the  original 
elements  of  the  hymn,  lie  even  adds  to  it, 
"  J\'[eryra  saitli  it,"  as  if  lie  were  iiimself  the 
composer.  And,  as  the  hymn  smacks  a  little  of 
the  priest,  this  may  possibly  have  lieen  the  case  ; 
but  only  if  we  suppose  that  his  scribe  wiu;  using 
the  extended  version,  and  that  to  fill  up  space, 
oi-  to  secure  tiie  phrase  "without  ceasing"  as  a 
fitting  conclusion,  lie  borrowed  some  incongruous 
passages  from  the  supplement.  It  had  also  the 
advantage  of  adding  a  short  laudation  of  the 
King  to  the  very  curt  ix'ference  of  the  original.- 

Apart  altogether  from  the  intrinsic  merit  of 
tlie  In'iini,  (lie  appearance  ol'  \ariants  of  this 
character  and  iuimi)er  when  the  peculiar  cir- 
cumstances ought  to  ha\e  eliminated  all  the 
causes  of  variation,  presents  a  jn'oblem,  the 
slud\  of  wliich  ma\'  have  much  value  lor 
textual  criticism.  I  hope  others  will  reach  a 
clearer  j)erccption  ol  the  process  by  which  the 
original  hynni  has  taken  the  forms  before  us. 
At  present  it  is  plain  that  both  oral  and  written 
transmission  played  a  pari  iierc.  nut  it  is  not 
clear  what  their  mutual  relations  weie. 

15.    l,oMii;i;   l'l;.\vl•;l!^;. 
I.  TiiK  Smoktku   llvMN    Id  TUi;  .\ti:x. 

Tomb  of  Apy.     ]Jol.li  enlrancu-walls  (Plule  xliii.). 
Tomb  of  .\iiy.     Left  ontraiice-Wiill. 


•  This   prolmbly   was   the   reason    for    the  othcnvisc 
iiivmiublc  addition  of  the  suooiid  part. 


28 


'rriK  nocK  tomrr  of  rt,  amakna. 


Toml)  of  Malm.  Vouf  texts  (Plates  xvi.,  xxiii.,  xxix., 
xl.).' 

Tonili  of  Tutu.     Loft  entrance-wall. 

Toml)  of  Mcryra.  Eiylit  inner  entrance-wall  (I., 
xxxvii.). 

A  collation  of  all  the  texts  on  Plates  xxxii.,  xxxiii.'- 

Previous  copies  or  publications  are  : — 

Moit.  dii  Cidtc  d'Atonon,  I.,  plate  xxxviii.  ;  pp.  MS-Ol 
(Apy)  :  plate  xxviii.  ;  p.  5'2  (Any)  ;  plates  xlii.,  xlviii.  ; 
pp.  OG,  'J7,  98,  102  (Mahu):  plate  liv.  ;  p.  112  (Tutu). 
Dauessy,  llcrncil,  xv.  p.  43  (Any).  Piuhl,  TnscrijMons,  i. 
pis.  cxci.,  cxcii.  (-Apy).  Lkpsius,  ]).,  iii.  106/).  (Tutu). 
H.\Y,  .V.S'.S'.  29,814,  fol.  30  (Meryni) :  29,847,  fol.  15 
(Tutu).     L'lloTE,  r<ij,iers,  xi.  27  (Meryra). 

"  An  ailoration  of  I  the  livint;  Hawk  of  the  two  horizons, 


who  exults  on  the  horizon 


le 


del'  tiis   name  of  '  The 


Lifrht  whieh  is  in  the  Sun-disc 


'J,  who  K 


ive-;  life  for  ever 


and  ever,  liy  titc  Kiiuj  who  lives  in  Tnilh,  Lord  cf  tlic 
Two  Lands,  Ncfei-hhcpriii-iii-Va-cn-ra,  the  Son  "/'  tlic 
Sun,  irho  lircs  in  Trnlh,  Lord  o/  Diadrms,  Akhcnidcn, 
(jrctil  in  his  dariUiiin,  udio  ijircs  life  fur  crcr  and  ever:' 

"Thy  rising  is  beautiful,  ^0  living  Aten,  Lord  of 
Eternity  !  '  Thou  art  radiant,  fair  and  '  strong :  '•'  thy 
love  is  great  and  large  :  thy  rays  "  strike  (?)  ujion  all 
mankind.''     '  Thv  surface  "leams,  giviu''  life  to  hearts,' 


'  The  text  given  in  the  collation  is  that  on  the  left 
entrance-wall  (Plate  xxix.).  For  the  others  see  Part  I., 
pp.  50,51. 

-  I  rely  on  my  own  copies  entirely,  except  in  the  fol- 
lowing cases: —  (1)  The  text  on  the  left  entrance-wall  of 
Apy  (Apy  a),  very  unreliable  in  the  days  of  Bouriant,  is 
now  nearly  invisible.  (2)  The  text  in  the  tomb  of  Any, 
also  in  ink,  has  deteriorated,  and  Bouriant's  copy  some- 
times adds  a  sign  or  two  to  the  top  and  bottom  of  the 
columns.  (3)  .\  great  part  of  the  text  of  Tutu  is  now 
destroyed,  and  I  use  in  these  places  the  texts  of  Hay, 
Lepsius,  and  Bouriant,  the  last-named  having  preference. 

■•  This  sentence  in  italics  has  probably  been  added,  in 
order  to  justify  the  use  of  the  first  person  singular  in  the 
second  part,  or  when  the  text  was  accompanied  by  a 
picture  of  the  King  at  worship  (Apy  A,  Tutu,  Mahu 
a,  I),  d).  To  judge  from  the  prayers,  an  ("  by  ")  only  im- 
plies recital,  but  zcdcf  ("he  saith  ")  implies  or  feigns 
composition.  Apy  A  {Mon..  da  Ciillc  d'Atonon,  p.  90)  may 
have  used  the  latter  form,  but  1  cannot  verify  this. 

'  Tutu  reads,  "  O  divine  and  sovereign  father,  the  Aten, 
whose  life  is  ever  fresh  !  " 

■"'  Any  and  Meryra  have,  "  gleaming  "  (or  "  white  "). 
'■  Any  and   Meryra  have,  "  Shall  (V)  make  eyes   for   all 
that  thou  hast  created." 

'  Tutu  has  perhaps  "  thy  surface  (lit.  "  colour  "  ;  spelt 
as  in  L.  Z*.,iii.  107((,  col.  2)  gleams  (or  "  is  white  ")  with 
lovo." 


and  thou  lillest  the  Two  Lands  with  thy  love.  ''O 
reverend  god,"  who  himself  formed  himself,  who  made 
every  land,  and  created  what  is  on  it;  both  mankind  and 
all  herds  and  flocks,  and  the  trees  wdiich  grow  on  the 
ground.  They  live  when  '  thou  dawncst  on  them.-'  Thou 
art  mother  and  '"  father  '"  for  "  those  whose  eyes  thou  hast 
made.  When  thou  dawncst  they  sec  by  means  of  thee." 
'-Thy  rays  illumine  the  entire  land.  Every  heart  exults  '' 
at  seeing  thee  (when)  thou  risest  as  their  lord. 

"  (But  when)  thou  settest  on  the  western  horizon  of 
heaven,  they  lie  down  after  the  manner  of  those  who 
die.  Their  heads  are  wrapped  up,  their  nostrils  are 
stopped ;  until  thou  dawnest  in  the  morning  on  the 
Eastern  horizon  of  heaven. 

"  (Then)  their  arms  are  (outstretched)  in  praise  to  thy 
k((.  Thou  givest  life  to  hearts  by  thy  beauty,  and  there 
is  life. 

"  (When)  thou  sendest  thy  rays  ever}'  land  is  in 
festival;'^  the  singers,  musicians,  and  criers  (?)  are 
joyful  in  the  Court  of  the  House  of  the  Bcidicii  (and  in) 
"every  temple  in  Akhetaten,"  that  '*  perfect  place '°  with 
which  thou  art  well  pleased,  and  in  which  food  and  fat 
things  are  offered. 

"  Thy  son  is  pure,  doing  what  is  well  pleasing  '^'  to  thee, 
0  living  Aten,"^  in  his  festal  appearances.'' 

"  "  All  that  thou  hast  made  leaps  before  thee  ;  thy 
revered  son  exults,"  his  heart  is  in  joy.  "  O  living  Aten, 
rejoicing  in  heaven  every  day  !  ''■' 


'^  l\[cryra  has,  "  0  good  ruler." 
"  Tutu  has,  "  when  thy  rays  shine 


'"  Tutu  seems  to  omit  "  father." 

"  Meryra  has,  "  all  that  thou  hast  made.  As  for  their 
eyes,  when  thou  dawncst  they  see  by  means  of  thee." 
The  texts  of  Mahu  break  off  here  without  regard  to 
the  sense. 

'•  Any  has,  "  when  thy  rays  give  light  the  entire  land 
has  joy,  ind  every  heart  exults."  (Ab  neb  has  been 
omitted  by  me  after  reshut  in  the  Plate).  This  seems  an 
error.     Tutu  omits  the  whole  passage. 

"'  Tutu  adds,  "  (thou)  feedest  and  iUuminest  it."  A 
bad  reading. 

'*  Tutu  has,  "  thy  (?)  temple,"  and  Meryra,  "  every  shade 
of  Ra  on  the  horizon  "  {sic,  perhaps  for)  "  in  Akhetaten." 

'*  Any  and  Meryra  have  "  every  shrine." 

'"  Tutu  has  "to  the  living  Aten." 

''  I  regard  what  follows  (from  arij-ch  to  mesy-cf  at 
least)  as  an  interpolation  in  the  original,  owing  to  khay- 
ef  Ijeiog  taken  to  refer  to  the  dawning  of  Aten  (hence 
Tutu's  more  grammatical  ari/-cj').  Khay-cf  would  then 
belong  to  the  original,  though  not  occurring  in  Meryra, 
perhaps  for  lack  of  space. 

"  Tutu  has  "  all  that  he  has  made  leaps  before  him. 
Thy  son  exults." 

'■'  Tutu  has  "  Tlie  Aten  is  born  in  heaven  every  day." 


THE   HKTJGlnUS   TEXTS. 


29 


"  He  hath  given  birth  to  '  his  revered  son  Ua-cn-ra,' 
like  unto  him  without  ceasing.-  The  Son  of  the  Sun, 
upholding  liis  l)cauty,  Nofer-kheperu-ra-Ua-en-ra  [says] 
'  I  am  thy  son,  serviceable  to  thee,  upholding  thy  name. 
Thy  might  and  power  are  firmly  "  fixed  '  in  my  heart. 
Thou  art  the  living  Atcn,  and  eternity  is  thy  portion. 
•*  Thou  hast  made  the  far-olT  heaven  that  thou  migiitest 
dawn  tlicrein,  that  thou  niightest  sec  all  tliat  thou  hast 
made.  Thou  art  alone,'  but  infinite  vitalities  are  in  thee 
to  give  them  life.  ■'■  Tt  is  a  breath  of  life  to  (their)  nostrils 
to  see  thy  rays.^ 

"  '  All  flowers  blow  (?) ;  that  which  grows  on  the  soil  (?) 
thrives  at  thy  dawning;  they  drink  draughts  before  thy 
face."  All  cattle  leap"  upon  tlieir  feet.  The  birds  that 
were  in  the  nest  fly  with  joy  ;  their  wings  that  were 
closed  move  quickly  with  praise  to  the  living  .Men, 
flying  (?)  to  do '  "" 

2.  Penthu.     North  thickness  (Plate  iii.). 

A  previous  co]5y  is  f/f  fnTH,  rapieis,  iii.  29-1.'' 


'  Tutu  has  "  his  son  wiio  halh  come  forth  from  Ids 
body."  I  consider  that  a  second  liyiim  in  which  the 
King  speaks  is  here  appended  to  the  lirst.  It  the  word 
"  says,"  supplied  after  the  King's  name,  occurred  in  the 
original  text,  it  probably  implied  authorship,  as  what 
follows  is  largely  derived  from  the  Royal  Hymn. 

-'  Meryra  adds  "  for  ever,"  and  ends.  Apy  a  ends 
with  "  his  beauty." 

■'  Any  has  "  rooted." 

■'  Word  for  word  from  the  Royal  ITymn. 

'■•  Tutu  has  "  Breath  enters  (their)  nostrils  when  thou 
givest  thyself  to  them." 

"  The  text  of  Any  may  well  have  continued  above  the 
figure  of  Any,  but  all  is  now  completely  elTaced. 

'  The  text  of  Apy  ends  here,  for  lack  of  room 
apparently. 

»  Cf.  the  Royal  Hymn,  "The  bhds  flutter  in  their 
nests;  their  wings  are  (outstretched)  in  praise  to  thy  ka. 
The  cattle  are  leaping  on  their  feet."  The  space  above 
the  figure  of  Tutu  admits  of  very  few  more  signs,  if  any  ; 
perhaps  en  lea  en.  The  text  of  Tutu  in  the  last  column 
of  the  plate  should  be  emended  (from  Hay)  as  follows: — 


f^- 


rrii  II 


(I.   IS); 
(1.  20). 


11 


'~^    (1.    I'J) ; 

Ml 


"  From  this  the  text  has  been   restored  in  the  Plate. 
Asterisks  indicate  a  slight  change  in  the  hieroglyph,  the 

true   reading   being  obvious.     In    the    first    colunni    T 

should  be  starred,  as  L'llote  roads  (I  -]h^^-     The  initial 

sign  is  probably  ~^,   not  (|.     A  i)arallel  text  (bracketed 

liere)  occurs  in  the  toiid)  of  Iluya  (III.   ii.).     Cf.   iilso 
II.  vii.  for  the  opening  phrases. 


"An  adoration  of  Horakhti-Aten '"  [who  gives  life  for 
ever]  and  ever.  Homage  to  thee,  [dawning]  in  the  sky 
and  shining  early  on  the  hori/.on  of  heaven,  coming  in 
peace,  the  Lord  of  Peace  !  Tlie  entire  land  assembles  at 
thy  rising ;  [their]  hands  (are  outstretched)  in  praise  at 
thy  dawning.  They  prostrate  themselves  on  the  ground 
when  thou  shinest  on  them.  They  shout  to  the  height 
of  heaven  ;  they  receive  joy  and  gladness ;  [they]  exult 
(when)  they  see  Thy  Majesty.  Thou  sendest  thy  rays 
on  all  men.  They  go  forth  when  thou  attaincst  heaven, 
when  thou  takest  the  goodly  road.  Thou  settest  me 
eternally  in  a  place  of  favour,  in  my  [numsion]  of  bliss. 
My  spirit  goes  forth  to  sec  thy  rays,  to  feed  on  its  ort'er- 
ings.  I  am  called  by  my  name,  and  one  cometb  at  iho 
summons.  I  enjoy  the  things  which  are  offered.  I 
consume  slicus  and  bat  and  jicacn  bread  and  des  beer,  hot 
roast  meat  and  cold  water,  wine  and  milk,  that  are 
olTered  in  the  sanctuary  of  the  .\ten  in  Akhetaten. 

"  The  royal  scribe,  the  Intimate  of  the  King,  the  Chief 
Servitor  of  Aten  in  the  sanctuary  of  Aton  in  Akhetaten, 
the  Chief  Physician  Penthu,  mnahheru,  says  (this)." 

3.  Penthu.  South  thickness  (Plate  iv.). 
.\  previous  copy  is  L'tloTR,  Papicrs,  iii.  293." 
"  An  ascription  of  praise  to  '•  Horakhti-Aten  who  gives 
life  for  ever  and  ever,  coming  [each  day  eternally].'' 
Praise  to  thee,  O  Ra,  Lord  of  the  horizon  !  When  thou 
traversest  heaven  all  mankind  (depends?)  on  thee  "  with- 
out ceasing  in  night  .as  in  daytime.  Thou  dawnest  on 
the  Eastern  horizon  and  settest ''  on  the  Western  horizon. 
Thou  settest  in  life  and  gladness,  every  03'e  "  rejoices; 
(but)  they  are  in  darkness  after  thou  settest.  Wheu 
thou  arrivest  from  (?)  the  sky,''  eye  sees  not  its  fellow  ;  " 

'"  I  use  this  and  "  Ra-Alcn  "  as  abln-cviations  of  tlie 

two  forms  of  the  names  of  Aten. 

"  The  text  of  the  Plate  is  restored  from  this.  .\ 
duplicate  text,  badly  preserved,  exists  in  the  tomb  of 
Huya  (III.  xxxvii.),and  from  this  the  additions  in  sijunre 
brackets  arc  taken.  A  good  copy  of  this  text  (with  a 
few  errors)  will  be  found  in  Mon.  dii  Ciillc  il'Alounu,  I., 
p.  GO,  ascribed  to  Tomb  21  of  the  South  group! 

'-  Huya  has,  "Thy  setting  is  beautiful." 
O. 


Huya  has 


I 


(7) 


D  c 


from  Huya,  and  I.  xli.     Something 

seems  to  have  been  lost,  and  the  latter   text  supiMJrls 
this  view  by  giving  "  all  men  welcome " 

'••^J¥^ ^^  in  Huya. 

"^  Clearly  in  L'llotc  and  Iluya. 

" 5 V^VT -="■'"'*   ■"«  "•»"" 

have  expected  "  in  Uuat,"'  but  nieniionof  the  Undoi  w.Mld 
seems  purposely  avoided. 
'"  Reading  W^  .     So  Huya. 


30 


THF,   KOOK   TO^fBS    OF    ET.   AMARA'A. 


B  ^fe^:^ 


I  I  I 


appears  to  he  the  rcadinj;-. 


Ill 


in  ITuva. 


all    manner  of  reptiles  are    on    the   face    of    the  earth.  I 
(iMen)   lie  down'   and   are  blind  (?)  until   thou   shinest.'- 
They  awake  to  sec  thy  heauties.     (When  thou  i-isest?) 
they   sec  and    discern    hy    means    of    them   (■.').  '     Tliou 
sendest  thy  rays  upon  them.' 

"Thou  causest  me  to  rest  in  ni)-  etei'nal  seat.      [   reach  j 
the  eternal  pit.'     I   leave   and  enter   my  mansion.     My 
soul  is  not  shut  off  from  that  which  it  desires  ;   I  walk  as 
I    will    in    the  i,'rove     that     f    have    made    on    earth,      f   : 
drink  water  at  the   ed'..;e   of   my  t:ink  every  day,  without 
ceasin.r;."  " 

4.   Rames.      Risht  thickness  (riate  xxxv.).' 
"  Thou  comest  who  livest  in  Truth,  Lord  of  the  Two 
Lands,  Nefer-kheperu-ra,  the  living  Sun  for  all  mankind,  i 
hy  wliose   beauty   there   is   health.     The    sip;ht    of    thee  j 

There  is  no  poverty  for  him  who  liath  set 

thee  in  his  heart.**  He  hath  not  s.aid,  '  Oh!  tliat  I  had  !  ' 
He  continues  on  the  blessed  road  until  he  I'eaches  the 
guerdon  of  the  loyal.     I  give  praises  to  thee,  millions  of 

times I    am    a    prince,    of    those    whom 

llie  Ruler  has  made.  lie  gives  to  me  fair  bui'ial  and 
interment  in  the  n(>cropolis  of  the  favoured,  with  dailv 
rations  as  one  whom  Ua-en-ra,  fjight  of  every  man, 
has     made.     O    living    Aten,     grant    to    him    hundreds 

of    thousands    of    .^('(/•festivals daily    upon 

earth  (?),  beauteous  in   possession  of  eternity,  as  is  thy 

natui-e his   fear   (?)    is   in    their   hearts,    as  | 

the  dutiful   son    of  him   that   bare   him  (?) '■ 

according  to  thy  command of  that  which 

thy  hi  (?)  gives.     Thou  givest  (?)  to  the  pooi- ^ 

to  me  interment;  he  gives  (?)  to  mo witliin 

Akhetaten  (?).  t 

'■  ]''or  the  l:a  of  the  royal  Scribe,  Superintendent  of  the  ' 
soldiery  of  the  l;ord  of  the  Two  Lands,  Steward  of  the  ; 
house'  of  Neb-niaat-ra  (.\menhotep  III.),  Rames." '■' 


'  Reading  "^  '&  ""7  P  J^  T^ (Iluya). 

-  A  jiassagi.'  borrowed  from  recollections  of  the  Royal 
Hymn,    "  jNfen    lie    down    in    their    chandlers    (slifsrpii) 

....  ey(>   beholds  not   its  fellow the  reptiles 

bite."  The  ex))ression,  "They  ai'e  blind"  (xlii'si'}))  is, 
perliaps,  due  to  a  misunderstaniling  of  that  line. 


■'  i.e.  the  burial  sliaft. 

"  Iluya  adds  anotliei'  sentence,  in  which  "  seeing  thy 
rays"  occurs.  The  titles  of  Pentbu  which  follow  i-epeat 
those  given  above,  with  the  addition  of  Aiiri  hlinit. 
"  Piivy  ('omicilloi ."  They  are  recorded  hv  IjDI'sus, 
]).,  iii.  '.)!  V.  :i"il  "■  '/''■''.  'i-.  P'  l'i2. 

"  Mtm.  ilii  Ciilh'  irAloiioii,  pi,  xxNvii. 

^  C'f.  1.  xxxv. 

'•'   P>omiant     reads  |  which   is  iirobable.     The 

n  it  n    I  ' 

wall  has  piobahly  detei'iorated  since  his  day. 


C.  SiioiiTEH   Pr.wf.t?.';. 

1.  Renthu.     Lintel:    Left  I'hid  (Plate  ii.)  '" 

"  An  ascription  of  praise  to  the  living  Aten,  and  an 
act  of  homage  to  the  good  god  by  the  Royal  Chancellor, 
*the  Sole  Companion,  the  follower  of  the  feet  of  the  Lord 
of  the  Two  Lands,  the  favourite  of  the  good  god,  whom 
Ins  lord  loves  every  day,*  the  Royal  Scribe,  the  Intimate 
of  the  King,  Chief  Servitor  of  the  Aten  in  the  sanctuary 
of  the  Aten  in  Akhetaten,  the  Chief  Physician  and  Pi'ivy 
Councillor,  Pentbu,  maaklicni." 

2.  Penthu.   Lintel.   Right  End  (Plate  ii.). 

The  same,  replacing  the  starred  passage  by,  "he  who 
has    approach    to    the    person  of  the  god,  the  Chief   of 

Chiefs,  knowing of  the  Two  Lands,  First  of 

the  Companions." 

D.  BuitiAL    I'ktitkix.s. 

1.  Penthu.     .Tandis  (Plate  ii.). 

"  \  ihj  hrloji  sclcu  of  IIorakhti-Aten.      ■May  he  give 

((/)  (Right  jainb)  ••  jini-Idimi  offerings  and  lil)ations  of 
wine  and  milk. 

(/))   "  2'1'it-l'hi'ni   .... 

((■)  "  .  .  .  .  my  ....   in  the  necropolis   .   .  .  ." 

(<n  Lost. 

(e)  (Left  Jamb).     "  [A  reception]  of  loaves  .  .   .   ." 

(/,  ;/)  Lost. 

(/()  " .  .  .  .  without  ceasing.  My  name  abides  on 
earth." 

"  For  the  l.-n  of  the  Royal  Scribe  (or  '  Litimate  of  the 
King,'  or  '  Chief  Physician  '),  Penthu,  iiiiial.hcni ." 

2.  Mahu.     Outer  jaiubs  (Plate  xxviii.)." 

The  hrst  coluiuns  (n,  <l)  salute  Ra-.\ton,  the  King,  and 
the  Queen. 

"  [A  salutation  of]  the  living  Aten 

(h)  "and  an  obeisance  to  I'a-en-ra,  the  god  who 
establishes  men,  and  gives  lif(!  to  the  Two  Lands.  Do 
thou  give  me  fair  burial  after  old  age." 

{r)  "  Lord  of  Eternity.  May  he  give-  (sir).  Thou 
gleamest  and  art  brilliant,  potent  in  love  and  great." 

"  [Praise  to  thee]  O  living  Aten  ! 

(«)  "  Thou  risest  to  give  life  to  that  which  thou  hast 
created:  they  live  at  the  sight  of  thy  rays.  Thou  givest 
thy  duration  in  years  to  the  King  of  South  and  North, 
who  lives  in  Truth,  Lord  of  the  Two  Hands,  Nefer- 
kheperu-ra,  wdio  gives  life  for  ever. 

if)  "  a  god  noble  and  beloved,'-  who  created  and  bare 
himself.  [Thou]  hast  given  South  and  North  tj  thy 
Son,  who  went  forth  from  thy  body  ;  the  Son  of  the  Sun 

'"  For  this  and  the  following  prayer  of.  Ill    xxvii. 
"  .Moil.  iIh  Ciilte.  (VAtoiiou,  I.,  jjp.  94,  9.0. 
'-'  See  No.  7  (Plate  xxxii.). 


THE   RKLTOTOdS   TKXTS. 


31 


who  lives  on  Truth,  Lord  of  Diadems,  Akhenaten,  great 
in  his  duration.  For  the  ka  of  tho  Coniniandiint  of  the 
policG  of  Aklictaten,  JIahu."  ' 

3.  Mahu.     Inner  .luniljs  (Plati>  xxvii.).' 

The  first  coUnnns  (a,  n)  contain  sahitations  of  Ra- 
Atcn  ("  Long  hfe  to  tlie  divine  and  sovereign  Fallicr  "), 
the  King,  and  the  Queen. 

"  Praise  to  thy  1,-a  !  " 

{/')  (Right  side).  "  Thy  rising  is  licauliful,  0  hving 
Alen,  Lord  of  Etei'nity.  Do  thmi  give  to  me  fair  hm-ial 
after  old  age." 

(c)  Repeats  2  c. 

{<!)  "  O  [Ua-en-ra,  tho  King  (?)]  who  lives  on  Truth, 
Tjord  of  the  Two  Lands,  Nefer-khepcru-ra,  who  gives 
life.     May  he  give  favours  [every]  day  (?). 

(/)  "  0  living  Aten,  Lord  of  Rays,  thou  whoillumincst 
the  Two  Lands  with  thy  rays,  for  all  the  land  (.sic). 
When  thou  settest  on  the  Western  horizon,  they  lie  down. 

{y)  " Nefer-kheperu-i-a,  the  god  who  hears 

the of  the  King.  He  does  what  is  well- 
pleasing  to  his  father,  tho  Aten. 

(/()  "  Lord  of  Rays  !  (?)  When  thou  risest  on  the  Eastern 
horizon  of  heaven  their  hands  are  (outstretched)  in  praise 
to  thy  ka.     Hearts  live  at  (sic)." 

"  For  the  ka  of  the  Commandant  of  the  police  of 
Akhetaten,  Mahu,  maakhcrn." 

4.  Apy.     Right  Jam!)  (PI.  xxxix).» 

(n)  Salutation  of  the  three  Powers  (tho  .Men,  tlie 
King,  and  the  Queen). 

(It)  " Bestow  (thy)  duration   as  Alen  in 

heaven  on  the  King  of  South  and  North  (etc.).  May  he 
grant  a  good  name  in  Akhetat(!n." 

(c)  "  They  (thy  rays  ?)  emhrace  thy  son,  the  Son  of  the 
Sun  (etc.).  May  he  grant  a  reception  of  loaves  in  the 
temple  of  Aten." 

((/)  "  .  .  .  .  Grant  to  bcr  eternity  as  her  life,  to  the 
great  wife  of  the  King  (etc.).  May  [she]  grant  a  sight 
of  Aten  in  the  necropolis  (?)  of  Akhetaten." 

"  For  the  ka  (of)  the  Steward  Apy." 

5.  Nefer  -  kheperu  -  her  -  sekh(!per.  Left  jamh  (PI. 
xxxvii.).'' 


'  The  sign  of  tho  deceascal  man  is  followed  hy  the 
papyrus-flower  and  huds,  which  at  a  later  peiiod  was  in 
frequent  use  after  najnes  of  deceased  women  in  place 
of  "maalkhcrn."  It  rarely  occurs  after  men's  names. 
Its  use  here  is  probably  one  more  solecism  of  this 
ignorant  scribe. 

-  Mon.  (Ill  Ciiltc  d'Atonoii,  I.,  li. 

^  All  these  petitions  of  Mahu  consist  of  snatches, 
often  incomplete  and  bungled,  from  the  liynin  which 
already  occurs  fo\n-  times  in  the  tomb.  The  hieroglyphs, 
strictly  followeil,  would  often  make  nonsense. 

*  Mon.  till  i'lillr  ./'  \l.  iioii,  pi.  xxxviii. 

'-  lb.,  p.  7H. 


(a)  Salutation  of  tlie  three  Powers. 

(ft)  "...  .  beloved  of  the  Lord  of  the  Two  Lands  for 
his  talent,  possessor  of  favour  before  the  Lord  of  the 
Two  Lands,  the  Governor  of  Akhetaten,  N.,  maakhcrn." 

(c)  "  .  .  .  .  Akhenaten,  great  in  his  duration.  May  he 
grant  .  .  .  the  way  of  Truth  for  him.  He  was  called 
at  the  head  of  the  notaiilos.  Governor  of  Akhetaten,  N., 
maakherii." 

((/)  ".  .  .  .  the  great  wife  of  the  King,  beloved  of  him, 
Lady  of  the  Two  Lands,  Nefertiti,  living  for  ever  and 
ever.  May  [she]  give  (?)....  entering  the  Presence 
in  the  reserved  part  of  the  Palace,  the  (Governor  of 
Akhetaten,  N.,  iiuiaklicrii." 

(!.  Suti.     Jambs  (PI.  xxxix.)." 

The  first  columns  {a,  e)  contain  salutations  of  the 
three  Powers. 

"  A  dy  hctcp  Helen  of  the  living  Aten," 

(li)  (Right  jamh)  "  .  .  .  .  May  he  grant  ....  that 
which  is  olTored  in  the  Presence." 

(<■)  ".  .  .  .  [like?]  the  Light,  lord  of  food,  great  in 
Niles,  by  food  of  whose  giving  the  land  liveth.  May  he 
send  the  pleasant  breezes  of  the  norlh  wind." 

((/)  " ....  of  lofty  plumes,  gleaming  with  the 
diadem  (?),  beloved  (?)  of  the  Lord  of  the  Two  Lands. 
Mayest  thou  (fcni.  ?)  grant  a  sight  of  Aten  .... 
May  he  grant  .  .  .  ." 

(/)  " .  .  .  .  who  illumines  all  the  land  by  bis  ka. 
May  he  give  a  fair  burial  after  ....  old  age,  and  my 
rest  in  tho  necropolis  (?)  of  Akhetaten  (?),  a  fitting  seat." 

(;/)  "  who  illumines  (?)  all  the  land  by  his  rising.  May 
he  grant  the  bounty  of  the  good  god,  the  daily  ofTering  in 

tho  Presence,  that  which  is  set  out  on  tlie 

a  reception  of  that  which  he  giveth  and  his  food  (?)." 

(//)  ".  .  .  .  Do  thou  grant  departure  in  tho  morning 
from  the  Uiulcrworld  to  see  Aten  as  he  rises  daily  without 
ceasing." 

"  For  the  ka  of  the  standard-bearer  of  the  guild  of 
Nefer-kheperu-ra,  Suti,  iiuiaklioii,  possessor  of  the  good 
guerdon." 

7.  Apy.     Ceiling  (PI.  xxxii.).' 

"  .\  (lij  ItcUp  sclen  of  the  living  Flawk  of  the  two 
horizons  (Ilorakhti),"  a  goil  noble  and  beloved,  living  in 
Truth  every  day.  May  be  grant  the  smell  of  incense,  the 
reception  of  ointment,  a  draught  of  water  at  the  swirl 
of  the  stream,"  and  that  my  soul  ho  not  debarred  fi-oiu 
that  which  it  desires." 

"  lb.,  p.  G8.  ;  76.,  p.  92. 

"  This  occurrence,  without  qualificalion,  of  tho  name 
of  the  ancient  deity  whom  Akhenaton  gi-odually  trans- 
formed into  the  .'\ten  is  unparalleled,  but  not  surprising. 
It  was  this  tendency  to  revert  to  old  ideas  that  caused 
the  King  about  this  time  to  abandon  the  use  of  the  name 
entirely. 

"  "  Banks  of  the  pool,"  in  the  pai-allcl  passage,  Plal«  iv. 


3a 


APPENDIX. 


DECORATIVE  TECHNIQUE  AT  EL  AMARNA.' 


The  Gist  pvopf^is  aftov  the  rock-walls  of  the  cliaiiil)cr  had 
been  dresseil  with  tho  chisel  as  smoothly  as  the  nature 
of  the  stone  allowed,  was  to  cover  the  whole  with  a 
coating  of  hard  plaster.  This  was  done  in  order  that 
hy  filling  up  the  holes  and  fissures  with  which  the  local 
I'ock  abounds,  a  perfectly  plane  surface  might  he  secured, 
rather  than  with  the  idea  of  being  able  to  work  in  a 
softer  mediinu  ;  for  whore  the  wall  was  already  plane 
the  ))lastcr  becomes  a  mere  smear,  little  thicker  than 
paper. 

On  this  dry  plaster  iho  design  was  sketched  out  in  ink 
in  all  detail,  often  in  greater  detail  than  was  likely  to  lie 
I'eprodiiced  by  the  chisel.  The  ink  might  be  yellow,  red, 
or  black  ;  if  tlie  design  needed  corrections  they  were  made 
in  red  or  in  black.  This  picture  was  generally  in  some- 
what thick  outline  (Plates  xvii.,  xviii.,  xix.  ;  III.  xxx., 
xxxii.),  but  occasionally  in  solid  colour  (PI.  x.). 

The  pictures  were  always  executed  in  sunk  relief  for 
the  sake  of  the  protection  afforded  to  the  figures  by  the 
suri'onnding  surface.  The  depth  to  which  they  were  cut 
varied  greatly,  larger  figures  being  cut  very  deep,  while 
small  Wdi'k  was  sometimes  only  faintly  impressed  on  the 
plaster  (I.  xi.,  xii.  ;  111.  x.,  xi.,  xiv.),-  The  sculptor, 
woi'king  on  tin'  ink  outlines,  sank  them  to  the  required 
extent,  leaving  tlu^  figures  in  rounded  relief  within.  If 
the  plaster  happened  to  be  ibick,  the  smaller  work  might 
he  entirely  within  it ;  but  if  it  \ver(^  a  meiv;  wash,  even 
the  small  inscriptions  would  l)e  cut  into  the  stone  below. 
The  lai'ger  figui-es,  owing  to  their  deep  cutting,  wei-e 
always  mainly  formed  in  stone.  Generally  speaking, 
even  where  all  the  plaster  has  fallen  awaj',  the  main 
outlines  of  the  ])icture  and  much  of  the  detail  can  still 
Ijp  recovered  from  the  stone  alone. 

At  this  stage  the  small  work  had  reproduced  the  ink- 
design  in  all  or  most  of  its  detail,  and  was  complete, 
except  for  a  lack  of  finish  and  precision  of  line.  It 
needed  no  more  than   a  wash  of  line  plastei'  to  make  the 


'  See  also  Part  I.,  p.  18. 

-  In  these  cases  the  work  gives  the  impression  of 
having  been  done  with  a  blimt  modelling  tool  while  the 
plaster  was  soft,  as  it  is  so  slightly  depressed  that  it 
scarcely  has  a  definite  outline,  and  often  fades  into  the 
general  surface.  Possibly,  however,  the  final  coating  or 
wash  has  given  it  this  smooth  appearance,  and  nearly 
blotted  out  the  indistinct  outline. 


surface  smooth,  and  to  enable  the  fine  detail  to  be 
elaboi'ated.''  Puit  in  large  work,  where  the  stone  had 
been  deeply  cut  into,  and  the  relief  stood  out  boldly,  the 
figures  were  often  rough,  and  the  greater  part  of  the 
detail  had  been  lost  with  the  surface  ;  .so  that  it  was 
necessary  to  build  them  up  more  or  less  afresh  with  new 
jilaster  of  a  fine  quality.  No  doubt  at  this  stage  the 
fresh  plaster  might  bo  modelled  while  still  soft.  Whether 
the  sculptor  used  memory  and  judgment  in  adding  the 
outlines  which  the  chisel  had  removed,  or  had  a  copy  of 
the  design  for  reference,  is  not  determinable  ;  but  the 
latter  is  not  probable. 

The  procedure  in  the  tombs  of  Pentbn  and  Ahnies  was 
somewhat  different,  owing  to  the  soft  and  crumbling 
nature  of  the  stone.  There  the  sculptor  set  to  work  on 
his  figures  either  by  cutting  the  wall-surface  within  the 
outlines  down  to  the  same  depth  all  over,  as  if  for  inlay, 
or  gave  them  only  the  roughest  blocking-out  in  relief  within 
the  mould  so  formed.  By  so  doing  he  left  nearly  all  the 
work  to  be  done  afresh  ;  for  he  had  already  removed 
even  the  outline  of  his  figures.  Nothing  of  the  original 
design  was  preserved  except  a  depression  roughly 
corresponding  to  the  original  outline,  and  sometimes 
rough  work  in  relief  within  it  indicating  inner  detail 
(see  PI.  xi.). 

The  residt  was  that  the  modeller  was  provided  only 
with  a  rougli  mould  to  guide  him  and  had  to  build  U])  the 
required  figure  within  this  in  fri^sb  plaster.  The  medium, 
in  short,  is  largely  or  entirely  plaster  iidaid  in  stone,  and 
the  results,  if  correspondingly  delicate,  were  also  corres- 
pondingly frail.  The  new  plaster  made  a  poor  join  with 
the  old  (sec  the  helmets  of  the  King  and  Queen  in  PI.  xi.)  ; 
the  mould  was  cut  out  so  roughly  that  its  walls  were  more 
plaster  than  stone ;  the  inserted  figure  proved  a  dead 
weight  of  plaster,  without  the  grip  upon  the  wall  which 
it  had  when  it  was  a  thin  overlay  on  a  stone  matrix.  In 
addition,  the  stone  itself  was  friable.  It  is  no  wonder  then 
that  pi-actically  the  whole  of  the  decoration  in  the  tomb 
of    Penthu    has  fallen    away,    and    that    the    inscriptions 


■'■  Cf.  Plate  xlii.,  where  the  head  of  Mahu  is  finely 
chiselled  in  plaster,  but  without  smoothness.  Also 
PI.  xli.,  where  only  the  head  of  the  vizier  is  perfectly 
finished  off.  Those  of  the  elders  there  need  fui'ther 
working  up,  and  the  faces  and  figures  of  the  prisoners 
are  very  I'oughly  cut. 


Ai'PJONUIX. 


which  were  cut  in  inlaid  tal)lets  of  plaster  iiavc  been  lost. 
In  the  entrance  the  rock  was  of  better  quality,  and  the 
figures  and  texts  on  both  sides,  binn;;  cut  in  stone  in  the 
old  way,  were  fairly  well  preserved  till  recent  years. 

This  method  of  inlay  was  partially  adopted  also  in  the 
tonil)  of  .Ahmcs ;  probably  in  imitation,  for  the  stone  here 
appears  to  be  good.  Some  of  the  figures  (altars,  slaugh- 
tered oxen,  etc.)  have  been  cut  out  bodily  in  the  plaster 
and  merely  form  moulds  to  be  filled  in  afterwards 
(III.  XXX.).  In  general,  however,  the  work  was  on  the 
old  lines,  and,  thanks  to  this,  the  representation  of  the 
soldiery  there  has  not  only  withstood  the  lapse  of  time, 
hut  even  the  process  of  casting. 

The  general  technique  of  the  later  tombs  of  Meryra  II. 
and  Iluya  is  poorer,  the  figures  in  the  smaller  work  being 
often  but  slightly  sunk  and  without  distinctness  of 
outline. 

The  final  process  was  that  of  painting,  which  was  for 


the  most  part  in  flat  primary  colours.  In  the  Southern 
tombs  this  stage  has  rarely  advanced  far.  Alike  the 
sculptures  and  the  architecture  remain  in  general  a  piuc 
white.  The  painted  ceiling  of  Ay,  the  coloured  inscriptions 
on  the  beams  and  columns,  the  bright  cornice  of  Any, 
and  the  fully-coloured  scene  in  tomb  7,'  show  that  this 
was  not  deliberate,  but  that  with  greater  leisure  a  full 
scheme  of  colour  would  have  been  carried  out.  The  wall- 
surfaces  of  the  entrance  passages,  which  were  the  first 
parts  to  be  completed,  are  generally  coloured.-  A  great 
deal  of  fine  detail  was  added  or  restored  in  the  process  of 
painting,  and  sometimes  the  smaller  work  was  re-outlined 
in  red  (especially  on  the  North  Wall  of  the  tomb  of 
Meryra). 


'  See  Frontispiece,  Part  V. 

-  This  is  applicable  also  to  ihe  tombs  of  Ahnies  and 
Penthu,  which  are  so  closely  allied  to  the  S   group. 


34 


INDEX 


Ahmf.k,  tomb  of                  .  1,  4.  5,  ( 

i.  9, 

15,  20, 

2G,  32, 

33 

"  Chief  Servitor  of  Aten  " 

3,  4 

,  c. 

29,  30 

Akhenaten  depicted      2,  3.  4,  5,  (i 

13, 

11,  10, 

19,  22, 

28 

Chronology,  data  for 

3,  8,  9, 

14, 

22,  31 

,,           policy  of 

.  9,  2G, 

31 

Clothing 

1, 

14, 

15, 

17,  19 

prayers  to 

. 

30, 

31 

Collins 

10,  24 

Akhetaten        .... 

4,  7,  S, 

10 

Collars,  golden  ..... 

4,  5, 

14,  15 

,,            rains  of. 

11, 

13,  18, 

21 

Colour       .         .         .     1,  2,  5,  6,  8,  13, 

19, 

20, 

23, 

32,  33 

Amenhetep  111. 

22, 

30 

Columns  ...          4,  5,  8,  9,  10, 

19, 

23, 

24, 

25,  33 

Ami  kitciit          .... 

(i. 

30 

"  Commandant  of  Police  " 

14,  31 

Anatomy  ..... 

t. 

,  5,  13, 

19 

"  Commandant  of  Soldiery  " 

17, 

21,  30 

Anv,  tomb  of     . 

13, 

1^ 

1,  27, 

2b,  29, 

33 

"  Companion  "  . 

0,  30 

Arv,  tomb  of     .         .        13,  19,  20, 

22, 

2( 

5,27, 

28,  29, 

31 

Conventions,  artistic 

,  5,  16 

Architecture,  tomb-    1,  S,  9,  10,  12, 

13, 

1( 

3,  19, 

21,  23, 

33 

Cornices    .          .                   .         .         1,  ■/ 

.  8, 

10, 

13, 

23,  33 

,,          ,,         styles  compared    . 

. 

8 

Corridor,  cross-          .          .          .      2,  9, 

12, 

19, 

21, 

23,  25 

Armoury    ..... 

17 

direct          .... 

• 

9 

Art,  quality  of   .         .          ■     2,  3,  5, 

10, 

1. 

'>,  19, 

23,  31, 

33 

Cow-keeper        ..... 

.       5 

Artists 

.     3,  4, 

15 

Creation,  hymns  of   . 

27, 

28,  29 

,,      methods  of      . 

.  5, 

U 

\  14, 

16,  32, 

33 

Cup 

5,0 

Asses          ..... 

17 

Aten,  names  of          .         .1,  H,  9, 

14, 

1' 

),  22, 

29,  30, 

31 

Daressy,  M 

8,  23 

,,       temple  of          .          .          .2,1 

,  H, 

1- 

1,  15, 

17,  28, 

29 

Decoration  of  tondjs       2,  8,  10,  13,  15, 

19, 

24 

25 

32,  33 

,,       h\'mns  to          .          .          . 

13 

1 

4,  19 

20,  2G-31 

J)efcnces  of  city         .... 

14,  10 

Authorship  of  hymns 

27,  28, 

29 

Deputy-mayor  ..... 

.     10 

Av,  tond)  of      ...          . 

7.  20, 

33 

Deterioration  of  records     .         .         .8, 
Door-framings  inserihod              .           1, 

20, 
12, 

22 
19, 

28, 
21, 

30,  32 
24,25 

Jiarsanti,  M.      . 

7, 

21 

Door  witli  lattice        .... 

.       8 

Benhcn,  House  of  the 

2S 

,,     plank-        ..... 

.     20 

Bouriant,  INI.      . 

r,  12, 

23,  28, 

30 

,,     double       ..... 

8 

23,  25 

Brazier 

17 

Dog 

.     17 

Buildin.i,'s  depicted 

.    4 

r 

),  11, 

15,  10, 

17 

Dy  Jictcp  sctcn  prayers 

. 

1, 

21, 

30,  31 

Burials       ..... 

9, 

10 

Buvial-cliamber 

1,  9. 

12  22 

24 

Editor,  assistance  by 

17,  20 

Burial-shaft        .... 

1.  9, 

21,  25, 

30 

Egypt,  ancient  and  modern 
Enamel     ...... 

.  18 
.     14 

Cartouches         .... 

,  4, 

I- 

1,  19, 

21,  22, 

24 

Entanglements,  military  . 

.     16 

Cattle 

3,  4,  5 

Ceilings     ..... 

£ 

I,  10, 

20,  31, 

33 

False-doors        ..... 

9,  13 

"  Chancellor,"  .... 

.     3,0, 

30 

Fashions,  changes  in         .         .         . 

8, 

13, 

10, 

22,  31 

Chariots 

2,  4 

'>,  15, 

10,  17, 

18 

"  Favourite  of  the  good  Clod  "  . 

0,  .30 

"  Chief  of  Chiefs  "... 

0, 

30 

Feathers  as  head-dress 

.     19 

"  Chief  of  Companions  "    . 

0, 

30 

Figures  of  deceased  .... 

1 

.  8, 

13, 

20,  21 

"  Chief  Physician  "   . 

3. 

,  0,  29, 

30 

Fish 

.     17 

INDEX. 


Flowers     .... 

"  Follower  of  the  feet  of  the  K 

Food  .... 

Foreigners 

Forts         . 

Furniture  .... 

Galleries  for  burial    . 
Gardens  depicted 
"  Governor  of  Akhetaten  " 
Graffiti      .... 
Granary    .... 
Guilds       .... 

Hagg  Qaudil,  village  of      . 

Handcuffs 

Haste  apparent  in  work    . 

Hay,  Robert 

Head-dress 

Plistorical  veracity  of  scenes 

Horakhti  .... 

Horeniheb 

Horses  (see  also  "  Chariots  ") 

Human  touches  in  scenes . 

HUY  .... 

Huv.\,  tomb  of. 

Hynni  to  Aten  . 

M        ,,      ,,    Shorter 

Illiteracy .... 

Incense     .... 

Ink,  records  in  . 

Inlay,  plaster     . 

Inspection  of  stores  . 

Interpolated  t8.\ts 

"  Intimate  of  the  King  "    . 

Jars  ..... 

Jeoquier,  M. 

Jones,  Mr.  Harold     . 


King  (see  "  Eoyal,"  "  Akhenaten,"  "  Amenhetep  ") 
,,       smiting  enemy 

Laver,  C 

Lamp        ■         .         .         . 
Legraiii,  M.        . 

Lepsius,  Richard J    2  7 

L'Hote,  Nestor 
Lintel,  scenes  ou 
Litci'ary  quality  of  hymns 
Loggia  of  palace 


.  17 
G,  ;iO 
28,  29,  30,  31 
.  17 
.  14,  IG,  17 
.  2,  3 

24,  25 

.       4 

14.24,31 

1 

.       4 

.     25 


.     17 

8,  9,  10,  15,  24,  25 

7,  8,  23,  28,  29 

14,  15,  19 

.        1 

.     31 

.       8 

.     IG 

IG,  17 

.     21 

1,  6,  25,  26,  29,  30,  33 
.  14,  2G,  27,  29,  30 
13,  19,  20,  2G-29,  31 

12,  13,  15,  16,  26,  31 

13,  22 

13,  14,  15,  20,  21,  24,  32 

.  2,  32,  33 

.     IT 

26,  27,  28 

.  3,  29,  30 

.   5,  17,  18 

8 


14 


7 

1 
23 

M 

b 

11, 

28 

■  7, 

29 

19, 

21 

26. 

31 

5, 

14 

Maat 

Maiiiiou    . 

Mahu         .         9,  10.  12-18,  20,  22 

Mamicrisnis  in  art 

Masts 

May. 

Mi;kkt.\ti'.n 

Meuvua,  tomb  of 

Merytaten 

Methods  of  craftsmen 

Motives  estimated 

Mazau.     (See  also  "  Police  ") 

Mutilation  of  tombs  . 


26,  27.  28,  30, 
.  3,  5,  8. 


3,  4 


9.  13,  27,  28, 

.2,  9,  14, 

10, 

2.  8,  9.  10.  12. 

1,  2.  5,  8,  12, 


.  19 

.  12 

31.32 

13.  14 
.  16 
4,  10 

,  3,  14 
29,  33 
16.22 
15.24 
15.  16 

14,  15 
19,  28 


7,  8  ;  Neh-.maat-ha 


Nebt-a.nt. 

Necropolis,  Northern 
,.  Southern 

,,  change  of 

NEFEK-KHni'KltU-IIEK-SEKH 

NuKBiiTiTi  (see  "  Queen  ' 
Nurses 


3, 


.       22,  30 

.     21 

3,7,9.11 

7-11,  12,  13,  29,  33 

.       3,  7.  8 

23,31 


I 


Octroi 
Offerings  . 
Ointment  . 
Originality 
Ornaments,  personal 

Palace 

Panehesv,  tomb  of   . 
Papyrus-llower  sign  . 
Patching-stones 
Pi;.\rni'     . 

,,         titles  of 

,.         tomb  of 
Pctrie,  Professor 
Pharaoh    . 
Pilasters    . 
Plagiarism 
Plaster,  use  of  . 
Portals 
Portraiture 
Priests 

Princesses  (see  "  Royal  Family 
Princes 
Police 
Prisoners  . 
"  Privy  Councillor ' 


.     IG 

2,  13,  14.  19,  22 

22.  31 

4.  26 

4,  6,  14,  15.  19 

5,8,  10,  M 

3.  4.  9 

.     31 

.  5,  7 

2-6,  29.  30 

.  3,  4,  5,  29.  30 

1-6.  9,20.  32,  33 

11,  13.  21 

4,  17 

.     8.  16.  19.  23 

3,  4.  14.  26 

10.  21,  22.  24,32,  33 

.  8.  23.  25 

3.  5.  13,  19.  22,  32 

1.3.4,27 


Quality  of  art 
Quay  shown 


i.  3, 


.     17 

14.  15,  16,  17,  18 

17,  18,  32 

;i,  30 

10.  15,  19,  23.  32,  33 
I 


INIIKX. 


Queen  tlepicteil 

2,  3, 

4, 

5,  G, 

13, 

19,  22 

Stairs         ..... 

.      9,  12,  13,  24 

laudation  of     . 

20,  31 

"  Steward  "       . 

.     20 

prayers  to        .          .          . 

, 

30,  31 

"  Steward  of  the  house  of  Nebmaat 

•a" 

.        22,  30 

,,       sister  of  . 

8 

Stores,  Government  . 

SUTI 

4,  17 
.       25,  31 

R.NMKS         .... 

14,  20, 

21, 

22,  30 

,,        of  Alid-el-Qurneh     . 

22 

Technique          .... 

.  2 

10,  13,  15,  32,  33 

Eeoords  of  tombs,  previous 

7,  .'^, 

11, 

23,  2.S 

Temple  represented   . 

.  2,  3,  8,  14,  15 

Rewards  of  otiicials    . 

2,  3,  4 

.  r>. 

10,  14 

Terrace,  raised  .... 

.       15,  1(5 

Roads  to  tombs 

.     11 

Texts,  corruption  of  . 

.     20 

Rock,  nature  of 

1,  2,  7 

10,  10, 

21, 

32,  33 

Textual  criticism 

2G,  27 

Eossctti     .... 

3 

Theban  fashions 

8,  26 

"  Royal  Cbanccllor  " 

0,  30 

Titles         ...          6,  17,  20, 

21, 

22,  24,  25,  30,  31 

"  Royal  Scribe  " 

i;,  20, 

21, 

29,  30 

Toinbs,  late  occupation  of 

.     1,  2,  10 

Royal  family     ...       2, 

3,  4,  ti. 

13,  14, 

10, 

19,  22 

,,         uninscribed   . 

7,  9,  10,  11,  29 

,,       hymn       .          .          .          . 

14,  2(i, 

27, 

29,  30 

Trench  in  floor 

2 

,,       tomb 

.  2,  3 

Tutu,  tomb  of  . 

Tyi 

13, 

14,  20,  27,  28,  29 
G,  25 

Sanctuary,  Smaller    . 

.  2,  3 

Sceptre      .... 
Scbaefer,  Dr.      . 

.     14 
2 

.       3 
30,  31 
10,  17 

.     17 

U.\-KN-R.\  ..... 

Underworld       .          ... 

15,  IG,  29,  30,  31 
29,  31 

Screens      .... 
Scribes                .         .         .   1,  (i 
Sentries     .                  .    '     . 
Sentry-houses   . 

17,  20 

21,  26, 

29 

Unfinished  designs      2,  3,  5,  9,  10, 
tombs      .         .    2,  9,  10, 

13, 

12, 

14,  17,  19,  20,  21, 

24,  32,  33 

19,  21,  23,  24,  25 

Shipping; 

Shrines      .... 

"  Sister  "  as  wife 

Sistra         .... 

2   1^ 

,  J2, 

21 

4 

23,  25 

21,  22 

.     20 

Variants  in  hymns     . 

Vessels 

Victualling  guard-houses  . 

.       2G,  27 

5,  6,  13,  17,  22 

.     17 

"  Sole  Companion  "  . 

0,  .30 

Vizier        ..... 

.    14,  IG,  17,  32 

Soldiery     .... 

.") 

14,  33 

"  Standai'd-boarer  "  . 

.     25 

Weapons  ..... 

.     17 

Standards,  military   . 

14,  15 

Whitewashed  tombs 

.    10,  12,  23,  33 

Statues      .... 

1 

21,  25 

Wigs 

.     21 

Stela  in  tomb 

12,  13 

Women     ..... 

.    15,  17,  21,  31 

,,       boundary 

. 

s 

13,  14 

Worship,  scenes  of    . 

1,  2,  13,  15,  19,  22 

ilLHhKT    AM)    KlVIMiTuN     I.IMil'EIi,    ST.    Ji>ll\   S    ll'iL's].,    ULKKK  L  SAVELf.,    E.C. 


PLATE8 


NOTE. 

An  index   to   tho   jjassni^es  in    the   text   which   are   oxplanatorv  of  the   several   plates 

will   l>i'   found   on    paijes   vii.,    viii. 


El  Amarna  IV. 


TOMB    OF    PENTU     PLANS    AND    SECTIONS. 


Plate  I. 


Scale  '- 


El  Amarna  IV. 


TOMB    OF    PENTU-FACADE. 


Plate  II. 


LEFT    END    OF    LINTEL. 


Scale  i 


PLASTER    -RAGMENT. 
(Now  in  lieitin.) 


^"i^ 


^TTn^nrpv 


'^i.  J  J 


RIGHT    JAMB. 


Scale  1 


LEFT    JAMB. 


RIGHT    END    OF    LINTEL. 


El  Amarna   IV. 


PENTU  -NORTH    THICKNESS, 


Plate  III. 


Scale  1 


El  Amarna   IV. 


PENTU    SOUTH    THICKNESS. 


Plate  IV. 


Scale  : 


El  Amarna  IV. 


PENTU- NORTH   N 


Scale 


THE   ROYAL  FAMILY 


LL,   UPPER  SCENE. 


Plate  V. 


TERING  THE   TEMPLE. 


El  Amarna  IV. 


PENTU-NORTH  \ 


THE    COURT   01 


Scale  1 


LL,    UPPER  SCENE. 


Plate  VI. 


# 


». 


fo 
I.IU 

( — 1 

51 

Ij 


O  III 

t 

M 


r-HS 


in.] 


THE    TEMPLE. 


El  Amarna  IV. 


PENTU-NORTH 


((^ 


m 
A¥3 


H 

1  .ilrJ 

1     1     1 

P 1 

If 

^ 


Olll 


C5  111 


PENTU    DECORATED. 


Scale  1 


VA.:.L,   UPPER  SCENE. 


Plate  VII. 


THE    LESSER    SANCTUARY. 


El  Amarna  IV. 


PENTU-LC 


/  ._L 


!/. 


l.  \  ' 


\n  c 


w^ 


J',       ,1',      A      ,"      ^^    /■; 

K  .1- 1\ 


;-r-^ 


^fflBBE 


_  I 


NORTH 


SOUTH 


ER    SCENES. 


Plate  VIII. 


VALL 


ALL 


El  Amarna  IV. 


PENTU.        FRAGMENTS. 


Plate  IX. 


)^ 


B  (See  Plate  VIII) 


J  u 


ir\i 


ftl...lMclfcCl 


A  iSec  I'late  VIII) 


El  Amarna  IV. 


TOMB    OF    PENTU. 


Plate  X. 


f 


4t 


iM 


r 


7 


I  / 


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< 

UJ 

I- 
< 

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UJ 

111 

o 

Q 

z 
< 

o 

z 


UJ 

I 


/ 


SP 


% 


EL   AMARNA    IV 


TOMBS   OF   PENTU   AND    RAMES 


PLATE   XI 


(/) 

u 

z: 

o 


CO 

u 

< 

q: 


< 

z 
I 

3 


EL  AMARNA  IV 


TOMBS   OF    PENTU   AND    MAHU 


PLATE  XII 


i.^J  -• 


I: 


S^^c ;  ■  i4_^ 


W' 


> 

X 


''\-  ■  ..  - 


\ 


-v«*fcT'**e»-^Jr«(Bw».>^*««*Anj;,vi.T;,^'-    '■..  u-j-^^\ 


Ol 


:j- 


X 


X 

X 

SI 

a! 


El  Amarna    IV. 


SOUTHERN    T0^ 


^$0fll^ 


^^•1 


..^•^ 


.■*S*^ 


**•' 


c-*"'? 


.#^- 


v^!?^^ 


JSP 


m 


^e;# 


It 


i 


i^cale 


5co/e-L 


(S-GENERAL    PLAN. 


Plate   XIII. 


SS>^ 


k^ 


^?' 


f 


g 


m.. 


^ 


V    ( 


*""'■ 


J'J''' 


,i 


I      1 


I      ' 


!   1 


I  ; 


OWNERS  OF  TOMBS. 

7  PAR  .   .    . 

8  TUTU. 

9  MAHU 

10  APY 

I  I      RA-MES 

12     NEKMT-PA-ATEN 

la     NEFERKMEPERUMER-SEKMtPER 

I*     MAY 

IS     SUTI. 

10     SUTAU. 

as     ANY. 

94      PA-ATENEMMEO 

as    AY. 


El  Amarna  IV. 


TOMB    OF    MAHU. 


Plate  XIV. 


LONGITUDINAL    SECTION,    LOOKING    WEST. 


'-''  \       Chamber 


1 

j 

/ 

1 — i 

"^ 

—  1 

m 


SECTION    ON    A.B 


Scole 


-.'.111?   I   M   •■= 


PLAN. 


El  Amarna   IV. 


MAHU     NORTH    THICKNESS. 


Plate  XV. 


ScaU  i 


THE    ROYAL    FAMILY    WORSHIPPING    ATEN. 


El  Amarna  IV. 


MAHU     NORTH   END  WALL. 


Plate  XVI. 


Soiile  \ 


THE    STELA. 


El  Amarna   IV. 


MAHU     BACK    WALL,    N.   SIDE. 


Plate  XVII. 


k 


Q 
Z 
< 

I 
< 

5 


El  Amarna  IV. 


MAHU-BACK    WALL,     N.    SIDE. 


Plate  XVIII. 


_l 
a. 

u 

U 

I 
I- 

(/) 

h 

> 

X 
< 


(Completed  or  Plate  XIX.) 


El  Amarna  IV, 


MAHU  -BACK    WALL,    N.   SIDE. 


Plate  XIX. 


_j 

Q. 

U 

I- 

lU 

I 
\- 

w 

CO 

> 

I 
< 

2 


El  Amarna  IV. 


MAHU-BACK^ 


THE   ROYAL  CHARIOT 


Scale  I 


^LL,   S.  SIDE. 


Plate  XX. 


:.AVING  THE   TEMPLE. 


El  Amarna  IV. 


MAHU-SOUTH    END    WALL. 


Plate  XXI. 


£L.a_[L-a.n.n  nn^n    iiiinnnr 


\ 


a        ■ 


t    ! 


d 


a 


a. 


Scale 


(Complclioit  of  Scenes  on  I'ls.  XX,  XXtl). 


El  Amarna  IV. 


Scale  i 


THE  ROYAL  CI 


•BACK /ALL.    S.   SIDE. 


Plate  XXII, 


RIOT    SSING  THE  SENTRIES. 


El  Amarna  IV. 


MAHU-SOUTH   END  WALL. 


Plate  XXI 


i<?l 


v///////y^;r^////////y/////yy^-^^^^^^  y^ 


9j^ 


1^ 


o  t 


^1 


^=5=' 


I       I 


Scale  I 


THE   FALSE   DOOR. 


El  Amarna   IV. 


MAHU"FR( 


MAHU    EXEF 


Scale  i 


.LL.    S     SIDE. 


Plate  XXIV. 


HIS    OFFICE. 


MAHU-SOUTH   END  WALL. 


Plate  XXV. 


Scene  destroyed. 
(For  Key  Flan  sec  Plate  XXVlll.) 


^ 
>< 


a. 


{Completion  of  scenes  on  Plates  XXIV,  .V.VK/.) 


El  Amarna   IV. 


MAHU  -FRONT 


MAHU    BRINGS    PRISONE 


Scale  I 


ALL.    S.   SIDE. 


Plate   XXVI. 


3  TO   THE   VIZIER. 


El  Amarna  IV. 


MAHU-  BACK  WALL. 


Plate   XXVII. 


1 


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% 


,y^^,m^:i-]mmm% 


%. 


o 


)^.l^^l#^ 


1^ 

^^1 


fef 


li 


A     A 


"^^ 


^111 


SJ»-^ 


i 


A? 


+* 


?!«? 


.<n> 


iV 


m 


^ 


DOORV\/AY   TO    INNER   ROOM. 


ScaU\ 


El  Amarna  IV. 


MAHU-JAMBS   OF  OUTER   DOORWAY. 


Plate  XXVIII. 


0    0  0 


:;!_.  I 


L/75 


V^ 


v^ 


r-'V 

II P)  (I 


5caie  i 


KEY  TO   SOUTH   END  WALL. 


0  ct 


QUI 


A-^'"^^. 


^cp>- 


;  o 


O 


U4w 


^ 


E^il^ 


Pira 


5"ca/e  i 


El  Amarna  IV. 


MAHU-FRAGMENTS. 


Plate   XXIX. 


Scale 


FIGURE   OF  MAHU   {S.  Thickness) 


V 


Scale  J 


THE    PALACE    BALCONY 
(Front  Wall,  N.  Sitle) 


Scale  i 


HEAD   OF   QUEEN 
(See  Ptale  XVI.) 


Scale  I 


THE    PRAYER    OF    MAHU    (Ifortli  Tkichntss) 


El  Amarna  IV. 


TOMBS    10    lAPYj,    9a,    9c. 


Plate  XXX. 


TOMB    9A-SECTI0N. 


^ 


So-,d 


^^^ 


fz^R 


TOMB    9A-PLAN. 


Wyf^^^i^a^^^.^^ 


TOMB    9c    PLAN. 


TOMB    9C--SECTION    ON    A.B. 


■\\\\\\\>\\;:j 


TOMB    9C-SECTION    ON    CD. 


—XFf- 


ii^^. 


x^;^^^^' 


■^ 


^\\. 


•x«^ 


N>SSSS^Ni^\ 


i^Xv^^I^W^ 


TOMB    10    iAPY)-SECTION    ON    A.B, 


El  Amarna   IV. 


TOMB    OF    APY     ENTRANCE. 


Plate   XXXI. 


V     111  0  (^  '  V     hc:=>^  /    CO 

^      n  £*=<:    // 


piii^ 


El  Amarna   IV. 


SHORTER    HYMN    TO    THE    ATEN. 


Plate    XXXII. 


4 


[Qi 


•f 


m 


r 


Fof 


0    O 


4. 
O 


u 

P1I 


f  1  n 


APY  ANY       MERVRA      WHU        TUTU 


>1^ 

W 

9E 


M 


}i 


'm 


I 


^ 


?r 


yy/y 
# 

I 

y. 


'/Z^ 


1 

s 

# 


m 


m 


5> 


APY  ^Nr         HERYR*       HAHU        TUTU 


]  \ 


^111 


2^ 


>j; 


n 

•(>7ii 


^i;, 


If 


?' 


i^^j 


fMia 


^J 


n 


^-^y 

M 


^^/y 


i 


I 


i 


P 


x^ 


o  >. 


^ 

S 


14 


■^  I 


S^ 


^■p 


"?•' 


= II 


m 


^ 


I 


I? 


■% 


V 


APY  ANY         KERYR*      MAHU        TUTU 


^7 


^J 


11 


f^ — \ 
«  «  • 


U 


1 1 1 


Hr 


I^ 


t« 


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..^^ 


V 
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vP 


1 

i 

I 


11 

■y'y. 


it: 


II 

r 


T 


//t^'/. 
■^^ 


i 


1JI 


T 


1    i 


^S,y 

I 


v§ 


i 


«2» 


APY-OEILINQ 
INSCRIPTION, 


El  Amarna  IV. 


SHORTER     HYMN     TO    THE     ATEN   (Cijntmued). 


Plate  XXXIII. 


APr  Alir         MERYRA      TUTU 


lOi 


PI 


m 


1^ 


UP 


AJ 

1 
?J 


(j: 


H 


M 


o  o  o 

LI  I 


-f? 


•0-  111 


JU 


f-1 


1  III 


s 

i 


I 


■;k  O 


o.ts 


> 

S 


omils 


^; 


X 


i 


AJ 


n 


APY  ANY        HfRYRA      TUTU 


#1 


M 


¥,^ 


In 


(O, 

in 
-.°n 


^S^ 


o  a 


H 


■<3>. 


Iff 


;/ 


1 


I 


las 
1§ 


^ 


IS 

5 


iSi 


;% 


CO 


# 


Jo 


(T 


APY  ANY         MERYR*      TUTU 


T1J 


¥ 


m, 


Ml 


V 


>^i 


O  I 


# 


V/ 
X 


^ 


i 


^ 
"? 

y 


5^ 


tJ^ 


m 

/^ 

It 

O  III 


a^ 


u 


i 


ENDS 


1J 

T 


"a" 


€i 


'^ 


^3 


APY  AWY         TUTU 


1^ 


"^1 


^"J 


^ 


am 


?llll 


>^ 


m 


% 


#, 


i 

i 


?I 


-SSlfi 


2 


M 


f 


i 


^ 


APY  ANY       TUTU 


■^111 


/3v 


5 


•?  I 

^> 

V/ 

ENDS 


+ 


ENDS 
f 


XMISLI 

I    I    I 

X 

\ 


i 

ENDS? 


I 


3^6 


11^ 

•     I     I 

t  I  • 


^ 

X 

> 


^. 


JTiu 

li 

V— i 

u 


El  Amarna  IV. 


TOMBS    7a,    7b,    9b,    11    iRAMES). 


Plate  XXXIV. 


TOMB    9B-PLAN. 


TOMB    7A-SECTI0N. 


TOMB    7A-PLAN. 


TOMB    7B-SECTI0N. 


7      ■      ,     .- 


TOMB    7B-PLAN. 


TOMB    11-SECTION. 


El  Amarna  IV. 


TOMB    OF    RAMES    ENTRANCE. 


Plate  XXXV. 


r^^ii^ii 


Jet- 


rs^w 


ii^i^'itii^^ii^fn;iij#r'{^4lt3^Bt^/:i'{s-\.v^  M&^^^ 


■A^^tM&€&M^-%2l{^^^^:'AMoM^Ml 


f 


m:im 


^«=<. 


(B 


^mdi^- 


i^ai^ 


^  PS  '-"' 


u] '       f'SlI 


\f 


I'^-^uJ'b^'  1^ 


5ii::;^t^:iPi^-^3£ 


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UJ 

< 

u. 
o 

oc 
in 
> 
< 

q: 

Q. 
UJ 

I 
I- 


_j 
< 


< 

>- 

o 

q: 
lU 

I 


El  Amarna  IV. 


TOMB    13. 


Plate  XXXVI. 


PLAN. 


\     I 


i 


Scale 


oiCiH  Quirinn'    '  ^ 


'     ■     '    ■'-1      rccT 


J 


El  Amarna  IV. 


TOMB    13.    SECTIONS,    ETC. 


Plate  XXXVII. 


LONGITUDINAL    SECTION 

(Looking  Eunt). 


.y^ 


n 
y 


w 


llio 


sfji 


9y 


O 


f? 


(^. 


fl 


Scale 


III 


'^! 


ZJi 


e^ 


p. 


r 


3Qf 
/\  t  /\ 


^^2^. 


Scale 


S.  COLUMN,   N.  SIDE. 


EXTERIOR.  LEFT   JAMB. 


El  Amarna  IV. 


TOMB    OF    SUTI     PLAN    AND    SECTIONS. 


Plate  XXXVI 


•T?^ 


SECTION    ON    A.B. 


SECTION    ON    CD. 


Scale  ^ 


'/M^£y^/0/////,/.'A'. //.'/////.' 


w///'M/^y///, 


'/imy>/iii^^/,,y,>y>. 


'/i/rfffiffffr^ff//f/,-^/rer'f^rW*ff^»'*^rirrrV///f/t/^rr**/»T'//^^rfi^^*rtWf^ 


El  Amarna  IV. 


TOMBS    OF    SUTl    AND    APY. 


Plate  XXXIX. 


s-mi 


n 


o 


o 


o 


1 1 


^^ 


SL 


f: 


O 


n  if 

PI  ^M 


is: 


lo 


V 


e=j  1 1 


n  i 


n^ 


J  ii 


^  1 


^ 


o 


m   \L 


ET^; 


OF 


i\ «, 


A 


O 

OT 


c, 

I  U 

AAA  ^ 


r^ 


^ 


D A 


«    ff  f 


A*AJWM.A.\ 


'^I 


£ 


<^  t 


^  o 


/?/ 


^f 


1  U 


or 


II    '^ 


I       I 


&-\ 


"    Ol' 
11   ^^    U 

A      /\ 


C^   III 


•O 


;: 


'^N 


J^l 


I       1^ 


J      1 


J  I 


* — d 

J. n 


F' 


it' 

U   1 


v^ 


f&. 


nn 


\ 


1  I 


I 


o 


-,  J' 


U 

^««A 

*9 


o 


TJJ 


._D 


^3 


APY-RIGHT    JAMB. 


SUTI-LEFT    JAMB. 


RIGHT    JAMB. 


Scale  \ 


EL  AMARNA  IV 


TOMB    OF    MAHU 


PLATE  XL 


^. 


JJ    40"^ 


^^•^ 


•i^; 


^r 


-9^ 


1? 


w 

u 

_— . 

(T 

-  ■^^' 

H 

Z 

UJ 

CO 

UJ 

X 

r*»w;»i«*»»»«<wiii»«>|8pit<*>i-'.','.;^»i»*.^^«  ■lyjfj 


< 

5 


o 

z 
< 

(- 
z 
u 


EL  AMARNA  IV 


TOMB   OF  MAHU 


PLATE   XLI 


'    ■--->r-,  f'".  ;i! 


■^T:. 


.:.»ii 


■(5ii'^ 


•it^-V,,'!.. 


MAHU   AND   THE   CITY  OFFICIALS 


U>' 


L 


'A 


:  \ 


il^ 


THE    ROYAL    FAMILY   DRIVING   OUT 


EL  AMARNA  IV 


TOMB    OF   MAHU 


PLATE   XLII 


•^•v. 


■:f^:-^ 


m 


\^    fV  > 


f^'-ll- 


^J       ,.^^^^^^^^_ 


CHARIOT    (Ink  design) 


MAHU  (Plate  XVIIh 


NEFERTITI    tPlate  XVI/ 


EL   AMARNA    IV 


TOMBS    10  (APY)    AND   13 


PLATE    XLIII 


TOMB    13   —    INTERIOR 


i^- 


APY  —  HYMN  TO  ATEN 


TOMB  13   -     EXTERIOR 


EL   AMARNA    IV 


TOMB   OF   APY 


PLATE   XLIV 


^3(>^i 


^t;A^;-"' 


THE   VOTIVE    PIECES 


I'ltr., 


.t"M^'  -^^ 


^^(,f:/f'|^#ll 


THE    ROYAL    FAMILY 


EL   AMARNA    IV 


TOMB   OF   RAMES 


PLATE   XLV 


f 


M 

X 

o 

z 
< 

< 


EJii'.'/'---' 


-~--'r  ^■-.'■/•ii 


^■■■<.'^     -' 


ffl^syg/i^^lll^C^^^^g^ 


^^fi,Cr5tV:V; 


,1  -»  •* — 


'«.  -> 


^■- 


/ 


a: 

>- 
< 
a: 
a. 


UJ 

< 
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XIV.— DEIREL  liAHARl.  I'artll.  Mumuir  for  1S'J4-U. 
By  KiiouARii  Naville.  Plates  XXV.-LV.  (2  coloured), 
with  Description.     Uoyal  folio.     'Ms. 

XV.— DESHASIIKH.     Moiiioir  for  1895-C.     Ry  \V.  M 

Flinukrs  Petrik.  Photogravure  and  37  other 
Plates.     25.-. 

XVL-DEIU    I;L    1;AH.\RI.  Ran    III.      Mniioir    for 

I8!*ti-7.       By      KiiouAKi)  Naville.        Plates      LVI.- 

LX.\.\V1.  (2  coloured),  with  Description.  Uoyal 
folio.     30.'!. 

X  Vn.— DENDEREH.  Afomoir  for  1S97-S.  By  W.  M. 
Flinders  Pf.trie.  With  38  Plates.  25/>.  (Ertri» 
Plates  of  luscriptious.     40  Plates.     10s.) 

XVIII.— ROVALTOMMS  OK  THE  1-TI;ST  DYNASTY 
Memoir  for  Ifsys-i).  By  W.  .M.  Flixbeh-s  Petrik. 
With  08  Plates.     2.".s. 

XIX.— DEIR  EL  IIAIIARI.  I'.irL  IV.  Memoir  for  189y. 
VMO.  By  Edouari)  Naville.  Plates  LXXXVII.- 
CXVfll.   (2  col.),  with  l)escri]it:on.    Uoyul  folio.    30». 

XX.— DlOSl'OLKS  I'ARVA.  A'jlia  Volume.   ByW.JI. 
Flin1)ER,s    Petrik.     With  ■«»  Plates.     (Out  oj  print.) 

XXL— Till';  ROYAL  TOM  lis  OF  THE  E.VRLIEST 
DYNASTIES.  Part  II.  Memoir  for  1<J0U-1.  By  W.  M. 
Flinders  Petuie.  With  03  Plates.  25s.  (3.-.  V.xm 
Plates.     Kls-.) 

XXIL— AllYDOS.  I'aiLl.  Memoir  for  1901-2.  15y  W.  M. 
Flinders  Pktrie.     With  81  Plates.     25.1. 

XX1I1.^I:L  AMRAU  ANU  AIJYDOS.  Kxtra  Voltivic. 
By  I).  Kandall-MacIvkr,  A.  C.  Mack,  and  F.  t,L. 
GRiKKiTii.     Willi  CO  Plates.     2u.«. 

XXIV.— AIJYDOS.  Rait  II.  Memoir  for  1902-;5.  l!y 
W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie.     With  64  Plates.     2.5,. 

XXV.  AHYDOS.  rart  III.  Extra  Volume,  liy  C.  T. 
CuRRELLv,  K.  It.  Avbton,  And  A.  K.  P.  Wkigall,  ic. 
With  Gl  Plates.     25j. 

v:xvi.— EIIN.ASY.A.     Memoir  for    1903-1.     Ry  \V.   M. 

FLINDKKS  PETUIE.  Willi  Chaplor  iiy  C.  T. 
CiMiRELi.v.  With  13  Plates.  Sis.  (KoiiAN  Eiinasva. 
With  32  e.xlra  Plates.     10s.) 

XXVII.— DEIR  EL  IJAHARI.  I'arl  V.  Memoir  fur 
IUOl-5.  By  Eduuakd  Navillk.  I'lutos  CXIX.— CL., 
with  doscriptiou.      Uoyal  folio.     ."Klj. 

I  xx\  iiL-un;  xiiH  dynasty  te.mi'le  at  heik 

EL  UAIIAUl.  Part  I.  Mouioir  for  I'MJli.  By 
EliotiAKD  Navii.li-  and  II.  U.  Hall.  (/ii  prr. 
j'arad'on.) 


Okficbs  or  Till:  Ecvi't  Expi.oii.mio.n  Funh:   S7,  Grciit  Russdl  Strccl,  London,   W.C. 
ami  Pierce   lliiililiiii;,  Coiiloy  Square,  Rostoii,  Mass.,  U.S.A. 


.>!.^ 


PUBLICATIONS    OF    THF    ARCHAEOLOGICAL    SURVEY   OF    EGYPT. 

Edited  by  F.   Li.  ORIFFITH. 

I.— BENI     HAiSAX.      Pari    I.      For     1890-1.       By      Vlll.— TIIK     MASTABA      OF      PTAHHETEP      AND 
I'ERCY  E.  Newberry.     Witli  Plaus  by  G.  W.  Fraser.    I  AKHKTIIETEP     AT     SAQQAUEH.      Parti.      For 

49  Platea  (4  coloared).     Price  25s.  j  1897-8.       By  X.  he   Ci.  Davies  and  P.  Li.  GttUEiiu. 

I  (lucladiug   (iv(»r   400   fric-similns    of    Hieroglyplnes.) 

IL— BENI    HASAN.       Part    II.       For     1891-2.       By  31  Plates  (3  coloured).     25s. 

Percy    E.    Nkwrer-.v.      Witli    Api^cndix,   Plans;    .and    I        IX.— THE      MASTABA      OK       PTAiniETEP       AND 
^rl;asnreml-,t,s  by  G.  W.  Kkaser.     37  Pbit^s  (2   col.).  AKHKTIIETEP    AT    SAQQAliEH.      Part    II.      For 

Price  25,--.  |         ,  189S-9.     By  N.  DE  G.  Davie.s  aijd   I''.   Ei..   rii-.in-iTii. 

35  Platea.     25s. 

^^IIT.— EL    BEi;.sni'U[.      Pait  I.       Fur    lH9-2-;i        By  X.— THE     KOCK     TOMBS     OF     SHEIKH     SAID. 

I'KRcv     v..     Nt-WHKiiKv.       o4     Plat.js    (2    cioured).  F..r  l.'^99-1900.     Hy  N.  de  G.  Davies.    35  Plates.    25s. 

'"'■''"  "^''  i      XL— THE   EOCKTOMBS  OF  DEIK  EL  GEBRAWI. 

Parti.     For  1900-1.     lly  N.  de  G.  Davies.    27  Platea 
;,  iV.— EL    BEi;SHEU.      Part    IL       For    1893-4.       By  (2  coloured).    25,s. 

F.    Ll.  GRiff-iTIi    and    Pkkcv    E.    Newberry.     With 

Append:.,  by  G.  W.  Eraser.     23  Platea  (2  eolonred^.        XH.-THE  ROCK  TOMBS    OF   DEIR   EL  GEBRAWI. 
■"■      ■■  Price  25s.  Part  II.     For  1901-2.     By  N.  UE  G.  Davies.     30  Platea 

(2  colonred).     2os. 

v.  — BENI    HAS.'^N.      Part    III.      For  189-1-t..      By   |  XHI. —THE  ROCK  Ti.>MDS  OF  EL  AMARNA.    Parti. 
F.  Ll.  Grifkitii.     (Ilierojlyidiiis  and   Manufacture,  For  1902-3.     By  N.  pe  G.  Davies.     41  Plates.     2us. 

&c.,of  Flint  Knives.)    10  Coloured  Plate...   Price  25.    :    ^j^._^jj^,      j,^-,^j^      ,^q^^^^      ^,^,      ^^      AMARNA. 

V]  -HIEROOLYl'IIS  FROM    THE   OOLLECTIONS   i  ''"'^  "'      J"""   "°'-*-      '''   ""     "'   ""■    °-''"-'- 

(  It    Fiatns.      2.JS. 

OF    THE     EGYPT    E\  I'LOlt.ATION     FUND.       For    ' 

1S95-.1.      Bv    F.    El.   GK,B.,T„.      9  Coloured  Plates.    :       -XV.-THE      ROi.k'      TOMBS      OF       EL       AMARNA. 
•      '       '  Price  25s.    '  l'-'"'t    ' '  ^ ■       For    llOi-o.       liy   X.    he   G.    DAVIES. 

Ill  ri    t.ei.      2.">o'. 

711.— BEXI    HASAN.      P.;it    iV.      For    IS'JiJ-?.        B.\    ;    aVI.     'IHL     UOCK     TiMlB.S      OF      Ei,     AMARNA. 
P.    Ll.    Grufitji.       (llhulinliiif,    X!i:as(s  and    Kir.is.    |  ;';ut.    1  \'.       For    l'ii)5-ri.       By    N.    he    G.    D.WIES. 

Arts,  Crafts,  Ac.)     27  Plates  (;>!•  jlonrod).     25.<.  -15  Plate.-^.     2"-s. 

publication:    of  the  craeco=roaian  branch. 

.        L-TIIK  OXVKHYNCITUS  PAPVKI       L'aitL     F.-r  ,        V.— THE    OX VRUYNCHUS    PAPYRL      Part    U\. 

1S97-H.       lly  Ukknarh  P.  Gre.\mi;- ■.  ai;d   Aicthur  S.    I  For   1002-3.     liy    li.    P.  Grenfell  and   A.  S.   HoNT. 

Ku.ST.     With  e  Collotype  Plate?.     L'.'.s.  '  With  r.  pi,.tos.     25s.  A 

H  — TOE  OXYRHyXCHUS  PAPYRI.    Pan  11.    Fo; 

l.^'s.i..     By   Eernaro  P.  Grenh^.l  .ad    -\kt,u,u    ■■  V. -THE    OXYUH  YXCHUS    PAPYRL       Part     IV. 

Hunt.     With  8  Collotvju  Plates      C.".-.  i  ^'''J""   li'US.-I.      By   B.   P.   Grf.n-ell  aud  A.  S.  Hunt. 

^  :  With  s  Plates.     25,v 

III— FAYtTM   TOWNS  AND  THEIR  PAPYRI.     For 

1899-19110.      liy  I!.   P.  Grenkfll,   D    G.   Hoo.u-.th,         \1I.— THE     IIIBEH     PAPVRI.       Part    I.       Double 
and  A.  S.  IlUN-r,      Will,  IS  Plates.     25...  ;  Volume  for  1901-5  and   19^1-5-11.     liy  B.    P.   Grenfei.l 

'"     — TEBTIJNIS       PAPYRI.         Double      Volume      for!  and  A.  S.  Hunt.     15j. 

1900-1  and  1901-2.      liy  H.  P.  GRENfELL,  A    S.  Hunt,    ■ 

and  J.    G.    Suvly.      With  9  Collolype  Plai,-.        ,,Yo(    ^   VllL— ITIE     OXYRHYNCHUS       PAPYRI.        Pari     V. 
'"  on  Sale.)  !  For  190(>-7.     (In  pretiaratwit.) 

AR:  ■liAEOLOGICAL  REPORTS  :    (Yearly  Summaries  by  I .  G.  Kenyun,  W.  E.  Crum,  and  the  Officers  of  thu  Society.) 
EiliteJ  by  F.  Li..  Guifpiti!,     Froiu  1892-:?  to  190o-G.    2s.  OJ.  etch.      (1801-6,  3s.  Cxi.     1695-6,  3i.) 
HE    SEASON'S    ^VORK    AT    AITVAS     VNI)    I'.EM    H^iSAN.     Special  Extra  Report.     1890-1       .».  G-?. 

vOriA   IH20Y:     "Saying's    of   our    E  in  I,"  from   an   Early  Greek   Pajiyrus.     By  B.  P.   GrrvFEU.  i-u.l  A.S.Hunt. 
2-.    (^with   Colli. lyiH's),   ;.nd  lu'.   net. 

Nl   »V    SAYINGS    OF   .l!',SUS    »\D   KIlAGMEXT  OF  .V  Lt»ST  (^i^'SPEE.      By  P..  P.  CiuK.-.TKLL  and  A.  S. 

llr.M'.      l.-i.   ncl. 
-Vi  '„\R   OF  ANCIENT  EGYPT.      '^'^-'IcLeLto.iir-s,- audliilcx.     So.cou.l  Edition.     [0','  „/ p.-oi;.) 
r".!!!)!!;  TO  TE:\IPLE  OF  DEIR  E^  BAHARL     Vitii  Plan.     {Oat  uf  prhil.) 
;;OPTIC    OSTRACA.     By  W    E.  CiiU.M.     h}s.  C,,/.  y.-t.  ■.:_'     '< 

Oi-'i-iciis  OF  TiiK  Ecvi-T   ExFi.n.' '. r-i.\    I'UNL);  ;i7,  Great  Ifussell  Slreot,  London,  W.C 

;uil  Pierce  Binluinji.  C'.pley  Squam,  Boston,  MaFs.,  IJ.S..V.  •  * 


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